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1923

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sitCMACE HEN

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U.B.C. LIBRARY

:: Lier?AR!SS
KIrtme

AND FORESTS

> Deputy-Minister

^otes; on tfje Son^t^
of ©uebec

(5. C.picbe

1923

SUGAR MAPLE STAND

(P)wlo by ^fiss Pn'tolnt)

NOTES

on

The Forests of Quebec

by

G. C- PICH ^

QUEBEC
TELEGRAPH PRINTING CO.

1923

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2010 with funding from

University of British Columbia Library

http://www.archive.org/details/notesonforestsofOOpich

NOTES

on

The Forests of Qu^h^c

I.— GENERAL REMARKS

The Province of Quebec is situated nearer to Europe than any other
of the Dominion, as it extends from the 57th to the 79°30 meridian
west of Greenwich and from the 45th parallel to latitude 62°40 North.
Its boundaries are as follows: on the North, by the Hudson strait and
the Bay of Ungava; on the East, by the Labrador coast and the Gulf
of St. Lawrence ; on the South, by the Baie des Chaleurs, the Province
of New Brunswick, and the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont
and New York; on the West, by the Province of Ontario, the James
Bay and the Hudson Bay.

Physiography.

The main physiographical features are formed: 1st by the Appala-
chian range, south of the St. Lawrence, extending East to the end of
Gasp6 peninsula. The Appalachian or Alleghanys range, is called
Notre-Dame Mountain in the sector west of the Matapedia Valley,
whereas the section in Gaspe is better known as the Shickshocks
mountains; 2nd by the Laurentian range, which, extending North
of the St. Lawrence river over the Labrador and also in the Province,
of Ontario, up to the Arctic Ocean, covers 2,000,000 square miles
and occupies about 93% of the total area of the Province. Between
the Appalachian and the Laurentian ranges, west of Quebec, is
found a lowland section called the Central plain of the St Lawrence,
which extends also in Ontario. This is the most fertile part of the
province and where settlement began near the shores of the St.
Lawrence river, expanding gradually into the mountainous sections,
with more or less success. Near Montreal and in a few places of
the central plain are found isolated peaks, called the Monteregian
mountains, such as the Mount Royal, the Beloeil or St. Hilaire
mountain, etc.

— 6 —

Glaciation.

Excepting a few high peaks in Upper Labrador, all the Province
has suffered very much from the effects of glaciation. Frequent mo-
rainic deposits have also contributed to modify the original appear-
ance of the country and are responsible for the numerous and large
lakes found in the interior.

Hydrography.

In the St. LawreiQce watershed, the forests are richer in species and
in trees of fair dimensions than in the North. It is also there that
lumbering has been carried on since over a century. Its main tribu-
taries, such as the Ottawa river (800 miles long), the St. Maurice river
(350 miles) and the Saguenay river (250 miles) are well known for the
great value of their forests and for the successful industries which
have been established there for a long period.

Along the Gulf of St. Lawrence are also found numerous streams,
with large waterfalls, whose basins are wooded but not developed, such
as the Portneuf, Sault-au-Cochon, Bersimis, Manicouagan, Moisie,
Outardes, Mingan, Romaine, St. Augustin, Natashquan, etc.

In the Bale des Chaleurs district are situated the Cascapedia, Bona-
venture, Ristigouche and Matapedia Rivers which are also the
scene of active and profitable lumbering operations.

The James Bay receives the waters of large rivers called Harricana,
(240 miles) Nottaway (205 miles), Rupert (275 miles) and East Main
(400 miles) which are known to contain a fair supply of pulpwood
and lumber.

Less is known of the basins of the extensive rivers flowing in Ungava
Bay and known as the Koksoak, George, etc.; but, as their head-
waters are situated South of the 54th parallel they may contain a
certain amount of merchantable forests.

Finally, we have the interesting Hamilton river (600 miles long)
which flows into the Atlantic ocean and where valuable forests are
also known to exi^t.

Water powers.

It is not of outplace to mention here the great potential value of
the waterfalls of the Province of Quebec, which are estimated to
generate, when fully developed, over 15,000,000 H.P. At the present
time, only 1,100,000 H.P. is utilized. It is the presence of this white

— 7 —

coal which has enabled the Province to become one of the principal
Qfenters of the pulp and paper industry of the world. It will be due
to this immense wealth of incessant energy and of its extensive
timber lands that the Province will continue its expansion.

Storage reservoirs.

In order to facilitate the operations of the hydroelectric develop-
ments, important storage dams have been built by the Government,
namely the Gouin dam on the St. Maurice river, which forms a lake
of 300 square miles and has a capacity of some 160 thousand million
cubic feet; it stores more water than the famous Assouan dam on the
Nile. Built at a cost of $2,500,000.00, the Government obtains, from
the companies using this water a revenue which last year, amounted
to $212,459.68. This means that, within thirty years, this expenditure
will be repaid and the Province will continue to reap a fair revenue of
the surplus water which is saved by this reservoir and which serves
not only to regulate the flowage but also helps the floating of logs
when the St. Maurice runs too low. The Allard dam on the St.
Francis river has a capacity of 12 thousand million cubic feet. A
large dam is now being built on Lake Kenogami and another at the
outlet of lake St. John, known as the "Grande Decharge"; this will
be one of the famous hydroelectric power of Eastern America, as it
may generate more than one million H.P. when fully developed.

It may be interesting to state also that, in latter years, the govern-
ment has followed the policy of marrying together the forest with
the water power, i. e. in^ead of leasing only the forest reserves the
new lease of the timber limits now includes the obligation to develop
a certain number of H. P. which must be used locally and solely for
the operation of the pulp or paper mOl which must be erected within
a fixed period. Ex: the lea^ of the Manicouagan property to the
Ontario Paper Co.

Climate.

Though situated at a lower latitude than the British Isles and France,
Old Quebec has a climate which is somewhat more severe, but is
characterized by a sustained heat during summer and cold during
winter, while spring and autumn are not as well defined. The cycle
of forest vegetation lasts about five months (from May to October).

— 8 —

For the sector south of the 53rd parallel, the average temperature
ie 58** F, during the summer and 15" F. during the winter. Records
kept since half a century give the following data for the annual
average temperature.

Brome (Eastern townships, Notre Dame Mountains) .... 40°F
Pointe au Pere (near the beginning of the Shickshocks Mts) .34*'F

Quebec City (Eastern boundary of Central Plain) 38°F

Montreal (center of the Lowlands) 42°F

Hull (Ottawa Valley) 41"F

Anticosti Island (Gulf of St. Lawrence) 34*'F

During the year 1921, the total hours of insolation were recorded
as follows: —

Montreal 2,098 hours

Quebec 1,832 "

Sherbrooke 1,797 "

Ste-Anne de la Pocati^re 1,961 "

North of the 53rd parallel, the climate is getting more and more
severe and the tree growth disappears gradually, so much so that
no merchantable forest is to be found above latitude 55° N.

Agriculture.

The central plain of the St. Lawrence, formed of alluvial deposits
during the glacial period, is the section where farming and settlement
have succeeded best; though some parts, covered with heavy deposits
of sand have been unfortunately cleared, and, afterwards, abandoned
by their owners. The sand outcrops have frequently been trans-
formed-into shifting dunes which portions of gradually spread their
devastation. Some 3,000,000 acres of waste lands are thus scattered
through the municipalities while about 12,000,000 are devoted to
profitable mixed farming.

The Province of Quebec is not intended to be exclusively cultivated,
as the greatest portion of its territory is only fit for forest cultivation.
There remains, on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence, in the Appa-
lachian range, some 5,000,000 acres which may be alloted to the set-
lers while in the Laurentian districts, there is little left, safe in the
lake St. John region and in the clay belt of Temiscamingue, Abitibi
and the James Bay.

— 9 —

The settlers already established in the mountainous districts
cannot thnve exclusively on the products of their farms tTey
absolutely reqmre the help of the lumbermen to supplement thdr de^

t'Tfr'^'Tr'^' '^'"^^ *^^ *^"^^^^ ^^^^PP^-r i^ their neigh-
bourhood, through fire, wasteful cutting or useless clearing, an exodus
from many of these small communities is bound to take place There
tore It IS of the utmost importance to render the relations between
the lumberman and the settler as harmonious as possible.

Area.

