%fki'^:il^^:: ^ ►V., 4^. "^^ i^i-}?-»<:':^---i i'?-|-:-'i':^'^ m-'^.^h n^ ImTOHDpfywBl B^WK m \ V V } > THE |lort| l^mcrkaii ^ijlba; on, A DKSCIUI'TION OF TIIK FOUEST TREES OF THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND NOYA SCOTIA, NOT nESCRIBEn IN THE WORK OF F. ANDEEW MICIIAUX, AND CONTAINING ALL THE FOREST TREES DISCOVERED IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, THE TERRITORY OF OREGON, DOWN TO THE SHORES OF THE PACIFIC, AND INTO THE CONFINES OF CALIFORNIA, AS WELL AS IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES. ILLUSTRATED BY 121 COLORED PLATES. THOMAS :n^uttall, f.l.s. MEMDER OP THE AMERICAN PIULOSOPIIICAL SOCIETY, AND OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PIIILADELl'llIA, ETC. ETC. ETC. THREE VOLUMES IN TWO. VOL. IL BEING THE FIFTH VOLUME OF MICHAUX AND NUTTALL'S NORTH AMERICAN SYLVA. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY IIICE, BUTTER & CO. No. 5 2 5 MINOR S T H E E T. 18G5. Entered iicconling to Act of Congress, in the year 1S05, by RICE, KUTTER & CO., in the CIc-rk's Offleo of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of I'euDsylvauia. COLLmS, PRINTER ^X^ CONTENTS OF VOLUME SECOND. Shining-Leaved Poison-Wood Exccccaria hicida G Tallow Tree StllUnrjia schifcra 8 Small-FloAvered Drypetes Dry petes crocca 12 Californian Ilorse-Chestnut 2Esculas Calif orn'tca 1 ( i Florida Soap-Berry Sapindus marghiatus ID Hound-Fluted Honej-Berry or Genip Tree Melicocca paniculata 21 Large-Leaved Maple Acer macrophyllum 24 Round-Leaved Maple Acer circinaium 27 Mountain Sugar Maple Acer grandldentatum 20 Drummond's Maple Acer Drummond'tl 30 Currant-Leaved Maple Acer iripariitiim 32 Californian Box Elder Negundo Calif on lie ui/i 37 Buckwheat Tree Cliftonia ligiistrina 39 Carolina Cyrilla Cgrilla raccmiflora 43 Mahogany Tree Swictenia mahogoni 4G "Wild Orange Tree Citrus vulgaris ,53 Yellow-Flowered Balsam Tree Clusiaflavo 58 Florida Torch- Wood Amgris Floridaiia 01 West Indian Birch Tree Bursera gummifcra 04 Coral Sumach Hhus metopiian OS Large-Leaved Cotinus Cotinus Amcricanas 71 Entire-Leaved Styphonia Stgphonia integr folia 74 Carolina Prickly Ash Xanthoxglam Caroliitianuin 7umelia Bumclia fxticlissima 108 Menzies's Strawberry Tree Arbutus 3Icnziesii 109 ra{)aw Tree Papaya vulgaris 114 Lariic-rioAvered Dog- Wood Cornus Nuttallii 117 Common Fringe Tree Ch ionanthus Virginica 121 Oregon Black Ash Fraxinus Oi'cgona 124 Small-Lcavcd Ash Fraxinus paucijlora 126 Californian Flowering Ash Orims dipctala 130 Florida Ardisia Ardisia Pickeringia 133 Long-Leaved Calabash Tree Cresccntia cujcie 135 Common Trumpet Flower Tccoma radicans 138 Soft-Leaved Avicennia Aviccnnia tomcniosa 143 Rough-Leaved Cordia Cordia Sebcstena 145 Florida Cordia Cordia Floridana 147 Western Yew Taxus brevifolia 149 Yew-Leaved Torrey a Torrcya taxifolia 153 Ilocky Mountain Juniper Jnniperus Andimi 157 Gigantic Arbor- Vitjie Thuja gigantca 162 American Cembra Pine Pinus flcxilis 167 I'rickly-Coned Pine Pinus Sabiniana 169 Gigantic Pine Pinus Lambcrtiana 180 Douglas's Spruce Fir Abies Douglasii 187 IMcnzies's Spruce Fir Abies Mcnziesii 189 Decorated Silver Fir Abies nobilis 193 Lriifv-Cdiied Silver Fir Abies bracteata 194 Fraser's Balsani Fir A bics Frascri 1 96 Western ]iarch Tree J^arix Occideidalis 199 I'rickly i'isonia Pisonia aculeala 202 THE NORTH AMERICAN SYLVA. EXCiECARIA* Natural Order, EuPiiORBiACEyE. Linna^an Classification, Dkecia, MONADELPIIIA. DiCECious or Monoecious. — 3Ialc flowers in cylindnc aiiiciits, solitary, or by threes, subtended by single scales; the filament of the sta- mens 3-parted at the summit. Female flowers solitary or in si)ikcs, with a calyx of scales. Capsule tricoccous. § Gymnanthes. (Gi/mnanihes, genus. Swartz.) — Monoecious. Fe- male flowers solitary, pedicellate, the pedicel articulated and terminated by a minute toothed calyx, its base surrounded l)y embracing scales. Male flowers by threes. — Trees of Tropical America, with alternate, entire, sempervirent leaves. * From cxcajcare, to blind, — the juice of the plant licuig .so at-rid as to cause blinducss. SHINING-LEAVED POISON-WOOD. ExciECARiA LUCIDA. Floribus femineis suhsolitariis pediceUatis; masculis tripartitis spkatls ; foliis ciuicato-cUpiicis, lanceolatisve suhserratis. ExciECARiA LUCIDA. MoHoica, Jtoribus pediceUatis, staminibus tricho- tomis, femineis pedunculatis, foliis ellipticis subserratis. — Swartz, Prod., p. 1122. liicini fructa glabro, arbor jidifera, lactescens, folio myrtino. — Sloane, Catal. Hist., vol. ii. p. 131, tab. 158, fig. 2. According to Dr. Blodgett, this plant, in Key West, becomes a tree of thirty to forty feet in height. It is also indigenous to Jamaica and Cuba, and a broad-leaved variety Avas collected by Poiteau in St. Domingo. The wood is yellowish white, hard, and close-grained ; but of its uses, or the economy of the plant, we are as yet ignorant. The branches are covered with a gray and somewhat rough bark. The leaves are alternate, shortly petiolate, smooth and shining on the upper surface, and on both sides rather promi- nently and elegantly veined and reticulated ; they are slightly and distantly serrulated, often lanceolate, and somewhat obtuse. On other branches the leaves are almost oblong-elliptic, and narrowed or wedge-formed at the base. In the rainy season, toward the extremities of the twigs come out close, brown, cylindric, axillary aments, which at length shoot into loose spikes or aments covered with numerous male flowers, growing by threes together on a common pedicel, which divides above into the three flowers, each subtended (apparently?) by a still smaller scale, and consisting of a secondary, short stipe, divided into three stamens. The anthers are round, small, and two- celled. At the base of the catkin, or below in a separate axil, issue the pedicellated female iiowers, subtended at the base by appropriate scales, and with the rudiments of a calyx beneath PLEXL SHINING-LEAVED TO IS ON-WOOD. 7 the germ. The stigmas are tlircc, ratlier thick, and reflocted. The fruit is tricoccoiis, supported upon an elongated pedicel, and rather large. The tree, like most of the family of the Euphorbiacece, is filled with a caustic, milky juice. According to Rumphius, the juice of the Exccvcarla A(jaUocJia, and even its smoke when burnt, afiects the eyes with great pain, as has been sometimes experienced by sailors, in cutting the wood for fuel, who, having accidentally rubbed their eyes with the juice, became blinded for a time, and some of them finally lost their sight. The Agallocha wood, formerly so much esteemed, remarkable for its fragrant odor and infiammal/ility, belongs to the genus Aquilaria, and has no relation with this family of plants. PLATE LXL A branch of the natural size. a. The male Jioiccr. h. The female flower. TALLOW TREE. Natural Order, EuPHORBiACEiE, (Jussieu.) Linnccan Classifica- tion, MONCECIA, MONADELPHIA. STILLmGIA.* (Linn.) MoN(ECious. — Stamimfcrous flowers solitary, or many and small, with an entire hemispherical involucrum. Perianth tubular, widened and ciliated on the border. Stamens two or three, exserted, with the filaments slightly united at the base. Fertile flowers solitary, involucrate; perianth as in the male. Style with three stigmas. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-grained, surrounded by the enlarging involu- crum. Seeds three. Arborescent, shrubby, or herbaceous plants, with a milky sap. Leaves alternate, entire or serrulated, having stipules. Flowers in spikes, the spikes solitary, lateral, or terminal, the upper part stamini- ferous. TALLOW TREE. Stillingia sebifera. Arhorea ; foliis j^ctiolatis, rhomheis aeinninatls integerrimis, infra basiji glandida j^ctiolari, florihus masculis numerosis. — WiLLD., Sp. pi., iv. p. 588. Micii., Flor., ii. p. 213. ruRsn, ii. p. G08. Elliott, Sk., ii. p. 651. Croton sebiferum.—Li'N'N., Sp. pi., 1. c. Jticinus Chincnsis sebifera, imjndi nu/ra: folio. — Petiver, Gazoph., 53, tab. 34, fig. 3. Plukenet, Amalth., 76, tab. 390, fig. 2. * So named in honor of Or. Stiirumflcot, an Imi^IIsIi botanist. StiUiiL^m s.'l)il'rra. TfiJI-ow /ree StiUi ii'/ier ni>rt si'if. TALLOW T R E E. 9 The Tallow Tree grows to the height of twenty to forty feet, and so nearly resembles the Blaek Poplar in its foliage that it might be mistaken for it if the leaves were serrated. It is indigenous to China, where it grows on the borders of streams. It is now naturalized in both Indies, in the South of Europe, and in the southern part of the United States, along the sea- coast. It resembles a Cherry Tree in its trunk and branches. The bark is of a whitish gray, and soft to the touch. The branches are long, smooth, and flexible, ornamented with leaves from their middle to their extremities, where they grow in a kind of tuft. These leaves are oval-rhomboidal, on longish petioles, wider than long, very entire, acuminated, green, and smooth on both sides, furnished at their base with two very small sessile glands: before falling, at the approach of winter, they become red. The stipules are membranous and linear- lanceolate. The flowers are terminal, disposed in erect spikes, resembling catkins, which are about two inches long. The male flowers are numerous, very small, and pedicellated, with a very short monophyllous and almost-truncated calyx; with two, three, and sometimes more stamens having exserted filaments. The fertile flowers are in small numbers at the base of each spike. The capsules are smooth, brown, and oval, three-lobed, divided internally into three bivalvular cells. Each cell con- tains a somewhat hemispherical seed, internally flattened and grooved, externally convex and rounded, covered with a some- what firm, white, sebaceous or fatty substance. The seeds remain firmly attached above by three threads, which traverse the fruit, and thus remain suspended after the fall of the valves of the capsule, so that the tree seems to be covered with clusters of white berries, which, contrasted with the red color of the fading leaves, produce a very peculiar and elegant appearance. The Tallow Tree, as its name implies, furnishes the Chinese with a material for candles; they extract besides from its seeds oil for their lamps. The ordinary method employed in sepa- v.-i* 10 PRIVET-LEAVED S T I L L I N G I A. rh^frculp of the berrica in all the species is saponaceous. (The name is a contraction of Sapo Indicus, or Indian soap.) FLORIDA SOAP-BERRY. Sapindus MARGiNATtJS. liacM superiie angustc marginata, foliolis glahris incbqailatcralis lanceolatis suhfalcatis acuminatis 5-6-ji(gis, panicalis com- positis terniinalcbus, petalis iiu(ppc)idlcidatls. 10 20 SOAP-BERRY TREE. Sapindus marginatus. — Willd., Euumer., p. 432. Decand., Prod., vol. i. p. 007. ToRREY and Gray, vol. i. p. 255. Sapindus sr/jjo??^/"^.— Lamarck's Illust., tab. 307. Mich., Flor. Bor. Am., i. p. 242. PuRsn., Flor., vol. i. p. 274. Nutt., Gen. Am., i. p. 257. Elliott's Sketches, Bot., vol. i. p. 460. 8. mwqualis.— Decand., vol. i. p. 608. This elegant tree, exclusively indigenous to the United States, is found along the coast of Georgia and Florida, and in the in- terior as far as Arkansas. It varies in height from .twenty to thirty feet and sometimes even to forty feet. Branches erect and smooth ; the leaves smooth and shining, composed of four to nine pair of alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, suljfalcate leaflets. Pani- cles of flowers large, dense, terminal, and axillary. Berries about the size of a cherry, with a saponaceous pulp, usually only one of the three carpels fertile. The /S. saponaria of the "West Indies, to which this species is allied, has long been in use by the natives for the purposes of soap. The fleshy covering of the seed, and also the root in some measure, makes an excellent lather in water, but, if used too frequently and of too great strength, is apt to burn and in- jure the texture of the cloth. The round black seeds were at one time largely imported into England, for the purj^ose of making buttons for waistcoats, being durable and not apt to break. At present they are used in the West Indies for various orna- mental purposes, being tipped with silver or gold, and strung for beads, crosses, &c. It is also used as a medicine, and, pounded and thrown into water, has the singular property of intoxicating and killing the fish which may be there. The wood is soft, and not very durable. PLATE LXV. Iicji)rcscnts d braiivli of tlic natural size. a. A panidc of Jiowers. PI. LX^T. Melicorca Paiiiculata. Round fruiied hona -berrr Knejiur FanicaJc . MELICOCC A;=^ (Browne, linn.) (Knepier, Vr.) Natural Order, Sapindace^. Llnnman ClasHificatlon, Octan- DRIA, MONOGYNIA. Flowers polygamous. — Calyx 4 to 5-parted, persistent. Petals, the same number, with the divisions of the calyx inserted into a hypo- gynous disk. Stamens often eight. Ovary superior, mostly 3-celled. Style one, the stigma capitate or 3-lobed. Drupe coated, mostly 1-colled, 1-seeded. Seed attached to the axis of the cell. Trees or shrubs, mostly of Tropical America, with equally-pinnated, alternate leaves, usually in two to three pairs, and entire. The flowers small, disposed in axillary or terminal spikes or panicles ; the fruit with a succulent pulp. ROUND-FRUITED HONEY-BERRY, OR GENIP TREE. Melicocca paniculata. FoUis jnnnatis, 2-S-j agis, foUolis ohlongo-lanceo- latis intcgris, Jioribus ])aniciLlatis subeorymbosis laxis, b-iKialls driqns sphcericis. Melicocca jmmculata. — Juss., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat., vo.. iii. p. 187, t. 5. Decand., Prod., vol. i. p. 615. * From ij.sh, honty, and xtj/.y.o(;, a licrry, in allusion to the sweetness jf i. fiuit. 21 22 HONEY-BERRY. Tins species, nearly allied to the common Honey-Berry of the AVest Indies, (J/, hijuga,) was discovered in St. Domingo by M. Poiteau, and of which a very excellent figure is given by Jussieu, in the " Memoirs of the Museum of Natural History." Dr. Blodgett has also met with it on Key West, where it becomes a large tree. Of the nature of the wood we are not informed. The fruit of the common species is said to be about the size of a large plum, and green ; containing a sweet, acid, and slightly- astringent, gelatinous pulp, resembling the yolk of an egg. The berry of the present kind appears to be wholly similar; but it is spherical instead of ovate. The nuts of the Genip Tree are also eaten, after being roasted in the manner of chestnuts. The flowers appear in April, when the leaves are shed, and are very fragrant, even at a distance, attracting swarms of bees and humming-birds. This species, according to Browne, was brought to the West Indies from Surinam. The wood of the Melicocca trijuga, [Scldeicliera trijuga, Willd.) of the Isles of France and Bourbon, is so hard and fine-grained as to afford to the natives a favorite wood for bows, arrows, and the shaft of their spears, called sagayes. The M. hijuga becomes a large and beautiful tree thirty to forty feet high, affording an extensive and grateful shade. The bark of the branches in the Florida plant are brownish and rough, with small whitish ex- erescences. The leaves are smooth on both surfaces, (in the St. Domingo specimens, a little pubescent on the midrib beneath,) of a dark shining green above, and scarcely any paler beneath. They are pinnated usually in two pairs, rarely three or only one pair, three to three and a half inches long by from one to one and three-fourths of an inch wide, with the main petiole about half an inch long; they are lanceolate or oblong, usually obtuse, delicately feather-veined, with the vessels running toge- ther and reticulating below the margin. The flowers are small, and disposed in axillary but chiefly terminal panicles. The calyx is tomentose, witli iixa obtuse, ovate, spreading, and re- COMMON A I L A N T II U S. 23 fleeted segments; the petals, five, are smaller, pale yellow, and narrowed below into a minute claw. Stamens six to ten ; often eight; shorter in the fertile flowers, and in them usually six. Germ ovate. Style distinct, with a capitate, somewhat three- lobed stigma. Drupe spherical, one-seeded, coated with a dry, rather brittle integument, externally yellowish. PLATE LXVI. A hranch of the natural size. a. The male jiower. b. The female flon'er. c. A cluster of the drupes about half grou-n. Common Ailanthus, [Allanthus gJandalosa.) This tree, originally from China, is now commonly cultivated for its shade in towns in many parts of the United States. It grows with great rapidity, and produces a great deal of wood, which is found to be of a close grain, and capable of acquiring a fine polish. In this State, it somewhat resembles satin-wood. With its durability I am unacquainted; but if found useful it miglit be cultivated or planted over w^aste lands in the Southern and Middle States with advantage. MAPLES, (Ekable, Fr.) Natural Order, Acerine^. (Decand.) Lmncean Classification, POLYGAMIA OR OCTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. ACEK.* (TOURNEFORT.) Flowers polygamous. — The cali/x 5-lobed, or 5-parted. Petals five or none. Stamens rarely five, often seven to nine; ovarium 2-lobed, stigmas two. Samarce or pericarps in pairs, winged, united at base ; each by abortion 1 or rarely 2-seeded, the wings of the pericarp lanceolate and diverging, thicker and blunt on the outer margin. Embryo curved, with wrinkled lofty cotyledons, and an inferior radicle : albumen none. Trees and shrubs of temperate climates, chiefly of Europe and IsTorth America, the leaves opposite as well as the branches, palmately lobcd. Flowers clustered, or pendulously racemose, arising from buds of the preceding season, mostly lateral. LARGE-LEAVED MAPLE. Acer macropiiyllum. Foliis dir/itato-5-lobis, sumbus rotundatis, lobis s}(b- trilobat'is rcpando-dcntatis, subtis pubescciddnis, raccmis ercdis, flam cutis 9, hirsutJs, ovarils hirsutissimis. — Pursii, Flor. Amcr. Sept., vol. i. p. 2G7. Decand., Prod., vol. i. p. 504. * From the Latin, acrr, sharp; the wood having been nscd for pikes or lances 24 Pl.LSYli Acer MaeropJivliiiiu lar^e^ lettyedy ^aple^i Erable u tJrundes IcutMes LARGE-LEAVED M A T L E. 25 Acer macropiiyllum. Leaves largo, very deeply 5-1o bed; lobes oblong or slightly cuneiform, entire, or sinuately 3-lobed, the margins somewhat repand ; racemes uodding; flowers rather large; petals obovate; fruit hispid, with elongated slightly-diverging glabrous wings. — ToRREY and Gray, Flora N. Amer., vol. i. j). 24G. Acer macrophjllum. — Hooker's Flora Boreali Americawa, vol. i. p. 112, t. 38. ■ The topographical range of this splendid species of Maple, wholly indigenous to the northwest coast of America or the Territory of Oregon, is a somewhat narrow strip along the coast of the Pacific, not extending into the interior beyond the alluvial tracts of the Oregon, which commence at the second cataracts of that river, (known by the name of the Dalles,) and at the distance of about 130 miles from the sea. To the north it extends probably to the latitude of 50°, or the borders of Fraser's Elver, and, although by Decandolle it is said to extend to Upper California on the south, we did not observe it in the vicinity of Monterey; and therefore conclude that its utmost boundary in this direction must be to San Francisco, in about the 38th degree of latitude. This fine species was discovered by Menzies, and afterward collected by Lewds and Clarke. It nowhere presents a more interesting appearance to the traveller than in the immediate vicinity of the flills of the Oregon; its dense shade, due to the great magnitude of its foliage and lofty elevation, as well as the wide extent of its spreading summit, are greatly contrasted with the naked, woodless plains of that river, which continue uninterruptedly to the mountains, — a tract over which the traveller seeks in vain for shade or shelter, and where the fuel requisite to cook his scanty meal has to be collected from the accidental drift--\vood Avhich has been borne down from the distant mountains of its sources. The largest trunks of this species that we have seen were on the rich alluvial plains of the Wahlamet, and particularly near to its confluence with the Tlacamas; here we saw trees from Y^ 2* 26 LARGE-LEAVED MAPLE. fifty to ninety feet in height, with a circumference of eight to sixteen feet. It appears always to affect the drier and more elevated tracts, where the soil is well drained. The wood, like that of the Sugar Maple, exhibits the most beautiful variety in its texture, some of it being undulated or curled, — other portions present the numerous concentric spots w^hich constitute the Bird's-eye Maple ; and so frequent is this structure, that nearly every large tree which was cut down afforded one or other of these varieties of wood. As yet, in those remote and unsettled regions, it has only afforded a beauti- ful and curious material for the gun-stock of the savage or the hunter. Like the Sugar Maple, also, it affords an abundance of saccharine sap, which, to an infant settlement, may one day be turned to advantage. As an ornamental plant, it stands pre- eminent; and from the latitude it occupies it must be entirely hardy in every part of Europe below the latitude of 60°. The young trees are often tall, slender, and graceful, and when in blossom, which is about the month of April, present a very im- posing appearance, clad with numerous drooping racemes of rather conspicuous yellowish and somewhat fragrant flowers. At an after-period, the spreading summit of deep green leaves, each near a foot in diameter, affords an impervious and complete shade. The fruit or carpels are also larger than usual, and have the remarkable character of being clothed, even when ripe, with strong hispid hairs. The flowers, irregular in the number of their parts, present often as many as ten sepals in two rows, and the same number of stamens. The carpels or seed-vessels also grow sometimes as many as three together. According to Loudon, specimens of the timber, w^hich were sent home by Douglas, exhibit a grain scarcely inferior in beauty to the finest satin-wood. A tree, grown in the Loudon Horticultural Society's Garden, had, in 1835, attained the height of twenty-five feet ; and it makes, when well cultivated, annual shoots of from six to ten feet in length, and plants are Pi.Lxvm. -V-irry A V ev Vir oina liua Refund Uuved^Uaple: \ r V ROUND-LEAVED MAPLE. 27 to be had in London at half a crown a-piece. It deserves to be cultivated also in the United States, as it is one of the most useful and ornamental trees of the genus, and at the same time perfectly hardy in all temperate climates.- PLATE LXVII. A leaf of the natural size. a. The raceme of floorers, h. The fruit. ROUKD-LEAVED MAPLE. Acer circinatum. Foliis orbiculatis hasi subcordaiis 1-lohis inccqualiicr acute-dentatis uirinque glabris, ncrvis venisque ad axillas pilosis. — PuRSH, Flor. Am. Sept., i. p. 267. Hooker, Flor. Bor. Am., i. p. 112, t. 39. Acer circinatUxM. Leaves cordate, 7 to 9-lobed, the nerves all radia- ting directly from the apex of the petiole ; lobes very acutely ser- rate, with a slender acumination ; corymb few-flowered ; petals ovate or linear, shorter than the calyx; fruit glabrous, with oblong, divaricate wings. — Torrey and Gray, Flor. Am,, i. p. 247. Tins remarkable species, like the preceding, is confined to a narrow district along the coast of the Pacific, bounded, accord- ing to the observations of Mr. Douglas, between the latitudes of 43° and 49°. It is certain that we did not meet with it in any part of Upper California, and it is therefore fully as hardy as the preceding. Though much more singular in modt; of growth and general appearance, it has nothing of its imposing grandeur. The trunk, which is smooth, only attains thj height of fifteen to forty feet. It affects the lowest alluvial flats that escape the influence of the periodical inundations to which the rivers it borders are subject; here the stems arise in clusters 28 ROUND-LEAVED MAPLE. of four or five together, conjoined at the root, from whence they spread out in wide curves, sending off slender, spreading Dranches, that often on touching the ground strike out roots, and give rise to offsets so numerous and so entangled as almost wholly to obstruct the progress of the hunter through the forest. The dense shade it also produces excludes nearly every other vegetable, and its curved and interlaced trunks, like those of the Mangrove, form a kindred forest sometimes of several acres in extent. It is this singular tree, chiefly in connection with the Large-Leaved Maple, which, on descending the Oregon, at the Lower Falls, first presents us with the phenomenon of a forest, and that, too, of the most impervious shade, and which, in low situations, continues to accompany us even into the heart of the Pine forest, to the shores of the Pacific. According to Douglas, the wood is fine, white, close-grained, tough, and susceptible of a good polish, and, like that of the Ked Maple, it sometimes presents a beautiful curled fibre. From the slender branches, the aborigines make the hoops of their large scoop-nets employed in taking the salmon at the rapids, and in the contracted parts of the river, to which they ascend. The leaves of this species are of a delicate and thin consist^ ence, and, from their nearly-equal and numerous points, with the straight direction of the ribs, present the appearance of small, outspread fans. At the extremities of the twigs, when the leaves are almost fully grown, in the month of May, come out the scattered clusters of flowers, which at a little distance appear red, from the color of the calyx. The fruit itself, or winged capsules, also appear of a bright and lively red, and have a peculiarity in the direction of the wings, nearly at right angles with the peduncle or flower-stalk, which does not exist in any other of our species. Judging merely from the very brief specific character of the Acer septGmlohum of Japan, as described by Thunberg, we Pl.liXJX AcfL- C-iHiidirlcnUitum. MOUNTAIN SUGAR M A T L E. 29 should imagine there existed in that species no inconsiderable affinity with our plant. PLATE LXVIII. A twig of the natural size. a. The fertile Jlowcrs. b. The yiiale fiov:ers. MOUNTAIN SUGAR MAPLE. Acer grandidentatum. Leaves sliglitly cordate or truncate at the base, with a miiuite siuus ; pubescent l)encatli ; rather deeply 3-lobed, the sinuses broad and rounded ; lobes acute, with a few sinuous indentations ; corymb nearly sessile, few-llowered ; the pedicels nodding; fruit glabrous, with small diverging wings. — NuTTALL, in ToRREY and Gray, Flora N. Am., i. p. 247. A. bar- batiim? — DouGL., in Hook., Flora Bor. Am., 1. c, (not of Miciiaux.) This species, nearly related to the Common Sugar Maple, occurs