r%ivr

VNlVFAlHirY or OALIFOKNIA
C()I -yCiV OF AlRICM/ri^RE

r^iM- s or Agronoaiv

fARM MANAOijeJ!:^..!'

NOTI..S OF

METH0]:)S AND COSTS

CALIFORNIA CROP PRODUCTION

■<VITJi

TABLES SHOWING

"vVork Cayaeity of Farm ..l^chiues; Day's Work for Man

and CieT; Costs of Hauipmcui, Implements, Building

and Fencing Material; Bate

of Depreciation

«-N

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES

' • • •

■:r- INDEX

Page

ALFALFA, Methods ^- 1

Costs 3

ALMONDS, Methods 4

Costs — 6

APPLE, Methods 7

Costs 9

APRICOT, Methods - 10

Costs ~ 12

ASPARAGUS, Methods 14

Costs 16

BARLEY, Methods - 17

Costs 18

•

BEAMS, (BLACK EYES)

Methods ' 19

Costs 21

BEANS, (PIMKS, LARGE 'ffllTES, SliALL fffllTES,
BAYOS)

Methods 22

Costs 24

■ BEANS, (LIMA)

Methods 25

Costs 27

BEANS, (TEPARY)

Methods 23

Costs 30

CABBAGE, Methods 31

Costs 33

f CHERRY, Methods - 34

- Costs 36

CORN, (INDIAN)

Methods 38

^ Costs 40

I 3i-2792

I ■ Uniferdf ^1)alifornla

H Withdrawn

HO

INDEX, CONTINUED-

Page

COTTON, Methods 41

Costs 42

COWPEAS, (See Beans- Blackeyes)

EGYPTIAN CORN, (See Sorghum- non-saccharine)

FIG, Methods 43

Costs 45

GRAPE, (RAISIN)

Methods 46

Costs 48

GRAPE, (TABLE)

Methods 49

Costs 51

GRAPE, (WINE)

Methods 53

Costs 55

HAY, (FROM CULTIVATED CEREALS)

Methods 56

Costs 58

HAY, (FROM VOLUNTEER CEREALS;

Methods 59

Costs 61

HOPS , Methods 62

Costs 64

LEMON, Methods - - 65

Costs 67

OATS, Methods 68

Costs 69

OLIVE, Methods - 70

Costs 72

ONION, Methods - 73

Costs 74

ORANGE, Methods - 75

Costs 78

INDEX, co::ti;jued -

Page

PEACH, Methods 79

Costs - - 81

PEAR, Methods-- 83

Costs — 85

PEAS, Methods 37

Costs - - 89

PLUM, Methods - 90

Costs - - 92

POTATOES, Methods - 93

Costs 95

PRUNE, Methods 96

Costs 98

RICE, Methods — - 99

Costs 101

SORGHUM, Methods - 102

Costs - 104

STOCK BEETS,

Methods 105

Costs 106

SUGAR BEETS,

Methods 107

Costs 109

SWEET POTATOES,

Methods - HO

Costs 111

TOMATO^ Methods - 112

Costs 113

WALNUT, Methods 114

Costs 116

WHEAT, Methods - - 117

Costs - 119

INDEX, CONTINUFD -

Page

WORK CAPACITY OF FARM MACHINES--- 120

RULES FOR DETERMINING WORK OF IMPLEMENTS 123

A DAY'S WORK PER MAN 124

A DAY'S WORK PER CREW - 127

ANNUAL AMOUNT OF WORK REQUIRED TO CARE

FOR LIVE STOCK 129

COSTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS - 130

COSTS OF FENCING - 133

COSTS OF FARM IMPLEMENTS 135

COSTS OF MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT 137

ANNUAL RATE OF DEPRECIATION OF FARM

MACHINERY - - 140

Acknov/ledgment

To list those to whora grateful acknowledgment is due
for reviewing data, checking costs, and for valuable suggestions,
would result in a formidable array of names ranging thru growers,
fieldmen, markatmen , farm advisers, horticultural commissioners
and members of the College of /.griculture of the University of
California.

All are entitled to recognition and an expression of
deep appreciation for the aid ro cheerfully given. In many in-
stances much time, effort and care was unstintedly forthcoming.

FolloT-ing the collection of the original data, the re-
quirements for grov;th and costs of production have been checked
and rechecked to the extent of over 300 times for requirements and
nearly 300 times for ccsts.

The data herewith presented represents the final summary
of all ?/ho have v/orked v/ith me in its compilation.

R. L. Adams

PREFACE

In using the data contained in these pages, one should constantly
bear in mind the following facts.

(1) The statements covering the requirements for crop production
and the methods employed are statements of present practice in commercial
production. They are not designed to indicate what' should be done, but
rather what is being done by men specializing in these crops.

(2) The statement of methods is included primarily to illuminate
the cost data by shov/ing the means employed to produce the crop v/hich results
in costs as given.

(3) As commercial production is largely confined to an environ-
ment well adapted to the crop, the statement of soil, climate and water tends
to approach the best possible conditions available in the State, or at least
conditions v/hich past experience on the part of grov/ers has indicated as
specially suited to the crop under discussion.