The total area of the Province of Quebec is now 450 337 761
acres or 703,653 square miles or 1,822,461 kilometers. The annex
ation of the Ungava territory, in 1912, has practically doubled its
former surface. The lakes and other water surfaces are estimated
to cover 15,969 square miles (see appendix No 1) ^^^^^^ted

Accordmg to the census of 1911 (see appendix No. 2), the prop-
erties be ong,^g to private individuals, companies and c;mmuuities
covered then 15,613,267 acres, so that the Crown would still c^nt o
in the Old Quebec, 209,585,294 acres, and all the New Quebe

434 mm '"""? 'nd^'r^'"' ^"^^' "^^^"^ ^ ^-"^ total of
Crnl f i t ^"^ ^^^ ^"'^^^' ^^^^"^^^ to cut timber upon
Crown lands, subject to special conditions as detailed further on
have been granted over territories aggregating 46,000,000 acres. '

II.-CLASSIFICATION OF THE FORESTS OF
QUEBEC ACCORDING TO OWNERSHIP

Omrtting the New Quebec and a great portion of the Labrador
upland which we are led to consider as not containing any apprecTaWe
area of commercial timber, we figure that the merchLtable f^es^s of
this Province-capable of producing saw logs, pulpwood, et - over
approximately 130,000,000 acres. & ' h h , ecc. cover

We have divided them into five classes, according to their tenure:

(A) Private forests .^^^^

(B) Forests on lots under location 'ticket .V.;: i 300'nno

(C) Forests leased or timber limits 46 000 onn

(D) Township forest reserves 'oZnnn

(E) Vacantlands ^J.'

76,500,000

^""^^^ 130,000,000

— 10 —

A description of each class follows. Practicallj' none of the private
lands are managed according to the principles of forestry. The same
may be said of the forests belonging to settlers (see appendix No. 3).
It is only upon the Crown lands (timber limits and township
reserves) that the Forest Service of the Province exercises any influence
in the direction and supervision of the cutting of trees and their
utihzation.

PRIVATE FORESTS

(A) Forests of the private lands

These 6,000,000 acres come from the old seigniories, from farms sold
to settlers by the Government, and from land subsidies granted to
railways in aid of their construction.

The greatest portion of these forests lie in the central valley of the
St. Lawrence and they are divided up into small woodlots, seldom
exceeding 50 acres on an average, with the exception of certain sei-
gniorial domains, such as those of Lotbiniere and Beaupre, and of the
territories granted as subsidies to railways.

The stands in these forests vary greatlj'. In fact, they may include
high forests and coppices, pure stands of spruce, or pine, or maple,
elsewhere the forest is of a mixed character, consisting of yellow birch,
beech, maple, ash, mingled with spruce, balsam fir or white and red
pines (see appendix No. 4).

(B) Forests on lots under location tickets

Every year the Government sells to settlers lots of land or home-
steads of about 100 acres in average and usually well timbered. This
sale is effected by means of a special contract, called ''location
ticket," imposing several obligations, as to residence, clearings, etc.
(see appendix No. 5). When the settler has complied with the
various conditions, enumerated this in contract, he is entitled to
his letters patent, giving him full and free possession of his lot.

Owing to the low prices of lots and their comparative richness in
timber, they have been the object of vast speculations, specially since
1900, when spruce and balsam fir became verj"^ valuable, owing to the
great demand made by the pulp and paper industry in Canada and in
the United States.

— 11 —

These forests are destined, through the force of circumstances, either
to become part of the forests of the first group-when the settler
obtams his letter patents— or to revert to those of the second group
(timber limits) from which they had been withdrawn to be granted
when the so-called settler has not fulfilled in due time the essential con-
ditions of his location ticket. Thus the area of these forests
extends or shrinks from year to year.

According to the statistics kept by the Forest Service, the total
volume of the cut of saw logs in 1921-1922 was, on private lands,
688,948,776 feet, board measure, compared with 1,296,304,413 feet
board measure, upon the Crown lands.

CROWN FORESTS

(A) Timber limits

This group comprises all the forests usually called "timber limits"
which have bee'n leased at different periods.

Since 1867, our timber limits are exclusively leased by auction, after
an official notice of at least thirty days.

^^ In the past, this auction bore upon a special amount called the
"bonus" which constituted the fee for obtaining the exclusive privilege
or permit or license to cut timber on a specific area of the Crown Lands;
but, in 1923 a change was affected to this system and the auction of
said permit was made subject to the following conditions:

1.— The price of adjudication, fixed at $ per square mile, is

payable in three equal instalments, the first cash, the second in one
year, and the last in two years with interest at the rate of 6% per
annum.

2.— The Government reserves the right to dispose, as it may see
fit, the water powers situated in the above timber territories, as well
as of the lands necessary for their exploitation and development.

3.— Every bid shall be for an amount to be paid over and above
the customary stumpage dues in force.

4.— The Minister of Lands and Forests may exact the bounding of
all territories thus put up at auction, the cost of the said surveys
to be paid by the purchasers in the same manner and within the same
delay as the price of adjudication.

i

— 12 —

5, — The purchaser shall, within a period of . . years from the date
of the contract, erect a mill within the limits of the basin of the river

or in the neighborhood thereof, for

manufacturing into woodpulp or paper the woods cut on the said

timber limit, of a capacity of at least tons per working day, and

also develop within the same delay, at least H.P. to be used

for the exploitation of the said pulp or paper mill.

6. — Every intending bidder shall on or before ,

make a deposit of $ with the Department of Lands and

Forests. This deposit shall be forfeited if, at the time of the sale
the apphcant does not offer a bid at least equal to the upset pri^e or
if, being the sub-cessful bidder he does not sign the required contract.

Out of the sum deposited by the purchaser, a sum of $ shall

be applied as part payment of the price of adjudication and the balance

namely $ , shall be retained by the Government until the

water powers have been developed and the pulp and paper mill erected
and in operation, within the fixed delay.

If the purchaser has fulfilled the obligations imposed, this last
amount shall be remitted to him, but if he has not done so, it shall
be confiscated by the Crown, and the Lieutenant-Governor in Council
shall also have the right to cancel the contract and the permit to cut
timber, without any indemnity.

7. — The lease of the water powers above mentioned i^ made subject
to the customary conditions'^ others following :

1. — Emphyteutic lease for a period of . . . years from the date of
the execution thereof;

2. — Fixed annual rental of for the duration of lease,

payable in advance;

3. — Annual Royalty per H.P. developed, from the commencement
of the operations, that is to say not later than . . years after the sign-
ature of the contract, as follows: 50 cents per H.P. during the first
period of 10 years; $1.50 per H.P. during the second period of 10
years, and $2.50 per H.P. during the third period of 5 years. The
amount of this royalty and the mode of computing it may be revised
after the said period of 25 years aforesaid.

In 1868, there were 19,000 square miles under license; from 1868
to 1922, 58,584 square miles were leased as timber limits. Owing
to the sale of lots of land therein to settlers, the present area of the
limits is now reduced to 71,837 square^miles.

-- 13 —

-niese forests are all situated t^eyond villages in the upper basin
of the various tributaries of the St. Lawrence river. They contain
according to their location, a fairly large variety of merchantable
timber, such as white pine, red pine, grey pine or banksian pine
spruce, balsam fir, cedar, hemlock, tamarac, birch, maple, aspen'
basswood, etc. ^ '

The permit granted to the license holder is valid for twelve months
from the first of May; it may be renewed every year, provided the
license holder has complied with present regulations or those which
may be enacted hereafter.

The permit is considered as a negotiable security, but it can be trans-
ferred or pledged only with the consent of the Minister of Lands and
Forests and after the payment of a fee of $20 per square mile This
system has allowed the oonqentration of extensive timber limits and
the formation of important companies for the manufacture of pub
and paper. ^

The principal conditions imposed on license holders are:
1.— To pay the bonus named at the time of the auction;
2.--T0 pay a ground rent of $6.50 per square mile before' September

1st of each year. (This amount will be raised for five years to $8

per mile, after 1923) ;

,.,^'~T° ^^''^' ^^^^^^ *^^ first of December, a statement of the quan-
tities of timber it is proposed to cut, naming the places where they are
to operate and the persons who are to do the lumbering.

^■^'~^? ^^""^ ^" *^^ *'"'^^'' ''''^ measured by a culler holding a cer-
tificate from the Board of Examiners appointe^d by the Province.
^ 5.-T0 allow all their operations to be inspected by the provincial
forest rangers, to keep a shanty book in each camp for recording all
the trees cut each day, as well ^s their measurements, etc.

6.— To practice as great economy as possible in the lumbering
operations.

. ^;~'^'', P''^'^''''^ ^ ^"^^^^ ^^Poi"*' before June 30 following the cut,
statmg all the year's operations both upon limits and upon private

S.—To pay, before the first of December following the cut the
royalties or stumpage dues on all the timber cut upon the limits
according to the tariff adopted by the department.