in the high valleys of the Rocky Mountains, nearly in the same situations with the Currant-Leaved species, forming small groves by themselves, remarkable for the delicate pale- ness of their verdure, and filling, apparently, situations occu- pied by scarcely any other forest trees but the trembling and large-toothed Poplars. They never attain the magnitude of the true Sugar Maple, all that we saw being mere saj^jlings of eighteen to twenty feet high, and buL little thicker than a man's leg, with a smooth, pale bark. The leaves are also smaller, as well as the winged capsules, and the leaves, when adult, are still rather softly hairy beneath, and with both sur- faces nearly of the same color; the pedicels and base of the calyx are also hairy. From the affinities of this species, there can be little doubt but that it might be employed, as far as it 30 D R U M M 0 N D ' S MAPLE. goes, for all the purposes to which the Sugar Maple is applicable, and, probably, in some of the richer and lower lands, it may attain a sufficient growth for economical purposes. This species is, doubtless, the Acer harhatum of Douglas, not of Michaux, (which is indeed a nonentity made of fragments of several species.) He found it growing in valleys, near springs, on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Columbia. We also met with it in a lofty ravine on the Three Butes, two days' march to the west of Lewis's River. The real Sugar Maple is said by Torrey and Gray to grow as far west as Arkansas and the Rocky Mountains. PLATE LXLX. A branch of the natural sL:e, ivlth the fruit DRUMMOND'S MAPLE. Acer drummondii. Foliis cordaiis majusculis, S-5-lobatis subtus tomen- iosis canesccntibus lobls acutis fastlglatis i.nmjuaUter inciso-dentatis, jmli- celiis elo7igatis, fructlbus glabris, alts lato hniccolatls vix dwergcntlbus. Acer drummondii. — Hooker and Arnott, in Journ. Botan., p 199. Acer rubritm, ;-? — Torrey and Gray, Flora N. Anier., vol. i. p. 684. This line species of Maple was discovered, by Drummond and Professor Carpenter, in Louisiana. It is found exclusively in very low swamps generally subject to inundation, and flowers in February, three weeks earlier than any other species in the same country, according to Professor Carpenter: he met with it more particularly in the swamps of Opelousas. This tree, though allied to the Red Maple, appears to be suffi- PI Lsx: Acer DnmiiiLojidii. D R U i\I M 0 N D ' S ]M A r L E. 31 ciently distinct from that species as well by its general appear- ance as its geograpliical range, as yet being only known to the swamps of Louisiana. I have also been told of its existence in the province of Texas. The bark of the small branches appears to be light brown ; the young shoots, petioles, and the lower side of the leaves, are clothed, even when adult, with a white, soft, and woolly pubes- cence, which, when removed from the foliage, leaves a glaucous surface; above, they are smooth. The leaves are three to four and a half inches long by four or five wide, with three to five rather short lobes, having acute sinuses; the lower lobes are small and obtuse, the terminal ones acute, but scarcely acumi- nate, and the central lobe scarcely longer than the rest; the base of the leaf, when fully grown, is auriculated with a small sinus; the margin is irregularly serrated and toothed, with the serratures and teeth distant and often obtuse. The fruit, situ- ated on long, smooth, clustered peduncles, is at first divergent at an acute angle, at length almost convergent by the inner enlargement of the wing of the carpel, which is broadly lanceo- late, strongly veined, and confluent below, down to the juncture of the fruit. The wings of the samara are at first reddish, at length brown. The adult samara is from one and a half to one and three-fourths of an inch lone; and about half an inch wide. PLATE LXX. A branch of the iiataral size, irith a cluster of (he fruit in a youny state, a7\d the adult samara. CURRANT-LEAVED MAPLE. Acer tripartitum. Folils subrenif or mi-orb icularis irifidis iripariiiisve, laciniis inciso-dcntaiis, medio cuneiformibus siiblobatis, laterali subrhom- boidco, racemis corymb osis ; fruciibus glabris, alis brevissimis latis cuneaio- ovalibus divergcntibus. Acer irijutrdtum. Leaves with a subreniform, orbicular outline, 3-cleft or 3-parted; segments incisely toothed ; the middle one cuneiform, often slightly lobed, the lateral ones somewhat rhomboidal ; racemes corymbose ; fruit glabrous, with very short and broad cuneate-oval diverging wrings. — Nuttall, in Torrey and Gray's Flora Bor. Am., i. p. 247. This singular shrub, Avliicli we introduce into the Sjlva of the United States to complete the history of the Maples, was discovered in the Rocky Mountain range, in about the latitude of 40°, within the line of Upper California, in the narrow valleys and ravines occupying the lofty hills near the borders of Bear River, Avhich passes into the Lake of Timpanogos. It appeared to be a scarce species, confined to an alpine region ; for we found, by observing the boiling-point of water, that the plains themselves, stretching far and wide like interminable meadows or steppes, were elevated between six and seven thou- sand feet above the level of the ocean. At a little distance, this diminutive species might have been taken for a Currant bush both in the size of the jDlant and by its leaves. It formed small clumps on the declivities of the mountains, where some moisture still remained amid the drought which constantly prevails throughout the summer in this West- ern mountain tract. From the cool and elevated region occupied ])y this species, it is certain that it might be cultivated in all the temperate parts of Europe and the United States, as a matter of curiosity, if not of beauty. The leaves, divided P1.1.XXT. Acer tripitrtitirnL D W A R F M A P L E. 33 down to the base, make an approach in habit to the genus Negundo or Box Elder, though in other respects diflerent. The height of this species is not more than about three feet. The leaves have petioles longer than themselves. The branches are whitish and smooth, as is every other part of the plant; the leaves of a dark, glossy green. The winged fruit is small, and in proportion with the reduced stature of the species, hav- ing the wings broad even at the base, so as to leave between them an unusually-small sinus. Bud-scales broad-ovate, villous within. Japan again affords, ap23arently, an analogous species to the present in the Acer trlfidnm of Thunberg; but in this the leaves are also entire as well as trifid, and the divisions themselves entire. It is also marked as becoming a tree. PLATE LXXI. A branch of the natural size. DWAEF MAPLE. Acer glabrum. Foliis subroiimdis, ?>-b-lohatis hasi iruncaiis, lohis incisis^ acute deniatis uirinque glabris, corymbis j^edunculatis ; fructibus glabris, alls ereciis subobovatis brevibus ; petioUs foliis brevioribus. Acer glabrum. — Torret, Am. Lyceum N. York, vol. ii. p. 172. Acer glabrum. Leaves nearly orbicular, truncate or subcordate at base, 3 to 5-lobed; lobes short and broad, acutely incised and toothed; flowers in a corymbose raceme, fruit glabrous, tlie wings very short and broad, somewhat obovatc, nearly erect. — Torre Y and Gray, Flor. N. Am., vol. i. p. 247. This diminutive species, closely related to the Currant-leaved Maple, w\as met with in the Eocky Mountains, by Dr. James, Vol. v.— 3 34 R E D M A P L E. in about the latitude of 40°. In size and form, the leaves resemble the Common Currant, and are somewhat smaller than in the preceding; they are smooth, and commonly three-lobed, with very acute and narrow sinuses, which scarcely extend down to the middle of the leaf; the lobes are broader than long, blunt, and often subdivided into two or three lesser parts. The petioles are shorter than the leaves. The flowers about six, in a short, umbellate raceme. Stamens and linear-obtuse sepals quite smooth. Stamens about eight, with the same number of sepals. The wings of the fruit approach the size of those of the European Acer campestre, or a little shorter, but broader and more obtuse. Douglas also found the same species (according to Torrey and Gray) growing in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, which are about forty miles east of the Oregon or Columbia River. We have not had an opportunity of figuring this species, the specimens being too imperfect. In regard to the geographical limits of the North American Maples, the A. dasycaiyum, or White Maple, so abundant along all the great Western streams, also continues into the Western prairies as far as the banks of the Arkansas, till at length, stripped of its rich alluvial lands, it enters the arid plains of the Far West. It is also met with on the banks of the Kansas and Big Vermilion River, west of the Missouri, accompanied l)y the Negundo aceroides, or Box Elder, which latter continues to the borders of the Platte. It is now much cultivated as a shade tree in the streets of our towns and cities, where it grows with rapidity, and is not attacked by insects. The Red Maple, {A. ruhnim,) which extends from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada, is also, according to Douglas, found west S U G A R M A r L E. 35 of the sources of the Oregon: this fact, however, we have not been able to corroborate. A variety with yelkncish flowers, noticed by Marshall, is not nnfrequent in the vicinity of Phila- delphia, in New Jersey, and in Chester county, according to Dr. Darlington. In this the leaves are smaller and three-lobed, and more or less tomentose beneath. The Bearded Maple, (A. harhatum of Michaux,) according to Torrey and Gray, turns out to be a nonentity, as it is foinided upon the flowers of the Sugar Maple, the fruit of the Red Maple, and a leaf (probably) of the Ace?' sjncaium or Mountain Maple ! Sugar Maple, {A.sacclmrinum.) It is reported that 1,005,000 pounds of maple sugar have been made annually of late in New Hampshire, and that several of the counties use it exclusively, raising some also for sale. The Sugar Maple, in and about Warwick, Goshen, and Eden- ville, in the State of New York, as well as in the neighboring parts of New Jersey, attains an unusually-large growth. Trees near Edenville may be seen which are eighty to ninety feet high, and with a diameter of from two, three, or even four feet. A very vigorous tree with a round summit, clad nearly to the base with a dense and very shady circle of branches, about seventy feet high, having a diameter of two feet ten inches, and yet a comparatively young and vigorous tree, may be seen near the late Dr. Fowler's house, at Franklin Furnace; and several others in the same neighborhood appear equally beautiful and large. In the old trees, the bark, accumulating for ages, gives the trunk a rough and shaggy appearance, almost equal to that of the Shellbark Hickory. Of this genus there are, according to Decandolle, one species 36 SUGAR MATLE. in Tartary, five in Europe, (excluding varieties erected into species,) six in Japan, one with oblong, acuminate, entire leaves in Nepaul, and specimens of six more species in the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, collected also in Nepaul, by Dr. Wallich, and probably in the region of the Himalaya Mountains. Of these the most remarkable is the Acer candatum, with unequally-serrated three-lobed leaves, having slender acuminated points an inch or more in length. n Lxxii Negundo Calif ornieum. Calif orman Bojr UUrr UrabU ^ic Cahfornu. N E G U N D 0. (MoENCii., ISTuTT., Gen. Am.) Acer, (Linn.) Flowers dicecious. Cahjx minute, 4 to 5-toothed. Petals none. Male. — Stamens four to five, anthers linear and acuminate. Sainara (or fruit) similar to tliat of the Maple. Trees of Xorth America, with pinnate or twice trifoliate leaves, the leaves ovate or lanceolate, toothed or incisely cleft, resemhling those of an Ash. Eacemes of the male flowers short and aggregated, with filiform pedicels. Fertile flowers racemose. CALIFORNIAN BOX ELDER. Negundo Californicum. Foliis irifoliolatis pubescentibits juvioribus io- mentosis, foliolis ovatis acuminatis trilobatis inciso-scrratis ; frudibus jmbescentibus. Negundo Californicum. — Hook, and Arnott, Bot. Beechy, SuppL, p. 327, t. 77. ToRREY and Gray, Flora, vol. i. pp. 250 and 684. Of this species, collected by Douglas in Upper California, wc know nothing from personal observation, not having met with it in our visit to that country. It is remarkable for the almost tomentose pubescence of its leaves, and the petioles and young branchlets are said to be velvety; the leaflets, usually three, are ovate-acuminate, three-lobed, cleft, and serrated. The samara 37 38 BOX ELDER. oblong, pubescent, rather shorter than the oblique, obovate, and nearly erect wings of the seed. It appears there is jet a third species of this genus, called by Decandolle, Necjundo Mexicanum, which has also trifoliate leaves. PLATE LXXII. A branch of the natural size, in fruit, a. TJie male floioers. Box Elder, [Negwido aceroides.) This tree, on the low allu- vial borders of rivers, extends much farther to the north than was supposed by Michaux. Richardson, Drummond, and Douglas found it to be abundant about the Red River and Saskatchawan, which latter river (in latitude 54°) is its most northern limit. It also occurs on the western banks of the Missouri, and those of the streams which enter it from the west. It likewise extends into the interior of Arkansas, and for some distance on the bor- ders of the Platte. According to Douglas, the Crow Indians manufacture sugar from its sap ; but it is not near as saccharine as that of the Sugar Maple. PI. ijcair. Biu^ IfUveat Trtc. Clif tonia ligustrma . Cliff fin if n jfuilh^'- r/r Troc/if . BUCKWHEAT TREE. Natural Order, MALPiGiiiACEiE. (Juss.) Luina^au Class ifimi ion, Decandria, Monogtnia. CLIFTONIA.* (SoLANDER, Herb., Banks and Gaertner.) Mylo CARIUM. (WiLLD., EllUm.) Cal>/x inferior, 5-cleft. Pciats five, unguiculate. Stamens ten, five of them sliorter, tlie filaments dilated at base ; anthers opening longi- tudinally. Germ prismatic, 3 or 4-sided. Stigma sessile, 3 or 4-lobed. Capsule dilated, mostly 3-winged, 3-celled. Seed solitary. A tree with alternate, entire, coriaceous, evergreen leaves, without stipules. Flowers bracteolate, in terminal racemes, white tinged with a blush of red. BUCKWHEAT TEEE. Cliftonia ligustrina. Mi/locariimi Ugustrinum, \Yilld., Enum., Ilab Berol. PuRSH, Flor. Bor. Am., i, p. 302, 1. 14. Elliott, Sketch 1. p. 508. Bot. Mag., t. 1625. This elegant tree, which enlivens the borders of the pine- barren swamps of the South, is met with nowhere to the north of the Savannah River, on the line of Georgia and South Caro- lina. From hence it is occasionally seen in all the lower and * In honor of Dr. Francis Clifton, of London, a Fellow of the Royal Society, and a medical writer of the last century. 39 40 BUCKWHEATTREE. maritime region of Georgia, as well as the lower part of Alabama and West Florida. It attains the height of eight to fifteen or more i'vet, being much branched, and spreading out at the sum- mit like an Apple Tree. The verticillate branches are regularly covered with a smooth gray bark. The wood is compact and whitish. It is exceedingly ornamental in flower, which takes j)lace in early spring, in the month of March, when the whole surface of the tree is covered with the most delicate, elegant, and somewhat fragrant flowers. The borders of all the still and sluggish streams and the dark swamps of the South are en- livened by the numerous trees of this species with which they are interspersed. In the intervals of their shade, in West Florida, we frequently saw gromng, and already in flower, the Atamasco, Lily, or Amaryllis of the North. When the flowers are past, the tree puts on a still more curious appearance, being loaded with triangular, winged cap- sules resembling Buckwheat; and hence its common name. The leaves resemble those of Privet, are evergreen, thick, very smooth, not perceptibly veined, and glaucous beneath. In the spring of 1773, the indefatigable Wm. Bartram dis- covered this tree, where I afterward also saw it growing, on the borders of the Savannah Kiver, in Georgia. He thus very clearly describes it as "a new shrub of great beauty and singu- larity. It grows erect, seven or eight feet high. A multitude of stems arise from its root, there divide themselves into ascend- ing branches, which are garnished with abundance of narrow, lanceolate, obtuse-pointed leaves, of a Hglit green, smooth and shining. These branches, with their many subdivisions, termi- nate in simple racemes of pale incarnate flowers, which make a fine appearance among the leaves. The flowers are succeeded by desiccated triquetrous pericarpi, each containing a single kernel." (Bartram's Travels, p. 31.) How so fine a plant came to be overlooked for near half a century is really surprising, considering the avidity of coUec- B U C K W II E A T T R E E. 41 tors and gardeners. In the Northern States and in Britain, it is a hardy greenhouse plant, and well worth cultivating. But to see it in perfection, you must behold it in its native swamps, attaining the magnitude of a tree, and blooming profusely on the verge of winter, without any thing near it as a contrast, save a withered carpet of leaves and leafless plants, and in the midst of a gloom and solitude that scarcely any thing else at the same time relieves. In Bartram's Botanic Garden, (Philadelphia,) it appeared to be quite hardy, and survived for many years without any pro- tection. PLATE LXXIII. A branch of the natural size; the fruit. v. C Y R I L L A. Niittmil Order, Cyrile^e/'= (Torroy and Gray, in note, Flor. N. Amer., vol. i. p. 25G.) Erice^, (Jussieu.) Llnncmn Classlfir- acfion, Pentandria, MokogyniA. CYRILLA.f (RiciiAKD, in Micii. Dr. Garden and Linn., exclud- ing Lhe fruit.) Cub/x 5-partcd, persistent, the divisions small, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Petals five, seasilc, lanceolate, and acute, thick and convex in the centre, exceeding the length of the calyx. Stamens five, about the length of the petals, the filaments subulate, anthers cordate, dis- tinct, 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ocari/ superior, oval, with a short style, and two or rarely three thick obtuse stigmas ; ovules solitary, suspended. Pericarp oval, small, at first somewhat fleshy indehiscent, at length suberose, 2-cellcd, the cells 1-seeded, and the seed pendulous from the summit of the cells. * To this geuus, as a natural group, Torrey and Gray refer also the Ch'ftonia, {Mijlocarium., WiLLD.,) as well as the Elliottia of Muhlenberg, and the wliole are considered as a suborder of Ericace^. Of Elliottia, however, I conceive we know too little to be able to decide on its natural affinities: it will probably remain near Cletlira in Ericaceoe. Cliftonia appears to be inseparable from the Malpi- cniiACE^E. The only genus, then, at present embraced in this order is that of ('yrilla, which, witliout any real affinity to the Ericaceae, is allied to the Malpi- (iHiACE.io by its fruit. The description of the genus, for the present, may be con- sidered also as that of tlie order. 1'he fruit of some other plant than the present is described by liinnanis, Sclirebcr, Willdenow, L'lleritier, and Duhamel; as they give a bilocular, bivalvular capsule, containing many small angular seeds. It is to llichard, in jMichaux, that we owe the first correct description of the fruit of ( 'yrilla. t In honor of Dominico Cyrilli, professor of Medicine, at Naples, and a bo- tanical author. -12 P1.LXX1\' C^^rilla raceniiflora. Carolina fyriUa. CynlU ,k Carclinc . CAROLINA CYRILLA. Cyrilla racemiflora. Foliis cuneato-lanccolatis, viz acutis, sub-mon- bnmaccis, glabrls, pdalls cahjce tr'qilo longioribus medio convexis. Cyrilla racemiflora. — Linn., Mantis, p. 50. Walter., Flor. Carol., p. 103. Willd., Sp. pi., 1. c. Elliott, Sketcli., vol. i. p. 294. !N'ouv. Duiiamel, vol. i. p. 115, tab. 46. Cyrilla racemifera. — Vandell., Florul. Lusitan. et Brcsil, specim. 88. Cyrilla Caroliniana. — Eiciiard, id Mich., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 158. Persoon, vol. i. p. 175. Itea Cijrilla. — L'IIerit., Stirp., vol. i. p. 137, tab. QQ. Swartz, Prod., p. 50. Sp. pi., vol. i. p. 1146. Tnis very elegant tree begins to appear in the low humid woods and pine-barrens of South Carolina, in swampy places, where it attains the height of twelve to twenty feet, with a diameter of eight to ten inches, and is sometimes so loaded with its numerous racemes of white flowers that we can scarcely perceive the leaves. It is, in fact, one of the most beautiful trees of the Southern forests, and is therefore often preserved in the vicinity of habitations as an ornament. It continues to be met with throughout Georgia and the Floridas, reappears in the West Indies, and was discovered by Vellozo in Brazil. According to Michaux the elder, there is also a second species, {^Cyrilla Antillana,) with laurel-like leaves, in the Antilles. From the name of Iron- Wood sometimes given to it by the English, it would appear that the wood is hard and close- grained; but no experiments have yet been made upon it. In Bartram's Botanic Garden, Philadelphia, it is perfectly hardy: there is now growing there a tree near upon twenty feet high, and two feet two inches in circumference. The bark on the old trunks is of a reddish-brown color, in layers of about a line in thickness, of a soft, elastic, fibrous, and friable consistence, 43 44 CAROLINA CYRILLA. almost like Agaric, and may be used like that substance as a styptic. The tree presents a widely-spreading bright green summit, and the branches come out in a circular order, presenting nume- rous slender twigs. The leaves are alternate, rather narrow, and lanceolate, very entire, sometimes oblanceolate, nearly peren- nial. The flowers are small but very numerous, disposed in slender pendulous racemes, producing a very graceful effect, and these racemes are clustered at the extremities of the branches of the former season. The petals are three times as long as the calyx, inserted without claws at the base of the germ, and have each an oblong, convex elevation or thickening of the petal on the lower part. The filaments alternate with the petals, and are somewhat shorter. The anthers are incumbent, cordate, 2-celled, bifid at the base. Style short, the stigmas two and obtuse. The pericarp, of an oval form, never opens, is 2-celled, the sides filled with a dry, spongy, granular pulp, and with a single ovate seed in each cell. PLATE LXXIV. A branch of the natural size. a. The flower enlarged. MAHOGANY. (Maiiagon, Fr.) Natural Order, Cedrele^. (R. Brown.) Linncean Classification, Decandria, Monogtnia. SWIETENIA.* (Linn.) Calyx minute, 4 to 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals four or five. Stamina eight to ten, united into a subcampanulate ten-toothed tube, inter- nally antberiferous. Style short ; stigma discoid, dentate. Capsule ovoid, large and woody, 5-celled, many-seeded, opening from the base upward, with five marginal valves ; the axis large, persistent, pentangular above, 5-winged below, with the partitions of the valves. Seeds alated, pendulous, about twelve in each cell, imbri- cated in a double series. Embryo transverse. Cotyledons confluent in and confounded with the fleshy albumen. Trees of warm or tropical climates, chiefly India and America, with hard dark-reddish wood. The leaves abruptly pinnated, mostly with unequal-sided leaflets. Flowers in axillary or somewhat ter- minal loose panicles. * Named by Jacquin, in honor of Gerard L. B. Von Swictcn, archiater to Maria Theresa, Empress of Germany, who, at his persuasion, founded the Botanic Garden at Vienna. 45 MAHOGANY TREE. SwiETEXiA MAiiOGONi. Foliis suhqvadrijugis, folioUs ovato-lanceolatis fi/catis acmninatis hasi incequdibus, racemis axUlarihus imniculatis.— LiNX., Hp. pi. Decaxd., Prod., vol. i. p. G25. Cavax., Dissert., vol. vii. p. 305, t. 209. Jacq., Amer., (ed. picta,) p. 127. Catesby, Carol., vol. ii. t. 81. Adk. Jussieu, Mem. Mus., vol. xix. p. 249, t. 11. Lamarck, Encyc, vol. iii. p. 678. Hook., Bot. Miscel., vol. i. p. 21, t. 16. Torrey and Gray, Flor., vol. i. p. 242. Qi^mn^Lk folds phmatls, fiorlhus sparsis, lir/no (jmviori.—BiiovfN-E, Jam., p. 158. Ceurus maliogoni. — Miller, Diet., I^o. 2. TriE late Dr. Muhlenberg was the first to announce the existence of the Mahogany Tree within the limits of the United States, and he gives it in his catalogue as a native of Florida. Torrey and Gray add, in their Flora, " We have seen, in the herbarium of the late Mr. Groom, a capsule from a col- lection made in Southern Florida by the late Dr. Leitner, who considered the tree to wdiicli it belonged to be the true Ma- hogany :" vol. i. p. 242. In one of those botanical excursions to explore the wilds of Florida, in which he had previously- been so eminently successful, the indefatigable Leitner fell a victim to the savage hostility which has so long been protracted over that devoted soil. He ascended a creek into the interior, and was seen no more ! " Facilis descensus Avcnro : ScJ rovocavo ^raduni, superasque cvadere auras, Jldc dims, liic labor est," ^NEID, lib. vi. The Mahogany Tree is said to be of rapid growth, becoming a lolty tree, with a graceful, spreading summit, the stem attain- ing very large dimensions, acquiring a diameter of five or six feet. It grows in the warmest parts of America, as in Cuba, 40 V\. IiXXV Swu'l enta Ma.liii ijonr . ■ui/itiac !