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108. Dafila acuta. Pintail. — The only one Mr. Comeau ever saw
here he shot June 7, 1882.

BuliN.O.O, 7, Oct, 1882, p. 239

Birds of Toronto, Ontario.

By James H. Fleming.

Pt.I, Water Birds.

Auk, XXIII, Oct., 1906, p.444.

38. Dafila acuta. Pintail. — Regular migrant, not very common.
April 6 is my only spring record; in the fall, October 20 to December 6.

The Pintail Duck ( Dafda acuta) in Winter near Portland, Maine. —

The Pintail, as it occurs in Maine, is one of the less common, and less hardy
migrants, of more frequent occurrence in fall than in spring. Although
Mr. George A. Boardman, cited it as “ rare in winter ” 1 he gave a differ-
ent statement for the History of North American Birds, 2 and we must
regard his first statement as unverified, according to existing literature.

The next definite consideration, perhaps was that of E. A. Samuels, who
gave its New England status, as “ September 10 to the last week in Octo-
ber.” 3

Finally 4 Mr. N. C. Brown showed that it had been known to remain
in the vicinity of Portland, Maine, on one occasion until November 7. 5

In 1893, Capt. Herbert L. Spinney entered in his private journal, on
November 25 the capture of one at Small Point, Maine, and in 1895, Mr.
Walter H. Rich secured a pair, male and female, which had been shot
February 10, at Cow Island, Casco Bay. One was taken November 20,
1901, at Cape Elizabeth, Maine, but was not preserved. A female was shot
at Scarborough, December 9, 1911, the skull of which is preserved.

On February 15, 1912, in company with Messrs. I. W. and E. B. Pillsbury
— both men of long experience and familiarity with our shore and water
birds — I saw a Pintail drake among many Black Ducks near Martain’s
Point Bridge between Portland and Falmouth. This was at noon of a
bright day, and with glasses, the markings, its dark head, and crissum, at-
tenuated tail and slender outlines, its manner of feeding, rendered both its
species and its sex unmistakable. On the day previous Mr. E. B. Pillsbury
and game warden George Cushman had seen it at the same place, when it

was observed to fly for several hundred yards, with characteristic speed
and strength. That it was not a new comer is indicated by the fact that
Mr. John Whitney, a man with a gunner’s keen knowledge of the Anatinae,
had reported some weeks earlier, a Pintail wintering in the vicinity. That
the bird was strong of wing, after, evidently, surviving the low temperature,
of the previous week, which ranged each night below zero Fahrenheit,
indicates that it had remained through choice, rather than necessity,
and with the foregoing notes, shows that the Pintail occasionally spends
at least a considerable part of the winter as far northeast as Portland,
Maine.— : Arthur H. Norton. Portland _ Me. J *. <*.**

1 1862. Proc. Bost. Soc. N . H., IX: p. 129.

2 1884. Water Birds 11: 614.

j 1870. Birds of New Eng. and Adjacent States, p. 492.

*In his Feathered Game of the Northeast, 1907, p. 314, Mr. W. H. Rich with-

ut specifying time, or place, mentions a pair, “shot in some of the severest
rinter weather.” These birds, now in his possession, were taken in this vicinity,
nd he has most kindly given me the data credited to him, in this article.

‘ Proc. Portland Soc. N

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A £ Pintail Puck wa8 killed on Lynn, Mass., marshes,
Feb. 21st. There were twelve in the flock. A. M. Tufts.

O &0. XIV. Mar. 1889 p.47

Docks of Cohasset, Maas , 1860-98
O.H.E. Boston, LI ass.

9. Pintail (143). Occasionally met with,
usually in company with Hocks of Scoters.

O.fc O.Vol.17, June, 1892 p.90

CtjU^J^oX. ]**-

i<nr*A- - ^ o.

oi 4~ ^ vvtr ^ u

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During the first half of November, the most common Duck about here
P^*-^was Dafila acuta; this was something quite unusual. One day I was one
Auch, °j ' 0 f a party that captured nine specimens, and we could easily have taken

/&p. f .Ilf- . more if we had cared to do so. There were a fewvW obscura in com-
pany with the Dafila acuta, instead of

any of the latter kind are in this locality. HSVtTf , / //

General Notes.

Stray Notes from Massachusetts.
George H.Mackay.

Dafila acuta. — Sept. 21 . An immature bird shot to-day.

Auk XI. Jan. 1894 p. 04

Dafila acuta

The

Pucks of Plymouth County, Massachusetts,
by Herbert K.Job.

Auk, Xlll, July, 1396, pp. 197-204.

See under Anas obscura .

014 Records for M ana, <fe Rhode 1<S.

November 5, 1875. Shot one Pintail Duck ( Dafila acuta).

/9ff

4-nk 28 , Jan-|fB4 h//<?

2 ambr i dg e , Mass.

1899.
December .

D af ila acuta .

Two In the Pond (Fresh Pond) on the 13th and again on the
21st. There can he little doubt that they were the same
birds on both occasions for one was a fine old drake, the
other a young male in a plumage about intermediate between
that of the adult of its own sex and the female. The adult
male showed the white on the neck conspicuously at all times.
Both birds swam about among the Black Ducks but invariably
kept close to one another. I did not see either of them
stretch up its neck to the full length. Indeed they ususaly
carried their heads quite as low as did the Black Ducks. I
had an excellent view of them and their identification was
wholly satisfactory.

I 99 . Dafila acuta. Pintail. — Rather rare. Occurs both in spring
and fall.

EuaN.O.O, 7,Oot,1882, p.256

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Aix snonsa.

Concord,

1894.

Oct. 11
to

Nov. 21.

Mass .

Wood Ducks were more numerous in the river than usual
owing probably to the fact that many of the smaller ponds and
brooks were nearly or quite dry this autumn. On Oct. 17th a
pair of these beautiful Ducks appeared on the reach known as
the Holt, and remained there constantly .until the 20th when I
shot them both. At first they were rather shy but as they
were not molested and became accustomed to the frequent ap-
pearance of boats and canoes they soon allowed ms to paddle or
row v;ithin short gun range before taking flight. After the
first day they frequented the Holt and the wooded reach just
above Hunt's Pond, indifferently , flying from place to the

A

other and back again as often as they were disturbed, regular-
ly doubling back over the land to avoid the approaching boat.

I should not have killed them but for the fact that the 20th
was Saturday and it was practically certain that the meadows
would be alive with gunners on the Sunday. Although I had
had numerous easy shots at them through the week they gave me
no little trouble when I went in pursuit of then on the 20th.
It happened in this wise:-

As I was launching my canoe Herbert Holden came past and
of course we paddled down river together. We found the Ducks
at Hunt's Pond but they rose out of range and flew to the
Holt. Here again they started wild and went back to Hunt's

Concord, Mass.

1894.

! Oct. 11
to

Nov. 21.
(No. 2).

Aix sponsa .

Pond. Holden very generously now agreed to leave them to me
and Kept on down stream while I paddled bach nearly to Hunt's
Pond and landing stole cautiously along the meadow behind the
fringe of trees and bushes which made an excellent cover but
which, in connection with the height of the bank, prevented
me from getting more than occasional glimpse of the river.
Once or twice I approached the bank and peered down through
the branches but even then I could scarcely see the water. I
must have passed within a feft yards of the Ducks, however,
for when I reached the end of the belt of trees and looked
back I at once discovered the birds swimming close under a
cluster of birches. I did not think that they saw me out
when I got to the birches they were gone, and a moment later
I heard the whistling of their wings and saw them coming up
the river flying about on a level with the tops of the trees.
They dropped into the river directly opposite where I was
standing making a loud splash but very foolishly I Grouched
just as they were descending and when I rose to my feet again
they had swum in under the bank and were as invisible as be-
fore. Knowing that they were very near me, however, I waited
patiently and presently light ripples (very unlike the deep
furrows made by a swimming Muskrat) rolling out from under
the bushes warned me that they were coming past me. It was

Aix sponsa.

Concord,

18S4.

Oct. 11
to

Nov. 21 .
(No. 3).

Mass.

highly exciting and I had no little difficulty in controlling
ray nerves when, through an opening in the branches, I saw firs t
the female and then the superb old dr ate appear directly be-
neath me ao d begin dabbling with their bills among the float-
ing leaves. At this moment they were not more than ten or
twelve feet from me, and in the full sunlight, which brought
out the gorgeous coloring of the drake to great advantage.

When he turned his head I could see the exquisite sheen of
his crest as distinctly as if I had held him in my hand.

Of course it was out of the question to shoot at such
short range so I waited motionless hoping that the birds
would swim farther off, but when at length they did so they
kept close along under the bank and were again lost to -sight.
After i a little while I followed them and again the ripples
betrayed their position but this time they saw me when I
raised my head and at once flew. I brought down the duck
easily enough but the dense bushes saved the life of the drake
for the time although I fired the second barrel at him. He
went directly down to the Holt where I found him, twenty min-
utes later, under an overhanging maple floating in the middle
of a raft of newly fallen leaves. So still did he sit that I
looked at him for some time through the glass before I felt
sure that he was not a piece of drift wood. I then made a

Concord, Mass.

1894. detour over the meadow, came out on the bank directly above

Oct. 11 him, and killed him as he flew off. I have been thus circum-

to

Nov. 21. stantial in describing the shooting if these birds for the

(No. 4). reason that they have been given to Clark to be mounted for my

New England collection.

I saw the next Wood Duck, a female, on Oct. 25th, swim-
moiag close to the shore at Ball's Hill afuttle above the cabin
Saw a pair on the evening of the 1st Nov., and a drake
in the river at the Holt on Nov. 15th.

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Common along the entire course of the river to within two
or three miles of its mouth, as well as throughout all the con-
necting creeks. It seemed to me to be shyer here than at the
north, invariably flying the moment it caught sight of us, or
heard the least sound which we made in rowing or paddling. On sev-
eral occasions, we started the birds from the upper branches of
tall trees bordering the water. As a rule, they were in pairs, but
on one occasion I saw five together, two drakes and three ducks.

bird killed about March I5th haci an egg in the overduct, ready
for the shell, from which I inferred that they were laying at about
this time . These southern Wood fucks seemed to rne to be noisier

fift •% -f

than the northern birds. Their notes however are in -n©- way simi-
lar. When swimming, they nodifesi. their heads emphatically at each
stroke of the foot very much in the manner of a Coot, but this
is not invariably the case. On several occasions when they dis-
covered us a long distance offl, they would swim ashore and run
off into the woods instead of taking wing. Tjiey were usually
found when feeding in or near large beds of bonnets.

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Bnmmm Birds of Sudbury, Ont.
A.K.Albera«r.

144. Wood Duck. Occasional. p-J

Ot&O] SV. IW23, 1390, p-87

Birds of Toronto, Ontario.

By James H. Fleming.

Pt.I, 7/a ter Birds.

AuK, XXIII, Oct., ISOS, p.444.

39. Aix sponsa. Wood Duck. — Regular migrant; April 1 to May
10; in the fall from late in August to October 27.

Pall Birds of N orthern Maine.
F. EL Carpenter.

Wood Duck (Aix lepensa). Two seen.

O.&O. XII. Nov. 1887 p. 188

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Birds Of Upper St. John. ")/*., . ' .

Batoheider.

ioo. Aix sponsa (. Linn .) Boie. Wood Duck. — “Quite common” at
Moulton.

Buli.N.O.0, 7, July, 1882. p, 151

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Birds of Bristol County , Mass,
F.W. Andros.

dix sponsa (Linn.), Wood Duck. Summer
resident, common. Breeds.

O.&O. XII. Sept. 1887 p.138

A late Wood Dock.— A gentleman living on
the outskirts of the city brought me a male
Wood Duck (dix sponsa ), which his hound pup
caught in a brook about January 1st, while out
for a run. It was kept in a cage a short time
and then died. Upon examination X found that
the primaries of one of the wings had been cut
off, probably by a shot, and this was the reason
of its late delay at this place. With the excep-
tion of the loss of the primaries, and its tail,
which was worn ragged by confinement in the
cage, it was in perfect plumage.

Taunton, Mass., 1888. J. C. Cahoon.

O.&O. XIII. Apr. 1888 p.6V.

2 ?

Birds Known to Pass Breading Season
nr. Winchendon, Mass. Wm, Brewster

3. Aixsponsa.* «**•*-»»*- I

Auk, V, Oct., 1888 . p. 389

Duck at South Weymouth, Dec. 31, an
I adult male in full plumage.

