ial Pot it « eg ee eee Shafer ott pvitbreere vee be were t Ors 5 pee ewes sees aee oj eteese = eel Seeaweee eee eg! aie ves nee vee ee eve eae e Seah e eters Steers eres veer neve ‘past earee PPP rity ak itd . “* weve eevee we - este eeseg eres . Cestw ss * seer? ete ee oes enews . a Aa Jes sr a a wee eeeeee Javerererere * eee 3 vee few wee SSS pOC ve peewee eee eee ee wee eee oe ert ded - peewee severe everevvrves eee eeereee Srotacere: eves see 6 eee eee "se eretane : LA RAA/ vee 0.69,8 "are ‘ Reid oie “ eeesee wow eeret ws preter) 2 BAA eee 4 aa eee eae teat ewe ene ee eeeereeeus Heavies eee 8s 0 ee ee eee aeee ee ay wees eee eee bees gre2ie;).2 01-0 ot tb O66 Fereeeteeuet Ot RAS ete beet bd eraveut® Sore 50,0018 ie eee ot es vie et eee * ering she vie e!? a tefe tre ee eteeves”* ooenes oy eg eteter GOOG wvieeers a rare 60-0 0,6:8 ‘ SPE OOts RAR ie weeeeeseves re tere € (0.8 2-0, 6° wsteeseeues ese veeb se Uee veveeruges® asa eerest ey ees? Cee eeeets st % eet eeee® tevieeercare “ae ereee - ~ verve Jeane +o 6 006 8 Lb 0.6/8 O18 eeeeeeeneete ee bees ees ee eeeee et ee eegeeenee etaeteeeres ieee e vranssane eee arses eree® Hest eat ea ett ears Pte sueuev eres O15,0 fenelete wee ped oee swereewes oer test oever siege ee 8 eet enaee ye etree et wee eehee wet Segre * + eeenee Or ete ese ot afee ee er 6,009 10 eee res eee “se 4 . weeeuee oe A OLN eeeeeeees pesey eee tt Ceeeeees A wee eeeewee ett heg eae vet eeergeact eeeeeee? eetenaeseatl +4 eee ae et tees ee” t 4d bf (A018 o 4b sie #8 8 ese 48 4 Ptr een Tere eters 8 ie SUR aad aa) M. Wallace. ® 0 S¢¢b200 TOEO O MMOL ' IOHM/181N Yen you nere5 1 CGI ne ee a W Y ‘\wo/ PLYOLS LESTO Ro tow Na ir ser a THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA By A. AW. STURTEVANT PUBLISHED BY THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON WASHINGTON, 1921 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON PuBLIcATION No. 301 bee PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. CONTENTS. PAGE M mIMtrOGuchlOmiae «sce seins e ce alen 1 Acknowledgements). sc cicueee os 2 RB Ghawionetcsnntercivecd is, seers eta Mle 4 Reactions to light............. 4 Reactions to gravity.......... 4 Olfactory reactions............ 4 Courtship and mating......... 5 Cross-copulation............ 9 Experiments concerning sexual SELOCUION sy sea eh aetna vere ansits 9 Sex-recognition by the male.. 10 Duration of copulation neces- BABY a Resteree ‘ateliodtie sitehersisceeysialts 11 III. Genetics....... edt auc c/a i 12 Mutations in species other than i melanogaster .\. = ..)55.)s ong! udinal vein Fic. 8.—Wing of Drosophila melanogaster. The parts are named on the diagram itself. Two costal breaks are to be seen; the proximal, just beyond the humeral cross-vein, and the distal, just before the apex of the first vein. 30 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. The portion of the costa proximal to the apex of the first vein is known as its first section; that between the apices of the first and second veins as its second section, ete. ‘The portion of the fourth vein lying between the anterior and posterior cross-veins is known as its third section. The division-point between the first and second sections is the junction between the fourth vein and the cross-vein (absent in Drosophila) that separates the second basal and discal cells. The relative lengths of the sections of these veins are of taxonomic im- portance, and are expressed by the following indices: Costal index: Length of second section of the costal vein divided by length of its third section. Fourth-vein index: Length of fourth (distal) section of the fourth vein divided by length of its third section. 4c index: Length of third section of costal vein divided by length of third section of fourth vein. 5x index. Length of third (distal) section of fifth vein divided by length of posterior cross-vein. The costal vein, up to a point between the apices of the third and fourth veins, bears on its outer surface a series of short black hairs. On the first costal section these hairs form a double row; on the second and third sections there is only a single row. Just before the distal costal break there is a larger pair of bristle-like hairs (in Mycodrosophila and in Drosophila immigrans there is only a single bristle here). The surface of the wing is covered with much smaller pale hairs that are discernible only under considerable magnification. These small hairs are missing in a narrow band that marks the position of the lost cross- vein that, in some forms, separates the discal and second basal cells. McEwen (1918) has figured the small (sensory?) organs that occur on the wing-veins of Drosophila melanogaster. ‘These are minute ring- shaped structures. There is a group of them near the base of the wing, on the common base of the first, second, and third veins. Seven larger ones occur farther out on the wing, as follows: two at the Junc- tion of the first and costal veins, one near the base of the third vein, one near the middle of the anterior cross-vein, and three on the distal section of the third vein, dividing it into three subequal proximal portions and a slightly longer distal one. The last three organs mentioned are attached to the posterior surface of the third vein, 2. e., to the surface facing the fourth vein. The other four organs are on the upper surfaces of the veins. Examination of balsam mounts of 22 species of Drosophila, two of Scaptomyza, and one each of Aulacigaster, Curtonotum, Zygothrica, Zaprionus, Leucophenga, Chymomyza, and Mycodrosophila, shows that the number and distribution of these organs on the main part of the wing is rather constant. The organ on the basal section of the third vein is often near the middle of that section, and in Drosophila vnversa ANATOMY. 31 lies very close to the anterior cross-vein. The three organs on the distal section of the third vein vary somewhat in their positions relative to each other and to the ends of this section of vein. The greatest difference in this respect occurs in Aulacigaster leucopeza, where all three organs are in the distal three-fifths of the section. In Aulaci- gaster and in Curtonotum it is clear that the two organs near the junc- tion of the first and costal veins really lie on the first vein. The only really striking variation in these organs that I have found occurs in Drosophila guttifera. This species has several pigmented areas on the wings, and each of these includes either the junction of two veins or else an organ of the type here under discussion. One of the latter is on the posterior surface of the penultimate section of the fifth vein— the only case in the group where I have found more than the usual 7 organs on the main part of the wing. The same 7 organs occur in the same general positions in the extra- drosophiline genera Calliphora, Fucellia, Ensina, Chetopsis, Camp- toneura, Ochthiphila, Phytomyza, Diastata, Piophila, Sepsis, and Mallochiella. Dolichopus, however, has only 5. Behind and just below the base of the wing proper there is a small continuation of the membrane of the wing, lying close against the surface of the thorax. This structure, called the calypter, squama, or tegula, is fringed with fine hairs. HALTERES OR BALANCERS. The hind wings of the Diptera are represented by small organs, known as balancers or halteres, that lie below and behind the bases of the true wings (fig. 7, Ha). In the Drosophiline they are whitish, flask-shaped bodies. Each consists of three segments—a short basal one, a somewhat larger roughly cylindrical middle piece, and a large terminal pear-shaped one. There is a mutant race of Drosophila melanogaster, known as ‘‘bi- thorax,” in which the metathorax resembles the mesothorax more or less closely. As a part of this change, the halteres are often somewhat wing-like. In some cases the black hairs that occur on the costal margin of the wing are present, and a fairly definite wing-blade with a few veins can be distinguished. Numerous types intermediate between this stage and the normal haltere can be found. An exam- ination of these specimens indicates that the constrictions between the three segments of the haltere correspond, respectively, to the proximal and distal costal breaks of the wing. The halteres of the Diptera generally probably contain organs that enable the insect to orient to gravity when in flight. Hewett states that in the house-fly they receive the largest of the thoracic nerves. 32 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. ABDOMEN. The abdomen consists of seven visible segments in the female, five in the male. The dorsal and lateral surface of each of these is com- posed of a heavily chitinized dorso-lateral plate, and these are telescoped together, so that the posterior portion of each one overlaps the anterior portion of the one behind it. The first segment is probably morpho- logically really two segments fused together. It possesses a deep transverse furrow, but this is probably secondary, and does not corre- spond to the line of fusion of the two segments. Each of the dorso- lateral plates is clothed with hairs and bristles. Ventrally the abdomen bears a series of chitinized plates, separated from the dorso-lateral plates by a parchment-like region. These ventral plates are hairy, and quadrilateral in shape. In the female they are six in number. The five anterior ones are much alike in shape, but the posterior one is narrower and has a deep notch in its | dyn “ ss 10 : — 11 12 OVIPOSITOR PLATES. Fig. 9.—Scaptomyza adusta. Fic. 11.—Drosophila melanogaster. Fig. 10.—Scaptomyza graminum. Fia. 12.—Drosophila virilis. posterior side. Only four ventral plates are to be seen in the male. The three anterior ones are like those of the female; the posterior one is much larger and broader than the others. In the female the sixth and seventh dorso-lateral plates are smaller than the first to fifth ones. In pinned material they are usually re- tracted, so that there appear to be five segments like those of the male. Tn life or in cleared specimens the sixth plate can be seen to be quite narrow and weakly chitinized above (in the mid-dorsal region), but relatively broad and strongly chitinized below. The seventh plate, on the other hand, is broad and strongly chitinized above, and narrow and weakly chitinized below. Abdominal spiracles: There are seven spiracles on each side of the abdomen. Two of these lie just under the lower edge of the first dorso-lateral plate. The second to fourth dorso-lateral plates, in- ANATOMY. 33 clusive, have one apiece just beneath their edges. In the female there is one in the same position with respect to the fifth plate, and one on the sixth plate itself, just above its lower edge. In the male there are two just above the lower edge of the fifth plate, suggesting that this plate, like the first, really represents two fused segments. All these spiracles appear as minute round holes, with tracheze connected to them and indistinctly visible through the body-wall. Genital region, female: Behind the seventh dorso-lateral plate of the female are situated the anal and genital openings. The anal opening, above, is on a papilla composed of a long-haired dorsal and a similar ventral chitinized plate. Just below this papilla is the ovi- positor. This organ consists of two similar lateral chitinized plates that bear numerous small peg-like hairs or bristles and one or a few longer and more slender hairs. A few characteristic plates are shown in figures 9 to 12. Genital region, male: Behind the fifth dorso-lateral plate of the male is situated a small plate that is very difficult to study. It probably represents the dorso-lateral plates of one or more abdominal segments. Behind this lies a definite but small dorso-lateral plate that I have arbitrarily designated the genital arch. Characteristic types are shown in figures 13 to 16. Below and behind this structure lies a small struc- ture that we may call the clasper. It appears in many diverse forms, and has various relations to the genital arch, but almost always bears peg-like bristles. In Drosophila melanogaster (fig. 18) and in D. simulans (fig. 14) it is weakly chitinized at its base, which articulates to the inner surface of the genital arch. In D. busckii (fig. 15) it is separate from the genital arch and lies directly behind it. In D. fune- bris (fig. 16) it is fused to the lower posterior edge of the genital arch. The anal plates are upright and lie on each side of the anus, instead of above and below it, as in the female. They are always hairy, and sometimes bear peg-like bristles, as in D. funebris (fig. 16). In D. caribbea there is an especially large bristle of this type on the lower corner of each plate. In D. repleta and some other species the anal plate is connected to the genital arch by a chitinous bridge. These same three plates occur, with various modifications but in the same general relations to each other, in Curtonotum gibbum, Zygothrica dispar, Pseudophortica obesa, Leucophenga varia, Myco- drosophila dimidiata, Scaptomyza adusta, S. graminum, and over a dozen species of Drosophila that I have examined. In Curtonotum helva, however, there is an extra clasper. The usual clasper is present as a slender plate tapering to its apex, and inserted as in D. melano- gaster. ‘The other clasper is a slender, club-shaped structure, attached to the outer surface of the genital arch, near its posterior edge and just below the anal plate. This is evidently the structure known as the posterior clasper in the Calypterze; and the other organ, that is 34 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. tal arch. EXTERNAL MALE GENITALIA. A, anal plate; C, clasper; G, geni Fic. 13.—Drosophila melanogaster. Fig. 15.—Drosophila busckii. Fig. 14. Drosophila simulans. Fic. 16.—Drosophila funebris. ANATOMY. 515] the only clasper present in most Drosophiline, must be the anterior clasper of the Calyptere. The three plates just discussed—the genital arch, the clasper, and the anal plate—together with the soft parts around them, form what is known as the hypopygium. These plates furnish extraordinarily certain and definite specific characters, but can not be studied satis- factorily except in cleared or dissected material. I have therefore avoided their use, except in the case of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. In this case I have been unable to discover any more convenient character for separating the two species. Their use will undoubtedly be necessary when a satisfactory treatment of the genus Chymomyza is worked out. Internal genital apparatus, male: The penis is a chitinized tube, differing greatly in shape from species to species. It can be extruded through the genital opening, between the lower ends of the genital arch. In the genus Curtonotum it is long and strongly curved, sug- gesting the coiled penis of the Trypetine. Within the body lie other chitinized parts connected with the penis, but I have not made out their nature and detailed structure. The testes are usually cylindrical and coiled, but are ellipsoidal in Drosophila obscura. They are usually bright-colored—reddish-orange to yellow, according to the species. In the adult male of most members of the group the testes contain chiefly fully formed spermatozoa. Fic. 17.—Oblique section through spermatheca of Drosophila obscura, showing sperm inside. Internal genital apparatus, female: In the abdomen of the female are to be found small chitinized seminal receptacles or spermathece (figs. 18 to 43). The figures will give an idea of the types that occur. Leading from each receptacle is a trachea-like tube that opens into the oviduct. ° Figure 17 shows an oblique section through a spermatheca that is filled with spermatozoa. The number of these receptacles is two in all but two of the drosophiline species that I have examined. These include one species each in the genera Curtonotum, Zygothrica, Zaprionus, Leucophenga, and Mycodrosophila, two each in Scaptomyza and Chymomyza, and 22 in Drosophila (including such widely divergent forms as D. busckii, D. guttifera, D. immigrans, D. nebulosa, and D. saltans). Among these 31 species the only strikingly different types of receptacles found were in Leucophenga varia (fig. 19), and in Curto- notum gibbum, in which they are narrow, smooth, and cylindrical. The two exceptions to the rule that two chitinized receptacles are present are Drosophila inversa, in which I have been unable to find 36 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. any at all, and Aulacigaster leucopeza (fig. 18), in which three are present. As the figure shows, these are of a somewhat unusual type; and two of them are attached to a single duct. This is normal for the species, as it has been observed in specimens from Alabama and also from Illinois. b 20 22 23 24 21 (if 27 25 Be 30 31 29 28 Fics. 18-31.—Spermathece. Magnified 250 diameters. 18. Aulacigaster leucopeza. 19. Leucophenga varia. 20. Chymomyza amcena. 21. Mycodrosophila dimidiata. 22. Scaptomyza graminum. 23. Drosophila affinis. 24. Dro- sophila busckii. 25. Drosophila caribbea. 26. Drosophila duncani. 27. Drosophila funebris. 28. Drosophila guttifera. 29. Drosophila immi- grans. 380. Drosophila melanica. 31. Drosophila melanogaster. According to Wesché (1906), most of the non-muscid Diptera have three chitinized receptacles with three separate ducts, although none is seen in the Dolichopodide, Lonchopteride, and Phoride, and only ANATOMY. 37 one in the Simuliide and Empidide. Among the calypterate ‘Muscidee three is again the rule, though only two are found in the Stomoxyline. Among the Acalypterz the numbers range from 0 to 4. I have myself examined several extra-drosophiline genera. These, with the forms described by Wesché, may be tabulated as in table 2. @ HW 35 3 32 : 39 oi 36 4 41 40 42 Figs. 32-43—Spermathece. Magnified 250 diameters. 32. Drosophila nebulosa. 33. Drosophila obscura. 34. Drosophila putrida. 36. Drosophila quinaria. 36. Drosophila repleta. 37. Drosophila robusta. 38. Drosophila saltans. 39. Drosophila similis. 40. Drosophila transversa. 41. Drosophila tripunc- tata. 42. Drosophila virilis. 43. Drosophila willistoni. The receptacles of Lonchwa polita Say (Loncheine) and of Scato- phaga stercoraria Linneeus (Cordylurine) resemble those of Leuco- phenga varia. The telescoped type of receptacle so common among 38 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. the Drosophiline occurs also in Scatophaga (Cordylurine), and appar- ently in Parydra (Ephydrine). The two receptacles of Chiromyia minima Becker (Geomyzinz) are similar in structure to those of Aulacigaster leucopeza. TABLE 2. 1 3 2 0 Chloropine. Ephydrine. Agromyzinz. Borborine. Geomyzinz. Drosophiline. Borborinz. Drosophiline.! Helomyzine. Drosophiline. Ochthiphilinz. Ortaline.! Geomyzine. Ortaline. Loncheine. Phycodromine. Ortaline. Lauxaniine. Sciomyzine. Sepsine. Trypetine. 1 Aulacigaster (3 receptacles) and Seoptera (4 receptacles) each have only two ducts. The ovaries consist of five or more egg-strings each. At the anterior end of each string lie the oogonial cells; at the posterior end is a mature egg. The region between is filled with eggs in intermediate stages of development. After oogonial multiplication has been com- pleted there are found to be cysts of oogonial cells surrounded by follicular envelopes. Each cyst contains 16 nuclei, of which one becomes the egg-nucleus and the other 15 belong to nurse-cells. These 16 nuclei are alike to all appearances until a relatively late stage.* * This account of the ovary is from Plough (1917). Since this paper was sent to press J. F. Nonidez (1920. Biol. Bull. 39: 207-230) has pub- lished a full account of the structure and physiology of the internal genital apparatus of both sexes of Drosophila melanogaster. CHROMOSOMES. 39 VII. CHROMOSOMES. The chromosomes of various species of Drosophiline have been studied by Miss Stevens (1908), Bridges (1916), and Metz (1914, 1916). The two most striking general facts brought out by these studies are, first, that as a rule division figures are more easily obtained in ovarian tissue than in testicular; and second, that the two members of each pair of chromosomes commonly lie side by side at all cell divisions. This latter characteristic is found in most, if not all, other Diptera as well as in the Drosophiline. yy De Ds we "oe We io re ies AG ie ier (lc Fe pi clay vara ] iT Be 2e'es Srse:s ee AL ae > Dall O20: » mn Ks Bw Air al Fia. 44.—Diagram of chromosome groups found in the Drosophiline (after Metz). Metz has described and figured the chromosome groups of a large number of species of the subfamily. He recognizes twelve different types, which are shown in figure 44, a diagrammatic representation made by Metz. The various types are represented by the following species: Type A. Chymomyza ameena. Type D. Drosophila immigrans. C. procnemis. Type E. Drosophila melanica. Mycodrosophila dimidiata. Type F. Drosophila cardini. Scaptomyza graminum.* D. ramsdeni. Drosophila busckii. D. repleta (hydei?). D. bromeliz. D. similis. D. flore. D. tripunctata. D. melanogaster.* D. virilis. D. nebulosa. Type G. Drosophila funebris. D. quinaria. Type H. Cladocheta nebulosa. D. robusta. Type I. Drosophila mulleri. D. saltans. Type J. Drosophila obscura. D. willistoni. Type K. Drosophila affinis. Type B. Drosophila earlei. Type L. Drosophila caribbea. Type C. Scaptomyza adusta.* Drosophila calloptera.* In types I, J, K, and L the male and female groups are both shown, and these obviously differ with respect to one pair—the sex chromo- 40 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. somes. In the other types only the female groups are shown. In those species belonging to types A and C that are marked with an asterisk (*), male chromosome-groups have been studied and found to differ from the female groups in such manner as to show that the rod-like pair of chromosomes represented at the bottom of the diagrams is the sex-chromosome pair. Male groups in D. wirilis (type F) and D. funebris (type G) suggest that the long pair represented at the bottom in these figures is the sex-chromosome pair, but the differences between the two members are not striking enough to make this con- clusion certain. It appears from the studies of Metz and Stevens that the usual muscid chromosome group is quite different from these. It consists of six pairs of chromosomes, of which five are more or less V-shaped, while the sixth and smallest is a short rod or is spherical and is the sex-chromosome pair. This group has been found in numerous calypterate muscids, and in the following acalypterate genera :* Piophiline—Piophila. Lauxaniine —Physogenua. Ortaline —Camptoneura. Sciomyzine —Tetanocera, Neuroctena. Trypetine—Euaresta(?). Cordylurine—Scatophaga. The only muscid not a drosophiline that has been found to have a chromosome group different from this is Chetopsis fulvifrons Macquart, one of the Ortaline. Metz finds that this species has a chromosome group like that of type A, figured above, though it is not known which is the sex-chromosome pair. The interpretation of these data will be obscure until Geomyzinz, Milichiine, or Ephydrine are studied. Here, if anywhere, one might expect to find intermediate stages in the series. *In a few of these it has not been definitely determined that the smallest pair is the sex- chromosome pair. INTRASPECIFIC VARIABILITY. 41 VII. INTRASPECIFIC VARIABILITY. The species of Drosophiline, as they occur in the wild state, are as a rule not strikingly variable. They do vary in size or in intensity of color as a result of the amount of food obtained in the larval stage. Especially striking examples of this sort of modification are furnished by D. cardini and D. funebris, in both of which breeding experiments have shown that the variations are not inherited. But real inherited variations seem not to be common. Slight variations in the abdominal pattern of such forms as D. busckii, D. transversa, and Mycodrosophila dimidiata are probably of a genetic nature, and the variations in the intensity of the slight “‘trident’’ mark that is often present on the mesonotum of D. melanogaster have been shown to be inherited. I have studied an inherited variation in mesonotal pattern in D. repleta that occurs in wild flies (Sturtevant 1915). A number of investigators have shown that the occasional extra dorsocentral bristles found in wild stocks are in some cases heritable. Miss Hoge (1915) found inherited differences in the number of teeth in the tarsal combs of wild D. melanogaster males. Although it is not uncommon to find indi- vidual wild specimens that contain mutated genes, I know of no cases in the group other than those just mentioned in which a variation is established in nature and can be found persisting side by side with the parent stock. There are certain measurable characters in which the various species show variability, which may be heritable or not. Since most of these characters are used taxonomically, it becomes of interest to know just how variable they are, and what are the limits for different species. Unless this information is at hand it is not possible to judge as to their value as diagnostic characters. The following data bear on this point: The possession of two pairs of dorsocentral bristles is characteristic of the Drosophiline. Four pairs are present in Blesochetophora and Dettopsomyia; one in Acletoxenus and Drosophila superba, and only one large pair in Mycodrosophila; aside from these forms two pairs occur in all the forms known to me. The same number is to be found in many other Acalypterz, scattered through most of the subfamilies. It is especially common in the Sciomyzinez, Geomyzine, and Muili- chiine, but in none of the other subfamilies is it as usual as in the Drosophilinez. In species where two pairs are the rule, however, exceptional individuals can often be found. I have examined a large number of specimens of several species for this character, with the result shown in table 3. The numbers given refer to the total number of dorsocentrals present. Two pairs, for example, equal “4.” The flies recorded in these tables were all bred on banana agar under laboratory conditions. The numbers from each stock are based on examinations of individuals from several cultures made at different 42 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. times, so that accidental environmental differences have been reduced toa minimum. Table 4 gives the results of a statistical treatment of the totals for the three species D. immigrans, D. melanogaster, and D. simulans. A comparison of the coefficients of variation (V) shows that D. immigrans is more than 100 times as variable for this character as is D. simulans. D. melanogaster is only slightly less variable than is D. immigrans. The other species, for which little data are available, have not been worked out in statistical form. TABLE 3.—Frequencies of various numbers of dorsocentrals. Stock from— TUTTI STREET Ge aren 100 Onion 2 o Oop Oli flies Drosophila immigrans: INORWAY ee eee Sk eee Catone 0/0 109 VSSu ee O On Oo 264} 0.8 Attleboro wiViasss eee ONO 84 103 | 0; 0/0] 0 187 | 0.0 IWihitesP lain s YIN) cue c ueleiees nel Ole a (05) 64;2/;1;0)]0 143 |) (2a8 Statenelslangd Neve coat) Meyer ks ie val 89 1 Sloe Glin Wale aeslia a 213) oe2 Staten wsland"@Now2) eee Ona O 72 64;1/0/]0)] 0 LSC inOea J Ned take soya yy Js (C0 Bn coche ols os Oieeeet os Oe 0; 0 105 OZ Ma alecin ieee EO 216} 4.2 Gakeland shaver mas oe ee Set O 103 124 112 | 4 caste 248 | 9.7 HO RCo re) (GUAR ea et gn Pe DEER oe Dalia 637 724 126 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 1,408 | 3.7 Drosophila melanogaster: Randolph wiNewoe a sisetarnstoe es cians 0| 0 182 140/;9/|}3)]0);0 334 | 3.6 HalmouthsVlasssee en cera cals ae 0; 0 100 OMG ie een ek 213 | 6.6 NWihnteve aim saan Morehsuen oy eee senso Matis 128 147|2);0/]0) 0 273 OW (Baltimore Midis eae. emt gy. 0; 0 185 144}1/;)0;|0),0 330] 0.3 CampidacksonyiS.G sense ale us 0; 0 112 1433) 2a ea sO 259} 1.9 moehesterse Mann ees ase cone ot ne 0} 0 116 94; 1/0;]0)] 0 211 Or Berkeley aC aly. Sere Maciel ORO 115 Si] OR) 15) 408/20 LO Fea VOLS Malkeland blac, es ays naval te 0| 0 176 AZO} Mealeet | O20 348 | 0.6 FARO Gallo Mega Lareen eee ssuh iee Wall dle do A) ON EAA OZON 22 NT1OR sZt iO 1.8 Drosophila simulans: Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y........ 0/0 0/0) 0 Statemilslancdea Ney acl nin ate 6 Lino 1 On ROChEStervivlInnee) oes eee ee 0/0 Oats yO KoushlaisAlacn oreo 2h oily ais anidy: 0; 0 0'0;0 Lakeland, Fla.. 0/0 1/01] 0 ol Noy es Beata na LAMY 3 Wig Nan AO I ON 1/0 aon inO Drosophila affinis: ING waVionkcaNceN incite cal ores 0; 0 NPC) Drosophila busckii: INGOT WB Vieni oer he Se ease Rate 0/1 0; 0/0 Chymomyza procnemis: Makeland lasers yar feiss aes 0/0 On O50 TABLE 4.—Statistical constants derived from table 3. (M = mean; o = standard deviation; V = coefficient of variation.) Species. M o V D. immigrans..............| 4.034 + 0.034 0.228 + 0.003 D. melanogaster............] 4.016 + .003 146+ .002 1D Mircrbaay bb Ey of ADU NM Vanna a 4.002 + .00004 .002 + .00003 INTRASPECIFIC VARIABILITY. 43 The wing-vein indices, though known to be variable, nevertheless offer valuable aids in the identification of species. How variable they are may be gathered from the data in tables 5 and 6, which show the results obtained from measurements of D. melanogaster from a number of different sources, and of D. melanica from Massachusetts. TaBLE 5.—Fourth-vein index, D. melanogaster. No. of individuals. No. of Index. idietaales No. of | individuals. Index. Index. rw CO SIS Or Total No., 70. M = 2.353 + 0.017; o = 0.213 + 0.012; V = 9.08 + 0.58. TaBLE 6.—Indices of D. melanogaster and D. melanica. Melanogaster. Melanica. Costal pia f oD pen | Costal No. of Fourth- nee index. mor, index TBO yl ie aineen! indi- Svein era viduals. viduals. || viduals. index. viduals. | {| eee ences 1.9 1 1.6 1 2.9 1 1.5 1 2.0 2 Lat f 0 3.0 0 1.6 3 2.1 2 1.8 1 Sul 0 Sef 5 Qe 1 1.9 1 3.2 1 1.8 3 Deo 1 2.0 1 Su3) 4 2.4 1 2.1 1 3.4 1 20) 2 2.2 1 Sia 0 2.3 1 3.6 1 2.4 0 3.7 a1 | | 2.5 | 1 | | TS ac a eae eas: Total... | Oveihy a sadioy. 2. eae iy 2 The number of branches on the antennal arista is usually given as a specific character. It is also variable, as shown in table 7. In this table the terminal portion of the main axis is counted as a branch, so that an arista described as having five branches above and three below would be entered here under “‘9.”’ TaBLE 7.—Variation in number of aristal branches. Species. Source of stock. 6|7|8 | 9110/11| 12] Total. Dmelanocasterss ois ss he sae. Camp Jackson, 8. C...... ON ONE: Si 658 22/11/0)) SOs 80 Berkeleya Cali cya: ONO LAZO Ss Ol On 40 DIMMIPTANG Ao ols hts Arlington ys Mies) oo. ee OP OW MAN 28 36140 eZ LUNE DTIG! Mae) Aen alien AnnvArbor:, Mache: 5. 2'()02110)} (0), 9) 12) 117).10)), 40 replete yeh ia eee ath ee INe@wiaWorka Neyer a) hee OLA Ga ON On ONO 18 1D ead ate (2) aie ea NOS MTT ty Pe aca akelandblae. yo seen lad anlden weealp ON mONn OM Ole VLG Statistical constants for D. melanogaster, both races taken together: M = 9.042 + 0.038; o = 0.610 + 0.027; V = 6.74 + 0.29. 44 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS. In general, the two sexes of drosophiline flies are quite similar in appearance, but secondary sexual characters can nevertheless often be found. The following is only a partial catalogue of such sexual differences, and includes only the more striking differences and the less conspicuous ones that occur on the commoner forms. Sex-combs: A comb-like row of about ten short, stiff, slightly curved black bristles occurs on the inner distal surface of the basal tarsal joint of the front leg in the males of some species. I have never seen such a comb in a female. It is invariably present in the males of Drosophila melanogaster (see plate 3, fig. 2), D. simulans, D. affinis, the European D. confusa Staeger, and an undescribed South American species that is very similar to D. nebulosa. In D. obscura a somewhat smaller comb is present in this position, and a second one occurs on the second tarsal joint of the front leg (see fig. 47). Here also the female has no tarsal combs. Other leg characters: The male of D. immigrans has the two basal joints of his front tarsus distinctly shorter and thicker than the cor- responding joints of the other legs. In the female all the tarsi are similar in size and shape. In the genus Chymomyza (all the species known to me) the males have a row of long, stiff bristles on the lower side of the front femur. These bristles are either missing or much smaller in the females. As suggested above, this sexual difference may be correlated with the peculiar mating habits of this genus. Ac- cording to Oldenberg (1914, p. 9) there is a sexual difference in the shape and hairiness of the tibise and tarsi in the European D. nigro- sparsa Strobl. Shape of head: In Zygothrica dispar the males have very broad heads, with the eyes conically produced. This character apparently never occurs in the females, and even in the males it is quite variable. I have seen one male in which the head was not broader than is usual for the female. According to Oldenberg (1914), some species of Stegana resemble the Calypterz in that the males have a narrower front than do the females. The same is true of Hendel’s genus Thaumastophila (see Apsinota). Color: In the genus Leucophenga generally the males are paler in color than the females, and have more whitish pollinosity. There is a sexual dimorphism in mesonotal color in the Oriental Drosophila hypocausta Osten Sacken and in the Ethiopian D. aberrans Lamb. According to Oldenberg, sexual differences in thoracic color occur in Acletoxenus and in Phortica. I have observed such differences in Zygothrica. In many species of Drosophila the dark abdominal bands are broader in the male than in the female. In such forms as D. melanogaster, METHODS OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING DROSOPHILIN®. 45 D. simulans, D. funebris, D. obscura, D. affinis, and D. cardini this difference is quite well marked. Size: In most species the males average a little smaller than the females. In the case of D. melanogaster this size difference is a true secondary sexual character, as has been shown by an examination of a large series of gynandromorphs (Morgan and Bridges, 1919). In these specimens male and female parts are combined in the same individual; and it is regularly observed that the male parts are a trifle smaller and bear somewhat smaller bristles and hairs. I have observed the same relation in gynandromorphs of D. simulans. Abdominal structure: As has been pointed out above, the abdominal structure of the two sexes is different in the genus Drosophila. The female has seven well-developed dorso-lateral plates, the male only five. The spiracles are correspondingly different—the female has one on the fifth segment and one on the sixth, while the male has two on the fifth. The ventral abdominal plates are also different. The female has six, the male four, and the posterior members of the series are quite different in shape in the two cases. IX. METHODS OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING DROSOPHILINAE. Most of the Drosophilinz feed on fruit or on fungi, or have leaf- mining larve. The most efficient places to collect them are where food is plentiful. Fruit in grocery stores will yield the commoner species, and more especially the widely distributed ones that are presumably introduced. Windfall apples or other decaying fruit usually repays examination. ‘Tomato patches, even before the fruit is ripe, are worth sweeping. Garbage piles usually have many species. Fleshy fungi, either agarics or Boletine, will yield many forms; they are more prolific after they have decayed somewhat. Bleeding trees should always be examined. My own practice has been to expose fruit in the woods, and collect from it daily for a while. The fruit is usually placed in a bottle and hung in a low tree. This method makes it less likely to be stolen by small mammals, and makes collecting easy, as one simply pours the flies into his collecting bottle. After a week or so the bottle may be brought in, and the larve and pup2 allowed to develop, thus increasing the collection. For this kind of collecting it is advisable to use many different sorts of fruit. I have found banana, pineapple, tomato, and peach to be specially satisfactory. I always bring the collections into the laboratory alive, in order to be able to breed any forms that seem desirable. If this is to be done it is necessary to be careful, especially in the case of sweepings, not to leave predacious forms (spiders, empidids, asilids, ants, etc.) or large 46 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. ““messy”’ ones (grasshoppers, large Hemiptera, etc.) in the same con- tainers. I ordinarily use glass vials for containers, and manipulate the collections between two vials until all undesirables are eliminated. When the collection is in the laboratory it is etherized, and one can examine it carefully at leisure, and dispose of the specimens as he wishes. If the specimens are to be preserved for taxonomic purposes they should be ‘‘pinned’’—not preserved in alcohol or other fluid. It is not so convenient to examine them in a fluid; and descriptions are made from dried material, so that the size, color, shape, etc., can be more easily compared with descriptions and type specimens if the material is dried. Most entomologists insist that Diptera should always be actually pinned—never gummed on cardboard ‘‘points.”’ In practice, however, the small forms, like Drosophiline, are usually mounted on points; and the writer personally much prefers this method. It is out of the question to stick a regular insect pin through ~ such small flies, after the fashion adopted for butterflies or other large insects, for the thorax is thereby mutilated beyond recognition. One is usually recommended to use ‘‘minuten-nadeln,’” which are very minute pins, that must be fastened in some way to the regular pin. This method is tedious, and leaves the specimen either insecurely fastened, or else (if the small pins are stuck clear through the thorax) somewhat mutilated. It is also difficult to carry out successfully on a large scale when working with material that has been long dead and dried, for even when relaxed such material is somewhat brittle. I now mount all my small Diptera on points. Narrow triangular bits of cardboard (ordinary library cards are about the right thickness) are cut, about 8 mm. long and just wide enough at the base to allow an insect pin to be stuck through them. These are mounted, singly, on rather stout insect pins, being placed about a third of the way from the heads of the pins. The specimen is then fastened to the apex of the triangle with a small drop of shellac or glue. The specimen should be mounted on its side, not with the dorsal surface uppermost. This is so that all parts can be examined, at least on one side. The legs are directed toward the pin, so that they are not so likely to be broken off when the specimen is handled later. It is customary to put the pin in the specimen box in such a position that the point projects to the left. The specimen is mounted so that its head will project forward when the pin is so placed, 7. e., its left side is fastened to the point. Each specimen should be labeled with the place and date of capture, and the collector’s name may be placed on the same label. Such labels are often obtained in quantity from a printer. In such a case very small type should be used. If a small collection is made from a locality, it is ordinarily more convenient to make small labels by hand, with India ink and a crow-quill pen. Additional data (habits, food METHODS OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING DROSOPHILINE. 47 on which the specimen was found, etc.) should be placed on a separate label. It is often not convenient to mount specimens as they are collected. I have found the following method very satisfactory for keeping material until it is mounted: A paper tube is made, by wrapping a small piece of paper around a pencil and bending in one end so it will stay closed. This is then filled with specimens, which are shaken down (before they become thoroughly dry and brittle), until they do not rattle around. Such a tube, with the upper end folded in so as to stay shut, and properly labeled, may be kept indefinitely so long as it is kept free from mold, dermestids, and ants. Ht will also stand a surprising amount of rough treatment, provided the specimens are not too loosely packed. When one is ready to mount the specimens he has only to place the tube in a moist chamber for a day or two. Then when it is unrolled the specimens will be relaxed and ready for mounting. A collection of small Diptera is not as difficult to keep up as is a collection of larger insects, for the reason that dermestids do not very often attack such small forms. One must, however, keep such specimens in tight wooden boxes, and moth-balls should be kept in the boxes. If ordinary pins be heated red hot and their heads stuck into moth-balls, the latter may then be readily stuck in the insect boxes. If a collection does become infested, a liberal dose of carbon- bisulphide fumes will remove the difficulty. A microscope is necessary for the study and identification of most Drosophiline. 15 64 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. The Palearctic forms have been tabled and discussed by Becker (1908, Mitt. zool. Mus., 4). The four North American forms may be separated by the following key: 1. Four acrostichal rows in front of the suture; usually with a dark spot at tip of FLAY L572) RAS le Ras Mae ee MaRnE Ut ghasaAe ol Eh OV te PsN ERI 0, Bd 2) 2 Two acrostichal: rows; wings unspotted | oo)) 4 Gite ee oe cane Fatale 3 2 VE OMIALC AUEITVT ALG. Ve Ns S621 ity la ute | 7) SR 2 SU ge Rs terminalis One large trumierall se oie ee aie od ea Na Shs Glade Gh RE AIS ee a ane em adusta 3. Dark brownish, pollinose on mesonotum; palpi yellow.................... graminum Yellowish, not pollinose;: palpi dark. 1.05600 2A a vittata Scaptomyza terminalis Loew. 1863. Berl. ent. Zeit., 7, 32 (as Drosophila). Drosophila apicata Thomson. 1868. Eugen. Resa., 597. Specimens examined: Sitka, Alaska (Loew’s type); Mount Constitution, Vashon, Winlock, Washington (A. L. Melander); Moscow Mountain, Idaho (A. L. Melander); Claremont, San Mateo County (Baker), Muir Woods (J. C. Bradley), Eureka (H. 8. Barber), Palo Alto (J. M. Aldrich), California; Kaslo, British Columbia (R. P. Currie); Vancouver; Mount Washington, New Hampshire (Mrs. Slosson); Eastport, Maine; Montreal, Quebec (Melander collection); Middletown, New York (C. R. Crosby, “from cabbage”’). This species is extremely variable in size, color, and wing-markings. There may be more than one species included. This species is very close to the published descriptions of S. uncpunctum Zetter- stedt, from northern Europe, and may be identical with it. Scaptomyza adusta Loew. 1862. Berlin ent. Zeit., 6, 231 (as Drosophila). (Plate 2, fig. 1.) Specimens examined: Hanover, New Hampshire; Norwich, Vermont; Monument Beach, Woods Hole, Nantucket, Fall River, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Cold Spring Harbor, New York, Staten Island, New York; New Brunswick, New Jersey; Bloomington, Indiana (F. Payne); Flat Rock (F. N. Duncan), Algonquin (D. W. Coquillett), Illinois; Lawrence, Kansas (E. 8. Tucker); Colorado Springs (E. 8. Tucker), Boulder (T. D. A. Cockerell), Colorado; Cabin John Bridge, Plummer’s Island, Maryland (R. C. Shannon); Washington, District of Columbia; Dead Run (R. C. Shannon), Arlington, Richmond, Virginia; Greenville, South Carolina; Lakeland (C. W. Metz), Tampa (C. W. Metz), Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson), Florida; Gulfcrest, Kushla, Alabama; Opelousas, Louisiana (Melander collection); Austin, Texas (W. M. Wheeler). Recorded from Bermuda by Johnson. Scaptomyza graminum Fallén. 1823. Dipt. Suec. Geomyz., 8 (as Drosophila). Drosophila flavipennis Zetterstedt and D. sordida Zetterstedt. Specimens examined: Germany (U. 8S. Nat. Mus.); Hanover, Isle of Shoals, Mount Washington (Mrs. Slosson), New Hampshire; Norwich, Vermont; Monument Beach, Nantucket, Woods Hole, Fall River, Massa- chusetts; Cold Spring Harbor, Staten Island, Ithaca (S. W. Frost), New York; Fort Lee, Paterson, New Jersey; Cabin John Bridge, Plummer’s Island, Chesapeake Beach, Maryland (R. C. Shannon); Rock Creek, District of Columbia; Dead Run (R. C. Shannon), Great Falls (N. Banks), Arlington, Richmond, Virginia; West Virginia; Bloomington, Indiana (F. Payne); Chicago, Illinois (Melander collection); Clarksville, Tennessee (U. S. Nat. Mus. coll.); Greenville, South Carolina; Kushla, Alabama; Opelousas, Louisiana (Melander collection); Lakeland, Florida (C. W- Metz); College Station, Texas (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Lawrence, Kansas (E. 8S. Tucker); Potlatch, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich); Almota, Pullman, Washington RPA mY o>. iy \" AN yea ha | 3 : E. M. WALLACE Pinx. 1, Scaptomyza adusta, ¢. 2, Drosophila busckii, ¢. 3, Drosophila funebris, 2 . HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 65 (A. L. Melander); Nelson (A. L. Melander), Kaslo (R. P. Currie), British Columbia. Recorded in Europe from the Faroe, Canary, and Madeira Islands to Sweden, Austria, Egypt, and Corsica. Scaptomyza vittata Coquillett. 1895. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 47 (as Drosophila). Specimens examined: Biscayne Bay, Florida (Mrs. Slosson); Herradura (C. W. Metz), Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba; Yallahas Valley, Jamaica (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. coll.); San Jose, Costa Rica. Coquillett recorded the species from Porto Rico. Ihave seen the specimen in the U.S. National Museum, and am unable to convince myself that it is the same species, though it may well be so. I have also seen specimens of Scaptomyza from Peru and from Argentina. The latter at least were not S. vittata. Czerny (1903, Wien. ent. Zeit., 22) has seen the genus from Mexico. Drosophila Fallén. 1823. Dipt. Suec. Geomyz., 2, 4. Arista plumose; vibrisse and ocellars present; three orbitals, lowermost proclinate, upper two reclinate, middle one smaller than the others (second one placed a trifle below the third in D. alabamensis); postverticals large (missing in D. dubia); one or more hu- merals; one presutural; two notopleurals; two supra-alars; two postalars; one to three sternopleurals; mesopleurzee bare; two dorsocentrals (one in D. superba); prescutellars usually absent (present in D. sigmoides, D. flore, and species similar to each, represented by large hairs in D. repleta and other forms); two pairs of scutellars, posterior ones crossed; disk of scutellum bare; costa twice broken, reaches apex of fourth vein; two small bristles just before distal costal break (one in D. immigrans); discal and second basal cells con- fluent; anal cell present, often incomplete; preapicals evident at least on third tibiex; acrostichal hairs in six or more rows in front of transverse suture (four in D. opaca), four or more between the anterior dorsocentral bristles. The name Drosophila (Greek; dpécos, dew, and ¢idn, lover) means ‘‘dew- lover.” This is apparently the reason for the German name ‘‘Taufliege.”’ These names are purely fanciful, as the flies are not in any special way dew frequenters. ‘There seems to be no corresponding English term. In Eng- lish the names fruit fly, pomace fly, sour fly, and vinegar fly are sometimes used. Fruit fly is not a desirable term, as it is commonly restricted to the Trypetine, a very different subfamily, many of the larve of which feed on growing fruit. Pomace fly and vinegar fly both imply a very much narrower range of normal food habit than actually occurs. The technical name, Drosophila, has already become established in biological literature, so that it seems desirable to use it for the common as well as the scientific name. Many of the best-known genera of Acalyptere were established by Fallén in his “Diptera Suecize’”’—e. g., Sciomyza, Lonchea, Sapromyza, Sepsis, Piophila, Notiphila, Psilopa, Ephydra, Agromyza. Among these was Drosophila. This genus was described for the following twelve Swedish species, all described as new except one. The present status of those species no longer considered to belong to Drosophila is also given. D. curvipennis Fallén (to Stegana). D. tristis Fallén. D. variegata Fallén (to Phortica = Stegana). D. fusculaFallén (to Diastata—Geomyzinz). D. funebris Fabricius. D. cinerella Fallén. D. fenestrarum Fallén. D. flava Fallén (to Scaptomyza). D. transversa Fallén. D. graminum Fallén (to Scaptomyza). D. obscura Fallén. D. glabra Fallén (to Camilla). The third of these, Musca funebris Fabricius, was designated by Curtis (1833, Brit. Ent., p. 473) as the type species. Table 8 shows approximately the number of described species that may be taken as probably valid members of the genus. All those described by Walker and by Hutton have been omitted unless recognized later by other 66 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. students. In general, the opinion of the most recent student has been accepted in matters of synonymy and generic references. TABLE 8. Species that also Total species. occur in other regions. IPaleareLicmnnicecb ae BG HIOPIAM ieee heron siete Ornientalam enema: anlar mee: INCRE CUIC iss Hey ee sp esee re INeotropicaly res eae Rte Polynesiane nya. samen eee Total, 228, less 26 duplicate entries, 202. * Includes Australia and New Zealand. This list, of course, is an index of the thoroughness with which the various regions have been studied, as well as of the number of species actually occurring in them. The total of 202 species is certainly far too small. Perkins (Fauna Haw., 1, clxxxix) says not less than 250 species of the tribe must occur in the Hawaiian Islands alone, and most of these forms appar- ently belong to the genus Drosophila itself. All the regions except the Palearctic and Nearctic will certainly yield very many more species when they are thoroughly collected, and the two regions named are by no means exhausted of new species. The distribution of the genus within each region is not adequately known, but it seems probable that Drosophila is to be found everywhere except in very cold regions. The data on the point that I have collected from the literature and from my own observation of specimens follow: Palearctic: Faroe and Canary Islands to Sweden, Egypt, Chinese Turkestan, and Japan‘ Ethiopian: Eritrea to Ashantee, Rhodesia, Mauritius, and the Seychelles. Oriental: New Zealand to the Philippines, Java, and India. Nearttic: Nova Scotia to British Columbia, southern California, and Florida, Bermuda. Neotropical: Florida, Bahamas, and Cuba to Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. Polynesian: Tahiti, Hawaii, Fiji. D. remota Walker was described from the island of Tristan d’Acunha; but, like most of Walker’s species, this can not be accepted until verified. There are not very many species of Drosophila common to the nearctic and Neotropical regions (only eight). In addition, three Neotropical species occur in southern Florida, where Nearctic species are also to be found. Since a number of the Neotropical species are imperfectly known, it is difficult to place them conveniently in a key. Accordingly two keys have been constructed. The first, which is only slightly modified from the one already published (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 38, 443), includes the known Nearctic species, and the three Neotropical forms found in southern Florida (D. lutzii, D. willistoni, and D. cardini). The second key includes the Neotropical forms known from the West Indies (including Trinidad) and from Central America (including Panama) and Mexico. or SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 67 Nerarctic Species oF DROSOPHILA. . Acrostichal hairs, just in front of dorsocentral bristles, in six rows. ...........---. 2 NOTOSCICHAL MANES TE OMEN TOW rc steals sale accra'e costco let tiee aya leile prance oddog a helerg ate e ares 20 . Facial carina very small, absent or very narrow below; second oral bristle not CUM OR PULI CHE LES Us A cy scare chain or eclar lorale Solera set meted a/aire rates mleereasaphn leis oss vale 3 AEN E HOT REN NCIC Un erate Erte unre tior teh rete far asa eke cee we neeelcre a ataMule, pie ay aah e ee 5 . Yellow; third antennal joint large, with long yellow hairs; fourth-vein index CobaYa Fev ope OP Palla tat Bie at anf cA Ai el I cn RS aC MR LN HE duncani (p. Blackish; third antennal joint as usual; fourth-vein index over 2.0............ . Costal index 3.0 or over; a comb of stout black bristles on inner side of basitarsal HOMME Op tinsh leo. et iialery i oye ae cle cla eet ie es oo eithha amar eteleretene affinis (p. 94) Costaliindeximder 2:5? “no tarsalicomib 3000. 2 oes oe ase oie alabamensis (p. 102) . Wings with about thirteen small dark spots along veins; mesonotum yellow, striped with reddish brown; first two to four oral bristles nearly equal. guttifera (p. 103) Wings much clouded; posterior cross-vein sinuate; small prescutellars present. sigmoides (p. 70) Wings clear, or slightly clouded along cross-veins or tips of longitudinal Veins eves se . A pair of presutural acrostichal bristles present; yellowish-brown species. putrida (p. 81) DNC MBSSILUTA REPOStTCHAIS 4/5, 01 ch Dee tere a ad a ae ere ote a ict ) afte taste lobe ateaay er sak if 7. Second orbital about half length of first; only one large oral bristle; yellow species; Deg Mana lation are (tote a GEE Rs ete Tepe aN etn he ie ordinaria (p. 86) Second oroitalliless than’ half lengthvot first): 2.) deed os aloe pee le ste a 8 8. Costal index not more than 2.1; Neotropical species, found in southern Florida... 9 Wostalindex mot tess tam o2eh 2 J). toe cuatera a sto hetalis nh eaters onl «ha! Sa, auahe) aie: cual abalatevere « 10 9. Reddish-brown species; bristles and branches of arista short; lives in flowers. lutzit (p. 74) Yellow; bristles and arista as usual; lives in fruit................. willistoni (p. 89) 10. Ground-color of mesonotum blackish or grayish, not at all yellowish...........- by Ground-color of mesonotum yellow, or reddish brown............-..-..+0++0-5 16 11. Second oral bristle over half length of first; fourth-vein index about 1.8........ 12 Seponucorall less thar inelt first) 00-8 Fae ye diainos oie es ove change cates let tel aevelel aia aheeS aye sel ec 13 12. Carina broad; costal index about 3.0; 2.7 mm. long................. virilis (p. 97) Carina narrow; costal index about 4.0; 1.5 mm. long........ pseudomelanica (p. 94) 13. Carina distinctly suleate; mesonotum grayish pollinose, irregularly marked with reddish brown om. lOmp aL eat on NS kh Sk sulcata (p. 96) BNO aS OC NOT tt cat eben aba) Fy wee aN MP AE eal yk MGI aE a A be tate 14 i4csbirst. cox: black below > 2:5)mm. long v2 kas ol fe poe he leer OG see robusta, below Birst cox browses mre Ones eS I NL Mag oe alah ocean NI Sunt te the il acaent 15 18. 19. 20. 21. . Mesonotum blackish brown; ‘‘ cheek ”’ one-sixth greatest diameter of eye. melanica (p. 95) Mesonotum brownish black; ‘“ cheek ’’ one-third diameter of eye. melanissima (p. 95) . Wings clear; abdomen banded; only one large oral bristle......... melanderi (p. 82) At least posterior cross-vein slightly Fe ETLE(G (25 GLASS DD a DA EP MOM OMe DEA ete AG 17 . Reddish yellow; abdomen banded; Neotropical species found in southern Florida. cardint (p. 78) Retiany VIG UIPECCIS Redes ae oie u cued aya Chula eg a LUN dod ci lasieg clam eh aite lala fe 18 Abdomen with interrupted posterior dark band on each of first four segments, and a median anterior spot on third, fourth, and fifth segments. tripunctata (p. 82) Abdomen spotted, but without median spots... ...........-.- scene reece eee 19 Dull yellow; tips of longitudinal veins not clouded............... transversa (p. 81) Shining yellow; tips of second, third, and fourth veins clouded...... quinaria (p. 80) Carina minute; small prescutellars present; wings much clouded ..... inversa (p. 71) Carina not minute; prescutellars not clearly differentiated; wings clear or with Seas EhOMAS PONE ONS Hole e Wart ae niecalt) Soule al a, dia late/oheha late alafdlelAials ete aleig teeceie « 21 Mesonotum yellow, with distinct blackish longitudinal stripes; second orbital HEATLY AMV ee AS HAUG ae) toa css veg ois is cinyelale wo Rlovealtbe voahd olalalalas busckit (p. 77) Mesonotum light gray, with numerous dark-brown spots; carina sulcate........ 22 NTeSON GUNA MOU CISIINCLLY: MIA KEG )!) ice. 2 are 'e\e ove Uinicig)s aie ee rope sie sieve pie ste ecsce 23 68 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. First coxa dark brown below; dark abdominal bands with pale spots on lateral BANEATPPATA BS 209 cay ui hig tices ent VANS Sa I a ce art repleta (p. 99) First coxa pale below; pale lateral spots on abdominal segments present. mulleri (p. 101) First coxa pale below; no lateral pale spots on dark abdominal bands... hydei (p. 101) Costal index about 1.0; fourth-vein index about 5.5; pleurze with a dark stripe BIO VC ee iat hie ia Sesoae es Graal 5 ate hay wis AA cu atc Oe NER See quadrata (p. 76) Costal index 2.0 or over; fourth-vein index less than 3.0; no pleural stripe...... 24 Blackish species, not at all reddish or yellowish.......................000005. 25 Vellow; cor rec hishy jy Oven cis aio ieles oun nth Aelia les nape alee ea, ee sen ese 26 Costal index about 4.0; 2.5 mm. long; no combs on tarsi............. robusta (p. 96) Costal index about 2.7; 2 mm. long; a comb of short, stout bristles on each of the two basal tarsal joints of the first legs of the male.............. obscura (p. 93) Costal index less than 3.0; fourth-vein index about 2.3; the male has a comb of short, stout bristles on the basal tarsal joint of the first leg................ 27 Costal index over 3.5; fourth-vein index less than 1.5; no tarsal combs......... 28 Genital arch of the male with a hook-like posterior process (fig. 13); cheeks FELAEIVeLy ATO Wy (ey AS) ore eh e Akne e et eh NO Lae ena melanogaster (p. 89) Genital arch of the male with a clam-shell-like posterior process (fig. 14); cheeks broad erie AB yrs ees dee ak sare fay wee amr sar nN SUN DEAL R SR simulans (p. 91) Dull yellow, not at all reddish; a row of very short, stout bristles on lower apical part of front femur; wings slightly clouded on posterior cross-vein and tips of Second) and GIN Vela > 6 ois). ines akenaia ie PT eee ae immigrans (p. 83) Reddish brown; no combs on femora; wings clear, or occasionally slightly clouded ON. DOShETION COBS=VOUN! 5 270), Me hh al eis Sie Bey ied Sete ah eee funebris (p. 84) NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. 1. Wings distinctly spotted or clouded other than narrowly along the veins........ 2 Wings clear, or clouded along veins, or spotted along veins but not on blade..... 7 2. About ten acrostichal rows; a single pair of dorsocentrals. .. . . superba (p. ec Six acrostichal rows; two pairs’ of dorsocentrals. 2... 25. 2. hanes eee 3: Prescutellar bristles distinct pristles DrOWR. S05... ent bere se 2 ea ce ; iPrescutcuars not atieremtiated 2.5". wit 2 se Seem ae ene larg Sued a cee em 5 4. Costal index over 3.0; posterior cross-vein sinuate...................... jlexa (p. 71) Wonbalindexnndenis On 6 ok hiss coe cae eae ae, a ues he aan oT paradoxa (p. 72) 5. Two large oral bristles; wings entirely smoky; fourth-vein index 2.0 or over. nebulosa (p. _ First oral over twice second; wings spotted; fourth-vein index under 2.0....... GoPAVSDOUIBCuGID Olay LOR ek tees nen kenere mica ites Greene crane Ok cpa vittatifrons (p. oar Wings spotted also'on basal'portion’. 220. 0. Se ec ne cee ome calloptera (p. 103) [SS eh LIST SMa are 4 Slain eatin A a ae PG EN DPR calloptera ornatipennis (p. 104) 7. Mesonotum velvety black; four acrostichal rows....................opaca (p. 104) Mesonotamnot welvety Diack.) 6c ho csccn os sete ie eye an Lane aie cea ears eee 8. Face white; six acrostichal rows; carina large; mesonotum yellowish........... 9 DE CCPeM0C0) Hid 1 Cee a at TN A a eg a CORY ANT IA eam aa Uches 10 OO BTrOnt VENOW. AOGONIET DANCE jo occ ee is chee ce bine eee pee ease albirostris (p. 78) rant, prowl \apdomen blacks) ek in ees ee VN oe Spee a pe metzit Ae e 10. Carina absent, or small and confined to upper part of face........... Garinig mresenPrGlow cee ee ee ek set MANE UE aE nn Sue OT ee is 11. Mesonotum yellow in front and on sides, shading into metallic bluish black in oaULO KCI Ket oYe eon aLG beac a ausinate tata PeANN HD IDaIe eaten! Sn py NERA aa A a metallica (p. Mesonotum more or legs definitely striped .).0 foe ee ences se ele ems Mesonotumtimmarked, ‘ehining blacks oc cake eats cies es) ctee, he = Mesonotum unmarked: ‘yellow or/browat 0.) 2/5 (oa 2 hone oo ao lease Siemens 14 12. One prominent oral bristle; third antennal joint long, yellow, hairy...prognatha (p. 75) Two prominent oral bristles; third antennal joint as ‘usual. (pulchella—see below, under 22) fa ocubellamshimingb lacks Avi Na eerie Giens me are Gk Ueki ans Scene dubia (p. 73) Scutellum velvety Diathwes samt et eoln snus 2a OAC caer Paine ta splendida (p. 73) polar (274 (2 UBD a ab A VP seh Se Oa be TEMAS GAD aA 6 splendida luteipes (p. 74) SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 69 14. Bluish-black metallic stripes on front; costal index 1.5 or less; wings clear. verticis (p. 87) Costa and cross-veins clouded; costal index over 2.0................. sororia (p. 87) WanpR clear: costal index about 1.8. 2.602% ibid eschew es Medes nana (p. 87) Pee NIEGONOUUIMAUMIPOU OF HPOLLEE. «aslo ia ne eee ces OR a ee EE) Rie OR 16 Wu Wes ap tergt tsa Pict? ccd 2") had Wein Bile EGE 01 i SUMe a goo AA ar Green UE Gl RN Cr ae 29 16. Front not widened above, largely velvety black; palpi dilated, black; face reced- ing; mesonotum dull brown, with two narrow stripes in front. . ‘bilineata (p. 102) IN ARY ARIOVIE) Os oh) ee) SOR Gees RUA PEI YI ecole Sets stele CRO ane ee ne ate ik iW Rider PA METIC SENET EAN FRCATE PSGR TA GS ESE RS US ho Heh Os satis ola ca la ASN a IE MR ROR I 18 Acrostieha LD Wainsinele NG TOW neh ee cal pik eke hh Ol eciureel Mebane hie inal ea eh 23 18. Veins clouded; posterior cross-vein sinuate; prescutellars present. (fleca, see above, under 4) Veins not distinctly clouded; posterior cross-vein straight...................... 19 19. First oral bristle more than twice the second. ..: 6.0). ) ee eee ed 20 Bits orakless ceanrbwice SeCONG, cask ioral ee ae cs Wie coc aa dike oie tee a sein ks 21 20. Mesonotum gray, with dark spots; dull........................... fasciola (p. 99) Mesonotum yellow and brown striped; shining...................... poeyt (p. 76) 2), ‘Bourth-vem index: 2.5 or over; 1.5 mm; Jong ys 6 6 PE saltans (p. 98) Fourth-vein index 2.0 or less; usually 2mm. long.........................0-. 22 een eae AM OD eRSer ch. aisiatenlee ee Hoi fe sha cton a ns we (earlei—see below, under 28) GPE RG VEET ELOyap edi hac aby Ue cline en cers ere gic e PR ees bl pulchella (p. 88) 23. Mesonotum yellow, with blackish stripes.......................... busckit (p. 77) Brenonotiun blackish or brownish 3 slice eee alate kee nila, 40nd aes Bete 24 24. Mesonotum gray, with many small dark-brown spots......................... 25 Mesonotum: striped or irregularly spotted 6 5.0.6 oe bs eke views sleet eee a 27 25. Pteropleura pale yellow; spots between dorsocentral rows largely fused to form OO AVEC CULAR I SEEM DES dpi) sye 0 ik ra ee oe ag enans CUM eo cide ee sara tate ramsdeni (p. 102) Pteropleura brownish in part; numerous spots between dorsocentral rows....... 26 . First coxa dark brown below; dark abdominal bands with pale spots on lateral ASEAN ee ane ie ties 8 Si tance EY Sak Nu ae gO WEP TA eC ad Pa repleta (p. 99) First coxa pale below; pale lateral spots on abdominal segments present. mullert (p. 101) First coxa pale below; no lateral spots on dark abdominal bands....... hydei (p. 101) . Cross-veins slightly clouded; carina subsulcate................... annularis (p. 99) SSTORS-UETBS HO EICIGMGE GM titolo Kosta ety aie ica kn: MORN ah Uh Oil uae oe ee 28 . One prominent oral bristle; carina sulcate......................05. coffeata (p. 98) wo largse oral bristles: carma, not suleate ... . 3s. 2 <). 4 slew. aking cee earlet (p. 98) Bee CROS BEC ISLE ELSEL TOY MASSES SPORES 6G) Sie sca Goes Bd wh ss rates carats 16 ee olde, Phat isd Hie bee dteh shes oder Mae 30 FACrOSMEHAL NAICS IVI h LOWS) 0422 oe eieeo nial al havoc og epee win Sa US RO eae & 33 . First oral bristle over twice second; reddish brown; bristles and branches of ATISLRISHOLG sees oe pe APN ea acy elas mead. PERO Tela eae gl ru, ge ly lutzit (p. 74) First oral bristle not over twice second; yellowish; bristles and branches of arista OSAP STU PMA OE RISA AUG eh Ly RGA RA A A Pet ce TERR AR Re D/A A 31 . Costal index less than 2.0; fourth-vein index more than 2.0........ willistoni (p. 89) Costal index more than 2.5; fourth-vein index less than 2.0................... 382 aeminine*) abdominal black bands broad.) )).). 0)... snd ae woe ces cardint (p. 78) ial: abdominal black bands narrow 6) 2! coke ewe similis (p. 79) . Veins distinctly clouded; only one bristle at distal costal break; a row of short, stout bristles on inner distal part of first femur............. immigrans (p. 83) Without any of above characters, except rarely a faint cloud on posterior cross- SUIESENA) SUEUR Datey em VOLE Deo AU MIC Le ha i ieN ed i Cog IR eMC a SS ue 34 . Prescutellars present; costal index about 2.5; only one prominent oral bristle... 35 PE VORCHICL Mr reHeOb MPCEDITIAGEU a Foi aici ae a wick are ale arora See Reape Mee rh uly aa Gud 36 PE CLO WINE CIES tab uiU nnn onmncn: MR HLM. aU ln a gH oll ANU Hes Uk OU ae bromelie (p. 72) SEO WI ADECIES PVOR TEBOW ERS 0. ginal rc ele fal. oss faire ualanci be ee UL flore (p. 72) . One prominent oral bristle; yellow throughout; bristles yellowish... .. torret (p. 86) Bristles black; black or brown, at least on abdomen.......................4.. 37 . Mesonotum yellow; costal index under 2.5; fourth-vein index over 2.0......... 38 Mesonotum brown or black; costal index over 2.5; fourth-vein index under 2.0.. 39 70 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. 38. Genital arch of male with a hook-like posterior process (fig. 13); cheeks relatively rive y cru Oy fk (01 ee: 159) DR ORR Aa EON RE PimeT cae GT DNR MAES iD. | melanogaster (p. 89) Genital arch with a clamshell-like posterior process (fig. 14); cheeks broader (ct (0) Lies en rae Ma uP he meee nia Seni Aihcdeee NM ALAA A OF CANOE YES ....stmulans (p. 91) 39. First oral bristle not twice second; not found in flowers............. funebris (p. 84) First oral bristle over twice second; live in flowers...................0ceeeee- 40 40) (Browns: costalingex Over Oye a0 c\ idee) sete tly faire han oc te ae eer Ls a alfart (p. 75) Blacks costal mdexcumder 3.0) acyic5 yk an ea Cet ee One aha tristant (p. 75) Not included in the above key: illota (p. 80). For purposes of description, the species of Drosophila listed below have been separated into several groups. Of these the first three, typified by D. sigmoides Loew, D. flore Sturtevant, and D. dubia n. sp., respectively, are fairly distinct. They might be separated as new genera if one were inclined to multiply generic names. Perhaps the first two might be united to form a single new genus. The groups typified by D. lutzii Sturtevant and by D. prognatha Sturtevant, respectively, are also fairly distinct, but are harder to define satisfactorily than are the first three. Among the miscellaneous species, D. opaca Williston and D. superba Sturtevant are quite unusual, and each of these might serve as the type of a new genus if one were so inclined. D. calloptera Schiner and D. guttifera Walker are scarcely less anomalous. The other species, I think, may safely be con- sidered as typical congeners of D. funebris Fabricius, the type. I have been unable to even make a satisfactory arbitrary division of them into groups. Group A. Prescutellars present; wings clouded; slender species; bristles and hairs brown; not frequenters of fruit. Drosophila sigmoides Loew. 1872. Berlin. ent. Zeit., 16, 102. o, 2. Arista with about four branches above and three below. Antenne yellow, third joint brown. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; brown. Second orbital about one-half other two. Second oral bristle less than half length of first. Carina broad and flat; face yellow. Clypeus prominent. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short, fine pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; prescutellar bristles well developed. Mesonotum reddish brown, grayish yellow between the dorsocentral rows. Scutellum grayish yellow. Pleurze grayish brown. Legs yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz; preapicals on third. Bristles and hairs brown. Abdomen dull brown, no markings visible. Wings grayish, darker along anterior margin; blackish at tips of second, third, and fourth veins and on both cross-veins. There is usually a clear spot between the second and third veins, and another between the third and fourth. Posterior cross-vein distinctly sinuate. Costal index about 4.0; fourth-vein index about 1.5; 5x index about 1.0; 4c index about 0.7. Length body 2.3 mm.; wings 2.5 mm. Specimens examined: Cold Spring Harbor, New York (C. W. Metz); Algonquin, Illinois (D. W. Coquillett); Plummer’s Island, Maryland (A. K. Fisher); Falls Church (Nathan Banks), Diggs (R. C. Shannon), Virginia; St. Elmo (near Chattanooga), Tennessee (W. S. Adkins); North Carolina (U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Pickett Springs (near Montgomery, F. E. Watson), Gulferest, Kushla, Alabama; Plano (E. S. Tucker), type locality (Loew material), Texas. I have collected this form in southern Alabama by sweeping grass and weeds. Attempts to get it to breed on fruit have not been successful. It was not attracted to fruit that was exposed for several days in a small patch of young plants of Solidago canadensis, from which D. sigmoides could be swept at any time. The specimen from New York, however, was collected by Dr. Metz on windfall apples. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 71 This species was recorded by Ainslie (1906, Canad. Ent., 38, 44) as bred from the froth of a Clastoptera. As I have previously pointed out, the specimens are now in the U. 8S. National Museum, and are in reality D. inversa Walker. Drosophila flexa Loew. 1865. Berlin. ent. Zeit., 9, 182. o, 2. Arista with four or five branches above and three below. Antenne yellow. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; dull yellow. Second orbital about one- third other two. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina low, broad; face yellowish brown. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; prescutellar bristles long, not very stout. Mesonotum and scutellum dull yellowish-brown, with three narrow indistinct yellowish stripes: a median one extending from anterior edge of mesonotum to apex of scutellum, and a pair of lateral ones in the dorsocentral lines. Pleurze brown, yellowish pollinose. Legs yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibix, preapicals on third. Bristles and hairs brown. Abdomen dull brown, each segment darker on posterior margin, and more yellowish on lateral part. Wings with a black spot at tip of each longitudinal vein, that on the second being the largest, and a distinct clouding on each cross-vein. Posterior cross-vein distinctly sinuate. Costal index about 3.7; fourth-vein index about 1.3; 5x index about 1.0; 4c index about 0.7. Length body 2.5 mm.; wings 2.7 mm. Specimens examined: type locality (Gundlach, Loew material), Herra- dura (C. W. Metz), San Luis (C. W. Metz), near Aguada Pasajeros, Cuba; San Marcos, Nicaragua (Baker); Tabernilla, Panama (A. Busck). Dr. Metz and I have collected this species in Cuba by sweeping. It has not been found about fruit, and we have been unable to get it to breed on fruit in the laboratory, though the adults are quite hardy. Drosophila inversa Walker. 1861. Trans. Ent. Soc., 5, 331. o', 2. Arista with three or four short branches above and one or two below. Antennz brown. Front about one-third width of head, wider above; brown. Second orbital about one-half other two. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina scarcely present; face pale yellow. Cheeks pale yellow; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short pile. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; small prescutellars present. Mesonotum and scutellum yellowish brown; pleure paler. Legs yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. All bristles and hairs brown. Abdomen brown, paler in the dorsal region. Wings clouded on anterior margin and posterior cross-vein. Posterior cross-vein straight. Costal index about 3.0; fourth-vein index about 1.8; 5z index about 2.0; 4c index about 0.8. Length of body 2.5 mm.; wings 2.5 mm. Specimens examined: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (Mrs. Slosson); Norwich, Vermont (C. W. Johnson); Gloucester, Beverley, Newton, Massachusetts (C. W. Johnson); Ithaca (S. W. Frost), New York, New York; Avalon, Wildwood, New Jersey (C. W. Johnson); La Fayette, Indiana (J. M. Aldrich); Algonquin, Illinois (D. W. Coquillett); Olmsted County, Minnesota (C. N. Ainslie); Bellingham, Washington (A. L. Melander). Walker gives the type locality as “U.S.” The specimens from Minnesota are those reported (as D. sigmoides Loew) by Ainslie (1906, Canad. Ent., 38, 44) as bred from pupz found in Clastoptera froth. This is the only available information on the breeding habits of the species. Like D. nebulosa, Cladocheta nebulosa, and the species of Chymomyza, this species has the habit of frequently spreading its wings. All these species have ornamented wings. Note: Since the above was written Baerg (1920, Ent. News, 31:20) has reported this species as living in the spittle masses of Clastoptera obtusa. 