^l M A 11 0 G A N Y T R E E. 47 Jamaica, St. Domingo, Acapulco on the Pacific, Rcalijo in Cua- temala, and the Bahama Ishands, and generally affects a rocky soil or the sides of mountains, growing often in places almost absolutely deprived of earth. The seeds germinate in the clefts of rocks, and when the roots meet any insurmountable impediment they spread out and creep till they find entrance into other clefts into which tliej^ can penetrate ; and sometimes it happens that the increasing dimensions of the roots succeed so far as to split the rocks themselves. Such trees in the Ba- hama Islands, growing so contorted for w^ant of soil, produce the much-esteemed and curiously-veined wood known in Eu- rope as " Madeira wood." In Jamaica, it is also a common tree on the plains or lower hill-sides; and Dr. Macfadyen re- marks, in that island he had never met with it at an elevation above three thousand feet, nor very close to the sea-shore. In some of the islands it is now rare in the neighborhood of the sea, because of its convenience for embarkation ; and it is cut down of all ages, without any thought for the future. Dr. Macfiidyen, speaking of the Mahogany of Jamaica, says, " It is at present much more scarce than it appears to have formerly been. It was from this island that the supply for Europe was in former times principally obtained, and the old Jamaica Mahogany is still considered superior to any that can now be procured from other countries. In 17-53, according to Dr. Browne, 521,300 feet in planks were shipped from this island, but at present very little is exported from it. It was formerly so plentiful as to be applied to the commonest pur- poses,— such as planks, boards, shingles, &c." " The beauty of the Mahogany wood is said to have been first discovered by a carpenter on board of Sir Walter Raleigh's vessel, at the time the ship was in harbor at Trinidad, in 1505." The first use to which it was applied in England was the humjjie one of form- ing a candle-box ; and, about the end of the seventeenth cen- tury, it was brought into notice by Dr. Gibbons, a London phy- 48 MAHOGANY TREE. sician, who had received planks of it from his brother, com- manding a vessel in the West India trade ; since which time it has been employed for costly furniture, and occupies the most distinguished place in the drawing-rooms of nobility and fashion, quite supplanting the old oaken tables and domestic panelling of antiquity. The most beautiful wood, for variety of figure and agreeable accident, is obtained from sections of the base of the stem and root. No other wood can rival it for diversity of shades, pre- senting spots, waves, and clouds more varied even than the tortoise-shell, which it so much resembles. Its superior density also allows it to acquire the highest polish of which any wood is susceptible. The principal supply of Mahogany is now obtained from Honduras; but it is of a very inferior quality, being open- grained, light and porous, and of a paler and inferior color. Trees, it seems, grown in low or alluvial lands never give a rich and hard wood. Hence the Mahogany of St. Domingo and that of the Bahama Islands are considered superior to wliat is at present exported from Jamaica. It was formerly em- ployed by the Sjpaniards of Havana in ship-building; and it is said to be unattacked by worms, to endure long in water, and to receive the bullet without splitting. Mr. Crout, cabinet- maker, Philadelphia, so curious in our native woods, has favored me with a specimen of Mahogany from East Florida, remarkable for its waving spots, which almost exactly resemble those of the Bird's-eye Maple. The bark of the Mahogany is astringent, and considered use- ful in diarrhoea; indeed, it resembles that of the Cinchona in color and taste, though somewhat more bitter. It has been given with success in powder, as a substitute for Peruvian Baik.=== * Maofaclycii, Flora Jiinuiic, p. 177. MAHOGANY T R E E. 49 Tho leaves of the Mahogany have a very light, airy, and graceful appearance, feathered or pinnate, in three to five jiairs of leaflets, ending abruptly without any terminal one. They are remarkable for their obliquity or the inequality of their sides, the lower portion of the leaf from the midrib not being more than half as wide as the upper; they are quite entire, smooth, shining, and coriaceous like the Laurel, being probably of long duration, and giving the tree the character of an evergreen; their form is between ovate and lanceolate, Avith a very slender and sharply-acuminated point; the general footr stalk is about an inch and a half long. The flowers are small and greenish yellow, disposed in loose, axillary, long peduncu- lated panicles, three to four inches long and pendent. The flowers and their mode of growth are a good deal like those of the Melia, or Pride of India ; but they are smaller. The calyx is minute, with five very shallow lobes. Petals oblong- ovate. Tube of the stamens cylindric-campanulate, ten-toothed, internally a little below the summit, bearing the anthers, which are small, yellow, and alternating with the teeth of the tube. A short denticulate disk encircles the base of the ovary. Ov^ary ovate, green ; style cylindrical ; the stigma peltate, with five denticulations. Capsule egg-shaped, the size of an orange, rufous-brown, minutely tuberculated, five-celled, opening with five valves from the base, covered w^ithin wdth a distinct coria- ceous plate. Receptacle central, large, pentagonal, with the angles prominent, opj)osite, and meeting up with the edges of the valves, so as to form the septa of the cells; seeds at the apex of the receptacle, fifteen in each cell, compressed, trun- cated at base, expanded at the summit into a membranaceous, oblonsr win 2:. To show the present extensive use of Mahogany in England, it may be sufficient to mention that in 1829 the importation amounted to 19,335 tons. In Cuba and Honduras, it becomes one of the most majestic Vol. v.— 4 50 MAHOGANY TREE. of trees, growing and increasing for some centuries. Its gigan- tic trunk tiirows out such massive arms, and spreads the shade of its shining green leaves over such a vast surface, that all other trees apjoear insignificant in the comparison. A single log not unfrequently weighs six or seven tons, and a tree has been known to contain as much as 12,000 superficial feet, and to have produced upward of 1000?. sterhng. The largest log ever cut in Honduras was seventeen feet long, fifty-seven inches broad, and five feet four inches in depth; measuring 51G8 super- ficial feet, or fifteen tons' weight. The Mahogany of Honduras* is cut about the month of Au- gust, by gangs of men of from twenty to fifty each. The woods are penetrated and surveyed from the summit of some lofty tree, and the leaves at this season, having acquired a yellow- reddish hue, are discerned by an accustomed eye at a great distance. The trees are commonly cut ten or twelve feet from the ground, a stage being erected for the purpose. The trunk, from the dimensions of the wood it furnishes, is deemed the most valuable; but for ornamental purposes the limbs or branches are generally preferred. A sufficient number of trees being felled to occupy the gang during the season, they commence cutting the roads upon which they are to be transported. This may fairly be estimated at two-thirds of the labor and expense of mahogany-cutting. Each mahogany-work forms in itself a small village on the bank of a river, — the choice of situation fjeing always regulated by the proximity of such river to the Mahogany intended as the object of future operation. These roads are cleared out by the cutlass and the axe, in the same manner that the first roads in our back-forests are made; bridges have also to be constructed. The trunks of the trees * Supposed by Mr. 11. ]Jrowne to be a peculiar species, ou tlie autliority of iJruwuc's '' History of Juuiaica." M A II 0 G A N Y T R E E. 51 are then cut into square logs. April and May, being the dryest season in this climate, are chosen as the only time when the logs can be drawn to their destination from the interior of the forest. Each truck requires seven pair of oxen and two drivers, and twelve to lead or put the logs on the carriages. From the in- tense heat of the sun, the cattle especially would be unable to work during its influence, and consequently the loading and carriage of the timber is performed in the night. On the rise of the rivers at the close of May, the logs are floated down to their destination, and finally shipped from Balize in Honduras to Europe. PLATE LXXV. A branch in jioiDcr of the natural size. a. Tlic capsule, b. The seed. ORANGE THEE. (L'Oranger, Fr.) Natural Order, Aurantiace^. (Correa.) Linnccan Classificatlunj POLYANDEIA, MONOGYKIA. ^y CITRUS.* (Linn.) Colyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals five or more, oblong, spreading. tStamcns, filaments about twenty to sixty, forming a cylinder and disposed in several sets. Germ superior, style cylindrical with a capitate stigma. Berry many-celled, enclosed by a fleshy glandular rind, the cells nine to eighteen, separated from each other by mem- branous envelopes ; pulp watery, contained in numerous utricular vesicles. Seeds oblong, attached to the inner angle of the cell; albumen none. Embryo straight, the seed-leaves or cotyledons large and thick, often more than two. Trees or shrubs of tropical or mild climates, chiefly indigenous to Eastern Asia, India, and China, with a single species in Guiana, (Tro- jiical America.) Leaves alteruate, solitar}-, articulated to the summit of a petiole which is usually margined or alated: the axils of the leaves, in the uncultivated state, usually produce simple spines. * Derived from xiTfiia, the Lemon, and xc-fnov, the dtron, which among the r, reeks and Komans inehidcd also the Cedar or some similar tree, which they probably associated from the fragrance of its wood. 52 IMl.KXM. *'Hrii8 YiiJoaris. WILD ORANGE TREE. Citrus vulgaris, (Risso.) Pdlolis alads, folds cllipticis acutis crcnulatis, Jioribus icosandris, fruduian globosorum coriice ienui scabroso, j)^dpa acri amara. — Decand., Prod. i. p. 539. Risso, Aniuil. Mus., vol. xx. p. 190. Citrus Aurantium Indicum. — Gall., citr., p. 122. Citrus Bigarradia. — Xouv. Duiiamel, vol. vii. p. 99. Bigarade of the French, or Bitter Orange. Citrus spinosissima ? — Meyer, Essequib., p. 247. Aurantmm vidgare, acre; iJriimim. — Farrarius, Hesper., p. 374. Aurantium sgh'cstre, medulla acri. — Tourxefort's Institutes, p. G20. Malus Aurantia sykesiris. — J. Bauiiix, Hist., vol. i. p. 99. From the relation of William Bartram, in his " Travels up the St. John's in East Florida, in the year 1774," it is evident that the Orange Tree is abundantly indigenous to the banks of that stream. Groves of Orange Trees, of large dimensions, loaded with their golden fruit, spread themselves before the traveller in the greatest profusion, and he might readily imagine himself transported in reality to the gardens of the Hesperides. As the Orange was there found an established denizen of the country, previous to all European settlement, we must of course conclude it to be, like the Banana and some other tropical productions, a native alike of both the Old and the New Continent. These forests of the Wild Orange Trees are frequent in East Florida as far north as the latitude of 28°. According to the observa- tions of the late Mr. Croom, "they are rarely found north of latitude 29° 30', although there is a small grove near the Alli- gator Pond, which is somewhat north of latitude 30°." The fruit (according to Torrey and Gray) is known by the name of the Bitter-Sweet Orange. To show the extent of these groves, in a notice of the town of New Smyrna, Bartram observes, " I was there about ten years 53 54 WILD ORANGE TREE. ago, (1764,) when the siirveyer ran the lines of the colony, where there was neither habitation nor cleared field. It w\as then a famous Orange grove, the upper or south promontory of a ridge nearly half a mile wide, and stretching north about forty miles," &c. All this was one entire Orange grove, with Live Oaks, Magnolias, Palms, Red Bays, and others. (Bartram's Travels, in a note to page 144.) On page 253, he also remarks, "I have often been affected with extreme regret at beholding the destruction and devastation which has been committed or indis- creetly exercised on those extensive, fruitful Orange groves, on the banks of St. Juan, by the new planters under the British government, some hundred acres of which, at a single planta- tion, have been entirely destroyed, to make room for the Indigo, Cotton, Corn," &c. In the forests of Essequibo there appears to be a variety of this species of Orange, equally indigenous with the present; it is also wild about Vera Cruz, and near Mexico and Panuco,-'= and is indigenous in Porto Rico, Barbadoes, and the Bermudas, as well as in Brazil, and St. Jago of the Cape Verde Islands. Hughes also speaks of it in his time as being natural in the woods at Orange Bay in Jamaica, l^oth the sweet and sour kinds, in great plenty. The specimens which I have seen brought from East Florida, hy Mr. James Reed, are evidently referable to the present species, the Orange of India, though we have not had the satis- faction of seeing any specimen of the fruit; but, according to Bartram, the taste is sufficiently grateful, as he made use of it to season and add a relish to his animal food. India is the native country of the Orange now so generally naliu-ali'/cd in the South of Europe, particularly along the coast of the Mediterranean. About Nice all the known species and varieties of this grateful fruit are cultivated in perfection. The Orange has also been supposed to be a native of the Hesf)erides I'lilLLii's, in TIalduyt's Voyages, 1. c. WILD ORANGE TREE. 55 or Canary Islands, and its fruit to be the golden apples which the daughters of Hesperus caused to be so strictly guarded by a watchful dragon. Under this idea, Ventenat changed the name of the natural order to which it belongs from Aurantia3 to Iles- perida?, an innovation more poetic than philosophical, and which has not been adopted. The Lemon appears to liave been the first of the genus which was introduced into Europe. Theophrastus, and after him Pliny, speak of a fruit known under the name of the Apple of Pcvf^la or of Media. Virgil, in his Georgics, extols the haj)py effects sup- posed to be produced by the use of the Apple of Media: — "Auimos ct olentia Mcdi Ora fovent illo, et seuibus medicautur auhelis." Georg., lib. ii. The Phocians are supposed to have been the first wdio planted this tree on the coast of the Mediterranean wdien they founded the city of Marseilles. In the eleventh century the Seville Orange was already spread through all the islands of the Medi- terranean, and in the thirteenth century it was established about Nice. The species of Orange of which we are now treating, (the Bigaradier of the French,) appears to have been introduced from India into Europe by the Arabs, who cultivate it in all the coun- tries subjected to their dominion. The Citron passed from Egypt into Europe in the time of the Crusades. According to the testi- mony of one of the Arabian writers, it was from Phenicia that the golden Orange was conveyed to the gardens of Seville. No traveller has in a positive manner estabhshed the native country of the true Orange; and it is nearly alike whether we should attribute it to Japan or the islands of the Pacific, more par- ticularly the PhiHppines. The duration of the Orange Tree, in the countries where it is indigenous, is no doubt very great. Many of those cultivated i]i the Maritime Alps of France are more than 250 }ears of age; r;G AVILD ORANGE TREE. and, according to Risso, a wind from the S.S.E. in February, 1807, overturned in the commune of Esa Citron Trees which were more than 500 years old. Tamara and Ferrarius both describe an Orange Tree, pLanted in the year 1200 by Saint Dominic, in the garden of the convent of Saint Sabine in Rome, which is said still to exist. The Orange is considered the most beautiful tree of Europe; the majesty and regularity of its form, tlie brilliant and unfading green of its graceful foliage, its white and fragrant flowers and splendid fruit, strike the beholder with admiration. Its beauty is not transient like that of ordinary orchard trees, but nearly throughout the year it is luxuriantly adorned with flowers and fruit. The cultivated Orange attains the height of twenty-five to thirty feet, with a circumference of two or three feet. The wild Orange of Florida, however, acquires a greater height than those which I have observed in cultivation in the Azores. The wood is compact, close, and fine-grained, very hard, and suscepti- Ijle of a fine polish, slightly veined, and suitable for inlaid work. The wood of the Wild or Bitter Orange is preferred by chemists because of its superior density. The leaves have also a more l)()\verful odor: distilled they give a bitter aromatic water, known in Languedoc by the name of VEau de Naples. By the same operation is also oljtained an essential oil of a better c|uality than that from the leaves of the true Orange. The Orange-Floicer Water, a well-known perfume, is obtained also from this species. Tt is praised for its cordial virtues, and as a cephalic, vermifuge, and antispasmodic. The fruit is made great use of for seasoning lish and meats, and to give a relish to various sauces. A wine is also made from the juice of the sweet orange, mixed with the extract of the peel fermented, which keeps a long time, and when old acipiires the taste of the Malvoisie of Madeira. The smell of the Orange flower is almost universally esteemed: it is saliilarv and rcfivshing, and is unrivalled for its excellent pcrlimie. The juice of the fruit is equally grateful: it allays WILD ORANGE TREE. 57 heat and thirst, and, by promoting various excretions, proves of considerable use in febrile and inflammatory diseases. The outer yellow rind of the Seville orange is a grateful aromatic bitter, tending to improve the appetite, and it is employed in making the well-known conserve, marmalade. In the Azores, the cultivation of the Orange as an article of commerce, is of great importance to the inhabitants, and every means are employed for its success. The trees in Fayal are defended from the severe sea-breezes by very high stone walls, and plantations of young trees are defended for several years ])y rows of the Faya [Mijrlca Faya) planted between them, and, though the trees there rarely attain a greater height than twenty or twenty-five feet, they spread out many large branches; and sometimes a single tree has produced as many as 6000 Oranges. The best kind brought to the European markets are those from the island of St. Michael. They have an even shining rind with a deliciously-sweet and agreeable pulp. As I have already remarked, a specimen of the Wild Orange from Florida is in no way distinguishal^le from the Citrus vul- garis of Asia: it has the same elliptic leaves, with alated pedun- cles, small axillary spines, and axillary and terminal white flowers on short peduncles, with twenty stamens. PLATE LXXVI. A branch of (he natural size, iviih the fruit. v.— 4* BALSAM TREE. NafumI Order, Guttifer^, (Juss.) Linnwan Classification, POLYANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. CLUSIA.* (Linn.) Calyx of four to eight sepals imbricated and colored. Corolla of four to eight petals. Staynens numerous. Style none. Stigma radiately peltate. Flowers commonly polygamous, with the fertile ovary surrounded by a short thick nectary. Ca.josule fleshy, coriaceous, 5 to 12-valved, opening at the apex ; placentfe triangular, united into a central column, each one attached to the introflected valvules. Seeds terete ; cotyledons separable. ]*arasitical trees of Tropical America, with opposite coriaceous entire leaves without stipules. YELLOW-FLOWERED BALSAM TREE. Clusia flava. Floribiis jiolygamis, calyce polyj^hyllo, corolla tetrapctala fiava, siaminibus numerosis hrevibus, stigmatlbus circitcr 12, foliis oboratis obtusis aUquando emarginaiis, brevitcr pctiolatis striatis. — Decand., Prod., vol. i. p. 559. Clusia flava. Foliis avcniis, corollis tetrapctalis. — Linn., Syst. Veg., vol. iv. p. 328. Jacq., Stirp. Amer., p. 272, t. 167. Clusia arborca. Foliis crassis, intidis, obovato-subrotundis ; Jioribus soli- tariis. — BiiowNE, Jam., p. 236. * NaiiR'd in houor of Charles dc I'Eclusc, a celebrated botanist of the sixteenth century. PI. lA'XVU. CiLLKia Hava. V YELLOW-FLOWERED BALSAM TREE. 59 Terebinthus folio singulari, non alato, rotundo succulcnto ; jlorc ((irajnialo, pallide luieo, fruciii ijiajorc, monopyrcno. — Sloane, Jam., p. 167 ; Hist., vol. i. p. 91, t. 200, f. 1. This singular and splendid tree is a native of Jamaica, and Cayenne in South America, where it is found among rocks on the declivities of mountains. We have now also to record it as a native of Key West in Florida, where it has recently heen found, with so many other tropical productions, by Dr. Blodgett. It grows to the height of about twenty feet or upward, and, like other kindred species of the germs, is parasitic on the trunk or limbs of other trees, — a habit supposed to be occasioned by birds accidentally scattering the viscid seeds, which take root like those of the Missletoe; when, having obtained a considerable size, the roots creep along the surface of the tree in quest of nourishment and support, penetrating into any decayed cavity of the supporting trunk, and finally reaching the ground though at forty feet distance, where now, at length permanently fixed, it becomes a large and independent tree. A viscid or resinous balsamic whitish juice exudes from every part of the tree when cut, which becomes red or brownish when exposed to the air, and hardens like other gums or colophony. As yet this sub- stance has been applied to no useful purpose more than as a dressing to the sores of horses, and by the Indians is mixed with tallow to pay their boats to prevent leakage. The leaves of this plant, as well as those of C. rosea and C. alba, are very remarkable in their form and appearance, being very smooth and of a thick leathery consistence, wedge-shaped or inversely oval, five or six inches long by about four wide, entire or slightly repand at the summit, which is rounded; they are insensibly narrowed downward to a thick petiole about half an inch in length, and marked beneath with many transverse ascending veins which are scarcely perceptible at the surface, all inosculating together near the border. The flowers are shortly pedunculate, axillary and terminal, solitary, or by threes GO YELLOW-FLOWERED BALSAM TREE. on the same peduncle. The calyx is almost quadrangular, com- posed of sixteen sepals, disposed in four ranks; they are some- what rounded and concave, the inner series gradually becoming larger. The corolla is pale yellow, of four oval petals some- wliat unguiculated, very thick, two of them larger than the others. Stamens very numerous, on short thick filaments, nearly in four rows round the germ, with the anthers distinctly two-lobed. The germ is very small, with a thick, twelve-rayed, almost capitate, stigma, with four lateral appendages. The capsule with twelve cells and twelve thick valves containing immerous oblong seeds, enveloped in a soft pulp and attached to a large oblong twelve-furrowed placenta or receptacle. The fruit is about the size of a fig, with something of its form; and hence it is known to the negroes by the name of the Wild Fig. (Macfadyen.) PLATE LXXVIL A small branch loith the leaves reduced to about one-half their natural size. PI. LXXiTE. Anrvris tloridan. Honda Torch Wood. IU,h,uf,u'r dcs Florid t's. T 0 H C II -W 0 O D. (Balsamier, Fr.) Natural Order, AMYRiDACEiE, (R. Brown.) Linnwan Classijica- tion, OCTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. AMYRIS.* (LiNx\.) Cah/x 4-toothed, persistent. Petals four, ol)long, spreading, imLri- cated in the bud. Stamens eight, shorter than the petals. Stigma sessile, obtuse, and indistinct. Dnqje 1-seeded, with a chartaceous nut. Trees or shrubs of Tropical America, with opposite compound leaves, mostly of a single pair, or trifoliate pinnate; the leaflets as well as the drupe filled with pellucid aromatic glands. Flowers white, in terminal, trichotomous panicles. FLORIDA TORCH-WOOD. Amyris Floridana. Foliis brevi-pctiolatis, folioUs 1-jugis cum impari ovaiis integerrimis ohiusiusculis suhacuminatis nitidis, ^:)a7ifc?ois de Colophone of the Isle of France, gives out, from the slightest Avound in the bark, a copious flow of limpid oil with a pungent, turpentine odor, which soon congeals to the consistence of butter, assuming the appearance of camphor. PLATE LXXIX. A hnnirh of flic vafural size. a. The drupe, h. The mit. c. The male Jlixeer. d. Tlie female Jiower. c. A smedl fnutiny hraneh. SUMACH. Natural Order, AnacardiacevE, (R. Brown.) Linna^an Classifiea- tlon, Pentandria, Trigynia. RHUS.* (Linn.) Flowers polygamous or bisexual. — CaJ>/x small, 5-partccl, persistent. Petals five, small, ovate-spreading, imbricated in sestivation. Stamens five, equal, free. Torus an orbicular disk. Ovary ovate or globose, 1-celled ; ovule solitary. Styles three, distinct or combined. Fruit almost a dry drupe. The Nat bony, 1-celled, 1-seeded, even or grooved. Seed (by abortion) solitary, attached to the extremity of a basilar funiculus. Embryo inverted; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle curved and opposite to the hylum. Shrubs or trees of various countries and climates, but more abun- dant in those which are mild. Leaves alternate, compound, ternate or pinnate. Panicles axillary and terminal, the flowers small, green- ish, and inconspicuous. § Metopium. Drupe ovafe-oblony, dry and smooth, nut chartaccous. Seed arillate. * The name is derived from the Celtic word rliwht, signifying reil, from the prevailing color of the fruit. The name Sumarh is from the Arabic name tSimdij. 67 CORAL SUMACH. Tvirus METOPiuM. Folds immatis 2-d-j((jis cum imparl glaberrimis, foUolis 2^ctiolalatis ovatis integerrbnis. Rhus metopiUxM. — Linn., Amoen. Acad., vol. v. p. 395. Decand., Prod., vol. ii. p. 67. METOPiuM/o^/fs subrotundis pimiaio-qidnatis, raccmis cdaribiis. — Browne, Jamaic, p. 177, tab. 13, fig. 3. TcrcbbdJius maxima, pinnis paucioribus majoribus atque rotimdioribus, fruda raccmoso sparso. — Sloane, Jam., 167. Hist., vol. ii. p. 90, t. 199, fig. 3. Eaii, Dendrol., p. 51. Borbonia fructu corallmo, flore p)entapctalo. — Plumier, Ic. 61. This stately species of Sumach becomes a tree of fifteen to twenty or more feet in height, and in Jamaica affects the cal- careous hills. It is also a native of Cuba and Key West, (Dr. Blodgett.) The wood is hard, and, when large enough, suitable for furniture. Like several other native species of the genus, it is to some individuals poisonous to the touch. This and the Mountain Sumach are called, in St. Domingo, "Mountain Manchineel," from the poisonous qualities of the juice they exude. The branches are erect and smooth. The leaves come out at the ends of the branches, and are unequally pinnate, usually two pair and an odd one, but sometimes three pair and a terminal leaflet. The leaves are very smooth and coriaceous, quite en- tire, upon long petioles ; the leaflets are usually broad-ovate and acuminate, on longish, partial petioles, the upper pair unequal at the base ; sometimes they are of an elliptic form, and occa- sionally obtuse and rounded at the extremity. The flowers are dioecious ; in terminal, loose, open, spreading panicles, which are about the length of the leaves; the bractes are very small. Tlie calyx is five-parted, the segments ovate and dilated with membranous margins. Petals five, ovate, yellowish white, OS pii-xxx:. (tirii/ Smnav/v, Kliiis .