HP

'O.ftO. XVI, Jan, 1891, p.16

*es«W 'rcneogr ‘S’H’O

U6-098T ‘q.ess'eqco ju esfonQ;

10. Wood Duck (144). Dr. G. G. Sears shot an
adult $ in October, 1S81 while cooting. Occa-
I sionally taken on small inland ponds.

0 .& O.Vol. 17, June, 1892 p.90

'Winter Birds in South-eastern Mass.

Harry G. White

19. Wood Duck. This bird is sometimes
found in winter, although I am unaware of its .
presence near any station this year. A full
plumage, adult male was taken alive at
Taunton on Jannary 11, 1888.

O.& O.Vol. 17, June, 1892 p.83
General Notes.

S c“ u^ B Mas 9 s° f ^

2. Aix sponsa. Wood Duck. — A female with young in Stockbridge.

Auk XII, Jan, 1896 p. 88

Aix snonsa .

The

Bucks of Plymouth County, Massachusetts,
by Herbert K.Job.

Alik, Xlll, July, 1396, pp. 197-204.
See under Anas obsoura .

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October 2, 1880. Saw six Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa ) in the north head
of the Hummuck Pond and shot three of them; they were not in full
plumage.

A.ok 28, Jan-lfl32 ( gt //5?

Birds of the Adirondack Region.

C.H.JStferrism.

159. Aix sponsa {Linn.) Boie. Wood Duck.— Tolerably common
summer resident.

SaJJ. N. O.O. 0,Oot, 1881 , p. 234

Birds Tioga Do, N.Y. Alden Loriug,

i| 613. Wood Duck. Rare.

O , & 0 9 XV , Joes, is&o, p㣩

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32 .

Jan., 1884.]

AND OOLOGIST,

3

Jeert noticed in tlie county, but T'have not
lieHrd of any nests being foffnd. A few
nestsNff this bird were found here several
years ago, but we caja'fonly class them as
casual visitors, vmM more certain evidence
of their nestffigis obtained.

The cojl^ctor^ of the county all com-
plain or having h&4 poor success this sea-
sopS—W. S. M., IlNg Chester , Pa.

N

The Wood or Summer Duck.

This is considered the most beautiful
of the many species of Ducks in the
United States.

It is well known for the brilliant color-
ing and metallic lustre of its feathers, and
abundant wherever there are fresh water
ponds and streams.

The birds are shy, and it is not often
they can be observed very closely. We
once surprised a flock of about twenty-five,
when gunning in New Jersey. Rowing up
the stream, we came, about daylight, to a
sharp bend, where bushes hid our ap-
proach. The flock were on their feeding
grounds, and, though not fifty feet from
our boat, did not appear to notice us.

It was in the Fall of the year, the birds
were mostly young. For several minutes
we watched them washing and pluming,
diving and feeding, and then spinning
around like downy balls on the water, ut-
tering at times their peculiar notes.

The plumage of the birds, old and

young, was not so brilliant as it would
have been in the Spring, when they are
decked out in their almost gorgeous uni-
form.

It is not often they are caught in this
way. After having watched them suffic-
iently, it took but a second to destroy the
picture, as the two barrels of our gun
rudely startled them.

They come in the Spring, as soon as the
ice is out of the ponds, and commence to
build their nests in April. A hollow tree
is their favorite spot, and well up in the 1
tree. They sometimes will enter by what
appears to be a very small hole in the
trunk, and go down, four, or even six feet
until they find a solid spot to build their
nest upon. They carry some twigs or
grass, and line the nest with a thick felt of
their own down, which becomes so matted
that the eggs can be lifted up in it as if it
was a felt hat. We have never known any
nests except in a hollow tree or stump.

If the first nest is broken up, they will lay
a second, and again, if that is robbed, a
third time.

The largest number of eggs found in a
nest as stated by reliable parties is eight-
een. Eleven to thirteen is the usual aver-
age, and late nests (second or third) rare-
ly have more than eight or nine.

If the first nest is destroyed, they will
not desert the neighborhood. A friend of
ours found a nest on the Passaic River
and took the eggs, but having pity on the
old birds, he carried back a dozen of com-
mon duck’s eggs as a fair exchange. The
duck continued to sit until some one, see-
ing the nest, carried off the eggs. In a
few days, our friend was invited to see a
brood of young Wood Ducks at a neigh-
bors, who had built them a beautiful house
and was very proud of his prize. Our
friend said little, but smiled a grim smile
as he told his neighbor that it would not
be necessary to pinion the young ducks,
as they would never go far. As they grew
they developed into the most common of

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7

May 2d, while Perch fishing on Palmer’s
river, I found two nests of the Wood Puck ,
both in hollow “Buttonwoods” with a sur-
prisingly small entrance for the size of the
Duck. These same trees have been occu-
pied by this species of Duck ever since my
acquaintance with the locality, some five
years or more. The sets numbered eleven
and nine respectively, the contents of the
nest being easily seen, 'as there were two
holes in each near the bottom of the cavi
ty, as though worn through by long usage.

A nest of twelve eggs of this Duck was
taken April 23, 1880. Incubation unknown.
They were set under a domestic Pekin Duck.
May 14th, nine little ducklings rewarded me
for my pains, and very proud was I of my
success. Having kept the old Duck in con-
finement, I turned the little brood over to
her care, and was surprised and gratified
to see her take kindly to them.

I tethered the mother with a liberal cord
and showed my quaint looking youngsters
to admiring friends. For about a week
matters thus proceeded, when I awoke one
morning to find that Mrs. Duck had sev-
ered the . string which held her foot, and
together with her little family, had swam
peacefully down Rocky-brook — to her fate
— for as I afterwards learned, as they
passed under the highway bridge, in the
gra / dawn, a sportsman (?) shot the parent
bird, and left the ducklings to the more
merciful mink and turtle.

T/'trlZi fiumAA ZlUurfri/dv yU^vi, ^ ^

O.&O. /X. Oof. 188*1. pj 43"

Bii'&sof DeadSiver Region, Me. 5VH.0.

99. Aix sponsa, (Wood Duck). These Ducks
were common on Dead river and Spencer stream,
where they nested in the hollow stubs on the
; banks. I saw many old nesting sites and young
broods in June. They were frequently seen sit-
1 -ting on logs in small flocks of three or four, when
canoeing on the streams.

O.&O. XI. Dec. 1888. p. 178

Raising Wood Ducks.— How an Ego-Collector
Heat a Salem Farmer.— Collectors of natural his-
tory objects find the cultivation of shrewdness a help
in their chosen field. This spring a Salem farmer
showed a Norwich oologist a wood duck’s nest with a
fine clutch of eggs in it and assured him he proposed
at the proper time to take the eggs, hatch them under
a hen and have a flock of ducks not readily duplicated.

The egg-collector felt that the scheme of his friend was
barbarous, and was doubtful of its feasibility, but he
did not question it, he simply spoke an encouraging
word to his farmer friend, and then set to work to
decide how he should capture those eggs for himself.

Fair exchange he thought was no robbery, so he pur-
chased half a dozen domestic ducks’ eggs of about the
same color and size, and going to the wood duck’s nest
in the hollow tree, substituted them for the coveted
clutch which he took home and added to his collection.

The farmer bided his time, and then took the eggs
from the wood duck’s nest and placed them under a
hen. The hen hatched the eggs, and the ducklings are
running about the farm the admiration of the farmer
i who has built for them a pretty duck-house, and who
* is waiting for them to take on the beautiful plumage
for which the wood duck is noted. The wicked oolo-
gist is smiling in the meantime over his own shrewd-
ness and his friend’s child-like faith in eggs of which '
he knows nothing.

1889 pill -/ It

950. Domesticating Wildfowl. By Fred Mather. Ibid., Nov. 6 and
Dec. 4, pp. 286, 366. — Wood Duck, Teal,’ Widgeon, Pintail, etc - . & - ; XXIII

i 383- The Wood Duck in Winter. By Fred Mather, {bid.. No. 24
Dec. 25, p. 463. . . . : S ‘saaa, Voi,3qnx

1386. Wood Duck in Winter. By Robert T. Morris. Ibid., No. 2c
Jan. 12, p. 485.— On Hackensack marshes. Sfe, .; Stream »’ Voi, XXIX
563. The. Wood Duck— {Aix sponsa). By Byrne. Ibid., XX, No. 1,

July 7, 1883, P- 9-— Original and interesting account of its habits.

Americas Field#

1719- The Foot of the Wood Duck. By Fred. Mather. Ibid., Oct. 4,
p. 205. — Climbing powers of the young. For, & stream. Vol, 81.
!33 3 - Domesticating Wood Ducks. Bv M. M. Benschoter, M. D
Ibid., No. 17, May %9 , p. 367. For, & Stream, Vol. XXVISI

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Ganaverel , ganana Greek,

Mar 7- 15.

On March 9th, I watched a fear male^ of this species for near-
ly an hour at a distance of 100 to 200 yards. He was in company
with eight or ten Widgeons which alighted in shallow water in a
cove of Banana Creek, where I had made a stand. He fed precisely
like the Mallard, tipping up his tail and kicking with his feet,
while his head, neck and fore parts of the body were submerged. The
rich, c.hestiiut color of his head and neck, dark, ashy gray back,
the bluish color of the bill were all conspicuous characteristics.
His head and neck looked very short and thick.

3irds of Toronto, Ontario.

By James H. Fleming.

Pt.I, Water Birds.

Auk, XXIII, Got., 1903, p.444.

40. Aythya americana. Redhead. — Common migrant, and an irreg-
ular winter resident; a flock remained during the winter of 1901-02, leav-
ing on March 15. A small flock of non-breeding birds remained through
the summer of 1906, but they usually leave before April 16.

This duck decreased till about 1890 when no birds were seen; the
increase began soon afterwards and they rapidly regained their old
numbers.

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12. Fuli<rula ferina americana. One obtained by a friend, Oct., 1879.

Bull, N. 0.0, April, 1881, p, 127

Birds of Bristol County , Mass,

F. W. Andros.

Aythya americana (Eyt.), Redhead. Migrant.
Rare, a few instances.

O.&o. XII. Sept. 1887 p .138

Ducks of Oohasset, MasB. , 1800-92
O.H.E. Boston, Mass.

11. Redhead (146). Rare. I have records
of two or three which were taken previous to
1886. Since then none have been shot.

0.& O.Vol.17, June, 1892 p.90

Water Birds, Nantuo

O-eorge H.Macl;

^et, Mass.
4y.

General Notes.

Aythya americana.— Feb. 22, 1891, I saw three male Redheads in full
plumage which were shot from a flock of about forty. They had been
frequenting Coskata Pond in the eastern part of the island. These
Ducks were fairly numerous here in former years; a few are at times
I seen here during the winter.

Auk 9 , July, 1892. p.3G4.

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Avthya araer i can a .

The Ducks of Plymouth county, Massachusetts,
by Herbert K.Job.

Auk, Xlll, July, 1890, pp. 197-204.
See under Anas op sour a.

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Feeding Wild Ducks on Sodus Bay, N. Y. — Sodus Bay, one of the

largest bays on the southern shore of Lake Ontario, was the scene of an
interesting experiment in the feeding of wild ducks during the months of
February and March, 1913. The bay, which is a large irregularly shaped
body of water, containing several islands, is frequented in the spring and
fall by large numbers of ducks. The winter was unusually mild up to the
first of February, and many ducks remained on a large area of the bay which
was open, and where they apparently found plenty of food. About
February 1 the weather turned suddenly cold, with heavy snow storms and
high winds. This caused the bay to freeze entirely over, preventing the
ducks from reaching there feeding grounds. On February 4 the weather
was very stormy, and several thousand ducks were noted in places still re-
maining open. On February 5 Mr. Claude T. DeVille, the state game
protector at Sodus Point, noted that the ducks were flying to places kept
open by men harvesting ice. The ducks were very fearless and were appar-
ently suffering from lack of food. On the succeeding day, February 6, he
obtained a quantity of wheat, and tried feeding the ducks. The grain was
readily eaten and he immediately wrote the New York State Conservation
Commission, notifying them of the presence of the ducks and the necessity
of relief measures. The Commission promptly responded, and on February
10, Mr. DeVille received word to purchase grain and feed the ducks. He
first tried feeding by throwing the grain in the water, but the ducks were so
weak that they apparently had difficulty in reaching bottom in sixteen feet
of water. This fact alone shows the extremes to which the ducks were
reduced, as they were mainly Bluebills, Redheads and Canvasbacks,
all of which feed at considerable depths. He then tried placing the grain
on the ice on a place scraped clear of snow near the edge of the open water.
This proved successful, as the ducks immediately came out on the ice,
feeding like barnyard fowls. At one place near where men employed by
the Northern Central Railway Co. were harvesting ice, there were often six
or seven hundred ducks feeding at one time. The ducks were fed in this
manner at all the places which remained open, which varied from three
or four to six or eight. They were fed at least once and often twice each
day, and during the period from February 10 to March 10, when the
feeding was discontinued, thirty-eight bushels of wheat were fed.

