GL LE NGG [ENT NOTA LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA Published by Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL) Wore 33 - Number): 2010 SOCIETAS EUROPAEA LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA e.V. http://www.soceurlep.eu HONORARY MEMBERS Giinter Ebert (D), Pamela Gilbert (GB), Barry Goater (GB), Peter Hattenschwiler (CH), Prof. Dr Niels P. Kristensen (DK), Dr Yuri P. Nekrutenko (UA) COUNCIL President: Dr Gerhard Tarmann (A) Vice-President: Prof. Dr Joaquin Baixeras (E) General Secretary: Dr David Agassiz (UK) Treasurer: Dr Robert Trusch (D) Membership Secretary: Willy De Prins (B) Ordinary Council Members: Prof. Dr Stoyan Beshkov (BG), Dr Feza Can (TR), David Demerges (F), Dr Jorg Gelbrecht (D), Dr Andras Kun (H) NOTA LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA A journal focussed on Palaearctic and General Lepidopterology Published by the Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica e.V. Editors. Dr Bernard Landry (Genève, CH), e-mail: bernard.landry @ ville-ge.ch Dr Matthias Nuss (Dresden, D), e-mail: matthias.nuss@senckenberg.de Paul Sokoloff (Kent, UK), e-mail: paul.sokoloff@ntlworld.com Editorial Board. Dr Enrique Garcia-Barros (Madrid, E), Prof. Dr Roger L. H. Dennis (Wilmslow, UK), Dr Thomas Fartmann (Münster, D), Dr Axel Hausmann (Munich, D), Dr Peter Huemer (Innsbruck, A), Ole Karsholt (Copenhagen, DK), Dr Yuri P. Nekrutenko (Kiev, UA), Dr Erik van Nieukerken (Leiden, NL), Dr Thomas Schmitt (Trier, D), Dr Wolfgang Speidel (Bonn, D), Dr Carlos Lopez- Vaamonde (F) © Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL) ISSN 0342-7536 Type setting: blattwerk | dd Printed by Druckhaus Dresden GmbH All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical inciuding photocopying, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Authors are responsible for the contents of their papers. NOTA LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA Volume 33 No. 1 : Dresden. 14.05.2010 ; ISSN 0342-7536 ON ee en Niels P. Kristensen & Reinhard Gaedike. Extraordinary moths and an extraordinary moth researcher: An essay review of G. S. Robinson’s Biology, distribution and diversity of tineid moths 3-8 Reinhard Gaedike. New and poorly known Palaearctic Microlepidoptera (Tineidae, Acrolepüdae, Douglasidae -Epermenndaé) 2,2... 9-24 Reinhard Gaedike & Zdenko Tokär. Pelecystola fraudulentella (Zeller, 1852) discovered in Slovakia, a third locality record (Tineidae) ...................neeen 25-29 Laszl6 Rakosy, Andras Tartaly, Marin Goia, Ciprian Mihalı & Zoltan Varga. The Dusky Large Blue — Maculinea nausithous kijevensis (Sheljuzhko, 1928) in the Transylvanian basin: New data on taxonomy and ecology .................n: 31-37 Vlad Dinca, Zdravko Kolev & Rudi Verovnik. The distribution, ecology and conservation status of the Spinose Skipper Muschampia cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) at the western limit of its range in Europe (Hesperiidae) ........... 39-57 Andreas Tränkner & Matthias Nuss. Anania ochrofascialis (Christoph) comb. n. and A. murcialis (Ragonot) comb. n. — two vicarious species from the western Palaearctic region (Pyraloidea Crambidae? Pyraustinae) 2. nenn en 59-65 Dmitry F. Shovkoon. A new subspecies of Hyles siehei (Püngeler) from the deserts er @entalsiarsphineidae)er. en. um arena ken 67-79 Axel Kallies & Daniel Bartsch. Revision of some types of the genus Bembecia Hübner, 1819 in the Püngeler collection in the Museum for Natural History of the Humboldt University, Berlin (Sesiidae) .............................- 81-84 Frans Cupedo. A revision of the infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale (Esper, 1805) (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) ................... 85-106 Zdravko Kolev. A significant range extension for Pyrgus cacaliae (Rambur, 1839) with the first record from the western Balkan Peninsula (Hesperiidae) .................. 107-113 Alexey V. Solovyev. Review of the genus Flavinarosa Holloway (Zygaenoidea: Limacodidae) with description of four new species... 115-126 D Contents Constanti Stefanescu & Ferran Päramo. Frogs eat butterflies: temporary prey-specialization on the Painted Lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui, by Sahara frog, Pelophylax saharicus, in the Moroccan Anti Atlas ...................... 127-131 Ruud Vis. Recent geographic range expansion of Brephidium exilis (Boisduval, 1852) (Lycaenidae) in Oman, Arabian Peninsula 133-134 Dmitry F. Shovkoon. New and little-known Ethmiidae (Gelechioidea) from Central Asia u... a ee ae 135-154 Gareth Edward King & José Luis Viejo Montesinos. Geometrid larvae and their food-plants in the south of Madrid (Central Spain) (Geometridae) ............... 155-171 BOOK LEVIEWE: u ee AR AI DORA Ses SOUMIS Editorial Dear reader, We would like to make your journal more appealing and enjoyable to read for a wider audience of lepidopterists, and encourage a broader spectrum of authors to contribute to Nota lepidopterologica. In agreement with Council, we will now welcome short communications (half a page or more) in a less formal style with original information on lepidopteran ecology, systematics, conservation, faunistics, and biogeography, as well as on topics such as breeding, life cycle, and new European records. There will not be a strict division of topics based on the nature of the material submitted, and short communications on taxonomy, for example, will be as welcome as longer articles on distribution. The focus on Palaearctic Lepidopterology will remain. We look forward to receive your submissions, long or short! The editorial team Bernard, Matthias, and Paul Nota lepid. 33 (1): 3-8 3 Extraordinary moths and an extraordinary moth researcher: An essay review of G. S. Robinson’s Biology, distribution and diversity of tineid moths * NiELs P. KRISTENSEN ! & REINHARD GAEDIKE ” ! Natural History Museum of Denmark (Zoological Museum), University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen @; NPKristensen@snm.ku.dk 2 Florusstraße 5, D-53225 Bonn; tinagma@msn.com * Robinson, G. S. 2009. Biology, distribution and diversity of tineid moths. — Southdene Sdn Dhd, P.O.Box 10139, 50704 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysıa & Natural History Museum, London. — 143 pp., 16 coloured pls. — Price 55 £. Members of the family Tineidae are extraordinary moths from a number of perspec- tives, but most of all because of the feeding habits of their larvae. The point is made repeatedly in current writings on insect diversity, that the Lepidoptera (at least the non- micropterigid Lepidoptera, hence >>99% of the extant members of the order) are the most species-rich clade of herbivorous animals — and the family Tineidae is the prin- cipal lepidopteran lineage whose members have on a large scale adopted alternative food sources. A few tineid species are probably the only micro-moths known to almost everybody (and have been so for millennia, as testified by references in the myths of the Old Testament), and of course they owe this recognition to the capacity of their larvae to live on substrates as unusual as keratins (fibrous structural proteins), and hence to become troublesome textile destroyers. Ironically, therefore, in several languages the vernacular name for a tineid moth will be the one by which most people will refer to all kinds of smaller moths, which in their biology mostly are so different, and so much more ‘typical’ members of the order. Tineids are of outstanding interest for other reasons as well, in as much as they are the most overall generalized ditrysian Lepidoptera, and a knowledge of their structure therefore of crucial significance for any attempts of reconstructing the ancestor which gave rise to the most species-rich lepidopteran lineages in what appears to have been very rapid succession — judging from the difficulties facing current attempts of resol- ving their interrelationships through analysis of sizable samples of carefully selected genetic markers (Regier et al. 2009). Tineid moths are diverse in morphology and ap- pearance, and their general non-herbivory notwithstanding they are also biologically diverse. Getting a handle on this diversity would, therefore, appear to be an obvious priority in systematic/evolutionary lepidopterology. In recent decades three milestone publications have appeared which serve exactly this purpose, and the London Natural History Museum (previously, and still in the mind of many naturalists, the British Museum (Natural History) — BMNH) lepidopterist Gaden S. Robinson was the driving force behind all of them. First, in 1993, came the outstanding book on Tineid Genera of Australia coauthored by Robinson and Ebbe S. Nielsen. In 1998 followed Robinson’s treatment of the family in the first Lepidoptera Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 4 G. S. Robinson volume of the Handbook of Zoology. Finally, in late 2009, the international lepidop- terists’ community received the book highlighted in the headlines here, only a short time after receiving the news that its author untimely — aged 60 — had succumbed to an untimely but aggressive illness. He lived to see the proofs and had dearly wanted to see the book printed, an event, alas denied him. In fellow-countrymen’s obituary wri- tings (e.g., Beccaloni et al. 2009) Robinson was repeatedly referred to as being “club- bable” (a delightful expression that was new to the English vocabulary of both of us), but despite this characteristic, for one reason or another he never joined the Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica, and only on very few occasions did he attend a European Congress of Lepidopterology. But since from the onset of his BMNH career he was in charge of a sizable pro- portion of the micro-moth collections of that matchless institution, he was destined to become a central figure in the minds of European (and indeed extra-European) Ciubbable Gaden Robinson; photograph 2008 by micro-moth researchers, whose work was Phil de Vries. often promoted by his insights, and with a number of whom he developed a ge- nuine personal friendship. The appearance of Biology, distribution and diversity of tineid moths is, then, an appropriate occasion to reminisce about its author in the SEL Journal. Gaden Sutherland Robinson had a colourful personality and was a man of many ta- lents. As a lepidopterist he was an apple not fallen far from the tree: his father, Hugh S. Robinson, was a keen amateur Lepidoptera collector and inventor (jointly with his similarly-minded brother Peter) of the renowned ‘Robinson trap’ which was instrumen- tal in revolutionizing moth collecting techniques in the mid 20" century. The paternal impact on the early shaping of Gaden’s entomology interest vividly transpires from the brilliant and very ‘Gadenish’ contribution (Robinson 2009a) to the recent Letters to Linnaeus volume, and while his later professional commitment and writings were fo- cused on the micro-moth grade, he long retained a broad genuine interest in the British Lepidoptera as a whole and continued light trapping and ‘sugaring’ at/near his Essex homes. Another impact came from Hugh Robinsons’ later appointment to the colonial civil service in S.E. Asia and eventually Fiji: Gaden’s Ph.D. work was an account of the Macrolepidoptera (in a broad sense) of Fiji and Rotuma, and the fauna of S.E. Asia and Australasia remained a theme of focal interest throughout his scientific career. Attractive tenured positions in systematic biology were not yet scarce in the mid-1970s, and aged 25 Gaden found himself employed as a scientific officer (a position combining Nota lepid. 33 (1): 3-8 5 curatorial and researcher duties) in the micro-moth section of the BMNH Entomology Department. The decision that work on ‘lower’ micro-moths with special reference to Tineidae should be a core activity of the new employee was made at managerial level before the successful applicant was hired, and it was prompted partly by the lacunae in expertise among already-present staff members, partly because of the economic impor- tance of tineids (K. Sattler, pers. comm.). The challenge was enthusiastically accepted by Gaden. Over the years he published a series of high-quality taxonomic studies on tineids, with occasional digressions into other lower-grade moth groups (including a book on the hepialids of austral S. America, Nielsen & Robinson 1983). To several tin- eid workers worldwide Gaden was the ‘court of last resort’ in taxonomic questions; his enormous knowledge was highly valued and his advice will be sorely missed. Gaden’s extensive empirical work was not restricted to revisionary taxonomy, but ran- ged from science history/classical collections over lepidopteran host associations to biodiversity assessment issues. Endowed with exceptional verbal skills he enjoyed wri- ting for readerships outside the restricted circle of fellow scientists, and for example his many reviews of entomology books in the Times Literary Supplement won wide acclaim. Reference may be made to the above-mentioned Beccaloni et al. (2009) obi- tuary article for more information about his personality and scientific achievements, and a complete list of his scientific publications is accessible (for free to subscribers to Systematics and Biodiversity) at www.journals.cup.org/abstract_S 1477200009990247. Biology, distribution and diversity of tineid moths (Robinson 2009b) was written in Gaden’s last years, when his health state was in rapid decline. It is an impressive, infor- mation-packed piece of writing — and moreover it is something as exceptional as a sci- entific text with distinctive literary qualities! In the first issue of Antenna (‘house jour- nal’ of the Royal Entomological Society) the late Miriam Rothschild (1977) addressed the issue of contemporary scientific writing styles and rhetorically asked “Need we be such unmitigated bores?’— As hinted above, Gaden was one of those rare entomology writers who clearly demonstrated that the answer sometimes can be “no”. The book opens with a succinct ‘Introduction’ chapter with a number of sections, of which ‘Problems and the past’ highlights problems of a general nature, particularly lacking/in- adequate illustrations and over-hasty species descriptions with following high synonymy ratios. The section entitled “Why Tineidae — why pick on us?’ is entertainingly presented as a conversation between the author and tineid moths, from which the outstanding fea- tures of the latter emerge. Here we are told what the emphasis of the book is — and what it is not. The moths “suppose you’re now going to give them [the readers] all that dull spiel about biology, physiology, morphology and classifications and subfamily definitions, re- peating yourself yet again from Tineid Genera of Australia and Handbook of Zoology?”, but the author after stating that “I shall direct the patient reader to Robinson & Nielsen (1993) and Davis & Robinson (1999) for the full Monty...” tersely asserts that the present work “ focuses on distribution and biology and if anyone wants any more morphology, or the like, then they can either look it up or sing it themselves. Besides it is bad form to recycle one’s own work too often”. While this last statement may have much to recom- mend it, and while editors/publishers of the Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera and Handbook of Zoology will welcome the promotion of the volumes referred to, one may 6 G. S. Robinson still ask whether the principle here has been carried to the extreme. We do believe a few pages of annotated morphology illustrations would have been justified and helpful. The need seems particularly obvious for instance in the case of the female genitalia, because neither the Handbook nor the Australian volume provide labelled illustrations of certain noteworthy structures referred to in the following text section. Here one otherwise finds a succinct, but informative, account of adult family characteristics, while the immatu- res are given short shrift: just references to the two above-mentioned treatises. While the next section heading reads “How Tineidae are defined”, one actually here finds no attempt of identifying groundplan autapomorphies of the family, and indeed the au- thor may well have continued to doubt that it has any (this doubt is expressly stated in Robinson & Nielsen 1993: 2), and therefore may well prove eventually to be a non- monophyletic assemblage. It is straightforward to assume, that when the tineids are told that “You do have a fossil record — there are plenty of Tineidae known from the Baltic amber, about 55 mya...” this plenitude also comprises stem-lineage members of other ditrysian families. We also submit that it would not have been unjustified to ‘recycle’ (and where appro- priate, update) at least a number of the key references on tineid physiology given in the works already mentioned. Although the subject is clearly outside the scope of the present work, there seems to be a merit in highlighting more strongly that exactly the Lepidoptera-wise very unusual life histories of members of this family render them outstandingly interesting model organisms to biologists outside the systematists/biodi- versity researchers’ circles; here they can serve inquiries into mycophagy, coprophagy, keratin digestion, adaptations to extreme dryness — and in particular, into the pathways leading to these physiological capabilities. The introductory section is closed with an account of the 16 currently recognized tineid subfamilies of which, however, two, viz., the Meessiinae and Myrmecozelinae remain, as it is said, “undoubtedly polyphyletic”. The account is more detailed than that in the Handbook, less detailed than that in the Australian volume — and of course it is updated relative to these accounts. The challenging task of unravelling the interrelationships between the subfamilies, and hence in placing the said ecological/physiological spe- cializations in evolutionary context (arguably among the greatest strengths of contri- butions from ‘the museum approach’ to comparative biology) is left to future workers: subfamily interrelationships were presented as completely unresolved in the previous contributions, and “Little has been added since these publications” (Preface, p. 7). As something new the section enumerates all genera (with global species numbers) assig- ned to the individual subfamilies. A bonus also not found elsewhere is a list, arranged by zoogeographical regions, of the tineid genera not yet placed in any subfamily; there are no less than 119 (81 monobasic) of these. The bulk of the book is taken up by the chapter on ‘Distribution, diversity and biology’. It is a genus-for-genus account of known (published and in some cases unpublished, e.g. label information on museum specimens) bionomics of world tineids, organized on a geographical basis, and within geographical units arranged by subfamilies. The first subsection is devoted to “Islands, isolates and invaders” and comprises as many as 40 pages, while 62 are devoted to the predominantly continental faunas, arranged Nota lepid. 33 (1): 3-8 gi according to conventional zoogeographical regions. The background for this apparent imbalance is not just that the author always took a special interest in faunas of isolated islands, but also that tineids with their larval dependence on fungal rather than plant material are exceptional colonisers by Lepidoptera standards. Arguably the particularly extensive treatment of the St Helena tineid fauna would have benefited from treatment in a separate full journal article, with only a quite condensed summary in the present book. We make this point not because of the lengthy treatment of the subject, but sim- ply because we found the whole story, including its historical/biographical aspects so fascinating (as well as delightfully presented) that it deserved the wider readership, which could have been attracted if the account had been flagged with a title of its own. Confined to the book it is likely to be found only by micro-moth workers. The material presented in this central chapter of the book is an impressive compila- tion of data. Each regional account is opened by a condensed survey of the relevant available literature resources, often accompanied by brief assessments on the quality/ usefulness of the works in question — useful ‘consumer’s guidances’, which in some ca- ses come in the form of forthright criticism; the account (p. 80-81) of the Gozmany & Vari book (1973) on Afrotropical tineids is an example. Implicit in this criticism (which we consider well founded) is, then, an emphasis of the need for a new treatment, com- plying with current ‘best practice’ of the tineid fauna of this region, from which much new material has been procured in recent years. In a general way the treatments of the regional tineid faunas highlight the need for future comprehensive manuals. European workers will feel a particular need for a comprehensive account of the Oriental tineids, like the forthcoming Davis monograph on the Nearctic taxa is indeed „eagerly awaited“ (p. 57), because close links to the Palaearctic fauna are known to exist. The written account of the global biological diversity of tineid moths is supplemented by a pictorial guide to the diversity in form and colour patterns of the moths. It is pre- sented in 16 plates of colour photographs on which exemplars of a sizable proportion of the world genera (272 out of 341) are depicted in altogether 500 illustrations; the mis- sing ones are consistently ‘rarae aves’ not present (at least as specimens at all suitable for photography) in the NHM collections “or otherwise unavailable for photography in the time-frame available...” (p.8). The pictures are overall good, although the re- production technique has not enabled them to match the best micro-moth photographs published these years; in several cases they would have benefited from a somewhat higher magnification. The magnification varies considerably between figures which are almost identically sized irrespective of the size of the specimens in question, and while the actual size of the latter can be immediately seen in the captions facing the plates, the variable magnifications do detract from the ease of appreciation of the diversity of the moths depicted. Occasionally the choice of illustrated specimens is debatable, as e.g., fig 278, which illustrates a near-unicolorous dark Neurothaumasia ankerella, while the most typical/abundant morph of this taxon has a bold black/white pattern; the conge- ner N. fasciata (fig. 279) is similarly variable, but the generic account (p. 74) does not mention this variablity. One of us (NPK) had the opportunity to see a draft of the manuscript and suggested some changes/additions to it. Some of these were followed, others not. As events tur- 8 G.S. Robinson ned out, one cannot help being satisfied that the author decided against making any time-consuming additions, such as a compilation of extra references and an extra figure section (and also searching for more photogenic specimens for some plate figures, such as could with certainty have been located in other collections), because every single of them might have compromised the very completion of the book. He was well aware of potential shortcomings but equally of the circumstances under which he was comple- ting the manuscript: “This may well be a valedictory work and if you want it at all, you get it warts and all” was his final statement in the ‘Preface’. His aims and promises, as Clearly spelled out in the ‘Introduction’ appear in our judgment to have been ove- rall fulfilled admirably: the book is indeed a comprehensive account of the “biology, distribution and diversity” of the tineid moths of the globe — and as such it will prove an invaluable source of information, and inspiration, to curators, systematists and field biologists (professionals and amateurs alike) for a very long time to come. “He has left us an extraordinary legacy, for he was an extraordinary man” was the clo- sing sentence in Gaden Robinson’s (1986) essay about Edward Meyrick’s writings on phylogeny. Very much the same can be said about Gaden himself. Biology, distribution and diversity of tineid moths is a fitting copestone to this extraordinary legacy. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Drs Malcolm J. Scoble and Klaus Sattler for information and comments. References Beccaloni, G., J. Holloway., I. Kitching, K. Sattler, M. Scoble, K. Tuck & D. Vane-Wright 2009. A tribute to Dr Gaden S. Robinson (1949-2009). — Systematics and Biodiversity 7: 351-355. Davis, D.R. & G.S. Robinson 1998. The Tineoidea and Gracillarioidea (Don R. Davis: nontineid families; Gaden S. Robinson: Tineidae). Pp. 91—117.-—Jn: N. P. Kristensen, Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. — Handbuch der Zoologie 4 (35). — Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. [The correct publication year is not 1999 as printed on the front page, but 1998 as stated in the colophon] Gozmany, L. A. & L. Vari 1973. The Tineidae of the Ethiopian region. — Transvaal Museum Memoir 18: i-vi, 1-238, figs 1-570. Nielsen, E.S. & G.S. Robinson 1983. Ghost Moths of southern South America (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). With a summary in Spanish prepared by P. Gentili: “Mariposas Fantasmas del sur de Sudamerica”. — Entomonograph 4: 1- 192. Scandinavian Science Press, Copenhagen. Regier, J. C., A. Zwick, M. P. Cummings, A. Y. Kawahara, S. Cho, S. Weller, A. Roe, J. Baixeras, J. W. Brown, C. Parr, D.R. Davis, M. Epstein, W. Hallwachs, A. Hausmann, D. H. Janzen, I. J. Kitching, M. A. Solis, S. H. Yen, A. L. Bazinet & C. Mitter 2009. Toward reconstructing the evolution of advanced moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an initial molecular study. - BMC Evolutionary Biology 9:20: Robinson, G. S. 1986. Edward Meyrick: an unpublished essay on phylogeny. — Journal of Natural History 20: 359-367. Robinson, G. S. 2009a. They call him ‘L.’ It means ‘the’. Pp. 213-222. - In: S. Knapp & Q. D. Wheeler, Letters to Linnaeus. — Linnean Society, London. Robinson, G. S. 2009b. Biology, distribution and diversity of tineid moths. — Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia & Natural History Museum, London. 143 pp., 16 coloured pls. Robinson, G. S. & E. S. Nielsen 1993. Tineid Genera of Australia (Lepidoptera). - Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera 2. CSIRO, Melbourne. xvi + 343 pp. Rothschild, M. 1977. Need we be such unmitigated bores? — Antenna 1: 3-5. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 9-24 9 New and poorly known Palaearctic Microlepidoptera (Tineidae, Acrolepiidae, Douglasiidae, Epermeniidae) REINHARD GAEDIKE Florusstraße 5, 53225 Bonn, Germany; tinagma@msn.com Abstract. A study of 216 specimens of Tineidae, Acrolepiidae, Douglasiidae, and Epermeniidae establishes 73 first country records, three first records apart from the type series, one first record for Europe, and one first record for the Nearctic region. Infurcitinea iberica sp. n., Infurcitinea corsica sp. n., and Tinagma asymmetricum Sp. n. are described as new species. A lectotype is designated for Tineola macropodella Erschoff, 1874, which is anew synonym of Pararhodobates syriacus (Lederer, 1857). Infurcitinea romanica CapuOe, 1966, hitherto a synonym of Infurcitinea olympica Petersen, 1958, is reinstated as a valid species. The taxon kirghiztana Zagulajev, 2002, described in Fermocelina, is transferred to Reisserita. The author of Reisserita zelleri is Zagulajev, 1992, not Caradja, 1920. Introduction Following previous publications on the results of my long-standing faunistic and taxonomic studies on palaearctic members of the families mentioned in the title (Gaedike 2007, 2009) I am able to provide new records for several countries, to describe some new species, and to establish new synonymies. The hitherto known distribution of the species of the families dealt with in this paper can be found in Gaedike (2009) (Fauna Europaea, vers. 2.1). The material studied comes from collecting trips of several colleagues, and is now deposited in various museums or in the private collections of the collectors, as listed below. Abbreviations coll. B. Bengtsson collection Bengt A. Bengtsson, Färjestaden, Sweden coll. G. Derra collection Georg Derra, Reckendorf, Germany coll. S. Gomboc collection Stanislav Gomboc, Kranj, Slovenija coll. M. Hellers collection Marcel Heller, Bissen, Luxembourg coll. M. Lasan collection Mojmir Lasan, Ljubljana, Slovenija coll. H. Roweck collection Hartmut Roweck, Kiel, Germany coll. W. Schmitz collection Willibald Schmitz, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany coll. F. Theimer collection Franz Theimer, Berlin, Germany coll. W. Wittland collection Wolfgang Wittland, Dalheim-Wegberg, Germany coll. M. Zerafa collection Michael Zerafa, Naxxar, Malta FMNH Finnish Museum of Natural History (Lauri Kaila), Helsinki, Finland MHNL Musée national d’histoire naturelle (Marc Meyer), Luxembourg, Luxembourg MNHN Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (J. Minet), Paris, France RMNH Nationaal Natuurhistorische Museum (“Naturalis”) (Erik van Nieukerken), Leiden, The Netherlands SDEI Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Miincheberg, Germany SMNK Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde (Robert Trusch), Karlsruhe, Germany ZMUC Zoological Museum (Ole Karsholt), Copenhagen, Denmark Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 10 GAEDIKE: New and poorly known Palaearctic Microlepidoptera TINEIDAE Rhodobates unicolor (Staudinger, 1870) Material.10, France: Corsica, 3 km SE of Bonifacio, 1 km N of Capo Pertusato, 23.ix.2003, leg. P. Skou; ZMUC; 20, Corsica, 4 km N of Solenzara, Marine de Solaro, 21.1x.2003, leg. P. Skou; ZMUC. First record for Corsica. Pararhodobates syriacus (Lederer, 1857) = Tineola macropodella Erschoff, 1874, syn. n. In his paper summarising the results of the Fedschenko-Expedition to Turkestan, pub- lished in 1874, Erschoff described on p. 98 “Tineola” macropodella. The systematic position of this taxon was for a long time unknown. In the revision of the Eriocottidae of the USSR (1988) Zagulajev mentioned this taxon under the genus-name Deuterotinea. It has been impossible for me to assertain, who transferred the taxon to the genus Deuterotinea. Zagulajev studied the specimen, that was (and is still) located in the col- lection of the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State Lomonossow-University (see Antonova 1981: 224). According to Zagulajev’s determination label, he considered the species to be conspe- cific with Pararhodobates syriacus. He does not established this synonymization in a formal way with the designation “syn. nov.”, and until now this synonymy has not been formally published or used in any systematic lists, catalogues or databases of Tineidae. To fill this gap, Tineola macropodella Erschoff, 1874 is now designated as new syno- nym of Pararhodobates syriacus (Lederer, 1857). Through the courtesy of my colleague A. V. Sviridov at the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State Lomonossow-University it was possible for me to examine a picture of the male genitalia of the specimen of macropodella which was studied by Zagulajev. I now designate this specimen as the lectotype of Tineola macropodella according to ICZN (Article 74.7.), to prevent nomenclatural confusion in the interpretation of this taxon. The labels of the lectotype are shown on Figures | and 2. The following two labels were added: “[red paper] Lectotypus S Tineola macropodella Ersch., des. R. Gaedike 2009, ““Pararhodobates syriacus Led., det. R. Gaedike 2009”. Euplocamus anthracinalis (Scopoli, 1763) Material.20, Luxembourg, Roost-Essingen, 20.v.1999, leg. et coll. M. Hellers. New country re- cord. Montescardia tessulatella (Zeller, 1846) Material.10, Luxembourg, Blaschette, | .vii.2006, leg. et coll. M. Hellers. New country record. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 9-24 11 Fig. 1. Labels of lectotype of Tineola macropodella Erschoff, 1874; labels with cyrillic alphabet: label 1. ; label 3: [completed by E. M. Antonova in 1968]. en + Ty PKecTAa# | O68. CAMAPK AH GA 81. LAPP BM A 12. T18639 Pea YEH Ko Fig. 2. Labels of lectotype of Tineola macropodella Erschoff, 1874; labels with cyrillic alphabet: label 4. . Triaxomera parasitella (Hübner, 1796) Material.19,Luxembourg, Frisange-Aspelt, 4.vi.1996; 19, Weller la Tour, 5.vi.1996, leg. M. Meyer; MHNL. New country record. Nemapogon cloacella (Haworth, 1828) Material.19, Luxembourg, Eisenborn, 27.v.1996, leg. M. Hellers; 10, Oberanven, 15.vi.1999, leg. M. Hellers; 19, 19, Lielig, Stengigefeld, 20.v.1993, leg. M. Hellers; 40, Oberschlinder, 8.vi.1996, 23.v1.1999, leg. M. Hellers; 10°, Kautenbach, 24.vi.1995, leg. M. Hellers; 10°, Bastendorf, 2.vi.1996, leg. M. Hellers; 10°, Goebelsmühle, 19.vi.1993, leg. M. Hellers; 30°, Brandenbourg, 15.v.1990, 20.v.1999, leg. M. Hellers; 20, Lellingen, 12.vi.1994, leg. M. Hellers; 130°, 29, Kandel, Mai, Juni, Juli, leg. M. Hellers; all coll. Hellers. New country record. 12 GAEDIKE: New and poorly known Palaearctic Microlepidoptera Nemapogon wolffiella Karsholt & Schmidt Nielsen, 1976 Material.1©, Luxembourg, Vianden, Mont-St-Nicolas, 18.vi.1998; 20, Tandel, 21.v1.1996; 16, Stegen-Mouschberg, 2.vi.1998; 10°, Bastendorf, 2.vi.1996, all leg. et coll. M. Hellers. New country record. Nemapogon nigralbella (Zeller, 1839) Material.19, Greece, Prov. Ioänina, 4 km W Agia Paraskevi, 750 m, 26.v111.2008, leg. P. Skou; (det. O. Karsholt); ZMUC. New country record. Nemapogon ruricolella (Stainton, 1859) Material.1©, France, Corsica, Cargèse, 15.—16.v.1999, leg. ©. Karsholt; ZMUC. First record for Corsica. Nemapogon clematella (Fabricius, 1781) Material.1, Luxembourg, Mersch-Schoenfels, 18.vi.2002; 19, Frisange-Aspelt, 5.v111.1996, leg. M. Meyer; MHNL. New country record. Nemapogon granella (Linnaeus, 1758) Material.1©, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 25.1x.2002; 19, Steinfort-Kleinbettingen, 2.v1.1987, leg. M. Meyer; MHNL. New country record. Nemapogon levantina Petersen, 1961 Material.1©, Greece, Crete, W. Omalos, 1100-1200 m, 28.v11.-2.v111.2001, leg. M. Fibiger et al; ZMUC. First record for Crete. Triaxomasia caprimulgella (Stainton, 1851) Material.1¢, Spain, Zaragoza, 5 km N Tosdos by Rio Huerva, 750 m, 16.v11.1988, leg. M. Fibiger; ZMUC; 19, Pyrenäen, Prullans, 900 m, 2.vii.1980, leg. et coll. Derra. New country record. Gaedikeia kokkariensis Sutter, 1998 Material.10, Greece, Lakonia, Palaeopanagia, 12 km S Sparti, 350 m, 23.v11.1998, leg. B. Skule & D. Nilsson; ZMUC. 19, Cyprus, Moniatis, N. Limassol, 850 m, 23.—29.vi.1997, leg. P. Svendsen et al.; ZMUC. 19, France, Corsica, above Lozzi, 1150 m, 18.vii.2004, leg. P. Skou; ZMUC; 10°, Corse, 22 km W Solenzara Vacca, La Solenzara, 550 m, 23.vi.2005, leg. B. Skule; ZMUC. New country records, and first record for Greek mainland; hitherto known only from the Greek Islands of Samos and Rhodos, and from Spain. Neurothaumasia macedonica Petersen, 1962 Material.1c, Italy, Puglia, 5 km SW of Manfredonia, 26.v.2005, leg. P. Skou; ZMUC. New country record. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 9-24 15 Tenaga nigripunctella (Haworth, 1828) Material.19,France, Nantes, 12.v11.1919, MNHN. New country record. Tenaga rhenania (Petersen, 1962) Material.19, France, Corsica, Castiria, 12 km N Corte, 400 m, 20.v1.1994, leg. B. Skule & P. Skou, ZMUC. 19, Spain, Balearic Islands, Ibiza, 28.v111.2004, leg. U. Deutschmann; SDEI. First records from Corsica and Balearic Islands. Matratinea rufulicaput Sziraki & Szöcs, 1990 Material.1&, Greece, Molivos lesvos, 8.vi.1994, leg. J. P. Baungaard, ZMUC. First record other than the type (Hungary). Eudarcia (Meessia) pagenstecherella (Hubner, 1825) Material.10, Luxembourg, Goebelsmühle, 23.v1.1999, leg. et coll. M. Hellers. New country record. Eudarcia (Obesoceras) graeca (Gaedike, 1985) Material.20, Greece, Lakonia, Palaeopanagia, 12 km S Sparti, 350 m, 23.v11.1998, leg. B. Skule & D. Nilsson; ZMUC. First record other than the holotype. Infurcitinea iberica sp. n. Figs 3, 6-8, 20 Material.Holotype ©, ‘Spanien/Almeria, Rambla Tabernas, 100 m, 5.3. [20]03, leg. W. Schmitz’, ‘Gen.prap. [genitalia slide] Gaedike Nr. 5601’, ‘Holotypus ©, Infurctitinea iberica Sp. n. det. R. Gaedike 2009’, SDEI. — Paratypes: 10°, ‘Spanien/Almeria, Cabo de Gata, 300 m, 08.03.2008, leg. J. Viehmann’, ‘prep. [genitalia slide] Gaedike 6408’, coll. W. Schmitz; 10, same location, 300 m, 88.03.2009, leg. J. Viehmann, ‘prep. [genitalia slide] Gaedike 6658’, coll. W. Schmitz; 10°, ‘Hispania, Andalusia, Arriate, 12 km © Rhonda, Casa Alta, 640 m, 5.v.1991, leg. E. Traugott-Olsen’, ‘prep. [genitalia slide] Gaedike 5388’, ZMUC; 19, ‘Spain, prov. Granada, 36°45'00"N, 03°40'13"W, Almunecar Moscaril, 150 m, 6.—12.v.2000, C. Hviid & B. Skule’, ‘Coll. ZMUC Copenhagen, DK’, ‘Gen.prap. [genitalia slide] Gaedike NR. 6851’, SDEI; 19, ‘SPAIN, prov. Granada 25 km N Almunecar Moscaril, 500 m, 28.viii.—9.1x.2004, G. Jeppesen’, ‘Coll. ZMUC Copenhagen, DK’, ‘Gen.prap. [genitalia slide] Gaedike NR. 6852’, ZMUC. Diagnosis. In the structure of the genitalia there are similarities to /. megalopterella Petersen, 1964, but the truncated uncus, and the shape of the anellus are distinctive for the new species. Description (Fig. 3). Wingspan 8-9 mm; head pale yellowish, antenna on inside of scapus of same coloration, outside of scapus and flagellum dark grey; thorax pale yel- lowish, base of tegulae somewhat darker; forewing whitish, overlaid with numerous darker scales, without clear patterning, most darker scales at base and on first half of costa. Male genitalia (Figs 6-8). Uncus truncated, vinculum ventrally invaginated, laterally rounded; valva basally broad, after 1/2 narrower, costal arm bristled, pointed proximally, ventrally with thin, long processus, with very long narrow transtilla; phal- 14 GAEDIKE: New and poorly known Palaearctic Microlepidoptera lus basally bulbus-shaped, proximally curved, narrow, anellus twice as long as phallus, consisting of two apically rounded folds, connected with phallus. Female genitalia. (Fig. 20). Anterior apophyses short, unforked, eighth segment stronger sclerotized than other segments, ductus bursae below ostium with numerous small, sclerotized rounded tubercles; first part of this tuberculous area something wid- ened, with ring-like strong sclerotized edges. Etymology. Named after the collection locality of the type series. Infurcitinea corsica sp.n. Figs 4, 9-11 Material.Holotype ©, ‘Corsica, Haut Asco, 1200-1400 m, 23.v1.1994, leg. B. Skule & P. Skou’, ‘Gen.prap. [genitalia slide] Gaed.[ike] Nr. Präp. 5421’, ‘Holotypus © Infurcitinea corsica sp. n. det. R. Gaedike 2009’, ZMUC. Diagnosis. In the structure of the genitalia this species is similar to J. belviella, de- scribed from Sardinia, but the shape of the valva with the characteristic sclerotizations at the apex, and the phallus (as long as valva; the subapical tooth-like sclerotization) are distinctive for the new species. Description (Fig. 4). Wingspan 10 mm; head whitish, scales between eyes darker, an- tenna dark grey, inside of scapus whitish; thorax pale, overlaid with dark grey scales, tegulae dark grey; ground colouration of forewing pale whitish, with pattern of dark grey scales consisting of unclearly delineated transverse stripe at 1/2, spot on base of dorsum (dorsal edge), and nearly whole apical half. Fringe pale whitish; hindwing white. Male genitalia (Figs 9-11). Uncus long, narrow; vinculum laterally with two narrow processi, apically convex; valva basally broad, with long, narrow transtilla, in second half becoming narrow towards rounded apex, costal edge convex, ventral edge concave, apex with tooth-like sclerotizations; phallus as long as valva, basally bul- bous, apically forked, one arm (anellus?) shorter, bristled on inside, longer arm slightly curved, narrow, subapically on inside with small tooth-like sclerotization. Female genitalia. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the island of Corsica, the location of the type locality. Infurcitinea rumelicella (Rebel, 1903) Material. 10, Turkmenistan, W. Kopet Gad, 800 m, 40 km E Garrygala = Kara Kala, 21.v.1993, leg. V. Sruoga; ZMUC. New country record. Infurcitinea sardica (Amsel, 1952) Material. 19, France, Drôme, St. Restitut by St. Paul Trois Chateaux, 250 m, viii 1984, leg. Fibiger & Moberg; ZMUC. New country record. Infurcitinea kasyi Petersen, 1962 Material.1, Greece, Falakron-geb., Panorama, 1100 m, 26.v.2009, leg. et coll. W. Schmitz. New country record. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 9-24 15 Fig. 3. Infurcitinea iberica sp. n., adult. Fig. 4. Infurctitinea corsica sp. n., adult. Infurcitinea banatica Petersen, 1961 Material.2©, Greece, Florina, | km NW Pisoderi, 1600 m, 14.v11.1998, leg. B. Skule & D. Nilsson; ZMUC. New country record. Infurcitinea roesslerella (Heyden, 1865) Material.10,19, Andorra, Arnizal, 1500 m, 1.v111.1997, leg. J. P. Baungaard; ZMUC. 30°, Luxem- bourg, Lellingen, Lellgerbach, 20.vi.1998, 3.v1.2004; 20°, Kautenbach Ueweschlaed, 1.vi.1995, leg. et coll. M. Hellers. New country records. Infurcitinea hellenica Gaedike, 1997 Material.1,Greece, Epidaurus, Korfos, 200 m, 21.v.2007, leg. W. Schmitz; SDEI. First record other than the holotype. Infurcitinea atrifasciella (Staudinger, 1870) Material.10,19, Andorra, St. Julia, 7., 8.vii.1982, leg. P. J. L. Roche; RMNH. New country record. Infurcitinea albicomella (Stainton, 1851) Material.40,San Marino, 9.vii.1981, leg. P. Grotenfelt; FMNH. New country record. Infurcitinea romanica Capuse, 1966, stat. rev. Material.10&,Romania, Carao-Severin, 5 km S Seoca Montana, 44°51'N,21°44'E, 525 m, 14.vii.2005, leg. B. Skule, C. Hviid, E. Vesterhede; ZMUC. Remarks. Previously (Gaedike 1983) the species was listed as a synonym of I. olym- pica Petersen, 1958 (Figs 12—14). Recently, a more detailed study of the male genitalia revealed, that romanica (Figs 15—18) is a valid species. The shape of the apical part of the valvae and the shape of the anellus are quite different. 16 GAEDIKE: New and poorly known Palaearctic Microlepidoptera Infurcitinea teriolella (Amsel, 1954) Material. 1Q,Spain, Granada, 10 km E Baza, 24. vi. 1989, leg. et coll. B. A. Bengtsson. New country record. Infucitinea parnassiella Gaedike, 1987 Material.10, Greece, Parnass, 1900 m, 4.v111.2005, leg. Viehmann, coll. W. Schmitz. First record other than the type series (Greece: Parnass). Lichenotinea pustulatella (Zeller, 1852) Material.1Q, Spain, Castellon de la Plana, 20 km SE Morella, 15.vi.1989, leg. B. A. Bengtsson; ZMUC. 30, Greece, Ipiros, Konitsa area, below Smolikas, 700-1500 m, 21.—23.v.1994, leg. O. Karsholt; ZMUC. New country records. Agnathosia mendicella (Denis & Schiffermiiller, 1775) Material.10,19, Luxembourg, Mauternach, Op der Fels, 25.viii., 31.vii.2003; 20°, Mersch, Schoenfels, 26.v11.2002, leg. M. Meyer; MHNL. New country record. Myrmecozela ataxella (Chrétien, 1905) Material.1c, Spain, Canary Islands, Fuerteventura, Bco. Esquinzo, 2.111.—10.vi.2007, leg. R. Paas, coll. W. Schmitz. First record from the Canary Islands. Ateliotum syriacum (Caradja, 1920) Material.1©, Greece, Crete, Nom. Chania, 35°25'44"N, 23°55'22"E, Skines, 5.—11.vi.2004, leg. B. Skule, C. Hivid & E. Vesterhede; 10°, GR, Crete, 4 km S Topolia, 300 m, 25.—29.vi.2000, leg. P. Svendsen; D. Nilsson; A. Madsen & M. Fibiger: ZMUC. First records for Europe. Cephimallota tunesiella (Zagulajev, 1966) Material.40, 19, Greece, Crete, Sivas, 20.ix.—05.x.2008, leg. A. Blumberg, coll. W. Schmitz. New country record. Ceratuncus danubiellus (Mann, 1866) Material.10, Malta, Mellieka, 20.—25.v.1994, leg. U. Seneca; coll. H. Roweck. New country re- cord. Ceratuncus kirghizstana (Zagulajev, 2002), comb. n. In 2002, Zagulajev described a new species from Kirghizstan, Fermocelina kirghizs- tana. However the illustrations of the male genitalia show a very close affinity with members of the genus Ceratuncus Petersen, 1957 (shape of the uncus, absence of the Nota lepid. 33 (1): 9-24 | 17 gnathos arms). For this reason the taxon has to be considered a member of Ceratuncus Petersen and is transferred herewith to this genus. Reisserita zelleri Zagulajev, 1992, not Caradja, 1920 Monopis imella, ab. zelleri Caradja, 1920 Material.19, Russia, Tuva rep., ca 25 km W Erzin, steppe/stony slopes, 50°16'N, 94°54'E, 1250 m, 7.-11.v1.1995, leg. Jalava & Kullberg; FMNH. New country record. Remarks. Zagulajev (1992) mentioned the taxon “Reisserita zelleri (Car.)”, and re- ferred to the description of “Monopis imella, ab. zelleri”, which was published by Caradja (1920). This was an infrasubspecific description (ICZN: 45.6.2.), and the name was not available. In 1992 Zagulajev used “zelleri”” in combination with the genus name Reisserita as the name for this taxon, and made it available from that date. He described this species in great detail on the basis of two specimens, the holotype (©) is the specimen that Caradja named as ab. zelleri. The paratype (Q) was collected also in Kazakstan (Karagandinskaja obl. [region], gora [mountain] Koksengir, 19.vi.1958, leg. Zagulajev). Anomalotinea liguriella (Milliere, 1879) Material.30, Greece, Ofryonia, Kavalla, 9.v11.2007, leg. J. Viehmann; coll. W. Schmitz; 20°, 14 km nw Kastoria, 1200 m, 10.v11.2007, leg. J. Viehmann; coll. W. Schmitz. New country record. Anomalotinea gardesanella (Hartig, 1950) Material.20, 19, Greece, Samos, Pithagoria, 16.—24.vi.1997, leg. J. P. Baungaard; ZMUC. New country record. Tineola bisselliella (Hummel, 1823) Material.10, Luxembourg, Bettel, June 2002, leg. et coll. M. Hellers. New country record. Tinea pellionella Linnaeus, 1758 Material.19,Spain, Canary Islands, La Palma, Tacande de Abajo, 6.111.2007, leg. M. Meyer; MHNL. New country record. Tinea semifulvella Haworth, 1828 Material.30', Luxembourg, Wellenstein, 16.vii.1997, 19.vi.1998; 10°, Dudelange, 17.vi.2000; 1¢, Bous-Heisbourgberhof, 21 .vii.1998, leg. M. Meyer; MHNL. New country record. 18 GAEDIKE: New and poorly known Palaearctic Microlepidoptera Niditinea fuscella (Linnaeus, 1758) Material.19,1 specimen without abdomen, Andorra, St. Julia, 31.v., 18.vi.1982, leg. P. J. L. Roche; RMNH. New country record. Niditinea striolella (Matsumura, 1931) Material.10, Luxembourg, Manternach: Manternach Op der Fels, 31.v11.2003, leg. M. Meyer; MHNL. 1, Portugal, Beira Alto, Viseu, 8.vi.1972, leg. P. Grotenfelt; FMNH. New country records. Niditinea tugurialis (Meyrick, 1932) Material.10, Croatia, Dalmatien: Herzegnovi, Igalo, 15.iv.1938, leg. Amsel; SMNK. New country record. Proterospastis merdella (Zeller, 1852) Material.10, Greece, Samos, Pithagoria, 16.—24.vi.1997, leg. J. P. Baungaard; ZMUC. New country record. Metatinea immaculatella (Rebel, 1892) Material.10, France, Corse, Calvi, 18.- 19.v111.1998, leg. ©. Karsholt; ZMUC. New country record, hitherto known only from Canary Islands. Phereoeca allutella (Rebel, 1892) Material.1©,Italy, Sardinia, Olbia, 4.1x.2007,leg.H.Roweck & N. Savenkov; coll. H. Roweck. New country record. Monopis weaverella (Scott, 1858) Materıal.10, Luxembourg, Manternach, Zwirwel, 31.v11.2003, leg. M. Meyer; MHNL. New country record. Monopis obviella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Material.20, Andorra, St. Julia, 15.vi.1981, 19.vii.1983, leg. P. J. L. Roche; RMNH. 270,29, San Marino, 7.vi.1981, leg. P. Grotenfelt, FMNH. 10°, Luxembourg, Mondorf les Bains, Altwies, Groufbierg, 10.v1.1998, leg. M. Meyer; MHNL. New country records. Monopis imella (Hübner, 1813) Material.10,San Marino, 29.1x.1980, leg. P. Grotenfelt; FMNH. New country record. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 9-24 19 Monopis monachella (Hübner, 1796) Material.20, Greece, Kavalla/Ofryonia, Strymon-Delta, 24.v.2009, leg. et coll. W. Schmitz. New country record. Opogona omoscopa (Meyrick, 1893) Material.1g,ltaly, Sardinia, Siniscola, 5.v111.2007, leg. H. Roweck & N. Savenkov; coll. H. Roweck. New country record. ACROLEPIIDAE Digitivalva (Inuliphila) occidentella (Klimesch, 1956) Material.19, Italy, Sicily, 300 m, below Pollina, 22.1v.2006, leg. O. Karsholt; ZMUC. First record for Sicily. Digitivalva (Inuliphila) granitella (Treitschke, 1833) Material.19,Greece, Fokida-Stausee, 700 m, 31.v.2006, leg. et coll. W. Schmitz. New country record. Acrolepia autumnitella Curtis, 1838 Material.19,Slovenia, Ljubljanska kotlina, StraniSce pod Smarjetno, 46° 14", 14°21', 1.v.2005, leg. et coll. S. Gomboc. New country record. DOUGLASIIDAE Tinagma dryadis Staudinger, 1872 Material.49, Russia, SW-Altai, 7 km N Katanda, 2200-2500 m, 20.-21.v11.1983, Exp. Mikkola, Hippa, Jalava leg.; FMNH. 19, Canada, Yukon T., 64°45' N, 138°15' W, Ogilvie Mnts, 1200 m, 6.v1i.1985, leg. K. Mikkola; FMNH. 10°, 19, USA, Alaska, Utukok R. 25.vi.1974, leg. Sotavalta; FMNH; 19,29, Alaska, Eagle Summit. 20 vi.1974, leg. Sotavalta; FMNH. First records from the Nearctic and first record from Altai. Tinagma hedemanni (Caradja, 1920) Material.19, Turkey, Aksehir, 30 km SW, 1200 m, 28.iv.1998, leg. S. Tabell; ZMUC; 1 specimen without abdomen, Egirdir, 5 km W, 28.1v.1998, leg. S. Tabell; ZMUC. New country record. 20 GAEDIKE: New and poorly known Palaearctic Microlepidoptera Fig. 5. Tinagma asymmetricum sp. n., adult. Tinagma anchusellum (Benander, 1936) Material.19,Hungary, Leanyfala, 5.- 10.v11.1997, leg. B. S. Larsen; ZMUC. New country record. Tinagma balteolellum (Fischer von Roeslerstamm, 1841) Materıial.1c, Portugal, Lusitania: Estremadura, pr. Lisboa, 8.v.1971, leg. P. Grotenfelt; FMNH. New country record. Tinagma asymmetricum sp.n. Figs 5, 19 Material. Holotype ©, “RMNH / EvN no. 93092 ESPANA (Valencia) 6 km N Bétera: Canade de Bigarra. 24 APR 1993, 30S YJ1792 100 m. van Nieukerken & Koster’, ‘Open mattoral with Pinus pinea; netted in sunshine RMNH / EVN no. 93092’, ‘Gen.prap.[genitalia slide] Gaedike NR: 6644’, ‘Holotypus © Tinagma asymmetricum sp. n. det. R. Gaedike 2010’, RMNH. — Paratypes: 10° with same data, ‘Paratypus © Tinagma asymmetricum sp. n. det. R. Gaedike 2010’, RMNH; 19 with same data, Gen.präp. [genitalia slide] Gaedike NR: 5698, ‘Paratypus © Tinagma asymmetricum sp. n. det. R. Gaedike 2010’, SDEI. Diagnosis. Superficially somewhat similar to Tinagma hedemanni (Caradja, 1920) and T. anchusellum (Benander, 1936), but the structure of the genitalia (asymmetric valvae, and very long saccus) distinguish the new species from all other known members of the genus. Description (Fig. 5). Wingspan 7.0—8.0 mm; head dark grey, tips of scales whitish; laterally antenna and below eyes more whitish; antenna ventrally white, dorsally dark grey, palpi short, inner side more whitish than outer side; thorax also with dark grey scales with whitish tip; forewing with same coloration, base more grey, at 1/2 with shadow-like large dark dot, nearly without any whitish spots, fringe with long white scales with dark grey tips; hindwing dark grey. Male genitalia (Fig. 19). Uncus characteristic for genus, nearly triangular, vin- culum narrow, saccus extremely long, more than half of length of phallus; valvae nearly rectangular, apically slightly rounded, subapically with some rows of thick truncated bristles, ventrally folded; one valve with arrow-shaped process, as long as valva, folded to innerside, other valva without any process; phallus very long, nearly three times longer than valva. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 9-24 21 Figs 6-8. Infurcitinea iberica Sp. n., male genitalia. 6. Uncus-tegumen-vinculum. 7. Valva. 8. Phallus with anellus. Figs 9-11. Infurcitinea corsica sp. n., male genitalia. 9. Uncus-tegumen-vinculum. 10. Valva. 11. Phallus with anellus. Female genitalia. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the asymmetric valvae. Klimeschia vibratoriella (Mann, 1862) Material.29, Turkey, Prov. Ismir, 30 km NW Bergama, 10.—12.v.1993, 500 — 700 m, leg. O. Karsholt; ZMUC. First record other than the type series (Turkey: “Brussa”). 22 GAEDIKE: New and poorly known Palaearctic Microlepidoptera Figs 12-14. Infurcitinea olympica Petersen male genitalia. 12. Genitalia, phallus with anellus removed. 13. Phallus with anellus. 14. Tip of valva (variability). Figs 15-18. Infurcitinea romanica Capuse male genitalia. 15. Uncus-tegumen-vinculum. 16. Phallus with anellus. 17, 18. Valvae. Klimeschia afghanica Gaedike, 1974 Material.10, Iran, Khorasan, Nodeh, 30-40 km ESE Bojnurd, 11.vii.1994, leg. R. Linnavuori; FMNH. 10, Russia, Tuva rep., 50°45'N, 94°29'E, 1250 m, E. Tannu-Ola mts, 16.vi.1995, leg. Jalava & Kullberg; FMNH; 10°, Tuva rep., 50°44'N, 93°08'E, 1000 m, E. Tannu-Ola mts, 13.—16.v1.1995, leg. Jalava & Kullberg; FMNH. New country records. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 9-24 23 Fig. 19. Tinagma asymmetricum sp. n., male genitalia. Fig. 20. Infurcitinea iberica sp. n., female genitalia. EPERMENIIDAE Phaulernis rebelliella Gaedike, 1966 Material .20, Croatia, Kroatien, Bater, 800 m, 12.—24.vi.2004, leg. et coll. F. Theimer. New country record. Epermenia (Calotripis) insecurella (Stainton, 1849) Material.10, Greece, Serres, Vrontous Mts. 5 km SE Kapnofito, 850 m, 16.vi1.1998, leg. B. Skule & D. Nilsson; ZMUC; 1, Peloponisos, Ahia Helmos, 25.v111.1987, leg. P. Grotenfelt; FMNH; 30, Peloponisos, Florina Vatochorion, 7.viii.1987, leg. P. Grotenfelt; FMNH. 60, 19, San Marino, 31.viti.1980, leg. P. Grotenfelt; FMNH. New country records. Epermenia (Calotripis) aequidentella (Hofmann, 1867) Material.10,19,San Marino, 29.ix.1980,9.vii.1981, leg. P. Grotenfelt; FMNH. New country record. Epermenia (Calotripis) chaerophyllella (Goeze, 1783) Material.19, Greece, Crete, W. Argiroupoli, 200 m, 15 km SW Rhetymnon, 25.