\l('to|)iiun SurmCe , tleti/fjC C 0 R A L S U M A C n. 69 covered with dark longitudinal lines. Stamens five, not ex- serted. In the fertile flower, the stigma appears to be very small and unequally three-lobed. The berries are oblong, smooth, somewhat oblique, scarlet, and as large as peas; the nut is thin and chartaceous. A transparent gum, in small quantities, exudes spontaneously from the peduncles of the flowers, which probably is of the nature of varnish. Among the useful and remarkable species of this extensive genus may be mentioned the Elm-Leaved Sumach, [llhii^ Co- riaria,) which is so far harmless as occasionally to be employed for culinary purposes, the seeds being commonly used, in Aleppo, at meals to provoke an appetite. The leaves and seeds are also used in medicine as astringent and styptic applications. From time immemorial, it has been employed, like oak bark, for tanning leather, and that of Turkey is chiefly tanned with this plant. The pulp of the drupes of several species aflbrds an agreeable acid, similar to that of wood sorrel, either the oxalic or tartaric. The Rhus vernix affords the Japan varnish, which oozes from incisions made in the tree, and grows thick and black wdien ex- posed to the air. It is so transparent, that, when laid pure upon boxes or furniture, every vein of the wood may be clearly seen. With it, the Japanese varnish most of their household furniture made of wood. The milky juice of the i^lant stains linen a dark brown ; the whole shrub, like our Poison Ash, {E. venenata,) to which it is nearly allied, is in a high degree poisonous; and the poison is communicated by touching or smelling any part of it. Inflammations appear on the skin in large blotches, succeeded by pustules, which rise in the inflamed parts and fill with watery matter, attended with burning and itching, which continues for several days, after wdiich the in- 70 CORAL SUMACH. flammation subsides. The extremities cand glandular j^arts of the body are those which are most affected. Our Rhus radicans and R. toxicodendron (Poison Vines) operate nearly in the same way, though in a less degree than the Poison Ash or Rims remix. Many persons, however, can approach and handle these deleterious plants with impunity. One of the most dan- gerous species in America is the Rhus pumila of Michaux, a native of North Carolina. Mr. Lyons, a well-known and as- siduous collector of rare and ornamental plants, suffered ex- tremely from its venom, by merely collecting the seeds ; it produced a general fever, and affected the use of his limbs for several years. PLATE LXXX. A. branch of the natural size. a. The male flowers, b. A flower enlarged. PI. Lxxxr. Coiinus Aniericajiu8 Larffehave€^. r^f/uu^r. ,S/////rf' /')/yff/ f/' h.ii rtaniculaiis terniinalibus, capsuUs subsolltariis brevi-stipitatis. This elegant and curious tree is of frequent occurrence on the banks of the Arkansas, in the lower settlements, aifecting ()NPL., Ct KUNTII., Xov. (Jcuer. Am., vol. vi. p. 10. * An In.liaii lumu' uivcMi bv AiibU't, cnijtloyod by tlio ("lalibis. 90 I'l.liXXXVIl. Smia niba o'la vro n Ohxu^roits BU^^/'Vo,' Si inaron h(i ('hmtj>i. GLAUCOUS BITTER-WOOD. 91 This species of Bitter- Wood, often confounded with the ofilci- nal kind, was first observed by Humboldt in the iskmd of Cuba, near the port of La Trinidad, and, according to the Herbarium of Poiteau, it also exists in St. Domingo, where it was seen pro- babl}^ by Aublet. In Key West, according to Dr. Blodgett, it becomes a lofty tree and liowers in April. The Simaruha cxcelsa, according to Aublet, attains the height of sixty feet, wdtli a diameter of two and a half feet. The timber, Dr. Macfadyen remarks, is of an excellent quality, the wood being of a yellowish color, inodorous, light, not very hard, but capable of receiving a very fine polish, and in Jamaica is much used for flooring. Insects will not approach the bedposts and clothes-presses made of it, on account of its bitter quality; and it has been emploj^ed for this reason to make cabinets for the preservation of collections of insects. The officinal part of the Simarnha officinalis (from which the present species is scarcely distinct) is the bark of the root. It is inodorous, with a bitter but not disagreeable taste. The pieces are of a fibrous texture, rough, scaly, covered with warts, and of a full yellow color within, wdien fresh. Alcohol and water take up all its active matters by simple maceration, better than at a boiling heat. It is one of the most intense and durable bitters known, and has the property of a tonic and anti- spasmodic, being employed watli advantage in intermittent and bilious fevers, obstinate diarrhoea, dysentery, and dysj)eptic affec- tions. The wood is much used in England to give bitterness to malt liquors, though the use of it subjects brewers to a very heavy penalty. Every part of the present species is perfectly smooth, and the young branches and panicles are glaucous. The leaflets, five or six pair, are occasionally both alternate and opposite, oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed, and somewhat oblique at the base, paler beneath, but not pubescent. The flowers appear to be wholly dioecious, as remarked by Dr. Wright, in the Jamaica <)-2 GLAUCOUS BITTER-WOOD. jilant. The panicles are pedunculated and axillary; the flowers are small, yellowish with a tinge of red, scattered, and mixed with a lew linear obtuse bractes. The petals are oblong-lanceo- late. Stigmas five, revolute, smooth ; germs the same number. The drupes or capsules are seldom more than three by the abor- tion of the other germs, oval, somewhat compressed, and obtusely carinated, of a deep reddish purple, with little or no pulp, indehiscent, and one-seeded. From their appearance they are in Jamaica called Bitter or Mountain Damsons. PLATE LXXXVII. A branch of the natural size. Fl.LXX'.VVTn. Tooeoloba luvifera . Side Ov(X/je. JioLSinur a (rnippc- COCCOLOBA. (Linn.) Natural Order, PoLYGONE^E, (Juss.) Luina^an Classification, OCTANDKIA, TkIGYNIA. Flowers perfect, or polygamous, — Calyx 5-partcd, petaloid, at length converted into a berry. Corolla none. Stamens eight, anthers rounded. Ovary S-sided; stigmas three, short. Drwpc, by abortion, 1-seeded, the nut oval and pointed. Trees or shrubs mostly of Tropical America, with alternate, entire leaves, and short, cylindric, sheathing stipules ; flowers herbaceous, in racemes, with articulated pedicels ; the fruit resembling grapes. SEA-SIDE GRAPE, (RAISINIER DE MER.) CoccoLOBA uviFERA. Folus cordato-suhrotundis nitidis. — Linn., Willd., Sp. pi., vol. iii. p. 457. Lamarck, Illust., t. 316, fig. 2. G^rt., t. 45. CoccoLOBA foliis subrotundis intcgris nitidis planis, raccmis fruduum cer- nais. — Jacq., Am., p. 112, t. 73. Mill,, Diet,, No. 1. CoccoLOBus foliis crassis orbiculatis sinu apcrto. — Browne, Jam., p, 208. PoLYGANUM couU arborco fructibus baccaiis. — Linn., Sp. pi., ed. 1. JJyifera foliis subrotimdis, amplissimis. — Linn., Ilort. Cliftbrt., p. 487. Uvifera litorea, foliis amj^Uoribus fere orbiculatis crassis Americana, — Pluken., Almag., p, 394, t. 236, fig. 7. * The name is derived from two lireek words, alluding to the lobing of the kernel at the base. 93 04 S E A - S I D E G R A r E. Gii'ij'ihara rarcmosa, fullis corkcds sithrotimdis. — Plumier, Ic, t. 145. Pnmas marUbna raccmosa, folio si(hroiundo glabro, fructu minore jmr- ^„«ro.— Sloane, Jamaic, p. 183. Hist., vol. ii. p. 129, t. 220, f. 3. Catesby, Carol., vol. ii. t. 96. J\>l»ih's Amcrlrana rolandifolia. — Bauhin's Pinax., p. 430. TiiE Sea-Side Grape forms a large and spreading tree along the coasts of many of the West India Islands, and on the shores of the extremity of East Florida, where it was observed at Key West, by Dr. Blodgett. It is truly remarkable for the enormous size of its almost round and smooth, strongly-veined leaves, which are often from eight to ten inches in diameter. The trunk attains the height of from twenty-five to sixty feet by two or more feet in diameter; the wood is heavy, hard, and valued for cabinet-work, when of sufficient size: it is of a red or violet color, and by boiling communicates the same fine color to the Avater. The extract of the wood, or of the very astrin- gent seeds, forms one of the kinds of hlno employed in medicine. This substance is of a very dark brown color with a resinous fracture. According to Oviedo, the Spaniards, when in want of pen, ink, and paper, used to employ the wide leaves of the Coccoloba, writing on them with the point of a bodkin. Prom its maritime predilection, it is known in the Bahamas by the name of the MiiKjrove GmpG Tree. The fruit, disposed ill long racemose clusters, is composed of pear-shaped, purple berries, about the size of cherries; they have a refreshing, agreeal^le, subacid taste, with a thin pulp, are esteemed whole- some, and brought to the table as a dessert, for which they are in considerable demand; but if the stone be kept long in the iiioiilh it becomes very astringent to the taste. The branches are smooth and gray, but in old trunks the bark is ron-li and full of clefts. The leaves are dilated, round, and oMiisc, with a narrow sinns at the base, and upon very short p'tiolcs. The racemes, of greenish-white polygamous llowers, arc .SIX to twelve inches long, articulated upon very short I'l. hXXKTL Coccoloba pnrvifolia. Small IturfxL Sen Sidr Orapc Baisirut/- a /Jt/i/ey /l'//i//i,-.-. SMALL-LEAVED SEA-SIDE GRATE. 9") peduncles, and grow by clusters, at first erect, but in fruit pen- dulous. The nut has a thin shell, half three-celled at the base, with narrow membranous dissepiments. Seed somewhat glo- bular, acute, deeply umbilicated at base, brown and irregularly striated. There is sometimes an appearance of gummy exuda- tion on the surface of the leaves, having an astringent taste like that of the extract. PLATE LXXXVIII. A iwig of tliC natural size. a. The male flowers, b. The flower, e. TJie raceme of fruit. SMALL-LEAVED SEA-SIDE GRAPE. CoccoLOBA *PARViFOLiA. Dioicci, foliis ohloiujo-lanceolatis ovalibt/sque, racemis erectis,floribus octandris. /9 OVALIFOLIA. Foliis ovciUbus utrinque obtusis. CoccoLOBA obtusifolia? — Jacquin, Am., p. 114, t. 74. This species, according to Dr. Blodgett, who found it growing on Key West, is a dioecious tree attaining the height of forty feet. It appears to have a near affinity to C. ohtusifoJla of Carthagena, at least our variety /3; and there is a very similar species also indigenous to St. Domingo, according to the Her- barium of Poiteau. It appears very near to the '■'■Pigeon Plum' of Catesby, plate 94, which, like the present, becomes a large tree, bearing a pleasantr-tasted berry; its wood is hard and durable, and it affects rocky situations. In this tree the branchlets are numerous, short, and covered with a light-gray bark. The leaves, smooth and even, situated at the extremities of the branchlets, are oblong-lanceolate, about three inches lonji' and a little more than an inch in width, rather on S.M ALL-LEAVED SEA-SIDE GRAPE. ac-iito at cither end. Raceme of the fertile pLa,iit three to four iiu-hcs lonpr, the flowers solitary, with the lobes of the calyx whitish. Ill the infertile plant the racemes are longer, and the flowers smaller, and clustered along the stalk of the raceme by tliree or four together. In the variety /3 ovafoUa, the leaves are sometimes nearly as broad as long, rounded at each end, and sometimes slightly sinuated at the base. This species appears to be also nearly allied to C. virens of the "Botanical Register," plate 1816; but in that the flowers are decandrous and the racemes nodding. PLATE LXXXIX. A hraiwh of tlic. fertile 'plant of the natural size. a. A tirig of the male plant, b. The ynale flower. PIX(\ ./ "^ • / :^ ^ fc<' '^^^-- ^ ■ -^ M < ! ' "'./•■ ■— 11 Mi ^^''xN l;^^ Hy| 1 pn T^: ■\ y i i Arhrns ZMj)o1illa . .S'liNiJl SdiiOiliJliL ^'niK'/tUii/- (iiiiunu-n.. SAPOTA PLUM. (Sapotier, Fr.) Natural Order, Sapote^, (Jussieu.) Linna^an Classification, Hexandria, Monogtnia. ACIIRAS.* (Linn.) Calyx 5 or 6 to 8-parted ; the divisions ovate, concave, and incum- bent. Corolla tlie length of the calyx, G-cleft, with the same number of parapetalous, alternate scales within and attached to the corolla. Stamina four to six; anthers adnate, ovate, with the two cells parallel. Style subulate, exserted. Berry with eight to twelve cells, the cells 1-seeded, and with many of the cells often abortive. Seed with a marginal hylum, and narrowed at the apex ; embryo erect, without albumen, cotyledons fleshy. Lactescent trees of Tropical America and Lidia, with alternate, entire, coriaceous leaves without stipules ; flowers axillary, and with tne leaves aggregated at the extremities of the branches. SAPOTILLA, OR NASEBERRY BULLY TREE. AcHRAS ZAPOTILLA. Florihus aycjreyails, foUis eWptlcls vlrinqiic obtusls, jioribiis hcxandris. * The Greek name of the wild pear. Vol. v.— 7 97 98 SAPOTILLA. AciiRAS SAPOTA. [i [Zupotlll'i) hrarhkitus diffi/sus, fmcta suhroiundo, nra/nn/ht nwrroiic ^/v-r/or/.— Browne, Jamaic, vol. ii. p. 200. Anoxa ma.runa, fuliis laurinis glahris virldi-fuscis, fructii mimmo. — Sloane, Jam., 206; Hist, vol. ii. p. 172, tab. 169, £ 2. Ray, Dciulr., \). Ti». Catesby's Carol., vol. ii. p. 87, t. 67. S(tjiu/afri/rlii larh'oudo muiori. — Plumibr, Gener., p. 43. fi *parvif()LIa/o//«;.s cWpticis hrcmbus idrinqac obiusis suhmargiaatis^fraG- tibas iiiajorlbas. The small islands, or keys as they are called, at the southern extremity of East Florida, afFord, in this tree, one of the fine fruits of Tropical America, indigenous also to Jamaica, St. Do- mingo, the Straits of Panama, and some other of the warmer parts of the continent of South America. According to Dr. Blodgett, it is common on Key West, where it becomes a tree of thirty feet in height, bearing an agreeable, wholesome fruit, about the size of a pigeon's egg, which is larger than the small naseberry plum of Jamaica. When the fruit is green or first gathered, it is hard and filled with a milky or white juice as adhesive as glue; but, after being gathered two or three days, it grows soft and juicy : the juice, being then clear as spring-water, is very sweet. The fruit of the true Sapota is said to be round, bigger than a (piiiice, and covered with a brownish, more or less grooved skin; before maturity the flesh is greenish, milky, and of a very austere, disagreeable taste, like our unripe medlar, and lien(.'e the Spanish name of Naseberry ; but when ripe it is i-eddish l)rown without, bright yellow within, well scented, of a very tlclicious taste, and quite refreshing. Jacquin even pre- fc! red it to the pineapple. Like all cultivated fruits, the sapo- tilla is ,ri;lon(jifolia. Spinosa erccta, foliis hmceoletfo-oblow/is ohlusis hiisi (lilt iniiilis si/lj/ifs 7)iol/iler pilosis, pedunculis brcvissiniis calycibusquc riUusis. — NuTT., (jon. Am., vol. i. p. 185. This species, which becomes a tree eighteen or twenty feet in liciglit, is by Car the most hardy of the genus, being indigenous RUSTY-LEAVED B U M E L I A. 10:^ about the lead-mines in the vicinity of St. Louis, where the thermometer falls at times below zero. It is also not uncommon in Arkansas, in the shady alluvial forests of that stream, and it is met with on the borders of the Mississippi as far down as Natchez. It was first noticed botanically by my late friend, Mr. John Bradbury, F.L.S. The bark is rough and gray, and the wood very hard, tough, and fetid, — indeed, so much so, that it would probably drive away insects from chests made of its wood. In its natural haiiuard state, near the lead-mines, it is an ungraceful tree with numerous tortuous and fiexuous branches. The young branehlets, as well as the petioles, are clothed with soft brownish-gray hairs. The leaves somewhat resemble those of B. lyciokles, but they are larger, being three to four inches long by one to one and a half wide, and more or less hairy beneath, even when adult. The flowering clusters are dense, the flowers numerous, on hairy peduncles scarcely longer than the ferruginously-villous calyx, the segments of which are ovate and concave. The inner scales, nearly equal with the corolla, are connivent and trifid, situated opposite to the stamens. Drupe fleshy, purple, at length black- ish brown. RUSTY-LEAVED BUMELIA. BuMELiA FERRUGINEA. Inciiuis, foliis ohovcitis jrubcsccn(ibus obtusls sublas ferrugineo-tomeniosis, corymbis multlfloris, calycibus indunculisque rufo lanaiis, floribus jyentandris. Of this apparently very distinct species of Iron-wood, I know nothing more than the single imperfect specimen collected by Mr. Ware in East Florida. The leaves in the spineless infertile branch are unusually wide, being one and a half inches by two 104 SILKY-LEAVED B U M E L I A. and a half inches in length: those on the flowering branch, however, are much smaller. It is quite remarkable for the dense ferruginous pubescence on the under side of the leaves, 3oung branches, and calyx. Its nearest affinity is at the same time to the preceding species. SILKY-LEAVED BUMELIA. BuMELiA TENAX. ErccM, rctmis junioribiis spmosis, foliis mncato-lan ■ ceolatis 'plenunque obUisis, suhtus sericeo-niieniibus, subaureis, cali/cibus viUosis. BuMELiA fcnax. — Willd., Sp. pi., vol. i. p. 1085. Persoon, Synops., vol. i. p. 237. Elliott, Sketch., vol, i. p. 288. Loudon, Eucyc. Plants, p. 149, t. 2394. BuMELiA chrysophjlloides. — Pursh, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 155. SiDEROXYLON kncix. — Linn., Mant., p. 48. Jacquin, Collect., vol. ii. p. 252. SiDEROXYLON chry sophylloides . — Mien., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 128. SiDEROXYLON scriccwn. — AValter, Carol., p. 100. CuRYSOPHYLLUM Carolbieiise. — Jacq., Observ., vol. iii. p. 3, t. 54. This very elegant-leaved species becomes occasionally a tree twenty to thirty feet high, with hard, tough wood, and the trunk clothed with a light-gray bark. The young branches are slender, straight, flexible, and, as in all the species of the genus inhabit- ing the United States, very difficult to break: hence the specific name of the present, {fcnax.) The leaves are much smaller than in any of the preceding species; smooth above, beneath silky and shining, with the down usually of a pale-golden or ferruginous color; adding a peculiar elegance and splendor to the foliage, ncaily e(iual to that of the true ClinjsopJujUum, or Golden-Leaf ui' the West Indies. The flowers and leaves, as usual, are both nxrn WOOLLY-LEAVED B U M E L I A. 105 clustered at the extremities of the projecting buds of the former season; but the older fertile branches do not appear to produce any thorns. The peduncles of the sessile corymbs are very long, and, as well as the calyx, clothed with ferruginous down. According to Willdenow, the drupes are oval. Inner corolla or nectarium five-parted as the corolla, but with the divisions trifid, and the middle segment longest. This species affects dry, sandy soils, and is met with, not uncommonly, from the sea-coast of South Carolina to East Florida. Bosc remarks that at the approach of evening the flowers give out an agreeable odor. In the Bartram Garden, there is a tree of this species, less silky than usual, which is perfectly hardy. PLATE XCIL A branch of the natural size. a. The flower, b. The berry WOOLLY-LEAVED BUMELIA. BuMELiA LANUGINOSA, spbiosa ; i^arnuUs paienlissimis, 2'>i(beseentib>is ; foJtis cuneaio-lcmccolatis obiusis ; svbius laimginosis ferriigineis nee sericcis calycibus glabris basi pilosiuscuUs. BuMELiA lanuginosa. — Persoon, Synops., i. p. 237. Purse, Flor. i. p. 155. SiDEROXYLON LANUGiNOSUM, spinosuni ; ramuUs paieiiiissimis, pubescenti- biis ; foliis ovali-lanceolatis, supra glabris, subius lanuginosis nee sericeis. — Mich., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 122. This is a smaller tree than the preceding, affecting the same situations, — bushy swamps on light soils, — and is met with in Georgia and the lower part of Alabama. The leaves are small, as in the preceding species, but covered beneath with a dull- brown wool, not very thick, nor in the least shining; their form 106 LARGE-FRUITED BUMELIA. is cuiu'ate-obloug, or sublanceolate and obtuse, about an inch and a half long and a little more than half an inch wide, on short petioles like all the rest of our species. The flowers are also much smaller, and the calyx nearly smooth. In this species likewise the spines are stout, sharp, and persistent. Its real aflinity is to B. lydoldes, but it is in all parts much smaller. LARGE-FRUITED BUMELIA. Bu.MELiA MACROCAiirA. Dcpvcssa, ramis gracilibus valde sjmiosis, spinis dougatis ienuibus subrccurvis, foliis jparvuUs cuncato-lanccolatis obtusis jinuoribiis Idiwginosis, dcmum subglabris concoloribus ; drupa maximc ovali. Tjiis very low bushy species, allied to B. redinata, I give (though from very imperfect specimens) to complete the history of our species of the genus. The twigs are very slender, at first pubescent, covered with a gray bark, and with the spines long and slender as needles. The leaves, before expansion, are ex- ceedingly lanuginous, and always small, with very short petioles, at length nearly smooth. The fruit is edible, and as large as a small date ! I found this species on the sandy hills not far from the Altanuiha, in Georgia, in winter, and therefore do not know the llower. It does not grow more than a foot high, and the leaves are little more than half an inch long. "]~j" Leaves seinperclrent. NARROW-LEAVED BUMELIA. r>i!.MKMA AMiUSTii'uLiA. (r'/dbra si)//(()s(i^ foUis Ilinarl-ubluiKjls obttisis, ibivibas (ii/(jri(/i((is (/hibius, dn'pd vbhinja utnbilicaki. rixrnr. N A R R 0 W - L E A V E D P, U M E L I A. 107 This tree, according to Dr. Blodgett, is common at Key West, where it attains the height of forty feet. Tlie wood is probably equally hard with that of the other species of the genus. The branches before us are more or less spiny, and covered with a brown but externally silvery-gray bark. The leaves, unusually small and narrow, come out in clusters from the centre of pre- ceding buds; they are very smooth, apparently evergreen and coriaceous, linear-oblong and obtuse, attenuated into a sort of false petiole, and are about an inch and a quarter long by aJjout three lines wide. The peduncles are aggregated, rather short, and, as well as the calyx, smooth. Segments of the calyx ovate, the two outer smaller. Corolla yellowish white, not longer than the calyx. The berry, about the size and form of that of the Barberr}-, is purplish black, and covered with a bloom, oblong-ellij^tic, by abortion one-seeded, the three or four other ovules stifled, and the one large, cartilaginous seed filling up the whole cavity; the berry is umbilicated at the apex, and terminated with the per- sistent, subulate, slender style ; the pulp is wax}^, milky probaljly before ripe, as in the Sapotilla. The seed is large, cylindric- oblong, pale, testaceous, hard, and very shining, with an internal longitudinal suture, bright brown at the tip of the base, with a conspicuous lateral basal cicatrice. This species has a considerable affinity with Sklerodcylon spino- snm of Linna?us, a native of India and Africa, the berries of which are acidulous, and agreeable to eat. PLATE XCIII. A branch of ihc natural size, in flower, a. A branch u'llji ripe berries. FETID BUMELIA. Bu.MKLiA FfETiDissiMA. Foli'ts lanccolato-ohlovgis ohtusis subcmarginatis, jmhmcuUs coiifcrtis axillarihus. — AYilld., Sp. plant., vol. ii. p. 1086. Persoon, Synops., vol. i. p. 237. SiDEROXYLON FCETiDissiMUM. Incvme, folUs suboppositis, Jioribus jxitcii- tlssimis. — Linn., Mantis, p. 49. Jacq., Am., p. 55. Lam., Diet., vol. i. p. 247. Tins is aiiotlier species, becoming a large tree, equally indi- genous to Key West and the island of St. Domingo, and was found by the same person with the former. Poiteau met with it in the mountainous woods of Hayti, and it was in flower in October. It is said neither to be spiny nor milky-juiced, and it bears a round berry almost as large as a cherry. In this species the leaves are very smooth and large, disposed chiefly at the extremities of the branches ; they are nearly elliptic and obtuse, somewhat waved on the margin, on petioles nearly an inch in length, and of a thinnish consistence, yet somewhat coriaceous; they are three to three and a half inches long, and from one and a half to two inches wide. The flowers are nume- rous {uid in dense clusters, produced, apparently, in the axils of preceding leaves, and therefore appear wholly lateral The calj'x is almost entirely smooth, with oval segments; the corolla very spreading, yellowish white, with five stamens. The stigma, very (lilloreut from that of the preceding species, is wholly sessile on tin' su I limit of the olslong germ, and is membranous and concave. 'I' he liciry, ap])ar('ntly yellow, is by a])ortion only one-seeded. Tlic specimens collected in St. Domingo, ])y Poiteau, are marked SiiiiKira, ])r()ba])ly from the very peculiar, almost cup-shaped stigma, and spherical IVuit. It seems to be nearly allied to jSidcr- n.r///(ij/ liK'tilmii (Solander) as described by Lamarck, Diet., vol. i. p. -!IG. It is also nearly allied, apparently, to B.ixiirtda. PLATE XCIV. A hniiicli of (he naltirdl ^^izc. los Pi. YXW. Buiaelia foefidissima . Foetid BumtlioL SapoUl/xrrtrfJrfOi^. Pl.XCV. Arl)utuS Menziesii. STRAWBERRY TREE. (Arbousier, Fr.) Natural Order, EriceyE, (R. Brown.) Tribe Arbute.e, (Decaiul.) Lin7icean Classification, Decandria, Monogynia. ARBUTUS.