The ducks soon learned to look for the grain and upon seeing Mr. DeVille
starting out on the ice, would fly to the places where the grain was placed.

At one time all the holes had frozen over, and the grain was placed on the
bare ice, the ducks coming in from the lake and lighting on the ice to feed.
This was at a distance of about a quarter of a mile from the open water
in the lake. On February 21, being temporarily out of wheat, cracked
corn was tried, but the ducks apparently did not relish it, and did not
clean it up, as they did the wheat. During a period from February 12 to
16, Mr. DeVille estimated the number of ducks was at least ten thousand.
They gradually scattered with the coming of milder weather, but there
were several thousand still present on March 18.

The ducks were about seventy-five per cent Bluebills, or Scaups, the
remainder being about evenly divided between Canvasbacks and Red-
heads, with a few Whistlers.

On March 13 when the writer visited the bay he counted in an open
place between the outlet of the bay and Sand Point, about five hundred
Bluebills, one hundred Redheads, a few Canvasbacks, about a dozen
Mallard, three or four Black Ducks and several Holbcell’s and Horned
Grebes. At this time the ducks were apparently able to take care of them-
selves, were feeding in the usual manner, and did not come for the grain.

Mr. DeVille stated that the ducks were in such poor condition, that he
had seen many with ice frozen to their feathers, the wing feathers being
sometimes frozen together. Many also had balls of ice over the bill, often
extending to the eyes. Fourteen ducks were found dead, eleven Bluebills,
one Canvasback and two Redheads. One Bluebill drake found in full
plumage weighed one pound and three ounces.

Great credit must be given to both Mr. DeVille, who is a game protector
of a type we need more of, and the New York State Conservation Com-
mission, for their prompt action in this matter, for there is no doubt that
if they had not acted in time, thousands of ducks would have dial of starva-
tion. — H. E. Gordon, Rochester, N. Y. 4Sj0IS Wwi !r*» $

204. Fuligula americana. Redhead. — Rare. Has been killed on
Lake Champlain in November.

Hullo N.0»0» 7^ Got a %332tj p *267

e <

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(L -li v-txLcJ— t "V H .'T) -

Ay t hya americana, Aythya vallisneria, Aythya marila

nnd Til ' f Unng the laSt W6ek ° f Al,gUSt ’ I 9°4i Scaup Ducks
and Red-heads were present in the South Bay opposite Speonk

and the vicinity, the larger number being the first. Both these
have continued to be abundant during October and November
Gunners, quite a number of whom have been questioned by the
writer report them more common than they remember them to
have been before.

Duung October, 1904 , Mr. J. A. Fonda saw in the eastern end
of the Great South Bay a flock of six Canvas-backs, two of which
were secured, and later a single Canvas-back was killed from a
flock of Scaup Ducks.

Among other ducks more common here in October than usual
were Anas boschas, Dafila acuta and Erismatura jamaicensis.

Auk, XJfcll, Apr. , 190C

P/( c ^

/ two Red-head Ducks (. Fulix ferina americana) that have
the head and neck white -/ ^

Bull. N.O.O, 8, Apil. 1883. p, /X ^ •

Auk, XV, Jan., 1898, p .

The Redhead ( Aythya americana) in post-nuptial Plumage in Autumn.

On November 10, 1896, I received from Walter I. Jackson of Havre-de-

Grace, a male Redhead (Aythya americana) shot the day previous on the
Susquehanna flats. This bird, for some reason, had failed to moult at
the proper time, and appears m the old worn-out featheis chaiacteiistic
of the post-nuptial period. All the feathers are very short, but those on
the head and the tail-feathers show most abrasion, being reduced to less
than one-half the usual length. Examination showed the bones perfect
and the flesh normal, though without a particle of fat, indicating that the
bird was not a ‘ crippler.’ It was flying with the other ducks when shot. —
F. C. Kirkwood, Baltimore , Md.

Notes on the Breeding Habits of some of the Water-Birds
of St. Clair Flats, Michigan. — • The past season I had the good
fortune to find two nests of the Red-head Duck ( Aytliya americana ), con-
taining respectively seven and eight eggs. The nests were situated as
follows. The first was placed on some drifted rushes on a sunken log, and
was composed of flags and rushes evidently taken from the pile, of drift
upon the log, as they were short pieces, so short, in fact, that the nest when
lifted with the hands fell in pieces. The nest was about four inches
deep, and lined with down from the female. This nest contained seven
fresh eggs of a creamy color, and varied in measurements from 2.30 X 1.75
to 2.22 X 1.66 inches, and were of a uniform oval shape, very little
smaller at one end. The other nest was built similar to a Coot’s nest,
that is, of flags and grass interwoven at the base of a bunch of flags, grow-
ing in water three or four feet deep. It was built in such a way that the
nest would rise and fall with the water. This nest also contained down
and eight fresh eggs, uniform in size, shape, and color with the others.
The birds, male and female, were flying around, and often came quite close
to me. The cry of the female resembled the cry of the Mallard so nearly
that, had I heard and not seen the bird, I should have supposed it to be
the Mallard.

At - mLt/l .

BullN.O.O. 5, Jan., 188Q, p, & X .

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Avthya amencana , , ,, r , ,- , o,

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OCCASIONAL NOTES.

385

in Swanage Bay on June 23rd. My attention was attracted to a bird
approaching me whose flight resembled that of a Cormorant with a Gannet's
plumage ; it fortunately passed within fifty yards of me, and I had no
difficulty in identifying it. That it was a Cormorant I have no doubt, and
corresponded with Mr. Gatcombe’s account of the Wembury bird, with this
difference — the wings and body appeared to be the normal colour of the
species, rather than “ silvery gray.” The difference might only have been,
through optical delusion, caused by reflection, the sky at the time I saw
it being clear and unclouded. If it is the same bird, and seen in three
successive counties, it must be making a tour of the English coast, and by
practical experience finding the most favoured spots to satisfy its voracious
appetite. Two colonies of Black-headed Gulls have established themselves
on lakes between Poole and Studland. At one of these lakes Pochards
have bred for the last three years. In the spring of 1875, a male Pochard,
incapacitated from accompanying his companions northwards by a fractured
wing, was fortunate enough to induce a female to remain with him, and a
brood of young red-heads appeared on the lake, which was so carefully
and successfully watched that the following year (1876) three broods were
hatched. Having only just returned after a long absence from home,
I have been unable to assure myself of the progress made in the
further propagation of this bird. My friend Mr. W. M. Calcraft
writes me word that a few weeks since he observed a hawk (a Peregrine
probably) swoop down upon a Black-headed Gull on the wing, but failing
to capture the bird he quickly returned and took it up as it floated on the
water, and alighted on the ground a short distance off, with the intention of
making a repast on the remains, but on the approach of Mr. Calcraft he flew
away, leaving the gull in his possession. Curlews have bred this season on
the heaths between Poole and Wareham. An egg of this bird was sent me last
April, containing a chick just ready to enter upon subaerial life : its length
was four inches ; bill, three-quarters of an inch. Choughs and Havens have
returned to their old nesting-places on the rugged coast of Purbeck, after
extermination before the passing of the Wild Birds Preservation Acts. The
Peregrine breeds in Gadcliff (the noble headland on the western side of the
so-called “island”), which is happily so steep and precipitous that no human
hand can rob it of its young, although it not unfrequently falls to the gun
or trap of the inexorable gamekeeper. — J. C. Mansell-Plkydell (Long-
thorns, Blandford). M’-?.

Bbeeding of the Pochard and Black-headed Gull in Dobsetshire.
—In the early part of June, I was informed that there were some curious
birds breeding at a pool well known as a favourite resort of wild fowl in this
vicinity, and that the keeper had never seen any like them there before.
So one fine morning I got on board a sailing-boat, and ran down the
harbour to the point of land nearest to the pool. From here a short walk

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52 .

Avthya vallisneria.

Manomet Point, Mass.

1897. " I have had it in mind for some time to reply to. your

inquiry regarding the ownership of those mounted Canvas-baehs,-
but, as it was mentioned in the Aide, I thought I would wait
till the end of the nesting season, and tell you of what I

ft

found. The gentleman referred to above is Mr. Thomas Arnold,
North Abington, Mass., who owns a duck and goose stand at
Silver Lake and a nice cottage at Manomet Point.”

Extract from a letter from H.K.Job, July 22, 1897,

North Middleboro ' , Mass.

Birds of Southern New Bruns-wiok.
M, Oh.amb orlttUi-

19. iEthyia vallisneria. — Canvas-back.— Carnell has mounted one
of this species taken within the Province, and E. C. Sutton, Esq., of Sut-
ton, who is familiar with their appearance, saw a flock on the St. John
River, about four miles from the city, several times during the fall of 1879.

Bull. N, O.Ot 7, Apr ii a 1882, p,106

Birds of Toronto, Ontario.

By James H. Fleming.

Pt.I, Water 3 irds.

Aui;, XXIII, Oct., 1906 , p. 444-445.

41. Aythya vallisneria. Canvas-back. — Rare winter resident. A
small flock was here in the winter of 1900-01; a male was taken on Feb-
ruary 23, 1901, and a flock was reported on November 21; another male
was taken on March 31, 1905.

Canvas-backs were practically unknown here for many years, due no
doubt to the general decrease that took place soon after that of the Red-
heads in eastern North America; the increase has resulted in a wide
extension of range, and recently Lake Ontario has been visited regularly
by small flocks. Lake Erie seems to be still the center of abundance
on the Great Lakes.

Birds of Bristol County , Mass.
F.W-Andros.

^wiia i (Canvas-tack- Mi-
Aythya vallisneria (Wils.),

grant, very rare.

0,*0. XII. sept. 1887 P-^8

Docks of Oobasset, Mobs. , 1800-92
O.H.E. Boston, Hass.

12. Canvas-back (147). Very rare. One
taken by Mr. B. C. Clark, November, 1883. ■

o.fe O.Vol.17, June, 1892 p.90

Auk, XIV. Apr. , 1807, P- Z* 6 -

The Canvas-back Duck in Massachusetts. — Four specimens of this
species (Aythya vallisneria ), two of each sex, were shot in Silver Lake,
Pembroke, Plymouth County, Dec. 18, 1896, from the stand of Mr. Thomas
Arnold of North Abington. I have seen a pair of them that he has had
mounted. There were five in the flock. Mr. Arnold authorizes me to
report this capture.

A single Canvas-back, a male, was seen by Mr. J. E. Bassett in Nippe-
nickett Pond, Bridgewater, Nov. 26, 1896, accompaning two Dusky Ducks
(Anas obscura'). The three swam almost within gunshot of the stand,
allowing a protracted scrutiny of them through a field glass, and another
later in the day. Mr. B. has shot hundreds of Red-heads, and at once saw
that this was a different bird, and described to me all the characteristics of
A. vallisneria with perfect accuracy. These, with other reported occur-
rences, indicate a phenomenal flight of the species in Massachusetts in the
late fall of 1896. — Herbert K. Job, North Middleboro\ Mass.

The Canvasback at Bridgewater, Mass. — For many years until the
19th of October, 1907, there is no record of the Canvasback ( Aythya val-
lisneria) at Nippenickett Pond, Bridgewater, Mass. Upon the above date
Elbert L. Hall and Irving Hall shot six birds of this species from a flock
of thirteen. All the captured ones, and as nearly as could be learned all
those escaping, were in either the female or immature male plumage. —
Arthur C. Dyke, Bridgewater, Mass. Auk 25, Jan ! 9Q8,p* % 0 *

Aythya vail isneria .

The Ducks of Plymouth County, Massachusetts.

by Herbert K.Job.

Auk, Xlll, July, 109S , pp. 197-204.

See under Anas obscura.

/ ?c 3

V^v\ /

i i

(r

ccv

/

/v.tf.)

^J^ULA£\

Ct^U/ , Vw^/v3

^ ^ ^ f cA-M^b S -

f-f ^ /*t-GSL*r& ^5 vw 4v£X

vK© ~ vv^y*-* — /9 a o_->_

/^yajtMAAZ

-v — ^

157* Canvas Backs in Rhode Island. By Fred’k Skinner. Ibid., XV,
p. 4 x 7 . — Two killed at Point Judith early in November. • ■'< 5 '">33S

57

203. Fuligula vallisneria. Canvas-back. — Rare fall migrant.

Bttli. N, 0.0. 7»Qot, 1882, p.257'

S^-xr-t~-K. $ (3eXl>0 • , ft ff ■

Aythya vallisneria, Canvas-back. — During the first week of Decem-
ber, 1897, Canvas-back Ducks began to appear in couples and small
flocks and by the middle of January the local sportsmen estimated that
there were about 200 flocked in this end of the lake (Kevka). However,
a week’s despicable night shooting soon drove them away. Old spoits-
men inform me that these were the first Canvas-backs that they had seen
in about fifteen years.