For the leases made in and after 1923 the amount over and above
the stumpage dues, as determined at the time of the auction of the
permit to cut on the timber limit.

— 14 —

9. — To efficiently protect the forests leased against fire, trespassers,
etc.

10. — To export no timber that is not manufactured in Canada,
that is, not converted into pulp and paper, deals or boards, or cut
into any other articles of trade or merchandise of which such timber
is only the raw material. (Art. 13 of Regulations.)

From 1867 to 1922 the forests under license have brought in the
following amounts to the Province :

Ground rent $ 9,978,344.67

Bonuses 4,135,461 .32

Transfer fees 661,856.69

Royalties or dues on timber cut 38,611,017 .53

Interest on suspense accounts, penalties for illegal cutting, fire

tax 1,488,356.58

Making a total of $ 54,875,339.68

(B) Township forest reserves

The Forest Service has devoted much attention to the setting
apart of the uncultivable vacant lands in certain townships to form
forest reserves, which are destined to supply timber to the inhabitants
of the neighboring villages, under special regulations. (See Appendix,
No. 6.)

Sixteen township forest reserves, covering a total area of 265,000
acres, have thus been created.

The quantity of timber cut on these reserves, in 1922, amounted to
105,261 cubic feet of building timber and 1,096 cords of firewood,
which brought a revenue to the Crown of $4,618.85 as stumpage dues.

(C) Forests not leased, or virgin forests

These forests, which are free from all incumbrances, extend beyond
those under license. They lie in the basin of the St. Lawrence, as
well as in that of Hudson Bay. No cutting has yet been done on any
of these vast territories; but fire, storms, insects, and fungi cause
therein considerable damage every year; moreover, the growth in
volume of the trees is very slow, as in all Northern forests; therefore
the annual increment in volume is very small. To the Forest Service
has been assigned the duty of making an inventory of them so that
they may gradually be utilized as the countrj^'s needs require.

The timber in these forests consists chiefl}' of spruce, balsam fir,
poplar, and banksian pine; the quantity per acre varies between three

— 15 —

and fifteen cords, mostly of pulpwood. This reserve can furnish mil-
lions of cords of pulpwood and, as there are considerable water-powers
on most of the streams, it can easily be foreseen that, before long,
many pulp and paper mills will be erected there, which will contribute
to develop the country and advance the progress of covilization.

III.— BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION

If we follow the classification proposed by Koeppen of the various
botanical zones of the world, we find that this province can be
divided as follows:

1 — Arctic glacial zone.

This zone, characterized by the absence of any tree growth, extends
in new Quebec to the north of the 55th parallel. It covers the
northern part of Labrador and of Ungava. This country forms
barren grounds similar to the toundras of Siberia and to the fjeld of
Lapland. According to Low (Geo. Surv. Can., Vol. VIII) "the tree
line skirts the southern shore of Ungava Bay and comes close to the
mouth of George river, from which it turns south-southeast skirting
the western foothills of the Atlantic coast range which is quite treeless,
southward to the neighborhood of Hebron."

Immediately south begins the other zone which covers the rest of
the province.

2 — Zone of coniferous and deciduous trees

Drude, in his Botanical Geography, has divided this zone into
three regions. The first constitutes the Northern forests, where the
season of vegetation lasts from three to five months and where the
land is covered with forests, muskegs, and prairies. The second
region includes all the forested areas of the temperate zone which
extends in Quebec to the south into New Brunswick and the United
States. The third region, formed by the prairie ^nds of Western
Canada and United States will not be considered here.

A. — NORTHERN FORESTS OR SUBARCTIC FORESTS

This group of forests extends from the Atlantic to the foot of the
Rockies. In our province, it comprises all the forests of the Hudson
Bay and Labrador basins, south of th*' Arctic glacial zone. Its area

— 16 —

is estimated here at 180,000,000 acres, but not more than one-sixth
of it can be depended to contain merchantable forests.

The climate is rather severe. The length of the vegetation period
does not exceed five months. The forests are poor in species and the
trees reach smaller sizes than further south. The country is rather
rolling, covered with fine lakes and numerous streams, but muskegs
of all sizes are too numerous; moss appears everywhere, even in the
woods, forming a deep carpet.

White and black spruces (Picea canadensis and mariana) form here
very dense stands, bearing from seven to forty cords per acre; but,
owing to the waste caused by the muskegs and water surface, the aver-
age volume of a forest tract is rather low, running from three to seven
cords per acre. Jack pine (P. divaricata) finds itself in its habitat as
it attains here fair dimensions, as high as 100 feet; this species is
found on the well-drained elevations and on the rocky slopes. Tama-
rack (Larix americana) which was rather common in the swampy
areas, with little black spruce, disappeared between 1885 and 1900,
following the attacks of the larch sawfly (Nematus Erichsonii), but
we now find that it begins to invade quite rapidly its former king-
dom, and will soon form an important adjunct to our forest wealth.
Balsam fir {Abies hatsamea) diminishes here in importance, as it does
not reach as far north as the two spruces and the tamarack; it ap-
pears to be on the verge of disappearing partly in many sections of
the Province owing to the damages it has suffered, since 1910, from the
attacks of the spruce bud worm (Tortriz piceaperda). ^spen {Popu-
lus tremula)ho\ds the lead among the hardwoods; it acquires, in th^s
region, fairly good dimensions and its wood is of much better qualitj'
than in the south. Balm of Gilead {Populus balsamifera) occupies
particularly wet locations; but its wood is not always sound, though
it is used commonly with that of the preceding species. Paper birch
{Betula papyrifera) is much appreciated as it forms here the main
firewood, it is also used for spoolwood, flooring, etc. Arbor
vitse {Thuya occidentalis) , as well as green ash {Fraxinus viridis),
are found occasionnally along the streams, but in small patches.
Among the shrubs and the fruit plants, we can mention mountain
maple {Acer spicatum), mountain ash {Pyrus samhucifolia) , service
berry. {Amelanchier canadensis), choke cherrj"" {Primus pennsyl-
vanicum) high cranberry {Viburnum opxdus), gooseberries {Ribes
oxyacanthoides and hudsonianum) , raspberry {Rubus strigosus),
blueberry {Vaccinium canadense), cranberry {Vaccinium vitis-idoea),
cloudberry {Rubus chameamorus) , etc.

— 17 —

As a rule, the forest is rather uniform in composition, often one
species will predominate over a large area with the result that the
landscape is rather monotonous and often more or less sad. Forest
fires have caused here extensive damages. Windstorms also cause
great havoc, espacially in the forests of the clay belt. Nevertheless,
these immense forests form a substantial reserve, even if they are not
all available at present.

B, FORESTS OF THE TEMPERATE REGION

We will now consider the forests of the second region. According
to Fernow (Forestry Quarterly, 1908) we may subdivide them into
three great types: Laurentian, St. Lawrence, and Acadian (naming
them from North to South).

1 — Laurentian forests

This group of forests occupies all the Laurentian mountains as far
North as the group of the Northern forests; its area is estimated at
75,000,000 acres. We find here the best forests of the Province,
numerous and beautiful lakes also splendid rivers, well fitted for
driving. Since a hundred years, lumbering has been carried through-
out in more or less a conservative manner. The conifers here consist
of spruce (white and black), white pine, (Pinus strobus,) red pine,
(Pinus resinosa) and jack pine, arbor vitae, tamarack; whereas the
hardwoods are represented by maple, birch (yellow, paper and canoe),
ash, elm, basswood, poplar, etc. The muskegs are less numerous,
but they always present the typical spruce bog covered with a dense
growth of black spruce trees. There is a great diversity in the forest
stands. This region looks prosperous and attractive; it is frequented
by tourists, fishermen, hunters, campers, etc.

Lumbering has often modified the original character of these forests,
owing to the continuous culling of the conifers, as hardwoods can
hardly be floated for a p:reat distance. The successive removal of
white pine and of spruce has often caused a deterioration in the value
of the forest, as balsam and the hardwoods have acquired a greater
importance with each passing of the operations. Fires have also
largely contributed to diminish the value of these forests. It is estim-
ated that only 75 per cent of this area is now capable of yielding mer-
chantable timber.