—29.vi.2000, leg. M. Fibiger et al.; ZMUC. First record for Crete. Epermenia (Cataplectica) iniquella (Wocke, 1867) Material.19,Slovenia, Portoroñ, Sefovlje, 6.1x.2000, leg. et coll. M. Lasan. New country record. 24 GAEDIKE: New and poorly known Palaearctic Microlepidoptera Acknowledgements I would like to express my thanks to the following collectors and custodians for sending their mate- rial for my studies: Bengt Ä. Bengtsson, Georg Derra, Stanislav Gomboc, Marcel Heller, Lauri Kaila (FMNH), Ole Karsholt (ZMUC), Mojmir Lasan, Marc Meyer (MHNL), Joel Minet (MNHN), Erik van Nieukerken (RMNH), Hartmut Roweck, Willibald Schmitz, Franz Theimer, Robert Trusch SMNK), Wolfgang Wittland, and Michael Zerafa. My special thank to Bernard Landry, Paul Sokoloff and Andrew Liston for linguistic corrections, to Christian Kutzscher for making color pictures, and to the referees for the important comments. References Antonova, E. M. 1981. Tipovyje ekzempljary Lepidoptera, chranjaschtschijesja v kollekcijach Zoologi- tscheskogo Muzeja MGU. - Sbornik trudov zoologitscheskogo muzeja MGU 19: 208-227. Caradja, A. 1920. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der geographischen Verbreitung der Mikrolepidopteren des pa- laearktischen Faunengebietes nebst Beschreibung neuer Formen. (Fortsetzung und Schluß). III. Teil. — Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris” 34(1/2): 75-179. Erschoff, N. G. 1874. Tscheschujekrylyja (Lepidoptera). In: Fedschenko, A. P. Puteschestvija v Turkes- tan‘. — Izvestija Imperatorskago Obscestva Ljubitelej Estestvoznanija, Antropologii 1 Etnografii 11(5): IV+1-127, 4 pls. Gaedike, R. 1983. Zur Kenntnis der paläarktischen Tineiden. Die Gattung /nfurcitinea Spuler, 1910 (Lepidoptera). Entomologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden 46(7): 121-150. Gaedike, R. 2007. New and poorly known Lepidoptera from the West Palaearctic (Tineidae, Acrolepiidae, Douglasiidae, Epermeniidae). — Nota lepidopterologica 29(3/4)(2006): 159-176. Gaedike, R. 2009. New or poorly known Tineidae from Mauretania, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia (Lepi- doptera). — Beiträge zur Entomologie 59(2): 489-512. Zagulajev, A. K. 1988. Nasekomyje, Tscheschujekrylyje. Zlakovyje steblevyje moli semejstva Ochsen- heimeriidae i Eriocottidae. In: Fauna SSSR. — Nauka, Leningradskoje otdelenije, Leningrad 4(7): 1-302. Zagulajev, A. K. 1992. Novyje i maloizvestnyje vidy molevidnych tscheschujekrylych (Lepidoptera: Incur- variidae, Tineidae, Psychidae, Alucitidae) fauny SSSR. V. [New and little known Microlepidoptera (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae, Tineidae, Psychidae, Alucitidae) of the fauna of the USSR. V.] — Entomo- logitscheskoje Obozrenije 71(1): 105-120. Zagulajev, A. K. 2002. Novyje i maloizvestnyje vidy molevidnych tscheschujekrylych (Lepidoptera: Ti- neidae, Psychidae, Pterophoridae) fauny Rossii i sopredel‘nych territorii. XII [New and little known species of moths (Lepidoptera: Tineidae, Psychidae, Pterophoridae) of the fauna of Russia and neigh- bouring territories XIII]. — Entomologitscheskoje obozrenije 81(2): 356-369. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 25-29 DS Pelecystola fraudulentella (Zeller, 1852) discovered in Slovakia, a third locality record (Tineidae) REINHARD GAEDIKE! & ZDENKO TOKAR ? ' Florusstraße 5, D-53225 Bonn, Germany; tinagma@msn.com 2 P.J. Safärika 11, SK-92700 Sala, Slovakia; zdeno.tokar@gmail.com Abstract. The occurrence of Pelecystola fraudulentella (Zeller, 1852) in Slovakia is recorded. This species was hitherto only known from two distant localities in Slovenia and southeastern Sweden. Photographs and sketches are given of the male and female adults and genitalia. Introduction In 2001 the first author received for determination from the second author drawings of male and female genitalia of two specimens collected in Slovakia. However, at this time it was impossible to identify them. Only recently, following the discovery of the same species in Sweden (Lindeborg & Bengtsson 2009) was it possible to solve this problem. The illustrations of the genitalia published in this paper of the male lectotype of Pelecystola fraudulentella (Zeller, 1852) and the female specimen, collected in Sweden, show that the specimens from Slovakia belong to the same species. Information on this very remarkable record had also been published by Lindeborg (2008) and by Svensson (2008). Pelecystola fraudulentella (Zeller, 1852) Ivan Richter, a Slovak amateur entomologist, collected two specimens of Pelecystola fraudulentella (Zeller, 1852) in a locality near the village of Lehota pod Vta¢nikom, western Slovakia, on the 9" of June 2000. He informed us that these specimens (one male, one female) were caught on the wing at twilight, on a warm evening. The locality is situated approximately two km from the village in the direction of Vtacnik Mountain (Strazovské vrchy Mauntains) at an altitude of about 500 m. This is a canyon with steep rocky slopes, lower parts of which merge into a deciduous forest densely strewn with andesitic rocks. Moths were found close to a path running through the canyon on the north-facing slope (Fig. 1). Beeches (Fagus sylvatica Linnaeus (Fagaceae)) dominate the forest, mixed with sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus Linnaeus (Sapindaceae)) and sporadically with other broadleaved trees. At higher altitudes on this path the deciduous forest becomes a mixture of fir and beech. The projecting rocks in the forest are covered with moss and lichens. This is now the third known locality in Europe for the species which, for more than 150 years, was known only from the type locality (Laibach [= Ljubljana]) in Slovenia. The site in which the specimens were collected in Slovakia is similar to that in Sweden. Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 26 GAEDIKE & ToKAr: Pelecystola fraudulentella in Slovakia Figs 2-3. Pelecystola fraudulentella. 2. Male (wingspan: 15 mm) (scale: 10 mm). 3. Female (wingspan: 20.5 mm) (scale: 10 mm). Ivan Richter also tried to find adults of Pelecystola | fraudulentella in the following two years, but was | unsuccessful. The site, unfortunately, has been changed by man during the last several years and now the road leads through the canyon towards a newly opened quarry. Nevertheless, it is to be hoped that Pelecystola fraudulentella could be resident in similar localities elsewhere. Fig. 4. Male head. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 25-29 27 Fig. 5. Male antenna. For the detailed description of the adult of this tineid, including the genitalia of both sexes, see Lindeborg & Bengtsson (2009). Here, we present photographs of the male (Fig. 2) and the female (Fig. 3) adults from Slovakia and, in more detail, the male head (Fig. 4) and male antenna (Fig. 5). Figures 6 and 7 show the male (from the lectotype slide) (6) and the female (7) genitalia. As the bursa copulatrix was lost in the slide of the Slovakian specimen, we illustrate the photo of the Swedish specimen, which was kindly sent to us by our colleague Bengt A. Bengtsson. Diagnostic and remarkable are the ciliae on the male antenna, which are 1.5 times longer than the diameter of the antenna, the pectinifera of the valva in the male genitalia, and the paired signum of the female. So far as known, there are no similarities in these features to any other Palaearctic tineid. Lindeborg & Bengtsson (2009) discussed in great detail the assignment of Pelecystola fraudulentella. Up to now, according to Robinson (2007) the species has not been assigned to any subfamily. The genus may belong to a subfamily not yet defined and erected. Seven other species of genus Pelecystola Meyrick, 1920 are known: four species from Africa (Gozmany & Vari 1973), one from the Nearctic (Davis & Davis 2009), one from the East Palaearctic subregion (P. strigosa (Moore, 1888)), and P. hierophanta (Meyrick, 1916) known from India (Lindeborg & Bengtsson 2009) and Japan (examined material). Bionomy. The food-plant and the early stages are unknown. Adults have been collected only in June. Known localities indicate that it probably occurs in deciduous or mixed ancient forests. The larva may feed on fungi, rotten wood, bird’s nests, etc., in the same way as larvae of many other species in the family. Distribution. Currently the species is known from three widely separated localities in Slovenia (Ljubljana), Slovakia (Lehota pod Vta¢nikom env., Strazovské vrchy Mts.) and Sweden (NR Grytsjön, Bäckebo, Nybro) (Fig. 8). To avoid misunderstanding in the future, it should be noted that in the collections of the Zoological Museum of St. Peterburg an additional specimen is deposited under the name fraudulentella from “Semmering [Austria], 6. [18]48, leg. Mann” , slied Nr. 4044. The first author checked this slide, and the genitalia structure is completely different from that of fraudulentella. Remarks. Why has Pelecystola fraudulentella been collected so infrequently up to now? We think there are several reasons: little collecting has been done in localities like ours, possibly the flight time of the adults is restricted, or the species may not 28 GAEDIKE & TokAR: Pelecystola fraudulentella in Slovakia Fig. 6. Male genitalia (after lectotype slide G.S. Robinson 12195, Brit. Mus. (N.H.) London). Fig. 7. Fe- male genitalia (photo: Bengt Ä. Bengtsson). Fig. 8. Distribution map of P. fraudulentella. be attracted light. Furthermore, the immature stages of the species may be secretive and difficult to locate. We also fully agree with the other opinions of Lindeborg & Bengtsson (see: “Discussion” in their paper) about the possibilities for collecting thıs species. In the USA Pelecystola nearctica is regulary collected at light (Davis & Davis 2009). Nota lepid. 33 (1): 25-29 29 Acknowledgements Our thanks are due to Mr Ivan Richter (Prievidza) for providing specimens, information, and permission to publish his discovery, and to his brother Mr Ignäc Richter (Prievidza) for taking photographs of the locality and other assistance. We appreciate the kindness of Mr Mats Lindeborg (Kalmar) and Bengt A. Bengtsson (Farjestaden) for sending us reprints of their papers and for information on the Swedish find, and of Mr Frantisek Slamka (Bratislava) for producing colour photographs of the species and other help. Mr Andrew Liston (Miincheberg) kindly corrected the language. Bengt A. Bengtsson gave us the permission to use his photograph of the female genitalia. A special thank to the reviewers for their important comments. References Davis, S.R. & D.R. Davis 2009. First report of the old world genus Pelecystola in North America, with description of a new species (Lepidoptera, Tineidae). — ZooKeys 25: 69-78. Gozmany, L. & L. Vari 1973. The Tineidae of the Ethiopian Region. — Transvaal Museum Memoir No. 18: I-VI + 1-238. Lindeborg, M. 2008. Sensationellt fjarilsfynd 1 naturreservatet Grytsjôn norr om Bäckebo, Nybro kom- mun. — Naturvardsnytt 1: 2. Lindeborg,M. & B. A. Bengtsson 2009. On the remarkable find of Pelecystola fraudulentella (Zeller, 1852) in Sweden (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). — Entomologisk Tidskrift 130 (1): 73-79. Robinson, G. S. 2007. Global taxonomic database of Tineidae (Lepidoptera). — URL: http://www.nhm. ac.uk/research-curation/projects/tineidae/ Svensson, I. 2008. Anmärkningsvärda fynd av smäfjärilar (Microlepidoptera) i Sverige 2007. — Entomo- logisk Tidskrift 129 (1): 15-28. 30 Book review Villa, R., M. Pellecchia & G. B. Pesce 2009 — Farfalle d’Italia. — Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 375 pp., 22 x 28 cm, soft cover, ISBN 978-88-7794-658-4. — 45.00 Euro (cover price; the same book, with the same ISBN number, but a different image on the cover, is presently sold by the publisher for 35 Euro). This book is probably the first example of an updatable identification guide published on paper. The authors conceived it as a “sticker album”, where a full page is dedicated to each of the 281 species of Italian Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. On each of these pages, stand- ardized spaces are reserved for the photos of adult male and female, egg, newly hatched larva, mature larva, and pupa of a given species. However, the authors left some of these spaces blank, either because they could not photograph the corresponding life stage (which does not necessarily mean that this stage is unknown to science), or because they did not not regard it as essential for identification, as in the case of the adult underside of some species. The reader may add further figures to the book as they become available, although the publication of new figures in the form of stickers is not yet planned. The standardized format of the “stickers” curiously led the authors to rotate all illustrations of nymphalid pupae, which therefore lie on their venter instead of hanging with their heads downwards. For each species, information on the flight period, foodplants, distribution in Italy and in the region Emilia Romagna, and a short description of the habitat are given. The identifica- tion of the adults is aided by 25 plates in which similar species are compared noting their diagnostic characters. The systematic pages are preceded by a general part containing information on lepidopteran morphology, anatomy, life cycle, ethology, and ecology. Although some technical terms are improperly used, and in spite of some avoidable mistakes (adults with “two or more” ocelli; the “jugum” of an arctiid moth...), the quality of the text is acceptable for an identification guide, and most photographic illustrations are good or very good. However, the drawings were apparently not made by an entomologist, and the authors did not check them carefully enough to discover some monstrosities, like adult legs with additional segments, and fancy mouthparts on the head of a caterpillar. “Farfalle d’Italia” is presented in the introduction as a possible aid for the identification of threatened species of Italian butterflies in the field, for the purpose of habitat management. However, the size and weight of this book are greatly inflated by the space left for further “stickers” and by the fact that comparisons between similar species are printed twice: once as “species A versus species B”, and once as “species B versus species A”. This may hinder its use as a fieldguide. Moreover, the authors do not mention the endangered or protected status of any of the species. Actually the major merit of this book is to provide the most complete printed colour atlas of the early stages of Italian butterflies, with very good qual- ity photographs, although not accompanied by a discussion of the diagnostic characters. On the other hand, the introduction of Italian vernacular names for all species of butterflies occurring in Italy was in my opinion not desirable. Until now only very few butterflies had Italian vernacular names; therefore all Italian amateurs, children included, had to use scientific names. Villa et al. introduced vernacular names in the hope that this might attract more people to the study of butterflies. However, the scarcity of Italian vernacular names for butterflies probably depends on the scarcity of amateurs, and not vice versa. FRANCESCA VEGLIANTE Nota lepid. 33 (1): 31-37 3] The Dusky Large Blue — Maculinea nausithous kijevensis (Sheljuzhko, 1928) in the Transylvanian basin: New data on taxonomy and ecology LAszLo RAKosy !, ANDRAS TARTALLY 2°, MARIN GOIA *, CIPRIAN MIHALI! & ZOLTAN VARGA *” Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, Babes-Bolyai University, RO-3400, Str. Clinicilor 5-7, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Egyetem-tér 1. Hungary Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; tartally @delfin.unideb.hu Alea Azuga Nr9/32, RO-40045 1, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Hungary; zvarga@tigris.unideb.hu, corresponding author [597 Ww > un Abstract. Maculinea nausithous (Bergsträsser, 1779) was recently discovered in two parts of the Tran- sylvanian basin. External characters of these populations completely agree with the original description of Maculinea nausithous kijevensis (Sheljuzhko, 1928) and show some small but constant differences against the Central European nominotypic populations. Since the habitats and host ant selection of these popula- tions are also different from the Central European populations, we consider M. nausithous kijevensis stat. rev. as valid subspecific taxon. Specimens with the same external characters were also collected ın north- eastern Romania, in Kazakhstan and in the western part of the Altai Mts. Therefore we believe that this subspecies has a wider Euro-Siberian distribution. Introduction The Dusky Large Blue, Maculinea nausithous (Bergstrasser, 1779)', has a Euro- Siberian distribution with a wide but sporadic range from Western and Central Europe to Kazakhstan, Southern Siberia and Mongolia (Lukhtanov & Lukhtanov 1994; Tuzov 1997; Wynhoff 1998; Munguira & Martin 1999). It is known from the North of the Balkan peninsula (Kolev 2002) and from northern Turkey (Hesselbarth et al. 1995) but unknown from the former Soviet Central Asia, Transbaikalia, Russian Far East, China, Korea and Japan (Sibatani et al. 1994; Tshikolovets 2003; Tshikolovets et al. 2002). This species has a disjunct distribution in the Carpathian basin. It is relatively widely distributed and locally frequent in the western and northern hilly and lowland regions of the basin (e.g. mostly in the areas bordering Austria, Slovenia and Hungary) but completely absent in the Pannonian lowland along and East of the river Danube. According to the phylogenetic analysis of Pech et al. (2004) and Frié et al. (2007) the generic name Phengaris Doherty, 1891 should be used. However, in the ecological and conservation biological pub- lications the generic name Maculinea Van Eecke, 1915 is widely accepted and used. Therefore, for simplicity we follow here this most frequently used and established generic name. Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 32 RAKosy et al.: Maculinea nausithous kijevensis stat. rev. in Transylvania Until recent times it was also unknown from Transylvania. It was discovered by Goia and Rakosy in two different parts of the steppic area Campia Transilvaniei near Cluj- Napoca (Rascruci and Fanatele Clujului). The first surveys supplied new data on the ecology and host ant use of these fairly isolated populations (Tartally et al. 2008a). Taxonomical problems of Eastern European populations of Maculinea nausithous A new subspecies of M. nausithous was described by Sheljuzhko (1928) as Lycaena arcas kijevensis with type locality “gouvernment Kijev” in Ukraine. Although the orig- inal description consists of some differential characters, this taxon has been mostly neglected or synonymised with the nominotypic subspecies (Lukhtanov & Lukhtanov 1994; Sibatani et al. 1994; Tuzov 1997; Tschikolovetz et al. 2002; Tshikolovetz 2003). Some authors, however, repeatedly considered that M. nausithous can consist of some “cryptic species”. Molecular analyses have shown an “unexpectedly deep diversifica- tion” even on a local geographical scale in eastern Europe (Als et al. 2004; Fric et al. 2007). According to the original description “the males [of M. nausithous kijevensis] have much darker blue colouration, with an essentially broader dark margin on all wings. Anterior margin of forewings reaches until the discus with a broad dark blue suffusion. The margin is very diffuse and the dark scales are, in many specimens, so extended that the discal spots can hardly be seen. The females do not differ from the type. The un- derside in both sexes is darker and the light rings around the ocelli are more obscure or even absent on the forewings.” The original description is in German and reads as fol- lows: „Viel mehr dunkelblau gefärbte Männchen mit bedeutend breiterem Saum aller Flügeln. Der ganze Vorderrand der Vf. etwa bis zum Diskus breit dunkelblau übergos- sen. Die Säume sehr diffus und bei manchen Stücken ist die schwarze Beschuppung so ausgedehnt, dass alle Keilfleckeauf allen Flügeln nur schwach bemerkbar sind. Die Weibchen weichen von dem Typus nicht ab. Auf der Unterseite beider Geschlechter etwas dunkler und die helle Umrandung der Ocellen ist eine Kleinigkeit weniger deut- lich, besonders auf den VF-n, wo sie manchmal ganz fehlen kann.” The specimens from Dealulire Clujului and Dejului (Fänatele Clujului and Räscruci) also completely agree with the description of Sheljuzhko. These specimens are slight- ly smaller and darker on average and seem to be more acutely winged than typical M. nausithous from western Hungary, Slovenia and Germany. They have a darker and shiny reddish-purple-brownish colouration of the underside (Fig. 1). The tiny, often obsolescent ocellae are also different from the typical subspecies. In addition, these populations are also biologically (habitats and host ant use) clearly different from the Central European and western Hungarian populations (Tartally et al. 2008a). Similar specimens were also collected by C.Corduneanu in northeastern Romania (Jud. Suceava, Horodnic de Sus, valea Seaca), by B. Larsen in Kazakhstan (2003), N of the lake Balkhas and also by Z. Varga (coll. HNHM, Budapest) in the woody steppic habi- tats (near Samarka, at the river Tsharyn) in the western part of the Altai Mts. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 31-37 33 This suggests that these differences are sufficient for the recognition of M. nausithous kijevensis as a distinct subspecies. We therefore consider M. nausithous kijevensis (Sheljuzhko, 1928) stat. rev. as a valid taxon which is morphologically, geographi- cally and ecologically differentiated from the Central European nominotypic subspe- cies (Figs 1-2). It probably has a wide Euro-Siberian distribution. We have to note that a preliminary allozyme analysis of the Transylvanian popula- tion has shown that this sample proved to be surprisingly variable compared with the western Hungarian populations, although these populations are strictly isolated from the main area of the species (Pecsenye et al. 2007 and unpublished data). This provides additional justification for the subspecies status. Field observations: Habitats and behaviour of the “‘steppic”’ Maculinea nausithous Both sites where M. nausithous was found in the Transylvanian basin are forb-rich meadow steppes and lowland hay meadows with sporadic small boggy depressions with Molinia and tall forb vegetation, with dense stands of Sanguisorba officinalis L.. Typical plant species of these moist habitats are as follows: Molinia coerulea (L.) Moench, Clematis integrifolia L., Ranunculus acris L., Thalictrum aquilegifolium L., Gentiana pneumonanthe L., Peucedanum rochelianum Heuff., Serratula tinctoria L., Iris spuria L., Veratrum nigrum L., etc. (Fig. 2). This habitat type differs strikingly from the nausithous-habitats in Transdanubia, Slovenia and Austria as well as other Central European countries. They have, how- ever, numerous common features with the humid, tall grass-tall forb steppic habitats in Southern Siberia, populated also by M. nausithous and M. teleius (Bergstrasser, 1779). The behaviour of the butterflies is highly adapted to these peculiar habitat conditions. The butterflies occur at the highest density in the moderately scrubby patches within and around the humid depressions. The females proved to be rather sedentary within vegetation patches with dense stands of the initial food plant, especially near to the scrubby patches. The males had either a patrolling behaviour around the Sanguisorba plants within the same patches or were rapidly flying between the isolated patches of habitat. This type of behaviour is essentially different from the behaviour of M. teleius and M. alcon, co-occurring in the same habitats. Nests of the host ant, Myrmica scabrinodis Nylander, 1846, were found mostly near to the scrubs in semi-shaded places within the patches densely overgrown with Molinia and the food plant Sanguisorba officinalis. Very few of the ant nests contained larvae. From a total of 107 My. scabrinodis nests which were found at the two sites (58 at Fanatele Clujului and 49 at Rascruci), only two nests from Rascruci were found to contain M. nausithous, in both cases only a single M. nausithous larva (Tartally et al. 2008a). Larvae of M. alcon (Denis & Schiffermiiller, 1775) and M. teleius were also found in My. scabrinodis nests which is not surprising since My. scabrinodis is a common host ant of these butterflies (e.g.: Elmes et al. 1998; Als et al. 2004; Fiedler 2006). One of the 34 RAxosy et al.: Maculinea nausithous kijevensis stat. rev. in Transylvania Fig. 1. Maculinea nausithous kijevensis in habitat. two nests in which M. nausithous was found also contained a M. teleius larva (Tartally et al. 2008a). Other Myrmica species (My. hellenica Finzi, 1926, My. sabuleti Meinert, 1861, My. schencki Viereck, 1903 and My. specioides Bondroit, 1918) have been re- corded from the drier patches of these habitats (Mark6 1998; Marké & Csösz 2001; Tartally et al. 2008b; B. Marko, pers. comm.), but only My. scabrinodis was found in the small boggy depressions where M. nausithous can lay eggs on S. officinalis. Discussion and conclusions The discovery of M. nausithous in Transylvania had been expected because of the gen- eral distribution of the species. These sites have an intermediate position between the numerous recorded sites in the western part of the Carpathian basin and the records East of the Carpathians in Bukovina. It is difficult to explain, however, the seemingly large hiatus between the central and eastern part of the Carpathian basin where many habitats of Sanguisorba officinalis are known with numerous records of M. teleius, but without M. nausithous. Interestingly, M. nausithous occurs only in western parts of Hungary where My. rubra (Linnaeus, 1758) is common on marshy meadows with S. officinalis, but this butterfly does not occur in central and eastern parts of Hungary where My. ru- bra is rare or absent from such sites (Tartally & Varga 2005a; 2008). Thus, the absence of the species is probably connected to the ecological requirements of its main host ant My. rubra. Although My. rubra occurs in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin Nota lepid. 33 (1): 31-37 35 Fig. 2. Habitat of Maculinea nausithous kijevensis at Räscruci near Cluj. and also in Transylvania it is mostly associated with damp forested habitats. Thus, the hypothesis of Witek et al. (2008) on the possible host ant colony change can not be ac- cepted as My. rubra is unknown from the sites investigated here where M. nausithous occurs, despite extensive surveys by local myrmecologists (B. Marko, pers. comm.). Thus, the key factor in the occurrence of M. nausithous might be the use of My. scabri- nodis as a host ant. These records, of course, are not the first data on M. nausithous exploiting My. scabrinodis, since Munguira & Martin (1999) have already reported this ant as a host of M. nausithous in Spain and Witek et al. (2008) found it as an occasional host in Poland. However, apart from these records, this widespread Myrmica species has not been recorded as a host of M. nausithous on the other European sites studied (although My. scabrinodis is often common on those sites), where My. rubra is used almost exclusively (Thomas et al. 1989; Elmes et al. 1998; Stankiewicz & Sielezniew 2002; Tartally & Varga 2005a; Anton et al. 2007; Witeck et al. 2008). However, My. scabrinodis is widespread and frequent in most of the Hungarian Sanguisorba officinalis sites investigated (Tartally & Varga 2005a, b). Hence, it is an open ques- tion why the eastern Hungarian S. officinalis sites have not been colonised by the M. nausithous from Transylvania which uses My. scabrinodis. One reason could be that the high mountains of Muntii Apuseni inhibit spread to eastern Hungary, acting as a barrier to the isolated Transylvanian M. nausithous populations. Another possi- ble explanation is that M. teleius and M. alcon populations are in competition with M. nausithous in eastern Hungary through their common use of My. scabrinodis. 36 RAKkosy et al.: Maculinea nausithous kijevensis stat. rev. in Transylvania Interestingly M. nausithous does not occur at Sardu, about 20 km W of Cluj, where a suitable site is known near to the Campia Transilvaniei region, with high densities of S. officinalis and My. scabrinodis (Tartally & Varga 2008; Tartally et al. 2008b). This site is, however, used by M. teleius and M. alcon (both butterflies exploit My. scabrinodis and My. vandeli Bondroit, 1920 as the host ant), and appears more similar to the cen- tral and western European M. nausithous sites (with bushy forest edges) than the sites investigated in the Campia Transilvaniei region. Surely, the finer ecological details of these occurrences await further investigation. Acknowledgements Authors are grateful to T.-Cs. Vizauer for his cooperation in the fieldwork. Surveys were partly supported by the grant of the RTD project “MacMan” (EVK2-CT-2001-00126; Settele & al. 2002) and AT was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme. References Als, T. D., R. Vila, N. P. Kandul, D.R. Nash, S.-H. Yen, Y.-F. Hsu, A. A. Mignault, J. J. Boomsma & N.E. Pierce 2004. The evolution of alternative parasitic life histories in Large Blue butterflies. — Nature 432: 3386-390. Anton, C., M. Musche & J. Settele 2007. Spatial patterns of host exploitation in a larval parasitoid of the predatory dusky large blue Maculinea nausithous.— Basic and Applied Ecology 8: 66-74. Elmes, G. W., J. A. Thomas, J. C. Wardlaw, M. Hochberg, R. T. Clarke & D. J. Simcox 1998. The ecology of Myrmica ants in relation to the conservation of Maculinea butterflies. — Journal of Insect Con- servation 2: 67-78. Fiedler, K. 2006. Ant-associates of Palaearctic lycaenid butterfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Lepi- doptera: Lycaenidae) — a review. — Myrmecologische Nachrichten 9: 77-87. Frié, Z., N. Wahlberg, P. Pech & J. Zrzavy 2007. Phylogeny and classification of the Phengaris-Maculinea clade (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): total evidence and phylogenetic species concepts. — Systematic Entomology 32: 558-567. Hesselbarth, G. H. van Oorschot & S. Wagener 1995. Die Tagfalter der Türkei unter Berücksichtigung der angrenzenden Länder. Vols 1-3. Privately published. Kolev, Z. 2002. The species of Maculinea van Eecke, 1915 in Bulgaria: distribution, state of knowledge and conservation status (Lycaenidae). — Nota lepidopterologica 25: 177-190. Larsen, B. K. 2003. Some butterfly observations in the Karaganda oblast’ of Kazakstan. — Atalanta 34 (1-2): 153-165. Lukhtanov, V. A. & A.G. Lukhtanov 1994. Die Tagfalter Nordwestasiens. — Herbipoliana, Marktleuthen 3: 440 pp. Markö, B. 1998. Six new ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for the Romanian myrmecofauna. — Entomologica romanica 3: 119-123. Markö,B. & Csösz, S. 2001. Nine new ant species in the Romanian fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): morphology, biology, and distribution. — Entomologica romanica 6: 127-132. Munguira, M.L. & J. Martin (eds.) 1999. Action Plan for the Maculinea butterflies in Europe. — Nature and Environment, No. 97. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, 64 pp. Pech, P., Z. Frié, M. Konvicka & J. Zrzavy 2004. Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaeni- dae) based on morphological and ecological characters, and the evolution of parasitic myrmecophily. — Cladistics 20: 362-375. Pecsenye,K., J. Bereczki, B. Tihanyi, A. Töth, L. Peregovits & Z. Varga 2007. Genetic differentiation among the Maculinea species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in eastern Central Europe. — Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91: 11-21. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 31-37 SM Sheljuzhko, L. 1928. Eine neue Unterart von Lycaena arcas. — Lepidopterologische Rundschau 2: 68. Settele, J., J. A. Thomas, J. Boomsma, E. Kuehn, D. R. Nash, C. Anton, M. Woyciechowski & Z. Varga 2002. MACulinea butterflies of the habitats directive and European red list as indicators and tools for conservation and MANagment (MacMan). — Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie 322.063 Sibatani, A.,T. Saigusa & T. Hirowatarı 1994. The genus Maculinea van Eecke, 1915 in the Eastern Palae- arctic region. — Tyo To Ga 44 (4): 154-220. Stankiewicz, A. & M. Sielezniew 2002. Host specificity of Maculinea teleius Bgstr. and M. nausithous Bgstr. (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), the new insight. — Annales Zoologici 52: 403-408. Tartally, A. & Z. Varga 2005a. Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): the first data on host-ant specificity of Maculinea nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Hungary. — Myrmecologische Nachrichten 7: 55-59. Tartally, A. & Z. Varga 2005b. Host-ant specificity of Maculinea species in Hungary, connections with parasitoids and host plants. Pp. 94-98. — In: J. Settele, E. Kühn & J. A. Thomas, Studies on the Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies in Europe. Vol.2: Species Ecology along a European Gradient: Maculinea Butterflies as a Model. — Pensoft Publishers, Sofia. Tartally, A. & Z. Varga 2008. Host ant use of Maculinea teleius in the Carpathian-basin (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) — Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54: 257-268. Tartally, A., L. Rakosy, T.-C. Vizauer, M. Goia & Z. Varga 2008a. Maculinea nausithous exploits Myrmica scabrinodis in Transylvania: Unusual host ant species of a myrmecophilous butterfly in an isolated region (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae; Hymenoptera: Formicidae). — Sociobiology 51: 373-380. Tartally, A.,D.R. Nash, S. Lengyel & Z. Varga 2008b. Patterns of host ant use by sympatric populations of Maculinea alcon and M. ‘rebeli’ in the Carpathian Basin. — Insectes Sociaux 55: 370-381. Thomas, J.A.,G. W. Elmes, J.C. Wardlaw & M. Woycziechowski 1989. Host specificity among Maculinea butterflies in Myrmica ant nests. — Oecologia 79: 452-457. Tshikolovets, V. 2003. The butterflies of Eastern Europe. — Kijiv, published by the Author. Tshikolovets, V. V., O. V. Bidzilya & M. I. Golovoshkin 2002. The butterflies of the Transbaikal Siberia. Ed. of the Author, Kyiv — Brno. Tuzov, V. K. 1997. Guide to the butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories. Vol. 2. — Pensoft Publishers, Sofia. Witek, M., E. B. Sliwinska, P. Skörka, P. Nowicki, M. Wantuch, V. Vrabec, J. Settele & M. Woyciechowski 2008. Host ant specificity of large blue butterflies Phengaris (Maculinea) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) inhabiting humid grasslands in East-central Europe. — European Journal of Entomology 105: 871-877. Wynhoff, I. 1998. The recent distribution of the European Maculinea species. — Journal of Insect Con- servation 2: 15-27. fi “ Nota lepid. 33 (1): 39-57 39 The distribution, ecology and conservation status of the Spinose Skipper Muschampia cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) at the western limit of its range in Europe (Hesperiidae) VLAD DincA!, ZDRAVKO KoLev? & RUDI VEROVNIK * ! Departament de Genética i Microbiologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; sudistu@yahoo.com ? Division of Entomology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland; zkolev72@gmail.com > University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Veëna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; rudi.verovnik@bf.uni-]j.si Abstract. Based both on published and original data, we provide an overview on the distribution, ecology and conservation status of Muschampia cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) at the western limit of its range. We report the presence of the species in four countries (Romania, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia and Serbia) with a total of 28 confirmed sites out of which 11 are mentioned here for the first time. The presence of M. cribrellum in Hungary is questioned due to lack of relevant material. We discuss the past, current and potential distribution of M. cribrellum in each of the countries involved. Special attention is given to ecological and conservation aspects by discussing key factors (behaviour, phenology, habitat requirements and preimaginal stages) involved in the species distribution, dynamics and survival. Résumé. Basé sur des données publiées et inédites, nous fournissons une synthèse concernant la distribution, l’écologie et l’état de conservation de Muschampia cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) aux limites occidentales de sa répartition. Nous rapportons la présence de l’espèce de quatre pays (Roumanie, Bulgarie, République de Macédoine et Serbie) avec au total 28 localités confirmées dont 11 sont mentionnées ici pour la premiere fois. La présence de M. cribrellum en Hongrie est douteuse étant donné l’absence de matériel concret. Nous traitons la distribution historique, actuelle et potentielle de M. cribrellum dans les pays impliqués. Une attention particulière est accordée a l’écologie et à l’état de conservation, en discutant des facteurs clés (comportement, phénologie, exigences de l’habitat et états pré imaginaux) impliqués dans la répartition, la dynamique et la survie de l’espèce. Zusammenfassung. Auf Grundlage bereits publizierter sowie originaler Daten wird ein Überblick über die Verbreitung, die Ökologie und den Schutzstatus von Muschampia cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) für das westliche Verbreitungsareal gegeben. Wir bestätigen das Vorkommen der Art für vier Länder (Rumänien, Bulgarien, Mazedonien und Serbien) mit insgesamt 28 Vorkommen, wovon 11 zum ersten publiziert werden. Die Anwesenheit von M. cribrellum in Ungarn ist mangels relevanten Materials fraglich. Wir diskutieren die historische, rezente und zukünftige Verbreitung von M. cribellum für die in diese Studie einbezogenen Länder. Durch die vertiefte Diskussion über Schlüsselfaktoren (wie Verhalten, Phänologie, Habitatansprüche und Präimaginalstadien) werden besonders ökologische wie auch Naturschutzaspekte berücksichtigt, die entscheidend für die Verbreitung, Dynamik und das Überleben dieser Art sind. Introduction The Spinose Skipper Muschampia cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) is one of the rarest and least known skippers in Europe west of the former Soviet Union. It was described from the “South Ural and the Volga Basin” at the easternmost limit of Europe. The spe- cies range extends over a large area roughly covering south-eastern and eastern Europe, then extending eastwards across southern Siberia, Amur region, Mongolia and northern China (Gorbunov 2001, Tshikolovets 2003, 2005, Tolman & Lewington 1997, 2008). Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 ae 5 Bistrita-Näsäud ROMANIA ? SERBIA a a Pa. LAS. 5 TURKEY + \ Skopje aa REPUBLICOF MACEDONIA 50 km Fig. 1. Inset: general distribution of M. cribrellum at the western limit of its range in Europe. A. Recorded sites in the central Balkans. B. Recorded sites in Transylvania (Romania). The numbers refer to the localities from Tab. 1. Grey-filled circles — records prior to 1990; Black dots — records beginning with 1990; ? — Records requiring confirmation. Map by Z. Kolev. However, considering the western limit of its distribution, the species is poorly known and localized, being reported from a handful of sites in only four countries: Romania (Rothschild 1912; Rakosy & Goia 1997; Rakosy 2000; Kovacs et al. 2001, 2002; Rakosy et al. 2003; Goia & Dinca 2008; Székely 2008), the Republic of Macedonia (Lorkovic 1983; JakSıc 1988, 1998; Schaider & JakSic 1989), Bulgaria (Kolev 2003; Abadjiev & Beshkov 2007) and Hungary (Higgins 1975; Tolman & Lewington 1997, 2008; Tolman 2001; Tshikolovets 2003, 2005; Lafranchis 2004; Nekrutenko & Tshikolovets 2005). New data provided in this paper reveal the presence of M. cribrellum in a fifth country, namely Serbia (Fig. 1). The presence of the species in Hungary is questioned given the lack of recent reliable data. In addition to the scarcity of European records, only limited and scattered information is available on the habitat requirements of the species which is generally known to be associated with steppes, dry meadows on mountain slopes or screes (e.g. Korshunov & Gorbunov 1995; Rakosy & Goia 1997; Gorbunov 2001; Tshikolovets 2003, 2005). Detailed data on the biology of M. cribrellum is even scarcer and of questionable reli- ability (especially for Europe). Despite its fragmented and highly restricted range at the western limit of the distribution, the species is not considered threatened in Europe (van Swaay & Warren 1999) due to its predominantly Asian distribution and reported stable population sizes in Russia. Given the facts presented above, the overall information on M. cribrellum at the west- ern limit of its distribution is sporadic and often of unknown reliability. Therefore, our aim 1s to collate all available published and recent unpublished data on the distribution, ecology and conservation status of the Spinose Skipper in the area west of the former Soviet Union. This will hopefully stimulate further research on this very local and poorly known species and facilitate its legal protection in the countries concerned. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 39-57 A] Fig. 2. The botanical reserve Fânatele Clujului (Transylvania, Romania, ca. 500 m, 1.v1.2006) hosts almost 100 butterfly species among which M. cribrellum. Photo V. Dincä. Distribution of M. cribrellum at the western range limit in Europe West ofthe Black Sea, M. cribrellum has been reported from four countries: Romanıa, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia, and Hungary. The presence of the species in Serbia has not been mentioned previously and is reported here for the first time. Rakosy & Goia (1997) mentioned M. cribrellum from Greece too, but the paper does not provide additional data or relevant references and no other studies known to us support this statement. M cribrellum was not listed among the Greek butterflies in the comprehen- sive work of Pamperis (1997) and, based on records from neighbouring countries, was only considered as potentially present in the northern and eastern borders of the country (Pamperis 2009). Romania The majority of the records of M. cribrellum at the western limit of its European dis- tribution come from Romania. More precisely, all but one of the Romanian sites lie in Transylvania (Fig. 1B, Tab. 1). The species was first noted from Romania by Rothschild (1912) based on material collected by Karl Predota in 1911 from four localities in Cluj (Buza, Nasal, Feldioara) and Salaj (Surduc) Counties. These records represented the first data proving the presence of M. cribrellum west of the former Soviet Union. Although there are no doubts regarding the accuracy of the identifications (the dorsal and ventral sides of one specimen are illustrated in Rothschild’s paper), the species was never recorded again from any of these localities. Subsequently (1928-1931), the species was collected from the surroundings of Cluj-Napoca (Fanatele Clujului, Dealul 42 Dincä et al.: Muschampia cribrellum at western limit of range in Europe ae oe ee St fe Baar Pal“ i a Fig. 3. The xeric terraces with steppe-like vegetation from Suatu (Transylvania, Romania, ca. 380 m, 8.v11.2006) represent an optimal habitat for M. cribrellum. Photo V. Dinca. Sf. Pavel and Valea Popii) (Cluj County) (Popescu-Gorj 1964; Capuse & Kovacs 1987; Rakosy 1988), and also from Ardeu-cetate (Hunedoara County) (Popescu-Gorj 1964). Recent records confirmed the presence of M. cribrellum in the surroundings of Cluj- Napoca, mainly at Fänatele Clujului (Szabo 1982; Rakosy & Goia 1997; Rakosy & Laszloffy 1997; Goia & Dinca 2008) (Fig. 2) and on Dealul Sf. Pavel (Goia & Dinca 2008). A new population of M. cribrellum was discovered in 1978 at Toldal (Mures County) near Reghin city (Moldoveanu et al. 1980; Szabo 1982). Based on material collected during 1975—1989, Rakosy & Viehmann (1991) recorded M. cribrellum as rare from Cheile Tureni (calcareous gorges in Cluj County). One of the recently still occupied sites was discovered in 1980 at Suatu (Cluj County) (Rakosy & Goia 1997; Rakosy 2000; Dinca & Vila 2008) (Fig. 3). Additionally, M. cribrellum was reported as relatively common at Viisoara (Kovacs et al. 2001, 2002), and one specimen was found at Caianu Mic (Cremene et al. 2003) (both localities in Cluj County). The most recent, previously unpublished records of M. cribrellum come from the east- ern part of the Western Carpathians, namely the area of Buru (Cluj County) — Rimetea (Alba County) — Coltesti (Alba County) (Figs 1B, 4). The new sites and the correspond- ing observations are provided below: — near the main road north to Rimetea, ca. 1 km before the entrance in the village, at the end of May 2005: two specimens were observed mud-puddling (A. L. Viborg pers. obs.); — Coltesti (ca. 1.5 km east of the village) at the end of May 2005: five specimens (C. J. Luckens pers. obs., A. L. Viborg pers. obs.); Nota lepid. 33 (1): 39-57 43 Fig. 4. Several flowery meadows on calcareous ground surrounding the village of Rimetea (Transylvania, Romania, 500-650 m, 18.v11.2006) are suitable habitats for M. cribrellum. Photo V. Dinca. — steep rocky slope ca. 2 km south of Buru at the end of May 2005: three specimens; ditto, the end of May 2008: eight to ten specimens (A. L. Viborg & T. Friis-Larsen, pers. obs.); — the western outskirts of Rimetea in a flowery glade with sparse low trees on May 31.v.2009: one female (N. Greatorex-Davis leg. et coll., Z. Kolev det.). The only Romanian record of M. cribrellum from outside Transylvania is a male col- lected on 31.v.1986 from Canaraua Fetei (Constanta County, southern Dobrogea) (Rakosy 2000). This record (Fig. 1) might require confirmation, as M. cribrellum was not mentioned as present in Dobrogea in the subsequently published Romanian Lepidoptera Catalogue (Rakosy et al. 2003) and in the recent book on the butterflies of Romania (Szekely 2008). Bulgaria The first record of M. cribrellum from Bulgaria was based on two males collected in 1974 around the city of Burgas on the Black Sea coast (Fig. 1), but regrettably more precise locality data are lacking (Kolev 2003). Chronologically the next, hitherto unpublished record consists of three specimens in excellent condition which bear locality labels “West Bulgarien, Umg[ebung]. Dragoman” [West Bulgaria, vicinity of Dragoman town] on 24.vi.1987 (1 male), 29.vi.1987 (1 female) and 15.vi.1989 (1 male) and are deposited in the collection of G. Kuna. The original collector, J. Leidenfrost, is deceased and it is thus not possible to obtain first-hand informa- 44 DincÀ et al.: Muschampia cribrellum at western limit of range in Europe Tab. 1. The sites from where M. cribrellum has been recorded west of the former Soviet Union. The numbers correspond to those used in Fig. 1. xe Atte 200-300 [AT 15 | 25720 300-400 [467567 | 24706 150-450 [46754 | 24708 350-450 [407527 | 24709 ee | ET = —_ —I on I|Pr/I/w|IN|I— >) ee DEE MiB] WIN] — SN S—100 | 42°31" | 27°26 | Bulgaria 1000-1300 | 43° 05'_| 23° 02! Golesh [So [000 |asso [2256 | Bulgari 73°09 = [Nova Breznica | 1900 | a1sssr|21°16| Macedonia] 25 | 4km W ofNovaBrezuica [= [1000 ar sy [21013 | Macedonia m Vodno | 95 [ais7 | 21623 | Macedonia] [Grupéin 28km WorSkopj) [= 500 arse | 21° 07 | Macedonia > [ Treska Valley (near Goma Bela) = | 300-1100 [arsanı | 21°15" | Macedonia 12 km NE of Dimitroverad [= [980 ase os" [2254 | Serb OO N | [D IN ND a == il: NLD a NT Re |o;o;atln tion about the precise locality (G. Kuna, pers. comm. to Z. Kolev), but it is almost certainly the imposing calcareous massif Chepan (highest point 1210 m). This is a southern branch of the Stara Planina mountain chain which rises just north-east of Dragoman town and forms a natural focus point for any collecting activity there. On a visit to Chepan on 7.vi.2007, Z. Kolev together with Stoyan Beshkov did not en- counter the species, though note was taken of the extensive steppe-like rocky slopes with an unusual abundance of Potentilla. During a subsequent visit to the same place on 10—11.vi.2007, S. Beshkov and Boyan Tsvetkov collected a single female of M. cribrellum among numerous specimens of Pyrgus carthami (Hübner, 1813) Nota lepid. 33 (1): 39-57 45 Fig. 5. A fresh M. cribrellum male perching on vegetation at a mud-puddling site near Gubesh village (western Bulgaria, ca. 1000 m), 10.v1.2009. Photo Z. Kolev. (S. Beshkov, pers. comm. to Z. Kolev). This female is the basis for the brief mention of M. cribrellum from Chepan by Abadjiev & Beshkov (2007: 196). On 13.v1.2008, Z. Kolev and Nikolay Shtinkov visited this massif with the express purpose of finding M. cribrellum. The search was unsuccessful despite covering a wider habitat gradient ranging from the aforementioned exposed, dry south-facing slopes at higher altitude (900-1100 m) to moister gullies with lush vegetation at lower altitude (800—900 m). Another attempt to locate M. cribrellum on the Chepan massif in June 2008 also failed (M. Lindberg, pers. comm. to Z. Kolev). However, through purposeful search in 2008 and 2009, Markus Lindberg (pers. comm. to Z. Kolev) has discovered several other localities of M. cribrellum elsewhere in the region of western Stara Planina. Z. Kolev and N. Shtinkov were also able to locate one of these populations in 2009 (Fig. 5). The new localities and the respective numbers of specimens are as follows (Tab. 1, Fig. 1A): — canyon above Golesh village, 26.v.2008: 4 males (M. Lindberg obs.); — slopes north of Gubesh village, 27.v.2008: ca. 15 males (M. Lindberg obs.); ditto, 9.v1.2009: 18 males, 2 females (M. Lindberg obs.); ditto, 10.vi.2009: 13 males (Z. Kolev & N. Shtinkov obs., 9 males leg. & coll. Z. Kolev); — river valley at the north-eastern edge of Godetch town, 29.v.2008: 1 male (M. Lind- berg obs.); — limestone quarry near Iskrets town, 11.vi.2009: 1 male (M. Lindberg obs.); — valley of Iskrets River, west of Zavidovtsi village, 28.v.2008: 1 male (M. Lindberg obs.). 46 Dincä et al.: Muschampia cribrellum at western limit of range in Europe Fig. 6. A fresh male of M. cribrellum observed on a stony road NE of Dimitrovgrad (Serbia, 980 m, 17.v.2007). Photo C. van Swaay. Serbia There are no published records of M. cribrellum for Serbia. One male was observed and photographed in south-eastern Serbia (Fig. 6), mud puddling on the road north-east of Dimitrovgrad just 2 km from the Bulgarian border (Fig. 1A). The observation was made on 17.v.2007 by a group of lepidopterists working on the project Prime Butterfly Areas in Serbia, namely Predrag Jak8ic, Milan Duric, Ivan Dodok, Kars Veling and Chris van Swaay (van Swaay, pers. comm. to R. Verovnik). This discovery is to be ex- pected in view of the recent records from western Bulgaria (Abadjiev & Beshkov 2007; see above), which come from a karstic region of western Stara Planina that extends across the border well into Serbia. Republic of Macedonia The Spinose Skipper was first reported for the Republic of Macedonia by Lorkovié (1983) based on his revision of the material collected by Slavoljub Jakonov. More than 10 fresh males were collected on the eastern slopes of Mt. Suva Planina near Nova Breznica village on 8.vi.1980. During a visit to the only confirmed site for the Republic of Macedonia in 2008, two males were found on the karstic plateau 4 km west of the known site (Fig. 7). Additionally, at least 3 specimens were observed on the southern slopes of Mt. Vodno approximately 15 km north-east of the previously mentioned lo- calities (Verovnik & Micevski 2009). Another hitherto unpublished record is a fresh Nota lepid. 