Auk, XVI,

Motes concerning certain Birds
of Long Island, N.Y.

Aythya vallisneria. The Canvas-back is sufficiently rare on Long
Island to be worthy of record. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that
the not infrequent reports of large flocks of Canvas-backs on Long
Island sent from gunning resorts to the daily press, with the evident
desire of attracting the city sportsmen thither, may safely be set down
to the presence of its near relative, the Red-head. I have never interro-
gated a reliable Long Island gunner, bayman or guide, who had ever
observed a flock of any considerable number of Canvas-backs on Long
Island. Abundant as this bird is on the Chesapeake, its rarity on Long
Island is very firmly established. Mr. Andrew Chichester, a veteran
gunner of Amityville, sent me a pair (,$ and ? ) of fine, fresh birds shot
by his son Arthur at that place, March, 1903.

William C.Braislin, M.D., Brooklyn, N.Y.

Auk, XXI, Apr., 190 i, p 288 .

Auk, XX.ll, Ayr., 1900, p

5?

2

203. Fuligula vallisnefia. Canvas-back. — Rare fall migrant.

BxsIA, N,0.0« 7 t Qot, 1882, P.257'

,52-trvwj^ 'QaJUt aJ) V £<_Xt O ^8'* ^ —

Aythya vallisneria, Canvas-back. — During the first week of Decem-
ber, 1897, Canvas-back Ducks began to appear in couples and small
flocks and by the middle of January the local sportsmen estimated that
there were about 200 flocked in this end of the lake (Kevka). However,
a week’s despicable night shooting soon drove them away. Old spoits-
men inform me that these were the first Canvas-backs that they had seen
in about fifteen years.

Notes concerning certain Birds
of Long Island, N.Y.

Aythya vallisneria. The Canvas-back is sufficiently rare on Long
Island to be worthy of record. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that
the not infrequent reports of large flocks of Canvas-backs on Long
Island sent from gunning resorts to the daily press, with the evident
desire of attracting the city sportsmen thither, may safely be set down
to the presence of its near relative, the Red-head. I have never interro-
gated a reliable Long Island gunner, bayman or guide, who had ever
observed a flock of any considerable number of Canvas-backs on Long
Island. Abundant as this bird is on the Chesapeake, its rarity on Long
Island is very firmly established. Mr. Andrew Chichester, a veteran
gunner of Amityville, sent me a pair ($ and ?) of fine, fresh birds shot
by his son Arthur at that place, March, 1903.

William C.Braislin

. i *. 1,'i • -L/ *

xdk, XXI.

ii . D . , Brooklyn , N.Y.

2C2C1, A t., 190 ± s p 2SG ■

o

b

K

O

Albinism And Melanism in North
American Birds# Ruthven Deane,

^' 7r > 'PxX. 0. #-

. . u

BuaN.O.O. 1, April, 1876, p. 23

. _ * *1 F valli sneria , |

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«« '// y^^.i^co

ti. v>7«< . \4_ <-- , C^rv^--v -

XV /// ' Cof^^ / ? <5 / ,// /^ Zoo.

Birds of N.B. const of Labrador
by Henry B. Bigelow.

28. Aythya marila. Greater Scaup. — I received one from Dr. Gren-
fell. It was shot near Nain in October, 1899. So far as I can find out
this is the only record from the east coast. Auk, XIX, Jan., 1902, P.27.

Birds of Toronto, Ontario.

By Janies H. Fleming.

Pt.I, Water Birds.

Auk , XXIII, Oet . , 1906, i>.445

42. Aythya marila. Scaup Duck. — Common migrant and regular
winter resident, from October 18 to March 4 (April 16, 1906). A small
flock of non-breeding birds remained during the summer of 1906.

42.

Aythya

shot.

fr ' ;.g f .(,1 ots J+ . T.

by Mr, & Mrs Bo.je

marila. American Scaup Duck.— 1911, Oct. 25, one

uj, :ly, i9 ; u jft 1 / 3 6

£3

O.feO.Vol.17, June, 1892 p.90

WfttoT Birds, Nantucket, Mass.

fl- sorga H. Meekly. General Notes.-

Aythya marila nearctica. — May I, 1892, I saw two flocks of American
| Scaup, about twenty-five in each flock; they were resting in the Hum-
; muck Pond. They were probably the remainder of those which have
■ been in this locality all winter, numbering fully five hundred. I saw
I several hundred of them in the same pond on Feb. 21. There have been
! more of these Ducks about the island during the winters of 1891 and
1892 than for many years. In times past they were abundant every year.
I noted a good many more of them during the past autumn, winter and
: j spring than in the previous year. They appear early in November and
1 are mostly gone by May 1.

Auk 9 .July, 1892 . p .304

e ' Aak * XV, April, 1898. p < /»?.

/A£ S ja — CeJtlL Ctr^t

1 t A .

0,1 the same da - v ’ February 7^ two Scaup Ducks (Aythya marila nearc-
/ ticai ) came in to the decoys put in the harbor of Barnstable, and although

neither of the birds were taken, Mr. Shattuck feels confident of their iden-
tity as he knows the bird well. The usual northern limit of the Scaup
Duck’s winter range is Long Island, N. Y. I '

J rw £a/"V 0 <

Auk, XII, July, 1S95, p .3 to

(i/v \ c Iz eC* lAOvi .

November:. Twenty-five Broadbills {Aythya marila nearctica ) seen
at the Long Pond to-day. [

a -

(

Alik "5CTV Am- 1QCVT p_ ,

Aythya marila. American Scaup Duck. — -I saw large numbers in
Madaket harbor Nov. 1, — about one thousand (estimated) birds.

In passing through Nantucket Sound I saw, Nov. 1 1, about two thousand
Old Squaws ( Harelda hyemalis) in one body. I also saw a great many
White-winged Scoters ( Oidemia deglandi ) in groups scattered over the
sound; also a much less number of Surf Scoters (O. perspicillata). I did
not observe any American Scoters (O. americana). I do not see many of
the latter nowadays ; they are getting to be a rather scarce bird on the
Massachusetts and Rhode Island coasts. ?■£»• Hh***k*y ,

Aythya in. nearctica .

The Ducks of Plymouth County, Massachusetts,
by Herbert K.Job.

Auk, Xlll, July, 189G, pp. 197-204.

See under Anas obscura .

Notes on Certain Water Birds inMass.
G-eorgre H.Mackay.

There have been a good many of the larger Scaup (Aythya

marila nearctica ) living about the waters between Muslceget
Island, and Maddeket harbor, which is on the northern side of
Nantucket Island. They also frequented the ponds at the west-
ern part of the latter island during the winter and spring of 1894,
although there have been fewer there than there were last season
during the same period. On March n, 1S94, some four hundred
still frequented Maddeket harbor. I shot a male and female A.
ajjims, all I saw, on the 13th. They were in company with A. in.
nearctica. There were still thirty of the larger variety in the
Hummuck Pond, Nantucket Island, on April 29. They flew
out at my approach, mounted to a very high altitude and went
towards the west. I did not see them again.

Although I have shown by these notes that there have been
very large bodies of wild fowl concentrated in restricted localities,
I would add that I have rarely observed fewer in the localities
they have heretofore been accustomed to haunt. I account for it
by the scarcity in these localities of the shell-fish food, which they

Auk XI. July. 1894 p. 225

consume in enormous quantities.

Aythya marila. A flock estimated to number about six hundred
wintered about Moon Island. We have not found them wintering at any
other point in Boston Bay.

uk,

201 . Fuligula marila. Scaup Duck.— O ccurs during the migrations,
but is not common.

Bu&N.O.O, 7,Oot, 1882, p.256

Birds Hogs Co, N.Y. Alden Lorine.

614. Big Black Head. Not common. Found
; in the spring and fall in pairs or small flocks |

1 of three to five.

0 } %Q g XV, June, 1390, p »80

0 - ^

-vjC C ClXa^Cv^ ,

a

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS BREEDING IN
THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

BY CHARLES W. RICHMOND.

In treating of the fauna and flora of the District of Columbia,
authors generally extend the limits twenty miles from the Capi-
tol in all directions. Owing to the fact that his experience does
not extend far beyond the District limits proper, the writer has
preferred to restrict the present notes, as much as possible, to
within that boundary. Some species are left out, therefore,
which would otherwise be included. Among such birds are
the Bald Eagle ( Halueetus leucocephahis) , the Wild Turkey
( Meleagr is ycillopavo) , and the Wood Duck ( yl ix sponsa ),
which are known to breed at Mt. Vernon, Va., about fourteen
miles from Washington ; the Turkey Vulture ( Cathartes aura),
and the Great Horned Owl {Bubo virginianus) , breeding near
Wilson’s Station, Md., about seven miles from here, as the writer
is informed by Mr. Frank White. The Red-tailed Hawk ( Buteo
borealis ) has been found breeding at Sandy Spring, Md., about
eighteen miles distant, by Dr. A. K. Fisher.

Mr. LIugh M. Smith kindly contributes the following interest-
ing note on the breeding of the American Scaup Duck {Ajthya
marila ne arcpp ca) at Mt. Vernon :' t Hn May, iSSTJa female
duck was often noticed swimming to and from a marshy tract
near Mt. Vernon Springs, and in June was flushed from the
nest by Mr. L. P. Pumphrey, an experienced gunner and duck
shooter. The nest contained fourteen eggs, which were not
disturbed. Later in the same month they were found to have
hatched (with the exception of one), and the young ducks were
transferred to the care of a hen. The ducks grew, and when old
enough to fly, went off one at a time and never returned. At
no time was the male bird seen. Mr. Pumphrey’s identification
of the bird was complete, and his gieat familiarity with the
birds of the river makes his dictum reliable.” This instance, of
course, was purely accidental, the bird probably being wounded
and obliged to remain where it was discovered.

Three birds given as breeding in ‘Avifauna Columbiana,’ by
Drs. Coues and Prentiss, are here omitted, viz : Brown Creeper
{Certhia familiaris americana) , Tree Swallow ( Tachycineta
bicolor ), and Bronzed Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula ceneus ) .
The first is a winter resident, being common from the middle
of October until the first week in April. The Tree Swallow is
said to be “a common summer resident,” whereas it does not
occur as such, although small scattered flocks of migrants are
often seen flying over the city during the latter part of July.
The Bronzed Grackle is little more than a straggler, and indi-
viduals passing through here hardly remain to breed. Llowever,
the writer has a male, taken on April 1 7, 1886, a date when
^ordinary quiscula is nesting, and a female shot on April 6,
1887, about the time the Purple Grackles are laying their first
eggs. Both of these birds were taken in a grove of cedars
occupied by a colony of Purple Grackles.

The writer desires to thank Mr. LI. W. Henshaw, Mr. Robert
Ridgway, and others whose names are mentioned in connection’
with the following notes, for information arid .asSiSTa'nce in pre-
paring the list. The notes apply to the breeding season only.

V. Jan, 1888. p.

. ‘"‘. A

x::l July, 1395, »/>•*«“£'
i ? — In separating the American bcai

Aythya marila or A. m. n'eafcfita ? — In separating the American Scaup
Duck as a subspecies from its European cousin Dr. Stejneger (Orn. Expl.
Kamtsch., 1885) gives as the characteristic difference between the two
forms the coloring of the primaries from the fourth quill, which have “ a
distinct white area on the inner web ” in A. marila, and “ a grayish — but
not white — area on the inner web” in A. m. nearctica. A. marila has
not, I believe, been as yet recorded from this country.

Early in December last Mr. A. H. Verrill called my attention to the
extensive white spaces on the primaries of a male Scaup Duck, which had
been sent him by Mr. E. M. Cooper of Stony Creek, Conn., whom we had
asked to forward us, ducks in the flesh, and suggested that it might be
the European bird. We determined to investigate the subject, and re-
quested Mr. Cooper to send us male Scaup Ducks noticeably white on the
primaries. The following small series was selected by Mr. Cooper in
accordance with our wishes, all having been killed at Stony Creek on or
about the dates given with the specimens, and most of them having been
shot by Mr. Cooper himself.

In the following descriptions of this bird I have merely attempted to
point out the main differences between them, giving particular attention
to the coloring of the light spaces on the primaries.