(4) The cost data is a general estimate of ' present costs, secured
by a wide inquiry into operations and expense. The cost data is not the re-
sult of a detailed survey.

(5) The facts and figures presented are offered merely as a poss-
ible guide to the prospective inexperienced farmer who needs a starting point.
It will give some idea of possible returns' and capital required to carry on

a given business under usual conditions where the crop is grown commercially.

(6) One should understand fully that no one set of figures will
apply to all conditions and tliiese can only be taken as indicatire.

(7) The data is confined entirely to California conditions.

(8) The classification of yields into good and usual indicates
v/hat it is possible to obtain. The average is not given since it conveys
but little real information. It should be understood, however, that of 100
growers producing commercially, probably not more than 7 or 8 will secure
good yields year in and year out. Thirty to 50 will fall into the usual
class. The remaining produce yields either better than good or less than
the usual .

(9) The cost data includes use of implements. It does not include
depreciation of stock, improvements, or equipment, or cost of management.

(10) Taxes and insurance are based on the producing value of
the land classified as average and good land. They include all equipment
and improvements necessary for the carrying on o f the business.

(11) "Age to self-sustaining crop" refers to period v/hen crop
receipts are sufficient to pay operating expenses.

(12) Prices given under "Value of Land" are governed by sales
and not by the producing power of the land in the crop specified.

(13) "Market Value of Yield" is the price farmer receives at
shipping point.

(Read preface)

REQUIREMENTS AND IJETHODS OF GROV/ING ALFALFA

Perennial

Time to Maturity - 1 year (1st cutting about 6 r.onths from planting)
Life - 12 years, (range 2-30 years)

Soil Requirements -

Surface : Wide range from clay to fertile sand. Level, loose, open

loamy soil best.
Subsoil : Continuous, deep, well drained, even in texture.
Depth : 5 feet or more. Should be alkaline in reaction emd contain

nodule- forming bacteria.

Climatic Requirements-
Water Requirements-
Calendar of Operations-

Grov/n almost generally over California. Long grow-
ing season preferred.

30" (rainfall or irrigation) or more.

Varieties:- Common (Chili)

Seeded ; Seed tested for germination and purity (especially for

dodder)
Time : Fall - October or November, or spring - January 15 -

April 1, when no danger from severe frosts. Mostly
February and March. Nurse crop usually omitted.
Quantity Seed: 18# (range 10 to 20#)

Method and Distance : Broadcast. Sometimes drilled. Harrowed,
dragged or brushed in.
Irrigation :

After maturity, irrigated once or twice, depending upon the soil,
between cuttings, April to October; irrigated
thoroughly 1 time in winter (December or January)
if soil is retentive.

Harvest-

When : VHien l/lO in bloom or new shoots start. Usually every 4-6

weeks, beginning April 15, until December 1.

How : Mowed, raked, cocked, stacked, baled. Raked in v;indrov;s tv/o

hours to two days after cutting - put in cocks as
soon as possible after raking; cured for tv/o to
ten days in cocks. Then baled from field or else
stacked in field. Sometimes "baled from stacks.

Yield

Good : 8 tons
Usual : 5 "

Commercial Sections-

Imperial Valley

Modoc County (Seed - Cedarville)

Sacramento Valley

San Joaquin Valley

Sonoma County, (Seed - Cloverdale)

Southern California Counties

3

COST 07 PRODUCING ALFALFA

Value of Land-

II

II

Raw land-

High ;,'250.00 per acre

Low 75.00

Usual — - 150.00

Developed land-
High - 400.00

Low — - 125.00

Usual 200.00

Cost of Establishing- (Preparing land and Planting)

Price of irrigating system or water right

(included in land value)

Leveling, checking and ditching ($8 to 075)- 20.00 "
Preparing seed bed, plowing and v/orking

down - 5.00

Cost of seed (18# & 16 l/Z^) - - 3.00

Seeding (broadcast) .25

Cost of Growing - (Annual)

Irrigating (250 - U5) 3.00

V/ater (;,1.50 - 05) 2.00

Upkeep of ditches, checks and gates 1.00 "

Cost of Harvesting-
Mowing .50 per cutting

per acre

Raking — .25 "

Cocking ,40

Baling (vl.25 to v2.50) 1.75 per ton

Hauling to cars (3 mile haul) .75 " '

Market Value of Yield-
High 18.00 per ton

Low - 4.00 "

Average 8.00 "

Taxes and Insurance-

To maturity (1st year) 1.00 per acre

After naturity-

Average land 1.50 "

Good land 2.00

(Read Preface) ^

REQUIREPJENTS AND METHODS OF GRO'TING THE ALMOMD

Climatic Requirements-

Mild or hot climate, combined with freedom from high humidity (fogs)

and frosts at time of blossoming, which in the
case of almonds is early.

Soil Requirements- Loose, warm, light soil - sandy loams, of good depths

(12*) with sufficient slope to provide good air
and v/ater drainage. No alkali.

Water Requirements- Requires ample moisture and moisture retaining soils are

chosen. Little irrigation is given.

