¢ ey tl Ph ee | =) ‘ oe rote! 4 ~ , Fi f J] » 4 * s | u , f ie n | { we a a ‘ a ‘ \ F , 7 7 ‘ ¢ 4 biwk ' is & : tf : f i iy Le f § mY eh, « ' fine (he Vh iy a ? , g ewe PART 7 2TH AMERICAN FLORA (POALES) (CYPERACEAE) CARICEAE (continuatio) KENNETH KENT MACKENZIE PUBLISHED BY iE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN NOVEMBER 7, 1935 ParT 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 393 452. Carex nebraskensis Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 18: 102. 1854. Carex Jamesii Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 398. 1836. (Type from ‘‘Rocky Mountains.’’ Not C., Jamesii Schw. 1824. Carex Jamesii var. Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 368. 1871. (Based on C. nebraskensis Dewey.) Carex desde var. nebraskensis 1,. H. Bailey, Cat. N. Am. Car. Suppl. 1. 1884. (Based on C. nebraskensis Dewey.) Carex nebraskensis var. praevia L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:49. 1889. (Based on C. Jamesii Torr.) Carex nebraskensis var. uliriformis . H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 21: 8. 1896. (Type from Ritzville, Washington.) Carex jacintoensis Parish, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 4: 110. pl. 16. 1905. (Type from San Jacinto Mountains, California.) Carex Jamesii var. ultriformis ‘‘. H. Bailey’? Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 318. 1909, (Based on C. nebraskensis var. ultriformis Bailey.) Cespitose and strongly stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, stout, light-brown or straw-colored, scaly, the culms 2.5—-12 dm. high, strict, stout or slender above, papillate, sharply triangular, from shorter than to exceeding the leaves, usually roughened above but sometimes smooth, brownish or sometimes more or less purplish-red-tinged at base, strongly phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year very conspicuous; sterile shoots phyllo- podic; leaves with well-developed blades usually 8-15 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, usually prominently septate-nodulose, the blades flat or channeled towards base, light-green or even glaucous-green, thick, firm, puncticulate, ascending to widely spreading, long-tapering or short-tapering, usually 1-4 dm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, roughened towards apex, the sheaths smooth dorsally, dull-white or slightly yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spike usually one with an additional smaller one at base, more or less strongly peduncled, broadly linear, 1.5—4 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse or mucronate, brownish or purplish-black to reddish-brown with lighter midrib or center and very narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2—5, erect, the upper sessile or nearly so, the lower short- or even strongly-peduncled, all contiguous or the lower somewhat separate, oblong to cylindric, 1.5—-6 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, very closely flowered throughout or some- what loosely towards base, the perigynia 30-150, ascending, in many rows; lower bract leaf- like, not sheathing, often dark-auricled, usually exceeding but sometimes shorter than the culm; upper bracts smaller; scales lanceolate, from obtusish to strongly acuminate, narrower than and from much shorter than to exceeding perigynia, purplish or brownish-black with lighter 1—-3-nerved center and often with narrow hyaline margins; perigynia plano-convex or unequally biconvex, flattened, oblong-obovate, 3—3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, coriaceous, strongly many-ribbed, straw-colored, granular, red-dotted, rounded and sessile or nearly so at base, rounded and abruptly apiculate at apex, the beak 0.5-1 mm. long, bidentate, more or less dark-tipped, and subciliate within the teeth; achenes lenticular, small, nearly orbicular, 1.5 mm. long, nearly as wide, substipitate, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium, blackish, abruptly subapiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas 2, slender, whitish, blackish in age. TYPE LocaLity: Nebraska Territory (Hayden). DISTRIBUTION: Meadows and swamps, South Dakota and Kansas to New Mexico, southern California, and British Columbia. A widely distributed and well-marked western species. (Speci- mens examined from South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 721; ed. 2. f. 1055; Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 4: pl. 16; Boott, Ill. Carex 175. pl. 592; Erythea 8: 74. f. 41; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 232. f. 34, d. e. f.; Abrams, Il. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 813; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 26: 485. f. 6-8; Jepson, Man. FI. PI. Calif. f. 199. 453. Carex aperta Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 218. pl. 219. 1839. “ Carex acuta var. prolixa Hornem.” L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:86. 1886. pores wee L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 25: 271. 1898. (Type from Stewart’s Lake, British Co- umbia. Carex ee Howell, Fl. NW. Am. 1: 702. 1903. (Type from Columbia River, Oregon and Wash- ington. Carex aperta {. hydroessa Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. V.2:290. 1921. (Type from Washington.) Carex aperta £. mimetica Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. V. 2: 290. 1921. (Type from Washington.) 394 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 Cespitose and strongly stoloniferous, the rootstocks stout, woody, dark-purplish-brown, shining, scaly, soon ascending, the culms 3-10 dm. high, slender, stiff, sharply triangular, almost winged, strongly roughened above, much exceeding the leaves, papillate, brownish or slightly purplish-tinged at base, phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicu- ous; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades usually 3-5 to a fertile culm, towards the base, obscurely septate-nodulose, the blades erect, flat with slightly revolute margins, channeled towards the base, 1-4 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, light-green, thinnish but firm, short-tapering, very rough towards apex and on the margins, papillate, the upper longer, the lower leaves of the flowering year much reduced, the sheaths dull-white or yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, very thin, rounded and smooth dorsally, the ligule about as long as wide; terminal spike staminate, peduncled (occasionally an addi- tional sessile one at its base), linear, 2-3.5 em. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish or short-cuspidate, reddish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect, sometimes staminate at apex, approximate or somewhat separate, sessile to slender-peduncled, the peduncles shorter than the spikes, the spikes oblong to linear-oblong, closely flowered or slightly attenuate at base, 1-5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, (excluding scales), containing 25-75 spreading-ascending perigynia in several rows; lowest bract leaf-like, not sheathing, about equaling culm; the upper much reduced, dark-auricled; scales lanceolate, acuminate or sharply acute, usually strongly exceeding but sometimes only equaling perigynia, but much narrower, purplish-black, with lighter center and obscure hyaline margins; perigynia obovoid-orbicular, flattish, unequally biconvex, inflated at maturity, 2.75—-3.25 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless, olive-green, becoming straw-colored, rarely dark-tinged, membranaceous, puncticulate, sparingly yellow- glandular, rounded to a substipitate or stipitate base, very abruptly contracted (almost truncate) into an emarginate or shallowly bidentate beak 0.5 mm. long; achenes lenticular, suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long, nearly as wide, yellowish-brown, loosely enveloped, in lower half of perigynia, broadly substipitate, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 2, slender, rather short. TyPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. Columbia River. Douglas. Scouler.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows and low grounds, British Columbia to northern Oregon, and along the larger rivers to western Montana. (Specimens examined from Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, Idaho, Montana.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. fl. 219; Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 320. f. 49, A-C; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacific St. f. 817; Am. Jour. Sci. V. 2: 286. f. 1, 3, 4. 454. Carex interrupta Bock. Linnaea 40: 432. 1876. Carex angustata var. verticillata Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 218. 1839. (Type from Columbia River.) Carex verticillata Boott, Ill. Carex 67. pl. 183, f. 2. 1858. (Based on C. angustata var. verticillata Boott. Not C. verticillata Zoll. & Mor. 1846. Cespitose and stoloniferous, the rootstocks slender but lignescent, brownish, dull, scaly, soon ascending, the culms 2.5-6 dm. high, slender, erect, papillate, exceeding the leaves, smooth to strongly roughened above, purplish-red-tinged at base, obscurely phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year not conspicuous; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower third or half, usually more or less clustered, the upper the longer, the lower much reduced, obscurely septate- nodulose, the blades flat, with margins revolute above, thin, usually 5-20 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, short-tapering, light-green, papillate, roughened towards apex; the sheaths rounded and smooth dorsally, very membranaceous and quickly breaking ventrally but not filamentose, dull-whitish or yellowish-brown-tinged, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spike solitary, more or less strongly peduncled, linear, 1.5—-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, the scales oblong- obovate, obtuse, reddish-purple with lighter center and narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3-5, erect, more or less strongly separate, occasionally staminate at apex, the upper 1-3 cm. long, short-linear or oblong-linear; sessile or nearly so, densely flowered to the base, the lower one or two 4-9 cm. long, elongate-linear, strongly peduncled and usually very loosely ParT 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 395 flowered at the base, 3-5 mm. wide, containing 30-100 appressed-ascending perigynia in few to several rows; lowest bract leaf-like, shorter than culm, not sheathing, the auricles often darkened; upper bracts very much reduced, the uppermost scale-like; scales ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or obtusish, much narrower than and from slightly shorter to slightly longer than perigynia, reddish-purple with lighter center and very narrow hyaline margins; perigynia very small, suborbicular or short-oval, much flattened and 2-edged, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless, 1.5—-2 mm. long, 1-1.25 mm. wide, green or at maturity olive-green, smooth, or very sparingly scabrous on margins above, puncticulate, sessile, rounded at base and apex, very abruptly and very minutely short-beaked, the beak emarginate or minutely bidentate, 0.1—-0.2 mm. long; achenes lenticular, suborbicular, nearly filling body of perigynium, sessile, 1.25 mm. long and about as wide, minutely apiculate, jointed with the very short style; stigmas 2, slender. TypPE LOCALITY (of C. angustata var. verticillata Boott, on which C. interrupta is based): ‘‘Co- lumbia River; Scouler. Oregon, Nutiall.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows along streams, Oregon and Washington. A rare and local species. (Specimens examined from Oregon, Washington.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 67. pl. 183, f. 2; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 818. 455. Carex Suksdorfii Kukenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 434. 1920. Carex acutina var. tenuior L.. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:53. 1889. (Type, Henderson 1489, from Mt. Adams, Washington.) Carex Suksdorfii var. ovalis Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 435. 1920. (Type from Mt. Adams, Washington.) Carex aperta f. concinnula Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. V. 2: 290. 1921. (Type from Mt. Adams, Wash- ington.) Cespitose with very short creeping rootstocks, the new shoots at base of old, long hori- zontal stolons absent, the culms slender, 2.5—7 dm. high, acutely triangular, papillate, very rough on the angles, exceeding the leaves, strongly purplish-red-tinged at base, obscurely phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year short-bladed and inconspicuous; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves of the year with well-developed blades 2-4 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth but little clustered, obscurely septate-nodulose, the blades erect, light-green or when young glaucous-green, flat with revolute margins or channeled towards the base, thin- nish but firm, usually 2-3 dm. long, 2—4.5 mm. wide, long-tapering, roughened towards apex, the upper the longer, the lower of the year being much reduced, the sheaths smooth and rounded dorsally, white-hyaline and purplish-dotted or blotched ventrally, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spikes 2, linear, the terminal peduncled, 2—3 cm. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide, the lateral smaller, sessile, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, purplish-black with lighter midrib and hyaline apex; pistillate spikes usually 2, rather strongly separate, the upper erect, the lower erect or even drooping on a slender smooth peduncle one half to one and a half times its own length, the spikes linear, 1-3 cm. long, 4.5-6 mm. wide, closely flowered or somewhat loosely at base, containing 25-50 appressed perigynia in few to several rows; bracts sheathless, pur- plish-black-auricled, the lowest leaflet-like, shorter than culm, the upper much reduced; scales oblong-ovate to lanceolate, obtuse to acute, narrower and from slightly longer to some- what shorter than the perigynia, purplish-black with lighter or obsolete midvein and usually hyaline apex; perigynia broadly oval or obovate, plano-convex, strongly flattened, not inflated, 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless, membranaceous, puncticulate, granular, sparingly yellow-glandular, light-green or straw-colored, rounded at base and substipitate, rounded and abruptly apiculate above, the beak 0.2 mm. long, entire, dark-tipped; achenes lenticular, obovate, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium, substipitate, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 2, short, slender. TYPE LocaLity: Mt. Paddo, Washington (Suksdorf 7383). DISTRIBUTION: Margins of subalpine lakes, Oregon and Washington (Mt. Adams). (Specimens examined from Washington.) ILLUSTRATION: Am. Jour. Sci. V. 2: 286. f. 2 (as C. aperta f. concinnula). 396 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 456. Carex sitchensis Prescott; Bong. Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. VI. 22469) 1532; “Carex atrata I,.’’ H. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 131. 1832. Carex acuta var. y Trev. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4:314. 1853. (Type from Sitka, Alaska.) “Carex aquatilis Wahl.’’ Boott, Ill. Carex 163, in small part. pl. 543, f.2. 1867. “Carex aquatilis Wahl.’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 241. 1880. “‘Carex Barbarae Dewey”’ L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:90,in part. 1886. Carex Howellii L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 45. 1889. (Type from mouth of Columbia River.) Carex dives Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 312. 1904. (Type from Oregon.) Carex pachysioma Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 20: 302. f. 7, 8. 1905 (Type from Crater Lake, Oregon.) Carex panda C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8:71. 1908. (Type from Sitka, Alaska.) Carex aquatilis var. dives Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 311. 1909. (Based on C. dives ee fees var. pachystoma Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 311. 1909. (Based on C. pachysioma Holm.) Cespitose with very short creeping rootstocks, the new shoots at base of old, long hori- zontal stolons absent, the culms stout below, 2.5-12 dm. high, acutely triangular, papillate, smooth or more or less roughened above, equaling or exceeding leaves, phyllopodic, reddish- brown at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves of the year with well-developed blades 4-6 to a fertile culm, clustered above base, strongly septate-nodulose, the blades light-green or glaucous-green, with somewhat revolute margins, or channeled towards base, erect-ascending, flat, usually 3-5 dm. long, 3-9 mm., averaging 4-6 mm. wide, rough on margins above, the upper very long-tapering, thinnish but firm, the lower reduced, the sheaths rounded and hispidulous dorsally, white-hyaline and red- dotted ventrally, strongly purplish-black-tinged at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; terminal 1—4 spikes staminate, the upper at least slender-peduncled, linear, 2-8 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, purplish-black or in age light-brown, with white midvein and narrow hyaline margins and usually conspicuous white-hyaline tip; pistillate spikes 3-5, the upper often staminate above, widely separated, on long slender rough peduncles (especially the lower), erect or spreading or drooping, 2-9 cm. long, 4.5—7 mm. wide, linear-cylindric, densely flowered, except at times at base, the perigynia 50-150, appressed in many rows; bracts leaf-like, not sheathing, the lowest normally exceeding inflorescence; scales lanceolate or ovate, acute or obtuse, narrower and from longer to shorter than the perigynia, purplish- black with lighter 1—-3-merved center and white-hyaline tip, usually conspicuous at maturity; perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.25—2 mm. wide, light-greenish or straw-colored in age, plano-convex, strongly flattened, membranaceous, puncticulate, minutely granular, sparingly yellow-glandular, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and very obscurely few-nerved marginally, sharp-edged, smooth or with a few serrulations above, rounded and substipitate below, rounded and abruptly apiculate above, the beak 0.2—-0.5 mm. long, darkish-tipped, entire; achenes lenticular, obovate, small, 1.5-2 mm. long, and about 1 mm. wide, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium; substipitate, brownish, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 2, short, slender. TYPE LOCALITY: Sitka, Alaska. DISTRIBUTION: Swampy places mostly near the coast from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to Santa Cruz County, California, extending eastward locally along the larger rivers to Idaho; very local southward. (Specimens examined from California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, southern Alaska. } InLustrations: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 303. f. 8-9 (C. dives) and IV. 20: 307. f. 7-8 (C. pachy- stoma); 26: 485. f. 12-14, f. 15—17 (C. dives); Boott, Ill. Carex 163-165. pl. 543, ei 2; Abrams, Ill. F1. Pacif. St. f. 619; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 144, f. 1-4. 457. Carex aquatilis Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 165. 1803. Neskiza aquatilis Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex aquatilis Wahl.) Carex stans Drejer, Nat. Tidsk. 3: 458. 1841. (Type from Greenland.) Carex borealis O. F. Lang, Flora 26: 142. 1843. (Type from Norway.) Carex aquatilis var. elatior Bab. Man. 341. 1843. (Type from Clova, Scotland.) Carex aquatilis var. planifolia F. Nyl. Spic. Fl. Fenn. 2: 23. 1844. (Type from Finland.) Carex aquatilis var. sphagnophila Fries (Summa Veg. Scand. 72, name only. 1845); Anderss. Cyp- Seand. 46. 1849. (Type from Lapland.) Parr 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 397 Carex aquatilis var. virescens Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 46. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.) Carex aquatilis var. cuspidata Laest.; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 46. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.) Carex aquatilis var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 163, in part. pl. 543; pl. 545, f. 1. 1867. (Regarded as based on C. stans Drejer.) Carex esha var. stans Boott, Ill. Carex 163, pl. 544; pl. 545, f. 2. 1867. (Based on C. stans Drejer. Carex aquatilis var. genuina Syme, Engl. Bot. ed. 3. 10: 113. pl. 1641. 1870. (Based on C. agua- tilis Wahl.) Carex aquatilis var. Watsoni Syme, Engl. Bot. ed. 3. 10: 113. pl. 1642. 1870. (Type from Lanark- shire, Scotland.) “Carex limula ao Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 367. 1871. (Plants from Colorado and Utah. Carex aquatilis var. W. Boott, in Rothr. Bot. Wheeler’s Surv. 277. 1878. (Type from Twin Lakes, Colorado.) “Carex aquatilis var. epigeios Laest.’’ Hartm. f. in Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 11. 467. 1879. (Plant from Scandinavia.) “‘Carex elytroides Fries’’ Lange, Consp. Fl. Groenl. 147. 1880. (Plant from Greenland.) “‘Carex hyperborea Drejer’’ Holm, Nov.-Zeml. Veg. 17. 1885. (Plant from Nova Zembla.) “Carex stricta Lam.” L. H. Bailey, in Coult. Man. 385. 1885. (Plant from Colorado.) Carex aperta var. divaricata L,. H. Bailey, in Coult. Man. 385. 1885. (Type from Colorado.) Carex variabilis L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:18. 1889. (Typefrom Colorado.) Carex variabilis var. elatior L.. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:19. 1889. (Type from Cafion City, Colorado.) “Carex aquatilis f. epigaea Laest.’’ Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb. 19:478. 1894. (Plant from Siberia.) Carex variabilis var. alttior Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1:76. 1900. (Based on C. variabilis var. elatior LL. H. Bailey.) Carex variabilis var. sciaphila Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16 34. 1903. (Type from Colorado.) “Carex acutina L,. H. Bailey’’ Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16:34. 1903. (Plant from Colorado.) Carex acutina var. petrophila Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16:35. 1903. (Type from Colorado.) Carex rhomboidea Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 35; 29. f. 8-10. 1903. (Type from Colorado.) Carex vulgaris var. hydrophila Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 308. 1904. (Type from Colorado Creek, Yukon.) Carex sphacelata Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 309. 1904. (Type from Colorado Creek, Yukon.) Carex chionophila Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 310. 1904. (Type from West Dawson, Yukon.) Carex limnocharis Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. I1V.17:311. 1904. (Type from Klondike River, Yukon.) Carex seers f. angustata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 309. 1909. (Type from Scot- land. Carex aquatilis f. virescens ‘‘ Anderss.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 309. 1909. (Based on C. aquatilis var. virescens Anderss.) Carex aquatilis f. cuspidata ‘‘ Laest.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 309. 1909. (Based on C. aquatilis var. cuspidata Laest.) Carex aquatilis var. substricta Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42:309. 1909. (Type from eastern North America.) Carex aquatilis var. substricta f. laxa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 422: 311. 1909. (Type from northern Labrador.) Carex aquatilis var. stans f. sciaphila Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 311. 1909. (Based on C. variabilis var. sciaphila Holm.) Carex Goodenovii var. hydrophila M. E. Jones, Bull. Univ. Mont. 61: 72. 1910. (Based on C. vulgaris var. hydrophila Holm.) Cespitose in large or small clumps, sending forth long, slender, brownish, scaly, horizontal stolons, the culms erect, rather slender, 2-8 dm. high, obtusely triangular below, more sharply triangular above, papillate, smooth throughout or somewhat roughened above, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, reddish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year usually conspicuous; sterile shoots phyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades usually 7-12 toa fertile culm, on the lower third or fourth, the upper not bunched, the blades flat, or channeled at the base, light-green or glaucous-green, papillate, long-tapering, erect-ascending, usually 2—4 dm. long, 2.5—-5 mm. wide, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths more or less strongly septate-nodulose, slightly hispidulous dorsally, thin and quickly ruptured ventrally, whitish or often purplish-dotted, the ligule longer than wide; staminate spikes 1 or 2, the upper peduncled, 1—2.5 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the lower usually smaller, nearly sessile and often pistillate at base, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, purplish-black to brown with lighter mid- rib and narrow hyaline margins (often obsolete); pistillate spikes 2-4, the upper occasionally staminate at apex, the lowest often strongly separated, the upper approximate, all erect and from short-peduncled (the upper) to strongly peduncled (the lowest), the peduncles usually shorter than the spikes, the spikes linear to oblong, 1-4 cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide, densely flowered or somewhat attenuate at base, the perigynia 20-100, erect-appressed in several to many rows; bracts sheathless, often with blackish auricles at base, reduced upwards, the lowest leaflet-like, normally exceeding, but sometimes somewhat shorter than the culm; scales ovate 398 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 to oblong-ovate, 1-2 mm. wide, short-acuminate to obtuse, narrower than and from much shorter to longer than the perigynia, blackish with lighter midrib and scarcely developed hyaline margins, not puncticulate and not enveloping perigynia; perigynia much flattened, unequally biconvex, not at all turgid, oval to obovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.25—-1.75 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless or very nearly so, puncticulate, glandular-dotted, membranaceous, light-green, rounded and substipitate at base, smooth above, rounded at apex and abruptly apiculate, the beak entire, 0.1-0.3 mm. long, more or less dark-colored; achenes lenticular, broadly obovate, 1.5—-1.75 mm. long, 1—1.25 mm. wide, nearly filling lower two thirds of perigynium, yellowish, broadly substipitate, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the short, straight, slender, often somewhat exserted style; stigmas 2, slender, whitish, blackish in age. Type Loca.ity: “‘Hab. infra ripas fluviorum per Lapponiam.” DISTRIBUTION: Swampy places, in caleareous or non-acid soils, Greenland to northern Alaska, and southward to Quebec, and in the western mountains to New Mexico and eastern California; also widely distributed in northern Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Ellesmereland, King William Land, Labrador, Ungava, Keewatin, Mackenzie, Yukon, Alaska, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, California.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 310. f. 48, A-D; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 29. f. 8-10 (as C. rhomboidea), 32. f. 14 (as C. acutina var. petrophila); Boott, Ill. Carex 163. pl. 543, f. 1; pl. 544, 545; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. States f. 820; Fl. Dan. pl. 2477; Fl. Dan. Suppl. #1. 33; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 83. f. 65; Clements, Rocky Mt. FI. pl. 45, f. 10; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 71. f. 42, 43; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 234, f. 587; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 5, f. 54; Engl. Bot. Suppl. pl. 2758; Engl. Bot. ed 2. pl. 1641, pl. 1642 (var. Watsont). Norte: One of the most widely distributed species in the cooler parts of North America and the western mountains, often abundant; variable in size, growing large and vigorous in more sheltered stations and low and stiff in the more northern and wind-swept localities. 458. Carex substricta (Kiikenth.) Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 139. “Carex aquatilis Wahl.’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 267. pl. E, f. 16. 1826; Boott. Ill. Carex 163, in part. pl. 542. 1867. Carex aquatilis var. substricta Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 309. 1909. (Type probably from Junius, Seneca County, New York.) Cespitose in large clumps, sending forth long, stout, light-brown or straw-colored, scaly, horizontal stolons, the culms erect, stout below, rather slender above, 5-10 dm. high, sharply triangular, papillate, smooth or roughened above, exceeding or shorter than the leaves, dull- reddish-brown or reddish-tinged at base, strongly phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year very conspicuous; sterile shoots often aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 8-15 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, the upper not bunched, often strongly septate- nodulose, the blades flat above, strongly channeled and thick and stiff at the base, glaucous- green, papillate, very long-tapering, erect to spreading, usually 2.5—5 dm. long, 2.5-8 mm. wide, much roughened towards the apex, the sheaths smooth dorsally, the lower very stiff and strongly keeled, dull-white and yellowish-brown-spotted ventrally, the ligule longer than wide; staminate spikes 1-3, linear, the uppermost usually strongly peduncled, 3-5 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the others sessile and shorter, the scales oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, brownish with prominent light midvein and white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-6, the upper usually staminate at apex, distant or the upper more or less approximate, erect, sessile or nearly so, or the lowest more or less strongly peduncled, linear-cylindric, usually 3-6 cm. long, 4.5-7 mm. wide, densely flowered or somewhat attenuate at base, ap- pressed-ascending or in age spreading in several to many rows; lowest bract leaf-like, exceed- ing culm, sheathless or nearly so, not dark-auricled, the upper shorter; scales ovate to oblong- ovate, 1-2 mm. wide, obtuse, mucronate, acute or acuminate, narrower than and from much shorter than to strongly exceeding the perigynia, reddish-brown with broad green 3-nerved center and very narrow hyaline margins, not puncticulate and not enveloping perigynia; perigynia much flattened, unequally biconvex, not at all turgid, obovate, 2.75-3.25 mm. long, 1.5-2.25 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and obscurely few-nerved, puncticulate, red- striate-dotted and glandular, membranaceous, greenish-straw-colored, rounded and short- Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 399 stipitate at base, smooth above, rounded at apex and abruptly apiculate, the beak entire, 0.1-0.3 mm. long, not dark-colored; achenes lenticular, nearly orbicular, 1.5 mm. long, about as wide, nearly filling lower two thirds of perigynium, brownish-black, nearly sessile, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the short, straight, slender, more or less exserted style; stigmas 2, slender, whitish, blackish in age. TYPE LOCALITY (of C. aquatilis var. substricta Kiikenth., on which C. substricta is based): New York, probably Junius, Seneca County. Sariwell Exsic. No. 56 is taken as the type. DISTRIBUTION: Swamps and wet meadows in calcareous districts, Newfoundland to Washington, and southward to northwestern New Jersey, Indiana, and Nebraska. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecti- cut, New York, New Jersey, Ontario, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Mani- toba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, North Dakota, Nebraska, Washington.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 163. pl. 542; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 722; ed. 2. f. 1054; Am. Jour. Sci. 10: pl. E, f. 16 (as C. aquatilis). 459. Carex Barbarae Dewey, in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 25k. 859. Carex laciniata Boott, (Benth. Pl. Hartw. 341, name only, 1857.) Ill. Carex 175. pl. 594. 1867. (Type from banks of the Sacramento, California.) “Carex Prescottiana Boott’’ Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 369. 1871. Carex Wilkesti Torr. U.S. Expl. Exp. 17: 477. pl. 17. 1874. (Type from banks of the Sacramento, California.) cee Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 303. f. 12, 13, 316. 1904. (Type from Sebastopol, alifornia. Carex magnifica var. lacunarum Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 366. 1909. (Based on C. lacunarum Holm.) “Carex nudata var. anomala L,. H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 422: 377. 1909. (As to California specimens.) Densely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, stout, dull-brownish, scaly, the culms 3-10 dm. high, stout at base, slender above but stiff, usually more or less exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular and smooth or roughened above, papillate, purplish- red-tinged at base, phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, their lower sheaths breaking and filamentose; leaves with well developed blades 7-12 to a fertile culm, usually clustered towards the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades thick, papillate, light-green or glaucous-green, flat with revolute margins above, chan- neled and strongly keeled towards the base, usually 2-5 dm. long, 3.5-9 mm. wide, serrulate on the margins, very long-attenuate, the upper the longer, the lower of the flowering year much reduced, the sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; sheaths rounded and short-hispidu- lous dorsally, dark-purplish-tinged ventrally, the ligule as long as wide to much longer than wide; staminate spikes 1 or 2, long-linear, the upper 3-6 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, the lower usually shorter, the scales varying from oblong-obovate to oblanceolate and from obtuse to rough-awned, reddish-brown with lighter midrib and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-5, the upper often staminate at apex, erect, more or less strongly separate, the upper sessile or nearly so, the lower short-peduncled, or sometimes rather long-peduncled, oblong-cylindric or linear-cylindric, 2.5—8 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, densely flowered, little if at all attenuate at base, containing 50-200 ascending or in age spreading perigynia in several to many rows; lowest bract leaf-like, from shorter than to exceeding culm, sheathless; upper bracts reduced, the auricles often dark-tinged; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, mostly rough- cuspidate or rough-awned, some occasionally merely acute, much narrower and from slightly or rarely much shorter to considerably longer than the perigynia, reddish-purple with lighter 3-nerved center and very narrow hyaline margins; perigynia unequally biconvex, flattened, oval-orbicular to oblong-obovate, 3—4.5 mm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and from strongly to obscurely several-nerved on both faces, submembranaceous, puncticulate, straw-colored, at length dull-brownish, red-dotted, rounded and stipitate at base, rounded above, sometimes slightly serrulate above, abruptly short-beaked, the beak sharply bidentate, 0.5 mm. long, the teeth hispidulous within; achenes lenticular, obovate-suborbicular, small, 1.75 mm. long; 1.25 mm. wide, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium-body, blackish, substipitate, not constricted in the middle, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the straight, tather short, slender style; stigmas 2, rather long. 400 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA | . [Volume 18 TYPE Loca.ity: ‘‘Banks of streams, Santa Barbara, California’’ (Parry). DISTRIBUTION: From southern Oregon southward through California west of the Sierra Nevada mountains, but in the canyons in the foot hills extending as far south as San Bernardino. One of the most characteristic Californian species. (Specimens examined showing range as given.) InLustraTIons: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 303. f. 12, 13 (C. lacunarum); 26: 485. f. 1-3; U.S. Expl. Exped. 17: pl. 17; Erythea 8: 77. f. 42; Boott, Ill. Carex 175. pl. 504; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 821; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 200. Norte: An apparent hybrid with Carex senta Boott has been found at Jackson, Amador County, California (Hansen 641, Herb. Columbia College). 460. Carex Schottii Dewey, in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 231. 1859. Carex laciniata Boott, Ill. Carex 175, in part, but not as to type. pl. 594. 1867. “Carex Barbarae Dewey”’ Parish, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 4: 108. pl. 14. 1905. Carex sp. Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 26: 485. f. 18-20. 1908. Cespitose in large clumps, from a stout, short-creeping caudex, sending out long horizon- tal yellowish-felted stolons, the new shoots at the base of the old, the culms very stout below, exceeding leaves, 1—-1.5 m. high, papillate, very sharply triangular, the serrulate angles almost winged, purplish-brown or sometimes yellowish-brown-tinged at base, arising from the center of the conspicuous dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower leaves of the flowering year very much reduced, leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades several to a fertile culm, on lower third, little bunched, somewhat septate-nodulose, the blades 5—10 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, flat with revolute margins, serrulate on the margins, short-puberulent below towards base, light-green, thin, papillate, the sheaths rough-puberulent and sharply keeled dorsally, concave at mouth, very membranaceous and reddish-brown-dotted ventrally, the lower early breaking and becoming filamentose, the ligule from longer than to much longer than wide; staminate spikes about 3, the upper peduncled, the lower sessile, approximate or somewhat separated, elongate-linear, 8-14 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, the scales oblong or oblanceo- late, obtuse, reddish-brown with narrow 3-ribbed lighter center extending nearly or quite to apex, the margins slightly hyaline; bracts ovate, many-nerved, reddish-brown-tinged, about 5 mm. long; pistillate spikes 3, usually staminate at apex, sessile or very nearly so, erect, scattered, elongate-linear, 5—20 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, densely flowered or somewhat loosely at base, the perigynia 50-200, appressed-ascending in several to many rows; lowest bract leaf-like, not sheathing nor conspicuously auricled, involute-prolonged, usually exceeding but sometimes shorter than the culm, the upper reduced; scales linear-lanceolate or lanceolate to oblong, acute or obtusish, sometimes minutely rough-mucronate, purplish-black with broad 3-nerved lighter center, much narrower than but usually exceeding perigynia; perigynia much flattened, plano-convex, obovate or oval, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, greenish-straw- colored, puncticulate, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and slenderly but strongly few to several- nerved both dorsally and ventrally, membranaceous, minutely granular, the margins entire or nearly so, tapering to a substipitate base, round-tapering and minutely beaked at apex, the beak 0.25 mm. long with sub-emarginate or emarginate orifice; achenes lenticular, obovate, 1.75—2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, substipitate, rather loosely enveloped in lower two thirds of perigynium, apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas 2, slender. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Banks of rivers, Santa Barbara, California, Parry.” DISTRIBUTION: Very locally along stream banks in southern California, from Santa Barbara County to San Diego County, and eastward into the San Bernardino mountains below 750 meters; one of the largest species of Carex. (Specimens examined showing range as given ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 4: pl. 14; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 26: 485. f. 45, 9-11, 18-20; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 822. 461. Carex senta Boott, Ill. Carex 174. 1867. “Carex angustata Boott’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 242,in part. 1880. ““Carex Jamesii Torr.’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 243, in small part. 1880. Carex auriculata 1, H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:19. 1889. (Type from Coloma, California.) Not C. auriculata Franch. 1886. Carex austromontana Parish, Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 4:108. pl. 15. 1905. (Type from San Bernardino Mountains, California.) Carex Bishallii C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8:70. 1908. (Type from Yosemite, California.) Carex Jamesii var. austromontana Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 318. 1909. (Based on C. austromontana Parish.) Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 401 Carex nudata f. firmior Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 337. 1909. (Type from Arizona.) Carex nudata f. sessiliflora Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 337. 1909. (Type from Amador County, California.) “Carex nudata W. Boott”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 337, as to plant described. 1909. Carex Parishiti Mackenzie; Parish, Pl. World 20: 177, name only. 1917. Carex Bolanderi Gand. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 66: 296. 1920. (Type from California.) Not C. Bo- landeri Olney, 1868. Cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, stout, brownish, scaly, the culms rather slender but stiff, 3-10 dm. high, sharply triangular and roughened on angles even to base, sometimes sparsely hirsutulous on the sides, exceeding the leaves, brownish or purplish- brown at base, arising from the middle of the dried-up conspicuous leaves of the previous year, the lower leaves of the flowering year very much reduced; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, septate-nodulose, clustered near base, the blades flat, the margins revolute towards apex, channeled towards base, the upper much longer, usually 1-4 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, thinnish but firm, light- green, papillate, ciliate-serrulate, sparingly hirsutulous beneath, the sheaths hirsutulous, rounded and not sharply keeled dorsally, the lower of the flowering year breaking and becoming filamentose, white-hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth; the ligule longer or much longer than wide; staminate spikes 2 or 3, somewhat scattered, the terminal peduncled, 3—4.5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, the lateral sessile, 8-30 mm. long, often with 4 or 5 perigynia at base, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse and hyaline-tipped, purplish-black with narrow white 1—3-ribbed center not extending to apex; lowest with a rudimentary, sometimes shortly prolonged bract; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, remote or approximate, sessile or slightly peduncled, linear to oblong, 2.5-5 cm. long, 5—9 mm. wide, occasionally staminate at apex, densely flowered, or somewhat loosely at base, the 25-100 appressed-ascending perigynia in several to many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, dark-auricled, sheathless, usually exceeding spike, and from much shorter than to longer than the culm; scales oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to short- acuminate, purplish-black with lighter-colored narrow 1l-nerved center not extending to apex, often hyaline-tipped, about half as wide as and slightly to much shorter than the perigynia; perigynia much flattened, plano-convex, broadly ovate or broadly obovate, 3—3.5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, puncticulate, granular-roughened, submembranaceous, often strongly purplish- dotted, straw-colored, often purplish-brown-tinged, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and slenderly but rather conspicuously few-nerved on both sides, rounded or round-tapering or truncate at base, short-stipitate or sessile, round-tapering at apex, the margins entire or minutely subserrulate, abruptly apiculate, the beak dark-tinged, 0.25 mm. long with entire orifice; achenes lenticular, broadly obovoid, yellowish-brown, sessile, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, not constricted in middle, filling lower two thirds of perigynium-body, apiculate, jointed with the rather short slender style; stigmas 2, slender, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: Santa Inez Mountains, twenty miles northeast of Santa Barbara, California (Brewer 350). DISTRIBUTION: Swampy places in the coastal counties of California, from Alameda to San Diego counties; in the southern mountains; and in the Sierra Nevada as far north as Amador county; also in the mountains of Arizona. (Specimens examined from California, Arizona.) pete ations: Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 4: pl. 13, 15; 5: pl. 20, f. 8; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. oe 462. Carex lugens Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 10: 269; 268. f. A—D. 1900. Carex aperta var. angustifolia Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 218. 1839. (Type from Ft. Good Hope, Mackenzie.) Carex caespitosa var. filifolia Boott, Ill. Carex 182. 1867. (As to reference to C. aperta var. an- gustifolia Boott.) Carex nudata var. angustifolia L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 16 (excluding Oregon plants). 1889. (Based on C. aperta var. angustifolia Boott.) Carex ns Britton; Britton & Rydb. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 159. 1901. (Type from Yukon. Carex consimilis Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 310. 1904. (Type from Yukon.) Carex cyclocarpa Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 310. 1904. (Type from Yukon.) Carex nudata var. versuta Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11: 171. 1906. (Based on C. aperta var. angustifolia Boott.) 402 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks stout, descending obliquely, scaly, yellowish-brown, not sending out long horizontal stolons, the culms 2-4 dm. high, slender to base but strict, sharply triangular with slightly concave sides, roughened above, papillate, shorter or longer than the leaves, yellowish-brown, the sheaths purplish-edged at base, phyllopodic, the dried- up basal leaves of the previous year long and conspicuous, the lower leaves of the flowering year much reduced; sterile shoots phyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades erect, thin, light-green, strongly channeled, usually 1-2 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, the margins strongly revolute, long-attenuate, serrulate to base, very rough towards apex, the sheaths smooth dorsally, the lower sharply keeled, very thin and hyaline ventrally and breaking but scarcely becoming filamentose, the ligule 2-3 times longer than wide; staminate spike solitary, short-peduncled, linear, 2.5 cm. long, 2.5—3.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, very obtuse, purplish-black with lighter midvein not reaching to apex, and minutely hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approximate or more or less separate, erect, sessile (the upper) to slender-peduncled (the lower), narrowly linear to oblong-linear, 0.8-2.5 cm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, closely flowered above, the lower often attenuate at base, often staminate at apex, the perigynia 10-30, appressed in few to several rows; lowest bract short, 0.5-3 em. long, much shorter than culm, sheathless but conspicuously black-auricled at base; upper bracts usually reduced to the auricles; scales oblong-ovate, oblong-oval, or lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, narrower than and longer or shorter than the perigynia, black with inconspicuous or nearly obsolete lighter midrib not extending to apex, and very narrow hyaline margins; perigynia turgidly plano-convex, broadly ovate to subor- bicular, 1.5—-2.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, very prominently 2-ribbed (the marginal), other- wise nerveless, straw-colored below, or light-green when young, purplish-black-tinged above, membranaceous, puncticulate, granular, truncate or rounded at base and short-stipitate, round-truncate at apex, abruptly minutely apiculate, the beak 0.1-0.2 mm. long, entire, purplish-black; achenes lenticular, nearly filling perigynium, nearly as wide as long, truncate to short-tapering at base, sessile or nearly so, truncate at apex and abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the short, straight, conspicuously protruding style; stigmas 2, slender, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: Kussiloff, Alaska (Evans). DISTRIBUTION: Swampy places, Mackenzie, Yukon, and Alaska. (Specimens examined from Mackenzie, Yukon, Alaska.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 10: 268. f. A—D. 463. Carex Haydenii Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 18: 103. 