No. 1330, Coll. L. B. Bishop, Dec. 15, 1894. Interscapulars brown
spotted with white, with a few black feathers spotted with white inter-
mixed. Feathers of chest whitish barred with brown and tipped with
white, a few black feathers interspersed ; flanks white heavily vermicu-
lated with black, mixed with many entirely brown feathers ; abdomen
posteriorly hair brown with most of the feathers tipped with white.
Rump, tail-coverts and tail brown with many black feathers interspersed,
under tail-coverts tipped with white. Pale space on inner web of prim-
aries becoming distinctly white only on the inner edge of the basal por-

chest, and only one brown feather on left flank ; black vermiculation of
flanks more distinct. No white-tipped feathers on under tail-coverts.
White distinct on inner web of all the primaries but narrow on ninth
and tenth, and on outer web of inner six.

No. 1354, Coll. L. B. Bishop, Jan. 11, 1895. Like last, except faint edg-
ing of white on posterior feathers of chest; flank pure white faintly
vermiculated with black. Inner web of all the primaries with large space
of pure white extending on six inner quills well toward tip of feather,
the white mixed with a little gray on ninth and tenth feathers; outer
webs distinctly white on six inner quills.

In comparing these specimens it will be noticed that they vary greatly
in the coloring of the inner webs of the primaries, Nos. 1330 and 1329
coming fairly under the head of A. m. nearctica, Nos. 134S, I 349 > anc ^ I 35 °
being intermediate, and Nos. 1328 and 1354 typical examples of the old
world form A. marila. If, however, all except Nos. 1328 and 1350 are left
out of consideration on account of their obviously immature plumage the

1890.

Mar7-I5

Florida,

Canaveral, Banana Creek.

/

uue/

/

/5U

The most numerous representative/here of any species of^Duck
-tribe, but confined to the broad creeks and bays, never visiting
the smaller ponds in the marshes. They associate freely with all
other ducks, and even with the Coots, few large beds of whom are
without a greater or lesser sprinkling of Scaups > Under ordinary
conditions, that is to say when the water throughout these bays
and creeks ranges from one to two feet in depth, they get thei s
food by diving. But after a north wind hag blown for several days
and the depth of water is reduced to from two or three to eight of
ten inches, they feed precisely in the manner of the true fresh
water duck-r- that is, by tipping up the tail and immersing the head,
neck and fore part of the body. During this trip I frequently
sa w dozens thus engaged. They are fond of sleeping in the sun on
mud or sand bars. On several occasions I saw numbers walking about
on the mud flats, carrying the in bodies rather erect, with legs wide
spread and waddling terribly, perhaps ^their feet stuck in the sof t
mud. They decoy better than any other species of duck found here,
and we killed in this way many of them. As nearly as I could make
out from careful examination and comparison of all the specimens
which passed thruugh my hands, about 80/S belonged to the form

the remaining 20X being +**<u~*4-*^ h

good many specimens^ however, were apparently more^or, less ^

intermediate .between these two forms. The Scaup duck# *■& the swif4
est flying Jwpi%in this region; in fact, I think its speed is ex-
ceeded only by that of the Green— winged Teal and the Hooded Mergan-
ser , It was rarely that flocks of any size came to the decoys,
but sometimes pairs or bunches of three or four would draw in over
them, and, if not shot at, would among them. As they came

in they would set their wings and scale, dropping their legs,
the feet ’ wide-spread, just before they al ighted ^ Th e only note I
identified with certainty was a seemed to be

a note of alarm, and was uttered usually while the bird was sit-
ting on the water, with head and neck erect, s£sW9B5!b r suspicious
of danger. A female which I shot in the act of making this sound
belonged to the smaller form. This duck may be distinguished at a
good distance when sitting on the water by its black head and .gray-
ish back. The sides appear nearly pure white, for the feathers of
the flank are habitually carried well up over the folded wings.

~?o

Birds within Ten Miles of Point
de Monts, Can, Comeau & Merriau,

in. Puligula affinis. Scaup Duck. — Tolerably common in October.

Bull. N. 0.0. 7,Oot, 1882, p. 239

Newfoundland Notes. A Trip up the
Humber River, Aug, 10 - Sept. 24,I89S.

8 . Aythya affinis.
Adies Pond.

Lesser Scaup Duck.— Sept. 17, one killed at

Louis H, Porter, New York City.
Auk, XVII, Jan. , 1900, p. 7 /.

Birds of Toronto, (Ontario. 42

By James K. Fleming.

Pt.I, Water Birds.

Auk, XXIII, Oct., 1906, p.445.

43. Aythya affinis. Lessee Scaup Duck. — Common migrant; does
not winter here; arrives in March, remaining till May (May 22, 1894) •
earliest fall record July 21, 1890, latest October 29, 1895.

Qaa.gLo^^'tJU'

6y\Aasi4.o .

/9o 7j fo,

3. Aythya affinis. Lesser Scaup Duck. — Several birds observed
with their young on Lake Temiskaming.

— L-r

cry-, qS «^o£^-w*^

- • ■ C? *f .

13. Fuligula marila affinis. One obtained by self, Oct., 1880; several

bv others.

Bull, N.O.O, © t April* 1881, p,127

Mass. ( near Concord ).

/nv

thr.u ? * > 2

7'tuJ/

Docks of Oohaeset, Mass. , 1860-83
O.H.B. Boston, Mass.

14. Lesser Scaup Duck (149). Rather less
common than proceeding.

Q.& O.Vol.17, June, 1892 p.90

V/ a tor Birds. K aaiuoket. Mass.

Oeorge H. Mack ijr.

Geseral Notes.

Aythya affinis. — Feb. 22, 1892. — I have not noted any of these Ducks
here before. While shooting at the Hummuck Pond on the above
date, a single Lesser Scaup came to the decoys and was secured.
1 here were a number of A . m. nearctica in the pond at the time.

Auk 9 .July, 1892. p.304.

Aythyft af finis .

The

I

Duclcs of Plymouth County, Massachusetts,
by Herbert K.Job.

Auk, Xlll, July, 1095, pp. 197-204.

See under Anas obscura.

(L<z>-c

-< ± ^

Avthvft af finis

The

Ducks of Plymouth County, Massachusetts,
b y Herbert K . J o b .

Auk, Xlll, July, 1095, pp. 197-204.

See under Anas obscura.

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Aythya affinis.

Jamaica Pond, Mass.

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02. Fuligula affinis. Little Blackhead. — Tolerably regular fall

migrant. Taken on Lake Champlain.

Bu&N.Q.O, 7,Oot, 1882, p.257

Bird Notes from Shelter Island, Long Island, N. Y. — Lesser Scaup
Duck (Aythya affinis ). — This duck has been noted in this vicinity several
times in midsummer. A specimen was shot by a friend of mine on Aug.
18 of last year (1903). A pair were seen by Dr. Braislin and myself at
Napeague Harbor on June 20, 1902. None of these were crippled birds,
and all possessed normal powers of flight, so that their failure to migrate
with their fellows was surely owing to no physical disability.

Albinism and Melanism in North
American Birds. Ruthven Deane,

J cr^ ^ 9 ; /-£ oCt Cxc c,<

^ ryr,.

Bua N.0,0, l.Apbil, 1876, p.23

Albinism and Melanism in North
American Birds. Ruthven Deane,

In Mr. Boardman’s collection is a Lesser Scaup Duck in white
plumage.

Bull N, 0.0. 4, Jan,, 1879, p. 30

280. Catching a Tartar. By F. T. Jencks. Ibid., VI, p. 14. — A
Q>° Little Black-head-Duck ( Fulix affinis) caught by the tongue by a mussel.

7 S'

Cer&GyiAj

1890.

Mar7-I5

Canaveral, Banana Creek.
Florida .

Vl/V » h

. \

Common, but much less numerous than the lesser Scaup Duck.

It associate^ freely with this bird, but it resorted mostly to nar-
row creeks bordered and in places overhung by mangrove. Its habits
seemed to be very similar to those of the Scaup Duck, and the only
notewhich I heard was a precisely like that of

& This note was identified beyond question by shooting

the bird, a female, in the act of producing it, no other Duck be-
ing near. It is difficult for a novice to distinguish a Ring Neck
from a Scatip when flying, for the two are very closely alike in
general form and color. The f emal e Ilingneck , however, is much
bro vmer ^ -eaStT*’ the breast and sides and lacks the white patch

in front of the eye. The male is much darker on the back. The
Ring Neck is a better table-bird than either of the Scaup-4- a fact
well known to all the Duck-hunters here.

ir

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Birds "within Ten Miles of Point
defiionts, Can, Comeau&Merriar.

H2. Fuligula coUaris. Ring-neck Duck. Mr

wo in spring. ’ Comeau has killed

Bail N. 0,0, 7,Oot, I88S, p,2S9

Birds of Toronto, Ontario.

By James K. Fleming.

Pt . I , Water Birds .

Auk, XXIII, Oct., 1905, p.445.

44. Aythya collaris. Ring-neck Duck. — Rare migrant, April 1 to
May 15.

In the Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History for April,
1882, I spoke of the Ring-necked Duck ( Fulix collaris ) as having but once
been taken in the vicinity of the city within my experience. On the very
morning upon which my paper left the press, I found in one of the city
markets two adult males which were killed in the Presumpscot River,
March 31, 1882. On April 12 I found another male in the market; the
next day I purchased a pair from a sportsman in Deering; and on April
17 detected another male in the market. That the bird’s occurrence in
such numbers is very unusual there can be no doubt. In fact, so far as I
have been able to learn, our most experienced hunters of wild fowl either
knew the species only by tradition, before this year, or else were wholly
unacquainted with it.

Ho.

Bali N. O.O, 7, July. 1882, p,

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G-euere.l notes.

Aoi' Notes from Springfield, Massachusetts.— November 14, 1891 , 1 captured

'Osu. /SiJl 011 the Connecticut River near Springfield an adult male Aythya collaris.

, ft/ ' Occasionally in autumn a small flock of this species will locate their feed-
P • 7 / ' ing grounds in this vicinity and remain a month or so , but as far as my

experience goes they have heretofore been young birds. ~

Aythya collaris .

The Ducks of Plymouth County, Massachusetts.

by Herbert K.Job.

Auk, Xlll , July, 1896, ppl97-204.

See under Anas obscura.

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Aythya collaris. Ring-necked Duck.— Mr. Dwight Blaney presented
a female taken at Eastham, Mass., October 28, 1903.

At* 26, Apr-1908, p.

Dutcher, Rate Bong Island Birds.

Ay thy a collaris. Ring-necked Duck. — There are two specimens,
male, in full breeding plumage, labelled “From south side of Long
Island.” Mr. Akhurst mounted both, and states that they were purchased
jin Fulton Market, New York City, of Messrs. A. & E. Robbins who said
they came from the south side of Long Island. No date is given.

Auk X. July . 1893 p 270 .

Aythya collaris. The Ring-necked Duck has been so infrequently
recorded from Long Island that it is well worthy of mention. Ihe
gunner above mentioned sent me this specimen, a male, which he believed
to be a “cross between a Red-head and a Broad-bill.” He had “never
seen one like it before,” and consequently it must be rare on Long Island,
as during his long experience as a gunner in the Great South Bay he has
met with many rare, as well as the ordinary, species which frequent this
famous resort of water-fowl. The bird came alone to the decoys.

d. / yy r.a..

Auk, XVI, April, 1899, p

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Aythya collaris. Ring-necked Duck.

Downy Stage: — Underparts very pale yellow; forehead and sides of
head and neck the same, washed with dark fulvous yellow; the same
yellow is on underside of wing and, alternating with brown, covers the
side of body. The crown, line down back of neck, wings, and line down
tibia to tarsus, whole of centre of back, and spaces between the yellow
patches, a rich brown. Auk, 4, Jan. , 1887. P. 2*/.