Setting Out and Caring for Orchards to liaturity-

Di stance Apart of Trees
Average Number per Acre
Time of Planting Out
Age to Self-Sustaining Crop
Age to Maturity :
Length of Profitable Life

28' X 28'

55

Jan, Feb. or March (preferably Feb.)
:6 - 8 years
10 years
Estimated 50 years

Calendar of Operations to Maturity

Irrigation

Pruning
Fertilizing
Spraying
Cultivation

If given, two irrigations by furrows - January and
July. Sometimes a September irrigation is ^ven.
To form head.
None

February and Llay, or June - Sulphur for red spider.
March - plowed 10" deep, v/orked down. Cultivated
six times, monthly, beginning in April.
Companion Cropping: Intercropped to berries, small fruits, beans,
corn, and sometimes alfalfa. Usually discontinued
after trees are 10 years old.
Most Popular Varieties :

IXL, We Plus Ultra, Nonpareil, Texas Prolific, Drake Seedling,
Languedoc .

Caring for Bearing Orchards-

Calendar of Operations after Maturity:

Irrigation : If given, irrigated heavily by furrows in November,

January and July, when necessary.
Spraying : February - lime- sulphur (if moss, scale, red spider

or peach blight is present)
May and June- sulphur for red spider.
Pruning : Some pruning every January or February to keep

heads moderately open and low, thus assisting in

harvest.

Calendar of Operations after Maturity (cont.)

Fertilizing : Cover crops if soil lacks body.

Cultivation : Plow deeply in February and after irrigating
v/ork down. ' Cultivate all summer from
April to November at monthly intervals.

Fumigating : None

Thinning Fruit : None

Harvest -

Time : July - October

Method: By shaking trees and knocking off with poles 12' to 20'

long, striking tree with square blow. Caught
on duck sheets, used in pairs, 14' x 28' in
size, or on two wagons made for the purpose.

Preparing for Market: Hulled by machine, dried in trays, sulphured

fto bleach) and sacked.

^ of Different Grades-

/^ of 1st grade runs very high.

Yields-
Good : 120Q#
Usual : 700#

By-Products- None

Commercial Sections-

Butte County

Colusa "

Contra Costa County

Glenn County

Riverside County

San Luis Obispo County

Solano County

Stanislaus County

Yolo County

6

COST OF PRODUCING THE ALMOND

Value of Land-

Raw land-
High 0300.00 per acre

Low — 100.00

Usual - 150.00

Developed Orchards-
High producing 800.00

Usual " - 400.00 "

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or water right (included
in purchase price of land.

Clearing and leveling (OlO - 075) 20.00

Trees — - 10.00

Setting out - 5.00 "

Replanting — 1.00

Annual Cost from Setting Out to Self-Sustaining Age-
Irrigation (03 - 6) - — - 5.00

Pruning - - 3.00

Sulphuring .50 "

Cultivating (06 - 12) 8.00 "

(Cultivation usually borne by intercrops)

Annual Upkeep after Maturity-
Irrigation (02.- 8 ) 6.00

Pruning — 2.00

Spraying 3.00 "

Cultivation (06 - 12 ) 8.00

Cover crop 5.00 "

Cost of Harvest-
Knocking, collecting and sacking .02 per lb.

Hulling -- .01

Bleaching and sacking .001 "

Sacks (100# size) .17 each

Hauling ( 5 miles) — - 1.50 per ton

Market Value of Yield-
High .20 per lb.

Low — .08 "

Average .14 "

Taxes and Insurance-

To maturity 3.00 per acre

After maturity-
Average land 5.00 "

Good land 6.00 "

(Read Preface)
REQUIRE?IEMTS AND METHODS OF GROmNG THE APPLE

Climatic Re qui re me nts-

In general: Cool nights, freedom from excessive heat; Coast valleys

and high altitudes preferable.

Soil Requirements- Deep, rich, moist, calcareous loam, 8' or more in depth,

with v/ell drained subsoil. East, west or south
slopes preferred.

Water Requirements- Ample supply of moisture throughout the year.

Setting Out and Caring for Orchards to Maturity -

Distance apart of trees

Average number per acre

Time of plemting out

Age to self-sustaining crop

Age to maturity

Most popular varieties

Length of profitable life
Calendar of operations

30' X 30'

48

January, February or March

8 years

12 years

Yello'.7 Newt^own, Yellow Bellflov/er,

Gravenstein, Alexander, Jonathan,
Estimated 40 years.

Irrigation

Pruning
Fertilizing

Spraying

Cultivation

Companion Cropping

Irrigation
Pruning
Fertilizing
Cultivating

Very little done in Coast sections. In some

mountain sections some irrigation necessary,
usually during June, July and August.

Prunai annually in January or February to form
head .

Cover crops for soils lacking in body. Land

usually intercropped when trees are small, and
expense of fertilizing is borne by them.

Trunks v/hitewashed in spring. Sprayed with lime
sulphur or oil emulsion for scale during
dormant season. hatched for borers.

Plowed in February and i»uarch, harrowed twice,
cultivated at 6 v/eeks intervals. (Expense
usually borne by intercrop.)
: Intercropped to berries, small fruits,
beans, beets, corn, and sometimes alfalfa.
Usually discontinued after trees are 8 to 10
years old.