— 18 —

£ — Forests of the St. Lawrence plain

This group comprising most of the private woodlands, is found on
both sides of the St. Lawrence river occupying the vast plain which
covers the central part of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. In
the beginning of the colony, white and red pines formed here a very
important part of the stands. The gradual cleaning of the land for
settlement has confined the forest to the less valuable portions of the
farm lands. The present forests are rather rich in hardwoods such
as maple (Acer saccharum.saccharinum and ruhrum,) basswood {Tilia
Americana), ash, (Fraxinus americana, nigra and viridis), birch,
(Betula lutea, papyfera, populifilia and lenta), oak, (Quercus rubra
and macrocarpa), beech {Fagus atropumicea), etc., mixed with the
following conifers: pine (white and red), spruce, tamarack, hemlock
(Tsuga canadensis) , arbor vitse, etc.

The rest of the jQora is also very rich, as thousands of flowers are
seen in the woods during the whole season of vegetation. In the
autumn, the beautiful colors of the foliage add another note of charm
to the landscape.

All these woodlots are more or less grouped, or scattered among the
farms, forming a happy combination which renders this region very
interesting.

These forests are of an enormous value to their owners as they
provide them with firewood, lumber for their buildings and repairs,
and also supply the local planing mill, sash and door factory, and
sometimes a furniture factory. Maple groves furnish also their rich
sap, which is converted into sugar and syrup.

S — Acadian forests

We could also term this group the Alleghany forests, as they are only
found on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, in the mountainous sec-
tions known as the Notre-Dame and the Shickshocks Mountains; it
extends from the Eastern townships to the end of Gasp^ peninsula
This type includes also the forests of the Provinces of New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia. Its area in Quebec is approximately 20,000,000 acres.
In the upper basin of the St. John River, the composition of the forest
is very similar to that in the States of Maine and New Hampshire.
Red spruce (Picea rubens) predominates, forming, with balsam fir, as
much as 60 per cent of the forest stands. White pine and red pine are

I

— 19 —

also met, but their proportion does not exceed 5 per cent; in the
Gasp^ section, these two species do not produce timber of any great
value. Hemlock does not extend beyond east of Quebec, but arbor
vitse is abundant, especially in the extensive cedar flats of the counties
of Temiscouata, Rimouski, Matane, Bona venture, and Gaspe; it is
there that it acquires the largest dimensions and forms a very impor-
tant part of the lumbering operations. The hardwoods are plentiful in
the Eastern townships where they reach as good dimensions as in
the St. Lawrence plain; east of Quebec, they maintain their impor-
tance as far as Rimouski; farther east, the conifers form a larger
proportion of the forest. Jack pine is seldom met with and does not
seems here of great interest.

This group of forests is bound to suffer more, than any other, from
the advance of settlers, as it covers yet a fair proportion of arable
lands, but we believe that about 70 per cent of it will eventually
remain in forest. Excepting the Matane, the Cascapedia, and the
St. Francis Rivers, the streams are not large; this drawback has com-
pelled the lumbermen to limit their activity to the making of deals
and boards, whereas, in the Laurentian forests, owing to the magnifi-
cent rivers and powerful waterfalls, the great development of the pulp
and paper industry has taken place and will continue to increase
rapidly.

IV.— LUMBER INDUSTRY

During the French regime, our lumber industry did not amount
to much as there were practically no exportation of wood goods.
The first raft of oak logs floated on the St. Lawrence river was made
at Berthierville, in the year 1732, for the building of a sloop in Quebec.
Sawmills were scarce, of a small size, and utihzed waterpower. The
continental blockade established by Napoleon, forced the British gov-
ernment to look elsewhere for its supply, and this was the beginning
of our important lumber trade which has developed steadily and so
rapidly. The transformation of the sawmill, caused by the intro-
duction of the steam power in lieu of water power, enabled the mill
to be located more favorably with reference to the main rivers and
closer to markets and shipping points.

The conversion of logs into deals, boards and battens has always
been one of the principal parts of our lumbering industry, but with
the disappearance of the large trees of pine and spruce, due to suc-
cessive and repeated cullings and to the increased price of logs, our
lumber manufacturer does not find his future very bright. He has
also to stand the keen competition of the Pacific Coast millman, who
can draw from his virgin forests boards of large dimensions which

— 20 —

he can bring to the New York market, thanks to the Panama canal,
for about the same freight price as our own merchant. The rapid
growth of the pulp and paper industry has somewhat disturbed the
position of the lumber dealer and we find that large companies
are gradually abandoning that industry for the making of cellu-
lose products.

As already stated before, the abundance of cheap and considerable
hydropower has favored the expansion of the pulp and paper industry
in this province, perhaps more so than anywhere else, as nearly 50%
of the total production of Canada is made here. From 1909 to 1920,
the consumption of the Canadian mills has jumped from 482,477
cords to 1,277,422 cords, but we must not forget that we are still
exporting 1,650,000 cords to the United States.

The value of all forest products in Canada for 1921 is estimated
at $311,815,263, (Special Report of Dominion Bureau of Statistics),
the share of the products of this province being about 30 per cent.
Although a quantity of logs, measuring 250,000,000 feet, board
measure, is shipped annually outside of the Province to be converted
into boards and deals by the mills of New Brunswick and Ontario,
we find that during several years Quebec ranked first for its lumber
production.

There are, in Quebec, over 2,600 establishments in which wood is
the main raw material, distributed as follows: 2,200 sawmills, 369
sash and door factories, 281 planing mills, 34 furniture and chair
factories, 30 pulp and paper mills, 30 box and crate factories, 23
farming implement factories, 22 vehicle and carriage factories, 14
butter tub and box factories, 12 broom and brush factories, 10 boat
and ship building factories, 8 casket and coflSn factories, 8 flooring
factories, besides sundry establishments manufacturing railroad cars,
dairy implements, store fixtures, matches, elevators, barrels, bobbins
and spools, cigar boxes, cork and cork goods, frames, charcoal, gun
handles, clothes pins, stairways, wood fiber or excelsior, patterns,
beds, sewing machines, musical instruments, pianos, organs, veneer,
sporting goods, trunks and valises, etc.

It is needless to say that several firms will produce at the same
time quite a number of the articles mentioned above.

With a few exceptions, all the large mills depend mostly upon the
leased timber limits for their annual supply while the rest purchase
their wood goods from private forest owners.

The following table gives the quantity of the various kinds of forest
products cut in the province during the year 1920 on private lots
and in forests under license :

— 21 —

SPECIES Amount in
F. B. M.
a) Saw Logs

Spruce and balsam fir 1,406,841,178

\ White pine '208^833350

I^ed pine 27,693,091

Jack pine. 40,267,270

Hemlock 48,831,582

Cedar 48,837,637

Tamarack 1,084,534

Birch, (Black and Yellow) . . 65,497,047

Maple 13,678,158

Basswood 13,504,850

Elm 7,880,200

Ash 7,579,229

White birch 5,540,940

Aspen 1,874,532

Poplar 1,270,759

Oak 519,644

Butternut 102,232

Cherry 76,608

Beech 1,951,239

Boom timber 3,388,489

Total 1,905,253,089

6) Other Forest Products

^ Shingles (thousands) 320,053,830

|Ties, (pieces) 890,792

Pulpwood, (cords) 729,373

Poles, (pieces) 13,938

*osts, (pieces) 164,208

^Laths, (thousands) 103,062,890

Square timber, (C. F.) 562,730

firewood, (cords) 47,161

Jpoolwood (cords) 16,528

Joom timber, (F.B.M.) 213,861

Knees, (pieces) 50,100

Large wood, (Lin. ft.) 130,760

Stavewood 819 228

Hemlock bark, (cords) 4,547

Total

Price

$32.20
42.23
41.43
29.13
29.75
29.96
36.00
41.23
42.07
45.76
44.50
39.62
38.29
25.88
29.33
49.00
40.00
40.00
40.45
32.00

$4.44

.74

13.53

3.65

.21

6.13

.35

7.48

20.00

2.15

.04

.13

.14

10.50

Total value

$45,440,970.05

8,819,043.48

1,147,324.76

1,172,985.07

1,452,749.66

1,463,175.60

39,043.22

2,700,443.25

565,440.10

617,576.79

350,669.79

300,288.03

212,162.60

48,512.89

37,271.36

25,462.55

4,089.28

3,064.32

78,927.62

108,431.65

$56,587,632.00

1,421,039.00

659,186.08

9,868,416.69

50,673.70

34,483.68

631,775.51

196,955.50

352,764.28

330,580.00

459,801.15

2,004.00

16,998.80

113,691.92

47,743.50

$14,186,113.81

— 22 —

The value of sawn lumber, estimated at $56,587,632, in 1921, shows
the importance of the lumber trade in the Province of Quebec. In
1920, the trees that were cut represented an amount of $66,542,236
say $9,954,604 more than in 1921. This decrease is due to a drop
in prices. From $38.17 per 1000 f.b.m. the average price dropped
to $29.70.