Breeding of Fuligula collaris in Southeastern Minnesota,
and a Description of its Nest and Eggs. — On the 1st of June,
1876, I took a nest and nine eggs of the Ring-necked Duck, about eight
miles from Minneapolis, Hennepin Co., Minn. The nest was found on
May 27, with its full complement of eggs, but on account of the absence of
the parent it had to be left for further identification. It was not until the
third visit that the bird was found on the nest, when she was shot as she flew
off, and proved to be the female Ring-neck. The skin is now in my col-
lection. This species is always sparingly represented in this locality dur-
ing the summer months, and I have no doubt breeds here quite regularly.
As I can find no account of the nest and eggs 1 give a description of these
before me. The situation chosen for the nest was in a narrow strip of
marsh bordering a large shallow pond or slough. About half-way between
the shore and the edge of the open water was a mass of sunken debris,
probably the remnants of an old muskrat house, which reached nearly or
quite to the surface of the water, here about eight inches deep. On this
foundation was the nest, a rather compact, bulky structure, built mainly of
fine grass with a little moss intermingled. Outside, the grass is long and
circularly disposed, while the bottom, inside, is composed of short broken
pieces, and the inside rim of fine grass bent and loosely tangled together
with considerable down among it. Measurements were not taken before
removing the nest, but in its present condition the walls and base are two
and a half inches thick, the diameter inside six inches, and the depth of
the cavity three inches. The clutch was nine eggs, which contained small
embryos. The eggs are perfectly smooth, and of a light greenish-ifciite color,
wholly unmarked. The measurements of seven of them are as follows :
2.19X1.58; 2.19X1.60; 2.23 X 1.58; 2.27 X 1.60; 2.23 X 1.62; 2.24
X 1.58 ; 2.25 X 1.62. The general average is 2.23 X 1.60. — Thos. S.
Roberts, Minneapolis, Minn. Hull, N.O.O. 5» Jan.> 1880, p (o /

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C 1 annul a c . aner icana .

I Cambridge, Mass.

1099. Three adult males in Fresh Pond on the morning of the

December. 14th and a solitary female on that of the 17th. These are

the only occasions on which I have seen Whistlers in Fresh
Pond since January, 1091 when during a protracted spell of
severe cold a small flock frequented a space of open water
about the fountain for several days in succession. Those
noted this month kept rather apart from the Black Ducks. I
did not see day of them dive.

On the Back Bay between the two bridges that connect
Boston with Cambridge Whistlers have been present about daily
during the present month but in rather smaller numbers than
usual. I counted 40 birds there on the 29th. Their favorite
feeding grounds this autumn are just below Harvard Bridge on
the Boston side. On the Cambridge side where they used to
congregate the water has been deepened considerably by dredg-
ing during the past two years and, no doubt, most if not all
of the feed destroyed.

I

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Birds of Upper St, John,
Batciieldw.

IOI. Clangula glauoium americana {Bp.) Ridgw.
A few seen at Grand Falls.

Golden-eye. —

Buaw.o.a 7, July, 1882, P, 152

Birds within Ten Miles of Point
ae Monts, Can, CoHj.©ati<& JVIerriaij :■

1 13. Clangula glaucium. Golden-eye. — A resident species, and
tolerably common. Breeds on fresh water only. Remains throughout
the winter.

Bull, N.0.0, 7, Oct, 1802, p,240

■Engl Briar Birds of Sudbury, Ont.

A. JS. Alberger. t

""Tnl. Golden-eye Duck. Occasional or rare. ||

Breeds. With large, downy young on July 18tli. |

0 S &Q S XV, lnm,1390» p Q7

Newfoundland Notes. A Trip up the ^

Humber Biver, Aug. 10 - fc 6 pt, 24,1888,

9. Glaucionetta clangula americana. American Golden-eye. —
Breeds abundantly.

Louis H. Porter, New York City.

Auk, XVII, Jan. , 1900, p. 7 /.

Birds of N.E. coast of Labrador
by Henry B . Bigelow.

29. Glaucionetta clangula americana. Golden-eye. — Reported com-
mon in late autumn. I saw only one specimen, near Port Manvers,
August 11 .

Auk, XIX, Jan., 1902, p.27.

Birds of Toronto, Ontario.

By James K. Fleming.

Pt.I, Water 3irds.

Auk , XXIII, Oct., 1906, p.445.

45 . Clangula clangula americana. American Golden-eye. — Common
migrant, and a regular winter resident, November 23 to April 27; Mr. Nash
gives May 6 as latest date. ^

nnlifen-eye Garret.

a.

O.&o. X. Apr. 1885 . p#

"Cffeat

at Id. Mass. Dec. 188J3., ,

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Birds of Bristol County , Mass.

F. W.Andros.

Olaucionetta clanrjula americana (Bonap.), I
American Golden-eye. Winter visitant, very

O.&O. XII. £ept. 1887 p.I38

Brief Notes.

£ <7-^ cA-v^ *^/A-

The number of wild ducks^wliicli are seen
in Charles River this season since cold weather
began is said to exceed all previous seasons.
— Boston Transcript.

This is within city limits.

O. & O. Vol. 17, Jan. 1892 p. 10

Ducks of Oohaaset, Mass., 1880-93
0. H. El. Boston, Mass.

I 15. American Golden-eye (151). Common
j during fall and winter, but much scarcer than
I formerly.

Q.& O. Vol. 17, June, 1892 p. 90

Notes on Certain Water Birds inMass.
George H. Mackay,

There have been fewer Golden-eyes ( Glaucionetta clangula
america7ia ) about Nantucket Island during- the nast winter h,

usual. Auk XI. July, 18Q4 p< 2se Jn

Auk,- XIV, Apr., 1807, P.A^S-

Sundry Notes. — Clangula americana. American Golden-Eye. — A
pair, the first seen this season, were observed in the harbor of Nantucket,

Mass., Oct. 26, 1896; one was also seen Nov. 1 ; both early dates.

fit .TltHt-fa**] . •

Clangul a a . americana.

The Ducks of Plymouth County, Massachusetts,
by Herbert K.Job.

Auk, Xlll, July, 1896, pp. 197-204.

See under Anas obscura .

£

^ - 0-00 .

2.^ , / J°y, < ^o — ^ ^ ku,

isvo^fpf 'cA c /z, 6 *'-

i6o. Clangula glaucium americana ( Bonaparte ) Ridgway. Gol-
den-eye.— Summer resident, breeding at various places.

N.O.O, <3, Oct, 1881, P. 234

-tccoh . -cotstc(t4s A/tAxis, fall $ A '/ .

*W. V Uv tT

CP.+tf. X. M.e*y. ms 7/*. V»

Birds Tioga Co, N.Y. Aide* Loving

620. Whistle-wing Duck. Common. This
duck is one of the most common of the ducks
which inhabit this part of the country. It may
bo found in the spring, fall and winter on our
Susquehanna river. It is called Whistle-wing
because after attaining the height of about
fifteen feet its wings make a whistling sound,
which may be heard for fully a quarter of a
mile. When slightly wounded this duck dives
and sticks just the end of its bill out of water.
They are expert swimmers, divers and lliers.
Their food consists of small fish and mussels.
Out of the crop of a full-grown male I counted
sixty-one small shells and three pebbles. The
full-grown males are very beautiful, their head
being of a glossy green, with a white puffy
spot at the root of the bill. Their weight is
from two pounds to two pounds and a half.
They are fair eating.

27, Jsjce. p „ 80

Brief .Notes.

Large flocks of wild ducks have been going
over Niagara Fails for the last week. The
birds have been gathering in large numbers
above the falls for two or three weeks past.
They float out and down the river until they
are caught in the rapids and are whirled along
over the brink. Those that are not killed are
stunned and seem bewildered. The largest
bags of this game were made the other night,
when a dozen men picked up some four hun-
dred in the river belo v the falls. Thegame is
shipped to Eastern markets.

0.& O.Vol.l7,Jan.l8©2 p. lO

Albinism and Melanism in North
American Birds* Ruthven Duane,

4 specimens of B. dangula , r£ /~\

BaiL N.O.O, 1, April, 1876, p . 23

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the Whistling Duck, Bucepliala americana (p. 44), by J. p LeB ^° te on

l8 7 8 - Food of the Golden-eyed Duck, /fitf* \i ■ vi. »« YOis 8ii ,?*< 17 .

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1S78. Food of ike Golden-eyed Duck. P0T t &i -7<.$dlBU YOl» SK , 7*4 X7 . /,./ « -f-

10 ?

BucErnALA islandica and Bucephala clangula. — Recently my
attention was drawn, by Mr. Welch, to the peculiar shape of the feathers
which form the white scapular band in the male Barrow’s Golden-eye. In
this species the scapular feathers are white along the shaft, and black on one
or both edges, usually both. In the second species these feathers are also
white along the shaft, and black-edged, but in the Barrow’s Golden-eye the
terminal part of the white breaks off, and leaves the black edges projecting
beyond ; so that the end of the feather is of much the same shape that a
longitudinal section of the lower half of a champagne bottle would be.
This breakage does not take place in the common Golden-eye.

In view of the general similarity of these two birds, such a simple char-
acter of the male Barrow’s Golden-eye is not without interest That the
light-colored barbs of a feather break more easily than the dark barbs is
well shown in the worn plumages of our Golden Woodpeckers and in the
genus Totanus. But the shedding that takes place in the Golden-eyes is
not of this class, but belongs to the same class as that which takes place
in the red nuchal patch of some Woodpeckers. In the case of the
Golden-eyes the color of the back is considerably darkened.

This peculiarity has held good for all the specimens examined by me,
some seven or eight in number. — J. A. Jeffries, Boston , Mass.

Bull, N.Q.O. 5, July, 1880, p. /$>?.

Food of the Golden - eyed Buck, — We are indebted
to Dr. B. H. Warren, .State' Ornithologist of Pennsylvania,
for the opportunity to determine one of the food resources
of the golden-eyed duck (Glaucionetta clangula ameri-
c ana). On the 18th cf January Dr. Warren bought an
adult rrndSof this species in a market'' at 'Philadelphia,
Pa., and, btf the following d ayjf or wfemed to us. the con-
tents of its' 1 crop :and gizzard. He wrote that the ‘ ‘ 'small
rounded ,and egg-shaped bodiestwhen the bird was opened
seemed to be held together by a greenish colored mem-
brane.)’ The /bird wffl shot ou-tha Susquehanna River in
the neighhqr^o.od of Tdrif Deppsrt. ;VDr. -AS’ K. Fisher, of
the DmsnbH of Ornithology and Mammalogy of the De-
partment of Agriculture, submitted the food materials
to one of the/ botanists of the ^Department and learned
that they word cppapose^tof tubers; from the subterranean
stems of Ctarai The feircular ftuBers are scarcely one-
eighth of pn inch in diameter and consist of a thin and
brittle shell inclosing a snow white mass of starchy crys- ;
tals. We did notlascertain the species constituting this j
food mass. One species of Chara is popularly known as j
“ feather-beds” and another is called “ stone-wort.”

Breeding of Barrow's Golden-eye in Lower Canada. -During
the middle of July last (July 11-19, 1881) I several times came across a fe-
male with several young, of Barrow’s Golden Eye ( Clangula islandica)
in the Godbout River, about a mile above its mouth. Mr. N. A. Comeau
showed me skins of the adults of both sexes that he had taken here and
assured me that the species breeds regularly in this region. The Godbout
River empties into the St. Lawrence, from the north, six miles wes of
Pt. de Monte which guards the mouth of the Gulf on that side The p ace
falls a trifle short of 50° north latitude. Dr. Cones says (Birds of the
Northwest, p. 577 ) “ 11 is the most northerly species ot the genus, having
apparently a circumpolar distribution, breeding only (■) ln ‘8 a 1
tudes.” etc. C. Hart Merrum.M. D., Tofo

Birds within Ten Miles of Point
de Monts, Can, Ooxaeau &Merriam

1 14 Clangula islandica. Barrow’s Golden-eye. — A common res-
ident, breeding, like the foregoing, on fresh water, and remaining on the
Gulf all winter.

Bull, N, 0. 0, . 7. Oct, 1882 , p. 240

Records from Toronto. B.E.T.Seton.

A'

Barrow’s Goldeneye. Bucephala islandica. — A fine male
specimen of this Duck was killed hereby Mr. Charles Pickering
on the 18 th of April, 1885 . This I examined in the flesh. It is
the only one ever taken in this locality.

Auk, 2, Oct., 1885, p.33 6-33 7 .

I». llmb agog, Maine.

7 .'o-ckI A

O-i

I A .,

Birds of Toronto, Ontario.

By J ame s K . Pi emi ng .

Pt. I, Water Birds.

Auf, XXIII , Oct., 1906, n .445

46. Clangula islandica. Barrow's (Jolden-eye. — une *recora, a
male, taken April 18, 1885, recorded by Mr. Ernest Seton 1 ; this specimen
was not preserved.

1 Auk, II, 1885, 337.

/

A

fOG

The Ducks of Plymouth County, Massachusetts,
by Herbert K.Job.

Auk, Xlll, July, 1S96, pp. 197-204.

See under Anas obscura .