Very little done, except as noted above,

January - February . To head in and shape tree.

Very little done. Cover crops sometimes grown.

March, plowed, worked down. Crop cultivated
4-6 times, April to August.

Calendar of Operations (cont.)

Fumigating : None

Thinning Fruit: May, when apples 3/4" in diameter.
Spraying : January • February - Lime sulphur, or oil

emulsion.
April, 2 sprayings for codling moth and

milder/ (sometimes scab).

Harvest-
Time : Gravenstein - July 25 - August 15.

Newtown - September 15 - November 1.
Bell flower - September 1 - October 1.
Method : Picked by hand into lug boxes.

Preparing for Market: Sorted and packed into 44# boxes (net) each,

apples being wrapped in papers for fancy fruit.
3 loose boxes gives two packed boxes.

^ of Different Grades-

15% -
15f= -
10/. -

1st grade

2nd

culls

Yields-

Good :
Usual:
Culls :

400 packed boxes
150

Good :
Usual:

200if
100#

By-Products- Gulls sold for drying, cider and vinegar.

Commercial Sections-

El Dorado

Monterey

Nevada

Placer

San Bernardino

San Diego

Santa Cruz

Sonoma

COST OF PRODUCING THE APPLE

Value of Land-

Raw land-

High (with water) $600.00 per acre

Lo?/ " " 150.00 "

Usual " " 200.00 "

Developed land-
High producing 1000.00 "

Usual • " (05OO - 1000) 800.00 "

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or v/ater right included in the

price of the land
Clearing, grading and leveling land for

planting (;,7 - 50)

Trees

Setting out

Replanting

20.00

II

9.00

II

5.00

II

1.00

It

3.00

II

1.00

II

7.50

If

Annual Cost from Setting Out to Self-Sustaining Age-
Pruning

. T.Tiitevjashing

Cultivating

(Cultivation usually carried by intercrops)

i\nnual Upkeep after Maturity-

Plov/ing and cultivating 8,00 "

Pruning and burning brush 10.00 "

Thinning fruit 12.00 "

Spraying (ijlO to 25 ) 15.00

Propping (01 - 6) - 2.00 "

Cost of Harvest-
Picking (per box) .04 per box loose

Packing and v/arehouse charges .23 per packed

box
Hauling (2 mile haul) .01 "

Market Value of Yield 'f.o.b.)

High 1.50 per box

Low .50 "

Average .90 "

Culls 6.00 per ton

Taxes and Insurance-

To maturity 3.00 per acre

After maturity-
Average land 8.00 "

Good land 10.00 "

(Read Preface) 10

REQUIREMENTS AND LETHODS OF GROMNG THE APRICOT

Climatic Requirements-

In general: Freedom from frosts at time of blooming, which occurs

early. Warm growing season.

Soil Requirements- By proper selection of stock can be grown on wide range

of soil - light sands to adcbe, altho light soils
are far preferable. Depth of 6' or more required.

Water Requirements- Natural rainfall often aided by irrigation.

Setting Out and Caring for Orchards to Maturity-

Distance Apart of Trees

Average Number per Acre

Time of Planting Out

Age to Self-Sustaining Crop

Age to Maturity

Most Popular Varieties

Length of Profitable Life

24' X 24'
76

January, February or March
5 years
8 years

Royal, Blenheim, Henskirk, Newcastle
Estimated 30 years.
Calendar of Operations to iiiaturity :

Irrigation : IVhen given, twice by furrows - June and October

or November. Sometimes a February irrigation
given .
Pruned annually in January or February to form

head. Sometimes in July.
Cover crops for soils lacking in body. Usually

intercropped .
Not usually necessary.
Plowed in October - November, cross plowed in

February and March, harrowed twice, cultivated
at 6 v/eeks' intervals from April to July.
Usually borne by intercrop.
Com.panion Cropping: Often intercropped to berries, small fruits,

beans, beets, corn, and sometimes alfalfa.
Usually discontinued 'after trees are 3 or 4 years
old.

Caring for Bearing Orchards-

Calendar of Operations :

Irrigation : T.vice, June or July and October, by furrows. Some-
times in February.

Pruning : July - October. To head in, shape tree emd

mature fruit.

Fertilizing : Cover crops grovm v/hen soil lacks body.

Pruning

Fertilizing

Spraying
Cultivation

11

Calendar of Operations (cent.)

Cultivation : October - November plowed.

February- March, cross plowed.

Crop cultivated 6 times, from April to July.

Worked down into good condition.

Fumigating : None

Thinning Fruit: Thinned before pits harden if for shipping or

canning (usually late March or early April)

Spraying : November, lime sulphur. Borers if present,

removed from crowns once a year during

February or March. Sometimes distillate

or crude oil used. November - January for
scales.

Harvest-

Time : June - August 15.

Method : Picked by hand, or if for drying, shaken from tree to sheets,

Trees gone over 3 to 5 times.
Preparing for Market ♦

Green : Packed in 20f^ crates

Dried : Cut in half, pitted, sulphured, and dried on

trays in sun. Dry 5 to 1.
Canning : Delivered in lug boxes.