33 (1): 39-57 47 té st me tha Fig. 7. The xeric terrain with steppe like vegetation on the ridge east of Kozjak lake (Republic of Mace- donia, 1050 m, 8.vi.2008) where a fresh male of M. cribrellum was observed. Photo K. Veling. male collected by Peter Russell on 1.v.1990 near Grupëin village (ca. 28 km west of Skopje) (P. Russel, pers. comm. to R. Verovnik). The distribution map of the species in the atlas of Schaider & JakSıc (1989) indicates a locality in the upper part of the Treska valley, in the vicinity of Gorna Belica village. The provenance of that record is still unknown as those authors did not record the spe- cies themselves, nor did they provide a reference. However, the record is plausible in view of the continuous karstic terrain encompassing it and the valid records further to the north. Hungary Several authors mentioned M. cribrellum for eastern Hungary (Higgins 1975; Tolman & Lewington 1997, 2008; Tolman 2001; Tshikolovets 2003, 2005; Lafranchis 2004; Nekrutenko & Tshikolovets 2005; Pljushtch et al. 2005) but evidence for this is want- ing. The species is absent from the guide to the butterflies of the eastern part of Central Europe (Slamka 2004) as well as from the online list of butterflies of Hungary main- tained by the Hungarian Lepidopterological Society (Tamas & Mihaly 2009). The pub- lished checklist of the fauna of Hungary (Varga et al. 2005) mentioned that the records of M. cribrellum from this country “are only from the early XXth century”. We were informed by Zoltan Varga that these reports are most likely due to confusion with older records from western Romania, once part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (Z. Varga, 48 Dincä et al.: Muschampia cribrellum at western limit of range in Europe pers. comm. to Z. Kolev and V. Dinca, 28.v.2009). A similar statement was made by Rakosy & Goia (1997). Conclusions on distribution By critically processing the available data on the distribution of M. cribrellum at the western limit of its range, we conclude that the species presence is currently confirmed in four countries: Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Serbia (Fig. 1). A total of 28 confirmed sites were identified, of which 16 lie in Romania, seven in Bulgaria, four in the Republic of Macedonia and one in Serbia (Tab. 1). Two more reported sites require reconfirmation, namely Canaraua Fetei (Dobrogea, Romania) and the surroundings of Gorna Belica (Treska Valley, Republic of Macedonia). More than half (16, representing 57%) of the currently known sites for M. cribrel- lum west of the former Soviet Union lie in Transylvania (Romania). However, only half of these sites have published records of M. cribrellum after 1990 (Tab. 1, Fig. 1B) with three of them being reported here for the first time. This may not necessarily be a consequence of local extinctions, but lack of recent research activities in most of the areas involved. Many of the sites represent “islands” of habitats with influences of the Pannonian steppes well known for their particular flora and fauna (e.g. Suatu, Caianu, Viisoara, Fanatele Clujului, Toldal) (Figs 2, 3), while others are characterized by the presence of a calcareous ground (e.g. Cheile Tureni, Rimetea, Coltesti, Buru) (Fig. 4). Taking into account the record from south-eastern Romania (Canaraua Fetei), the habitat spectrum for M. cribrellum in this country may be even wider as Canaraua Fetei is a mixture of karst and Balkanic forest-steppe areas. Adding the very limited butterfly data available for many parts of Romania, it is difficult to evaluate the poten- tial distribution of M. cribrellum in the country. However, all Romanian localities with old records of M. cribrellum could still hold populations of the species, so directed research is highly recommended. In addition, potential populations could be present in unaltered habitat patches with Pannonian steppe influences that still survive locally in central and western Transylvania. An example is the area between Cluj and De] or Ludus and Tärgu-Mures (Rakosy & Goia 1997). The karstic area from the eastern part of the Western Carpathians (from where recent records are already available) is also promising. The calcareous area of Cheile Mada — Cheile Glodului near Ardeu (Hunedoara County) might provide new records of M. cribrellum given the fact that the species has been recorded from Ardeu almost a century ago. Several other calcare- ous areas similar to those from the Western Carpathians or from Ardeu are scattered in Transylvania and across the country, so there is high potential for the discovery of new populations. Moreover, if the record from south-eastern Romania (Canaraua Fetei) is accurate, then several sites in Dobrogea may have populations of M. cribrellum as the region as a whole has a pronounced steppe character and certain karst areas do occur (e.g. Cheile Dobrogei). Currently, seven localities of M. cribrellum are known from Bulgaria. All but one of these lie in western Stara Planina, in what is the largest continuous region of open karst in the country. Based on present data it can be expected that the species is widespread Nota lepid. 33 (1): 39-57 49 all over this karst area in Bulgaria and Serbia. Thus, in Bulgaria its range may extend eastward up to and including the gorge of Iskar River, although it is not yet recorded despite considerable collecting there (see Beshkov 2000 for an overview of literature). In Serbia the potential range of M. cribrellum is at least twice as large, as the same hilly calcareous region extends from the Bulgarian border westward all the way to the town of Ni (Z. Kolev, pers. obs. 10.v111.2009). In addition, two other areas in the same general region appear promising for M. cribrellum, due to their calcareous char- acter and general appearance based on satellite imagery. The first is Mt. Suva Planina, a dry and steep karst mountain 20 km south-east from Nis (not to be confused with the similarly dry mountain in the Republic of Macedonia, where M. cribrellum does occur!). The second is a 85 km-long chain of largely karstic hills which starts 15 km south of Zajeëar town in eastern Serbia and extends along the northern foothills of Stara Planina all the way to Montana town in western Bulgaria. These hills are very similar in geomorphologic terms to the region in Western Stara Planina where M. cribrellum is apparently widespread, and their butterfly fauna, with the exception of Suva Planina, is very poorly known (JakSıc 2003). Research specifically aimed at M. cribrellum would be thus highly desirable in all of these regions including Suva Planina, considering how easily the species may be overlooked even in its optimal habitats. In the Republic of Macedonia, judging from the precisely known records and satel- lite imagery, the potential area where M. cribre/lum may occur extends in an arc from Radusa village near the border with Kosovo and Mount Vodno just south of Skopje westward to Gostivar town and thence south to Brod and DebreSte villages. Further research in this lepidopterologically very rich region, including a verification of the record from the vicinity of Gorna Belica in Schaider & JakSıc (1989), is desirable. Behaviour and biology Behaviour The adults of M. cribrellum have a fast flight typical of a skipper, with the males often displaying territorial behaviour (V. Dinca pers. obs., Verovnik & Micevski 2009). The butterflies feed on various flowers, including Potentilla (Rosaceae), the reported larval host-plant (R. Verovnik pers. obs.). The males were also observed mud-puddling (Fig. 8). Among butterflies this activity is almost exclusively restricted to males (Boggs & Jackson 1991), and it has been shown that males of the Hesperiid Thymelicus lineola (Linnaeus, 1758) gather sodium dissolved in water at puddles and transfer it to females during mating. The proposed explanation for this phenomenon is that sodium is essential in egg production in quantities greater than the female can provide (Pivnick & McNeil 1987). Apparently, in M. cribrellum the need for sodium and possibly other dissolved nutrients can be exceptionally great, as witnessed by the observed local abundance of males at puddles versus their total absence from the adjacent probable breeding habitats (where both the females of the species and Potentilla are present) in western Bulgaria. For comparison, males of Pyrgus carthami, the most abundant skipper accompanying M. cribrellum in Western Bulgaria, are common both at puddles (Fig. 8) and on flowers 50 Dinca et al.: Muschampia cribrellum at western limit of range in Europe rn... PCT LAS PPT. hs. Me % and single P. sidae and P. alveus, near Gubesh village (western Bulgaria, ca. 1000 m), 10.vi.2009. Photo Z. Kolev. on the adjacent xeric slopes (Z. Kolev pers. obs.). This observation is in line with the observations of Pivnick & McNeil (1987), who found that while only males of T. /ine- ola mud-puddled, they also comprised 75—80% of the surrounding population. While the usual rarity of females of M. cribrellum presents a difficulty for the study of the exact habitat preferences and autecology, the strong attraction of the males to pud- dles should facilitate general faunistical research, as efforts to track down new popula- tions can be concentrated in a relatively small area of the potentially suitable terrain. Phenology. The available data indicate that in our focus region the butterfly is univol- tine and its main flight period is in the second half of May and June. Some specimens, however, may already fly in the beginning of May (e.g. the fresh male collected in the Republic of Macedonia near Grup£in village on 1.v.1990) or as late as August. The two males from E Bulgaria (Burgas) are very fresh and their labels state the date of collect- ing as 10.v111.1974 (Kolev 2003). Whether this is an example of partial second genera- tion or delayed emergence is unknown, but such late-flying specimens are also known from the main range of M. cribrellum. Korshunov & Gorbunov (1995) reported that the species is bivoltine (mid-May/August) in the Asıan part of Russia while Korshunov (2002: 167) reported that the species flies from mid-May till mid-August. Pre-imaginal biology Hardly anything is known of this aspect of the life cycle of M. cribrellum. A claim wide- ly repeated in literature is that the larvae feed on cinquefoils (Potentilla spp., Rosaceae) Nota lepid. 33 (1): 39-57 51 3 x a” a HORS i. LM SR Pe eae i : Les oo) Fig. 9. Habitat of M. cribrellum on the southern slope of Mt. Chepan (Bulgaria), ca. 1000 m, 13.v1.2008. Photo Z. Kolev. (Higgins & Riley 1980; Chinery 1989; Korshunov & Gorbunov 1995; Gorbunov 2001; Korshunov 2002; Tshikolovets 2003; Nekrutenko & Tshikolovets 2005). Tolman & Lewington (1997, 2008) also reported Potentilla but added that this requires confir- mation. We have to agree, since we have been unable to trace the provenance of this information or receive independent confirmation thereof. It must be kept in mind that all other Muschampia species for which the larval host-plant is reliably known, use Phlomis spp. (Lamiaceae) (Hesselbarth et al. 1995; Tolman & Lewington 1997, 2008; Tuzov et al. 1997; Wagner 2009). We only have circumstantial evidence in favour of the possible use of Potentilla as a larval host-plant, i.e. the occurrence of M. cribrellum on slopes with abundant Potentilla and no Phlomis both in our region (Z. Kolev & S. Beshkov pers. obs., R. Verovnik pers. obs.) and in Siberia for the subspecies obscurior Staudinger, 1892 (J. Kullberg pers. comm. to Z. Kolev). In addition, Szabö (1982) mentioned Astragalus sp. (Fabaceae) as a larval food-plant for Romanian M. cribrel- /um, but this assertion lacked further details or literature references, so that we strongly question its accuracy. Therefore, concerted research on the pre-imaginal biology of M. cribrellum is urgently needed. Habitat requirements In Romania, M. cribrellum occurs in relatively dry habitats with more or less pro- nounced (Pannonian) steppe character, such as hay meadows, grassland fallows and pastures (e.g. Suatu, Viisoara, Fânatele Clujului, Caianu Mic, Toldal) (Figs 2, 3), as 52 Dincä et al.: Muschampia cribrellum at western limit of range in Europe Fig. 10. Another aspect of the southern slope of Mt. Chepän (Bulgaria), ca. 950 m, 13.v1.2008. Pine plan- tations on the slopes in the background are marked with red arrows. Photo Z. Kolev. well as in more or less xeric calcareous flowery meadows (e.g. Buru, Cheile Tureni, Rimetea, Coltesti) (Fig. 4). In particular the first group of habitats 1s maintained at a suit- able succession stage mostly through human intervention by extensive grazing and mow- ing. M. cribrellum flies at altitudes that usually range between 300 and 650 m, but the (uncertain) record from Canaraua Fetei is below 100 m. In West Bulgaria, Serbia and Republic of Macedonia, M. cribrellum predominantly occurs in open grassy steppe-like habitats with diverse flowering vegetation on rocky, roughly south-facing calcareous slopes (Figs 7, 9, 10). While some of these habitats, e.g. parts of Mt. Chepan (Fig. 9), may be naturally open due to their steep incline and arid karst character, it is no exaggeration to say that considerable areas have been made suitable for M. cribrellum by human activities such as regular extensive grazing or deforestation. The males may leave the breeding habitat for nearby mud-puddling sites, in one case 200 m away (Z. Kolev pers. obs.). In the Balkan Peninsula, the butterfly has been recorded mostly from ca. 500 m to 1300 m, which is markedly higher than the Romanian range. In fact, the species may occur even higher, as the altitudinal range of continuous suitable ter- rain in Western Stara Planina extends up to ca. 1500 m. Only one record from our region is from near sea-level: Burgas city on the Black Sea coast. Conservation considerations The Spinose Skipper is not considered threatened in Europe (van Swaay & Warren 1999) owing to reported stable population sizes and range in all countries with presence Nota lepid. 33 (1): 39-57 53 Fig. 11. Habitat of M. cribrellum overgrown by Pinus plantations at Cäianu Mic (Transylvania, Romania, 400 m, 6.v.2006). Photo V. Dincä. of this species in Europe. These assessments were most probably done on the basıs of the best expert judgement as no detailed studies on distribution changes or population sizes for M. cribrellum are known to the authors. Certainly, the current and known past range in Romania shows that the species may have declined in its range over the last decades. However, this trend is hard to evaluate as many of the original sites have not been visited recently and new sites are still being discovered. In Bulgaria the species may be locally extinct, e.g. in the vicinity of Burgas due to urbanisation, small-scale agriculture and other degradation such as overgrowing (Kolev 2003) of the man-made steppe-like habitats that have existed there (Stoyanoff 1926). However, in reality this region is extremely poorly known and further research there 1s necessary before it can be claimed that this or any other of the several rare steppe butterfly species that have been collected there in the early X Xth century are now extinct (Kolev 2003). The karst region of western Stara Planina, the main stronghold of M. cribrellum in Bulgaria, contains extensive areas that are superficially suitable for cribrellum, which means that further populations of the species most probably exist there. Since the presence of M. cribrellum in the region was detected only in 1987, and most records are only from the last three years, there are no data for evaluating population trends. Little is known about the changes of distribution in eastern Ukraine and especially southern Russia which possibly holds the largest populations of this species in Europe. Nekrutenko & Tshikolovets (2005) mentioned that M. cribrellum is extremely local in Ukraine where it has a poorly known distribution and requires conservation measures. Pljushtch et al. (2005) mentioned only six (mostly old) records for Ukraine. A similar situation exists 54 DincA et al.: Muschampia cribrellum at western limit of range in Europe for European Russia from where only 11 widely separated records (some old or requir- ing confirmation) have been mentioned by Pljushtch et al. (2005). The size of the populations of M. cribrellum known in Europe is difficult to assess with- out data inferred from monitoring activities. However, for a few sites that were visited for several years, it seems that the population size is modest. This is for example the case of the populations in the vicinity of Cluj (Transylvania) which seem to be very small as only five to ten adults per generation have usually been observed (Rakosy & Läszlöffy 1997; Goia & Dinca 2008). One exception may be the population from Suatu (Transylvania) (Fig. 3), where the species is relatively abundant on terraces of aban- doned vineyards (Dinca pers. obs.). Low numbers also apply to most localities in west- ern Bulgaria: although M. cribrellum can apparently be locally abundant there, in most places the numbers of specimens recorded during a single visit have remained well below ten. Besides, abundance of males localised at mud-puddling sites may misrepre- sent the actual abundance of the species in the larger area. The Bulgarian observations so far indicate that females of the species in the actual breeding habitat (even adjacent to mud-puddling sites with greater abundance of males) are apparently very rare. If we consider that the species occurs at low densities over the whole western limit of its distribution and within a relatively small area of occupancy, the total population size in Europe could easily be below the threshold value for a threat status according to the Red List criteria. Even by adding the currently known populations from Ukraine and European Russia, the situation does not improve significantly as for these regions there are surprisingly few reliable records available (Pljushtch et al. 2005). However, the vast steppe area of Ukraine and European Russia requires extensive rigorous studies which are likely to lead to the discovery of further populations of M. cribrellum. What remains in terms of evaluation of the threat status is the extreme fragmentation of the range of the species in Europe and indirect evidence of endangerment based on the habitat requirements of the species. Muschampia cribrellum 1s a habitat specialist limited to steppe refuges and according to Schmitt & Rakosy (2007) its most pre- ferred habitat type is young grassland fallows. As such habitats are maintained only through low-intensity agriculture in the majority of the known sites, either abandon- ment or intensification could be deleterious for the local populations of the species. Circumstantial evidence for such phenomena is known in Macedonia (Verovnik & Micevski 2009) and Romania (overgrowing by shrubs, Robinia or Pinus - see Fig. 11). In Bulgaria, the planting of dense pine stands on karstic slopes has locally affected cribrellum habitats in western Stara Planina. The most extensive of these plantations are around Godetch town and along the southern slope of Mount Chepan and adjacent hills around Dragoman town (Z. Kolev, pers. obs., Fig. 10), but their extent is lim- ited relative to the total area of habitats potentially suitable for M. cribrellum. In the long run, the decline or cessation of traditional land use could be considered as the most important threat. Due to ongoing human population decline in rural areas and unfavourable European Union (EU) common agriculture practices this process has already started. With abandonment of traditional extensive grazing practices, large- scale losses of suitable habitats for M. cribrellum at the western edge of its distribution are inevitable. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 39-57 55 Due to the very poorly known situation in eastern Ukraine and southern Russia no de- finitive threat status could be given to the species on European level, but the near threat- ened status (NT) should be used to indicate that declines are present or anticipated for this species. On EU level the status of vulnerable (VU) should be implemented due to very small area of occupancy, extreme fragmentation, apparently small total population size, and contiguous decline anticipated from habitat loss. The new discoveries should certainly not be treated as recent expansions, but more as a result of the lack of faunisti- cal research in the region and scarcity of the species. The habitats of the Spinose Skipper re very rich in butterflies and host many rare or threatened species in Europe, e.g. in Romania Muschampia tessellum (Hübner, 1803), Colias chrysotheme (Esper, 1781), Pseudophilotes bavius (Eversmann, 1832), and Plebejus sephirus Frivaldsky, 1835), in Bulgaria Plebejus sephirus, Polyommatus eroides (Frivaldszky, 1835), Coenonympha leander (Esper, 1784) (Z. Kolev, pers. obs.), and in the Republic of Macedonia Euchloe penia (Freyer, 1851) (Verovnik & Micevski 2009). Therefore the designation of the threat status to EU populations of the Spinose Skipper would have a wider positive effect. At national level, M. cribrellum has been legally protected in Romania since 2005 (see also Rakosy 2006). Regrettably, the species was inexplicably excluded from the list of target species for the project Prime Butterfly Areas in Bulgaria, even though it was recorded in the course of the project and was mentioned in the final publication (Abadjiev & Beshkov 2007). This unfortunate misjudgement must be corrected as soon as possible, not only in view of the rarity and localization of M. cribrellum in Bulgaria, but also because it is a very suitable “umbrella species” for the protection of the prime steppe-like habitats in western Stara Planina. Currently, autecological studies on the Spinose Skipper are badly needed as well as pre- cise mapping of its distribution and evaluation of the potential threats. Only with such precise information can the guidelines for conservation and management plans for long term survival of the species at its western limit of distribution be made. Acknowledgments Our thanks go to Stoyan Beshkov, Gerd Kuna, Markus Lindberg, Chris van Swaay, Zoltan Varga, Arne Viborg, Torben Friis-Larsen, Christopher Luckens, Charles Derry, Duncan Trew, Morten Molgaard, Nick Greatorex-Davis and Matt Rowlings for providing relevant information. We also thank S. Beshkov and Nikolay Shtinkov for their pleasant and inspiring company during the Bulgarian collecting trips in 2007, 2008 and 2009, and Jaakko Kullberg for the information on habitat preferences of Siberian M. cribrellum. We are grateful to Peter Russell for the permission to use his record of M. cribrellum from the Republic of Macedonia and Chris van Swaay and Kars Veling for the photographs. Many thanks to S. Cuvelier for comments on the manuscript and for writing the French abstract and to an anonymous referee for writing the German abstract. Support for this research was provided by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaciôn project (CGL2007-60516/BOS) to V. Dinca. References Abadjiev, S. & S. Beshkov 2007. Prime Butterfly Areas in Bulgaria. — Pensoft, Sofia. 222 pp. Beshkov, S. 2000. Lepidoptera species (Macrolepidoptera) recorded and reported from the Western Stara Planina Mountain, NW Bulgaria. — Entomologica Romanica 5: 11-43. 56 Dincä et al.: Muschampia cribrellum at western limit of range in Europe Boggs, C. L. & L. A. Jackson 1991. Mud puddling by butterflies is not a simple matter. — Ecological Ento- mology 16 (1): 123-127. Capuse, I. & A. Kovacs 1987. Catalogul colectiei de lepidoptere ,,Laszl6 Didszeghy” de la Muzeul Jude- tean Covasna, Sfintu Gheorghe. — Institutul de Speologie „Emil Racovitä”, Bucuresti. 400 pp. Chinery, M. 1989. New Generation Guide to the butterflies and day-flying moths of Britain and Europe. — University of Texas Press, Austin. 320 pp. Cremene, C., L. Rakosy & A. Erhardt 2003. Diversity of Macrolepidoptera in steppe habitats of Caianu Mic (Cluj). — Entomologica Romanica 7: 5— 14. Dinca, V. & R. Vila 2008. Improving the knowledge on Romanian Rhopalocera, including the rediscovery of Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792) (Lycaenidae) and an application of DNA-based identi- fication. — Nota Lepidopterologica 31 (1): 3—23. Goia, M. & V. Dinca 2008. Structura si räspändirea faunei de lepidoptere diurne (Hesperioidea & Papi- lionoidea) in imprejurimile municipiului Cluj-Napoca si aspecte actuale ale influentei antropozoogene asupra mediului de viata al acestora. — Buletin de informare entomologicä 17: 139-197. Gorbunov, P. 2001. The butterflies of Russia: classification, genitalia, keys for identification (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea). — Thesis, Ekaterinburg. 320 pp. Hesselbarth, G., H. van Oorschot & S. Wagener 1995. Die Tagfalter der Türkei unter Berücksichtigung der angrenzenden Länder, vols. 1—2. Selbstverlag Sigbert Wagener, Bocholt, Germany. 1354 pp. Higgins, L. G. 1975. The Classification of European butterflies. — Collins, London. 320 pp. Higgins, L. G. & N. D. Riley 1980. A field guide to the butterflies of Britain and Europe. 4th ed. — Collins, London. 384 pp. JakSié, P. 1988. Privremene karte rasprostranjenosti dnevnih leptira Jugoslavije (Lepidoptera, Rhopalo- cera). — Jugoslavensko entomoloëko druStvo | (Editiones separatae), Zagreb. 215 pp. JakSic, P. 1998. Male genitalia of butterflies on Balkan Peninsula with a check-list. — Frantisek Slamka, Bratislava. 144 pp. JakSic, P. 2003. Dnevni leptiri (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea 1 Papilionoidea) Suve Planine. — ZaStita prirode 54 (1-2): 71-87. Kolev, Z. 2003. First record of Muschampia cribrellum in Bulgaria, with a review of the recorded distri- bution of genus Muschampia in the country (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). — Phegea 31 (1): 15-21. Korshunov, Yu. 2002. The butterflies of North Asia. - KMK, Moscow. 424 pp. [in Russian]. Korshunov, Yu. & P. Gorbunov 1995. Butterflies ofthe Asıan part of Russia. A handbook. — Ural University Press, Ekaterinburg. 202 pp. [in Russian]. Kovacs, S., L. Rakosy, Z. Kovacs, C. Cremene & M. Goia 2001. Lepidoptera (Fluturii). Pp. 81-114. — In: Rakosy, L. & S. Kovacs (eds.): Rezervatia “Dealul cu fluturi” de la Viisoara. Societatea lepido- pterologicä romänä, Cluj-Napoca. Kovacs, S., L. Rakosy, Z. Kovacs, C. Cremene & M. Goia 2002. Lepidoptere din Rezervatia naturalä „Dealul cu fluturi“ de la Viisoara (jud. Cluj). — Buletin de informare Societatea lepidopterologicä romänä 12 (1-4): 47-85. Lafranchis, T. 2004. Butterflies of Europe. — Diatheo, Paris. 351 pp. Lorkovic, Z. 1983. A new Syrichtus and two doubtful Pyrgus species for the fauna of Yugoslavia (Lep., Hesperiidae). — Acta entomologica Jugoslavica 19: 33-41. Moldoveanu, M., A. Haltrich & V. Dely 1980. Die Tagfalter (Papilionoidea u. Hesperioidea) aus der nörd- lichen Teil des Mures-Kreise. — Societatea de stiinte Biologice din R. S. R., Filiala Reghin, Studii si comunicari: 71 —86. Nekrutenko, Yu. & V. Tshikolovets 2005. The Butterflies of Ukraine. — Rayevsky Scientific Publishers, Kyiv. 231 pp. [in Ukrainian]. Pamperis, L. N. 1997. The Butterflies of Greece. — Bastas-Plessas, Athens. 574 pp. Pamperis, L. N. 2009. The Butterflies of Greece. — Editions Pamperis, Athens. 768 pp. Pivnick, K. A. & J. N. McNeil 1987. Puddling in butterflies: sodium affects reproductive success in Thyme- licus lineola. — Physiological Entomology 12: 461-472. Pljushtch, I. G., D. V. Morgun, K. E. Dovgajlo, N. I. Rubin & I. A. Solodovnikov 2005. Butterflies (He- sperioidea and Papilionoidea) of Eastern Europe — a database. CD-Rom, ISBN 985-90000-5-0. — Lysandra, Minsk-Kyiv-Moscow. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 39-57 57 Popescu-Gorj, A. 1964. Catalogue de la collection de lépidopteres „Prof. A. Ostrogovich” du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle „Grigore Antipa”, Bucarest. — Ed. Museum „Grigore Antipa”, Bucarest. 320 pp. Rakosy, L. 1988. A valuable collection of Lepidoptera in the Zoological Museum of the University in Cluj- Napoca (Part II). — Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Biologia 33 (1): 72—95. Rakosy, L. 2000. Lepidopterologische Biodiversität eines kleinräumigen steppenartigen Naturschutzge- bietes in Siebenbürgen (Suatu, Transsylvanien, Rumänien). — Entomologica Romanica 4: 49-68. Rakosy, L. 2006. U.E. si legislatia pentru protectia lepidopterelor din Romania. Buletin de informare Entomologicä 16: 89-96. Räkosy, L. & M. Goia 1997. Muschampia tesselum (Hübner, 1803) si M. cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) in fauna Romäniei. (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). — Buletin de informare Societatea lepidopterologica romana 8 (3-4): 155-162. Rakosy, L. & Z. Laszloffy 1997. Fauna de macrolepidoptere de la Fanatele Clujului (Lepidoptera) (Cluj, Romänia). — Buletin de informare Societatea lepidopterologica romana 8 (3-4): 165—186. Rakosy, L. & I. Viehmann 1991. Argumente in favoarea unei rezervatii naturale in Cheile Turului. — Ocro- tirea Naturii si a Mediului inconjurator 35 (1—2): 15—25. Rakosy, L., Goia, M. & Z. Kovacs 2003. Catalogul Lepidopterelor Romaniei / Verzeichnis der Schmet- terlinge Rumäniens. — Societatea Lepidopterologica Romana, Cluj-Napoca. 446 pp. Rothschild, C. 1912. — Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen des Siebenbiirgischen Vereins für Naturwissen- schaften, Hermannstadt 62 (1): 1-32. Schaider, P. & P. Jaksic 1989. Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. — Selbstverlag Paul Schaider, München. 288 pp. Schmitt, T. & L. Rakosy 2007. Changes of traditional agrarian landscapes and their conservation impli- cations: a case study of butterflies in Romania. — Diversity and Distributions 13: 855-862. Slamka, F. 2004. Die Tagfalter Mitteleuropas - östlicher Teil. — Published by the author. 288 pp. Stoyanoff, N. 1926. On the origin of the xerothermic plant element in Bulgaria. — Journal of Ecology 14 (1): 138-154. Szabo, A. 1982 Date cu privire la raspandirea lui Muschampia cribrellum Ev. in Transilvania. — Societatea de stiinte Biologice din R. S. R., Filiala Reghin, Studii si comunicari 2: 307-310. Szekely, L. 2008. The butterflies of Romania / Fluturii de zi din Romania. — Brastar Print Brasov. 305 pp. Tamas, T. & K. Mihaly 2009. Szalkay Jozsef Magyar Lepkészeti egyesület. — URL http://macrolepido- ptera.hu. (Accessed on 16.1x.2009.). Tolman, T. 2001. Photographic guide to the butterflies of Britain and Europe. — Oxford University Press. 305 pp. Tolman, T. & R. Lewington 1997. Field Guide of the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. — Collins, London. 320 pp. Tolman, T. & R. Lewington 2008. Collins Butterfly Guide. — Collins, London. 384 pp. Tshikolovets, V. V. 2003. Butterflies of Eastern Europe, Urals and Caucasus. — Kyiv-Brno. 176 pp. Tshikolovets, V. V. 2005. The Butterflies of Ukraine. — Zbirnik Prats Zoologichnogo Muzeyu, Kyiv 37: 13-62. Tuzov, V. K., Bogdanov, P. V., Devyatkin, A. L., Kaabak, L. V., Korolev, V. A., Murzin, V. S., Samodurov, G. D. & E. A. Tarasov 1997. Guide to the butterflies of Russia and adjacent territories (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Volume 1. Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae. — Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow. 480 pp. Van Swaay, C. & M. Warren 1999. Red Data Book of European Butterflies (Rhopalocera). — Nature and Environment 99. 260 pp. Varga, Z., Ronkay L., Balint Zs., Laszlo Gy. & L. Peregovits 2005. Checklist of the fauna of Hungary. Volume 3. Macrolepidoptera. — Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest. 114 pp. Verovnik, R. & B. Micevski 2009. On the presence of Syrichtus cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in the Republic of Macedonia. — Entomologist’s Gazette 60: 232-236. Wagner, W. 2009. Europäische Schmetterlinge und ihre Ökologie: Muschampia tessellum. — URL http:// www.pyrgus.de/Muschampia_tessellum.html. (Accessed on 8.x.2009.). i Nota lepid. 33 (1): 59-65 59 Anania ochrofascialis (Christoph) comb. n. and A. murcialis (Ragonot) comb. n. — two vicarious species from the western Palaearctic region (Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Pyraustinae) ANDREAS TRANKNER & MATTHIAS Nuss Senckenberg Museum of Zoology, Koenigsbruecker Landstrasse 159, 01109 Dresden, Germany; andreas .traenkner@senckenberg.de; matthias.nuss@senckenberg.de Abstract. With this contribution, we continue to investigate the generic classification of European Pyraustinae based on synapomorphic characters. Further taxa are recognized which are related to Anania Hübner, 1823. The monotypic genus Ametasia Martin, 1986 syn. n. is synonymised with Anania and two species are transferred to this genus: Anania ochrofascialis (Christoph, 1882) comb. n., the type-species of Ametasia, and Anania murcialis (Ragonot, 1895) comb. n. Both species were formerly provisionally placed in Achyra Guenée, 1849. The two species are closely related as they cannot be distinguished ac- cording to characters of copulatory organs. They are vicarious in the Mediterranean region of the western Palaearctic, with A. murcialis occurring in Spain and Morocco, and A. ochrofacialis in Ukraine, southern part of European Russia, Azerbaijan, south of Dead Sea, Egypt, and Kazakhstan. Introduction In 2005, Leraut suggested a new concept for Anania Hübner, 1823 based on synapo- morphic characters of the male and female copulatory organs. That approach has been adopted for Chinese and Afrotropical taxa by Tränkner & Nuss (2009). Since then we have investigated further the European Pyraustinae, some of which are rarely represented in collections. Among these is the monotypic genus Ametasia described by Martin (1986) for Metasia ochrofascialis Christoph, 1882, based on copulatory organ characters which are distinct from those of the remaining species of Metasia Guenée, 1854. However, no hypothesis has been available for phylogenetic relationships of that taxon until today. Merely Speidel (1996) and Zolotuhin (2005) placed ochrofascialis provisionally in Achyra Guenée, 1849. However, both authors overlooked the fact that ochrofascialis is the type species of the monotypic genus Ametasia, and did not synonymise it with Achyra. A further species provisionally placed in Achyra is A. murcialis (Ragonot, 1895) from Spain (Karsholt 1996). In this paper we present the results of our investigation of these taxa, which clarify their generic position within the Pyraustinae and point to some interesting biogeographi- cal patterns. Methods Copulatory organs were prepared and mounted according to the standards sug- gested by Robinson (1976). Images of the copulatory organs were taken using NIKON Eclipse 600 microscope with ZEISS AxioCam MRc5 digital camera. The terminology follows Marion (1954, 1959), Kristensen (2003), and Nuss & Speidel (2005). Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 60 TRÄNKNER & Nuss: Anania ochrofascialis and A. murcialis Abbreviations AT Andreas Tränkner MTD Senckenberg Museum für Tierkunde Dresden prep. preparation of genitalia ZMHB Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen Results The taxa investigated here share the apomorphic characters of Anania. These are a strong sclerotised elongated asymmetric sclerite ın the phallic apodeme (Figs 3-4) and a digitiform sclerotisation in the female antrum (Figs 5-6) (see Leraut 2005; Tränkner & Nuss 2009). Therefore, we here transfer Metasia ochrofascialis Christoph, 1882 and Botys murcialis Ragonot, 1895 to Anania in the combination Anania ochro- Jascialis (Christoph, 1882) comb. n. and Anania murcialis (Ragonot, 1895) comb. n. Because Metasia ochrofascialis Christoph, 1882 ıs the type-species of Ametasia M. O. Martin, 1986: 71-72 (by original designation and monotypy) and because we are transferring this species to Anania, we hereby synonymise Ametasia M. O. Martin, 1986 syn. n. with Anania. Anania ochrofascialis (Christoph, 1882), comb. n. Figs 1,3,5 Metasia ochrofascialis Christoph, 1882: 121—122.—Type locality: Russia, Dagestan, Derbent (determined by lectotype designation by Munroe 1970: 1033, but misspelled as “ochrifascialis”; paralectotypes are from Azerbaijan, Ordubat and Russia, Elisabethpol). Botys retowskyi Möschler, 1888: 128. — Type locality: Ukraine, Crimea, Feodosia. — Rebel 1902: 107 (syn.). Hypotia bilinea Bethune-Baker, 1894: 46, pl. 1 fig. 15. — Type locality: Egypt, Alexandria. — Speidel 1996: 193, 326 (syn.). Material. Holotype (by monotypy) of Botys retowskyi Möschler (Fig. 1): “Origin”, “Type”, “Holo- type | Botys | Retowskyi | Möschler 1888 | des. V. Zolotuhin”, “Krim | Ret. 81”, Retowskyi | Môschl.”, “coll. Moschl.”, “ZMHU-Berlin | Pyr-Z 05”, ZMHB.- 10°, [country?], southern end of Dead Sea, 1 .—27.111.1933, leg. Amsel; 10, Azerbaijan, 60 km south of Baku, Gobustan, 9.vi.1999, leg. I. Pljuschtsch (prep. AT 161); 29, 29, Kazakhstan, Ili-River, 43°20'N 79°52'E, 500 m, softwood riparian forest on sand, 20.v1.2000, leg. M. Nuss (prep. AT 162, 168, 179); MTD. Redescription (Fig. 1). Forewing length 7.0-9.0 mm (n = 7). Labial palpi porrect, beige laterally, white ventrally; maxillary palpi stilett-shaped, beige. Antennae of both sexes filiform, dorsally whitish scaled, ventrally with ciliate sensillae. Forewing apex acute; ground colour whitish with beige to pale brown pattern elements. Basal half of costa light brown. Antemedian line starting near costa at one-third of wing, running straight towards one-quarter of dorsum. Discoidal cell with ovate spot close to costal origin of antemedian line; distal discoidal stigma spot-like. Postmedian line starting from costa at three-quarter, running parallel to termen, curved sinusoid in middle of wing, ending at middle of dorsum. Subterminal area brown, with white spots between veins. Fringe at base pale yellow, followed by brown, distally beige and whitish cheq- Nota lepid. 33 (1): 59-65 61 Figs 1-2. Adults of Anania. 1. A. ochrofascialis, holotype of Botys retowskyi Möschler from Ukraine, Crimea (ZMHB). 2. A. murcialis from Spain, Almeria (ZMUC). Figs 3-4. Male copulatory organs of Anania. Arrows: asymmetric sclerite of phallic apodeme. 3. A. ochro- fascialis from Kazakhstan, prep. AT179 (MTD). 4. A. murcialis from Spain, Almeria, prep. AT163 (ZMUC). Scale bars: 0.5 mm. uered. Hindwing white, with median line sinusoid and subterminal area brown, with white spots between veins; fringe as in forewings. Male terminalia (Fig.3). Uncus broad, triangular, weakly sclerotised, later- ally slightly concave, weakly setose, distally pointed. Valvae basally broad, with costa nearly straight, ventral margin conspicuously narrowing from middle of valva towards 62 TRÄNKNER & Nuss: Anania ochrofascialis and A. murcialis apex, the latter round. Vinculum dorso-laterally with membrane with loose-fitting brush of hair-like coremata with broadened tip (not shown in Fig. 3). Mesal wall of valva mediobasally with slightly elevated sclerotisation adorned with some straight bristles; sella and editum bearing many lamellae, directed dorsally; middle of valva with sclerotised spine directed dorsally. Phallus apodeme with conspicuously elongate sclerite reaching posterior end of phallus, posterior half of sclerite with serrated edge. Males investigated have no deciduous cornuti left in the phallus, but a female (Fig. 5) contains cornuti in the corpus bursae and appendix bursae. Female terminalia (Fig. 5). Corpus bursae with rhomboid signum; appendix bursae attached laterally. Ductus bursae membranous, slightly curved, broadly enlarged anterior to antrum; colliculum not differentiated, ductus seminalis arising close to an- trum. Antrum sac-like, enlarged, sclerotised, with free digitiform sclerotisation extend- ing to posterior edge of antrum. Differential diagnosis. Among all Anania species known to us, A. ochrofascialis is most similar to A. murcialis, redescribed below. Distribution: Ukraine, southern part of European Russia, south of Dead Sea, Azerbaijan, Egypt, and Kazakhstan. Remarks. We did not investigate the lectotype of Anania ochrofascialis, but it is figured by Zolotuhin (2005: text-fig.9, colour-fig. 5). He also figured the holotype of Botys retowskyi (Zolotuhin 2005: colour-fig. 6) and confirmed its synonymy to A. ochrofascialis. Anania murcialis (Ragonot, 1895), comb. n. Figs 2, 4,6 Botys (Phlyctaenia) murcialis Ragonot, 1895: 23. — Type locality: Spain, Province of Murcia, Algezares. Material. 20, 29, Spain, Almeria, Mini Hollywood, 300 m, 15.v.1993, leg. B. Goater (prep. AT 163, 164), ZMUC. Redescription. Forewing length: 9.0- 10.0 mm (n = 4). Similar to A. ochrofascialis except labial palpi brown laterally; maxillary palpi brown. Antennae of both sexes dorsally brown scaled. Forewing with pale brown pattern elements conspicuously suffused by black scales; antemedian line starting near costa at one-quarter of wing; centre of discoidal cell with small black spot clearly distant to antemedian line; distal discoidal stigma a large brown spot, suffused black. Subterminal area with white, basally black-filled triangles between veins. Fringe with row of long scales, whit- ish at base, dark brown at tip, covered by second row of short, concolorous scales. Hindwing subterminal area with large white, black-filled ellipses between veins (Fig. 2). Male terminalia (Fig.4). Similar to A. ochrofascialis except uncus laterally straight. Valvae with costa slightly concave, ventral margin conspicuously narrowing from two thirds of valva towards apex. Phallus with numerous, straight deciduous cor- nut. Female terminalia (Fig. 6). Similar to A. ochrofascialis except ductus bursae Straight. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 59-65 63 Figs 5-6. Female copulatory organs of Anania. Arrows: Digitiform sclerotisation of antrum. 5. A. ochrofascialis from Kazakhstan, prep. AT 162 (MTD). 6. A. murcialis from Spain, Almeria, prep. AT 164 (ZMUC). Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Differential diagnosis. In wing pattern elements A. murcialis is similar to A. ochro- Jascialis, but conspicuously suffused by black scales; the antemedian line starts more basal at costa and runs less oblique towards dorsum; the proximal spot in the discoidal cell is clearly distant to the antemedian line and the subterminal area is white with basally black-filled triangles between veins (instead of white spots). In genitalia, we did not find convincing differences between the two species. The possible differences that might be recognised in Figs 3—6 need to be investigated on a larger number of Specimens. Distribution: Only known from Spain and Morocco (Lucas 1942: 63; Rungs 1979: 72). Remarks. Botys murcialis Ragonot, 1895 has been provisionally transferred to Achyra Guenée, 1849 by Karsholt (1996: 326), thus becoming a junior secondary homonym of the New World Achyra murcialis (Walker, 1859), originally described in Ebulea 64 TRANKNER & Nuss: Anania ochrofascialis and A. murcialis Doubleday, 1849 and transferred to Achyra by Munroe (1976: 47). A replacement name has never been given for the secondary junior homonym ‘Achyra murcialis (Ragonot, 1895)’. However, since here we transfer Botys murcialis Ragonot, 1895 to Anania Hübner, 1823, the establishment of a replacement name is not necessary anymore. Botys murcialis Ragonot, 1895 has been described based on two females. Unfortunately, the syntypes could not been traced at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris (P. Leraut, pers. comm. to M. Nuss), where Ragonot’s Microlepidoptera collec- tion is deposited (Horn et al. 1990: 317). However, the identity of the species is verifi- able unambiguously when compared to the original description. Discussion With Anania ochrofascialis and A. murcialis, the European fauna of Anania now comprises 15 species. Among them, A. ochrofascialis and A. murcialis might be re- garded as close relatives due to their similar wing pattern elements and their nearly identical copulatory organs. In contrast to all other Anania species, these two species show a postmedian line that starts from the costa and runs parallel to the termen. Ragonot (1895), who did not mention A. ochrofascialis, compared A. murcialis as similar to A. perlucidalis in the colour and shape of the wings and treated both species in the subgenus Phlyctaenia Hübner, 1825 (now a synonym of Anania). However, wing pattern elements in common between A. ochrofascialis, A. murcialis and A. per- lucidalis, e.g. presence of antemedian and postmedian lines, proximal and distal dis- coidal spots, are also shared by most other Anania species e.g. A. verbascalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), A. oberthuri (Turati, 1913), A. crocealis (Hübner, 1796), A. lancealis (Denis & Schiffermiiller, 1775), as well as by non-Anania pyraustines, such as Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner, 1796), Paratalanta pandalis (Hübner, 1825), or Paracorsia repandalis (Denis & Schiffermiiller, 1775). Thus, these characters might be plesiomorphic. Also, the structures of the copulatory organs do not support a close relationship between A. ochrofascialis and A. murcialis on the one hand, and A. per- lucidalis on the other. In A. perlucidalis, the sclerite of the phallic apodeme is deeply cleft whereas in A. ochrofascialis and A. murcialis it is not cleft, and thus similar to that of A. funebris (Strom, 1768) and A. verbascalis. Thus, the relationship of A. ochrofascialis and A. murcialis within Anania remains uncertain and the applica- tion of molecular techniques might be the prime tool for a phylogenetic reconstruction of Anania species. According to the available data, A. ochrofascialis and A. murcialis might be vicarious species in the Mediterranean region of the western Palaearctic, with A. murcialis occur- ring in Spain and Morocco, and A. ochrofacialis in Ukraine, southern part of European Russia, Azerbaijan, south of Dead Sea, Egypt, and Kazakhstan. So far, we have been unable to trace specimens for the region situated between Morocco and Egypt, e.g. from Tunisia, where a number of entomologists have collected during the last decades. For a better understanding of the two species, the discovery of their life-history, espe- cially of the larval host-plants, will be significant. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 59-65 65 Acknowledgements We thank Ole Karsholt (Copenhagen) for the loan of specimens of A. murcialis, Wolfram Mey (Berlin) for his kind cooperation when we were working in the collection of the ZMHB and Patrice Leraut (Paris) for searching for the type specimens of Botys murcialis Ragonot. Bernard Landry (Geneve) and Paul Sokoloff (Kent) kindly provided comments and corrections to the manuscript. References Bethune-Baker, G. T. 1894: Notes on some Lepidoptera received from the neighbourhood of Alexandria. — Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1894: 33-51, pl. 1. Christoph, H. T. 1882: Einige neue Lepidopteren aus Russisch-Armenien. — Horae Societatis entomolo- gicae Rossicae, St. Petersbourg 17: 104-122. Horn, W., I. Kahle, G. Friese & R. Gaedike 1990. Collectiones entomologicae. — Berlin, 573 pp. Karsholt, O. 1996: [Comment on Achyra murcialis]. pp. 193, 326. — In: O. Karsholt & J. Razowski 1996: The Lepidoptera of Europe. A distributional checklist. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. Kristensen, N. P. 2003: Skeleton and muscles: adults. Pp. 39-131. - In: Kristensen, N. P., Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Vol. 2: Morphology, physiology, and development. — /n: M. Fischer, Handbook of Zoology IV (36). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York. Leraut, P. J. A. 2005. Contribution a l’étude de quelques genres et espèces de Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). — Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, Paris 22 (2): 123-139. Lucas, D. 1942. Contribution à l’étude des Lépidopteres du Maroc. — Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc 21: 61-66. Marion, H. 1954. Revision des Pyraustidae de la faune française (suite). — Revue française de Lépido- ptérologie, Paris 14: 181-188, 221-227. Marion, H. 1959. Classification et nomenclature des Pyraustinae d’Europe. — L’Entomologiste, Paris 15 (3): 44-45. Martin, M. O. 1986: Novuie rodui schirokokruiluich ognjevok (Lepidoptera, Pyrautidae) sapadnoi Pale- arktiki (in Russian) [New genera of Pyraustidae (Lepidoptera) of the West Palaearctic]. — Vestnik zoologii, Kyiv 30 (3): 70-72. Möschler, H. B. 1888: Borys retowskyi n. sp. — Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 49: 128. Munroe, E. G. 1970: Types of Nymphulinae, Scopariinae, Cybalomiinae, Odontiinae, Evergestinae, and Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad, with select. — The Canadian Entomologist, Ottawa 102 (8): 1025-1035. Munroe, E. G. 1976. Pyraloidea Pyralidae comprising the subfamily Pyraustinae tribe Pyraustini (part). Pp. 1-78, pls 1-4, A-H.- In: R. B. Dominick et al., The Moths of America north of Mexico 13.2A. — E.W. Classey Ltd. and The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London. Nuss, M. & W. Speidel 2005: Introduction. Pp. 7-20. — In: B. Goater, M. Nuss & W. Speidel, Pyraloidea I. - Jn: P. Huemer & O. Karsholt, Microlepidoptera of Europe 4. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup. Ragonot, E. L. 1895: Descriptions d’un genre et de deux espéces inédites de Pyralites provenant d’Es- pagne. — Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, Paris 64: xxii—xxill. Rebel, H. 1902: Neue Pyraliden, Pterophoriden und Tineen des palaearctischen Faunengebietes.— Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, Dresden 15: 100-126, pl. 4. Robinson, G. S. 1976. The preparation of slides of Lepidoptera genitalia with special reference to the Microlepidoptera. — Entomologist’s Gazette, London 27: 127-132. Rungs, C. E. E. 1979: Catalogue Raisonné des Lépidoptéres du Maroc. Inventaire faunistique et obser- vations écologiques. Tome I. — Travaux de l’Institute Scientifique, ser. Zoologie, Rabat 39: [i]—[x], 1-244,2 maps. Speidel, W. 1996: Pyraloidea [part]. pp. 166-196, 319-327. — In: O. Karsholt & J. Razowski, The Lepi- doptera of Europe. A distributional checklist. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. Trankner, A. & M. Nuss 2009. On the systematics of Anania Hiibner, 1823 (Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Py- raustinae). — Nota lepidopterologica 32 (1): 63-80. Zolotuhin, V. V. 2005: On new and little known pyralid moths (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Pyraustidae) from the Lower and Middle Volga Region. Eversmannia 3-4: 3-17, figs 1-19. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 67-79 67 A new subspecies of Hyles siehei (Püngeler) from the deserts of Central Asia (Sphingidae) Dmitry F. SHOVKOON Laboratory of Animal Systematics and Faunistics, Samara State University, Academica Pavlova street 1, RUS-443011 Samara, Russia; shovkoon@mail.ru Abstract. A new subspecies Hyles siehei svetlana ssp. n. is described from Central Asia (type locality: Western Kazakhstan, Aktobe Region, the Shagyray Plateau). It inhabits desert biotopes and differs from the nominotypical montane H. siehei siehei (Piingeler, 1903) by its smaller size and the presence of a larger postdiscal patch on the forewing. It is also quite distinct in the coloration and body pattern of the mature larvae, which feed on Eremurus inderiensis Stev. It is suggested that this desert subspecies originated about 2.5-1.7 million years ago as the result of global and prolonged isolation during repeated transgressions of the Caspian Sea. Data on the life history and morphology of the preimaginal stages are given. The species H. siehei is noted here from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan for the first time. The holotype of the new taxon is deposited in the collection of the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Pe3rome. 13 Cperneñ A3un (TunoBad MECTHOCTE — ZanajıHbIl Ka3axCTaH, niaro arbipañ) onnchiBaerca HOBbIM nopBun Hyles siehei svetlana ssp. n. OH HacenseT NyYCTbIHHble CTAUMNM U OTIIMYAeTCA OT HOMHHAa- TUBHOTO ropHoro A. s. siehei (Püngeler, 1903) meHbIumMN pa3Mepamn, HAJIHYMEM YETKOTO JINCKAJIBHOTO NiTHA Ha MEPEJIHeM Kpblie, a TAKXKE MPMHLINTINAJIBHO HHBIMH OKPaCKOÏ MU PHCYHKOM B3POCJIBIX TYCEHHL, TUTAFOIUMXCH Ha IYCTbBIHHOM Eremurus inderiensis Stev. IIpennonaraetca, 4TO JAHHBIA HOJIBUJ CcbOpMu- poBasICA NPA paspbIBe apearla HCXOJIHOTO Bujla B Pe3yJIbTaTe TpaHcrpeccuH KacnnäcKoro MOPA OKOJIO 2,5—-1,/ MUNISIMOHOB JIET Ha3ajı. IlpnBejeHbI MONPOÖOHBIE AHHBIE TO ÖNOJIOTUM H MOPhOJIOTUH ero TIPenMa- TUHANBHBIX CTayınl. Buy H. siehei BnepBbie OTMeyaeTCA, TAKUM OOpa30M, JIA KasaxcTaHa, Y30eKucTaHa nu TypKMeHnCcTaHa. Tonorun HOBOTO TaKCOHA xXpaHUTCA B KOMIEKUMM SooslormyecKoro UHCTUTYTA Poccniickon Akayjemun Hayk (r. CaHKT-Ilerep6ypr). Introduction In May 2006, some unknown larvae of a Ayles species (Figs 10, 11, 17) feeding on Eremurus inderiensis (Stev.) (Fig. 15) were collected by me at Shagyray Plateau, Aktobe Region of Kazakhstan. Their colouration precluded both Hyles livornica (Esper, 1780) which is common in this area and Hyles centralasiae (Staudinger, 1887) which is known from Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Central Kazakhstan. In addition at light we collected some moths very similar to AH. centralasiae but differing in their smaller size and more olive ground colour of the fore wings. Unfortunately, adults were not successfully reared from those larvae. In 2007 and 2009 new expeditions were organised and similar larvae were collected about 300 km to the south of the previous location, also feeding on Eremurus inderiensis. In addition some moths similar to H. centralasiae were caught here at light. Five pupae were obtained from the collected larvae. The first imago emerged in July 2007, and the second one year later, in late August 2008, both moths being very similar to H. centralasiae. Shchetkin (1952, 1960, 1975) repeatedly wrote about the biology of H. centralasiae (as Celerio centralasiae) in Central Asia. He noted the essential distinction between desert and mountain forms of the moths. In 1952 he pointed out that “moths of Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 68 SHOVKOON: Hyles siehei svetlana ssp. n. C. centralasiae from desert and semi-desert regions (from Bet-Pak-Dala, Mujun-Kum, Repetek) are smaller than those individuals developing in the both foothills and higher altitude regions. Desert specimens have an average wingspan about 57 mm (from 55 to 60 mm), those from other regions average 65 mm (from 60 to 70 mm)’. Desert and mountain taxa occur at different altitudes. The typical altitudes for the mountain taxon range between 500 and 2800 m a. s. |. (Shchetkin 1952, 1960, 1975; Danner et al. 1998; Derzhavets 1984; Jordan 1912; Pittaway 1997-2009). The altitudes at which we collected did not exceed 250 ma.s.1., and for coastal areas of the Aral Sea altitudes were minus 28 m. Eremurus ambigens Vved. and E. olgae Rgl. were specified as hostplants for mountain moths (Shchetkin 1952, 1975), and for the desert moths he states only that larvae feed on Eremurus species. It is clear that he had not seen the desert larvae of the hawk moth as he gave only for a description of the mountain form. The larvae found by us differ very strongly from that described, by Shchetkin. It should also be noted that Eremurus inderiensis, unlike other congeners, grows not in mountains or along mountain valleys, but only on the semifixed sand of desert and in semidesert biotopes (Fedchenko 1949). Mitroshina (1989) describes the ecological features of hawk moths inhabiting deserts of Northern Turkmenistan (Southern Ustyurt, chink Burchliburun). The territories that we investigated are very similar, both geographically and climatically, to those described by Mitroshina. Unfortunately Mitroshina did not give a clear description of the larvae she observed. However the similar climatic conditions of the region, the flight period of the imago and the feeding of larvae on Eremurus inderiensis led us to suppose that she was dealing with the same species that we had observed. Phenologically both taxa are quite distinct. As Shchetkin (1952, 1975), Danner et al. (1998), Derzhavets (1984), Jordan (1912) and Pittaway (1997-2008) remarked, the flight period for A. centralasiae falls in the first half of June and it is linked to the beginning of the flowering period for Eremurus. Larvae have to complete their feeding before the maturing of fruits of Eremurus, and their development therefore lasts on average 20-25 days. Similar situations were noted for E. inderiensis and the Hyles species trophically connected with it. Based on our data, the flight period of imago in deserts is the first weeks of May, which coincides with active vegetation growth and the beginning of flowering of E. inderiensis. The life circle of E. inderiensis is much shorter in desert biotopes, and by late May all parts of the plant above ground level are completely dessicated. Development of larvae on this plant is accelerated, and from egg to a pupa lasts only about 9-11 days (pers. observ.). It is reasonable to assume that H. centralasiae partially migrates in desert territories as during dry periods no hostplant can be found there. Thus it is possible to conclude that the differing life cycles produce a temporal isolation which preserves the desert pheno- and genotypes, separating these taxa from those in mountain regions. Based on author’s conclusion from the biological and morphological evidence, the taxon inhabiting the Western Kazakhstan differs from typical H. centralasiae. To test this assumption our material was subjected to the analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Results of this analysis (Hundsdörfer et al. 2009) confirmed the assumption that the Nota lepid. 