1854. Carex acuta var. erecta Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 265. 1826. (Type from western Massachusetts Dep Scere wre Carey, in A. Gray Man. 547. 1848. Carex aperta var. B Boott, Ill. Carex 132. 61.426. 1867. (Type from Rhode Island.) Carex aperta var. minor Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am.10. 1871. (Based on C. aperta var. B Boott.) Cater pane var. decora L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 85. 1888. (Type from Providence, Rhode Clive siicia var. Haydenii Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 330. 1909. (Based on C. Hay- denti Dewey.) Rather loosely cespitose from short-prolonged rootstocks and with short ascending stolons, the new shoots at the base of the old, the culms 5-10 dm. high, slender, 3 mm. thick near base, sharply triangular and strongly roughened above, usually much exceeding the leaves, papillate, aphyllopodic, not arising from the center of the dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 2—4 to a fertile culm, on the lower fourth but not bunched, the blades flat or nearly so to base, with slightly revolute margins, thinnish, papillate, usually 1-2 dm. long, 2—4.5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, very rough towards the apex; sterile culm-leaves longer; sheaths whitish-hyaline or yellowish-tinged ventrally, strongly purplish-red-dotted, and smooth and not at all or very sparingly filamen- tose, concave or truncate at mouth, smooth and rounded dorsally; ligule as long as wide or somewhat longer; terminal spike staminate (usually with an additional sessile smaller one at base), linear, 2-5 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse to acutish, reddish- Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 403 brown with lighter center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect, sessile or nearly sO, approximate or a little separate, oblong or linear, 1.5—3 em. long, 4-5 mm. wide, occasionally staminate at apex, densely flowered, scarcely attenuate at base, the perigynia 25-100, spreading- ascending or spreading in few to several rows; bracts sheathless, the lowest 2 mm. wide, normally exceeded by inflorescence, the upper much reduced, biauriculate; scales ovate or lanceolate, divaricate at maturity, long-acuminate to acute, cucullate-tipped, narrower than but strongly exceeding perigynia, from dark-brown to straw-colored, with broad lighter center and hyaline margins; perigynia broadly oval to suborbicular, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.25-1.75 mm. wide, inflated, strongly biconvex in cross-section, 2-edged and 2-ribbed (the marginal), and nerveless or obscurely few-nerved, light-brownish at maturity, membranaceous, puncticulate and resinous-dotted, minutely granular towards apex, rounded or round-tapering at base and apex, substipitate, sometimes very sparsely serrulate above, abruptly very minutely beaked, the beak 0.2 mm. long, the orifice hyaline, entire or emarginate; achenes lenticular, subor- bicular, small, 1 mm. long, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium-body, substipitate, yellowish, abruptly apiculate, jointed with the straight or bent, slender, somewhat exserted style; stigmas 2, slender, rather short. TypE Loca.ity: “On Missouri River near Fort Pierre,” Nebraska Territory (Hayden). DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows in calcareous districts, New Brunswick to Minnesota, and southward to New Jersey, Illinois, and Missouri. (Specimens examined from New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 720; ed. 2. f. 1049; Boott, Ill. Carex 132. pl. 426 464. Carex Emoryi Dewey, in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 230. 1859. Carex virginiana var. elongata Bock. Linnaea 40: 432. 1876. (Type from North America.) Carex stricta var. Emoryi 1. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:85. 1886. (Based on C. Emoryi Dewey.) Carex acuta var. L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:85. 1886. (Assynonym, type from Texas.) “Carex stricta Lam.’’ Mackenzie & Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson Co. 49. 1902. “Carex stricta var. angustata L. H. Bailey” Mackenzie & Bush, Man. FI. Jackson Co. 49. 1902. Carex ane Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 311. 1904. (Type from Rosebud Creek, South Dakota. Carex stricta f. Emoryi ‘‘i,. H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 330. 1909. Loosely cespitose, growing in beds, long-stoloniferous, the stolons horizontal, brownish, scaly, tough, stoutish, the culms 4-10 dm. high, erect, stout and 6-8 mm. thick at base, slender above, papillate, sharply triangular and from strongly roughened to nearly smooth above, exceeding leaves, purplish-red-tinged at base, strongly aphyllopodic and not coming up from the center of the dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, elongate and conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3 or 4 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, but not clustered, the blades light-green, ascending, somewhat nodulose, 1.5—4 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat to base with slightly revolute margins, thinnish, papillate, long- attenuate, very rough towards apex, the sheaths whitish-hyaline, smooth and very membrana- ceous ventrally, often convex at mouth, varying to truncate or somewhat concave, slightly yellowish-tinged, not becoming filamentose, not thickened at mouth, rounded and smooth dorsally, the lower strongly septate-nodulose; ligule much wider than long; terminal spike staminate, strongly peduncled, linear, 2—4.5 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, brownish-purple with broad lighter center and hyaline margins; lateral spikes 4—6, the upper 1 or 2 staminate, the lower pistillate or often staminate at apex, erect, sessile or the lower short-peduncled, linear, 2-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, densely flowered or more loosely below, the perigynia 50-200, appressed-ascending in several to many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, from about equaling to exceeding culm, sheathless; the upper much reduced, bi-auriculate; scales falling with the perigynia, lanceolate, obtusish, short-acute or acuminate, scarcely 1 mm. wide, narrower than and from somewhat shorter than to strongly exceeding perigynia, light-brown or purplish-brown with broad lighter 3-nerved center; peri- gynia unequally biconvex, 2.25—2.75 mm. long, 1.5—-1.75 mm. wide, broadly ovate or obovate, closely enveloping achene, at first light-green, soon straw-colored, puncticulate, slightly granular-roughened towards apex, somewhat reddish-dotted, 2-edged and 2-ribbed (the marginal), nerveless or nearly so ventrally, few-nerved dorsally, not serrulate, rounded and 404 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 nearly sessile at base, abruptly apiculate-beaked, the beak 0.2 mm. long, the orifice whitish, minutely emarginate or entire; achenes lenticular, oblong-quadrate, substipitate, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, in lower two thirds of perigynium-body, abruptly minutely apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas 2, slender, short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘On the Upper Rio Grande,’’ Texas (Bigelow). DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows or springy places or wet banks or river banks in caleareous districts, western New Jersey to Virginia, westward to Manitoba and eastern Colorado, and south- ward to Texas and New Mexico; one of our most widely distributed species. (Specimens examined from New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, Missouri, Manitoba, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, eastern Colorado, New Mexico.) Nore: Lindheimer 556, from Texas, labeled Carex scaberrima Scheele in Gray Herb., is this species, but the lowest spike is not subradical. 465. Carex strictior Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book 582. 1845. ““Carex stricta Gooden.’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 269. 1826. “‘Carex stricta am.’ Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. 11: 197. 1839. Carex angustata Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 218, in small part. 1839. Carex stricta var. strictioy Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 548. 1848. (Based on C. strictior Dewey.) Carex Watsoniana Steud. Syn. Cyp. 215. 1855. (Type from North America.) Carex angustata var. « typica Boott, Ill. Carex 173, in part. pl. 586. 1867. Carex angustata var. B Boott, Ill. Carex 173. pl. 587. 1867. Carex angustata var. y Boott, Ill. Carex 173. pl. 588. 1867. (Based on C. strictior Dewey.) Carex angustata var. strictior Dudley, Bull. Cornell Univ. 2: 113. 1886. (Based on C. strictior Dewey.) 2 Carex stricta var. curtissima Peck; Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 151. 1897. (Type from New York.) Carex semicrinata C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8:70. 1908. (Type labeled Florida; probably from the northeastern United States.) Carex stricta f. curtissima ‘‘Peck”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420; 330. 1909. (Based on C. stricta var. curtissima Peck.) Carex strictior £. curtissima House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 243-244: 60. 1923. (Based on C. stricta var. curtissima Peck.) Cespitose, growing in beds (not in dense tussocks), freely long-stoloniferous, the stolons stout, horizontal, scaly, brownish, the culms 3.5—9 dm. high, erect, slender, sharply triangular, 3.5 mm. wide at base, 1.5 mm. above, very rough above, purplish-red-tinged at base, exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic and not arising from the center of the dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 3 or 4 to a fertile culm, the blades at first glaucous-green or in age light-green or bluish-green, revolute-margined, flat or nearly so at base, mostly 2-4 dm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, very long-attenuate, thin, papillate, the margins very rough, the sheaths concave at mouth, strongly yellowish-brown- tinged and markedly hispidulous ventrally, and with a narrow, hyaline, jagged-ciliolate margin at mouth, rounded and hispidulous dorsally, the lower subcarinate dorsally and break- ing and becoming filamentose ventrally, the ligule much longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, strongly peduncled, linear, 2-3 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, purplish-black with lighter center and narrowly hyaline margins; lateral spikes mostly 3, pistillate, the upper usually staminate above, approximate and sessile or nearly so, or the lowest often remote and slenderly long-peduncled, linear, 1.5-6 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, densely flowered or more loosely at base, the perigynia 50-150, appressed-ascending in several rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, from somewhat shorter than to somewhat exceeding inflores- cence, sheathless, the upper much reduced, biauriculate; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, narrower than and from slightly shorter to slightly longer than the perigynia, purplish-black or in age deep-reddish-brown with lighter center; perigynia unequally biconvex, 2.25-2.75 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, ovate, closely enveloping achene, light-green, granular- roughened, puncticulate, reddish-dotted, 2-ribbed (the marginal), more or less obscurely few-nerved dorsally, nerveless or few-nerved ventrally, 2-edged, not serrulate, rounded and nearly sessile at base, abruptly very minutely beaked, the orifice entire or nearly so; achenes lenticular, light-brown, oblong-obovate, 1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, filling lower two thirds of perigynium-body, substipitate, abruptly minutely apiculate, jointed with the rather short, slender style; stigmas 2, slender, rather short. Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 405 TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Wet places, common”’ (probably western Massachusetts). DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows, Quebec and Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to the District of Columbia and Iowa, and in the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 173. pl. 586 (culm marked ‘‘1’’), pl. 587, pl. 588. Nore 1: For the history of this species see Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 42: 416, 417. 1915. Nore 2: The New Jersey record for Carex salina Wahl. belongs here. 466. Carex stricta Lam. Encyc. 3: 387. 1791. “Carex acuta I,.’’ Muhl. Descr. Gram. 263. 1817. (Plant from Pennsylvania.) Carex virginiana Smith, in Rees. Cycl. 39: Carex no. 100. 1819. (Based on C. stricta Lam.) Carex Darlingtonii Freedley; Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 11: 197, assynonym. 1839. (From Chester County, Pennsylvania.) Carex commutata Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 11: 198. 1839. (Based primarily on ‘“‘C. acuta L.’’ Muhl.) Carex angustata Boott, in Hook. Fi. Bor. Am. 2: 218, in greater part and astotype. 1839. (Re- garded as based primarily on ‘‘C. acuta L.”’ of early American authors.) Diemisa stricta Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex stricta Lam.) Carex Kelvingtoniana Steud. Syn. Cyp. 215. 1855. (Type from North America.) “Carex virginica Smith’’ Steud. Syn. Cyp. 217. 1855. (Intended for C. virginiana Smith.) Carex tenuispica Bock. Flora 39: 225. 1856. (Type from ‘‘America bor.) Not C. tenuispica Steud. 1855. Carex tristicha Bock. Flora 41: 651. 1858. (Based on C. tenuispica Bock.) Carex xerocarpa S. H. Wright; Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 42: 334. 1866. (Type from Prattsburg, Seneca County, New York.) Carex angustata var. typica Boott, Ill. Carex 173, in great part. pl. 586, in part. 1867. Carex angustata var. xerocarpa 1,. H. Bailey, Cat. N. Am. Car. 2. 1884. (Based by inference on C. xerocarpa S. H. Wright.) Carex stricta var. angustata l,. H. Bailey, in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 600. 1890. (Based technically on C. angustata Boott.) Carex stricta var. xerocarpa Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 222. 1895. (Based on C. xerocarpa S. H. Wright.) Carex stricta f. angustata ‘‘V. H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 330. 1909. (Based on C. angustata Boott.) Carex stricta f. xerocarpa “‘ Britton’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 330. 1909. (Based on C. xerocarpa S. H. Wright.) Carex strictior % angustata House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 243-244: 60. 1923. (Based on C. angus- tata Boott. Carex stricta f. brevioy House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 243-244: 61. 1923. (Type from Islip, Long Island, New York.) Carex stricta f. pedicellaris House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 243-244: 61. 1923. (Type from Islip, New York.) Cespitose in large, very dense tussocks, the rootstocks descending obliquely, the stolons usually not conspicuous, stout, horizontal, scaly, brownish, the culms 3—8 dm. high, slender to base, strict, exceeding leaves, sharply triangular, papillate, very rough above, the sides con- cave, aphyllopodic and not coming up from the center of the dried-up leaves of the previous year, brownish or light-purplish-brown at base, the basal sheaths subcarinate dorsally; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, often somewhat clustered, the blades usually 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, long-attenuate, strongly roughened, thin but stiffish, deep-green, papillate, channeled and keeled towards base, the margins revolute; the sheaths concave, thickish and without a hyaline jagged-ciliolate margin at mouth, smooth or dorsally very slightly hispidulous, reddish-brown ventrally, glabrous or very nearly so, dull-white and reddish-brown-tinged ventrally and breaking and strongly filamentose, the ligule much longer than wide; principal staminate spike usually 1 (with 1 or 2 smaller sessile ones near its base), erect, peduncled, 2—4 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, light-reddish-brown with lighter center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes usually 2 or 3, the upper often staminate above, erect, sessile, or the lower slightly peduncled, more or less strongly separate, the better developed 2—6 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, densely flowered or somewhat attenuate towards base, the perigynia 50-150, appressed- ascending in several rows; bracts sheathless, the lower bract 1.5-3 mm. wide, its auricles in- conspicuous or wanting, slightly dark-colored, shorter than the culm, the upper reduced, biauriculate; scales variable, oblong-obovate to lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, reddish- brown with lighter center and narrow hyaline margins, narrower and usually pre shorter than perigynia, appressed; perigynia broadly to narrowly ovate or oval-ovate, 2.25-2.75 mm. 406 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 long, 1.5 mm. wide, unequally biconvex, closely enveloping achene, not inflated, 2-edged, granular-roughened, puncticulate, dark-green, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and obscurely few- nerved dorsally, nerveless or nearly so ventrally, rounded and substipitate at base, short- tapering to the beakless or nearly so, subentire, whitish-tipped apex, the style short-exserted; achenes lenticular, obovate, substipitate, 1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, filling lower two thirds of perigynium-body, apiculate, jointed with the straight, rather short, slender style; stigmas 2, slender, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘ Cette espéce créit dans la Virginie, la Pensylvanie, &c.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woods and meadows, Maine to North Carolina, and probably along the coastal plain to Texas; also locally in the vicinity of the Great Lakes. (Specimens examined from Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Texas.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 719; ed. 2. f. 1048; Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 331. f. 51, A-B; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 25, f. 1; Meehan, Nat. FI. pl. 10; Francis, Grasses 304; Knobel, Grasses pl. 27, f. 52. Norte: Carex angustata Boott (Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 218. 1839) isa mixture. The collections cited (Columbia River, Scouler, Tolmie), judged from a later figure of the Scouler material (Boott, Ill. Carex 173. pl. 586. f. 2. 1867, excluding two left-hand culms and lower perigynium b which I think belong with figure 1), apparently are referable to Carex nudata W. Boott, although the peri- gynia have too many nerves (13 dorsally and 8 ventrally). On the other hand the description is based on material from eastern North America and the distribution of the species is given as Canada and in South America, the South American reference being afterwards (Ill. Carex 173) omitted by Boott. Boott’s main reference is to ‘‘C. acuta Dewey-Torrey”’ and his description best agrees with what I am calling Carex stricta Lam. I am accordingly changing my previous use of Boott’s name (Bull. Torrey Club 42: 413. 1915) and am treating Carex angustata Boott as a new name for the plant treated by Dewey as the European Carex acuta L., namely Carex stricta Lam., although it also included Carex strictior Dewey in small part in Boott’s original description and largely so later (Ill. Carex 173). I have not been able to follow Boott’s later treatment (Ill. Carex 173) which was issued after his death. I believe his illustrations, which are mixed, mostly represent Carex strictior Dewey. They are hard to follow, but I have assigned them under Carex stricta Lam., Carex strictior Dewey and Carex nudata W. Boott. 467. Carex suborbiculata Mackenzie, in Abrams, 1) Hla Paeree! 1: 338. (825. 192: Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks descending obliquely, the new shoots at the base of the old, the culms erect, stiff but slender, 3-4.5 dm. high, sharply triangular, strongly papillate, slightly roughened above, exceeding leaves, strongly aphyllopodic, reddish-tinged at base, mostly arising laterally; sterile shoots strongly aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 2-4 to a fertile culm, on lower third, little clustered, the blades light-green, strongly papillate, thin, very narrow, channeled towards the base, the margins revolute, usually 1-2 dm. long, 1.25-2 mm. wide, long-attenuate, roughened towards the apex, especially on the margins, the sheaths minutely hispidulous and rounded or the lowest subcarinate dorsally, yellowish-tinged and red-dotted ventrally and breaking and becoming filamentose, the ligule very short; terminal spike staminate, or often pistillate below, short-peduncled, 1.5 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, very obtuse, purplish-black with conspicuous light- colored center not extending to apex, the margins scarcely hyaline; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, erect, the lower short-peduncled and more or less strongly separate, the upper sessile or nearly so and closely aggregated, linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, closely flowered, not attenuate at base, containing 15-40 spreading perigynia in few to several rows; lowest bract leaflet-like or setaceous, sheathless, not dark-auricled, from much shorter than to equaling inflorescence, the upper much reduced, inconspicuously biauriculate; scales widely spreading, oblong, very obtuse, purplish-black, with conspicuous light-colored midvein not extending to apex, the margins scarcely hyaline, much narrower and somewhat shorter than the perigynia; perigynia broadly oval-ovoid or broadly obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5—1.75 mm. wide, inflated and sub- orbicular in cross-section, dull-whitish, purplish-blotched, membranaceous, puncticulate, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and conspicuously slenderly few- to several-nerved both dorsally and ventrally, the margins not denticulate, rounded and substipitate at base, rounded and abruptly apiculate at apex, the beak 0.2 mm. long, entire or slightly emarginate, straight or somewhat bent; achenes lenticular, suborbicular, 1.25 mm. long, nearly as wide, nearly filling lower two Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 407 thirds of perigynium-body, broadly substipitate, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the rather short, slender style; stigmas 2, slender, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: Mountain streams, Klickitat county, Washington (Suksdorf 1315). DisTRIBUTION: Along mountain streams, Klickitat and Skamania counties, Washington; Oregon, Hall 593. (Specimens examined showing range as given.) ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 825. 468. Carex nudata W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 241. 1880. Carex angustata Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 218, in part. 1839. (As to Oregon specimens. ) “‘Carex decidua Boott”’ Boott, Pacif. R. R. Rep. 4: 153. 1857. Not C. decidua Boott, 1846. “Carex elata All.’”’ Olney; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 407. 1872. Carex Hallii eae Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 82. 1886. (Type from{Oregon.) Not C. Hallii Olney, 1 g “Carex acuta L,.”’ L.. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 86, in part. 1886. Carex nudata var. angustifolia L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:16, in part. 1889. (As to Trask River specimens.) Carex Tolmiei var. angustata L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:47. 1889. (Type from Kerby- ville, Oregon.) Carex acutina L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:52. 1889. (Type from Deschutes River, Oregon.) Carex pulchella Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16:457. 1903. (Based on C. Halli L. H. Bailey.) Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks decending obliquely, the new shoots coming up at the base of the old, the culms 3-8 dm. high, slender but strict, sharply triangular, papillate, more or less strongly roughened above, much exceeding the leaves, strongly purplish-tinged at base, strongly aphyllopodic and largely lateral, the sterile shoots strongly aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 2-4 to a fertile culm, on lower third, not bunched, the blades erect-ascending, light-green, papillate, thinnish, flat with slightly revolute margins, channeled and keeled towards base, 8-25 cm. long, 1.75-3.5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, rough- ened towards apex especially on the margins, the sheaths hispidulous and rounded or the lower subearinate dorsally, hyaline and purplish-dotted or blotched ventrally, the lower breaking and very prominently filamentose; ligule as long as wide or shorter; staminate spike solitary, peduncled, narrowly oblong-linear, 1.5—3.5 em. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, very obtuse, blackish with lighter center not extending to apex and narrow hyaline mar- gins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, often staminate above, erect, approximate, the lowest slightly peduncled, the upper sessile, linear or narrowly oblong-linear, 1-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, closely flowered throughout or slightly attenuate at base, the perigynia 30-100, ascending in several to many rows; lowest bract setaceous or occasionally leaflet-like, much shorter than culm, purplish-black, biauriculate, the upper much reduced, very prominently purplish-black, biauriculate; scales oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, purplish-black with lighter midvein not extending to apex and very narrow hyaline margins, about length of but narrower than perigynia; perigynia oblong-obovate or oval-obovate to obovate, plano-convex, strongly flattened, not inflated, 2.5-4 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, straw-colored below, dark-purplish- blotched above, membranaceous, puncticulate, smooth or slightly granular towards apex, 2- ribbed (the marginal) and conspicuously slenderly few- to several-nerved both dorsally and ventrally, broadly substipitate, rounded or round-tapering at base, abruptly apiculate, the beak 0.2 mm. long, dark-purplish, entire; achenes lenticular, suborbicular or broadly obovate, 1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, rather loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium- body, broadly substipitate, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas 2, slender, short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘In the Coast Ranges, from San Francisco Bay to Ukiah” (Bolander 121, 2299, 3836, 4638, 6202). DISTRIBUTION: Rocky beds of fast-flowing streams, from western Oregon to Santa Clara County, California, and in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa county, California. (Specimens examined showing range as stated.) ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 824. 469. Carex acutinella Mackenzie, sp. nov. Carex acutina I,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 52, in part (not as to type). 1889. Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks rather slender, hard, creeping, blackish, scaly, the new shoots very short-ascending at the base of the old, the culms 2.5-6 dm. high, slender above, 408 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 stoutish at base, sharply triangular, papillate, exceeding the leaves, from smooth to slightly roughened above, purplish-brown-tinged at base, aphyllopodic and not arising from the center of a tuft of old leaves; sterile shoots elongate, aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, not bunched, obscurely and sparingly septate- nodulose, the upper the longer, roughened on the margins and near the apex, flat with revolute margins, light-green or glaucous-green, papillate, thinnish but firm, long-tapering, mostly 1-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the sheaths rounded and smooth or nearly so dorsally, slightly yellowish-tinged ventrally, breaking but not filamentose, the ligule conspicuous, as long as wide, or somewhat longer, tawny-tinged and purplish-red-dotted; terminal spike staminate, strongly peduncled, linear, 2-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, sonetimes with an additional smaller one at base, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, purplish-black with narrow hyaline upper mar- gins and obscure lighter midrib; pistillate spikes mostly 3, approximate or little separate, linear, 1.5-3.5 em. long, 5 mm. wide, the upper short-peduncled, erect, the lower loosely erect or subcernuous on peduncles from vhorter than to exceeding the spikes, closely flowered above, more loosely at base, the perigynia 20-50, erect-appressed in several rows; lowest bract leaflet- like, sheathless, about equaling culm, the upper reduced; scales oval-ovate, acute or obtusish, about as long as but somewhat narrower than perigynia, purplish-black with lighter-colored, often nearly obsolete midvein and very narrow white hyaline margins; perigynia oval-obovate or oval, much flattened and not inflated, plano-convex, 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, 2-edged, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise obscurely slenderly nerved, membranaceous, brownish- yellow, red-dotted, puncticulate, rounded and short-stipitate at base, rounded at apex and with a few stiff cilia and abruptly apiculate, the beak 0.2 mm. long, entire or nearly so; achenes lenticular, broadly obovate, 1.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, broadly substipitate, in lower half of perigynium, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas 2, slender, short. Laxe cespitosa e rhizomatibus gracilibus; culmi lateraliter orientes acute triangulares folia superantes, glabri vel parce asperati; folia 3-5 obscure nodulosa margine apiceque asperata revoluta pallide viridia vel glauca, vaginis non filamentosis; bractea inferior culmum fere aequans evaginata, superiores reductae; spica terminalis mascula linearis valde pedunculata; spicae femineae saepissime 3 et aggregatae, erectae vel subcernuae, pedunculis spicis subae- quilongis; squamae ovatae acutiusculae atro-purpureae perigynia subaequantes; perigynia complanata ovalia vel obovata, 2-costata et obscure nervata, basi rotundata, apice in rostrum brevissimum subiter contracta; achaenia lenticularia late obovata. TYPE collected in Oregon, Henderson 13, 1883, without other data (U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 27286). DISTRIBUTION: Oregon. (Specimens examined from Oregon.) Nore: There are three sheets in U. S. Nat. Herb. (no. 27286, marked ‘‘ Carex acuta,’ no. 27285, marked ‘‘ Carex nudata W. Boott;” and no. 201643, marked ‘‘ Carex acutina Bailey’’); all Henderson 13, 1883. On 27286 I have written: ‘‘I take this to be the collection of Henderson from Oregon, which is the second specimen cited by Bailey under Carex acutina L. H. Bailey, in Mem. Torrey Club 1:52. It is not, however, the same as Howell 935, the first specimen cited, which has the lower sheaths strongly filamentose-reticulated and is Carex nudata W. Boott.” 470. Carex Endlichii Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 291. 1910. Loosely cespitose, the stolons stout, scaly, brownish, short-horizontal and ascending, the culms 4-6 dm. high, slender, 4-5 mm. thick at base, erect, strict, sharply triangular with con- cave sides, papillose, very rough above, aphyllopodic, strongly purplish-brown-tinged at base, the basal sheaths sharply keeled, breaking and becoming prominently filamentose; sterile shoots less strongly aphyllopodic, elongate, conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, the blades light-green or glaucous-green, thickish, stiff, channeled above, the margins strongly revolute, very obscurely septate-nodulose, usually 1-3 dm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, long-tapering, very rough on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths smooth dorsally, white-hyaline and often red-dotted ventrally, deeply con- cave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spike solitary, short-peduncled, linear, 2.5—-3.5 em. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide, the scales obovate, obtuse, purplish-black with light-colored center not extending to tip and very narrow white-hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approxi- mate, erect, sessile or the lowest very short-peduncled, linear, 1.5-3 em. long, 4-5 mm. wide, Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 409 densely flowered throughout or somewhat loosely at base, the perigynia 30-100, appressed in few to several rows; bracts sheathless, the lowest leaflet-like, shorter or longer than the culms, enlarged and conspicuously purplish-black-tinged and biauriculate at base, the upper much reduced; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, narrower and somewhat shorter than the perigynia, purplish-black with narrow light-colored 1—3-nerved center not extending to tip and very narrow hyaline apex; perigynia obovate-orbicular, plano-convex, not inflated, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, yellowish-green or straw-colored, membranaceous, resinous, puncticulate and granular, round-tapering at base, broadly short-stipitate, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and few- nerved on both sides, abruptly apiculate, the beak 0.5 mm. long, dark-tipped, bidentulate; achenes lenticular, filling lower three fourths of perigynium-body, closely enveloped, 1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, orbicular-obovate, dark-brown, granular, tapering at base, sessile, truncate at apex, very minutely apiculate and jointed with the straight, short, slender style; stigmas 2, light-reddish-brown, slender, short. TYPE LOCALITY: In the Sierra Madre, State of Chihuahua, Mexico (Endlich 1224). DISTRIBUTION: Swampy places in the Sierra Madre, Chihuahua. (Specimens examined from Chihuahua.) 471. Carex eurycarpa Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. ZO SOS S070. 52-9; 1029 1905: Carex oxycarpa Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 20: 303; 307. f. 11-12. 1905. (Type from Klickitat County, Washington.) Carex eurycarpa var. oxycarpa Kiikenth, in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 339. 1909. (Based on C. oxycarpa Holm.) Carex egregia Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 42: 414. 1915. (Type from Falcon Valley, Washing- ee ain L. H. Bailey’’ Smiley, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot.9:121. 1921. Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous from short-creeping rootstocks, the stolons horizontal, scaly, stout, brownish, the culms 4-9 dm. high, 4.5 mm. thick at base, 1.5 mm. thick below spikes, slender but erect, sharply triangular with concave sides, slightly roughened above, papillate, exceeding leaves, strongly purplish-tinged at base, aphyllopodic; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 3 or 4 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, some- what bunched, the blades flat to base with revolute margins, light-green, thin but firm, papil- late, roughened towards apex, usually 1-3 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the sheaths hispidulous, little carinate and sparingly septate-nodulose dorsally, brownish-tinged ventrally, the lower breaking and conspicuously filamentose, the ligule as long as wide; terminal spike linear, stam- inate, stalked, 3-4 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, the scales obovate, obtuse, purplish-black with white midvein not extending to apex and narrow hyaline margin; lateral spikes 4 or 5, the upper | or 2 small, staminate, the lower 2-4 pistillate (often staminate at apex), more or less strongly separate, sessile or short-peduncled, erect, 2.5—4.5 em. long, 5 mm. wide, with 50-150 appressed-ascending perigynia in several to many rows; lowest bract leaf-like, exceeding in- florescence, sheathless, dark-tinged at base, the upper bracts reduced, not conspicuously dark-auricled; scales lanceolate, acute or sometimes cuspidate, purplish-black with white mid- vein, narrower and longer or shorter than perigynia; perigynia unequally biconvex, obovate to suborbicular-obovate, 3 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and finely 3-7- striate on both faces, brownish, puncticulate, resinous-dotted, granular-roughened, mem- branaceous, the margins sharp-nerved, often with few stiff, deciduous cilia, rounded and sub- stipitate at base, rounded and abruptly minutely apiculate at apex, the beak 0.2—0.5 mm. long, entire or slightly emarginate; achenes lenticular, obovate, 1.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, filling lower two thirds of perigynium, brownish, substipitate, apiculate, jointed with the slender straight style; stigmas 2, slender, short. TYPE LOCALITY: Falcon Valley, western Klickitat County, Washington (Suksdorf 1284, 2962.) DISTRIBUTION: Wet meadows, from northern California to Washington, and eastward to Idaho. (Specimens examined from California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 20: 307. f. 9-10 (C. eurycarpa), f. 11-12 (C. oxycarpa); Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 826, 827. 410 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 472. Carex torta Boott; Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 547. 1848. Carex acuta var. sparsifolia Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 265. 1826. (Type probably from western Massachusetts. ) ““Carex caespitosa I,.’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 266. 1826. Carex caespitosa var. ramosa Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 12: 297. pl. P, f. 52. 1827. (Type probably from western Massachusetts.) Carex torta Boott; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 11, name only. 1843. Carex torta var. composita Porter (Olney, name only. Caric. Bor.-Am.5. 1872.) Proc. Acad. Phila. 1887: 71. 1887. (Type from Pennsylvania.) Carex torta var. staminata Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 46: 131. 1893. (Type from Taberg, New York.) Cespitose, often forming large clumps, the rootstocks descending obliquely, slender, the new shoots at the base of the old, the culms 2.5—9 dm. high, stout below, 5-7 mm. thick, slender above, sharply triangular, papillate, usually exceeding the leaves, from strongly to little roughened above, strongly aphyllopodic and not arising from the center of a tuft of old leaves, purplish-red-tinged at base; sterile shoots elongate, aphyllopodic; leaves with well- developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, not bunched, the blades increasing in length and decreasing in width upward, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, flat, papillate, deep-green, thinnish and not stiff, rather short-pointed, the uppermost 1—2 dm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the lower 4-5 mm. wide; sterile-culm leaves longer; sheaths smooth and rounded dorsally, thin but firm and not breaking or becoming filamentose ventrally, yellowish- tinged, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; terminal spike staminate, linear, strongly peduncled, 1.5—4.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, very obtuse, reddish- brown with lighter center and narrow hyaline margins, occasionally with some perigynia and sometimes with an additional staminate spike at base; pistillate spikes normally 3-6, the upper often staminate above, more or less separate or approximate, occasionally compound, elongate-linear, 2—7.5 cm. long, 2.5—4.5 mm. wide, the lower on slender but short peduncles, the upper sessile or nearly so, nodding or curved or the upper erect, densely flowered above or loosely at base, the perigynia appressed-ascending in few rows; lower bract leaf-like, shorter than or nearly equaling culm, sheathless or short-sheathing, little if at all darkened at base, the upper reduced, purplish-black and biauriculate at base; scales oval or ovate-oblong, very obtuse to acutish, purplish-black with broad green center not extending to apex and narrow hyaline margins, narrower and shorter than perigynia; perigynia plano-convex, much flattened and 2-edged, oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, deep-green, 2.5—3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless or very nearly so, membranaceous, puncticulate, substipitate, rounded at base, rounded and rather abruptly contracted at apex into a short (0.5 mm. long), bent, twisted, or (when immature) straight, smooth, minutely emarginate or entire, whitish-tipped beak; achenes lenticular, oblong-obovate or obovate, 2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, nearly filling lower three fourths of perigynium-body, substipitate, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the short, slender, straight or bent style; stigmas 2, slender, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Rills and wet banks, N. New England and W. New York.” Sartwell Exs. no. 51, from Penn Yan, New York, is taken as the type. DISTRIBUTION: Rocky beds of streams, eastern Quebec and Nova Scotia to Minnesota, and southward to North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas. (Specimens examined from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Vir- ginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 729; ed. 2. f. 1050; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 420; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 347. f. 54; Boott, Ill. Carex 63. pl. 169; Am. Jour. Sci. 12: pl. P, f. 52 (C. caespitosa var. ramosa). 62. Cryptocarpae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric.11. 1843; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 89, inpart. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 357, in greater part. 1909; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 81. 1922. SprcuLosak Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 71, in part. 1845. SALINAE Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 72. 1845. AEORASTACHYAE Drejer, Symb. Car. 9,in part. 1844; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 457, in part. 1903. Maritimag O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 546. 1851. AEORASTACHYAE SALINAE, CRYPTOCARPAE, and CRINITAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 430 et seq. 1920; also Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 50: 159 et seq. 1920, and V. 2: 285-288. 1921. Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 411 Treated by Carey (in A. Gray, Man. 548, 549. 1848) and by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 87-89, in part. 1886) as part of the AcuTAE Fries. Stoloniferous, the stolons short, ascending, or long and horizontal; culms aphyllopodic or phyllopodic; terminal 1 or 2 spikes staminate, linear, the others pistillate, linear or oblong, closely many- or very many-flowered, the lower or all peduncled and pendulous or erect; bracts sheathless or nearly so, the upper at least biauriculate at base; scales 3-nerved, usually cuspidate or aristate but in some species obtuse; perigynia coriaceous or membranaceous, plano-convex or bi-convex or turgid, elliptic to obovate, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and nerve- less or nerved, abruptly minutely beaked or beakless, the orifice entire or nearly so; achenes lenticular, apiculate, constricted in the middle, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 2. A group of about nine species, closely related to the ACUTAE Fries, occurring in swampy places, several species in maritime marshes; best developed in the northern parts of Eurasia and North America, but extending southward in the United States as far as northern Florida. For a treatment of this group containing a very valuable history of its literature, see Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 430-442. 1920; 50: 159-168. 1920; V. 2: 285-288. 1921. Not sending forth long horizontal stolons (but rootstocks elongate in the first species); perigynia membranaceous; pistillate scales reddish- brown-tinged, the awns spreading or ascending; ligule much longer than wide; basal sheaths often filamentose (non-saline, eastern Ameri- can species). Perigynia strongly papillate, slenderly few-nerved; achenes not con- stricted in the middle, suborbicular, the style straight; lower sheaths finely hispidulous dorsally; lower pistillate scales abruptly awned; rootstock elongate. 473. C. Mitchelliana. Perigynia smooth or slightly granular, nerveless or faintly nerved; achenes usually constricted in the middle, oblong-ovoid, the style bent; rootstock short, the culms cespitose. Sheaths rough-hispidulous dorsally; lower pistillate scales tapering into the awn. 474. C. gynandra. Sheaths smooth dorsally; lower pistillate scales abruptly contracted into the awn. 475. C. crinita. Sending forth long horizontal stolons, or with long-creeping rootstocks (saline marsh or tidal flat or western American species). Perigynia dull-green to light-brown, minutely granular or strongly papillate or smooth; lower sheaths of sterile shoots not filamen- tose ventrally or but sparingly so; ligule wider than long or as wide as long (saline marsh or tidal flat species). Pistillate scales slenderly very long-awned, chestnut-brown, brown- ish-yellow, or purplish-brown-tinged; perigynia submembrana- ceous; lower spikes normally pendulous; ligule as long as wide. 476. C. paleacea. Pistillate scales short-awned, cuspidate, acuminate, or obtuse, often purplish-tinged; perigynia coriaceous or subcoriaceous. Pistillate spikes pendulous on slender elongate peduncles; peri- gynia unequally bi-convex, coriaceous. 477. C. Lyngbyei. Pistillate spikes erect on stiff peduncles; perigynia plano-convex, subcoriaceous. Culms arising singly or very few together from long-creeping rootstocks, forming beds; pistillate spikes firm, thick- ish, convex, amplectant; culms 0.3-3 dm. high; pis- ieee spikes 8—30-flowered; leaf-blades thickish (tidal flats). Lower culm-leaves much reduced; leaf-blades with revo- lute margins towards tip; pistillate spikes 10—-30- flowered; pistillate scales short-awned; bracts some- times subspathaceous. 478. C. lanceata. Lower culm-leaves more or less reduced; leaf-blades with involute margins towards tip; pistillate spikes 5—15- flowered; pistillate scales obtuse to mucronate; bracts involute or subspathaceous. 479. C. subspathacea. Culms cespitose, the rootstocks sending forth long horizontal stolons; pistillate scales thin, flat or nearly so, not am- plectant at base (except at times in lowest); culms 1.5—9 dm. high; pistillate spikes 30—-150-flowered; leaf-blades thin (salt marshes). 480. C. recta. Perigynia shining, brown in age, smooth, coriaceous; lower sheaths of sterile shoots strongly filamentose ventrally; ligule longer than wide (Pacific slope species). 481. C. obnupta. 412 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 473. Carex Mitchelliana M. A. Curt. Am. Jour. Sci. 44: 84. 1843. “Carex gynandra Schw.”’ Boott, Ill. Carex 18, in greater part. 1858. Carex gynandra var. caroliniana Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 5. 1871. (As to reference to C. Mitchell- iana M. A. Curt.; not as to type.) Cespitose, from stout, elongate rootstocks, but not sending forth slender horizontal stolons, the culms 5-9 dm. high, rather slender, much exceeding leaves, sharply triangular, but not winged, smooth or nearly so, dull-purplish-brown at base, aphyllopodic, the basal sheaths little or not at all filamentose; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, few-leaved; leaves with well-developed blades usually 2—4 to a fertile culm, the blades erect, flat with slightly revolute margins, light-green, thin but firm, usually 1-2 dm. long, 2.5-4.5 mm. wide, short-tapering, roughened on margins towards apex, the sheaths finely hispidulous, yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, concave and little prolonged upward at mouth, the ligule much longer than wide; terminal spike staminate (often with a smaller one at its base), slender-peduncled, narrowly linear, 2.5-4 em. long, 2.5—3 mm. wide, the scales obovate, obtuse, or retuse, rounded to mucro- nate or cuspidate or awned, reddish-brown with lighter center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes usually 3, more or less strongly separate, drooping on slender, slightly roughened pe- duncles, 0.3-2.5 em. long, the spikes cylindric or linear-cylindric, 2-4.5 em. long, 6-8 mm. wide, densely flowered above, somewhat attenuate at base, the perigynia 50-125, ascending in several rows; bracts leaflet-like, not sheathing, the lowest at least exceeding culm; scales ovate to obovate, reddish-brown with green 3-nerved center and narrow hyaline margins, narrower than the perigynia, the lower with the body retuse at apex and strongly rough-awned and the whole twice the length of the perigynia, the middle short-awned and equaling the peri- gynia, and the upper shorter than the perigynia, not retuse, scarcely cusped; perigynia oblong- ovate, flattened-biconvex and 2-edged, not inflated, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, mem- branaceous, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and slenderly few-nerved, strongly papillate all over, yellow-glandular, dull-yellowish-brown, rounded and slenderly substipitate at base, abruptly minutely apiculate, the beak 0.1-0.2 mm. long, entire; achenes lenticular, small, suborbicular, 1.75 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium, brownish, sub- stipitate, not constricted in middle, strongly apiculate, jointed with the slender, straight style; stigmas 2, slender, short. TYPE LocALIty: Chatham County, North Carolina. DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woodlands, mostly on the coastal plain or near it, acid soils, Massachu- setts to Florida, east of the mountains. (Specimens examined from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida.) ILLUSTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex. 18. pl. 50 (mature perigynia only). Nore: See C. A. Weatherby, Rhodora 25:17. 