Yields-
Canning Dried Green

Good : 8 tons 1 l/4 tons 500 crates of 20#
Usual : 4 " 3/4 ton 300 "

% of Different Grades-

Usually sold orchard run and not graded.

By-Products- Pits (San Jose) = l/l6th of the yield.

Commercial Sections-

Alameda San Bernardino

Fresno Santa Barbara

Kings Santa Clara

Los Angeles Solano

Orange Ventura

San Benito Yolo

12

COST OF PRODUCING THE APRICOT

Value of Land -

Raw land-
High (with water) — --$400.00 per acre

Low " " — 150.00 "

Usual " " 200.00 "

Developed Orchards-
High producing 1200,00 "

Usual " 800.00 "

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or v;ater right included in

price of land.
Clearing, grading and leveling land for

planting (i^lO - 75) — 20.00 "

Trees (© 20(zt) 15.00

Setting out ($4 - 8) 5,00 "

Replanting 1.50

Annual Cost from Setting Out to Self-Sustaining Age-
Cultivating — 6.00 "

Irrigating (02 - 12) - 6,00

Pruning 3.00 "

(Cultivation usually borne by intercrop)

Annual Upkeep after Maturity-
Cultivating 8.00

Pruning _ 12,00

Irrigation (02 - 12) 3.00 "

Spraying __ _ __ 7.00 "

Thinning (05 - 10) - 7.00

Digging borers 6.00 "

Cover crop ._ 2,00 "

Propping (labor) 1.00

II

It

Cost of Harvest-
Picking (for green fruit) - - .02 per 20# box

Packing and warehouse charges .15 "

Hauling » ,01 "

Picking for dried fruit (OlO - 20) - 15.00 per dry ton

Cutting " _ _ 20.00

Hauling to drier ( 3 miles) 1.00

Drying and sweat boxes (s;13 - 18) 15,00

Haul to ship (3 miles) 1.00 "

Picking (for canneries) 3,00 per ton

Hauling (3 mile haul ) . 1.00 "

II

II

13

Market Value of Yield (f.o.b.;
High-

Canneries § 60.00 per ton

Dried ,15 p^^, i^.

^^^®" 1.50 per box

Low-

Canneries 20.00 per ton

Dried _ _ ^05 per lb.

Green ,50 per box

Ave rage -

Canneries — 25,00 per ton

D^i^d - — - .10 per lb.

^^®^" — - .75 per box

Pits (02O - 40) ..._ 25.00 per ton

Taxes and Insurance-

To Maturity _ g^OO p^^ ^^^^

After Maturity-
Average land 5,QQ •■

Good land lo!o0 "

(Read Preface) ^^

REOUIREfffiMTS AIS METHODS OF GROTCNG ASPARAGUS

Time to Maturity- 3 years

Life - 10 years (range 8-20 years)

Soil Requirements- Deep, v/arm, rich sandy alluvial or peat soil, v/here

water table does not rise above 2' from surface.

Climatic Requirements- Plenty of atmospheric moisture and warm climate.

Water Requirements- Abundant moisture best supplied either naturally, although

sometimes by irrigation. Excess should be avoided
as this tends to keep soils cold and sour.

Calendar of Operations-
Preparing Bed

Planting

November - January, plowed 12" deep, replov;ed and
made into good seed bed by the use of the
cultivator, harrow and disk.

Time : January - March

Quantity : 3600 roots

Method and Distance: Rows 8' to 9' apart, plants
1 l/2' in rows. Plant roots 8 - 12" deep' in
trenches, covering 4 to 6" deep, gradually
filling in by subsequent cultivation as
sprouts appear. Irrigate when needed on
uplands plantations.

Care of Old Plantations

Intercropping :

Varieties-

Palmetto

Conover Colossal
Barr' s Ifejumoth

February - Rows covered 1' deep and harrowed

into fine shape .
February - May - Cultivated with special tools

often enough to keep v/eeds dovm and to keep

ridges up.
September - November - Tops cut and burned after

heavy frost kills then.

Beans or potatoes are often raised between the rov;s
of asparagus for the first two years.

15

Harvest'

Time : February - middle of July.

Method: Cut with flat chisel 1 l/2" wide, crated in 28" crates for

eastern shipment, or placed in 50# lug boxes for
cannery or packing house after washing and
cutting butts.

Yields-
Good : 4,000#
Usual : 3,000#

i„ of Different Grades-

1st — 75/o segregated into v/hite or green
2nd — 2%

Commercial Sections-

Delta Islands .