33 (1): 67-79 69 samples differ from typical H. centralasiae, but surprisingly are close to H. siehei (Püngeler, 1903). Such a close relationship was unexpected, as these taxa differ strongly both morphologically (Figs 2, 4) and ecologically. The montane H. siehei prefers the sunny, moderately humid hills of Turkey (Danner et al. 1998; Pittaway, 1997-2009; Derzhavets 1984; Pelzer, 1982, 1991) (Fig. 19), and our taxon is a typical member of desert and semidesert fauna of the Central Asia. Thus, on the one hand ecological and morphological differences are enough to separate the taxon from the Western Kazakhstan to the rank of a species; on the other hand the analysis of mtDNA shows that the new taxon is very similar to A. siehei. Basing on the facts given above I am of the opinion that the new taxon most likely has the rank of a new species, but at present there is insufficient unequivocal evidence to support this conclusion. I am therefore describing here the taxon from the Western Kazakhstan as a new subspecies of H. siehei. Abbreviations BMNH Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom LSSU Laboratory of Animal Systematics and Faunistics, Samara State University, Samara, Russia MWM _— Entomological Museum Thomas J. Witt, Munich, Germany WCA _ Working collection of the author ZISP Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Hyles siehei svetlana ssp. n. (Figs 1-2, 5, 10-11, 16-18) Material. Holotype &, ‘15.05.2006 Kazakhstan, | Aktobe Region, Plateau Shagyray, | N 46°52'35" EO 58°02'05" | leg. Trofimova T.A. & Shovkoon D.F.’ , HOLOTYPUS. | P Hyles siehei svetlana | Shovkoon | design. Shovkoon D. F. 2009’ (in coll. ZISP). — Paratypes: 60°, 19 same data as holotype (10°, 19 in coll. ZISP, 24 in coll. WCA, will be transferred in coll. BMNH, 1¢ in coll. WCA, will be transferred in coll. MWM, 2¢ in coll. LSSU); 19 13.05.2006 Kazakhstan, Agtobe Region, N 46°58'08" E 59°13'35", leg. Trofimova T.A. & Shovkoon D.F. (in coll. WCA); 30 25.05.2006 Kazakhstan, Aqtobe Region, Plateau Shagyray. N 46°45'36" E 57°31"20", leg. Trofimova T.A. & Shovkoon D.F. (10 in coll. WCA, will be transferred in coll. BMNH, 29 in coll. LSSU); 10° 11.05.2004 Kazakhstan, Aqtobe Region, Plateau Shagyray. leg. Trofimova T.A. (in coll. LSSU); 19, 19 27.05.2006 Kazakhstan, Qyzylorda Region, coast of Aral Sea N 46°20'09" E 59°43'21", leg. Trofimova T.A. & Shovkoon D.F. (in coll. WCA); 30° 16.05.2007 Kazakhstan, Man- gistau Region, N 43°44'53" EO 53°38'14", leg. Trofimova T.A. & Shovkoon D.F. (10 in coll. WCA, will be transferred in coll. BMNH, 1 in coll. WCA, will be transferred in coll. MWM, 10 in coll. LSSU); 19 16.05.2007 Kazakhstan, Mangistau Region, N 43°44'53" EO 53°38'14" — larva, 27.05.2007 — pupa, 18.07.2007 — imago (in coll. WCA); 10° 16.05.2007 Kazakhstan, Mangistau Region, N 43°44'53" E 53°38'14" — larva, 27.05.2007 — pupa, 29.08.2008 — imago (in coll. WCA). — Additional material. 10 sands Sary-Tau-Kum, 150 km NNE Alma Ata, on light, leg. Reznik 1.v.1981 (ZISP); 19 Kazakhstan, sands Sary-Tau-Kum in Lower Ili, near Aydayrly, leg. Seitova 11.05.1967 (ZISP); 10° Uzbekistan, Kyzyl- Kum desert leg. Falkovich 29.iv.1974 (ZISP); 19 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, Ayakgujumdy, leg. Falkovich 18.iv.1986 (ZISP); 1 walking larva 29.05.2009 Kazakhstan, Mangistau Region, N 43°44'53" E 53°38'14" (WCA). Etymology. The subspecies was named after my sister and Dr. Svetlana Kozlova, my dear friend, for her continuous valuable help in my scientific work. 70 SHOVKOON: Hyles siehei svetlana ssp. n. Figs 1-4. Adults of Hyles spp. 1. H. siehei svetlana ssp. n., 9, paratype. 2. H. siehei svetlana ssp. n., ©, holotype from Kazakhstan, Aktobe Region, Plateau Shagyray (ZISP). 3. H. centralasiae, ©, Uzbekistan, Samarkand 20/22 IV, O. Herz 1892 (ZISP). 4. H. siehei siehei, ©, Turkey, Taurus (MWM). Description. Imago: Wingspan: © 55-60 mm (holotype 57 mm), 9 65 mm. Fore- wings with a large discal spot in the pale median stripe. Central gap in the oblique median stripe more reduced, or completely absent. The pink area of the hindwing can be intense or faint. Black or dark-olive post-discal band on the hindwing narrower and separated from the black basal area along the costa. Rarely with a distinct rosy hue on both wings and body. Antenna distally incrassate in both sexes and, in female, more clavate. Pilifer with long setae medially, and shorter ones laterally. Labial palpus smoothly scaled, concealing base of proboscis; scaling at apex of the first segment not arranged in a regular border on inner surface; second segment without apical tuft on inner side. Abdomen conically pointed, with strong dorsal spines usually arranged in two transversal rows. First segment of foretarsus short, with six strong spines. Male genitalia (Fig. 5): Similar to all other species of Hyles. Uncus and gnathos beak-shaped, narrow. Valva broadly pear-shaped. Sacculus terminates in a thin simple, tapering process. Phallus tubular with apex bearing well-expressed dentate curved spur. Ovum (Fig. 16): Small, 1.2 mm in diameter, almost spherical, pale green. Laid directly on flower buds or on a stalk of the hostplant nearby the ground. Larva: The newly-hatched larva is 2.5 mm long, pale rosy with blackish brown head, legs, prothoracal shield and horn (the latest is short and vertical): the body bears rows of setae of the same colour. The head and thoracal segments are rose-tinted. In the second instar (Fig. 17) the primary body colour is pale rosy matching flowers of Nota lepid. 33 (1): 67-79 aE | the host, with whitish dorso-lateral line bearing rudimentary eye-spots. There is a hint of an orange dorsal line. The third instar is similarly patterned and colored, primary colour can vary to greenish olive. The dorso-lateral line is more prominent, the eye- spots pure white, and a pinkish-white ventro-lateral line presented. The head, anal clasper and horn are black, dorsal line pale orange. In the fourth instar the primary body colour is greenish olive with scattered white, frequently darkly-ringed speckles. The head, legs, horn and prothoracal shield are black. Fully grown larva is 65-70 mm long (Figs 10, 11), greenish olive with scattered white, frequently dark-ringed speckles, with a bright yellow dorsal line. Each side with a dorso-lateral line having large, white or yellow, black-ringed eye-spots. Horn, head, legs and anal shield are black. Spiracles yellow, black-ringed. Newly hatched larvae prefer feeding on the pollen-sacs and often sit on the flowers. As they grow, all parts of the flower are eaten, including the immature ovaries. Larvae of later instars feed openly on the tall, columnar inflorescence. Pupa (Fig. 18): 37—42 mm. Pale greenish-brown with semitransparent cuticule, in a loosely spun, net-like cocoon among debris on the ground. Proboscis fused with body, not projecting anteriorly. Cremaster large, bent ventrally. Many pupae have a diapause of several years. Diagnosis. From the nominate H. s. siehei (Fig. 4) moths of the new subspecies differ by (1) the smaller size, (2) the forewing has a clearly defined postdiscal patch and (3) lighter background oblique median stripe is always clearly defined and does not merge with a dark field at wing edge as is often seen in A. siehei siehei, and (4) the hindwing has a more clearly defined and wider black band than in A. siehei siehei. From A. centralasiae (Fig. 3), moths of H. s. svetlana also differ in their smaller size (from 58 to 75 mm in H. centralasiae), though there is some overlap. The coloration of H. s. svetlana has a prevalence of olive tones and in A. centralasiae the colour is lighter, with a predominance of beige tones. Hindwing of H. s. svetlana has a more clearly defined, wide, black band. Underside of wings and abdomen in H. s. svetlana are rose (Fig. 1), in H. centralasiae cream coloured (Fig. 3), or, rarely, faintly rose. The lectotype of H. centralasiae from Samarkand has a wingspan of only 58 mm (as measured from the illustration in Danner et al, 1998) and so falls within the range of the new taxon rather than montane H. centralasiae. However, the lectotype is also quite pale, rather beige, which would suggest that it is centralasiae sensu auctorum. Samarkand is located at 700 m above sea level, which correspond to the altitude at which centralasiae sensu auctorum occurs. But the question remains, whether the type locality of H. centralasiae is appropriate for the desert taxon or the montane taxon. There is a possibility that the desert taxon could be the true centralasiae, and then the name franscaspica Bang-Haas, 1936 (type locality: Achal tekke, Uzbekistan) would have to be reinstated for the montane taxon. As the lectotype of H. centralasiae from Samarkand does not unequivocally answer this question, I studied the collection of ZISP where I found the moth illustrated in Fig. 3. This moth originates from the type locality of H. centralasiae and was reared from a larva. Remnants of larval and pupal exuviae are available for that specimen together with additional dried larvae. All larvae have the typical colouration and eye-spot pattern 72 SHOVKOON: Hyles siehei svetlana ssp. n. Figs 5-7. Male genitalia of Hyles spp. 5. H. siehei svetlana ssp. n. (ZISP), paratype. 6. H. siehei siehei, Turkey (MWM). 7. H. centralasiae, Uzbekistan, Samarkand (ZISP). Nota lepid. 33 (1): 67-79 73 of the mountain taxon, which strongly suggests that the lectotype of H. centralasiae is congruent with A. centralasiae sensu auctorum and that the name transcaspica is a synonym. Male genitalia are very variable and similar to those of other Hyles species, and do not seem to be suitable for diagnostic purposes. Differences ın shape of the valva and uncus are constant. In H. siehei svetlana the valva is pear-shaped (Fig. 5), in A. siehei siehei (Fig. 6) and A. centralasiae. (Fig. 7) ovate. The uncus of H. siehei svetlana is smoother and less pointed, of H. siehei siehei coiled with beak-shaped apex, of H. centralasiae short and massive, sharply pointed at apex. Differences in the larvae are more marked (Tab. 1). Distribution (Fig. 19). A. siehei svetlana is strongly linked to the range of its hostplant. From our data, the moths inhabit desert and semi desert stations of the Western Kazakhstan where E. inderiensis grows — the Shagyray Plateau (Fig. 19, points 2-4), sands Bolshye Barsuki (point 5), part of the northern coast of Aral Sea (point 6) and Southern Ustyurt (point 1). Besides that, material stored in the collection of ZISP and data from the literature indicates that the same subspecies is probably native to Northern Turkmenistan — part of Burchliburun (Mitroshina, 1989; point 10), the Kyzyl-Kum desert, Repetek (Shchetkin, 1952; point 12); in the Central Kazakhstan sands Sary-Tau-Kum in Lower Ili (Danner et al. 1998: pl. 35 fig. 7, moth with data: ©, Kazakhstan, Kolshengel, 350 m, 13.v.1996, M. Danilevsky; point 8); 10 sands Sary-Tau-Kum, 150 km NNE Alma Ata, on light, leg. Reznik 1.v.1981 (ZISP), point 7; 10° Kazakhstan, sands Sary-Tau-Kum in Lower Ili, near Aydayrly, leg. Seitova 11.05.1967 (ZISP), point 9. In Uzbekistan — also the Kyzyl-Kum desert (Falkovich 1986; point 14); 10° Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert leg. Falkovich 29.iv.1974 (ZISP) point 11; 10° Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, Ayakgujumdy, leg. Falkovich 18.1v.1986 (ZISP) point 13. Nominotypical H. siehei siehei (Fig. 19, triangular marker) is distributed from the eastern Toros and Bolkar Mountains of southern Turkey (Danner et al. 1998), eastern Turkey, Armenia (Danner et al. 1998), northern Syria, northern Iraq and northern Iran. Thence probably south along the Zagros Mountains of Iran to Kerman Province, from where one specimen has been recorded (Pittaway 1997-2009). A. centralasiae (Fig. 19, square marker) is distributed from northeastern Iran (Danner et al. 1998), southern Turkmenistan (Derzhavets 1984), southern Uzbekistan (Bang- Haas 1936), southern Kazakhstan (Danner et al. 1998), Tajikistan (Grum-Grshimailo 1890; Bang-Haas 1936) Kyrgyzstan (Pittaway 1997-2009) to northern and eastern Afghanistan (Pittaway 1997-2009) and northern Xinjiang Province, China (Pittaway 1997-2009). Unfortunately, some data attributed in the literature to H. centralasiae was not verified (Fig. 19, square marker with sign “?”) and it is likely that these records should be attributed to the described subspecies. Amongst them — specimens from deserts of the Western and Central Turkmenistan (Shchetkin, 1952), and Central Kazakhstan — Middle and Lower Syr Darya (Danner et al. 1998). Type locality. The Shagyray Plateau (Figs 14, 19 — point 3) is a continuation of Ustyurt and Donyztau and winds in a northeast direction for 130 km. The width of a plateau 74 SHOVKOON: Hyles siehei svetlana ssp. n. Tab. 1. Differential characters of final instar larva of Hyles siehei svetlana ssp. n., H. siehei siehei and H. centralasiae. Character \ taxon H. siehei svetlana ssp. n. Length of fully 75-90 70-80 65-70 grown larvae, mm Ground colour of | pale grey, sometimes pale brownish grey with | greenish olive with mature larvae with a pale rose dorsal rose dorsal suffusion scattered white, suffusion frequently darkly-ringed speckles strongly bright to pinkish-white or pale grayish and passes to abdominal legs and all ventral surface. strongly bright to cream-white or pale grayish and passes to abdominal legs and all ventral surface. strongly bright- to pinkish-cream or pinkish-white and passes to abdominal legs and all ventral surface. Dorso-lateral line | with large, brilliant white, | with very large brilliant black-ringed eye-spots. white eye-spots and heavily ringed with black. In dark colored larvae, the eye-spots may be reduced or absent. Coloration At the majority of At the majority of larvae | At all found larvae spots of thoracic larvae spots of second on second and third of second and third seg- segments and third segments segments, on one white | ments double — merged double — merged of eye-spots heavily ringed | of back and smaller back and smaller with black. On the first | forward, merge full and forward. On first segment eye-spots stains] spots are perceived as segment eye-spot is not | are not present. longitudinal short strips. present, but on their On first segment eye- place two black spot, spots are not present, corresponding black- black-ringed is indis- ringed of eye-spots. cernible merge with a dark background of a larva. clearly distinguishable and usually has the same coloring as eye-spots. Coloration of subspiracular field with large, little bit horizontally extended brilliant white or yellowish, black-ringed eye-spots. Dorsal line not broken by any clearly distinguishable longitudinal strips. and usually of pinkish In many larvae black colour. bordering of eye-spots of the next segments incorporate among themselves a blackish indistinct shade, and at the blacked out larvae on a back remains more or less narrow dorsal line of the basic pinkish tone. Horn blood-red with a black completely black completely black, very tip, in dark larvae an be rare orange with a black completely black tip Head, legs and brown-red, in dark larvae | black Ferne Nota lepid. 33 (1): 67-79 75 Figs 8-13. Final instar larva of Hyles spp. 8. H. centralasiae. 9. H. centralasiae. 10. Walking-phase of H. siehei svetlana ssp.n. 11. H. siehei svetlana ssp.n. 12. H. siehei siehei (from Danner et al. 1998). 13. H. siehei siehei (from Pelzer, 1991). 76 SHOVKOON: Hyles siehei svetlana ssp. n. A- H. siehei siehei (Püng.) (Stdr.) 1 - Kazakhstan, Southern Ustyurt 7-9 - Kazakhstan, sand Sary-Tau-Kum 2-4 - Kazakhstan, Shagyray Plateau 10 - Turkmenistan, chink Burchliburun 5- Kazakhstan, sand Bolshye Barsuki 11-K4 - Kyzyl-Kum desert 6 - Kazakhstan, chink of northern coast of Aral Sea Figs 14-19. On the lif-history of Hyles siehei svetlana ssp. n. 14. The Shagyray Plateau in Kazakhstan, the type-locality of H. s. svetlana. 15. Eremurus inderiensis, the hostplant of H. s. svetlana. 16. Egg of H. s. svetlana (near pupa of Hyponephele sp.). 17. Pupa of H. s. svetlana. 18. Second instar larva of A. s. svetlana. 19. Distribution map of H. siehei svetlana ssp. n., H. siehei siehei, and H. centralasiae. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 67-79 a does not exceed 30 km (average 15). East and southeast slopes are flat; the western has a more broken character — steep and penetrated by a system of deep ravines. Absolute altitudes here do not exceed 330 m a. s. 1. but typically range between 100 and 150 m. The vegetation of this rugged terrain varies considerably with altitude. It is mostly composed of Aristida karelini Trin. et Rupr. Roshev., Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl., Stipa lessingiana Trin. et Rupr., S. sareptana A. Beck., Bromus squarrosus L. (all Poaceae), Salsola chiwensis M. Pop., S. dendroides Pall., S. verrucosa M. B., S. rigida Pall., Atriplex patula L., Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) Ijin, Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) Bieb., Camphorosma monspeliaca L. (all Chenopodiaceae), Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Guerke, Atraphaxis spinosa L. (all Polygonaceae), Astragalus varius S. G. Gmel., Caragana frutex (L.) C. Koch, Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Fisch. (all Fabaceae), Clematis glauca Willd. (Ranunculaceae), Euphorbia sclerocyathium Korov. et M. Pop. (Euphorbiaceae), Artemisia dracunculus L., A. austriaca Jacq., A. frigida Willd. (all Asteraceae), Ephedra equisetina Bunge (Ephedraceae), Tamarix gracilis Willd. (Tamaricaceae), Elaeagnus angustifol Discussion This new subspecies from the deserts of Central Asia is a good example of the process of speciation when taxa that are already ecologically and biologically divided become geographically isolated. But in this case, the process of speciation probably started comparatively recently and changes are not yet reflected in the mitochondrial DNA. The defining factors of speciation were most likely repeated isolations during the various transgressions of the Caspian Sea. At present it is known that there were at least five significant transgressions — Akchagylıan (2.7—2.3 million years ago), Apshe- ronian (2 million years ago), Bakuvian (1.7 million years ago), the Early Khazarian (400 thousand years ago) and the Early Khvalynian (100 thousand years ago) (Aladin et al. 1998). The strongest isolating influence was most probably the Akchagylian and Apsheronian transgressions of the Caspian Sea (Fig. 20). The waters of Akchagyl Lake penetrated into the Aral depression forming islands corresponding to the modern Plateau Ustyurt. Extensive lowland stretches of Trans-Caspian, Azerbaijan, Dagestan and Volga were flooded. The Akchagyl Lake existed for a slightly less than 1 million years. The Apsheron reservoir emerged approximately 2 million years ago. The lake was smaller than Akchagyl, but its waters also penetrated into the Aral basin and drained into the Black Sea. The Caspian lowland was completely flooded and the Kura lowland and Karakum were partially inundated. The Apsheron Lake existed for more than | million years. Thus the flora and fauna of these territories (where our taxon is found) have been isolated from the Pamiro Alay of modern Uzbekistan and hills of modern Turkey twice for a long period of time (more than 0,5 million years). It is likely these global and prolonged isolations facilitated the emergence of the desert taxon. The range of the new subspecies is separated geographically from the range of the nominated subspecies by water of the Caspian Sea supporting the contention that isolation and speciation are linked. 78 SHOVKOON: Hyles siehei svetlana ssp. n. Apsheronian transgression Fig. 20. Water bodies of the Akchagylian and Apsheronian transgressions of the Caspian Sea (from Aladin et al. 1998). Acknowledgments I want to thank Dr Sergey Yu. Sinev and Dr Alexey Yu. Matov (both St. Petersburg) for providing access to the collection of ZISP. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr Anna Hundsdörfer (Dresden) and Dr Ian Kitching (London) for their kind cooperation, and given an open access to results of mtDNA analyses for the new taxon. I am indebted to Mr Antony R. Pittaway (Oxfordshire, United Kingdom) for kind cooperation and providing images of larva of H. centralasiae. Reproduction of figs 8 and 9 is by courtesy of Mr Antony R. Pittaway. I am grateful to Mr Thomas J. Witt (Munich) for providing images of moth and male genitalia of A. siehei siehei. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr Vadim V. Zolotuhin (Uljanovsk) for his help during all stages of the preparation of the paper. I thank Dr Sergey A. Sachkov (Samara) for correcting a draft of the manuscript and improvements of the language. I am very grateful Dr Tatyana A. Trofimova (Samara) for her friendly support and for help of the preparation of the paper. I am very grate- ful to Dr Alexey S. Pazhenkov (Samara) for his friendly support and for the organization of expeditions to the Kazakhstan. I am very grateful to Dr Paul Sokoloff for improvements of the language of the manuscript. Also I am very grateful to the referee for reviewing and improvement of the manuscript. References Aladin, N., I. Plotnikov & A. Filippov 1998. Biodiversity of the Aral Sea in Holocene: past, present and future. In: Jashenko R., T. Kosali, K. Pachikin, N. Ishida, B. Aronov Eds., Sustainable Use of Natural Resources of Central Asia. Proceedings of International Scientific Conference, Almaty, September 9-11, 1997, Almaty, Tethys. p 135-141. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 67-79 79 Bang-Haas, O. 1936. Neubeschreibungen und Berichtigungen der Paläarktischen Makrolepidopterenfauna, XXIII. — Entomologische Zeitschrift, Frankfurt am Main 50: 254-256. Danner, F., U. Eitschberger & B. Surholt 1998. Die Schwarmer der westlichen Palaearktis. Bausteine zu einer Revision (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). — Herbipoliana 4 (1, 2): 1-368, 1- 720. Derzhavets, Yu. A. 1984. An account of the classification of the sphinx moths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) with a list of the species of the fauna of the USSR. — Entomologicheskoe obozrenie 63 (3): 604-620 (in Russian). Derzhavets, Yu. A. 1993. Phylogenetic interrelations of the sphinx moths of the genus Ayles Hübn. (Lepi- doptera, Sphingidae). — Entomologicheskoe obozrenie 72 (3): 648-663 (in Russian). Falkovich, M.I. 1986. Lepidoptera of outlier mountains Kuldzhuktau and under-mountain plain (Southwest Kyzyl-Kum) — The lepidopteran fauna (Lepidoptera) of the USSR. A collection of scientific papers. Proceedings of the All-Union Entomological Society, Leningrad: Nauka, Vol. 67: 131-186 (in Rus- sian). Fedchenko, B. A. 1949. Genus Eremurus. — In: V. K. Shishkin & E. G. Bobrov, Flora of the USSR 15: 37—52.— Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow-Leningrad. (in Russian). Grum-Grshimailo, G. E. 1890. Le Pamir et faune Lépidoptérologique. Heterocera, Sphinges, VIII Sphingi- dae B. pp. 510-514. — In: N. M. Romanoff, Mémoires sur les Lépidopteres, St Petersburg 4. Hundsdoerfer, A. K., D. Rubinoff, M. Attie, M. Wink & I. Kitching 2009. A revised molecular phylogeny of the globally distributed hawkmoth genus Hyles (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. — Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 852-865 Jordan, K. 1912. Familie: Sphingidae, Schwärmer. — Jn: A. Seitz, Die Groß-Schmetterlinge der Erde (Abt. 1) 2: 229-273, pls 36-42. Stuttgart. Mitroshina, L. A. 1989. Ecology of the Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) of northern Turkmenistan. — Izvestia Akademii Nauk turkmenskoy SSR, seria Biologicheskih Nauk (6): 20-24. (in Russian). Pelzer, A. 1982, Zur Kenntnis der frühen Stände von Ayles centralasiae siehei (Püngeler) (Sphingidae). — Nota lepidopterologica 5 (2-3): 134-140. Pelzer, A. 1991, Illustrierter Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Präimaginalstadien der Schwärmer Europas und Nordafrikas (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) Teil I: Erwachsene Raupen. — Nota lepidopterologica 14 (3): 220-233. Pittaway, A.R. 1997-2008. Sphingidae of the Western Palaearctic. — http://tpittaway.tripod.com/sphinx/ list.htm Shchetkin, Yu. L. 1952. To distribution and biology of Celerio centralasiae. — Izvestia Akademii Nauk tadzhikhskoy SSR, seria Estestvennych Nauk (1): 89-92. (in Russian). Shchetkin, Yu. L. 1960. Higher Lepidoptera of the Vakhsh River valley (Tajikistan). Part I. (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera and Heterocera). — Trudy Instituta Zoologii i Parazitologii. Stalinabad 19: 1- 303. (in Russian) Shchetkin, Yu. L. 1975. On the Sphingidae fauna of Tadzhikistan III (Lepidoptera). — Entomology of Tad- jikistan: collection of articles: 126-133. (in Russian). PR = + a / etait +. & Nota lepid. 33 (1): 81-84 e Revision of some types of the genus Bembecia Hübner, 1819 in the Püngeler collection in the Museum for Natural History of the Humboldt University, Berlin (Sesiidae) AXEL KALLIES ! & DANIEL BARTSCH 7 ! The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne/Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; kallies@wehi.edu.au ? Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; daniel.bartsch@ gmx.de Abstract. We here establish the identity of three clearwing moth species, Bembecia viguraea (Püngeler, 1912), Bembecia auricaudata (Bartel, 1912) stat. rev. and Bembecia polyzona (Püngeler, 1912), from Central Asia. All three species were revised by Cäpuse (1973) who selected lectotypes that were mis- interpreted by subsequent authors. Two taxa, Dipsosphecia wagneri Püngeler, 1912 syn. n. and Bembecia tsvetajevi Gorbunov, 1992 syn.n., were found to be synonyms of Bembecia viguraea (Piingeler, 1912) and Bembecia polyzona (Piingeler, 1912), respectively. Zusammenfassung. Die Identität der drei Glasflüglerarten Bembecia viguraea (Püngeler, 1912), Bembecia auricaudata (Bartel, 1912) stat. rev. und Bembecia polyzona (Püngeler, 1912) aus Zentralasien wird geklärt. Capuse (1973) revidierte diese Arten und legte Lectotypen fest, die jedoch von nachfolgen- den Autoren falsch interpretiert wurden. Die beiden Taxa Dipsosphecia wagneri Püngeler, 1912 syn.n. und Bembecia tsvetajevi Gorbunov, 1992 syn. n. werden hier als neue Synonyme von Bembecia viguraea (Püngeler, 1912) bzw. Bembecia polyzona (Püngeler, 1912) eingeführt. Introduction During the examination of the Püngeler collection in the Museum for Natural History of the Humboldt University, Berlin (MNHB) the authors realized discrepancies in the current understanding of the identity of a number of Bembecia Hübner, 1819 species (Sesiidae) from Central Asia and the type material of the taxa in question. These incon- sistencies date back to a taxonomic revision by Cäpuse (1973) who dissected some of the type specimens, designated lectotypes and introduced new generic combinations for a number of sesiide taxa described from the Püngeler collection. Püngeler himself had selected ‘types’ and ‘cotypes’ from the type series, which, however, were not appropri- ately designated in the original descriptions (Püngeler 1912). Therefore, Cäpuse’s lec- totype designations were necessary and are considered valid here. As these designations did not agree with Püngeler’s type selections, they were not consequently followed by other authors including Spatenka & Laëtävka (1989) and Spatenka et al. (1999) leading to misinterpretations of several taxa in current literature. We therefore wish to clarify the identity of the species in question and thereby establish stability in nomenclature. Bembecia viguraea (Püngeler, 1912) Figs 1-2 Dipsosphecia viguraea Püngeler, 1912: 394. Cäpuse 1973: 139 (Bembecia). Lectotype 2 (MNHB) (Fig. 1): Ost-Turkestan, Aksu, Rückbeil 1900 — Pr. gen. Nr. 3143 [sic!] (I.C.) des. Cäpuse 1973: 139. Labels: Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 82 KALLIES & BARTSCH: On some types of Bembecia in the Püngeler collection Figs 1-6. Adults of Bembecia spp. 1. B. viguraea (Püngeler, 1912), 9, lectotype (MNHB). 2. B. vigu- raea (Püngeler, 1912), ©, lectotype of Dipsosphecia wagneri Püngeler, 1912 (MNHB). 3. B. auricaudata (Bartel, 1912), ©, holotype (MNHB). 4. B. auricaudata (Bartel, 1912), 9, paralectotype of Dipsosphecia wagneri Püngeler, 1912 (MNHB). 5. B. auricaudata (Bartel, 1912), ©, paralectotype of Dipsosphecia polyzona Püngeler, 1912 (MNHB). 6. B. polyzona (Püngeler, 1912) Q, lectotype (MNHB). Nota lepid. 33 (1): 81-84 93 “Ost-Turkestan, Aksu, Rückbeil 1900 (recto); 2/1902, v. R. Tancré (verso)” — “Cotype, virgurea, Püng. 9“ —“Lectotypus 9, Bembecia viguraea (Püng.)” — “Praep. Genit. Nr. 3145 9, I. Cäpuse”. Dipsosphecia wagneri Püngeler, 1912: 395 syn. nov. Lectotype ©: 1/18 — Pr. gen. Nr. 3103 (I.C.) des. Capuse 1973: 143 (MNHB). Labels: “1/18” —“Cotype, Wagneri, Ping. ©” —“Lectotypus ©, Bembecia wagneri (Püng.)”. In the original description, Püngeler (1912) listed four specimens (20°, 29) for Dipso- sphecia viguraea all of which are preserved in the collection of the MNHB. Cäpuse designated a female specimen (Fig. 1) as lectotype which agrees with the current un- derstanding of this taxon. The female originally labelled ‘type’ became a paralectotype due to the selection of Capuse. In his description of Dipsosphecia wagneri, Püngeler (1912) listed four specimens, 19 and 39. Capuse selected male specimen as lectotype (Fig. 2), which is conspecific with Bembecia viguraea. Thus, D. wagneri becomes a junior subjective synonym of B. viguraea. The female originally labelled ‘type’ (Fig. 4) is now a paralectotype due to Capuse’s designation. This specimen and the two other paralectotypes of Dipsosphecia wagneri are, however, conspecific with Bembecia wagneri sensu auctorum (Gorbunov 1994, Spatenka et al. 1997, Spatenka et al. 1999, Spatenka & Kallies 2006). For the latter species, the name Dipsosphecia auricaudata Bartel, 1912 is available. Thus, Dipsosphecia auricaudata Bartel, 1912 stat. rev., which had been synonymized with Bembecia viguraea by Spatenka et al. (1993), is here considered a valid taxon, which replaces Bembecia wagneri sensu auctorum (see below). Bembecia auricaudata (Bartel, 1912) stat. rev. Figs 3-5 Dipsosphecia auricaudata Bartel, 1912: 393. Cäpuse 1973: 145 (Bembecia). Holotype (by monotypy) © (Fig. 3): Ili-Gebiet (MNHB). Labels: “Asia centr., Turkestan, Ili-Gebiet, Coll. Wagner” — “Type, auri- caudata, Bart. ©” — “Praep. Genit. Nr. 3102 ©, I. Cäpuse”. = Bembecia wagneri sensu auctorum (nec Püngeler 1912). This species was described from a single male, which is the holotype (Fig. 3) of the species. This specimen is conspecific with Bembecia wagneri sensu auctorum (Gorbunov 1994, Spatenka et al. 1997, Spatenka et al. 1999, Spatenka & Kallies 2006). Dipsosphecia auricaudata Bartel, 1912 was erroneously synonymized with Bembecia viguraea by Spatenka et al. (1993). Bembecia polyzona (Piingeler, 1912) Fig. 6 Dipsosphecia polyzona Püngeler, 1912: 394. Capuse 1973: 144 (Bembecia). Lectotype 9 (MNHB) (Fig. 6): Transcaspia (Merw.), 1908 — Pr. gen. Nr. 3143 (1.C.) des. Capuse 1973: 144. Labels: “Transcaspia (Merw.), 1908” — “Cotype polyzona Püng. 9“ “Hololectotypus Q Bembecia polyzona (Püng.)“. = Bembecia tsvetajevi Gorbunov, 1992: 249 syn. nov. Holotype ©: Middle Asia, Turkmenia, Ashkabad, 15.VIIL.1928, leg. P. Donov (ZMUM). In the description of Dipsosphecia polyzona, Püngeler (1912) listed four specimens, 20 and 29. The female specimen from Merw (Turkmenistan) which Cäpuse (1973) 84 KALLIES & BARTSCH: On some types of Bembecia in the Püngeler collection selected as lectotype (Fig. 6), is conspecific with Bembecia tsvetajevi Gorbunov, 1992, which thus becomes a junior subjective synonym of B. polyzona. A male syntype of B. polyzona in Püngeler’s collection, originally labelled as ‘type’ (Fig. 5), became a paralectotype due to the actions of Capuse. This specimen and a second male of the type series, housed in the Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria, are typical Bembecia auricaudata. The other female listed by Püngeler (1912) could not be located. References Bartel, M. 1912. 24. Familie: Aegeriidae (Sesiidae). — Jn: A. Seitz (ed.), Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 2: Die palaearktischen Spinner und Schwärmer, 375-416, pls 51-52. Capuse, I. 1973. Zur Systematik und Morphologie der Typen der Sesiidae (Lepidoptera) in der R. Püngeler- Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums zu Berlin. — Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 63: 134-171. Gorbunov, O. 1992. Two new species of the genus Bembecia Hübner, 1819 from Middle Asia (Lepido- ptera, Sesiidae). — Atalanta, Würzburg 23: 249-253. Gorbunov, O. 1994. New and little-known clearwing moths from Central Asia (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae). — Tyo to Ga 45 (3): 157-168. Püngeler, R. 1912. Jn: M. Bartel, 24. Familie: Aegeriidae (Sesiidae). — Jn: A. Seitz (ed.), Die Großschmet- terlinge der Erde, Vol. 2. Die palaearktischen Spinner und Schwarmer, 375-416, pls 51-52. Spatenka, K. & Z. Laëtüvka 1989. Typen der Glasflügler aus der Staudinger und Piingeler Sammlung im Zoologischen Museum Berlin (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae). — Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, N. F. 35 (4/5): 331-339. Spatenka, K. & A. Kallies 2006. Zwei neue Glasflüglerarten sowie eine kommentierte Checkliste der Glasflügler Kyrghyzstans (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). — Entomologische Zeitschrift 116 (4): 163-168. Spatenka, K., M. Petersen & A. Kallies 1997. Ergebnisse einer sesiidologischen Expedition 1994 nach Kasachstan und Kirgistan (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae).— Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F. 17 (4): 405-422. Spatenka, K., O. Gorbunov, Z. LaStüvka, I. Toëevski & Y. Arita 1999. Sesiidae — Clearwing Moths. - In: C. M. Naumann (ed.), Handbook of Palaearctic Macrolepidoptera 1. - Gem Publishing Company, Wallingford, Great Britain. 569 pp, 57 pls. Spatenka, K., Z. La$tüvka, O. Gorbunov, I. ToSevski & Y. Arita, Y. 1993. Die Systematik und Synonymie der paläarktischen Glasfliigler-Arten (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae). — Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F. 14 (2): 81-114. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 85-106 85 A revision of the infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale (Esper, 1805) (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) FRANS CUPEDO Processieweg 2, NL-6243 BB Geulle, Netherlands; frans@cupedo.eu Abstract. A systematic analysis of the geographic variation of both valve shape and wing pattern reveals that the subspecies of Erebia euryale can be clustered into three groups, characterised by their valve shape. The adyte-group comprises the Alpine ssp. adyte and the Apenninian brutiorum, the euryale-group in- cludes the Alpine subspecies isarica and ocellaris, and all remaining extra-Alpine occurrences. The third group (kunzi-group), not recognised hitherto, is confined to a restricted, entirely Italian, part of the south- ern Alps. It comprises two subspecies: ssp. pseudoadyte (ssp. n.), hardly distinguishable from ssp. adyte by its wing pattern, and ssp. kunzi, strongly melanistic and even exceeding ssp. ocellaris in this respect. The ssp. pseudoadyte territory is surrounded by the valleys of the rivers Adda, Rio Trafoi and Adige, and ssp. kunzi inhabits the eastern Venetian pre-Alps, the Feltre Alps and the Pale di San Martino. The interven- ing region (the western Venetian pre-Alps, the Cima d’Asta group and the Lagorai chain) is inhabited by intermediate populations. It is argued that these are probably not hybrid populations, but represent a third morphological unit within the kunzi group. A contact area of the adyte group and the kunzi group exists between Trafoi and Sulden, whereas the kunzi group and the euryale group almost meet at Passo Rolle. Indications of gene flow between groups were found only near Trafoi. Zusammenfassung. Aus einer systematischen Analyse der geographischen Variation von sowohl Val- venform als auch Flügelzeichnung geht hervor, dass die Unterarten von Erebia euryale sich in drei Gruppen, die sich genitaliter voneinander unterscheiden, einordnen lassen. Zur adyte-Gruppe gehören die Unterarten adyte (in den Alpen) und brutiorum (Apennin). Die euryale-Gruppe umfasst die alpinen Unterarten isarica und ocellaris und alle weiteren außeralpinen Vorkommen der Art. Die dritte, bisher nicht erkannte Gruppe (die kunzi-Gruppe) umfasst zwei Unterarten: die ssp. pseudoadyte (ssp. n.), die sich in der Flügelzeichnung kaum von ssp. adyte unterscheidet, und ssp. kunzi, deren Melanisationsgrad sogar den der ssp. ocellaris übertrifft. Ihr Areal beschränkt sich auf einen Teil der italienischen Südalpen. Die ssp. pseudoadyte ist heimisch im Gebiet, das von den Tälern von Adda, Rio Trafoı und Etsch um- schlossen wird, während die ssp. kunzi die östlichen Venezianer Voralpen, die Feltre Alpen und die Pale di San Martino bewohnt. Das dazwischen liegende Gebiet (westliche Venezianer Voralpen, Cima d’Asta- Gruppe und Lagorai Kette) wird von intermediären Populationen besiedelt. Es gibt Argumente dafür, dass letztere keine Hybridpopulationen darstellen, sondern als eine dritte morphologische Einheit innerhalb der kunzi-Gruppe zu betrachten sind. Eine Kontaktstelle der adyte-Gruppe und der kunzi-Gruppe findet sich zwischen Trafoi und Sulden, während die Areale der kunzi-Gruppe und der euryale-Gruppe sich am Rollepass berühren. Hinweise für Genfluss zwischen zwei Gruppen wurden nur bei Trafoi gefunden. Riassunto. Un’analisi sistematica della variazione geografica nella forma della valva e del disegno alare rivela che le sottospecie d’Erebia euryale si raggruppano in tre gruppi, caratterizzati dalla forma della valva. Il gruppo advte comprende le ssp. adyte (nelle Alpi) e brutiorum (negli Appennini). Il gruppo eury- ale include le sottospecie alpine isarica e ocellaris e tutte le altre sottospecie extraalpine. Il terzo gruppo (il gruppo kunzi) & indigeno di una ristretta parte — unicamente italiana — del versante Sud delle Alpi. Questo gruppo comprende due sottospecie: la ssp. pseudoadyte (ssp. n.), a malapena distinguibile da adyte per il disegno alare, e la ssp. kunzi, estremamente melanizzata, tanto da superare la ssp. ocellaris in questo aspetto. Il territorio della ssp pseudoadyte & delimitato dalla Valtellina, Val di Trafoi, Val Venosta e Val d’Adige, mentre la ssp. kunzi abita le Prealpi Venete orientali, le Vette Feltrine e la Pala di San Martino. Le Prealpi Venete occidentali, la Cima d’ Asta e la catena del Lagorai sono abitate da popolazioni intermedie. E argomentato come queste ultime probabilmente non siano di origine ibrida, ma vadano considerate una terza entita morfologica nel gruppo kunzi. Un sito di contatto dei gruppi adyte e kunzi esiste tra Trafoi e Solda, mentre gli areali dei gruppi kunzi e euryale si toccano al Passo Rolle. Segni di scambio di geni sono trovati solo presso Trafoi Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 86 Cupepo: Infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale Introduction Erebia euryale (Esper, 1805) ıs one ofthe most common and most widespread European Erebia species. It has a western Palaearctic, arctic-alpine disjunct distribution. The arc- tic subarea ranges from eastern Finland to the Urals (Lukhtanov & Lukhtanov, 1994; Tatarinov & Dolgin 1997), the alpine (oreal) subarea covers almost all European moun- tain systems (Warren 1936). This fragmented distribution pattern has led to the descrip- tion of a large number of subspecies. These are traditionally clustered into three groups (Fig. 1): the euryale group, the adyte group and the ocellaris group (von Goltz 1933; Verity 1953; Arnscheid & Roos 1977, Sonderegger 2005). In the Alps, the adyte group is represented by ssp. adyte (Hübner, 1822), the euryale group by ssp. isarica Heyne, 1895, and the ocellaris group by ssp. ocellaris Staudinger, 1861. Where two groups come into contact, they behave differently. The subspecies adyte and isarica remain separated in most contact sites. Intermediate individuals have been found (Rezbanyai-Reser 1991; Sonderegger 2005), but gene flow is strongly lim- ited (Geiger & Rezbanyai 1982). Between the ssp. oce/laris and isarica, on the other hand, extensive hybrid zones have been described (von Goltz 1933; Arnscheid & Roos 1977). They seem to intermingle and interbreed wherever they meet. Contact sites of ssp. adyte and ssp. ocellaris have never been reported. Recently it has been demon- strated that the three morphologic groups, at least in the Alps, do not represent three genetic lineages: genetically, ssp. ocellaris fits perfectly into the east-Alpine isarica populations (Schmitt & Haubrich 2008). Two more subspecies have been described in the Alps. Their descriptions, though, are based on a single population, and their geo- graphic boundaries have never been properly defined: ssp. etobyma Fruhstorfer, 1909 and ssp. Aunzi Heinkele, 2007. The differences between subspecies and between groups of subspecies are entirely based on wing pattern. Genital characters, which are not subjected to ecologic adapta- tion and thus are less variable, yield more stable taxonomic criteria than wing pattern does. Differences in male genital anatomy between the Alpine subspecies of E. euryale have been described (Arnscheid & Roos 1977, Sonderegger 2005), but their geographic variation has never been studied systematically. Genital morphology thus plays no role in the infraspecific taxonomy of E. euryale. This paper presents the results of a morpho- logic analysis of a large number of populations, covering the whole geographic range of the species, and involving both wing pattern and male genital characters. The results yield the basis for a revision of the infraspecific structure of E. euryale. Material and methods Wing pattern was studied in 2695 males and 858 females from 86 locations, 15 of which outside the Alps (Fig. 2), with an emphasis on the contact regions adyte/ocella- ris and isarica/ocellaris in the south-eastern Alps (Tab. 1). In samples 87—114, added later, wing pattern was used for determination of the morphologic group only, without being quantified. Genital characters were studied in 772 males from 72 populations, as a rule of 10 males per sample. The choise of the measured parameters, both for Nota lepid. 33 (1): 85-106 87 Fig. 1. The traditional tripartition: typical representatives of the euryale group, the adyte group and the ocellaris group (from left to right). Fig. 2. The extra-Alpine sample sites. Sample numbers refer to Tab. 1. Grey area: mountain systems. wing pattern and for valve shape, was based on current knowledge of the differences between the groups (Appendix 1). Diagnostic features, characteristic of individual sub- species within these groups, were disregarded. Wing pattern. Nine wing pattern elements were quantified and scored (quantification criteria in appendix 2). (1) Development of the postdiscal band on forewing upperside, forewing underside and hindwing upperside (males and females). 88 Cupepo: Infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale Fig. 3. Valve of E. euryale. Illustration of measured values. Shoulder Index = DE/DF. Position of first tooth = AB/AC. (11) Development of ocelli (absent, black or pupilled) on forewing upperside, forewing underside and hindwing upperside (males and females). (111) Development of the ocelli on the hindwing underside (absent, without or with brown ring) (males only). (iv) Development of the white postdiscal streak on hindwing underside (males only). (v) Colour of the postdiscal band on the hindwing underside (females only). Valve shape. Abdominal tips were macerated in KOH 10% at 100 °C for 15 min, dissected, then dehydrated in ethanol 96% for 5 min and embedded in euparal. Three parameters were calculated from measured values: (1) Shoulder Index: the height/width ratio of the dorsal shoulder (DE/DF in Fig. 3). (11) First Tooth: the relative position of the most proximal tooth (AB/AC in Fig. 3). (11) Tooth Length: the length of the longest tooth on the shoulder, measured on its dis- tal slope, as a percentage of the valve length. For (1) and (11) a measuring microscope was used (magnification x 30, reading accu- racy 10 microns), for (111) calibrated microphotographs were measured on screen (final magnification x 1000). Statistics. For cluster analysis variables were standardized (mean=0 and sd=1), squared Euclidian distances were measured, and four algorithms were applied: Ward- method, Average Linkage within groups, Average Linkage between groups and Nearest Neighbour. Equality of distributions (2 samples) was tested with Student’s t-test (for N>30 and normal distribution), otherwise with Mann-Whitney U test; distributions of more than 2 samples were tested by one-way ANOVA for Gaussian populations with equal variances, otherwise by Kruskal-Wallis H test. Homogeneity of variances was tested with Levene’s test, normal distribution with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test or (if N<50) Shapiro-Wilks test. All statistical tests were performed with the SPSS 12.0 package. Structuring of the Alps and nomenclature of the mountain groups are accord- ing to Marazzi (2005). Abbreviations Fw = forewing; Hw = hindwing; Up = upperside; Un = underside; B = postdiscal band; Oc = ocelli; ZMAN = Zoological Museum Amsterdam (NL); LMD = Löbbecke Museum Düsseldorf; CFC = Collection Frans Cupedo, Geulle (NL). Material deposition The material is deposited in LMD (sample 61), ZMAN (samples 36 p.p., 52 p.p., 74, 75, 76 p.p., 86) and CFC (remaining samples). — Nota lepid. 33 (1): 85-106 89 Fig. 4. Erebia euryale, valve type 1 (left), type 2 (middle) and type 3 (right). Results 1 Male genital characters Population level. A hierarchic cluster analysis based on population means for Shoulder Index, First Tooth and Tooth Length resulted in three clusters, whatever algorithm was used (not figured). These clusters are provisionally named group 1, 2 and 3. Their valve shapes are shown in Fig. 4. The valve of group 1 is slender, the spines are fine and separate, the valve has a large spine-free proximal part. Valve type 2 is broad, the dorsal ridge is convex and bears irregularly placed spines of unequal size, 2 or 3 of them often being fused. The spine-free part is decidedly shorter than in type 1. Type 3 is slender, with a knob shaped apex. Spine length is intermediate between both forego- ing types. Its most characteristic features are (i) the prominent, hump-shaped shoulder and (11) the spine-free proximal part of the valve, which is longer than in both other types. Differences between the three groups are highly significant (p<0.001 for each character by Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni corrected Mann-Whitney’s U test). The boxplots (Fig. 5) visualise that each population is unambiguously attributable to one of the three groups on the basis of the measured parameters. Each algorithm except Nearest Neighbour showed group | and 3 more related to each other than to group 2. Individual level. On the individual level, each parameter shows considerable spread, resulting in overlap between groups. An individual cannot be identified if all three 90 Cupeoo: Infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale Tab 1. List of sample sites and sample sizes, the population means and standard deviations of valve characters. N(M) = sample size for male wing characters; N(F) = sample size for female wing characters; N(G) = sample size for genital characters. Population means: FT = First Tooth; SI = Shoulder Index; TL = Tooth Length. sd = standard deviation. Z — un} e sen 5» 135 [ass [3% | 3 | FE 3 99 Berchtesgaden Alps | DieBbachtal 43.79 | 3.91 Stubai Alps Pinnistal 12 46.63 12.25 |4.37 r Locality T 0 2 SID|Z 5 ~_— Z © E > Z PP, ES — 2.02 0.44 20 | 0.37 Nn Zillertal A Zillertal Alps Mayrhofen 0.31 ene E Julian A (W) Julian Alps Sella Nevea 1 on © w \O 07 Julian A (C Julian Alps Triglav 97 0.4 N H Tauern (N) High Tauern Rauris roa w High Tauern Grosses Fleisstal ee 4 | OtztalA(S) | Ötztal Alps Vermoispitze 13 45.47 2.32 | 0.54 0 : x 5 jean 56 for] Ca : | ) ES .54 8 Br ie | Be 5 Paneveggio 4.80 0.45 Col Siera au jo Ok BR NT |) | Be BR jis | ae or Ei _ Tuxer pre-Alps Zillertal west side 3 Geisler Group Wolkenstein 0 Zillertal Alps Altmühltal N 4 0.41 er Ei En EX 59.51 |3.43_ | 22.55 |2.60 | 1.56 1433 | 440 | ee nue Sr 20.1 335 0.31 Feltre Alps Vette di Feltre 3 0 : Carnic pre-Alps Passo Mauria 50 4.40 12.72 0.28 Gailtal Alps Lienzer Dolomites Altipiani Group Lavarone : Piccole Dolomiti Passo Campogrosso 31 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 Piccole Dolomiti Monte Pasubio 3] 2 Sesto Dolomites Sesto Nn oO w oo 45.16 | 3.03 12.24 | 4.31 2.34 0.28 lei 57.17 20.69 | 3.59 | 1.79 CRE | 56.05 |6.18 | 23.22 0.29 : 2 Plöckenpas Carnic Alps Plöckenpass 34 Val Malga Adamello Grou Val Malga 60.21 | 4.81 23.59 | 4.84 1.83 0.40 P Brescia pre-Alps Passo Croce Domini 3 3 36 3 3 3 CM KR gi] Ei EX cm Er RTE RTE Te Sen | TE ECM | 1015996 [221 [2514 [409 11.80 [0.18 10 [60.98 12.00 | 20.19 [372 [1.58 1026 [10 | 60.45 [3.46 [23.52 [3.16 0.30 10 | HOME | 10 | 0 DREI HET BTE EC Ei] Ben] OR u Ga FI 15 | DE 3 5 6 7 8 9 0 3 5 M Baldo Garda pre-Alps Monte Baldo 20 - 8 Garda pre-Alps Val Concei 3 9 W Vinschgau Alps Trafoi 40 Martelltal Ortler Alps Martelltal 17 12 | Garda pre-Alps Monte Tremalzo 1 : D I Western Orobie Alps Monte Legnone Central Orobie Alps Pizzo Redorta 3 Bergamasque pre-Alps | Presolana Group Le — D 5 : LT TSI || 0.32 021 0.38 0.25 0.19 0.30 0.33 DE DR HE | 0.40 0.38 he SS ae 2.39 | 2.03 | 0.34 es D 1 4 w a 3 | Grindelwald (S) | Bernese Alps s.s. Kleiner Scheidegg ex N — |[— |w ln © | oo | Ww | Co 9 0 1 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 — 2 w nN Nota lepid. 33 (1): 85-106 9] Tab 1. Continuation. a = 8 in fo Se 0.38 0.22 0.30 5 49.2 : Gr 0.30 I 2% 115 | 0.24 0 0.67 I | — SISISISISIS — RER) &]_ wl] tr CE PMassif Cental | Masit Cental ET EE EE TN EC [40a [12.57 [30 [21 | EE —I i) N Zz 0.17 ~ LoS) | ee. 5 > A >) = gg > = + =. ro) T je) [en X i) > a = ia’) i) fos Gi ¢ Julian Alps Bohinj 20 Falakron Mountains Drama 21 0.52 229 | aan 228 | jun farce [354 [1083 13.83 [260 [036 112 | 183 | EM I | | — sole 0.33 0.22 0.39 < N @ 3 9, FS) Q ev) 3. © Le) ony Q > TS a 5 N Q 2. 