The Province of Quebec has not escaped the general depression
which affected the world trade after 1920 and our industry is only
recovering from the effects of this crisis. The prices for lumber jumped
from $19.73 per thousand f. b. m. in 1917 to $38.17, then dropped
to $29.70 in 1921 and to ^21.00 in 1922. Now they are going up
and the exportation trade, which was completely paralyzed in 1922,
has started again very favorably.

In the course of the Session of 1922, Parliament passed an act of
considerable importance for the exploitation of our forests. In fact,
article 1597a, which we refer to, stipulates that, for the operations
constituting an exception to the regulations in force, the limit holders
must produce a working plan prepared according to the instructions
of the Forest Service and sanctioned by the Executive Council. As
we know, the majority of timber limits are now confined to the upper
basins of rivers, on account of the progress of forest operations and
of colonization. In those high and remote regions, the climate is
much more severe than in the central St. Lawrence plain, therefore
the trees are smaller and their growth is slower than in the lower
regions where the climate is more favourable and the soil better.
Consequently, the limit holders are now obliged to request special
permission to cut out large areas, so as to enable them to obtain
sufficient material to supply the requirements of their mills. This
permission can now be granted only after the company has produced
to the Department a working plan of its forests, that is, has furnished
the Government with a statement showing the total amount of trees
actually growing. This inventory is completed by growth studies,
permitting to determine the volume of wood which the forest produces
annually. This quantity, designated under the name of "possibility",
is, consequently, that which can be allowed to be cut each year without
decreasing the volume of the forest. However, as disastrous fires or
insect invasions, Hke that of the spruce budworm, are liable to occur
the possibility must be reduced by a certain percentage, in order to
meet contingencies, and increase the forest capital, which is smaller
than it should be.

— 23 —

v.— REFORESTATION

It was only recently that some efforts have been made in Canada
to reclaim our waste lands; the first experiment being done at Oka,
P. Q. in 1889, under the direction of Father Lefebvre, a Sulpician
priest, who succeeded in reforesting some eighteen acres of shifting
sands. This plantation consisted mainly of white pine and spruce
wild stock, but it has grown so well that many of the trees have
now a diameter of 9 to 15 inches and a height of some 45 to 80 feet.
These dimensions would be greater had any thinnings been done at
the right periods. Several persons have devoted their attention to
the introduction of foreign trees, and we have to-day at Le Platon,
the Seigneurial residence of the Joly family, a beautiful grove of
black walnut, besides plantations of different forest trees.

In 1908, a provincial nursery of forest trees was estabhshed at
Berthierville, with the object of raising not only indigenous trees for
the reforestation of waste lands and plantations in the forested areas,
in view of increasing their productivity, but also of foreign forest spe-
cies, and a systematic study is being conducted there of all the trees
growing under this latitude. At the present time, the nursery has a
stock of over six miUion plants. Already, it has shipped more than
4,500,000 trees. At Lachute, a tract of 300 acres of shifting sands
has been reclaimed partly by planting and partly by the sowing of
beach-grass; near Berthier Junction, the same work is in progress.
Planting stock is given to different colleges with the view to educating
the young generation on this important question. The demands of
plants from private owners are now very large. The limit holders
are also beginning to plant, and we are pleased to mention the good
work done by the Lauxentide Company in this connection to whom
we have sold over Ij million plants for their work.

We are led to believe that this movement will increase very much
in magnitude, and it is the intention of the Government to keep place
with the demand.

We must also mention that the students of the Quebec Forest
School go to Berthierville, every spring, in order to assist in the shipping
of the material and in all the work of seeding, transplanting, etc.

— 24 —

VI.— FOREST SUPERVISION AND FOREST SERVICE

From the beginning of Confederation until 1873, the supervision
of cutting timber on Crown Lands was 1ft to some local agents under
the direction of two superior officers. License-holders were bound,
then as now, to send in detailed reports of their lumbering operations,
but the Crown could only effectively check the quantities of square
timber by its cullers and, consequently, only a portion of the timber
reported by the license-holders.

In 1873, a body of forest-rangers was established and placed under
the orders of the agents of the Department of Lands & Forests. The
duties of these forest-rangers (numbering 28 at first and 78 later,
in 1889) who were acting under the direction of special officers called
superintendents, consisted in finding out offences against the forest
laws and regulations by limit-holders and settlers and in ascertain-
ing the farming value of Crown Lands most advantageously situated
for settlement. The statistics show very clearly that, with the ad-
dition to the supervising staff, the amounts collected for penalties
and stumpage dues have gradually increased. After 1900, it was
found necessary to reorganize the Forest Service, owing to the nu-
merous offences committed against the laws by speculators.

In 1905, the Provincial Government sent two students to the Yale
Forestry School; then, it established a forestry School in Quebec
which opened its doors in September 1910, and where forestry engineers
are trained for the supervision of lumbering operations and the ma-
nagement of the forests.

The Forest Service of the Province of Quebec, as at present cons-
tituted, has charge of the exploration of the unsurveyed territory of
the Province of Quebec, the protection against fires and other
enemies, the classification of soils, the supervision of lumbering
operations on Crown Lands, reforestation and other technical work
of the Department in connection with forests.

The present staff consists of the chief forestry engineer, his as-
sistant, 28 forest engineers, 84 forest-rangers and expert scalers
besides the personnel affected to protect the forest against fires.
In addition, the students of the forestry school are employed, in tech-
nical forestry work, during the summer season.

A rangers' School will be started at Berthierville next September
(1923), to recruit the personnel needed for forest and fire ranging and
also for the scaling of the forest products. An annual subsidy of
$20,000.00 has been given to this institution by the Government.

— 25 —

VIL— RESEARCH WORK

In order to gather the essential data for the preparation of work-
ing plans, forest researches are absolutely necessary. These studies
should be carried out not only in the forest, but also in the nurseries
and at special experimental stations. They should cover not only
facts governing the reproduction of trees by natural or artificial
the facts governing the reproduction of trees by natural or artificial
methods, but also involve the influence of thinnings, the draining
of peat lands, etc.

The Government realizing the importance of these forest researches
has decided to establish, within the Forest Service, a bureau of re-
search which will have an annual appropriation of $25,000.

The first questions to be studied will be the following:

lo. — Forest tree seeds, influence of the origin, of the altitude,
of the age of the mother seed trees, of their health, of the time of
the collection. Inffuence of the mode of conservation. Data on
the fructification of forest trees, on the dissemination of their seeds.
Study of germination.

2o. — Nursery work, methods of sowing, use of fertilizers, pruning^
transplanting, growth of seedlings, and of transplants, storing of
plants, etc.

3o. — Natural regeneration, stimulation of the growth by draining
or irrigating, influence of the various methods of thinnings, of im-
provement cuttings.

4o. — Studies of the growth in volume of forest trees and stands.

5o. — Diseases and injuries of trees.

60. — Acclimatization of foreign species.

7o. — Studies of forest soils and classification of lands.

80. — Protection of forests against fires, insects and fungi.

VIII.— FOREST FIRES

The system of forest fire protection in the province is now prov-
ided for by:

(a) The Forest Protective Associations, of which there are four,
viz : —

The Ottawa River Forest Protective Association,
The St. Maurice Forest Protective Association,
The Laurentian Forest Protective Association,

— 26 —

The Southern St. Lawrence Forest Protective Association,
East and West parts.

(6) The Limit-Holders who are not affiliated to the Associations,

(c) The Provincial Government's special organizations in the Abitibi,
Temiscamingue, Lake St. John and Saguenay Districts and on the
North Shore of the St. Lawrence, each under its own inspector.

(d) The Board of Railway Commissioners.

(e) The Public Utilities Commission.

The whole coming under the supervision of the Provincial Govren-
ment.

The Associations are subsidized by the Provincial Government,
to whom they make monthly reports of their activities and submit all
claims for forest fire fighting. One half of the amount of such claims,
if approved, being paid by the Government, the other half being paid
by the Associations.

The limit-holders who are not affiliated to the Associations, also
file all claims for fire fighting on licensed lands, to the Government,
who pays one half of the claim, if it is approved, the limit-holder
paying the other half.

All fire-rangers are chosen and paid by those who employ them,
but they are appointed by the Government, who supplies them with a
book of instructions and a copy of the laws of the Province of Quebec,
regarding the protection of forests from fire. The Government also
furnishes each ranger with the necessary forms of reports to be sent
iji monthly and a certain number of fire warning posters to be tacked
up by him along the portages, at camp sites and in other prominent
places.