* (Gamer. Tournefort.) Calyx inferior, 5-parted. The corolla globosely or ovatcly campanii- late ; the narrow border 5-cleft and reflected. Stamens ten, in- cluded. Anthers compressed at the sides, opening by two terminal pores, attached below the summit where they produce two reflected awns. Ovarium, seated upon or half immersed in a lij'pogynous disk, 5-celled, cells many-seeded. Sti/le one ; stigma obtuse. Berru nearly globular, rough, with granular tubercles. Large or small trees of the South of Europe, the Levant, Mexico, and Oregon. The leaves alternate and sempervircnt ; racemes axil- lary or terminal and paniculate. Flowers pedicellate, provided witli bractes ; the corolla white or reddish. MENZIES'S STRAWBERRY TREE. Arbutus Menziesii. Arborea,fotiis clUpticis acutis subscrratls longc pc/io- latis glabris, racemis paniculatis densifloris axillaribus iernwialib usque. Arbutus Menziesii. — Pursii, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 282. Arbutus laurifolia? — Linn., Suppl., 238. Arbutus procera. — Douglas, Bot. Reg., tab. 1573. * Aa ancient name for the Arbutus Unrdo. lU'J 110 MENZIES'S STRAWBERRY TREE. This is rather a common siDecies on the banks of the Oregon and the Wahlamet, below Fort Vancouver, in rocky pLaces, where it becomes a tree thirty to forty feet high, with a smooth and even light-brown trunk, from which the old bark exfoliates, so that it appears as if it were stripped nearly down to the liviu"- surface. The top is somewhat pyramidal and spreading. The leaves, resembling those of the laurel, are thick, and of a rigid consistence, crowded toward the extremities of the branches; they are chiefly elliptic and mostly entire, though on the young shoots sharply serrate. The flowers are very abundant, in dense pyramidal panicles, made up chiefly below of axillary, sessile racemes ; they are nearly globular and yel- lowish white ; these are at length succeeded, about August, by fine, showy clusters of orange-yellow berries, Avhich are rather dry, and coated with a thin layer of granular, tubercular pulp. This species appears to be very closely allied to A. Andrachne of the Levant, and I suspect it is not sufficiently distinct from A. laiirifoJia of Linno3us. At any rate, there is certainly but one arborescent species of the genus in the Oregon Territory. The young leaves are, in fact, as described, sharply serrate, and the older leaves likewise vary in this respect, some being wdiolly entire or nearly so, and others distinctly serrulate. We found the wood to be white, hard, and brittle, and of no economical value except as indifferent fuel. Its diameter was usually from one to two feet. The pulp of the fruit is some- what aromatic, but wholly inedible. The cells only about two- seeded, the seed, rather large and angular, chiefly filled with a ileshy albumen. All the species of the genus are highly ornamental, and par- ticuhu'l}' the Strawberry Tree (^4. Unedo) of South Europe, wliich covers whole mountains in the kingdom of Leon in Spain. The peasants and their children eat the fruit, though not \'(M'y agreealjle and somewhat narcotic when taken in large (|iiantiti«'s. The leaves, in some parts of Greece, are employed TREE WHORTLEBERRY. Ill for tanning leather, and arc also used as an astringent remedy in medicine. In the island of Corsica, an agreeable Avine is said to be prepared from the berries of the A. Unedo; and in Spain, both a sugar and a spirit are obtained from them. PLATE XCV. A branch of the natural size. a. The berries. Sorrel Tree, [Andromeda arhorea.) A tree of this species, now growing at the Bartram Garden, is more than sixty feet high, with a circumference of four feet. TREE WHORTLEBERRY. Batodendron arboreum. — iTuTT., in Phil. Trans., Phila., vol. viii. Vaccinum arboreum. — Marshall, p. 157. Mich., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 230. PuRSH, Flora, vol. i. p. 285. Elliott, Sk., vol. i. p. 495. Vaccinum diffusum. — Aitox., Ilort. Kew., vol. ii. p. 11. This species, commencing to appear on the dry margins of swamps in North Carolina, and extending to Florida and Ar- kansas, becomes a tree of ten to twenty feet in height, with an irregular round top, and sending out many long, straight suckers from the root. The leaves are nearly evergreen, oboval, or almost round, smooth and shining. The racemes arise from the old wood, Avith the flowers white, tinged with red, and angular. The berries are round, smooth, black, nearly dry, and astrin- gent, filled with a granular pul^) almost like sawdust; yet the taste is pleasantly subacid. 112 MOUNTAIN LAUREL. The bark of the root is astringent, and is sometimes given in decoction as a remedy for chronic dysentery and diarrhoea. The dried fruit is equally efficacious and more agreeable to the palate. (Elliott.) We have not sufficient materials for a fiuure of this curious tree. Mountain Laurel [Rhododendrum maximum) "is found at Medfield and Attleborougli in Massachusetts, and also, I believe, near Portland in Maine." — (G. B. Emerson.) I am unable to decide whether this interesting plant is found as for north as the State of Maine, though it is not improbable. On the high banks of the Delaware near Bordentown, we meet with natural clumps of this shrub, which in Pennsylvania is scarcely found nearer than the first chain of the Alleghany Mountains. Spoon- Wood {Kcpoms magrdtadinc cdidi. — Bauhin, Pinax, p. 131. Merian., Surinam, p. 40, tabs. 40 and 62, 64. The Papaw Tree, rising erect into the air witliout l^ranches to the height of twenty feet, in its mode of growth may be compared to the Palms, or to the tall and herbaceous Banana, while its true relations are to the Gourd and Passion- flower tribes. The elegant palmated leaves spread out only toward the sunnnit of the stem, and form a wide circle like an airy umbrella. The stem is cylindric, about a foot in diameter, M'ith the wood of a soft and spongy consistence, and so fibrous as to afford a material for cordage like hemp. In six months it attains the height of a man, and soon after begins to flower, attaining its utmost nmgnitude in three years. The root is perpendicular, whitish, spongy, and of a dis- agreealjle taste and smell. The stem is nuirked nearly its whole length with the scars of the fiUlen leaves, and is of a some- what solid consistence toward the base. The leaves are on jx'tioles which are near upon two feet long; they are deeply divided into seven or nine sinuated gashed lobes. The flowers are axillary, yellowish white, and fragrant; the barren ones in J 14 Pi.xcvr Papaya vulgaris. COMMON MELON OR TAP AW TREE. 115 pendulous racemes with the flowers disposed in corymbose clusters; the fertile flowers are rather numerous, on short usu- ally-simple thickened pedicels. The fruit, produced throughout the whole 3'ear, is about the size of a small musk-melon, usually oval or round, and frequently grooved ; it is yellow, inclining to orange when ripe, containing a bright yellow, succulent, sweet pulp, with an aromatic scent; the seeds, a little larger than those of mustard, have a warm taste almost like that of cresses. The fruit of the Papaw, when boiled and mixed Avitli lime- juice, is esteemed a wholesome sauce to fresh meat, in taste not much unlike apples. It is likewise employed as a pickle, Avhen about half grown, being previously soaked in salt water to get rid of the milky juice it contains, and is, when ripe, frequently preserved in sugar and sent to Europe with other tropical sweet- meats. The juice of the unripe fruit, as well as that of the seed, acts as a powerful and efficacious vermifuge, and its chief constituent, singularly enough, is found to hQ fihrlne, a principle otherwise peculiar to the animal kingdom and the fungi.'"' An application of the milky sap is said to be a remedy for the tetter or ringworm, and upon the coast of Malaquette in Africa, the leaves are employed as an abstergent in place of soap; they are also used for the same purpose by the African Creoles of the West Indies. The Papaw, moreover, has the singular property of rendering the toughest animal substances tender, by causing a separation of the muscular fibre; even its vaj^or alone is said to produce this effect upon meat suspended among the leaves, and that poultry and hogs, though old, become tender in a few hours after feeding on the leaves and fruit. This property was first described by Browne in his "History of Jamaica," who remarks that meat washed in the milky juice, mixed with water, became in a few hours so tender that when cooked it could scarcely be taken from the spit. * Thompson's "Annuls of Chemistry/' 1. c. no COMMON MELON OR PAPAW TREE. The utility of the Papaw is proved by the fact of its being cultivated over the whole of South America, (according to the observations of Humboldt and Bonpland ;) it is likewise culti- vated throughout India and in many of the islands of the Pacific, particularly in the Friendly and Sandwich Island groups; here it frequently produces fruit at the height of six or eight feet. In tlie wilds of East Florida, according to Bartram, it presents a more imposing and stately appearance, and adds a peculiar feature to the almost tropical scenery of the forests of the St. John. It is also met with on the small islands or keys near the extremity of the peninsula, and is indigenous to many parts of South America and the West India Islands. Linschoten says it came from the West Indies to the Philip- pines, and was taken thence to Goa. According to Sloane, it grows wild in the woods of Jamaica, but is there of small stature. It was observed also at Realejo in Guatemala, by Dr. Sinclair, In Bartram's Travels, (p. 131,) is given a very animated and exact description of this graceful tree. He adds, it "is certainly the most beautiful of any vegetable production I know of; the towering Laurel Magnolia, and exalted Palm, indeed exceed it in grandeur and magnificence, but not in elegance, delicacy, and gracefulness; it rises erect, with a perfectly-straight tapering stem, to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, which is smooth and polished, of a bright ash color. Its perfectly-spherical top is formed of very large lobesinuate leaves, supported on very long footstalks; the lower leaves are the largest as well ns their ])etiol('s tlie longest, and make a graceful sweep, like the long /, or the branches of a sconce candlestick. The ripe and green fruit are placed round about the stem or trunk, from the lower- most leaves, and upward almost to the top. It is always green, oniamcntcd at the same time with fiowers and fruit." PLATE XCYI. Thv fnnah' tree 0)) a reduced soak. a. T]>e female ftivrcr of fhe natund size. I>. A portion of the male raceme, of the natural size. PI. xcYir. Cornus Nuitallii . DOG ^y o 0 D. (CORNOUILLIKI!, Fr.) Natural Order, Cornace.e, (Decand.) Linuaxui Arraiujcmcnt^ Tetkandria, Monogynia. CORNUS.* (TOURXEFORT.) Border of the cahjx 4-tootliod, minute. Pciah oldoiiii;, s[irea(lin_!j,-. Stamens four, longer than the eoroha. SO/lc somewliat chib-sliapcd. Stigma obtuse or capitate. Drupes free, berried, 1 to 2-celled, 1 to 2-seeded. The pLants of this genus are chiefly trees or shrubs, rarely herba- ceous, Avith a bitter bark. Leaves opposite, (or rarely somewhat alter- nate,) usually entire, without stipules, and feather-veined. Flowers small and white, disposed in compound, terminal, flat clusters or cymes ; sometimes capitate and surrounded by a colored involucrum resembling petals. Hairs of the leaves and stems atiixed by the centre. LARGE-FLOWERED DOGWOOD. CoRXUS NUTTALLir, (Audubon.) Arfjoresccns ; involucris 4t-Q-folioIaiis, foliolis obovatis, acutis acuminatisve hasi angustatis ; fol'ds ovalihus, vix acuminatis ; cortice Iccvi. CoRNUS NUTTALLii. Lcaves of the involucrum 4-G-ol)Ovate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base ; drupes oval ; leaves oval, scarcely acuminate.— ToRREY and Gray, Flor. i^. Am., vol. i. p. 052. Audu- bon, Birds of America, plate 367. CoRNUS i^/or/(/a.— Hooker, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 277, (partly.) Ox arriving, toward the close of September, in 18o4, at Fort Vancouver, I hastened again on shore to examine the produc- * From coruH, a born, in allusion to the hardness of tlie wdikL 117 lis LARGE-FLOWERED DOGWOOD. tioiis of the forests of the Far West; and nothing so much sur- pl'ised me as the magnificent appearance of some fine trees of this beautiful Cornus. Some of tliem growing in the ricli lands near the fort were not less than fifty to seventy feet in height, with large, oval-acute, lucid green leaves, which, taken with the .sinootJt trunk and unusually-large clusters of crimson berries, led me, at first glance, to Ixilieve that I beheld some new Magnolia, until the llower buds, already advanced for the coming season, proved our plant to Ije a Cornus, allied in f\xct to the Florida, but with flowers or colored involucres nearly six inches in dia- meter! These appeared in all their s^^lendor, in May of the follow- ing }ear, of a pure white with a faint tinge of blush; the divisions, also, of this brilliant pseudo-flower are usually five or six in number, of an obovate outline, with the points often acute. The leaves are about four inches long and two and a half wide, Avith a considerable quantity of pubescence beneath. The cluster of bright red berries is scarcely inferior to that of the cone of the Magnolia tripetala, and each of them is strongl}- terminated hy the four persistent teeth of the calyx and the style. The petals are oblong-ovate, shorter considerably than the stamens. The wood, like that of all the species, is very hard, close- grained, of slow growth, and would be useful for all the purposes for which the wood of the G. Florida is enii^loyed. The extract of the l)ark, boiled down to a solid consistence, containing in a Aer}' concentrated state the vegetable principle cornine, we found of singidar service in the settlement of the Wahlamet, where, in the autunni of 1835, the intermittent fever prevailed. In most cases pills of this extract timely administered gave perfect relief. Tliouiih the iKTiies are somewliat bitter, they are still, in autumn, the favorite food of the Baud-Tailed Pigeon. To the north this species [)re\ails, prol)aljly as far as Frasers River or Sitka, but we (lid not meet with it in California, nor anywhere eastward, • •veil ill the vl<'iiiity of llie lower falls or cascades of the Oregon. There is, llierelore, no doubt but that it is as hard\- as the Com- WOOLLY-LEAVED CORNUS. 110 mon Dogwood and more deserving of cultivation. It has been raised in England from seeds which I brought over, but the plants are yet small. PLATE XCVIL A branch of the natural size. a. A cluster of berries. William Bartram, in his Trards in Georgia and Florida, gives the following account of the appearance of the Dogwood ( Corn us Florida) as it appeared near the banks of the Alabama : — " We now entered a remarkable grove of Dogwood Trees, which con- tinued nine or ten miles unaltered, except here and there ])y a towering Magnolia grandifolia. The land on which they grow is an exact level; the surface a shallow, loose, black mould, on a stratum of stiif yellowish clay. These trees were about twelve feet high, spreading horizontally; and their limbs, meeting and interlocking with each other, formed one vast, shady, cool grove, so dense and humid as to exclude the sunbeams, and prevent the intrusion of almost every other vegetable; affording us a most desirable shelter from the fervid sunbeams at noonday. This admirable grove, by way of eminence, has acquired the name of the Dog Woods. During a progress of near seventy miles througli this high forest, there was constantly presented to view, on one hand or the other, spacious groves of this fine flowering tree, which must, in the spring season, when covered with blossoms, exhibit a most pleasing scene:" p. 401. WOOLLY-LEAVED CORNUS. CoRNUS PUBESCEXS. Ba'Diis imrpuresccrdiJ)Us^ ramuli.-^ ojniisquc hirsutis ; foliis ovalibus acutis glabriusculis subtus ixdliciis hirsuto-indjcscentibus, cymis depressis, dcntibus cahjcinis minutis, petalis lanceolatis acutis. — IsTuTT., in ToRREY and Gray, vol. i. p. 652. 1-20 CO R X A L C TT E R R Y. CoRXUS chrt'mia.—CiiAmfi. and Sciileciit., in Linnfica., vol. iii. p. 139. CoKXUs sericea, /3? OccklcntaUs. Leaves larger, more tomeutose beneath. — Torr. and Gray, vol. i. p. 652. This species is confined to the immediate borders of the Oregon and Wahhimet, in wet and dark jDlaces. According to Chamisso, it also exists round San Francisco in Upper California. The stem is about six feet high, but it has no pretensions to become a tree, and is only introduced here for want of any other suitable oppor- tunity of j^ublishing it. Its true affinity is to Cornus stolonifera. The stem is similarly inclined and full of slender red twigs. It differs from that species, however, in the nature of its pubescence, which is whitish and hirsute, with a crowded and close hirsute cyme, and larger lanceolate petals. The leaves are also oval or somewhat broad-ovate, and merely acute, not acuminate, almost smooth above, whitely and somewhat hirsutely pubescent beneath. The flowers are white and rather large, crowded so as to hide the pedicels. The fruit we have not observed. White Cornel. (Comm stolonifera, C. aiha, Pursii.) This species grows on the l)orders of streams in the Rocky Mountain range, and also on the banks of the Oregon, and in the Blue i\I()untains of that territory. Tlie Cornel-cherry (Cormis masculu) is a native of the South of lMn'o[)e, but thrives well in this climate. It blossoms early, and hears a handsome crimson fruit, about the size and appear- aiiee ol" a cherry, which was formerly used for tarts and made into a roll. The wood is very hard, and, made into wedges, will endure almost like iron. It has long been cultivated in the U.irtrani (!;ii(leii. in this xieinit}', where fine plants may be seen in (he autumn lull of fruit. VLXCVIK niiojiuiithus Virgniica ■'-'•7 //(/(' '/ ■, Ch/4iiuin(1it (if llnfi'iiif FRINGE TREE. (ClIIOXANTE, Fr.) Natural Order, Oleixe^e, (Hoffmansegg and Link.) Luiuccan Classification, Diandria, Monogynia. CHIONANTHUS.* (LixN.) Calijx 4-toothc(l. Corolla monopctaloiis with a sliort tube, the border 4-cleft, the segments very long, pendulous, narrow, and liuear. Stamens two, sometimes four, included and inserted into the tube. Ovarium bilocular; ovules pendulous and collateral, two in eacli cell. Style short; stigma partly bilobed. Drujye succulent, 1- seeded, the seed provided with albumen. Embryo inserted. Small trees of India and the warmer and temperate parts of Ame- rica, with opposite, simple, and entire leaves ; the racemes or panicles of flowers terminal or axillary. COMMON FRINGE TREE. Chionaxthus A^irgixica. Panicula tcrminall irifida; j^edunculis trifloris ; foliis acutis. — "Willd., Sp. pi., vol. i. p. 46. Chioxaxthus, pedunculis irifidis trifloris. — Lixx., Ilort Clift'., p. 17. DuHAMEL, Arb., vol. i. p. 165. I)u Roi, Harbk., vol. i. p. 150. Lam., Diet., vol. i. p. 735. * So called from its snow-white flowers. (^Chioit, snuw, and 'nifJins, a flower.) v.— 8* 121 joo COMMON FRINGE TREE. a cjiioNAXTiius (latifulia,)/o/uhcscens oi Humboldt, Kunth, and l}oii[)laii(l; but in that species the flowers are larger and red. or the (juality of its wood nothing is yet known, nor is it .^iiHiciciitly common for economical purposes. According to '■'llii'lt, the loot is used, in form of an infusion, as a remedy in long-standiiiLi' iutonnit louts. COMMON FRINGE TREE. 123 The tree presents a roundish spreading summit; the leaves are of)posite, petiolate, oval, pointed at either end, entire; green and smooth above, pubescent beneath, six or seven inches long by about three Avide. The white flowers come out in pendent paniculated racemes, of which the extreme ramifications are usually three-flowered. The fringe-like petals are eight or nine inches long, sometimes with six divisions instead of four, and as many as four stamens. It grows generally in humid places, near swamps and streams, and bears cultivation extremely well. In the fine old garden of the Bartrams, at Kingsessing, there is a tree of this species w^hich has been growing nearly a century, and is now thirtj-two inches in circumference and about twenty feet high. A species very much resemblmg the present, the flowers equally loose and trichotomal, but with thick, smooth, coriaceous leaves, according to Poiteau, inhabits the island of St. Domingo, and will probably be met with in East Florida. PLATE XCVIII. A branch of tJie natural size. a. llic fruit. ASH TREE. (Frene, Fr.) Natural Order, OleinezE. Limiasan Classification, DiCECiA, Di- ANDRIA. FRAXmUS. (Linn.) Male flowers with a minute 3 or 4-tootlied calyx or that part wholly wanting. Corolla none. Stamens two to four. Pistillate flowers equally imperfect. Ovary superior, ovate, compressed, 2-celled, the cells each with two ovules. Capsule (or Samara) compressed, 2-celled, by abortion 1-sceded, terminating in a membranous lan- ceolate wing. The Ashes are trees of the northern hemisphere, and almost cnth-ely confined to Europe and North America. The leaves are opposite and pinnate ; the flowers dioecious and paniculate, rarely racemose. The leaves of some of the species in warm climates exude the saccharine substance called manna. The wood of several species of this genus is liiuch esteemed for its strength and elasticity. OREGON BLACK ASH. FiiAXTNUS Orkoona. Folidlis stibscptolis scssilibiis, ovato-lanccolatis acutis siihscrralis in/ct/rlsre ciini radiibas p)ctiolisque piibesccntibus concoloribus, jhirilnts cahi-iiliilis^ siiiiiaris brcribi/s ciinfalis (Diarqinatis basl angusiatis. ,'i i;ii'Ai;iA fiilus iiKK/is sirralis^ samara laxceolata iitiegra. 1J4 PI.X.»IX. Fraxums Oreyoiia Omjon J liar/,- J.y/t,- t'rcJW (U-2VrcM('ii. OREGON BLACK A S Tl. 125 This is the only species of Ash we met with in the Oregon Territory. It becomes a large and useful tree, seventy or eighty feet in height, and ahvays aflects wet or low alluvial lands, man\^ of which are subject annually to temporary inundations. We never saw it above the first falls of the Oregon, which would appear to be its limit, or nearly so, in this direction, and we believe it is not known in Upper California. The leaves arc eight to ten inches in length ; the lateral leaflets, about three pair, are two and a half to three inches long, the terminal leaf about four inches, the breadth al)oiit one and a half inches; they are ovate-lanceolate, acute, Ijut scarcely acumi- nate, sessile, entire, or now and then slightly serrate, on Ijoth surfaces pubescent, but particularly beneath as well as the mid- rib, and nearly of the same color on both sides. The male flowers are thickly clustered, the flowers with two or three oblong-obtuse stamens, and a very minute calyx. The female panicles are smooth, trichotomous, and many-flowered, with the rachis flat and compressed. The calyx small and 4 to 5-toothed; the style rather long, with two revolute stigmas; no corolla. The germ sulxjuadrangular, ancipital, two-celled; cells each with two ovules. The samara is rather wide, cuneate-oblong, emarginate, and narrow at the base, subtended by a minute irregu- larly-toothed calyx ; it is only about an inch and a line long. In the White Ash it is sometimes near upon three inches. In our variety /3 the samara is somewhat longer, and generally acute and entire at the tip. The wood of this fine species is nearly white, and found no- way inferior to that of the White Ash, being used for the sanu^ purposes at Fort Vancouver and among the settlers of the Wali- lamet. It was much esteemed for oars as well as for the handles of all sorts of implements, and found tough and durable. Though allied to the Black Ash {F. samlmcifoJia) by botanical aflinities, it is very superior as timber, and is justly considered as one of the best in the territorv. 126 SMALL-LEAVED ASH. An opinion prevails in Oregon among the hunters and Indians that poisonous serpents are unknown in the same tract of country where this Ash grows ; and stories are related of a stick of the Black Ash causing the rattlesnake to retire with every mark of fear and trepidation, and that it would sooner go into the fire than creep over it. It is singular to remark that the same supersti- tion in regard to the European Ash prevailed even in the time of Pliny the natural historian. PLATE XCIX. A branch of (he natural size. a. The germ. h. The fruit, c. A variety ivith lanceolate fruit. SMALL-LEAVED ASH. Fraxinus PAUGIFLORA. Hauiis gluhris gracilibus, foliolis quinis ad scp- ienis lanceolatis remotis lonc/e jJetiolatis utrinque acuminatis leriter serratis glaberriniis, racemis fructiferis simplicibus, jpaucifloris. This remarkable si^ecies of Ash was collected in Georgia, in the neighborhood of "Trader's Hill," by the late indefatigable and excellent botanist. Dr. Baldwin. Specimens exist in the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It appears to have been observed by no other botanist. Tlie cliaracter of the tree and the quality of its tim1)er are uiil'Ciiow n, l)iit tlie figure and description may probably serve to recognise it and lead to further inquiry. 'J'lie l)raiielies are smooth and remarkably slender, the buds small, yellowish browu, and pubescent. The leaves are half a loot or a little more in length, with five to seven lanceolate leaflets, wliich ai'e two to two and a half inches long by about IM ( Fraxinus Pijucillorus SnuiJ^ i/>/■'•. 4-partc(l or 4-tootliod. Corolla 2 to 4-parted, tlie segments iir>uully elongated. Stamens exserted. Stijjnm cmarginate. Samara 1-cellcd, 1-sceded, winged. Trees, natives of Europe, Asia, and Western America, with oppo- site, unequally-pinnated leaves, and terminal or axillary panicles of tlowers, scarcely distinguishable from the Ash but by the presence of a corolla. CALIFORNIAN FLOWERING ASH. Ornus dipetala. Ifollis ^-jugis, foUolls cuneaio-ovaJis scrraU's obfusis f/l(ihris, ]xinicalls axillaribus, corolla dipdala, anthcra elongala, Jilamcntis hrcrihns. Orxu.s dipetala.— //f^o/cr and Arnoff, in Botan., Beech., t. 87. Fraxinus [Ornns) dipetala. Foliis 3-jugis,foUolis ovalibus obtusis acute scrratis glabrls basi cuncatis, infcrioribus in pctiolulum longiusculum aiteniiatis, supcriorlbiis duobus scssiUbus, supremo longc ■pctlolula.ta, j)ani- ciilis miil/ijlun's biiKjiliiAuie fere fediorum ac infra folio ortis, petalis '2 oilier, iln-iihttiiKjis (ihliisis uvgiiieulatis. — Hook., in Bot. Beech. Suppl., i:;u PIC J OrnnH Dip eta la. 0 R N U S AMERICANA. 131 SrECiMEXS of this curious tree were collected (probably) by Douglas in the forests of Upper California. The llowers appear less showy but more curious than those of the Common Flower- ing Ash, {Onius Europaxi.) The leaflets appear to be small and distant from each other, smooth, of an elliptic-ovate figure, with small and distinct, sharp serratures. The flowers are small, and come out in ramified clusters from the axils of the leaves; they have a distinct, four-toothed calyx, and two ob- long, obtuse, spreading petals about the length of the stamens. The stamens do not appear to be exserted as in the European Ornus ; the anthers are also very large and long, and the fila- ments so short as not to appear beyond the calyx. The germ is ovate, and the stigma merely notched. Of this curious plant, we have seen nothing more than the j)late and specific character as given before. The author re- marks that it is allied to F. ScJiiedianus of Schlectendal, described in the Linna3a., vol. vi. p. 391, a Mexican plant; but the petals of that species have not yet been observed. PLATE CI. A branch of the natural size. a. The flower magnijicd. b. The germ, also magnified. The Ornus Americana of Pursh, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 8, is given on the authority of Persoon, who merely notices it as a variety of the European Ornus, and cautiously places an interrogation after Americana? giving at the same time no locality. Pursh, however, adds, " In moist, shady woods : Maryland and Virginia, rare, fj May, v. v." Yet, witli all this assertion, it continues, as far as I know, to rest wholly on the authority of Pursh, no other botanist having pretended to find this obscure plant, which, in all probability, is nothing more 132 OLIVE T R E E. tliaii a name bestowed upon a mere variety of the European Oruus, by gardeners, for the purposes of profit. ]S^()TE. — The Olive Tree, [Olea EuropcEa.) The cultivation of the Olive has been attended with the greatest success in Upper CaHfornia, and the oUves produced are of an excellent quality. It might also, no doubt, be cultivated in the southern part of the Oregon Territory. Around Santa Barbara, the Olive Trees were in full flower in the latter end of March and beginning of April, and put on the appearance of a willow grove. Forty barrels of these pickled olives were shipped from St. Diego to Boston in the Alert, the vessel in which I returned to the United States in 1836. picir Tlonda ^rdigiiT' Artiism I'lrki'i-inioiii 'itiifUrrdf l'iiAcriu<^ AUDI SI A.