1923, for an excellent study of this species. 474, Carex gynandra Schw. Ann. Lye. N. Y.1: 70. 1824. Carex crinita var. gynandra Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 360. 1826. (Based on C. gynandra Schw.) Carex asperata Boott, Ill. Carex 18. 1858. (As synonym.) Carex crinita var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 18, in part (i. e. Schkuhr f. 168). 1858. Carex Porteri Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 12. 1871. (Type from Moosehead Lake, Maine.) Carex crinita var. angusta Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 5, name only. 1871. Carex gynandra var. Porteri Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 315. 1896. (Technically based on C. Porteri Olney.) Carex crinita var. Porteri Fernald, Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 135. 1897. (Based on C. Porteri Olney.) Carex crinita var. simulans Fernald, Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist. 2:135. 1897. (Type from Green- ville, Maine.) Cespitose in large clumps, from stout rootstocks, the stolons very short, ascending, the culms 4-10 dm. high, erect, stout, and thick at base (4-7 mm.), slender and weak above, exceeding the leaves, papillose, sharply triangular with concave sides and thickened angles, more or less roughened above, strongly aphyllopodic, reddish-purple-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well- developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower half, but not bunched, little septate- nodulose, the blades flat with revolute margins, usually 1-4 dm. long, 3-12 mm. wide, firm, yellowish-green, strongly roughened towards apex; sterile-culm leaves longer; sheaths strongly Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 413 rough-hispidulous, brownish-yellow-tinged ventrally, prolonged upwards beyond base of blade, the ligule much longer than wide; staminate spikes 1—3, on slender peduncles, often drooping, occasionally partly pistillate, narrowly linear, often flexuous, 2-6 cm. long, 2—3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate to linear-lanceolate, short-awned to acuminate or acute, yellowish or brownish with green center; pistillate spikes 2—5, approximate, drooping (or occasionally somewhat erect) on rough or smooth peduncles varying from twice the length to somewhat shorter than the spikes, the spikes narrowly cylindric, usually curving, 2.5—10 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, often strongly staminate at apex, densely flowered, the perigynia very many, ascending in several rows; bracts leaf-like, sheathless or nearly so, the two or three lower exceeding culm, the upper reduced; scales with ovate or ovate-lanceolate bodies tapering into a long, serrulate, ascending or spreading awn, somewhat narrower than and (including the awn) from 2-3 times the length (the lower) to little exceeding (the upper) the perigynia, the center of the bodies 3-ribbed, green, the remainder yellowish-brown or reddish- brown; perigynia oblong-obovoid to ovoid-oblong, flattened-biconvex, not or slightly inflated, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nearly nerveless, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, mem- branaceous but rather firm, puncticulate, smooth or nearly so, brownish at base, green above, rounded or round-truncate at base, substipitate, short-tapering or round-tapering and minute- ly apiculate at apex, the beak 0.25 mm. long with entire orifice; achenes lenticular, in lower two thirds of perigynium, substipitate, oblong-ovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, brownish, usually strongly constricted in the middle, short-apiculate, jointed with the slender bent style (slightly thickened at base); stigmas 2, short. TYPE LocALItTy: “Carol.” DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woodlands, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, and southward to Florida and Louisiana. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- cut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Ontario, Wisconsin, Michigan, Delaware, Mary- land, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Eee, f. 125; pl. Tit, f. 164; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 740; ed. 2. f. 1061; Boott, Ill. Carex 18. pl. 50 (except as to mature perigynia); Am. Jour. Sci. V. 2: 286. f. 7, 8; Am. Jour. Sci. 48: pl. Dd, f. 98 (as C. gynandra Schw.; see Rhodora 25:19. 1923). NoTE: See article by M. L. Fernald (Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 134-136. 1897). 475. “Carex crinita Lam. Hueye 3: 393. 1791. Carex leonura Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24:161. 1803. Carex crinita var. paleacea Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10:270. 1826. (As to plant described.) Diemisa crinita Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex crinita Lam.) (Type from Pennsyl- vania.) Neskiza crinita Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex crinita Lam.) Carex crinita var. morbida Carey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 15:24. 1853. (Type from the eastern United States.) Carex crinita var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 18. 1858. (Sariwell 78, from Penn Yan, New York, is taken as the type.) Cespitose in large clumps, from stout rootstocks; the stolons very short, ascending, the culms 4-12 dm. high, erect, stout and thick at base (4-7 mm.), slender and weak above, ex- ceeding the leaves, sharply triangular with concave sides and thickened angles, and from some- what to strongly roughened, strongly aphyllopodic, brownish-red-tinged at base, the basal sheaths prominently keeled, breaking and usually prominently filamentose; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower half but not bunched, noticeably septate-nodulose, the blades flat’ with revolute margins, firm, light- green, usually 1-4 dm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, strongly roughened towards apex; sterile-culm leaves longer; sheaths not hispidulous, smooth dorsally, very thin and brownish-yellow-tinged ventrally, prolonged upward beyond base of blade, the ligule much longer than wide; staminate spikes 1 or 2, on slender peduncles, often drooping, often partly pistillate, narrowly linear, often flexuous, 2-6 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales usually linear-lanceolate and long- acuminate or awned, but varying to oblong-obovate and obtuse, straw-colored or brownish with green center; pistillate spikes 2—6 (usually 3 or 4), approximate, drooping (or occasionally somewhat erect), on rough or sometimes smooth peduncles from about the length of to shorter than the spikes, the spikes narrowly cylindric, usually curving, 2.5-10 em. long, 8-12 mm. 414 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 wide, often short-staminate at apex, densely flowered, the perigynia very numerous, spreading- ascending, or squarrose at maturity, in several to many rows; bracts leaf-like, sheathless or nearly so, the 2 or 3 lower exceeding culm, the upper reduced; scales with broadly obovate bodies, deeply retuse at apex, abruptly contracted into a long serrulate awn, ascending- spreading, somewhat narrower than and (including the awn) from 2 to 3 times the length (the lower) to little exceeding (the upper) the perigynia, the center of the bodies 3-ribbed, green, the remainder reddish or yellowish-brown; perigynia obovoid, inflated and suborbicular in cross-section, little flattened and 2-edged, nerveless or faintly nerved, 2—3.5 mm. long, 1.25—2 mm. wide, membranaceous, puncticulate, smooth or nearly so, greenish or straw-colored, rounded or round-truncate at base, slenderly substipitate, rounded or round-tapering and abruptly minutely apiculate at apex; the beak 0.25 mm. long with entire orifice; achenes lenticular, loosely enveloped in lower two thirds of perigynium, nearly sessile, oblong-ovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, brownish, usually strongly constricted in the middle, obscurely jointed with the slender bent style, the latter thickened towards base, stigmas 2, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Cette plante croit dans la Virginie.” DISTRIBUTION: Swampy swales and woods, Quebec and Nova Scotia to Minnesota, and south- ward to North Carolina and Texas. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Ed- ward Island, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, Minnesota, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 739; ed. 2. f. 1062; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 21, f. 6; Boott, Ill. Carex 18. pl. 49; Torr. Fl. N. Y. pl. 143; Clarke, Ill. Cyp. pl. 144, f. 12-15; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 2: pl. 2. f. 1, 4; V. 2: 286. f. 5-6; Francis, Grasses 309 and 319; Knobel, Grasses pl. 26, f. 49. 476. Carex paleacea Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 164. 1803. Carex maritima O. F. Miill. Fl. Dan. 12:5. pl. 703. 1777. Not C. maritima Gunner, 1772. (Type from Greenland.) Carex crinita var. paleacea Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 270. 1826. (As to synonymy.) Carex maritima var. brunnescens F. Nyl. Spic. Fl. Fenn. 2:20. 1844. (Typefrom Russian Lapland.) Carex maritima var. erectiuscula Fernald, Rhodora 2:170. 1900. (Type from Cushing, Maine.) Not densely cespitose, the culms one to few together, the stolons very long, thickish, horizontal, yellowish, scaly, the culms 3—7 dm. high, aphyllopodic, stiff, erect, thick (5-10 mm. at base), acutely triangular with concave sides and nearly winged angles, smooth, exceeding the leaves, brownish at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous, the lower culm-blades very short, their sheaths sometimes sparingly filamentose; sterile shoots strongly aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades usually 2-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower half, but not bunched, the blades flat with revolute margins, thin but firm, yellowish-green, erect, usually 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, roughened towards apex, short-tapering, sterile- culm blades longer (4-8 dm.); sheaths tight, septate-nodulose dorsally, thin and prolonged upward at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spikes 1—3, drooping on slender pe- duncles, linear, the better developed 2-4 cm. long, 2.5—3.5 mm. wide, the scales oblanceolate, brownish-straw-colored with lighter midrib, acute to strongly rough-awned; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, more or less separate, pendulous or rarely erect on smooth slender peduncles from three times the length of the spikes to slightly shorter, the spikes linear-oblong to oblong-ovoid, 2—5 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide (without scales), often staminate at apex, comose, densely flowered, not flexuose, the numerous perigynia ascending in several rows; bracts leaf-like, sheathless, reduced upwards, the 2 or 3 lower tisually exceeding culm and without conspicuous auricles, the upper with dark-tinged conspicuous auricles; scales with narrowly obovate or narrowly ovate bodies, acute or truncate or retuse above, chestnut-brown to brownish-yellow or even purplish-brown, with very narrow hyaline margins and green and strongly 3-nerved in the center, about as long as and nearly as wide as the perigynia, prolonged into a spreading, very conspicuous, slender serrulate cusp 2—6 times the length of perigynia; perigynia ovate to oblong- ovate, flattened-biconvex, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.25—2 mm. wide, glaucous-green, firm, submem- branaceous, not inflated, 2-ribbed (the marginal), obsoletely to strongly several-striate dorsally, nerveless or nearly so ventrally, often purplish-spotted, puncticulate, minutely granular, rounded and broadly short-stipitate at base, abruptly apiculate, the beak 0.3 mm. long, Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 415 whitish, nearly entire or emarginate; achenes lenticular, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1—2.5 mm. wide, yellowish-brown, very strongly constricted in the middle, loosely enveloped, filling three fourths of perigynium, broadly substipitate, abruptly minutely apiculate, jointed with the short thickish style; stigmas 2, slender, long. TYPE LOCALITY: North America. DISTRIBUTION: Salt meadows, Greenland and Newfoundland, westward to Hudson Bay, and southward to eastern Massachusetts; also in northwestern Europe. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, St. Pierre, Hudson Bay, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts. ) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 738; ed. 2. f. 1060; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 419; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. W.f. 74; Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: f. 58; Boott, Ill. Carex 155. f. 498-9; Fl. Dan. 1. 703; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 6, f. 64. Nore: Hybridizes with Carex recta Boott (Anticosti Island, Bros. Victorin and Rolland no. 20032). 477. Carex Lyngbyei Hornem. FI. Dan. 32: 6. pl. 1888. 1827. Carex cryptocarpa C. Meyer, Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. Sav. Etr. 1:226. pl. 14. 1831. (Type from Unalaska and Kamtchatka.) Carex Scouleri Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.3:399. 1836. (Type from Observatory Inlet, western Amer- ica.) Temnemis Scoulert Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex Scouleri Torr.) Carex filipendula and var. variegata and var. littoralis and var. concolor Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 464. (Types from Iceland.) Carex haematolepis Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 462. 1841. (Type from Iceland.) Carex capillipes Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 468. 1841. (Type from Iceland.) Carex Steenstrupiana Liebm. Forh. Skand. Nat. 2: 321. 1841. (Type from Iceland.) Carex Romanzowiana Cham.; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 216. 1855. (Type from Unalaska.) Carex salina var. robusta L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13:87. 1888. (Type from Vancouver Island.) Carex Macounii A. Benn.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 4: 147. 1888. (Same as C. salina var. robusta L. H. Bailey.) Not C. Macounii Dewey, 1866. Carex cryptocarpa var. pumila L.. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 27. 1889. (Based on C. fili- pendula var. variegata Drejer.) Carex salina subsp. cuspidata var. concolor Almq. Bot. Notiser 1891: 127. 1891. (Based on C. filipendula var. concolor Drejer.) Carex salina subsp. cuspidata var. haematolepis Almq. Bot. Notiser 1891: 127. 1891. (Technically based on C. haematolepis Drejer.) Carex qualicumensis 1, H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 428. 1893. (Based on C. salina var. robusta 1, H. Bailey.) Carex cryptocarpa var. variegata Britton; L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 5:76. 1894. (Based on C. filipendula var. variegata Drejer.) Carex salina subsp. cuspidata var. kattegatensis f. filiperdula Almq.; Hjelt, Acta Soc. Faun. Fl. Fenn. : 28 1895. (Based on C. filipendula Drejer.) Carex prionocarpa Franch. Bull. Soc. Philom. VIII. 7:87. 1895. (Type from Japan.) Carex Os epee Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 20: 305; 307. f. 16. 1905. (Type from Kussiloff, Alaska. Carex Lyngbyei vars. capillipes and prionocarpa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 364. 1909. (Based on C. capillipes Drejer and C. prionocarpa Franch.) Carex Lyngbyei var. variegata “‘ Drejer’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 364. 1909. (Based on C. filipendula var. variegata Drejer.) Carex cryptocarpa f. remota and var. sphaerochlaena Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 50: 161. 1920. (Types from Alaska and Vancouver.) Carex behringensis Gand. Bull. Soc. Bot. 66: 295. 1920. (Type from St. Paul Island, Bering Sea.) Not C. behringensis C. B. Clarke, 1908. In large beds, sending forth long, horizontal, stout, yellowish-brown scaly stolons, the culms several together, 2-9 dm. high, stout at base or slender, rather stiff, exceeding the leaves, triangular, smooth or very slightly roughened above, purplish-red or brownish at base, aphyl- lopodic, the lower sheaths not at all or but very little filamentose, the dried-up basal leaves conspicuous; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, not densely clustered, the blades flat with revolute margins, firm, dull-green, the upper 0.5—5 dm. long, 2-12 mm. wide, long-attenuate and roughened towards apex, the lower much reduced, the sheaths smooth, whitish or yellowish-tinged ventrally, the ligule wider than long, emarginate at apex; staminate spikes 2 or 3, slender-peduncled, linear, 1.5—-4 cm. long, 2.5-—5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, varying from awned to obtuse, brownish-black with lighter center and slightly hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-4, more or less strongly separate, pendulous on smooth or slightly roughened slender peduncles, 1—3 times as long as the spikes, the spikes linear-oblong (varying rarely to ovoid), usually more or less staminate at apex, 1-8 cm. (usu- ally 2-5 cm.) long, 5-10 mm. wide, rounded at base, densely flowered, the numerous perigynia 416 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 appressed-ascending or spreading in age in several to many rows; bracts sheathless or the lowest sheathing, the lowest leaf-like, more or less strongly exceeding culm, the upper much reduced; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate to acute or even cuspidate or awned, wider or somewhat narrower than and from shorter than to two and a half times exceeding perigynia, reddish-brown to brownish-black with lighter 3-nerved center and slightly hyaline margins and often hyaline at apex; perigynia oblong-obovoid or oblong-ovoid to suborbicular, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, unequally biconvex, 2-ribbed (the marginal), very ob- scurely to strongly nerved, coriaceous, puncticulate, minutely granular, glaucous-green, at length brownish, the margins smooth or occasionally sparsely scabrous, rounded at base, broadly substipitate, abruptly apiculate, the beak 0.2 mm. long, whitish, entire; achenes len- ticular, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, loosely enveloped, nearly filling perigynium, deeply constricted in middle, broadly short-stipitate, minutely apiculate, jointed with the short style: stigmas 2, short. TYPE LOCALITY: Faroé Islands. DISTRIBUTION: Brackish soil, near the coast, Greenland to Anticosti; on the Pacific coast from the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands to extreme northwestern California; south on the Asiatic coast to Japan and Manchuria; Iceland; northern Europe. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Labrador, Quebec, [Anticosti Island], Oregon, northwestern California, Washington, Vancouver Island, Alaska.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 737; ed. 2. f. 1059; Boott, Ill. Carex 64. pl. 171; FI. Dan. pl. 1888, 2370 (as C. haematolepis Drejer), 2371, 2372, 2844; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 95. f. 77; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 50: 167. f. 1-10; 20: 307. f. 16 (C. cryptochlaena); Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 76. f. 50; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 6, f. 61 (C. cryptocarpa), f. 63 (C. Lyngbyei); Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 828. Nove: I am quite unable to follow Ostenfeld (Fl. Arct. 76. f.51. 1902) and Kiikenthal (Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 379. 1909) in referring plate 2370 in Flora Danica, named Carex haematolepis Drejer, to the plant illustrated by Ostenfeld under the same name. Drejer describes the pistillate spikes in his species as ‘‘erectiusculis v. demum nutantibus,” and as illustrated in Flora Danica the peduncles are long and slender. ‘The illustration in Flora Danica was drawn under Drejer’s super- vision from a specimen collected in Greenland by Vahl, apparently representing the original material. This plate seems to me to represent a form of Carex Lyngbyei Hornem. Ostenfeld’s figure appears to me to be referable to Carex salina Wahl. I cannot see any reason for regarding either of these plants as hybrids betweeen Carex Lyngbyei Hornem. and Carex rigida Good., as they are treated by Ostenfeld and Kiikenthal. 478. Carex lanceata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29: 249. 1836. Carex cuspidata Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 164. 1803. (Type from northern Norway.) Not C. cuspidata Host, 1801. “Carex salina Wahl.”’ Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr. 29. pl. Cccc, f. 185. 1806. (Plant from Norway.) Carex salina var. cuspidata Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 246. 1812. (Based on C. cuspidata Wahl.) Neskiza salina Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex salina Wahl.) Carex epigeios Fries, Bot. Notiser 1843: 105. 1843. (Type from Scandinavia.) Carex discolor F. Nyl. Spic. Fl. Fenn. 3:12. 1846. (Type from Scandinavia, excluding synonymy.) Carex salina var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 160. pl. 528. 1867. (Only so far as based on C. lanceata Dewey.) Carex salina var. borealis Almq.; Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 11. 465. 1879. (Type from Scandinavia.) Carex affinis F. Nyl.; Nym. Consp. Fl. Europ. Suppl. 2: 323, as synonym. 1890. (Type from White Sea, Northern Russia.) Not C. afinis R. Br. 1823. Carex salina subsp. cuspidata var. borealis Almq. Bot. Notiser 1891: 126. 1891. (Based on C. salina var. borealis Almq.) Carex salina subsp. cuspidata var. borealis f. discolor Almq. Acta Soc. Faun. Fl. Fenn. 5: 281. 1895. (Based on C. discolor F. Nyl.) Carex Lyngbyei X rigida Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 76. f.51. 1902. (Type from Greenland.) Carex salina var. discolor ‘‘Almq.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 362. 1909. (Based on C. discolor F. Nyl.) Carex salina var. lanceata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 362. 1909. (Based on C. lanceata Drejer.) Forming beds, the culms one to very few together, from long, creeping, horizontal, slender, blackish rootstocks, the culms 1-3 dm. high, erect, stiff, rather slender, obtusely triangular, smooth, exceeding leaves, dull-reddish-purple at base, aphyllopodic, the basal sheaths break- ing and slightly filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 2—4 to a fertile culm, on lower half, the blades flat, or the margins slightly revolute towards tip, firm, thickish, dull-green, the upper 5-20 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the lower much reduced, smooth except towards apex, the sheaths thin and whitish or slightly yellowish-tinged ventrally, the ligule wider than long, purple-dotted, retuse at apex; upper 1 or 2 spikes staminate, linear, 1-2 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the terminal slender-peduncled, the lateral sessile, the scales oblong-obovate, reddish-brown with sharp midvein usually excurrent as a skort awn; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 417 the upper sometimes staminate at apex, erect-appressed, approximate, the lower short-pe- duncled, the upper sessile or nearly so (the peduncles nearly smooth), linear-cylindric, 1-3 em. long, 3—4.5 mm. wide, closely flowered, the perigynia 10-30, erect-appressed in few to several rows; bracts sheathless, the lower 1 or 2 leaf-like, not spathaceous or subspathaceous, exceed- ing culm, the upper reduced; scales ovate, longer than and about as wide as and concealing perigynia, more or less emarginate above, firm, thickish, convex, amplectant, reddish-brown with 3-nerved greenish-white center excurrent as a greenish-white, rough, short but prominent cusp; perigynia oval-obovoid, 3—3.5 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, plano-convex, scarcely inflated, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless or nearly so, puncticulate, not granular, glaucous- green, subcoriaceous, rounded and substipitate at base, abruptly apiculate, the beak 0.2 mm. long, whitish, entire; achenes lenticular, loosely enveloped, filling three fourths of perigynium, deeply constricted in middle, dark-brown, shining, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, short-stipitate, very shortly apiculate, jointed with the rather short style; stigmas 2, slender, long. TYPE LOCALITY: Cumberland River, Hudson Bay. DISTRIBUTION: Tidal flats, Hudson Bay and Labrador to Quebec; Alaska; also in northern Europe; erroneously reported from California. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Labrador, Hudson Bay.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 727; ed. 2. f. 1057; Schkuhr. Riedgr. pl. Cccc, f. 185; Boott, Ill. Carex 160. f. 528; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 74. f. 48; 75. f. 49; 76. f. 51 (C. Lyngbyei x C. rigida); Am. Journ. Sci. 29: pl. X, f. 77 (C. lanceata); Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 5, f. 50, 50b. Note 1: Carex lanceata Dewey (cited supra) is based partly on specimens of Carex livida (Wahl.) Willd., but mostly on the present species. It is often cited as Carex lanceolata Dewey (Carey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 15: 23). However, Dewey himself always wrote the name Carex lanceata (Am. Jour. Sci. II. 42: 330. 1866). Nore 2: The name Carex salina Wahl. (Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 165. 1803) (Carex salina var. mutica Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 246. 1812) has long been applied to this plant. Wahlenberg’s plant was collected in northern Norway and was originally described by him as having “‘foliis marginibus incurvis.’’ In his Flora Lapponica he said: ‘‘ Foliorum margines semper eximie incurvati. Culmus vix ultra spithamaem altus, obtusangulus. Squamae persistentes sunt, capsulisque semper longiores.’’ ‘The plant to which Wahlenberg’s names have been applied as one of its distinguishing characteristics has the leaf-margins revolute. Nor can Wahlenberg’s names be applied to Carex subspathacea Wormsk., known from northern Norway. I am accordingly applying these names to this hybrid (see Kiikenthal, Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 363, 380. 1909; Fries, Mant. 3: 146. 1842). Nore 3: The plant named Carex stricta collected in Kotzebue’s Sound, Alaska (H. et A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 131. 1832) and doubtfully referred here by Kiikenthal (Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 362. 1909) seems to me to be more probably referable to Carex Lyngbyei Hornem. ‘The plant collected at Mendocino City, California (Bolander 4702) and referred here by Kiikenthal is Carex salinaeformis Mackenzie. 479. Carex subspathacea Wormsk; Hornem. Fl. Dan. 26: 4. pl. 1530. 1816. Carex aquatilis B C. nardifolia Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 165, in small part. 1803- (Not as to type; from Lapland.) Carex Hoppneri Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 219. pl. 220. 1839. (Type from Hudson Bay.) Carex subspathacea f. stricta Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 452. 1841. (Type from Greenland.) Carex subspathacea f. curvata Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 453. 1841. (Type from Greenland.) Carex reducta Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 454. 1841. (Type from Greenland.) Carex subspathacea var. planifolia Fries, Mant. 3: 148. 1842. (Based on C. subspathacea Wormsk.) Carex subspothacee var. nardifolia Fries, Mant. 3: 149. 1842. (Based on C. aquatilis var. nardifolia Wa Carex Ns subspathacea Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 12,in part. 1843. (Based on C. subspathacea Wormsk. Carex subspathacea var. reducta Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 232. 1845. (Based on C. reducta Drejer.) Carex salina var. pumila Blytt, Norges Fl. 218. 1861. (Type from Norway.) Carex salina var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 160. pl. 529, 530. 1867. (Regarded as based primarily on C. Hoppneri Boott.) Carex salina {. nana Trautv. Acta Hort. Petrop. 1:82. 1871. (Type from Nova Zembla.) Carex salina subsp. mutica var. subspathacea Almq. Bot. Notiser 1891: 127. 1891. (Based on C. subspathacea Drejer.) Carex salina subsp. mutica var. subspathacea f. curvata Almq. Bot. Notiser 1891: 127. 1891. (Based on C. subspathacea f. curvata Drejer.) Carex salina subsp. mutica var. subspathacea f. reducta Almq. Bot. Notiser 1891: 127. 1891. (Based on C. reducta Drejer.) Carex salina subsp. cuspidata var. haematolepis f. thulensis Th. Fries; J. M. Macoun, in D. S. Jordan, Fur Seals N. Pacif. 3:573. 1899. (Type from St. Paul Island, Bering Sea.) Carex salina var. tristigmatica Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 362, in part. 1909. (Type from St. Paul Island, Bering Sea.) : Carex subspathacea f. nardifolia ‘‘ Fries’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 361. 1909. (Based on C. subspathacea var. nardifolia Fries.) 418 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 Forming beds, the culms solitary or very few together, from long-creeping, horizontal, slender, scaly, yellowish-brown rootstocks, the culms 3—30 em. high, slender or even filiforin, erect and exceeding the leaves or frequently more or less curving and hidden among the leaves, smooth, obtusely triangular, dull-purplish-red at base, arising from the midst of the conspicu- ous dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower culm-leaves more or less reduced, the basal sheaths not breaking and not becoming filamentose; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades usually 3-6 to a fertile culm, on lower half, not bunched, the blades 1-15 cm. long, 1—-2.5 mm. wide, firm, thickish, dull-green, flat but with the margins more or less involute towards apex, channeled towards base, varying to filiform, smooth below, little roughened towards apex, the sheaths thin and whitish or slightly yellowish- tinged ventrally, the ligule wider than long, purple-dotted; terminal spike staminate, short- peduncled, 0.5—-1.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, rather few-flowered, the scales oblong-obovate, the lower obtuse, the upper cuspidate or short-awned, reddish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and slightly hyaline margins above; pistillate spikes 1-3, erect, more or less strongly separate, the upper sessile, the lower short-peduncled, the peduncles smooth, the spikes linear or linear-oblong, 5-15 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, closely few-flowered, the perigynia 5-15, erect-appressed in few rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, usually sheathless but sometimes sheath- ing, involute or subspathaceous, from shorter than to exceeding culm; upper bracts shorter, more prominently dilated at base, subspathaceous; scales ovate, obtuse, acutish or mucronate, firm, thickish, convex, amplectant, as wide as but considerably shorter than perigynia, dark- brown or pale-brown with broad 1—3-nerved lighter center and scarcely hyaline margins; peri- gynia oval or elliptic-ovate, plano-convex, 3—3.5 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, glaucous-green, searcely inflated, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise faintly nerved, subcoriaceous, densely puncticulate, frequently granular, smooth on margins or rarely sparsely ciliate-serrulate above, round-tapering and broadly substipitate at base, round-tapering above, the beak very short, 0.1—-0.2 mm. long, whitish, entire or nearly so; achenes lenticular, rather loosely enveloped, filling three fourths of perigynium, oblong-quadrate, deeply constricted in middle, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, broadly short-stipitate, abruptly apiculate, jointed with the rather short style; stigmas 2, slender, long. TYPE LocaLity: “‘In littore arenoso ad Nigestlek sinus Quanneisck Gronlandiae”’ (Wormskjold). DISTRIBUTION: Tidal flats, northern sea coasts, circumpolar, Greenland, Hudson Bay, northern Alaska; also in northern Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Saguenay County, Quebec, Hudson Bay, Alaska.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Fl. Dan. pl. 1530, 2977; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. #l. 220; Boott, Ill. Carex 160. #l. 526, f.2, pl. 529, 530; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 24; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 726; ed. 2. f. 1056; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 436. f. 5-8; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 94. f. 76; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 74. f. 46, 47; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. #l. 5, f.49; Am. Jour. Sci. 49: pl. FF, f. 115 (C. Hoppneri). 480. Carex recta Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 220. pl. 222. 1839. Carex vacillans Drejer: Hartm. Excurs.-Fl. 131. 1846. (Type from Scandinavia.) “Carex salina Wahl.”’ Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 5.270. 1849. (From Oslo, Norway.) Carex salinoides Beurl. Bot. Notiser 1853:35. 1853. (Based on “‘C. salina Wahl.’’ Hartm.) Carex kattegatensis Fries (Ind. Sem. Hort. Upsal. 1857: name only. 1857); Hartm. f. in Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 8. 279, as synonym. 1861. Carex salina var. filipendula Blytt, Norges Fl. 219. 1861. (As to Norway plant only.) Carex salina var. haematolepis Blytt, Norges Fl. 219. 1861. (As to Norway plant only.) Carex salina var. elata Blytt, Norges Fl. 219, excl. syn. 1861. (Type from Norway.) Carex salina var. pallida Blytt, Norges Fl. 219. 1861. (Type from Norway.) Carex salina subsp. fuliginea Blytt, Norges Fl. 219. 1861. (Type from Norway.) “ Carex salina Wahl.” Boott, Ill. Carex 160. pl. 525; pl. 526, f. 1; pl. 527. 1867. (Plants from Scandi- navia and northeastern North America.) Carex salina var. caespitosa A. Blytt, Veg. Sognefj. 84. 1869. (Type from Norway.) Carex salina subsp. obtusa A. Blytt, Veg. Sognefj. 84. 1869. (Type from Norway.) ale saline a kaitegatensis Almq.; Hartm. f. in Hartm. Skand. Fl. ed. 11. 466. 1879. (Type from weden. “ Carex salina var. cuspidata Wahl.” L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 46. 1889. (As to plant of northeastern North America.) Carex salina subsp. cuspidata var. kattegatensis ‘‘ Fries’? Almq. Bot. Notiser 1891:126. 1891. (Based by inference on C. salina var. kattegatensis Almq. “Carex cuspidata Wahl.”’ Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 311. 1896. (Plant from northeastern North America.) Not C. cuspidata Host, 1801. Carex stricta X% salina Kiikenth. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 46: 206, in part. 1896. (As to plant from Christiania [Oslo], Norway.) Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 419 Carex salina var. kattegatensis f. caespitosa ‘‘A. Blytt’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 363. (Based on C. salina var. caespitosa A. Blytt.) Carex salina var. kattegatensis f. elata ‘‘Blytt’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 363. 1909. (Based on C. salina var. elata Blytt.) ‘ Carex salina var. kattegatensis f. pallida “‘Blytt’”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 363. 1909. (Based on C. salina var. pallida Blytt.) : Carex salina var. kattegatensis f. obtusa ‘‘A. Blytt’”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 363. 1909. (Based on C. salina subsp. obtusa A. Blytt.) : Carex salina var. pseudofilipendula Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 363. 1909. (Based on C. salina var. filipendula Blytt.) Culms cespitose, the rootstocks sending forth very long, horizontal, rather slender or stoutish, yellowish-brown, fibrillose stolons, the culms 1.5—9 dm. high, erect, stout below, sharply triangular, smooth, shorter than or exceeding leaves, dull-brownish-red at base, phyllo- podic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, their sheaths often breaking and becoming sparingly filamentose; leaves of the flowering year 4-6 to a fertile culm, on lower third, the blades flat, or the margins slightly revolute towards tip, thin, dull-green, 0.5—5 dm. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide, smooth except towards tip, the sheaths smooth, thin and whitish or yellowish-tinged ventrally, the ligule about as wide as long, or wider than long, strongly purplish-red-dotted; upper 1-3 spikes staminate, linear, 1-4 cm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide, the terminal peduncled, the lateral sessile, the scales oblong-obovate, not keeled, blackish-purple with narrow white-hyaline margins and lighter center; pistillate spikes 1-4, the upper often staminate at apex, erect, more or less strongly separate, the lower short- peduncled, the upper sessile or nearly so (the peduncles smooth), cylindric, 1-8 cm. long, 4.5—-10 mm. wide, densely flowered, the perigynia very many, appressed, in several to many rows; bracts sheathless, not at all spathaceous, the lower 1 or 2 leaf-like, exceeding culm, the upper reduced; scales ovate or oblong-ovate, much longer and mostly narrower than and not con- cealing perigynia, thin, flat or nearly so, not amplectant at base except at times in lowest, purplish-black with wide, 3-nerved, green center, the lower deeply emarginate at apex and rough-awned, the upper tapering into a short awn or often only acute or obtuse; perigynia broadly obovoid to suborbicular, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, plano-convex, scarcely in- flated, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless or more or less strongly several-nerved, puncticulate, not granular, light-green, purple-dotted, subcoriaceous, rounded or round- tapering and substipitate at base, abruptly apiculate, the beak 0.3 mm. long, whitish, entire; achenes lenticular, loosely enveloped, filling three fourths of perigynium, deeply constricted in middle, brown, shining, oval-obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 1.4 mm. wide, nearly sessile, very shortly apiculate, jointed with the rather short style; stigmas 2, slender, long. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Hab, Labrador. Herb. Hooker.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Brackish marshes along the coast, Labrador south to Massachusetts and west to Alaska; also on the coasts of northern Europe. (Specimens examined from Labrador, Newfound- land, Miquelon, Hudson Bay, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Alaska.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 728; ed. 2. f. 1058; Boott, Ill. Carex 160. pl. 525; pl. 526, f. 1; pl. 527; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 222; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49: 436. f. 1-4. Note 1: See Almquist, Bot. Notiser 1891: 125-128. 1891, for an article on Carex salina Wahl. and its forms. Note 2: Hybridizes with Carex maritima O. F. Miiller (Anticosti Island, Bros. Victorin & Rolland no. 20032). 481. Carex obnupta L. H. Bailey, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 3: 104. 1891. “Carex cryptocarpa C. Meyer’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci,. 29: 245. pl. W, f. 69. 1836. “Carex sitchensis Prescott’? Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 220. pl. 221. 1839. “Carex aquatilis Wahl.’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 241. 1880. Carex magnifica Dewey; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. 1V.17:316. 1904. (Type from Columbia River.) «Carex Schottit Dewey’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 365, in large part. 1909. Forming beds, sending forth long, horizontal, stout, scaly stolons, the culms 3-15 dm. high, stout, stiff, sharply triangular, more or less roughened above, exceeding or exceeded by the leaves, strongly aphyllopodic and purplish at base, arising from the center of the evergreen leaves of the previous year, the lower sheaths of the flowering year breaking and prominently filamentose; sterile shoots strongly aphyllopodic and purple-tinged at base and with the basal sheaths prominently filamentose; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades 420 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 usually 2—4 to a fertile culm (the bladeless basal sheaths conspicuous), the blades ascending or spreading, firm, coriaceous, 1—2 dm. long, 2.5—5 mm. wide, channeled above and keeled towards base, the margins revolute above, short or long-tapering, very rough on margins; sterile-culm and basal leaf-blades similar, but much longer (2-5 dm. long) ; sheaths more or less hispidulous and purplish-tinged, the ligule longer than wide; upper 1—3 spikes staminate, linear, 1.5—6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, often curving, the terminal peduncled, the lateral sessile, the scales obovate, obtuse or mucronate, dark-reddish-brown to purplish-black, with lighter midrib and hyaline margins, the bracts enlarged, scale-like; pistillate spikes 2—4, erect, or from little to strongly spreading, or even strongly drooping, approximate or more or less separate, the lower slightly (or even very long) peduncled, the upper usually nearly sessile (rarely strongly peduncled), usually linear-cylindric, varying to oblong or linear, 3-14 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide, usually staminate at apex, closely flowered (or sometimes loosely at base), with numerous ascending perigynia in many rows; lowest bract leaf-like, usually much exceeding culm, with dark- colored, often united auricles at base; upper bracts smaller but conspicuous; scales narrowly ovate, acute or acuminate, purplish-black with conspicuous, lighter, 3-nerved center and very narrow hyaline margins, wider or rarely slightly narrower than, and longer than and concealing perigynia; perigynia oval-ovate, biconvex, thickish, 2.5—3.5 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, coria- ceous, yellowish-green when young, in age brown, 2-ribbed (the marginal), otherwise nerveless, shining, smooth, puncticulate, sometimes sparingly ciliate-serrulate, rounded and broadly substipitate at base, abruptly apiculate, the beak 0.3 mm. long, entire or nearly so; achenes lenticular, broadly or narrowly obovoid, nearly sessile, loosely enveloped, nearly filling peri- gynium, 2.25 mm. long, 1.4 mm. wide, deeply constricted in middle, minutely apiculate, jointed with the short straight style; stigmas 2, slender, long. TYPE LOCALITY: San Mateo County, California (Kellogg). DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows, Monterey Bay, California, northward to British Columbia; reported from southern Alaska. (Specimens examined from California, Oregon, Washington, Vancouver, Queen Charlotte Islands.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 82. f. 43; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 238. f. 35, a—c; Boott, Ill. Carex 159. pl. 518, 519; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 220. pl. 221; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 303. f. 10, 11 (as C. Schottit); Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 829; Am. Jour. Sci. 29: 245. pl. W, f. 69 (as C. cryptocarpa); Jepson, Man. Mh Il, (Calor ye AON. 63. Hispidae Mackenzie. TRACHYCHLAENAE Drej. Symb. Car. 9, in part. 1844; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 459, in part. 1903; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 415, in part. 1909; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 82. 1922. PRoprIAE (B) PSILOSACCAE MARGINATAE C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 150. 1908. Referred by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 70. 1886) to the SQUARROSAE Carey and (op. cit. 83) to the AcuraE Fries. Phyllopodic; culms very stout, leafy below, the lower sheaths strongly filamentose ven- trally; spikes numerous, the upper 3—6 staminate, elongate, the lower 3-6 pistillate, often staminate at apex, linear-cylindric, densely very many-flowered, the lower at least long- peduncled; lowest bract about equaling or exceeding the inflorescence, short-sheathing; pistil- late scales mucronate or aristate; perigynia obovoid or oblong, glabrous, roughened, or his- pidulous, membranaceous, slightly inflated, apiculate-beaked, the orifice emarginate; achenes triangular, the sides flat or slightly concave, continuous with the indurated persistent style; stigmas 3. Species of dry hot climates, four of which are known from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Three other species are known from central Asia and another is widely distributed in southern Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. Not known as native in Australasia or South America. Perigynia 3—4.5 mm. long, broadly obovoid, very abruptly short-beaked, ob- scurely few- to several-nerved, wider than and not concealed by the scales; achenes substipitate; lowest bract short-sheathing. Perigynia squarrose-spreading at maturity, becoming inflated, glabrous; achenes elliptic-obovoid; style abruptly bent. 482. C. spissa. Perigynia appressed-ascending, little or not at all inflated. Perigynia glabrous, red-striolate; achenes elliptic-obovoid; style straight, scales acute to moderately short-awned. 483. C. ultra. Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 421 Perigynia sparsely hairy towards apex, red-dotted; achenes narrowly oblong-obovoid: style abruptly bent; scales acuminate, long-aristate. 484. C. Seatoniana. Perigynia 7—8 mm. long, elliptic-lanceolate, tapering at apex, slenderly many- nerved, largely concealed by scales; achenes long-stipitate; style elongate, straight; lowest bract long-sheathing. 485. C. Pringlet. 482. Carex spissa L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 70. 1886. “Carex hispida Willd.’’ W. Boott, Bot. Gaz. 9: 89. 1884. Loosely cespitose, from very stout elongate rootstocks, sending forth stout, scaly, hori- zontal stolons, the clumps large, the culms stiff, very tall and stout, 1-2 m. high, 2 ecm. thick at base, 5-6 mm. above, phyllopodic, brownish-black at base, much exceeding the leaves, tri- angular with flat sides, very smooth on the obtusish angles; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 toa fertile culm, clustered above the base, the blades not septate-nodulose, glaucous, coria- ceous, usually 3-6 dm. long, 7-14 mm. wide, flat above with revolute margins, strongly keeled, and strongly serrulate on margins, roughened towards the attenuate apex, the sheaths deeply concave at mouth and somewhat dark-tinged, breaking and becoming conspicuously filamen- tose, the ligule longer than wide; staminate spikes 3 or 4, approximate, sessile or the upper short- peduncled, 4-10 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, short-ciliate, obtuse or slightly cuspidate, reddish-brown or straw-colored, with lighter center and usually with conspicuous white-hyaline margins; anthers conspicuous, 4 mm. long; pistillate spikes 3-7, sometimes in twos, approximate or the lower one or two more or less separate, erect, sessile or very short-peduncled, or the lowest longer-peduncled, linear-cylindric, 6-14 cm. long, 7—10 mm. wide, staminate at apex, containing very many (150-300) at first ascending, at maturity squarrose-spreading perigynia in many rows; bracts leaf-like, the lowest but little sheathing, exceeding inflorescence; scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, tapering or somewhat abruptly contracted into a rough serrulate awn, noticeably exceeding but narrower than perigynia, straw-colored or brownish with wide green or lighter center and hyaline margins; perigynia broadly obovoid, membranaceous, becoming inflated, obscurely triangular, 3—4.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, straw-colored and somewhat glaucous, red-striate-dotted, smooth, obscurely few-nerved, round-tapering to the base, sessile, rounded and very abruptly short- beaked at apex, the beak 0.5 mm. long, often bent, with emarginate somewhat dark-tinged orifice; achenes somewhat loosely enveloped, triangular, dark-colored, elliptic-obovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, substipitate, continuous with the slender, not exserted, very abruptly bent style; stigmas 3, slender, rather short, reddish-brown. TyPeE Locatity: “California, San Diego Co., Pringle; San Juan Capistrano, J. C. Nevin; Arizona, Pringle; Lower California, Guadeloupe Cafion, Orcutt.’’ DISTRIBUTION: Banks of streams, at low altitudes, from Los Angeles County, California, southward into Lower California and eastward to southern Arizona. (Specimens examined from California; northern Mexico.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 4: pl. 11; Erythea 8: 83. f. 44; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 239. f. 35, d-f; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 792; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 202. 483. Carex ultra L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 83. 1886. “Carex hispida Willd.”’ W. Boott, Bot. Gaz. 9: 89, in part. 1884. Carex spissa var. ultra Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 422. 1909. (Based on C. ulira L.. H. Bailey.) Densely cespitose, from very stout rootstocks, sending forth stout, scaly, horizontal stolons, the culms stout, erect, 1.5 cm. thick at base, 4 mm. above, strongly phyllopodic, 5-15 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves, triangular with flat sides, smooth on the obtuse angles, serrulate-roughened in the inflorescence on the sharp angles above, brownish-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades 6-15 to a fertile culm, not septate-nodulose, the blades glaucous, thick, 2-6 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, channeled at base, flat above with more or less revolute margins, strongly striate-nerved, strongly rough-serrulate on the margins, the lower sheaths rough, scabrous, brownish-tinged and filamentose ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule longer than wide; staminate spikes 2-4, approximate or more or less strongly separate, 3-12 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the lateral sessile or short-peduncled, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, smooth, reddish-brown with the center straw-colored; pistillate spikes 3-6, sometimes 422 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 staminate at apex, the upper overlapping, the lower more or less strongly separate, erect, the upper sessile, the lower more or less strongly peduncled, the spikes elongate, linear-cylindric, 2.5-15 em. long, 6-12 mm. wide, containing very numerous, appressed-ascending perigynia in several to many rows; upper bracts leaflet-like, exceeded by inflorescence, the lower leaf-like, short-sheathing and sometimes exceeding inflorescence; scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate, or tapering into a short rough awn, reddish-brown with several-nerved green or straw-colored center, half as wide as and from slightly longer to slightly shorter than perigynia; perigynia broadly obovoid, 3.5—-4.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, compressed-triangular, little inflated, sub- coriaceous, glabrous, light-brown, red-striolate at maturity, obscurely several-nerved on both faces, rounded at base and at apex, abruptly short-beaked, the beak 0.3 mm. long, the apex emarginate, reddish-brown; achenes elliptic-obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, not filling perigynia, triangular with blunt angles, silvery-black, minutely pitted, substipitate, abruptly contracted into the slender, straight style which is continuous with the achene; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown, short. TYPE LOCALITY: South Arizona (Lemmon 2901, 2902). : : ‘ DISTRIBUTION: Springy places, southern Arizona and New Mexico. (Specimens examined from Arizona, New Mexico.) 484. Carex Seatoniana 1. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 25: 270. 1898. Carex spissa var. Seatoniana Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 422. 1909. (Based on C. Seatoniana 1. H. Bailey). Loosely cespitose, from very stout elongate rootstocks, sending forth stout, scaly, hori- zontal stolons, the clumps large, the culms very stout, 1-1.5 m. high, stiff, erect, 1.5 cm. thick at base, 4-5 mm. above, triangular with flat sides, very smooth on the obtuse angles, much exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, purplish-brown-tinged at base; sterile shoots aphyllo- podic; leaves with well-developed blades 5—10 to a fertile culm, mostly clustered above the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades flat with slightly revolute margins above, strongly keeled towards base, glaucous, strongly serrulate towards apex, strongly to weakly serrulate below, roughened towards the attenuate apex, strongly striate, usually 4-6 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, the sheaths deeply concave at mouth and somewhat dark-tinged, breaking and becoming conspicuously filamentose, the ligule much longer than wide; staminate spikes about 4, not aggregated, the uppermost long-peduncled, the lateral short-peduncled, narrowly linear, 5-14 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, erose, short-ciliate, generally obtuse, dull-reddish-brown with lighter center and white-hyaline margins; anthers conspicuous, 4 mm. long; pistillate spikes usually 4, strictly erect, the upper short-peduncled, the lower strongly peduncled, somewhat overlapping, the upper at least staminate at apex, narrowly linear- cylindric, 6-18 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, containing very many (several hundred) appressed- ascending perigynia, very closely arranged in many rows: bracts leaflet-like, the lowest short- sheathing, exceeded by inflorescence; scales lanceolate, rough-aristate, acuminate, several- nerved, straw-colored with brown-hyaline margins, ciliate, exceeding to twice length of, but only half width of perigynia; perigynia broadly obovoid, little inflated, obscurely triangular in cross-section, membranaceous, straw-colored and somewhat glaucous, sparsely hairy towards apex, red-dotted, obscurely few-nerved, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, tapering at base, sessile, very abruptly short-beaked, the beak 0.5 mm. long, with reddish-tinged, obliquely cleft, emarginate apex; achenes somewhat loosely enveloped, narrowly oblong-obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 0.5-0.75 mm. wide, brownish, triangular with blunt angles, short-stipitate, continuous with the short, slender, not exserted, very abruptly bent style; stigmas 3, rather short, reddish- brown. TYPE LOCALITY: Springy river bluffs at 6800 ft. alt., near Tula, State of Hidalgo, Mexico (Pringle 6792.) DISTRIBUTION: Central Mexico, states of Hidalgo and Puebla. (Specimens examined from Hidalgo and Puebla.) Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 423 485. Carex Pringlei L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz.17: 151. 1892. Loosely cespitose, from stout elongate rootstocks, sending forth stout, scaly, horizontal stolons, the culms stiff, very stout, nearly 2 cm. thick at base, 5-6 mm. above, 1-2 m. high, phyllopodic, blackish at base, triangular with flat sides, smooth on angles, much exceeding the leaves; leaves with well-developed blades 5—10 to a fertile culm, clustered above the base; not septate-nodulose, the blades flat with revolute margins, glaucous, coriaceous, serrulate-toothed on margins and on midnerve beneath, strongly carinate, usually 4-6 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, long-attenuate, the sheaths deeply concave at mouth and somewhat dark-tinged, breaking and becoming filamentose, the ligule much longer than wide; terminal spike staminate (with an additional small sessile one at base), strongly peduncled, 7—9 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, acute or mucronate, several-nerved, slightly ciliate-serrulate, straw- colored with brownish-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 5 or 6, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, somewhat overlapping, the upper at least staminate at apex, linear-cylindric, 5-10 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, containing very many (several hundred) appressed perigynia very closely arranged in many rows; bracts leaflet-like, nearly equaling or exceeding inflorescence, the lowest at least long-sheathing and blackish at base; scales lanceolate, rough-cuspidate or awned, strongly several- to many-nerved, green with brown-hyaline margins, somewhat ciliate, wider and longer than and largely concealing perigynia; perigynia elliptic-lanceolate, strongly flattened (scarcely at all triangular), greenish-straw-colored, strongly red-dotted, slenderly many-nerved, membranaceous, short-hispid, scabrous above especially on the nerves, 7-8 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, round-tapering and scarcely stipitate at base, tapering at apex, the beak little differentiated, 1 mm. long, the orifice white, emarginate; achenes very loosely enveloped, triangular, oblong-oval, 2.5 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, granular, brownish, long-stipitate, con- tinuous with the very slender, straight, elongate, not exserted style which is slightly enlarged beneath the stigmas; stigmas 3, short, slender. TYPE LOCALITY: Hacienda de Angostura, San Luis Potosi (Pringle 3801). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 64. Orthocerates Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. 748. 1837. PaucrFLoRAE Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 7. 1843; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 61. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzen- reich 4°: 108. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 141. 1917. CaLoGLocHINEs O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 503, in part. 1851. RUPESTRES Pax, in FE. & P. Nat. Pfl. 2?: 123, in part. 1887. ‘Treated as a genus Leucoglochin by Heuffel (Flora 27: 528. 1844); as a genus Hemi- caricium by Baillon (Hist. Pl. 12: 345. 1893); as Uncinia § PsEUDOCAREX by C. B. Clarke (Jour. Linn. Soc. 20: 401. 1883). By Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 463. 1903) referred to the EcuHINOSTACHYAE Drejer. Rootstocks long and slender; culms slender; leaf-blades narrow; spike solitary, androgy- nous, bractless, narrow; pistillate scales soon deciduous; perigynia 1-12, subulate or linear- lanceolate, very obliquely short-stipitate or substipitate, soon widely spreading or reflexed, suborbicular in cross-section, straw-colored or brownish-green, subulate-beaked, the beak truncate; achenes linear-oblong or narrowly oblong-obovoid, triangular with sides concave below, in lower half of perigynium-body, closely enveloped, continuous with the long, slender, persistent style; stigmas 3, rather short; rachilla present or wanting. Two species, widely distributed in the northern and central parts of Eurasia and North America; a third closely related species is found in extreme southern South America. Rachilla present, conspicuously exserted; culms with 4-8 well-developed leaves; ligule much wider than long; style not exserted; perigynia 4-5 mm. long. 486. C. microglochin. Rachilla absent or rudimentary, not conspicuously exserted; culms with 2 or 3 well-developed leaves; ligule about as wide as long; style exserted; peri- gynia 6-7 mm. long. 487. C. pauctflora. 424 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 486. Carex microglochin Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 140. 1803. Carex aristata Clairv. Man. 209. 1811. (Type from Switzerland.) Carex pauciflora 8 microglochin Poir. in Lam. Encyce. Suppl. 3: 247. 1813. (Based on C. microglochin Wahl.) Uncinia microglochin Spreng. Syst. 3: 830. 1826. (Based on Carex microglochin Wahl.) Uncinia europaea Gay, Flora 10: 26. 1827. (Based on Carex microglochin Wahl.) Carex Lyoni Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 209. pl. 208. 1839. (Type from Rocky Mountains, Alberta.) F Caricinella microglochin St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude FI. ed. 8. 2: 281. 1889. (Based on Carex micro- glochin Wahl.) Culms few together, from very slender elongate rootstocks, 0.2-2.5 dm. high, erect, slender but stiff, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, very obtusely triangular, very smooth, brownish at base; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, clustered toward the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades stiff, involute, light-green, erect-ascending, usually 3-10 cm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide, smooth throughout, the tip blunt, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, low-concave at mouth, the ligule much wider than long; spike solitary, usually 7-14 mm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, androgynous, containing a few staminate flowers above and 3-12 perigynia below these, at first ascending but soon reflexed and easily detached; bracts absent; staminate scales few (5 or 6), oblong-obovate, acutish or obtuse, light-chestnut-brown through- out or with hyaline margins and lighter center; pistillate scales similar, obtuse, wider than and about half as long as the perigynia, often with hyaline margin and lighter midrib, very early deciduous; perigynia subulate or linear-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, barely 1 mm. wide, not inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, membranaceous, light-green or brownish-green or straw-colored, obscurely many-striate, spongy and very obliquely substipitate, round-truncate at base, long-tapering at apex, the smooth beak and body not differentiated, the orifice con- spicuously hyaline, obliquely truncate, filled by the projecting rachilla; achenes narrowly oblong-obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 0.5—0.75 mm. wide, triangular with sides concave below, convex or flat above, closely enveloped, occupying lower half of perigynium, yellowish-brown, sub- stipitate, abruptly contracted into and continuous with the long, slender, straight, not ex- serted style; stigmas 3, slender, light-reddish-brown, short; rachilla slender, projecting 1-2 mm. ‘TYPE LocaALity: “ Hab. in lateribus irriguis alpium lapponicarum septentrionalium.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Moist sunny places, calcareous districts, Greenland to Alaska, and southward to Quebec and the high mountains of central Colorado. Widely distributed in arctic-alpine Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Newfoundland, Quebec, Alberta, Colorado, subarctic America, Alaska.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 670; ed. 2 f. 954; Schkuhr. Riedgr. pl. Ssss, f. 210; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 59. f. 14D; Fl. Dan. pl. 1402; Boott, Ill. Carex 174. pl. 589, f. 1-5; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 208 (C. Lyont); Am. Jour. Sci. 49: pl. EE, f. 107 (C. Lyoni); Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 40. f. 19; Hoppe, Deuts. Fl. 61: pl. 5; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 92. f. 71; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 196, f. 527; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 3, f. 1; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3804; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 429; Sv. Bot. pl. 539 (right-hand); Thomé, Fl. Deuts. pl. 88, f. E. Norte: An inconspicuous species; the few perigynia mature quickly and drop off. ‘The plant is probably much more abundant than collections indicate. 487. Carex pauciflora Lightf. Fl. Scot. 543. pl. 6, f. 2. 1777. Carex pulicaris 1,. Sp. P1l.972. 1753. (In part; not as to type; European.) Carex patula Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2.402. 1778. (Type from Glasgow, Scotland.) Carex Leucoglochin 1,. f. Suppl. 413. 1781. (Type from Sweden and Germany.) Trasus pauciflorus 5. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:56. 1821. (Based on Carex pauciflora Lightf.) Leucoglochin pauciflorus Heuffel, Flora 27: 528. 1844. (Based on Carex pauciflora Lightf.) Psyllophora pauciflora Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 697. 1866. (Based on Carex pauciflora Lightf.) COE pauciflora St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl. ed. 8. 2:88. 1889. (Based on Carex pauciflora aAghtt.) Carex pauciflora elatioy Kiikenth. & Schuster; Vollm. Mitt. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 1: 449. 1905. (Type from Germany.) Culms arising solitary or a few together from very slender, long, running rootstocks, 0.5—6 dm. high, erect, slender but stiff, exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic, obtusely triangular, rough above, brownish at base; leaves few, only 2 or 3 with well-developed blades to a culm, not septate-nodulose, the blades 4-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, involute or channeled, erect- ascending, light-green, slightly roughened, the tip blunt, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, Parr7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 425 low-concave at mouth, the ligule about as wide as long; spike solitary, androgynous, consisting of a terminal cone of staminate flowers and 1—6 perigynia below these, at first ascending but soon strongly reflexed, conspicuously jointed to the rachis; bracts none; staminate scales very few, lanceolate or oblanceolate, acutish, straw-colored or yellowish-brown, erect and closely appressed into a short cone about 5 mm. long and 1 mm. wide or less; pistillate scales early- deciduous, ovate, light-brown with light-colored center, green midvein, and hyaline margins, wider than and about two thirds as long as the perigynia; perigynia subulate or linear-lanceo- late, 6-7 mm. long, 1—1.5 mm. wide, scarcely inflated, suborbicular in cross section, glabrous, membranaceous, puncticulate, light-green, becoming straw-colored or yellowish-brown, finely many-striate, rounded, spongy, and very obliquely short-stipitate at base, tapering into the smooth, slightly hyaline-tipped beak with protruding style, the orifice truncate, entire; achenes linear-oblong, 2 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, triangular with sides concave below, convex or flat above, occupying the lower third of the perigynium, yellowish-brown, abruptly broadly and very obliquely stipitate, abruptly contracted and continuous with the long, slender, straight or abruptly bent exserted style; stigmas 3, slender, light-reddish-brown, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: Goatfield Mountain, Isle of Arran, Scotland. DISTRIBUTION: Sphagnum bogs, mostly in calcareous districts. Newfoundland to Alaska, and southward to Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota, and near the Pacific coast to Washington; not seen from the Rocky Mountains or the mountains of the western United States; widely distrib- uted in northern Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Washington, British Columbia, including Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands, Alaska.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 671; ed. 2. f. 953; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 424; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 837; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. A, f. 4; Fl. Dan. pl. 1279; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 40. f. 20; Hoppe, Deuts. Fl. 61: pl. 4; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 196, f. 526; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. l. 3, f. 2; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3803; Engl. Bot. pl. 2041; ed. 2. pl. 1614; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. f. 1096; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: 33. pl. 42; Sv. Bot. pl. 539 (left-hand); Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 422; Lightf. Bi Scot. pL. 6, f. 2. 65. Collinsiae Mackenzie, in Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 353. 1913. LupuLinaE Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 13. 1843; Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 562. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 62. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 703. 1909; all in very small part. Referred by Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 463. 1903) to the EcHINOSTACHYAE Drejer. Cespitose; culms leafy; leaf-blades flat, septate-nodulose, green; terminal spike staminate, short, few-flowered; lateral spikes 2—4, usually androgynous, erect, the pistillate part loosely 1—8-flowered, the staminate part few-flowered; bracts strongly sheathing, leaf-like; scales short, hyaline with green midrib, curved or cuspidate; perigynia subulate, widely spreading or reflexed, deep-green, membranaceous, many-nerved, tapering to the very strongly obliquely fissured and deeply and sharply bidentate beak, the slender stiff teeth abruptly reflexed; achenes linear, triangular with convex sides and prominent angles, continuous with the slender persistent style; stigmas 3, short. One very well-marked species, in wet sphagnum in very dense coniferous woods, confined to the temperate parts of the United States east of the Allegheny Mountains. A group com- bining some of the characters of the ORTHOCERATES and the FoLLICULATAE and throwing a great deal of light on the evolution of the species of Carex having the style continuous with the achene. 488. Carex Collinsii Nutt. Gen. 2: 205. 1818. Carex subulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 173. 1803. (Type given as from ‘‘Canadae borealibus’’.} Not C. subulata J. F. Gmel. 1791; nor Schum. 1801; nor Wahl. 1803. Carex Michauxii Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 273. pl. G, f. 21. 1826. (Based on C. subulata Michx.) Not C. Michauxii Schw. 1824. Olotrema Collinsii Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex Collinsii Nutt.) Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, not stoloniferous, the clumps large, the culms 1.5—6 dm. high, slender and usually weak, exceeding the leaves but not the bracts, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth, purplish-tinged at base; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed blades usually 3—5 to a fertile culm, chiefly toward the base, inconspicuously 426 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 septate-nodulose, the blades thin, soft, green, flat, usually 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, roughened toward the apex, the sheaths tight, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spike solitary, occasionally with a few perigynia at base, sessile to strongly pedun- cled, few-flowered, linear, 5-10 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, the scales ovate-lanceolate, acute to cuspidate, white-hyaline with conspicuous green center; pistillate spikes 2—4, erect, widely separate, usually sparingly staminate above, short- to long-exsert-peduncled, much wider than long, the peduncles slender, roughish, the perigynia 1-8, spreading at right angles or reflexed; bracts leaf-like, strongly sheathing, the sheaths short-prolonged at mouth; scales ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, long-persistent, awned or cuspidate, hyaline with green midrib, narrower than and about one third as long as the perigynia; perigynia subulate, 8-12 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, little inflated, membranaceous, smooth, deep- green, reddish-brown-dotted, easily detaching from rachis, many-nerved, round-tapering at base and short-stipitate, tapering into the smooth, very strongly obliquely fissured, deeply bidentate beak half the length of the body, the teeth very slender, awn-like, 1.5-2 mm. long, becoming very strongly reflexed back against the beak; achenes linear-oblong, 2.5—3 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, triangular with convex sides and prominent angles, in lower half of peri- gynium-body, yellowish-brown, substipitate, abruptly apiculate and continuous with the long, slender, straight or flexuous style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, slender, short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. In the most shady sphagnose swamps; New Jersey.” DISTRIBUTION: In dense shade in very wet white cedar or black spruce swamps, Rhode Island to eastern Pennsylvania and southward to South Carolina and Georgia; mostly on the coastal plain, but also known from a few stations in the mountains of Pennsylvania and northwestern New Jersey. (Specimens examined from Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Torr. Fl. N. Y. pl. 147 (right-hand); Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 672; ed. 2. f. 1078; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 548; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 40; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 22, f. 3; Boott, Til. Carex 91. 7. 270; Am. Jour. Sci. 10: pl. G, f. 27;,Ann. Lye) N.Y! Is E26, ja Norte: Michaux attributes this species to Canada. ‘This is in all probability an error. It may be surmised that he really collected it in New Jersey in the white cedar swamps at New Durham where he had a garden (Bull. Torrey Club 11:88. 1884). 66. Folliculatae Mackenzie, in Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 353. 1913. LupuLINaEz Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 13. 1843; Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 562. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 61. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 703. 1909; all in very small part. RHYNCHOPHORAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 464, in part. 1903. Cespitose; culms leafy, obtusely triangular; leaf-blades flat, septate-nodulose, becoming yellowish-green; terminal spike staminate; lateral spikes 1—5, pistillate or androgynous, erect, 5—20-flowered; lower bracts long-sheathing; pistillate scales 3—5-nerved, pale; perigynia at length more or less spreading, somewhat or moderately inflated, membranaceous, many-nerved, becoming yellowish-green, tapering into a long bidentate beak, the teeth erect; achenes obovoid or oblong-obovoid, triangular with convex or concave sides, continuous with the slender, flexuous or straight, persistent style; stigmas 3, short. Three species of swampy or boggy places in the eastern part of North America; one of them also found in eastern Asia, as is also an endemic related species. Leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; bract-sheaths concave at mouth; staminate spike 6-15 mm. long, sessile or very short-peduncled; achenes oblong-obovoid with convex sides and inconspicuous angles. 489. C. Michauxiana. Leaf-blades 3.5-16 mm. wide; upper or all bract-sheaths prolonged at mouth; staminate spike 12-30 mm. long, peduncled; achenes obovoid with concave sides and conspicuous blunt angles. Perigynia lanceolate, 3 mm. wide at base; pistillate scales awned to cus- pidate, averaging three fourths the length of the perigynia; pistillate spikes not normally staminate at apex; sheaths enlarged upward; achenes short-stipitate. 490. C. folliculata. Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 2.5 mm. wide at base; pistillate scales : acute to short-awned, averaging half the length of the perigynia; pistillate spikes staminate at apex; sheaths not enlarged upward; achenes sessile or nearly so. 491. C. lonchocarpa. ParT 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 427 489. Carex Michauxiana Bock. Linnaea 41: 336. 1877. Carex rostrata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 173. 1803. (Type from Lake Mistassini, Quebec.) Not C- rostrata Stokes, 1787. “Carex folliculata L.’’ Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7:97. 1804. “Carex xanthophysa Wahl.’”’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 14: 353. f. 57, 58. 1828. Carex xanthophysa var. nana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 14: 353. 1828. (Type from White Mountains, New Hampshire.) NotC.nanaLam. 1789;norC.nana Cham. 1855;norC.nanaBoott. 1859. Carex xanthophysa var. minor Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 14: 353. 1828. (Type from White Mountains, New Hampshire.) Carex abacta 1,. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 427. 1893. (Based on C. rostrata Michx.) Cespitose, the rootstocks short, thick, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 2—6 dm. high, slender, strict, shorter than or exceeding leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth, light-brownish-tinged at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3-6 to a fertile culm, sparingly septate-nodulose, rather regularly disposed, the blades 7-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, green or soon yellowish-green, thickish, firm, flat above, somewhat channeled at base, long-pointed, somewhat roughened toward the apex, the sheaths tight, white-hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spike solitary, sessile or very short-peduncled, 6-15 mm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, few-flowered, the scales ovate to oblong-obovate, acute to short-awned, yellowish- brown with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1-4, the 2 or 3 upper contiguous and the lower 1 or 2 separate, or all more or less widely separate, erect, the peduncles slender, smooth, from short (the upper) to several to many times the length of spikes (the lower), the spikes suborbicular, 1.5—2.5 em. long and rather wider, closely flowered, containing 5-20 perigynia widely spreading and readily disarticulating at maturity; bracts long-sheath- ing, the lower leaf-like, exceeding culms, the upper smaller, the sheaths concave, not prolonged at mouth; scales ovate, acute or acuminate, hyaline with conspicuous 3-nerved green center, often yellowish-brown-tinged, somewhat narrower than and about one fourth to one third the length of the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, 8-14 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, moderately inflated, submembranaceous, smooth, shining, yellowish-green, many-nerved, round-tapering and spongy at base, stipitate, tapering into a somewhat rough- ened bidentate beak about half the length of the body, the teeth slender, erect, 1 mm. long; achenes oblong-obovoid, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, triangular with convex sides and incon- spicuous angles, loosely enveloped, yellowish, shining, short-stipitate, contracted above and continuous with the slender, persistent, straight (or nearly so) style stigmatose above; stigmas 3, slender, very short, blackish. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ America septentr.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Sunny springy places and wet meadows in calcareous districts, Newfoundlan to Ontario, and southward to New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan; also in eastern Asia (Kamchatka and Japan). (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Miquelon, Que- bec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Ontario, Michi- gan, Japan.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 673; ed. 2. f. 1079; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 547; Boott, Til. Carex 91. pl. 267; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 179. f. 147; Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: pl. 9, f. 4 (as C. fol- liculata L.); Am. Jour. Sci. 14: pl. R, f. 57 (C. xanthophysa var. nana), f. 58 (var. minor). EDITORIAL NOTE: In his manuscript the author used Bailey’s name for this species, regarding C. Michauxiana as a homonym of C. Michauxii Schw. 1824, and C. Michauxii Dewey, 1826. 490. Carex folliculata L. Sp. Pl. 978. 1753. Carex folliculacea Crantz, Inst. 1:405. 1766. (A renaming of C. folliculata LL.) Carex xanthophysa Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Acad. Nya Handl. 24: 152. 1803. (Type from North America.) Carex folliculata var. xanthophysa Muhl. Descr. Gram. 244. 1817. (Based on C. xanthophysa Wahl.) Carex folliculata var. bispicata Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 49:42. 1897. (Type from Tupper Lake, New York.) Cespitose, the rootstocks short, thick, the clumps large, the culms 3-12 dm. high, stout at base, slender above, erect, exceeding the leaves but not the bracts, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth, light-brownish-tinged at base, and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades 4-10 to a fertile culm, septate-nodulose, the lower bunched, the upper regularly disposed, the blades thin but firm, yellowish-green at maturity, flat, usually 1-4 dm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, not long-pointed, roughened toward 428 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 apex, the sheaths loose, enlarged upward, somewhat yellowish-tinged ventrally, convex or truncate at mouth, the ligule very short, much wider than long; staminate spike solitary, on a roughish peduncle about its own length, 12—25 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, the scales lanceolate to oblong-obovate, acute to awned, yellowish-brown with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; lowest scale bract-like, conspicuous, from shorter to longer than the spike; pistillate spikes 2-5, usually strongly separate, erect, peduncled, the peduncles nearly smooth, from short (the upper) to several times as long as the spikes (the lower), the spikes suborbicular, 1.5—2.5 em. wide, rarely staminate at apex, closely flowered, containing 5-20 perigynia widely spreading and readily disarticulating at maturity; bracts strongly sheathing, leaf-like, their sheaths enlarged upward, the upper at least prolonged upward at mouth; scales ovate, awned or cuspidate, hyaline and often yellowish-brown-tinged, with conspicuous 3—5-nerved green center, narrower and from strongly shorter than to nearly as long as the perigynia, averaging three fourths as long; perigynia lanceolate, 10-15 mm. long, 3 mm. wide at base, suborbicular in cross-section, moderately inflated, submembranaceous, smooth, shining, yellowish-green, many-nerved, round-tapering and spongy at base, substipitate, tapering into a rough, biden- tate beak nearly half the length of the body, the teeth slender, erect, 1 mm. long, rough within; achenes obovoid, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, triangular with deeply concave sides and con- spicuous blunt angles, loosely enveloped, yellowish, short-stipitate, continuous with the slender, persistent, little flexuous or flexuous style; cee 3, short, slender, dark-reddish-brown. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘ Habitat in Canada, Kalm.’ DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woods, acid soils, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, and southward to District of Columbia and Indiana, and in the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. (Speci- mens examined from Newfoundland, Miquelon, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- ae District of Columbia, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, West Virginia, North Carolina, ennessee. ) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 674; ed. 2. f. 1080; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 546; Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: f. 121, A, B; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 22, f. 4; Boott, Ill. Carex 91. pl. 268; Am. Jour. Sci. 7: pl. D, f. 15; Knobel, Grasses, pl. 27, f. 1. 491. Carex lonchocarpa Willd.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 817. 1826. Carex lonchicarpa Willd.; Schlecht. Linnaea 10: 264. 1835. (Change in spelling.) “Carex folliculata L.”’ Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2:545. 1824. Carex folliculata var. 6 Boott, Ill. Carex 91. pl. 269. 1860. (Type from southern United States.) Carex folliculata var. australis L,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 62. 1886. (Type from Florida.) Carex Smalliana para: Bull. Torrey Club 36: 483. 1909. (Based on C. folliculata var. australis L. H. Bailey. Cespitose, the rootstocks slender, elongate, the clumps large, the culms 4-8 dm. high, slender, erect, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth or nearly so, light-brownish-tinged and somewhat fibrillose at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades 3-12 to a fertile culm, the lower clustered, the upper widely separate and with conspicuous elongate sheaths, septate-nodulose, the blades thin but firm, green, or yellowish-green at maturity, flat, usually 1-4 dm. long, 3.5-12 mm. wide, not long-pointed, much roughened toward the apex, the sheaths loose, not enlarged upward, white-hyaline ventrally and somewhat yellowish-tinged, convex or truncate at mouth, the ligule very short, much wider than long; staminate spike solitary, short-peduncled, 2-3 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the scales oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, the upper acute or obtuse, the lower acuminate or acute, white-hyaline, yellowish-brown-tinged, with 3-nerved green center, the lowest cuspidate, prolonged, and bractlike; pistillate spikes 1-3, widely separate, erect, the lower on long rough peduncles, the upper short-peduncled or nearly sessile, the spikes suborbicular, 1.5—2.5 em. long, 2—3 em. wide, conspicuously staminate at apex, and with 8-20 widely spreading perigynia below, rather loosely arranged in few rows; bracts leaf-like, long-sheathing, exceeding culms, the sheaths not enlarged upward ,prolonged upward at mouth; scales ovate, varying from acute to short-awned, whitish-hyaline with strongly 3—5-nerved green center, somewhat narrower than and averaging about half as long as the perigynia; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 10-14 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide at base, suborbicular in cross- section, somewhat inflated, submembranaceous, smooth, shining, deep-green, or becoming yellowish-green below, finely many-nerved, rounded and spongy at base, substipitate, gradually Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 429 tapering into a slightly roughish or smooth bidentate beak, the teeth slender, erect, 0.5—1 mm. long, rough within; achenes obovoid, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and conspicuous blunt angles, somewhat loosely enveloped, yellowish, sessile or nearly so, con- tinuous with the slender, persistent, little flexuous style stigmatose above; stigmas 3, short, slender, dark-reddish-brown. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Carolina bor. Bosc.’’ DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woodlands on the coastal plain, Louisiana to Florida and north to North Carolina. (Specimens examined from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana. ) ILLUSTRATION: Boott. Ill. Carex 91. pl. 269. 67. Pseudo-Cypereae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 13. 1843; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 69. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 693. 1909; Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 265. 1913; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 141. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:91. 1922. EcHINOSTACHYAE Drejer, Symb. Car. 11, in part. 1844; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 463, in part. 1903. ARIsTATAE Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 561,in part. 1848. PsEupDo- CYPERI O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 612. 1851. Re&vERSAE Asch. Fl. Brand. 1: 791. 1864. PSEUDO-CYPERUS Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24%: 11. 1885. BrirurcaTaE Kiikenth. Bot. Jahrb. 27: 545, in part. 1899. RostTRALES Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 365, in part. 1901. Carey refers species to the LUPULINAE Tuckerm. (in A. Gray, Man. 562. 1848) and to the VESICARIAE Tuckerm. (in A. Gray, Man. 565. 1848). Culms tall, generally stout, acutely angled, leafy below; leaf-blades flat, septate-nodulose; spikes 3—9, the upper 1-3 slender, staminate, the others normally pistillate, densely flowered, the upper approximate, the lower more or less strongly remote and strongly peduncled, often nodding; bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culms, sheathless to strongly sheathing; pistillate scales aristate; perigynia spreading, ascending, or reflexed, flattened-triangular or suborbicular in cross-section, membranaceous or coriaceous, 3-8 mm. long, smooth, light-green, straw- colored or olive-green or becoming brownish-tinged, closely several- to many-ribbed, stipitate, contracted or tapering into a rigid beak, the teeth stiff, slender; achenes triangular, continuous with the slender, often flexuous, indurated style; stigmas 3, short. A group growing in moist or swampy places, and represented by six species in the tem- perate and warmer parts of North America. Nearly the same number of species are widely distributed in South America; some four or five species occur in Australasia; two or three in Africa and Madagascar; one in Asia; and one species occurring in North America is also very widely distributed in Eurasia and reaches northern Africa. Perigynia suborbicular in cross-section, more or less inflated, membrana- ceous or submembranaceous; rootstocks with long slender hori- zontal stolons; ligule short, wider than long or about as wide as long; leaves septate-nodulose. Pistillate spikes narrowly cylindric; staminate scales cuspidate to acute; pistillate scales with non-ciliate bodies; stolons numerous, strongly developed. 492. C. Schweinitzii. Pistillate spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric or cylindric; staminate scales with rough awns; pistillate scales with bodies ciliate- serrulate above; stolons few. Perigynia 5—7 mm. long, inflated, the beak about 2 mm. long; achenes obovoid; pistillate scales with small bodies. 493. C. hystricina. Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, slightly inflated, the beak 1.5 mm. long; achenes oblong-obovoid; pistillate scales with large bodies. 494. C. Thurberi. Perigynia flattened-triangular, scarcely inflated, coriaceous, closely or rather closely enveloping achenes below; culms cespitose and not stoloniferous; ligule much longer than wide, very conspicuous; leaves very strongly septate-nodulose; achenes oblong-ovoid or oblong-obovoid. Teeth of perigynia recurved-spreading, 1.25—2 mm. long; body of beak 1.5—2 mm. long; perigynium-stipe very oblique; pistillate scales with small obovate or oblanceolate bodies. 495. C. comosa. Teeth of perigynia erect or little spreading, 0.5-1 mm. long; body of beak about 1 mm. long. Upper perigynia spreading, the lower reflexed; leaf-blades 4-10 mm. wide; pistillate scales with small obovate or oblanceolate bodies; perigynium-stipe oblique. 496. C. Pseudo-Cyperus. Upper perigynia ascending, the lower spreading; leaf-blades 8-18 mm. wide; pistillate scales ovate or elliptic-ovate; perigynium- stipe straight. 497. C. polysticha. 430 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 492. Carex Schweinitzii Dewey; Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.1:71. 1824. ““Carex Schweinitzia Dewey’ Eaton, Man. ed. 5.159. 1829. (Change of form of name.) Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons numerous, long, horizontal, slender, tough, the culms 2.5—7.5 dm. high, stoutish, stiff, erect, exceeded by the bracts and often by the upper leaves, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular and smooth to very rough above, light-brownish- tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-devel- oped blades 3-7 to a fertile culm, not clustered, septate-nodulose, the blades yellowish-green or light-green, thinnish, stiff, flat with slightly revolute margins, usually 2-3 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, rough toward the apex, the sheaths rather loose, white-hyaline ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule short, wider than long; staminate spike solitary, erect, slender-peduncled, usually with a conspicuous bract or a smaller sessile spike some distance below, 2.5 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, little ciliate, cuspidate or acute, light-reddish-brown-tinged with green midrib and very narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-5, approximate to strongly separate, the lower on short or occasionally long peduncles, erect or somewhat recurving-spreading, the upper erect on short peduncles or nearly sessile, the peduncles slender, rough, the spikes narrowly cylindric, 2.5—9 cm. long, 8-14 mm. wide, closely flowered above, more loosely below, containing numerous spreading or somewhat ascending perigynia in several rows, the spikes occasionally somewhat compound at base; lower bracts leaf-like, exceeding inflorescence, more or less strongly sheathing, the upper reduced; scales with short, oblong-ovate, non-ciliate bodies, with hyaline or somewhat reddish- — brown-tinged margins and green 3-nerved center excurrent as a long rough awn, the bodies narrower than and several times shorter than the perigynia; perigynia narrowly ovoid, 5-7 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, inflated, membranaceous, puncticu- late, smooth, shining, light-green or straw-colored at maturity, coarsely several-ribbed, round- tapering at base, short-stipitate, tapering into a slender, smooth bidentate beak 1.5—2 mm. long, the short, slender, stiff teeth erect or somewhat spreading, 0.5 mm. long; achenes small, obovoid, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, brownish, granular, sessile, abruptly contracted at apex and continuous with the persistent, slender, flexuous style; stigmas 3, slender, light-brown, short. ‘TYPE LOCALITY: “‘ Massachusetts’’; and more specifically: ‘‘Grows in wet sandy soil at the foot of the descent to the alluvial of the Hoosick in this place, and Pownal, Vermont.’ (Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 9: 68.) DISTRIBUTION: Swamps or springy banks in calcareous districts, Vermont to southern Ontario and northern Michigan, and southward to northwestern Connecticut, northwestern New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Missouri. A very local species. (Specimens examined from Ver- mont, oe aaa Connecticut, New York, Ontario, Michigan, North Carolina, Tennessee, Missouri. : ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 9: pl. B, f. 8; Boott, Ill. Carex 90. pl. 266; Britt. & Brown, IIl. Fl. f. 695; ed. 2. f. 1097; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 538. Nore 1: Has been recorded (Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 367. 1826) for more than a hundred years as collected by Schweinitz at Hope, Warren (formerly Sussex) County, New Jersey, but has not since been found in New Jersey. _. NoTE 2: This species connects the two groups PsEupo-CyPEREAE and VESICARIAE, and may with equal reason be included in either. 493. Carex hystricina Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 282. 1805. Carex erinacea Muhl.; Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr.69. 1806. (Assynonym, type from Pennsylvania.) Not C. erinacea Cav. 1799. Coe es sate Am. Jour. Sci. 48: 144. pl. DD, f. 105. 1845. (Type from Macomb County, ichigan. Carex hystricina var. Cooleyi Wood, Bot. & FI. ed. 1871. 378. 1871. (Based by inference on C. Cooleyit Dewey). Si lo a ed X hystricina Dudley, Bull. Cornell Univ. 2: 118. 1886. (From Ithaca, New ork. Carex hystricina var. Dudleyi L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 54. 1889. (Type from Ithaca, New York.) Cespitose and stoloniferous, the rootstocks short, stout, the stolons few, long, horizontal, very slender, the culms 1.5—10 dm. high, erect, slender, exceeded by the bracts and often by the upper leaves, sharply triangular and more or less roughened above, the central phyllopodic, PART 7) 1935] CYPERACEAE 431 with the dried-up leaves of the previous year very conspicuous, the lateral aphyllopodic and purple-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming more or less filamentose; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 3-7 to a fertile culm, not clustered, septate-nodulose, the blades thin, flaccid, green, flat with slightly revolute mar- gins, usually 1-3 dm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, rough on the margins and toward the apex, the sheaths white-hyaline and somewhat yellowish-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule wider than or about as long; staminate spike solitary, slender-peduncled, usually with a con- spicuous bract some distance below, linear, 1-5 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, the scales obovate or oblanceolate, subciliate, rough-awned, light-reddish-brown with 3-nerved green center; pistillate spikes 1-4, approximate to strongly separate, the lower nodding on long rough peduncles, the upper erect on short peduncles, the spikes oblong or oblong-cylindric, 1-6 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide, densely flowered, containing numerous spreading perigynia in many rows; bracts leaf-like, the lowest little or occasionally strongly sheathing, the upper somewhat reduced; scales with small obovate or oblanceolate bodies, ciliate-serrulate above, light- reddish-brown with 3-nerved green center excurrent as a long rough awn, the bodies much narrower and several times shorter than the perigynia; perigynia narrowly ovoid, 5—7 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, inflated, membranaceous, glabrous, shining, light-green or greenish-straw-colored at maturity, closely many-ribbed, rounded at base and short-stipitate, tapering into a smooth, deeply bidentate, slender beak about 2 mm. long, the slender teeth rigid, erect, 0.5 mm. long; achenes small, obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular with sides concave below and blunt thickened angles, loosely enveloped. brownish, granular, nearly sessile, abruptly contracted above and continuous with the slender, slightly flexuous, persistent style; stigmas 3, dull-reddish-brown, short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in Pensylvania;”’ in Schkuhr, ‘‘ Habitat in humidis Pennsylvaniae.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Swamps and wet meadows, in calcareous districts, New Brunswick and Quebec to Washington, and southward to Virginia, Kentucky, Texas, Arizona, and Trinity County, Cali- fornia; a local species southwestward; erroneously recorded from Georgia and Newfoundland. (Specimens examined from Quebec, New Brunswick, Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Manitoba, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Wyoming, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, California, Washington, Oregon.