The rangers employed by the Associations, report to their res-
pective Associations. All other rangers report directly to the Gov-
ernment.

The fire organization of the Province applies to Government lands
only. The owners of free-hold lands are expected to protect thei-r
holdmgs at their own expense, although in certain cases where fire oc-
curs on privately owned lands, if such fire appear to be a menace to the
Crown Lands, in the vicinity, it is fougjit by those entrusted with
the patrolling and protection of the Government Lands of the locality
and all the expenses are paid by the Depar-iment of Lands & Forests.

The Railway Board, in conjunction with the Provincial Govern-
ment and the Forest Protective Associations, have speeder patrols

— 27 —

along railways, where they run through forest lands. Where
the lands are under license, the railway, the Government and the
Association concerned, each pays one third of the cost. Where the
lands are not under license, the Government paj'^s two thirds and the
Railway pays one third of the cost.

The Public Utilities Comission, on the railroads which come un-
der its jurisdiction, co-operate along similar lines to the Railway
Board.

The Provincial Government, in connection with the Aerial Board
of Ottawa, have been experimenting during the past three seasons
with hydroplanes with the object of determining to what extent this
method can be used for forest protection, but owing to its high cost
and certain technical points to be overcome, aviation at the present
time can only be considered as an auxiliary to the ground patrol,
thoVigh possibly in years to come it may be of more general use for
fire protection.

During the present year (1923) 115 Inspectors, 1138 Rangers, 741
Assistant Fire Rangers, a total of 1994 men are employed. This is
more than four times the number of men who were in the field five
years ago.

The Department of Lands & Forests has entered into an agreement
with the Geodetic Survey of Canada, by which the Provincial Gov-
ernment undertakes to pay one half of the cost of construction of all
towers erected by the Goedetic Survey, which are suitably situated
to be used for forest fire lookout stations, the intention of the Gov-
ernment being, to allow the interested limit holders the use of these
towers free of charge and it is hoped that these and other lookout
towers will be connected before long with the telephone system of
the district in which they are situated.

The Forest Protective Associations and some of the unaffiliated
limit-holders have also erected such towers.

During the present season 70,000 fibre and cotton forest fire posters
were distributed throughout the Province, to be posted by the fire
rangers in prominent places.

52,000 calendars, bearing forestry scenes and texts, were also dis-
tributed throughout the Province.

375,000 postal cards, bearing texts on forest protection were also
sent to the schools to be distributed amongs the children.

28 —

APPENDIX

No. 1 — Statistical yearbook of Quebec, 1915, p. 131.

No. 2 — Vol. V. pp. 9 and 95 of Dominion of Canada for 1911.

No. 3 — A certain premium has been placed on the private forests
by the fact that no restriction is exercised on the operations nor on
the exportation of timber in the round. This has lead numerous
persons and companies of Canada and of the United States to purchase
them outright or the right to cut on them. Of course, it is the pulp-
wood which is seeked and should the Federal Government put in
force the law passed at the last Session to prevent the exportation of
pulpwood, it will lessen this premium on the private forests.

No. 4 — The following complete inventory of 45 acres of a private
forest, made by the students of the Forestry School, in the vicinity of
the city of Quebec, is an instance of this variety of species:

Feet, b. m.

190 white pine trees, containing 41,854

43 red pine trees 6,740

936 spruce trees 54,163

967 hemlock trees 40,547

100 cedar trees 1,637

3,033 balsam fir trees 57,084

457 red oak trees 46,068

31 yellow birch trees 1,065

197 ash trees 6,360

10 elm trees 1,895

27 butternut trees 1,549

1,358 sugar, soft and silver maple trees 70,120

232 American beech trees 3,100

829 white birch trees 7,000

50 ironwood trees 1,204

68 Cottonwood trees 1,290

Total 341,675

or about 7,000 feet board measure per acre. It should, however,
be observed that this stand is much richer than is usually found in
most of the other private forests. This tract has, in fact, been pro-
perly managed while, in the others, there are no rules regarding
cutting, beyond the monetary exigencies of the owner or the sporadic
needs of the market.

29 —

A detailed inventory of all the trees measuring more than 4
inches D. B. H. on a woodlot of 20 acres,near Berthierville, has given
the following result : —

Maples (Acer saccharum, etc.) 3017 trees

White pine (Pinus strobus) 916 "

Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) 162 "

Iron wood (Ostrya Virginiana) 148 "

Basswood (Tilia americana) 137 '<

Beech (Fagus atropumicea) 118 "

Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) 89 "

Birches (Betula lutea, etc 80 "

Spruce (Picea canadensis) 29 "

Poplar (Populus canadensis and tremuloides) . . . 28 '*

Ash (Fraxinus viridis) 7 "

Sundries 2 "

4,723 trees
The volume of this tract is estimated at 32,000 cubic feet.
No. 5. — The location ticket reads as follows: —

PUBLIC LANDS SUITABLE FOR CULTIVATION

192

M

Is AUTHORIZED TO TAKE POSSESSION OF LOT No OP THE RANGE

In the TOWNSHIP OP.

This Grant is made on the following conditions, namely:

1. The settler must clear, each year, three acres and not more than five
acres on each hxmdred acres, unless previously authorized by the Minister to
clear more;

2. He must cultivate each year the land which he has thus cleared ;

V ,. 3-,, Within eighteen months from the date of the sale, he must build a
habitable house of at least 16 feet by 20, and must personally and without
interruption occupy it from that time until the issue of the letters-patent;

— 30 —

4. At the expiration of six years, he must possess on the lot a barn of at
least 20 feet by 25 and a stable at least 15 by 2t), but the two may form only
one building:;

5. The letters-patent wdl not be issued until an extent of land, representing
30% of superficies of the lot, will have been cleared in a single block and brought
to a state of good cultivation for a profitable crop. Five acres at least of the
part under cultivation must be ploughable.

6. No wood must be cut before the issue of the letters-patent only for
firewood, buildings and fences, and all wood cut contrary to this condition
will be considered as having been cut without permit on public lands;

7. All the wood which a settler is permitted to out on his lot and which
he intends for commercial purposes must be manufactured in Canada, and all
the provisions of Article 13 of the Wood and Forests Regulations now in force
will apply to it.

8. This grant is also subject to licenses for cutting timber at present in
force and the purchaser will be obliged to conform himself to the laws and
regulations concerning public lands, woods and forests, mines and fisheries.

Agent.

NOTICE

"2090u. No lot sold or otherwise granted for colonization purposes after
the 19th of March, 1921, may, for six years from and after the date of the
location ticket, be sold by the holder of the location ticket, nor otherwise
alienated or transmitted, in whole or in part, except by donation in a marriage
contract or by will, in favour of a relative within the order of succession, or
by abintestate succession, or by will in favour of a consort, and in such case
the donee, the legatee or heir shall be subject to the same prohibition as the
original holder.

Every alienation or transmission of land held under location ticket, by
donation in a marriage contract or by will in favour of a consort, prior to the
19th of March, 1921, shall be valid if it be not null or voidable for some other
reason.

The Minister may, nevertheless, allow any other transfer or alienation
within six years of the date of the location ticket, upon proof, to his satisfaction,
that such transfer or ali^pation is in the best interest of colonization. The
new holder shall be subject to the same prohibition as the original holder.
Every transfer or alienation so authorized since the 1st of July, 1909, shall be
valid.

Every transfer made in contravention of this article shall be null ab initio
as between the parties, and shall entail the cancellation of the sale or gjant of
the lot.

The prohibition in this article shall not apply from and after the date of
the issue of the letters-patent, when they are issued before the expiration of
the six years.

"^090ee. No timber dues shall be exacted on any timber cut by settlers
on lots regularly acquired by location ticket from the Crown, provided such
timber be cut in good faith, upon that part which the settler is obliged to clear
to fulfil his obligations.

"2090//. For five years after the issue of the letters-patent, the holder of
the license to cut timber upon the uncleared part of any lot sold for coloniza-
tion purposes, must pay double timber dues to the Crown.

— 31 —

This provision shall be inserted in the letters-patent.

"20903^7. For twenty years after the issue of the letters-patent, an area
of fifteen per cent of each lot conveyed by the Crown for colonization purposes,
must be kept wooded, for the domestic use of the owner or possessor.

In case of contravention, the latter must pay to the Crown double timber
dues.

This provision shall be inserted in the letters-patent.