2 I \O 7 = a 724 aD © > © ry 2. oO 2. Nn re > = = =} © © D => oO > gg = oO = i) OOI|—=|UV SQ fon) © | © SI © Nn 29 ion) Ve) Un Nn ~— DD oo © Nn lon Ve] 9 I I BR = 4 ©. to . . < =} rn (@) Ey" 0e pas] Fe 3 an Le] [en © = n Q = 2) a a fe) = oO = | | 1 _[Wcavarzna [Como ee-Aips ___[Msuabisto ja fo jo Lies oo oo | co co | > | co | co | co n Et [en @ > © = OQ = = T n Nn =. [en © > = © gg io) ip | £ = ~ Qa \o 0 \O — = © | © =} IE Be Eu eel ee 41.43 an Fu 46.67 2842158 0.44 [191 | DE | 0.61 2.50 2.56 0.75 0.52 cam .95 42 .86 35 104 | M Grappa Belluno pre-Alps Monte Grappa 13 0.47 Melag Ötztal Alps Langtauferertal Be LE FE en HAE En DE EE EE Los 112 | Falcade A Marmolada Group Falcade Alto 113 Ortler Alps Val di Pejo 114 | M Stabiello Como pre-Alps Val Cavargna 0.21 0.10 92 Cupepo: Infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale parameters lie in the overlap zone of two groups. The portion of such total transi- tions, in the Alpine populations, ranges from 12% (groups 2 and 3) to 29% (groups l and 3). To test whether this is due to inadequacy of the parameters or to lack of morphological signal, the rıght valves of all total transitions were photographed, ran- domised and identified by visual examination. Misidentifications, including doubts, range from 1.8% (groups | and 2) to 4.1% (groups 1 and 3). This demonstrates that valve shape (Fig. 4) offers reliable microscopic identification criteria, but that the parameters (derived from the poor pre-existing knowledge) insufficiently cover the differences between the groups on the individual level. They are appropriate, though, for identification of even a small sample (N= 10). 2 Wing pattern None of the three groups, based on valve shape, coincides with any of the traditional wing morphologic groups. Valve type | 1s found in all populations of the adyte group, except those that live east of the Valtellina — Val di Trafoi line. Valve type 2 is associ- ated with all (Alpine and extra-Alpine) populations of both the euryale group and the ocellaris group, except those ın the Pala Group, the Feltre Dolomites and the Venetian pre-Alps. Valve type 3 is found in the remaining populations, 1.e. in (1) a group of populations that were hitherto attributed to adyte, (11) a group of populations hitherto considered ocellaris, and (111) a group of morphologically intermediate populations. Grouping based on valve shape and grouping based on wing pattern thus do not match. From now on, valve morphology will be the leading criterion. The geographic range of group | includes the type locality of ssp. adyte, and the range of group 2 includes the type locality of ssp. euryale. Consequently, groups | and 2 retain the names adyte group and euryale group. The type locality of ssp. ocellaris lies within the group 2 area, hence ocellaris is the valid name of the melanistic Alpine populations of the euryale group. Both the euryale group and group 3 thus consist of melanistic and non melanistic popu- lations. In both cases, intermediate populations do exist. These need to be recognised and separated before the wing pattern of the three groups and their (melanistic and non- melanistic) subgroups can be described. Intermediate populations in the euryale group. In table 2A all Alpine populations of the euryale group (i.e. ssp. isarica, ssp. ocellaris and the intermediate populations) were ranked according to decreasing band development. For comparison the melanis- tic populations of group 3, hitherto considered ocellaris, were included. Tab. 2 breaks up into four sections, corresponding to four geographically coherent groups of popu- lations. (1) Numbers 1-11 are pure isarica populations. (11) Numbers 12-21 are in- termediate between ocellaris and isarica. (iii) Numbers 22-31 are typical ocellaris populations. (iv) The last five populations belong to group 3. There are no intermediate populations here: the values drop abruptly after population 31. Geographic range. The intermediate isarica/ocellaris populations are found in a continuous belt along the southern slopes of the southern Otztal Alps, the Zillertal Alps and the High Tauern (Fig. 6A). Its western limit is the Weisskugel-Hochalt chain Nota lepid. 33 (1): 85-106 93 Tab 2. The Alpine and Pyrenean/Cantabrian populations of the euryale group, arranged according to decreasing development of the postdiscal band (sum of the mean scores for forewing upperside, forewing underside and hindwing upperside). Melanistic populations of group 3 are included in the Alpine series for comparison (in italics). Stubaier A Goldeck — an — Nw 3 Zillertal A — = = D > Q — Kreuzeck N So Sappada P Rolle (W) Lienzer Dol Cavallo (samples 14 and 92), its eastern limit is the Ankogel-Reißeck chain (sample 111). West of the former (Matschertal) and east of the latter (sample 108) flies pure isarica. From there it bends south, through the central Gailtal Alps (sample 109) into the western Julian Alps (samples 11, 12 and 110). One intermediate population is found north of the High Tauern chain (sample 6). The transitional belt thus separates the isarica range and the ocellaris range across its entire length, which is typical of a hybrid zone. A second hybrid zone in the euryale group is found in the Pyrenees (Table 2B). The mela- nistic ssp. antevortes (sample 48) lives ın the north-western Pyrenees. The Spanish side and the eastern Pyrenees are inhabited by the non-melanistic ssp. pyraenaeicola (sam- ple 49). Hybrid populations are found in be- tween (sample 50), but sampling density was insufficient to delimit the respective distri- bution areas. Ssp. cantabricola (Cantabrian Mountains, sample 51) is morphologically close to ssp. pyraenaeicola. Intermediate populations in group 3. In table 3, all populations of this group were ranked according to (i) decreasing band de- velopment and (11) decreasing value for ocelli development. For both characters, the 13 highest ranking populations are those with an adyte habitus. These are provisionally desig- nated as group 3a. The five lowest ranking populations, in both cases, are the melanistic ones (from now on designated as group 3b). Populations 14-20 are transitional in both characters: they show a tendency towards loss of the white pupil in the forewing and hindwing ocelli, and to reduction of the post- discal bands (Fig. 7). Geographic range. The geographic bor- derline between group 3a and the transitional zone 1s sharp, and coincides with the Adige valley south of the confluence with the Avisio (Fig. 6A). The eastern borderline of the tran- 94 Cupepo: Infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale Tab 3. Group 3 populations, arranged according to decreasing development of the postdiscal band (left), and according to decreasing development of the white pupilled ocelli (right). Band = sum of the mean scores for forewing upperside, forewing underside and hindwing upperside. Ocelli = sum of the mean scores for forewing upperside and hindwing upperside. Val Malga 34 11.33 4 | 106 2 [1093 35 | 10.0 5 | 109 3 3 3 4 Rank Rank Val Concei Val Malga Pzo Redorta Croce Domini [Val Con | 38 | 10% | [Mado | 36 | 10» | DM Tremaiza | 37 | 10.14 | [Mendes | 61 | 100. CIS = Visentin M Tremalzo M Baldo Presolana Paganella Brenta 12 Martelltal 13 Mendelpass Carega 15 P. Rolle (E) 16 Pasubio 17 P Malghen Lavarone S Martino Depaoli No Nn 2e EN N No) 2 a =a Be 8 Ben BET ce ee) RE PETER | to | Pay aes ees | 20 | ae 9 © Frassene N > N | D | N [D D | — 1. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 3 4 5 6 67 0 29 28 sil 30 25 82 83 79 24 17 DI 78 5 Un Visentin 2 sitional group follows the Cismon valley and the Brenta valley south of the confluence with the Cismon. Wing characteristics of groups and subgroups (Tab. 4) Wing characteristics of the adyte group and the euryale group were adequately de- scribed long ago (Warren 1936). Hence, differentiating characteristics of group 3 will be emphasised here. Group | (the adyte group) is characterised by the white pupilled apical ocelli (males 90%, females 100%) and the reduced white postdiscal scaling on the male hindwing underside, which is often absent or confined to a white wedge on nerve 4 (81%). Group 2.Common characteristics of all (melanistic and non-melanistic) subspecies in the euryale group are the blind apical ocelli on the forewing upperside (males 98%, females 71%) and the brown ringed ocelli on the hindwing underside (males 89%, females 81 %). 95 85-106 Nota lepid. 33 (1) dno13 ajpaina Snsıuejou “dnois 27PAınd SETS III re Te To To [st [ee [ae [oe [ore [or [st [sc [ie fo ie Terz fs [er fo [Aa [ee [1210 | ros fos| LEE Jos [ett fo fo fe [ie fio fo [i fo fe fir fre fo [actin fir fos [rr fo jo [re fo for [oe jo | ree [us| 1 11 foor[o [o jo [z ferfer [er fo fer [ut [ce [ie [er fo_for foc fe [ss [si fo far fis [i [ce [80 fo LU psp tt I foor fo fo fo for fur forte fo [es fre ferqi fo fo fiefs fr [os fo [i [or fis te [er [es [1 | pur man atm ei fs IF poor fo fo fo feo fre te Dot sole fo fo fo fe Teste [oor fo fo Isofe D [oor fo jo BEE Ü SLTET TI EE CE EE CA ES CS CT ER ETS ES SCA SEC AE ARE TE TE] FO y RE EE for fer fer fo fo fo fe fs fo jo Lo Te fre Pex fo Ti Te Z rum fe [st ||| 1a fort fo [i fe for [ie foe [efor fiz [we [si ir [ir [oe IAA POOPTERT ROOTS etfs [|_| | forte fo fo for fos parte fo [sr fos [+ [1 fo fo fo fes [Le [eo evs [+ lO 10 |i | reg ee [Ore] 81 [st [et [te |vz |o "| [os Jos POS 98 or [1 10 VO 2 eae et eee ee [L1 [ie [ie ler Io IB sanadsqns suidyy SYIVvNAA I Ir joe [se [ee [zs [ot [z Jo [or [oe [oz [ec jo [sc [si [et foc [ot [it [os |r Ve [Le [io fr [e 188 6 seca — fe poe joe [ar pes [rs to jo pr pre propo ft fs for per |e pre [sper |e jets jo foe for pos ten SS U U en? | | Te foc fee [se jos [or | Jo [s [za fer ist le jor er [ic er Is Jo [rete [or |sc fer Fr [tis |1 fs ERITRITEZEE | | Werke 86 _\z 10 jo jazz oz es [sc [vt Is lo Jo [ORAN Te [dv |ı [ees lc [2 [ oustuejouruou dnam pie satsadsqns |TV | | ee ice ze [cl |9 [rl ioe oe er te jo [te [Tr [or [er [ot |e [ee ies 18 [8 [ol Ivo fee vs [it [6 | nos oe ee (1 + | DEZE fel ea ea le jeuOTISTEN otre [or fre es pr [9 [vi [oz Jos [6 [o [ze | ovlvi- Jo| u» Ivo | -Jo|s Ju/ nn I|- Jo | u | rs J/ulv|-lJol|vi-lo|n o|vi-lJo|u|-[|o LS PS 7 —~ — — — — — PS > Fans Lans = o = — — — aS EN — = — nn TS TS nn en Er 213.2 |e Q Sie |5 ie ı2 3: 2 2 isis | sje|l=2|5 = ete a |IJ’„.|I®: lee ® © o | = 16 Q © Q + © Q | S B 5 © 8 5 = = 5 © S | & | © > aS | © je} Q © je} oO © = | « a | < 3 ae | 3 o | = © 2.18 = |I|2|1821Jı S qe ola © © © > Io 2:8 8 gr O8 | © dE ES ec ls ls le ele Pete 8) 5 || lee le) = isis a 2) 5 |S ls | 2j2 1 ele te sc lbs lB 13|2|22 8) els | 51|2|23]: |<|12 © 5 5 oO a A ~ 2 = cs © ~ = +. 2 s Q A = © ee = a = a = Sn = = — AI ie eis | els &/¢$1@ 1&8 sI2|s|2|53 Se a pe mn ZN EE = 8 o o = S a. = > [en a = = £ = = = c || PE & |È |È 5 1m |£5 2 elels |g lo © SA >18 =. (= oO — VY | so Q = n TD Q = = = £ + = 5 GQ [ER (SR Sa © n s — © oO © © As wa — wa — s => o®, 5 oO > oO > ie 2 = a © 2 = I Le) = ge) = st © D en + + © er =} 5 7 pi + (= (er © S © Zz 2 | @ = hee 23 am lis ge. | à. — TZ TZ | = |. S = © aS) aS) 5 at Q 7 — > a — ~~ 109 ov UNMH qu gadAMH adam DOUNMH DOUNMA | 2OdNMH | >odnma ‘OpISIOpUN SUIMPUIU SfewsF Sy) UO pueg [eosıpjsod ay} JO INOJOI = [09 'Yuadırd ur ‘dno18 sad pasrreutuns ‘syusaTa uiayed SUIM 107 SJMSOY *p "Quy 96 Cupepo: Infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale Group 3a (differences with ssp. adyte). Both have basically the same wing pattern. In group 3a most wing pattern elements are somewhat less developed, both in males and in females. Some 23% of the group 3a males lack the white pupil in the apical ocelli on the forewing upperside (8% in adyte), and 65% of them have a discontinu- ous band on the hindwing upperside (28% in adyte). On the hindwing underside, on the other hand, a white streak from the costa at least to nerve 4 is present in 33% of the group 3a males, as opposed to 4% in adyte. These differences, in combination, will enable identification of a population; identification on the individual level will often require genital examination. Group 3b (differences with ssp. ocellaris). The resemblance between both is super- ficial, as group 3b is an adytoid form, ocellaris an euryaloid one. Melanisation is more extreme in 3b than in ocellaris. In many individuals there is no trace of the postdiscal band on the forewing upperside (males 67%, vs. 1% ın ocellaris, females 73% vs. 0%), on the forewing underside (males 51% vs. 0%, females 13% vs. 0%) and on the hindwing upperside (males 92% vs. 5%, females 98% vs. 0%). Most conspicuous are the males that, apart from the checked fringes, have a completely black upperside, without any trace of ocelli or postdiscal banding (32% vs. 0%)*, or only deep black apical spots on a black background (33% vs. 0%)*. In the individuals with apical spots on the forewing upperside, though, white pupils are present in 26% of the males and 77% of the females (1% and 10% in ocellaris). A further difference is the black instead of dark brown ground colour in the males, even on the hindwing underside. (Percentages marked with * are not directly readable from Table 4). Genital differences between subgroups After delimitation of the groups and subgroups, the latter were tested for differences in their genital characters. This revealed (1) that ssp. isarica and ssp. ocellaris do not exhibit significant differences, and (11) that group 3a has a significantly lower Shoulder Index value and a significantly higher First Tooth value than group 3b (Table 5). (111) The transitional group 3 populations are not intermediate in this respect, but equal group 3b. Contact sites between groups Contact site of group 3 and the adyte group. The area of the non- melanistic group 3 populations is surrounded by deep valleys of the rivers Adda, Rio Trafoi and Adige. The only possible contact zone with ssp. adyte is the Stelvio region. East of the pass adyte populations occur on the left bank of Rio Trafoi (sample 39 and 84), whereas group 3 was found above Sulden (sample 85), less than 9 km east (Fig. 6B). To test for gene flow, sample 85 was compared with the remaining group 3a popu- lations, and samples 39 and 84 were each compared with the remaining adyte popula- tions. Both sample 39 and 84 differed significantly from the control group in a single parameter (Table 5), which might well result from (former) interbreeding. The higher Nota lepid. 33 (1): 85-106 97 Tab. 5. Pair wise comparison of samples or groups of samples. * = p with equal variances not assumed (Levene’s p < 0.05). Significant differences in bold (significance level = 0.05). Shoulder Tooth Test First Tooth Index Length 0.501 0.114 0.700 Groups compared N ssp. isarica mini DID OO O0 | Un D RE aes Bere ssp. ocellaris meer Fre er group 3a group 3b Er ae group 3a group 3 trans. Wen Dann group 3b group 3 trans. Kim es Se BE sample 39 ssp. adyte Nana sample 84 — © NN: ssp. adyte Un BERNER sample 85 0.230 group 3a DEE TRS RER SR ia ee sample 15 ssp. ocellaris ER ER a een EE sample ee ee ee ee group 3 trans. RU i TER REX RON First Tooth value in sample 85, on the other hand, is opposite to the expected effect of gene flow. Contact site of group 3 and the euryale group. Contact sites of ssp. ocellaris and group 3b populations can be expected near the Passo Rolle, and in the Biois valley between Valle di Gares and Falcade. Four samples were available from the Passo Rolle region (see Fig. 6C). Populations of group 3 live south of the pass height, both in the glades of the Larix wood (sample 82) and above the timberline (sample 25), whereas ssp. ocellaris is common on its north side, in the clearings of the Picea wood (sample 15) and above the tree line (sample 96). The shortest distance between populations of both groups is 1.5 km (samples 25 and 96). Group 3 populations on the southern side of the pass are transitional melanistic/non-melanistic populations. A wide range of intermediate individuals occur, some of which would not be distin- guishable from ssp. ocellaris by their upperside wing pattern. None of them, though, has the brown ringed ocelli on the hindwing underside, typical of the euryale group. In an attempt to detect gene flow in genital characters, sample 15 was compared with the remaining ocellaris populations, and samples 25 and 82 were each compared with the remaining transitional group 3 populations. No significant differences were found (Tab. 5). Thus genital characters do not reveal any sign of intermingling here. As far as can be judged from the available data, the ranges of the euryale group and group 3 are in contact without building a hybrid zone. 08 Cupebo: Infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale | Discussion The taxonomical implications 1 The valid names of the subspecies of group 3 The melanistic subspecies. Verity (1953: 217) was the first to recognise the peculiar character of the melanistic populations of group 3, when he described the population in the Valle di Gares as subrace fotenigra. This name is not available, though, as Verity explicitly gave it infra-subspecific rank (ICZN 2000, art. 45.6.1). Heinkele (2007) de- scribed a population of the eastern foothill of the Monte Cavallo (Pala Fontana) as ssp. kunzi. The type locality lies within the range of group 3b, so kunzi is the only available and thus the valid name of the eastern (melanistic) subspecies of group 3. Distribution. The territory of ssp. kunzi comprises the eastern Venetian pre-Alps (Monte Grappa, Col Visentin and Monte Cavallo), the Feltre Dolomites and the Pale di San Martino, as far north as the Passo Rolle — Falcade line. The non-melanistic subspecies. For the western (non-melanistic) subspecies of group 3 no name ts available within its geographic range. Dannehl’s mendolana (Dannehl 1927) from the mountains around the Mendelpass (sample 85) is not available, as it is explicitly published as an aberration. Hence the non-melanistic populations of group 3 are described here as ssp. n. Erebia euryale pseudoadyte ssp. n. (Fig. 8) Material. Holotype: ©, ‘Monte Baldo (It)’|'Mte Altissimo di Nago’|‘1500—1700m.’|*12.VH.2001’|‘F. Cupedo leg.’ , CFC; — Paratypes: 370°, 49, same label, CFC; 70°, 19, same label, coll. ZMAN; 169, 89, ‘Monte Baldo (It)’|“Mte Altissimo di Nago’|*1700—2000m.’|‘12.VII.2001’|‘F.Cupedo leg.’ , CFC; 59,69, same label, coll. ZMAN. Description. Valve shape. Male valve with a prominent, hump-shaped shoulder on its dorsal edge. The part of the dorsal ridge proximal to the shoulder is free of spines. Wing pattern. Male forewing length 21—23 mm, androconial scales absent. Fringes checked black and white. Postdiscal band distinct, reddish brown, often con- tracted below the apical spots. The apical ocelli bear a white pupil in 77% of the indi- viduals. Postdiscal band on hindwing upperside broken up into isolated spots, whose inner edge is suffused. Hindwing underside with a white streak from the costa at least to nerve 4 in a third of the males. Female upperside basically as in males, banding and ocelli more developed. Postdiscal band on hindwing underside either white or yellow/ orange, variable in width. Diagnosis. Differs from all ssp. of the euryale group and the adyte group by the pro- nounced shoulder on the dorsal edge of the valve, and the longer spine-free proximal part of the valve. Differs from ssp. kunzi by its non-melanistic wing pattern. Etymology. The name refers to the strong similarity, in its wing pattern, with ssp. adyte. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 85-106 99 30 65 DT. 25 60 2,4 x ® 20 21 = Oo ce ren © © 3 = = 2 + Bcd = £ 6 LL re) fe 1S 50 1,8 w > 5 40 1,2 j 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Fig. 5. Boxplots per group of populations for each genital parameter. X-axis: group number. Distribution. ssp. pseudoadyte inhabits the Southern Rhaetian Alps (Ortler, Adamello- Presanella, Brenta and Nonsberger Alps); the Bergamasque Alps and pre-Alps; the Brescian and Garda pre-Alps (see Fig. 6A). The transitional populations. The Venetian pre-Alps west of the Canale di Brenta (Altipiani, Piccole Dolomiti and Monti Lessini), the Lagorai chain and the Cima d’Asta group in the south-western Dolomites are inhabited by populations that are intermediate between ssp. pseudoadyte and ssp. kunzi. The transitional zone is separated from the territories of both subspecies by natural barriers, which makes a hybrid origin less obvious than in the case of isarica/ocellaris. Three observations even contradict a hybrid origin. (1) Populations 25, 82, 83 and 77 show a clinal varia- tion in all wing characters on the eastern slope of the upper Cismon valley (Tab. 3). This is an indication of former infiltration from the Lagorai chain into the Pala group, and not vice versa. (ii) The white/yellow ratio in the colour of the postdiscal band on the female hindwing underside is different in the sister taxa pseudoadyte and kunzi, as it is in the sister taxa isarica and ocellaris. In contrast with the euryale group, though, transitional populations in group 3 do not show an intermediate value (Tab. 4), suggesting that these populations have independently been subjected to genetic drift. (iii) With respect to genital differences between groups 3a and 3b, the transitional populations are not intermediate either, but fit into group 3b. These 100 Cupepo: Infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale oe A A Oo El E O ® © ssp. adyte ssp. isarica intermediate isarica/ocellaris ssp. ocellaris Group 3a (non melanistic) Group 3 (intermediate) Group 3b (melanistic) > 5 a ? / a / © / Le oe é oa » | Trafoi Passo Rolle aL m Rif. Colbricon Cc 1 km be TU) fe} Rif. Malga Pala San Martino di Castrozza Fig. 6. A. Distribution of the groups and their subgroups in the eastern Alps. Light and dark grey: moun- tains above 1000 m. Dark grey: distribution area of group 3. Squares: contact areas. B. Contact area near Sulden. Grey: roads. C. Contact area at Passo Rolle. Grey: roads. arguments cast doubt on the hybrid character of the transitional populations, and are suggestive of an autochthonous origin. Because morphologic data alone cannot be decisive here, the the transitional populations are, provisionally, placed within ssp. kunzi. This choice is based on the corresponding values for the genital para- meters. SS Nota lepid. 33 (1): 85-106 101 Fig. 7. Variation range in group 3. Row 1: non-melanistic population (sample 36). Row 2+3: transitional populations (samples 28 and 82). Row 4: melanistic population (sample 24). 2 The valid names of the three groups The populations of E. euryale split up into three genital-morphologic, geographically coherent groups of populations. There is limited, if any, gene exchange between these groups. Each of them comprises more than one subspecies. Where two subspecies of one group meet, hybrid populations occur. The groups thus represent a differentiation level between species and subspecies. This kind of hierarchic structuring is expressed 102 Cupepo: Infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale Fig. 8. Left: E. euryale pseudoadyte ssp. n. (Monte Baldo, I, sample 36). Right: E. euryale adyte (Ticino, CH, sample 60). Row 1: males upperside; 2: males underside; 3: females upperside; 4: females underside. Upper left, row 1+2: holotype. in nomenclature by inserting a group name, in parenthesis, after the species name in the trinomen. According to art. 6.2 of the Code (ICZN 2000) the groups should be named Erebia euryale (group euryale), Erebia euryale (group adyte) and Erebia euryale (group kunzi). The slender shaped valve and the weak differentiation of wing pattern suggest closer affinities of the kunzi group to the adyte group than to the euryale group. Conclusions The infraspecific variation in Erebia euryale is hierarchically structured in two levels: wing pattern based subspecies are clustered in groups that are defined by their genital anatomy. In the genus Erebia this is a recurrent pattern, which was described earlier in the E. sudetica/melampus complex, in E. manto and in E. pandrose (Cupedo 1996, 1997, 2007). | Nota lepid. 33 (1): 85-106 103 The combined genital/wing morphologic approach revealed two longstanding misin- terpretations that affected the existing subspecific classification of E. euryale: (1) the melanistic populations in the southern Alps, hitherto considered a coherent group and known as ssp. ocellaris, are not monophyletic but result from convergent adaptations, and (ii) the “adyte habitus” remained practically unchanged during the divergence of the adyte group and the kunzi group, giving the false impression of one, morphologi- cally well-defined taxon. These misconceptions being corrected, the infraspecific struc- ture reconstructed here is expected to reflect the phylogenetic relations more accurately than earlier classifications did. Checklist This list aims to rearrange the described subspecies of E. euryale into three group. It 1s no taxonomic revision; the justification of subspecies remains undiscussed. 1 Erebia euryale (group euryale) Diagnosis: male valve broad, dorsal edge with irregular spines, short proximal spine- free part. Postdiscal ocelli on male hindwing underside black with a brown ring. E. euryale (euryale) euryale (Esper, 1805) (LT. Giant Mountains, CZ.) E. euryale (euryale) isarica Heyne, 1895 (LT. Mountains surrounding the Isarvalley, Tyrol, A.) euryale (euryale) syrmia Fruhstorfer, 1909 (LT. Trebevic, Bosnia-Herzegowina. ) euryale (euryale) tramelana Reverdin, 1918 (LT. Tramelan, Jura, CH.) euryale (euryale) phoreta Fruhstorfer, 1918 (LT. Mont Dore, Auvergne, F.) euryale (euryale) antevortes Verity, 1927 (LT. Cauterets, Hautes Pyrenées, F.) euryale (euryale) pyraenaeicola v.d. Goltz, 1930 (LT. Vernet-les-Bains, Pyrenées Orientales, F.) euryale (euryale) cantabricola Verity, 1927 (LT. Puerto Pajares, Asturias, E.) euryale (euryale) euryaloides Tengström, 1869 (LT. Finland.) euryale (euryale) arctica Poppius, 1906 (LT. Kanin peninsula, RU.) euryale (euryale) ocellaris Staudinger, 1861 (LT. Carinthia, A.) 2 Erebia euryale (group adyte) Diagnosis: male valve slender, dorsal spines fine and separate, with a large spine-free proximal part. E. euryale (adyte) adyte (Hübner, 1822) (LT: Wallis, CH.) E. euryale (adyte) etobyma Fruhstorfer, 1909 (LT: Col de Tende, Alpes Mari- times, F.) E. euryale (adyte) brutiorum Turati, 1911 (LT. Gran Sasso, Abruzzo, 1.) 3 Erebia euryale (group kunzi) Diagnosis: male valve slender, with a prominent shoulder and a spine-free proximal part that reaches to the base of the shoulder. 104 Cupeoo: Infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale E. euryale (kunzi) kunzi Heinkele, 2007 (LT. Pala Fontana, Monte Cavallo, Friuli- Venezia Giulia, 1.) E. euryale (kunzi) pseudoadyte ssp. n. (LT. Monte Baldo, Trentino, I.) Acknowledgements I am indebted to the curators who gave me access to museum collections or loaned me material: Dr. Willem Hogenes (ZMAN Amsterdam, NL), Dr. Silke Stoll and Dr. Dieter Schulten (Löbbecke Museum Düsseldorf, D); to Dr. Thomas Schmitt (Trier, D) for his constructive comments on the manuscript, and to Mr. Hub Peters (Geverik, the Netherlands), who corrected the English text. References Arnscheid, W. & P. Roos 1977. Differenzierung der Subspecies von Erebia euryale Esper in Mitteleuropa unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Mischpopulationen (Lep., Satyridae). — Entomologische Zeit- schrift 87 (18): 201-211. Cupedo, F. 1996. Die morphologische Gliederung des Erebia melampus-Komplexes, nebst Beschrei- bung zweier neuer Unterarten: Erebia melampus semisudetica ssp.n. und Erebia sudetica belle- donnae ssp. n. (Lepidoptera, Satyrıdae). — Nota lepidopterologica 18 (2): 95-125. Cupedo, F. 1997. Die geographische Variabilität und der taxonomische Status der Erebia manto bubas- tis-Gruppe, nebst Beschreibung einer neuen Unterart (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). — Nota lepidoptero- logica 20 (1/2): 3-22. Cupedo, F. 2007. Geographical variation and Pleistocene history of the Erebia pandrose — sthennyo com- plex (Nymphalidae; Satyrinae). — Nota lepidopterologica 30 (2): 329-353. Dannehl, F. 1927. Neue Formen und geographische Rassen aus meinen Rhopaloceren-Ausbeuten der letz- ten Jahre. — Mitteilungen der Miinchner entomologischen Gesellschaft 17: 1—8. Fruhstorfer, H. 1909. Neue Satyriden (Schluß). — Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift 3 (24): 133-135. Geiger, H. & L. Rezbanyai 1982. Enzymelektrophoretische Untersuchungen über die Verwandtschafts- beziehungen bei Erebia, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Taxa euryale isarica Rühl und adyte Hübner (Lep.: Satyridae). — Entomologische Zeitschrift 92 (5): 49-63. Goltz, D. H. von 1933. Alte und neue Erebienformen. — Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 47: 111-116. Heinkele, P. 2007. The distribution of Erebia euryale Esper, 1805 in the Alps including the description of a new subspecies (Lepidoptera, Satyridae). — Lambillionea 107 (2): 295-298. ICZN 2000. International code of zoological nomenclature, fourth edition. — Natural History Museum, London. 126 pp. Lukhtanov, V. & A. Lukhtanov 1994. Die Tagfalter Nordwestasiens. — Herbipoliana, Markleuthen 3, 440 pp. Marazzi, S. 2005. Atlante orografico delle Alpi. SOIUSA Suddivisione orografica internazionale unificata del Sistema Alpino. — Quaderni di cultura alpina, 82-83. Priuli & Verlucca, Torino. 416 pp. Rezbanyai-Reser, L. 1991. Die drei Zentralschweizer Kontaktstellen der Erebia euryale-Unterarten isa- rica Heyne und adyte Hbn. (Lep., Satyridae). — Entomologische Berichte Luzern 25: 77-90. Schmitt, T. & K. Haubrich 2008. The genetic structure of the mountain forest butterfly Erebia euryale un- ravels the late Pleistocene and postglacial history of the mountain coniferous forest biome in Europe. — Molecular Ecology 17: 2194—2207. Sonderegger, P. 2005. Die Erebien der Schweiz (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae, genus Erebia). — Verlag Peter Sonderegger, Briigg bei Biel. 712 pp. Tatarinov, A. G. & M. M. Dolgin 1997. To the knowledge of the intraspecific variation of the satyrid Erebia euryale Esp. (Lepidoptera, Satyridae) in northeastern European Russia. — Entomological Review 79 (1): 44-49. Verity, R. 1953. Le farfalle diurne d’Italia, vol. V. - Marzocco S.A., Firenze. pp. 124-226. Warren, B.C.S. 1936. Monograph of the genus Erebia. — London, printed by order of the Trustees, Adlard and Son Ltd., VII+407 pp., 104 pls. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 85-106 105 Appendices Appendix 1 Morphologic differences between the traditionally recognised groups in E. euryale: the euryale group, the adyte group and the ocellaris group. Male wing pattern (according to Warren 1936) (i) The euryale group. Forewing upperside: ocelli without white pupils. Postdiscal band complete. Hindwing underside: postdiscal band conspicuous. Ocelli with a brown ring. (ii) The adyte group. Forewing upperside: ocelli with prominent white pupils. Postdiscal band complete, restricted below the apical spots. Hindwing underside: postdiscal band faintly indicated. Ocelli without brown ring. White streak lining the discal field often reduced to a small tooth, projecting basad along nervure 4. (ii) The ocellaris group. Forewing upperside: ocelli without white pupils. Postdiscal band reduced, broken up into spots around the ocelli. Hindwing underside: ocelli black with brown ring. Female wing pattern Upperside wing pattern as in males, but more luxurious. Underside hindwing: the colour of the postdiscal band is either white or yellow (nu- ances disregarded). Valve morphology Valvae of ssp. adyte are slender, with a dorsal shoulder; in ssp. ocellaris and ssp. isarica (euryale group) they are broader without marked shoulder (Arnscheid & Roos 1977). In ssp. adyte the valvae bear fine and regularly spaced spines, in ssp. isarica (euryale group) these are larger, irregularly in shape and arrangement. The proximal spine-free part of the valve is larger in ssp. adyte than in ssp. isarica. (Sonderegger 2005) Appendix 2 Quantification criteria for wing pattern elements. Postdiscal band on forewing upperside (males and females) 0 = absent. | = narrow ring around ocelli (ocellaroid). As a rule no spot in cell 3. 2 = rings stretched drop shaped, but separated. As a rule a spot in cell 3. 3 = incomplete band. Spots in cell 2 and 3 not united, or spot in cell 3 strongly con- stricted (narrower than high). 4 = band continuous, outer margin concave. 5 = band continuous, outer margin straight or convex. 106 Cupepo: Infraspecific structure of Erebia euryale Postdiscal band on forewing underside: (males and females) 0 = absent. 1 = spots separated, band often incomplete. 2 = band complete, strongly constricted or disrupted in cell 3 3 = complete band. Postdiscal band on hindwing upperside (males and females) 0 = absent. 1 = ocellaroid. 2 = spots united at least in cells 4-5-6, detached in cells 2 and 3. 3 = band continuous. Ocelli on forewing upperside, forewing underside and hindwing upperside (males and females) 0 = absent 1 = black 2 = pupilled white Ocelli on hindwing underside (males) 0 = absent 1 = without brown ring 2 = with brown ring White pattern on hindwing underside (males) 0 = absent 1 = white tooth on nerve 4 2 = additional white along costa, even if weak 3 = acontinuous white streak from costa to at least nerve 4 Colour of postdiscal band on hindwing underside (females) 1 = white 2 = yellow or orange Nota lepid. 33 (1): 107-113 107 A significant range extension for Pyrgus cacaliae (Rambur, 1839) with the first record from the western Balkan Peninsula (Hesperiidae) ZDRAVKO KOLEV Finnish Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology, P.O. Box 17 (Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; zkolev72@gmail.com Abstract. The European montane endemic Pyrgus cacaliae is reported for the first time from the Dinarid mountain chain in Bosnia and Herzegovina based on a previously misidentified museum specimen. The re- spective distributions and distinguishing characters of P. cacaliae and its closest relative, Pyrgus androme- dae (Wallengren), are described. The significance of this record from biogeographical and conservation points of view is discussed. This discovery is a prime example of the advantages of systematic, long-term accumulation of scientific material and the resulting high value of properly managed scientific collections. Introduction Pyrgus cacaliae (Rambur, 1839) ıs a species endemic to Europe, wıth most of its range located in the Alps. Much smaller, peripheral isolates are found in the Pyrenees, the Carpathians of Romania, and the highest mountains of Bulgaria (Fig. 1). The closest relative of P cacaliae 1s Pyrgus andromedae (Wallengren, 1853) which has a rough- ly similar range in southern and central Europe (Fig. 1): the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Romanian and Ukrainian Carpathians, the Dinarides of former Yugoslavia south to Sar Mt. in FYROM, and Pirin Mts. in Bulgaria (JakSi¢ 1988; Tolman 1997; Kolev 2002; Dinca et al. 2008). In addition, and unlike P. cacaliae, P andromedae also occurs in the mountains of Fennoscandia as well as in Polar Ural. In the Balkan Peninsula, P. cacaliae has so far only been known with certainty from the two highest mountains of Bulgaria: Rila (2925 m) and Pirin (2914 m). There are also old reports from Vitosha (2280 m) and central Stara Planina (2374 m) (Buresch & Tuleschkow 1930). However these reports have not been confirmed since, despite considerable activity in both massifs (Stoyan Beshkov, pers. comm. for central Stara Planina; pers. obs. on Vitosha almost yearly since 1998). Moreover, I have not found material of P. cacaliae from either mountain in public collections in Bulgaria. Thus the presence of this species in the said massifs, while entirely possible, is in need of confirmation (Kolev 2009). There are no published records of P. cacaliae between the Bulgarian populations and those in the Julian Alps of Slovenia, separated by nearly 900 km. It should however be noted that the old Slovenian records (Jaksic 1988) have not been confirmed in recent times and the species is currently excluded from the but- terfly fauna of Slovenia (Verovnik 2007). Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 108 Ko ev: Pyrgus cacaliae in the Balkans Pyrgus cacaliae ceeeaeneneens Pyrgus andromedae 0 500 km Se | Fig. 1. Distribution of Pyrgus cacaliae (red) and P. andromedae (green) in South and Central Europe. Dots: single records of P. cacaliae in the Pyrenees, star: Makljen pass, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Solid line: recorded range, dotted line: possible range extent for P andromedae in the Dinarides. New record of Pyrgus cacaliae In the course of cataloguing melanistic Lepidoptera in the collection of FMNH (Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland), I came upon a female specimen from “Bosnia” which has been labelled as “Pyrgus andromedae” by Russian lepidopterologist Dr. Pavel Gorbunov. The specimen (Figs 2a, 2b), however, shows several morphological traits which distinguish it from P andromedae (Figs 2d, 2e) and identify it without doubt as P. cacaliae: — a single, faint whitish spot in space Cu2 of the forewing upperside, with minute traces of a second spot in space Cul; in P andromedae, there is typically a total of three large, clear white spots ın these spaces (Fig. 2: 1); — evenly diffused and poorly contrasting whitish suffusion on the upperside, particu- larly in the submarginal area of the hindwing, where this suffusion typically forms a conspicuous whitish band in P andromedae (Fig. 2: 2); — the absence of a whitish mark in the basal area of the hindwing discal cell underside; such a mark is present in P andromedae (Dinca et al. 2008) (Fig. 2: 3). Discussion This specimen represents the first record of Pyrgus cacaliae from the western part of the Balkan Peninsula, and for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The label with locality data is shown in Fig. 2c. The pass of Makljen (sic), indicated as the place of capture of this specimen, is situated 65 km west of Sarajevo (43° 50,58' N, 17° 35,64' E, Fig. 1). As the label indicates, the specimen has been part of the collection of Otto Leonhard, a Nota lepid. 33 (1): 107-113 109 coleopterologist from Blasewitz-Dresden. He visited Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Austrian occupation of the region where he collected Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (Rebel 1904: 133). Leonhard managed to amass a large collection of Lepidoptera from this region and became a well-known expert of Balkan Lepidoptera (Lelo 2000). Most of Leonhard’s materials from the Balkan Peninsula were however not collected by himself, but by Moritz Hilf, an experienced collector who at the end of the XIX" Century travelled extensively in the western Balkans on behalf of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Beginning in 1900 Hilf began working for Leonhard, and in 1901 and 1902 he collected on the massifs of Raduëa and Cvrsnica as well as the Makljen pass and the village of Prozor, 2 km SE of Makljen (Rebel 1904: 133). Rebel (1904: 136) stated that he examined Hilf’s materials in the collection of Leonhard for his pioneering work “Studien über die Lepidopterenfauna der Balkanländer”, including material from “Maklenpaß” (see below). Therefore, it is remarkable that P cacaliae, a rather easy species to identify, is absent from Rebel’s monograph. Since Rebel also did not list P andromedae among the species collected in “Maklenpaß” or anywhere in the vicinity (Rebel 1904: 191), we may assume that Rebel has not mistaken the speci- men for P andromedae. This assumption is supported by the fact that this specimen was originally acquired by FMNH under an identity other than P andromedae, and determined erroneously as the latter species by P. Gorbunov, as a separate label next to the specimen testifies, during a visit to FMNH in the mid-1990’s. Therefore this specimen must have been misdetermined already in Leonhard’s collection, but not as P. andromedae. Indeed, Rebel’s monograph provides evidence that this is the case. Rebel (1904: 191— 192) lists, in genus “Hesperia”, three Pyrgus species from Makljen: Pyrgus serratulae (Rambur, 1839), Pyrgus alveus (Hübner, [1803]) and Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus, 1758). Of these P. serratulae is the only species for which Rebel gave exact data from Makljen: “Nur von Koinsko polje (12./7. [19]02 Stur[any].) und dem Maklenpaß (24.-30./6. ‘[19]02 Hilf-Leonh[ard].) nachgewiesen, in einer Höhe von ca. 1100—1300 m erbeutet. Die Stücke vom Maklenpaß gehören zum Teile der kleineren, oberseits zeichnungslos- eren (alpinen) var. Caecus Frr. an.” (Rebel 1904: 191). The explicitly mentioned smaller size and reduced upperside markings of the “serratulae” from Makljen not only match the discussed cacaliae specimen, but are highly significant because they contradict the characters of Balkan P. serratulae. The latter, referred to the subspecies P. serratulae balcanica (Warren, 1926) and P. serratulae major (Staudinger, 1879), are characterized by an on average larger size and larger forewing upperside white markings than the serratulae group of subspecies (De Jong 1972). The ecological form caecus, in which these markings are strongly reduced, is most common in the Alps at altitudes of over 2000 m but has not been noted from anywhere in the Balkans despite the examination of abundant material (De Jong 1972: 4, 69—71). Moreover, neither the prominence of white markings nor the wingspan of Balkan serratulae vary in the direction of f. caecus even at the upper altitudinal limit of its occurrence (Bulgaria, Mt. Pirin, below Vihren peak, 1900—2000 m, Z. Kolev, pers. obs.). One of the most widely known characters of P. serratulae is that the basal white spot between the costal and subcostal veins on the hindwing underside is clearly rounded and entirely, or nearly so, encircled by the darker 110 KOLEV: Pyrgus cacaliae in the Balkans background colour. However, the same character state may occur in P cacaliae, as in the discussed specimen (Fig. 2: 4). It is thus easy to see how the latter could have been mistaken for a smaller form of P serratulae with reduced upperside pattern. That Rebel might have mistaken the specimen as either of the two remaining Pyrgus species (mal- vae or alveus) reported by him from Makljen (Rebel 1904: 191-192) is highly unlikely due to their clearly distinct external morphology. Finally, the stated date of collecting of the cacaliae specimen, 27.6.1902 (Fig. 2: c), fits in the date range of the “serratu- lae” series from Makljen, “24.—30./6. ‘[19]02” (Rebel 1904: 191). There is therefore sufficient basis to conclude that the here reported specimen of P cacaliae is one of a presently unknown number of specimens collected by Hilf for Leonhard and reported as “Hesperia Serratulae” “var. Caecus Frr.” by Rebel (1904: 191). While there is no reason to doubt the provenance of this P cacaliae specimen, its col- lecting locality is probably somewhat imprecisely stated. The pass of Makljen, while situated in mountainous terrain, lies at an altitude of only ca. 1120 m. This altitude appears low for P. cacaliae, which in Bulgaria has never been recorded below 1800 m and flies typically higher than 2100 m (Buresch & Tuleschkow 1930; Z. Kolev, pers. obs.). Likewise Tolman (1997) indicated a lower altitudinal limit of 1800 m for this species. Satellite imagery and geotagged photographs from Makljen (accessed in Google Earth ®) show that the vegetation in and immediately around the pass is al- ternating dense woodland and meadows; such habitats are unsuitable for the mostly alpine P. cacaliae. Therefore, it appears more likely that the actual collecting locality of the P cacaliae specimen is a higher mountain adjacent to Makljen. The fact that Hilf labeled his material from this locality as collected over a whole week is remark- able considering the very limited area of the pass, and in my opinion also indicates the possibility that he collected elsewhere besides Makljen during that time. There are several massifs within a 30-km radius of Makljen that qualify as potential localities for P. cacaliae by virtue of approaching or exceeding 2000 m in height. Closest to Makljen is Radusa (1956 m), which rises immediately to the west of the pass and where M. Hilf collected on 15.6.1902, just prior to collecting in Makljen (Rebel 1904: 148). Satellite imagery and geotagged photographs from RadusSa (accessed in Google Earth ®) show that the summit zone of the mountain above ca. 1700 m has extensive subalpine mead- ows and several small lakes. These habitats appear superficially suitable for P cacaliae on account of the preference of this species for grassy areas around alpine lakes in Mt. Rila (Z. Kolev, pers. obs.). Another possible locality for P cacaliae is Vranica (2110 m, 9 km NE of Makljen), a mountain with a true alpine zone where according to mate- rial listed by Rebel (1904: 185) Hilf collected between 14. and 22.7.1902. The absence of subsequent records from the vicinity of Makljen does not disprove the occurrence of P. cacaliae, since apparently nobody has collected there after Hilf (S. Lelo, pers. comm.). There is no reason to suppose that P cacaliae might have become extinct in the area due to habitat degradation after the reported specimen was captured: this mountainous region is sparsely populated and human impact on the summit zones of the mountains, mostly by livestock grazing, is negligible (S. Lelo, pers. comm.). This discovery suggests that P cacaliae may eventually be discovered in other high mountains of the Dinarid chain. Larval host plant can hardly be a limiting factor for Nota lepid. 33 (1): 107-113 111 Winter | 1 cm Fig. 2. Pyrgus cacaliae 9 from Bosnia-Herzegoniva (a: upperside, b: underside, c: labels (at twice the magnification of the rest of the figures) and P andromedae © (d: upperside, e: underside) from northern Finland, Kilpisjärvi, 4.07.1948, Lingonblad leg. in coll. FMNH. 1-3: diagnostic characters (see text); 4: rounded basal spot as in Pyrgus serratulae. the occurrence of P. cacaliae there, as its larvae feed on Potentilla aurea L. (Rosaceae) and other montane species of this genus (Wagner 2003, 2006; Settele et al. 2008: 62). Several species of Potentilla are widespread in the high mountains of the Balkan Peninsula, including P aurea in some massifs of the Dinarides (Andreev et al. 1992; Polunin 1997). The butterfly fauna of this region is known to be very diverse (Rebel 1904; JakSi¢ 1988), but as a whole it has remained sporadically studied due to the sheer size of the area and the difficulty of access to vast parts thereof, exacerbated by political and civil unrest in the 1990’s. I hope that this discovery will stimulate further research on the butterfly fauna of the vast mountain system of the western Balkan Peninsula. It is also important to re-examine carefully the existing collection material of Pyrgus from this region. In this respect, it can also be expected that P andromedae, which to this day has remained unrecorded from the vicinity of Makljen (Rebel 1904: 191; Jakëié 1988), may occur there and may in general be more widespread in the Dinarides than currently known (Fig. 1). LEZ KOLEV: Pyrgus cacaliae in the Balkans Conclusion The here reported occurrence of P. cacaliae in the western Balkan Peninsula bridges the large gap between the Alpine and eastern-Balkan populations of the species. As such the present record represents a significant range extension for this European endemic. The provenance of the specimen on which the record is based is discussed and shown to be generally reliable, though the actual collecting locality remains to be clarified by future research. This record ıs of relevance to nature conservation as well because the smaller, widely isolated populations of P. cacaliae are considered to be vulnerable in the event of significant climate warming (Settele et al. 2008: 62). This discovery is also a testimony to the benefits of a systematic, scientifically sound approach to collecting, and of large and well-managed collections of long standing such as FMNH. In the ongoing public debate about whether insect collecting should be consigned to the past, the present record provides one more example of the overwhelm- ing advantage and importance of the traditional methods of gathering and preserving scientific data. Acknowledgements I thank Stoyan Beshkov (Bulgaria, Sofia) for the information on his research on the Lepidoptera of central Stara Planina, Suvad Lelo (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Sarajevo) for his information regarding collecting and human impact on Mt. RaduSa, Juan Hernandez Roldan (Spain, Caceres) for providing distributional data for P. cacaliae in the Pyrenees, and Rudi Verovnik (Slovenia, Ljubljana) for the information on the status of P. cacaliae in Slovenia. Two anonymous referees provided valuable suggestions and corrections. My research at the Finnish Museum of Natural History was supported by a grant from the Kone Foundation to Prof. Kauri Mikkola. References Andreev, N., M. Anchev, S. Kozhukharov, M. Markova, D. Peev & A. Petrova 1992. [Identification guide to the vascular plants of Bulgaria]. — Nauka I izkustvo, Sofia. 788 pp. Buresch, I. & K. Tuleschkow 1930. [Die horizontale Verbreitung der Schmetterlinge (Lepidoptera) in Bul- garien.] II. — Izvestiya na Tsarskite Prirodonauchni Instituti v Sofiya 3: 145—248 [in Bulgarian]. De Jong, R. 1972. Systematics and geographic history of the genus Pyrgus in the Palaearctic Region (Lepi- doptera, Hesperiidae). — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 115: 1—121, pls 1-6. Dinca, V., L. Székely, S. Kovacs, Z. Kovacs & R. Vila 2008. Pyrgus andromedae (Wallengren, 1853) (He- speriidae) in the Romanian Carpathians. — Nota lepidopterologica 31 (2): 263-272. JakSic, P. 1988. Privremene karte rasprostranjenosti dnevnih leptira Jugoslavije (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) [Provisional Distribution Maps of the Butterflies of Yugoslavia]. — Jugoslavensko entomolosko druStvo, Zagreb 1: 1-215. Kolev, Z. 2002. Critical notes on some recent butterfly records (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea & Hesperioidea) from Bulgaria and their source collection. — Phegea 30 (3): 95-101. Kolev, Z. 2009. The butterflies of Bulgaria. http://www.butterfliesofbulgaria.com, last update: 20.09.2009. Lelo, S. 2000. Revised inventory of the butterflies of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Insecta: Lepidoptera: He- sperioidea, Papilionidea). — Natura Croatica 9 (2): 139-156. Polunin, O. 1997. Flowers of Greece and the Balkans: a field guide. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo. xv + 592 pp., 64 pls. Rebel, H. 1904. Studien über die Lepidopterenfauna der Balkanländer. 2. Bosnien und Herzegowina. — Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 19: 97—377, 2 pls. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 107-113 113 Settele, J., O. Kudrna, A. Harpke, I. Kühn, C. van Swaay, R. Verovnik, M. Warren, M. Wiemers, J. Han- spach, T. Hickler, E. Kühn, I. van Halder, K. Veling, A. Vliegenthart, I. Wynhoff & O. Schweiger 2008. Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies. Biorisk 1 (Special Issue). — Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Moscow. 710 pp. Tolman, T. 1997. Butterflies of Britain and Europe. — Harper-Collins Publishers, London etc. 320 pp. Verovnik, R. 2007. On the distribution and status of Carcharodus lavatherae, Pyrgus carthami, and P. ser- ratulae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in Slovenia. — Natura sloveniae 9 (2): 27-41. Wagner, W. 2003. Beobachtungen zur Biologie von Pyrgus andromedae (Wallengren, 1853) und Pyrgus cacaliae (Rambur, 1840) in den Alpen (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). — Entomogische Zeitschrift 113: 346-353. Wagner, W. 2006. Die Gattung Pyrgus in Mitteleuropa und ihre Ökologie — Larvalhabitate, Nährpflanzen und Entwicklungszyklen. — /n: Fartmann, T. & G. Hermann (eds), Larvalökologie von Tagfaltern und Widderchen in Mitteleuropa. — Abhandlungen aus dem Westfälischen Museum für Naturkunde 68 (3/4): 83-122. ‘ U Nota lepid. 