72 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. Drosophila paradoxa Lamb. 1918. Bull. Ent. Research, 9, 159. 3, 9. Arista with four branches above and one below. Antenne pale yellow. Second and third orbitals inserted at the same level. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina absent. Palpi pale orange, clavate, with two small bristles near the tip. Eyes with sparse ile. ‘ Acrostichal hairs in six rows; prescutellars well developed. A small dorsocentral bristle in front of the two that are usual for the genus. Mesonotum pale yellow, rather shiny. Scutellum and pleure pale yellow. Legs pale yellow. Bristles and hairs brown. Abdomen yellow, slightly shining; last two segments darker posteriorly. Wings clouded along anterior margin and posterior cross-vein. Costal index a little over 2; fourth-vein index about 1.6. Length body just under 2 mm.; wing the same. I have not seen this species. The above description is drawn entirely from Lamb’s admirable account of the type material. The species is known only from St. Joseph, Trinidad, West Indies, where it was collected by Mr. C. B. Willams. It is parasitic on a species of Clastoptera found on Casuarina trees. Williams collected about thirty spittle masses of this frog-hopper, and ‘‘about half of these contained Drosophila larve, most of which had their heads buried in the abdomen of the Clastoptera nymphs, the head being usually inserted between the dorsal abdominal plates.’ In the same paper Lamb has presented notes on another Neotropical species of Drosophila, found by Williams in the froth of a Clastoptera in Panama. The specimens were too fragmentary for description, and the same is true of one that Mr. Williams sent me. Group B. Small prescutellars present; wings clear; bristles and hairs brown; dull-colored species. Drosophila flore Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 339. o', 9. Arista with about four branches above and three below. Antennz dull brown, third joint darker. Front about one-third width of head, wider above; dull yellowish- brown. Second orbital one-half other two. Second oral bristle about one-third first. Carina broad, flat; face dull yellowish-brown. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-eighth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with fine black pile. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; prescutellars present. Mesonotum, scutellum, and pleure dull brown. Legs pale brown; apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz; preapicals on third. Bristles and hairs brown. Abdomen dark brown; basal segment with a yellowish-brown transverse band. Wings clear. Costal index about 2.5; fourth-vein index about 1.8; 5x index about 1.4; 4c index about 1.0. Length body 2.2 mm.; wing the same. Specimens examined: Havana (type series), Guareiras, Cuba; Mayaguez, Adjuntas, Naguabo, Porto Rico (Lutz and Mutchler); Tegucigalpa, Hon- duras (F. J. Dyer); San Jose, Costa Rica. The species is to be found, often in great numbers, in the corolle of large flowers such as those of species of Datura, melons, etc. I have reared adults from Datura flowers collected in Costa Rica. Some of these took at least eight days to develop—probably longer. The chromosomes of D. jflor@ have been described by Metz (1916, Amer. Nat., 50, 592; see p. 39 of this paper). Drosophila bromeliz, new species. 9. Arista with about five branches above and two below. Antenne yellow, third joint darker. Front about one-third width of head, wider above; yellow. Second orbital one-half other two. Second oral bristle less than one-half first. Carina prominent, flat; face pale brown. Cheeks pale brown; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diam- eter of eyes. Eyes with fine short pile. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 73 Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; prescutellars present. Mesonotum, scutellum, and pleure dull brownish-yellow. Legs pale yellow. Preapical bristles on all tibis. All bristles and hairs brown. Abdomen dull brown, each segment darker posteriorly. Wings clear. Costal index about 2.5; fourth-vein index about 1.9; 5x index about 1.5; 4c index about 1.2. Length body 2.2 mm.; wing the same. Type and two paratypes, Havana, Cuba. January-February, 1915. The male agrees with the above description. The first specimen seen was taken on a pineapple. The chromosomes have been described bY Metz (1916, Amer. Nat., 50, 590; see p. 39 of this paper). Group C. Postverticals and second orbitals minute; eyes nearly bare; small, metallic-colored species; resemble Camilla, but have bare mesopleure. Drosophila dubia, new species. o. Arista with about five branches above and two below. Antenne dark brown. Front over one-third width of head; shining black. Second orbital minute. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina very small and narrow, confined to upper part of face; face dark brown. Cheeks brown; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes nearly bare. No postverticals evident. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum shining black. Pleure black. Legs brownish yellow, femora brown. Apical and _ preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen shining black. Wings clear. Costal index about 1.8; fourth-vein index about 2.0; 5x index about 1.3; 4c index about 1.3. Length body 1.5 mm.; wing 1.7 mm. Type and one paratype, Cristo, Cuba, 1915 (C. W. Metz). Also seen from Herradura (C. W. Metz) and Havana, Cuba; La Ceiba, Honduras (F. J. Dyer). The females agree with the above description. Drosophila metallica, new species. Q. Arista with about six long branches above and four below. Antenne dark brown, prominent. Front about one-half width of head, wider above; dark brown, ocellar dot black. Second orbital very minute. Postverticals minute. Only one oral bristle, that one being rather small. Carina very low, confined to upper part of face; face shining reddish-brown. Clypeus hidden. Cheeks brown; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes nearly bare. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum shining reddish-yellow in front and on lateral margins, shading into metallic blue-black in the middle behind. Scutel- lum velvety black. Pleure yellow, with a large dark-brown spot above the middle coxa. Legs yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibie, preapicals on third. Abdomen shining black. Wings clear. Costal index about 1.9; fourth-vein index about 2.0; 5x index about 1.8; 4c index about 1.3. ; Length body 1.5 mm.; wing 1.7 mm. Type and one paratype, Bartle, Cuba, 1915 (C. W. Metz). Drosophila splendida Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 412. “3, 9. The large frontal triangle metallic-blue, the sides more brownish and the frontal lunule yellow. Antennz yellow, the third joint somewhat brownish; arista thickly and long plumose. Face opaque yellow, somewhat blackish in the concavities, with a slight median carina. Mesonotum brilliant deep metallic blue; scutellum deep opaque black; pleurz black but little shining. Abdomen black, the basal segments more or less yellow, apparently in life with distinct markings. Legs yellow; all the femora more or 74 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. less black. Wings grayish or yellowish hyaline; third section of the costal vein two-thirds the length of the second section. Anal cell incomplete. Length 2 mm. “Four specimens. St. Vincent.” I have not seen this species, so have reproduced Williston’s description verbatim. There is not enough information in this description to make it certain that the species belongs in the group typified by D. dubia; but I have placed it here because of the high probability that the following form, which clearly belongs here, is merely a color variation of Williston’s species. Drosophila splendida luteipes, new variety. Arista with about six long branches above and three below. Antennz yellow, brownish above. Front about one-half width of head, wider above; bluish-black above, yellow below. Second orbital exceedingly minute. Postverticals not evident. Only one promi- nent oral bristle. Carina very small, confined to upper part of face; face pale yellow. Cheeks dark brown; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes nearly bare. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum metallic bluish black. Scutellum velvety black. Pleure dull brown, yellowish below. Legs, including coxe, pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Four basal segments of abdomen yellow, with posterior black bands. Fifth segment black. Wings clear. Costal index about 1.4; fourth-vein index about 2.7; 52 index about 2.0; 4c index about 2.0. Length body 1.8 mm.; wing 2 mm. Type and one paratype from Herradura, Cuba, 1915 (C. W. Metz). Also seen from Bartle (C. W. Metz) and Havana, Cuba. As may be seen from the two descriptions given here, this form agrees closely with Williston’s description of D. splendida, except in the color of the legs. I have therefore described it as a variety of that species. Group D. Shining dark species; live in flowers. Drosophila lutzii Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 340. 3, @. Arista with about four short branches above and two below. Antenne yel- lowish brown. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; opaque dark brown orbits and triangle polished. Second orbital about one-fourth other two. Only one large oral bristle. Carina rather broad, flat, edges sharply angled; face brown. Cheeks brown, their greatest width about one-fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short, sparse pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum, scutellum, and pleure dark reddish-brown, somewhat polished. Legs pale yellowish-brown, femora somewhat darker. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibie, preapicals on third. All bristles shorter than is usual in the genus. Abdomen yellowish brown, lighter toward tip. Wings clear. Costal index about 2.1; fourth-vein index about 1.7; 5x index about 1.3; 4c index about 1.1. Length body 1.7 mm.; wing 1.5 mm. Specimens examined: Biscayne Bay (Mrs. Slosson), Miami, Key West, Florida; Guane (F. E. Lutz), Havana (type material), Guareiras, Aguada Pasajeros, Cristo (F. E. Lutz), Guantanamo (C. W. Metz), Cuba; Hope Gardens, Jamaica (C. W. Metz); Naguabo, Mayaguez, Adjuntas, Porto Rico (Lutz and Mutchler); Mexico City, Mexico (R. Muller); Port Limon, Costa Rica. This species is possibly the same as D. fusca Coquillett, from Porto Rico; but the type of that species is lost, and the description does not entirely fit this form, or any other known to me, especially with respect to the orbital bristles. D. lutzii is very common in many parts of the tropics. It is to be found in large numbers in the flowers of certain plants. I have collected it in SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 75 Datura and melon flowers in Cuba, and in morning glories in Costa Rica and Florida. Dr. Metz reports it common in cotton flowers in Jamaica. We have reared adults from the decaying petals of such flowers, and in addition Dr. Metz has bred the species on tomato fruit. The description of Drosophila mauiensis Grimshaw, from Hawaii, sug- gests that that form is probably similar to this and to D. tristani. Its habits are not recorded. The mating habits of D. lutzii are recorded elsewhere in this paper. Drosophila tristani, new species. Q@. Arista with five short branches above and three below. Antenne dark brown. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; black. Second orbital about one-sixth other two. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina very broad and flat; face black. Cheeks dark brown; their greatest width about one-fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short pile. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellar bristles. Mesonotum and scutellum moderately shining black. Pleure black. Coxe and femora dark brown, tibiz and tarsi pale yellowish-brown. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibie, preapicals on third. Abdomen shining black. Wings clear. Costal index about 2.8; fourth-vein index about 1.8; 5x index about 1.3; 4c index about 0.9. Length body 1.8 mm.; wing 2.0 mm. Type, San Jose, Costa Rica, March 1915, in the corolla of an Ipomea flower. The species is named for Professor J. F. Tristan, who was acting as my guide when the type and only specimen was collected. Drosophila alfari, new species. o'. Arista with about five branches above and two below. Antenne brown. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; dark brown, lighter below. Second orbital about one-fifth other two. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina broad and flat; face brown. Cheeks brown; their greatest width about one-fourth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short pile. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum dark brown, slightly shining. Pleurze dull brown. Legs pale yellow. Preapical bristles on all tibiz, apicals discernible only on second pair. Two basal segments of abdomen dull brown; third to fifth segments brownish yellow, with posterior interrupted brown cross-bands. Wings clear, veins yellowish brown. Costal index about 3.6; fourth-vein index about 1.6; 52 index about 1.2; 4c index about 0.6. Length body 2.2 mm.; wing 2.3 mm. Type and 17 paratypes, San Jose, Costa Rica, March 1915, in the corollez of a large species of Datura, in which were also many specimens of D. flore. The species is named for Dr. A. Alfaro, of the National Museum at San Jose. The females among the paratypes agree with the above description of the male. There are some specimens, of both sexes, in the lot that have some yellow on the two basal segments of the abdomen. Group E. Preapicals evident only on third tibia; pleursee or mesonotum striped; carina narrow. Drosophila prognatha Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 340. 3&, 9. Arista with about six branches above and two below. Antenne yellow, third joint very long and covered with yellow hairs. Front over one-third width of head; dull yellow, ocellar dot brown. Second orbital one-fourth other two. Vibrisse long, other oral bristles short. Proboscis prominent and projecting forward. Carina short, low, narrow, and confined to upper part of face; face dull yellow. Cheeks yellow, a brown spot on each side, just above and behind vibrissa. Greatest width of cheeks about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with yellow pile. 76 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Two large humeral bristles. Meso- notum dull reddish-yellow, with a pair of darker longitudinal stripes and dark areas on and behind the humeri. Scutellum reddish yellow. Pleurz pale yellow, a reddish line running forward from base of wing; darker above this line. Legs pale yellow. Apical bristles evident only on second tibiz, preapicals only on third. Abdomen dull reddish-yellow, with posterior black bands on four basal segments. Wings clear. Costal index about 1.9; fourth-vein index about 2.0; 5x index about 1.8; 4c index about 1.4. Length body 2.0 mm.; wing 2.0 mm. Specimens examined: Adjuntas, Porto Rico (Lutz and Mutchler, type material); San Francisco Mountains, Haiti (A. Busck). Some of these specimens are a little smaller and have the dark markings scarcely visible. Since intermediates are present, it seems probable that these differences are due to age. Drosophila quadrata Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 341. &, @. Arista with about six branches above and three below. Antennze brown. Front one-half width of head, wider above; pale yellow. Second orbital not larger than neighboring hairs. One large vibrissa, other oral bristles reduced practically to hairs. Carina low and narrow, face broad and excavated on each side of it; face yellow. Proboscis yellow, palpi dark brown. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with yellow pile. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellars; the anterior dorsocentrals are only a little behind the transverse suture. Only one large humeral bristle. Mesonotum, scutel- lum, pleurz, and legs dull brownish-yellow. There is a dark-brown stripe on the pleura extending as a straight band from just under the haltere almost to the neck. Below this stripe the pleura is paler. Apical bristles evident only on the second tibie, preapicals only on third. Abdomen yellow, each segment with a dark-brown posterior margin. Wings clear. Costal index about 1.0; fourth-vein index about 5.5; 5x index about 6.0; 4c index about 5.0. Length body 1.8 mm.; wing 2.0 mm. Specimens examined: Kushla, Alabama, April 1915 (type material); Tifton, Georgia, October 1896 (Melander collection); La Fayette, Indiana, July 1915 (J. M. Aldrich). I collected this species by sweeping, and was unable to get it to breed on fruit. Drosophila poeyi, new species. o. Arista with about five branches above and two below. Antennze brown, third joint long, darker. Front slightly over one-third width of head; yellow, with two reddish stripes converging below, ocellar dot dark brown. Second orbital about one-half other two. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina high, narrow; face brownish yellow. Proboscis dark. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with sparse pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Two large humeral bristles. Meso- notum yellow, with six shining reddish-brown stripes, as follows: the broadest pair between the dorsocentral rows, a narrow pair including the dorsocentral rows, and a pair outside the dorsocentral rows reaching only as far forward as the suture. Scutellum shining reddish- brown, with yellow lateral margins. Pleurs and legs pale yellow. Apical bristles evident only on second tibiz, preapicals only on third. Abdomen blackish brown, fourth and fifth segments pale yellow. Wings clear. Costal index about 2.0; fourth-vein index about 2.0; 5x index about 1.7; 4c index about 1.2. Length body 2.0 mm.; wing 2.0 mm. Type and two paratypes; on window, Poey Museum, National Uni- versity, Havana, Cuba, January—February 1915. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 7 i Drosophila busckii Coquillett. 1901. Ent. News, 12,18. (Plate II, fig. 2.) D. rubrostriata Becker. 1908. Mitt. zool. Mus., 4. D. plurilineata Villeneuve. 1911. Wien. ent. Zeit., 30. &, @. Arista with about six branches above and two below. Antenne yellow, third joint dark brown. Front over one-half width of head, wider above; yellow, ocellar dot dark brown. Second orbital nearly as long as third, which is about three-fourths first. Second oral bristle nearly as long as first. Carina high, slightly flattened; face yellow. Cheeks pale yellow; their greatest width about one-third greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with rather thick pile. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellar bristles. Mesonotum and scutellum yellow, with three longitudinal black stripes on the mesonotum; one in each dorsocentral line (these do not quite reach the anterior margin of the thorax) and one median one, the latter being bifid behind and the two prongs sometimes joining the lateral stripes at the region of the dorsocentral bristles. There is also a stripe running from just above the humerus to just above the wing. Pleurz pale yellow, with a reddish-brown stripe running forward from the base of the wing; another one just below the base of the wing; and a spot on the sternopleura. Legs pale yellow. Apical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals evident only on third. Abdomen yellow, each segment with an apical black band that is interrupted in the mid- dorsal line, and attenuated or interrupted between that line and each lateral margin of the abdomen. Wings clear. Costal index about 3.1; fourth-vein index about 2.1; 5x index about 1.9; 4c index about 1.0. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2 mm. Specimens examined: Hanover, New Hampshire; Sharon (C. W. John- son), Boston (C. W. Johnson), New Bedford, Woods Hole, Massachusetts; New Haven, Connecticut (C. W. Johnson); New York, Flatbush (J. L. Zabriskie), New York; New Brunswick, New Jersey (F. E. Lutz); Plum- mer’s Island, Maryland (R. C. Shannon); District of Columbia (coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Clarendon (B. A. Reynolds), Richmond, Virginia; Charles- town, West Virginia (A. Busck, type); Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (H. Kahl); Elkhart (Johnson coll.), North Manchester (R. R. Hyde), Bloomington (F. Payne), Indiana; Algonquin (D. W. Coquillett), Flat Rock (F. N. Duncan), Illinois; Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson), Tampa (C. W. Metz), Lakeland (C. W. Metz), Florida; Kushla, Alabama; New Orleans, Louisiana (P. Viosca) ; Amity, Oregon (D. E. Lancefield); Claremont (L. L. Gardner), Santa Paula (E. O. Essig), California; Santiago de las Vegas, Guantanamo (C. W. Metz), Cuba; Norway (O. L. Mohr); Perth, West Australia (G. Compere). Recorded from Lawrence, Kansas (Kahl); Minnesota (Coquil- lett); Paris, France, perhaps introduced (Villeneuve); Canary Islands (Becker); Southwest Africa (Schulze). The synonymy of rubrostriata and plurilineata has been pointed out both by Becker and by Villeneuve. That both are synonyms of D. buscki Coquillett was first pointed out to me by the late Mr. F. Knab, and was published by me (1918, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 38, 445). I have bred this species from the following: bread and milk, moist bran, rotten pigeon egg, stale formalinized chicken, sour milk, spinach leaves, banana, flour paste, decayed onions, rotten fish, rotten potato, tomato, fungi. Coquillett records it as bred also from burrows of Chion cinctus, and Schulze reared it from a Hottentot’s head that had been preserved in formalin. Mr. R. C. Shannon has bred it from butternut husks. Howard records it as caught on human excrement. The surest way of catching it is to expose rotten potatoes or to put out fruit or other suitable ma- terial near a stable. It can easily be kept breeding in the laboratory on see milk or moist bran, and will breed on the banana agar described above. 78 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. The eggs have two filaments. The larve have curious processes on their surfaces, resembling those of certain Anthomyiine. Development requires about two weeks. A flourishing culture of this species will usually smell of ammonia rather than of acetic acid, as in most of the fruit-eating species. The chromosomes reported by Metz, two mutations reported by Warren, and the mating habits are described elsewhere in this paper. The larva and pupe have been described by Johannsen (1910, Bull. Me. Agr. Exper. Sta., 177, 37), and also by Riley (1918, Report State Entomol. Minn., 17). In the latter case the specific determination was not made, but the description and the food-habits are sufficient to identify the species as this one. The pupze were found in bottles containing certified milk, and were referred to by the farmers as “hay-seeds.” Group F. Typical species. Subgroup 1; yellowish or reddish species. Drosophila albirostris, new species. o. Arista with seven branches above and four below. Antenne yellow, third joint darker. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; yellow. Second orbital minute. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina rather broad, flat; face white. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes clothed with fine yellow pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum shining reddish-yellow. Pleurz and legs pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen yellowish red, each segment with a broad black posterior band; these bands are thickened in the mid-dorsal line. Wings grayish, posterior cross-vein clouded. Costal index about 3.0; fourth-vein index about 1.7; 5x index about 1.0; 4c index about 0.8. Length body 2.0 mm.; wing 2.2 mm. Type and only specimen, Panama, Republic of Panama, February— March 1915. Drosophila metzii, new species. o. Arista with seven branches above and three below. Antenne reddish brown, third joint darker. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; reddish brown, ocellar dot darker. A short transverse impression above base of antennz. Second orbital minute. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina very prominent, broad, flat; face white. Cheeks yellowish brown; their greatest width one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short, fine pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum shining reddish-brown. Pleure and legs brownish yellow. Preapicals on all tibia, minute apicals on first and second. Abdomen black, somewhat shining; first segment brown at base. Wings clear. Costal index about 4.0; fourth-vein index about 1.3; 5z index about 1.0; 4c index about 0.7. Length body 2.4 mm.; wings 2.5 mm. Type and only specimen, Herradura, Cuba, February 6, 1915 (C. W. Metz). Drosophila cardini Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 336. o, @. Arista with about five branches above and two below. Antenne yellow, third joint brown. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; reddish yellow, orbits grayish. Second orbital about one-fifth other two. Carina broad and flat; face brownish yellow, somewhat polished. Two prominent oral bristles, nearly equal. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes clothed with short pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum, scutellum, and pleure shining reddish-brown. Legs yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 79 Abdomen shining black; three basal segments with anterior bands of reddish brown, which do not reach the lateral margin. In some specimens (females) the abdomen is reddish yellow, each segment with a posterior black band. Wings with small brownish clouds on each cross-vein. Costal index about 3.9; fourth- vein index about 1.7; 5x index about 1.0; 4c index about 0.9. Length body 2.5 mm.; wing 2.5 mm. Specimens aed Herradura (C. W. Metz), Havana (type material), Santiago de las Vegas, Aguada Pasajeros, Cristo (C. W. Metz), Cuba; Sanchez, Haiti (F. E. Watson); Mayaguez, Arecibo, Jayuya, Adjuntas, Porto Rico (Lutz and Mutchler); Dominica (F. E. Lutz); San Jose, Port Limon, Costa Rica; Panama, Republic of Panama; Lakeland (C. W. Metz), Tampa (C. W. Metz), Orlando (J. M. Aldrich coll.), Fort Lauderdale (C. W Metz), Daytona (C. W. Johnson), Miami, Florida. This species is quite variable in color, but Dr. Metz and I have bred several stocks in the laboratory, and have found these variations not to be inherited, but to depend on the conditions under which the larve develop. Pale specimens of the females are very similar to D. similis Williston, and I have been unable to devise any satisfactory method of separating them in the case of pinned specimens. The two species are quite distinct, and we have been unable to cross them. D. cardini is very common about fruit in the tropics. I have bred it from banana and papaya. The development, from egg to adult, requires about two weeks at summer temperature. The eggs have four filaments. The chromosomes have been described by Metz (1916, Amer. Nat., 50, see p. 39 of this paper). The mating habits are described on page 5. Drosophila similis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 415. (Not Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 16, 347.) 3, @. Arista with about six branches above and three below. Antenne yellow, third joint darker. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; yellow. Second orbital one-fourth other two. Second oral bristle about three-fourths first. Carina broad, flat; face yellow. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes pilose. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum brownish yellow, slightly shining. Pleure and legs pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen yellow, each segment with a posterior blackish-brown band; ihe bands on the third, fourth, and fifth segments interrupted in the mid-dorsal region. Wangs snore clouded on posterior cross-vein. Costal index about 3.2; fourth-vein index about 1.7; 5x index about 1.2; 4c index about 0.8. Length body 2.0 mm.; wing 2.2 mm. Specimens examined: Herradura (C. W. Metz), Havana, Santiago de las Vegas, Bartle (C. W. Metz), Cristo (C. W. Metz), Cuba; Porus, Port Antonio, Jamaica (C. W. Metz); St. Vincent (Williston type material); Bay Mansion, Barbados (H. A. Ballou). Specimens from Florida, Haiti, Trinidad, Panama, Honduras, and the State of Vera Cruz in Mexico have been examined that possibly belong here; but the lack of any really satis- factory character to separate this species from pale specimens of D. cardini Sturtevant makes all these latter determinations doubtful. Dr. Metz has studied this form in the laboratory, and has reported on its chromosomes (see p. 39), and on a mutation that he obtained in it (see p. 14). He has also seen the egg, which he states has four filaments. This species is not uncommon about fruit in Cuba. It has been bred on banana through several generations in the laboratory without difficulty. 80 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. Drosophila illota Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 415. ““®. Yellowish or brownish-red, the abdomen brown or blackish, the legs yellow. Front as broad or broader than long, a little wider above, opaque brownish or ochraceous yellow, the ocellar tubercle blackish. Third joint of the antenne twice as broad as long, blackish; arista with two or three rays on the under side. Face more yellowish, in the middle with a strong obtuse carina, leaving a deep depression on each side in which is lodged the antennz. Palpi and proboscis yellowish. Mesonotum a little shining. Ab- domen more reddish toward the base. Wings with a brownish tinge; penultimate section of the fourth vein about one-half as long as the ultimate section; posterior cross-vein nearly as long as the ultimate section of the fifth vein; third section of the costa not half the length of the second section. Length 2} mm. “Two specimens. St. Vincent.” I have not seen this species, so have reproduced Williston’s description verbatim. I had suspected that D. cardini Sturtevant might be the same, so, through the kindness of Mr. C. G. Lamb, got Mr. E. E. Austen to compare a paratype of cardini with the type of illota, in the British Museum. He reports that the two species are quite distinct. Drosophila quinaria Loew. 1865. Berlin. ent. Zeit., 9, 182. 3, 9. Arista with about five branches above and three below. Antenne yellow, third joint darker. Front about one-half width of head, wider above; yellow. Second orbital fine, about one-fourth length of other two. Second oral bristle three-fourths first. Carina broad and flat; face yellow. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-third greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short, fine pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum shining reddish-yellow. Pleurz and legs yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen shining yellow, each segment with four triangular black dots on its posterior margin. In young specimens these spots are brown. Wings clouded at tips of second, third, and fourth veins and on each cross-vein. Costal index about 2.9; fourth-vein index about 1.5; 5x index about 1.1; 4c index about 0.9. Length body 2.2 mm.; wing 2.3 mm. Specimens examined: Montreal, Canada (C. W. Johnson coll.); Hanover, New Hampshire; Dummerston, Vermont (C. W. Johnson); Auburndale (C. W. Johnson), Chester (C. W. Johnson), Plymouth (C. W. Johnson), Woods Hole, Nantucket, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Buttonwoods, Rhode Island (C. W. Johnson); New Haven, Connecticut (C. W. Johnson) ; Ithaca (8S. W. Frost), Hague (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. coll.), Staten Island (F. Schrader), type locality (Osten Sacken), New York; Paterson, New Jersey; Plummer’s Island, Maryland (Schwarz and Barber); Falls Church, Virginia (N. Banks); New Galilee (H. Kahl), Philadelphia (C. W. Johnson), Pennsylvania; Medina, Ohio (U. 8. Nat. Mus. coll.); La Fayette, Indiana (J. M. Aldrich). It is quite possible that some of these specimens may be really D. transversa Fallén, but there can be little doubt that D. quinaria covers the range indicated by these records. In addition to these specimens, there are a few that I have identified as being probably D. quinaria, but about which I am not certain. If they really represent this species, its range is considerably wider than that indicated above. These specimens are as follows: Moscow Mountain, Idaho (A. L. Melander); Mount Constitution, Washington (A. L. Melander); Eureka, California (H. S. Barber); Beulah, New Mexico (T. D. A. Cockerell); Austin, Texas (W. M. Wheeler). This species is very similar to D. transversa Fallén. Pinned material may usually be distinguished from that species by the clouded tips of the longitudinal veins and the larger and more definite clouds on the cross-veins. The cy a is also shinier and more reddish here. Plate 1 and figures 35 and 40. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 81 show that the eggs and spermathece are different. The two forms also differ in food habits, since D. transversa breeds chiefly on fungi, this species chiefly on fruit. I have bred it from banana, pineapple, tomato, and potato. The species is to be found very commonly about tomato plants, and is not uncommon about windfall apples. It can be bred in the labor- atory on banana, but is not easily kept for many generations, and does not breed well in pairs. The eggs have three filaments, as shown in plate 1. The chromosomes have been described by Metz (1916, Amer. Nat., 50; see p. 39). Drosophila transversa Fallén. 1823. Dipt. suec. Geomyz., 2, 6. o, 9. Arista with four to six branches above and three below. Antenne yellow, third joint darker. Front nearly one-half width of head, wider above; dull yellow. Second orbital scarcely one-fourth first. Second oral bristle one-half to three-fourths length of first. Carina broad, flat; face dull yellow. Proboscis and palpi yellow. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width one-sixth to one-fourth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with pale pubescence. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum yellow, slightly shining. Pleurz and legs yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. ; Abdomen yellow, with four posterior black spots on each of the first four segments, and two larger spots on the fifth. Both cross-veins clouded, wings otherwise clear. Costal index about 3.5; fourth-vein index about 1.8; 5x index about 1.1; 4c index about 0.9. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2.2 mm. Specimens examined: Hilversum, Holland (J. C. H. de Meijere) ; Machias, Maine (C. W. Johnson); Hanover, New Hampshire; Boston (C. W. John- son), Chester (C. W. Johnson), New Bedford (C. W. Johnson), Monument Beach, Woods Hole, Massachusetts; Niagara Falls (C. W. Johnson), Ithaca (S. W. Frost), Staten Island (F. Schrader), Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Fort Lee, Riverton (C. W. Johnson), New Jersey; Bloomington, Indiana (F. Payne); Flat Rock, Illinois (F. N. Duncan); Plummer’s Island, Mary- land (R. C. Shannon); Dead Run (R. C. Shannon), Falls Church (N. Banks), Virginia; Athens, Tennessee; Kushla, Alabama. This species breeds on various kinds of fleshy fungi, where it is usually to be found in great numbers, along with D. putrida Sturtevant. I have also bred it from potato, but only with difficulty. It is very similar to D. quinaria when pinned, but can usually be dis- tinguished by the characters given in the key. It is possible that some of the records given above really are based on D. quinaria, but the range is certainly a very wide one. Iam certain of some of the records from Massa- chusetts, from New Jersey, from Virginia, and from Alabama. The others are not in great doubt; in cases where I could not be reasonably sure of the identification, as between these species, I have omitted the record. This species is so variable as to suggest that we are really dealing with a complex group. The specimen from Holland, that on this view is most likely Fallén’s D. transversa, has five branches to the arista above, second oral three-fourths first, and cheeks one-fourth diameter of eyes. Specimens from Monument Beach, Woods Hole, and Ithaca agree well with it. The eggs have three filaments (see plate 1). Drosophila putrida Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 339. o', @. Arista with about six branches above and two below. Antennz yellow brown, third joint dark reddish-brown. Front nearly one-third width of head, wider above; dull yellowish-brown, ocellar dot darker. Second orbital minute. Second oral bristle nearly as long as first. Carina low, rather broad, flat; face yellowish brown, somewhat 82 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. shiny. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-eighth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with fine pale pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars; a pair of presutural bristles in the acro- stichal rows next to the outer ones. Mesonotum and scutellum shining brownish yellow. Pleurz and legs pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, pre- apicals on third. Abdomen pale yellow, each segment with a brown band on posterior margin, inter- rupted in the mid-dorsal line. Wings clear. Costal index about 2.8; fourth-vein index about 1.6; 5z index about 1.2; 4c index about 0.8. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2 mm. Specimens examined: Princeton (Aldrich coll.), Machias (C. W. John- son), Maine; Buttonwoods (C. W. Johnson), Hanover, New Hampshire; Brattleboro, Vermont (C. W. Johnson); Chester (C. W. Johnson), Woods Hole (type material), Monument Beach, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Buttonwoods, Rhode Island (C. W. Johnson); New Haven, Connecticut (C. W. Johnson); Niagara Falls (C. W. Johnson), New York, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Riverton (C. W. Johnson), Ocean County (C. W. Johnson), Fort Lee, New Jersey; Philadelphia (C. W. Johnson), Ohio Pyle (H. Kahl), Pittsburgh (H. Kahl), Pennsylvania; Cheat Mountains, West Virginia (H. Kahl); Plummer’s Island (R. C. Shannon), Chain Bridge (R. C. Shannon), Maryland; Brookland, District of Columbia (R. C. Shannon); Dead Run (R. C. Shannon), Falls Church (N. Banks), Rich- mond, Virginia; Bloomington, Indiana (F. Payne); Flat Rock (F. N. Duncan), Algonquin (D. W. Coquillett), Illinois; Coal Creek, Tennessee (W. 8. Adkins); Greenville, South Carolina; Tifton, Georgia (A. L. Me- lander coll.); Kushla, Alabama; West Point, Mississippi (H. 8. Barber). ‘There are specimens from New York in the Loew collection. The species is very common about fleshy fungi, in which it breeds. I have also reared it from potato, and it can be kept on this food in the laboratory. It is, however, not very satisfactory as a laboratory animal, since it does not breed freely under any conditions that I have been able to supply. The eggs have four filaments. Drosophila melanderi Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 337. Q. Arista with about five short branches above and one below. Antenne yellow, third joint reddish brown. Front nearly one-half width of head; reddish yellow, triangle brown. Second orbital about one-fifth other two. One bristle and numerous hairs on oral margin. Carina low, flat, and narrow; face yellow. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-fourth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with fine pale pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Two large humeral bristles. Meso- notum and scutellum somewhat shining reddish yellow. Pleure reddish yellow. Legs yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen dull yellow, each of first four segments with an interrupted posterior dark- brown band. Wings clear, veins brown. Costal index about 3.0; fourth-vein index about 1.3; 5x index about 1.1; 4c index about 0.7. Specimens examined: Tacoma, August 27, 1911 (A. L. Melander, types), Mount Constitution (A. L. Melander), Washington. Drosophila tripunctata Loew. 1862. Berlin. ent. Zeit., 6, 231. D. modesta Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 9, 338. 3, 9. Arista with about six branches above and three below. Antenne pale brown, third joint dark. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; opaque yellow. Second orbital about one-fifth other two. Second oral bristle nearly as long as first. Carina broad, flat; face brownish yellow. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width scarcely equal to one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with yellow pile. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 83 Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum dark dull yellowish-brown. Pleurz and legs pale yellowish-brown. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibise, preapicals on third. Abdomen shining yellow; an interrupted dark-brown band on the posterior margin of each of the first four segments, and a median anterior dark-brown spot on the third, fourth, and fifth segments. . Wings with faint clouds on each cross-vein and at the tips of second and third veins; veins dark brown. Costal index about 4.3; fourth vein-index about 1.7; 5x index about 1.3; 4c index about 0.7. Length body 2.5 mm.; wing 2.7 mm. Specimens examined: New Orleans, Louisiana (P. Viosca); Kushla, Alabama (type material of modesta); Greenville, South Carolina; Rich- mond, Arlington, Dead Run (R. C. Shannon), Rosslyn (R. C. Shannon), Virginia; District of Columbia (type material); Plummer’s Island, Mary- land (R. C. Shannon); Bloomington, Indiana (F. Payne); Urbana, Illinois (J. R. Malloch); Riverton, New Jersey (C. W. Johnson). I have also reared the species from cabbage collected in New York City in November, but I am inclined to suspect that the cabbage was infected somewhere in the south before it was shipped to New York. I have reared this species in Alabama from banana, watermelon, sap from a bleeding grapevine, and an agaricaceous fungus. It is easily kept in the laboratory on banana. According to Dr. C. W. Metz, the eggs have four filaments. Dr. Metz has also described the chromosomes (see p. 39). Drosophila immigrans, new species. (Plate 3, fig. 1.) D. tripunctata Sturtevant. 1918. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 38, 445. Not Loew, 1862. Berlin. ent. Zeit., 6, 231. o. Arista with about six branches above and three below. Antenne yellow. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; yellow, ocellar dot dark brown. Second orbital one-fourth size of other two. Second oral bristle over one-half length of first. Carina broad, flat; face yellow. Proboscis yellow. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-third greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with rather thick pile. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum dull brownish-yellow. Pleure and legs pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. A row of very short, stout bristles on lower apical part of first femur. Basal joint of first tarsus about half as long as corresponding joint of middle leg, and thicker. Second tarsal joint of first leg also somewhat shortened and thickened. Abdomen dull yellow, each of the four basal segments with an interrupted posterior black band. The band on the fourth segment is sometimes entire. Fifth segment black. A single bristle at tip of first costal section (before distal break). Wings clouded at tips of first and second veins and on posterior cross-vein. Costal index about 4.4; fourth-vein index about 1.2; 5x index about 1.0; 4c index about 0.5. Length body 2.5 mm.; wing 2.7 mm. 9. Same as above, except basal tarsal joint of first leg about two-thirds as long as corresponding joint of second leg, not thicker. Second joint of tarsus of first leg not shortened or thickened. Type (co) and gonotypes bred from stock collected at White Plains, New York, 1919. As in the case of D. hydei, the gonotypes are not de- scended from the type, but the whole type series is known to be descended from a single female. Other specimens examined: Woods Hole, Attleboro (H. H. Plough), New Bedford, Massachusetts; New York, Cold Spring Harbor, Staten Island (F. Schrader), New York; Fort Lee, New Jersey; Springfield, Ohio (W. S. Adkins); Arlington, Maryland (R. R. Hyde); Greenville, South Carolina; Lakeland (C. W. Metz), Daytona (B. B. Horton), Florida; Kushla, Alabama; New Orleans, Louisiana (C. W. Metz); Claremont, 84 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. California (L. L. Gardner); San Jose, Costa Rica; Norway (O. L. Mohr); Perth, West Australia (G. Compere); Hilo (H. W. Henshaw), Olaa (W. H. Ashmead), Hawaii. I have previously identified this species as D. tripunctata Loew. A re- examination of the type specimen of that species, in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, shows it to belong to the species that I described under the name of D. modesta. Becker (1908, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berlin, 4, 155) recorded D. tripunctata from the Canary Islands, but stated that the de- scription given by Loew was incomplete. He described the branches of the arista, fourth-vein index, eight acrostichal rows, and dull thoracic color. These notes fit the present species, but not all of them apply to the true D. tripunctata. Since D. immigrans occurs in Europe, and is in fact almost if not quite cosmopolitan, it seems probable that it is the species that Becker had. I have bred D. immigrans from the following: banana, pineapple, apple, tomato, sour boiled potato, bran mash, graham-flour paste. It is very easily kept in the laboratory on banana agar. It is to be collected about fruit in grocery stores, in tomato patches, and occasionally around fruit exposed in the woods. It is common at Woods Hole and near New York City, but has not appeared in the large series of specimens from Indiana, and is only locally common in the Southern States. I have found only one specimen in Alabama, but it is included in the very small series that I have seen from Daytona and from New Orleans. At San Jose, Costa Rica, I found it very plentiful in the Central Market. The species is curiously rare in collections. I have seen no American specimens collected before 1913. These data, in connection with the fact that the species is common about grocery stores and houses, with the cosmopolitan species, suggest that it is an imported form. It will not be surprising if an earlier name, applied in some other region, is discovered. The following dates are the earliest ones known to me for this species: 1898 or earlier, Hawaii; 1907, Canaries (?); 1912 or earlier, Australia; 1918, New York, Massachusetts; 1914, Florida, California; 1915, Costa Rica; 1919, Norway. These data suggest that the species may have come from the Pacific region. It evidently is not one of the forms described from Hawaii by Grimshaw, and since it was probably present in the islands at the time his material was collected, it is possible that it was one of the forms that Perkins believed to be introduced. Such species were apparently usually omitted from the treatments given in the Fauna Hawaiiensis. The egg of D. immigrans has four filaments. The puparium has anterior spiracles that are nearly half as long as the body of the puparium. The single costal bristle is suggestive of Mycodrosophila, the members of that genus being the only other Drosophiline known to me that do not have two such bristles. This form is not to be compared with that genus in any other respect, so this similarity must be supposed to be only accidental. The chromosomes of D. immigrans have been described by Metz (1916, Amer. Nat., 50; see p. 39 of this paper). The mating habits are described elsewhere (p. 6), as are also certain mutations studied by Metz and Metz and by myself (p. 14). The spermatheca is figured on page 36. Drosophila funebris Fabricius. 1787. Mant. Ins., 2, 345, 33 (as Musca). (Plate 2, fig. 3.) Musca erythrophthalma Panzer. 1794. Faun. Germ., 17, 24. 3, 2. Arista with about six branches above and four below. Antenne yellow, jhird joint brown. Front about one-half width of head, wider above; yellowish brown. PLATE 3 E. M. WALLACE Pinx. ° 1, Drosophila immigrans, ¢. 2, Drosophila melanogaster, ¢ . 3, Drosophila melanica, ¢ . HELIOTYPE CO. BOSTON ae ' : mae 4 ee SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 85 Second orbital about one-half third, which is about three-fourths first. Second oral bristle over one-half first. Carina broad, flat; face yellowish brown. Cheeks yellow; their great- est width about one-fourth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes clothed with thick pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. There are several enlarged hairs in front of the two pairs of dorsocentral bristles and in the same rows with them. Mesonotum and scutellum slightly shining reddish brown. Pleure yellowish brown above, becoming yellow below. Legs yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen, in the male, shining black; basal segments with a narrow yellow posterior line, and brownish basally. In the female, the abdomen usually appears largely brown in pinned material. In life it can be seen to be yellowish brown, each segment having a posterior dark-brown band. Wings clear, veins brown. Costal index about 3.9; fourth-vein index about 1.4; 5z index about 1.1; 4c index about 0.6. Length body 2.5 mm.; wing 2.5 mm. Specimens examined: Norway (O. L. Mohr); London, England (E. Brunetti); Holland (J. C. H. de Meijere); Barcelona, Spain (J. Arias); Montreal (U. 8. Nat. Mus. coll.), Vaudreuil (coll. C. W. Johnson), Rouville (coll. C. W. Johnson), Quebec; Franconia (Mrs. Slosson), Hanover (C. W. Johnson), Nashua, New Hampshire; Hartland, Vermont (C. W. Johnson); Beverley (Burgess), Boston (C. W. Johnson), Amherst (H. H. Plough), Fall River (C. W. Johnson), Woods Hole, Siasconset, Massachusetts; Kingston, Rhode Island (C. W. Johnson); Meriden, Connecticut (U. 8. Nat. Mus. coll.); Niagara Falls (C. W. Johnson), Ithaca (S. W. Frost), Nyack (J. L. Zabriskie, 1884), New York, New York; Riverton (C. W. Johnson), Princeton (S. Mudd), New Jersey; Maryland, near Plummer’s Island (R. C. Shannon); Washington, District of Columbia; Virginia, near Plummer’s Island (R. C. Shannon); Atlanta, Georgia (U. 8. Nat. Mus. coll.); Kushla, Alabama; Columbus, Ohio (F. M. Webster); Bloomington, Indiana (F. Payne); Ann Arbor, Michigan (L. McQuinn); Flat Rock (F. N. Duncan), Algonquin (D. W. Coquillett), Illinois; Madison, Wis- consin (L. J. Cole); Rochester, Minnesota (A. Weinstein); Lawrence, Kansas (E. 8. Tucker); Spearfish, Mitchell (A. Huettner), South Dakota; Medicine Hat, Alberta (U. 8. Nat. Mus. coll.); Kaslo, British Columbia (R. P. Currie); Moscow, Idaho (A. L. Melander); Pullman, Washington (A. L. Melander); Amity, Oregon (D. E. Lancefield); Los Angeles County, California (U.S. Nat. Mus. coll.); Mesilla, Beulah (T. D. A. Cockerell), New Mexico; Tampico, Mexico (T. E. Holloway); Montserrat, Trinidad, West Indies (A. Busck); Perth, West Australia (G. Compere); Sydney, Australia (A. Musgrave); Rhodesia (U. S. Nat. Mus. coll.). The species is recorded from Porto Rico by Coquillett, but I have been unable to find the specimens in the National Museum. It is stated by Howard to be recorded from Mauritius. In Europe the species is recorded from Sweden and England to Austria and the Canary Islands. The eggs and larve were described by Unwin (1907, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 285), who also presented data on the habits and on the struc- ture of the adult. The eggs have four rather short filaments, as I have also observed. The chromosomes, investigated by Metz, and the mating habits, are described elsewhere in this paper-(pp. 39 and 6, respectively). A brief account of certain mutations that I have obtained will be found on page 14. This species will breed on fruit of various kinds, and is kept going in the laboratory by means of the technique described for D. melanogaster elsewhere in this paper. In nature, however, it is not so frequently to be found about fruit as are many other species. I have found that stables 86 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. are very favorable places to collect it, and it is almost certain to appear about animal matter that has been preserved in formalin and then allowed to become somewhat stale. It will breed freely in such material. It will breed in fleshy fungi, but is rarely found about them in the woods. It is, in fact, seldom to be found in the woods at all, though quite common about houses, barns, or grocery stores. Oviposition begins when the females are about three days old, and the adults emerge about two weeks after the eggs are laid, at ordinary moderate summer temperatures. The species is very easily kept in the laboratory, and produces many offspring when kept on banana agar. If it is allowed to breed in a culture for several weeks the agar becomes liquefied, which it does not do in the case of D. melanogaster. Drosophila ordinaria Coquillett. 1904. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 6, 190. Q. Arista with about six branches above and two below. Head bright yellow, dark- brown ocellar spot. Front over one-third width of head, wider above. Second orbital scarcely one-half other two. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina flat, not sulcate-. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width one-fourth greatest diameter of eyes. Acrostichal hairs in six rows. Mesonotum, scutellum, pleure, and legs yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen yellow, with an interrupted dark-brown posterior band on each segment. Wings clear. Costal index about 2.7; fourth-vein index about 1.4; 5x index about 1.2; 4c index about 0.8. Length body 2.8 mm.; wing 2.8 mm. Specimens examined: St. John’s County, Quebec (C. W. Johnson coll.); White Mountains, New Hampshire (Morrison, type material); Chester, Massachusetts (C. W. Johnson). The species is recorded from New Jersey in Smith’s catalogue, but this is probably an error. All New Jersey speci- mens so labeled that I have seen are D. transversa Fallén or D. puétrida Sturtevant. Nothing is known about the habits of this species. I have never seen it alive. The male is unknown. Drosophila torrei, new species. Q. Arista short, with four branches above and two below. Antenne pale yellow. Front about one-third width of head; yellowish brown, ocellar dot dark brown. Second orbital about one-half first. Second oral less than one-half first. Carina narrow; face yellow. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with fine pile. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum dull yellow. Legs and pleure pale yellow. All thoracic hairs and bristles are yellowish brown. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen yellow. Wings clear, veins yellow. Costal index about 2.0; fourth-vein index about 1.4; 5z index about 1.0; 4c index about 1.0. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2 mm. Type, Havana, Cuba, January-February 1915. This specimen and three gonotypes bred from her (1 male, 2 females) are the only specimens seen. The male agrees with the above description. These specimens were reared on pineapple. This species is named for Dr. Carlos de la Torre, whose hospitality at the National University in Havana the author was enjoying when the type was collected. Drosophila duncani Sturtevant. 1918. ‘Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 38, 446. Arista with about six branches above and two below. Antenne yellow, third joint darker, long, and clothed with long yellow hairs. Front over one-third width of head, SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 87 wider above; reddish yellow, orbits and triangle grayish. Second orbital about half the third, which is scarcely over half the first. Carina quite narrow, confined to the upper part of the face. Face and cheeks yellow. Second oral bristle scarcely half the first. Greatest width of cheeks about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short, fine pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum dull yellow- ish-brown. Pleure yellow, brownish above. Legs pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibix, preapicals on third. Abdomen yellow, each segment with a dark-brown posterior band that is wider in the mid-dorsal region. Wings clear. Costal index about 3.8; fourth-vein index about 1.4; 5x index about 1.2; 4c index about 0.9. Length of body 2.3 mm.; wing 2.5 mm. Specimens examined: only the types; Flat Rock, [llinois, 1915 (Dr. F. N. Duncan). Labeled “ Fungus.” Drosophila verticis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 413. “Q. Front very broad above; yellow, the vertical stripes and a stripe or spot near the orbits, metallic-blue; lower part of the front wholly yellowish. Antenne yellow, the third joint brown; arista with long rays above and below. Face yellow, flat, not carinate. Mesonotum shining reddish-yellow; scutellum opaque brown on its upper surface. Pleurze more brown. Abdomen apparently yellow, with brown posterior bands to the segments. Legs yellow. Wings nearly hyaline; third section of the costal vein two-thirds or more the length of the second section; anal cell incomplete, the vein closing the cell outwardly indistinct or wanting. Length 2 mm. “Two specimens. St. Vincent.” I have not seen this species, so have reproduced Williston’s description verbatim. Drosophila nana Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 416. Arista with about five branches above and two or three below. Antennz yellow, third joint brownish: Front wider above; reddish brown, paler below. Only one conspicuous oral bristle. Carina small, low, confined to upper part of face; face yellowish brown. Palpi brown. Eyes with fine, sparse pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows. Mesonotum reddish yellow, shining, pleure darker. Legs yellow. Abdomen black, shining. Wings clear. Costal index about 1.8; fourth-vein index about 1.8; 5x index about 1.2; 4c index about 1.6. Length body 1.8 mm. The above description was drawn largely from my fragmentary notes on a specimen in the United States National Museum that agrees with Williston’s description. A few points not included in those notes have been added from the original description. Specimen examined: Tabernilla, Canal Zone, Panama (A. Busck). Described from St. Vincent, West Indies. Drosophila sororia Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 412. Arista with only a few rays. Antenne yellow. Front over one-third width of head, wider above. Second orbital one-fourth size of other two. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina represented only by a knob above. Face brown. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum dull reddish- yellow. Legs yellow. Abdomen dark brown, each segment with an indistinct posterior darker band. Wings clouded along costa and veins, especially on cross-veins and near the wing tips. Costal index about 2.4; fourth-vein index about 2.0; 5x2 index about 1.3; 4c index about 1.2. Length body 1.7 mm.; wing 1.8 mm. Specimen examined: Montego Bay, Jamaica. This specimen is in the collection of C. W. Johnson, who identified it as D. sororia. I am in agree- 88 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. ment with Mr. Johnson as to this identification. The specimen lacks the third antennal joints on each side, so the above description is drawn in part from Williston’s description, which was based on four specimens from the island of St. Vincent. Drosophila pulchella Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 327. D. bellula Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 410 (not Bergroth. 1894. Ent. Zeit. Stettin 55). 3, @. Arista with about five branches above and two below. Antenne yellow, third joint darker. Front yellowish brown. Second orbital one-fourth other two. Sec- ond oral nearly as large as first. Carina short, rather narrow, flat. Face and cheeks yellow. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum dark reddish-brown, with three indistinct yellowish stripes. Scutellum brown, with yellow margin. Pleure brown. Legs yellowish brown. Abdomen yellow, each segment with a posterior dark-brown band that is broader in the mid-dorsal region. Wings clear. Costal index about 2.0; fourth-vein index about 1.9; 57% index about 1.6; 4c index about 1.4. Length body 2.2 mm.; wing 2.3 mm. Specimens examined: St. Vincent, sea-level (Williston type material); Montserrat, Trinidad, West Indies (A. Busck). Drosophila nebulosa Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 327. D. limbata Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 414 (mot van Roser. 1840. Wiirtt. Corrbl.). 3, 9. Arista with about six long branches above and three below. Antenne yellow, third joint brownish. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; reddish yellow. Second orbital one-half other two. Second oral three-fourths first. Carina well developed, flat, very slightly indented; face yellow. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one- fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with rather short, thick pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows, somewhat irregular; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum dull yellow. Pleurz and legs pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen yellow, each segment with a broad black posterior band which is thickened in the mid-dorsal line. Wings smoky, darker along posterior cross-vein and on anterior half. Costal index about 2.4; fourth-vein index about 2.1; 5x index about 1.6; 4c index about 1.1. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2.2 mm. The species was described by Williston from the island of St. Vincent. I have not seen any of the type material, but have little doubt of the correct- ness of the determination. The form here described has no combs on the male front tarsi; but there are in the United States Nationai Museum some specimens, bred from Tonka bean pods from Venezuela, in which such combs are present. Otherwise this form agrees fairly well with the descrip- tion given above. However, to judge from the distribution, there seems little reason to doubt that Williston had the form without sex-combs described above. Specimens examined: Herradura (C. W. Metz), Havana, Santiago de las Vegas, Cayamas (E. A. Schwarz), Cristo (C. W. Metz), Guantanamo (C. T. Ramsden), Cuba; Sanchez, Haiti (F. E. Watson); Manati, San Juan, Porto Rico (Lutz and Mutchler); Bay Mansion, Barbados (H. A. Ballou); Panama, Republic of Panama. Described from St. Vincent. This species is common about fruit in Cuba. It breeds freely in the laboratory on slightly fermented banana, and has been reared from pine- apple and from guava. About twelve days are required for its development from egg to adult. The eggs have two filaments. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 89 The chromosomes have been described by Metz (1916, Amer. Nat., 50; see p. 39 of this paper). The mating habits are described elsewhere in this paper (see p. 6). Drosophila willistoni Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 327. D. pallida Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 415 (not Zetterstedt. 1847. Dipt. Scand., 6). 3, 2. Arista with about six branches above and three below. Antenne yellow. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; yellow. Second orbital about one-third other two. Second oral bristle nearly as long as first. Carina flat, not nose-like; face yel- low. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-eighth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes distinctly pilose. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum yellow, slightly shining. Pleure and legs pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibie, preapicals on third. Abdomen yellow, each segment with a dark-brown posterior margin. Wings clear. Costal index about 1.8; fourth-vein index about 2.1; 5x index about 1.8; 4c index about 1.4. Length body 1.8 mm.; wing 1.8 mm. Specimens examined: Miami, Florida; Nassau, Bahamas (A. Busck); Herradura (C. W. Metz), Havana, Santiago de las Vegas, Guantanamo (C. W. Metz, C. T. Ramsden), Cuba; Haiti (coll. A. L. Melander); Porus, Jamaica (C. W. Metz); Bayamon (A. Busck), Mayaguez (Hooker), Porto Rico; St. Vincent (Williston type material); San Jose, Port Limon, Costa Rica; Panama, Republic of Panama; Manaos, Brazil (Miss H. B. Merrill). Adams (1905, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 3) has reported the species from Rhodesia, South Africa. In view of the large number of known species similar in appearance to this one, a record from the Ethiopian region is doubtful unless very carefully checked up. This species is very similar to D. melanogaster Meigen and to D. caribbea Sturtevant, especially in pinned material. In life the three species can be distinguished at a glance. JD. caribbea is duller in color and stouter and more compressed laterally than are the other two. D. willistont is more slender than D. melanogaster, and has much less distinct abdominal bands. In pinned material the three species may be recognized, as follows: Heme CEOSUM Nel MATS IIR BURVTOWE ionic 1h saci! cb els iu lc gcudear ees uidialabe mlp)lc ele Niall nabeabare willistont PECLONSGLC Hey DEAT UIA CLEP TOTS eos (cs 8 io sind asada doo a peiene Ahk Ui sochas ain a cisates ele ey otavers 2 2. Costal index about 2.1; combs on male front tarsi.................-.+.- melanogaster Costal mdex about 1250 combs on tared 9530-4 ob) eos ie caribbea This species is very common about fruit in the tropics. I have bred it from banana, grape-fruit, papaya, and pineapple. It is easily kept for many generations in the laboratory, banana serving as a convenient food. About two weeks are required for its development. The chromosomes have been described by Metz (1916, Amer. Nat., 50; see p. 39 of this paper). The mating habits are described on page 7. Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr., 6,85. (Plate 3, fig. 2.) D. nigriventris Zetterstedt. 1847. Dipt. Scand., 6, 2557. (Not Macquart. 1843. Dipt- IXOtes 2. apeoo). : D. ampelophila Loew. 1862. Berlin ent. Zeit., 6, 231. D. uvarum Rondani. 1875. Bull. Com. agr. Parm. o'. Arista with about five branches above and three below. Antenne yellow. Front nearly one-half width of head, wider above; yellow. Second orbital one-third size of other two. Second oral bristle nearly as long as first. Carina rather broad, flat; face yellow. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with rather thick pile. 90 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum shining reddish-yellow. Pleure and legs pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. A comb-like row of about ten short, curved black bristles on the inner distal surface of the basal tarsal segment of the first leg. Abdomen shining black, with a basal reddish-yellow band on each of the first three segments. Wings clear. Costal index about 2.2; fourth-vein index about 2.4; 5z index about 2.0; 4c index about 1.3. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2 mm. Q. Differs from the male only in having no tarsal combs, and in that there is a basal reddish-yellow band also on the fourth and fifth abdominal segments. All the yellow abdominal bands are frequently obscure in pinned specimens. The sexual difference in the cheeks described by Loew I have been unable to detect. Drosophila melanogaster is recorded in Europe from Sweden and England to France, Sardinia, Italy, and Austria. It is also recorded from Smyrna, Africa, and the Seychelles. I have examined material from Holland, France, Italy, Spain, Lourenco Marques, Hawaii, Australia, Chile, Brazil, and Bermuda. North American material examined is from Nova Scotia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota, Kansas, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon, California, Mexico, British Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Dominica, Barbados. This material includes the type material of D. ampelophila Loew. Live material has been kept in the laboratory and used in genetic experiments in which it was crossed with local races, from the following localities among others: Liverpool, Nova Scotia; Kushla, Alabama; Seattle, Washington; Claremont, California; Guantanamo, Cuba; Panama; Sydney, Australia. These races were all typical D. melanogaster, and were fertile with races from New York and Massachusetts and derivatives of crosses involving such stocks. Although the species is not yet recorded from the oriental region outside of Australia, it may safely be considered as cosmopolitan. It is, however, apparently absent in the colder far-northern regions. The species was described in 1830, from specimens taken in Austria and Germany (Kiel, Hamburg). Zetterstedt recorded it from Scandinavia (as D. nigriventris) in 1847, but stated that it was rare, as he had seen only two specimens. Loew, in 1862, redescribed it as D. ampelophila, and recorded it as occurring in Cuba and Africa, and in central Europe, while it was common in southern Europe. In 1864 he referred to it as common in the raisin stores of Smyrna. Schiner, in 1864, stated that it was common in Austria. The evidence is thus clear that the species was then common in parts of the Old World. After Loew described it from Cuba it does not seem to have been recorded in America until 1882, when Bowles (Canad. Ent., 14, 101) reported that he had seen it in 1879 at Montreal. Other records were then published, as follows: 1875, New York (Lintner); 1879, New Haven (Williston), Montreal (Bowles); 1882, Massachusetts, common (Williston). It seems probable, as has been pointed out by Johnson (1913, Psyche, 20, 202) and others, that the species was introduced to this country from the tropics, and that it was not present or was rare in the days of Say, Harris, and Fitch. Fitch, especially, would scarcely have failed to note the species if it had been as common as it now is. His last report on the “Noxious and beneficial insects” of New York appeared in 1872; the last SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 91 one in which he described new Diptera appeared in 1865. It seems fairly safe to conclude that D. melanogaster became common in upper New York State between 1865 and 1875. It seems curious that the name melanogaster should have been overlooked by Loew, and should have been neglected by other workers for so long. It was recognized by Schiner in 1864, but seems not to have been used thereafter until Austen (1905, Entom. Mag., p. 276) pointed out that it was an earlier name for the form then known as D. ampelophila Loew. But even then the point was overlooked by most entomologists until redis- covered by Villeneuve (1913, Wien. ent. Zeit., 32, 128). The synonymy of D. nigriventris Zetterstedt was pointed out by Schiner (1864, Fauna Austr., 2, 277); that of D. warum Rondani by Mik (1883, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., 33). Mik was also the first to conclude that the species is cos- mopolitan. D. melanogaster is to be found most commonly about houses or grocery stores, or in orchards or fields. It is not a common woods species. It seems to me doubtful if it hibernates in the Northern States. I suspect that the only survivors of the winter have lived indoors when it was cold. New stocks must be continually brought in from the tropics on banana boats, so that the race to be found in any one locality is very likely continually changing, through the introduction of ‘‘new blood.” The species is pri- marily a fruit eater, though it can be bred on various other substances. Howard has bred it from human excrement, but this is exceptional, as the species is not usually attracted to such material. I have bred it from apple, banana, blackberry, fig, grapefruit, grape, guanabana, huckleberry, marifion, papaya, peach, pineapple, plantain, potato, tomato, zapote, and stale beer. Banana and peach are the most satisfactory of these for labor- atory purposes. A still more satisfactory method of feeding these flies in the laboratory is the banana-agar method described elsewhere in this paper. . The eggs have two filaments. Females will sometimes lay eggs when they are only a day old, but mating and oviposition usually begin on about the second or third day. From eight to twelve days are ordinarily required for development, depending on the temperature and food conditions. The chromosomes, mating habits, genetic experiments, and tropisms are de- scribed elsewhere in this paper. Drosophila simulans Sturtevant. 1919. Psyche, 26, 153. o', 2. No constant and usable differences from D. melanogaster, except that the cheek (measured just below the lowest point of the eye) is a little broader (cf. figs. 45 and 46), and that the shape of the clasper and of the posterior process of the first genital segment of the male (figs. 13 and 14) are distinct. The shape of the cheek is difficult to be sure of, and the male genitalia can not be examined satisfactorily except in relaxed material. The spermathece do not differ from those of D. melanogaster. Specimens examined: Randolph, New Hampshire (Miss H. Daniels); Cold Spring Harbor (C. W. Metz), Staten Island (F. Schrader), New York; Rochester, Minnesota (L. Huckfield); Richmond, Virginia; Macon, Georgia (G. L. Carver); Lakeland (C. W. Metz, type material), Palm Beach (B. B. Horton), Key Largo (F. Knab), Florida; Kushla, Alabama; Fayetteville, Arkansas (B. Schwartz); Port Limon, Costa Rica; Taboga Island, Panama (A. Busck); Sao Paulo (F. Iglesias), Matto Grosso (Harris), Brazil. The mating and breeding habits of this species are almost identical with those of D. melanogaster. The species is almost as common as D. melano- gaster in the neighborhood of New York and in southern Alabama, but has not yet been recognized in material from the Pacific coast, the West Indies, 92 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. Australia, Hawaii, or Europe, in all of which regions D. melanogaster is apparently common. In life this species can be seen to be a little darker than D. melanogaster and a little stouter in shape. These differences are, however, not ‘obvious unless a large series of each is examined. The eggs are quite different (see plate 1). The genetic experiments with this species and its hybrids with D. melano- gaster are described elsewhere in this paper (pp. 14 and 117). Heap or MALE. Fria. 45.