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RIJKS MUSEUM VAN NATUURLIJKE HISTORIE'"'

RAAMSTEEG 2, LEIDEN, NEDERLAND — TELEFOON 071*14 38 44
COR RESPONDENTIE-ADRES : POSTBUS 9517, 2300 RA LEIDEN

Dr. H • H# Moynihan

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Box 2072

Balboa

Panama Kanaal Zone

Leiden, June 12 th 1979 ,

Dear Dr, Moynihan,

There is very little I can tell you about Halcyon smyrn ensis in
addition to the information contained, in my last letter, but it seems

indeed clear to me that in both Sumatra and Java the species is a new
coloni st .

In the large collections made in Deli in the early years of this
century (1912-1915) by Dr. i.L. de Bussy (published 1919, by de Beaufort
do s y » -ijdr. Dierk. 21: 229-276; more unpublished material in our
collection) there is no mention of II. smyrnensis . although nine species
of Alcedinidae were collected. Yet, Baron van Lynden, thirty years later,
calleu it the commonest kingfisher in the same region. Surely this indi-
cates, yes practically proves, recent colonisation.

In the article mentioned above, de Bussy makes an interesting remark
m the discussion of H.. chloris , of which I give here a free translation:
"This species is very common everywhere along the coast.... for many years
J have never seen it far from the coast, such in strong contrast to" its
behaviour in Java, where for example near Buitenzorg, not to mention many
0 J.er places, it is numerous. In 1915, however, to my surprise, I disco-
vered it in the Highlands in the neighbourhood of Kaban Djahe, hence far
lnto ^be interior. This distribution is peculiar as the species docs not
arpear to occur in the intervening country". From this it would appear
tnat 1U the Bussy ’s time H . chloris did not occur in the cultivated low-
lands iwhefee indeed it is common in Java). This may be connected with the
fact that colonisation of Deli by tobacco planters began only about i860
or 1 , in what previously was heavy forest. Open cultivated country must
have been a new habitat in Deli, that in the Bussy’ s time had not yet been
colonized by ii. chloris, and this may possibly have given H. smyrnensis
its opportunity. You will realize that this is only speculation, as I have
no personal experience in Deli. Did you see H. chloris there?

We8t tIava is ornithologically so well-known, that I am sure that if
£l. smyrnensis ever occurred there as more than a rare straggler, it would
nave been recorded. Even now there is only this single case of breeding
known so that the species can hardly be said to be established in Java.

Its appearance is even more recent than in Sumatra. In this case the ex-
planation suggested above for Sumatra, that there was an open niche avail-
able, is invalid as in Java H. chloris is common in cultivated country.

p. 2

RIJKSMUSEUM VAN NATUURLIJKE HISTORIE

RAAMSTEEG 2, LEIDEN, NEDERLAND — TELEFOON 071-14 38 44
CORRESPONDENTIE-ADRES : POSTBUS 9517, 2300 RA LEIDEN

- 2 -

Leiden,

Conclusion: H. smyrnensis colonized eastern Sumatra (Deli) about
sixty years ago, following forest clearing and other human activities.
In Java there is even now no evidence that it has actually settled and
further developments must be awaited. You could ask Wells how the spe-
cies H. chloris and H. smyrnensis interact in Malaya.

Yours sincerely,

G. F. Mees

May 18, 1979

Dr, G.F. Mees

Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke
Historie
Raamsteeg 2
Fostbus 9517,2300 RA
Leiden, Nederland

Dear Dr. Mees:

Thank you for your letter of May 2nd with the information
on Halcyon smyrnensis in Sumatra and Java. It was very
helpful indeed.

tion among species (with all the behavioral interactions
involved). I wonder, therefore, how the relations between
smyrnensis and other Halcyon kingfishers, especially chloris,
will eventually evolve (or settle down) in Sumatra. In this
context, it would be useful to know if the Sumatran smyrnensis
are relatively recent invaders or a relict of some earlier,
Pleistocene or post-Pleistocene, expansion. Dw you know
of any data that would be relevant to this question?

Yours sincerely,

Martir oynihan
Senior Scientist

J ) WfW

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