33 (1): 115-126 115 Review of the genus Flavinarosa Holloway (Zygaenoidea: Limacodidae) with description of four new species ALEXEY V. SOLOVYEV Dept. of Zoology, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, 100-letiya Lenina sq. 4, RUS-432700, Ulyanovsk, Russia; Solovyev_Alexey @mail.ru Abstract. The genus Flavinarosa Holloway, 1986 is reviewed; its diagnosis is expanded. The genus includes nine species, four of them described as new: F. luna sp. n. (China: Fujian; holotype in ZFMK), F. acantha sp. n. (China: Hainan; holotype in MWM), F. kozyavka sp. n. (northern Thailand; holotype in MWM), and F. ptaha sp. n. (China: Sichuan; holotype in MWM). A key to the species is given. The systematic position and relationships of the genus are briefly discussed. Zusammenfassung. Die Gattung Flavinarosa Holloway, 1986 wird revidiert und ihre Diagnose verbes- sert. Sie umfasst neun Arten, von denen vier hier neu beschrieben werden: F. luna sp. n. (China: Fujian; Holotypus in ZFMK), F. acantha sp. n. (China: Hainan; Holotypus in MWM), F. kozyavka sp. n. (Nord- thailand; Holotypus in MWM), und F. ptaha sp. n. (China: Sichuan; Holotypus in MWM). Die systemati- sche Stellung der Gattung wird kurz diskutiert und ein Bestimmungsschliissel fiir die beschriebenen Arten gegeben. Pesrome. Poy, Flavinarosa Holloway, 1986 peBn30BaH, ero JHarHO3 JOMOJIHeH. Pon B HacTosııee BpeMa BKIIHOYaeT 9 BUJIOB, 4 U3 KOTOPBIX TIPe>KIE GRH HEH3BECTHBI HayKe M OMNCbIBAIOTCA B ITO CTATBE: F. luna sp. n. (Kuta: PyjpknaHp; ronoTun BMWM), F. acantha sp. n. (Kura: XafHaHß; ronoTun B MWM), F. kozyavka sp. n. (ceBepabiñ Tannany; ronorun B MWM) u F. ptaha sp. n. (Kura: Cprayanb; ronoTun B MWM). Jan KIo4 Jia onpererenua BCex BYOB. PaccMoTpeHb! (DHJIOTEHETNYECKNHE CB43H POJIa H ero CHCTEMATNYECKOE NOJIOXKeHHe. Introduction The genus Flavinarosa Holloway, 1986 was erected with type-species Narosa ho- loxanthia Hampson, 1900 and three associated taxa: F. holoxanthia holoxanthia Hampson, F. holoxanthia paucispina (Holloway, 1986) and F. obscura (Wileman, 1915). The genus was established with the following diagnostic features: presence of several rows or tufts of cornuti in male genitalia and corpus bursae bearing a triangular field of scobination in female genitalia (Holloway 1986: 72). Before 1986 both species F. holoxanthia and F. obscura were associated with the genus Narosa Walker, 1855. Apart from these two, many other limacodid species were associated with Narosa on a base of yellow ground colour, smaller size, filiform male antennae and sinuous RI in forewing. Further work on Narosa-complex was done by Solovyev & Witt (2009), where the diagnosis of the genus was improved and several new genera were recog- nized. The number of known species of Flavinarosa is increased to nine with F. holoxanthia paucispina raised to full specific level (Solovyev & Witt 2009) and with the addition of four newly described herein. This number of taxa is not believed to be final because there are few specimens represented in entomological collections. Furthermore, the identification of the species at this time is based largely on male genitalia. Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 116 SOLOVYEV: Review of Flavinarosa (Limacodidae) Abbreviations BMNH Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]; London, Great Britain MWM Entomological Museum Thomas J. Witt; Germany, Munich (later to be transferred to ZSM) ZFMK Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum “Alexander Koenig”; Bonn, Germany Material and methods The material of MWM is the main basis for this study. Also material from ZFMK and BMNH was examined. In total about 70 specimens were investigated. The genitalia of both sexes were examined using standard methods. The abdomen was macerated in 10% aqueous solution of alkali for 10 minutes whilst heating. The genita- lia were dissected using micro-forceps; the aedeagus was separated and kept in “Evans blue” dye (0.1% aqueous) for 5 minutes for staining of the vesica. The complete female genitalia were stained with this dye. After this, the genitalia were mounted in Euparal and labeled. The digital images were made using digital camera Nikon Coolpix 5400 and binocular microscopes MBS-9 and MBS-10. The images were improved and prepared for publica- tion using Corel Draw 13 and Corel Photo-Paint 13. Results Flavinarosa Holloway, 1986 Moths of Borneo 1: 72. Type species: Narosa holoxanthia Hampson, 1900, by original designation. Redescription. Moths small with forewing length 7-10 mm; wingspan 15-21 mm in males; 11-12 mm and 23-26 mm in females (Figs 1-12). Male antennae filiform. Labial palps strongly upcurved, with 2" segment as long as 1.2 diameter of eye; terminal segment very short, 1/8- 1/9 length of 2" one. Ground colour yellowish ochre; forewings uniform- ly coloured, without distinct pattern, but with darker scales in medial region. Hindwings pale yellow. In forewing, vein RI sinuous; RS branched from common R3+R4; medial stem not divided (Fig. 13). In hindwing, common vein Sc+R1 sinuous; cross vein between Sc+R1 and radial stem of discal cell well developed, very long, set in proximal third of wing, and very characteristic for the genus (Fig. 14). Hind tibia bears 4 spurs. Species not sexually dimorphic; females slightly larger than males, with more elongated forewings. Male genitalia with uncus slender, usually with pair of distinct, apical, horn-shaped proc- esses and long subapical spur (Figs 15-24). Gnathos slender, strongly curved up me- dially. Valvae elongated, with large cucullus, lacking saccular processes. Saccus short, ovoid. Juxta highly diagnostic, flattened, usually with different kinds of lateral lobes (Figs 25-33). Aedeagus tubular, slender, and S-shaped. Vesica with series of basal, medial and apical cornuti often associated in defined tufts. Eight tergite slightly produced (Holloway 1986: 72). Nota lepid. 33 (1): 115-126 117 Female genitalia with ovipositor lobes ovoid; both pairs of apophyses slender; poste- rior apophyses much longer than anterior ones (Figs 34-36). Antrum distinct, wide. Ductus bursae irregularly spiraled, sclerotized medially. Corpus bursae ovoid, with pair of elongated, sclerotized and wide signa (Figs 37, 38). Immature stages unknown. Diagnosis. The members of the genus are similar externally to Narosa Walker, 1855, Heringarosa Holloway, 1986, Quasinarosa Solovyev & Witt, 2009, Tennya Solovyev & Witt, 2009, and Caelestomorpha Solovyev & Witt, 2009 in their yellow ground col- our, small size, filiform male antennae, and sinuous RI in forewing. They were all previously placed in the Narosa complex, but Flavinarosa can easily be distinguished from these by the monotonous ochre forewings and uniformly yellow hindwings. In male genitalia the vesica containing a series of bristle-shaped cornuti and in female genitalia the double, wide, elongated signum are diagnostic. Remarks. The systematic position of the genus is unclear so far, but it was considered as the probable sister genus of Heringarosa Holloway, 1986 (Holloway 1986: 72). The females of Heringarosa are still unknown, as are the larvae of both genera, but the external characters of the males and the morphology of their male genitalia are similar. Both genera have “Narosa”-like habitus (Holloway 1986) with yellow ground colour and are characterized by the produced abdominal 8" tergite, the uncus with two apical horn-shaped processes and slender subapical spur, the valvae without saccular proc- esses, and the wide cucullus. The genus ranges from India to Sundaland and includes the following nine species: F. holoxanthia (Hampson, 1900), F. obscura (Wileman, 1915), F. paucispina Holloway, 1986, F. alius Solovyev & Witt, 2009, F. glaesa Solovyev & Witt, 2009, F. luna sp. n., F. acantha sp.n., F. kozyavka sp.n., and F. ptaha sp. n. The species of the genus are not separable externally, but the male genitalia are diag- nostic; the most important diagnostic features in species identification are the shape of the juxta and the shape and topography of the cornuti on the vesica. A key to all species based on male genitalia is given after the species accounts. Flavinarosa holoxanthia (Hampson, 1900) Figs 1, 15, 25, 34, 37 Narosa holoxanthia Hampson, 1900: 232. Type-locality: [NE India] “Khäsis”. Holotype: ® (BMNH) [examined]. Diagnosis. In male genitalia, the lateral lobes of juxta are ovoid, with very small, dor- sad apical spur and waved upper margin; its medial incision is running up to 2/3 juxta (Figs 15, 25). The juxta is similar to those of F. luna sp. n., but in F. holoxanthia the lobes of the juxta have a small inner spur and the vesica lacks large and stout apical cornuti. Distribution. North-eastern India (Meghalaya). Biology. The phenological data are scanty; the flight period was recorded in mid and late July at an altitude of 800 m. 118 SoLovyYEv: Review of Flavinarosa (Limacodidae) Figs 1-12. External aspect of Flavinarosa spp. 1. F. holoxanthia (Hampson, 1900), ©, north-eastern India, MWM. 2. F. obscura (Wileman, 1915), 9, Taiwan, MWM. 3. F. obscura (Wileman, 1915), ©, Taiwan, MWM. 4. F. paucispina Holloway, 1986, ©, Borneo, MWM. 5. F. paucispina Holloway, 1986, 9, Borneo, MWM. 6. F. glaesa Solovyev & Witt, 2009, ©’, holotype. 7. F. alius Solovyev & Witt, 2009, ©, holotype. 8. F. alius Solovyev & Witt, 2009, ©, paratype, northern Vietnam, MWM. 9. F. luna Sp. n., ©, paratype, China: Fujian, MWM. 10. F. acantha sp.n., ©, holotype. 11. F. kozyavka sp.n., ©, holotype. 12. F. ptaha sp.n., ©, holotype. Scale bar: 1 cm. Flavinarosa obscura (Wileman, 1915) Figs 2, 3, 16, 26 Narosa obscura Wileman, 1915: 18. Type-locality: [Taiwan] “Kanshirei”. Holotype: @ (BMNH) [examined]. Diagnosis. The species is distinguished from other congeners by the juxta of male genitalia where two lateral lobes divided by a medial incision running up to 1/2 juxta and each juxtal lobe with a large, triangular, pointed, small dorsal process and a larger triangular process on its outer margin (Figs 16, 26). Distribution. Taiwan. Biology. The moths were collected in late March, late April, early July, and early and mid September at altitudes of 130-1150 m. The early stages are unknown. Comments. Two females are noted in the original description of obscura Wileman; one female was collected on 30" April 1908 (with collection number 1353) and the second Nota lepid. 33 (1): 115-126 119 one was taken on 8" September 1907 (with collection number 1272). It was believed before that both females were included in the type series of the species (Wang 1995: 72), moreover, both bear labels written by Wileman’s hand with the inscription “Type” and “Cotype” correspondingly. However, the original description contains the follow- ing statement: “Fore wings of the September example are paler than those of the type described” which means indirectly that the specimen taken on April 30" is the holotype by original designation, whereas the other female should be regarded as a paratype. Flavinarosa paucispina Holloway, 1986 Figs 4, 5, 17, 27, 35, 38 Flavinarosa holoxanthia paucispina Holloway, 1986: 72. Type-locality: “Sarawak: Gunong Mulu Nat. Park, Site 25, G. Api, 900 m, lower montane forest”. Holotype: © (BMNH) [examined]. Diagnosis. The juxta of male genitalia has two lateral lobes divided by the medial inci- sion running up to 1/2 juxta length (Figs 17 & 27). Each lobe is elongated, with rounded apices and similar to that of F. kozyavka sp. n., but in F. paucispina the lobes are much wider, with not so deep incision. The vesica bears very characteristic single, large, stout, claw-shaped basal cornutus. Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo (Holloway 1986: 73; 1990: 35). Biology. The flight period falls in early February, April, and late September. The moths were taken in montane forests between altitudes of 900 - 1620 m. Nomenclatorial notes. This taxon was elevated to species rank by Solovyev & Witt (2009). Flavinarosa alius Solovyev & Witt, 2009 Figs 7,8, 18, 28, 36 Flavinarosa alius Solovyev & Witt, 2009. Type-locality: “Vietnam, Prov. Nghe An, Distr. Que Phong, Ban Khom, 280 m, 19°40.5' N, 104°54.1' E. Holotype: © (MWM) [examined]. Diagnosis. The male genitalia are similar to those of F. luna sp. n. by the juxta with large, slender and pointed dorsal spurs, but the juxta of F. alius is weakly divided on the lateral lobes, with an indistinct medial incision; each lobe has an arcuate upper margin (not sinuous); the spurs of the lobes are longer, with the length of 1/3 of juxtal height (Figs 18,28). Distribution. Northern Vietnam. Biology. The moths were collected in late January, April, mid May, and late November at altitudes of 280-1800 m. Flavinarosa glaesa Solovyev & Witt, 2009 Figs 6, 19, 29 Flavinarosa glaesa Solovyev & Witt, 2009. Type-locality: “Sued-Vietnam, Bao Loc, Rung Cat Tien, 1500 m, 11.32'N 107.48'E". Holotype: © (MWM) [examined]. Diagnosis. The species differs from all congeners by the semilunar wide medial inci- sion of the juxta and by the shape of the juxtal lobes with an almost straight apical margin and with a distinct small spur on the inner margin (Figs 19, 29). 120 SOLOVYEV: Review of Flavinarosa (Limacodidae) Rs M1 M2 M3 CuA1 CuA2 A3 A1+A2 CUP Figs 13-14. Wing venation of Flavinarosa. 13. Forewing. 14. Hindwing. Distribution. Vietnam. Biology. The flight period falls in late April — early May, August, and mid December. The species is known from altitudes of 900 - 1500 m. Flavinarosa luna sp.n. Figs 9, 20, 30 Material. Holotype ©, “|China] Kuatun (2300) 27.40 n. Br. | 117.408.6.L. J. Klapperich | 10.6.1946 <“46” stamped on 1938> (Fukien)”, ZFMK. — Paratypes: 10°, China, same data as holotype, ZFMK; 20, same data but 1.v1.1938, MWM (genital slide 13809); 10°, Kuatun, Prov. Fukien, Hone, 26.v.1939, ZFMK; 19, WuyShan, Jiangxi — Fujian border, 50 km SE of Yingtan, 27°56'N, 117°25'E, 1600 m, v.2002, leg. Siniaev & local coll., MWM (genital slide 13802); 10°, Prov. Hunan, Hoengshan, 16.v.1933, Höne, ZFMK; 20°, same data but 16.v11.1933, ZFMK; 19, same data but 21.vii.1933, ZFMK. Description. Male (Fig. 9). Forewing length: 8—9 mm; wingspan: 17—18 mm. Filiform antennae as long as 2/3 of forewing costa. Otherwise identical to congeners externally. Male genitalia (Figs 20, 30). Uncus slender, with long and pointed subapical spur and with pair of weakly sclerotized, horn-shaped, small, apical processes. Gnathos slender, curved up medially with concave distal part. Valvae elongated, with small sac- culus and wide cucullus; with concave costa. Saccus distinct. Juxta flattened; lateral lobes separated by deep medial incision (of 3/5 of juxta length); each lobe almost par- allel-sıded, with sinuous apical margin and with large inner, as long as 1/5 rest of juxta, dorsal spur. Aedeagus weakly S-curved, narrowed apically, with finger-shaped apex. Vesica basally with two tufts of hair-like cornuti, medially with row of cornuti decreas- ing in size, and apically with two large cornuti. Diagnosis. The species is easily distinguished from the congeners by the shape of the juxta. It is similar to that of F. holoxanthia, but the juxtal lobes are almost parallel-sided in luna sp.n., and their inner spur is larger. From F. alius the new species is separated by the deeper medial incision in the juxta and by the sinuous apical margin of the juxtal lobes. Distribution. Eastern China: Fujian, Hunan. Biology. The moths were collected from May to mid July at altitudes of 1600—2300 m. Etymology. “Luna” means “moon” in Latin. Luna was the Roman goddess of the moon, frequently depicted driving a white chariot through the night sky. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 115-126 121 Flavinarosa acantha sp.n. Figs 10, 23, 31 Material. Holotype ©, “China | Hainan Dao | He Ling Mts. Und | Wuzhi Shan | 1000-1800 m | E.II.-E.V.2000 Lf. | lg. J.L. Li, Slg. Maier | Museum Witt”, MWM (genital slide 13829). — Paratypes: 20°, China, Hainan Isl., Wuzhi-Shan Mts., 1500 m, 18°53'N, 109°43'E, 20.ii—10.1v.2001, leg. local collector, MWM (genital slide 13813). Description. Male (Fig. 10). Forewing length 8 mm and wingspan 18 mm. Similar to congeners externally. Male genitalia (Figs 23,31). Uncus slender, with two small horn-like apical pro- cesses and large, slender, subapical spur. Gnathos slender, curved up medially. Valvae elongated, with concave costa and wide cucullus. Saccus rounded. Juxta flattened, with deep medial incision, as deep as 2/3 juxta length; each lateral lobe of juxta narrowed distally and pointed apically. Aedeagus slightly S-shaped. Vesica contains basally large tuft of robust cornuti and single cornutus, and medially dispersed row of cornuti of dif- ferent size. Female. Unknown. Diagnosis. The male genitalia are similar to those of F. kozyavka, but the juxtal lateral lobes are narrow and pointed apically here, and the vesica bears basally a single tuft of robust cornuti and a separate single cornutus. Distribution. Southern China: Hainan. Biology. The moths were collected from late February to late May at altitudes of 1000 — 1800 m. Etymology. “Acantha” is a Latinized form of Greek “AxavOa”, which means ,,thorn, prickle“, because of the shape of lateral parts of the juxta. Flavinarosa kozyavka sp.n. Figs 11, 21, 22, 32 Material. Holotype ©, “Thailand | Changwat Mae Hong Song | 10 km NE of Pai! 1560 m, 28.1.1999 | leg. A. Szabö & Z. Czere”, MWM (genital slide 13820). — Paratypes: 10°, Thailand, Changwat Phayao, 15 km SE Chiang Muan, 640 m, 26.x1.1998, leg. Tibor Csöväri & Läszlö Mikus, MWM (genital slide 13729); 19, Changwat Nan, 5 km N of Bo Luang, 1000 m, 4.11.2000, leg. Hreblay & Szabö, MWM (genital slide 13816); 19, Changwat Chiang Mai, 20 km NW of Mae Ai, 1650 m, 9.1x.1999 leg. A. Szab6 & Z. Czere, MWM (genital slide 13817); 19, Changwat Mae Hong Song, 10 km NE of Pai, 1560 m, 3.x11.1998, leg. M. Hreblay, Y. Sherpa & I. Sods, MWM (genital slide 13818); 20°, Changwat Chiang Mai, 4 km SE of Pang Faen, 1100 m, 14.xi.1999, leg. Marton Hreblay, MWM (genital slides 13819, 13822); 10°, Changwat Chiang Mai, 7 km W of Pa Pae, 1230 m, 27.x1.1998, leg. Tibor Cs6vari & Läszlö Mikus, MWM (genital slide 13821); 30, Chiang Mai, between Fang and Nor Lae, 1600 m, 20°02'N, 99°06'E, 28.x.2002, leg. B. Herczig & G. Ronkay, MWM (genital slide 13800); 10°, as previous but 7.x1.2002, MWM (genital slide 13815); 10°, Chiang Mai, Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden, km 12, Mae Rim-Sameong Rd., 715 m, 18°52.855'N, 98°51.743'E, at MV light, 19.vii.2006, leg. G. Martin, BMNH (genital slide 1429). Description. Male (Fig. 11). Forewing length 7-9 mm and wingspan 17-19 mm. Fili- form antennae as long as 2/3 of forewing costa. Externally similar to other congeners. Male genitalia (Figs 21,22, 32). Uncus slender, with two apical, horn-like, small processes and large, slender subapical spur. Gnathos slender, curved up medially, con- cave distally. Valvae elongated, with small sacculus and wide cucullus; costa concave. Saccus rounded. Juxta has two lateral lobes divided by deep incision running to 3/5 122 SOLOVYEV: Review of Flavinarosa (Limacodidae) Figs 15-20. Male genitalia of Flavinarosa spp. 15. F. holoxanthia (Hampson, 1900), north-eastern India (slide MWM 11327). 16. F. obscura (Wileman, 1915), Taiwan (slide MWM 13803). 17. F. paucispina Holloway, 1986, holotype (slide BM-Limac 392). 18. F. alius Solovyev & Witt, 2009, holotype (slide MWM 13836). 19. F. glaesa Solovyev & Witt, 2009, holotype (slide MWM 13801). 20. F. luna sp. n., paratype, China: Fujian (slide MWM 13802). length of juxta; each lobe elongated, parallel-sided, rounded apically. Aedeagus slender S-shaped; vesica contains basal two tufts of long, hair-like cornuti, medial row of few small cornuti and apical tuft of small cornuti. Female. Unknown. Diagnosis. The species is similar to F. paucispina in male genitalia but the lateral lobes of the juxta are much narrower in F. kozyavka and the vesica bears basally two tufts of large cornuti instead of a single stout basal cornutus in F. paucispina. Distribution. Northern Thailand: Chiang Mai, Phayao, Nan. Biology. The moths were collected late January — early February, mid July, early September, and late October — early December at altitudes of 640—1650 m. Several generations per year. Etymology. “Kozyavka” means any small insect in Russian. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 115-126 123 Figs 21-24. Male genitalia of Flavinarosa spp. 21. F kozyavka sp. n., holotype. 22. F kozyavka sp. n., paratype, BMNH (slide BM-Limac 1429). 23. F acantha sp. n., holotype. 24. F ptaha sp. n., holotype. Flavinarosa ptaha sp.n. Figs 12, 24, 33 Material. Holotype &, “China | Prov. Sichuan | Siguliang Shan | Volong Reserve | 31'09" N 103'20" E | Juli 2005 leg. | team of V. Siniaev, Museum Witt”, MWM (genital slide 13834). — Paratype: 10°, China, Sichuan, env. Baoxing, 1600 m, 11.v11.2003, leg. S. Murzin, MWM (genital slide 13814). Description. Male (Fig. 12). Forewing length 9-10 mm and wingspan 18-19 mm. Species not separated externally from other congeners which described in the generic account. Male genitalia (Figs 24, 33). Uncus narrow, with long subapical spur and two small horn-like apical processes. Gnathos curved up medially, concave distally. Valvae elongated, with concave costa and wide cucullus. Juxta divided by incision running to its half on two lateral lobes. These lobes parallel-sided, with almost straight apical margin, without distinct processes. Saccus wide, ovoid. Aedeagus slightly S-curved. Vesica with two basal tufts of large cornuti and medial row of unequal in size, dispersed cornuti. Female. Unknown. Diagnosis. The male genitalia are similar to those of F. luna sp. n. but the lobes of the juxta of F. ptaha sp. n. lack dorsal spurs and have an almost straight apical margin, and the vesica is without large apical cornuti. Distribution. South-western China: Sichuan. Biology. The flight period falls in July. The moths were collected at an altitude of 1600 m. Etymology. The species name derives from “Ptah”, an Egyptian god associated with creation and the arts. 124 SOLOVYEV: Review of Flavinarosa (Limacodidae) Figs 25-33. Juxta of Flavinarosa spp. 25. F. holoxanthia (Hampson, 1900). 26. F. obscura (Wileman, 1915). 27. F. paucispina Holloway, 1986. 28. F. alius Solovyev & Witt, 2009. 29. F. glaesa Solovyev & Witt, 2009. 30. F. luna sp. n. 31. F. acantha sp. n. 32. F. kozyavka sp. n. 33. F. ptaha sp. n. Key to species based on male genitalia - Vesica with single, large, claw-shaped basal cornutus as long as 2/3 width of aedeagus (Fig. 17) TT et cee one eaten Re HERE ROSEN EEE EEE ee sncöcnononen paucispina Vesica with basal tuft (-s) of cornuti sometimes with additional separate single cornutus ................. 2 Lateral lobes of juxta gradually narrowed distally. 2.48 3 Lateral lobes of juxta of different shapes but not narrowed distally .........ueeeeeeseesssnesssnnneesssnnnenensennn 4 Lateral parts of juxta pointed apically (Fig. 31). Vesica basally with single tuft of large cornuti and separate single large cornutus (Fig. 23). China: Hainan .............. acantha sp. n. Lateral parts of juxta rounded apically (Fig. 32). Vesica basally with two tufts of large:cormuti (Pigs 21, 2) „wesen en oe kozyavka sp.n. Lateral parts of juxta prominent, wide and triangular; width of juxta greater than its height (Figs 16,26) .easennensanusesennaneanen sense ee en obscura Lateral parts of juxta not prominent; the width of juxta is smaller than its height. NOt insular species .auccneaensensnensnneansenesen ara sue tecseanasts atte se aeteaeee Eee 5 Nota lepid. 33 (1): 115-126 125 Figs 34-38. Female genitalia of Flavinarosa spp. 34. F. holoxanthia (Hampson, 1900), Khasis, BMNH (slide 630). 35. F. paucispina Holloway, 1986, Borneo, MWM (slide 11337). 36. F. alius Solovyev & Witt, 2009, paratype, MWM (slide 13833; photo: V. Zolotuhin). 37. Signum in corpus bursae of F. holoxanthia (Hampson, 1900), Khasis, BMNH (slide 630). 38. Signum in corpus bursae of F. paucispina Holloway, 1986, Borneo, MWM (slide 11337). PR Patcraliparts Of juxta with apical GOfSad SOUP <.2.1..12...scccscccseceececessondneeses~c0-cesaecessecateanacstesseaacess-auaseaces 6 = Lateral parts of juxta without distinct apical dorsad spur sr 8 6. Dorsal margin of juxtal lobes arcuate. Apical spur of juxta of 1/3 height of rest juxtal part HANS UES oo ect ea NEA oat eae tee clare an ERP RER ASE RE alius — Dorsal margin of juxtal lobes waved or sinuous. Apical spur of juxta shorter 7 7. Lateral lobes of juxta parallel-sided; apical spur as long as 1/5 juxta (Fig. 30). Vesica with 2 large apical COULOIR 20) nr esse des eteacvddeusesecataneceanars luna sp.n. — Lateral lobes of juxta not parallel-sided, ovoid; their apical spur smaller (Era SM Bas ap aR 0 holoxanthia 8. Lateral lobes of juxta with laterad spur on inner margin; medial incision rounded On aS RPT ne Pe Re Ree eR glaesa — Later lobes of juxta without any spur on inner margin; medial incision narrowed ventrally RE pete ptaha sp. n. Acknowledgements I deeply appreciate Dr Vadim V. Zolotuhin (Ulyanovsk) for his supervision, advice, support in prepar- ing the present paper, and for making several digital images which were necessary for this study. I am much obliged to Dr Dieter Stiining (ZFMK, Bonn) for his kind support in examination of material of ZFMK on Limacodidae, making of genital slides, and important advice. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to Dipl. Kfm Thomas J. Witt and Dr Wolfgang Speidel (MWM, Munich) for their support, important generous advice, and hospitality during my stay in Munich and examination of the collection of MWM. I am deeply grateful to Mr Martin Honey and Mr Geoff Martin (BMNH, London) for their kind support during my study of the insect collection of BMNH. I express my sincere thanks to Dr Fedor V. Konstantinov (St. Petersburg State University) and Mrs Svetlana V. Nedoshivina (St. Petersburg, the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences) for their kind advice. This study was supported financially by the Thomas Witt-Stiftung in 2005-2008. The images of the typical specimens from the col- 126 SOLOVYEV: Review of Flavinarosa (Limacodidae) lection of the BMNH are figured here under courtesy of the Trustees of the Museum. The work is a part of a program of the Department of Zoology (State Pedagogical University of Ulyanovsk) on an investigation into the biodiversity of moths. References Hampson, G. F. 1900. The Moths of India, pt 2.— The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 13: 223-235. Holloway, J. D. 1986. The Moths of Borneo, part 1: Key to Families; Families Cossidae, Metarbelidae, Ratardidae, Dudgeoneidae, Epipyropidae and Limacodidae.— The Malayan Nature Journal 40. 166 pp. Holloway, J. D. 1990. The Limacodidae of Sumatra. — Heterocera Sumatrana 6: 9-77. Solovyev, A. V. & Th. J. Witt 2009. The Limacodidae of Vietnam. — Entomofauna (Supplement 16): 33-229. Wang,H. Y. 1995. Guide Book to Insects of Taiwan (9). Bombycidae, Thyatiridae, Limacodidae, Lasio- campidae, Sphingidae. — Taipei. 283 pp. Wileman, A. E. 1915. New species of Heterocera from Formosa. — The Entomologist 48: 12-19. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 127-131 127 Frogs eat butterflies: temporary prey-specialization on the Painted Lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui, by Sahara frog, Pelophylax saharicus, in the Moroccan Anti Atlas CONSTANTI STEFANESCU & FERRAN PARAMO Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, Museu de Granollers-Ciències Naturals, c/Francesc Macià, 51, 08402 Granollers, Spain; canliro@teleline.es Abstract. Observations of predation of adult butterflies in the wild are normally very difficult to obtain. Although there is the popular belief that frogs are amongst the natural enemies of butterflies, empirical evidence for such a relationship is almost lacking. In this note we report various observations showing that this predator-prey interaction seems to occur on a regular basis between the Sahara frog, Pelophylax saharicus, and the Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui. Following seasonal increases in the local abundance of the Painted Lady in the Moroccan Anti Atlas, P. saharicus shows temporary prey-specialization on this migrant butterfly. “Frogs Eat Butterflies. Snakes Eat Frogs. Hogs Eat Snakes. Men Eat Hogs” Wallace Stevens (1879-1955) Introduction The title of a poem from Wallace Stevens’s first book of poetry, Harmonium (1922), brings to our minds a frog extending its fleshy tongue or leaping with its mouth open in an attempt to catch a butterfly. Although this is a rather usual image in illustrated children’s books showing animal interactions (see, for example, About Flies and Elephants, Lemniscat, Rotterdam, 1994, where a Marsh frog is trying to catch a Red Admiral), one may ask if there is indeed any empirical evidence that frogs eat butterflies. So far, we have only found an old report of American Bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana (Shaw), catching and eating a dozen large yellow and black swallowtails (probably Papilio glaucus L.) mud-puddling on a pool’s banks in North Hampshire (Mavourneen 1916). The author vividly described how four big Bullfrogs came out of the water and approached the butterflies “in the stealthy manner of a cat stalking a mouse”, crawling on all four legs, sometimes advancing rapidly and sometimes stopping short until the butterflies were within a foot. Then the frog would jump upon the butterfly, catch it in its mouth, and immediately swallow it whole. This process was repeated until all but one butterfly had been captured, with one frog having eaten at least five butterflies. During two expeditions to Morocco in 2003 and 2009, we were able to record this kind of interaction again, this time between Sahara frogs Pelophylax saharicus (Boulenger in Hartert, 1913) and Vanessa cardui (L., 1758). Far from being an exceptional phenomenon, it seems to represent a particular, but regular, case of temporary prey- specialization following seasonal increases in the local abundance of this migrant butterfly. Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 128 STEFANESCU & PARAMO: Frogs eat butterflies Fig. 1. The creek near Ouarzazate where most of the observations of Sahara frogs, Pelophylax saharicus, catching Painted Ladies, Vanessa cardui, were made. Fig. 2. A frog in ambush, before trying to catch a Painted Lady nectaring on Dittrichia viscosa. Fig. 3. A frog returning to the water after having caugth a Painted Lady. (photo credits: 1-2. C. Stefanescu; 3. T. | Webb). Field observations The expeditions were mainly focused around the Jbel Sarhro (the region in the Anti Atlas lying between Ouarzazate, Agdz and Boumaine-du-Dades) in the second fortnight of October, that is, in a period when V. cardui engages in southward migration from the European continent and arrives in North Africa for autumn breeding (pers. obs.). Population levels of V. cardui across Europe had been very high in spring and summer in both 2003 and, especially, in 2009 (e.g. Stefanescu et al. 2007, submitted; Fox in press), for which reason the butterfly was incredibly common in central Morocco by the time the expeditions took place. The first records were obtained in a visit to Tizgui waterfalls, not far from Agdz (N 30° 46' 34.38", W 6° 31' 44.41"), on 19 October 2003. Painted Ladies were congregating in great numbers on the brook banks, for mud-puddling (a common behaviour in Morocco, under hot and dry weather). For a period of about two hours around noon, we observed numerous frogs from the dense population occurring in the area trying to capture the butterflies. The typical behavioural sequence comprised the detection of a Painted Lady shortly after landing while the frog was still in the water, a change in the frog’s body direction orientating directly towards the butterfly, a rapid approach through the water and, once out, the characteristic stalking approach until the butterfly was within Nota lepid. 33 (1): 127-131 129 | Figs 4-5. Two sequences of a Sahara frog engulfing a Painted Lady, after a | successful attac. Ÿ (photo credits: 4-5. G. Hatherley). leaping reach, exactly as described by Mavourneen (1916). However, contrary to that earlier report, not a single attack ended successfully: all Painted Ladies escaped in the very last moment, thus avoiding the hopping frogs. On several occasions, we even saw how a single butterfly was simultaneously detected by two or three frogs, which truly competed for the potential prey causing it to flee. The second set of observations was made around noon on 24 October 2009, along a creek by the road going from Ouarzazate to Agdz (N 30° 49' 59.70", W 6° 47' 1.90"). While taking pictures of a vast concentration of Painted Ladies nectaring on various bushes of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter growing on the shores of the stream (Fig. 1), we realized that dozens of frogs were hidden among rocks under most of the plants, waiting in ambush for the butterflies (Fig. 2). We soon spotted the first of ca. 10 successful attacks, which invariably followed the same sequence: when a Painted Lady landed on a near flower, the frog would creep slowly closer, rotate the body towards the butterfly, stretch the front legs to raise the body and, once within striking distance, eventually lunge towards the prey with its mouth open. In approximately one out of three trials, the attack ended successfully, with the frog immediately engulfing the butterfly; in a few cases, it took a while before the butterfly was completely swallowed up, its wing tips protruding from the frog’s mouth for a few seconds (Figs 3-5). As previously recorded, it was not rare to see several frogs competing for the same butterfly, especially under some isolated plants where up to four or five frogs congregated. 130 STEFANESCU & PARAMO: Frogs eat butterflies The third and last observations were obtained on the river banks near Tassetifte, south of Tazenakht (N 30° 22' 37.40", W 6° 52' 8.30"), on 26 October 2009. Once again, around noon, we saw numerous Painted Ladies coming to the shores for mud-puddling, and the local population of frogs trying to capture them in the way described by Mavourneen (1916). On that occasion, we only recorded a single successful attack among a dozen failures. Discussion Our observations showed a remarkable coincidence in timing and spatial location. This leads us to suggest that the predator-prey interaction between Sahara frogs and Painted Ladies is not a casual one but occurs on a regular basis in those areas of the Anti Atlas that are seasonally colonized by V. cardui. Following mass migration (as in 2003 and 2009), the butterfly can reach extremely high population levels and becomes a major feeding resource for the Sahara frog and other opportunistic predators. For instance, it seems beyond doubt that, at least in October 2009, the diet of the frogs in the creek near Ouarzazate mainly consisted of Painted Ladies effectively captured through a well developed ambush behaviour. A similar situation is to be expected in similar habitats, perhaps throughout all the Maghreb region, where P. saharicus is the most common amphibian species (IUCN 2009). On the other hand, the hunting strategy did not work so well on bare ground along river banks, where Painted Ladies are used to congregating for mud-puddling. Without the camouflage provided by the vegetation, the frogs were normally detected by the butterflies, allowing the butterflies to escape from the attacks. However, it is possible that this same behaviour is still effective for other slower butterfly species, as for example the Swallowtails reported by Mavourneen (1916). Interestingly, opportunistic feeding specialization on migrant butterflies had been recorded previously, but always involving some bird species taking advantage of massive concentrations or predictable movements of migrants. Larsen (1992) described such a situation for a group of Bluecheeked Bee-eaters, Merops persicus (Pallas), specializing in Catopsilia florella (F.) in Botswana. As for the Painted Lady, Larsen (1989) and Stefanescu & Julia (2002) reported various observations of insectivorous birds (e.g. Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata (Pallas) and European Bee-eater Merops apiaster (L.)) preying upon spring migrants. A further example of opportunistic behaviour by insectivorous birds was recorded in Morocco in October 2009, when different bird species were often seen patrolling along road banks in search of Painted Ladies recently killed by the cars (C. Stefanescu & F. Päramo, in prep.). Our field observations indicate that opportunistic feeding specialization on an abundant butterfly species also occurs in the Sahara frog and, perhaps, in other frogs showing similar feeding behaviour. In this respect, the closely related Perez’s frog, Pelophylax perezi (Seoane), and Marsh frog, Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas), are highly generalist predators that include unidentified Lepidoptera in their diet, specialize in temporary abundant prey, and use a sit-and-wait strategy similar to that described in this paper (e.g. Garcia Paris et al. 2004; Balint Szeibel et al. 2008). In conclusion, although difficult to observe, there are good reasons to believe that, indeed, frogs eat butterflies. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 127-131 134 Acknowledgements We are extremely grateful to the BBC Natural History Unit crew (Theo Webb, Victoria Bromley, Graham Hatherley and Simon Bell), who took part in the 2009 expedition and kindly allowed us to use and reproduce their excellent photographic material. Some of the sequences of frogs catching Painted Ladies will appear in the BBC documentary “Butterflies, a very British obsession’, to be released in the UK by late 2010. Marta Miralles shared our observations in 2003. Salvador Carranza helped in the bibliographical search and kindly commented on the manuscript. Jordan Jarrett revised the English version. References Balint Szeibel, N., L. Citrea, A. Memetea, N. Jury & N. Condure 2008. Feeding ecology of the Pelophylax ridibundus (Anura, Ranidae) in Dobromir, Romania. — Biharean Biologist 2: 27-37. Fox, R. (in press). The year of the Painted Lady. — Atropos. Garcia Paris, M., A. Montori & P. Herrero 2004. Amphibia. — Jn: M. A. Ramos et al., Fauna Ibérica 24. — Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid. 640 pp. IUCN 2009. Pelophylax saharicus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. www.iucnred- list.org. Downloaded on 18 January 2010. Larsen, T. B. 1989. Painted Ladies (Cynthia cardui L.) eaten by a bee-eater aboard ship at sea. — Ento- mologists’ Record and Journal of Variation 101: 87. Larsen, T. B. 1992. Temporary prey-specialization on migrant butterflies by bluecheeked bee-eaters. — Entomologists’ Record and Journal of Variation 104: 253-255. Mavourneen, A. 1916. Frogs catching butterflies. — Science 43: 386-387. Stefanescu, C.,M. Alarcén & A. Avila 2007. Migration of the painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui, to north-eastern Spain is aided by African wind currents. — Journal of Animal Ecology 76: 888-898. Stefanescu, C., M. Alarcon, R. Izquierdo, F. Paramo & A. Avila (submitted). Moroccan source areas of the Painted Lady butterfly Vanessa cardui (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae) migrating into Europe in spring. — Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society. Stefanescu, C. & L. Julia 2002. Adults de Cynthia cardui atacats per ocells insectivors, amb comentaris sobre la migraci6 primaveral de ropalöcers a l’illa de 1’ Aire (Menorca). — Butlleti de la Societat Cata- lana de Lepidopterologia 87: 45-50. . Nota lepid. 33 (1): 133-134 133 Recent geographic range expansion of Brephidium exilis (Boisduval, 1852) (Lycaenidae) in Oman, Arabian Peninsula Ruup VIS Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam, Postbus 23452, 3001 KL Rotterdam; curators@nmr.nl; r.vis@planet.nl Figs 1, 2. Brephidium exilis (Boisduval), 27 November 2008, Qurm, Oman. 1. recto. 2. verso. On 27 November 2008 I caught one specimen of a tiny lycaenid butterfly (wingspan 16 mm, Figs 1, 2) at Qurm, a little settlement west of Muscat, the capital of Oman. The insect was flying over a more or less disturbed and untidy roadside. The species could not be identified with the existing works on Arabian butterflies (Larsen & Larsen 1980; Pittaway 1985). But many butterfly species in the Arabian Peninsula are of Afrotropical origin (Larsen & Larsen 1980; Larsen 1984). The next step was searching recent literature on African butterflies (Larsen 1996, 2005) without result. In Penninton’s Butterflies (Dickson 1978), I found at last the genus Brephidium with the species metophis Wallengren, 1860, an endemic and very small lycaenid from South Africa, whose appearance was very similar to my Oman butterfly. However, it was not the same species! A search on the internet showed that genus Brephidium also occurs in North America, where it is represented by several species. Comparison with existing photos on the site ‘Butterflies of America’ (Warren et al. 2009) identified my Oman lycaenid as the Western Pygmy Blue Brephidium exilis (Boisduval, 1852). To confirm my diagnosis, I sent photographs to Andrew D. Warren, one of the authors of this site. His answer was very clear: “Yes, you do appear to have Brephidium exilis”. He also kindly drew my attention to a paper dealing with this species in the Emirates (Larsen 2000). Torben Larsen sent me an exellent paper by Pittaway et al. (2006), where one record of Brephidium exilis was published from the extreme north of Oman: Buraimi & Mahdah. In the same paper a survey is given on the distribution of this lycaenid in the Arabian Peninsula, where it has been found in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Oman. Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 134 Vis : Brephidium exilis in Oman It is suggested that the butterfly was accidently introduced during the early 1990s through the import of North American halophytes (Pittaway et al. 2006). UNITED My record suggests the species is still ee extending its range in Oman since Qurm is situated much further south than Buraimi (near Al Ain). It will be very interesting to follow this tiny species in its efforts to occupy other suitable habitats. SAUDI ARABIA Fig. 3. Map of Oman with the two localities of Brephidium exilis (Boisduval). Acknowledgements I am grateful for the help I obtained from various people, in particular Torben Larsen, Jaap van Leeuwen of Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam (mapdesign), Robert Robbins, Frans Slieker (photos), and Andrew D. Warren. References Dickson, C. G. C. 1978. Pennington’s Butterflies of southern Africa. — Ad. Donker (PTY) Ltd, Johannes- burg. 668 pp. Larsen, T. B. 1984. The zoogeographical composition and distribution of the Arabian butterflies (Lepido- ptera: Rhopalocera). — Journal of Biogeography 11: 119-158 Larsen, T. B. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya. — Oxford University Press. 500 pp. Larsen, T. B. 2000. Hazards of butterfly collecting — What is Brephidium exile [sic] doing in the Emirates? Entomologists’ Record and Journal of Variation 112 (2): 273-274. Larsen, T. B. 2005. Butterflies of West Africa. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup. 595 pp. (text); 270 pp. (plates). Larsen, T. B. & K. Larsen 1980. Butterflies of Oman. — John Bartholomew and Son, Edinburgh. 80 pp. Pittaway, A. R. 1985. Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera of western Saudi Arabia. — Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7: 172- 197: Pittaway, A.R.,T.B. Larsen, A. Legrain, J. Majer, Z. Weidenhoffer & M. Gillet 2006. The establishment of an American butterfly in the Arabic Gulf: Brephidum exilis (Boisduval, 1852) (Lycaenidae). — Nota Lepidopterologica 29 (1-2): 5-16. Warren, A. D., K. J. Davis, N. V. Grishin, J. P. Pelham & E. M. Stangeland 2009. — URL: http://butter- fliesofamerica.com/intro.htm (last visited on September 14, 2009). Nota lepid. 33 (1): 135-154 135 New and little-known Ethmiidae (Gelechioidea) from Central Asia Dmitry F. SHOVKOON Laboratory of Animal Systematics and Faunistics, Samara State University, Academica Pavlova street 1, RUS-443011 Samara, Russia; shovkoon@mail.ru Abstract. Three new species of Ethmiidae are described from Central Asia: Ethmia falkovitshi sp.n. (type locality: Western Kazakhstan, Mangistau Region, N 43°44'04" E 53°37'17", in coll. ZISP), E. nykta sp. n. (type locality: Southwest China, Sichuan, Chang Jiang river basin, environs Bana-Dzhun, in coll. ZISP), and E. albolinella sp. n. (type locality: Southwest China, Sichuan, Chang Jiang river basin, en- virons Bana-Dzhun, in coll. ZISP). Images of the adults and genitalia structures of type specimens of the little-known E. vidua flavilaterella Danilevsky, 1975, E. soljanikovi Danilevsky & Zaguljaev, 1975, E. sibirica Danilevsky, 1975, E. ubsensis Zagulajev, 1975, E. elimatella Danilevsky, 1975, Dasyethmia hiemalis Danilevsky, 1969, and E. zaguljaevi Kostjuk, 1980 are given. The previously unknown females of E. elimatella Danilevsky, 1975 and E. turkmeniella Dubatolov & Ustjuzhanin, 1998 are described. The species E. turkmeniella Dubatolov & Ustjuzhanin, 1998, originally described from Turkmenistan, is found in Kalmyk Republic and is therefore new for Russia and Europe. Pe3rome. 113 CperHeñ A3nn ONHUCaHBI TPM HOBBIX Bua STMUÜ: Ethmia falkovitshi sp.n. (runoBag MECT- HocTb: Western Kazakhstan, Mangistau Region, N 43°44'04" E 53°37'17" 8 konn. 3MH PAH), E. nykta sp. n. (TunoBad MecTHOcTB: Southwest China, Sichuan, Chang Jiang river basin, environs Bana-Dzhun, B Kom. 3HH PAH), u E. albolinella sp.n. (runoBas MecrHocTE: Southwest China, Sichuan, Chang Jiang river basin, environs Bana-Dzhun, 8 kos. 3MH PAH). Ja Marnou3BecTHbix: E. vidua flavilaterella Danilevsky, 1975; E. soljanikovi Danilevsky & Zaguljaev, 1975; E. sibirica Danilevsky, 1975; E. ubsensis Zagulajev, 1975; E. elimatella Danilevsky, 1975; Dasyethmia hiemalis Danilevsky, 1969; and E. zaguljaevi Kostjuk, 1980 mpuBeneHbI H306pAXKEHUA TUTIOBbIX 3K3EMINIAPOB U CTPYKTYP TEHATAIUA CAMLHOB. OnvicaHbl paHee HEN3BECTHbIE CaMKH jui E. elimatella Danilevsky 1975, and E. turkmeniella Dubatolov & Ustjuzhanin 1998. HzBecTHası paHee TOIBKO u3 TypkMeHun E. turkmeniella Dubatolov & Ustjuzhanin, 1998 HafjıeHa B pecnyônuxe Karımbikna u ABJIAeTCA HOBON JIA Poccun n EBponbi. Introduction In May 2007, on the Southern Ustyurt (Western Kazakhstan) I collected an unknown Ethmia species (Fig. 1). The species belongs to the distigmatella group and is new to science. A long series of the same moth from Uzbekistan, collected mainly by M. I. Falkovitch, was assembled during work with the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ZISP) (St. Petersburg, Russia). An examination of ethmiids of Central Asia in ZISP revealed two more unknown species. One of them belongs to the pyrausta species group (Fig. 2), another to the nigripedella species group (Fig. 3). These moths were collected by P. K. Kozlov in China (Sichuan Province of Southwest China, Chang Jiang river basin) in 1901 during an expedition of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. Many Ethmiidae kept in the collection of ZISP are still little known. They were de- scribed in Russian after the publication of Sattler’s outstanding work (Sattler 1967) but access to literature and specimens remains difficult for non-Russian scientists. Fight new taxa from the Asian part of Russia and neighboring territories were de- scribed in the following thirty years after Sattler’s monograph. In 1969, the remarkable Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 136 SHOVKOON: Ethmiidae from Central Asia winter-flying Dasyethmia hiemalis was described by Danilevsky from the deserts of Kazakhstan. In 1975, he described two more new taxa: Ethmia elimatella Danilevsky from Ordubad, Azerbaijan, and Ethmia vidua flavilaterella Danilevsky — the central Siberia. Three more species were described in 1975 by Zaguljaev and Danilevsky from Mongolia: E. soljanikovi Danilevsky & Zaguljaev, E. sibirica Danilevsky, 1975 and E. ubsensis Zagulajev, 1975. In 1980, Kuznetsov edited the paper “A key to Ethmiidae of the European part of USSR” by the late Danilevsky where he systematized all known data on the Ethmiidae. The same year, Kostjuk described EF. zaguljaevi from the Altai Republic. In 1997, E. sibirica, E. ubsensis, E. soljanikovi, E. vidua flavilaterella were mentioned by Sinev in a work devoted to the Ethmiidae of the Far East of Russia. The same year Dubatolov, Ustjuzhanin & Zintshenko (1997) published a review of the Ethmiidae from the Asıan part of Russia and neighboring territories, omitting Ethmia elimatella and Dasyethmia hiemalis, but a distribution of E. sibirica was provided with new data. In 1998, Dubatolov & Ustjuzhanin described Ethmia turkmeniella from the SW Kopet-Dagh Mts (Turkmenistan). In 2007, Wei, Kun & Yen wrote that all of the taxa listed above were considered as separate species, but had not been assigned to any of the species groups proposed by previous authors. Also in 2007, E. elimatella was mentioned by Kun in his “Studies on Palaearctic Ethmia Hb.” There remain some little-known ethmiids from Central Asia (mainly described from China). Unfortunately I did not have the opportunity to investigate these additional species, and so this manuscript only includes the Ethmiidae described in the Russian literature or kept in the collections of Russian museums. None of these taxa described in the Russian literature have ever been illustrated in col- our. Besides, practically all original descriptions are in Russian and therefore difficult to access. The situation becomes more complicated because these descriptions were often based on single specimens and additional material was absent from the museums visited. The aim of this paper is to provide information on the systematics and distribu- tion of these taxa. Re-descriptions of these rare species are given, and illustrated by im- ages of type specimens, based on the examination of type material and additional data on distribution found by myself or cited in local papers. Abbreviations LSSU Laboratory of Animal Systematics and Faunistics, Samara State University (Samara, Russia) CDSS Collection of Dmitry Shovkoon, Samara LNK Landessammlung fiir Naturkunde, Karlsruhe (Germany) SZMN _ Siberian Zoological Museum, Institute of Animal Systematic and Ecology, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk, Russia) ZISP Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russia) ZMKU Kiev University Zoological Museum (Ukraine) Ethmia turkmeniella Dubatolov & Ustjuzhanin, 1998 (Figs 8, 15) Ethmia turkmeniella Dubatolov & Ustjuzhanin, 1998, Nota Lepidopterologica 21(2): 101, Figs 1, 2. Type locality: “SW Turkmenistan, SW Kopet-Dag Mts., Kara-Kala”. Holotype: male (SZMN) [not examined]. References: Dubatolov & Ustjuzhanin (1998: 101) (Ethmia). Nota lepid. 33 (1): 135-154 137 Material. 210, 29, Turkmenistan, Repetek southeastern Kara-Kum, 08.v.1981 leg. Falkovitsh (ZISP); 19 Turkmenistan, Repetek southeastern Kara-Kum, 06.vi.1981 leg. Falkovitsh (ZISP); 29, Turkmenistan, Repetek, 19.v.1981 leg. Krivohatskiy (ZISP); 30, Turkmenistan, Amudarja river, Kerki, 18.v.1934, leg. Lupova (ZISP); 19, Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, tract Zhamansay, 26.v.1975, leg. Falkovitsh (ZISP); 50, Uzbekistan, 40 km westward from Bukhara, 15.v.1966, leg. Pastuchov (ZISP); 10, Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, tract Zhamansay, 26.v.1975, leg. Falkovitsh (ZISP); 10°, Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, tract Zhamansay, 30.v.1972 - larva on Heliotropium sp., 15.vi.1972 — pupa, 27.vi.1972 — imago, leg. Falkovitsh (ZISP); 10°, Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, tract Zhamansay, leg. Falkovitsh. 30.v.1972 — larva on Heliotropium sp., 14.vi.1972 — pupa, 26.vi.1972 — imago (ZISP); 20°, Uzbekistan, Bokharan region Shafrikan, 04.1x.1971, leg. Falkovitsh; 19, Left coast of the Volga river, by Chagan- Aman, Justinsky area, Kalmykia, Russia 31.v11.2007. leg. O. Saranova (LSSU). Note. Ethmia turkmeniella Dubatolov et Ustjuzhanin, 1998 was described from SW Turkmenistan, Kopet-Dag Mts, and SE Turkmenistan, Kuhitang Mts. It belongs to the distigmatella species group and is easily separated from the closely related species, E. quadrinotella (Mann, 1861). The species was described from seven male specimens deposited now in the collection of SZMN. The female of the species is so far unknown, and the moth was occasionally found in LSSU from Kalmyk Republic and identified from the characteristic set of spots on the forewing. The species is therefore recorded for the first time as part of the fauna of Europe and also of Russia. The occurrence of E. turkmeniella in the Lower Volga Region expands its distribution more than 800 km to the north. This very interesting finding from the Kalmyk Republic needs addition- al male material because it is possible that another [new] species, closely related to E. turkmeniella, is native to the region. Female description (Fig. 15). Wingspan 16—18 mm (Moth from Kalmyk Republic, 17 mm). Head, thorax, tegulae and antennae covered with whitish scales; head bear- ing well developed frontal crest with sharp outer edge. Palpi white, long, first segment with dense brush of scales. Legs whitish-grey. Forewings whitish-grey, to some extent darker than hindwings; four contrasting grey spots arranged into two lengthwise rows and 6 or 7 black dots along outer margin; fringes of same colour as wing ground colour. Hindwing evenly white, slightly transparent, without spots. Female genitalia (Fig. 8). Ovipositor conical, papillae anales rounded, setose. Posterior apophyses slender, slightly longer than papillae; apophyses anteriores very reduced. Ductus bursae very long, spiral, with 5 complete turns. Corpus bursae pyri- form, rather large, with signum and loose-lying mass disc form, found in three of five females investigated. Signum covered with more or less uniform teeth, asymmetric, with big tooth in middle (Fig. 8c, d). Diagnosis. The species belongs to the distigmatella species group. The moth differs from the similar E. quadrinotella (Mann, 1861) by the smaller size and more grey colouring of forewings, and in the different shape and structure of the gnathos of the male genitalia. Distribution and life history. The moths inhabit desert and semi desert regions of the Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, Ayakgujumdy, Turkmenistan southeastern Kara-Kum (ZISP), and Russia, Kalmykia, in the Lower Volga Region. According to label data (Falkovitsh) Heliotropium sp. (Boraginaceae) is the host-plant of the caterpillars. The moths were collected flying from May to June (first generation) and September (second generation). 138 SHOVKOON: Ethmiidae from Central Asia Ethmia falkovitshi sp. n. (Figs 1, 4, 7) Material. Holotype ©, ‘17.05.2007 Kazakhstan, | Mangistau Region, | N 43°44'04" E 53°37'17" | leg. Trofimova T.A. & Shovkoon D.F.’ , ‘HOLOTYPUS. | © Ethmia deserticolla | Shovkoon | design. Shovkoon D. F. 2010’ (ZISP). — Paratypes: 30, 39 same data as holotype (19, 19 in ZISP, 29 19 in coll. WCA); 4, 16.05.2007 Kazakhstan, Mangistau Region, N 43°44'53" E 53°38'13", leg. Trofimova T.A. & Shovkoon D.F. (in coll. WCA); 29, 15.05.2007 Kazakhstan, Mangistau Region, N 43°57'39,9" E 53°45'48 0", leg. Trofimova T.A. & Shovkoon D.F. (in coll. WCA); 20°, 18.05.2007 Kazakhstan, Mangistau Region, N 44°02'51,1" E 52°34'21,6", leg. Trofimova T.A. & Shovkoon D.F. (in coll. WCA); 10, 19.05.2007 Kazakhstan, Mangistau Region, N 44°04'55 3" E 52°23'15,6", leg. Trofimova T.A. & Shovkoon D.F. (in coll. WCA); 19, 70 Km S TaMypi-Byraka nycTr. Ker3sbuikymM Y30. Ilacryxog 1.v.965 [01.05.1965 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, 70 km S Tamdi-Bylak, leg. Pastuhov] (ZISP); 19, Aakryxymypi 40 KM O JD>kunr. Kprpuikym Y36. @DasbKoBuy 28.1V.65 [28.04.1965 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, Ayakgujumdy, leg. Falkovitsh] (ZISP); 10°, AakryXKYMYJIBI 40 KM O Ibxkunr. Kpr3sbuikym Y36. ParıpkoBu4 29.1v.65 [29.04.1965 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl- Kum desert, Ayakgujumdy, leg. Falkovitsh] (ZISP);19, Aakryxxymapi 40 km O JExuar. Kpi3puikymM Y36. @DasbKoBuy 28.1v.65 [28.04.1965 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, Ayakgujumdy, leg. Falkovitsh] (ZISP); 19, Aakryxymypl 40 km O IbKunr. Kpersbuikym Y36. PanpKkosny 14.iv.66 [14.04.1966 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl- Kum desert, Ayakgujumdy, leg. Falkovitsh] (ZISP); 10,19,7kM N Tamppi-Bynaka nycT. Kpr3buikyM Y30. ®ManbKosny 5.v.965 [05.05.1965 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, 70 km S Tamdi-Bylak, leg. Falkovitsh] (ZISP); 10°, ypou. Kamaxcañ Kpr3sbuikyM Y30ek. PanbKoBuy 12.v.966 [12.05.1966 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl- Kum desert, tract Zhamansay, leg. Falkovitsh] (ZISP); 10° 2Kamancan 140 km NW LIladpukana Y36er. ®anpKkosuy 10.v.969 [10.05.1969 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, tract Zhamansay, leg. Falkovitsh] (ZISP); 10°, ypou. Kamancañ Kpi3spuikyM Y30ek. PanbKoBny 26.v.975 [26.05.1975 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl- Kum desert, tract Zhamansay, leg. Falkovitsh] (ZISP); 10°, 19, ypou. >Kamancaf Kpi3buikyM Y30ek. ®Manbkosuy 24.1v.976 [24.04.1976 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, tract Zhamansay, leg. Falkovitsh] (ZISP); 19, ypou. XKamancañ KpisbisKyM Y30ek. PasbKoBUuY 29.1v.976 [29.04.1976 Uzbekistan, Kyzyl- Kum desert, tract Zhamansay, leg. Falkovitsh] (ZISP). Description (Fig. 1). Wingspan 13-16 mm, in holotype 15 mm. Antenna filiform, white; flagellum white; maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus with white scales; base of proboscis with white scales; frons and tegulae similarly white. Costal half of forewing suffused with grey scales; basal half with two little lines, black marginal dots present, tiny; cilia pale grey. Hindwing pale grey, with white cilia; costal brushes ab- sent. Legs pale grey. Abdomen and thorax with grayish scales. Wing venation (Fig. 4c) with forewing Sc vein set in middle costal border of wing; R, and R; on long stalk (1/2 general length of veins); R4+R; connate or slightly stalked with M,; M, slightly stalked with M3. Hindwing: M; slightly stalked with Cu,. Male genitalia (Fig. 4a,b). Uncus developed, hood-like, apically bifurcated. Anellus sclerotized, with two dentate processes. Labis short, bristly. Valva elongate. Cucullus with thin appendix, covered scattered bristles. Female genitalia (Fig. 7). Ovipositor conical, papillae anales rounded, setose. Posterior apophyses slender, as long as papillae; apophyses anteriores absent. Ductus bursae very long, spiral, with 6 complete turns. Corpus bursae rather large, oval. Signum large, covered with more or less uniform teeth, asymmetric, with big tooth in middle and two marginal teeth (Fig. 7c, d). Diagnosis. Two prominent black streaks in the forewing pattern of E. falkovitshi sp. n. easily distinguishes it from other moths of the distigmatella species group (quadrinote- lla Mann, 1861; quadrinotella atticella Caradja, 1920; galaxaea Meyrick, 1922; quin- quenotella Chrétien, 1915; quadrinotella heratella Amsel, 1969; quadrinotella huai- Nota lepid. 33 (1): 135-154 Te Ge Sn | Figs 1-3. Adults of Ethmia spp. 1. Ethmia falkovitshi sp.n., male, holotype. 2. Ethmia nykta, sp.n., male, holotype. 3. Ethmia albolinella, sp.n., male, holotype. 140 SHOVKOON: Ethmiidae from Central Asia rouana Yang, 1977, and cribravia Wang & Li, 2004). In male genitalia the new species (Fig. 4a, b) is very similar to E. q. quadrinotella (Mann, 1861), differing in the shape of the valva being more round. In the female genitalia the new species is also very similar to E. q. quadrinotella (Mann, 1861), differing in the more echinated and rough signum. Distribution and life history. From our data, the moths inhabit desert and semi desert regions of Western Kazakhstan at an altitude of 150 m. Besides, the species is native to Uzbekistan, Kyzyl-Kum desert, Ayakgujumdy, where it is known from elevations of 150-300 m (ZISP). The biology and immature stages are unknown. The moths are common night-fliers from mid April to late May. Etymology. The species is dedicated to Dr Mark Isaakovitsh Falkovitsh (St. Petersburg), the author of many outstanding works on Lepidoptera who initially collected this re- markable species. Ethmia vidua flavilaterella Danilevsky, 1975 (Figs 10, 20) Ethmia vidua flavilaterella Danilevsky, 1975: Entomogicheskoe obozrenie 54(3): 616. Fig. 3. Type local- ity: “Central’naya Sibir’, Wilui” [Russia, Central Siberia, Wilui]. Holotype: male (ZISP) [examined]. References: Danilevsky (1975: 616); Danilevsky (1976: 32); Danilevsky (1980: 343); Zagulajev (1981: 644) (Ethmia). Material. Holotype © with labels: ‘© | Wilui’, on the back ’20 VII 89,1 ©. Herz’ , ‘kon. 6. Ben Ku. | Hnkonası | MuxañnoBnua’ [collection of Grand Duke Nikolay Mikhailovich] < white rectangle, printed in black ink >, ‘Holotypus. | Ethmia vidua | flavilaterella Danil.’ (ZISP). — Paratype: 19 with same data (ZISP). Redescription (Fig. 10). Wingspan of holotype 21 mm, paratype 20 mm. Antenna fili- form, clay-colored. Labial palpus smooth, somewhat clay-colored; base of proboscis with clay-colored scales; frons, vertex, thorax, tegulae, and legs similarly clay-color- ed. Male abdomen dark, ventrally from segment 7 and lateral from segment 4 yellow. Female with yellow scales only on top of abdomen. Diagnosis. In contrast E. vidua vidua (Staudinger, 1879) lacks the black points on the thorax. Forewing clay-colored, with four black points located just as in E. vidua vidua Stgr, black marginal dots absent. Male genitalia (Fig. 20). From E. vidua vidua (Fig. 21) differs in a shape of cucullus. Taxonomic notes. This subspecies is known from the type series only. It is thought that it is a good species, but the lack of additional material does not allow confirmation of this status with certainty. Ethmia nykta sp. n. (Figs 2, 5) Material. Holotype ©, ‘ox. yp. Bana-JIxyx | Kamp, 6ac. l'ony6où | Ko3ro8+. 1/2 iv Ol [environs Bana-Dzhun, Kam, valley of Goluboy River, leg. Kozlov. 1/2. iv.1901]’ , 'HOLOTYPUS.| & Ethmia nykta | Shovkoon | design. Shovkoon D. F. 2010’ (ZISP).— Paratype: 10°, p. I3a-uro, Kamp 6acc. l'ony6oû Ko3noss. 26 iv 01 [Dza-chju River, Kam, valley of Goluboy River, leg. Kozlov. 26. iv.1901] (ZISP). Nota lepid. 33 (1): 135-154 141 Figs 4-6. Male genitalia and venation of Ethmia spp. 4. Ethmia falkovitshi sp.n.: a and b. male genitalia, holotype; c. wing venation. 5. Ethmia nykta, sp.n.: a and b. male genitalia, holotype; ce. wing venation. 6. Ethmia albolinella, sp.n.: a and b. male genitalia, holotype; c. wing venation. Description (Fig. 2). Wingspan: holotype 18 mm, paratype 17 mm. Antenna filiform, black; flagellum black; maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus with black scales; base 142 SHOVKOON: Ethmiidae from Central Asia of proboscis with black scales; frons, vertex, thorax, tegulae, and forelegs, similarly black. Midlegs and hindlegs: femur black, tarsus with yellow scales. Wings completely black, without any patterning. Wing venation (Fig. 5c) with forewing: Sc vein at 2/3 along costa; M; slightly stalked with Cu,. Hindwing: M; and Cu, on short stalk. Abdo- men: segments 3—5 laterally yellow, segments 6—8 with yellow scales. Male genitalia (Fig. 5a,b). Uncus developed, hood-like, bifurcated to top. Cau- dal part of gnathos armed with thorns, anterior part roughly sclerotized, with broad base. Labis short, bristly. Valva long, pointed. Cucullus broad at base, tapering apically into pointed apex. Phallus gun-shaped, without cornuti. Female unknown. It can be expected that the female of this early vernal species may be brachypterous, by analogy with the brachypterous female of E. discrepitella (Rebel, 1901) (Shovkoon 2008). Diagnosis. This species belongs to the pyrausta species group. It is easily separated from E. pyrausta (Pallas, 1771) and E. discrepitella (Rebel, 1901) by the absence of black spots on the forewings. The shape of the valva of the new species (Fig. 5a, b) is highly diagnostic. Distribution and life history. The moths were collected from the Chang Jiang river basin, Sichuan Province (SW China): N 31°59'55", E 99°22'02", altitude above sea level — 3650 m (Kozlov, 1906). The biology and immature stages are unknown. Etymology. Nykta (Nyx in Greek) was born of Chaos, and was the primordial goddess of the night. Nykta stood at or near the beginning of creation, and was the mother of personified gods such as Hypnos (sleep) and Thanatos (death). Ethmia zaguljaevi Kostjuk, 1980 (Figs 19, 29) Ethmia zaguljaevi Kostjuk, 1980, Entomologicheskoe obozrenie 59(4): 858, Figs 1, 2. Type locality: ‘Altai, Kuraisky hr. u rudn. Aktash, 2600 m, gornaya tundra” [Altai Republic, Kurai range, near Aktash pit, 2600 m, mountain tundra]. Holotype: male (ZMKU) [examined]. Material. Holotype © with labels: ‘Amram, Kypatckun xpeGer | y AKTaua, Bepxos. p. Apmbi— | Apt, 2600 m, ropHas TyHjpa | 18 utoHna 1976 IO.Kocriok’ [Russia, territory of Altai Republic, at the Aktash pit at 2600 m above sea level, 18. vi 1979, leg. Ju. Kostjuk] , ‘Amram, Kypañckunÿ xp | y pynm. Akraur, 2600 m | Koctrok 18 vi 1976’ [Russia, territory of Altai Republic, at the Aktash pit at 2600 m above sea level, 18. vi 1979, leg. Kostjuk] , ‘ropHaa TyHnpa’ [mountain tundra] , ‘Holotypus Ethmia | zaguljaevi | © Kostjuk’ (ZMKU). — Paratypes: 2 ©’, same data as holotype (ZMKU). Figs 7-9. Female genitalia of Ethmia spp. 7. Ethmia falkovitshi sp.n.: a. general view; b. ventral view; c. signum, dorsal view; d. signum right-side view. 8. Ethmia turkmeniella Dubatolov et Ustjuzhanin, 1998, moth from Kalmykia, Russia: a. general view; b. ventral view; c. signum, dorsal view; d. signum right-side view. 9. Ethmia elimatella Danilevsky, 1975, moth from Nakhichevan, Ordubad, Azerbaijan. a. general view; b. ventral view; c. signum, dorsal view; d. signum right-side view. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 135-154 143 144 SHOVKOON: Ethmiidae from Central Asia Remarks. Kostjuk (1980) stated that holotype was transferred to the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russia), but this was not done and the specimen is actually kept in the Institute of Zoology, Ukraine Academy of Sciences, Kiev. The data cited below are based on the original description. Redescription (Fig. 19). Wingspan of holotype 15.5 mm. Antenna with cilia, dark brown; labial palpus dark brownish. Proboscis slightly exceeding length of labial pal- pus. Thorax and tegulae shining, raven black-coloured. Forewing smooth, greyish black. Forewing markings formed by 3 large black spots. Hindwing of same colour as forewing, slightly transparent, costal brushes absent. Forelegs, midlegs, and hindlegs brownish black, tarsi with yellow scales. Abdomen from 4th segment laterally orange, from 7th segment entirely orange. Male genitalia (Fig. 29). Valva long, pointed. Uncus developed, hood-like with two pointed hook-shaped bent processes. Caudal part of gnathos in form of triangularly expanded sclerotizatized formation armed with thorns, anterior part roughly sclero- tized, with broad base. Labis’ hornlike process rather long, slightly bent to top. Phallus gun-shaped, with one cornutus (Fig. 29). Female unknown. Diagnosis. The small size of the moths and three characteristic black spots on the forewing easily distinguish Ethmia zaguljaevi from other Ethmia species. Also the dif- ferent shape and structure of the gnathos of the male genitalia are diagnostic. Distribution and life history. The moths inhabit the territory of Altai Republic in SW Siberia, at the Aktash pit they are known from mountain tundra at the altitude of 2600 m. The biology and immature stages are unknown. The moths fly in June. Taxonomic notes. The moth habitus and the structure of the male genitalia suggest a close relationship with the bipunctella and chrysopyga groups sensu Sattler (1967). Ethmia elimatella Danilevsky, 1975 (Figs 9, 11, 12, 22) Ethmia elimatella Danilevsky, 1975, Entomogicheskoe obozrenie 54(3): 615. Fig. 1. Type locality: “Azerbaijan, Ordubad”. Holotype: male (ZISP) [examined]. References: Danilevsky (1975: 615); Danilevsky (1976: 32); Danilevsky (1980: 334); Kun (2007: 104); Wei et al. (2007: 66) (Ethmia). Material. Holotype © with labels: ‘0 | Ordubad’, on the back °8.5.83, | Chr.’ , ‘kon. 6. Ben Ku. | Hnkonası | MuxaünoBuua’ [collection of Grand Duke Nikolay Mikhailovich] , ‘Holotypus. | Ethmia | elimatella Danil.’ (ZISP). — Additional material. 19, 19, Nus-nus, Araks river basin, Nakhichevan, Ordubad, Azerbaijan. 31.vii.1995 leg. Zagulajev (ZISP). Redescription (Figs 11, 12). Wingspan of holotype 19.5 mm, female 20 mm. Antenna of male with cilia, antenna of female filiform, without cilia. Labial palpus smooth with clay-colored scales; base of proboscis with clay-colored scales; frons, vertex, tegulae, forelegs, midlegs, and hindlegs similarly clay-colored. Thorax with pale grey pattern. Costal half of forewing with grey scales, basal half white with 5 separated black spots placed below border of darker costal and dorsal half of wing; margin with 7 black dots; cilia pale grey. Abdomen pale grey without yellow scales. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 135-154 145 RE PA Vu Nb i; ae i TE HLA AE HL te UREA FA Ai SE REES Hitec ARE pa En Figs 10-19. Habitus of Ethmia spp. 10. Ethmia vidua flavilaterella Danilevsky, 1975. Male, holotype (ZISP). 11-12. Ethmia elimatella Danilevsky, 1975. 11. Male, holotype (ZISP). 12. Female, Nus-nus, Araks river basin, Nakhichevan, Ordubad, Azerbaijan (ZISP). 13-14. Ethmia soljanikovi Danilevsky & Zaguljaev, 1975. 13. Male, holotype (ZISP). 14. Male, paratype, Mongolia, Hubsubul Province, Beltesin- Gol river (ZISP). 15. Ethmia turkmeniella Dubatolov et Ustjuzhanin, 1998. Female, Russia, Kalmykia, left coast of the river of Volga, at settlement Chagan-Aman, Justinsky area (LSSU). 16. Ethmia sibirica Danilevsky, 1975. Male, holotype (ZISP). 17. Ethmia ubsensis Zagulajev, 1975. Male, holotype (ZISP). 18. Dasyethmia hiemalis Danilevsky, 1969. Male, holotype (ZISP).19. Ethmia zaguljaevi Kostjuk, 1980. Male, holotype (ZMKU). 146 SHOVKOON: Ethmiidae from Central Asia Female genitalia description (Fig. 9). Papillae anales rounded, setose; ovipositor sclerotized. Posterior apophyses absent; anterior wedge-shaped and pointed (Fig. 9a). Antrum sclerotized, very large (Fig. 9b). Ductus bursae very long, spiral, with 6 com- plete turns. Corpus bursae rather large, spherical. Signum large, trilobate, covered with teeth, asymmetric (Fig. 9c, d) in middle with roughly jagged crest. Male genitalia (Fig. 22). Shape of valva similar to that of E. infelix and E. der- bendella Sattler, 1967, but different in the shape and structure of the gnathos. Diagnosis. The five separated black spots placed below the borderline of the costal and dorsal halves of the forewing easily distinguishes Ethmia elimatella from the similar species E. infelix Meyrick, 1914. Distribution and life history. The moths are known only from the environs of Ordubad, Azerbaijan. The biology and immature stages are unknown. The moths were collected flying from early May to early July. Taxonomic notes. Kun (2007) wrote in his review of the wursteri species group that based on an examination of the female genitalia slide of the paratype of Ethmia kurdis- tanella Amsel, 1959 (in coll. LNK; considered and figured as E. infelix by Sattler (1967) (the specimen itself was not found in LNK)) and the very few additional moths known, the possibility cannot not be precluded that this female belongs to E. elimatella Danilevsky, 1975 or even E. persica Kun, 2007. Ethmia elimatella Danilevsky, 1975 was described from a single male, and the fe- male of the species was unknown until now. A pair of E. elimatella was found by me in ZISP from the type locality (Ordubad, Azerbaijan). The genitalia of the female specimen were examined and it is confirmed here that female genitalia of E. elimatella Danilevsky 1975 were not figured earlier under any other species name. Ethmia albolinella sp.n. (Figs 3, 6) Material. Holotype ©, ‘ok. yp. BaHa-]I>KyH | Kamp, 6ac. lonyGoû | Ko3nopp. 1/2 iv Ol [environs Bana-Dzhun, Kam, valley of Goluboy River, leg. Kozlov. 1/2. iv.1901]’ , ‘HOLOTYPUS. | © Ethmia albolinellal Shovkoon | design. Shovkoon D. F. 2010’ (ZISP). — Paratypes: 20, same data as holotype; 10, non. Tomyoon p., Kamp, B. Tu6erp. Ko3nosp. 18 11101 [valley of Goluboy River Kam, eastern Tibet, leg. Kozlov. 18. 111.1901] (ZISP); 19, p. Isa-uro, Kamp l'onyGaga 12-12500° Ko3ro8t. Hay. v Ol [Dza-chju River, Kam, Golubaja River, 12- 12500 foot, leg. Kozlov. begin. v.1901] (ZISP). Description (Fig. 3). Wingspan 17-18 mm, holotype 17 mm. Antenna filiform, black; flagellum black; maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus with black scales; base of pro- boscis with black scales; frons, vertex, thorax, tegulae, and forelegs uniformly black. Midlegs and hindlegs with femur black, tarsi with yellow scales. Forewing generally dark grey, almost black at base, cilia dark grey. Pattern consisting of three large black spots, a white to yellowish longitudinal streak, and tiny, black marginal dots; largest spot set at distal part of R-Cu cell, other two located one above other, approximately in center of wing; streak bordered with black scales and stretched from base of forewing to lower two spots. Abdomen: segments 4—7 laterally yellow, segments 7 and 8 entirely yellow. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 135-154 147 Wing venation (Fig. 6c). Forewing: Sc vein set in middle of costal border of wing; R, and R; on long stalk (1/2 general long of veins). Hindwing: M, connate or slightly stalked with M>; M; slightly stalked with Cu. Male genitalia (Fig. 6a, b). Uncus developed, bifurcated. Caudal part of gna- thos armed with thorns, anterior part roughly sclerotized, with broad base. Labis short, bristly. Valva pyriform. Cucullus wide, convex. Phallus gun-shaped, with row of tooth- shaped cornuti terminating with long thorn (Fig. 6b). Female unknown. Diagnosis. The moth belongs to the nigripedella species group. Worn specimens of the new species are difficult to distinguish from E. ultima Sattler, 1967, although the wing background of E. albolinella is darker; the distal part of the R-Cu cell of the forewing has one big spot (three in E. u/tima); the streak of E. albolinella is bordered uninter- ruptedly with a black line whereas the streak of E. u/tima is only dotted with separate black scales; and the hindwing of E. albolinella is unicoloured whereas that of E..ultima has a yellow base. The white streak on the forewing of Ethmia albolinella Sp. n.1s the most diagnostic fea- ture which easily distinguishes it from other moths of the nigripedella species group. In male genitalia the new species (Fig. 6a, b) is very similar to E. nigripedella and the little-known E. sibirica Danilevsky, 1975 (Fig. 26), E. ubsensis Zagulajev, 1975 (Fig. 27), and E. menyuanensis Liu, 1980 (see Liu 1980, 1982) which also belong to the same species group. Distribution and life history. The moths were collected from the Chang Jiang river ba- sin, Sichuan Province of Southwest China, from mid March to early May at an altitude of 3200-3700 m (Kozlov 1906). The biology and immature stages are still unknown. Etymology. The species is named for the characteristic white streak on the forewing. Ethmia sibirica Danilevsky, 1975 (Figs 16, 26) Ethmia sibirica Danilevsky, 1975, Nasekomye Mongolii [Insects of Mongolia], 3: 347. Figs 15, 16. Type locality: “SSSR, Buryatiya, Tunkinskie Belki, 2000 m”. Holotype: male (ZISP) [examined]. References: Zaguljaev (1975: 347), Danilevsky (1976: 32), Danilevsky (1980: 334), Sinev (1997: 514) (Ethmia). Material. Holotype © with labels: ‘Tyakunck. Oenku | Upx.r. 2000 m. vii | [or B. Haas] 925’ [Russia, Republic of Buryatia, Tunkinskije Belki, Tunka-Alpen — part of the Eastern Sayan, 2000 m, vii.1925 (from Bang-Haas)] , ‘Holotypus | Ethmia sibirica | Dani- levsky, 1975’ (ZISP). — Paratypes: 1 ©, same data as holotype (ZISP). Redescription (Fig. 16) Wingspan of holotype 15 mm, paratype 15 mm. Head, an- tenna, labial palpus in long black filaments. Thorax and tegulae with brownish black scales. Forewing smooth, brownish black, dark at base. Forewing markings formed by 4 black spots and one faint streak in wing base (Fig. 16). Black marginal dots also present, tiny. Hindwing transparent, dark grey. Legs black. Abdomen: segments 6-9 laterally orange, last two segments and genitalia with orange scales. 148 SHOVKOON: Ethmiidae from Central Asia Male genitalia (Fig. 26). Valva rather pyriform with wide, convex, poorly lobate cucullus. Uncus developed, bifurcated. Caudal part of gnathos armed with thorns, ante- rior part roughly sclerotized, with broad base. Phallus gun-shaped, forming almost full ring, cornuti with row of teeth finished by long thorn (Fig. 26). Female unknown. Diagnosis. The species is similar in external characters to E. ubsensis Zagulajev, 1975 but differs in its smaller size and blacker colouring of forewings. It can easily be sepa- rated from E. cirrhocnemia and E. comitella by the location and form of the black spots on the forewings. In male genitalia the species is similar to E. nigripedella, E. ubsensis (Fig. 27), E. menyuanensis, and E. albolinella sp. n. (Fig. 6a, b) and differ in the shape of the valva and gnathos (Fig. 26). Distribution and life history. The species is known from Buryatia Republic of Russia, Tunkinskije Belki, Tunka-Alpen in the Eastern Sayan. The biology and immature stag- es are unknown. The moths fly in July. Taxonomic notes. The species belongs to the nigripedella species group, and from the forewing pattern may be close to E. cirrhocnemia (bipunctella species group), E. comitella and E. ubsensis (Fig. 17) (nigripedella species group) In the shape of the male genitalia it is close to E. nigripedella, E. ubsensis Zagulajev, 1975 (Fig. 27), E. menyuanensis Liu, 1980, and E. albolinella sp. n. (Fig. 6a, b) which also belong to the nigripedella species group. The male genitalia of the species differ in the shape of the valva and gnathos. Ethmia ubsensis Zagulajev, 1975 (Figs 17, 27) Ethmia ubsensis Zagulajev, 1975, Nasekomye Mongolii [Insects of Mongolia], 3: 347. Figs 9-14. Type locality: “Mongoliya, Ubsu-Nurskii aimak, 30 km NE Barun-Turuna, peski” [Mongolia Uvs Aimag, 30 km NE of Baruunturuun, sands |. Holotype: male (ZISP) [examined]. References: Zaguljaev (1975: 347) (Ethmia ubsensis), Danilevsky (1980: 334) (Ethmia sibirica), Sinev (1997: 514) (Ethmia ubsensis), Dubatolov et al. (1997) (Ethmia ubsensis). Material. Holotype © with labels: ‘Monrosma, 30 km CB | Bapyx-TypyHa, necku | YGcyHypckuñ aumMak | EMesbaHoB 5 vii 968° [Mongolia Uvs Aimag, sands, 30 km NE of Baruunturuun, 05.v11.1968] , ‘Holotypus Ethmia | ubsensis Zag. sp.n. | Mongolia. ©. det. A.Zag.’ (ZISP). — Paratypes: 1 © CCCP, Tysunckas ACCP, noûma p. Tec- Xem y Dp3una, 26 vi 1969 FO. Koctrok [USSR, Tuva Republic, high-water bed of Tes-Khem river, near Erzin settlement 26.v1.1969, leg. Ju. Kostjuk] (ZISP). Additional material: 1 &, Mongolia, Suchbaatar Aimag, Dzotol-han-ula, 21.v11.1976, leg. Gur’eva (ZISP); 1 &, Mongolia, Tow Aimag, SW Ulan Bator, environs Songino, steppe, 1.vii.1967, leg. Zaytcev (ZISP). Redescription (Fig. 17). Wingspan 20 mm. Head, antenna, and labial palpus with dark grey scales. Thorax and tegulae dark grey, thorax with 4 black spots, tegulae with black spot at base. Forewing smooth, dark grey. Forewing markings formed by 4 or 5 black spots and 2 faint streaks (Fig. 17); first spot, of variable size, located in anal part of wing; second and third spots stacked approximately at 1/2 length of forewing; fourth spot — the largest — situated in distal end of cell (in moth from Tuva two more spots located below); first streak located in wing base, second between first and third spots; Nota lepid. 33 (1): 135-154 149 margin with 10—12 oblong black marginal dots; cilia dark grey. Hindwing of same col- our as forewing, without costal brushes. Forelegs and midlegs ash grey, hindlegs with femur ash grey with orange scales, tarsus black with orange bonding. Abdomen orange from second segment. Male genitalia (Fig. 27). Valva rather pyriform with wide, convex, poorly lobate cucullus. Uncus wide, bifurcated, with narrow clasps bent aside valvae. Caudal part of gnathos membranous, without sclerotized arms, anterior part roughly sclerotized, with spinules. Phallus gun-shaped, forming almost full ring, cornuti with row of teeth terminating in long thorn (Fig. 27). Female unknown. Diagnosis. The moth differs from E. sibirica by the large size and more grey colouring of the forewings, also by the different shape and structure of the gnathos of the male genitalia. Distribution and life history. The moths were collected from Uvs Suchbaatar and Tow Aimags of Mongolia and Tuva Republic of Russia, high-water bed of Tes-Khem river. The biology and immature stages are unknown. The moths fly from mid June to early July. Taxonomic notes. The species belongs to the nigripedella species group, with similar forewing pattern as E. cirrhocnemia (Lederer, 1870) (bipunctella species group), E. comitella Caradja, 1927 and E. sibirica Danilevsky, 1975 (Fig. 16) (nigripedella spe- cies group). The male genitalia are similar to those of E. nigripedella (Erschoff, 1877), E. sibirica Danilevsky, 1975 (Fig. 26), E. menyuanensis Liu, 1980, and E. albolinella sp. n. (Fig. 6a, b), which all belong to the nigripedella species group. According to Kuznetsov, who prepared the paper by Danilevsky (1980) for publication, E.ubsensis Zagulajev, 1975, should be synonymized with E. sibirica Danilevsky, 1975. In contrast, Sinev (1997) again separated these taxa based on a number of characters: E. ubsensis 1s larger (wingspan: 20 mm), with hind wings not translucent, and the apex of the gnathos has two closely-set blunt processes, while in E. sibirica these processes are pointed and widely set. Ethmia soljanikovi Danilevsky & Zaguljaev, 1975 (Figs 13, 14, 23-25) Ethmia soljanikovi Danilevsky & Zaguljaev, 1975, Nasekomye Mongolii [Insects of Mongolia], 3: 343. Figs 1-8. Type locality: “Mongoliya, Dzabhansky aimak, severnaya okraina Hangaichkogo nagor’ya, listvennichnyi les s redkimi polyanami 1500 - 1600 m” [Mongolia, Zavkhan Province northern suburb of Hangajsk upland, larch forest with rare glades, 1500-1600 m]. Holotype: male (ZISP) [examined]. References: Zaguljaev (1975: 343), Danilevsky (1976: 32(, Danilevsky (1980: 334) (Ethmia). Material. Holotype © with labels: ‘Monrorus, I3a6 © | Xanrafickoe Haropse | h = 1500-1600 m. | ConsHnkoß 6.8.65’ , ‘Holotypus Ethmia | soljanikovi | Zag. sp.n. | “Monrosma’’.’ [Mongolia, Zavkhan Province, northern suburb of Hangajsk uplands, larch wood with rare glades, 1500-1600 m, 06.viii.1965 leg. Soljanikov] (ZISP). — Paratypes: 1 Q 1 & same data as holotype; 19 Ynan-Ipur Onu3 Yaacyraa, 2 vii 1911 (KOpranopa) [Mongolia, Zavkhan Province, near Uliassutai 02.vii.1911 leg. Jugranova] (ZISP); 1 S Xy6cyrynpeKun aviMak: P.Y]DKUTUH-I ON, Cyxası KaMeHUCTasd CTENB CPE JIMCTBEHHNYHMKOB, (ConaHnKkoB) 19 vi 1965 [Mongolia, Khuvsgul Province, river Udzhin-Gol, dry stony steppe among larch forest 19.vi.1965 leg. 150 SHOVKOON: Ethmiidae from Central Asia Soljanikov] (ZISP); 1 © p. Ap-caiH-Ton, 21 vi 1965, (Consaunkog) [Mongolia, Hubsubul Province, Arsain-Gol river 21vi.1965 leg. Soljanikov]; 2 © p. BastscuH-T'on, 25 vi 1965 (ConsaHuKkos) [Mongolia, Hubsubul Province, Beltesin-Gol river 25.v1.1965 leg. Soljanikov] (ZISP); 3 S CCCP TyBnackaa ACCP TOpHbIA MaccuB MoryH-Tafra, BOCT. 6eper 03. XuaxmkTur-Xo7B, 3500 M Ha alıbIMÄCKOM syry 13.vii 1969 (Koctrok) [Russia, Tuva Republic, Mongun-Tayga mountains, east coast of lake Khindiktig-Khol, 3500 m, alpine meadow, 13.vii 1969 leg. Kostjuk] (ZISP). Additional material (from Dubatolov et al. 1997). Altai Republic: 4 &, the Yuzhno-Chuyskii Mountain Range, the headwater of the Kokuzek River, 2500 m, 5, 11 vii, 1 viii 1982 (Perunov et Goljakov leg.) (SZMN); 1 &, 80 km E of Kosh-Agach, 4 km NW of the Sailyugem Mountain, 2300—2400 m, 14 vii 1996 (A. et R. Dudko leg.) (SZMN); 1 ©, Altaiskii Nature Reserve, the Shapshal Mountain Range, no other data (N. Zolotukhin leg.) (SZMN) (Not examined). Redescription (Figs 13, 14). Wingspan of holotype 22 mm, female 26 mm. Head, antenna, labial palpus of male with blackish scales, those of female with brown tint. Tegulae of male with dark grey scales, that of female with black spot at base. Forewing smooth, greyish black, with faint tints of brown. Forewing markings formed by 4 large black spots and one faint streak at wing base; first spot of variable size, located in anal part of wing; second and third spots stacked approximately at 2/5 lengths of wing; fourth spot — largest — in distal part of cell. External edge of forewing and cilia without black spots and streaks. Hindwing more greyish than forewing; costal brushes absent. Forelegs and midlegs of male greyish black, hindlegs with femur black, tarsi with yel- low scales. Female midlegs similarly greyish black, hindlegs with femur black, tarss with bright orange. Abdomen of male segments 5 and 6 laterally orange, segment 8 and scale cover of genitalia with orange scales; female abdomen orange beginning with second segment. Male genitalia (Figs 23, 24). Valva rather rectangular with straight external edge of cucullus and extended serrate bottom edge; sacullus extend to middle valva. Uncus developed, wide with narrow clasps bent laterally to valva. Caudal part of gnathos hemisphere-shaped, armed with spinules, anterior part of gnathos armed with long thorns. Labis thin, long, slightly bent to top. Phallus gun-shaped, without cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 25). Papillae anales rounded, setose; ovipositor sclero- tized. Posterior apophyses slender, as long as papillae; anterior ones wedge-shaped and pointed (Fig. 7a, c). Antrum sclerotized, armed three rows of thorns. Corpus bursae rather large, spherical, covered with spinules. Figs 20-29. Male genitalia and female genitalia of Ethmia spp. 20. Male genitalia of Ethmia vidua flavi- laterella Danilevsky, 1975, holotype (after Danilevsky, 1975). 21. Male genitalia of Ethmia vidua vidua (Staudinger, 1879), holotype (after Danilevsky, 1975). 22. Male genitalia of Ethmia elimatella Danilevsky, 1975, holotype (after Danilevsky, 1975). 23-25. Ethmia soljanikovi Danilevsky & Zaguljaev, 1975. 23. Male genitalia, holotype, general view and (24.) ventral view (after Zaguljaev, 1975) (ZISP). 25. Fe- male genitalia, paratype (after Zaguljaev, 1975). 26. Male genitalia of Ethmia sibirica Danilevsky, 1975, holotype, prep. Ne 4558 (ZISP). 27. Male genitalia of Ethmia ubsensis Zagulajev, 1975, holotype, prep. Ne 13373 (ZISP). 28. Dasyethmia hiemalis Danilevsky, 1969, male genitalia, paratype (after Danilevsky, 1969). 29. Ethmia zaguljaevi Kostjuk, 1980, male genitalia, paratype (after Kostjuk, 1980). 151 Nota lepid. 33 (1): 135-154 \ CN Why, MA ESS 152 SHOVKOON: Ethmiidae from Central Asia Diagnosis. The species is similar in external characters and female genitalia to E. xan- thopleura Meyrick, 1931, but differs in having four spots on the forewing. The shape of the male genitalia easily distinguishes Ethmia soljanikovi from E. xanthopleura. Distribution and life history. For along time the species was known only from Mongolia (Zavkhan Province, Khuvsgul Province, Hubsubul Province) and from Russia (Tuva Republic, Mongun-Tayga mountains, and the east coast of lake Khindiktig-Khol). Dubatolov et al. (1997) recorded its presence in the Altai (Yuzhno-Chuyskii Mountain Range, headwater of Kokuzek River; Kosh-Agach Sailyugem Mountain; Altaiskii Nature Reserve, Shapshal Mountain Range). The biology and immature stages are still unknown. The moths were collected in dry stony steppe among larch forest and in alpine meadows at 2500-3500 m in elevation. The moths fly from the second half of June to early August. Taxonomic notes. The species is similar in external characters and female genitalia to E. xanthopleura Meyr (nigripedella species group), but the shape of the male genitalia is similar to that of E. vidua Staudinger (aurifluella species group). It is very difficult to attribute this species to any of the groups of species suggested by Sattler (1967) for the Palaearctic Region, and probably the species occupies an isolated systematic position. Dasyethmia hiemalis Danilevsky, 1969 (Figs 18, 28) Dasyethmia hiemalis Danilevsky, 1969, Entomologicheskoe obozrenie 48(1): 178. Figs 1-4. Type lo- cality: “Kazahstan, srednee techenie r. Chju, Koskudukskaya saksaul’naya lesnaya dacha” [Kazakhstan, middle course of Chu river, Koskuduksky saxaul wood summer residence]. Holotype: male (ZISP) [ex- amined]. References: Danilevsky (1969), Zaguljaev (1975: 347), Danilevsky (1976: 32), Danilevsky (1980: 336) (Dasyethmia). Material. Holotype © with labels: ‘Ka3CCP, p. Uy, | Kockyaykckun | cakcayıı. JIecxo3 | 25.1.1941 r. B.Kpasuos’ [Kazakh SSR, Chu river, Koskuduk saxaul, 25.1.1941 leg. B. Kravtzov] , ‘Holotypus © | Dasyethmia | hiemalis Danil.’ (ZISP). — Paratypes: 3 ©. same data as holotype (ZISP). Redescription (Fig. 18). Wingspan 20-22 mm, holotype 21 mm. Whole body and wings unicolorous black. Antenna densely ciliated, reaching 2/3 of forewing length. Labial palpus large, triarticulate; second segment about 2/3 total length of palpus; final segment thin, pointed, almost three times shorter than second segment. Head densely covered by thin and very long black hairs as long as thorax. Labial palpus, tegulae, and base of legs with same dense hair cover. Femur of forelegs with well developed epiphysis; midlegs with pair of spurs; hindlegs much longer than midlegs, femur with long hair brush and armed with two pairs of spurs. External margin of forewing and cilia without dark spots and streaks; cilia black, very wide, consisting of racemose and piliform scales. Hindwing coloured as forewing, costal brushes absent, cilia black, very wide (more than half of wing width). Male genitalia (Fig. 28). Gnathos absent. Transtilla simple, weakly sclerotized. Valva strongly extended, narrow. Uncus developed, very wide, lateral corners extended in powerful hornlike processes. Phallus gun-shaped, without cornutus. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 135-154 153 Female unknown, probably apterous. Diagnosis. Apart from the very early flight period of the moth, the dense hairy cover and almost full reduction of the proboscis easily distinguishes Dasyethmia hiemalis from other Ethmia species. The absence of a gnathos in the male genitalia 1s character- istic too. Distribution and life history. The species was described from the sands of Kazakhstan, where it inhabits the middle course of the Chu river. The biology and immature stages are unknown. The moths are January day-fliers (!) in saxaul bush. Taxonomic notes. According to Danilevsky (1969) genus Dasyethmia differs from genus Ethmia Hübner, 1819 in a number of characters. Some of them, such as the dense hairy cover and almost full reduction of proboscis, reflect the winter way of life of the moth. This trait of specialization, although of unclear adaptive value, is expressed in other features of the morphology of Dasyethmia. In wing venation — the truncated median cell and strong narrowing anal part of the hindwing, that brings to full loss of vein A,. Vein A, in Ethmia species 1s much thinner than others, but always present, and often bent in a characteristic way. Possibly, these features of venation are connected with the unusually long, wide cilia. In the male genitalia, the full reduction of the gna- thos and simplification of the transtilla are characteristic of Dasyethmia. All these traits and specializations suggest the systematic isolation of Dasyethmia. However, until a phylogenetic analysis is done, it will be impossible to determine if this taxon should re- main isolated from Ethmia or not. Nevertheless, all main traits of the structure of wings and genitalia are typical of the Ethmiidae (Danilevsky 1969). The genus Dasyethmia remains still monotypical. Acknowledgments I am indebted to Dr Sergey Yu. Sinev (St. Petersburg) for providing access to the collections of ZISP. I want to thank D. Andras Kun (Budapest) for his active cooperation, consultations, and for providing some literature on Ethmiidae. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr Vadim V. Zolotuhin (Uljanovsk) for help at all stages of the preparation of the paper. I am indebted to Dr Igor’ Ju. Kostjuk (Kiev) for kind cooperation and providing images of the holo- and paratype of Ethmia zaguljaevi Kostjuk, 1980. I want to thank Dr Tatyana A. Trofimova (Samara) for her friendly support and help during the preparation of the paper. I am very grateful to Dr Alexey S. Pazhenkov (Samara) for his friendly support and for the organization of expeditions to Kazakhstan. I am very grateful to Dr Paul Sokoloff for improvements to the language of the manuscript. Also, I am very thankful to the referees for reviewing and improving the manuscript. References Amsel, H. G. 1969. Eine neue chinesische Ethmia-Art (Lepidoptera: Ethmiidae). — Beiträge zur Natur- kundlichen Forschungen in Südwestdeutschland 28(1): 75-76. Caradja, A. 1920. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der geographischen Verbreitung der Mikrolepidoperen des palae- arktischen Faunengebietes nebst Beeschreibung neuer Formen. 3. Theil. — Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 34: 34— 147. Chrétien, P. 1915. Contribution à la connaissance des Lépidoptères du Nord de |’ Afrique. Notes biolo- giques et criques. — Annales de la Société entomologique de France 84: 289-374. 154 SHOVKOON: Ethmiidae from Central Asia Danilevsky, A. S. 1969. Two remarkable new species of winter months from the desert of Soviet Central Asia: Dasyethmia hiemalis gen. et sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Ethmiidae) and Cheimatoptera pennigera gen. et sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). — Entomologicheskoe obozrenie 48(1): 176-191 (in Russian). Danilevsky, A. S. 1975: New moths of the Genus Ethmia Hb. (Lepidoptera, Ethmiidae) from the USSR. — Entomogicheskoe obozrenie 54(3): 615-616 (in Russian). Danilevsky, A. S. 1976: Systematic survey of the Ethmia species of the European Part of USSR. — Proceedings of the University of Leningrad 21: 31-38 (in Russian). Danilevsky, A. S. 1980. A key to Ethmiidae (Lepidoptera) of the European part of the USSR. — Entomo- logicheskoe obozrenie 59(2): 322-345 (in Russian). Dubatolov, V. V., Ustjuzhanin, P. Ya. & Zintshenko, V. K. 1997. A review of the Ethmiidae of the Asian part of Russia and neighbouring territories. — Atalanta, 28 (1/2): 161-171. Dubatolov, V. V. & Ustjuzhanin, P. Ya. 1998. A new Ethmia species (Ethmiidae) from Turkmenistan. — Nota Lepidopterologica 21(2): 101-105. Kostjuk, Ju. A. 1980. Anew species of the genus Ethmia Putro (Lepidoptera, Ethmiidae) from Altai Montains. — Entomologicheskoe obozrenie 59(4): 322-345 (in Russian). Kozlov, P. K. 1906. Mongoliia 1 Kam’. Trudy ekspeditsii Imperatorskago Russkago Geograficheskago Obshchestva, sovershennoi v’ 1899-1901 gg. Tom’ I, Chast’ pervaia. 438 pp. (Reissue of the St. Petersburg edition.) Kun, A. 2007. Studies on Palaearctic Ethmia (Lepidoptera, Elachistidae). — Anales historico-naturalis Musei nationalis hungarici 99: 101-114. Liu, Y. 1980 A study of Chinese Ethmia Hiibner (Lepidoptera: Ethmiidae) in classification, distribution and numerical taxonomy. — Entomotaxonomia 2(4): 267-284. Liu, Y. 1982 Numerical taxonomic method applied to Palaearctic ethmiids (Lepidoptera: Ethmiidae). — Entomotaxonomia 4(4): 239-251. Mann, J.J. 1861. Zur Lepidopteren-Fauna von Amasia. — Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift 5: 183-193. Meyrick, E. 1922. Exotic Microlepidoptera 2 (pts. 17): 513-544 [Oct]. Sattler, K. 1967. Ethmiidae. — /n: H.G. Amsel, F. Gregor & H. Reisser (eds), Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 2 (1+2).- Georg Fromme, Wien, xviii + 185 pp., 106 pls. Sinev, S. Yu. 1997. 31. Familia Ethmiidae. - Opredelitel’ nasekomykh Dal’nego Vostoka Rossii [A key to insects of the Far East of Russia]. T. 5, part 1, Vladivostok, p. 510-514 (in Russian). Shovkoon, D. F. 2008. On the rediscovery of Ethmia discrepitella (Rebel, 1901) with remarks on brachy- ptery in females of Ethmia (Ethmiidae). — Nota Lepidopterologica 31(2): 215-221. Wang, S. X. & Li, H. H (2004) Two new species of Ethmia Hübner from China (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae: Ethmiinae). — Entomological News 115(3): 135-138. Wei, C.S., Kun, A., & Yen, S. H. (2007): A Preliminary analyses of phylogeny of the Ethmiinae moths (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) with special reference to the evolutionary patterns of host use. — Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 53(suppl. 1): 61-100. Yang, C. Z. 1977. Moths of North China (1). — Peking Agricultural University, Peking. 299 pp. Zagulajev, A. K. 1975. Ethmiidae (Lepidoptera) from the Mongolian People’s Republic. — Nasekomye Mongolii [Insects of Mongolia], Leningrad, 3: 342—349 (in Russian). Zagulajev, A. K. 1981. Family Ethmiidae. — A key to insects of European part of the USSR. Vol. 4, Part 2, Leningrad: 638—651(in Russian). Nota lepid. 33 (1): 155-171 155 Geometrid larvae and their food-plants in the south of Madrid (Central Spain) (Geometridae) GARETH EDWARD KING! & JOSÉ LUIS VIEIO MONTESINOS ? Departamento de Biologia (Zoologia), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/. Darwin, 2, 28049 Cantoblanco (Madrid), Spain; ! sterrhinae@gmail.com, * joseluis.viejo@uam.es Abstract. Between January 2004 and May 2006 15 plant species were inspected for geometrid larvae in the gypsym soils of Ciempozuelos (Madrid, 600 m), which resulted in the collection of 1,625 larvae (25 species; four subfamilies). Although Sterrhinae larvae were only represented by seven species, their abundance was important numerically, with 497 individual larvae (35.8%) taken, of which just two species: Scopula asellaria dentatolineata (Wehrli, 1926) and Casilda consecraria (Staudinger, 1871) provided 486 specimens (29%) of the total. In the Larentiinae, in contrast, a mere of 173 individual larvae were collected (16.5%), whilst in the Ennominae, there were 503 larvae collected (36%), 282 (17%) individuals corresponding to just one species: Petrophora convergata (Villers, 1789). The study also looked at whether the species in question were monophagous, oligophagous or polyphagous; it has been difficult to come to a definitive conclusion with some species for example, Camptogramma bilineata (Linnaeus, 1758) and Hospitalia flavolineata (Staudinger, 1883) did not accept in captivity the plants on which they were found in or under in the wild. Three species: /daea incisaria (Staudinger, 1892), /daea longaria (Herrich- Schäffer, 1852) and /daea cervantaria (Milliere, 1869) cannot be placed into any of these categories, as they are detrivores. Of the other 20 species in the sample, 13 species can be regarded as monophagous (65%), 7 species as polyphagous (35%). Resumen. Entre enero 2004 y mayo 2006 se inspeccionaron 15 especies de plantas para la recolecciön posterior de larvas en la familia Geometridae en Ciempozuelos (Madrid, 600 m) ubicada en suelos yesosos. Como resultado se recogieron 1.625 larvas (25 especies; cuatro subfamilias). A pesar de su representaciön faunistica relativamente baja en la Sterrhinae, con siete especies recogidas, tenia un peso cuantativamente importante, con 497 larvas (35,8%) recogidas, de las cuales dos especies: Scopula asellaria dentatoline- ata (Wehrli, 1926) y Casilda consecraria (Staudinger, 1871) dieron 486 ejemplares (29%) del total. Sin embargo, la subfamilia Larentiinae, se vio representada ünicamente por 173 larvas (16.5%), mientras, la subfamilia Ennominae se aportaron 503 larvas (36%), 282 (17%) de las cuales correspondia a una especie Petrophora convergata (Villers, 1789). Las estrategias alimenticias se refieren a monofagia, oligofagia o polifagia; es posible que no se haya Ilegado a una conclusion definitiva, ya que Camptogramma biline- ata (Linnaeus, 1758) y Hospitalia flavolineata (Staudinger, 1883) no aceptaron las plantas por debajo de las cuales se encontraron en el estado silvestre. Tres especies: /daea incisaria (Staudinger, 1892), /daea longaria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) e /daea cervantaria (Milliere, 1869) no entran en ninguna de estas categorias porque son especies detrivoras. De las veinte especies restantes en la muestra, 13 especies son monofagas (65%) y 7 especies son polifagas (35%). Introduction Soria (1987), Gomez de Aizpurua (1987; 1989), Dominguez & Baixeras (1995), Oltra et al. (1995), Gomez de Aizpurua et al. (2003, 2005, 2006) and King (2000, 2002, 2004, 2005) have contributed to an understanding of the biology of a limited number of ge- ometrids in the Iberian Peninsula, but if one considers the extraordinary richness of the Iberian fauna, there is something amiss. For example, the subfamily Sterrhinae has an im- portant focus on the Mediterranean basin with 70% of the 196 European species recorded there (Hausmann 2004). Certain genera are well represented in the Iberian Peninsula, Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 156 KING & Montesinos: Geometrid larvae and their food-plants for example, /daea Treitschke, 1825 contains some 125 species in Europe, 115 being recorded from Iberia, with an important endemic component (Hausmann 2004). The ge- nus Scopula Schrank, 1802 (with subgenus G/ossotrophia Prout, 1913) is represented by seven species in the Mediterranean basin, reaching the steppes of central Asia, with two subspecies and one species in the Iberian Peninsula (Hausmann 1993, 2004). Study area The two localities which formed the basis for the collection of geometrid larvae were southeast of Madrid in the Tagus Valley: Ciempozuelos (40°09'09.1 N 003° 36'27.1W, 518 m) Cerros de Vallecas (40°21'09.1 N 003°40'42.6 W, 504 m). The Miocenic and Triassic gypsyperous soils are relatively frequent in the Iberian Peninsula in the Tagus and Ebro basins, and the south-east Peninsular (Ferrandis et al. 2005). The climate is Mesomediterranean, with important drought conditions from June to September. The little rain that falls does so in the spring (March— May), and in the autumn (September — November). In the winter, conditions of thermic inversion tend to prevail (Izco 1984). The general lack of precipitation and the corresponding aridity ensures that the influ- ence of the gypsym soils is constant, with a consequential effect on the vegetation which is generally understood to be included in the botanic order Gypsophiletalia. This order includes three syntaxonomical alliances: Lepidion subulati, Thymo-Teucrion ver- ticillati and Gypsophilion hispanicae; the first of these alliances is found in the centre and south of the Iberian Peninsula, occuring in both Madrid and Castilla-La Mancha (Rivas Martinez & Costa 1970). However, Ferrandis, Herranz & Copete (2005) ques- tion the validity of the alliance Lepidion subulati in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and that this supposed alliance coincides entirely with Thymo-Teucrion verticillati which includes such plants as: Gypsophila struthium L. in Loefl. (Caryophyllaceae), Helianthemum squamatum (L.) Dum. (Cistaceae), Thymus lacaitae Pau.(Labiatae) and Lepidium subulatum L.(Cruciferae). Abbreviations GEK Gareth Edward King JMC Dr José Maria Cano LR Dr Luis Romera Methodology The study areas were visited at least once every six or seven days from January 2004 until the end of May 2006 (Cerros de Vallecas was incorporated into the study only from February 2006). All visits were made in the day, the intention being to avoid the extreme midday heat from mid-May to the end of August. On arrival an area of about 20 m? was chosen in which all plants were examined methodically and the space under- neath each plant and the associated leaf litter were also searched in order to be able to locate those species which are regarded as detriphagous, especially those in the genus Nota lepid. 33 (1): 155-171 157 Tab. 1. Larvae taken January 2004— May 2006; Ciempozuelos (Madrid). * includes data Cerros de Vallecas (Madrid, 600 m). 2004 2005 2006* 2004-2006 22% 1.3% 0.6% 1.5% (14 larvae) (9 larvae) (2 larvae) (25 larvae) Larvae not indentified: Idaea (Ryrholm, 1989). Larvae found were collected into a vial with details annotated as to the plant on which they were taken, as well as the stadia in which they were found, the latter being assessed according to larval size and morphology, which in some spe- cies e. g. Phaiogramma etruscaria (Zeller, 1849), is very characteristic. In captivity, larvae were generally kept in plastic boxes in an unheated room with the windows open, and a sprig of the food-plant in water, if this was regarded as necessary, along with dry vegetable matter so that the larvae could perch away from the plant. In some cases, such as the Sterrhinae, rearing was extremely easy. In others, such as the Ennominae, it was necessary to maintain the larvae in open net cages exposed to light and air, but even so, mortality rate was high. Another function of the leaf litter was to provide material for the larvae to pupate without disturbance, as well as structural support for the emerg- ing insect. Inside the rearing containers labels were kept which indicated: date of pupa- tion (when the larva either ceases to feed, begins wandering, evacuates its gut, changes cuticular colour, or begins to spin a cocoon), date of larval-pupal metamorphosis, date of emergence of imagines, pairing records etc. Where possible, all records of larval events were kept in a separate collection, with the material being maintained alongside in capsules and vials, including dead larvae in good condition (preserved in alcohol), pupal excuvia, and all records of hymenopterous or dipterous parasitoides (Diptera: Tachinidae; Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Ichneumonidae) for future studies. Results Between 25.1.2004 and 27.v.2006 130 visits were made (Ciempozuelos 121 visits; Cerros de Vallecas seven visits; Valdemoro two visits); 15 species of plants from 11 plant families were inspected. The total of larvae taken was 1,625 of 25 species; Table 1 indicates how many larvae were taken in each of the three years and the proportion of larvae which were not identified at the time of collection (a majority of specimens are preserved in alcohol for later analysis). Systematic account Taxonomic order and nomenclature according to Dantart (2000); Hausmann (2001, 2004); Scoble & Kriiger (2002); Mironov (2003) and Sihvonen (2005). 158 KING & Montesinos: Geometrid larvae and their food-plants Geometrinae Leach, 1815 Phaiogramma etruscaria (Zeller, 1849) Published records of food-plants: Quercus ilex (Fagaceae), Clematis vitalba (Rana- culaceae) (Cuni 1 Martorell 1881); Quercus sp. (Fagaceae) (Rebel 1910; Forster & Wohlfahrt 1981); Paliurus (Rhamnaceae) (Schwingenschuss & Wagner 1926); Pim- pinella, Peucedanum, Seseli, Eryngium, Melilotus, Rosa etc. (Carrara 1926-1928); Gypsophila struthium (Caryophyllaceae) (King 2000, 2002); Ferula communis (Apia- ceae), Retama sphaerocarpa (Papilionaceae) (Gomez de Aizpurua et al. 2003). Food-plants recorded from the study area: In the summers of 2004 (73 larvae) until 2005 (163 larvae) 236 larvae of this species were taken in Ciempozuelos. The larvae of P. etruscaria utilise four different plants each one of these belonging to a different family, characteristic of a typical polyphage (Hering, 1950; Huemer, 1988). It is also floricolous, this species feeding on the flowers according to their availability over the summer. For example, Ruta montana (Rutaceae) has a very short flowering season (end of May to end of June), whilst Gypsophila struthium flowers are available from June until well into October, when the first autumn rains destroy the flowers. Even so, in 2004, the total of larvae found on Ruta montana was 21 (28. 8%); in 2005, 96 larvae (55. 5%) were found on this plant. The relation that the species maintains with Gypsophila struthium seems more stable: in the two-and-a-half years of the study (not including 2006 as the study finished at the end of May); in 2004, 48 larvae (65. 