—Drosophila melanogaster. Fig. 46.—Drosophila simulans. Since this species has not been distinguished from D. melanogaster, but is now common in the Eastern States in the same situations as that species, the same arguments as were applied to D. melanogaster may be shown to indicate that D. simulans is also an introduced form. Since it has not been recognized except from the United States, Central America, and Brazil, it seems very probable that it was brought in from the American tropics. The date of introduction was probably rather recent; of the specimens examined from this country the one from Key Largo is the only one col- lected before 1913, and that one was only a year or two earlier. Quacken- bush (1910) was probably dealing with this species, in crosses with D. melanogaster. His material was collected at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in 1908. Drosophila caribbea Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 335. o, . Arista with about five branches above and three below. Antenne yellow, third joint brownish. Front nearly one-half width of head, wider above; reddish yellow. Second orbital about one-third other two. First oral bristle one and one-half times second. Carina rather broad, flat. Face, cheeks, and proboscis yellow. Greatest width of cheeks less than one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with thickly set, short pile. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellars, although there is a transverse row of slightly enlarged hairs between the posterior pair of dorsocentrals. Mesonotum, scutellum, and pleurz dull pale brownish-yellow. Legs pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibix, preapicals on third. ; Abdomen brownish yellow, each segment with an indistinct brownish posterior margin. Wings clear. Costal index about 1.5; fourth-vein index about 2.4; 5x index about 2.0; 4c index about 1.6. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2.2 mm. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 93 Specimens examined: Herradura (C. W. Metz), Havana (type material), Santiago de las Vegas, Baracoa (U.S. Nat. Mus.), Santiago de Cuba (C. W. Metz), Guantanamo (C. T. Ramsden, F. E. Lutz), Cuba; Sanchez, Haiti (F. E. Watson); Mayaguez, Porto Rico (F. E. Lutz); Antigua (H. A. Ballou); Roseau, Dominica (F. E. Lutz); Punta Gorda, British Honduras (U. S. Nat. Mus.); San Jose, Costa Rica; Taboga Island (A. Busck), Panama, Republic of Panama; Manaos, Brazil (Miss H. B. Merrill). This species is quite common about fruit in Cuba and Central America. As I have pointed out elsewhere (1918, Journ. Parasitology, 5, 84), it is rather frequent about human excrement, and sometimes breeds on it. I have seen specimens bred from the feces of a dysentery patient in Cuba by Mr. J. R. Taylor. I have myself bred the species from banana, guava, marifion, orange, papaya, pineapple, plantain, and zapote. About twelve days are required for its development. It can be bred in the laboratory through many generations with comparative ease, banana being a satis- factory food for this purpose. The eggs have two filaments. An account of the chromosomes, of the mating habits, and of a mutation found in this species will be found else- where in this paper. Group F. Typical species. Subgroup 2: Blackish or grayish species. Drosophila obscura Fallén. 1823. Dipt. Suec. Geomyz., 6, 6. D. tristis Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. (not Fallén. 1823. Dipt. Suec.). o. Arista with about four branches above and two below. Antenne brown, third joint dark. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; opaque brown, orbits and ocellar triangle gray pollinose. Second orbital one-half other two. Second oral bristle about one-half size of first. Carina broad, high; face dark brown. Cheeks grayish brown, their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with rather thick pile. Fia. 47.—Drosophila obscura. Front leg of male, showing two tarsal combs. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum, scutellum, and pleurz dark dull grayish-brown, mesonotum sometimes slightly grayish pollinose. Legs pale brown, femora darker. There is a small comb of short, stout, curved black bristles on the inner side of each of the two basal joints of each front tarsus (fig. 47). Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibize, preapicals on third. Abdomen dark blackish-brown, somewhat shining toward the apex. Wings clear, veins brown. Costal index about 2.7; fourth-vein index about 1.9; 5z index about 1.5; 4c index about 0.9. Length of body 2.2 mm.; wing 2.3 mm. Q. Agree, only no tarsal combs. In life show anterior pale bands on each abdominal segment. Specimens examined: Italy (det. Bezzi); Holland (det. J. C. H. de Meijere); Corvallis (G. F. Sykes), Amity (D. E. Lancefield), Oregon; Berkeley (E. B. Babcock),*Claremont (L. L. Gardner), Newport (C. W. Metz), California. The species is recorded in Europe from the Canary Islands to Sweden, Austria, and Italy. Coquillett (1899, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 21, 301) recorded it from Japan, but an examination of his specimens has convinced me that they represent a different species of Drosophila. 94 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. This species is a fruit-feeding form. It is easily kept in the laboratory on banana, and has also been bred from pineapple, orange, and tomato. About two weeks are required for its development. The eggs have two filaments. The chromosomes, mating habits, and certain genetic experiments are described elsewhere in this paper. Drosophila affinis Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 334. o. Arista with about five branches above and two below. Antenne brown, third joint nearly black. Front nearly one-half width of head, wider above; dark brown, lighter below, orbits and triangle pollinose. Second orbital three-fourths third, which is three- fourths first. Carina low, very narrow; face dull brown. Second oral bristle scarcely one-fifth first. Cheeks grayish brown; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum, scutellum, and pleure coffee-brown. Legs pale brownish-yellow. A comb-like row of short, stout, curved black bristles on the inner side of the basal tarsal joint of each front leg, as in the male of D. melanogaster Meigen. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibix, preapicals on third. Abdomen dark brown, lighter toward the base. Wings clear. Costal index about 3.6; fourth-vein index about 2.6; 5x index about 2.0; 4c index about 1.2. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2.2 mm. @. As above, except that no tarsal combs are present. In life they have yellow an- terior bands on each abdominal segment. Specimens examined: Mount Washington (Mrs. Slosson), Hanover, New Hampshire; Beverly (Burgess), Woods Hole, Massachusetts; Niagara Falls (C. W. Johnson), Ithaca (E. G. Anderson), New York, Staten Island, New York; New Brunswick (F. E. Lutz), Fort Lee, Split Rock Pond, New Jersey; North Mountain, Pennsylvania (C. W. Johnson); La Fayette (J. M. Aldrich), Bloomington (F. Payne), North Manchester (R. R. Hyde), Indiana; Flat Rock, Illinois (F. N. Dunean); St. Louis, Missouri (W. V. Warner); Plummer’s Island, Maryland (R. C. Shannon); Washington, District of Columbia (R. C. Shannon); Dead Run (R. C. Shannon), Rich- mond, Virginia; Knoxville, Tennessee (Aldrich coll.); North Carolina (U. S. Nat. Mus. coll.); Greenville, South Carolina; Georgia (U. S. Nat. Mus. coll.); Lakeland, Florida (C. W. Metz); Kushla, Alabama; Houston (H. J. Muller), Willis (U. S. Nat. Mus. coll.), Texas; Wister, Oklahoma (H. 8. Barber); Douglas County, Kansas (coll. Univ. of Kans.). This species has been often identified as the European D. confusa Staeger. A specimen from Italy in the collection of Mr. C. W. Johnson, identified as D. confusa by Bezzi and agreeing with the descriptions of that species, differs from this form as follows: acrostichal hairs in eight rows; two prominent oral bristles; fourth-vein index about 1.3. I have not seen any American specimens that seem to me to represent this species. D. affinis feeds on fruit. I have bred it from banana, huckleberry, pine- apple, potato, watermelon, and stale beer. It is not rare about bleeding trees. The development takes about two weeks. The eggs have two filaments, slightly over one-half as long as the egg itself and somewhat dilated at their tips. The chromosomes have been described by Metz. Data on these, on the mating habits of the species, and on a mutation found in it by Hyde will be found elsewhere in this paper. Drosophila pseudomelanica Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 333. o’. Arista with about five branches above and three below. Antenne brown. Front about one-third width of head, wider above; brownish red. Second orbital scarcely more SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 95 than a hair. Second oral bristle two-thirds size of first. Carina flat, rather narrow. Face narrow, brown. Palpi brown, with several prominent bristles. Cheeks brown; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum dull blackish- brown. Pleure brown. Legs pale yellowish-brown. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen shining dark brown, basal segments with lighter median dorsal and anterior lines. Wings clear, veins brown. Costal index about 4.0; fourth-vein index about 1.8; 5z index about 1.3; 4c index about 0.7. Length body 1.5 mm.; wing 1.7 mm. Specimens examined: Cabin John Bridge, Maryland, March 1914 (R. C. Shannon); Dead Run, Virginia, April 1914 (R. C. Shannon, type material). Drosophila melanissima Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 333. o, @. Arista with about four branches above and two below. Antenne velvety black. Front about one-half width of head, wider above; blackish brown, velvety. Second orbital about one-third other two. Second oral bristle less than one-fourth first. Carina broad, slightly suleate below; face black. Several prominent palpal bristles. Cheeks brownish black; their greatest width about one-third greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short, thick black pile. Acrostichal hairs long, in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum, scutellum, and pleure brownish black; there is a faint grayish pollinose line extending from the base of the first coxa to the base of the haltere. Legs blackish brown. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen dark blackish brown, slightly polished. Wings slightly brownish, veins brown. Costal index about 4.0; fourth-vein index about 1.7; 5x index about 1.1; 4c index about 0.7. . Length body 2 mm.; wing 2.2 mm. Specimens examined: North Carolina (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Georgia (U.S. ee Mus.); Biscayne Bay, Florida (Mrs. Slosson); Kushla, Alabama type). As I have stated elsewhere (1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26, 38), I found this species in large numbers about moist sawdust made from a living pine tree by a boring beetle, in Alabama, October 1916. Efforts to breed it were not successful, but there can be little doubt that the flies were breeding on this sawdust. But for the broader cheeks, smaller eyes, and larger oral opening, this species might be considered as a dark-colored race of D. melanica Sturtevant. Drosophila melanica Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9,332. (Plate 3, fig. 3.) o, @. Arista with about four branches above and two below. Antenne dark brown, second joint grayish above. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; blackish, velvety, orbits and narrow triangle brown. Second orbital about one-third size of other two. Second oral bristle less than one-fourth first. Carina broad, slightly sulcate; face blackish brown, dull. Several prominent palpal bristles. Cheeks brown; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short, thick black pile. Acrostichal hairs long, in six rows; no prescutellar bristles. Mesonotum dull blackish- brown, a small indistinct pair of brown spots on anterior margin, just inside of dorso- central lines. Humeri grayish brown. Scutellum and pleure dark dull blackish-brown. Legs, including cox, pale brown. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen yellow, with a pair of lateral dark-brown fasciz# on each segment. Wings clear, veins brown. Costal index about 3.3; fourth-vein index about 1.7; 5z index about 1.0; 4c index about 0.8. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2.2 mm. Specimens examined: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (Mrs. Slos- son); Plymouth (C. W. Johnson), Woods Hole, Massachusetts; Kingston, 96 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. Rhode Island (C. W. Johnson); New York, New York; Bloomington, Indiana (F. Payne); Plummer’s Island, Maryland (R. C. Shannon); District of Columbia (Loew collection); Dead Run, Virginia (R. C. Shan- non); North Carolina (U. S. Nat. Mus. coll.); Macon, Georgia (G. L. Carver): Kushla, Alabama; Helena, Arkansas (H. 8. Barber); Bethesda Cite Hutchison), St. Louis Con Abbott), Missouri. This is a fruit-eating form. I have bred it from banana and potato. In many places in the Eastern States it is the commonest of the woods species. The eggs have two filaments. The chromosomes, reported by Metz, are described on page 39. Drosophila robusta Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 331. 3, 9. Arista with about six branches above and three below. Antenne dark brown, second joint pollinose distally. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; dark coffee-brown, orbits and triangle slightly grayish pollinose. Second orbital fine, about one-fourth length of other two. Second oral bristle not quite one-half size of first. More than one prominent bristle on each palpus. Carina broad, very slightly sulcate; face somewhat shining, brown. Cheeks brown, their greatest width scarcely one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short pile. Acrostichal hairs somewhat irregular, in six to eight rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum dark dull-brown, with four faint pollinose longitudinal stripes. Scutellum and pleure dark dull-brown. Legs pale brown; first coxe blackish brown beneath, with a whitish pollinose spot between them. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibia, pre- apicals on third. Abdomen grayish brown, each segment with a very broad dark-brown fascia on each side; these fascie often nearly or quite meet in the mid-dorsal line. Wings clear, veins brown, subterminal part of first vein very dark. Costal index about 4.0; fourth-vein index about 1.6; 52 index about 1.2; 4c index about 0.7. Length of body 2.5 mm.; wing 2.7 mm. Specimens examined: Hanover, New Hampshire; Woods Hole, Massa- echusetts; Ithaca (S. W. Frost), Cold Spring Harbor (C. W. Metz), Staten Island (F. Schrader), New York; Cabin John Bridge, Maryland (R. C. Shannon); Falls Church, Virginia (N. Banks); Kushla, Alabama (type material); Helena, Arkansas (H. S. Barber). This species is a fruit eater. I have bred it from banana, tomato, and potato. Nearly four weeks are required for its development. The eggs have four filaments. The chromosomes, reported by Metz (1916, Amer. Nat., 50), are described on page 39; the mating habits will be found on page 7. The puparium has long anterior spiracles, and super- ficially resembles that of D. ammigrans n. sp. on that account. The head is figured on page 25 (fig. 6). Drosophila sulcata Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 330. o', @. Arista with about five branches above and two below. Antenne reddish brown, third joint dark. Front over one-third width of head; reddish brown, with a dark-brown ocellar dot. Second orbital about one-fourth other two. Second oral bristle not quite one-half first. Three large bristles on each palpus. Carina prominent, not very broad, distinctly sulcate; face reddish brown. Cheeks reddish brown; their greatest width about one-fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with rather short, sparse pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellar bristles. Mesonotum grayish pollinose, with somewhat indefinite and variable reddish-brown interrupted stripes. These markings are easily obscured in imperfect specimens. Scutellum grayish pollinose. Pleure grayish pollinose, reddish-brown below. Legs, including cox, pale reddish-brown. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen grayish, with a dark-brown fascia on each side of each segment, leaving usually only a median dorsal and a posterior gray line. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 97 Wings slightly yellowish, veins brown. Costal index about 4.6; fourth-vein index about 1.3; 5x index about 0.9; 4c index about 0.7. Length body 3 mm.; wing 3.2 mm. Specimens examined: Ottawa, Canada (W. H. Harrington); Franconia (Mrs. Slosson), Hanover (C. W. Johnson), Bretton Woods (C. W. Johnson), New Hampshire; Chester, Massachusetts (C. W. Johnson); Ithaca, New York (R. C. Shannon); Pottstown, North Mountain, Pennsylvania (C. W. Johnson); Cabin John Bridge (types), Linnieville, Maryland (R. C. Shannon); District of Columbia (U. S. Nat. Mus. coll.); Dead Run, Glencarlyn, Virginia (R. C. Shannon); Georgia (U. 8. Nat. Mus. coll.). Drosophila virilis Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 330. o', 2. Arista with about five branches above and two below. Antenne brown, third joint dark opaque reddish-brown. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; dull coffee-brown, ocellar dot black. Second orbital one-third other two. Second oral bristle three-quarters length of first. Only one long bristle on each palpus. Carina broad, slightly sulcate, noselike; face somewhat shiny, brown. Cheeks yellowish brown; their greatest width over one-fourth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes pilose. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum dark dull- brown. Pleurse and abdomen dull brown, somewhat darker. Legs pale brown. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibie, preapicals on third. Wings clear, veins brown. Costal index about 2.8; fourth-vein index about 1.8; 5x index about 1.2; 4c index about 0.9. Length body 2.8 mm.; wing 3.0 mm. Specimens examined: New York, New York (types); Terre Haute, Indiana (R. R. Hyde). I have also one specimen, collected at St. Elmo, near Chattanooga, Tennessee (W. 8. Adkins), that may belong here. The specimen is badly damaged, but agrees with this species so far as can be seen, except that the carina is not at all sulcate. It does not agree with any other species known to me. The New York record rests on a single pair bred from a pineapple exposed at Columbia University, in November 1913, and descendants of this pair. This stock is still being kept in large numbers by Dr. C. W. Metz, who has used it extensively in genetic experiments. The Terre Haute record rests on one series taken by Dr. R. R. Hyde in a grocery store, and likewise kept as a stock. I have seen living material of this strain. It is identical with the New York stock. The species is very hardy and easily kept in the laboratory. This fact makes its great rarity in nature surprising. The fact that both of the certain records are based on material collected about buildings suggests that the species may be an introduced one. It may well have been described under an- other name from some other region, though I have been unable to find any description 1a. 48—Drosophila virilis. with which it can be identified. Head. The eggs have four filaments. The females ordinarily do not begin to lay until they are four or five days old. About three weeks are required for development. The mating habits, chromo- somes, and genetic experiments dealing with this species are described else- where in this paper. The small eyes and broad cheeks (fig. 48) make this species obviously distinct from such types as D. robusta (fig. 6) that resemble it superficially. 98 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. Drosophila earlei Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 329. 3, @. Arista with about five branches above and two below. Antennz brown, third joint dark. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; opaque reddish-brown, orbits and triangle grayish pollinose. Second orbital one-third other two. Second oral bristle nearly as long as first. Carina high and narrow; face brown. Cheeks yellowish brown; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes pilose. Acrostichal hairs somewhat irregular, in six to eight rows; no prescutellar bristles. Mesonotum coffee-brown, with yellow-brown markings as follows: a narrow median longi- tudinal streak; a pair of longitudinal stripes including the dorsocentrals, and broader anteriorly with external branches behind; a spot on each humerus. Scutellum coffee- brown, with yellowish lateral.edges. Pleurz coffee-brown, legs pale brown. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen black, four basal segments each with an interrupted yellowish anterior band. Wings clear, veins brown. Costal index about 2.0; fourth-vein index about 1.7; 5a index about 1.3; 4c index about 0.9. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2 mm. Specimens examined: Herradura (C. W. Metz, type material), Cristo (C. W. Metz), Cuba; Panama, Republic of Panama. The eggs have two long filaments, that are broadened on their apical halves. The chromosomes, reported by Metz, are described on page 39. This species will breed on banana and pineapple. It requires nearly a month for development. Drosophila saltans Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 328. o', @. Arista with about five branches above and three below. Antenne brown, third joint darker. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; reddish brown, triangle and orbits grayish pollinose, a brown spot above upper orbital bristle. Second orbital one-fifth other two. Second oral bristle nearly as long as first. Carina high and narrow; face brown. Proboscis brownish. Cheeks yellowish brown; their greatest width scarcely one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short, sparse pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum grayish-brown pollinose, with markings of dark dull-brown as follows: a pair of short longitudinal stripes on the front margin, just within the dorsocentral rows; two pairs of spots just outside the dorso- central rows, one just behind the humeri and the other just behind the transverse suture. Scutellum grayish-brown pollinose. Pleurze dark brown, grayish at the sutures. Legs pale brown, femora and tibiz darker in the middle. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen dark brown, each segment grayish pollinose anteriorly. Wings with a small blackish speck at tip of first vein; otherwise clear. Costal index about 2.0; fourth-vein index about 2.6; 5x index about 1.7; 4c index about 1.4. Length body 1.5 mm.; wing 1.7 mm. Specimens examined: Guantanamo, Cuba (C. T. Ramsden, type ma- terial). Also specimens from Panama, Republic of Panama, that differ only in having lighter mesonotum. This species can be bred for many generations on banana. It has also been bred on pineapple. The larve have the habit of “‘skipping,” by the same mechanism as the familiar cheese-skipper (Piophila). In this respect they resemble D. cardini Sturtevant, a very different species. Drosophila coffeata Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 409. Arista with about four branches above and three below. Antenne brownish, third joint darker. Front about one-third width of head, wider above; brown, with a pair of velvety black stripes converging below. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina prominent, sulcate; face brown. Eyes with well-developed pile. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum brown, with three narrow whitish longitudinal stripes. Scutellum and pleure dark brown. Legs yellow. Abdomen blackish brown. Wings very slightly smoky. Costal index about 2.5; fourth-vein index about 1.6; 5x index about 1.2; 4c index about 0.9. Length body 1.4 mm.; wing 1.5 mm. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 99 Specimen examined: St. Vincent, West Indies, 1,000 feet (Williston type material). The orbital bristles are missing on this specimen. Drosophila annularis Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 9, 327. D. annulata Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soe. London, 409 (not Notiphila annulata annulata Fallén. 1813. Vet. Akad. Hand.; Drosophila annulata Zetterstedt. 1847. Dipt. Scand. 6). Front less than one-third width of head; dark brown, grayish pollinose on frontal stripes, a whitish spot above each antenna. Arista with about 7 branches above and 4 below. Antenne yellowish, third joint darker above. Second orbital about one-fourth other two. Only one large oral bristle. Face blackish brown; carina noselike. Cheeks brown; their greatest width about one-fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short, thick pile. Acrostichal hairs in 8 rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum dull brownish-black, with narrow irregular grayish markings in front, and a pair of faint blotches behind; humeri grayish. Scutellum dull black, its basal angles and apex grayish. Pleurze brown, grayish pollinose. Femora brown, yellowish at tips; tibize yellow, each with a basal and an apical brown band; tarsi yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibix, pre- apicals on third. Abdomen yellow, each segment with a broad posterior velvety black band. The bands on the third, fourth, and fifth segments are broken in the mid-dorsal line. Cross-veins clouded; a black spot at tip of first vein. Costal index about 2.2; fourth- vein index about 1.5; 5a index about 1.0; 4c index about 1.0. Length body 2.5 mm.; wing 2.5 mm. Specimens examined: St. Vincent, West Indies, 1,500 feet (Williston type); Alajuelo, Panama (A. Busck). The St. Vincent specimen is headless. Drosophila fasciola Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 410. o. Arista with about five branches above and three below. Antennz yellowish brown, third joint darker. Front about one-third width of head, wider above; brown; vertex, orbits, and triangle yellowish. Second orbital about one-fourth other two. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina narrow, flat; face yellowish brown. Cheeks brown; their greatest width about one-fifth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short, thick pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum dull grayish-yellow, with numerous brown dots, the latter coalescing to form a broad median stripe and a pair of narrow anterior ones just inside the dorsocentral lines. Scutellum grayish yellow, each bristle arising from a brown dot. Pleure brown, slightly grayish pollinose. Legs pale brown; femora darker at base, and tibie with dark proximal and distal bands. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen brown, each segment yellowish at base. Wings clear, tip of first vein black. Costal index about 1.8; fourth-vein index about 1.6; 5x index about 1.3; 4c index about 1.3. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2.2 mm. Specimen examined: St. Vincent, West Indies, 500 feet (Williston type). Drosophila repleta Wollaston. 1858. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 41, 117. D. punctulata Loew. 1862. Berlin. ent. Zeit., 6, 232. D. adspersa Mik. 1886. Wien. ent. Zeit., 5, 328. ? D. nigropunctata van der Wulp. 1892. Tijd. Ent., 34. ?D. marmoria Hutton. 1901. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 33, 91. 3%, 2. Arista with about five branches above and three below. Antenne grayish brown, third joint reddish. Front about one-half width of head, wider above; gray; each bristle arising from a dark-brown spot, and a pair of reddish-brown velvety lines converging below. Second orbital about one-third of other two. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina distinctly suleate; face brown. Cheeks yellowish brown; their greatest width about one-fourth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with thick pile. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; a pair of slightly enlarged hairs in the prescutellar position. In front of the dorsocentral bristles and in the same row with them are a few slightly enlarged hairs. Two large humerals. Mesonotum and scutellum gray, each bristle and hair arising from a dark-brown dot; these dots are irregularly fused into larger splotches, and there is also a dark-brown splotch on the disk of the scutellum. Pleurze brown. Legs 100 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. pale brown, first femora darker, first coxe dark-brown below. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen gray, each segment with a wide interrupted dark-brown band on its posterior margin; these bands reach the anterior margin near the lateral edges of the segments, but, at least on the three basal segments, there is a gray spot between this point and the lateral margin. Wings clear, first vein black at tip. Costal index about 3.4; fourth-vein index about 1.8; 5x index about 1.3; 4c index about 0.9. Specimens examined: Vienna, Austria (Pokorny, det. Kertész); Barce- lona, Spain (J. Arias); Lourenco Marques, Africa (C. W. Howard); Olaa, Hawaii (W. H. Ashmead); Fall River (N. S. Easton), Brookline (U. S. Nat. Mus. coll.), Massachusetts; Maspeth (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. coll.), New York, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (C. W. Johnson); Branchville, Maryland (F. E. L. Beal); Washington, District of Columbia (W. L. McAtee); Virginia, near Plummer’s Island (R. C. Shannon); Black Mountains, North Carolina (N. Banks); Camp Jackson, South Carolina; Nashville, Tennessee (H. 8. Barber); Daytona (B. B. Horton), Lakeland (C. W. Metz), Key West, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana (P. Viosca); San Diego (EK. A. Schwarz), Brownsville (Townsend), Texas; Tampico, Mexico (T. E. Holloway); Alajuelo (A. Busck), Panama, Republic of Panama; Guantanamo (C. T. Ramsden), Guareiras, Havana, Cuba; Sanchez, Haiti (F. E. Watson); Kingston, Jamaica (C. W. Johnson); Roseau, Dominica (F. E. Lutz); Posorja, Ecuador (F. Campos); Ceara, Brazil (F. D. da Rocha); Buenos Aires, Argentina (U. 8. Nat. Mus. coll.); Bermuda (F. M. Jones). Described from Madeira; recorded from the Seychelles by Lamb; from Italy, Gold Coast, Calcutta by Bezzi; from Austria and Ashantee by Mik; from Morocco by Becker. The type locality for D. nigropunctata is Java; that for D. marmoria is the Auckland Islands. The descriptions of any of the species listed at the head of this section would fit the following two species as well as this one, except that D. adspersa could not well be D. mullert. I have seen the type of D. punctulata, and it is the form here described. The two forms described next in this paper are not known to occur outside of the New World, while I have seen this one from two localities in Europe and one in Africa. Since all the names in question were applied to Palearctic or Oriental specimens, it seems safe to suppose that this is the species involved. The types of D. repleta were collected about houses, which is in agreement with the habits of this form. That the present species is distinct from the two following would certainly not be a legitimate conclusion from a study of ordinary pinned material, but has been abundantly demonstrated by breeding experiments. Neither of those species will cross at all with this one, though all are easily bred in the laboratory in pure stocks. In life the three forms are somewhat more different than appears from pinned material. The most conspicuous difference is in the color of the eyes. D. mulleri has bright red eyes, similar to those of the vermilion mutant of D. melanogaster. The other two forms have deeper, more brownish eyes. When old their eyes are much alike, but in young specimens D. hydei has a more reddish or wine-colored eye, D. repleta a deep sepia one. D. repleta averages somewhat larger in size than the other two, and breeds a little more slowly. Dr. Metz has shown that D. repleta and D. mulleri differ in the shape of their X chromosomes. Drosophila repleta is evidently an introduced species in ‘this country and in Europe. It is probably of tropical origin. The following dates represent the earliest authentic records for various parts of the world that are known to me: 1858, Madeira; 1862, Cuba; 1886, Austria, West Africa; 1892, SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 101 Java (?); 1895, Fall River, Massachusetts; 1898, Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania; about 1900, Hawaii; 1904, Nashville, Tennessee; 1909, Bermuda. The mating habits of D. repleta are described on page 7; the sperm- atheca is figured on page 37; its mutations are discussed on page 14. This species will breed on fruit, and is attracted to human excrement (see Sturtevant, 1918). Drosophila hydei, new species. 9, «. No constant differences from D. repleta and D. mulleri except as follows: First coxse pale brown below. No lateral gray areas on abdominal segments. Type and gonotypes: from stock collected at Lakeland, Florida (C. W. Metz). As in the case of D. immigrans, the gonotypes are not descended from the type, but the whole type series is known to be descended from one individual. Other specimens examined: Boston (C. W. Johnson), Woods Hole, Massachusetts; Providence, Rhode Island (C. W. Johnson); Riverton, New Jersey (C. W. Johnson); Frankford, Pennsylvania (C. W. Johnson); Bloomington (F. Payne), North Manchester (R. R. Hyde), Indiana; Coal Creek, Tennessee (W. S. Adkins); Flat River (T. Pergande), St. Louis (A. Busck), Missouri; St. Augustine (C. W. Johnson), Daytona (C. W. Johnson), Jacksonville (Mrs. Slosson), Miami, Florida; Kushla, Alabama; New Orleans, Louisiana (C. W. Metz); Willis, Texas (U. S. Nat. Mus. coll.); Berkeley (E. B. Babcock), Claremont (C. F. Baker), Newport (C. W. Metz), Spreckels (C. F. Stahl), California; Calabacillas, Chihuahua (S. MeGibbon); Cuernavaca (C. C. Deam), Amatlan (F. Knab), State of Vera Cruz; Punta Gorda, British Honduras (J. D. Norton); Alajuelo, Panama (A. Busck); Nassau, Bahamas (coll. C. W. Johnson); Havana, Guareiras, Cuba; Cayey, Porto Rico (Lutz and Mutchler). The species is named for Dr. R. R. Hyde, who first discovered that it is distinct from D. repleta in the color of the abdomen and that it will not cross with that species. I have verified these points and found the addi- tional character of coxal color. As pointed out in the discussion of D. repleta, there is also a difference in eye-color and in average size that can be seen in life. The mating habits of this species are discussed on page 6, and a muta- tion that Dr. Hyde has studied is listed on page 14. The eggs have four anterior filaments. The species will breed on fruit. Drosophila hydei is evidently an introduced species in the United States, since it would have been mistaken for D. repleta, and we have already seen that that species was not known to the earlier collectors. The following dates are the earliest known to me for the species: 1891, St. Augustine, Florida; 1897, Frankford, Pennsylvania; 1900, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico; 1903, Willis, Texas; 1904, St. Louis, Missouri, and Providence, Rhode Island; 1905, Nassau, Bahamas. Drosophila mulleri, new species. D. repleta, variety a. Metz. 1916. Amer. Nat., 50, 595. 3, 2. No constant differences from D. repleta and D. hydet except as follows: First coxa pale brown below. Lateral gray areas present on abdominal segments as in D. repleta, often a little larger than in that species. Type (co) and four paratypes: Houston, Texas, 1915 (H. J. Muller). Other specimens examined: Miami, Key Largo, Florida (F. Knab); Herradura (C. W. Metz), Havana, Guareiras, Aguada Pasajeros, Guan- tanamo (C. T. Ramsden), Cuba; Kingston, Jamaica (M. Grabham); Tegucigalpa, Honduras (F. J. Dyer). 102 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. The differences between this species and the two preceding ones that are available in living material are discussed under D. repleta. Its chromosomes are referred to on page 39. This form may be bred on banana. Drosophila ramsdeni Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 328. 