Barrow’s Golden-eye ( Clangula islandica ) in Massachusetts. — As this
bird seems to be of rare occurrence in Massachusetts I would like to call
attention to its having been taken at Nantucket on December 17, 1906.
It was a male specimen in the adult plumage and was shot by Charles C.
Chadwick, a native of the island, and whom I have had occasion to go
shooting with several times. The bird was shot at the eastern end of the
harbor where there is an opening into the ocean known as Haulo ver Break.
At daylight and until sunrise a large flight of sea fowl streams through
here on their way to the feeding grounds in the harbor. They consist
mostly of White-winged Scoters ( Oidemia deglandi), American Golden-
eyes ( Clangula clangula americana), Old-squaws ( Harelda hyemalis), and a
few Red-breasted Mergansers {Merganser serrator); this latter bird being
very common later on in the spring. The bird in question was shot at this
time during the flight, and was flying singly. Chadwick was unable to
identify the specimen but supposed it to be a freak Clangula clangula ameri-
cana. He showed it to several of the oldest gunners on the island but
none had ever seen one like it before. Unfortunately the bird was destroyed
in ignorance. I have been unable to find any recent records of the capture
of this bird in Massachusetts and I believe it is considered a rare bird here,
though a few are occasionally taken in Maine. — S. Prescott Fay, Boston,

Mass.

Auk 26. AW-l» 08 ,p. It?

Barrow’s Golden-eye at Wareham, Mass. — I am indebted to Mr.
C. A. Robbins for the freshly-prepared skins of a female Barrow’s Golden-
eye and for permission to report that the bird was killed in Wareham by
L. P. Hacket, a local gunner, on November 27, 1915. Mr. Robbins states
further that “ it was shot from a stone breakwater within one hundred
yards of the shore and at a point almost exactly at the head of the broadest
expanse of Buzzard’s Bay. Although other Golden-eyes were feeding or
in flight near by, this bird was accompanied by but one other (a female or
young male).” On comparing the specimen with series of skins in my
collection I find that with respect to every essential characteristic of both
form and coloring it is a perfectly typical representation of C. islandica.
The interest attaching to its occurrence is enhanced by the fact that so few
birds of its sex and species have heretofore been reported from anywhere
along the Massachusetts Coast. No doubt they visit this oftener than we
realize, being overlooked because so closely similar to female Whistlers. —
William Brewster, Cambridge, Mass.

ivutccer, Bare Long Island Birds.

QWionma is land i ca . Harrow's Go L D EN - EYE ._This specimen was

r e J, b /l >' t UrSt Wh ° SUUeS that !t was I ,urchased in the flesh
f om Old Jake who procured it from one of the gunners on the south

side of Long Island. There is no date attached to the specimen, nor any

locality except as above stated. This is the only specimen of this species
ever procured by Mr. Akhurst. species

Auk X, July, 1898 p 270.

10 ?

Note on Bccephala islandica. — I) r . J. Bernard Gilpin has pub-
lished* an interesting article, on the specific distinctions of this species
from B. clangula. Besides the well-known outward marks of differences
especially observable in the head, he finds important anatomical charac-
ters in the structure of the trachea, bronchi, and lower larynx. According
to the plate, the difference is very strongly marked. In the words of the
text: “ In the male common golden-eye, the wind-pipe, soon after leaving
the throat and before it enters the breast, has a very sudden enlargement,
almost as it were a broad hoop thrown obliquely around its stem ; on the
inside this leaves large circular pouches on the posterior surface before
the restriction of the pipe takes place again. In the Rocky Mountain
species, the wind-pipe simply and gradually enlarges itself, becoming re-
stricted again before it enters the breast. In one the enlargement is
suddenly from 2-8 of an inch to an inch and ! -8, while in the other from
2-8 to 5-8 of an inch, and that, with no protuberances. In the males
alone of both species there is, after the wind-pipe has entered the breast,
that very complicated sub-quadrangular knob, from which the bifurcation
of the pipe proceeds.” — Elliott Coues, Washington, D. C.

* Pages 390-403, with a plate, in some periodical not named in the over-
sheets which have reached me. Doubtless the publication of the Nova Scotia

Institute. Bull NiQi0i 4 , April, 1870, p. /* £ ./J

152

Roberts on some Minnesota Birds.

the nest. The eggs, from nine to twelve in number, resemble those
of the common Golden-eye, but are larger.

In my own collection I have four examples, all of them well
identified, but all from Iceland. These vary from a grayish-green
to a bright , sea-green ; the faded hue of the former is perhaps due to
age and exposure. These measure 2.49 x 1.80; 2.44 x 1.74;
2.50 x 1.85 ; 2.50 x 1.75.

The set of seven eggs belonging to the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Cambridge, Mr. Allen describes to me as having a
pale bluish-green color, or “ sea-green.” Their measurements are,
2.60 x 1.68 ; 2.58 x 1.70 ; 2.48 X 1.70 ; 2.48 x 1.70 ; 2.45 x 1.72 ;
2.43 x 1.70; 2.43 x 1.66.

dulL-N.O.O. 4, July, lA7(i, j», 147 ~t6'2L.

NOTES ON SOME MINNESOTA BIRDS.

BY. T. S. ROBERTS.

^ The following species have been selected for brief note at thjrf
tinm, either because they seem to offer points of special interest,
or be&a^se previous notices have been particularly unsatisfactory.
So far as the writer is aware, the two varieties, Alice’s Thrush and
Ridgway’s Sparrow, are here given from Minnesota for the first
time. Most of the observations have been made in the vicinity of
Minneapolis, and this locality is to be understood when no other is
specified.

1. Turdus swainsoni alicise. Gray-cheeked Thrush. — As was
expected, this form, as well as swainsoni' proper, is found here. I have
several specimens taken about Minneapolis, — the first on May IT, 1876.
The species is a summer resident, and breeds; but is not very common,
being much outnumbered by T. fuscescens.

2. Coturniculus lecontei. LeConte’s Bunting. — Three regular
notices of the occurrence here of LeConte’s Bunting have appeared; but as
the bird is one to which much interest attaches, a fourth and perhaps fuller
account may not be unacceptable.

The specieXwas first secured on June 20, 1877, by Mr. C. L. Herrick.
Between this date and August 15 of the same year five more specimens '
were taken, one by Mr. Herrick, two by Mr. R. S. Williams, and two by
the writer. A brief notice of the capture of Mr. Herrick’s two specimens
appeared at the time.*

* Bull. Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur., 1876, p. 237.

HO

Concord,
1897.
j Nov. 24.

I

Dec. 9.

Dec .10.

Char itonetta alveola .

Mass .

Nearly opposite Bensen's landing (as we were proceeding
up river this afternoon ) we started a Buffle-head Duck, a
young Bird which Behaved in a curious manner keeping at a very
safe distance But taking very short flights, often going not
more than fifty or sixty yards Before realighting aid diving
in the sane spot a number of times until again startled By
our approach. We drove the Bird on ahead in this manner
nearly to Dakin's Hill when it doubled Back past us.

Took the 9 A.M. train to Concord and launching the open
canoe paddled down to Ball' Hill. Along the river I saw

two Buffle-head Ducks. They were swimming together at the
head of the reach just above Ball's Hill. They were too shy
to let rae get within gun shot. When I was returning in the
afternoon I came suddenly on them close in shore just above
the Big, fallen maple at the head of Beaver Dam Rapid. They
doubled Back passing me within forty yards or ee loss But
having no gun I did not molest them.

Saw two Buffle-heads on Concord River. They were no
doubt the same birds which I saw yesterday for they were in
the same place and they behaved in the same manner.

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Birds -within Ten Miles of Point
do Monts, Can, Comeau* Merriam

1 15. Clangula albeola. Butter-ball. — Rare. Has been shot in
October.

Buli.N.0.0* 7, Ootj 1882, p.240

Records from Toronto. Ei.E. T.Seton.

Bufflehead Duck. Bucephala albeola. — An albino of
this species was killed about thirty miles east of here, and is now
to be seen in the possession of Mr. Jos. Taylor of Toronto.

Ajk, 2, Oct. , 1885. p. 337

HtHMBQr Birds of Sndbnry, Ont.

. A.H.Alberger.

l.J!. Butter-ball Duck. Occasional. Breeds-. 1

° J Xv - ^ne. 1890 , p,87

Birds of Toronto, Ontario.

By James H. Fleming.

Pt.I, Water Birds.

AuL, XXIII, Oct., 1906, p.445.

47. Charitonetta albeola. Buffle-head.— Common migrant, April
20 to May 1; earliest February 27, 1894; latest November 13, 1900.

$ A-£&Lcr€+ »_,

A j^&r-dc — /T ~ ^ K jf^ A ' ~^- A ' e ^ e ^ 4 ' c ^** iM ~-

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Birds of Bristol County , Mass.

F. W. Andros.

Gharitonetta albeola (Linn.), Buffle-head. Mi-
grant, common. Seen in winter.

O.&o. XII. Sept. 1887 p.138

, No’vT 2. Several liuffle heads were taken. mA

Ouyvun^^ . < ?V' l/VfcttZto.

/?. A/. H-/rtTwCuisv

Docks of Oohaeset, Mass. , 1860-92
C.H.E. Boston, Mass.

19. Buffi e-head (153). Fairly common.

O. & O.Vol.17, June, 1892 p.90

General Notes.

Stray Notes from Massachusetts
George H.Mackay.

Charitonetta albeola.-Oct. 30. The first Buffle-heads this season were
noted here to-day; no others have been seen, which is very unusual.
Three birds noted up to Dec. 1st.

Auk XI. Jan. 1894 p. 84

Charit one tta albeola.

The Ducks of Plymouth County, Massachusetts,
by Herbert K . J ob .

Auk, Xlll , July, 1896, pp. 197-204.

See jinder Anas obscura.

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Chairtonetta albeola. A small flock remained at Moon Island, Boston
Bay, during the winter.

• 3 fZ '

Birds observed in Naval Hospital
Grounds . Brooklyn, G,.H.Coues

57. Bucephala albeola. Buffle-iiead Duck.

BuHN.O.O. 4, Jan. , 1879, p.33

Birds of the Adirondack Region.
* C.H.Mernaxn.

161. Clangula albeola ( Linn . ) Stephens. Butterball. Occurs,
but not so common as the above.

Bua N.O.O, «,Qct, 1881 , p. 235

Notes, Shelter Island, N.V.
W. W. Worthington.

QtM/UsV t4*JL M rbytXw

A few Bnllleheads have | been reported by gunners,

O.&O. X. May. 1885. in **■

Birds Tioga 0©, N.Y. Aldan Loring

621 . Butter Ball. This little duck is not raie
but may be found in small flocks of three
to six. It is very tame until after it lias been
shot at a number of times. Makes fi ne eating .

CZ'AO 1 XV, Jane, 1890 , p .80 -

Albinism, and Melanism in North
American Birds* Butlaven Deane,

Bull. N.©.G. 1, April, 1876, p. 23

in the collection of Henry Chapman, one of
San Francisco’s oldest naturalists and taxider-
ists (now deceased), was a fine mounted Albino
j Buffle-Head ( Gharitonetta Albeola), being as
j pure white as a Snowy Goose, none of the
| characteristic markings of the duck’s feathers
| showing in the mantle of white. It was brought
in to Mr. Chapman by one of the many bay pot
hunters.

IA/\ 0 .

( f 9 + (o . %iu . >i*~uL . i<*w- )>■&£ ■

nr

Seconnett Point, R. I.

April 16-21

As far as I can make out, there was no migratory movement
of these birds during my stay. About 50 or 75 were always to be
found in flocks of ofeun l ten or a dozen each, fishing close in to
the rocks, about the point, and single birds were frequently ob-
served flying to and fro, but not in^ne direction more than in an-
other. On several occasions I saw one or two birds flying in com-
pany with Seo'&era, but this was not common. Those observed near
the rocks usually dove about submerged ledges, where they would
collect sometimes to the number of fifteen or twenty. They were
very shy when thus engaged, and I found it impossible to stalk therp^
for one or the other of them was sure to see me and give the al-
arm when the flock would swim out of range, returning after I had
retired. Sometimes a single bird or a pair would draw into our
Coot decoys, and in this way we shot one or two. We also got sev-
eral shots while rowing through narrow shannels between the h fagfe-
ulandA. One f lock of a dozen birds passed and repassed us sev-
eral times within close range, although we fired at them each time.
They seemed to become confused, scattering and dashing back and
forth as if they had lost their heads completely. The flight of
this Duck is swifter than that of any bird

found along our coast. It is aalso more erratic. The bird's long,
pointed wings and elongated tail-feathers give it very much the
appearance of a wild pigeon when on the wing, and its flight is not
at all dissimilar. A small proportion of the males seen appeared
to be in full nuptial plumage, and an equally smal l...jaiomb e r in white
winter dress, the majority represent ing(^r ious*j/& tages)^ intermedi-
ate between these two conditions. During s t ill, warm weather,
these Ducks were at times very noisy , calling "Hawf Haw jE rli t"
and sometimes " Ha~i I Haw!" a number of times , without the other
two syllables. The tone or qiiality of this cry was sonorous, nstrans*
what nasal, resembling a little the Honking of a Goose , The
sound carries well and I should think could be heard for more than
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Birds within Ten Miles of Point
de Monts, Can, Gameau & Merriam

116. Harelda glacialis. Old Wife. — Resident. Very abundant in
winter, the largest flocks being seen in December, January, and February.
Mr. Comeau took one in full summer plumage as early as April 23, 1882.
Tolerably common in summer, and supposed to breed.