"2090hh. If the Minister be satisfied that any purchaser, grantee, lessee
or locatee of any public land or any assignee claiming under or through him,
has been guilty of any fraud or imposition, or has violated or neglected to com-
ply with any of the conditions of the sale, grant, location, lease or occupation
license, or if the sale, grant, location, lease or occupation license have been
or be made or issued by mistake, or contrary to the law or to the regulations,
he may cancel such sale, grant, location, lease or license, and resume the land
therein mentioned, and dispose of it as if no sale, grant, location, lease or license
thereof had ever been made.

The provisions of this article have applied and shall continue to apply
to every such sale, grant, location, lease or license made prior to the act 32
Victoria, chapter 11, section 20.

No. 6 — Below will be found a table giving the classification in 1913
of timber limits in the Province of Quebec, according to their extent.

CLASSIFICATION OP IIMITS ACCORDING TO AREA IN 1913

Area of limits

Number of
license holders

Total area in
square mUes

Average area
per holder in
square miles

0 to 50 square miles

51 to 100 square miles

101 to 500 square miles

501 to 1,000 square miles. . . .
Over 1,000 square miles

94
33
73
13
18

1,790
2,265

19,798
9,853

35,102

19

68

271

578
1.950

Totals

231

68,798

3,066

No. 7 — Regulations of forest township reserves:

1 — No one is allowed in the reserves without a written permit from
the warden.

2 — Permits to cut timber may be given to any householder within a
radius of 20 miles for a certain quantity of timber not exceeding
10,000 feet, board measure, or 20 cords of fire wood, or 300 ties.

3 — The permits are subject to existing regulations of the Depart-
ment, consistent with the present ones.

4 — Permits must be applied for by registered letter, addressed to
the warden of the reserve, between September 1st and December 1st.

— 32 —

5 — The permit holder must cut only the trees marked or indicated
to him by the forest agent. He must, within a delay of two years,
remove all the timber mentioned in the permit; after such delay the
Minister of Lands and Forests may dispose of all the timber not re-
moved. All the timber cut must be piled so as to be measured, in the
forest, by the forest guardian, whose measurement is binding. One-
half of the stumpage dues payable for the timber requested must be
paid cash when the permit is issued, and the balance before the timber
is removed. Stumpage dues will also be levied on all timber wasted
such as stumps over 18 inches high, tops larger than 5 inches in dia-
meter at the thicker end, skids not carted away, trees marked that
have not been logged, etc. All remnants of the cutting must be lopped,
so that the branches and other debris may lay flat on the ground.

6 — All timber cut contrary to these regulations will be considered as
cut illegally and dealt with accordingly; the permit may be cancelled
for any infraction of the regulations.

7 — The permit cannot be transferred.

33

►

I

LIST

of the

PRINCIPAL TREES

and

SHRUBS

of the

Province of Quebec

— 34 —

List of the principal trees and shrubs of the Province of Quebec.

Botanical Names

Abies balsamea, Miller

P. balsamea, Liun

A. balsamifera, Miohx

Acer negundo, Linn

Negundo aceroides.Moench
N. fraxinifolium, Nutt.. . . .

Acer nigrum, Michaux fils.. . .
A. saecharum, var. nigrum.
Acer pennsylvanieum, Linn

A. striatum, Du Roi

Acer rubrum, Linn

A. coccineum Michx f

Acer saecharum, Marsh

A. saccharinum, Wang

A. barbatum, Michx

Acer saccharinum, Linn

A. daaycarpum, Ehrh

A. erioearpum, Michx

Acer spicatum. Lam

A. montanum, Aiton

Aesculus hippocastanum,Linn

Alnus incana, Willd

A. glauca, Michx

Alnus viridis, D. C

Amelanchier canadensis, T.G.
Mespilus Can. Michx

Betula alba, Linn

B. verrucosa, Ehrh

Betula lenta, Linn

B. nigra, Sommers

B. excelsa, Aiton

French Names English Names

Sapin baumier

Sapin blanc

Sapin rouge

Erable negundo

Plaine a Giguere

Erable a feuilles de frene.
Aune-buis

Erable noir

Erable a suere

Erable jaspe

Bois barre

Erable de Pennsylvanie .
Bois noir

Erable rouge

Plaine rouge

Erable tendre

Erable dur

Erable a sucre

Erable pique

Erable moir6

Erable onde

Erable blanc

Plaine blanche

Erable a fruits cotonneux

Erable batard

Plaine bleue

Erable a epis

Plaine batarde

Marronnier d'Inde

Aune commun

Aune blanc

Aune vert

Amelanchier du Canada. . .
Petites poires

Bouleau blanc d'Europe . . .
Bouleau verruqueux

Bouleau merisier

Merisier rouge

Merisier odorant

Bouleau acajou

Bouleau a sucre

Balsam Fir.
Fir ou Balsam.
Canadian Fir.

Boxelder.

Manitoba Maple.
Ash-leaved Maple.

Black Maple.
Hard Maple.
Striped Maple.

Moosewood.

Red Maple.
Soft Maple.
Scarlet Maple.

Sugar Maple.
Hard Maple.
Rock Maple.
Bird's-eys Maple.
Curly Maple.

Silver Maple.
White Maple.
Broad-fruited Map

Mountain Maple.
Dwarf Maple.

Horse Chestnut.
Common Alder.

Green Alder.
Service Berry.

European Birch.
Europe White Birch

Sweet Birch.
Cherry Birch.
Black Birch.

35 —

List of the principal trees and shrubs of the Prbvince of Quebec. —

(Continued) .

Botanical Names

French Names

English Names

Botulai lut6£i IVIichx ....

Merisier

Yellow Birch.

B. exoelsa, Aitou

Bouleau jaune

Tall Birch.

Merisier jaune

Curly Birch.

Merisier onde

Merisier rouge

Betula Qa.ua, Lion

Bouleau nain

Dwarf Birch.

Betula> nig^a, Liim

Bouleau noir

River Birch.

B. a balai

Red Birch.

Betula papyrifera, Marsh. . . .

Bouleau blanc

Paper Birch.

B. 5. papier

White Birch.

B. a canot

Canoe Birch.

Betula populifolia Murch. . . .

Bouleau gris

Grey Birch.

Bouleau rouge

White Birch.

Betula pumila, Liun

Carpiaus Carolina, Walt

Celtis occiden talis, Linn

B. a feuilles de peuplier.

Bouleau arbrisseau

Charme d'Amerique

Micoeouiller occidental. . . .
Orme batard

Low Birch.
Blue Beech.

Hackberry.

Nettletree.

Comus altemifolia, Linn

Cornouiller bleu

Blue Dogwood.

Comus Florida, Linn

C. a feuilles alternes

Cornouiller de la Floride. . .
Bois de flecbe

Flowering Dogwood.

Comus stolonifera, Michx.. . .

Cornouiller stolonifere

Harts rouges

Red Dogwood.
Kinnikinnik.

Corylus Americana, Walt. . . .

Noisetier

Hazelnut.

Avelinier

Coudrier

Corylus rostra ta, Ait

Coudrier

Beaked Hazelnut.

Corylus avellana. Holmes. .

Noisetier coudrier

Coudrier a involucre en
bee

Crateagus coecinea, Linn

Aubepine ecarlate

Scarlet Haw.

Pommetier rouge

Senellier rouge

Scariet Thorn.

Crateagus orux-galli, Linn. . .
Croteagus oxyacantha, linn. .

Aubepine ergot-de-coq

Aubepine blanche

Cockspur Hawtorn.
English Hawthorn.

A. epineuse

Bois de mai

A. commune

— 36

List bf the principal trees and shrubs of the Province of Quebec. —

(Continued).

Botanical Names

Crateagus tomentosa, Linn. . .

Pagus atropumicea, Marsh. . .
F. ferruginea, Aiton

Fraxinus Americana, Linn . . .

Fraxinus nigra, Marsh

F. sambucifolia. Lamb

Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Mar.
F. pubescens, Lamb

Fraxinus viridis, Michx

F. laneeolata Borkh

Hamamelis Virginiana, Linn .

Hieoria alba, Linn

Carya tomentosa, Nutt.. . .

Hieoria glabra, Mill

Carya porcinea, Nutt

Hieoria minima. Marsh

Carya amara, Nutt

Hieoria ovata, Mill

Carya alba, Nutt

Ilex Canadensis, Mich

Nemopanthus Can. D. C. . .

Juglans cinerea, Linn

J. eathartiea, Michx

Juglans nigra, Linn

Juniperus Virginiana, Linn

French Names

Aubepine noire

Pommetier jaune

Hetre

Hetre rouge

Frene blanc

Franc frene

Frene noir

F. a feuilles de sureau

Frene rouge

F. pubescent

F. de savanne

Frene vert

Hamamelide de Virginia . .