3, 9. Arista with about four branches above and two below. Antenne pale yellow, third joint reddish brown above. Front pale yellow, three brown spots on each orbit and one around each ocellus. Second orbital one-fourth size of other two. First orbital three times size of second. Carina large, broad, sulcate. Face and cheeks yellow, a brown spot just below carina and one just below each eye. Eyes pilose. Acrostichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum light gray, each hair and bristle arising from a dark-brown spot. Between the dorsocentrals these spots are fused into a pair of irregular longitudinal stripes. Scutellum light gray, basal pair of bristles arising from brown spots. Pleura dark brown above, pale yellow below. Legs pale yellow, tips of femora and bases of tibie brown. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen yellow, each segment with a dark-brown cross-band, which is broadly broken in the mid-dorsal line. Wings clear; veins pale brown, with dark-brown spots at tip of first vein and at junction of first and second veins. Costal index about 2.6; fourth-vein index about 2.0; 5z index about 1.2; 4c index about 1.1. Length body 2.5 mm.; wing 2.5 mm. Specimens examined: Guantanamo, Cuba (C. T. Ramsden, type ma- terial). This species has been bred from pineapple. The chromosomes, reported by Metz (1916, Amer. Nat., 50), are described on page 39. Drosophila alabamensis Sturtevant. 1918. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26, 38. Arista with five branches above and one below. Antennz large, brown; third joint large, oval, dark. Front about one-half width of head, wider above; brown, triangle and orbits grayish. “Second” orbital over one-half other two, placed a trifle below third. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina very small, confined to upper part of face; face light brown. Proboscis brown, palpi dark brown, large. Cheeks brown; their greatest width about one-third greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with short pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellar bristles. Mesonotum dull brown; humeri, median stripe, pair of stripes in dorsocentral rows, and posterior pair of stripes outside the latter and joining them at the suture, grayish. Scutellum brown, with grayish border. Pleure dull brown. Legs yellowish brown. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibix, preapicals on third. Abdomen dark dull brown. Wings clear. Costal index about 2.3; fourth-vein index about 2.3; 5x index about 2.0; 4c index about 1.3. Length body 2.3 mm.; wing 2.5 mm. Specimen examined: Kushla, Alabama, April 9, 1915 (type). Drosophila bilineata Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 409. “7. Front of equal width, not widened above; opaque velvety black, the orbits and a slender median line opaque yellowish-grey. Face light yellow, on the sides above dusted like the frontal orbits. Cheeks and the dilated palpi black, the cheeks yellow behind. Face distinctly receding, carinate in the middle. Antennz brownish-yellow or brown, the third joint more than twice as long as wide; arista with about five rays above and three below. Occiput black above. Mesonotum and scutellum opaque deep-brown, the former with two narrow stripes, not reaching the hind margin, and appearing like continuations of the frontal orbits. Pleure light yellow. Abdomen oval, not elongate; opaque deep-brown or black, the fifth segment, except sometimes a small spot in the middle, the remainder of the abdomen [sic], and the narrow lateral margin of all the segments yellow. Legs light yellow. Wings greyish hyaline; ultimate section of the fourth vein not twice the length of the penultimate section. Length 13 mm. “Three specimens. St. Vincent.’ SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 103 I have not seen this species, so have reproduced Williston’s description verbatim. Group G. MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES. Drosophila vittatifrons Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 408. Arista with about four branches above and one below. Antenne yellow, third joint brownish. Front about one-third width of head, wider above; yellow, two dark-brown stripes converging below. Second orbital about three-fourths of other two. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina large, not flat; face yellow. Proboscis yellow, palpi dark at tip. Cheeks yellow, with brownish spot below eyes. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum yellow, with four brown longitudinal stripes and an interrupted pair outside of these. Pleurz and legs yellow. Abdomen black, yellow at base and on sides. Wings clear, except for a black spot at tip, reaching from second to fourth veins. Costal index about 2.2; fourth-vein index about 1.3; 5x index about 1.2; 4c index about 0.8. Length body 2 mm. Specimen examined: St. Vincent, West Indies, 1,500 feet (Williston type). The wing is figured by Williston (loc. cit., plate x1, fig. 152). Drosophila guttifera Walker. 1849. List. Dipt. Ins., 4, 1110. D. multipuncta Loew. 1866. Berlin. ent. Zeit., 10, 50. 3, 2. Arista with about six long branches above and four below. Antenne brownish yellow, third joint darker above. Front nearly one-half width of head, wider above; yellow, ocellar spot darker. Second orbital about one-half other two. Three or four nearly equal oral bristles. Carina broad and flat, very slightly sulcate; face yellow. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width about one-third greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes thickly clothed with short pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum yellow, with four shining reddish-brown stripes, one pair in the acrostichal region and one including each dorso- central line. Scutellum shining reddish-brown. Pleure yellowish-brown. Legs yellow, last joint of each tarsus brownish. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibie, preapicals on third. Abdomen shining dark yellowish-brown, each segment with four black spots on its posterior margin. Wings with thirteen black spots, as follows: one at tip of second vein; one at junction of second and third veins; one on first section of third vein; one on anterior cross-vein; one at tip of third vein; three on third vein, dividing its last section into four nearly equal parts; one at each end of posterior cross-vein, these two united by a clouded region; one just before tip of fourth vein; one on fifth vein under the penultimate section of fourth vein; one in middle of last section of fifth vein. Costal index about 2.0; fourth-vein index about 1.5; 5x index about 1.3; 4c index about 1.1. Length body 2 mm.; wing 2.2 mm. Specimens examined: Monument Beach, Woods Hole, Massachusetts; Cape May, New Jersey (H. L. Viereck); Bloomington, Indiana (F. Payne); District of Columbia (Osten Sacken, type of multipuncta); Falls Church, Virginia (N. Banks); North Carolina (U. 8. Nat. Mus. coll.); Gulfcrest, Kushla, Alabama; Fort Worth, Texas (W. S. Adkins). Walker described the species from Florida. It is rare in the northern part of its range, but much commoner in the southern part. I have seen only two New England specimens, but found it rather common in Alabama. It is apparently rare near Washington; Dr. Payne was able to get only one specimen at Bloomington; yet Mr. Adkins reports it not rare in Texas. The species is to be found about fleshy fungi, from which both Mr. Adkins and I have bred it. Either gill-fungi or pore-fungi will serve for its develop- ment. Drosophila calloptera Schiner. 1868. Novara. o, @. Arista with about seven long branches above and four below. Antenne pale yellow. Front pale yellow; nearly one-half width of head, wider above. Second orbital 104 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. minute. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina broad and flat; face pale yellow. Cheeks brown; their greatest width about one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Palpi yellow, brownish at base; with three small apical bristles. Eyes with short, thick pile. Acrostichal hairs in six rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum velvety black, with a reddish-yellow spot in front, between the dorsocentral rows, a pair of narrow yellowish- gray median stripes, and an irregular grayish mark behind on each side; humeri yellowish. Scutellum dull grayish-black, velvety at base. Pleure blackish brown. Legs brown, femora darker. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. Abdomen black, each segment with an interrupted gray basal band. Wings with the following blackish areas: one including the basal portion of the wing, up to tip of first vein, and including also most of the area behind the fifth vein (a clear region from middle of first section of costa to apex of anal cell); one on anterior cross-vein; one in marginal cell, just above the last; one, connected with the first area mentioned by an infuscation, including the region of the posterior cross-vein, a U-shaped region with its ends in the costa and its base in the first posterior cell, and a process from this region that includes the apical half of the last section of the fourth vein; one at the tip of third vein. Costal index about 2.1; fourth-vein index about 1.2; 5z index about 0.7; 4c index about 0.7. Length body 2.3 mm.; wing 2.5 mm. Specimens examined: Havana, Cuba. Schiner described the species from material collected in ‘South America.” The chromosomes, reported by Metz, are described on page 39. Drosophila calloptera ornatipennis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 407 (as Drosophila ornatipennis, new species). Like D. calloptera Schiner, except as follows: Mesonotum dark brown, pattern yellowish; legs yellow, femora usually brown; no spot in marginal cell above anterior cross-vein. Specimens examined: St. Vincent, West Indies (Williston type material). This species is figured in Williston’s Manual of North American Diptera (1908, p. 300, fig. 5, wing). I have given ornatipennis as a synonym of calloptera (1916, Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 327), but a re-examination of the matter has convinced me that Williston’s form is deserving of varietal rank. Drosophila superba Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 9, 342. 9. Arista with eight branches above and four below. Antenne brown, third joint dark. Front about one-third width of head, wider above; yellow. Second orbital scarcely more than a hair. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina low and narrow, confined to upper part of face; face yellow. Cheeks yellow; their greatest width scarcely one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes sparsely clothed with very short, fine pile. Acrostichal hairs in about ten rows; no prescutellars; a single pair of dorsocentrals. Mesonotum yellow, with two pairs of interrupted brownish longitudinal stripes, the median pair broader than the outer. Scutellum brownish yellow. Pleurz yellow, with two longi- tudinal dark reddish-brown stripes. Legs yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibie, preapicals on third. Abdomen dark brown, yellow at base. Wings brownish black, with four hyaline areas: one at base; one including the apical part of the costal cell and extending to the anal cell; a band extending directly across the wing about its middle, between the two cross-veins; a spot reaching from the middle of the first posterior cell to the wing-margin in the second posterior cell. Costal index about 3.0; fourth-vein index about 1.2; 52 index about 1.0; 4c index about 0.7. Length of body 3 mm.; of wing 3.2 mm. Specimen examined: Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala (Schwarz and Barber). This specimen, in the U.S. Nat. Mus. collection, is the only one known, and is the type of the species. Figure 49 shows the strikingly marked wing of this species. Drosophila opaca Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 411. o', 2. Arista with about eight branches above and three below. Antenne blackish brown. Front over one-third width of head, wider above; velvety black. Second orbital SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 105 minute. Only one prominent oral bristle. Carina narrow, confined to upper part of face; face blackish brown. Cheeks brown; their greatest width one-sixth greatest diameter of eyes. Eyes with very fine, sparse pile. Acrostichal hairs in four rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum velvety black. Notopleural suture yellow; pleure velvety black down to a line from base of first coxa to haltere, pale yellow below this line. Legs pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and second tibiz, preapicals on third. . Abdomen yellow, each segment with a posterior opaque black band that is wider at the sides. Wings brownish tinged; veins dark brown, except at base, which is pale yellow. Costal index about 1.5; fourth-vein index about 1.8; 5z index about 1.4; 4c index about 1.3. Length of body 1.5 mm.; of wing 1.5 mm. Fig. 49.—Drosophila superba. Wing of type specimen. Specimens examined: St. Vincent, West Indies (Williston type material) ; Mayaguez, Porto Rico (F. E. Lutz); Port Antonio, Porus, Jamaica (C. W. Metz). Williston (1897, Kans. Univ. Quart., 6) has recorded the species from Brazil. This species suggests Mycodrosophila, but can not go in that genus because it has two well-developed dorsocentral pairs, and because the thorax has not the shape characteristic of Mycodrosophila. It also resembles the group typified by D. dubia, but has large postverticals and is dull in color. The four acrostichal rows are aberrant, and suggest Scaptomyza, but this form resembles that genus in no other respect. SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA RECORDED FROM NorTH AMERICA THAT ARE NOT LISTED ABOVE. . adusta Loew, to Scaptomyza. . albipes Walker, not recognizable from the description. . amena Loew, to Chymomyza. . ampelophila Loew, synonym of D. melanogaster Meigen. . annulata Williston, new name is D. annularis Sturtevant. apicata Thomson, to Scaptomyza; is a synonym of D. terminalis Loew. bellula Williston, new name is D. pulchella Sturtevant. bimaculata Loew, to Leucophenga. brevis Walker, not recognizable from the description. cellaris Linnzus, erroneous name for D. funebris Fabricius. . colorata Walker, not recognized. Suggests D. sulcata Sturtevant, and was so identified by Coquillett. . confusa Staeger, does not occur in North America. The material that has been so recorded is mostly D. affinis Sturtevant. k . decemguttata Walker, probably is a Diastata. . dimidiata Loew, to Mycodrosophila. bb & HdSdSdHSHSHSSsyyy 106 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. D. excita Giglio-Tos is an ephydrid. D. flaveola Meigen, to Scaptomyza. Does not occur in the region. D. frontalis Williston, to Leucophenga. D. fronto Walker, not recognizable from the description. D. fusca Coquillett, not recognized. The type specimen has been lost, and it was the only one that Coquillett recorded. I have been unable to find any other material so labeled by him. The species, which was described from Porto Rico, suggests D. lutzti Sturtevant, but is stated to have only two orbitals. If this is correct the species is not one that I have seen. D. graminum Fallén to Scaptomyza. D. limbata Williston, new name is D. nebulosa Sturtevant. D. linearis Walker, probably not a Drosophila. Suggests either Scaptomyza or a geomyzine. D. maculosa Coquillett to Leucophenga. D. mexicana Macquart, not recognized. The description would fit almost any large, dark species, and there are several such that probably occur in Mexico. This species can hardly be identified without an examination of the type. D. minuta Walker, not recognizable from the description. D. multipuncta Loew, synonym of D. guttifera Walker. D. neglecta Sturtevant, a manuscript name for D. melanica Sturtevant, used by Metz (1916, Journ. Exper. Zool., 21, legend to plate 2). D. nigricornis Loew, a manuscript name. It has gotten into the literature only through the description of a fungus said to have been found onit. This fungus, A ppendicu- laria entomophila Peck (Stigmatomyces entomophilus Thaxter), was stated (1884, Science, 4, 25) to have been collected by Zabriskie at Nyack, New York, on a fly that was determined by H. A. Hagen, of Cambridge, as D. nigricornis Loew. From a specimen in the American Museum of Natural History and three in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge it appears that the fly was really D. funebris Fabricius, on which the same fungus has been found in Europe (see Thaxter, 1895, Mem. Amer. Acad., 12, 300). Hagen evidently made his deter- mination by comparison with specimens that are still in the Loew collection labeled “‘D. nigricornis Loew.’ These are evidently Drosophila, but not D. funebris. The only ones with locality label (D. C.) are D. sulcata Sturtevant and D. melanica Sturtevant. D. obesa Loew to Pseudophortica. D. obscuripennis Loew to Leucophenga. D. orbitalis Sturtevant to Zaprionus. D. pallida Williston, new name is D. willistoni Sturtevant. D. pleuralis Williston to Mycodrosophila. D. pollinosa Williston to Paratissa (Ephydrinz). D. procnemis Williston to Chymomyza. D. projectans Sturtevant to Mycodrosophila. D. punctulata Loew is a synonym of D. repleta Wollaston. D. quadrimaculata Walker to Leucophenga; is a synonym of D. varia Walker. D. slossone Coquillet, a manuscript name, used by Johnson (1913, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 32, 88). I have been unable to find any specimens so named. D. terminalis Loew to Scaptomyza. D. thoracis Williston to Mycodrosophila. D. valida Walker to Minettia (Lauxaniine). Is an earlier name for Sapromyza macula Loew. D. varia Walker to Leucophenga. D., vittata Coquillett to Scaptomyza. GENERA THAT Have BEEN INCLUDED IN THE DROSOPHILINE BUT ARE NOT HERE SO CONSIDERRD. Asteia Meigen. 1830. Syst, Beschr., 5, 88. Here considered as the type of a subfamily, the Asteine. This treatment is not new, but has recently been largely given up. Crepidohamma Enderlein. 1915. Wien. ent. Zeit., 34, 185. Belongs in the Asteinz, and is a synonym of Sigalessa Loew. Drosomyia de Meijere. 1904. Bijd. Dierk., 17, 114. De Meijere (1908, Tijd. Ent., 51 137) himself refers this genus to the Lauxaniine, making it a synonym of Sapro- myza. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT. 107 Echidnocephalus Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc., 16, 351. This genus was described as being near Liomyza, and is accordingly to be referred to the Asteinz. Hypselothyrea de Meijere. 1906. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., 4, 193. This genus is to be referred to the Asteine. Liomyza Meigen. 1838. Syst. Beschr., 7, 394. I am not familiar with this genus, but it appears to fit best in the Asteine. It is surely not a drosophiline, as that group is here defined. Microperiscelis Oldenberg. 1914. Arch. Naturgesch., 80, A, 2. Near Periscelis, and therefore probably to be placed in the Agromyzine. Monocera van der Wulp. 1898. Termes. Fuzetek., 21, 425. De Meijere (1914, Tijd. Ent., 57, 238) refers this genus to the Lauxaniine. Paratissa Coquillett. 1900. Canad. Ent., 32, 36. This genus evidently belongs in the Ephydrinz, where it is now usually placed. Periscelis Loew. 1858. Berlin. ent. Zeit., 113, 2. Oldenberg has pointed out that this genus is scarcely to be considered as a Drosophiline. American specimens that I have examined seem to me to fit best in the Agromyzine. Sigalessa Loew. 1865. Berl. ent. Zeit., 120. Close to Asteia, and therefore to be placed in the Asteine. Stenomicra Coquillett. 1900. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 22, 262. The type seems to me to be a geomyzine, close to Mumetopia. Uranucha Czerny. 1903. Wien. ent. Zeit., 22. Described as being near Liomyza. Is to be considered an asteine. XI. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY. According to Handlirsch (1906-1908), Diptera first appear in the Liassic; Cyclorrhapha not until the Lower Oligocene. In the latter period the Muscide acalyptrate are already numerous, and are repre- sented by nine subfamilies, all with species described as belonging to existing genera. The Lauxaniine, Ephydrine, Chloropine, and Drosophiline are among these subfamilies. The drosophiline, which is the only fossil member of the group known to me from the literature, is a form from Baltic amber recorded by Loew (1850) as ‘‘ Drosophila sp.’ Loew did not describe the species, and it is to be noted that later (Loew, 1864) he referred to the subfamily as one ‘‘whose existence in amber is tolerably well established,’ as distinguished from others “now known certainly to occur in amber.”’ 108 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. XII. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Table 9 shows the number of species of each genus of the Dro- sophiline known from each of the main geographical regions. The Polynesian region is considered separately, because the data now available indicate that for this subfamily the fauna is more distinct from that of the rest of the world than is the fauna of any other region. This fact is probably due in large part to the incompleteness of the data, for the word ‘ Polynesian”’ in this case means practically “‘ Hawai- ian Islands.’’ The parts of the Oriental region nearest to these islands have not been well explored. Australia and New Zealand have been included in the Oriental region, again perhaps only because of a lack of data. These islands are practically unknown, so far as their drosophiline fauna is concerned. The same situation is found with respect to the relation of Madagascar to the Ethiopian region. Table 9 indicates that the Nearctic region is the poorest of all in the number of species that it contains. The actual number recorded from the Ethiopian region is somewhat less than that from the Nearctie, but Africa has been very much less thoroughly collected than has the Nearctic region. A discussion of each region in some detail follows the table. TaBLE 9.—Number of species of each genus in each region. Genus. Nearct.| Neotr. | Pale. | Ethiop.| Orient.| Poly. | Total. INCISEOREMUS reese eee eee ers eee eal heya eetees aise, Astaire aan ES 2 1 PAT SITIO GE iis GPL ett eter Mace SS le apes if nie Rien HL Vedat eaten a A Ween (hd 3 IMUIACIZASLEEM wae ine ee ok ia 1 1 0 erat ph We Te aL a Ske eee 1 Blpsochstophorai coe cies eee ciallee asin 1 NS Be ae eal shag a lo aah 1 (Chri ramh Lisi hana ote ets Pepi aN Le eT eG | cnt | ha 2 1 As el Rute 7 Chymomiyzay. ain. Sats eas sna e + 2 5 LE OA Rasen [isimtotet cee MaeL Wlad och setae eo ik cs there ete ici sealet udwoks Wile akan ca IN 2, tone alll gee BT 1 urtono tum ie restos ec ae 1 11 1 2 1 RNG Le 16 IDE ETO PSOMIV AR Mpa oteieiel atrerelie oe] io cuit ot coen | haverers ceca a he kctape ts 1h aol hates oh He te ae Rey: 1 Drosophila skye 150 hs eran 28 41 43 22 51 44 203 GEO a Arche rine ere ene fais ules a leila stapeion PA NA Pa He 1 1 3 MAIO MIVA S eo la etre le eleven eemeec| hth aicee ON Poece cap are lalUaeetome eit heise HSRG) Mee cee 6 6 eucophongar nen) xed Lak le 2 Oise at 2018 seinen 45 Mycodrosophila........... Gris 1 3 es 3 1 GEA Rea ee Os fe 9 Pseudiastatace we sie cee cians 1 b VSR SUM cetera ecgeueas elie bao ae tal eal cP (ar 1 Pseudophortica............ hes i a Bt A Ufo ta APRS Mas TS YO AR aur i Scaptomyza)y awit eee Bangin 3 2 VON eet 3, sie Se 15 Sinophthalmus............ ety 2 are | Deemer NAB ite Wiss a, cee Specs | 1 Medd ayeds eV SIR Gh iver CNH Nea ate nie Ree 2 5 9 1 a aes ae 28 PDA GERM OCHS EA Actors sia Meno ces epee ibe decer ge fa eat Gen ded St rec bree | eh si ote ep ran ee 1 31 DEPTIOUUSE ek ae eisai TVR rec nA 1 GO SEM ia Rt 1 j Ma Romesh 2 3 ZY SOMFICN cate es aca iy eal Siecle ANC ROR Ya j eeeal ih ae. 8 3 PRG Galera Apr ee ery a ia 45 81 78 43 97 52 360 NEARCTIC REGION. This region is characterized by the presence of the two endemic genera Pseudophortica and Sinophthalmus. It has a relatively large number of species that also occur in other regions. The five cos- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 109 mopolitan species (Drosophila buscku, D. funebris, D. immigrans, D. melanogaster, and D. repleta) are all recorded from this region. The following also occur in the Palearctic region: Avulacigaster leuco- peza, Chymomyza caudatula, Drosophila obscura, D. transversa, Scapto- myza graminum, and Stegana coleoptrata. Scaptomyza_ terminalis (Nearctic) and S. unipunctum (Palearctic) may perhaps be identical. The following species are both Nearctic and Neotropical: Chymomyza procnemis, Drosophila hydet, D. mullert, D. simulans, Leucophenga maculosa, and Pseudiastata nebulosa. Drosophila mullert is perhaps better considered as a Neotropical species that occurs also in the borderland between the two regions; but I have included it here because it comes farther north than do most such species. Of the 45 species known from the region, this leaves only 28 as endemic. The distribution of the 11 Nearctic genera within the region is as follows: Aulacigaster: New Hampshire to Illinois, Kansas, Texas, and Alabama. Chymomyza: New Hampshire to Washington, Texas, and Florida. Curtonotum: Vermont to ‘“‘ North Red River” and Georgia. Drosophila: Nova Scotia to British Columbia, California, and Florida. Leucophenga: Massachusetts to Illinois, Kansas, Texas, and Florida. Mycodrosophila: New Hampshire to Illinois, Alabama, and Georgia. Pseudiastata: Maryland. Pseudophortica: Virginia to Tennessee, Texas, and Florida. Scaptomyza: Maine to Alaska, California, and Florida. Sinophthalmus: California. Stegana: Maine to Wisconsin, Arizona, and Florida. This region has perhaps been more thoroughly collected in than any other, but our knowledge of the extreme northern part of it, and to a less extent of the western part, is still very incomplete. The following list, showing the species that are known from each of the States and provinces, will serve to illustrate this point. There are seven States from which no species at all are known: Delaware, Kentucky, Ne- braska, North Dakota, Montana, Utah, and Nevada. Only a few States can be considered as at all thoroughly explored. It is likely that the list is fairly complete for New York, Alabama, Maryland, Massachusetts, Virginia, Indiana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Illinois. Florida is credited with more species than the two last named, but the Florida list as it stands includes five strictly Neotropical species (Cladocheta nebulosa, Scaptomyza vittata, Drosophila cardini, D. lutziz, and D. willistoni). Alabama: Alabama—continued. Alabama—continued. Aulacigaster leucopeza. Drosophila affinis. D. melanogaster. Pseudophortica obesa. D. alabamensis. D. putrida. Leucophenga varia. D. busckii. D. quadrata. L. maculosa. D. funebris. D. robusta. Chymomyza amcena. D. guttifera. D. sigmoides. C. procnemis. D. hydei. D. simulans. Mycodrosophila dimidiata. D. immigrans. D. transversa. Scaptomyza adusta. D. melanica. D. tripunctata. S. graminum. D. melanissima. 110 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. Arizona: Stegana humeralis. Arkansas: Drosophila melanica. D. melanogaster. D. robusta. D. simulans. California: Sinophthalmus pictus. Scaptomyza terminalis. Drosophila busckii. D. funebris. D. hydei. D. immigrans. D. melanogaster. D. obscura. D. quinaria ? Colorado: Scaptomyza adusta. Connecticut: Stegana coleoptrata. Chymomyza amcena. Drosophila busckii. D. funebris. D. melanogaster. D. quinaria. District of Columbia: Aulacigaster leucopeza. Stegana humeralis. Leucophenga maculosa. L. varia. Chymomyza amecena. Mycodrosophila dimidiata. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. Drosophila affinis. . busckii. . funebris. . guttifera. . melanica. . melanogaster. . putrida. . repleta. . Suleata. . tripunctata. Florida: Cladochzta nebulosa. Stegana coleoptrata. Pseudophortica obesa. Leucophenga maculosa. L. varia. Chymomyza procnemis. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. S. vittata. Drosophila affinis. D. busckii. D. cardini. D. guttifera. D. hydei. D. immigrans. weiolelolvivioivlec) Florida—continued. . lutzii. . melanissima. . melanogaster. . mulleri. . repleta. . simulans. . willistoni. Georgia: Curtonotum helva. Pseudophortica obesa. Leucophenga varia. Chymomyza amcena. wheseloioioie) Mycodrosophila dimidiata Drosophila affinis. . funebris. . melanica. . melanissima. . melanogaster. . putrida. . quadrata. . simulans. . sulcata. Idaho: Chymomyza aldrichii. whelejelvieleje) Scaptomyza graminum. S. terminalis. Drosophila funebris. D. quinaria ? Illinois: Aulacigaster leucopeza. Curtonotum helva. Leucophenga maculosa. L. varia. Chymomyza amcena. C. procnemis. Indiana—continued. . funebris. . guttifera. hydei. . inversa. melanica. melanogaster. putrida. quadrata. quinaria. . transversa. . tripunctata. . Virilis. DYOUNUYONSEY . Kansas: Aulacigaster leucopeza. Leucophenga maculosa. L. varia. Chymomyza amoena. C. procnemis. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. Drosophila affinis. D. busckii. D. funebris. D. melanogaster. Louisiana: Leucophenga varia. Chymomyza amcena. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. Drosophila busckii. . hydei. . immigrans. . melanogaster. . repleta. . tripunctata. Le] sfico} le Mycodrosophila dimidiata. Maine: Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. Drosophila affinis. D. busckii. D. duncani. D. funebris. D. inversa. D. melanogaster. D. putrida. D. sigmoides. D. transversa. D. tripunctata. Indiana: Aulacigaster leucopeza. Curtonotum helva. Stegana humeralis. Leucophenga maculosa. L. varia. Chymomyza amcena. Mycodrosophila dimidiata. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. Drosophila affinis. D. busckii. Stegana coleoptrata. Scaptomyza terminalis. Drosophila putrida. D. transversa. Maryland: Aulacigaster leucopeza. Curtonotum helva. Pseudiastata nebulosa. Stegana humeralis. Leucophenga maculosa. L. varia. Chymomyza amcena. Mycodrosophila dimidiata. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. Drosophila affinis. . busckii. . funebris. . immigrans. . melanica. . melanogaster. . pseudomelanica. . putrida. . quinaria. whelejveicivelolec GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Maryland—continued. . repleta. . robusta. . sigmoides. . sulcata. . transversa. ® . tripunctata. Massachusetts: Aulacigaster leucopeza. Curtonotum helva. Stegana coleoptrata. S. humeralis. Leucophenga varia. Chymomyza amcena. Sourcero New Hampshire—continued. Drosophila affinis. busckii. funebris. inversa. melanica. melanogaster. ordinaria. putrida. quinaria. robusta. . simulans. . suleata. . transversa. DUE SUYUSUSEY Mycodrosophila dimidiata. New Jersey: Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. Drosophila affinis. . busckii. . funebris. . guttifera. hydei. immigrans. inversa. melanica. melanogaster. ordinaria. putrida. . quinaria. repleta. . robusta. . Sulcata. . transversa. Michigan: Chymomyza amecena, Drosophila funebris. Minnesota: Drosophila busckil. D. funebris. D. inversa. D. melanogaster. D. simulans. Mississippi: Drosophila melanogaster. D. putrida. Missouri: Chymomyza amcena. Drosophila affinis. D. hydei. D. melanica. D. melanogaster. New Hampshire: Aulacigaster leucopeza. Stegana coleoptrata. S. humeralis. Chymomyza ameena. C. procnemis. Mycodrosophila dimidiata. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. S. terminalis. DUOSUOSUSYONYEY Curtonotum helva. Stegana coleoptrata. S. humeralis. Leucophenga varia. Chymomyza amecena. Mycodrosophila dimidiata. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. Drosophila affinis. . buscekii. . funebris. . guttifera. hydei. immigrans. . Inversa. . melanogaster. . putrida. . quinaria. . transversa. . tripunctata. Sisloteiohoieoi=} a=) New Mexico: Drosophila funebris. D. quinaria ? New York: Aulacigaster leucopeza. Curtonotum helva. Stegana coleoptrata. S. humeralis. Leucophenga maculosa. L. varia. Chymomyza amcena. C. procnemis. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. S. terminalis. Drosophila affinis. . busekii. . funebris. . Immigrans. inversa. melanica. melanogaster. putrida. . quinaria. repleta. . robusta. DYOUNSNNeY 111 New York—continued. . sigmoides. . simulans. . sulcata. . transversa. . tripunctata. . virilis. North Carolina: Curtonotum helva. Leucophenga maculosa. L. varia. Chymomyza amcena. Mycodrosophila dimidiata. Drosophila affinis. . guttifera. . melanica. . melanissima. . melanogaster. . repleta. . sigmoides. wholejoieic, Buyoodyyy Ohio: Drosophila funebris. D. immigrans. D. melanogaster. D. quinaria. Oklahoma: Drosophila affinis. Oregon: Drosophila busckii. D. funebris. D. melanogaster. D. obscura. Pennsylvania: Aulacigaster leucopeza. Stegana humeralis. Leucophenga maculosa. L. varia. Chymomyza amoena. C. procnemis. Mycodrosophila dimidiata. Drosophila affinis. D. busckii. D. hydei. D. putrida. D. quinaria. D. repleta. D. sulcata, Rhode Island: Curtonotum helva. Stegana coleoptrata. S. humeralis. Chymomyza amcena. Drosophila funebris. D. hydei. D. melanica. D. melanogaster. D. putrida. D. quinaria. South Carolina: Chymomyza amoena. 112 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. South Carolina—continued. Vermont: Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. Drosophila affinis. . immigrans. . melanogaster. . putrida. . repleta. . tripunctata. South Dakota: Drosophila funebris. D. melanogaster. Tennessee: Pseudophortica obesa. Leucophenga varia. wheleeic Scaptomyza graminum. Drosophila affinis. . hydei. . melanogaster. . putrida. . repleta. . sigmoides. . transversa. . virilis ? Texas: wehelojelejois, Aulacigaster leucopeza. Pseudophortica obesa. Leucophenga maculosa. Chymomyza amecena. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. Drosophila affinis. . guttifera. hydei. . melanogaster. mulleri. . quinaria ? . repleta. . sigmoides. Clolelelolels) Curtonotum helva. Stegana coleoptrata. S. humeralis. Chymomyza amcena. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminim. Drosophila funebris. D. inversa. D. putrida. D. quinaria. Virginia: Aulacigaster leucopeza. Curtonotum helva. Stegana coleoptrata. S. humeralis. Pseudophortica obesa. Chymomyza amcena. C. procnemis. Scaptomyza adusta. S. graminum. Drosophila affinis. . busckii. . funebris. . guttifera. . melanica. melanogaster. pseudomelanica. putrida. quinaria. repleta. robusta. sigmoides. . simulans. sulcata. . transversa. . tripunctata. Selohekel-l-h-he l=) l-h- 1-1 Washington: Chymomyza caudatula. Scaptomyza graminum. S. terminalis. Drosophila funebris. D. inversa. D. melanderi. D. melanogaster. D. quinaria ? West Virginia: Leucophenga varia. Scaptomyza graminum, Drosophila busckii. D. putrida. Wisconsin: Stegana cpleoptrata. Drosophila funebris. D. melanogaster. Wyoming: Drosophila melanogaster. Alaska: Scaptomyza terminalis. Alberta: Drosophila funebris. British Columbia: Scaptomyza graminum. S. terminalis. Drosophila funebris. Nova Scotia: Drosophila melanogaster. Ontario: Stegana humeralis. Drosophila sulcata. Quebec: Scaptomyza, terminalis. Drosophila funebris. D. melanogaster. D. ordinaria. D. quinaria. NEOTROPICAL REGION. There are two endemic Neotropical genera—Blesochetophora and Cladocheta. The region is also characterized by the large number of species of the genus Curtonotum, which is apparently rare in all other parts of the world. The 5 cosmopolitan species of Drosophila and the 6 species previously mentioned as occurring also in the Nearctic (Chymomyza procnemis, Drosophila hydei, D. mulleri, D. simulans, Leucophenga maculosa, and Pseudiastata nebulosa) are the only Neo- tropical species also known to occur elsewhere. Adams has recorded Drosophila willistoni (as D. pallida Williston) from Rhodesia; but in view of the large number of closely similar species in this group, this identification can not be accepted as final. recognized species as endemic. This leaves 71 of the 82 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 1138 The distribution of the 13 Neotropical.genera within the region is as follows: Aulacigaster: ‘‘ West Indies.” Blesochetophora: Cape Horn. Chymomyza: Florida, Cuba, and Panama to Matto Grosso. Cladocheta: Porto Rico to Cuba, Florida, and Mexico. Curtonotum: Mexico to Peru, Brazil, and British Guiana. Drosophila: Florida and Bahamas to Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. Leucophenga: Florida and Cuba to Paraguay, Peru, and Honduras. Mycodrosophila: Isle of Pines to Trinidad. Pseudiastata: Panama. Scaptomyza: Florida and Cuba to Patagonia, Peru, and Mexico. Stegana: Cuba to St. Vincent, Peru, and Mexico. Zaprionus: Panama. i Zygothrica: Panama to Peru and Brazil. The West Indian islands of Cuba and St. Vincent and the region of the Panama Canal have been fairly thoroughly explored, but our knowledge of the rest of the region is very incomplete. Mexico and the whole South American continent especially need investigation. The following list shows species known from various subdivisions of the region. South America has been treated as a single unit only be- cause our knowledge of it is so slight. Some Neotropical species will be found on the Florida list, given in the section on the Nearctic region. Drosophila fusca Coquillett (Porto Rico), D. mexicana Macquart (Mexico), and the South American species D. atra Walker, D. gigantea Thomson, D. spherocera Thomson, and D. tarsalis Walker have all been omitted as being either unrecognizable or probably not members of the genus Drosophila. Antigua: Costa Rica—continued. Cuba—continued. Drosophila caribbea. D. willistoni. D. poeyi. Bahamas: Cuba: D. ramsdeni. Drosophila willistoni. Cladocheta nebulosa. D. repleta. D. melanogaster. Stegana sp. D. saltans. D. hydei. Leucophenga bimaculata. D. similis. Barbados: L. frontalis. D. splendida luteipes. Drosophila melanogaster. L. maculosa. D. torrei. D. nebulosa. L. obscuripennis. D. willistoni. D. similis. Chymomyza procnemis. Dominica: British Honduras: Scaptomyza vittata. Drosophila cardini. Drosophila, caribbea. Drosophila bromeliz. D. caribbea. D. hydei. D. busckii. D. melanogaster. D. melanogaster. D. calloptera. D. repleta. Costa Rica: PD: cardini. @untomale: Curtonotum sp. D: caribbea. Drosophila superba. Stegana sp. D. dubia. 