Bull, N. Q. 0, 7, Oct, 1882, p, 240

An Ornithologist’ s Summer in Labrador
M. Abbott Frazar,

Clangula hyemalis , Old-squaw. Only a mi-
grant, and I saw none after about June the
5th.

o. & O. XII, Feb. 1887. pjf.

Gtenerm rtotes.

Notes on Cape Breton Summer Birds.
Francis H. Allen.

Clangula hyemalis. (Doubtless migrants.)

Auk XII. Jaa. 1896 p. 89

Some Winter Birds of Nova Scotia. jQy Q s Morrell.

4. Harelda hyemalis. Old Squaw. — Frequently seen about the
shores at Parrsboro.

Auk, XVI, July, 1899, p. *57

Birds of Toronto
By James H.F1

, Ontario,
erning.

Pt , I , Water Birds.

Auk, XXIII, Oct., 1908, p.445.

48. Harelda hyemalis. Old-squaw. — An abundant winter resident,
November 15 to May 12 (latest June 2, 1899). Whenever the western
channel is free of ice, flocks of many hundreds of Cowheen, as they are
called here, assemble to feed on the sewerage that flows into Toronto Bay
at that point, and become very tame, allowing a close study of their habits;
many die of starvation during the winter. In 1894 birds taken on May 2
were in full winter plumage, and by May 12 some were in full summer
plumage and others had only partially changed, but as a rule they leave
before changing.

/2Z.

15 ©Tim ■ ’ ,'tOTl V -

’ by Mr, & Mrs itosB

Harelda hyemalis. Old Squaw. — 1911, Nov. 13, one shot.

,4Uit '1-iiy, 19’ >. lib

Birds of Bristol County, Mass,
F. W. Andros.

Clangula hyemalis (Linn.), Old-squaw,
grant, common. Seen in winter.

O.& O. XII. Sept. 1887 p.138

Mi-

Oct. 20th a $ Long-tailed duck was shot on Lake
Quinsigamond, Worcester

f{ //

IX ?#-? 1 Ii~

Docks of Oohasset, MaBS. , 180O-92<
O.H.B. Boston, Mass.

10. Old Squaw (154). Abundant during fall.
A number remain until spring.

0.5* O.Vol.17, June, 1892 p.90

Water Bir
C-eor;

s, Nantucket, Mass.

'-' r - J? W-y-Ar, Groaeral Notes.

Clangula nyemalTs^ — There have been IT large number of Old-squaws
frequenting most of the larger ponds on the Island this winter (1891-92), I
I — ’ n the Long Pond as many as seven or eight hundred, — also a large
j number in the Hummuck and Miacomet Ponds. They came in from the
outside (Sound) before sunrise and went out again about sunset to roost at
night in the Sound. While they frequent the ponds more or less every
winter, nothing like the present numbers have been noted before.
They preferred to submit to almost any amount of shooting at them
| rather than abandon the ponds where they had been living. Even on
May 1, 1892, I noted as many as forty or fifty in each of the three ponds
above mentioned. » ,

Auk .duly, 1892. p.305.

Hare I da hyemalis .

Sundry* Hates.

In passing through Nantucket Sound I saw, Nov. 11,
about two thousand Old Squaws (Karelda hyemalis) in
one body. Geo. H. Mackay , Nantucket, Hass .

Auk, XIV, Apr., 1897, p.228.

Hare Ida hyena! is .

The Ducks of Plymouth County, Massachusetts
by Herbert It. Job.

Auk, XI 11, July, 1896, pp. 197-204.

See under Anas obscura.

The Old-squaw ( Harelda hyemalis ) on the Connecticut Coast in.
Summer.— Since there seem to be but few published notes concerning
the occurrence of the Old-squaw south of its breeding grounds in summer,
the following notes will probably be of interest. I first observed this
species in summer on August 2, 1906, in a small bay at the mouth of Oyster
River, West Haven, Conn. There were three of the birds at this time.
They were observed very closely and seemed disinclined, and perhaps
unable to fly. When I threw stones close to them they paid no attention,
and when I ran at them suddenly, to try to make them fly, they merely
dove.

My second meeting with this species in summer occurred recently at
Compo, Conn., near Westport. On the evening of July 14, 1913, I was out
rowing with three friends. It was a warm, moonlight, summer evening
without a breath of wind. When nearly a mile from shore we heard the
calling of a flock of Old-squaws. As we drew nearer they called repeatedly,
and we soon saw them, seated on the water. It was too dark to see any
but the nearest birds, so that an accurate count was impossible. The most
that I counted at one time was twelve, but I believe it more likely that the
number was somewhere between fifteen and twenty. When we got close
to them, some of the birds flew, but most of them beat along the surface
of the water with their wings as if unable to rise, and finally dove instead.
The birds called repeatedly, the “ south south southerly ” call. Although
we were unable to see them clearly enough in the moonlight to make out
anything, except that they were ducks, this call is so characteristic and
unmistakable that the identification from it alone is certain. — Aretas A.
Satjnders, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Ante JO, Oct, 101,3* 6'?^ Fpg.

\

Birds of the Adirondack Begion.
C. H, Merriam.

162. Harelda glacialis {Linn.) Leach. Old Squaw.— O ccurs dur-
ing migration.

Notes . Shelter Island, N.Y.

over the decoys.

O.&O. X. May. 1885, p. V 0

3. Harelda glacialis. — While yatching in North Oyster Bay, Long
Island Sound, on July 12, 1884, I shot a fine male ‘Old Wife.’ The bird
was apparently well and uninjured, and was swimming about in a lively
manner as we approached. My first shot either missed or only wounded
it slightly, for it instantly rose and was flying off rapidly when I killed it
with my second barrel. I skinned it, and could not find any marks of
old wounds or other injuries. It was in full plumage and differed from
the adults usually taken in this latitude by the greater amount of orange
brown on the back and scapulars. The dark zone on the breast was also
of a lighter shade than usual. — De L. Berier, 52 Broad-way , New York

Auk, 3, April, 1880. p. 2.%/ •

City.

3irde Tioga, Co, N.Y. Alden Lcring-,

623. Old Wife or South Southerly. Com-
mon. Comes up the Susquehanna in the
spring and fall in flocks of fifteen to thirty.
They are expert swimmers, divers and fliers.
Living on small fish. Like numbers of other
ducks when wounded it dives and puts just
the end of the bill out of water. They are
very tame but are not good eating. Out of
the crop of one of these birds I took 52 small
pike, most of them an inch long, and six or
seven two inches long. A full-grown male
often weighs two pounds. The favorite days
for these ducks are when it is cold and the
wind is blowing just after rain.

XV, Jjga Sa 1890,

Old Squaw (Clangula hiemalis).

This bird is in my opinion the most abun-
dant duck in this locality, during migrations
generally appearing in immense flocks after a
blow. Last November these birds were caught
in the herring nets on Lake Erie by the
thousand. At Dunkirk, N. Y., between five
and seven thousand were taken at one haul.

At this port (Erie) the largest haul, to my
knowledge, was eight hundred. A very fevv
American Black Scoters were also taken, hut
no other species. Lake Erie is, to be sure,
a shallow lake, but the fishermen informed us
that most of the ducks were caught when the
nets were set 15 fathoms (90 feet) of water, a
few being caught in 18 and 20 fathoms. One
captain told me that he caught three ducks of
this species in 27 fathoms, and I do not doubt
his word. One of our daily papers printed j
a long article on this subject, claiming that
the fishermen set their nets on purpose to
catch ducks, but I had ample proof that such
was not the case, for the ducks were invari-
ably so badly entangled in the nets, as to
cause considerable trouble in getting them
out; besides, after the first large haul the
markets were glutted in all directions, and
many were thrown away.

Ibis bird is well known to be an expert
diver, yet the fact that they can descend to
such depths as I have noted seems quite re-
markable to me. Their flesh is very poor,
still it seems a pity that they should be
slaughtered in this way, and while 1 do not
think they are liable to be exterminated, last
fall’s catch must have made quite a diminu- \
tion in their ranks. Samuel E. Bacon , Jr.

Erie, Pa.

Q.& O. Vol. 17, Mar- 1892 p; 46

Auk, xii, Jyiiy, 1895 >

The Old Squaw (Clangula hyeinalis) in Colorado. — While this Duck
occurs regularly in greater or less numbers on Lake Michigan in winter,
and is occasionally found on the larger rivers and lakes of the adjacent
States, I can find no record of its occurrence west of the Mississippi
River. I am indebted to my friend, Mr. John B. Sibley, of Denver,
Colorado, for information regarding the capture of a pair, male and
female, which he shot on McKay Lake, sixteen miles north of Denver, on
November 13, 1892.

Mr. Sibley, who is an ardent sportsman, and shoots large numbers of
ducks every fall in this same location, writes that he has never seen but
this one pair of Old Squaws, though he has heard of two single birds
killed at different times in the State. The pair in question, Mr. Sibley
had mounted, and they are now in possession of a friend in Denver. —
Ruthven Deane, Chicago, III.

The Old Squaw ( Clangula kyemalis) on the Coast of South Carolina. —
The winter of 1894-95 was remarkable for its severity. The thermom-
eter in December was 8° above zero, and in February 15 0 above zero.
Several flocks of Old Squaws were daily seen near the ocean, and among
them many adult males. They were very wild, and it was very difficult to
get a shot at them, even at long range. On February 26, I was fortunate
enough to shoot an adult female. This was the only one taken. I can
find but one record of this duck being taken in the State, viz. : Smythe,
Auk, Vol. V, 1888, p. 203. — Arthur T. Wayne, Mount Pleasant, S. C.

Albinism and Melanism in North
American Birds. Rutbven Deane,

^ //. glacialis , 1 t e **

Bull. N. 0.0. 1 , April, 1876, p. 23

1040. J larelda glacialis at New Orleans . By G. Kohn. Ibid., Sept.
1885, p. 896. — An old male in winter plumage was shot on Lake Catherine
Feb. '28, 1885. Amer. Natar alist . XIX

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Mackay on the Oldsquaw.

[October

HABITS OF THE OLDSQUAW ( CLANG ULA HTE -
MALTS) IN NEW ENGLAND.

BY GEORGE H. MACKAY.

This sprightly little saltwater Duck frequents the New Eng-
land coast during, the colder half of the year, where it is well
known under the cognomens of Oldsquaw, Oldwife, and Qiiandy.
It is the swiftest flying as well as the noisest (in the spring) of
all the sea fowl which tarry with us. While flying, their wings
are moved with such short and rapid strokes that it is difficult to
follow the movement with the eye. As a result they pass from
one place to another in an incredibly short time, especially if flying
with the wind ; and even when flying against it, I have found it
necessary when shooting to make an allowance of six to eight feet
ahead and two feet over them in order to land my charge of shot
in a passing flock at fifty yards, which serves as an illustration of
the rapidity of their movement under such conditions. Their
flight is frequently uneven, being on an upward and then on a
downward plane, and as a rule near the water, generally dodgino -
when a shot is fired at them.

In the spring as flocks flew past my boat, I have often been
much interested and amused at their scolding or talking, if I may
so designate their curious notes, o-onc-o-onc-ough-egh-ough-
egh. In calm warm mornings in April and May I have often
seen them playing together, rushing at each other half out and
half under water, and so vigorously engaged as to cause the water
to fly in every direction. When wounded, they are most difficult
to capture and extremely tenacious of life, diving at the flash of
a gun, skulking with body submerged and head and neck extended
and level with the surface of the water, and displaying an endur-
ance almost incredible. When shot at while flying, although
unhurt, they will occasionally dive from the wing ; if wing-
broken, they will frequently do so. An attempt to retrieve them
under such conditions is usually unsuccessful, and if it is a male
bird and the long tail feathers are perceived to be erected as it sits
on the watei, prepare for a long and doubtful chase, for such birds
will turn around while under water and swim in an opposite
direction, and have recourse to every stratagem to escape capture.