* (SWARTZ.) Natural Order, MyrsixEyE, (R. Brown.) L'nnimtn Chi-^xijlca- tion, Pentandria, Monogynia. Cali/x 5-parted, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, o-parted, rctlected. Anilicrs large, erect. St'tgnia simple, acute. Drupe superior, the nut 1-seedecl. Trees or shrubs of Tropical America and India, witli alternate, thickish or coriaceous leaves: flowers terminal, paniculated, or in axillary cymes or umbels. FLORIDA ARDISIA. Ardisia Pickeringia. PanicuUs ax'dlarlhas tcrrninaltbusgxe, foliis cuneato-oblongis intcgris coriaceis aceniis, calycibus abbrcciaiui, caulc. arboreo. Cyrilla paniculaia. — Nutt., in Silliman's Journ. Sci., vol. v. p. 2'.I0. PiCKERiXGiA paniculaia. — Ibid., Journ, Acad. Xat. f^ci., Philad.. vol. vii. p. 95. This beautiful evergreen tree, according to Dr. Blodgett, is very common at Key West, where it attains an elevation of * A name derived from afjS'.q, a point, ou accuuut of the acute sfgiueiito of tlic covulla. 1.^4 FLORIDA ARDI SI A. twenty feet. Many years since, it was discovered in East Florida, about the latitude of 28°, by my friend Major Ware, but, from the imperfection of the specimens, I was led to mis- take its character, and form upon it a distinct genus. It bears a very considerable affinity to the Ardisia eoriacea of Swartz, but differs wholly in the flower, and in the smallness of its calvx ; the leaves are also longer in proportion to their width. The leaves, resembling those of a laurel, but smaller, grow out toward the extremities of the branches, which are covered Avith a dark-brown bark: they are from three to four inches long and an inch or more wide, very entire, oblong or ovate- oblong, obtuse, and narrowed below into a short petiole, so thick and opaque as to exhibit scarcely a vestige of veining above, and in this respect very different from A. timfolia, which has also much larger leaves. The flowers are showy and rather large, white, with a purple tinge, and disposed in axillary and terminal panicles, made up of racemes. The calyx is not more than one-third the length of the corolla, with five obtuse, imbricated, spotted leaflets with membranous margins. The segments of the corolla are ovate, obtuse, and reflected, with dark -brown, almost black, narrow, longitudinal blotches. The anthers are large, flat, and cordate, not quite so long as the corolla. The style is subulate and acute. The branches of the panicle are of a ferruginous-brown color and pulverulently pubescent. According to Sloane, the drupes of A. eoriacea (t. 200, fig. 2) were eaten in Jamaica, and accounted a pleasant dessert. TLATE CII. A branch of (he natiLral size. a. The flow cr somewhat enlarged. PI cm rcjuj^cufeJ (\ihiKLsli Tre-e. CilhilnissKr (ujfi^ CALABASH TREE. (Calabassiek, Fr.) Natural Order, Solane.e. Lhniaxui Classification, Didyxamia, Angiospermia. CRESCENTIA.* (Linn.) Cabjx 2-pnrted, equal, and deciduous. Corolla large, somewhat cam- panulate, tlie tube unequal, ventricose and in-curved, the hordor 5-cleft, unequal, its segments denatcly sinuate or torn. Stamens four, (sometimes five,) as long as the corolhx, two of them shorter, anthers incumbent. Stigma bilamellate. The bcrri/ large, 1-celled, resembling a gourd, with a solid l)ark, within puljiy, many-seeded. Trees or shrubs of Tropical America and the Caril)bcan Islands; the leaves large, alternate, and fasciculated, the flowers most!}' solitary, arising from the trunk or branches. LONG-LEAVED CALABASH TREE. Crescentia cujete. Foliis cuneaio-lanceolatis confcrtis. — Swartz., Obs., p. 234. Linn., Sp. pi. Wiled., vol. v. p. 311. Laefling's Iter., p. 225. Jacq., Amer., p. 175, t. 111. C. arborescens, foliis covfertis obovato-ohlovgis bast angustioribus, frada sphcBrico maximo. — Browne, Jam., p. 2G5. * Named in inoiiiory of Pictro Cresccntio, an Italian writer on AL-^riculturc. 135 136 LONG-LEAVED CALABASH TREE. CujETE foUis ohlongis et cmgusiis, magna fruciu ovato. — Plumier, Geu. 23, ic. 109.— PiGO, Brazil, p. 173. Arhor Americana cumrhitifcra, folio lonrjo mucronato, fructu ohlongo. — CoM.MEL., Ilort. Amst, vol. i. p. 137, t. 71. Tjhs species attains the ordinary height of a Pear Tree, being twenty to twenty-five feet high, and about a foot in diameter, with the trunk crooked and dividing with great reguharity at the top into numerous, long, thick, ahnost horizontal branches. It is indigenous to the Antilles, New Spain, Guiana, and Brazil, and has also been recently found at Key West, by Dr. Blodgett. Tlie Avood of this species is said to be white, hard, and sus- ceptible of a polish. In the countries it inhabits it is commonly employed for saddle-trees, stools, chairs, and other articles of furniture. The fruit varies in form and size from ovoid to round, and is from two inches to a foot in diameter; it is covered with a thin, even, smooth skin of a greenish yellow, and under this there is a hard and ligneous shell, which contains a soft yellowish pulp of an acrid and disagreeable taste, which is, however, considered as a good remedy in a great number of diseases and accidents, being employed for dropsy, diarrhoea, and inflammations of the chest; applied externally, it is thought serviceable in Ijruises, Ijurns, and headaches. Cattle occasionally I'eed on the fallen fruit, as did the Indians in time of scarcity. In an uni'ipe state it is also candied with sugar. The Indians made use of them, when hollowed out, for rattle-boxes in their noisy superstitious ceremonies, in the same manner as our northern aborigines used the calabash for the same purpose. Alvaro Nunez speaks of their being thus employed in Florida. Hughes remarks that the fruit smells like wine, and that the juice is even relished by some as a beverage. The shell ()(' (he iVuit, emptied of its pulp, is used in the West Indies j'or vai'ious kinds of domestic vessels, such as gobU'ts, coflee-cups, tobacco-boxes, dram-bottles, &c., and, it is said, even for kettles to boil water in, it being so thin, hard. LONG-LEAVED CALABASH TREE. 1:^.7 and close-grained, as to stand the fire several successive times before it is destroyed. The external surface is sonictinu's finely polished and ornamented Avith figures, colored ^vith imligo, rocou, and other pigments. The "Mexican Chronicle," published by Parchas, (p. 1092,) records that the shells of this fruit, out of which they drank their cacao, were rendered as a tribute to the Mexicans from the towns of their hot countries who were their sul)jects. The leaves grow out in clusters of nine or ten together, at unequal distances, and are from five to seven inches long and about an inch broad, narrowing very gradually toward the 1)ase, where they are almost sessile, ending in a rather long and acute point ; they are also entire, very dark green, smooth, and I'ather shining. The flowers come out on the trunk and branches, are of a dull greenish yellow, about one and a half inches long, marked with brownish streaks or veins, solitary, and of a dis- agreeable smell ; the tube is almost globosely ventricose, with the border five-cleft, each of the divisions trifid, in long, fili- formly-acuminated segments, the central one being longest. The stigma is deeply bilamellated. PLATE cm. A twig of (he natural size, with a flower. v.— 0^' TRUMPET FLOWER. (BiGNONE, Fr.) X., Sp. pi., vol. iii. p. 301. AValtkr, p. 109. Mich., Flor. V>oi: Am., vol. ii. p. 25. PuRsir, Flor., vol. ii. p. 420. Elliott, Sk., vol. ii. p. lOS. Curt., Magaz., t. 485. Nouv. Duiiamel, vol. ii. p. 1), tab. 3. Mil- ler, Icon., t. 65. Wangenh., Amer., p. 68, tab. 26, f. 53. BiGNONiA fraxini foUis, coccineo jiore minorc. — Catesby's Caroliii;i, vol. i. p. Qo, tab. 65. BiGNONiA Americana, fraxini folio, florc amplo ]>hiinieeo. — Tournefokt, p. 164. Gelseminum licdcraccam Indicuni. — Cornut., Canad., p. 102, tab. 103. Pseudo-Apocynian hedcraceum Americamun, (i(h//loso fore phccnicco, fraxini folio. — Morris, Hist., vol. iii. p. 612, f. 15, tab, 3, f. 1. Gelseminum clcmatitis, <|-c. — Barrel, Ic, 59. This beautiful climber is indigenous to all the States south of New York, and westward to the borders of the Mississi})pi. By means of the radicant fibres of the stem it clings to trees and walls, ascending to the height of from thirty to fifty or sixty feet. In favorable situations the main stem thickens and takes an independent stand, so as sometimes to produce a woody trunk twenty feet high and three feet in circumference, with a deeply-furrowed gray bark. About midsummer, it sends out from its elevated summit a bright green mass of long, depending twigs, producing from their extremities, for a long succession, clusters of large, brilliant red flowers, something in the form of trumpets, to which are continually attracted flocks of young humming-birds in quest of the honeyed repast they so long afford. As a hardy, ornamental, climljing tree, lew plants deserve better to be cultivated along walls and trellises. In the Bartram Garden (Kingsessing) there is one of these trees, probably a century old, with a thick, short, and nearly erect stem, its summit spreading out into an independent, airy bower. A familiar retiring-place for three generations of the family, it scarcely presents any sign of decay, Ix'ing only stunted by the thinness of the soil in wliidi it grows. May 140 C A T A L P A. the venerable groves and splendid and curious trees of this patriarchal residence long survive the waning existence of its present proprietors ! But I fear the love of change and of gain will, at no distant date, turn these remarks and references into a matter of mere historical recollection in place of existing facts.* The wood of this species appears to be hard and fine-grained, but it is nowhere in such quantity as to make it an object of economy. That of some of the tropical species is highly esteemed for its durability and hardness. The leaves, which drop off in winter, are opposite, unequally pinnated, with four or five pairs of leaflets; these are oval, long- pointed, serrated and acuminated, smooth above, beneath a little hairy along the vessels. The flowers are large and of a bright red, with the tube inclined to yellow, disposed in clusters at the extremities of the branches and coming out in a long succession. The corolla is partly funnel-formed, with the tube about twice the length of the calyx. The capsular pods, some- what cylindric, are about six to seven inches long, about an inch wide, and pointed at each end. This species was introduced into England as early as the year 1G40. According to Loudon, there is one of the finest specimens known in Europe trained against the Palace Pitti, at Florence, which in 1819 was upward of sixty feet high. PLATE CIV. A branch of the natural size. Catalpa, {Catalim syringoefolia, Sims., Bot. Mag., t. 1094. Bignonia Catalpa, Mich., Sylva, vol. i. t. G4.) In a journey * Since this was written, '' Bartram's Garden" has been purchased by Col. Eastwick, and its trees and principal features happily preserved, at least for the beiieiit of the present generation. Let us hope. J- J- S. C A T A L r A. 141 which I made into Georgia, Alabama, and West Florida, in 1830, at Columbus in Georgia, on the banks of the Chattahoochee, I for the first time in my life beheld this tree decidedly native, forming small, haggard, crooked trees leaning fantastically over the rocky banks of the river. Around Philadeli^hia, and other parts of the Middle and warmer States, it appears to be per- fectly naturalized and very common, particularly in rocky and gravelly soils. It is a tree of rapid growth, with the wood remarkably light, grayish white, of a fine texture, capable of receiving a brilliant polish, and when properly seasoned it is very durable. The bark is said to be tonic, stimulant, and more powerfully antiseptic than the Peruvian bark. The honey collected from its flowers, like those of the Gelseminum, is said to be poisonous. AY I C E N N I A, (AVICENNE, Fr.) Xataral Order, Myoporin^, (R. Brown.) Limicean Classifica- tion, DiDTNAMIA, AnGIOSPERMIA. AVICE^NIA.* (Linn.) Cahjx 5-parted, permanent, leaflets subovate, concave, erect. Corolla mouopetalous, with the tube short and campaniilate ; the border somewhat two-lipped ; the upper lip truncate, flat, and emarginate ; the lower trifid, the segments ovate, equal, and flat. Stamens four, with subulate filaments inclined to the upper lip, the anterior pair shorter; anthers roundish, 2-celled. Stigma bifld, acute, the lowest division reflected. Pericarp a coriaceous, somewhat rhomboidal, compressed capsule of one cell, with two valves. Seed one, large, without albumen, taking the form of the capsule, the cotyledons in four broad, fleshy folds, germinating while on the tree ; radicle inferior, bearded. Maritime tropical or subtropical trees with opposite entire leaves : flowers in small terminal and axillary panicles, with the calyx sub- tended by three bractes. A genus of three species, chiefly indigenous to ISTew Zealand, Tropical India, and America. * So named after the famous Orieutal pliysieiau Avicenua. 142 PI ov. Sl.. \<>]. V\. p. 1073. Plum., Gen., p. 13, ic. 105. La.m., Ilkist., tab. M, iig. 1. Botan. Magaz., t. 794. Botan. Repos., t. 157. Co-RDJA foliis amplioribus hirtis ; tahoforis subcequaU.—JlRO^ysE, Jamaic, p. 202. * Named by Plumier in honor of Euricius Cordus and his son Valerius, two German botanists of the sixteenth century. Sebestcoa is from the Persian name Sabcsfan. Vol. v.— 10 145 146 ROUGII-LEAVED CORDIA. Sebestena scabra, jiorc miniato crispa. — Dillen, Hort. Eltliam, p. 341, t. 255, f. 331. Caryophyllus spurius inodor us, folio suhrotando scabro, flore racemoso hexa- pdalokk coceineo. — Sloane, Jam., 136 ; Hist-, vol. ii. p. 20, t. 164. Eaii, Sujipl., p. 86. Catesby, Carol., vol. ii. p. 91, t. 91. Novella rd''/>r.-0.r j. ri.cix. Teu' Leut'cd Torrei-u . ' 'Jlyrrnyi 'u /J /a'//, y tilf. rl^ T 0 11 11 E Y A. (Arxott.) Natural Order, Taxixe^e, (Ricliard.) Llnnaxiu Cla-'^sijiadioii, DlCECI A, MOX ADELPl II A. DicECious. — 3Iale aments subglobose, at length elongated. Scales stamiuiferous, pedicellate, subpeltate, one-sided, each bearing a 4- celled pendulous anther. Female anient ovate, 1-flowcrcd, the base with imbricated bractcs in the same manner as in the male. Xo fleshy h3^pogynous disk, Oculam erect. >SVt(^ naked, large and ovate, with the bractes at its base not becoming enlarged, the shell thick, carnosely coriaceous, within fibrous, integument hard and crustaceous. J.?6impfer describes it as a lofty tree, with many opposite scaly branches, producing a light wood: the nut is said to be coated and above an inch long; the oil of the kernel is in use for euhnary pur- poses, but is too astringent to be generally esteemed. JUNIPER. (Le Gexevrier, Fr.) Natural Order, Cupeessin^, (Richard.) Limicean Classification^ DiCECIA, MONADELPHIA. JUNIPERUS.* (Linn.) Flowers mostly dicecious. — Male anient globose, small. Stamens man}', naked, inserted around a common axis; filaments eccen- trically peltate, imbricate, cells of the anthers three to six. Female aments axillar}^, ovate, the base surrounded with imbricate bractes. Scales of the iuvolucrum three to six, united at the base, with one to three ovules. Jfruit drupaceous, scaly at base, the involucrum becoming a berry, umbilicate at the apex, and with bony seeds. Seeds one to three, erect, subtriquetrous. Embryo inverted, situated in the axis of a fleshy albumen. Cotyledons two, oblong; radicle cylindric, superior. Large or small trees inhabiting the mountainous regions of the ancient continent, more rare in North America; the branches erect or pendulous, leaves imbricated, mostly minute, rigid, and semper- virent, resembling scales, of a linear-lanceolate form; the buds nuked. * From the Q^AiAQ jcnq)rus, rough or rude. 15b PI ex .Tinu^f riis J^ndina. jRocAi- Moanfcun Juaji/wt (itJU rr-ier tie J (/"'/*•! ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUXirER. JuNiPEKUS AXDINA. liamis imtodlhus, foUls qxailrifdri'ii/i iinhrtnilh ovaiis obtusiuseuUs convexis apicc subcarinaiis, C(jl(Uidalo6is, baccis may- nts, caulc arbor co. JuxiPERUS Occldcnialis? — Hooker, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. lOG. Ox passing a gorge of the Rocky Mountains or Norlhern Andes, and approaching Lewis's River of the Oregon, we iirst observed this curious and elegant tree, accompanying groves of the American Cembra Pine, spreading for miles along the declivity of the mountain, and in an opposite direction ascend- ing well toward the summit of a mountain which still presented patches of snow in the month of July, under the latitude of about 42 degrees. It attains nearly the height of our Virginian Juni- per, or "Red Cedar," growing up about fifteen to twenty feet, but presents a very different aspect, the stem ending in a roundish and not a conic top. The foliage is also of a glau- cous or bluish green. The leaves are all closely appressed, and imbricated in three or four rows, the older ones on the stem acute, the proper leaves minute, rather blunt, remarkaljle for their convexity, and without any glands: the Ijrancldcts are numerous and complicated. The berries unusually large, lai'ger than those of the Common Juniper, (/. comniuuls,) dark brown and glaucous, w^itli distinct vestiges of the scales which compose them. This plant is, no doubt, the Jaidperiis excelsa of Pursh. but not the plant of Pallas, according to specimens which J huvi' examined from Tauria. lie speaks of it as collected by Captain Lewis, on the banks of the waters of the Rocky Mountains, and calls it a lofty, elegant tree; but we never saw it near any stream, but on the dry declivities of mountains, and, as a tree, it is neither tall nor elegant, but sulliciently singular and inte- 157 158 B A R ]3 A D 0 E S C E D A R. resting. The plant mentioned by Pallas was observed in the Crimea. It grew erect like a Cyjiress, with the trunk often a foot in diameter. Comparing it with the Savin, (/. sabina,) he says, the leaves are more slender and distinct, acute, and rather prominently imbricate, like the leaves of the Tamarisk. The opposite applies to our plant; the leaves are thicker, shorter, and more closely imbricated, so as not to be visible in profde. Our plant appears to be nearly allied, if not identical, with the J. OccidentaUs of Hooker, but the leaves are certainly without any appearance of glands, and the branchlets are angular. Douglas's plant was found on the higher parts of the Columbia, and at the base of the Rocky Mountains, where it attained a height of sixty to eighty feet and a diameter of from two to three feet, dimensions also greatly at variance with the present species. PLATE ex. A branch of the natural size, ivith fruit. Barbadoes Cedar, [Juniperus Barhadensis.) With the leaves imbricated in four rows, the younger ones ovate, and the older acute. This species of Willdenow, said by Michaux and Pursh to inhabit the coast of Florida and the Bahama Islands, appears to be merely a variety of J. Vlrginiana, our common species. If any thing, the leaves are somewhat more closely imbricated, and, apparently, none of them spreading. The same variety is probably more or less spread over the whole of the United States, as I have collected specimens in Massachusetts, which cannot be distinguished from others from the West Indies. Like our ordinary species, it also becomes a tree of twenty or more feet in heijrht. *o' Savin, [Juniperus sabina) This species, apparently the same with that of Europe, is indigenous from Canada to Maine. It is RED CEDAR. 159 not uncommon in the vicinity of Portland, rctaiiiin-- i(s usiimI dwarf habit. Pursh's xavwiy, j^rcx-tnuhn/s^ I have seen aloii-- {] shores of Lake Huron. It is a very distinct s[)ecies, lu-ln- w 1 prostrate, and spreading along the ground in very wide circles. According to Pallas, there is also a procumbent sju-cics on (|,c borders of the Tanais with the brandies extending on tlic sand for several fathoms. IC loll\- Eed Cedar, (Juni/perm Yiruriiiana) "West of tlic ^Mississij)))! this tree a2:)i)ears on the high abrupt banks of tlie Plalte. ])ar- ticularly at Scott's Bluffs. The "Black Hills," or most (^istcin chain of the Rocky Mountains, are so called prcjljablj- from the dark Red Cedars and Pines with which the}- are thicldy scattered. The borders of Bear River, of Lake Timpanogos, and, in slioii. the whole range of the Rocky Mountains, clear over to the borders of the Brulee, a stream of the Oregon, are all more or less clad and decorated with our familiar Juniper. It is also said to become one of the highest timber trees in the island of ,Ia- maica, afibrding very large boards of a reddish-ljrown color, of a close grain, odoriferous and ofiensive to insects, and is tlieicl()re of great use to the cabinet-maker. In Sussex county, New Jersey, near Franklin Furnace, I ha\e seen trees of the Red Cedar tifty to sixty feet high, and with a diameter of two feet. There are now in (!erniantoN\ ii. I'a.. on i he estate formerly of Mr. Shoemaker, one or two trees remaining t hat are one hundred and forty years old, and seventy-lixc to eii^hty feet high by two feet in diameter or upw ard. With Mr. Crout, a caiji net-maker here, I have seen a small table made from the heart of Red Cedar, which i-eceixcs an exquisite polish, presents much variety of (ignre. and is of the most beautiful crimson that can 1)e inuvjined. EYERGREEN TAXODIUM. Natural Order, CuPRESSiN^, (Eicliard.) Linncean Classification, M0N(ECIA, MOjSTADELPHIA. Taxodium sempervirens. Folds imxmiantlhus distidds Uncaribus cicuiis coriaccis glahris opcuds. — Lambert's Pines, (ed. 2,) tab. 64. Loudon, Arboret., vol. iv. p. 2487, figs. 2340 aud 2341. Hooker and Arnott, Lot. Beech., Suppl., p. 392. Co^'DYLocARPUS. — Salisbury. This remarkable species^ which is said to be evergreen, was discovered by Mr. Menzies on the northwest coast of America in 1796, and immense trees of it were found by Dr. Coulter in 1836. The leaves are linear, acute, and distichous, coriaceous and smooth, opaque, and shining on both sides, keeled beneath, flat on the margin, half an inch to an inch long, half a line broad, and decurrent on the branch. The galbulus (or fruit) is terminal, solitary, roundish, with short imbricated scales at the base, the scales trapezoidal, peltate, thick, and woody; rough above, and radiately striated, depressed in the centre, terminating Ix^low in a thick angidar pedicel. Seeds many to a single scale, angular and yellowish. Probably a different genus from Taxodium, as conjectured l)y Salisbury. It is thus alluded to by Douglas in the "Companion to the Botanical Magazine," vol. ii. p. 150: — "But the great beauty of the Californian vegetation is a species of Taxodium, which gives the mountains a most peculiar, I was almost going to say awful, a])j)('nrance, — something which plainly tells that we are not in Europe. 1 have repeatedly measured specimens of this tree two 100 BALD CYrRESS. 161 Imudred and seventy feet long, and tliirtj-two lect loiiiid at tliivc feet above the ground. Some few I saw upward of llncc Iniiidicd feet liigli, but none in which the thickness was greater than thuse I have instanced. BaldCypeess, {Taxodkimdisiiclium, Cuprcssus dist'wha. AVii.i.d.) Dr. G. Engehnann informs me that the most northern si a f ion in the West for this tree is at the mouth of the Ohio, and Ix'twcrn Mount Carniel and Vincennes on the Wabasli. Vol. V— II ARE O R-V ITiE. (L'Arbre de Vie, Fr.) Nahiral Order, CurRESSiN^, (Richard.) Limiajan .Glassijwa<- tion, MONCECIA, MONADELPIIIA. THUJA.* (TOURNEFORT.) MoNCECious. — Male anient terminal, small, and ovoid. Stamens many, naked, inserted on a common axis, filaments eccentricallj peltate, loosely imbricated ; an/Aer-s 4-celled, opening lengthways. Female anient terminal, small; the scales spreading, imbricated in four ranks. Ovules a pair at the base of each scale, erect. The strobile formed of imbricated woody scales, each having a reflected mucro- nate sub terminal point. Seeds under each scale two, with a long or membranaceous testa, on each side winged. The embryo inserted in the axis of a fleshy albumen of its own length: cotyledons two, oblong; radicle superior. Sempervirent trees of Asia and North America, with compressed branchlets, clothed with minute compressed and imbricated ovate leaves, with the buds naked. GIGANTIC ARBOR-VITiE. Thuja gigantea, (Nuttall, Plants of Rocky Mountains, p. 52. f) Ttamis ranuiUsquc comj^rcssis erectis, foliis ovatls acutis arete quadrifariam imhricatis mtermcd'ds convexis piindo iinjyi'csso eiubcrculatis, strohdis arete rcflcxis. — Hooker, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. 