COST OF PRODUCING ASPARAGUS

15

Value of Land-
Raw land - ^^ ^„

^^„Yi 03OO«OO per acre

Low - - - 100-00 "

Usual - 200.00 "

Developed land-
High producing - -- 400.00 "

UsSal " 250.00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting- ^^

Preparing bed 10,00 ^^

Roots (3600 @ 01.50 to 05 per M) - 7.00

Planting (dropping and covering) 5.00

Growing the crop -

Cultivation --- ^-^^

Hoeing 5-00

Irrigation f "^ „

J/Iowing and burning tops -L"^ =

2nd year

Cultivation ^'^^

2.00

Hoeing ~ „

Ridging and leveling o-^^

T^„4„,+^„v, None

Irrigation - „

Mowing and burning tops ■^•='^

After 2nd year

Cultivation and hoeing ^-^^

Ridging up and leveling after crop

is off - - - ^'00 "

Burning tops 2.00

Harvesting-

Cutting and washing l-^O per^^cwt.

Hauling (3 miles) -05

Crate (30#) 25 per crate

Taxes and Insurance-

1st year - 2.00 per acre

2nd year '^"'^

After 2nd year- ^^

Average land * 2.50 ^^

Good land ^'^0

Market Value of Yields- , ^ ,

High- 1st grade Low-lst grade Average-lst grade-

Canneries— 3^ Canneries— 2^ * Canneries — 2-^

Shipments— 5^ Shipments— 3^ Shipments— 4q;

2nd grade 2nd grade 2nd grade-

canneries— 2 l/2fi Canneries— 10 Canneries-l4C.

(Read Preface) 1'^

REQUIRSMENTS AND METHODS OF GROWING BARLEY

Time to Maturity - 160 days

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements - Rich, fertile, well drained soil, varying from rather

light to heavy in character, the latter being
preferred. Will withstand considerable alkali.
2' or more in depth.

Climatic Requirements- V/ithstands very dry, hot weather and will produce on

limited rainfall.

Water Requirements and Irrigation- If rainfall is less than 18" summer

fallov; every 2nd year. 25 - 30" of v/ater is
optimum. Only 6 l/2^ of acreage irrigated.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed : November - February plowed 4 - 8" deep.

Disked or harrowed before planting.

Planting :

Time : October to April

Quantity : 60 - lOOjf - broadcasted, or 35 - 60# drilled.

Method and Distance: Broadcasted and harrowed in, or drilled.

. •• • • • '•

Varieties: • '

Common, Chevalier

Harvest :

When : April - August

How : By heading in fog belts; by combines in valley; by binders

in special sections.
Operations: Threshed either from shock by stationary outfit or

in combined harvester.

Yields-
Irrigated lands Dry farmed
Gbod : 1,500# , 1,200#
Usual : 1,000 900

By-Products-

Kind : Stubble and baled strav/

Amount: Stubble depends on how badly grain lodges and method of harvest-
combine leaves most grain, binder least, Btraw:6-8 bales
V/here and for what sold:

Straw :35^ psrbale (costing 150 to bale)

Stubble: Sold or used for feed © 250 per A, (range 100 to 02.00)

Commercial Sections-

Imperial Co. Monterey Co.

Merced Co.. San Joaquin Co.

Grown generally over the State

18

COST OF PRODUCING BARLEY

Value of Land-

M

High $ 250.00 per acre

Low 40.00 "

Usual - - — 125.00

Cost of Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Plowing ( for winter sowing) 1.50 "

" (if summer fallov/ed) 2,50 "

Harrov/ing before seedxng .25

Cost of seed (© 1 1/20) 1.00

Treating seed .04 "

Broadcasting .15 "

Drilling .25 "

Growing Crop -

Harrowing after seeding .35 "

Harvest-
Combined harvester-

12 sacks or less -■ 1.75 "

12 - 25 sacks 2.00 "

25-35 " — 3,00

35 sacks or over 5.00 "

Sacks ,08 per sack

Twine .003 "

Hauling (10 miles) 1.00 per ton

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 1.25 per acre

Good land 2.00 "

.vlarket Value o f Yield-
High 1.50 per cwt.

Low .90 "

Average - l.OO "

(Read Preface)
REQUIREMENTS AND METHODS OF GROWING BEAMS (BLACK EYES)
Time to Maturity- 130 days
Li f e- Annual

19

Soil Requirements-

Surface

Subsoil
Depth

Rich, sandy loam best, but will grow over wide range.

Good moisture retainer.

2' or more, according to moisture retention qualities.

Climatic Requirements-

Water Requirements-

Freedom from frost; warm, sunny days; warm nights.
A hot weather plant.

Amount: Usually a dry land crop. Irrigation, however, is practiced in

southern California, in portions of San Joaquin
Valley, and when grovm as second crop. Rusts if
grown in presence of too much moisture.

Calendar of Operations-
Preparing Seed Bed

: Plowed 6 - 8" in fall - fallowed during rainy
season. Cultivated 4" in spring. Harrov;ed and
worked into good seed bed- mulch maintained up
to planting time by cultivating at ten day intervals,

Seeding:

Time: May and June

Quantity Seed: 20" (range 10 - 35#)
Method and Distance: Drilled in rows

dropped 3

23" to 36" apart, seed
to 4" apart in rov/.

Care of Growing Crop: Cultivated from one to three times at 2 weeks'

interval up to blossoming (July 15) using weed
cutter type of cultivator. Hoed, if v/eedy, one to
three times. If irrigated, water is given just
after bloom has fallen. No cultivation given sub-
sequent to blossoming.