8%) were collected between the months of July and October on this latter plant, whilst in 2005, 42 larvae (24.3%) were collected between June and October. It is important to point out, however, that the availability of flowers is not absolutely necessary: for ex- ample considering P. etruscaria and its relationship with Limonium dichotomum and Foeniculum vulgare, flowers of both these species are widely available, and yet the flowers of these plants are not always used by the immature stages of the moth; with 3 larvae (4.1%) of the 73 larvae collected in 2004, and 1 larva (0.6%) of the 163 collected in 2005 on the flowers of Limonium dichotomum, but never on the leaves of either of these plants. In 2004, 1 larva (1.36%) and in 2005 21 (12.9%) larvae were taken on Foeniculum vulgare. Hausmann (2001) emphasises the fact that P etruscaria is a spe- cies to be found in areas with a high concentration of umbelliferous plants (Apiaceae), however, the only umbel used by this species was Foeniculum vulgare, and then only marginally, although this could be an artefact of the study. Nevertheless, on 16.v1.2007, after the study finished, eight larvae were collected on the flowers and fruits of a species of Torilis (Apiaceae) in Ciempozuelos (King, pers. obs.). Quercus ilex has been cited as a food-plant for P etruscaria (Rebel 1910; Dantart 1990), but this should be treated as doubtful, if one considers the species being flori- colous; with Q. ilex flowering at the end of April, this would be too early for the larvae of this species, which appear from the end of May (King, pers. obs.). The inclusion of Ruta, as well as Limonium as new food-plants for this species, in two different botanical families (Rutaceae; Plumbaginaceae) increases the spectrum of plants utilised. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 155-171 159 It is interesting to note that P etruscaria is capable of feeding on both Ruta mon- tana (Rutaceae) and Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae), a behaviour shared only with the Papilionidae whose larvae are able to deal with those plants which contain the com- pounds; methyl chavicol and anethole (Dethier, 1952). Microloxia herbaria (Hübner, 1813) Published records of food-plants: Teucrium polium capitatum (Lamiaceae) (Milliere 1874; Staudinger 1879; Gomez de Aizpurua et al. 2003); Vernonia centaureoides (Compositae) (Scoble 1999); Helichrysum stoechas (Lamiaceae) (Leipnitz in Hausmann 2001); Gypsophila struthium (Caryophyllaceae) (King 2002); Limonium dichotomum (Plumbaginaceae) (King & Romera 2004). Food-plants recorded from the study area: 64 larvae were collected between 2004 and 2006; 31 in both 2004 and 2005, with 2 being collected in the spring of 2006, four plants are utilised by the larvae, from three botanical families: Labiatae, Plumbaginaceae and Caryophyllaceae. For this reason, the species is, strictly speaking, polyphagous. However, its relationship with each of its food-plants is distinct: for example, with Teucrium polium it is not floricolous, and larvae use Teucrium throughout the year (25 larvae = 39.1%) In the winter moths the plant also seems to serve as a refuge, as well as a source of food, with larvae in the first two stadia overwintering underneath the plant, becoming fully-grown in April. Nevertheless, in the summer the larva feeds on the flowers of other plants. In October, larvae of the third generation appear to be restricted to the Teucrium plants. Although M. herbaria maybe floricolous on other plants (Thymus lacaitae, Gypsophila struthium, Limonium dichotomum), it does not feed upon the flowers of Teucrium. Sterrhinae Meyrick, 1892 Idaea incisaria (Staudinger, 1892) Published records of food-plants: Data available refer to those larvae reared in captivity with larvae showing a marked preference for dead or dying leaves of Polygonum avicu- lare, Rumex, Atriplex halimus, Rubia peregrina and Galium (King & Romera 2004; King & Viejo Montesinos 2007). These observations tie in with those larvae reared ex 9 7.x.07 (code genit. prep. GK499MA GEK leg. et det.) which fed upon Rumex and Polygonum aviculare (Polygonaceae). Food-plants recorded from the study area: A wild-caught larva which was collected on 18.v1.2005 (Q genit. prep. GKIISMA GEK leg. et det.) on withered leaves of Antirrhinum majus (Scophulariaceae) (King & Viejo Montesinos 2007). Idaea longaria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) Published records of food-plants: Previous papers referred to larvae bred out on with- 160 King & MonTesinos: Geometrid larvae and their food-plants ered leaves in captivity (Zerkowitz 1946; Trusch & Müller 2000; King & Romera 2004), however, King & Viejo Montesinos (2007) refer to the capture of a larva in Tres Cantos (Madrid) 7.1v.07 below Artemisia campestris glutinosa which fed on the with- ered leaves and inflorescences of Rumex sp. in captivity. Food-plants recorded from the study area: In the two-and-a-half years of the study a sin- gle larva was taken under Centaurea hyssopifolia 6.111.2004 (S genit. prep. GK007MA GEK /eg./det.) which fed on the withered leaves of this composite in captivity (King & Viejo Montesinos 2007). Idaea cervantaria (Milliere, 1869) Published records of food-plants: Previous papers referred to larvae bred out in captiv- ity on withered leaves (Trusch & Müller 2000; King & Romera 2004). Food-plants recorded from the study area: A single larva was taken 6.111.2004 (S genit. prep. GKO78MA GEK leg. er det.) below and between two plants: Gypsophila struthium and Thymus lacaitae feeding on the withered leaves of these plants in captiv- ity (King & Viejo Montesinos 2007). Scopula imitaria (Hübner, 1799) Published records of food-plants: There are no data on this species’ food-plant in the Iberian Peninsula, nevertheless, Chrétien (1928) gives Chaenorhinum origanifolium (Scrophulariaceae) in the French Pyrenees This observation is of interest given the plant on which larvae were found in Madrid (see below). Food-plants recorded from the study area: Only two larvae were collected in Ciempozuelos (14.111.2004; 3.1v.2005) both of these specimens on the same plant, Antirrhinum majus (Scrophulariaceae). It remains to be seen, but it is highly probable, that the species is oligophagous on plants of this family, rather than polyphagous as suggested by Hausmann (2004). Scopula (Glossotrophia) rufomixtaria (Graslin, 1863) Published records of food-plants: Chrétien (1928) gives Silene and Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae); whilst King (2000) gives Gypsophila struthium (Caryophyllaceae). King & Romera (2004) describe the refusal of newly eclosed larvae of this species to accept leaves of a species of Silene sp. common in the area where a female was taken 2.x.03 in Tres Cantos (Madrid) (9 genit. prep. GK 124MA GEK leg. et det.). Food-plants recorded from the study area: There were only four larvae collected in the years 2004 —2006 (19.111.2005, 3.1v.2005, 26.111.2006) on Gypsophila struthium, the recognised food-plant (King 2000). Scopula (Glossotrophia) asellaria dentatolineata (Wehrli, 1926) Published records of food-plants: Linaria, Antirrhinum (Scophulariaceae) (Milliere Nota lepid. 33 (1): 155-171 161 1869-1874), Fagonia cretica (Zygophyllaceae), Anarrhinum brevifolium (Scrophu- lariaceae), Salvia aegyptiaca (Lamiaceae) (Chrétien, 1917); leaves of herbaceous plants (Forster & Wohlfahrt, 1981); King & Romera (2004) cite Scopula (Glossotrophia) asellaria dentatolineata in Antirrhinum majus; the use of Gypsophila struthium is still to be confirmed, as although a larva was collected from this plant on 23.x1.07, there is no evidence that the larva actually fed on it (King pers. com.). Food-plants recorded from the study area: A total of 335 larvae were taken in the two- and-a-half years of the study on Antirrhinum majus mainly feeding on the shrivelled-up leaves of this plant, especially in the summer months. Casilda consecraria (Staudinger, 1871) Published records of food-plants: A monophagous species on plants of the genus Limonium (Hausmann 2004); Leipnitz in Hausmann (2004) gives the flowers and leaves of L. sinuatum and L. gmelini/augustifolium in Cyprus; in Spain, L. dichoto- mum is recorded (King 2002; King & Romera 2004; Gomez de Aizpurua et al. 2005). Food-plants recorded from the study area: There were 158 larvae collected over the two-and-a-half years of the study on the recognised food-plant, L. dichotomum (Plumbaginaceae). The larva is floricolous, but the finding of specimens in May, before the plant flowers, would indicate that the larva also consume the leaves. In any case, the moth also flies as early as February, well before flowering, and also before the leaves are completely available (King 2002). Larentiinae Duponchel, 1845 Xanthorhoe fluctuata (Linnaeus, 1758) Published records of food-plants: Monophagous on the flowers and the leaves, of Lepidium subulatum (Cruciferae) King (2005). Food-plants recorded from the study area: There were 121 larvae taken over the years 2004-2006 on Lepidium subulatum. Camptogramma bilineata (Linnaeus, 1758) Published records of food-plants: Rumex (Polygonaceae) Urtica, (Urticaceae), Digitalis (Scrophulariceae), Viola (Violaceae), Verbascum (Scrophulariceae) (Gömez de Aiz- pürua 1989); Rumex thyrsiflorus, Ononis repens, Helianthemum sp. (Ebert 2001); Urtica urens (Gomez de Aizpurua et al. 2006). Larva collected from Asphodelus ramosus L (Liliaceae) (La Ponderosa, Chinchön, Madrid, 600 m) 24.11.2001 (© genit. prep. GK159MA GEK leg. det.), but this cannot be confirmed as a larval food-plant, as probably the larva was only resting on this plant; larva also collected from Taraxacum, but in the vicinity of Rumex sp. (Tres Cantos (Madrid) 1.1.2007), feeding on this latter plant in captivity. 162 KING & Montesinos: Geometrid larvae and their food-plants Food-plants recorded from the study area: Only four larvae were taken between 2004 — 2006 (21.11.2004, 6.111.2004, 6.111.2005, 8.1.2006) under Thymus lacaitae, but this can- not be confirmed as the food-plant, as the larvae did not thrive on this plant in captivity. It is probable that the plant serves only as a refuge. The specimen taken in January 2006 was found under moss growing in the vicinity of this thyme species. Nebula ibericata (Treitschke, 1871) Published records of food-plants: Monophagous on Galium fructicesens (Cav.) (Rubiaceae) (King 2005). Food-plants recorded from the study area: Only two larvae were collected between 2004-2006 (24.1v.2004, 11.111.2006), both examples were taken beneath other plants, for example, Thymus lacaitae, but in the vicinity of Galium fructicesens, which only develops in the cooler months, as it dessicates with the arrival of heat in May. With the field study completed, three other examples were found (6.x11.2006, 17.x11.2006, 25.11.2007) amongst the tiny specimens of this rubiaceaous plant. Antilurga alhambrata (Staudinger, 1859) Published records of food-plants: King & Romera (2004) cite the larva on Helianthemum apenninum, but the plant was misidentified and is actually 7. hirtum which belongs to the plant association Gypsophilo-Centaureetum hypssopifoliae (Bellot 1952) (Rivas Martinez 1970) a typical gypsophilous plant. In the winter of 2006-2007 (30.x11.2006, 7.1.2007, 14.1.2007) 21 larvae were found underneath A. hirtum in an area of gypsym soils in the metropolitan area of Madrid (Cerros de Vallecas, 600 m). Food-plants recorded from the study area: A total of 16 larvae were taken between the years 2004—2006 on the recognised food-plant, H. hirtum, on which it is mono- phagous. Hospitalia flavolineata (Staudinger, 1883) Published records of food-plants: There are no published data on food-plants. Food-plants recorded from the study area: One larva was taken (8.11.2004; © genit. prep. GKISOMA GEK leg/LR det.) underneath Thymus lacaitae. However, whether this labiate is indeed the host-plant, is still to be confirmed, given that the larva pupated four days later. It should be emphasised that the moth did not emerge successfully and was identified by dissecting the specimen within the pupal exuvium. Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (Haworth, 1809) Published records of food-plants: Despite being recognised as a polyphagous species (Mironov 2003) there are few food-plant records for the Iberian Peninsula, except Salvia lavandulifolia, Lavandula pedunculata (Lamiaceae) (Gomez de Aizpurua et al. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 155-171 163 2005), and for the Canary Islands in Adenocarpus viscosus (Papilionaceae) (Viejo & Cifuentes 1995). Food-plants recorded from the study area: There was only one larva taken between 2004 and 2006, despite being common as an imago (King per. obs.); on Gypsophila struthium 22.v11.2004 (© genit. prep.GK182MA). With the field study over, a further larva was taken 13.x.07 on Limonium dichotomum. There are no previous records of larvae of this species in plants of either of these botanic families (Caryophyllaceae; Plumbaginaceae). Eupithecia gemellata Herrich-Schäffer, 1861 Published records of food-plants: Carrara (1928) cites Tunica saxifraga (Caryophylla- ceae) as the food-plant in Trieste (Italy); King & Romera (2004) include Gypsophila struthium and Limonium dichotomum from larvae collected in Madrid. Food-plants recorded from the study area: Of the 12 larvae collected (2004-2005) most were noted on the flowers of one plant only: Gypsophila struthium (10 = 83.3%), however, with the two specimens taken in 2005 (17.1x.2005, 1.x.2005) these were found on two different plants of two distinct plant families: Limonium dichotomum (Plumbaginaceae) and Reseda stricta (Resedaceae) this would suggest that the species is not monophagous as indicated by Mironov (2003). The following specimens were identified by examination of the genitalia: S ex lar- va 18.1x.2004 GKI81MA; 9 ex larva 1.x.2004 GKI80MA; © ex larva 1.x.2004 GKI185MA; Q ex larva 9.x.2004 GK184MA; © ex larva 24.x.2004 GK176MA; 9 ex larva 6.x1.2004 GK179MA; © ex larva 1.x.2005 GK379MA; all specimens GEK/leg. et det. Of the 12 larvae, eight survived to produce moths, of which seven were dis- sected, one © ex larva 17.1x.2005 emerged eleven months later: 23.v111.2006. Eupithecia centaureata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Published records of food-plants: Polyphagous on the leaves, flowers and seeds of vari- ous herbaceous plants (Mironov 2003; Ratzel 2003). Food-plants recorded from the study area: Although the species is regarded as being polyphagous, the data recorded here are the first host-plant records for the Iberian Peninsula. In Ciempozuelos larvae are floricolous on two plants: Gypsophila struthium and Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae); with 18 larvae from Gypsophila (81.8%) and four from Foeniculum (18.2%). This species is not known from these plants, although it is recorded from other caryophyllaceous plants e.g. Silene vulgaris (Mironov 2003); however, records from other umbelliferous (Apiaceae) plants are quite numerous e.g. Angelica sylvestris, Peucedanum oreoselinum, P. palustre, Selinum carvifolia, Daucus carota, Pastinaca sativa, Heracleum sphondylium, Seseli annuum, Bunium bulbocasta- num, Torilis japonica, Cicuta virosa, Eryngium sp., Ferulago sp. (Mironov 2003). The importance that the umbells play in the early stages of E. centaureata, can be empha- sised by the finding of two larvae once the study had finished (16.vi.2007) in a spe- cies of Torilis. This attraction for the Apiaceae has been also commented on by Ratzel 164 KING & Montesinos: Geometrid larvae and their food-plants (2003). In this way, the species can be regarded as oligophagous rather than polypha- gous, as it tends to utilise plants in the same botanical family. Lithostege castiliaria Staudinger, 1877 Published records of food-plants: Lepidium subulatum (King 2002, 2005). Food-plants recorded from the study area: 24 larvae collected in May in the years 2004-2006 (30.v.2004, 5.v1.2004, 14.v.2005, 13.v.2006) were found in the flowers of Lepidium subulatum (King 2005), affirming its status as amonophagous species, which synchronises larval development with the flowering period of Lepidium. Ennominae Duponchel, 1845 Petrophora convergata (Villers, 1789) Published records of food-plants: Ephedra nebrodensis (Ephedraceae), Rosmarinus officinalis, Teucrium polium capitatum (Labiatae) (Gömez de Aizpurua et al. 2003). Data from the field in Madrid (localities sıtuated 710-730 m) confirms the follow- ing food-plants Thymus lacaitae (6.v.2000; Ciempozuelos); Lavendula stoechas (14. iv.2006; Tres Cantos), 5.v.2007 El Goloso, 13.v.2007 Tres Cantos; Thymus sp. (29. 1v.2007 El Goloso). Food-plants recorded from the study area: This species would appear to be restricted to Thymus lacaitae with 282 larvae collected only from this labiate. Petrophora narbonea (Linnaeus, 1758) Published records of food-plants: Teucrium chamaedrys, T. scorodonia (Lamiaceae) (Chapaleon 1992). Data from the field in Madrid (all from Ciempozuelos) indicate the following food-plant: Teucrium polium (larvae collected: 18.11.2001, 9.11.2002, 9.111.2002). Food-plants recorded from the study area: The only plant that the larvae were collected from was Teucrium polium with 85 larvae being found. Dasypteroma thaumasia (Staudinger, 1892) Published records of food-plants: Lepidium subulatum (Gomez de Aizpurua et al. 2003; King & Romera 2004). In the winter and spring of 2007 the following food-plant observations in Madrid were made: Helianthemum hirtum (Cerros de Vallecas; 7.1.2007); Artemisia campestris glutinosa (Compositae) (El Goloso; 4.111.2007, 22.iv.2007; Tres Cantos; 18.11.2007; 1.1v.07, 7.iv.2007); Thymus lacaitae (3.iv.2007, Barrancos de la Fuente de la Jonquera, Zaragoza, 200 m). Nota lepid. 33 (1): 155-171 165 Food-plants recorded from the study area: 46 larvae were collected over the period 2004-2006 from a total of seven plants of five plant families. These were: Thymus lacai- tae, Teucrium polium (Labiatae), Centaurea hyssopifolia (Asteraceae), Antirrhinum majus (Scrophulariaceae), Helianthemum squamatum, H. hirtum (Cistaceae) and Lepidium subulatum (Cruciferae). However, there were differences in the preferences shown for these plants: for example, 29 larvae (63%) were collected from just one plant species, Thymus lacaitae, which suggests that the larvae browses on different low plants as it develops; in captivity the larvae were not always reared on the plant on which they were found, but on the plants which last better in captive conditions e.g. Teucrium polium. Calamodes occitanaria (Duponchel, 1829) Published records of food-plants: Dorycnium pentaphyllum (Fabaceae (Leguminosae)) (Gomez de Aizpurua, at al 2006). The following observations were made of larvae col- lected in the field in Madrid and Guadalajara: Thymus lacaitae (18.11.2001, 25.11.2001; La Ponderosa, Chinchön), (27.1.2002; Barajas), (30.x11.2006; Cerros de Vallecas), Thymus sp. (29.11.2002; Iriépal (prov. Guadalajara)]; Santolina rosmarinifolia (El Goloso; 4.11.2007, 11.11.2007, 4.111.2007; Tres Cantos 18.11.2007), Artemisia campes- tris glutinosa (4.111.2007; El Goloso, Tres Cantos; 18.111.2007). Food-plants recorded from the study area: The species is monophagous on Thymus lacaitae, with all 73 larvae collected from this plant. It 1s interesting to note that the larvae are to be found in the winter months, probably when the leaves of its sclerophyl- lous food-plant are in a suitable condition to be consumed. Aspitates ochrearia (Rossi, 1794) Published records of food-plants: Artemisia campestris glutinosa (Gomez de Aizpurua et al. 2003). The following observations were made of larvae collected in the field in Madrid, Valladolid and Zaragoza: Artemisia campestris glutinosa (3.1.2002 Madrid; Barajas), (4.111.2007, 11.111.2007, 18.111.2007, 7.1v.2007; Tres Cantos); Centaurea hys- sopifolia (9.111.2002; Ciempozuelos), Carlina corymbosa (1.1x.2002; Tres Cantos) al- though it is likely that the larva was only resting on this plant. Thymus sp. (1.1x.2002; Tres Cantos), Dorycnium sp. (21.11.2004; Valladolid), Bupleurum sp (3.1v.2007; Montes de Torrero, Zaragoza) . It is likely that the larva was only resting on this plant, as in captivity it fed on Rumex sp. Food-plants recorded from the study area: Although only 6 larvae were collected over the years 2004-2006 (25.1.2004, 22.11.2004, 6.111.2004, 5.x11.2004, 1.1v.2006) the larva was polyphagous on five plant species each in a different family: Centaurea hyssopifo- lia (Compositae) (2 larvae), Lepidium subulatum (Cruciferae) (1 larva), Thymus lacai- tae (Labiatae) (1 larva), Helianthemum hirtum (Cistaceae) (1 larva) and Gypsophila struthium (Caprifoliaceae) (1 larva). 166 KING & Montesinos: Geometrid larvae and their food-plants Dyscia distinctaria (Bang-Haas, 1910) Published records of food-plants: Helianthemum guttatum (Cistaceae), Cistus ledon (Fabaceae), C. albus (Zerkowitz 1946). Food-plants recorded from the study area: The only larva found was a fully-grown specimen under Helianthemum hirtum (Cistaceae) (5.x11.2004) which produced a fe- male in February 2005 (genit. prep. GK165MA GEK leg et det.) Compsoptera jourdanaria (Serres, 1826) Published records of food-plants: Santolina rosmarinifolia (Gomez de Aizpurua 1987); Salsola vermiculata, Artemisia herba-alba (Redondo et al. 2001); Artemisia campestris glutinosa, Artemisia herba-alba (Compositae) (Gomez de Aizpurua et al. 2003). The following food-plant records are from Madrid and Zaragoza: Thymus lacai- tae (30.x11.2006; Cerros de Vallecas), Helianthemum hirtum (30.x11.2006; 7.1.2007 Cerros de Vallecas), Artemisia campestris glutinosa (Tres Cantos 4.1.2007, 6.1.2007, 20.1.2007, 11.11.2007, 22.1v.2007; El Goloso 4.11.2007, 4.11.2007), Artemisia herba- alba (Ciempozuelos 25.11.2007; Montes de Torrero, Zaragoza 3.1v.2007), Santolina rosmarinifolia (El Goloso 4.11.2007, 11.11.2007, 4.111.2007, 11.111.2007). Food-plants recorded from the study area: The species seems to be monophagous on Artemisia herba-alba, with 10 larvae collected from this plant in March 2005 (19 and 22.11.2005). Although, there are two records from Helianthemum hirtum, a charac- teristic gypsophite, in the area of Vallecas, this plant was not used in Ciempozuelos. The host-plant is a new record for this species; an interesting observation was that the parenchyma was scraped away by the young larvae, rather than the leaf being con- sumed at the margins, as ıs usually the case with geometrid larvae. In localities in north- central Madrid, the larva feeds on three species of plant (Thymus lacaitae, Artemisia campestris glutinosa, Santolina rosmarinifolia) in two botanic families (Labiadae and Compositae). Discussion Hering (1950) and Huemer (1988) describe three strategies related to larval feeding: monophagy (which can be divided into three groups according to whether the species uses only one species of plant, or all plants in a single genus); Oligophagy (when the plants utilised belong to genera in the same family, or related families; disjunctive Oligophagy includes those species who utilise plants that are not related, or whose relationship with the plant varies according to generation. Lastly, polyphagy, involves those species feeding on plants families across a wide botanic spectrum (more than two plant families). Another strategy within the range of feeding possibilities is that of de- triphagy, characteristic of the genus /daea (Ryrholm, 1989). This enables the larvae to cope with the hydrological deficit in the Mediterranean basin, especially, but not only, in the summer months. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 155-171 167 Tab. 2 categorises the 25 species found as larvae in terms of their apparent feeding strate- gies, with the majority of species (13 = 55%) being monophagous, whilst 10 species are polyphagous (45%) (this would include the detrivores, as technically, they utilise plants from more than two plant families, although the mechanisms they employ to deal with the plant are distinctive, feeding on dead, decaying or dessicated leaves; the larvae in this way are perhaps in a better position to circumvent ostensible plant defence mecha- nisms). These detrivores would be: /. incisaria, I. longaria, and I. cervantaria, a strategy recognised as being common in the genus; /daea (Covell 1983; Hausmann 2004, King & Romera 2004; King & Viejo Montesinos 2007). Scopula (Glossotrophia) asellaria den- tatolineata is an interesting case, as although it is a monophagous species (at least in the area under study), it has been observed as being a detrivore, both in the wild state and in captivity, feeding on the dried-up leaves of its food-plant Anthirrhinum majus on which it monophagous. The /daea feed on the withered leaves of various low plants offered to them in captivity, and probably in the wild state too: In April/May 2008, thirty-four lar- vae of /daea ochrata albida Zerny, 1936 were found in Madrid (El Goloso, Tres Cantos) from amongst the leaf litter to be found at the base of Artemisia campestre plants, as well as from amongst other low plants, including grasses. It was not clear which food-plant was being used by two species: C bilineata and H. flavolineata, because the larvae did not feed in captivity on the plant upon which they were found in the wild. The diversity of geometrid species hosted by an individual plant species can vary con- siderably. For example, Teucrium polium was examined on 95 of the 130 visits (73.7%), nevertheless, it supports a mere three species namely; M. herbaria, P. narbonae and D. thaumasia. Another plant which was examined frequently, on 56 visits (43.8%), was Limonium dichotomum, but it supports only four species (P. etruscaria, M. herbaria, C. consecraria, E. gemellata) all of these species being floricolous, although €. consecrar- ia would use the leaves as well, as the larvae are to be found before flowering. Lepidium subulatum was examined on 64 occasions (49. 2%) but does not support more than four species (X. fluctuata, L. castiliaria D. thaumasia, A. ochrearia). In contrast, Gypsophila struthum (especially the flowers) and Thymus lacaitae (only the leaves) support at least twelve species each (including species not identified); P etruscaria, M. herbaria, I. cer- vantaria, G. rufomixtaria, G. rufifasciata, E. centaureata, E. gemellata and A. ochrearia (3 species unidentified). On Gypsophila struthum, all species except S. Rufomixtaria are generalists, whilst Thymus lacaitae provides food for M. herbaria, C. bilineata, H. fla- volineata, P. convergata, D. thaumasia, C. occitanaria and A. ochrearia (5 species uni- dentified). Thymus lacaitae is interesting in that the plant is used in the winter and spring, but not in the summer, as the leaves are presumably too tough for larvae to eat. In fact, in this latter plant, only two species are specialists on it (P convergata, C. occitanaria), at least in Ciempozuelos. With regard to C. bilineata and H. flavolineata, it was not pos- sible to establish the relationship that they maintain with this plant: was it nutritional or merely structural? The case of M. herbaria was interesting as it was the only spe- cies which was found on its flowers (1 larva 12.vi.2004) despite it being an established floricolous species in the summer months (see species results), as well as the fact that this thyme species was examined on 73 times out of the 130 visits to the field study site. 168 KING & Montesmos: Geometrid larvae and their food-plants Tab. 2. The 25 species taken as larvae in Ciempozuelos 2004-2006 and their feeding strategies. N = number. Species N plant poly- detrivore species phagous utilised + Dee aun oe li [Miroloxia herbaria | 4 Idaea cervantaria N plant mono- families phagous utilised oligo- phagous > + Scopula imitaria i dentatolineata | | Nebula ibericata à Antilurga alhambrata Hospitalia flavolineata Gymnoscelis rufifasciata Eupithecia gemellata Eupithecia centaureata Lithostege castiliaria Petrophora convergata Petrophora narbonea Dasypteroma thaumasia + Calamodes occitanaria Aspitates ochrearia ate Dyscia distinctaria Compsoptera jourdanaria There are two species of Helianthemum in the study area: A. hirtum and A. squa- matum, but they have a very restricted geometrid association; H. hirtum harbours two monophagous species in the winter months (A. alhambrata, D. distinctaria) and two other generalist species (D. thaumasia, A. ochrearia). In contrast, H. squama- fum appears to have no geometrid species associated with it, except two records of D. thaumasia (27.11.2005, 13.111.2005), where the larvae were just found underneath the plant and not on the leaves or flowers (see species’ results). In terms of the at- traction of this cistaceous plant for other Lepidoptera, there are two species in Ciempozuelos: Dipluriella loti (Ochsenheimer, 1810) (Lasiocampidae) which utilises both the leaves and the flowers of this plant and Anacampsis scintillella (Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1841) (Gelechiidae) seems to be a specialist on the leaves (M. F. C. Corley pers. com.). Nota lepid. 33 (1): 155-171 169 Acknowledgements Thanks to Dr Luis Romera for his help in the identification of A. flavolineata. References Carrara, G. 1926-1928. I Macrolepidotteri del territorio di Trieste, in appendices: Elenco dei Macrolepi- dotteri raccoti nel Territorio di Trieste da F. A. Vogel. — Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Trieste 11: 63-116. Chapaleon, P. 1992. Contribution a l’inventaire des Geometrides de Saone-et-Loire (Lepidoptera : Geo- metridae). — Alexanor: 17 (8): 451—466. Chrétien, P. 1917. Contribution à la connaisance des Lépidoptères du Nord de L’Afrique ; Notes biolo- giques et ctitiques. — Annales de la Société entomologique de France 85 (3): 369-400. Chrétien, P. 1928. Remarques sur quelques Acidalies de la faune Francaise. — L’ Amateur de Papillons 4: 33-37, 49-51, 65-69, 81-83, 97-99, 113-118, 129-133, 145-153. Cuni i Martorell, M. 1881. Datos para una flora de los insectos de Cataluña. — Annales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 10: 433-461. Dantart, J. 1990. Las especies ibéricas del género Chlorissa Stephens, 1831, y algunos datos sobre su dis- tribucion en el NE Ibérico. — Sesions Entomologicas ICHN-SCL 6 (1989): 151-173. Dantart, J. 2000. Llista sistematica dels geometrids de Catalunya. — Treballes de la Societat Catalana de Lepidopterologia 15: 121-182. Dethier, V. G. 1952. Evolution of feeding preferences in phytophahous insects. — Evolution 8: 33-54. Dominguez, M & J. Baixeras 1995. El ciclo biolögico de Thetidia plusiaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). — Holarctic Lepidoptera 2 (1): 39-41. Dominguez, M., J. Domingo & J. Baixeras 1997. Origen y evoluciön de los lepidöpteros de las estepas ibéricas en Las Saladas de Alcañiz pp. 141-158. — /n: J. Anento, J. Selfa & R. Jiménez, Consejo de Protecciön de la Naturaleza de Aragon, Zaragoza. Ebert, G. 2001. Sterrhinae pp. 74—210.— Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Wiittermbergs 8 (6). — Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. Ferrandis, P., J. M. Herranz & M. A. Copete 2005. Caracterizacion floristica y edafica de las estepas yeso- sas de Castilla-La Mancha. — Investigacion Agraria, Sistemas y Recursos Forestales 4 (2): 195-216. Forster, W. & T. A. Wohlfahrt 1981. Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuropas 5. — Franckh’sche Verlagsbuch- hanglung, Stuttgart. Freitag, H. 1971. Die natürliche Vegetation des südospanischen Trockengebietes. — Botanische Jahrbücher 91 (2-3): 147-308. Gomez de Aizpürua, C. 1987. Biologia y morfologia de las orugas. Tomo Ill. — Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal. Fuera de serie 8. 230 pp. Gomez de Aizptrua, C. 1989. Biologia y morfologia de las orugas. Tomo VII. — Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Fuera de serie 15. 224 pp. Gomez de Aizpürua, C., J. Gonzalez Granados & J. L. Viejo Montesinos 2003. Mariposas y sus biotopos, Reserva Natural El Regajal-mar de Ontigola, Lepidoptera I memoria 2002. — Comunidad de Madrid, pp. 207. Gomez de Aizpurua, C., J. Gonzalez Granados & J. L. Viejo Montesinos 2005. Mariposas y sus biotopos, Reserva Natural El Regajal-mar de Ontigola, Lepidoptera II memoria 2003. — Comunidad de Madrid, pp. 263. Gomez de Aizpurua, C., J. Gonzalez Granados & J. L. Viejo Montesinos 2006. Mariposas y sus biotopos, Reserva Natural El Regajal-mar de Ontigola, Lepidoptera III memoria 2004. - Comunidad de Madrid, pp. 303. Hausmann, A. 1993. Zweiter Beitrag zur Taxonomie und Systematik der Gattung Glossotrophia Prout, 1913 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae; Sterrhinae). — Mitteilungen der Miinchener Entomologischen Ge- sellschaft 83: 77-107. Hausmann, A. 2001. Introduction. Archiearinae, Orthostixinae, Desmobathrinae, Alsophilinae, Geometri- nae. — /n: A. Hausmann, The Geometrid Moths of Europe 1: 1—282. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup. 170 KING & Montesinos: Geometrid larvae and their food-plants Hausmann, A. 2004. Sterrhinae. — /n: A. Hausmann, The Geometrid Moths of Europe 2: 1-600. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup. Hering, M. 1950. Die Oligophagie phytophager Insekten als Hinweis auf eine Verwandtschaft der Rosaceae mit den Familien der Amentiferae. — Verhandlungen 8. Internationaler Entomologen Kongress, Stock- holm: 74-79. Huemer, P. 1988. Kleinschmetterlinge an Rosaceae unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung ihrer Vertikalver- breitung (excl. Hepialidae, Cossidae, Zygaenidae, Psychidae und Sesiidae). — Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 20: 376 pp. Izco, J. 1984. Madrid Verde, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaciön, Madrid. 517pp. King, G. E. 2000. Undocumented food-plant for Glossotrophia annae (Mentzer, 1990) and Chlorissa etruscaria (Zeller, 1849) (Lepidoptera : Geometridae) in Zaragoza, NE Spain. — Butlleti de la Societat Catalana de Lepidopterologia 85 (1): 51-57. King, G. E. 2002. Notas sobre las plantas huespedes de Phaiogramma etruscaria (Zeller, 1849), Micro- loxia herbaria (Hübner, [1813]), Casilda consecraria (Staudinger, 1871) y Lithostege castiliaria (Staudinger, 1877) en las estepas de Madrid, España (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). — Shilap Revista de Lepidopterologia 30 (119): 251-256. King, G. E. 2005. Fenologia y confirmacion de las plantas huéspedes de Xanthorhoe fluctuata (L., 1758), Nebula ibericata (Treitschke, 1828) y Lithostege castiliaria (Staudinger, 1877) en Madrid) (Lepido- ptera: Geometridae; Larentiinae). — Butlleti de la Societat Catalana de Lepidopterologia 94 (1): 121- 125. King, G. E. & L. Romera 2004. Contribuciön al estudio de la biologia de los geométridos en Madrid (España), con datos nuevos sobre sus plantas nutricias (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). — Shilap Revista de Lepidopterologia 32 (126): 139-147. King, G. E. & J. L. Viejo Montesinos 2007. Comentarios y aportaciones nuevas de especies en el género Idaea Treitschke, 1825 y Scopula Schrank, 1802 en Madrid (Lepidoptera: Geometridae; Sterrhinae). — Boletin de la Asociaciôn Española de Entomologia 31 (3-4): 167-186. Milliere, P. 1869-1874. Iconographie et description de chenilles de Lépidoptères inédits. — Annales de la Société de Linné de Lyon 3 (23-35): 1—488; 101-154 pls. Milliere, P. 1874. Iconographie et description de chenilles de Lépidopteres inedits, vol. III, Livraison 35, Paris: 389—488. Mironov, V. 2003. Larentiinae II (Perizominii and Eupitheciini). — /n: A. Hausmann, The Geometrid Moths of Europe 4: 1-463. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup. Oltra, M. T., M. Dominguez & J. Baixeras 1995. A new Iberian species of Protoapanteles (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) associated with the endemic moth Heliothea discoidaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). — EntomologyNews 106 (2): 87—96. Ratzel, U. 2003. Die Blüttenspanner der Gattungen Eupithecia und Anticolloix. pp. 72—772. — In: G. Ebert, Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Wüttermbergs 9. — Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. Redondo, V. M. & F. J. Gastön 1999. Los Geometridae (Lepidoptera) de Aragon (España). — Monografias de la Sociedad.Entomolögica.Aragonesa 3: 1—129. Redondo, V. M., Blasco Zumeta & G. E. King 2001. Macrolepidöpteros de un sabinar de Juniperus thuri- fera L. en Los Monegros, Zaragoza, Espafia (Insecta: Lepidoptera). — Shilap Revista de Lepidoptero- logia 29 (116): 323-370. Rebel, H. 1910. Fr. Berge’s Schmetterlingsbuch nach dem gegenwärtigen Stande der Lepidopterolgie, 9. Auflage. — E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Nägele & Dr. Sproesser, Stuttgart. Rivas Martinez, S. & M. Costa 1970. Comunidades gipsicolas del centro de España. — Anales del Instituto Botänico de Cavanilles 27: 193-224. Ryrholm, N. 1989. The influence of the climatic energy balance on living conditions and distribution pat- terns of Idaea spp. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): An expansion of the species energy theory. — Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 208: 109 pp. Schwingenschuss, L & F. Wagner 1926. Beitrag zur Macro-Lepidopteren-Fauna Siiddalmatiens insbeson- dere der Umgebung Gravosas, Geometridae. — Zeitschrift der Osterreichen Entomologischen Gesell- schaft 11: 35-53. Scoble, M. J. 1999. Geometrid Moths of the World, a Catalogue. — CSIRO Publishing, Apollo Books, Collingwood (Australia), Stenstrup, Denmark. Pp. 1,400. Nota lepid. 33 (1): 155-171 lol Scoble, M. J. & M. Krüger 2002. A review of the genera of Macariini with a revised classification of the tribe (Geometridae: Ennominae). — Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 257-315. Sihvonen, P. 2005. Phylogeny and classification of the Scopulini moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae; Sterrhinae). — Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (4): 473-530. Soria, S. 1987. Lepidöpteros defoliadores de Quercus pyrenaica Willdenow, 1805. — Fuera de serie n° 7, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain. Staudinger, O. 1879. Lepidopteren-Fauna Kleinasiens. — Horae societatis entomologicae Rossicae 14: 176-482. Trusch, R. & Müller, B. 2001. Zur Geometridenfauna des Dahar Berglandes in Süd-Tunesien (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). — Entomologische Zeitschrift 111 (5): 133-140. Zerkowitz, A. 1946. The Lepidoptera of Portugal. — Journal of the New York Entomological Society 54: 51-261. Appendix 1: Plants cited in the study which formed part of the transect, or otherwise cited (not lit- erature references). (Not all of these plants belong to the Thymo-Teucrion verticillati botanic alliance). Cistaceae Helianthemum hirtum (L.) Mill. Rubiaceae H. squamatum (L.) Dum Galium fructicesens Cav. Rutaceae Lamiaceae (Labiatae): Ruta montana (L.) L. Teucrium polium L. subesp. capitatum Briq. Thymus lacaitae Pau. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Lepidium subulatum L. Caryophyllaceae Gypsophila struthium L. in Loefl. Resedaceae Reseda stricta Pers. Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare Plumbaginaceae Limonium dichotomum (Cav.) Kuntze Asteraceae Centaurea hyssopifolia Vahl. Scrophulariaceae Artemisia herba-alba Asso. subsp. herba-alba Antirrhinum majus L. Artemisia campestris glutinosa (J. Gay ex Besser). fu in — - - 4 = oy » r LL PISE ET. © ul ie ALT . TR F as tg \ } 4 T / Bid NL Me her a = Sen À . } papal A A — D / i had — ~ | ti N , | \ a xg) Book review 173 Lukasz Przybylowicz 2009. Thyretini of Africa. An Illustrated Catalogue of the Thyretini (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Syntominae) of the Afrotropical Region. — Entomological Volume 16. A series facing global biodiversity in insects. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup. 170 pp., 6 (colour) + 37 pls. Hard cover, format 175 x 255 mm. I first became acquainted with African Thyretini in 1989 when Vladimir Dubatolov brought a couple of these moths to St Petersburg for identification. Externally, the moths look like unusual Syntomidae or Lasiocampidae / Limacodidae. However, de- spite spending some time on them and consulting a number of standard references, unambiguous identification proved impossible. This was not a surprise, as most African moths have been poorly studied. Moreover, the Thyretini were not well defined until very recently and the group has been variously treated as a family or as a subgroup of the Arctiidae or Syntomidae. Thus, this monograph, by Dr Lukasz Przybytowicz from Cracow, is particularly welcome. The book states that it is the first comprehensive tool for the identification of thyretines, a unique group of large arctiids (Arctiidae: Syntominae) restricted almost exclusively to the Afrotropical Region. The 194 currently recognized species are catalogued and illustrated. Information on the original descriptions, type locality and type depositions for each of 333 species-group names is given. Five genus-group names and 62 species- group names are synonymized. Three genus-group names and seven species-group names are excluded from the Thyretini and transferred to other groups of arctiids. The diagnostic features of each species are presented, as well as brief details on early stag- es, biology and known distribution. The male and female genitalia are illustrated by half-tone photographs and the whole moths by colour photographs. Where possible the types are illustrated rather than other specimens. Finally, a complete bibliography treating various aspects of the nomenclature, taxonomy, faunistics, biology and other information concerning Thyretini is included. The book is divided into 14 (but really into 15) chapters; their status and rank is differ- ent, the numeration 1s lost in the text of the book and numerated headlines are also often lost from the text. The chapters are as following: 1. Acknowledgements, 2. Summary (only 6 lines), 3. Introduction — half a page, briefly considering the placement of the Thyretini among arctioid moths, without discussing taxonomy, and a history of their study. A short note explains that ”in the present catalogue the traditional classification is still applied” (p. 7), but it remains unclear what "the traditional classification” is. 4. Arrangement of the book — an explanation of the structure of the systematic account of species. 5. List of abbreviations of institutions. 6. Catalogue (nomenclatorial list of names, catalogued alphabetically). 7. Unavailable names. 8. Taxa excluded from the Thyretini. 9. Taxonomic changes and comments to the generic level (with some remarks on taxonomy for five genera). 10. Descriptions of species (which is more an annotated list of species). 11. References. 12. Colour plates with adult habits. 13. Plates with male genitalia. 14. Plates with female genitalia. 15. Index of scientific names. The numeration of the chapters is wrong from the 7. (given “6.” erroneously twice) that results in the book in 14 but not 15 chapters. Nota lepidopterologica, 14.05.2010, ISSN 0342-7536 174 Book review It is not necessary to consider each of the chapters, but three are worthy of discussion. These are the Catalogue, the annotated list of species and figures. Nomenclatorial Catalogue (pp. 10-29, although not headlined in the text of the book), without doubts is a corner-stone of the monograph. It consists of complete nomen- clatorial data (such as original descriptions, type localities, deposition of the types, synonymy and designation of a lectotype) for all 194 currently recognized species- group names. Unfortunately, the number of species associated with each genus differs from that given earlier in the catalogue (see below). A large number of infrasubspecific names (mostly described originally as aberrations) are considered in a separate section “Unavailable names”. Otherwise, there is little to criticize in the catalogue, which is certainly comprehensive. This part will be especially helpful for curators arranging collections although genera and their species are arranged alphabetically, rather than in any systematic order. For identification of thyretines, the annotated list of species and figures is the most im- portant part of the book. I read carefully the numerous specific accounts, but in the end it left me with more questions than answers. 1. Unfortunately, by separating the catalogue from the systematic account of species and listing of colour variations and aberrations given under “Unavailable names”, the individual variability of particular species is not clearly shown and there are many duplications and large, blank gaps in the text. This together with rather poor layout, such as extra lines for plate numbers only, occupies at least 15 pages of wasted space and make the information provided confusing to follow. The space lost here could have been used for other information, such as maps of distribution. 2. Diagnostic characters are provided for only a few of the similar species. For a number of species, only very short descriptions are given and for others the only di- agnostic characters used are for the male genitalia. For most other species, comments such as “lacking contrast”, “females are indistinguishable”, and “smaller than previous species”, provide little diagnostic help and really should have been augmented by fig- ures of genitalia and adults. 3. Similarly, identification keys are not provided. 4. In some complex cases where there is an uncertain or controversial status of a taxon, the author fails to discuss these matters and simply refers to his own works (only three are listed in the references). 5. The author’s point of view is not always clear. For example, seven species are listed in Pseudothyretes Dufrane, 1945 (p. 93-94), and are also numbered in the catalogue, but, for example, the text for some species reads: “160. Pseudothyretes carnea (Hampson, 1898) ... One of the two species in the genus described from a female. It certainly is conspecific with one of the other species but it is impossible now to match females with males” or “163. Pseudothyretes mariae Dufrane, 1945 ... The holotype is in fact a female ... For taxonomic interpretation see remarks for P. carnea”. Such ambiguous notes can also be found in other parts of the book, and suggest that the number of “currently recognized species” is undoubtedly an underestimate. Also, the absence of new descriptions is surprising as it is hard to believe that the Thyretini of the Book review 175 African continent are so well studied. In other groups of moths, more than 50% of the species are often still undescribed. The illustrations should be a key feature of a book such as this, as thyretini moths are often brightly colored and many have wings with transparent windows. However, the colour quality of the plates is very poor with the plates being dark and colours poorly represented e.g. red colour is almost absent, being replaced by brownish or dark crim- son. Even very bright moths with characteristic wing pattern elements can only be rec- ognized with difficulty or in some cases are indistinguishable from others. Additionally, some of the specimens displayed are poorly preserved or badly set. Finely prepared moths of different sexes, from different locations and various patterning and coloura- tion are absent! In contrast, the half-tone plates are highly professional, made to the best quality, with easily recognizable illustrations. Here, it would have been advantageous to see some additional marks like arrows pointing to characteristic features of similar species. The publication has been needed for a long time and I hoped it would be a perfect ex- ample, a jewel in any library. However, there is insufficient coverage of the subject. It can not be described as a tool “facilitating the identification of thyretines”. It is valuable as a nomenclatorial Catalogue, although it is not comprehensive in the remaining parts, completely lacking morphological descriptions for moths and larvae, their biology and additional data. Nevertheless, I wish Dr Przybytowicz well in his studies and hope for improvements in futures publications on Thyretini and really would like to see a com- prehensive revision of this group in the future. VADIM V. ZOLOTUHIN | TE 7 Mike sf | == 1 ve ae Se ie Er SORA TL PTE Mas Pe 2 | | I GT on e D ~ = nn Ars . = = En 4 \ > \ + u Deal 22 = = . = + 7 = - = = = ——— = _ \ ; _ — > 7 u - = » [Br = < Baby A i EZ : + N à = I A 1 ~ ’ - SOCIETAS EUROPAEA LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA e.V. Nota lepidopterologica wird als wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift von der Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL) herausgegeben und den Mitgliedern der SEL zugesandt. Autoren, die Manuskripte für die Publikation in der Nota lepidopterologica einreichen möchten, finden die jeweils gültigen Autorenrichtlinien auf der Homepage der SEL unter http://www.soceurlep.eu. Der Verkauf von Einzelheften und älteren Jahrgängen von Nota lepidopterologica sowie der Ver- kauf der Zeitschrift an Nichtmitglieder erfolgt durch Apollo Books, Kirkeby Sand 19, DK-5771 Stenstrup; e-mail: apollobooks@vip.cybercity.dk. Die Mitgliedschaft bei der SEL steht Einzel- personen und Vereinen nach Maßgabe der Satzung offen. Der Aufnahmeantrag ist an den Mitgliedssekretär Willy De Prins, Dorpstraat 401 B, B-3061 Leefdaal, Belgien; e-mail: willy.de.prins@telenet.be zu richten. Das Antragsformular ist im Internet auf der Homepage der SEL erhältlich. Der Mitgliedsbeitrag ist jährlich am Jahresanfang zu entrichten. Er beträgt für Einzelpersonen € 35,00 bzw. für Vereine € 45,00. Die Aufnahmegebühr beträgt € 2,50. Die Zahlung wird auf das SEL-Konto 19 56 50 507 bei der Postbank Köln (BLZ 370 100 50) erbeten (IBAN: DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07; BIC: PBNKDEFF). Mitteilungen in Beitragsangelegen- heiten werden an den Schatzmeister Dr. Robert Trusch, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; e-mail: trusch@smnk.de erbeten. Adressenände- rungen sollten umgehend dem Mitgliedssekretär oder dem Schatzmeister mitgeteilt werden. Published by the Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL), Nota lepidopterologica is a scientific journal that members of SEL receive as part of their membership. Authors who would like to submit papers for publication in Nota lepidopterologica are asked to take into consideration the relevant instructions for authors available on the SEL homepage at http://www.soceurlep.eu. The sales of single and back issues of Nota lepidopterologica as well as sales to non-members of SEL are under the responsibility of Apollo Books, Kirkeby Sand 19, DK-5771 Stenstrup; e-mail: apollo- books @vip.cybercity.dk. The membership is open to individuals and associations as provided for by the statutes of SEL. Applications for membership are to be addressed to the Membership Secretary Willy De Prins, Dorpstraat 401 B, B-3061 Leefdaal, Belgium; e-mail: willy.de.prins@telenet.be. The application form is available on the SEL homepage. The annual subscription is to be paid at the beginning of the year. It is 35.00 € for individuals or 45.00 € for associations. The admission fee is 2.50 €. Dues should be paid to SEL account no. 19 56 50 507 at Postbank Köln [Cologne] (bank code 370 100 50; IBAN: DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07; BIC: PBNKDEFF) or to local treasures as mentioned on the website. Communications related to membership contributions should be sent to the Treasurer Dr Robert Trusch, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; e-mail: trusch@smnk.de. Changes of addresses should be immediately communicated to the Membership Secretary or the Treasurer. Publié par la Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL), Nota lepidopterologica est un périodique scientifique envoyé a tous les membres de la SEL. Les auteurs qui désirent publier des manuscrits dans la revue sont priés de tenir compte des Instructions aux auteurs disponibles sur le site Web de la SEL: http://www.soceurlep.eu. Les ventes de numéros supplémentaires ou d'anciens numéros de Nota lepidopterologica, ainsi que les ventes de numéros aux personnes n'étant pas membres de la SEL sont sous la responsabilité de Apollo Books, Kirkeby Sand 19, DK-5771 Stenstrup; courriel: apollobooks@vip.cybercity.dk. Tel que prévu dans ses statuts, les individus de méme que les associations peuvent devenir membres de la SEL. Les demandes d'adhésion doivent être envoyées au Secrétaire responsable des adhésions, Willy De Prins, Dorpstraat 401 B, B-3061 Leefdaal, Belgique; courriel: willy.de.prins@telenet.be. Le formulaire d'adhésion est disponible sur le site Web de la SEL. L'adhésion se paie au début de l'année. Elle est de 35 € pour les individus et de 45 € pour les associations. Les frais d'admission sont de 2,50 €. Les paiements peuvent être envoyés au compte de la SEL: no. 19 56 50 507, Postbank Köln [Cologne] (code bancaire 370 100 50; IBAN: DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07; BIC: PBNKDEFF) ou au trésorier local tel que mentionné sur le site Web.. Toute question en rapport avec l'adhésion doit être envoyée au Trésorier, Dr. Robert Trusch, Staatliches Museum fiir Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; courriel: trusch@smnk.de. Tout changement d'adresse doit étre mentionné immédiatement au Secrétaire responsable des adhésions ou au Trésorier. | SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES | | ATTA 3 9088 01538 4910 !