165. * Derived from Ouov, sacrifice, in reference to its use in tlie East. f Journal ui' the Acadeinj' of Natural Sciences, IMiiladelphia, vol. vii. ViVX\ (ri^iinh.c Oritur Vitac Tkma- ^ antesi/i' GIGANTIC A R B 0 R -V I T 2E. 100 Thuja 3Tcnz(CsiL — Douglas MSS. TuvJA plicida. — Lamiiert, Pin., Xo. 61, (in part.) This is one of the most majestic trees west of the Iiockv Moimtams, attaining the height of sixty to one huiuhcd and seventy or even two hundred feet, and being twenty to iorty feet in the circumference of the trunk. On the shores of (he Pacific, where this species is frequent, it nowlicre attains the enormous dimensions attributed to it in tlie fertile valleys of the Eocky Mountains toward the sources of the Oi'cgon. "We seldom saw it along the coast more than seventy to one hundi-cd feet in height, still, however, much larger than the connnon species, [T. Occidentalis.) We observed it also on the banks of the Wahlamet, and, according to Douglas, it is found north as far as Nootka Sound. It appears to have been also collected by Menzies. The largest trees seen by Captain Wyeth were grow- ino' on the alluvial borders of the Flat-Head River. Its General aspect is a good deal similar to that of T. Occidentalis, but the branches are rounder and more erect, less flattened or anci])ital; in their color they vary, for while some are green otners are glaucous. The seeds are elliptic, and furnished with a wide alated margin. The leaves are always destitute of the glan- dular tubercle conspicuous in the common kind, and the cones are more drooping and more clustered. Young trees have the usual pyramidal growth of the genus. Of the qualities of the wood, in the wilderness it inhabits, we can say nothing from experience, but imagine it to be very similar with that of T. Occidentalis. The inner bark of this plant is much used by the natives of Oregon both for food and clothing; for the latter piirj)ose, it is split into narrow strips like a long fringe and tied together in a belt round the waist, to conceal the wearer from absolute nudity. According to McKenzie, the aborigines of the West likewise employ the inner rind of the llendock Spruce [Alnca Canadensis) for food. It is taken oil early in the spring and 164 NEE'S ARBOR-VIT^. made into cakes, which they eat with salmon-oil, and consider almost as dainties. The natives of Oregon probably use the salmon-oil they collect, in the same manner, with the inner bark of the Arbor- Vit99. PLATE CXI. A branch of the natural size. a. The seed. NEE'S ARBOR-VIT.E. Thuja plicata. FoUis rhomhoideo-ovatis aeutis, adpressis, qiiadrifariani iinbricatis, nudis medio iabercidaiis, strobulis oblongis nutantibus, semini- bus obcordatis. — Lambert's Pines, 1. c, No. 61. Donn., Hort. Can- tab., vol. vi. p. 249. Loudon, Arboret., vol. iv. p. 2458. Tins tree, of which very little is yet known,* is a native of Mexico, where it was found by Nee, and also of the western shores of North America, at Nootka Sound, where it was col- lected by Menzies. It is described by Loudon as a very branch- ing, spreading, light-green tree, the branches being crowded and covered with a reddish-brown bark; branchlets dense, often divided, pectinate, compressed. The leaves are rhomboid- ovate, acute, closely adj^ressed, imbricated in four rows, crowded together between the nodes, glabrous, entire, shining, and tuber- cled in the middle. The cones are solitary and scattered, oblong and nutant; the scales elliptic, obtuse, flat, obsoletely furrowed. The seeds compressed, winged all round, obcordate- oblong, and emarginate at the summit. Scarcely distinct from 2\ Occldentalis, of which Loudon imagines it to be a mere variety. * Since tlic ;ibovc was written, this Thuja has been much introduced in American phiiitiiig. NOOTKA CYTRESS. Natural Order, Cupressin.e, (Richard.) Liiinnaii Cla.'sslfica(i(j,i, MONCECIA, MOXADELI'IIIA. CupRESSUS NuTKATENSis. Bamis suberectis ielraqonis, folUs la(e-ora(is aciiminatis quadrifariam imhricatis dorso carinatis ctubcrculatls, fjalbulis magnitudlnc jyisi majoris globosis ramos breves term'niantlbas, sqaamis umbonaiis levibus. — Lambert, Pin., n. 60, sine Ic. IIuukeu, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. 165. Thuja excelsa. — Bongard, Yeget. cle Sitka, p. 46. This sj^ecies, which I did not meet with, was collected at Nootka, on the northwest coast, by Menzies, at Observatory Inlet, by Dr. Scouler, and as far north as Sitka, by Bongard. The branches are sometimes a little compressed, nearly erect, and tetragonal. The leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, imbricated in four rows, the back carinated but without the glandular tubercle; the fruit about the size of a large pea, termiualing short branchlets, and the scales are shield-formed and even. It has a near affinity with the Connuon White Cedar, (6'. Thyoides,) but that has shorter, flatter, and more spreading branches, with tubercles on the back of the leaves, and smaller fruit. 1G5 PINES. (Le Pin, Fr.) Natural Order, Conifers, (Jussieu.) Liniwean Classification, MONCECIA, MONANDRIA.* PINUS.f (Linn.) Staminate fiowers in clustered cylindric aments. ^??^Ac?'-scales crested at the apex, each bearing two masses of pollen in cells, and opening lengthways. Fertile flowers in ovoid aments, the scales imbricated, 2-flowered, becoming woody, embracing the seed, and forming a cone or strobile. The nut usually winged at the summit. Trees of various dimensions, natives of Europe, Asia, and Ame- rica, some of them among the largest of known vegetables, bearing- leaves which are evergreen, dry, and needle-like or acerose, at hrst single, but afterward produced from two to five in a common sphace- lous or membranaceous, scaly sheath. The aments or flowers are lateral and terminal, conglomerate ; the fertile ones persistent and becoming woody cones. * It was referred to the order MoNADELrniA by Liuuaius, but is, iu fact, strictly Monandrous. ■j" A name derived from the Celtic pin or pcn^ a rock or mouutaiu, iu allusion to the usual place of their growth. IGG \n.v\n Piiuis FlcxiliK A nwriiii 1/ ('*'mht\! Pine- ''' " ri uti'i-nl 1/ ./in r/-ii/U'f. AMERICAN CEMBRA TINE. PiNUS FLEXiLis. JFoliis quinis Icfibus, vagina abbrcvkda, cojils ovatis, squamis crassis wnhilkatis suhcarinatts incrmis dovfjatls (jihhosls, nucibus duris, scminum alls oblilcmiis, antlierarum criata laccra acuminata i)ar- vula. Pmvs JlexiUs. — Toerey and James, in Long's Expedition, Annul Ly- ceum N. York, vol. ii. p. 240. PiNus Lambcrtiana, /9, Hook., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. 102. This species of Pine was discovered by Dr. Edwin Janios in Long's Expedition, chiefly in snbalpine tracts, and cxtcinling from the lowest range of monntains to the region of ])or[)('tual frost. Li my Western tour, T met with it also in the first range of the Rocky Mountains, called the "Black Hills;" a high, broken country, commencing about thirty-five or forty miles from the usual ford of Laramie's Fork of the river Platte. Scat- tering trees of this Pine, mixed with clumps of Bed Cedars, {Juniperus Yirginiana,) communicate a somljre aspect to these high hills so much in contrast with the grassy plains around them, and hence the above appellation by which they are gene- rally known. We met with it afterward on the granitic hills of the Sweet- Water, another northern branch of the Platte, from whence it continued to the lofty hills of Bear Biver, which empties into the Lake Timpanogos. The American Cembra forms a tree of moderate size, forty to fifty feet high, with a large dense sunnnit, ami having a snioolh bark like that of the White Pine. It is remarkable Ibr tlie liexi- bility of its branches, which are leafy at the extremities. Tlie leaves grow by fives in the same ^'ery short sheath, and are rather short and stiff, perfectly even on the nmrgin, triangular and glaucous within. The anthers have a small filiform bifid or trifid crest. The young cone is almost acutely ovate, green- ish and smooth, with thick protuberant scales wliidi exnde a li'.7 108 AMERICAN CEMBRA PINE. clear resin. The older cone is thick and ovate, the scales stout and woody, about twice the length of the seeds, which are as large nearly as peas and without wings, except in an early stage; the scales are terminated by small umbilical elevations, but have no prickles; on the lower portion of the cone they also project considerably. The seeds are agreeable, and are eaten by the na- tives and the hunters who frequent the mountains. So nearly is this species allied to the Plnus Cemhra, or Siberian Stone Pine, that we were for some time doubtful whether it was more than a variety of it. Like that species, it produces wing- less seeds which are eatable; the leaves of both are in fives, but in Cembra they are serrulate, in ours even and more rigid. The cones of both are very much alike, but in the present the scales which compose them are twice as long as the seeds, in Cembra they are much shorter, and when young pubescent; the nut in Cembra is also probably larger. According to Pallas, the Cembra is found on the western side of the Uralian Mountains ; and in the northern and alpine parts of Siberia it is of frequent occurrence, sometimes with other species, at other times forming by itself extensive tracts of forest. A dwarf variety exists throughout Kamtschatka. The trunk of the ordinary kind is perfectly erect, nearly free from branches to the summit, and not unfrequently attains the height of one hundred and twenty feet, with a diameter of three feet near the root. The nuts are sent to all parts of Russia as dainties, and are greedily sought by various wild animals. In Siberia the seeds of the Cembra are sometimes produced in immense quantities, at which time they form, according to Ginelin, about the sole winter-food of the peasantry. From the very resinous immature cones is obtained a very fragrant and celebrated oil, known under the name of Carpathian Balsam. The Cembra grows slowly, the wood is white, somewhat resinous, and of a lax texture, similar to that of fir-wood, but less tenacious, Mr. Lambert, however, remarks that it "has a Fiirkir coriedTi n c Pmus SiibTniann Pfji cf(' •'I'dOirif a 'jrffnd coiier cfJtriru.r SABINE'S OR PRICKLY-CONED ]' I N K. 1<;:) finer grain than common cloal." It yields abiindanee of a IVa- grant, yellowish, hard, pelhicid resin. The variety P. Cemhra Ilehctlca, of Switzerland, iirows w ilh remarkable slowness, according to Kastholer. A tree with a trunk of the diameter of nineteen inches, when cut down was found to have three hundred and fifty-three concentric circles, (indicative of so many years' growth.) The wood is wvy fra- grant and retains its odor for centuries, which pcrlumc thmiiili so agreeable to man, is so oflensive to bugs and moths as to deter them from infesting rooms where it is used, cither as "wainscotting or as furniture. The variety /5 of P. Lamhertiana, Hooker remarks, "A Pine in many respects similar to this was found by Mr. Drummond in very elevated situations of the Rocky Mountains, near the 'Height of Land,' yet there growing fifty and sixty feet lii^h. The leaves are, however, shorter (two or three inches) and more rigid, and the specimens have the closest allinity with those of the European P. Cemhra. No cones exist in the collection." — Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. 1G2. PLATE CXIL A branch of tJte natural size. a. The cone. b. Front view of the scale of the cone. c. Sack view of the same. d. A cluster oj lon\s. SABINE'S OR PRICKLY-CONED TINE. PiNUS Sabiniana. Foliis tcrnis irradongis acutis marrjinc scabris, strobilis maximis recurvis ovaiis aggregatis, squamis x>atcntibus laiissinm ajncibu^ longe acuminatis incurms sjrinesceyitibus, micibus cluris. PiNus i5a6m2Vma.— Douglas, Lin. Transact., vol. xvi. p. 74!». Lam- bert's Pines, (ed. 2,) t. 80. Loudox, Arboret., vol. iii. p. 'I'I^^k This splendid and useful species was discovered on tlic west- ern flanks of the Cordilleras of California, by the late Mr. Doug- V— 11* 170 SABINE'S OR T R I C K L Y-C 0 N E D PINE. Lis. It was found at a great elevation above the level of the sea, being only one thousand six hundred feet below the range of perpetual snow, in the parallel of 40° j likewise on the less elevated mountains near the sea-coast, where the temperature is higher but more uniform, in the parallel of 37°, inhabiting the summits of the mountains only : it also occurs in some part of the range of the Blue Mountains of Oregon, as the Indians brought bags of the eatable kernels to trade on the Grande Ronde Prairie. Dr. Gairdner also collected it on the Fallatine Hills of the Wahlamet. The stems of these Pines are of a very regular form, and grow straight and tapering to the height of forty to one hundred and forty feet, and are three to twelve feet in circumference when standing apart, clothed with branches down to the ground. The largest and finest trees are seen in the mountains of Cali- fornia. The wood is white, soft, coarse-grained, and not very durable. A copious transparent resin exudes from the tree when cut; and the nuts, like those of the Cembra Pine, are in great esteem among the natives as food: we found them nearly as pleasant to the taste as almonds, except that they left behind a slight resin- ous taste. They are of a roundish-oblong form, and about nine- tenths of an inch long by half an inch broad, being much larger than the seed of the following species. The leaves grow together in threes, rarely in fours, and are eleven to fourteen inches in length, serrulated on the margin, the sheath of the leaves one and a half inches long. The cone very resinous, ovate, recurved, pressing on the branch for sup- port, growing three to nine in a verticillated cluster, and re- maining on the tree for a number of years; nine to eleven inches long and sixteen to eighteen inches round. The scales of the cone are spathulate, two and a quarter inches long, with a strong, sharp, in-curved point, which, near the base of the cone, exceeds the length of the scale. The wing of the seed is COTLTEirs PTNE. 171 short, stiff, and aljoiit one-iburth i(s Icii-ili. TIio S(^(Ml-loaves are seven to twelve. It was named hy Mr. Douglas in honor of the laic Mr. .h.M'pli Sabine, Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London. I had not the satisfixction of seeing this tree during ui\- vi.^it tt) Oregon. The species in tlie gardens round London apiu-ars to be as hardy as the Pliuis innaster. PLATE CXIIL A cone two-ihlnls of (he natural size. a. The Icarcs. h. A scau. COULTER'S PINE. PiNUS CouLTEKi. Foliis icmls jnyvlouf/is comprcssis, rar/laes fihniicnlnsu laceris, stroh'dis ohlongis solitariis maxim Is, srjt'n/jii.s cioanfis^ apicilHi.'i elongatis incrassatis lanceolaiis mucronatis ancipiii-cumprcssls at/i/ii,-is. Don, in Lin. Trans., vol. xvii. p. 440. Lamb., Pin., vol. iii. tali. h;3. Loudon, Arbor. Brit., vol. iv. p. 22.30. This magnificent species of Pine was discovered by Dr. Coulter on the mountains of Santa Lucia, ncai- the niis>iiin of San Antonio, in the 36th degree of latitude, within sight of iho sea, and at an elevation of between three to four thousand I'eet above its level. It was accompanied by the J'i/nis l,,tiiil>^ rtinnii. The tree rises to the height of eight}' or one hnndicd led, with large, permanently spreading branches, and the trnnk is three or four feet in diameter. The lea\-es, of a glancons Inn', are longer and broader than in any other know n species of the genus; and the cones, which grow singly, aiv likewise the largest of all Pines, beinor often more than a foot loiej. half a foot in diameter, and weighing about four ponnds. Tra\ellers company 172 SMALLER PRICKLY-CONED PINE. them for magnitude to sugar-loaves, which they resemble in form, suspended as it were from forest trees. The spinous processes of the scales of the cone are very strong, hooked, and compressed, three or four inches in length, and about the thickness of one's finger; characters which essen- tially distinguish it from the preceding species. The seed, like that of the preceding, to which it is closely allied, is about the size of an almond, and eatable. SMALLER PRICKLY-CONED PINE, PiNUS MURicATA. FolUs temis ? sirobilis incequilatcri-ovaiis aggregaiis, squamis cuneatis apice dilatatis umhilico-elevato mucronatis; baseos externoB elovgatis ancijnli-compressis rccurvato-patcntihus. — Don, in Lin. Trans., vol. xvii. p. 441. Lambert, Pin., vol. iii. tab. 84. Loudon, Arbor., vol. iv. p. 2269, fig. 2180. This belongs to the same group with the preceding; but the cones are not larger tlian those of P'uius inops, and are remark- able for the squarrose spreading of the basilar scales, which present long and sharp points in all directions. This singular species was discovered in Upper California by Dr. Coulter, at San Luis Obispo, in latitude 35°, and at an eleva- tion of three thousand feet above the level of the sea, distant about ten miles. The tree is straight and rather stunted, not exceeding forty feet in height. The cones grow two or three together, and are about two inches long and three inches broad; the scales are wedge-shaped and very thick, dilated at the apex, o])scurely quadrangular, mucronated, and with an elevated uiul)ilicus, those at the base of the cone elongated, compressed on both sides, shining, recurved, and spreading. HEAVY-WOODED TINE. PiNUS POXDEROSA. Foliis kruis j)rrt7o»///,9 forlun.sis, r'i////i(s hrrihtts, aniherarum crista roUindata Integra, strobills ovatis rcjhxis, s'j'uinils coiu- jjressis subquadrangidatis apicc spinuhsis rccurvatif^. Vm\]S ponderosa. — Douglas, MSS. Loddig., Catal.,o(l. ls:!(;. Lorix-x, Arboretum Britainiieiim, vol. iv. p. 224:], figs. 213:^ and :^1:!4. This species was discovered by tlie late Mr. DouLilas. (.n tlic banks of the Spokain and Flat-Head Ivivers, and near tliu Keltic Falls of the Columbia, in the Territory of Oregon, \\\\vvv it grows in abundance. The same species, I believe, grows also near Monterey, in Upper California, uhere it likewise gives support to that curious parasite, the Arccuthohuun Ai/)cri leaves appear to be wholly similar. It is also nearly allied, apparently, to P. 2Mtida, found by Schiede and Deppe in Mexieo. SPREADING-COKED TINE. PiNUS RADiATA. FolUs temis, strobilis incequilatcri-ovatis squaniis rajlafn. rimosis umhUico dcprcsso iruncatls ; bascos externa: triplo viajoriftNs t/ih- bosis subrecurvis. — Dox, in Liu. Trans., vol. xvii. p. 442. Lamijkut, Pin., vol. iii. t. 86. Loudox, Arboretum, vol. iv. p. 2270, fig. 2182. This useful species of Pine, as well as the preceding, grows abundantly in the vicinity of Monterey, on the sea-coast, in latitude 36°. Point Pinos, at the entrance of the liarbur, is covered with them exclusively. The trees of this species grow singly or together, and attain to the height of about one hiui- dred feet, with an erect trunk clothed with branches nearly to the ground. In its foliage and general appearance, as 'svell as economy, it is allied to the Yellow Pine, [Pi/nis variI>ns, that, were it Vol. v.— 12 178 WHITE PIN E. not for the simple, round, membranaceous crest of the anthers, it would be almost impossible to distinguish them specifically; still, the leaves are longer and the cones thicker, and in its native soil it is remarkable for its drooping branches, whence it is fre- quently called the " Weeping Fir," by travellers in the Himalayas. The timber of the Weymouth Pine continues to be exported to Britain in immense quantities ; but it is considered as very inferior to some of our other species, and to the pine timber of the North of Europe. Mr. Copland, an extensive builder and timber-merchant, (according to McCuUoch,) when examined before Parliament as to the comparative value of Euro23ean and American timber, affirmed that "the American Pine is much inferior in quality, much softer in its nature, not so durable, and very liable to drj-rot; indeed it is not allowed by any pro- fessional man under government to be used; nor is it ever employed in the best buildings in London; it is only speculators that are induced to use it, from the price of it being much lower (in consequence of its exemption from duty) than the Baltic tim- ber. If you were to lay two planks of American timber upon each other, in the course of a twelvemonth they would have the dry-rot, almost invariably, to a certain extent." McCulloch adds, that "many passages to the same effect might be produced from the evidence of persons of the greatest experience in ship- l)uilding." (McGuUocJls Commer. Diet., article Timber Trade.) There is no doubt a good deal of truth and some ^^rejudice in these statements, particularly as regards the durability of White Pine timber, as any one will acknowledge on inspecting the present condition of the Schuylkill bridge at Philadelphia, which, after thirty-seven years have elapsed since its erection, is appa- rently as sound as ever. From S. W. Boberts, Esq., civil engineer, we learn that the snpc'istructure of the large wooden bridges so innnerous in Penn- sylvania is principally constructed of White Pine. Tlie lattice- W KITE r I N E. 179 bridges are Iniilt (^f thick AVliite Pino planks, lor wl.icli us.- ikis timber is well adajited, on aceount of its li-lituess, iVccdoin iVoiii warping, and the ease Mith Avhich it is woikrd. The Yellow Pine, being harder, is better for the posts of the bridges, because it undergoes less compression. These bridges are generally rool^d and weather-boarded, but not ceiled, so that the fraiiie-tiiiiber is protected from the weather but exposed to the air. In such situations good White and Yellow Pine posts and beams of mode- rate size season without injury from drj'-rot, and last so long that Mr. Eoberts has no experimental knowledge of their compaiative durability; but he supposes that the Yellow Pine will In- the most durable, as it contains the most resin. Mr. Roberts remarks, that the thin weather-boarding of White Pine on the sides of frame houses, although thus ex})osed, remains sound for a generation, even without paint. "One of the greatest wooden bridges probably in the world Is the aqueduct over the Alleghany Eiver at Pittsburg, thiou-h which the State canal passes. It has seven spans of one hundred and sixty feet each, with a water-way sixteen feet wi(k' and four feet deep, having a towing-jDath on each side. The whole struc- ture is roofed and weather-boarded; it is thirty feet wide, and built of pine brought down the Alleghany River. The entire cost of the aqueduct, including the heavy masonry of the abut- ments and piers, was about $110,000. "I have lately erected several very large bridges with wooden superstructures of White Pine, the piers being built of stone; but one of them, put up in a peculiar })lace. has two piei-s. the foundations of which are of stone, on which are erectecl y'/-^ <>/ iimher, framed with hali-lap splices and lock-joinings secui-ed by screw-bolts, so that any stick may be re[)laced. The sills are of White Oak; the posts, standing in cast-iron shoes, an- of White Pine, and so are the braces. The wooden jiortion of each pier is one hundred feet in hei-ht. and each span of tlie hiidge one hundred and twentv-seven llvt."— S. W. Roiii;i;TS. 180 GIGANTIC riNE. Mr. Eoberts remarks, that the Yellow Pine (P. varkiUUs) which gTOWS on the hills bordering the Susquehanna in Columbia county (Pennsylvania) is a fine, sound, cohesive timber; but that the kind called Norway Pine, {P. resinosa ? — Ait. P. rubra, — Micii. 1. 134,) from Steuben county. New York, is inferior to the Yellow Pine, as the layers of the wood are more easily separated. He also adds, it is well known that the quality of timber depends very much upon the age of the tree, the soil in which it grows, and, in some cases, the influence of the sea-air. Generally speak- ing, in Pennsylvania, the timljer grown in the river-valleys, and, still more, that grown in the mountains from 1500 to 2400 feet above tide, is inferior to that from the hills at intermediate heights. GIGANTIC PINE. PiNUS Lambertiana. Folds quinis rigidis scabriuscuUs, vaginis hrevis- simis, strobilis crassis lovgisslmis cylindraccis, squamis laxis dilaiails inferioribus subpatulis. PiNUS Lambertiana. — Douglas, in Lin. Trans., vol. xv. p. 500. Lamb., I'in., (ed. 2,) vol. i. t. 34. Lawson's Manual, p. 3G1. Loudon, Ar- boret., vol. iv. p. 2288, figs. 2206 and 2207, (reduced,) and figs. 2204 and 2205, natural size. Tujs majestic pine, according to Mr. Douglas, its discoverer, covers large districts a1)()ut one hundred miles from the borders of the Pacific, in latitude 43° north, and continues to the south as far as 40°. lie first met Avith it toward the sources of the Wahlamet, (called also Multnomah.) It grew sparingly upon low hills, and was scattered over an undulating countrj' east of a, range of mountains which terminate at Cape Oxford, in a soil of j)ure sand, a[)[)arently incapable of supporting any vegetation, bnt here it attained its greatest magnitude and perfeeted abun- nrx'iv. Fiiiu? Lambert laji a. (ritjantir Pt/w /'/// )//i/i////iant to the taste; the wino: is about twice the length of the seed, and the seed-leaves are from twelve to thirteen. The whole tree produces an abundance of i)nre aml»ei--colii- lished a description hy Mr. Lamhert, under tlu- nanic of /'nni.^ taxifoUa, which forms, however, a distinct variety I»\ the grcatrr length of its leaves. It continues along the nortliwcst coast from the latitude of 43° to 52°, and constitutes the princij.al part of all the gloomy forests of this region, extenihng into tlic valleys of the Rocky Mountains, eastward to the nj)i)('r waters of the Platte, the Blue Mountains of Oregon; and we found it in Thornberg's high alpine ravine, and on the lofty hills of Hear River of Timpanogos, reduced to an elegant spreading tree of forty or fifty feet elevation. PLATE CXV. A branch of the naiaral size, v:i.lh the cone. MENZIES'S SPRUCE FIR. Abies Menziesii. Bamis verrucosis, folils pkinis acidis brccihus vnduiuc versis subius argenieis, strohilis cjjlindraceis, squamis scariosis cmimlo- ovalibiis ixirmlis margine laceris, bractcolis brccibus integris acuwinnlis. PiNUS 3Ienziesii. — Lambert, Pines, vol. iii. tab. 8'J. Loihun, Ailx.r., vol. iv. p. 2321, t. 2232. Tms beautiful and very distinct s]Kx^ies of Fir was discovered by Mr. Douglas on the northern limits of California, and we found it to constitute the principal [)art of the lofty and thirk forest which caps the summit of Cape Disapjiointnient at the entrance of the Columbia or Oregon. 190 HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIR. The branches have an unusual degree of rigidity, and are r^uite remarkable, when divested of their foliage, (which is ex- ceedingly deciduous,) for the elevated bases of the leaves with Avhich they are so singularly clad and muricated. The leaves are unusually short, curved, and almost equally spread all round the branch ; they have also an abrupt point, and are truncated and articulated to the tubercles of the branch. The cones are very elegant, with loose, leaflike, persistent, thin scales, irregu- larly torn on the edges ; the bracteoles are not externally visible, small, and acuminated. The seeds are also small. Douglas describes the wood of this species as being of an ex- cellent quality. Plants were raised in the vicinity of London, at the Horticultural Society's garden, in the year 1832, In 1838, a plant in that garden was nearly three feet high, and it Is propagated by cuttings. PLATE CXVI. A branch of the natural size, icith the cone. a. The scale, b. The seed. § II. Pice A. Scales of the cone ]}ersistent, cxcavatecl at the hase; testa of the seed woody. Anthers oj)ening longitudinally/. HEMLOCK SPRUCE FIR. Abies Canadensis. To the localities of this common species we may also add the northwest coast of America, where it Avas collected hy Dr. Scouler, and has been observed by Dr. Tolmie as itxr north along that coast as Milbank Sound and Stikine. It is a tree of common occurrence in the Pine forests around Vancouver and along the high banks of the Wahlamet and the Oregon. HEMLOCK SmrCE FI]{. 