Varieties: Black Eye

Harvest

Time: August - September

How: Vines cut with bean sled, left to dry, forked into piles
for later threshing, or threshed direct from
windrow, put in bags, after threshing, holding
80 or 100#.

20

Yields-

Good : 1,200#
Usual : 800#

By-Products-

Kind : Straw

Where and for what sold

Commercial Sections-

To dairymen for feed

To citrus grov/ers for mulch and fertilizer.

Butte County

Imperial "

Los Angeles"

Orange "

Sacramento "

San Joaquin County

San Luis Obispo

Santa Barbara

Stanislaus

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

COST OF PRODUCING BEMS (BLACK EYES)

21

Value of Land-
High $ 400.00 per acre

Low 75.00 "

Usual _ 150.00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing Land and Planting-

.. plowing and working down (C3.50 - 7.00) 5.00 "

Seed (©5c!) . 1.50 "'

Seeding (15 - 35;^) - .35 "

Growing the Crop-

1 Hoeing 1.00

3 Cultivatings _ 1.50 "

Harvest -

Cutting vines .35 ■>

Cocking - - - ,65

Threshing --- .26 percwt.

Sacks (good crop) .10 each

Hauling (3 miles) - - .08 per cwt.

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land _-- 1.00 per acre

Good land 2.00 "

Market Value of Yield-
High ._ ,06 per lb.

Low ^Q3 It

Average ^04 "

22

(Read Preface)

RSQUIRE?JBNTS AMD I.'JITHODS OF GROHyiNG BEANS
(PINKS, LARGE \THITES, SMLL YfrllTSS , 3AY0 )

Time to Maturity- 150 - 130 days

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements-

Surface : Good soil, free from excessive moisture, rich sandy loam

best, but will grovj over v;ide range.
Subsoil : Good moisture retainer.
Depth Surface Soil: 2' or more - the deeper soils for those poor

in moisture retention qualities,

Climatic Requirements-

Freedom from frosts, severe winds and hot suns during growing period

April 15 to September 15. Lessening of moisture
in fall. Freedom from extreme heat at blossoming
time. Require humid climate and do not thrive
at any distance from coast or river.

V/ater Requirements-

.toount : Rainfall 15" or more. Usually a dry land crop. Irrigation

not considered profitable, but necessary to conserve
v/inter rainfall. Light irrigation, however, is
■oracticed in southern California.

Calendar of Operations-
Preparing Seed Bed

: Plowed 6 - 3" in fall - fallowed during rainy
season. Cultivated 4" deep in spring. Harrowed
and worked into good seed bed. Mulch maintained
up to planting time by cultivating at 10 day
intervals.

Seeding:

Time : April 15 - June 30
Quantity of Seed : ' 30#

Method and Distance:

Rows 20 - 30" apart, beans dropped
4 - 6" apart in rov/.

Care of Growing Crop:

Cultivated three times at 2 weeks ' intervals up to blooming

(June 15) using weed cutter type of cultivator.

If irrigated , water is given just after bloom

has fallen. No cultivation subsequent to blossoming.

23

Varieties

Pink Beans - "Pink" only name given
Large Wnite - Synonym : Lady Washington
Small " - " : Navy or Boston

Harvest -
Vi/hen
How

Yields-

Good
Usual

By-Prod ucts-

After 2/3ds of pods turn ripe - August 25 - October 1.

Vines cut with horse knife (bean sled drawn by 2 horses)

forked into small piles, left one to three weeks,
until moisture evaporates, thresh by contract
(harvester furnishes everything' but hay for his
horses) put in bean bags holding SOj^ or IOOjt^.

1,500#
1.000#

Kind : Straw

Where and for v;hat sold: To dairymen for feed

To citrus growers for mulch and fertilizer.

Commercial Sections-
Pink :

Large \7hite
Small White
Bayo

Grown in all bean sections of Sacramento, San Joaquin
Valley and southern coast counties.

Contra Costa, Solano, Monterey, San Luis Obispo.

Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara.

San Joaquin aind Sacramento.

24

COST OF PRODUCING BEANS
(PINK, LARGE WHITE, SMLL WITE, 3AY0)

Value of Land-
High 0 400.00 per acre

Lo-w -- 75.00

Usual 150.00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing Land and Planting-

II

Plov;ing and working down — 3.50

Cost of seed (30# € 50) 1.50

Seeding .35 "

Growing the Crop-

2 Cultivatings 1,00

Harvest -

Cutting vines ,35 "

Cocking .65

Threshing — .25 per cwt.

Sacks .10 each

Hauling (3_Oiles) __ _ ,o5 per cwt.

Market Value of Yield-
High .06 per lb.

Low .03 "

Average .04 "

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 1.50 per acre

Good land 2.50 "

(Read Preface) 25

REOUIREIJEMTS AND f;IETHODS OF GROWING BEANS (LIMA)
Time to Maturity - 110 - 130 days
Life- Annual

Soil Requirements-

Surface : Good loam or alluvial soil, free from excessive alkali

best, but v/ill grow on wide range from fertile sand
to adobe.

Subsoil : Good moisture retainer.