1S Ae Scaptomyza vittata. D. earlei. ey ie 1 Drosophila alfari. D. flexa. irl ala a D. cardini. D. flore. Chymomyza EBA D. caribbea. D. hydei. Bee NES OU) seat Mion. Bitte. Drosophila cardini. D. immigrans. D. melanogaster. D. caribbea. D. lutzii. D. metallica. D. nebulosa. D. melanogaster. D. metzii. D. prognatha. D. simulans. D. mulleri. D. repleta. D. tristani. D. nebulosa. D. willistoni. 114 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. Scaptomyza sp. Drosophila funebris. S. scutellaris. S. tarsalis. Honduras: Panama—continued. South America: Leucophenga frontalis. D. melanogaster. Curtonotum apicale Hen- Drosophila dubia. D. nana. del. D. flor. D. nebulosa. C. bathmedum Hendel. D. mulleri. D. repleta. C. decumanum Bezzi. D. similis ? D. saltans. C. fumipenne Hendel. Isle of Pines: D. simulans. C. gibbum. Mycodrosophila thoracis. D. willistoni. C. impunctatum Hendel. Jamaica: Porto Rico: , C. murinum Hendel. Scaptomyza vittata. Cladocheta nebulosa. C. simplex Schiner. Drosophila lutzii. Leucophenga frontalis. C. teniatum Hendel. D. cardini. Scaptomyza vittata ? C. trypetipenne Hendel. D. melanogaster. Drosophila cardini. C. vulpinum Hendel. D. mulleri. D. caribbea. Blzsochzetophora picti- D. opaca. D. flore. cornis. D. repleta. D. hydei. Zygothrica dispar. D. similis. D. lutzii. Stegana acutangula. D. sororia. D. melanogaster. S. magnifica. D. willistoni. D. nebulosa. Leucophenga argentei- Mexico: D. opaca. ventris. Curtonotum gibbum. D. prognatha. L. argenteofasciata. C. simplex. D. willistoni. L. brunneipennis. Cladocheta nebulosa. St. Vincent: L. hasemani. Stegana sp. Stegana hore. L. maculosa. L. ornativentris. L. undulata. D. hydei. Leucophenga frontalis. Chymomyza procnemis. D. lutzii. Chymomyza procnemis. Chymomyza sp. ‘D. melanogaster. Mycodrosophila pleuralis. Scaptomyza sp. ‘D. repleta. M. thoracis. Drosophila calloptera. D. similis ? Drosophila annularis. D. caribbea. “Nicaragua: D. bilineata. D. melanogaster. Drosophila flexa. D. calloptera ornatipennis. D. opaca. Panama: D. coffeata. D. pulchra Schiner. Pseudiastata nebulosa. D. fasciata. D. repleta. Zygothrica aldrichii. D. illota. D. simulans. -Z. dispar. D. nana. D. soror Schiner. ‘Zaprionus orbitalis. D. nebulosa. D. tarsata Schiner. Chymomyza procnemis. D. opaca. D. willistoni. Drosophila albirostris. D. pulchella. Trinidad: D. annularis. D. similis. Chymomyza procnemis. D. cardini. D. sororia. Mycodrosophila projectans. D. caribbea. D. splendida. Drosophila funebris. D. earlei. D. verticis. D. paradoxa. D. flexa. D. vittatifrons. D. pulchella. D. hydei, D. willistoni. D. siimlis? * PALAEARCTIC REGION. The Palearctic has one endemic genus, Acletorenus. The two genera Curtonotum and Mycodrosophila are each, represented by a single species that occurs in southern Europe, and are perhaps new- comers from the Ethiopian or Oriental regions. The 5 cosmopolitan species of Drosophila and the 6 species (Aulacigaster leucopeza, Chymo- myza caudatula, Drosophila obscura, D. transversa, Scaptomyza gram- inum, and Stegana coleoptrata) that also occur in the Nearctic are the only ones that are known to occur outside of the region. This leaves 67 of the 78 recognized species as endemic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 115 The following list shows the distribution of the 11 genera within the region, so far as I have been able to determine it by an examination of the literature: Acletoxenus: England to Austria and Hungary. Aulacigaster: Scotland and Sweden to France, Italy, and Hungary. Camilla: Scotland and Sweden to Greece, Italy, and the Canaries. Chymomyza: Lapland to Siberia, Hungary, and Germany. Curtonotum: Southern France to Galicia and Italy. Drosophila: Canary and Faroe Islands to Egypt and Japan. Gitona: Germany and Austria to Tunis and the Canaries. Leucophenga: England and Sweden to Hungary, Italy, and France. Mycodrosophila: Hungary to southern Russia. Scaptomyza: Canary and Faroe Islands to Egypt and Austria. Stegana: Sweden and England to France, Hungary, and western Russia. Most of Europe has been thoroughly collected, and the Canary Islands and Madeira are known from Becker’s papers. The rest of the region is unknown except for a few scattering records. ETHIOPIAN. REGION. The genus Dettopsomyia is endemic. There are probably one or two endemic genera among the species described as Drosophile by Lamb, as that author has pointed out. The region is, so far as known, characterized by the absence of the genus Scaptomyza. Of the 43 species here recognized, 39 are endemic. The other 4 (Drosophila busckii, D. funebris, D. melanogaster, and D. repleta) are cosmopolitan. The fifth species that is here considered as cosmopolitan, D. immagrans, has not yet been recognized from the Ethiopian region, but may be expected. The 9 Ethiopian genera have the following recorded distribution within the region: Camilla: Kongo. Chymomyza: Seychelles. Curtonotum: Senegal and Cameroon to Cape Colony. Dettopsomyia: Seychelles. Drosophila: Eritrea to Ashantee, Rhodesia, Mauritius, and Seychelles. Leucophenga: Cameroon, Rhodesia, Seychelles. Mycodrosophila: Seychelles. Stegana: Kongo. Zaprionus: Senegal to Eritrea, Rhodesia, and the Seychelles. Lamb has given a full and valuable account of the fauna of the Seychelles. Kahl has presented some data on a few species from Cameroon, and Adams has described a few species from Rhodesia. Aside from these the region is known only from a few scattered refer- ences. It must certainly contain a large number of undescribed species. ORIENTAL REGION. The genus Apsinota and the doubtfully valid genus Thauwmastophila are endemic in the Oriental region. So far as the published descrip- tions and the specimens that I have seen show, the genus Chymomyza 116 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. is absent. Four of the 5 cosmopolitan species of Drosophila occur in Australia at least; and the fifth, D. repleta, is probably to be recog- nized in D. marmoria Hutton (New Zealand) and D. nigropunctata van der Wulp (Java). It is recorded from Calcutta (Bezzi). Gitona perspicax Knab occurs both in the Oriental region and in Hawaii. This leaves 91 of the total of 97 recognized species as endemic. The 11 genera are distributed as follows within the region: Apsinota: Formosa, Java, New Guinea. Camilla: Java. Curtonotum: Philippines. Drosophila: New Zealand to Philippines, Java, and India. Gitona: India, Philippines. Leucophenga: Australia to Formosa, Java, and the Nicobars. Mycodrosophila: Java. : Scaptomyza: Java. Stegana: New Guinea to Formosa and Ceylon. Zaprionus: Java, India. Zygothrica: Simalu (off Sumatra). Australia and New Zealand have been included here only because our present knowledge of them makes any other treatment out of the question. The total number of species described from them is 10, of which 4, or probably 5, are cosmopolitan, while the descriptions of 3 of the others are quite inadequate. Only 2 genera (Drosophila and Leucophenga) are represented. New Guinea is also hard to classify, as only 6 species of the subfamily are recorded from it. These 6 species belong to the genera Apsinota (1), Drosophila (3), Leuco- phenga (1), and Stegana (1). Two of these are Walker species and therefore doubtful. The same species of Apsinota is also recorded from Java. De Meijere has described more than 60 oriental species of Droso- philine, mostly from Java, with a few from Sumatra and Simalu. Formosa and the Philippines are fairly well known. The rest of the region is practically unexplored. There must be very many unde- scribed species in India, the Malay peninsula, Borneo, and other parts of the region. POLYNESIAN REGION. With the exception of Drosophila coffeina Schiner, from Tahiti, all the Polynesian records are from the Hawaiian Islands.* The genera Idiomyia and Titanocheta are endemic. None of the other genera of the subfamily are recorded except Drosophila and Gitona, and the latter is perhaps introduced. Only 3 of the 5 species here considered to be cosmopolitan are recorded—Drosophila immigrans, D. melano- gaster, and D. repleta. Gitona perspicax Knab, which also occurs in the Oriental region, is the only other species known from any other region. This leaves 48 of the 52 species as endemic. * T had overlooked the fact that Jepson (1917, Ann. Rept. Div. Ent., Dept. Agric. Fiji, 1916, 16) records Drosophila melanogaster from Fiji. SPECIES HYBRID. iabrd There is no reason to suppose that the subfamily is not present in the other Pacific islands, but it has not been recorded from them.* With respect even to the Hawaiian Islands, Perkins (Fauna Haw., 1, elxxxix) says ‘‘Not less than 250 species [of Drosophilinz] must exist in the islands, and very probably double that number may occur.” The number and variety of Drosophiline form the most striking peculi- arity of the dipterous fauna of these islands. Nearly one-third of the species of Diptera considered by Perkins to be endemic in the islands belong to this subfamily. There are a number of large and strikingly colored species of true Drosophila, as I have convinced myself by an examination of material in the U. S. National Museum. Besides the two endemic genera mentioned above, there is a genus described by Grimshaw under the name Hypenomyia that is perhaps distinct, but is here tentatively placed as a synonym of Drosophila, in the absence of a satisfactory description. XIII. SPECIES HYBRID. Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans are the only two species of Drosophiline that have been hybridized (see p. 14). The two species are extremely similar in appearance, and there is every reason for believing that they are closely related. This fact makes the hybrids less interesting for study than would be the offspring of two quite diverse species. In addition, the hybrids so far obtained have all been completely sterile, so that their genetic behavior can not be studied. Nevertheless, there are several facts of considerable interest in connection with the cross. In general, the hybrids are intermediate in appearance between the two parent species. This is true of the relative size of the eyes and width of the cheeks and of the male genitalia. The other differences between the species, except the length and shape of the egg-filaments, are too indefinite for exact study; and the hybrid females do not lay eggs, so that this character can not be observed. The hybrids differ from both parent species in several respects, as follows: 1. They are completely sterile, and have poorly developed gonads. 2. The abdominal plates often are irregular and have narrower and more irregular dark bands than are usual. 3. Some of the thoracic bristles are usually missing. 4, The wings are apt not to unfold properly, or to be somewhat less convex on the anterior margin than is usual. 5. The cross-veins are often broken or missing. The most peculiar thing about these hybrids, however, is the distri- bution of the sexes. The crosses usually result as follows: D. melanogaster 2 X D. simulans & = hybrid @ 9 only. D. simulans 9 X D. melanogaster # = hybrid 3c; occasionally a few hybrid @ 9. If the D. melanogaster females bear a Y chromosome (X XY), and therefore give non-disjunctional exceptions, it is found that they * J had overlooked the fact that Jepson (1917, Ann. Rept. Div. Ent., Dept. Agric. Fiji, 1916, 16) records Drosophila melanogaster from Fiji. a 118 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. produce, by D. simulans males, only regular daughters and exceptional sons. The exceptional daughters and regular sons die. In every case it has been possible to determine, by means of sex-linked genes, that the female hybrids carry two X chromosomes, the males only one X, as is the case in both parent species. The hybrid females from the two crosses first mentioned must have the same chromosomal constitution; yet in one case they live, while in the other they usually die. This can only mean that the result is due to an interaction between the chromosome complex and the egg cytoplasm in which it finds itself, unless selective fertilization occurs. It seems probable that in this case, as in other instances in which the cytoplasm plays a part in the result, the nature of the cytoplasm is itself determined by the chromosome complex of the female that pro- duced the egg. These data indicate that the two species differ in a number of genes. Not only are they slightly different in appearance in a number of ways, but the same end-results (viability, fertility, bristle-number, abdominal banding, wing-shape, venation) must be brought about by somewhat different sets of genes in the two species, since when both sets are present in the same animal the end result is different from that which either one alone would produce. As stated above (p. 14) mutations have been found in D. simulans that appear to be identical with previously known ones in D. melano- gaster, and in five cases crosses have shown that the mutant genes in the two species are allelomorphic. Four of these are sex-linked, and have the same linear sequence in the two species, though they do not show quite the same frequencies of crossing-over. This fur- nishes a demonstration that the germ-plasms of two distinct species contain some identical genes that are subject to identical mutations. SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES VS. MUTATIONAL DIFFERENCES. 119 XIV. SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES VS. MUTATIONAL DIFFERENCES. An examination of the keys given in this paper will show that the differences most frequently used are those involving the number and relative sizes of the bristles, the details of venation, the color of the wings, of the mesonotum, and to a less extent of other parts of the body, and the arrangement of the hairs. Other characters in which marked differences exist in the living animals include eye-color, wing- shape, abdominal pattern, the size and shape of the eyes, and the genitalia of both sexes. Bridges (1919) has estimated the relative frequency of certain types of viable mutants in D. melanogaster. He finds that about 25 per cent of the mutant genes studied have affected the wings (size, shape, or venation), about 20 per cent the color of the eyes, and about 16 per cent the general body-color. The two next most frequent types are undoubtedly those affecting the number, size, or distribution of the bristles or hairs, and those affecting eye-shape or texture. There is a large psychological factor in the data relating to the characters in which species differ, and also in the results obtained by Bridges for mutant characters. The keys are drawn up to fit pinned material, so that eye-colors or genitalia, which usually can not be studied in such material, are at once eliminated. In studying specific differences it often becomes necessary to examine minute characters, such as wing-vein indices or the relative sizes of certain bristles, that are seldom examined in material bred for genetic purposes. The shape of the carina is an excellent specific character, but is difficult to examine in unpinned material; no mutations in it have been observed. Simi- larly, the immature stages and the food and mating habits, that differ markedly among the species, have never been really examined for mutations. For these reasons it is not practicable to compile statistics showing the relative frequency of occurrence of different kinds of characters among the species and among the mutations. We can, however, see if the mutant characters that have been observed are similar to char- acters found in wild species. That many of them are similar will appear from the following list of special cases. This list is by no means complete, but includes enough striking cases to illustrate the point under discussion. SPECIFIC CASES OF PARALLELISM BETWEEN MUTANT CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERS OF WILD SPECIES. Size: The species of Drosophila differ considerably in size, ranging from about 1 mm. to about 6 mm. in length. Among the mutant characters of D. melanogaster are at least two dwarfs and one giant, and in D. simulans 120 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. a dwarf is known. These mutants are to all appearances perfectly normal, except in size. Eyes: The size of the compound eye shows great variation from species to species. Figures 45 and 48 will illustrate this point. Similarly, the mutant “‘eyeless” in D. melanogaster has eyes that are smaller than those of the wild type. (As the name indicates, the eyes of this form are some- times entirely gone.) Other mutant forms with small eyes are also known, as well as a few in which the eyes are larger than those of the parent race. The wild species of Drosophila differ greatly in eye-color; and practically all the colors found in them may be matched among the mutants of D. melanogaster. D. repleta, D. virilis, and D. funebris have eyes that suggest the purple or sepia mutants; D. willistoni and D. immigrans are nearer scarlet or vermilion among the mutants. Bristles: The bristles of D. lutzii are decidedly smaller than those of most species; this condition is paralleled by a number of mutant races in several species. The postverticals are missing in Aulacigaster and in the mutant races of D. melanogaster known as “‘scute’’ and “hairless.”” The vibrissz are missing in Apsinota, in Idiomyia, and in the subfamily Chloropine, and elsewhere. Mr. D. E. Lancefield has discovered a mutant race of D. obscura, known as ‘‘deformed,” in which these bristles are missing. The anterior dorsocentrals are missing (or hair-like) in Mycodrosophila, in Drosophila superba, and in the mutant race of D. melanogaster known as “‘two-bristle.”’ Hairs: Hairs are present on the disk of the scutellum and on the meso- pleura in the genus Curtonotum (and Apsinota ?) and in the mutant race of D. melanogaster known as “‘hairy.”’ Bo>Sy oy CATALOGUE OF DESCRIBED SPECIES OF DROSOPHILINAE. 127 DROSOPHILA—continued. D. limbata Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 1896; 414. New name is D. nebulosa Sturtevant. D. limbipennis de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent. 51. To Leucophenga, which was recognized as a subgenus. D. linearis Walker. 1852. Dipt. Saund. 4; 411. United States. D. lineata van der Wulp. 1881. Midd. Sumatra, Dipt. Sumatra. D. lineolata de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 254. Java. D. littoralis Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6; 87. Germany. D. litorella Meigen. 1838. Syst. Beschr. 7 (Hydrellia). Germany. . longiseta Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 68. Hawaiian Islands. lurida Walker. 1860. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4; 168; 228. Macassar. splendida luteipes Sturtevant. This paper. Cuba. lutzii Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 340. Cuba, etc. maculata Dufour. 1839. Ann. Scienc. Nat. 49. To Leucophenga. maculipennis Gimmerthal. 1847. Corrbl. Riga 1. Europe. . maculiventris van der Wulp. 1897. Termes. Fuzetek. 20. Ceylon. maculiventris de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent. 51. New name is Leucophenga guttiventris de Meijere. maculosa Coquillett. 1895. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 47. To Leucophenga. _mansura Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Scj. Bull. 3; 185. To Leucophenga. marginella Zetterstedt. 1838. Ins. Lapp. Is a synonym of Diastata costata Meigen. marmoria Hutton. 1901. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. 33; 91. Auckland Island. Is probably a synonym of D. repleta Wollaston. mauiensis Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 67. Hawaiian Islands. maura de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 406. Java. . megaspis Bezzi. 1908. Boll. Soc. Ent. 39; 191. Eritrea. melanderi Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 337. Washington. melanica Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc, Amer. 9; 332. Alabama, etc. . melanissima Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 333. Alabama, etc. melanogaster Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr.6. Europe. melanogaster Macquart. 1842. Dipt. Exot. 2; 3; 258. Algiers. melanosoma Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 68. Hawaiian Islands. melanospila Walker. 1859. Proc. Linn. Soc. 3; 126; 163. Aroe. metallescens de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 265. Java. . metallica Sturtevant. This paper. Cuba. metzii Sturtevant. This paper. Cuba. mexicana Macquart. 1842. Dipt. Exot. 2; 3; 259. Mexico. minuta Walker. 1852. Dipt. Saund. 4; 412. United States. modesta Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 338. Is a synonym of D. tripunctata Loew. molokaiensis Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 67. Hawaiian Islands. . monticola Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 69. Hawaiian Islands. montium de Meijere. 1916. Tijd. Ent. 59. Java. mulleri Sturtevant. This paper. Texas, etc. multipuncta Loew. 1866. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 10. Is a synonym of D. guttifera Walker. mutabilis Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 3; 187. To Leucophenga. nana Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc, London 1896; 416. St. Vincent. nasalis Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 66. Hawaiian Islands. nasuta Lamb. 1914. ‘Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 346. Seychelles. nebulosa Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 327. New name for D. limbata Williston, not van Roser. West Indies. . neglecta Sturtevant. Manuscript name, used by Metz. 1916. Jour. Exper. Zool. 21, legend to plate 2. . nigerrima Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 331. Seychelles. To Myco- drosophila. D. nigra Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 62. Hawaiian Islands. D. nigra de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent.51. New name is D. nigricolor de Meijere. Sb > DYUYS SYDUD SUDUYUDUUDOUDSYDD 5S SSS SYPSYDSY 128 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. DROSOPHILA—continued. D SY SPUSSSSSYUDUUEYSEY b&b Sb b&b USdSbyydSyyUOUSY & bY bY HOUNDS ¥ -nigriceps Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 7; 378. Europe. D. - nigricolor de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 399. New name for D. nigra de nigricolor Strobl. 1898. Mitt. Ver. Steiermark 34. Styria. Meijere, not Grimshaw. Java. nigricornis Loew. Manuscript name, used by Peck. 1884. Science, 4; 25. . nigrimana Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6; 87. To Chymomyza. - nigrita Haliday. 1833. Ent. Mag.1. Europe. . nigriventris Macquart. 1842. Dipt. Exot. 2; 3; 259. To Leucophenga. . nigriventris Zetterstedt. 1847. Dipt. Scand. 6; 2557. Is a synonym of D. melanogaster Meigen. nigrobrunnea Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 332. To Mycodrosophila. . nigropunctata van der Wulp. 1892. Tijd. Ent. 34. Java. Is probably a synonym of D. repleta Wollaston. - nigrosparsa Strobl. 1898. Mitt. Ver. Steiermark 34. Styria. . nitidiventris Macquart. 1835. Suit. Buff.2. Is asynonym of D. fenestrarum Fallén. niveopunctata Dufour. 1846. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 25. Nom. nud. (Olden- berg. 1914. Arch. Naturgesch. 80; A; 2). notabilis Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 329. Seychelles. obesa Loew. 1872. Berl. ent. Zeit. 16. To Pseudophortica. . obscura Fallén. 1823. Dipt. Suec. Geomyz. 6. Europe. - obscurata de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 410. Java. obscuricornis Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 71. Hawaiian Islands. obscurifrons Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 72. Hawaiian Islands. obscurtpennis Loew. 1865. Berl. ent. Zeit. 9. To Leucophenga. ochracea Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 61. Hawaiian Islands. olaz Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 66. Hawaiian Islands. opaca Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 411. St. Vincent. . orbitalis Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 336. To Zaprionus. . ordinaria Coquillett. 1904. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 6. New Hampshire. ornatipennis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 407. Is a variety of D. calloptera Schiner. St. Vincent. ornatipennis de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 256. To Leucophenga, which was recognized as a subgenus. . pallida Zetterstedt. 1847. Dipt. Scand. 6. Is a synonym of Scaptomyza flaveola Meigen. . pallida Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 415. New name is D. willistoni Sturtevant. pallipes Dufour. 1846. Ann. Soc. Ent. 1846. Europe. pallipes Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 342. Seychelles. palpalis Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 3; 185. To Leucophenga. paradoxa Lamb. 1918. Bull. Ent. Research. 9; 159. Trinidad. parva Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 65. Hawaiian Islands. paucipuncta Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 62. Hawaiian Islands. perkinsi Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 59. Hawaiian Islands. phalerata Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6. Europe. picta Zetterstedt. 1847. Dipt. Scand. 6. Europe. picticornis Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 57. Hawaiian Islands. pictipennis Kertész. 1901. Termes. Fuzetek. 24. New Guinea. . pictipes de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 411. Java. . pilimana Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 61. Hawaiian Islands. . pilosula Becker. 1908. Mitt. zool. Mus. 4; 156. Canary Islands. . pinguis Walker. 1865. Proc. Linn. Soc. 8; 128; 69. New Guinea. . pistula de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 412. Java. . plagiata Bezzi. 1908. Denkschr. med. Ges. 13; 197. South Africa. . pleuralis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1896; 411. To Myco- drosophila. . plumosa Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 72. Hawaiian Islands. . plurilineata Villeneuve. 1911. Wien. ent. Zeit. 30; 83. Is a synonym of D. busckit Coquillett. CATALOGUE OF DESCRIBED SPECIES OF DROSOPHILINAE. 129 DROSOPHILA—continued. D. D. poeyi Sturtevant. This paper. Cuba. polita Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 71. Hawaiian Islands. D. pollinosa Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 414. To Paratissa. D. preciosa de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 55. Java. D. procnemis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 412. To Chymomyza. SUUDUUSUD SYDY SYYUDY SYDHUYYUSY SYyYUy Sd UD DODD oD prognatha Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 340. Porto Rico, etc. . projectans Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 342. To Myco- drosophila. . provima Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 3; 186. To Leucophenga. pseudomelanica Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent.Soc. Amer. 9; 333. Virginia, etc. pugionata de Meijere. 1915. ‘Tijd. Ent. 58, suppl. Simalu. pulchella Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 327. St. Vincent. New name for D. bellula Williston, not Bergroth. pulchra Schiner. 1868. Novara 239. South America. pumilio de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent. 51. Java. punctipennis van der Wulp. 1896. Cat. Descr. Dipt. South Asia. (Dis- comyza) East Indies. Generic reference by de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent. 51. punctiscutata Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 333. Seychelles. punctulata Loew. 1862. Berl. ent. Zeit. 6; 232. Is a synonym of D. repleta Wollaston. pusilla Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 70. Hawaiian Islands. putrida Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9;339. Massachusetts, etc. quadrata Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 341. Alabama, etc. quadrilineata de Meijere. 1911. ‘Tijd. Ent. 54; 396. Java. quadrimaculata Walker. 1856. Dipt. Saund. 4. Is a synonym of Leuco- phenga varia Walker. quadrimaculata Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 3; 182. Rhodesia. quadripunctata de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent. 51. To Leucophenga. quinaria Loew. 1865. Berl. ent. Zeit. 9. United States. ramsdeni Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 328. Cuba. .Treamurii Dufour. 1845. Ann. Soc. Ent. 1845. Europe. - remota Walker. 1849. List. Dipt. Ins. 4; 4. Tristan da Cunha. . repleta Wollaston. 1858. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 41; 117. Madeira. . robusta Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 331. Alabama, etc. . ruberrima de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 403. Java. . rubrostriata Becker. 1908. Mitt. zool. Mus. 4; 155. Is a synonym of D. busckit Coquillett. rudis Walker. 1860. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4; 168; 226. Macassar. ruficeps van Roser. 1840. Wiirtt. Corrbl. 1840. Germany. rufifrons Loew. 1873. Berl. ent. Zeit. 17. Hungary. rufipes Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6; 87. Germany. rufuloventer Lamb. 1914. ‘Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 344. Seychelles. salatige de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 260. To Leucophenga, which was recognized as a subgenus. saltans Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 328. Cuba, etc. semiatra de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 265. Java. separata de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 406. Java. sericea Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 326. To Leucophenga, which was recognized as a subgenus. setiger Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 64. Hawaiian Islands. sharpi Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 65. Hawaiian Islands. sigmoides Loew. 1872. Berl. ent. Zeit. 16. United States. silvata de Meijere. 1916. Tijd. Ent. 59. Java. similis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 415. St. Vincent. similis Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 347. Seychelles. simplex de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 266. Java. simulans Sturtevant. 1919. Psyche 26; 153. Florida, ete. slossone Coquillett. A manuscript name, used by Johnson. 1913. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 32. 130 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. DROSOPHILA—continued. BD DSSSPDS SSSS SPODUDUyDUDOODUDY b >> SYyyyY SYDUDYYDYD Sd . solennis Walker. 1860. Proc. Linn. Soc. 4; 168; 235. Macassar. . sordida Zetterstedt. 1838. Ins, Lapp. 777; 7. Is a synonym of Scaptomyza graminum Fallén. . sordidapex Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 63. Hawaiian Islands. soror Schiner. 1868. Novara 240. Colombia. sororia Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 408. St. Vincent. . spherocera Thomson. 1870. Eugen. Resa. 597. Patagonia. spinipes Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 336. Seychelles. splendida Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 412. St. Vincent. spurca Zetterstedt. 1847. Dipt. Scand. 6. Europe. strigifrons de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 264. Java. subfasciata de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 257. Java. subpollinosa de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 263. To Leucophenga, which was recognized as a subgenus. sulcata Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 330. Maryland, etc. superba Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 342. Guatemala. tarsalis Walker. 1852. Dipt. Saund. 4; 412. Brazil. tarsata Schiner. 1868. Novara 240. South America. tectifrons de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 263. To Leucophenga, which was recognized as a subgenus. terminalis Loew. 1863. Berl. ent. Zeit. 7. To Scaptomyza. . testacea van Roser. 1840. Wiirtt. Corrbl. 1840. Isa synonym of Scaptomyza flava Fallén. . thoracis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 411. To Myco- drosophila. . tjibodas de Meijere. 1916. Tijd. Ent. 59. Java. . torrei Sturtevant. This paper. Cuba. transversa Fallén. 1823. Dipt, Suec. Geomyz. 6; 5. Europe. triangulifer Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 343. Seychelles. . trifasciata de Meijere. 1916. Tijd. Ent. 59. Java. tripunctata Loew. 1862. Berl. ent. Zeit. 6. District of Columbia. - triseta de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 402. Java. tristani Sturtevant. This paper. Costa Rica. tristis Fallén. 1823. Dipt. Suec. Geomyz. 7; 7. Europe. . trivittata Strobl. 1898. Wien. ent. Zeit. 12. Styria. . undulata Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 58. Hawaiian Islands. ungarensis de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 407. Java. unicolor de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 266. Java. unimaculata Strobl. 1893. Wien. ent. Zeit. 12. Austria. unistriata Strobl. 1900. Wiss. Mitt. Bosn. 7. Dalmatia. ustulata de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent. 51. Java. uvarum Rondani. 1875. Boll. Com. Agr. Parm. 1875. Is a synonym of D. melanogaster Meigen. . valida Walker. 1858. Dipt. Saund.; Trans. Ent. Soc. 4. To Minettia. varia Walker. 1849. List Dipt. Ins. 4. To Leucophenga. . variegata Fallén. 1823. Dipt. Suec. Geomyz. 5; 2. To Stegana. variegata Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 57. New name is D. grimshawi Oldenberg. . varifrons Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 71. Hawaiian Islands. variopicta Becker. 1908. Mitt. zool. Mus. 4; 156. Canary Islands. varipes Macquart. 1835. Suit. Buff. 2; 550. France. verticis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 413. St. Vincent. virginea Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6;84. Synonym of D. fenestrarum Fallén. virilis Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 330. New York. vittata Coquillett. 1895. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 47. To Scaptomyza. vittatifrons Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 408. St. Vincent. willistoni Sturtevant. 1916. Amn. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 327. New name for D. pallida Williston, not Zetterstedt. St. Vincent. CATALOGUE OF DESCRIBED SPECIES OF DROSOPHILINAE, 131 D. xanthostoma Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 68. Hawaiian Islands. DROSOPHILURA Hendel. 1913. Ent. Mitt. 2; 387. (See Zygothrica.) EOSTEGANA Hendel. 1913. Deutsch. ent. Zeit. 390. (See Stegana.) GITONA Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6; 129; 215. G. distigma Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6; 130. Europe. G. ornata Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6; 176 (Agromyza). Perhaps an earlier name for Acletoxenus formosus Loew. G. perspicax Knab. 1914. Insec. Inscit. Menstr. 2 (Gitonides). Hawaiian Islands) etc. G. pruinosus Bigot. 1888. Expl. scient. Tunes. 10. Tunis. GITONIDES Knab. 1914. Insec. Inscit. Menstr. 2; 165. (See Gitona.) HYPENOMYIA Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 53. H. varipennis Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 54. Hawaiian Islands. IDIOMYIA Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 50. L. heteroneura Perkins. 1910. Faun. Haw. 2; 699. Hawaiian Islands. I. oahuensis Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 52. Hawaiian Islands. I. obscuripes Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 52. Hawaiian Islands. I. perkinsi Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 51. Hawaiian Islands. I. picta Grimshaw. 1901. Faun. Haw. 3; 53. Hawaiian Islands. L. silvestris Perkins. 