Carya tomenteux

Noyer dur

N. a noix douces

N. blanc

Carj'a glabre

Noyer a noix de cochon.
Carya des pourceaux. . . .

Carya amer

Noyer diu-

Carya blanc

Noyer ecaiileux

Noyer blanc d'Amerique

Houx canadien

Apalanche

Nemopanthe du Canada

Noyer tendre

Noyer gris

Arbre a noix longues. . . .
Noyer cendre

Genevrier commun

Genevrier rouge

Cedre rouge

English Names

Black Thorn.
Pear Haw.

Neech.

American Beech.

White Ash.

Black Ash.
Swamp Ash.

Red Ash.
River Ash.

Green Ash.

Witch Hazel.

Mockernut Hickory.
Black Hickory.

Pignut Hickory.
Brown Hickory.

Bitternut Hickory.
Swamp Hickory.

Shagbark Hickory.
Shellbark Hickory

Mountain Holly.

Butternutt.
White Walnut.

Dwarf Juniper.

Red Juniper.
Red Cedar.

— 37 —

List of the principal trees and shrubs of the Province of Quebec-

(Continued) .

Botanical Names

French Names

English Names

Larix laricina, Du Roi

L. Americana, Michx

Abies pendula, Poire

Myrica cerifera, Linn

Tamarack

Meleze d'Amerique

Epinette rouge

Myrique cirier

Tamarack.
Black Larch.
Hackmatack.

Wax Myrtle.

Arbre a cire

Ostrya Virgiana, Willd

Ostryer de Virginia

Bois dur

Ironwood.
Hornbeam.

Bois de fer

Picea brevifolia, Peck

Picea Canadensis, Mill

Epinette de savanne

Petite epinette noire

Epinette blanche

Swamp Spruce.

White Spruce.
Single Spruce.
Skmik Spruce.

Picea alba, Link

Epinette grise

Abies alba, Poire

Sapin blanc

Sapinette blanche (en
France)

Epinette a biere

Picea mariana. Mill

Epinette noire

Black Spruce.

P. nigra. Link

Epinette jaune

Red Spruce.
Doble Spruce.

Epinette batarde

Sapinette noire (en
France)

Sapin noir

Epinette rouge

Picea rubens, Link

Epinette rouge

Red Spruce.

Pinus divaricata, du Mont de
Cours

Pin gris

Jack Pine.

P. Banksiana, Lamb

Pin de Banks

Scrub Pine.

P. rupestris, Michx

Pin chetif

Grey Pine.

Cypres

Banksian Pine.

Pin des rochers

Pinus resinosa. Ait

Pin rouge

Red Pine.

P. rubra, Michx

Pin resineux "...

Norway Pine.

Pin de Norvege

Canadian Red P.

Pinus strobus, Linn

Pin blanc

White Pine.

Pin jaune

Yellow Pine.

Pin potiron

Sapling F*ine.

Pin Weymouth

Quebec Pine

Pin baliveau

(England).
Pumpkin Pme.

Pin du lord.

— 38

List of the principal trees and shrubs of the Province of Quebec.
(Continued).

Botanical Names

Platanus occidentalis, Linn.. .

Popxzlus balsamifera, Linn —

Populus alba, Linn

Populus Canadensis, Michx f .
P. deltoides, Maesh

P. monolifera, Ait

Populus grandidentata, Mich

Populus nigra, Linn.

var. pyramidis

P. dilatata, Ait

Populus tremuloides, Miclix.

Pninus America, Marsh

Prunus nigra, Ait

Prunus Pennsylvanica, Linn.

Prunus serotina, Ehrh

Cerasus Virginiana, Michx.
Padus serotina, Agardh. . . .

Prunus Virginiana, Linn

Padus oblonga, Moench

P*yrus Americana, D. C

Sorbus Americana, D. C. . .

P*yrus arbutifolia, Linn

MespUus arbutifolia, Michx

Pyrus malus, Linn

Quercus alba, Linn

French Names

Platane (d'Oeeident)

Syeomore

Peuplier baumier

Tacamahac (Lidien) ...

Peuplier blane

Ypreau

Liard

Peuplier du Canada (Eu-
rope).
P. monolifSre.
Cotonnier.

Grand tremble

Peuplier a grandes dents.

Peuplier d'ltalie

Peuplier noir pyramidal

Tremble

Peuplier faux-tremble.. .
Peuplier d'Athenes

English Nambs

Prunier (d'Amerique).

P*runier canadien

Petit merisier ,

Cerisier tardif

Cerisier noir

Cerisier d'automne.

Cerisier a grappes.
C. de Vtrginie. . .
Cerisier sauvage.

Cormier

Sorbier d'Amerique.
Masquabina (Indien).

Poirier sauvage

P. a feuUles d'arbousier.

Pommier sauvage

Chene blanc.

Sycamore.
Buttonwood.

Balm of GOead.
Poplar Balsam.

White Poplar.
Abele.

Cottonwood.

Largetoothed Aspen.
Poplar.

Black Poplar.

Lombardy Poplar.

Aspen.

Quaking Aspen.
Poplar.

WUd Plum.

Canada Plum.

Wild Red Cherry.
Bird's Cherry.

Black Cherry.

WUdBlaek Cherry
Rum Cherry.

Choke Cherry.
Wild Cherry.

Mountain Ash.

Chokeberry.

Wild Apple.
Crab Appletree.

White Oak.

39

List of the principal trees and shrubs of the Province of Quebec.

(Continued) .

Botanical Names

French Names

English Names

Quereus macrofearpa, Miehx...
Quereus platanoides

Chene a gros glands

Chene blano frise

Chene bieolore

Burr Oak.
Mdssycup Oak.

Swamp White Oak.
Blue Oak

Q. bicolor, Wild

Chene bleu

Quereus rubra, Linn

Chene rouge

Red Oak.

Rhus eopallina, Linn

Sumac copal

Dwarf Sumach.

Rhus glabra, Linn

Sumac glabre

Smooth Sumach

Rhus hirta, Sudw

Sumac amaranthe

Staghom Sumach

R. tjrphina, Linn

Vinaigrier.
Sumac de Virginie.

Robinier

Robinia pseudacia, Linn

Locust.

Salix alba, T^inn

Robinier faux-aeacia ....
Saule blanc

YeUow Locust.
White Willow.

S. fragilis Winn

Saule argents

Silver Willow.

Salix Babylonica, Linn

Saule pleureur

Weeping Willow.

Salix bebbiana, Sarg

Saule a eperon

Bebb Willow.

Salix discolor, Muid

Saule discolore

Glaucous Willow.

Salix fluviatilis, Nutt

Salix nigra. Marsh

Saule a larges feuiUes

Saule noir

Longleaved Willow.
Black Willow.

Sambucus Canadensis, Linn .

Sureau vlanc

Elder.

Taxus baccata, IJnn

Buis.

Yew.

Thuya oecidentalis, Linn

If du Canada.
Thuya

Ground Hemlock.
Arbor%dtae.

Cedre blanc

White Cedar.

Tilia Americana, Linn

Bois blanc

Basswood.

Tsuga Canadensis, Carr

TUleul d'Amerique

Pruehe

Tiinden.
Hemlock.

Abies Canadensis, Mickx . .
Ulmus Americana, Linn

Sapin du Canada

Perusse (France).
Tsuga du Canada.

Orme blanc

Hemlock Spruce.
White Elm.

Ulmus pubescens, Walt

Orme d'Amerique

Orme rouge

Rock, Water Elm.
Slipperv Elm.

U. fulva, Michx

Orme gras

Red Elm.

Orme fauve

Budded Elm.

— 40

List of the principal trees and shrubs of the Province of Quebec.
(Continued).

Botanical Names

Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.. . .
Viburnum leutago, Linn

Viburnum lantanoides, Michx
Viburnum opulus, Linn

Xantholoxylum Americanum.
Michx

French Names

Orme liege.

Viorne

Viorne a manchettes.

Bois d'orignal

Viorne a feuilles de Ian-
tane.

Pimbina

Viorne obier.
Sureau d'eau.

Clavalier d'Amerique.
Fr§ne epineux.
Frene piquant.

English Names

Cork Elm.

Sheepberry.

Sweet Viburnum.

Hobble Bush.

High Cranberry.
Guelder Rose.

Prickly Ash.

Universily of Bri.ish Columbia Library

DUE DATE

ET-6 BP 74-453