191 The Hemlock Spruce makes very good boards, sliin-lcs. and scantling when seasoned; it is very proiuT lor lloors, as it la.^ts long and never shrinks. Used as weatIu«i-I)oards lor honsrs, attrr thirty years' exposure I have observed it to l.c still coinpaiativch- sound. According to Marshall, the aborigines made use of tlic bark to dye their splints for baskets of a red color. S. W. Roberts, Esq., Civil Engineer, writes to nie, "Some ^■ears ago I was the Resident Engineer of the Portage Kaihoad over the Alleghany Mountains. When it was coniinenced in js:;j, we cut a road, one hundred and twenty fet-t wide, tlnough the forest for about thirty miles. The most numerous trees were Hemlock Spruce, and the toil of making the preliminary surveys w^as much increased by the necessity of constantly climbing over or creeping under the immense trunks of fallen trees of tins sort, which were lying about in every direction in that prlmexai forest. Old Hemlocks rot rapidh^, and these were in all stages of decay. Hemlock timber was rejected in the construction of the railroad, and to get rid of the trees they were consunieil in immense fires. White Pine, White Oak, aud Locust wei'e n.^ed in the timber structures of the railway. Locust, from its liaiil- ness and great durability, was preferred for the cross-sills of tin- track, but the sticks were too small for most other uses. AVhitr Oak came next in order, and then White Pine; good Yellow- Pine we could not get; and Piock Oak is classed ^\ itii White Oak for railroad-sills, and is probably somewliat uiore dni-ahle. "Since leaving the mountain T ]ia\c' laid down railii>aank- sia's in their inflorescence. The leaves are crowded, hut in two rows, liiiear-imicronate, flat, and rigid, two to three inches long, one line hroa.l. li-ht- green and shining above, silvery beneath. Cones on adidt branches only, single, lateral, almost sessile, erect, o\ate. and turgid, four inches long and two inches in diameter, scaly at the base. Scales of the cone kidney-shaped, roundish, coneaA-e, stalked, thick and indurated, pale brown, in-curved on the mai- gin, crenulate, and externally glaucous. The bracteoles wedge- shape, coriaceous and rigid, of the same color as the scales, hut shorter, three-lobed at the summit, the lateral lobes short, round- ish, and UTegiilarly dentate, the middle segment recurved, an inch and a half long, and resembling a true leaf in every respect, but only half their breadth. This singular tree is scarcely mtroduced into Euro[)e. PLATE CXVIII. A ticlg icilh the cone reduced, a. The Ic/f. b. Tin bnn-lc. DOWXY-COXED SILVER Fill. Abies lasiocakpa. Fnfiis obtasis pmhiiffis concobirlb".^; sfmbib's ? s'/uanns latis sabrotundatis cxtas dense ftm-o-pubcsccnfibiis, brariiulis bite obonii;.::iiiitpears distinct. 1 pro- pose to distinguish it as 198 SINCLAIR'S PINE. PiNUS MoNTEZUM^E, ^ CtJBENSis. FolUs tevnis p'celongis acuminatis siriatis, margine scahris intus carinaiis concoloribus, amentis mascuUs fuscatis elongaiis, antherarum crista rotundata convexa iniegriuseula maxima. Leaves always in threes, seven to eight inches long, rigid, and serrulated, with a longish rigid acuminate point, the keel shallow and also rough ; sheath persistent, rather short, the outer stipular scales torn on the margins. Male aments about two inches long. The scale-like brown summits of the connectivum of the anthers imbricated almost like the scales of a fertile cone ; two-thirds of a line wide, rounded, almost reniform, the border equal, somewhat paler, and membranaceous, slightly eroded, (as seen through a glass.) Anthers two-celled. SINCLAIR'S PINE. PiNUS SiNCLAiRii. FoUis tcmis acicidaribus elongatis gracilihus supra, canaliculatis dorso convexis margine aspcris, strobilis basi obliqids pedali- bus oblongis, sqiiamis cuneatis elongatis, apicibus crassis, elevato-ietragonis centra tubercido spinidoso uncinato instructis. — IIook. and ARNOTT.,Bot. Beech., p. 392, t. 93. This species, according to Dr. Sinclair, covers the hills from Monterey to Carm.el, and Point Pinos. It is the supposed P. rigida brought from California by Menzies, and forms a stately tree seventy or eighty feet high. The leaves are ternate or occasion- ally binate, three to four inches long, rigid, sharp but slender. The cone is about a foot long ; the scales two to three inches long, three-quarters of an inch broad, cuneate, thickened, and quadrangular at the apex, with a short, reflected, sharp, rigid inucro. It appears to be allied to P. Moidcziimm. V\ VXX Larix occidejit uliK L A R C II. (Le Melk/,e, Fr.) Natural Order, Conifer^e. Linna^an Classijlvaia>it, Monckc ia, MOXAXDKIA. LARIX.* (TOURXEFORT.) The plants of tins genns difler from the rines and Firs in haviii:^ deciduous, clustered leaves. Anthers opening longitudinally. Bractes colored and persistent. The cones are erect, with the scales excavated at the base and persistent. Deciduous-leaved trees with globular, proliferous buds, usually of large dimensions, natives of the mountainous regions of JCui-oj.c, the West of Asia, and of North America; highly valued for the great durability of their timber. WESTERN LARCH TREE. Larix Occidentalis. FoWs rigidis utrinque hkamUcuJatls, strohHis ovatls majuscuUs, hradeolls sublanccolatis inicfjris hwgi^simc. fulkuro- acuminaiis squarrosis. We met with this apparently-distinct species of Larch in the coves of the Rocky Mountains on the wcstcin >l<.|'o toward th«' Oregon. It resembles the European Larch, but the K-avi-s arc * Supposed to be from the Celtic f"r, fat, in :.lhiM.,n tu tl.r ahuii-lau.'.' <.f r.-.^ii which it affords. 199 200 WESTERN LARCH TREE. .shorter, thicker, and quite rigid, so as to be pungent at the points; and the leaves, having a double channel above and beneath, are, though flat, in part tetragonal; the central rib beneath is very wide and obtuse ; they are also shining. The longest leaf is scarcely an inch. The cone, (not perfect,) in a young state, has no vestige of pubescence, and the bractes with their leafy points are half an inch long, ovate-lanceolate, a little torn on the upper edges ; the centre is carried out into a true rigid-channelled and pungent green leaf It appears allied to L. pendula, but the leaves are twice as thick. The quality of its wood or any thing concerning its economy we had no oppor- tunity to learn ; that of the Small-coned American Larch (La- rix microcarjpa) is so ponderous that it will scarcely swim in water. The European Larch [Larix Ewopasa) thrives well in the northern parts of the Union, particularly round Boston, and is at once extremely useful and ornamental. In suitable situations the timber arrives at perfection in forty years, or in about half the time as that of the Scotch Pine, and it is found to grow best in poor sandy and rocky soils where scarcely any thing else will survive. When fully grown, it attains the height of from sixty to one hundred and thirty feet. Its durability, exposed either to the action of the air or water, is without any parallel. The wood is also of a beautiful yellowish-white color, sometimes in- clining to brown, very hard, capable of receiving a degree of polish equal to any wood yet known, and much superior in this respect to that of the finest mahogany. The log cottages con- structed of the squared trunks of Larch, in the valleys and other parts of Switzerland, last for centuries without alteration ; it is also used for shingles to cover the roofs of the houses, and I'or vine-props. For the latter purpose it is found the most durable of all kinds of wood : the vine-props made of it are never taken up ; they remain fixed for an indefinite succession of years, and see crop after crop of the vines S2)ring up, bear AVE STERN LAKCII T H K K. 201 their fruit, and prrisli at tlidr Hvt, wilhout >li(.uiiiLr aii\- s\iii|»- toms of decay. In most cases, the iimprictors of the viiif\ai.ls are perfectly ignorant of the epoch when thcM' pn.ps uciv fuM placed there; they received them in their present state from their fathers, and in the same state they will transmit them to their sons. Props made of the Silver Fir. and nse.j fur the same purpose, would not last more than ten years, 'i'he wood of the Larch, according to llartig, weiglis (IS Ihs. 1 :;(./. per cubic foot when green, and uG Ihs. (\ o/. when (h\. and it is said to last four times longer than that of any other tree of tl»e Abietina?. Venice Turpentine is one of its products, for which tlie ti-uidc is tapped; and a full-grown Larch will yield annually si-ven or eight pounds for forty or iifty years in succt'ssion. The bark is also used for tanning, and considered eipml to that of the Birch, which is used for that purpo-e in Russia and Sweden. The fine grain of the larch-wood, as well as its durability and stability, have long recommended it to painters for their palettes, and for j^ainting panels; and, according to I'liny. it was employed for this purpose by the ancients; and K\elvn remarks, that several of the paintings of liaphael are on larch- wood. PLATE CXX. Branch of the natural size, icith l/u' conr. a. The haf. b. Thi brarl, <./ iJie cone. \ —1 3* P 1 S 0 N I A.* (PisoNE, Fr.) Natttral Order, Nyctagine^, (Jussieu.) Llauwan Chtssijlca- tlon, POLYGAMIA, DltEClA. PolyctAMOUS dkecious. — Calyx campauulate, witli tlie deciduous bor- der plaited and 5-cleft. ISTo corolla. Capsule of one cell, contain- ing one seed, without valves, clothed by the pentangular, dry, or succulent base of the calyx. Stamens six to eight, exserted. Style simple ; the stigma bifid. Small trees, chiefly of the tropical parts of America and India. The leaves alternate or nearly opposite, entire ; the flowers small and herbaceous, in axillary or terminal racemes or cymes. PRICKLY PISONIA, or FINGRIGO. (PiSONE EPINEUSE, Fr.) PisoNiA ACULEATA. Spuiis axUlaribus, imtcnUssimis ; foUis ovafh, vtnn- que acutis, subacuminatis, glabriusculls ; calycihiis dcmiim aeulcatis ylu- iinosis. * Named by Plumicr iu houor of Piso, who wrote ou the Natural History of Brazil. 202 I'l «XXl Pisonia x\riLleata. X PRICKLY riSoXIA. 203 PiSONiA acuJcafa.—L,^^.^ Sp. pi. J.vcq., Ainn-., p. I'TI. ( l.rirrNKK., De Fruet. cent., vol. v. t. TD, f. 4. Lam., Illust., l. .scL Pi.i mii;u. Gen., p. 7, t. 11, et Icon. '2-27, lig. 1. PisoNiA assurgcns, sarmcnfo vaUdo; foliis oral,\ u/rm;,us validis, recunis; raccmis lafcr(di/>u.-\—V>iU)\\s]:, .Lim., p. 2.')S. EiiAMXus seu li/cium, fimjrigo Jamaiccnsibus doi>iNi.—ViAK., AlmaLf., p. 318, t. 108, f. 2. Paliuro affinis; arbor spinosa^JIure /arlHirm, j>r,>f>tj,< /alnid, ,- fnirtn sn-m, nudo, canallcidaio, lappaeco.—SLOA^E, Jam., p. I;j7 ; Jli.st., v.,1. ii. p. 25, t. 167. Rai, Dcnd., p. Oo. This inelegant but curious trailiii--liraiiclic(l tivc is in.li- genous to Jamaica, Cuba, and otlier of the West India Islands, and Brazil, where it attains the height of twi'Kc to t\\(iit\- feet, with a diameter of eight to ten inches. It Inis also 1 n observed at Key West by Dr. Blodgett. 'I'lic >piii\ branches droojD and trail dififusel}^, so as to form thickets which are m-w troublesome to traverse; the spines, short and ci'doketh seize on the clothing of the traveller, and the glutinous capsules adhere to every thing they happen to touch. The wings of some of the birds, particularly the ground-doves, are sometimes so loaded with the berry-capsnles as to render them incapalile of lI\inL^ With its uses and other properties we are uinn-(pniinte(l. Other species, allied to the present, also inhabit the We>t Indies, of wdiich the wood is said to be of inferior value. The bark of the trunk of this tree is even, and of a dark brown. The branches are almost opposite. The leaxcs simple. petiolated, oval, somewhat rigid, often shortly acuminated ami acute at the base, nearly opposite, one and a half inches lon^:, and sometimes nearly as wide; the midrib lieneath is often covered partly with short, close hairs. The spines are short, stout, and recurved. Tlie campamdate (lowers ajipear \\itli the expansion of the leaves towaid the extremities of tin- branches, in rounded downy corymbs ; th do Niitt. ii. 1S2 hracteafa '* ii. li'4 Califoniiana " ii. !"•) ceinhra '" ii. P''^ contorta '' ii. lT7 Frmcri '' ii. P-"' gramiis '" ii- 1''- ]lHihuiu(( "• ii. l''^- Pinus inops Midi. insi^iiis Nutt. Lainbertiaiia " la.>;i Nutt. ]iiniL'<'Iis ** An .Midi. railiata .Nutt, r<'si)tii!i:i '* nipi'-tris " •JO. V.l. I'.vd III. Ki:; ii. 17» ii. IMI II. 1 ".'.'. II. l^'.t III. :m; ii. i:k ii. 177 ii. \~rl 11. 1'.'.: ii. r.'7 11. 1 V.'. iii. in.; ii. 17.'. HI. '.•:*i ii. 17;; ii. IM iii. in.-, ii. 17.-. HI. '.'1 II. 17J II. 1-" 111. IP^ III. '.'1 III. '.i.i 206 INDEX. Vol. Page rinus rnpestris Nutt. ii. 182 Sabiniana " ii. 169 serotina Midi. iii. 117 Sinclairii Nutt. ii. 198 strobus " ii. 176 do Midi. iii. 126 sylvestris " iii. 99 do Nutt. ii. 182 tffida Midi. iii. 123 taxifolia Nutt. ii. 187 t'uberculata, Don " ■ ii. 174 variabilis " ii. 175 venusta, Douglas " ii. 104 Abies alba Midi. iii. 144 do Nutt. ii. 187 balsamea " ii. 192 balsamifera Midi. iii. 150 bracteata Nutt. ii. 194 Canadensis Mich. iii. 146 do Nutt. ii. 190 cedrus " ii. 192 Douo;lasii " ii. 187 grandis " ii. 192 Fraseri " ii. 190 lasiocarpa " ii. 195 Menziesii " ii. 189 nigra Mich. iii. 139 nobilis Nutt. ii. 193 picea Mich. ii. 137 Larix Americana " iii. 167 cedrus " iii. 170 Europoca Nutt. ii. 200 microcarpa " ii, 200 Ocddcntalis " ii. 199 pendula " ii. 200 P/'rea Fraseri " ii. 196 jjrandis " ii. 192 'Hohilis " ii. 193 Jul li penis andina " ii. 157 Barbadensis " ii. 158 OeckhmtaliS,l\.ook.''^ ii. 157 Sabina " ii. 158 Virginiana " ii. 159 do Mich. iii. 173 Vol. Page Thuja cxcelsa Nutt. ii. 165 gigantea Nutt. ii. 162 Me7izu'sii, Doug.. " ii. 163 Occidentalis " ii. 163 do Mich, iii. 177 plicata Nutt. ii. 164 Cupressus disticha Mich. iii. 155 do Nutt, ii. 161 Nutkatensis " ii. 165 thyoides " ii. 165 do Mich. iii. 162 Taxodium distichum Nutt. ii. 161 do Mich. iii. 155 sempervirens Nutt. ii. 160 Order 75. Taxacere. Taxus baccata Nutt. ii. 149 brevifolia " ii. 149 Canadensis " ii. 150 Floridana " ii. 155 nucifera " ii. 155 Torreya taxifolia " ii. 153 Class 7th. EXOGENS. Sub-class 1. Diclinous Exogens. Alliance 18th. Amentales. Order 78th. Betulacesc. B etui a alba Nutt. i. 42 do ]\ridi. ii, 73 ca7yinifolia, A,]Mich. " ii. 85 excelsa, Alton " ii, 82 fruticosa Nutt. i. 42 glandulosa " i. 42 lanulosa, A.Mich, Mich, ii. 80 lenta " ii. 85 lutea " ii. 82 nana Nutt. i. 42 nigra^^WWd Mich. ii. 80 Occidentalis Nutt. i. 40 papyracea " i, 42 do Mid), ii. 70 7)ap//r/f'cra, A.WK'h. "■ ii. 70 populit'olia " ii. 78 I N D E X. Betula l)()})ulifi>lia Xiitt, rliomltifolia " rubra Mich. Alnus acuminata Xutt. glauca Mich. glutinosa " do Xutt. incana '' tZo. Wma Mich. maritima X ut t , Oregona " rhombifolia '' serrulata ^Slich. tenuifolia Xutt. nndidata, Willd.. "• viridis " Vol. p„u I. U II. 80 i. 4.", 11. S'.t ii. !•() i. 44 i. 40 ii. 89 i. 50 i. 44 i. 49 ii. 88 i. 48 i. 40 i. 47 Order 79. Altinjxcaccai. Liquidambar stjraciflua Mich. ii. 44 Order 80. Salicacctc. Salix .Nutt. alba arenaria '•'• argophjUa " brachycarpa " caprea " cuneata " exigua " flavescens " fluviatilis " Hookeriana " ligustrina Mich. longifolia Xutt. lucida Mich. do X^'utt. lutea " macrocarpa " macrostachya " mclanopsis " myrtinoides " nigra " do Mich. nivalis X'utt. pcntandra '" rotuiidif'olia " sessilifolia '■• 1. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. iii. i. iii. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. iii. i. i. i. i. 95 86 87 85 81 X-2 90 81 89 80 90 00 74 78 8:J 88 9:} 9:i 94 04 92 77 91 84 Salix .^pcoiiis;! N'litt. st:igii:ilis •• triainlr.i '• viltcHiiKi " lN)puliis alb.'i Mi.h. ii d" Niitl. i aiigiil;it:i Mi<-h. ii angu.Nlifiilia Nutt. i argentca Mich, ii balsainifcra " ii do Xiitt. i (.^UKidciisis Mich, ii candicaiis "• ii caiiesceiis " ii grandidciitata .... '' ii J ludsouica "■ ii, l:cvig;it;i Xutt. i. iiKinililVra Mich. ii. trcnndoidcs '* ii. do Xutt. 1, Order 81, Myilcacea>. Myrica Faya Xutt pie - iiiodura *' Order 8l*. Eleiigiiaceio. Ilippolihae 1. I'.t;.- . 71 I7S 71 101 OS 170 17 J 7<> l*il 17;; 17S 170 lOs 175 70 00 5.S 5: 1 an/eii(ca .... Shephcrdia argciitca ... CanadeiLsis .Xutt. i. i;;j i. i:;i i. l:;7 Alliance T.'th. rUTICVLi; Orilcr X~. Morace;e. Moru.«i rulira Miih. iii Madura aurantiaca Xutt. i Ficu.s aurea fi latifolia brevifulia carica Iiulica pciluiiculata 140 154 154 l.^'i 155 1 :,.-, 151 208 INDEX. Vol. rage Order 89. PlatanaceiB. riatanus Occidentalis Mich. ii. 48 do Nutt. i. 66 Orientalis " i. 64 raccmosa " i. 63 Alliance 20tli. Eupiioebiales. Order 90. Eupliorbiaceoe. Antiaris toxicaria Nutt. i. 206 Exccecaria agalloclia " ii. 7 lucida " ii. 6 Ilippomane mancinella " i. 202 Stillingia ligustrina " ii. 10 sebifera " ii. 8 Aleurites triloba " i. 206 Drypetes crocea " ii. 12 glauca " ii. 14 Alliance 21st. Quernales. Order 95. Corylaceae. Carpinus Americana Mich. iii. 26 ostrya " iii. 27 Fagus ferruginea " iii. 21 sylvestris " iii. 18 Castanea alnifolia Nutt. i. 36 Americana " i. 38 chrysophylla " i. 37 nana, EWiott " i. 36 pumila '' i. 36 do Mich. iii. 16 vesca "• iii. 11 Quercus acutifolia " i. 89 agrifolia Nutt. i. 16 alba Midi. i. 22 do IS'ult. i. 24 A'ol. Page Quercus alba ..Nutt. i. 33 ambigua ..Mich. i. 90 aquatica do a ..Nutt. i. 65 i. 33 Banisteri ..Mich. i. 69 bi-color, Willd. . ii. i. 41 do ..Nutt. i. 23 borealis ..Mich. i. 81 castanea i. 49 Catesboci i. 71 chrysophylla.... cinerea li ii ii ..Nutt. i. 89 i. 61 coccinea i. 79 coccifera I. 18 confertiflora (; 1. 27 confertifolia .... ..Mich. i. 87 crassifolia a I. 90 crassipes densiflora a ..Nutt. . 87 1. 21 depressa ..Mich. 1. 88 discolor ii . 87 do ..Nutt. . 24 Douglasii 44 . 20 dumosa 44 .'.Mich. . 18 clonqata, Willd. . 73 falcata 44 . 73 do ..Nutt. . 33 ferruginea .Mich. ] . 67 filiformis .Nutt. : . 24 Garryana 44 . 14 glaucescens Mich, i heinispherica, Willd." i . 91 . 87 heterophylla.... do 44 .Nutt. ] . 64 . 24 ilex 44 . 19 imbricaria 44 \ . 26 do .Mich. ] . 60 ialapensis 44 44 44 .Nutt. i . 89 lanceolata . 88 laurina . 88 Leana . 25 lyrata .Mich, i . 39 macrocarpa 44 . 35 maritima 44 . 86 do .Nutt. i c>.l Mexicana .Mich, i . 87 Michauxii .Nutt. 1 . 23 montana 44 . 28 do 44 ".Mich. 1 . 33 t^ . 46 IXDKX. 200 Quercus mvrtifdlia ^Fii'li. do Niitt. nana Mu'li. n/(/ra '• obtusiloba " do Xutt. obtusata 'Slk-h. olivreformis " do Xutt. palustris '' do Midi. pandurata " pedunculata '' do X'utt. phcUos '• do Mich. prinoides '' do Xutt. pi'inus '* do Mich. prinus acuminata " chincapin. " discolor ... " monticola. " palustris.. " pulcliella " pumila " repanda " reticulata " robur " do Xutt. rubra " do Midi. Sagrteana X'^utt. sericea, Willd Midi. sessiliflora X'utt. spicata Midi. stellata Xutt. do Midi. stipularis " suber " syderoxyla '• tinctoria '" tridens " undulata Xutt. virens , do. . .Midi. Order 96. Juglans amara ... Vol- II.— 14 Juglandaccfc. :\ridi. i Si; ST tiT :](! •2:] !>1 ')'•> I'S s;; 00 82 1;") 2(J bS 50 33 23 44 40 r>i) 41 40 44 80 63 88 00 30 33 33 84 29 20 00 23 S^j 80 o5 89 76 88 10 2s .02 n*; Jil;:iaiis a(|uatica Micli. catliartica " laciiiiDsa '* iiiyristif;i'f(iiiiiis.. " nigra •* do Null. iilivatdnuis .^Iidl. Jiorciiia " ri'gia " S(|iiaiii(isa " toiiicniusa '* Carya alba, X^utt Midi. aiiiiD'd, Xutt " do Nutt. angustii'olia " aquati'a Midi. glabra Xull. niicrocarjia " inyristica funnis, Nutt. Midi. oUnrformis, Xutt. " pecan Nutt. porcinit, Xutt Mi 12U 12;; II :• I I 12 s I2«i Alliance 2rjtli. rAP.\v.\LK.>^. Order 108. rapayaceic. Papaya vulgaris Xutt. ii. 114 Carica papaya " ii. 114 Sub-class 2. IIvi'ociY.Nors E.xihjkns. Alliance 28th. M.vlv.xles. Order 131. Tiliaceic. Tilia lib Nutt. i. 1<»S ,lo .Mi.-ii. iii. ,M Americana " iii. •"* I heteropliylla Nutt. i. 1<'7 pubescens Midi. iii. S.> AlliaiRH- 20th. S.\riNi>.M.K.><. ()nler 136. Sapindaceic. Sapindus iiia gummifera " ii. 1)4 simplicifolia " ii. CG paniculata " ii. GO Order 172. Ccdrelaccir!. Cedrus maJiorjrmi, Miller. Xutt. ii. 46 Swietenia mahoffoni " ii. 46 Order 173. Meliaceoc. Melia azedarach Midi. iii. 7 Order 174. Anacardiacea. Rhus atra Xutt. ii. 75 Rhu^ corianu cot III IIS iiifti>|)iuiii .. lIKlllis jiuuiila Veiicii;it;i ... vcniix .\iitt. Cotinns AiiicricMiius. vclutiniis Pi.stacia Vera II. ii. ii. ii. li. ii. ii. ii. ii. C.'.t 71 (is I •> 70 tilt •i'J 71 72 .Mid •h. 111. 10 Sty])h(iiiia integrilolia Niitt. ii. serrata '* ii. Order 177. Xanlhd.wlaceM' Ailantlius ghuidulosa Nutt. ii. Xanthoxyluin acuiuiiiatum " ii. Carulinianuiu '' ii. clava ILrcu/ix ... '* ii. emarginatum " ii. Florida nnm " ii. fraj-inifcli 11)11, Watt," ii. juglaiidifnliuiJi .... "• ii. macr()|ihyllmii '' ii. I'tcrota " ii. tricarpuin, Midi. " ii. (.)rder 17i*. tfiiiiaruliaccie. Sinianilta idauca Nutt. ii. Order ISO. /,ygn|,hyll:KT:..'. Guaiacuiu 71 7G s.", 7 s 7 s >.'. 7s s;; so M 7S 1»0 saiictuiii ...Nutt. ii. H6 fi parvif'iliuiii. * * 11. bU Alliance ;57tli. Sii.i;.N.\i.i:s. Order 1!»1. V ulygnnaceic. Coccololia olttunit'i'h'ii, Jac (|..Nutt. '.'5 " !♦.) uvifcra ... " «J3 Uviftra Utund ... " 11. 1»3 21' INDEX. i. 104 i. 102 104 Alliance 38th. Ciienopodales. Order 192. Nyctaginacase. Pisonia aculeata Nutt. ii. 202 assurgens, Brown " ii. 203 Sub-class 3. Perigynous Exogens. Alliance 41st. Daphnales. Order 205. Lauracese Drimophyllum pauciflorum Nutt. i. 102 Umbellularia Califoruica " Ocotea salicifolia, Kunth " Tetranthera Califoruica, Hook. " Laurus campliora Mich. ii. 120 Caroliniensis .... " ii. 118 cinnamomoides ...Nutt. i. 105 (Euosmos) albida. " i. 105 Quixos " i. 105 /■e<7«a, Doug " i. 104 sassafras " i. 104 do Mich. ii. 113 Alliance 42d. Kosales. Order 209. Fabacese. Robinia pseudo-acacia Mich. ii. 92 /3 spectabilis " ii. 101 viscosa " ii. 104 Piscidia orythrina Nutt. i Virgilia lutca Mic Cladustrus tinctoria " Gyninocladus Canadensis " Gleditschia monosperma " triacanthos " 180 106 108 182 ii. Ill ii. 108 Vol. Page 3Iimo8a G-uadahqJcnsis, Persoon Nutt. unguis-cati, Linn.. " Acacia latisiliqua " i. i. i. i. i. 188 187 183 Inga Guadalupensis.... " unguis-cati " 188 186 Order 210. D rupaceoe Prunus Americana .Nutt. 169 hiemalis, Elliott. a 169 lauro-cerasus ii 166 nigra, Alton ii 169 Cerasus borealis .Mich. ii. 152 Caroliniana (( ii. 150 do .Nutt. 167 ilicifolia ii 165 mollis ii 164 nigra, Loisel ii 170 Pennsylvanica... ii 165 Virginiana .Mich. ii. 147 Order 211. Pomacc?e. Pyrus Americana Nutt. angustifolia " coronaria INIich. diversifolia Nutt. rivularis " i. i. ii. i. i. i. i. 175 174 58 172 17^^ Sorhus Americana,\^\\\(\. " aucuparia, Mich. " 175 175 Malus coronaria Mich. ii. 5S Mespilus arborea " ii. i. ii. 60 a'stivalis, Wall. . . . Nutt. Canadensis, A. ]\Iich. Mich. 162 60 Crctffigus rostivalis Nutt. arborescens " I)ouglasii,L'u\d., " elli^tica,^\\ioti... " i. i. i. i. 162 160 158 162 I X D E X. Crataegus yi(induIoS(i,VnYA\. Nutt. opaea, Hooker.... '' punctata, Dou<^... " rivuluris *' sanguinea '' Order 213. llosaceac. Cercocarpus leditblius Xutt. i. loS ir.s l»J Idtcrijlora " ii. 12 Order 227. Saputaceic Ctd-oliiunxc Xutt. ii. 1"4 Sidcroxi/I'iu cIirifSnlifll/JIoiJcK . * tdtiilissniiitiit ' I< ii. In.', ii. 1'^ ii. ini ii. OS Aiiona maxima, Sloanc. ' Achra.s zapiitilla ' sa/inta ' Bunu'lia augustitolia ' (■/in/siii>Iii//iu/,l< s . ' ferrugiiii'a ' fuL'tldissiuia ' lanuginosa ' lycioidcs inacrocarpa (.hlMiigifnlia • teiiax ' Order 22S. Styraeac.:e. Ilopoa tinctoria Midi. iii. 15 Alliance 45tli. C i;n TI.W Al.h>. Order 22'.'. KKcnaccic Diospyros Vir'_Miiiaiia Mieh. li. L'7 ,ln Nutt. ii. r.'4 Order 23" 1. Ai|uifMliacea'. Ilex opaca Mieh. ii. 122 II. 07 11. '.»s ii. pit; ii. I'll ii. in.-i ii. HIS ii. \n:, ii. 1"! ii. pit; ii. l'i2 ii. lll» lU INDEX. Vol. Page Alliance 46th. Solanales. Order 237. Oleaccge. Cliionanthus pubescens Nutt. ii. 122 Virginica " ii. 121 Fraxinus acuminata " ii. 129 Americana " ii. 129 do Mich. iii. 49 eoncoloi; Mnhl " iii. 55 dipetala Nutt. ii. 180 discolor, MviiA Mich. iii. 50 excelsior " iii. ^Q juglajidifolia .... " iii. 54 Orcgona Nutt. ii. 124 /9 riparia " ii. 124 pauciflora " ii. 126 platycarpa " ii. 129 do Mich. iii. 63 pubesceiis " iii. 53 quadrangulata ...Nutt. ii. 128 do Mich. iii. 61 sambucifolia " iii. 59 do Nutt. ii. 125 tomentosa Mich. iii. 53 triptera Nutt. ii. 127 viridis Mich. iii. 54 Ornus Americana Nutt. ii. 131 dipetala " ii. 130 Europea " ii. 131 rotundifolia " ii. 129 Olca Americana Mich. ii. 128 Europea " ii. 130 do Nutt. ii. 132 Order 240. Cordiacece. Cordia collococca Nutt. ii. 148 Floridana " ii. 147 gcrascanthus " ii. 147 myxa " ii. 148 Sebestena " ii. 145 Sebestena scahra, Dillon.... " ii. 146 Vol. Page Alliance 47th. Cortusales. Order 248. Myrsinaceas. Ardisia Pickeringia Nutt. ii. 133 Ci/rilla paniculata Nutt. ii. 133 Pickeringia paniculata " ii. 133 Alliance 48th. Eciiiales. Order 257. Myoporacese. Avicennia L. longifolia Nutt. ii. 144 resinifera " ii. 144 tomentosa " ii. 143 Mangium album, Hunv^h..... " ii. 143 Alliance 49th. Bignonales. Order 262. Bignoniaccae. Bignonia catalpa Mich. ii. 55 do Nutt. ii. 140 radicans " ii. 139 Tecoma radicans " ii. 138 Catalpa syringosfolia " ii. 140 do Mich. ii. 55 Order 261. Crescentiacese. Crescontia cujete Nutt. ii. 135 Sub-Class 4th. Epig ynous Exogens. Alliance 51st. Myrtales. Order 274. Combretacese. Terminalia benzoin Nutt. i. 127 catappa " i. 125 Moluccana " i. 127 vernix " i. 127 Conocarpus erecta " i. 128 Conocarpns y sericea — procnmbens raceniosa ... Nntt. (.1. i. i. i. i. i. c. ii. ii. ii. ii. ea i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. Txr 131 130 132 132 133 31 37 34 20 112 113 112 llo IIG 123 123 118 120 122 )E C E T I' C X. alyptrantlics chvtracidia \iitt V..1 i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i. A 1.1 ii. ii. (•:e. i. \LI e. ii. ii. i. ii. ii. ii. ii. ii. 215 1 17 ugeiiia biixii'ulia •• u I ' * ' » Lafi'uncularia dicbotonia . I'O raceniosa . . . divaricata " fragrans '■ niontana '* I'O ScJioushoa Sprengel " Alangiacci Midi, i u j ta.... " i KLizopliorac Xutt. u Myrtaceoe Nutt. 121 121) commutata, vallens "■ 1 IS Order 275. Nyssa aqnatica ... capitata grandidenta sylvatica ... Order 270. Rhizopliora Americana . gymnorliiza mangle Order 282. Psidium buxifolinm . pyriferum .. ])rocc'ra " 1 .!.» Alliance 54tli. ClNcilox Order 2!»1. Vaccinact ^accinum arliiii-ium, ^Tarsli. Xutt. dijf'usu/n, Alton.. " Order 203. Cinrli-m.-i. inckiu'va jiubens M'u'li. AUiaiu-e ootli. U.\ii;i;i.i, Order 208. Curnacc; ornus allja Xutt. circinata, Cliamis. *• Florida Midi. do Niitt. mascula '' Ill 111 IMI 12'» 1''0 Myrtus axillaris, Poiret.. " hiixifolia, Swartz " chytraculia, Lin.. " dicliotoma, Poiret " procera, Swartz .. " 17t» ir.i i-'i) Js'uttallii '* 117 pubc'^ceU"^ '* 1 !:• btolouilera " 120 STEREiJTVl'F.ri IIT I.. Jull V.'^.J.N k CO. i'lill.APELl'llIA. I r V^f"^J