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 696; ed. 2. f. 1098; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 535; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Ff, f. 127; Boott, Ill. Carex 62. pl. 165; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 842; Am. Jour. Sci. 48: pl. DD, f. 105 (C. Cooleyi). EDITORIAL NOTE: The original spelling of the specific name is hystericina. ‘The author’s choice of hystricina indicates that he regarded the original form as an orthographic error. 494. Carex Thurberi Dewey, in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 232. 1859. “Carex acutata Boott’’ W. Boott, Bot. Gaz.9:92. 1884. Carex hystricina var. angustior 1,. H. Bailey; Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 126. 1891. (Type from Willow Springs, Arizona.) Carex hystricina f. L. H. Bailey; Rose, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1: 126. 1891. (Same type; accidental repetition in list.) Carex arizonensis Kiikenth. Bot. Jahrb. 27:549. 1899. (Type from Arizona.) Cespitose and with a few slender horizontal stolons, the rootstocks stout, the clumps apparently large, the culms 6-12 dm. high, stoutish, erect, exceeded by leaves and very much by the bracts, phyllopodic, sharply triangular, smooth or roughish above, strongly purplish- red-tinged at base, the lower sheaths breaking and becoming somewhat filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 5—10 to a fertile culm, obscurely septate-nodulose, not bunched, the blades flat with revolute margins, thin but stiffish, light-green, 2-5 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, very rough toward apex, long-attenuate, the sheaths sparsely hispidulous dorsally, white- hyaline ventrally, concave and short-hispid at mouth, the ligule short, much wider than long; terminal spike staminate, erect, short-peduncled, linear, 4-8 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, abruptly rough-awned, white-hyaline and slightly reddish-tinged, with 3- nerved, appressed-hairy, green center; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, approximate or more or less separate, drooping or the upper weakly erect on rough slender peduncles shorter than or the lowest often longer than the spikes, the latter oblong-cylindric or cylindric, 3.5—7 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, densely flowered, containing 50-100 ascending or spreading-ascending perigynia in 432 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 several to many rows; bracts leaf-like, sheathless or very nearly so, very strongly exceeding in- florescence; scales ovate, often emarginate, strongly rough-awned, the body, large, ciliate-serru- late above, hyaline and slightly reddish-brown-tinged, with 3-nerved green center; nearly as wide as but much shorter than the perigynia; perigynia elliptic-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, slightly inflated, suborbicular (obscurely triangular) in cross-section, submembranaceous, puncticulate, yellowish-green, finely several-ribbed, rounded at base, short-stipitate, tapering into a smooth, strongly bidentate beak 1.5 mm. long, the teeth slender, stiff, whitish, slightly spreading, 0.5—-0.75 mm. long; achenes oblong-obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, trian- gular with blunt angles, loosely enveloped, substipitate, continuous with and tipped by the slender, abruptly bent, persistent style; stigmas 3, blackish, short, slender. TYPE Loca.ity: ‘‘ Mabibi, Sonora, June; Thurber.” DISTRIBUTION: Swampy soil, Guatemala to Arizona; Santo Domingo. (Specimens examined from Arizona, Chihuahua, Sonora, Vera Cruz, Guatemala, Santo Domingo.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: f. 120, A-C. 495. Carex comosa Boott, Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 117. 1846. Carex furcata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 552. 1824. (Type from South Carolina.) Not C. furcata Lapeyr, 1813. “ Carex Pseudo-Cyperus 1.’’ Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:355. 1826. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus var. comosa Boott, Ill. Carex 141. 1867. (Based on C. comosa Boott.) Carex Pseudo-Cyperus var. americana Hochst.; L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:54. 1889. (Type from eastern United States.) P Carex Pseudo-Cyperus var. furcata Kiikenth.; Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 7: 195. 1901. (Based on C. furcata Ell.) Densely cespitose in large clumps, from short stout rootstocks, not stoloniferous, the culms stout, 5-15 dm. high, erect, usually exceeded by the upper leaves, phyllopodic, narrowly winged-triangular and from smooth to strongly roughened above, light-brownish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 5-10 to a fertile culm, very strongly septate-nodulose, the lower clustered, the upper scattered, the blades light-green or yellowish-green, firm, flat with revolute margins, usually 2-3 dm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, long-attenuate and strongly roughened especially toward apex, the sheaths thin and hyaline ventrally, somewhat yellowish-tinged, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule very conspicuous, much longer than wide; staminate spike solitary, short-peduncled, erect, linear, 3-7 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, the scales oblanceolate, ciliate, strongly rough-awned, reddish-brown with 3-nerved greenish or straw-colored center; pistillate spikes 3-6, approxi- mate or the lower slightly separate, the lower strongly peduncled and more or less strongly nodding, the upper on short peduncles and little nodding or erect, the peduncles slender, rough, the spikes oblong-cylindric, 1.5—-7.5 cm. long, 12-17 mm. wide, very densely flowered, containing very numerous reflexed perigynia in many rows; lower bracts leaf-like, little sheath- ing, exceeding inflorescence, the upper somewhat reduced; scales with small ovate to narrowly lanceolate bodies ciliate-serrulate above, reddish-brown with 3-nerved green center excurrent as a long rough awn, the bodies much narrower and several times shorter than the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, flattened-triangular in cross-section, scarcely inflated, smooth, shining, coriaceous, puncticulate, light-green or yellowish-green, strongly ribbed, round-tapering at base, very obliquely stipitate, tapering into a smooth, very deeply bidentate beak about 1.5—2 mm. long, the awns stiff, recurved-spreading, 1.25-2 mm. long; achenes oblong-ovoid or obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, closely enveloped below, triangular with blunt angles, brownish, granular, sessile, or nearly so, tapering at apex and continuous with the slender, flexuous, persistent style; stigmas 3, slender, short, light-brownish. Typr LocaLity: “Hab. In Georgia et Carolina, Elliott; Ohio, Sullivant; Philadelphia et Utica, Torrey; Boston, Boott.’’ DISTRIBUTION: Swamps, non-acid soils, Quebec to Minnesota, and southward to Florida and Louisiana; very locally on the Pacific coast from San Francisco Bay to Washington, and eastward along the larger rivers to Idaho. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisi- ana, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California.) ParT 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 433 ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 698; ed. 2. f. 1100; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 534; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 23, f. 2; Knobel, Grasses, pl. 26, f. 32; Francis, Grasses 315 (as C. Pseudo-Cyperus); Erythea 8:91. f. 51; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 209; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 843. 496. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. Sp. Pl. 978. 1753. Carex reversa Gilib. Exerc. Phyt. 549. 1792. (Type from Grodna, Lithuania.) Trasus chlorostachyos S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl.2:68. 1821. (Based on Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L,.) Trasus chlorostachyos var. bipedunculatus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 68. 1821. (Type from England.) Carex Pseudo-Cy perus var. typica Boott, Ill. Carex 141. 1867. (Based on C. Pseudo-Cyperus LL.) Carex longibracteata Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyr. 57. 1867. (Type from southern France.) Carex Pseudo-Cyperus var. Hampe, Fl. Hereyn. 299. 1873. (Type from Hercynia.) Carex Pseudo-Cyperus f. minor Hampe; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429:696. 1909. (Based on C. Pseudo-Cyperus var. Hampe.) Densely cespitose in large clumps from short stout rootstocks, not stoloniferous, the culms stout, 3-10 dm. high, erect, usually exceeded by the upper leaves, phyllopodic, strongly triangular, very rough above, light-brownish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year very conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 5-10 to a fertile culm, very strongly septate-nodulose, the lower clustered, the upper scattered, the blades flat above with revolute margins, channeled toward the base, light-green, firm, usually 2—3 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, long-attenuate and strongly roughened especially toward the apex, the sheaths thin and hyaline ventrally, somewhat yellowish-tinged, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule very con- spicuous, much longer than wide; staminate spike solitary, short-peduncled, erect, linear, 3—7 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, the scales oblong-oblanceolate, ciliate, rough-awned, reddish-brown with 3-nerved greenish or straw-colored center; pistillate spikes 3-6, approximate or the lower slightly separate, the lower strongly peduncled and more or less strongly nodding, the upper on shorter peduncles and less nodding, the peduncles slender, roughish, the spikes oblong cylindric, 2.5—7.5 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, very densely flowered, containing very numerous perigynia in many rows, the upper spreading, ihe lower reflexed; lower bracts leaf-like, little sheathing, exceeding inflorescence, the upper somewhat reduced; scales with small obovate or oblanceolate bodies, ciliate-serrulate above, reddish-brown with 3-nerved green center excur- rent as a long rough awn, the bodies much narrower and several times shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia lanceolate, 3.5—5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, flattened-triangular in cross-section, scarcely inflated, coriaceous, puncticulate, smooth, shining, light-green or becoming brownish- tinged, strongly ribbed, rounded at base and obliquely stipitate, rather abruptly tapering into a deeply bidentate smooth beak about 1 mm. long, the teeth erect or little spreading, stiff, 0.5-1 mm. long; achenes oblong-obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles, closely enveloped below, brownish, granular, sessile or nearly so, contracted at apex and continuous with the slender flexuous style; stigmas 3, slender, short, light-brownish. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in Europae fossis.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Bogs, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, and southward to northwestern Con- necticut, New York, and Minnesota. Widely distributed in Eurasia; recorded from northern Africa, (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Manitoba.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 697; ed. 2. f. 1099; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 533; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Mm, f. 102; Fl. Dan. pl. 1117; Boott, Ill. Carex 140. pl. 451; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 176. f. 145; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 57; pl. 14; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 275; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. fl. 8, f. 111; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 85; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3897; Engl. Bot. pl. 242; ed. 2. pl. 1685; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1/35; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 53, f. 5; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 445; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 345. f. 173. 497. Carex polysticha Béck. Vidensk. Meddel. 1869: 157. 1869. ““Carex excelsa Poepp.’’ Griseb. Abh. Ges. Wiss. Gott. 24: 316. 1879. (Plant from Sierra Achala, Argentina.) Carex Loefgreni Bock. Vidensk. Meddel. 1894: 240. 1895. (Type from southern Brazil.) Carex Pseudo-Cyperus subsp. platygluma C. B. Clarke; Kiikenth. Bot. Jahrb. 27:550. 1899. (Based on ‘“‘ Carex excelsa Poepp.’’ Griseb.) “‘Carex Pseudo-Cyperus 1,.’’ Speg. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 7: 183. 1902. (Plant from Sierra Ventana, Argentina.) Carex Underwoodti Britton, Torreya 5:10. 1905. (Type from Jamaica.) 434 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 Carex Pseudo-Cyperus var. polysticha (Bock.) Kiikenth. Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 47: 210. 1905. (Based on C. polysticha Bock.) Carex hystricina var. Underwoodii (Britton) Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 700. 1909. (Based on C. Underwoodii Britton.) Densely cespitose, the clumps large, from short stout rootstocks, not stoloniferous, the culms tall and stout, 6-12 dm. high, erect, exceeded by leaves, phyllopodic, sharply triangular with flat or convex sides, smooth below spikes, very rough above, purplish-tinged at base, the basal sheaths more or less filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 7-15 to a fertile culm, the lower strongly clustered, very strongly septate-nodulose, the blades flat above with slightly revolute margins, channeled toward base, often 3-6 dm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, light- green, firm, much roughened toward apex, the sheaths thin and white-nyaline ventrally, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule very conspicuous, much longer than wide; terminal spike stam- inate, short-peduncled, linear, 2-3 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales lanceolate or narrowly ovate, aristate-pointed, ciliate, straw-colored with lighter center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3-6, approximate or the lowest somewhat separate, erect, spreading, or even drooping, on short rough peduncles, oblong-cylindric, 3-4 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, closely flowered, containing 50-150 perigynia in many rows, the upper ascending, the lower spreading but not reflexed; bracts sheathless or the lowest very short-sheathing, the lower leaf-like, many times exceeding inflorescence; scales ovate or elliptic-ovate, ciliate-serrulate above, rough-awned, hyaline with 3-nerved green center, narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovate- lanceolate, 4.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, flattened-triangular, little inflated, rather closely envel- oping achene below, strongly ribbed, coriaceous, puncticulate, olive or brownish-green, rounded at base, and straight-short-stipitate, tapering into a smooth beak with body about 1 mm. long, the slender teeth erect, stiff, 1 mm. long, achenes oblong-ovoid, closely enveloped below, tri- angular with blunt angles, brownish, granular, sessile, short-tapering at base, tapering at apex into and continuous with the slender, persistent, once-twisted style; stigmas 3, slender, short, brownish-black. TYPE Locairy: ‘‘Ad Lagoa Santa in pratis, ad rivulos, in paludibus etc.’’ central Brazil (Warm- ing). DISTRIBUTION: Wet places, West Indies to the southern part of South America. (Specimens examined from Jamaica, Santo Domingo, Argentina). ILLUSTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex 140. pl. 452 (as to shortest perigynium only). 68. Paludosae Fries, Fl. Scan. 190. 1835; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 14. 1843; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 74. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4: 730. 1909; Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 265. 1913. HrrtarE Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 14. 1843; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 742. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 140. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 83. 1922; allin part. LacustrEs Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 561, in part. 1848. ARISTATAE Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 561, in part. 1848. BrruRCATAE Kiikenth. Bot. Jahrb. 27: 545, in part. 1899. TumipaE Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 376, in part. 1901. TRrcHOCARPAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 462, in part. 1903. Species are referred by Fries (Summa Veg. Scand. 70. 1845) to the VEsICARIAE Tuckerm. Phyllopodic or aphyllopodic; rootstocks with long stout stolons; culms leafy, the blades often more or less glaucous, the lower sheaths sometimes becoming filamentose; staminate spikes 1-6, linear; pistillate spikes 2-6, linear or oblong to cylindric or narrowly cylindric, densely many-flowered, erect, peduncled; bracts sheathless to strongly sheathing, the lowest leaf-like, pistillate scales ovate, 3—5-nerved, acute to aristate; perigynia spreading to appressed- ascending, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, lanceolate to ovoid or obovoid, at maturity obtusely triangular or suborbicular in cross-section, several- to many-ribbed or several- to many-nerved, beaked, sometimes more or less glaucous, smooth to densely pubescent, the beak emarginate to deeply bidentate; achenes triangular, continuous with the persistent style; stigmas three. Plants of wet or swampy places, of which eight native species are widely distributed in the temperate parts of North America, mostly east of the Rocky Mountains. The group is widely distributed in Eurasia, especially in Asia, and is there represented by several species. One species reaches extreme northern Africa, and one species of tropical sea-coasts is known from Asia, Australasia, and South America. Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 435 Perigynia papillate, flattened, at maturity obtusely triangular, the beak 0.5 mm. long, emarginate or shallowly bidentate. (Sparingly naturalized species. ) 498. C. acutiformis. Perigynia not papillate, suborbicular in cross-section, the beak at least 1 mm. ‘ long, bidentate to deeply bidentate. (Native species.) Teeth of perigynium-beak short, 0.5 mm. long, erect or nearly so; peri- gynia glabrous; foliage not hairy. Fertile culms aphyllopodic, strongly purple-tinged at base, the lower sheaths filamentose ventrally; septa evenly distributed on upper leaf-surface, not conspicuous; ligule very conspicuous, much longer than wide; staminate scales obtuse, retuse, or emarginate, mucro- nate or abruptly awned; mature perigynia strongly nerved. 499. C. lacustris. Fertile culms phyllopodic, little if at all purplish-tinged at base, the lower sheaths not filamentose ventrally; septa conspicuous, in the larger leaf-blades almost entirely between mid-lateral nerves and margin; ligule short, much wider than long; staminate scales ob- long-obovate, tapering above, acute to awned; mature perigynia impressed-nerved. 500. C. hyalinolepis. Teeth of perigynium-beak prominent, 0.5—3 mm. long, erect or ascending to widely spreading. Perigynia glabrous. Perigynia broadly ovoid, the teeth 1—2 mm. long, erect or spreading; pistillate scales acute to aristate; leaf-blades glabrous; sheaths glabrous, not purplish-tinged at mouth. 501. C. laeviconica. Perigynia lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, the teeth 2—3 mm. long, ascending to widely spreading; pistillate scales aristate; leaf- blades, at least the lower, sparsely hairy below toward the base; sheaths soft-hairy, brownish-tinged or purplish-tinged at mouth. 502. C. atherodes. Perigynia hairy. Sheaths and leaf-blades glabrous; fertile culms aphyllopodic, pur- plish-tinged at base. Perigynia strongly and conspicuously many-ribbed. Sheaths not at all or very little purple-tinged at mouth; teeth of perigynium-beak 0.75—-1.25 mm. long; perigynia ovoid. 503. C. caesariensis. Sheaths strongly bright-purple-tinged at mouth; teeth of perigynium-beak 2 mm. long; perigynia oblong-ovoid. 504. C. trichocarpa. Perigynia with ribs mostly hidden by the short dense pubes- cence. 505. C. subimpressa. Sheaths short-pubescent; fertile culms phyllopodic, brownish- tinged at base. 506. C. Sheldonit. 498. Carex acutiformis Ehrh. Beitr. 4:43. 1789. Carex vesicaria var. B Leers, Fl. Herborn. 205. pl. 16, f.2 I. 1775. (Type from Germany.) “Carex acuta L.”’ Curt. Fl. Lond. 4: pl. 6/. 1783. (Plant from England.) Carex palustris J. F. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 145. 1791. (Type from Switzerland.) eorex Spadicea Roth, Fl. Germ. 22:461. 1793. (Type from Germany.) Not C. spadicea J. F. Gmel. 1791. Carex paludosa Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 202. 1794. (Type from England.) Carex dubia Hose, Ann. Bot. Usteri 21:34. 1797. (Type from near Krefeld, Germany.) Carex riparia Genersich, Fl. Scep. Elench. no. 874. 1798.. Not C. riparia Curt. 1783. Carex rigens Thuill. Fl. Par. ed. 2.488. 1799. (Type from Paris, France.) Carex intermedia Suter, Fl. Helv. 2: 262. 1802. (Type from Switzerland.) Carex Kochiana DC. Cat. Pl. Hort. Monsp. 89. 1813. Carex littoralis Krocker, Fl. Siles. 3: 163. 1814. (Type from Silesia.) Trasus paludosus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:64. 1821. (Based on Carex paludosa Gooden.) Carex aemulans Liebm. & Drejer; Drejer, Fl. Exc. Hafn. 291,in part. 1838. (Type from Denmark.) Edritria paludosa Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex paludosa Gooden.) Carex paludosa var. minor Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 516. 1846. (Type from Leipzig, Germany.) Carex Jaegeri F. Schultz, Fl. Pfalz 507. 1846. (Type from Germany.) Carex paludosa f. depauperata Lange, Bot. Notiser 1849: 165. 1849. Carex glauca X paludosa F. Schultz, Flora 37: 471. 1854. Carex spadicea var. Kochiana Asch. Fl. Brand. 1:793. 1864. (Based on C. Kochiana DC.) Carex spadicea f. maxima Urban, Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 22:54. 1880. (Type from Germany.) Carex Olgae Regel, Izv. Obsht. Lyub. Estestv. 342:,83. 1882. (Type from near Samarkand.) Carex paludosa var. longiglumis St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl. ed. 8. 2: 865. 1889. | Carex acutiformis var. abbreviata G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 143. 1890. Carex glauca X acutiformis Asch. & Graebn. Fl. Nordostd. Flachl. 169, 231. 1898. Carex acutiformis f. spadicea Asch. & Graebn. Fl. Nordostd. Flachl. 215. 1898. Carex acutiformis f. gracilior Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 5: Beih. 64. 1899. _ Carex acutiformis f. depauperata ‘‘ Lange” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 734. 1909. (Based on C. paludosa f. depauperata Lange.) J Carex acutiformis f. maxima Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429:734. 1909. (Based on C. spadicea f. maxima Urban.) Carex acutiformis f. minor ‘‘Peterm.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 734. 1909. (Based on C. paludosa var. minor Peterm.) 436 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 Loosely cespitose and strongly stoloniferous, the stolons horizontal, stout, scaly, the culms 4-12 dm. high, erect, stout below, slender above, exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular, much roughened above, strongly reddish-purple at base, clothed at base with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower leaves of the year’s growth bladeless or nearly so, their sheaths breaking and strongly filamentose; sterile shoots elongate, strongly aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 5—12 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, the lower clustered, septate-nodulose, the blades channeled below, flat with revolute margins above, firm, light- green or somewhat glaucous-green (at least beneath), usually 2-4 dm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, roughened towards the slender apex, the sheaths thin, smooth, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spikes 2-4, sessile or the uppermost short-peduncled, 2-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the scales oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse to awned, purplish-brown with obscure lighter center and very narrow white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, widely separate, erect, the upper sessile and often staminate at apex, the lower short- or long-peduncled, linear or linear-oblong, 3-13 ecm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, densely flowered, containing 40-100 appressed-ascending perigynia in several to many rows; lower bracts leaflet-like, not sheathing, nearly equaling or exceeding inflorescence, the upper reduced, scales lanceolate, awned, acumi- nate, or acute, purplish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and narrow hyaline margins, narrower than but the more developed ones exceeding the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, flattened-oval in cross-section, or obtusely triangular at maturity, more or less subcoriaceous, red-dotted, papillate, olive-green, somewhat glaucous, inflated, rather strongly several-ribbed, rounded or round-tapering at base, stipitate, tapering at apex into a short (0.5 mm. long), slightly subserrulate, conic beak with emarginate or shallowly bidentate colored orifice; achenes oblong-ovoid or oblong-obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular with slightly concave sides and blunt angles, somewhat loosely enveloped, granular, brownish- black, nearly sessile, short-tapering at apex and continuous with the short, straight, slender style; stigmas 3, dark-reddish-brown, slender. TYPE LocaLity: “Habitat in paludosis Brunsvico-Luneburgicis.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Boggy meadows, very locally naturalized from Europe in eastern Massachusetts. Widely distributed in Eurasia and Africa. (Specimens examined from Massachusetts.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 446; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 344. f. 172 (3); Micheli, Nov. Pl. Gen. pl. 32, f. 12; Lobel, Icon. 1: 11; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 705; ed. 2. f. 1047; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 529; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Oo; pl. Vv, f. 103; Fl. Dan. pl. 1767, 2848; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 187. f. 152; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 53: pl. 16; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 266, f. 644; Leers, Fl. Herborn. 1. 16, f. 2 I (as C. vesicaria); Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 8, f. 109; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 92; Curt. FI. Lond. 4: pl. 61 (as C. acuta); Engl. Bot. pl. 807; ed. 2. pl. 1678; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3857; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1139; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 54, f. 1. 499. Carex lacustris Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 306. 1805. “Carex riparia Curtis’’ Muhl. Desecr. Gram. 259. 1817. Anithista lacustris Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex lacustris Willd.) Carex riparia var. inferior Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 49: 43. 1897. (Type from Karner, New York.) SE var. lacustris Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 736. 1909. (Based on C. lacustris Cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, rather slender, scaly, the culms 6-13 dm. high, stout, 8-15 mm. thick at base, stiff, erect, usually exceeding the leaves, aphyllo- podic, sharply triangular and rough above, strongly purple-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming conspicuously filamentose ventrally; sterile shoots elongate, the leaves clustered at apex; leaves with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, not clustered at base, septate-nodulose, the blades glaucous-green, firm, flat with revolute margins, 2-5 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, the two midlateral nerves conspicuous above and the rather inconspicuous septa evenly distributed, attenuate, strongly roughened on the margins, the sheaths slightly yellowish-brown-tinged and thinnish at mouth, breaking and becoming filamentose, the ligule very conspicuous, much longer than wide; staminate spikes 2 or 3, linear, the lateral sessile, the terminal peduncled, 4-7 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, retuse or emarginate, mucronate or abruptly awned, reddish-purple with lighter center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, strongly separate, erect, sessile, or the lower short-peduncled ParT 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 437 (the peduncles slightly rough), oblong-cylindric, 2.5-10 cm. long, 10-14 mm. wide, closely flowered above or somewhat loosely at base, the 50-150 perigynia spreading-ascending in several to many rows; lowest bract leaf-like, usually exceeding culm, sheathless or nearly so, not thickened at mouth, the upper reduced; scales ovate, awned or acuminate, purplish with 3-nerved green center and narrow hyaline margins, narrower than and half as long as the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 5.5—7 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, flattened suborbicular in cross- section, little inflated, coriaceous, glabrous, not papillate, olive-green, strongly many-nerved, rounded at base, sessile or very nearly so, tapering at apex into a short, smooth, flattened, bidentate beak 1 mm. long, the teeth smooth, short, erect, 0.5 mm. long; achenes broadly oval- obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and slightly concave sides, rather loosely enveloped, sessile, continuous with the slender, persistent, abruptly bent or flexuous style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in Pensylvania.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Swamps in calcareous districts, Quebec and Nova Scotia to Manitoba, and southward to District of Columbia and Iowa. (Specimens examined from Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, District of Columbia, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Ooo, f. 152; Boott, Ill. Carex 112. pl. 355; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 704; ed. 2. f. 1063; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 528; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 23, f. 6. Nore 1: In this species the leaf-blades have the two mid-lateral nerves conspicuous above and the inconspicuous septa evenly distributed. In Carex riparia Curt. of Europe and in Carex hyalino- lepis Steud. (no. 500) the leaf-blades have the two mid-lateral nerves inconspicuous above, and in the well-developed leaves the conspicuous septa are almost entirely between them and the margin, the center being nearly free. In Carex lacustris, too, the staminate scales are cuspidate or awned, while in the other two species they are retuse and mucronate. Nore 2: An Idaho record for this species is based on an old specimen (Lyall in 1861, Fort Coville to Rocky Mountains) labeled as collected at Pend d’Oreille River, Idaho. This specimen was dis- tributed from Kew and is preserved in the Gray Herbarium. ‘This is so far out of the present known range of this species that the record is being treated as a matter of mislabeling. 500. Carex hyalinolepis Steud. Syn. Cyp. 235. 1855. Carex lacustris var. laxiflora Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 35: 60. 1863. (Type from Nebraska.) pace paris var. impressa S. H. Wright, Bull. Torrey Club 9: 151. 1882. (Type from Dallas, exas.) Carex impressa (S. H. Wright) Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 236. 1910. (Based on C. riparia var. impressa S. H. Wright.) Cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, rather slender, scaly, the culms 5-10 dm. high, 6-13 mm. thick at base, stiff, erect, usually exceeded by the leaves, phyllopodic, sharply triangular, from smooth to more or less roughened above, light-brownish and little if at all purplish-tinged, the basal sheaths of the fertile culms not breaking and becoming fila- mentose; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, elongate, their basal sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades usually 6-12 to a fertile culm, largely bunched toward the base, very conspicuously septate-nodulose, the blades glaucous-green, firm, flat above with somewhat revolute margins and strongly channeled toward base, 1.5—4 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, long-attenuate, strongly roughened on the margins at least toward the apex, the two mid-lateral nerves inconspicuous above, the conspicuous septa (in the larger leaves) almost entirely between them and the margin, the sheaths very thin ventrally and slightly yellowish-brown-tinged, thickened at mouth, occasionally breaking and becoming filamentose, the ligule short, much wider than long; staminate spikes 2—4, erect, scattered, narrowly linear, 1-4 em. long, 3-7 mm. wide, the upper peduncled, the others sessile or nearly so, the scales numerous, closely appressed, oblong-obovate, tapering above, acute to aristate, purplish-red with lighter center and hyaline margins, or becoming straw-colored in age; pistillate spikes 2-4, usually strongly separate, erect, sessile or short-peduncled (the peduncle nearly smooth), oblong-cylindric, 1-7.5 cm. long, 10-14 mm. wide, closely flowered above or somewhat loosely at base, the 50-150 perigynia spreading-ascending or appressed-ascending in several to many rows; lowest bract leaf-like, exceeding culm, short- to long-sheathing, thickened at mouth, the upper reduced; scales ovate, purplish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and hyaline margins, the lower aristate and often exceeding the perigynia, the others gradually shorter, the upper acute and but half as long as the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate-ovoid, 6 mm. long, 438 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 2.5 mm. wide, flattened-suborbicular in cross-section, little inflated, coriaceous, glabrous, not papillate, dull-green, finely many-impressed-nerved, rounded and oblique at base, sessile or substipitate, tapering to a short, smooth, flattened, bidentate beak 1 mm. long, the teeth smooth, short, erect or nearly so, 0.5 mm. long; achenes oval-obovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.25—1.5 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and slightly concave sides, rather loosely enveloped, sessile, continuous with the slender, persistent, flexuous style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, rather stout. TYPE LOCALITY: New Orleans, Louisiana (Drummond 422). i ; ; DISTRIBUTION: Open swamps and wet swales, in calcareous and non-acid soils, Florida to Texas, and northward to southern New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania along the coast and to south- western Ontario and Nebraska in the Mississippi Valley. (Specimens examined from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Okla- homa, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, southwestern Ontario.) ILLUSTRATION: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1064. Nore 1: The European Carex riparia Curt. resembles this species much more than it does C. lacustris Willd. It has similar phyllopodic culms, staminate scales tapering at apex, leaf-blades con- spicuously septate on the upper surface except in the center and entire leaf-sheaths. It differs in the thicker and shorter staminate spikes, in the perigynia not being oblique at base and having elevated and not impressed nerves, and in the thinner greener leaf-blades, the margins of which are not revolute. Schkuhr’s figure (pl. RR, f. 105) accurately illustrates the upper surface of the leaf-blades in Carex riparia. ; Mexe ; Nore 2: In the original description of Carex hyalinolepis Steud. the type locality is not given, the reference being only to Drummond’s no. 422. A photograph of a specimen of this number from Kew gave the type locality as here given and settled the identity of Steudel’s species. Two years later Steudel (Lechler, Berb. Amer. austr.56. 1857) used the name Carex hyalinolepis Steud. for an entirely different species (Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 113. 1909). 501. Carex laeviconica Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 24:47. 1857. OAS ES Ge var. longo-lanceolata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 18: 102. 1854. (Type from Nebraska Carex See var. 8 Boott, Ill. Carex 58. 1858. (Type from Red River.) Carex trichocarpa var. imberbis A. Gray, Man. ed. 5.597, in part. 1867. (Notas to type.) he hee eA ne var. Deweyi L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 293. 1885. (Based on C. laeviconica Carex Dede var. laeviconica Hitche. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 5: 524. 1891. (Based on C. laevi- conica Dewey.) Carex aristata subsp. trichocarpa var. laeviconica Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42; 754. 1909. (Based on C. laeviconica Dewey.) Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, slender, rather tough, scaly, the culms 3-12 dm. high, shorter than or exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular, smooth, dark-purplish-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming conspicuously filamentose, sterile shoots very conspicuous, very elongate, the leaves largely bunched at top; leaves with well-developed blades few to several to a fertile culm, not clus- tered at base, more or less septate-nodulose, the blades flat above, channeled at base, firm, dull-green, 1—5 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, glabrous with rough edges and more or less roughened, the sheaths dull-brown (not purplish-tinged) and deeply concave and sometimes sparsely short-pubescent at mouth, quickly breaking and becoming strongly filamentose, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spikes 2-6, the upper contiguous, the lower more or less strongly separate, rarely with a few perigynia, narrowly linear, slender, 2-5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse to awned, subciliate, light-yellowish-brown with lighter center and narrow dull-white margins; pistillate spikes 2—4, widely separate, erect, sessile to more or less strongly peduncled, oblong-cylindric, 2.5—7.5 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, closely flowered above, sometimes more loosely at base, the perigynia 25-50, ascending in several rows; bracts leaf-like, the lowest more or less strongly sheathing, exceeding culm; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or aristate, light-reddish-brown with wide 3-nerved lighter center and narrow hyaline margins, much narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, 6 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, somewhat inflated, glabrous, coriaceous, greenish-yellow or straw-colored, strongly many-ribbed, truncate at base, nearly sessile, contracted into a broad, sparingly serrulate or smooth, deeply bidentate beak half as long as the body, the teeth prominent, stiff, 1-2 mm. long, erect to spreading, scabrous within; Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 439 achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with sides concave below and blunt angles, loosely enveloped, olive-brown, sessile or nearly so, round-tapering at apex and con- tinuous with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender, long, blackish. TYPE LOCALITY: On the Big Sioux, Nebraska Territory; Dr. fF. V. Hayden. DISTRIBUTION: Marshes, in calcareous districts, Manitoba to Saskatchewan and southward to Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and Montana. (Specimens examined from Illinois, Iowa, Missouri. Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota, Saskatchewan, Montana.) ILLUSTRATION: Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 526. 502. Carex atherodes Spreng. Syst. 3: 827. 1826. Carex aristata R. Br.; Richards. in Frankl. Journey 751. 1823. (Type from 54°-64°, northwestern Canada.) Not C. aristata Honck. 1792. Carex mirata Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book ed. 2.593. 1847. (Type from Lake Ontario, New York.) Carex vesicaria X hirta Wimmer, Denks. Fiinfzigjahr. Best. Schles. Ges. 150. 1853. (Type from Germany.) Carex mirata var. minor Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 39:73. 1865. (Type from Belleville, Ontario.) Carex Siegertiana Uechtr. Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 8:103. 1866. (Type from Russia.) Carex trichocarpa var. imberbis A. Gray, Man. ed. 5.597. 1867. (Type from Penn Yan, New York.) Carex trichocarpa var. aristata L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 294. 1885. (Based on C. aristata R. Br.) Carex aristata var. Browniana Asch. Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 6: 290: 1888. (Based on C. aristata R. Br.) Carex ee var. cujavica Asch. & Sprib.; Asch. Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 6: 290. 1888. (Type from Russia. Carex ey, var. Siegerliana Asch. Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 6: 290. 1888. (Based on C. Siegertiana Uechtr. Carex aristata var. Kirschteiniana Asch., Graebn. & Kiikenth.; Asch. Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 41: Ixvii. 1900. (Type from northeastern Germany.) Carex aristata subsp. trichocarpa var. imberbis ‘‘ A. Gray,’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 754. 1 (Based on C. trichocarpa var. imberbis A. Gray.) Carex trichocarpa aristata confusa Bates, Univ. Stud. Neb. 14: 13. 1914. (Type from Kennedy, Cherry County, Nebraska.) Carex aristata var. imberbis Farwell, Am: Midl. Nat. 8: 266. 1923. (Based on C. trichocarpa var. imberbis A. Gray.) Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, slender, tough, scaly, the culms 3-15 dm. high, usually stout, shorter than or exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular, smooth, purplish-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming con- spicuously filamentose; sterile shoots very conspicuous, very elongate, the leaves largely bunched at top;leaves with well-developed blades few to several to a fertile culm, not clustered at base, strongly septate-nodulose, the blades flat, thin, dull-green, 1-5 dm. long, 3-12 mm. wide, glabrous above, all or at least the lower sparsely hairy below toward the base, long- attenuate, roughened above, the sheaths long, soft-hairy, dull-brown ventrally, breaking and becoming more or less filamentose, deeply concave and brownish-tinged or purplish-tinged at mouth, the ligule very conspicuous, longer than wide; staminate spikes 2—6, erect, the upper contiguous, the lower more or less separate, rarely with a few perigynia, narrowly linear, slender, 4-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales oblanceolate, short-ciliate, rough-aristate, light yellowish-brown with lighter center and narrow dull-white margins, pistillate spikes 2—4, erect, widely separate, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, narrowly cylindric, 5-12 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, closely 30—100-flowered, the uppermost often staminate at apex, the perigynia ascending-spreading in several to many rows; bracts leaf-like, the lowest strongly sheathing, exceeding the culm; scales ovate, abruptly rough-aristate, short-ciliate, narrower than and the lower longer and the upper rather shorter than the perigynia, dull-reddish-brown with 3- nerved green center and hyaline margins; perigynia lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, 2 mm. wide; suborbicular in cross-section, somewhat inflated, subcoriaceous, yellowish- green or light-brownish, strongly many-ribbed, rounded at base, short-stipitate, tapering into a strongly bidentate smooth beak, the teeth about the length of the body, slender, ascending to widely spreading, 1.2-3 mm. long, smooth within; achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular with sides concave below and blunt angles, loosely enveloped, yellowish- brown, substipitate, round-tapering above, continuous with the straight or flexuous, slender, persistent style; stigmas 3, slender, long, blackish. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Amer. arctic (C. aristata R. Br.).”’ DISTRIBUTION: Marshes in calcareous districts, Ontario to Yukon, and southward to western New York, Indiana, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Utah, and Oregon; also widely distributed in 440 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 northern Eurasia. (Specimens examined from New York, Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Mackenzie, Yukon.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 27: pl. U, f. 67; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 703; ed. 2. f. 1071; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 527; Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: f. 128, A—E, Boott, Ill. Carex 22. pl. 59; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacit. Stofe 630. Norte: See Uechtritz (Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 8: 83-105) and Ascherson (Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 6: 283-293) for long articles on this species. 503. Carex caesariensis Mackenzie, sp. nov. Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, forming beds, the stolons long, horizontal, rather slender, tough, scaly, the culms 5-10 dm. high, erect, mostly shorter than the leaves, aphyllo- podic, triangular, little or not at all roughened below spikes, purplish-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; sterile shoots very conspicuous, very elongate, the leaves largely bunched at the top; leaves with well-developed blades few to a fertile culm, not clustered at base, septate-nodulose, the blades flat, thin, deep-green, 1.5—5 dm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, long-attenuate, roughened toward apex, the edges serrulate, the sheaths tight, glabrous, deeply concave and yellowish-red-tinged, the purple coloring at mouth nearly absent, the upper not breaking and becoming filamentose, the ligule as long as or longer than wide; staminate spikes about 3, contiguous, narrowly linear, slender, 2-4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse to awned, subciliate, light-reddish-brown with lighter center and narrow dull-white margins; pistillate spikes usually 3, widely separated, erect, the lower peduncled, the upper sessile or nearly so, oblong-cylindric, 2.5—5 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, closely flowered, or sometimes more loosely toward base, the perigynia 20-40, spreading- ascending in several rows; bracts leaf-like, the lowest strongly sheathing, exceeding culm; scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, awned, acuminate or acute, light-reddish-brown with wide 3-nerved center and very narrow hyaline margins, narrower and shorter than the peri- gynia; perigynia ovoid, 5—7 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, somewhat inflated, loosely white-short-hirsute, subcoriaceous, dull-green or straw-colored at maturity, strongly and conspicuously many-ribbed, sessile, rounded at base, contracted into a flattened, deeply bidentate beak one fourth to one third the length of the body, the teeth slender, 0.75- 1.25 mm. long, spreading or erect, rough within; achenes oblong-obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with sides concave below, loosely enveloped in the lower half of perigynium- body, yellowish, sessile or substipitate, tapering at apex and continuous with the long, slender, straight style; stigmas 3, short, slender, blackish. Laxe cespitosa stolonifera; culmi 5-10 dm. alti erecti triangulares, basi purpurati, infra apices vix asperati, foliis saepe superati, steriles elongati; folia pauca nodulosa serrulata ad apicem asperata, vaginis glabris ore non purpuratis; spicae masculae saepe 3 approximatae lineares graciles, squamis oblongo-ovatis; spicae femineae saepe 3 valde dissitae oblongo- cylindricae, inferior pedunculata, superior subsessilis; bracteae foliaceae culmum excedentes, infima vaginata; perigynia ovoidea subinflata laxe albo-hirsuta valde pluricostata, rostro com- planatos; achaenia oblongo-obovoidea triangularia. TyPeE collected at Laurel Springs, Camden County, New Jersey, B. Long 23212. DISTRIBUTION: Swales, southern New Jersey. (Specimens examined from New Jersey.) 504. Carex trichocarpa Muhl.; Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr. 47. pl. Nunn, f. 148. 1806. Carex trichocarpa var. turbinata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 159. pl. M, f. 42. 1826. (Type from Beekman, Dutchess County, New York.) “Carex striata Michx.’’ Carey, in A. Gray. Man. 561. 1848. Carex aristata subsp. trichocarpa ‘‘ Muhl.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 754. 1909. (Based on C. trichocarpa Muh.) Carex trichocarpa var. subaristata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 755. 1909. (Type from Michigan.) Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, slender, rather tough, scaly, the culms 5-12 dm. high, slender, shorter than or exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic, Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 441 sharply triangular and rough above, purplish-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; sterile shoots very conspicuous, very elongate, the leaves largely bunched at the top; leaves with well-developed blades few to a fertile culm, not clustered at base, more or less septate-nodulose, the blades flat, thin, deep-green, 1.5—-5 dm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, glabrous, with rough edges and more or less roughened, the sheaths tight, glabrous, deeply concave and strongly bright-purple-tinged at mouth, not breaking and becoming filamentose, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spikes 2—6, the upper contiguous, the lower more or less strongly separate, rarely somewhat pistillate, narrowly linear, slender, 2—5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the scales narrowly oblong-obovate, obtuse to awned, subciliate, light-yellowish-brown with lighter center and narrow dull-white margins; pistillate spikes 2-4, usually rather widely separated, erect, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, oblong-cylindric, 2.5—-7.5 em. long, 8-15 mm. wide, closely flowered above, more loosely at base, the perigynia 20—40, spreading-ascend- ing in several rows; bracts leaf-like, the lowest more or less strongly sheathing, exceeding culm; scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, awned, acuminate, or acute, light-reddish-brown with wide 3-nerved lighter center and narrow hyaline margins, narrower and usually shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 9-10 mm. long, 2.5—3 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross- section, somewhat inflated, dull-green, or straw-colored at maturity, loosely white-short-hirsute, subcoriaceous, strongly and conspicuously many-ribbed, rounded at base, sessile, tapering into a slender, deeply bidentate beak half as long as the body, the teeth slender, 2 mm. long, erect or spreading, rough within; achenes elliptic, 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, widest at middle, tri- angular with sides concave below and blunt angles, loosely enveloped, yellowish, sessile or substipitate, tapering at apex and continuous with the long, slender, straight style; stigmas 3, short, slender, blackish. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Hab. in Pensylvania.”’ . DISTRIBUTION: Marshes and wet meadows in calcareous regions, Quebec and Vermont to Minne- sota, and southward to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Iowa. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 702; ed. 2. f. 1070; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 525; Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: f. 128; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Nunn, f. 148; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 25, f. 5; Boott, Ill. Carex 58. pl. 152; Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. M, f. 42 (war. turbinata). 505. Carex subimpressa Clokey, Rhodora 21: 84. 1919. Carex lanuginosa X impressa Clokey, Torreya 16:199. 1916. (Type from Macon County, Illinois.) Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, forming beds, the stolons long, horizontal, rather slender, tough, scaly, the culms 3-6 dm. high, erect, shorter than the leaves, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular, more or less roughened above, purplish-tinged at base; sterile shoots con- spicuous, elongate, the leaves largely bunched near the top; leaves with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, not clustered at base, strongly septate-nodulose, the blades flat or some- what channeled toward base, the margins somewhat revolute, thin but firm, dull-green, 1.5—4 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, long-attenuate, roughened toward apex; the sheaths tight, glabrous, deeply concave and dull-brownish at mouth, the lower at least breaking and becoming filamen- tose, the ligule wider than long; staminate spikes usually 3, contiguous or somewhat separated, narrowly linear, slender, 2.5—5 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, the scales oblanceolate, short-awned to acuminate, not ciliate, dull-reddish with lighter center and narrow dull-white margins, or in age straw-colored; pistillate spikes usually 2, separated, erect, short-peduncled, or the upper sessile or nearly so, oblong-cylindric, 2.5—7.5 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, closely flowered, or sometimes more loosely toward base, the perigynia 25-75, spreading-ascending in several to many rows; bracts leaf-like, the lowest short-sheathing, exceeding culm; scales lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, rough-awned, the center green, strongly 3-nerved, the margins dull-hyaline, more or less strongly purplish-tinged, narrower and usually shorter than the perigynia; peri- gynia ovoid, 5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, somewhat inflated, coria- ceous, many-ribbed, the ribs mostly hidden by the short dense pubescence, dull-green or grayish-green, rounded at base, sessile, contracted into a slender, somewhat flattened, biden- tate beak about half as long as the body, the teeth 0.5 mm. long, slender, stiff, ascending, his- 442 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 pidulous within; achenes orbicular-obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides below and prominent angles, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium-body, yellowish, substipitate, abruptly contracted into and continuous with the long, slender, strongly flexuous style; stigmas 3, slender, dark-colored, rather long. Type LocaLity (of C. lanuginosa X< impressa, on which C. subimpressa is based): Cowford bridge, Macon County, Illinois (Clokey 2338). DISTRIBUTION: Swampy open woodlands, Indiana and Illinois. (Specimens examined from Indiana and Illinois.) 506. Carex Sheldonii Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 42: 618. 1915. Loosely cespitose and strongly stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, stout, tough, scaly, the culms 5-10 dm. high, erect, phyllopodic, exceeding the elongate leaves, stout at base, glabrous, obtusely angled and very smooth below inflorescence, brownish and not fibrillose at base; sterile shoots elongate, the leaves largely bunched at the summit; leaves with well- developed blades about 4 to a fertile culm, on lower half, not bunched, the sheaths and surfaces of blades (especially lower) sparsely short-pubescent, the blades flat, thin, light-green, 2-4 dm. long (or on sterile culms much longer), 3.5—6 mm. wide, rough toward apex, the sheaths thin and more or less yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the basal breaking and slightly filamentose, the ligule about as long as or longer than wide; staminate spikes 2 or 3, separate from each other and widely separate from the pistillate, the upper peduncled, the peduncle rough, the others sessile, linear, 2-3.5 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, the scales oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, erose at apex, not ciliate or but little so, in age straw-colored and hyaline, the bract of the lowest often conspicuous; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, widely separate, erect, sessile or short-exsert-peduncled (the peduncle smooth), oblong-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, the perigynia 25-60, ascending in several to many rows, closely packed or the lower some- what loosely arranged; bracts leaf-like, the lower sheathing and exceeding inflorescences, the upper smaller, nearly sheathless; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cuspidate, or awned, purplish-brown with green and strongly 3—5-nerved center and hyaline margins or in age straw-colored, narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, obscurely triangular, little inflated, short-pubescent, subcoriaceous, prom- inently about 15-ribbed, green, becoming straw-colored or brownish, rounded at base, sessile, tapering into a purplish-red-tipped beak 2 mm. long, the orifice obliquely cut and more or less bidentate, the teeth 0.75—1 mm. long, slightly spreading or spreading; achenes oblong-obovoid, 2.25 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, obtusely triangular with slightly concave sides, loosely enveloped, yellowish-brown, short-stipitate, continuous with the slender, straight, persistent style; stigmas 3, slender, long, blackish. TYPE LOCALITY: Clark’s Creek, Oregon (Sheldon 8854). DIstRIBUTION: Marshes, Idaho to Utah, Oregon, and northeastern California. (Specimens examined from Idaho, Utah, Oregon, northeastern California.) ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 834. 69. Squarrosae Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 564. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 70. 1886. TENTACULATAE Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 13, in part, not as to type species. 1843; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 710, in part. 1909. By Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 463. 1903) placed with the SPrROSTACHYAE Drejer. Cespitose or short-stoloniferous; culms leafy; leaf-blades flat, septate-nodulose, light- green; terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous; lateral spikes 1—5, pistillate or gynaecan- drous, oval to oblong-cylindric, closely many-flowered; bracts setaceous or leaf-like, sheathless or sheathing; perigynia obconic and depressed at apex, inflated, yellowish-green or greenish, or at maturity brownish, membranaceous or subcoriaceous, several- to many-ribbed, very abrupt- ly truneately contracted into a bidentate beak, the teeth stiff; achenes triangular, continuous with the bent, flexuous or straight, persistent style; stigmas 3, short. Three species of moist or swampy woodlands in the temperate parts of eastern North America. ParT 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 443 Scales equaling or exceeding perigynia; terminal spike usually small, 0.5—3 cm. long, normally staminate; ligule somewhat longer than wide to shorter than wide; perigynia strongly 12—20-ribbed; achenes 1.5 mm. long. 507. C. Frankii. Scales much shorter than perigynia; terminal spike gynaecandrous; ligule much longer than wide; perigynia strongly several-ribbed above; achenes 2.5—3 mm. long. Achenes linear-oval with flattish sides; style very strongly sinuous or abrupt- ly bent below; spikes oval or oblong-oval, the perigynia with widely radiating beaks; pistillate scales acute to short-awned. 508. C. squarrosa. Achenes obovoid with concave sides; style straight below; spikes oblong- cylindric, the perigynia with beaks mostly appressed-ascending; pistillate scales mostly obtusish. 509. C. typhina. 507. Carex Frankii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 498. 1837. Carex atherodes Frank; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 498, as synonym. 1837. Carex stenolepis Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 420. 1836. (Type from Kentucky.) Not C. slenolepis Less. 1831. Carex ee Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 296. 1840. (Type from Kentucky.) Not C. Shortiana Torr. 1836. Carex aurolensis Steud. Syn. Cyp. 223. 1855. (Type from New Orleans, Louisiana.) Carex involucrata Bock. Flora 38: 594. 1855. (Type from Texas.) Carex stenolepis var. 8 Boott, Ill. Carex 96. 1860. (Type from Louisiana and Alabama.) Carex atrovirens Bock. Cyp. Nov. 1:52. 1888. (Type from Argentina.) Carex stenolepis {. gracilior Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich, 429: 715. 1909. (Based on C. steno- lepis var. B Boott.) Cespitose, with short-ascending, stout, tough stolons, the culms 1—8 dm. high, stiff, stout, erect, leafy throughout, aphyllopodic, obtusely triangular with flattish sides, purplish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year few; sterile shoots elongate, leafy; leaves and bracts numerous, septate-nodulose, the blades rather light-green, firm, flat, 2-6 dm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, short-tapering, rough above and on the margins, the sheaths tight, yellowish-brown- tinged ventrally and truncate at mouth, the ligule somewhat longer than wide to shorter than wide; staminate spike solitary, largely hidden, not infrequently abortive, short, slenderly peduncled, setaceous-bracted, narrowly linear, 0.5-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, sometimes with some perigynia, its scales narrowly linear-oblanceolate, long-awned, hyaline with 3-nerved green center; pistillate spikes 3-7, approximate or the lower more or less strongly remote, erect, the upper sessile or short-exsert-peduncled, the lower more or less strongly exsert-peduncled, the rachis zigzag, the peduncles stiff, smooth, the spikes oblong, 1-4 cm. long, 8-i2 mm. wide, very densely flowered, the 40—120 perigynia squarrose in many rows, the lower scales and some- times the uppermost often empty or staminate; bracts very long and conspicuous, leaf-like, many times exceeding the culms, at least the lower strongly sheathing; scales very long, aristiform, but little dilated and hyaline at base, green, 3-nerved, setulose, equaling or exceed- ing but much narrower than the beaks of the perigynia; perigynia 4-5 mm. long, the body strongly obconic, 2—2.5 mm. wide, inflated, submembranaceous, glabrous, puncticulate, olive- green, strongly 12—20-ribbed, tapering at base, sessile, depressed-truncate above, very abruptly beaked, the beak 1.5-—2.5 mm. long, slender, conic, smooth, bidentate, the teeth stiff, erect or somewhat spreading, 0.5 mm. long; achenes very small, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium-body, concave below, granular, brownish-yellow, substipitate, abruptly contracted into and continuous with the straight, slender, persistent style; stigmas 3, slender, very short, light-yellowish-brown. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Baltimore, Pennsylvania.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Swamps and wet meadows, in calcareous districts, Texas to Georgia, north to eastern Pennsylvania, western New York, Illinois, and Kansas; also in South America. (Specimens examined from New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Texas.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 699; ed. 2. f. 1101; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 532; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 9; Boott, Ill. Carex 95. pl. 282; Drejer, Symb. Car. pl. 16; Am. Jour. Sci. 30: i. Aa, f. 86. 508. ‘Carex ‘squarrosa EL. Sp. PIl.973. 1753. Carex squarrosa f. robusta Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48:198. 1896. (Type from New York.) Cespitose, the rootstock short, thick, stout, blackish, the clumps medium-sized or large, the culms 3-9 dm. high, erect, slender, much exceeded by the upper leaves, aphyllopodic, 444 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 sharply triangular with flat or concave sides, roughened on the angles above, blackish or brownish at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year few; sterile shoots elongate, leafy; leaves with well-developed blades 4-9 to a fertile culm, regularly disposed and not clustered at base, the blades flat with slightly revolute margins, usually 2-3 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, thin but firm, light-green, very rough on the margins and toward the apex, the sheaths close or but little loose, brownish-hyaline ventrally, conspicuously prolonged upward beyond base of blade, the ligule much longer than wide; spike solitary or spikes occasionally 2-4 and contiguous, the lateral on short, slender, ascending peduncles, the lower third or half of the terminal one staminate, the staminate scales loose, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, cus- pidate to acute, light-reddish-brown with lighter or greenish 3-nerved center and hyaline margins; pistillate portion and lateral spikes oval or oblong-oval, 1-3 em. long, 15-22 mm. wide, rounded at the top, very densely flowered, the numerous perigynia in many rows, squarrose, the beaks radiating in all directions; bracts much reduced, long-attenuate, not sheathing, generally not shorter than the inflorescence; pistillate scales oblong-lanceolate, acute to short- awned, at maturity light-reddish-brown with conspicuous 3-nerved center, narrower and much shorter than the perigynia; perigynia with broadly obovoid-cuneate body, 4-5 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide, inflated and suborbicular in cross-section, glabrous, membranaceous, greenish- straw-colored or brownish at maturity, strongly several-ribbed above, round-tapering and sessile at base, truncate-depressed above and abruptly slenderly conic-beaked, the beak 2.5—3.5 mm. long, smooth or slightly serrulate, slightly tawny-tipped, the slender teeth erect, stiff, 0.25 mm. long; achenes linear-oval, 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with flattish sides and blunt angles, loosely enveloped, blackish with prominent superficial cells, minutely granular, short-stipitate, tapering at base, tapering into and continuous with the slender persistent style very strongly sinuous or abruptly bent below; stigmas 3, slender, light-reddish brown, short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Habitat in Canada, Kalm.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Swampy or wet woods, acid soils, western Quebec and western New England to Wisconsin and Nebraska, and southward to North Carolina and Arkansas. (Specimens examined from western Quebec, southwestern Ontario, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Arkansas.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 700; ed. 2. f. 1102; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 530; Boott, Ill. Carex 95, in part. pl. 280 (except some scales and immature achene), pl. 281 (achene only); Drejer, Symb. Car. pl. 17; Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: pl. 27, f. 2; Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. I, f. 29. Note: For a careful study of this and the following species (Carex typhina Michx.) see E. P. Bicknell, ‘‘A neglected Carex’’ (Bull. Torrey Club 23:92. 1896). 509. Carex typhina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 169. 1803. Carex squarrosa var. typhina Nutt. Gen. 2: 204. 1818. (Based on C. typhina Michx.) Carex typhinoides Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 66. 1824. (Type from North Carolina.) Carex squarrosa var. typhinoides Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 316. 1826. (Based on C. typhinoides Schw.) ““Carex squarrosa I,.’’ Boott, Ill. Carex 95. pl. 280, 281, in part. 1860. Cespitose, the rootstock short, thick, stout, blackish, the clumps large, the culms 3-9 dm. high, erect, much exceeded by the upper leaves, aphyllopodic, stoutish, sharply triangular with flat or concave sides, usually very rough on the angles above, brownish at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year few; sterile shoots very leafy; leaves with well-developed blades 4-9 to a fertile culm, regularly disposed and not clustered at the base, the blades flat with revolute margins, usually 2—4 dm. long, 3.5—-10 mm. wide, thin but firm. light-green or yellowish-green, very rough on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths rather loose, or sometimes tight, brownish-hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule much longer than wide; spikes 1-6, mostly 3, slightly tapering to the conical apex, contiguous or somewhat separate, the lower fourth or fifth of the terminal one staminate, the rest pistillate, the uppermost scales usually sterile, the staminate scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, light-reddish-brown with lighter or greenish 3-nerved center and hyaline margins, the upper reflexed in a rosette against the perigynia; pistillate portion of terminal spike oblong-cylindric, 2—4.5 cm. long, 8-16 mm. wide, the lateral spikes somewhat shorter, erect, usually strongly peduncled, the peduncles slender, rough, the spikes very densely flowered, the numerous perigynia in many ParT 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 445 rows, the beaks mostly appressed-ascending, the bodies squarrose; bracts of lateral spikes leaf- like, exceeding the inflorescence, little sheathing; pistillate scales lanceolate, mostly obtusish at maturity, light-brownish-hyaline with conspicuous 3-nerved center, narrower than and about the length of the body of the perigynium; perigynia with broadly obovoid cuneate body, 4-5 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide, inflated and suborbicular in cross-section, subcoriaceous, greenish, straw-colored or brownish at maturity, strongly several-ribbed above, glabrous, round-tapering and short-stipitate at base, truncate-depressed above and very abruptly slenderly conic-beaked, the beak 2.5-3.5 mm. long, very sparingly serrulate, reddish-brown- tipped, the slender teeth erect, stiff, 0.25 mm. long; achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, loosely enveloped, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, substipitate, tapering at base, blackish with small superficial cells, minutely granular, contracted into and continuous with the slender, persistent, greenish style straight below or bent at apex; stigmas 3, slender, light-reddish-brown, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. in regione Illinoensi.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Rich alluvial woods, in calcareous districts, western Quebec and western New England, westward to Wisconsin and Iowa, and southward to Georgia and Louisiana. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 701; ed. 2: 1103; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 531; Boott, Ill. Carex 95, in part. pl. 280 (some scales and immature achene), pl. 281 (except achene). Note: E. P. Bicknell (Bull. Torrey Club 23:93. 1896) doubts the applicability of the name of Schweinitz to this species, but the description of Schweinitz, calling for a plant with more than four spikes attenuated above, answers the present species best. As to the applicability of the name Carex typhina Michx. to this species see Robinson & Fernald (Rhodora 11:40. 1909). 70. Vesicariae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 13. 1843; Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 565. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 64. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 479: 715. 1909. Patuposak Fries, Fl. Scan. 190, in part, not as to type species. 1835. TENTACULATAE Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 13. 1843; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich, 4°: 710. 1909. Puyso- CARPAE Drejer, Symb. Car. 10. 1844; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 60. 1886; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 464. 1903; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 702. 1909; Borner, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 265. 1913; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 141. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 87. 1922. BrirurcATAE Kiikenth. Bot. Jahrb. 27: 545, in part. 1899. RHYNCHOPHORAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 464, in small part. 1903. One species is referred by Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 463. 1903) to the EcHINOSTACHYAE Drejer. Culms mostly tall and stout, leafy below; leaves septate-nodulose, not hairy; spikes 2-10, the upper 1—5 staminate, the others normally pistillate, subglobose to linear-cylindric, generally closely many-flowered, erect, short-peduncled, more or less remote; bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the inflorescence, normally sheathless; perigynia ascending, spreading, or the lower even reflexed, suborbicular in cross-section, from little to much inflated, membranaceous, smooth, coarsely many-ribbed (or rarely nerveless), contracted into a beak, the beak usually bidentate, in a few species emarginate or entire; achenes usually much shorter than the peri- gynia, triangular or in a few species lenticular, continuous with the usually tortuous, slender, but indurated and persistent style; stigmas 3 or rarely 2 A large group of swampy or boggy places, and strongly developed in the arctic, colder temperate, and mountainous parts of North America, where eighteen species occur; one en- demic species occurs in northern South America. The group is represented in Eurasia by about half as many species as in North America, a number of these species being common to both hemispheres and several of the remainder endemic Asiatic species; one species is reported to reach northern Africa. The group does not occur in the southern hemisphere. For a treatment of this section, see M. L.. Fernald, The northeastern Carices of the sub- section Vesicariae (Rhodora 3: 43-56. 1901). Stigmas normally 2 and the achenes lenticular; perigynia scarcely inflated, obscurely few-nerved, the beak entire ‘or emarginate or shallowly bidentate. Perigynia ovoid, plano-convex or unequally biconvex, the body com- pletely filled by the achene at maturity; pistillate spikes sessile or short-peduncled, erect, 4-7 mm. wide. 510. C. miliaris. 446 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA Perigynia ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, suborbicular in cross-section, the upper third or half of body empty at maturity; pistillate spikes more or less strongly peduncled, the lower often drooping, 6-12 mm. wide. Ligule longer than wide, or about as long as wide; basal sheaths red- dened, breaking and becoming filamentose; style strongly bent downward against achene at maturity; achene broadly ovoid or obovoid. Ligule very short; basal sheaths little or not at all reddened and not breaking and becoming filamentose; style flexuous; achene sub- orbicular. Stigmas normally 3 and the achenes triangular; perigynia from scarcely to much inflated, the beak bidentate. Pistillate scales (except rarely the lowest) not rough-awned. Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric, 15—many-flowered. Bracts not more than a few times exceeding the inflorescence; perigynia not reflexed (except rarely the lower in C. rostrata). Achenes not excavated on one side or but little so. Perigynia with smooth beak. Rootstocks short-creeping, not sending forth long, slender, horizontal stolons; perigynia appressed- ascending, ascending, or spreading-ascending, strongly nerved; lower sheaths breaking and more or less strongly filamentose; culms sharply triangular; ligule much longer than wide (except sometimes in C. exsiccata). Perigynia 3.5—5 mm. long, faintly nerved, the teeth 0.25 mm. long; pistillate spikes linear-oblong or oblong, 6-8 mm. wide; achene largely filling perigynium-body; leaf-blades 1.5-3.5 mm. wide. Perigynia 4-10 mm. long, strongly several- to many-nerved or -ribbed, the teeth 0.5-1.5 mm. long; achene loosely enveloped in lower half or two thirds of perigynium-body. Perigynia 4-8 mm. long, several- to many- nerved, the teeth 0.5—1 mm. long. Perigynia narrowly oblong-obovoid or lance- olate, 4-6 mm. long, somewhat inflated, more or less abruptly tapering into the beak; pistillate spikes linear-cylindric, 4-8 mm. wide, loosely flowered towards base; leaf-blades 1—2.5 mm. wide. Perigynia ovoid or globose-ovoid, 4-8 mm. long, inflated, contracted into the beak; pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric to nar- rowly cylindric, 5-15 mm. wide, closely flowered or loosely flowered towards base; leaf-blades 2-7 mm. wide. Perigynia 6-10 mm. long, several- to many- ribbed, strongly brownish-tinged at maturi- ty, tapering into the beak, the teeth 0.75— 1.5 mm. long; leaf-blades 3-7 mm. wide. Rootstocks sending forth long, slender, horizontal stolons; perigynia spreading or squarrose at maturity; lower sheaths not breaking and be- coming filamentose; culms often bluntly tri- angular below the spikes or very little triangu- lar; ligule wider than long or but slightly longer than wide. Leaf-blades rather sparingly septate-nodulose; staminate spikes usually 1, often with 1 or 2 smaller ones at base; perigynia purplish- black or brownish-tinged; pistillate scales purplish-black, except for the white-hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 0.8—3 cm. long; culms 1.5—-4.5 dm. high. (Arctic species.) Leaf-blades flat above, channeled towards base, 3-4.5 mm. wide; lower bract ascending, the blade flattish; perigynia very membrana- ceous, strongly purplish-black. Leaf-blades involute, 1-3 mm. wide; lower bract usually divergent at right angles; perigynia firmer, usually brownish-tinged. Leaf-blades strongly or very strongly septate- nodulose; staminate spikes 2-4; perigynia [VoLUME 18 511. C. physocarpa. 512. C. saxatilis. 513. C. matinensis. 514. C. Raeana. 515. C. vesicaria. 516. C. exsiccata. 517. C. membranacea 518. C. rotundata. Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 447 yellowish-green, straw-colored, or light- brownish; pistillate scales lighter-colored; pistillate spikes 1-15 em. long; culms 3—12 dm, high. Perigynia squarrose at flowering-time, much inflated, membranaceous, the body broadly obovoid or suborbicular; culms sharply triangular below inflorescence; ligule acute. 519. C. laevirostris. Perigynia ascending at flowering-time, less in- flated, firmer, the body oval-ovoid to broad- ly ovoid; culms bluntly triangular below inflorescence; ligule rounded at apex. 520. C. rostrata. Perigynia with rough beak; rootstocks sending forth long, slender, horizontal stolons; culms slender, sharply triangular. 521. C. bullata. Achenes deeply excavated on one side; rootstocks short- creeping, without long horizontal stolons; perigynium- beak smooth; perigynia ascending. 522. C. Tuckermani. Bracts several times longer than inflorescence; lower perigynia reflexed (usually) to widely spreading; culms phyllopodic, cespitose without long horizontal stolons; achenes not exca- vated on one side. 523. C. retrorsa. Pistillate spikes globose to short-oblong, 3—20-flowered; rootstocks sending forth long, slender, horizontal stolons. Leaf-blades flat above, 1.5-5 mm. wide; pistillate scales pale- yellowish-brown; perigynia 7—9 mm. long, the beak 1.5-3 mm. long; staminate spikes 2-3 mm. wide; achenes elliptic-obovoid. 524. C. Elliottii. Leaf-blades strongly involute, 1-3 mm. wide; pistillate scales chestnut-brown; perigynia 4-7 mm. long, the beak one fourth to one third as long as the body; staminate spike 1.5 mm. wide; achenes broadly obovoid. 525. C. oligosperma. Pistillate scales with long rough awns. Rootstocks without long horizontal stolons. Pistillate spikes cylindric to globose, 14-20 mm. wide; perigynia tapering or contracted into the beak, the beak shorter than the body. 526. C. lurida. Pistillate spikes narrowly oblong-cylindric, 8-13 mm. wide; peri- gynia abruptly contracted into the beak, the beak as long as or longer than the body. 527. C. Baileyi. Rootstocks sending forth numerous long, slender, horizontal stolons. (492. C. Schweinitzii.) 510. Carex miliaris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 174. 1803. ““Carex pulla Gooden.”’ A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 602. 1867. Carex pulla var. (?) miliaris A. Gray, Man. ed. 5.602. 1867. (Based on C. miliaris Michx.) Carex miliaris var. Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 12. 1872. (From Moosehead Lake, Maine.) Carex saxatilis var. (?) miliaris L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 9: 120. 1884. (Based on C. miliaris Michx.) Carex miliaris var. obtusa L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:36. 1889. (Type from Marguerite River, lower Canada.) Carex miliaris var. major L.. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:36. 1889. (Based on C. miliaris var. Olney.) : “Carex rotundata Wahl.”’ Fernald, Rhodora 3:49. 1901. (As to Maine plant.) “Carex saxatilis L.’’ Fernald, Rhodora 3:50. 1901. (Asto Mt. Katahdin plant.) Carex saxatilis var. rhomalea Fernald, Rhodora 3: 50. 1901. (Based on C. miliaris var. major Bailey.) Carex miliaris f. major ‘‘1.. H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 719. 1909. (Based on C. miliaris var. major L. H. Bailey.) ae rhomalea Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 246. 1910. (Based on C. saxatilis var. rhomalea ernald.) Rootstocks long-creeping, slender, tough, the culms arising one to several together, slender but stiff and rather wiry, 2-8 dm. high, shorter than to exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, sharply triangular, smooth or slightly roughened above, purplish-red-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming somewhat filamentose, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 4-6 to a fertile culm, on the lower fourth, sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades light-green, stiff, involute, or almost filiform, usually 1-2 dm. long, 1-3 mm. wide towards the base, much narrower above, smooth, except at apex; sterile-culm leaves longer and rougher; sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, often yellow- ish-brown-tinged, concave at mouth, the ligule about as wide as long or wider than long, rounded or retuse at apex; staminate spike solitary (or often with a smaller sessile one at its base), slender-peduncled, narrowly linear, 1-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the peduncle nearly smooth or roughish, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, light-brown to dark-brown with lighter 448 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 midrib and white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes usually 2, more or less strongly separate, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, the peduncles varying from much shorter than to about three fourths as long as the spikes, the spikes linear- to oblong-cylindric, or even suborbicular, 0.5—2 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, densely flowered, containing 15-40 appressed to ascending-spreading perigynia in several rows; lower bract leaf-like, narrowly dark-tinged and auricled at base, sheathless or very nearly so, usually exceeding the inflorescence but sometimes shorter; upper bract much reduced; scales ovate, dark-brown to light-brown with conspicuous lighter mid- rib and very narrow hyaline margins, as wide below as the perigynia and varying from cuspi- date or short-acuminate and slightly longer than the perigynia (the lower) to obtusish or acute and shorter than the perigynia (the upper); perigynia ovoid, plano-convex or unequally bicon- vex, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, not inflated at maturity, 2-edged, smooth, shining, mem- branaceous, puncticulate, dull-greenish-yellow or brownish-tinged, flat or slightly convex and nerveless ventrally, obscurely few-nerved and convex dorsally, round-truncate at base and sessile, abruptly minutely beaked, the beak 0.5 mm. long, brownish-tinged, entire or emarginate or minutely toothed, achenes lenticular, obovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.5—1.75 mm. wide, closely enveloped and occupying all of the body of the perigynium, yellowish, puncticulate, sessile, contracted or tapering into and continuous with the slender, persistent, rather short, strongly bent style, at maturity bent downward against the achene; stigmas 2, blackish, slender. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Hab. in paludosis borealibus Canadae, praesertim ad lacus Mistassins dictos.’’ DISTRIBUTION: Borders of lakes and streams and moist banks, calcareous districts, Labrador and Newfoundland, southward to Quebec and central Maine. Very variable in size. (Specimens ex- amined from Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, including Anticosti, New Brunswick, Maine.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 683; ed. 2. f. 1081, 1082; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 549, 550, 552; Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 718. f. 123, A-D; Boott, Ill. Carex 73. pl. 200, f. 2. 511. Carex physocarpa Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 205. 1828. “Carex compacta R. Br.’”’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 27: 237. 1835. (Plant from northeastern North America.) Carex ochroleuca Cham.; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 216. 1855. (Type from Unalaska.) Carex ambusta Boott, Ill. Carex 64. pl. 172. 1858. (Type from Sitka, Alaska.) Carex saxatilis var. major Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 370. 1871. (Type from the Uinta Mountains, Utah.) Carex salina var. ambusta 1. H. Bailey, Cat. N. Am. Car. 4. 1884. (Based on C. ambusta Boott.) “Carex saxatilis var. Grahami H. & A.’ L.. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:66. 1886. Carex pulla var. vesicarioides Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb. 19:417. 1894. (Type from Kloquan, Alaska.) Carex vesicaria subsp. saxalilis var. physocarpa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 728. 1909. (Based on C. physocarpa Presl.) Rootstocks long-creeping, slender, tough, the culms arising one to several together, 2-8 dm. high, slender, erect, exceeding or shorter than the leaves, sharply triangular, phyllopodic, from strongly roughened above to nearly smooth, purplish-red-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and somewhat filamentose, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 3-7 to a fertile culm, clustered on the lower third, sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades light-green, stiff, ascending, flat with revolute margins or some- what channeled at base, elongate, 1-4.5 dm. long, 1.5—5 mm. wide, very rough towards the apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, often yellowish-brown-tinged, concave at mouth, the ligule obtuse at apex, somewhat longer than wide to wider than long; staminate spike soli- tary (or often with an additional sessile one), strongly peduncled, linear, 2-4 em. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the peduncle more or less rough, the scales oblong-obovate, obtusish or acutish, purplish- black with lighter midrib, hyaline margins, and conspicuous white-hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 1-3, strongly separate, slender-peduncled and spreading or drooping, the peduncles from shorter than to twice as long as the spike, rarely short-peduncled, the peduncles rough, the spikes oblong-cylindric, 1.5—-3.5 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, densely 20—75-flowered, the perigynia ascending in several to many rows; lowest bract leaf-like, shorter than or exceeding inflorescence, not at all or but little sheathing, sometimes short-biauriculate, the auricles occa- sionally dark-tinged; upper bracts reduced; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, purplish-black with lighter midrib, hyaline margins, and conspicuous white-hyaline apex, somewhat narrower than and from one half to nearly as long as the perigynia; perigynia ovoid- lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, 1.75—2.25 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, not inflated Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 449 smooth, shining, membranaceous, puncticulate, dull-greenish-yellow, usually blackish-tinged at maturity, nerveless or nearly so ventrally, obscurely few-nerved dorsally, rounded at base and substipitate, abruptly very short-beaked, the beak 0.5 mm. long, slender, emarginate or shallowly bidentate, dark-tinged at tip; achenes lenticular, broadly obovoid, 1.75—2 mm. long, 1.5—1.75 mm. wide, filling lower half or two thirds of perigynium-body, yellowish, puncticulate, sessile, tapering into and continuous with the slender, persistent, rather short, strongly bent style at maturity bent downward against the achene; stigmas 2, blackish, slender; achenes rarely triangular with three stigmas. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Hab. in sinu Nootka aut in portu Mulgraave.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Pribolof Islands to upper Yukon and Mackenzie, and southward in the moun- tains to Utah and Colorado. (Specimens examined from Alaska, Yukon, Hudson Bay, Alberta, British Columbia, Washington, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. FI. f. 686; Boott, Ill. Carex 64. pl. 172 (C. ambusta); 157. pl. 513 (C. physocarpa); Am. Jour. Sci. 27: pl. U, f. 63 (as C. compacta R. Br., plate very poor). Nore: Differs from distigmatic forms of Carex vesicaria var. alpigena Fries in having the peri- gynia nerveless or nearly so ventrally and obscurely few-nerved dorsally, with beak emarginate or shallowly bidentate, and with the lower sheaths more strongly blade-bearing. 512. Carex saxatilis L. Sp. Pl. 976. 1753. Carex pulla Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 3:78. pl. 14. 1797. (‘‘Habitat in montibus Scoticis.”’ Carex fusca Schkuhr, Riedgr. 64. pl. Cc, f. 88. 1801. (Type from Scandinavia.) Not C. fusca All. Carex suilla Feldman, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 8: 285. 1835. (Type from Russia.) Carex pulla a picea Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3:474. 1841. (Type from Iceland.) Carex pulla B fusca Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 474. 1841. (Type from Iceland.) Carex vesicaria subsp. pulla Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 19. 1849. (Based on C. pulla Gooden.) Carex pulla var. polystachya Blytt, Norges Fl. 212. 1861. (Type from Norway.) Carex pulla var. laxa Trautv. Acta Hort. Petrop. 5:130. 1877. (Type from northern Siberia.) Carex pulla \ pedunculata Kjellm. Vega-Exp. Vet. Iaktt. 1: 560. 1882. (Type from northern Siberia. Carex pulla var. sibirica Christ; Scheutz, Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. IT. 2210: 181. 1888. (Type from northern Siberia.) Carex vesicaria subsp. saxatilis ‘‘1,.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 728. 1909. (Based on C. saxatilis I,.) Carex vesicaria subsp. saxatilis f. polystachya ‘‘Blytt’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 728. 1 (Based on C. pulla var. polystachya Blytt.) Carex vesicaria subsp. saxatilis f. laxa ‘“‘’Trautv.” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 728. 1909. (Based on C. pulla var. laxa Trautv.) Carex pulla f. debilis Porsild, Medd. Grénland 50:370. 1912. (Type from Greenland.) Culms arising one or few together from slender, horizontal, long-creeping rootstocks, 1—7 dm. high, stiff, erect, exceeding or exceeded by the leaves, aphyllopodic, triangular, from nearly smooth to strongly roughened above, brownish-tinged at base, the lower sheaths not filamen- tose, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 3-7 to a fertile culm, clustered on the lower third, somewhat septate-nodulose, the blades dull- green, thickish, stiff, ascending or spreading, flat, or somewhat channeled at base, 0.5-3 dm. long, 2—4.5 mm. wide, attenuate, roughened towards the tip, the sheaths hyaline ventrally, prolonged upward beyond base of blade, the ligule very short; staminate spike solitary (or often with an additional sessile one at its base), peduncled, linear-subclavate, usually 1-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the peduncle roughish, the scales oblong-obovate, obtusish or acutish, purplish-black or brownish-black with lighter midrib and narrow white-hyaline apex and upper margins; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, strongly separate or more rarely aggregated, the upper nearly sessile and erect, the lower short- to long-peduncled, sometimes nodding, typically short- oblong, varying from suborbicular to oblong-cylindric, 8-25 mm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, densely flowered, heavy, containing 15-50 ascending or ascending-spreading perigynia in several to many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, shorter than or exceeding the inflorescence, not sheathing but often conspicuously dark-tinged at base; upper bracts much reduced; scales ovate or ovate- lanceolate, obtuse to acute, purplish- or brownish-black with lighter midrib and white-hyaline margins and apex, narrower than and from one half to nearly as long as the perigynia; peri- gynia ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 1.75—2.25 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, moderately inflated, membranaceous, smooth, shining, puncticulate, brownish or rarely straw-colored at maturity, nerveless or nearly so ventrally, obscurely few-nerved dorsally, rounded at base and substipitate, abruptly very short-beaked, the beak 0.5 mm. long, emarginate or shallowly 450 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 bidentate; achenes lenticular, suborbicular, 1.75—-2 mm. long, 1.5—1.75 mm. wide, nearly filling lower half of perigynium, nearly sessile, contracted into and continuous with the slender, persistent, more or less strongly bent style; stigmas 2, slender, whitish, rather long. TYPE LOCALITY: “Habitat in Europae alpibus.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Greenland and Labrador; widely distributed in arctic Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Labrador.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 684; ed. 2. f. 1083; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. R. f. 63; pl. CC, f. 88 (both very poor); Fl. Dan. pl. 2850 (excellent); Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 94. f. 74; Trans. Linn. Soc. 3: pl. 14; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 8, f. 104; Engl. Bot. pl. 2045; ed. 2. pl. 1683; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1110. Nore: I am treating as Carex saxatilis L,. the plant beautifully illustrated in Flora Danica l. 2850. Itis drawn with a very short ligule, with basal sheaths not filamentose and with a suborbicular achene with slightly flexuous style and with the perigynium showing no nerves. 513. Carex mainensis Porter; Britton, Man. 193. 1901. “Carex pulla Gooden.’’ A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 602. 1867. Carex miliaris vars. Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 10, 13, nos. 17, 18. 1871. Carex miliaris var. aurea L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 37. 1889. (Type from New Bruns- wick.) “Carex Raeana Boott” Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 295. f. 682. 1896. “Carex Grahami Boott”’ Fernald, Rhodora 3:49. 1901. (As to North American plant.) Carex miliaris X monile Britton, Man. 193. 1901. (As possible synonym, based on C. miliaris var. aurea 1,. H. Bailey.) Carex saxatilis var. miliaris X vesicaria Rob. & Fern. Man. 255. 1908. (Based on C. miliaris var. aurea I. H. Bailey.) Cespitose, from slender, tough, short-creeping rootstocks, not sending forth long hori- zontal stolons, the culms in small or medium-sized clumps, 3—8 dm. high, slender but wiry and erect, usually strongly exceeding but often shorter than the leaves, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular, roughened above, purplish-red-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming sparingly filamentose; sterile shoots elongate, the well-developed leaves clustered at the tip; leaves with well-developed blades usually 4-6 to a fertile culm, on the lower half, not bunched, sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades flat with somewhat revolute margins or channeled towards the base, long-attenuate and more or less involute above, usually 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5-3.5 mm. wide towards the base, much roughened especially towards the apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline and more or less yellowish-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule much longer than wide; staminate spike solitary (generally with an additional sessile one at its base), rough-peduncled, slender, narrowly linear, 1.5-3.5 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, yellowish-brown with lighter center and conspicuous white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1-3, more or less strongly separate, erect or spreading, from nearly sessile to strongly slender-peduncled, the peduncles smooth, the spikes linear- oblong, 1-3.5 em. long, 6-8 mm. wide, closely flowered, containing 15-40 ascending or spread- ing-ascending perigynia in several rows; lower bract leaflet-like, erect or spreading, usually exceeding inflorescence, the upper reduced; scales ovate, light- or dark-purplish-brown with lighter center and slightly hyaline apex and upper margins, short-acute, narrower and con- siderably shorter than the mature perigynia; perigynia ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 3.5—5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, little inflated, suborbicular or unequally biconvex in cross-section, glabrous, shining, puncticulate, yellowish-green or becoming straw-colored, the marginal nerves prom- inent, otherwise faintly nerved, rounded at base, substipitate, abruptly short-beaked, the beak 1 mm. long, slender, bidentate, the teeth short, 0.25 mm. long, purplish-tinged within; achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and sides concave below, largely filling perigynium-body but somewhat loosely enveloped, yellowish-brown, granular, nearly sessile, contracted into and continuous with the slender, persistent, twisted and very abruptly bent style; stigmas 3, slender, short, blackish, achenes rarely lenticular and stigmas two. TyPE LocaALity: On lake and river shores, Maine to Labrador. Specimens from outlet of Moosehead Lake, Maine (E. E. and H. A. Smith) are taken as the type. DisTRIBUTION: Lake and river shores, Labrador and Newfoundland to central Maine. (Speci- mens examined from Labrador, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Quebec, Maine.