1910. Faun. Haw. 2; 700. Hawaiian Islands. LEUCOPHENGA Mik. 1886. Wien. ent. Zeit. 317. L. abbreviata de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 400 (Drosophila). Java. L. albiceps de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 258. Java. L. albicincta de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent. 51. Java. L. ambigua Kahl. 1917. Ann. Carn. Mus. 11; 389. Africa. L. apicifera Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 3; 185 (Drosophila). Rhodesia. . argentata de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 258. Java. . argenteiventris Kahl. 1917. Ann. Carn. Mus. 11; 378. Bolivia. . argenteofasciata Kahl. 1917. Ann. Carn. Mus. 11; 371. Brazil. . basilaris Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 3; 184 (Drosophila). Rhodesia. . bellula Bergroth. 1894. Ent. Zeit. Stett. 55 (Drosophila). Queensland. . bimaculata Loew. 1865. Berl. ent. Zeit. 9 (Drosophila). Cuba. . bistriata Kahl. 1917. Ann. Carn. Mus. 11; 386. Philippines. . brunneipennis Kahl. 1917. Ann. Carn. Mus. 11; 373. Bolivia. . cincta de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 395. Java. L. flaviseta Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull.3; 184 (Drosophila). Rhodesia. L. frontalis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 413 (Drosophila). St. Vincent. L. gibbosa de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 264. Java. L. goodi Kahl. 1917. Ann. Carn. Mus. 11; 388. Africa. L. grossipalpis Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 328. Seychelles. L. guttiventris de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent. 51. New name for Drosophila maculiventris de Meijere, not van der Wulp. Java. L. hasemani Kahl. 1917. Ann. Carn. Mus. 11; 375. Brazil. L. insulana Schiner. 1868. Novara 240. (Drosophila). Nicobar Islands. L. invicta Walker. 1857. Proc. Linn. Soc. (Helomyza). Borneo. Generic reference by Czerny, 1904, Wien. ent. Zeit. 23. L. leucostoma Becker. 1908. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 6. Hungary. L. limbipennis de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent. 51. Java. L. maculata Dufour. 1839. Ann. Sci. Nat. 49; 14 (Drosophila). Europe. L. maculiventris de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent. 51. Described under Lewco- phenga as a subgenus of Drosophila; therefore is a homonym of D. maculi- ventris van der Wulp. New name is L. guttiventris de Meijere. L. maculosa Coquillett. 1895. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 47 (Drosophila). United States. L. mansura Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull.3; 185 (Drosophila). Rhodesia. L. mutabilis Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 3; 187 (Drosophila). Rhodesia. L. nigriventris Macquart. 1842. Dipt. Exot. 2; 3; 259 (Drosophila). Cochin- China. L. obscuripennis Loew. 1865. Berlin. ent. Zeit. 9 (Drosophila). Cuba. [eal soll oF coil sad wall sal salt Le THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. LEUCOPHENGA—continued. L. ornatipennis de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 256. Java. L. ornativentris Kahl. 1917. Ann. Carn. Mus. 11; 379. Bolivia. L. palpalis Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 3; 185 (Drosophila). Rhodesia. L. proxima Adams. 1905. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 3; 186 (Drosophila). Rhodesia. L. quadrimaculata Walker. 1856. Dipt. Saund. 4 (Drosophila). Is a synonym of L. varia Walker. . quadripunctata de Meijere. 1908. ‘Tijd. Ent. 51 (Drosophila). Java. - quinquemaculata Strobl. 1893. Wien. ent. Zeit. 12. Europe. . Salatige de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 260. Java. . sericea Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 326. Seychelles. stelliplena Walker. 1865. Proc. Linn. Soc. (Helomyza). New Guinea. Generic reference by Czerny. 1904. Wien. ent. Zeit. 23. . subpollinosa de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 263. Java. . tectifrons de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 263. Java. . triseta Hendel. 1914. Suppl. Ent. 3; 112 (Paraleucophenga). Formosa. . undulata Hendel. 1913. Ent. Mitt. 2 (Oxyleucophenga). Peru. . varia Walker. 1849. List. Dipt. Ins. 4 (Drosophila). Georgia. L. vittata Coquillett. 1895. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 47 (Drosophila). To Scaptomyza. Referred to Leucophenga by Johnson (1913. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 32; 88) through an error. MYCODROSOPHILA Oldenberg. 1914. Arch. Naturgesch. 80; A; 2; 4. M. dimidiata Loew. 1862. Berl. ent. Zeit. 6 (Drosophila). United States. M. fracticosta Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16;329 (Drosophila). Seychelles. stisoll Hallas Siplloleal lols. . pecilogastra Loew. 1874. Zeits. ges. Naturw. 43; 419 (Amiota). Russia. . projectans Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 342 (Drosophila). West Indies. M. thoracis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 411 (Drosophila). St. Vincent. NEOLEUCOPHENGA Oldenberg. 1914. Arch. Naturgesch. 80; A; 9; 93. (See Leuco- phenga.) NOTEROPHILA Rondani. 1856. Prodr. 1; 133. (See Camilla.) ORTHOSTEGANA Hendel. 1913. Deutsch. ent. Zeit. 1913. (See Stegana.) OXYLEUCOPHENGA Hendel. 1913. Ent. Mitt. 2. (See Leucophenga.) PARALEUCOPHENGA Hendel. 1914. Suppl. Ent. 3;113. (See Leucophenga.) PARALEUCOPHENGA Oldenberg. 1914. Arch. Naturgesch. 80; A;4;18. (See Leuco- phenga.) PHORTICA Schiner. 1862. Wien. ent. Monatsschr. 6; 433. (See Stegana.) PSEUDIASTATA Coquillett. 1908. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 9; 148. P. nebulosa Coquillett. 1908. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 9; 149. Maryland. PSEUDOPHORTICA Sturtevant. 1918. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 26; 37. P. obesa Loew. 1872. Berlin. ent. Zeit. 16 (Drosophila). Texas. SCAPTOMYZA Hardy. 1849. Proc. Berwicksh. Nat. Club; 349. .adusta Loew. 1862. Berlin. ent. Zeit. 6 (Drosophila). United States. .amoena Meigen. 1838. Syst. Bechr. 7 (Hydrellia). Europe. . bimaculata de Meijere. 1908. Tijd. Ent. 51. Java. flava Fallén. 1823. Dipt. Suec. Geomyz. 7; 10 (Drosophila). Europe. -flaveola Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6 (Drosophila). Europe. gracilis Walker. 18538. Ins. Britt. 2; 239. England. graminum Fallén. 18238. Dipt. Suec. Geomyz. 8 (Drosophila). Europe. griseola Zetterstedt. 1847. Dipt. Scand. 6; 2562 (Drosophila). Europe. -incana Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6; 86 (Drosophila). Europe. rufipes Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6; 87 (Drosophila). Europe. . substrigata de Meijere. 1914. Tijd. Ent. 57; 268. Java. M. gratiosa de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 404 (Drosophila). Java. M. nigerrima Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 331 (Drosophila). Seychelles. M. nigrobrunnea Lamb. 1914. Trans. Linn. Soc. 16; 332 (Drosophila). Sey- chelles. M. pleuralis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 411 (Drosophila). St. Vincent. M M ANNNNNNNHNNN CATALOGUE OF DESCRIBED SPECIES OF DROSOPHILINAE. 133 SCAPTOMYZA—continued. S. terminalis Loew. 1863. Berlin. ent. Zeit. 7 (Drosophila). Alaska. S. tetrasticha Becker. 1908. Mitt. zool. Mus. 4. Canary Islands. S. unipunctum Zetterstedt. 1847. Dipt. Scand. 6 (Geomyza). Europe. S. vittata Coquillett. 1895. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 47 (Drosophila). Florida. SINOPHTHALMUS Coquillett. 1904. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 6; 116. S. pictus Coquillett. 1904. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 6. California. SPHYRNOCEPS de Meijere. 1915. Tijds. Ent. 58; suppl. 58. (See Zygothrica.) STEGANA Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6; 79. . acutangula Hendel. 1913. Deutsch. ent. Zeit. 1913 (Orthostegana). Bolivia. . albilabris Zetterstedt. 1852. Dipt. Scand. 14; 6425 (Drosophila). Europe. . alboguttata Wahlberg. 1838. K. Vet. Akad. Handl. (Drosophila). Sweden. .annulata Haliday. 1833. Ent. Mag. 1; 172. Is a synonym of S. coleoptrata Scopoli. . biroi Hendel. 1913. Deutsch. ent. Zeit. 1913; 390 (Hostegana). New Guinea. brunnescens de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 417. Java. . coleoptrata Scopoli. 1763. Ent. Carniol. 338 (Musca). Europe. . convergens de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 55 (Drosophila). Java. curvinervis Hendel. 1914. Suppl. Ent. 3; 115 (Orthostegana). Formosa. curvipennis Fallén. 1823. Dipt. Suec. Geomyz. 4; 1 (Drosophila). Europe. . furta Walker. 1856. Ins. Britt.3;14. Isasynonym of S. curvipennis Fallén. hore Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 405. St. Vincent. humeralis Loew. 1862. Berl. ent. Zeit. 6 (Amiota). District of Columbia. . hypoleuca Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6; 80. Isa synonym of S. coleoptrata Scopoli. . lacteoguttata Portschinski. 1891. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 26; 226 (Drosophila). Russia. . lateralis van der Wulp. 1897. Termes. Fuzetek. 20; 143. Ceylon. . lineata de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54;420. Java. magnifica Hendel. 1913. Deutsch. ent. Zeit. 629. Peru. . nigra Meigen. 1830. Syst. Beschr. 6; 79. Is a synonym of S. curvipennis Fallén. . nigrifrons de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 418. Java. . nigripennis Hendel. 1914. Suppl. Ent. 3; 115 (Orthostegana). Formosa. . alboguttata obscuripes Strobl. 1909. Mitt. Ver. Steierm. 46; 45 (Phortica). Styria. . orientalis Hendel. 1914. Suppl. Ent. 3; 116 (Amiota). Formosa. .tufescens Oldenberg. 1914. Arch. Naturgesch. 80; A; 2; 21 (Phortica). Hungary. . scutellaris Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 416 (Phortica). St. Vincent. . scutellata de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 420. Java. . strobli Mik. 1898. Wien. ent. Zeit. 1898; 216. Europe. . tarsalis Williston. 1896. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1896; 404. St. Vincent. . undulata de Meijere. 1911. Tijd. Ent. 54; 419. Java. . variegata Fallén. 1823. Dipt. Suec. Geomyz. 5; 2 (Drosophila). Europe. THAUMASTOPHILA Hendel. 1914. Suppl. Ent. 3; 112. (See Apsinota.) TITANOCHATA Knab. 1914. Insec. Inscit. Menstr. 2; 168. T.ichneumon Knab. 1914. Insec. Inscit. Menstr. 2. Hawaiian Islands. ZAPRIONUS Coquillett. 1902. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 24; 31. Z. orbitalis Sturtevant. 1916. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 9; 336 (Drosophila). Panama. Z. vittiger Coquillett. 1902. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 24. Africa. ZYGOTHRICA Wiedemann. 1830. Achias Dipt. Genus. 16; 3. Z. aldrichii Sturtevant. 1920. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 58; 157. Panama. Z. brunneus de Meijere. 1915. Tijd. Ent. 58; suppl. (Sphyrnoceps). East Indies. Z. dispar Wiedemann. 1830. Aussereur. Zweifl. 2; 556 (Achias). South America. ANNNND ND NN 2NH ANNN H ARNNRNNHRHHNH RANND 134 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. BIBLIOGRAPHY .* Aupricu, J. M. 1905. A catalogue of North American Diptera. Smithson. Misc. Coll., 46: No. 1444, 680 pp. (Drosophilide, pp. 639-644.) Bascock, E. B., and R. E. Cuausen. 1918. Genetics in relation to agriculture. 675 pp. Barrows, W. M. 1907. The reactions of the pomace fly, Drosophila ampelophila, to odorous substances. Jour. Exper. Zool., 4: 515-537. BauMBERGER, J. P. 1914. Studies on longevity of insects. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 7: 323-352. , 1917. The food of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 3: 122-126. , 1917. Solid media for rearing Drosophila. Science, n. s., 51: 447-448. , 1919. A nutritional study of insects with special reference to microorganisms and their substrata. Jour. Exper. Zool., 28: 1-81. , and R. W. Guaser. 1917. The rearing of Drosophila ampelophila on solid media. Science, n. s., 45: 21-22. Bowtes, G. J. 1882. The pickled fruit fly, Drosophila ampelophila. Canad. Ent., 14: 101-104. Bripces, C. B. 1913. Non-disjunction of the sex-chromosomes of Drosophila. Jour. Exper. Zool., 15: 587-606. , 1914. Direct proof through non-disjunction that the sex-linked genes of Drosophila are borne by the X chromosome. Science, n. s., 40: 107-109. , 1915. A linkage variation in Drosophila. Jour. Exper. Zool., 19: 1. , 1916. Non-disjunction as proof of the chromosome theory of heredity. Genetics, 1; 1-52, 107-163. , 1917. 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Sur quelques Leptomonas de Muscides et leurs Leptotrypanosomes. C.R. Soc. Biol. 70: 120-122. , 1911. Documents en faveur de la pluralité des espéces chez les Leptomonas des Drosophiles. C. R.Soc. Biol. 71: 663-666. Cott, W.H. 1917. The reactions of Drosophila ampelophila to gravity, to centrifugation, and air currents. Jour. Anim. Behav., 7: 71-80. Comstock, J. H. 1893. Report on miscellaneous insects. Report Comm. Agric., 1881- 1882, 135-154. Conepon, E. D. 1912. Effects of radium on living substance. The influence of radia- tions of radium upon the embryonic growth of the pomace fly Drosophila ampelophila. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 53: 345-358. De.court, A. 1909. Sur l’apparition brusque et l’hérédité d’une variation chez Droso- phila confusa. C.R. Soc. Biol., 66: 709. , 1911. Sur une procédé permettant l’examen 4 un fort grossisement, 4 l'état vivant, de mouches de petite taille, notamment de Drosophila. C. R. Soc. Biol., 70: 97. , and E. Guytnotr. 1910. De la possibilité d’étudier certains Diptéres en milieu défini (Drosophila). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 5: 255-257. , 1911. Variation et milieu. Lignées de Drosophiles en milieu stérile et défini. C. R. IV Conf. Int. Genet., 478-487. , 1911. Génétique et milieu. Nécessité de la détermination des conditions; sa possibilité chez les Drosophiles. Technique. Bull. Scient. France Belg., 45: 249-333. Dexter, J. S. 1912. On coupling of certain sex-linked characters in Drosophila. Biol. Bull., 23: 183. , 1914. The analysis of a case of continuous variation in es by a study of its linkage relations. Amer. Nat., 48: 712. Duncan, F. N. 1915. A note on the gonads of gynandromorphs of Drosophila ampelo- phila. Amer. Nat., 49: 455. , 1915. An attempt to produce mutations through hybridization. Amer. Nat., 49: 575. Exiwyn, A. 1917. Effect of humidity on pupal duration and on pupal mortality of Drosophila ampelophila. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 37: 347-353. Escuer-Kinpic, J. 1903. (Note on Drosophila phalerata bred from larve found in a human tumor.) Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges., 10: 446-448. FaturEn, C. F. 1823. Diptera Suecie. Geomyzides, 2 GotpscumipT, R. 1917. Crossing-over ohne Chiasmatypie? Genetics, 2: 82. Gowen, J. W. 1919. A biometrical study of crossing-over. On the mechanism of cross- ing-over in the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics, 4: 205-250. GrimusHaw, P. 1901. Diptera. Fauna Hawaiiensis, 3: 1-86. (Drosophilidz, pp. 50-73, 86.) Guytnot, E. 1913. Etudes biologiques sur une mouche, Drosophila ampelophila. C.R. Soc. Biol., 74. I. Possibilité de vie aseptique pour l’individu et la lignée. P. 97. II. Réle des levures dans l’alimentation. P. 178. III. Changement de milieu et adaptation. P. 223. IV. Nutrition des larves et fécondité. P. 270. V. Nutrition des adultes et fécondité. P. 332. VI. Resorption des spermatozoides et avortement des oeufs. P. 389. VII. Le détermination de la ponte. 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Tice, S.C. 1914. A new sex-linked character in Drosophila. Biol. Bull., 26: 221. Unwin, E. E. 1907. The vinegar fly (Drosophila funebris). Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1907; 285-302. VILLENEUVE, J. 1913. Notes synonymiques. Wien. ent. Zeit., 32: 128. Warren, D.C. 1917. Mutations in Drosophila busckti. Amer. Nat., 51: 699-703. , 1918. The effect of selection upon the sex-ratio in Drosophila ampelophila. Biol. Bull., 34: 351-371. WEINSTEIN, A. 1918. Coincidence of crossing-over in Drosophila melanogaster (ampelo- phila). Genetics, 3: 185-173. Wentwortn, E. N. 1914. The segregation of fecundity factors in Drosophila. Jour. Genet., 3: 113-120. Wuaitine, P. W. 1918. Viability and coupling in Drosophila. Amer. Nat., 47: 508. Wiuston, 8S. W. 1882. Drosophila ampelophila. Canad. Ent., 14: 138. , 1896. On the Diptera of St. Vincent. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1896; 253-446. Witson, E. B. 1913. Heredity and microscopical research. Science, n. 8., 37: 814-826. , 1914. Croonian lecture: The bearing of cytological research on heredity. Proc. Roy. Soc., B; 88: 333-352. Zeveny, C. 1918. Germinal changes in the bar-eyed race of Drosophila during the course of selection for facet number. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1917; 73-77. , 1919. A change in the bar gene of Drosophila involving further decrease in facet number and increase in dominance. Jour. Gen. Physiol., 2: 69-71. ,and E. W. Marroon. 1915. The effect of selection upon the “ bar-eye ” mutant of Drosophila. Jour. Exper. Zool., 19: 515-529. yoy i ree |: INDEX. abdomen, 32-38 ampelophila, 89, 90, 91, 105 aberrans, 44 Amphoroneura, 48 Acalypterx, 8, 37, 41, 48 Amphycophora, 123 Acletoxenus, 16, 41, 44, 50, 108, 115, 123 anal cell, 29 description and distribution, 54 anal cross-vein, 29 acrostichal hairs, 29 anal plates, 33 Adkins, W.S., 2, 103 Anastrepha, 121 adspersa, 99, 100 annularis, 120 adusta (Scaptomyza), 33, 105 description and distribution, 99 chromosomes, 39 key, 69 courtship and mating, 7 annulata, 105 eggs, 19 antenna, 26 key and distribution, 64 Anthomyline, 18 larval mouthparts, 21 Antigua, 113 Ovipositor, 32 Antirrhinum, 122 puparium, 24 apical bristles, 29 affinis apicata, 64, 105 chromosomes, 39 Apotomella, 123 courtship and mating, 5 Apsinota, 44, 48, 50, 108, 116, 120, 123 description and distribution, 94 description and distribution, 53 eggs, 19 apterous, 121 key, 67 Arias, J., 2 mutation, 13 arista, 26, 43 secondary sexual characters, 44, 45 Arizona, 110 spermatheca, 36 Arkansas, 110 variability, 42 Ashmead, 18 agar method, 16-17 Asteia, 48, 106, 121 Agromyza, 22 Asteinse, 49 Agromyzine, 19, 38, 49 Aulacigaster, 30, 31, 48, 49, 108, 109, 113, 115,. Ainslie, C. N., 71 120, 123 Alabama, 109 description and distribution, 51 alabamensis Aulacogaster, see Aulacigaster description and distribution, 102 Austen, E. E., 80, 91 key, 67 Australia, 108, 116 Alaska, 112 auxiliary vein, 29 Alberta, 112 axillary cell, 29 albipes, 105 Babcock, E. B., 13 albirostris Baerg, W. J., 71 description and distribution, 78 Bahamas, 113 key, 68 balancers, 31 Aldrich, J. M., 2 Banks, N., 2, 19, 22, 24, 61 aldrichii (Chymomyza) Barbados, 113 distribution, 62 Barber, H. 8S., 55 key, 61 Barrows, W. M., 4 aldrichii (Zygothrica) basal cells, 29 distribution, 55 Baumberger, J. P., 15, 16 alfari Baur, E., 122 description and distribution, 75 Becker, T., 77, 115 key, 70 bellula, 88, 105 Alfaro, A., 3, 75 bent, 121 alula, 29 Bezzi, M., 100, 120 Amiota, 56, 123 bibliography, 134 amcena (Chymomyza), 105 bilineata chromosomes, 39 description and distribution 102 courtship, 7-8 key, 69 distribution, 61 bimaculata (Leucophenga), 105 eggs, 19 distribution, 60 key, 61 key, 60 puparium, 24 bithorax, 31, 121 spermatheca, 36 Blesochetophora, 41, 50, 108, 113, 123 143 144 Blesochztophora, description and distribution, 54 Borborine, 8, 19, 38, 121 Borborus, 121 brevis, 105 Bridges, C. B., 13, 22, 39 bristles of pupa, 23-24 British Columbia, 112 British Honduras, 113 bromeliz chromosomes, 39 description and distribution, 72 key, 69 bucea, 25 busckii, 35, 109, 115 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 5 description and distribution, 77 eggs, 19 key, 67, 69 larva, 22 male genitalia, 33, 34 mutations, 13 puparium, 23, 24 spermatheca, 36 variability, 41, 42 California, 110 Calliphora, 26, 31 alloptera, 70 chromosomes, 39 cdescription and distribution, 103 tkey, 68 -calloptera ornatipennis description and distribution, 104 key, 68 calypter, 31 Calypterz, 8, 19, 22, 33, 48 Camilla, 28, 50, 73, 108, 115, 116, 123 description and distribution, 56 Camptoneura, 31, 40 Canary Islands, 115 cardini, 79, 80 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 5-6 description and distribution, 78 eggs, 19 key, 67, 69 secondary sexual characters, 45 skipping of larva, 22, 98 variability, 41 caribbea, 89 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 6 eggs, 19 male genitalia, 33 mutation, 13 spermatheca, 36 carina, 25 Carpenter, F. W., 4 Castle, W. E., 12 catalogue, 123-133 caudatula (Chymomyza), 109, 114 distribution, 62 key, 61 cellaris, 105 cephalopharyngeal skeleton, 20-21, 23 Cheetopsis, 31, 40 INDEX. Chatton, E., 17 cheek, 25 Chionea, 120 Chiromyia, 38 Chloropine, 38, 49, 107, 121 Chlorops, 121 chromosomes, 39-40 Chymomyza, 8, 16, 18, 19, 22, 27, 30, 35, 44, 50, 54, 56, 71, 108, 109, 113, 115, 123 description and distribution, key, 61 Cladocheta, 49, 50, 112, 113, 123 description and distribution, 53 clasper, 33 Clastoptera, 71, 72 Clausen, R. E., 13 claws, 29 clypeus, 25 Coboldia, 120 coffeata description and distribution, 98 key, 69 Cole, W. H., 4 coleoptrata (Stegana), 109, 114 distribution, 57 collecting, 45 Colorado, 110 colorata, 105 Comstock, J. H., 19, 24 confusa, 44, 94, 105 Connecticut, 110 convergent, 26 Coquillett, D. W., 53, 54, 55, 58, 63, 77, 86, 93, 105 Cordylurineg, 8, 18, 19, 37, 38, 40 costa, 29 Costa Rica, 113 costal cell, 29 costal index, 30, 43 courtship and mating, 5-11 coxa, 29 crabronid, 18 Crepidohamma, 48, 106 Cuba, 113 Curtonotum, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35, 48, 50, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 128 description and distribution, 52 Cyrtonotum, see Curtonotum Czerny, L., 54, 61, 65 Darling; 8: T:, 3 Darwin, C., 122 decemguttata, 105 Delaware, 109 Delcourt, A., 15 Dermestide, 47 Dettopsomyia, 41, 50, 108, 115, 124 x description and distribution, 56 ‘ Dianthus, 122 j Diastata, 31, 49, 51 dimidiata (Mycodrosophila), 33, 105 chromosomes, 39 distribution, 63 key, 63 puparium, 24 spermatheca, 36 variability, 41 Diplocentra, 52, 53, 124 discal cell, 29 ae a dispar (Zygothrica), 33, 44, 55 District of Columbia, 110 divergent, 26 Dolichopodide, 36 Dolichopus, 31 Dominica, 113 dorsocentrals, 28, 41, 42 dorso-lateral plate, 32 Drosomyia, 106 Drosomyiella, 59, 124 INDEX. Drosophila, 8, 16, 18, 19, 22, 29, 30, 33, 50, 108, 109, 118, 115, 116, 117, 124-130 description, 65 distribution, 66 history, 65 keys, 66-70 Drosophilinz, 38, 41, 48, 49, 107 Drosophilura, 55, 131 dubia, 70 description and distribution, 73 key, 68 Duncan, F. N., 3 duncani description and distribution, 86 key, 67 spermatheca, 36 dwarf, 119 earlei chromosomes, 39 description and distribution, 98 eggs, 19 key, 69 East, E. M., 122 Echidnocephalus, 48, 107 eggs, 18-19 Elaphropeza, 18 Elwyn, A., 15 Empidide, 18, 37, 54 enemies, 17 Enderlein, G., 52 Ensina, 31 Eostegnana, 56, 131 Ephydrine, 8, 22, 38, 49, 107 Epochra, 22 Eretmoptera, 120 Ethiopian region, 108, 115 Euaresta, 40 Eumyiide, 48 Europe, 115 Euxesta, 61 excita, 106 expanded, 120 eyeless, 120 eyes, 27 Fabre, 21 Fabricius, 84 face, 25 Fallén, C. F., 65, 81, 93 fasciola description and distribution, 99 key, 69 femur, 29 Fiji, 116 Fitch, A., 90 5x index, 30, 43 flaveola, 106 flexa flexa, description and distribution, 71 key, 68, 69 florae, 70 chromosomes, 39 description and distribution, 72 key, 69 Florida, 109, 110 food habits, 16 4c index, 30 fourth-vein index, 30, 43 Frauenfeld, 54 front, 25 frontalis (Leucophenga), 106 distribution and key, 60 fronto, 106 fronto-orbitals, see orbital bristles. Frost, S. W., 2 Fucellia, 31 145 funebris, 20, 27, 29, 65, 70, 106, 109, 115, 120 chromosomes, 39, 40 courtship and mating, 6 description and distribution, 84 eggs, 19 key, 68, 70 larval mouthparts, 21 male genitalia, 33, 34 mutations, 14 puparium, 23, 24 secondary sexual character, 45 spermatheca, 36 variability, 41, 43 fusca, 74, 106 fused, 121 Gardner, L. L., 3 gena, 25 genetics, 12-14 genital arch, 33 geographical distribution, 108-117 Geomyzine, 38, 41, 49 Georgia, 110 giant, 119 | gibbum (Curtonotum), 33, 35, 52 Giglio-Tos, 52 Gitona, 16, 50, 108, 115, 116, 131 description and distribution, 54 Gitonides, 54, 55, 131 gonads, larval, 22 gonotypes, 83 graminum (Scaptomyza), 33, 106, 109, 114 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 7 distribution, 64 eggs, 19 key, 64 ovipositor, 32 spermatheca, 36 gravity, reactions to, 4 Grimshaw, P., 55 Guatemala, 113 guttifera, 31, 70 description and distribution, 103 key, 67 spermatheca, 36 Guyénot, E., 15 gynandromorphs, 45 hairless, 120 hairy, 120 146 Haliday, 56 halteres, 27, 31 Handlirsch, 107 Hardy, 63 haustellum, 26 Hawaii, 108, 116, 117 head, 24-27 Heeger, 19 Helomyzinz, 38 helva (Curtonotum), 33, 52 Hendel, F., 52, 56 Henneberg, 15 Henshaw, S., 2 Hewett, C. G., 26, 31 Hippelates, 121 hirtifrons (Phortica), 58 Hispaniola, 113 Hoge, M. A., 41 Holometopa, 48 Honduras, 114 Howard, L. O., 19, 24 humeral cross-vein, 29 humeralis (Stegana), 57 humeri, 28 humidity, 15 hybrids, 14, 117-118, 122 Hyde, R. R., 2, 13, 14, 97, 101 hydei, 29, 100, 109, 112 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 6 description and distribution, 101 eggs, 19 key, 68, 69 mutation, 14 variability, 43 Hymenoptera, 18 Hypenomyia, 117, 131 hypocausta, 7, 44 Hydrellia, 22 hypopleura, 28 hypopygium, 35 Hypselothyrea, 49, 107 Idaho, 110 Idiomyia, 49, 50, 108, 116, 131 description and distribution, 55 Illinois, 109, 110 illota, 70 description and distribution, 80 immigrans, 30, 109, 115, 116, 120, 121 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 6 description and distribution, 83 eggs, 19 key, 68, 69 mutations, 14 puparium, 23, 24, 96 secondary sexual character, 44 spermatheca, 36 variability, 42, 43 Indiana, 199, 110 inversa, 30, 120 description and distribution, 71 key, 67 spermatheces, 35 Isle of Pines, 114 Jamaica, 114 Java, 116 INDEX. | Johannsen, O. A., 19, 78 Johnson, C. W., 2, 52, 87, 90 Kahl, H., 60, 115 Kansas, 110 Keilin, D., 19, 20, 22 Kentucky, 109 key Chymomyza, 61 Drosophila, 66-70 eggs, 19 genera, 50 Leucophenga, 60 Mycodrosophila, 63 Scaptomyza, 64 Knab, F., 2, 53, 77 labels, 46 labrum, 26 Lamb, C. G., 2, 56, 62, 72, 80, 115 Lancefield, D. E., 2, 14, 120 larvee, 19-22 Lauxaniine, 38, 40, 49, 107 legs, 29 Leiomyza, see Liomyza Leptomonas, 17 leucopeza (Aulacigaster), 31, 36, 38,51, 109, 114 Leucophenga, 16, 18, 19, 29, 30, 35, 44, 50, 108, 109, 113, 115, 116, 131 description and distribution, 59 Leucopis, 22 leucostoma (Phortica), 57 light reactions, 4 limbata, 106 linearis, 106 Liomyza, 49, 107 locomotion, larval, 21 Loeb, J., 15 Loew, H., 57, 70, 71, 80, 82, 107 Lonchea, 8, 37 Loncheine, 37, 38 Lonchopteride, 36 longitudinal veins, 29 Louisiana, 110 Lowne, 26 Lutz, F. E., 2, 4, 9, 10 lutzii, 70, 120 courtship and mating, 6 description and distribution, 74 key, 67, 69 McEwen, R. S., 4, 30 Macquart, 51, 52 — maculosa (Leucophenga), 60, 106, 109, 112 Madagascar, 108 Madeira, 115 Maine, 110 Malloch, J. R., 22, 24 Mallochiella, 31 marginal cell, 29 marmoria, 99, 100 Martelli, G., 18, 19, 24 Maryland, 109, 110 Massachusetts, 109, 111 mating, see courtship and mating Mattoon, E. W., 27 | mauiensis, 75 | Meigen, J. W., 54, 56, 89 deMeijere, J. C. H., 2, 7, 19, 20, 116 Melander, A. L., 2, 120 melanderi description and distribution, 82 key, 67 melanica chromosomes, 39 courtship, 6 description and distribution, 95 eggs, 19 key, 67 spermatheca, 36 variability, 43 melanissima description and distribution, 95 key, 67 INDEX. melanogaster, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 27, 30, 31, 109, 115, 116, 119-121 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 5 description and distribution, 89-91 eggs, 19 genetics, 12-13 head, 92 hybrids with simulans, 14, 117-118 key, 68, 70 larval mouthparts, 21 male genitalia, 33, 34 ovipositor, 32 puparium, 23, 24 sex-comb, 44 spermatheca, 36 variability, 41-43 wing, 29 mentum, 21 mesonotum, 28 mesopleura, 28 mesothorax, 27-28 metallica description and distribution, 73 key, 68 metanotum, 28 metathorax, 27-28 Metz, C. W., 3, 14, 19, 39, 40, 51, 61, 70, 71, 75, 79, 83, 97 metzii description and distribution, 78 key, 68 mexicana, 106 Mexico, 114 Michigan, 111 Microperiscelis, 107 Mik, J., 59, 91 Milichiine, 41, 49 miniature, 120 Minnesota, 111 minuta, 106 Mississippi, 111 Missouri, 111 mites, 17 Mohr, O. L., 2, 14 Monocera, 107 Montana, 109 Morgan, T. H., 12, 13 mouth-hook, 21 Muiaria, 17 Muller, H. J., 13 mulleri, 100, 109, 112 chromosomes, 39 mulleri, description and distribution, 101 key, 68, 69 multipuncta, 103, 106 Mumetopia, 49 Musca, 26 Muscide, 8, 48 Muscoidea, 48 mutants, 12, 119 Mutchler, A. J., 2 Mutilloptera, 120 147 Mycodrosophila, 16, 18, 30, 35, 41, 50, 108, 109, 113, 114, 115, 116, 132 description and distribution, 62 Myodaria, 48 Nachtsheim, H., 13 nana description and distribution, 87 key, 68 Nearctic region, 108-112 Nebraska, 109 nebulosa, 54, 71 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 6 description and distribution, 88 eggs, 19 key, 68 spermatheca, 36 nebulosa (Cladocheata), 39, 54, 71 nebulosa (Pseudiastata), 55, 109, 112 neglecta, 106 nematodes, 17 Neoleucophenga, 59, 132 Neotropical region, 108, 112-114 Neuroctena, 40 Nevada, 109 New Hampshire, 109, 111 New Jersey, 109, 111 New Mexico, 111 New York, 109, 111 New Zealand, 108, 116 Nicaragua, 114 Nicotiana, 122 nigricornis, 106 nigriventris, 89 nigropunctata, 99, 100 nigrosparsa, 44 Nitidulide, 18 Nonidez, J. F., 38 North Carolina, 111 North Dakota, 109 Northrop, J. H., 15 notch, 121 Noterophila, 132 Notiphila, 51 notopleurals, 28 notopleural suture, 28 Nova Scotia, 112 nurse-cells, 38 nutrition, 15 obesa (Pseudophortica), 33, 58, 106 obscura, 20, 109, 114, 120, 121 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 7 description and distribution, 93 eggs, 19 key, 68 mutations, 14 148 obscura, puparium, 23 sex-combs, 44 spermatheca, 35, 37 obscuripennis (Leucophenga), 61, 106 occiput, 25 ocellar bristles, 26 ocelli, 27 Ochthiphila, 31 Ochthiphiline, 22, 38 Ohio, 111 Oklahoma, 111 Oldenberg, L., 44, 57, 61, 62 olfactory reactions, 4 Oligoneura, 48 ommatidia, 27 Ontario, 112 opaca, 70, 120 description and distribution, 104 key, 68 oral bristles, 25, 26 oral lobes, 26 orbit, 25 orbital bristles, 25 orbitalis (Zaprionus), 58, 106 ordinaria description and distribution, 86 key, 67 Oregon, 111 Oriental region, 108, 115, 116 ornatipennis, see calloptera ornatipennis Ortalinez, 22, 38, 40 Orthostegana, 56, 132 ovaries, 38 Ovipositor, 32, 33 Oxyleucophenga, 59, 132 Palearctic region, 108, 114, 115 pallida, 89, 106 palpus, 26 Panama, 113, 114 paradoxa description and distribution, 72 key, 68 Paraleucophenga, 59, 132 parasites, 17 Paratissa, 48, 107 Parydra, 38 Payne, F., 2, 4, 103 penis, 35 Pennsylvania, 111 Periscelis, 48, 49, 107 Perkins, F. H., 18, 66, 117 perspicax (Gitona), 115, 116 Phoride, 18, 36 Phortica, 44, 56, 132 Phycodromine, 38 Physogenua, 40 Phytomyza, 31, 121 pictus (Sinophthalmus), 54 pinning, 46 Piophila, 22, 31, 40, 98 Piophiline, 8, 22, 40 pleuralis (Mycodrosophila), 63, 106 plexus, 121 Plough, H. H., 38 plurilineata, 77 poeyi description and distribution, 76 INDEX. poeyi, key, 69 pointed, 120 points, 46 pollinosa, 106 Polynesian region, 108, 116, 117 Porto Rico, 114 postalars, 28 posterior cells, 29 postvertical bristles, 26 preapical bristles, 29 prementum, 21 prescutellar bristles, 28 preservation, 46 presutural bristle, 28 proboscis, 26 proclinate, 25 procnemis (Chymomyza), 106, 109, 112 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 8 distribution, 62 eggs, 19 key, 61 puparium, 23, 24 variability, 42 | prognatha, 70 description and distribution, 75 key, 68 projectans (Mycodrosophila), 63, 106 propleura, 28 prothorax, 27-28 Pseudiastata, 50, 108, 109, 113, 132 description and distribution, 55 pseudomelanica description and distribution, 94 key, 67 Pseudophortica, 50, 108, 109, 132 description and distribution, 58 pseudopodia, 20 pseudotrachex, 26 pteropleura, 28 ptilinum, 24 | pulchella description and distribution, 88 key, 68, 69 | Puliciphora, 121 pulvillus, 29 punctulata, 99, 100, 106 pupa, 22-24 puparium, 22-24 putrida, 81 courtship, 7 description and distribution, 81 eggs, 19 key, 67 spermatheca, 37 Quackenbush, L. S., 92 quadrata description and distribution, 76 key, 68 | quadrimaculata, 60, 106 | Quebec, 112 quinaria, 81 chromosomes, 39 description and distribution, 80 eggs, 19 key, 67 puparium, 24 INDEX. quinaria, spermatheca, 37 Ramsden, C. T., 2 ramsdeni description and distribution, 102 key, 69 reclinate, 25 remota, 66 repleta, 29, 101, 109, 115, 116, 120 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 7 description and distribution, 99 eggs, 19 key, 68, 69 male genitalia, 33 mutations, 14 puparium, 23 spermatheca, 37 variability, 43 Rhode Island, 111 Riley, 22, 78 robusta, 97 chromosomes, 39 courtship and mating, 7 description and distribution, 96 eggs, 19 head, 25 key, 67, 68 puparium, 24 spermatheca, 37 rostrum, 26 rubrostriata, 77 St. Vincent, 113, 114 saltans chromosomes, 39 description and distribution, 98 key, 69 skipping of larve, 22 spermatheca, 37 Scaptomyza, 8, 16, 19, 22, 30, 35, 50, 108, 109, TBIBY Ohl b OR Y description and distribution, 63 key, 64 Scatophaga, 19, 37, 38, 40 Schiner, J. R., 51, 91, 103 Schizometopa, 48 Sciomyzine, 38, 40, 41 scute, 120 scutellum, 28 seminal receptacles, 35 Seoptera, 38 Sepsine, 8, 19, 38 Sepsis, 31, 61 sex-combs, 44 sex-recognition, 10 sexual characters, secondary, 44-45 Seychelles, 115 Shannon, R. C., 61, 77 short, 121 Sigaloessa, 49, 107 sigmoides, 70 description and distribution, 70 key, 67 similis chromosomes, 39 description and distribution, 79 eggs, 19 key, 69 149 similis, mutation, 14 spermatheca, 37 simulans, 9, 119 courtship and mating, 7 description and distribution, 91 eggs, 19 hybrids with melanogaster, 14, 117-118 key, 68, 70 male genitalia, 33, 34 mutations, 14 pupal wing, 23 puparium, 23, 24 secondary sexual characters, 44-45 variability, 42 Simuliide, 37 Sinophthalmus, 50, 108, 109, 133 description and distribution, 54 skipping of larvee, 22 slossonz, 106 sororia, description and distribution, 87 key, 68 South America, 114 South Carolina, 112 South Dakota, 112 Speomyia, 120 spermathece, 35 Sphyrnoceps, 55, 133 spiracles *abdominal, 32, 33 larval, 20, 22, 23, 24 thoracic, 28 splendida description and distribution, 73 key, 68 splendida luteipes description and distribution, 74 key, 68 squama, 31 Staphylinidae, 18 Stegana, 29, 44, 50, 108, 109, 113, 115, 116, 133 description and distribution, 56 Stenomicra, 48, 49, 107 sternopleura, 28 Stevens, N. M., 39, 40 Stigmatomyces, 17, 106 Stomoxyiing, 37 strap, 120 Sturtevant, A. H., 5, 9, 13, 41, 55, 58, 86, 88, 94, 95, 96, 98, 102 submarginal cell, 29 suleata, 105 description and distribution, 96 key, 67 | superba, 41, 70 description and distribution, 104 key, 68 supra-alars, 28 suture, 28 Syrphide, 8 Tahiti, 116 tarsal joints, 29 i Taylor, J. R., 93 tegula, 31 temperature, 15 Tennessee, 112 terminalis (Scaptomyza), 64, 106, 109, 114 150 INDEX. Tetanocera, 40 verticis Texas, 112 description and distribution, 87 Thaumastophila, 44, 53, 133 key, 69 Thaxter, R., 17 vestigial, 120 theca, 26 vibrissa, 25, 26 thoracis (Mycodrosophila), 63, 106 Villeneuve, J., 77, 91 thorax, 27-31 Viola, 122 tibia, 29 Virginia, 109, 112 Titanocheta, 16, 49, 50, 108, 116, 133 virilis, 120, 121 description and distribution, 53 chromosomes, 39 de la Torre, C., 3, 86 courtship and mating, 7 torrei description and distribution, 97 description and distribution, 86 eggs, 19 eggs, 19 key, 67 key, 69 mutations, 14 trachee, 20, 23 ovipositor, 32 transversa, 80, 109, 114 puparium, 23 courtship, 7 spermatheca, 37 description and distribution, $1 visual stimuli, 10 eggs, 19 vittata (Phortica), 57 key, 67 vittata (Scaptomyza), 64, 65, 106 spermatheca, 37 vittatifrons variability, 41 description and distribution, 103 transverse suture, 28 key, 68 Trinidad, 114 Walker, F., 65, 66, 71, 103 tripunctata, 84 Warren, D. C., 13 chromosomes, 39 Washington, 112 description and distribution, 82 Wesché, 36, 37 eggs, 19 West Virginia, 112 key, 67 Wiedemann, 55 spermatheca, 37 Williams, C. B., 72 Dristany ve Bes 3,0co Williston, S. W., 51, 73, 79, 80, 87, 98, 102, 103, tristani 104 description and distribution, 75 willistoni, 112, 120 key, 70 chromosomes, 39 trochanter, 29 courtship and mating, 7 Trypetine, 8, 19, 22, 35, 38, 40 description and distribution, 89 unipunctum (Scaptomyza), 109, 114 key, 67, 69 Unwin, E. E., 19, 24, 85 mutations, 14 Uranucha, 49, 107 spermatheca, 37 Utah, 109 Wilson, E. B., 13 uvarum, 89 wings, 27, 29-31 valida, 106 Wisconsin, 112 varia (Leucophenga ), 33, 37, 59, 106 Wollaston, 99 distribution, 60 van der Wulp, 53 key, 60 Wyoming, 112 puparium, 24 yeast, 15-16 spermatheca, 35, 36 Zaprionus, 30, 35, 50, 108, 115, 133 variability, 41 description and distribution, 58 venation, 29 Zeleny, C., 27 ventral plates, 32 Zygothrica, 16, 30, 35, 44, 50, 108, 113, 115, 116, Vermont, 112 133 vertical bristles, 26 description and distribution, 55 etpleho ks seeks alee lp stolere mee efile yee < sleere sy seertte eacgiaiegie et oe aie! 9:4 ete ews * atin elena’ er Nr are see eee? aeons Pare are Sear a penile see tenn e ei eiela eet? sf slalesieeeie’ Pee eine ee one ne! elgie 2:0/e ele os ene eein ere® the veld ele " Br Telale ait COO Ary Sou Tel aTei ee ao Tatakets cise wieite siselelel