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 682; ed. 2. f. 1084. Nove: Figure 55/ in Robinson & Fernald’s Manual was drawn from authentic material of Carex Grahami Boott, and does not represent Carex mainensis. ParT 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 451 514. Carex Raeana Boott, in Richards. Arct. Exped. 2: 344. 1851. Carex monile var. Raeana L,. H. Bailey,Mem. Torrey Club 1:39. 1889. (Based on C. Raeana Boott.) Carex vesicaria var. Raeana Fernald, Rhodora 3: 54. 1901. (Based on C. Raeana Boott.) Carex miliaris var. Raeana Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 719. 1909. (Based on C. Raeana Boott.) Cespitose, from short-creeping, rather slender, tough rootstocks, not sending forth long horizontal stolons, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 4—8 dm. high, slender but erect and rather wiry, exceeded by or exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular and very rough above, purplish-red at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming prominently filamentose; sterile shoots elongate, the well-developed leaves clustered at the summit; leaves with well-developed blades usually 4-6 to a fertile culm, scattered, inconspicuously septate- nodulose, the blades rather thin, deep-green, flat towards apex with revolute margins, chan- neled toward the base, usually 1-2 dm. long, 1—2.5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, roughened toward apex, involute toward the tip, the sheaths tight, greenish or whitish-hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule much longer than wide; staminate spikes 1—3, usually 2, narrowly linear, the upper peduncled, 1.5—3 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, the lower sessile and smaller, the scales oblanceolate, obtuse to acute, dull-yellowish-brown with lighter center and whitish-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 1, more or less strongly separate from one another and the stam- inate spike, erect, short-peduncled, linear-cylindric, 1.5—4.5 em. long, 4-8 mm. wide, closely flowered above, loosely below, containing 15-30 appressed-ascending perigynia in few rows; lower bract leaf-like, not sheathing, the blade erect, strongly exceeding inflorescence, the upper bract much reduced; scales lanceolate, sharply acuminate, dull-brownish with lighter 3- nerved center and conspicuous hyaline margins; narrower and somewhat shorter than the perigynia; perigynia narrowly oblong-obovoid, narrowly oblong-ovoid or lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, somewhat inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, glabrous, shining, mem- branaceous, puncticulate, yellowish-green or becoming straw-colored, conspicuously several- nerved, truncate, rounded, or round-tapering at base, substipitate, more or less abruptly tapering into the smooth, slender, bidentate beak 2 mm. long, the teeth slender, stiff, erect, 0.5-1 mm. long, serrulate within; achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and sides concave below, loosely enveloped in lower two thirds of perigynium- body, yellowish-brown, nearly sessile, contracted into and continuous with the very abruptly bent or twisted, slender, persistent style; stigmas 3, blackish, slender, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: Methy Portage, about long. 110°, lat. 57°, Saskatchewan. DISTRIBUTION: Lake and river shores, Maine to Quebec, and westward to Saskatchewan. (Speci- mens examined from Quebec.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1085; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 555; Boott, Ill. Carex 25. pl. 64. 515. Carex vesicaria L. Sp. Pl. 979, excluding var. 8. 1753. Carex inflata Huds. Fl. Angl. 354. 1762. (Type from York and Westmoreland counties, England.) Trasus vesicarius S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:59. 1821. (Based on Carex vesicaria L.) Carex vesicaria var. cylindracea Dewey (Am. Jour. Sci. 28: 275, name only. 1835); Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 422, as synonym. 1836. (Type from Cumberland House, Saskatchewan.) Carex bullata var. 8 Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 422. 1836. (Based on C. vesicaria var. cylindracea Dewey.) Carex vesicaria var. calcifoenum Laest. Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. 11: 288. 1839. (Type from Lap- land.) Carex monile Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 20. 1843. (Type from New England and Ohio.) Carex monile ‘“‘ Tuckerm.’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 49:47. 1845. (Subsequently regarded by Dewey as a misidentification.) Carex vesicaria var. elatior Anderss. Bot. Notiser 1849: 29. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.) Carex vesicaria var. robusta Sond. Fl. Hamb. 506. 1851. (Type from northwestern Germany.) Carex Vaseyi Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 29: 347. 1860. (Based on C. monile Dewey, not Tuckerm.) Carex vesicaria var. latifolia Blytt, Norges Fl. 252. 1861. (Type from Norway.) Carex vesicaria var. pendula Blytt, Norges Fl. 252. 1861. (Type from Norway.) “Carex trichocar pa var. imberbis Carey’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif.2:251. 1880. (Plant from California. ) Carex vesicaria var. obtusisquamis L. H. Bailey (Cat. N. Am. Car. 4, name only. Ap. 1884); Bot. Gaz.9:121. Au. 1884. (Type from California.) Carex vesicaria var. aurea Lange, Haandb. Danske Fi. ed. 4. 149. 1886. (Type from Denmark.) 452 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 Carex monile var. minor Olney; J. L. Bennett, Pl. Rhode Island 50, name only. 1888. (Type from Seekonk River, Rhode Island.) Carex monile var. colorata I,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 39. 1889. (Type from Colorado.) Carex monile var. monstrosa 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 40. 1889. (Type from eastern Massachusetts. ) Carex dichroa Freyn, Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 40: 304. 1890. (Type from Siberia.) Carex monile var. pacifica 1. H. Bailey, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. II. 3: 105. 1892. Carex ventricosa Franchet, Bull. Soc. Philom. VIII. 7:91. 1895. (Type from Japan.) Not C. ven- tricosa Curt. Carex vesicaria var. tenuistachya Kiikenth. Bot. Centr. 77:58. 1899. (Type from Manchuria.) Carex vesicaria var. jejuna Fernald, Rhodora 3:53. 1901. (Type from Rhode Island.) “ Carex vesicaria var. distenta Fries’? Fernald, Rhodora 3:54. 1901. (As to plants from northeastern America.) Carex vesicata Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 367. 1901. (Type from Manchuria.) Carex vesicaria var. hexasticha Hoschedé, Bull. Acad. Géogr. Bot. 12: 205. 1903. (Type from France.) Carex vesicaria var. brachystachys Uechtr.; Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 212. 1903. (Type from central Europe.) Carex vesicaria var. monstrosa Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 6: 204. 1904. (Based on C. monile var. monstrosa L.. H. Bailey.) Carex vesicaria f. umbrosa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 725. 1909. (Type presumably European.) Carex vesicaria f. elatior “‘ Anderss.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 725. 1909. (Based on C. vesicaria var. elatior Anderss.) Carex vesicaria f. pendula ‘‘Blytt”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 726. 1909. (Based on C. vesicaria var. aurea Lange.) Carex vesicaria f£. hexasticha ‘‘Hoschedé” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 726. 1909. (Based on C. vesicaria var. hexasticha Hoschedé.) Carex vesicaria var. monile f. monstrosa “‘1.. H. Bailey’”’ Kiikenth. in Pflanzenreich 4%: 726. 1909. (Based on C. monile var. monstrosa 1. H. Bailey.) Carex vesicaria f. aurea ‘‘Lange”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 726. 1909. (Based on C. vesicaria var. aurea Lange.) Carex vesicaria var. colorata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 726. 1909. (Based on C. monile var. colorata L.. H. Bailey.) Carex vesicaria var. pacifica Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 726. 1909. (Based on C. monile var. pacifica L,. H. Bailey.) Cespitose, the rootstocks short-creeping, stout, tough, not sending forth long horizontal stolons, the culms slender to stoutish, erect, 3-10 dm. high, usually much exceeding the leaves (not bracts), more or less aphyllopodic, sharply triangular, from more or less strongly roughened above to smooth, more or less strongly purplish-red-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose, the lower blades from little to strongly developed; sterile shoots elongate, aphyllopodic with erect leaves; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed blades 4-10 to a fertile culm, not bunched, varying from not very strongly septate-nodulose to strongly so, the blades flat with more or less revolute margins, green, not stiff, usually 1-4 dm. long, 2—7 mm. wide, much roughened toward the apex, the sheaths more or less yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, truncate or concave at mouth, the ligule much longer than wide; staminate spikes 2-4, more or less separate to approximate, much separated from the pistillate, the upper peduncled, the lateral sessile, narrowly linear, usually 2-4 cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, acute, yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, with lighter center and strongly developed hyaline apex and upper margins; pistillate spikes 1-3 (usually 2), more or less strongly separate, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, the peduncles slender, roughish, the spikes oblong-cylindric and heavy to narrowly cylindric and more loosely flowered towards base, usually 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, containing 30-100 ascending-spreading peri- gynia in several rows; bracts leaf-like, not sheathing, the lowest exceeding inflorescence; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or awned, purplish-brown to yellowish-brown with lighter center and hyaline margins, narrower than and from one half to as long as the perigynia; perigynia ovoid to globose-ovoid, 4-8 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, glabrous, membranaceous, puncticulate, shining, yellowish-green or frequently brownish-tinged, strongly several- to many-nerved, rounded at base, substipitate, tapering into or more or less abruptly narrowed into the smooth, slender, conic, bidentate beak 2 mm. long, the teeth slender, stiff, smooth or little roughened within, erect, 0.5-1 mm. long; achenes small, obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium- body, triangular with blunt angles and sides flat or somewhat concave below, not excavated in middle, yellowish, substipitate, contracted at apex into and continuous with the slender, long, persistent, abruptly bent or flexuous style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, rather short. PART 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 453 TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in Europae udis sylvaticis.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Swampy or marshy places, mostly in calcareous regions, Newfoundland to British Columbia and southward to Delaware, Indiana, Missouri, New Mexico, and California; also widely distributed in Eurasia and reported from northern Africa. (Specimens examined from New- foundland, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Ontario, Ohio, Michi- gan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Manitoba, Keewatin, Montana, Wy- oming, Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 688; ed. oa f. 1086, 1087; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 553, 554; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Ss, f. 106; Fl. Dan. pl. 647 (partly very poor); Boott, Ill. Carex 28. pl. 72 (C. monile); 162, pl. 536 (C. vesicaria) : Knobel, Grasses pl. 27, f. 31 (C. monile) : Erythea 8: 87. f.48; Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. ie cAINg Abrams, WIR Paciti, Stay. pe: Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 184. eels Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 69: pl. 16; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 276; Anderss. Cyp. Seand. #l. 8, J. 107b, 109; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 98; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. 1. 54, f. 3; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3862; - Engl. Bot. pl. 779; ed. 2. pl. 1682; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1138; Sv. Bot. pl. 216; Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. pl. 438; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 344. f. 172 (4); Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 447; Am. Jour. Sci. 49: pl. FF, f. 116 (C. monile). 516. Carex exsiccata L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:6. 1889. Carex vesicaria var. major Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 221. 1839. (Type from Columbia River.) Carex vesicaria var. 8 Boott, Ill. Carex 162, name only. pl.537. 1867. (Type from Saturna Island, northwestern America.) Carex vesicaria var. lanceolata Olney; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 407. 1872. (Type from Oregon.) eee var. globosa Olney, A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 408, name only. 1872. (Type from Carex ae var. globosa 1. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:7. 1889. (Based on C. vesicaria var. globosa Olney.) gs foe var. pungens L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:7. 1889. (Type from Vancouver Glee esicaria var. major f. globosa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 727. 1909. (Based on C. vesicaria var. globosa Olney.) Carex vesicaria var. major f. pungens Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 727. 1909. (Based on C. exsiccata var. pungens L. H. Bailey.) Cespitose, the rootstocks short-creeping, stout, tough, the culms 3-10 dm. high, stout, erect, exceeded by upper leaves, acutely triangular, roughened or smooth above, purplish-red- tinged at base, the basal blades more or less strongly developed, the sheaths easily breaking and becoming sparingly filamentose; sterile shoots elongate, the leaf-blades erect; leaves with well-developed blades usually 4-8 to a fertile culm, the lower clustered, the upper scattered, more or less strongly septate-nodulose, usually 2—3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, the blades flat, with more or less revolute margins, green, firm, rough on the margins and towards the apex, sometimes hispidulous above near base, the sheaths more or less yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, concave or truncate at mouth, the ligule variable, about as long as wide to much longer than wide; staminate spikes 2 or 3, linear, the uppermost peduncled, the others sessile, the more developed 2—4.5 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, the scales linear-oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse to acuminate, light-brownish with lighter midrib and hyaline apex and upper margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, usually strongly separate from the staminate spikes and more or less strongly from one another, erect on very short peduncles or sessile, the peduncles slender, roughish, the spikes cylindric, or narrowly oblong, 2—7.5 cm. long, 12-18 mm. wide, heavy, containing 20-60 closely packed, ascending-spreading perigynia in several to many rows; bracts leaf-like, not sheathing, exceeding inflorescence; scales lanceolate, acuminate to short- awned, light-brownish with lighter 3-nerved center and hyaline margins, narrower than and about one third or one half as long as the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, moderately inflated, roundish in cross-section, submembranaceous, smooth, shin- ing, yellowish-green or at maturity strongly brownish-tinged, strongly several- to many- ribbed, rounded and substipitate or sessile at base, tapering into the slender, conic, smooth, bidentate beak 2—3 mm. long, the teeth erect, stiff, and 0.75-1.5 mm. long, roughened within; achenes small, obovoid or ovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and sides somewhat concave below, not excavated in middle, loosely enveloped, yellowish, sub- stipitate, contracted at apex into and continuous with the long, slender, persistent, abruptly bent style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, rather short. TypE LOCALITY (of C. vesicaria var. major Boott, on which C. exsiccata is based): Columbia River (Douglas; Scouler). DISTRIBUTION: Marshes or swamps, middle California northward to southeastern Alaska and 454 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 eastward to Montana. (Specimens examined from California, Oregon, Washington, British Colum- bia, including Vancouver Island, Idaho.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 162. pl. 537; Erythea 8: 88. f. 49; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 207; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 839. 517. Carex membranacea Hook. in W. E. Parry, Jour. Second Voy. App. 406. 1825. Carex compacta R. Br. in Ross, Voy. App. cxliii. 1819. (Type from Baffin Land.) Not C. compacta Krocker, 1814. Carex saxatilis var. compacta Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 321. 1826. (Based on C. compacta R. Br.) Carex membranopacta L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20:428. 1893. (Based on C. compacta R. Br.) Carex physochlaena Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 17: 317. 1904. (Type from Coal Creek Hill, near Yukon River.) Carex vesicaria subsp. saxatilis var. compacta ‘‘(R. Br.) Dewey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 728. 1909. (Based on C. compacta R. Br.) Cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, slender, the clumps medium- sized or small, the culms 1.5—5 dm. high, stiff, erect, somewhat exceeding the leaves, phyllo- podic, obtusely triangular, smooth, more or less purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous, the basal sheaths little if at all filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 7-15 to a fertile culm, the lower clustered near base, the upper separate, rather sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades dull-green or yellowish-green, thick, firm, at- tenuate, flat above with revolute margins, channeled at base, usually 8—20 cm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule very short; terminal spike staminate, often with an additional 1 or 2 smaller ones at base, more or less strongly peduncled, 1-2.5 em. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide, the peduncle rough, the scales obovate, obtuse or acutish, brownish-black or reddish-brown with lighter center, white- hyaline margins, and conspicuous white-hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 2, usually approximate, erect, sessile or slightly peduncled, oblong, heavy, 12-30 mm. long, about 7—9 mm. wide, very closely flowered, containing 25-100 strongly spreading squarrose perigynia in numerous rows; bracts leaflet-like, ascending, not or but little sheathing, slightly dark-auricled, the lowest with flattish blade, usually not quite equaling the inflorescence; scales ovate, acute, purplish-black, often with lighter center and more or less strongly developed white-hyaline apex, narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid or ovoid-globose, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, strongly inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, glabrous, very mem- branaceous, shining, puncticulate, strongly purplish-black-tinged; obscurely few-nerved, rounded at base and short-stipitaté, very abruptly contracted into the very short, smooth, shallowly bidentate or emarginate beak 0.5 mm. long; achenes small, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 0.75-1 mm. wide, triangular, very loosely enveloped in lower part of perigynium-body, nearly sessile, contracted into and continuous with the slender straight style; stigmas 3, whitish, slender, rather long. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. Duke of York’s Bay, north of Hudson Bay (Ross).”’ DISTRIBUTION: Wet places, especially on the tundra, Ellesmereland and Ungava to Yukon and northern Alaska; along Bering Straits in northeastern Asia. One of the truly arctic sedges. (Spec- imens examined from Ellesmereland, King William Land, Hudson Bay, Ungava, Mackenzie, Yukon, Alaska.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 29: pl. X, f. 73; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 685; ed. 2. f. 1089; Boott, Ill. Carex 156. pl. 502; Simmons, Vasc. Pl. Ellesmereland 1. 9, f. 1-4. Norte: L. H. Bailey renamed this species Carex membrano pacta in the belief that Carex membrana- cea Hook. was antedated by Carex membranacea Hoppe, but Hooker’s name was published in 1825, while Hoppe’s name was not published until 1835. 518. Carex rotundata Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. PARIS. B08: “Carex globularis L,.’’ Vahl. Skr. Nat.-Selsk. Kj6b. 2:45. 1792. Carex vesicaria var. inalpina Laest. Nov. Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. 11: 288. 1839. (Type from Lapland.) Onkerma rotundata Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex rotundata Wahl.) Carex pulla var. tristigmatica Trautv. Acta Hort. Petrop. 5: 130. 1877. (Type from Siberia.) Carex rotundata var. Sommieri Christ; Sommier, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 25:95. 1893. (Type from northern Siberia.) Carex rolundata var. major Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18:376. 1901. (Type from Finmark.) Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 455 Carex rotundata var. laeta Norman, Foérh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 2715: 52. 1893. (Type from northern Seandinavia. ) Carex rostrata subsp. rotundata ‘‘ Wahl.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 723. 1909. (Based on C. rotundata Wahl.) Carex rostrata subsp. rotundata f. Sommieri ‘‘ Christ’? Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 723. 1909. (Based on C. rotundata var. Sommieri Christ.) Carex rostrata subsp. rotundata f. elatior ‘‘Lange’’ Kiikenth.in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 723. 1909. (Based on C. rotundata var. elatior Lange.) Carex rostrata subsp. rotundata f. laeta ‘‘ Norman”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 723. 1909. (Based on C. rotundata var. laeta Norman.) Cespitose, the rootstock short, sending forth long, slender, horizontal stolons, the clumps small, the culms 1.5-4.5 dm. high, slender but stiff, exceeding or sometimes shorter than the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely angled, smooth, little if at all purplish-red-tinged at base, the lower sheaths not filamentose, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 4-6 to a fertile culm, clustered on the lower third, rather sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades firm, stiff, light-green, involute, usually 7-15 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, long-attenuate, smooth or but slightly roughened, the sheaths tight, more or less yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule very short; staminate spike solitary (or often with 1 or 2 smaller sessile ones at base), usually strongly peduncled, linear, 1—2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the peduncle smooth, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, brown with lighter center and white-hyaline margins and apex; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, rather widely separate, ascending, sessile or very nearly so, suborbicular to oblong, 8-25 mm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, containing 20-40 closely packed squarrose perigynia in several to many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, divergent at right angles, 1-3 cm. long and usually much shorter than the inflorescence, very short-sheathing, the sheath purplish-black at mouth, the second bract much smaller; scales orbicular-ovate to broadly oval, purplish-black with lighter midrib and white-hyaline apex, obtuse or acute, somewhat narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid or subglobose, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross- section, much inflated, membranaceous but firm, glabrous, shining, puncticulate, straw- colored, usually brownish-tinged, obscurely few-nerved, rounded at base and substipitate, very abruptly short-beaked, the beak smooth, 0.75 mm. long, with emarginate or shallowly bidentate orifice; achenes obovoid, 2.25 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, loosely enveloped in lower part of perigynium, substipitate, contracted into and con- tinuous with the persistent, slender, twisted or much bent style; stigmas 3, slender, dull- whitish, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Hab. in paludosis subalpinis Lapponiarum.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Wet sunny places, Greenland to northern Alaska; also in extreme northern Eurasia. One of the truly arctic sedges. Erroneously recorded from Maine. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Keewatin, northern Alaska.) ILLusTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Gg, f. 93; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 552 (drawn from European material from Wahlenberg); Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1088; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 94. f. 74. Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 8, f. 105. : Nove: Carex rotundata var. elatior Lange (Consp. Fl. Groenl. 152. 1880; Fl. Dan. pl. 3049) with filamentose basal sheaths, long ligule, 2 stigmas and obovoid achene, seems referable to Carex vest- caria var. alpina Fries. Plate 1407, Flora Danica, labeled Carex rotundata Wahl., also seems to me to be Carex vesicaria var. alpigena. 519. Carex laevirostris (Blytt) Fries, Bot. Notiser 1844: 24. 1844. Carex ampullacea var. robusta Weinm. Enum. Stirp. Petrop. 92, name only. 1837. (Excluding reference to Schkuhr; type cultivated at St. Petersburg.) Carex bullata var. laevirostris Blytt; Fries, Mant. 2:59. 1839. (Type from Christiania, Norway.) Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Meyer; Fisch. Mey. & Avé-Lall. Ind.Sem. Hort. Petrop. 9:Suppl.9. 1844. (Type from St. Petersburg. Russia.) Carex laevirostris f. gracilioy Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 724. 1909. (Type from Lap- land.) Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, sending forth long, rather stout, horizontal stolons, the culms 4-10 dm. high, erect, stout, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, sharply tri- angular below inflorescence, roughened above, strongly septate-nodulose, neither reddened nor filamentose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well- developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, very strongly septate-nodulose, the blades flat above, shallowly channeled towards base, light-green or yellowish-green, firm 456 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA -: [VoLUME 18 usually 2-6 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, long-attenuate, much roughened towards the apex, the sheaths thin ventrally, whitish-hyaline or yellowish-brown-tinged, concave or truncate at mouth, the ligule acute, wider than long, or but slightly longer than wide; staminate spikes 2-4, scattered, the lateral nearly sessile, the terminal peduncled, narrowly linear, 2-6 em. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide, frequently with a few perigynia at base, the scales oblong-obovate, obtusish, brownish with straw-colored or greenish center and strong white-hyaline apex and margins; pistillate spikes 2-5, usually widely separate, varying from sessile and erect (the upper) to strongly peduncled and often spreading (the lower), the peduncles smooth, stoutish, the spikes oblong-cylindric, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 9-12 mm. wide, very densely flowered, the perigynia 50-100, squarrose at flowering-time, in several to many rows; lower bracts leaf-like, sheathless or nearly so, usually exceeding culms, the upper smaller; scales lanceolate, acute or acuminate, chestnut-brown or reddish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and slightly hyaline margins, especially towards apex, much narrower and about two thirds as long as the perigynia; peri- gynia 4-6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, the body broadly obovoid or suborbicular, much inflated and orbicular in cross-section, smooth, shining, membranaceous, greenish-straw-colored, coarsely about 10-nerved, rounded at base and slightly stipitate, abruptly contracted into a smooth bidentate beak 1-2 mm. long, the teeth slightly spreading; achenes broadly obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and sides concave below, very loosely envel- oped in lower half of perigynium-body, nearly sessile, continuous with the strongly bent, slender, persistent style; stigmas 3, slender, short. TypPE LocaLity (of C. bullata var. laevirostris, on which C. laevirostris is based): Christiania, Norway. DISTRIBUTION: Marshes and swamps, Mackenzie, Yukon, and probably also Alaska; very widely distributed in northern Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Mackenzie, Yukon, Macoun 53883.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Fl. Dan. Suppl. pl. 36 (excellent); Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 49; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: f. 150; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. fl. 8, f. 108; Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. pl. 439 (1-3) (as C. rost- rata). 520. Carex rostrata Stokes; With. Brit. Pl. ed. 2.2: 1059. 1787. Carex vesicaria var. B L. Sp. Pl. 979. 1753. (Type from Lapland.) Carex vesicaria var. a Leers, Fl. Herborn. 205. pl. 16, f.2 II. 1775. (Type from Germany.) “Carex vesicaria 1,.”’ Lightf. Fl. Scot. 566. 1777. (Plant from Scotland.) Carex bifurca Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1: 304. 1789. (Type from Bavaria, Germany.) Carex obtusangula Ebrh. (Beitr. 6: 82, name only. 1791); Retz. Fl. Scand. Prodr. ed. 2.223. 1795. (Type from Upsala, Sweden.) Carex torfacea J. F. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 145. 1791. (Type from Switzerland, Haller 1409.) Carex ampullacea Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 207. 1794. (Type from England.) Carex longifolia Thuill. Fl. Par. ed. 2. 490. 1799. (Type from Paris, France.) Carex inflaia Suter, Fl. Helv. 2: 265. 1802. (Type from Switzerland.) Not C. inflata Huds. 1762. Trasus ampullaceus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:59. 1821. (Based on Carex ampullacea Gooden.) Carex utriculata Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 221. 1839. (Type from western Canada.) Carex utriculata var. minor Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:221. 1839. (Type from western Canada.) Carex ampullacea var. utriculata Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 566. 1848. (Based on C. utriculata Boott.) Carex ampullacea var. maxima Anderss. Bot. Notiser 1849: 29. 1849. (Type Scandinavian.) Carex eee var. altissima Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 20, name only. 1849. (Type from Scandi- navia. Carex ampullacea var. robusta Sond. Fl. Hamb. 505. 1851. (Type from Hamburg, Germany.) Carex utriculata var. sparsifolia Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 28: 232. 1859. (Type from eastern North America.) Carex ampullacea var. elatior Blytt, Norges Fl. 254. 1861. (Type from Norway.) Carex ampullacea var. pendulina Blytt, Norges Fl. 254. 1861. (Type from Norway.) Carex rostrata var. latifolia Asch. Fl. Brand. 1:792. 1864. (Type from Brandenburg.) Carex utriculata var. globosa Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 374. 1871. (Type from Sierra Nevada, California.) Carex rostrata var. utriculata I,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:67. 1886. (Based on C. utriculata Boott.) Carex rostrata f. plumosa Norman, Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 2716: 53. 1893. (Type from Scandi- navia.) Carex rostrata f. planifolia Norman, Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 2715:53. 1893. (Type from Scandinavia.) Carex rostrata var. sparganiformis Murr, Deuts. Bot. Monats. 16: 147. 1898. (Type from Austria.) Carex rostrata f. longipalea Neuman, Sv. F1.691. 1901. (Type from Sweden.) Carex rostrata var. ambigens Fernald, Rhodora 3:51. 1901. (Type from St. John River, Maine.) Carex rostrata var. Cliftonii Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 6: 204. 1904. (Type from Clifton, Michigan.) Carex rostrata var. utriculata f. minor Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 722. 1909. (Based on C. utriculata var. minor Boott.) Parr 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 457 Carex rostrata f. elatior ‘‘ Blytt’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 722. 1909. (Based on C. ampullacea var. elatior Blytt.) Carex rostrata f. pendulina ‘‘ Blytt’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 722. 1909. (Based on C. ampullacea var. pendulina Blytt.) Carex rostrata f. sparganiformis “‘ Murr.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 722. 1909. (Based on C. rostrata var. sparganiformis Murr.) Cespitose, the rootstocks short, sending forth long, stout, horizontal, whitish stolons, the culms 3-12 dm. high, erect, stout, exceeded by upper leaves, phyllopodic, bluntly triangular below inflorescence, smooth or more or less roughened above, light-brownish at base or more or less purplish-red-tinged, the basal sheaths little if at all filamentose, the dried-up leaves of the previous year often conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 4-10 to a fertile culm, not bunched at base, strongly septate-nodulose, the blades light-green or yellowish-green, thickish, stiff, 2-12 mm. wide, flat above with revolute margins, more or less channeled at base, usually 2-6 dm. long, long-attenuate, roughened towards the apex especially on the margins, the sheaths thin ventrally and whitish-hyaline or more or less yellowish-brown-tinged, concave or truncate at mouth, the ligule wider than long, rounded at apex; staminate spikes 2-4, narrowly linear, 1-6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the upper peduncled, the lower sessile, the peduncle rough, the scales oblong-obovate, acutish, yellowish-brown with lighter midrib and hyaline margins; bracts sometimes well-developed; pistillate spikes 2-5, more or less strongly separate from one another and from the staminate spikes, erect, more or less peduncled, or the upper sessile, the peduncles smooth, the spikes cylindric to oblong, 1—1.5 cm. long, 6-20 mm. wide, densely flowered, containing 40-150 perigynia in many rows, the perigynia ascend- ing or at maturity squarrose-spreading or the lowest even somewhat reflexed; bracts leaf-like, not sheathing or but very little so, exceeding inflorescence; scales ovate or lanceolate, long- acuminate, varying to rough-awned or acute, light-brown or purplish-brown with 3-nerved center and hyaline margins, narrower than and from slightly longer to somewhat shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oval-ovoid to ovoid, 3.5—-8 mm. long, 2.5—3.5 mm. wide, more or less strongly inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, glabrous, membranaceous but firm, shining, puncticulate, yellowish-green or at maturity straw-colored or light-brownish, strongly several- nerved, rounded at base, substipitate, from narrowed to abruptly contracted into the smooth, conic, cylindric, bidentate beak 1-2 mm. long, the teeth slender, stiff, erect, 0.5—0.75 mm. long; achenes small, obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and sides concave below, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium-body, yellowish-brown, sub- stipitate, tapering into and continuous with the slender, persistent, twisted or very abruptly bent style; stigmas 3, dark-colored, slender, short. TYPE LOCALITY: Great Britain. DISTRIBUTION: Swamps, marshes or bogs, Greenland to Alaska, and southward to Delaware, West Virginia, Indiana, South Dakota, New Mexico, and southern California; widely distributed in the cooler parts of Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Newfoundland, Labrador, Miquelon, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, West Virginia, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Manitoba, Sas- katchewan, Alberta, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, British Columbia, including Vancouver, Alaska, Yukon, Mackenzie.) Rau te ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 687; ed. 2. f. 1090; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 556, 557; Schkuhr, Riedgr., pl. Tt, f. 107; Fl. Dan. pl. 2248; Boott, Ill. Carex 14. pl. 39; 156. pl. 501; Erythea 8: 89. f. 50; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 208; Abrams, Ill. F1. Pacif. St. f. 840; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 181. f. 149; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 57: pl. 16; Clements, Rocky Mt. Fl. pl. 45, f. 17; Reichenb. Ic. FI. Germ. 8: pl. 277, f. 659; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 93. f. 72; Leers, Fl. Herborn. pl. 16, f. 2 II (as C, vesicaria) ; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. #l. 8, f. 106; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 99; Coste, Fl. Fr. t. 3863; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 54, f. 2; Engl. Bot. pl. 780; ed. 2. pl. 1680, 1681 (var. ambigua); Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1137; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 443; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 345. f. 172 (5). . : Nove 1: The distinctions between this species and Carex vesicaria L. are beautifully illustrated by Host (Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 98, 99). Nore 2: This is one of the most widely distributed and most frequently collected of our sedges. Variations in vegetative characters in individual specimens are often marked, but are of no systematic value. 521. Carex bullata Schkuhr; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 309. 1805. Carex cylindrica Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. ¥.1:71. 1824. (Type from Carolina.) P Carex bullata var. cylindrica Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 315. 1826. (Technically based on C, cylin- drica Schw.) 458 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 Carex Tuckermani var. cylindrica Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 49: 48. 1845. (Technically based on C. cylindrica Schw.) Carex Greenii Bock. Flora 41: 649. 1858. (Type from ‘‘ America sept.’’) Carex physema Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 29:347. 1860. (Type from New England to Pennsylvania.) Carex bullata var. Greenii Fernald, Rhodora 8: 202. 1906. (Based on C. Greenii Bock.) Cespitose, the rootstock short, stout, sending forth long, slender horizontal stolons, the clumps large, the culms 3-9 dm. high, erect, slender, exceeded by the upper leaves, sharply triangular, more or less roughened above, purplish-red at base, the basal leaves usually with well-developed blades, their sheaths breaking and becoming sparingly filamentose; sterile shoots long and conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, not clustered at base, septate-nodulose, the blades rather stiff, green, flat or slightly channeled below, usually 2.5—4 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule about as long as wide; staminate spikes 1-3, erect, the upper peduncled, the others sessile, narrowly linear, usually 2-4 em. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, the scales oblanceolate, obtuse, light-yellowish-red with greenish center and broad whitish-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, strongly separate from the staminate spikes and from one another, subglobose or short-oblong to oblong- cylindric, erect, short-peduncled or sessile, the peduncles slender, roughish, the spikes 1-5 cm. long, 1-2 em. wide, closely flowered, containing 20-40 spreading or ascending perigynia in several to many rows; bracts leaf-like, not sheathing or short-sheathing, shorter than or exceeding inflorescence; scales ovate or lanceolate, obtusish, acute, or acuminate, hyaline and brownish-tinged with 3-nerved green center, much narrower than and one half to two thirds as long as the perigynia and concealed by them; perigynia broadly ovoid, 7-9 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, glabrous, membranaceous, shining, yellowish- green, becoming brownish-yellow, strongly about 10-ribbed, round-truncate at base, slightly stipitate, abruptly contracted into a more or less strongly roughened, slender, conic beak 3 mm. long, the slender teeth 0.5-1 mm. long, erect or spreading, smooth within; achenes small, obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and flattish sides, little or not at all excavated on one side, brownish, loosely enveloped, broadly substipitate, contracted into and continuous with the long, slender, persistent, abruptly bent or twisted style; stigmas 3, blackish, slender, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘ Habitat in America boreali.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows, acid soils, Nova Scotia to Georgia, mostly on the coastal plain. (Specimens examined from Nova Scotia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, ca adie Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 690; ed. 2. f. 1091; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 559; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Uuu, f. 166; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. pl. 6, f. 15-20; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 22, f. 2; Boott, Ill. Carex 15. pl. 41, 42; Knobel, Grasses pl. 26, f. 8. Hyegrips: (1) An apparent hybrid with Carex lurida Wahl. has been found near Townsend, Delaware (Commons in Herb. Phila. Acad. sheet no. 540367.) (2) An apparent hybrid (Carex Olneyi Boott) between this species and Carex rostrata Stokes” occurs. In this hybrid there are 1-3 pistillate spikes, which are cylindric and closely about 40—60- flowered; there are 2—5 staminate spikes (including small ones); the perigynia are dull, and smaller (5-6 mm. long) and shorter-beaked than in Carex bullata; ‘‘perigyniis minoribus, rostro breviori,”’ as stated by Boott. Schkuhr’s figure of Carex bullata is apparently based on rather young material and is not characteristic, but he depicts a plant having perigynia in which the beak about equals the body. I cannot agree with Fernald (Rhodora 8: 202, 1906) in treating Schkuhr’s figure as the same thing as Carex Olneyi Boott, but think it should be treated as representing a large-spiked specimen of what has generally been called Carex bullata. ‘This hybrid was first found in Rhode Island by Olney. In addition to the Olney material I have seen specimens collected at Marshfield, Plymouth County, Massachusetts (Knowlton, July 4, 1914.) The synonymy of this hybrid is as follows: Carex Olneyi Boott, Ill. Carex 15. pl. 42. 1858. (Type from Rhode Island.) Carex bullata X utriculata L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:68. 1886. (Based on C. Olneyi Boott.) “Carex monile Tuckerm.”’ Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 221. 1895. Carex bullata var. Olneyi Fernald, Rhodora 3:52. 1901. (Based on C. Olneyi Boott.) “Carex bullata Schk.’’ Fernald, Rhodora 8: 202. 1906. Carex bullata X rostrata var. utriculata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 729. 1909. (Based on C. Olneyi Boott.) 522. Carex Tuckermani Boott; Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 49: 48. pl. Ff, f. 117. 1845. “‘ Carex bullata Schkuhr,’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci.9:71. 1825. Carex Tuckermani var. cylindrica Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 49:48. 1845. (As to plant described only.) “Carex cylindrica Schw.”’ Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 566. 1848. ParT 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 459 Cespitose, the rootstocks short-creeping, stout, tough, not sending out long horizontal stolons, the clumps large, the culms 3-10 dm. high, erect, rather slender, exceeded by the upper leaves, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular, more or less roughened above, purplish-red-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; sterile shoots long and con- spicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, not clustered at base, septate- nodulose, the blades flat with somewhat revolute margins, not stiff, deep-green, usually 2.5—7 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, very rough on the margins and often below, the sheaths more or less yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule about as wide as long; staminate spikes usually 2, erect, the upper peduncled, the others sessile, nar- rowly linear, 2.5—5 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, the scales oblanceolate, obtuse, light-yellowish- brown to dark-purplish-brown with greenish center and broad white-hyaline apex and margins; pistillate spikes 2—4, usually strongly separate from staminate spikes and more or less strongly separate from one another, erect or spreading, the lower short-peduncled, the upper sessile or nearly so, the peduncles slender, roughish, the spikes oblong-cylindric to broadly oblong, 2-6 cm. long, 12-18 mm. wide, closely flowered, heavy, containing 15-30 ascending perigynia in few rows; bracts leaf-like, the lowest sheathless or short-sheathing, much exceeding inflorescence; scales ovate, acutish to short-cuspidate, thin, light-yellowish to dark-purplish-brown-tinged, with green 3-nerved center, much narrower than and but one fourth to one third as long as and concealed by the ripening perigynia; perigynia orbicular-ovoid, 7-10 mm. long, 5—6.5 mm. wide, strongly inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, very membranaceous, smooth, shining, yellowish-green or becoming light-brownish-tinged, strongly about 10-nerved, round-truncate at base, substipitate, contracted into the smooth, slender, conic, bidentate beak 3 mm. long, the teeth 0.5-1 mm. long, slender, stiff, erect or spreading, smooth within; achenes oblong- obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and nearly flat sides, deeply excavated on one side, very loosely enveloped, yellowish, substipitate, contracted into and continuous with the abruptly bent or twisted, slender, persistent style; stigmas 3, blackish, slender, not long. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Wet meadows—common.”’ (Berkshire County, Massachusetts, where Dewey resided.) As given by Boott: ‘‘Hab. in America septentrionali, ‘nondum in Nova Anglia visa’. Tuckerman, Enum. Method. Car. p. 20.”’ (Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 115. 1846.) DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woodlands and meadows, in calcareous districts, New Brunswick to Minnesota, and southward to New Jersey, Indiana and Iowa. (Specimens examined from New Brunswick, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 689; ed. 2. f. 1092; Rob. & Fern. Man. f.,560; Boott, Ill. Carex 15. pl. 40; Am. Jour. Sci. 49: pl. FF, f. 117. _° Nore: Dewey, in publishing Carex Tuckermani, omitted Boott’s name as the author, but cor- rected this later (Am. Jour. Sci. II. 4: 348.) 523. Carex retrorsa Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.1:71. 1824. Carex reversa Spreng. Syst. 3:827. 1826. (Type from ‘‘ Amer. boreal.’’) Not C. reversa Gilib. 1792. Carex ah Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 41: 226. 1866. (Type from Dundee, Yates County, New Mork: Carex Hartii var. Bradleyi Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 41: 226. 1866. (Type from near Rochester, New York.) Carex retrorsa var. Hartii A. Gray, Man. ed. 5.600. 1867. (Based on C. Hartii Dewey.) Carex retrorsa var. lupulus Wood, Bot. & Fl. ed. 1871. 380. 1871. (Type from New York.) ; Carex retrorsa var. Bradleyi Farwell, Rhodora 23: 87. 1921. (Based on C. Hartii var. Bradleyi Dewey.) Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, without slender stolons, the clumps large, the culms 2-10 dm. high, stout or stoutish, stiff, much exceeded by the upper leaves and bracts, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth or slightly rough above, sparingly purplish- red-tinged at base, the lower sheaths breaking and slightly filamentose; leaves with well- developed blades usually 4-7 to a fertile culm, not clustered at base, septate-nodulose, brown- ish-hyaline at summit opposite blades, the blades dull-green, thin but firm, flat with more or less revolute margins, usually 3-4.5 dm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, long-attenuate, very rough on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths long, rather loose, yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, truncate or convex at mouth, the ligule longer than or about as long as wide; stam- inate spikes 1-4, usually 1 or 2, often bearing a few perigynia below or in the middle, narrowly 460 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 linear, from little to strongly peduncled, the peduncle rough, the terminal spike 2-6 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the other smaller, the scales oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, yellowish- brown with lighter 3-nerved center and white-hyaline apex and margins; pistillate spikes 3-8, erect, all aggregated and short-peduncled or the lower strongly separate and long-peduncled, oblong-cylindric to short-oblong, 1.5—8 em. long, 14-20 mm. wide, densely flowered, containing numerous perigynia in many rows, the upper widely spreading, the middle and especially the lower varying from reflexed (usually) to widely spreading (occasionally); bracts leaf-like, several times longer than inflorescence, the lower more or less sheathing; scales lanceolate, acute to cuspidate, much narrower than but equaling the body of the perigynium, yellowish- brown or purplish-brown, with 3-nerved green center; perigynia ovoid, 7-10 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, much inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, very membranaceous, glabrous, shining, densely puncticulate, yellowish-green or becoming light-brownish-tinged, coarsely about 10- nerved, rounded at base and short-stipitate, contracted into the slender, conic, smooth, biden- tate beak 2—3.5 mm. long, the teeth slender, stiff, erect, 0.5 mm. long; achenes small, oblong- obovoid or ovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and nearly flat sides, not excavated on one side, very loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium-body, brownish, granular, broadly short-stipitate, contracted into and continuous with the slender, twisted or very abruptly bent, persistent style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, short. TYPE LocaLity: ‘“‘ Massachusetts”? (Dewey); Berkshire County. DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woodlands, Quebec and Nova Scotia to British Columbia, and south- ward to New Jersey, Ohio, Iowa, Colorado, and Oregon. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Manitoba, Minnesota, Iowa, Saskatchewan, North Dakota South Dakota, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 691, 692; ed. 2. f. 1093; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 539; Boott, Ill. Carex 93. pl. 276; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 841; Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. L, f. 36; Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: pl. 28, f. 2; Francis, Grasses 317. Nore: An apparent hybrid with Carex intumescens Rudge has been found (Anticosti Island, Brothers Victorin & Rolland 20085). 524. Carex Elliottii Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. Leo57e S25. ““Carex fulva Gooden.”’ Muhl. Desecr. Gram. 246. 1817. (From Georgia). Carex castanea Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 546. 1824. (Type from Chatham County, Georgia.) Not C. castanea Wahl. 1803. Carex Baldwiniana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 26: 107. 1834. (Type from ‘‘S. Car., Ga. & Fla.’’) “Carex Baldwinia Dewey”’ Eaton, Man. ed. 7.220. 1836. (Change in spelling of name.) Olamblis Elliottii Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex Elliottit Schw. & Torr.) Cespitose and long-stoloniferous, the stolons slender, horizontal, the culms 2.5—9 dm* high, slender but erect, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, triangular, somewhat roughened above, purplish-red at base; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, the lower clustered near base, the upper somewhat separate, obscurely and sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades thick, firm, light-green, strongly striate, channeled towards base, flat above, 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, strongly roughened toward the apex, the sheaths tight, chestnut-brown-tinged and concave at mouth, the ligule wider than long; terminal spike staminate, strongly slender-peduncled, narrowly linear, 2-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the peduncle rough, the scales oblong-obovate, acute or obtusish, yellowish-brown with 1—3- nerved green center and white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, often staminate above, the 2 upper approximate, the lower strongly separate, erect, sessile or short-exsert-peduncled, suborbicular, 12-18 mm. in diameter, rather close-flowered, and containing 10-20 widely spreading perigynia in several rows; bracts leaflet-like, exceeding inflorescence, the lowest with a sheath 1-2 cm. long, the upper sheathless; scales ovate to suborbicular, acute to obtuse, thin, pale-yellowish-brown, with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins, one half as wide and one fourth to one third as long as the perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovoid or lanceolate, 7-9 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, inflated, dull-green, membranaceous, very conspicuously reticulate-punctate, strongly about 10-nerved, rounded at base and sessile or very nearly so, tapering or contracted at apex into the nearly smooth, bidentate, yellowish- ParT 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 461 brown-tinged beak 1.5-3 mm. long, the teeth stiff, erect, smooth within; achenes elliptic- obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with nearly flat sides, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium, brownish, granular, substipitate, short-tapering above, apiculate- tipped, continuous with the slender, straight or slightly flexuous style, stigmas 3, rather short, slender, reddish-brown. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Hab. In wet pine barrens. Chatham County, Georgia.’”’ (Elliott.) DISTRIBUTION: Wet pine lands, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama. (Specimens examined from North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 90. pl. 265; Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. M, f. 40; 26: pl. T, f. 61 (C.Baldwiniana). 525. Carex oligosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 174. 1803. Carex Okesiana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 14: 351. 1828. (Type from base of White Mountains, New Hampshire.) “Carex Okesii Dewey’’ Eaton, Man. ed. 5. 156. 1829. (Change of form of name.) “Carex Oakesiana Dewey”’ Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 421. 1836. (Correction in Dewey’s spelling.) Olamblis Oakesi Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on C. Okesiana Dewey.) Carex Despreauxii Steud. Syn. Cyp. 237. 1855. (Type from Newfoundland.) Loosely cespitose and strongly stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, slender but tough, the culms 3-10 dm. high, slender, erect, usually exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic’ triangular, somewhat roughened above, more or less purplish-red-tinged at base, the basa sheaths breaking and becoming somewhat filamentose, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 3-7 to a fertile culm, on the lower half, the upper at least not bunched, septate-nodulose, the blades light-green, stiff, strongly involute, filiform-prolonged, 1-4 dm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, roughened toward the apex, the sheaths tight, more or less brownish-tinged ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule very short, much wider than long; staminate spike solitary, usually strongly peduncled, very narrowly linear, 2—4 em. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the peduncle rough, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, yellowish-brown with lighter midrib and strongly developed white-hyaline apex and margins; pistillate spikes 1—3, erect, widely separate, sessile or very short-peduncled, suborbicular or short-oblong, 1—2 cm. long, 7-9 mm. wide, closely flowered, containing 3-15 ascending perigynia in few rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, not sheathing, shorter than to exceeding the inflorescence, the upper reduced; scales broadly ovate, acute, mucronate, or cuspidate, chestnut-brown with 3-nerved green center and white-hyaline margins, as wide below and about half as long as the perigynia; perigynia broadly ovoid, 4-7 mm. long, 2.5—-3 mm. wide, inflated, somewhat compressed, triangular-suborbicular in cross-section, subcoriaceous, smooth, shining, yellowish-green, strongly several-nerved, round-truncate at base and nearly sessile or short-stipitate, contracted at apex into the smooth, short, bidentate beak one third to one fourth as long as the body, the teeth short or minute (0.1-0.5 mm. long), markedly separate, erect or somewhat spreading, reddish-brown-tinged; achenes broadly obovoid, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, triangular with nearly flat sides, loosely enveloped in lower two thirds of perigynium-body, brownish, trun- cately substipitate, round-tapering into and continuous with the persistent, slender, straight or more or less flexuous or strongly bent style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. in Canada.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows, Labrador and Newfoundland to Mackenzie, and southward to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Indiana. (Specimens examined from Labrador, Newfoundland, Miquelon, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- setts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Ontario, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Sas- katchewan, Manitoba, Keewatin.) G ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 681; ed. 2. f. 1094; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 523; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%; 718. f. 123, E, G; Boott, Ill. Carex 25. pl. 63; Am. Jour. Sci. 14: pl. Q, f. 55 (C. Okesiana). 526. Carex lurida Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 153. 1803. Carex tentaculata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 266. 1805. (Type from Pennsylvania.) . Carex rostrata Willd. Sp. Pl. 4:282. 1805. (Type from Pennsylvania.) Not C. rostrata Stokes, 1787. Carex tentaculata var. rostrata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 41. 1814. (Based on C. rostrata Willd.) “Carex gigantea Rudge”’ Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 503. 1837. Carex Georgiana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 6: 245. 1848. (Type from Georgia.) 462 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 Carex tentaculata var. parvula Paine, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Cab. 18: 105. 1865. (Type from Oneida County, N. Y.) Carex Purshii Olney. Caric. Bor.-Am. 2. 1871. (Based on C. rostrata Willd.) Carex Beyrichiana Bock. Linnaea 41: 239. 1877. (Type from Georgia. ) Carex lurida var. flaccida 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 73. 1889. (Type from central New York.) Carex lurida var. parvula L,. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 418. 1893. (Based on C. tentaculata var. parvula Paine.) Carex lurida var. exundans L,. H. Bailey; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 299. 1896. (Type from eastern United States.) Carex tentaculata var. flaccida Howe, Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 190. 1896. (Based on C. lurida var. flaccida ,. H. Bailey.) Carex exundans Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 14: 196. 1901. (Based on C. lurida var. exundans 1. H. Bailey.) Cespitose, the rootstocks short, tough, stout, the clumps medium-sized to large, the culms 1.5-10 dm. high, erect, strict, usually exceeded by the upper leaves, aphyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth or little roughened above, more or less purplish-red at base, the basal sheaths sparingly filamentose, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3-6 to a fertile culm, not clustered at base, septate-nodu- lose, often strongly so, the blades dull- or yellowish-green, firm, flat with slightly revolute margins, usually 1.5-4 dm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, attenuate, the two mid-lateral nerves prom- inent above, roughened toward the apex, especially on the margins, the sheaths rather loose, hyaline ventrally and more or less strongly yellowish-brown-tinged, concave or truncate at mouth, the ligule longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, from nearly sessile to long- peduncled, nearly linear, 1-7 cm. long, 1.5—3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-oblanceolate, yellow- ish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and hyaline margins, the midrib prolonged into a strongly developed, long, rough awn; bract conspicuous; pistillate spikes 1-4, approximate or the lower from little to strongly separate, the upper varying from short-peduncled to strictly sessile and erect, the lower little or even strongly peduncled and erect or even drooping, the peduncles smooth, the spikes typically oblong or oblong-cylindric, but varying to subglobose or cylindric, 1-7.5 em. long, 14-20 mm. wide, densely flowered with usually 40-100 (15-150) perigynia in many rows with conspicuously spreading beaks; bracts leaf-like, ascending or erect, exceeding inflorescence, the lowest from little to strongly sheathing; scales lanceolate or oblanceolate, yellowish-brown with hyaline margins and 3-nerved green center excurrent as a long rough awn, or the upper merely acuminate, narrower and (except lowest) shorter than the perigynia; perigynia 6-9 mm. long, the body ovoid or obovoid-globose, 2.5-3 mm. wide, strong- ly inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, membranaceous, smooth, shining, puncticulate, yellowish-green or straw-colored at maturity, strongly about 10-nerved, rounded at base, nearly sessile, tapering or contracted into the smooth or roughish, slender, bidentate beak from one half to nearly as long as the body, usually very unequally bidentate or obliquely cut at mouth, the teeth slender, stiff, erect or somewhat spreading, 0.5-1 mm. long; achenes small, oval-obovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and concave sides, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium-body, substipitate, densely granular, yellowish- brown, tapering into and continuous with the slender, persistent, twisted or very abruptly bent style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, short. TypPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. in America septentrionali, Hultgren; ex herbario Swartzii.” DISTRIBUTION: Swamps and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, and southward to Florida, Texas and Vera Cruz; erroneously reported from Central and South America. A very variable species, especially in the size of the spikes and in the teeth of the perigynium beak. (Speci- mens examined from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Vera Cruz.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 693; ed. 2. f. 1095; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 536; Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 711. f. 122, D-G; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Ggg, 7. 130; pl. Hhh, f. 134; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 23, f. 1; Boott, Ill. Carex 94. pl. 277 (except perigynium from Venezuela plant); Torr. Fl. N. Y. pl. 144; Francis, Grasses 311; also 313 (as C. lurida var. gracilis). Nove: As to the name Carex exundans, see note under Carex leptonervia. Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 463 527. Carex Baileyi Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 220. 1895. Carex tentaculata var. gracilis Boott, Ill. Carex 94. 1860. (Type from Tennessee and Vermont.) Not C. gracilis R. Br. 1810. Carex lurida var. gracilis L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:11. 1889. (Based on C. tentaculata var. gracilis Boott.) Carex montamans Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 191, as synonym. 1897. (Based on C. tentaculata var. gracilis Boott.) Cespitose, the rootstocks short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 2—7 dm. high, slender but strict, much exceeded by the upper leaves, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular, smooth to strongly roughened above, strongly purplish-red at base, the lower sheaths very sparingly filamentose, the dried-up leaves of the previous year inconspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3-6 to a fertile culm, not clustered at base, sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades dull-green or yellowish-green, firm, flat with revolute margins, usually 1-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, long-attenuate, strongly roughened toward the apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, the lower yellowish-tinged, concave or truncate at mouth, the ligule about as long as wide; terminal spike staminate, more or less strongly rough-peduncled, slender, narrowly linear, 1.5—3 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, the scales lanceolate or oblanceolate, hyaline, yellow- ish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and hyaline margins, the midrib prolonged into a rough awn; bract conspicuous, often exceeding culm; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, approximate, erect, short-peduncled, narrowly oblong-cylindric, 1-4 cm. long, 8-13 mm. wide, densely flowered, containing 20-40 ascending-spreading, or at maturity spreading perigynia in several to many rows; bracts leaf-like, strict and erect, much exceeding inflorescence, sheathless or the lower short-sheathing, scales lanceolate or oblanceolate, yellowish-brown with hyaline margins and 3-nerved green center excurrent as a long rough awn, or the upper merely acuminate, narrower and (except lowest) shorter than the perigynia; perigynia 5-7 mm. long, the body ovoid- globose, 2.5 mm. wide, strongly inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, membranaceous, smooth, shining, puncticulate, yellowish-green or straw-colored at maturity, strongly several- (about 10) nerved, rounded at base, nearly sessile, abruptly contracted into the smooth, slender, bidentate beak as long as or longer than the body, obliquely cut at mouth, the teeth whitish, slender, stiff, erect or somewhat spreading, 0.5 mm. long; achenes small, oval-obovoid, 1.5—-2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and concave sides, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynium-body, densely granular, yellowish-brown, stipitate or substipitate, tapering into and continuous with the slender, persistent, twisted or very abruptly bent style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, short. TYPE LOCALITY: Lake Placid, New York (Britton). DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows and woods, New Hampshire to New York, and southward in the mountains to Virginia and Tennessee; apparently erroneously recorded from Maine. (Specimens examined from New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 694; ed. 2. f. 1096; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 537. Nore: Schweinitz in 1826 labeled a specimen of this in his herbarium preserved at the Phila- delphia Academy of Sciences as a new species and gave it a name, which apparently never was published. Later Sartwell, in a letter to Dewey preserved in the Dewey herbarium, now in the Gray herbarium, also proposed it as a new species, but the name proposed by him also does not seem to have been published. 71. Lupulinae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 13. 1843; Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 562. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 61. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 703. 1909. RHYNCHOPHORAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 464, mostly. 1903. Culms stout and leafy; leaf-blades flat, strongly septate-nodulose; terminal 1—5 spikes staminate, linear; pistillate spikes 1-5, lateral, sometimes staminate at apex, densely several- to very-many-flowered; bracts sheathless or the lower short-sheathing to strongly sheathing, perigynia large, of an ovoid type, 10-20 mm. long, strongly inflated, membranaceous or sub- coriaceous, greenish or dull-straw-colored, strongly 15—20-ribbed, tapering or contracted into a deeply bidentate beak, the teeth stiff; achenes triangular with concave sides, continuous with the persistent, indurated style; stigmas 3, short. Six species, of moist or swampy thickets or woods, confined to the temperate part of eastern North America. 464 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 Pistillate spikes globose or subglobose; style normally straight; achenes ses- sile; perigynium-teeth hispid within; rootstocks very short, without long horizontal stolons. Perigynia cuneate at base and broadly stipitate, subcoriaceous, dull- green, usually more or less hispidulous; leaf-blades 4.5-14 (averaging 7-10) mm. wide; bract-sheaths not prolonged upward at mouth be- yond base of blade; pistillate spikes 6—30-flowered. 528. C. Grayit. Perigynia rounded at base, sessile or nearly so, membranaceous, shining, smooth; leaf-blades 2.5—9 (averaging 3-5) mm. wide; bract-sheaths short-prolonged upward at mouth beyond base of blade; pistillate spikes 1—15-flowered. 529. C. intumescens Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric; style abruptly bent; achenes broadly stipitate; perigynium-teeth smooth or nearly so within; stolons long, slender, horizontal. Achenes much longer than wide, the sides shallowly concave, the angles not prominently knobbed; pistillate spikes short-oblong to oblong- cylindric. Plants with culms arising 1 to few together from elongate rootstocks; leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide; pistillate scales acute to acuminate; bract-sheaths short-prolonged and convex at mouth. 530. C. louisianica. Plants cespitose; leaf-blades 4-16 mm. wide; pistillate scales acumi- nate to strongly aristate; bract-sheaths strongly prolonged and acutely high-convex at mouth. 531. C. lupulina. Achenes about as wide as or wider than long, the sides deeply concave, the angles prominently knobbed; pistillate spikes cylindric or oblong-cylindric. Perigynia ascending or somewhat spreading, the beak less than twice as long as the body; bract-sheaths strongly prolonged and acutely high-convex at mouth. 532. C. lupuliformis. Perigynia widely spreading at maturity, the beak 114-3 times the length of the body; bract-sheaths short-prolonged and convex at mouth. 533. C. gigantea. 528. Carex Grayii'Carey, Am. Jour. Sei. Il) 4522, e477. Carex intumescens var. globularis A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 236. 1835. (Type from Utica, New jh York.) Not C. globularis L. 1753. , Carex Grayi var. hispidula A. Gray; L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 54. 1889. (Type from Menard County, Illinois.) Carex Asa-Grayi 1. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 427. 1893. (Based on C. Grayii Carey.) Carex Asa-Grayi var. hispidula L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 427. 1893. (Based on C. Grayi var. hispidula Gray.) Cespitose, the rootstocks very short, without long horizontal stolons, thickish, tough, blackish, the clumps large, the culms 3-10 dm. high, leafy throughout, rather stout, erect, much exceeded by upper leaves, phyllopodic, sharply triangular, roughened immediately beneath the head, purplish-red at base; sterile shoots elongated; leaves with well-developed blades 8-15 to a fertile culm, strongly septate-nodulose, the lower clustered, the upper scattered and exposing the internodes, the blades erect-ascending, flat, light-green, thin but firm, usually 1-3 dm. long, 4.5-14 mm. wide, averaging 7-10 mm., the upper half very rough on the margins, the sheaths rather loose, whitish-hyaline ventrally, concave and purplish- brown at mouth, the ligule about as long as wide or shorter; staminate spike solitary, usually with a bract, short- to long-peduncled, narrowly linear, 1-4 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, the peduncle rough, the scales from oblong-obovate and obtuse to lanceolate and acuminate, light-yellowish- red with green center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, aggregated, erect, on pedun- cles about as long as the spikes to nearly sessile, globose or subglobose, 2-4 cm. Jong and as wide, the perigynia 6-30 (usually 15-20), spreading in all directions; bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm, sheathless or short-sheathing, the sheath not prolonged upward at mouth beyond the base of blade; scales broadly ovate, 3-nerved, obtuse to slightly cuspidate, white- hyaline with green center, narrower than and from one fourth to one half as long as the peri- gynia and usually completely concealed by the ripening perigynia; perigynia ovoid-lanceolate, 12-18 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, strongly inflated, usually more or less hispidulous, dull-green, subcoriaceous, strongly about 15-ribbed, cuneate at base and broadly stipitate, tapering into a serrulate or smooth, broad, conic, bidentate beak 1.5—2.5 mm. long, about one fifth the length of the whole, the teeth stiff, 1-2 mm. long, hispid within, erect or more or less spreading; achenes obovoid, 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and the sides concave below, very loosely e1iveloped, yellowish-white, sessile, Part 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 465 abruptly conic-apiculate-tipped and continuous with the slender, normally straight, pe-sistent style; stigmas 3, blackish, slender, short. TYPE Locality: “‘Hab. Ad ripas fluminum ‘Mohawk’ et ‘Wood Creek,’ Nov. Ebor. occident. detexit cl. A. Gray, M.D.” DISTRIBUTION: Rich alluvial woods in calcareous districts, Vermont and southwestern Quebec to Wisconsin, and southward to Georgia, Tennessee, and Missouri. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Kentucky, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Tennessee, Georgia.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 676; ed. 2. f. 1105; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 544; Boott, Ill. Carex 60. pl. 161. 529. Carex intumescens Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. C297 ple9, f. 3: 1804 “ Carex folliculata L.’’ Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 152. 1803. Carex folliculata var. major Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:42. 1814. (Based on C. intumescens Rudge.) ST ee a B C. intumescens Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 32. 1825. (Based on C. intumescens udge. Carex folliculata var. major Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2:499. 1837. (Based on C. intumescens Rudge.) Carex intumescens var. Fernaldit 1. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 418. 1893. (Type from Aroostook County, Maine.) Carex Grayi var. rariflora Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 22:181. 1921. (Type from Detroit, Michigan.) Cespitose, the rootstocks very short, without long horizontal stolons, thickish, tough, blackish, the clumps large, the culms 3-10 dm. high, leafy throughout, slender but stiff, much exceeded by the upper leaves, phyllopodic, sharply triangular, roughened beneath the head, purplish-red at base; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 8-15 to a fertile culm, septate-nodulose, the lower clustered, the upper scattered and exposing the internodes, the blades erect-ascending, flat, dull-green, thin but firm, usually 1-3 dm. long, 2.5—-9 mm. wide, averaging 3-5 mm., long-attenuate, the upper half very rough on the margins, the sheaths rather loose, white-hyaline ventrally, short-prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade, the ligule about as long as wide or shorter; staminate spike solitary, usually with a bract, short- to long-peduncled, narrowly linear, 1.5—5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, the peduncle rough, the scales rather loose, lanceolate, cuspidate to obtuse, light-yellowish-red with green center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1-3, aggregated, erect, on peduncles about the length of the spikes to nearly sessile, globose or subglobose, 1-2.5 em. long and about as wide, the perigynia 1-15 (usually 5-10), spreading to erect; bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm, sheathless or short-sheathing, the sheaths short-prolonged upward at mouth beyond base of blade; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, tapering into a serrulate awn, mostly strongly cuspidate, varying to obtuse, white-hyaline with green center, much narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia broadly or narrowly ovoid, 10-17 mm. long, 3.5—-8 mm. wide, strongly inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, glabrous, shining, green, membranaceous, strongly about 15-ribbed, rounded at base, sessile or nearly so, tapering into a normally smooth or nearly so, broad, conic, bidentate beak 2—-3.5 mm. long and about one fourth the length of the whole, the teeth 1 mm. long, stiff, hispid within, erect or nearly so; achenes oblong-obovoid, very loosely enveloped, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and the sides concave below, yellowish-white, sessile, short-tapering above, conic-apiculate and continuous with the slender, normally straight, persistent style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, short. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in Carolina.” DISTRIBUTION: Swampy or moist woods, acid soils, Newfoundland to Keewatin, and southward to Florida and Texas. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Miquelon, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Co- lumbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Tennessee, Keewatin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas.) be ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 675; ed. 2. f. 1104; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 545; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. N, f. 52 (as C. folliculata); Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 22, f. 5; Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: pl. 9, f. 3; Boott, Ill. Carex 60. pl. 159, 160; Knobel, Grasses pl. 26, f. 4; Francis, Grasses 308. __ Nove: An apparent hybrid with Carex retrorsa Schw. has been found (Anticosti, Brothers Victorin & Rolland 20085). 466 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 530. Carex louisianica L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 428. 1893. “Carex turgescens Torr.’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 3: 356. 1847. Carex Halei Carey; Chapm. FI. S. U. S. 543. 1860. (Type from Florida, as given below.) Not C. Halei Dewey, 1846. Carex Halei var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 94. 1860. (Type from the southern United States.) Carex Eggertii L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 21:6. 1896. (Type from Butler County, Missouri.) Carex grandis var. Helleri ,. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 21:7. 1896. (Type from Franklin County, Vir- ginia.) Culms one to few together from slender elongate rootstocks, long-stoloniferous, the stolons slender, horizontal, numerous, the culms 2—6 dm. high, rather slender, exceeded by the upper leaves and bracts, phyllopodic, sharply triangular, smooth, purplish-red-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 3-10 to a fertile culm, septate-nodulose, the lower somewhat clustered, the upper regularly disposed, the blades thin but firm, dull-green, flat with slightly revolute margins, usually 1-3 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, very rough toward the apex, especially on the margins, the sheaths hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule longer than wide; staminate spike solitary, on a long, slender, slightly roughened peduncle 3-10 cm. long, the spike narrowly linear, 1.5—6 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the scales linear-obovate, acute or acuminate, straw-colored with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; bracts short or obsolete; pistillate spikes 1-4, not aggregated, the lowermost especially often widely separate, the upper short-peduncled, the others on smooth peduncles from shorter than to several times as long as the spike, the spikes oblong or broadly oblong, 2—-3.5 em. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, densely flowered, the perigynia 10-30, ascending, in about six rows; bracts leaf-like, exceeding inflorescence, strongly sheathing, short-prolonged and convex at mouth; scales ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, straw- colored with green several-nerved center and hyaline margins, much shorter and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, 10-13 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross- section, strongly inflated, submembranaceous, smooth, dull-green, straw-colored at maturity, strongly about 20-ribbed, round-truncate at base, sessile or nearly so, contracted into a smooth or minutely roughened, conic, bidentate beak nearly half as long as the body, the teeth 0.5—-1.5 mm. long, slender, stiff, erect or somewhat spreading, smooth or nearly so within; achenes ovoid or obovoid, 2.5—-3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, much longer than wide, triangular with shal- lowly concave sides and slightly thickened angles, loosely enveloped, brownish, tapering at base, broadly stipitate, contracted into and continuous with the strongly bent, slender, persis- tent style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, short. TYPE LocALIty (of C. Halei Carey, on which C. louisianica is based): “‘ Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida and westward. (Specimens collected in Louisiana by Hale are taken as the type.) DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woods, acid soils, Florida to Texas, and northward in the Mississippi Valley to southwestern Indiana and east of the mountains to New Jersey. (Specimens examined from New Jersey, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Indiana.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 677; ed. 2. f. 1106; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 540; Boott, Til. Carex 94. pl. 279. 531. Carex lupulina Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 266. 1805. Carex lupulina a pedunculata A. Gray; Beck, Bot. U. S. 438. 1833. (Type from Lake Erie, New York. Carex lupulina var. androgyna Wood, Bot. & Fl. 376. 1870. (Types from eastern United States.) “‘ Carex lurida Wahl.’ L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:63. 1886. Carex lupulina var. longipedunculata Sart.; Dudley, Bull, Cornell Univ. 2: 119. 1886. (Type from central New York.) Carex gigantea var. lupulina Farwell, Ann. Rep. Comm. Parks Detroit 11:50. 1900. (Based on C. lupulina Muhl.) Carex lupulina var. albomarginata Sherff, Bull. Torrey Club 38: 482. pl. 26. 1911. (Type from Flint, Michigan.) Carex gigantea var. lupulina f. pedunculata Farwell, Rhodora 23: 87. 1921. (Based on C. lupulina var. pedunculata A. Gray.) Cespitose, from short stout rootstocks, sending forth long, slender, scaly, horizontal stolons, the culms 3-12 dm. high, stout, much exceeded by the upper leaves and bracts, phyllo- podic, sharply triangular, smooth or nearly so, light-brown or somewhat purplish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades ParT 7, 1935] CYPERACEAE 467 usually 4-8 to a fertile culm, strongly septate-nodulose, regularly placed, even the lower little clustered, the blades flat, thin but firm, dull-green, usually 2-6 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, very rough towards the apex, especially on the margins, the sheaths white-hyaline ventrally, short- prolonged at mouth, the ligule conspicuous, longer than wide; staminate spike solitary, nar- rowly linear, from nearly sessile to long-peduncled, 2-10 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales linear-obovate or lanceolate, acuminate to strongly aristate, straw-colored with strongly several-nerved green center and hyaline margins; lowest scale bractlike, somewhat shorter than to much exceeding the spike; pistillate spikes 2-5, occasionally staminate above, oblong, or occasionally oblong-cylindric, 2-8 cm. long, 2—3.5 cm. wide, erect, closely aggregated, or the lowest from little to strongly separate, the upper nearly sessile, the lower on smooth peduncles from shorter than to several times the length of the densely flowered spikes, the perigynia 20- 75, ascending in about 6-10 rows; bracts leaf-like, several to many times exceeding the culms, the lower at least strongly sheathing, the sheaths strongly prolonged and acutely high-convex at mouth; scales lanceolate, rough-awned or acuminate, straw-colored with strongly several- nerved green center and hyaline margins, much narrower than and mostly much shorter than the perigynia; perigynia narrowly ovoid, 10-20 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross- section, much inflated, subcoriaceous, smooth, green or at length brownish-yellow, strongly about 20-ribbed, round-truncate at base, sessile or nearly so, tapering into a conic, usually more or less rough, bidentate beak nearly half the length of the whole, the teeth 0.75—2 mm. long, slender, stiff, erect to strongly spreading, smooth within; achenes ovoid-rhombic, much longer than wide, 4 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, loosely enveloped, triangular with shallow con- cave sides, the angles knobless or somewhat thickened, tapering at base and broadly stipitate, tapering into and continuous with the persistent, slender, very abruptly bent and twisted style; stigmas 3, short, slender, blackish. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘ Habitat in Pensylvania.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Swamps and ditches, calcareous or neutral soils, Nova Scotia to western Ontario and Minnesota, and southward to Florida and Texas. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, Ohio, Michigan, Ontario, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Okla- homa, Arkansas, Texas.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 678; ed. 2. f. 1107; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 543; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Ddd, f. 123; pl. Jj7j, f. 194; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 22, f. 1; Boott, Ill. Carex 61. #l. 162, pl. 279 (achene); Bull. Torrey Club 38: pl. 26 (var. albomarginata); Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. L, f. 37; Francis, Grasses 309. 532. Carex lupuliformis Sartw; Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 9: 29. 1850. Carex lupulina var. polystachia Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: 337. 1825. (Type from Philips- town, New York.) Not C. polystachya Sw. 1803. Carex lurida var. polystachya 1,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 63, in part. 1886. (Based on C. lupulina var. polystachia Schw. & Torr.) “Carex gigantea Rudge’”’ Farwell, Rhodora 23: 87. 1921. Lae Carex gigantea f. minor Farwell, Rhodora 23: 87. 1921. (Type from Oakland County, Michigan.) Cespitose, from short stout rootstocks, sending forth long, slender, scaly, horizontal stolons, the culms 4-12 dm. high, stout, much exceeded by the upper leaves and bracts, phyllo- podic, sharply triangular, smooth or nearly so, light-brown or somewhat purplish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, strongly septate-nodulose, regularly placed, even the lower little clustered, the blades flat, thin but firm, dull-green, usually 2-6 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, very rough towards the apex, especially on the margins, the sheaths white-hyaline ventrally, short- prolonged at mouth, the ligule conspicuous, longer than wide; staminate spike solitary or two, narrowly linear, short- to long-peduncled, 4-10 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales linear- obovate or lanceolate, strongly awned to acuminate, straw-colored with strongly several- nerved green center and hyaline margins; lowest scale usually bractlike, from much shorter than to nearly as long as the spike; pistillate spikes 3-5, occasionally staminate above, oblong- cylindric, 3-8 em. long, 2-3.5 em. wide, erect, closely aggregated, or the lower somewhat separate, the upper nearly sessile, the lower on smooth peduncles from much shorter than to 468 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 somewhat exceeding the spikes, densely flowered, the perigynia 20-75, ascending or spreading in about six rows; bracts leaf-like, several to many times exceeding inflorescence, strongly sheathing, strongly prolonged and acutely high-convex at mouth; scales lanceolate, tapering to a rough awn, straw-colored with strongly several-nerved green center and hyaline margins, much narrower than and mostly much shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, 12-20 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, strongly inflated, smooth, subcoriaceous, dull-green, or brownish-yellow at maturity, strongly about 20-ribbed, round-truncate at base, sessile, tapering into a usually rough bidentate beak nearly half the length of the whole, the teeth 0.5-1 mm. long, slender, stiff, erect or somewhat spreading, smooth within; achenes broadly rhomboid, about as wide as long, 2.75—3.5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, triangular with deeply concave sides and blunt angles prominently knobbed in the middle, loosely enveloped, tapering and broadly stipitate at base, and short-tapering into and continuous with the persistent, slender, abruptly bent style; stigmas 3, short, slender, blackish. TYPE Locairy (of C. lupulina var. polystachia Schw. & Torr., on which C. lupuliformis is based) : “‘Philipstown, Highlands of New York.” DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woodlands in calcareous districts, Vermont to Minnesota, and south- ward to Delaware, Louisiana and Texas. Usually a local species. (Specimens examined from Ver- mont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Ohio, Ontario, Indiana, Kentucky, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Texas.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 679; ed. 2. f. 1108; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 542; Boott, Ill. Carex 61. pl. 163; Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. O, f. 48; Francis, Grasses 319. 533. Carex gigantea Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7:99. pl. 10, f. 2. 1804. Carex lacustris var. gigantea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:45. 1814. (Based on C. gigantea Rudge.) Carex grandis L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:13. 1889. (Based on C. gigantea Auth.) Carex gigantea var. grandis Farwell, Rhodora 23: 87. 1921. (Based on C. grandis L,. H. Bailey.) Cespitose, from short stout rootstocks, sending forth long, scaly, horizontal stolons, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 4-10 dm. high, stout, exceeded by the upper leaves and bracts, phyllopodic, sharply triangular, smooth or nearly so, light-brown or somewhat purplish- tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 4-8 to a fertile culm, strongly septate-nodulose, regularly placed, even the lower little clustered, the blades flat, thin but firm, dull-green, usually 2-6 dm. long, 5-16 mm. wide, very rough towards the apex, especially on the margins, the sheaths yellowish-tinged ventrally, little or not at all prolonged at mouth, the ligule conspicuous, longer than wide; staminate spike solitary, or spikes sometimes 2—5, narrowly linear when solitary, short- or long-peduncled, 2—8 cm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, the scales linear-obovate to lanceolate, strongly awned to acuminate, straw-colored with strongly several-nerved green center and hyaline margins; lowest scale bractlike, from half as long as to exceeding the spike; pistillate spikes 2-4, occasionally staminate above, erect, closely aggregated or the lowest somewhat separate, nearly sessile or on smooth peduncles rarely more than half the length of the spikes, oblong or oblong-cylindric, 3—8 cm. long, 2.5—3 cm. wide, densely flowered, the perigynia 20—75, widely spreading at maturity in about six rows; bracts leaf-like, several to many times exceeding inflorescence, the lower strongly sheathing, the upper short-sheathing, the sheaths short- prolonged and convex at mouth; scales lanceolate, acuminate or the lower rough-awned, straw-colored with strongly several-nerved green center and hyaline margins, much narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia narrowly ovoid, 12-18 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, suborbicular in cross-section, inflated, subcoriaceous, smooth, deep-green or yellowish-green at maturity, strongly about 20-ribbed, round-truncate at base, sessile, tapering into a very long, slender, somewhat roughened, bidentate beak two to three times as long as the body, the teeth 0.5-1.5 mm. long, slender, stiff, erect to spreading, smooth within; achenes orbicular- rhomboid or reniform-rhomboid, wider or much wider than long, 2.5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, loosely enveloped, triangular with deeply concave sides and blunt angles, each angle bearing a strongly developed knob, abruptly contracted at base and broadly stipitate, abruptly con- tracted into and continuous with the persistent, slender, more or less strongly flexuous style; stigmas 3, short, slender, blackish. PART 7, 1935] EDITORIAL APPENDIX 469 TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘ Habitat in Carolina.’ DISTRIBUTION: Swampy woodlands, Florida to Texas, and northward in the Mississippi Valley to western Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southwestern Indiana, and east of the mountains northward to Delaware. (Specimens examined from Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Kentucky, Missouri, Indiana.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 680; ed. 2. f. 1109; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 541; Boott, Ill. Carex 61. pl. 164; Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: pl. 10, f. 2. Editorial Appendix The author, Mr. Kenneth Kent Mackenzie, died October 22, 1934. Some three years previously he had made his last revision of his then unpublished manuscript, including the species numbered from 198 to 533. Since that time several species and varieties have been described as new and information has come to light which necessitates the correction of the name of one species. In addition to these items, which the author was unable to incorporate in his manuscript, a few older names have been noted which were overlooked by him. Two species were also withdrawn as non-valid. CHANGE OF NAME Carex incurva Lightf. (page 31) is antedated by Carex maritima Gunner, Fl. Norveg. 2: 131. 1772, which accordingly becomes the valid name of the species. RECENTLY PUBLISHED NAMES CAREX ALPINA var. TYPICA Fernald, Rhodora 35: 222. pl. 248, f. 1, 2,6, 7. 1933. Con- sidered by Fernald to be the typical form of the species. See text under C. Vahlii (no. 413). CAREX APERTA (no. 453) var. UmMBROSA Kiikenth. Rep. Sp. Nov. 26: 254. 1929. Type from Bingen, Washington. CAREX APERTA (no. 453) var. VIRIDANS Kiikenth. Rep. Sp. Nov. 26: 254. 1929. Type from Bingen, Washington. CAREX CUBENSIS Kiikenth. Rep. Sp. Nov. 23: 220. 1926. Type from Oriente, Cuba. Referred by Kiikenthal to the section Hymenochlaenae, in which it stands somewhat isolated and forms, together with Carex Ekmanii (see below), a special group between the Graciles and the Debiles. CAREX CUBENSIS var. FLACCIDA Kiikenth. Rep. Sp. Nov. 23: 221. 1926. Type from Haiti. CaREX Exmani Kiikenth. Rep. Sp. Nov. 23: 221. 1926. Type from Haiti. Closely related to Carex cubensis Kiikenth. (see above). CaREx EKMANII var. HOTTENSIS Kiikenth. & Ekman, Ark. Bot. 22A": 9. 1929. Type from Haiti. CAREX EURYCARPA (no. 471) var. ATTENUATA Kiikenth. Rep. Sp. Nov. 26: 254. 1929. Type from Falcon Valley, Washington. CAREX INTERRUPTA (no. 454) var. DISTENTA Kiikenth. Rep. Sp. Nov. 26: 254. 1929. Type from Bingen, Washington. CaREX jucUNDA Krecz. Bull. Jard. Acad. URSS. 30: 136. pl. 1, f. 1. 1932. Type from Newfoundland. A segregate of Carex maritima Gunner (no. 14, as C. incurva Lightf.); see criticism by Fernald, Rhodora 35: 396. 1933. CAREX LAGUNENSIS M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. 18: 26. 1933. Type from Laguna Mountains, Lower California. ‘‘Related to C. illota.” Carex LANGEANA Fernald, Rhodora 35: 217. pl. 247, f. 2. 1933. Based on “Carex duriuscula C. A. Meyer” Lange (no. 14, as synonym), as to the Greenland plant. Although Lange’s plant has generally been referred to C. incurva Lightf. (C. maritima Gunner), Fernald indicates certain points of difference which he considers of specific value; he nevertheless sug- gests that it may be a hybrid. CAREX LAPPONICA (no. 96, as C. canescens 1.) var. MAJOR Holmb. Bot. Notiser 1929: 12. f. 3. 1929. Type from ‘‘ America boreali.” “e 470 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 CAREX LONGISSIMA M. E. Jones, Contr. West. Bot. 18: 26. 1933. Type from Laguna Mountains, Lower California. Relationship not stated. CaREX LYNGBYEI (no. 477) subsp. CRYPTOCARPA Hultén, Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. III. 51: 188. 1927. Based on C. cryptocarpa C. A. Meyer (no. 477, as synonym of C. Lyngbyez). CAREX MARITIMA (no. 14, as C. incurva Lightf.) var. SETINA Fernald, Rhodora 35: 397. 1933. Based on Carex incurva var. setina Christ. CAREX MISANDRA (no. 363) f. FLAVIDA Fernald, Rhodora 36: 91. 1934. Type from Greenland. CaREX OEDERI (no. 353) var. ROUSSEAUIANA Victorin, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada III. 23(2)*: 262. f. 4. 1929. Type from Quebec. CAREX PALEACEA (no. 476) var. TRANSATLANTICA Fernald, Rhodora 35: 397. 1933. The American form of the species is regarded as varietally distinct from the European species. CAREX PSEUDO-FULVA Fernald, Rhodora 35: 231. 1933. Type from Newfoundland. A hybrid between C. Hostiana var. laurentiana Fern. & Wieg. (no. 351, as C. fulvescens Mack- enzie) and C. lepidocarpa Tausch. (no. 359). CAREX PSYCHROLUTA Krecz. Bull. Jard. Acad. URSS. 30: 138. 1932. 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