Depth : 4' or more

Climatic Requirements-

(1) Freedom from scorching suns.

(2) Fogs required to temper atmosphere.

(3) Dry weather in fall to insure ripening.

Water Requirements-

Amount: practice of irrigation still in infancy, but increasing.
When needed: June 15 to July 10.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed : Plowed 8' to 14" November or December. March -

April worked' down with clod masher, "Cyclone"
chiselB" deep, (three times), weed knife used
ahead of the planter. March replowed, or better,
cultivated and harrowed. "Cyclone" weeder used
until planting time at 10 day intervals. Ringroll
to bring up moisture before planting.

Seeding:

Time : April 25 - May 20
Quantity Seed : 50"

Method and Distance: Seed dropped 8" in rows, rows 30,

32. or 36" apart.

Care of Grov/ing Crop :

Cultivated with weeder knife every 10 days during May and
June. Hoed from three to five times (June)

Harvest:

VuTien : September 1 - October 15.

How : Vines cut with horse knife (bean sled drawn by 2 horses)
forked into small piles, left 1-3 weeks until
moisture evaporates, threshed by contract (harvester
furnishing everything but hay for his horses. Put
in 80# or 100# sacks.

26

Yields-

Good

: 2,000#

Usual

: 1,600#

By-Products-

Kind : Straw
Where and for what sold: To dairymen for feed,

Commercial Sections-
Orange County
San Diego County
Santa Barbara County
Ventura County

To citrus growers for mulch and
fertilizer.

27

COST OF PRODUCING BSAIIS (LIMAS^

Value of Land-

II

II

^^^ 01500.00 per acre

Low 200.00 "

Usual 400.00

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing Land and Planting-
Fall plowing __ 2.00

Winter v;orking . 4.00

Cost of seed (50# e 60) -— - _ 3*00

Seeding - _ _ [30

Growing the Crop-

_ Cultivating 5 times 2.50 "

Hoeing, 1 time ( (;1 - ^12 ) - s.'oo

Harvest -

Cutting vines ^ ^35 u

Cocking g5 „

Threshing — - _ [^q p^^ ^^^^^

f^""^^ -" — - .10 each

Hauling (3 miles) Qg

Recleaning (weighing, etc.) — [08 per sack

Market Value of Yield-

"^S^ - - .07 per lb.

^°^ -- - — .04 '■

A^'^^^S^ - .04 1/2"

By-Products-
Straw ( weight equal to beans, average

- ^ , , ,, ^ ■'-°" - 5.00 per acre

Cost to handle 2 50 "

Taxes and Insurance-

Average land 4_00 p^^ ^^^^

^°°^ 1^"^ — -— 6.00 "

28
(Read Preface)

REQUIREMENTS AI'ID METHODS OF GROV-flNG THE TEPARY BEAN

Time to Maturity^ 85 - 140 days

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements-

Surface : Good soil, free from excessive moisture or manuring. Rich,

sandy loam best, but will grow over a wide range.
Subsoil : 2' or more in depth; good moisture retainer.

Climatic Requirements- Will stand sun and heat even at blossoming time.

Water Requirements -

Will stand drouth, but good moisture is needed to insure a heavy crop.

Over-irrigation of growing crop not desirable as
prolongs period of ripening. Small leaf surface
permits Tepary to mature a crop on moisture in-
sufficient for other beans.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed : Plov;ed 4" or 5" in spring after heavy rains are

over, or if put in after grain hay, plowed dry,
irrigated and disked, or stubble irrigated and

plowed.

Seeding:

Time: April - July 31.

Quantity of Seed : 15 - 18#

Method and Distance: Seed dropped 3 - 8" apart in rows 24" - 36"

apart, and not cultivated. Sometimes planted in

rows 18" apart after grain.

Care of the Growing Crop:

Cultivated in May and June. Kept clear of weeds.

Harvest:

When : Vlhen ripe

Method: Early plantings are pulled by hand, late plantings are
cut with horse knife (bean sled dravm by 2 horses)
forked into small piles, left 1 to 3 weeks until
moisture evaporates, threshed by contract in machines
or by horses; put in bags holding 80 or 100#.

29

800#

Yields-
Good : 1,500#
Usual :

By-Products-

Bean straw - Sold for dairy or cattle feed, or for fertilizer.

Commercial Sections-

Butte County

Colusa

Fresno

Glenn

Imperial

Iv'adera

San Diego

Sutter

Tulare

Yolo

NOTE:

Because of its quick maturing, two crops a year are possible,
or the Tepary may follow other early maturing
crops.

30
COST OF PRODUCING THE TEPARY BEAN

Value of Land-

High 0150.00 per acre

Low 60.00 "

Usual - - - 100.00

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing Land and Planting-
Plowing and working down — 3.50 "

Seed ( © 60 ) -— 1.00

Seeding .35 "

Growing the Crop-

3 Cultivations 1.50 "

Harvest-
Pulling by hand (03 - 4) - 3.50 "

Cutting Vines .40 "

Cocking -. .65

Threshing - - .25 per cwt.

Sacks (6 - 120) _— .10 each

Hauling { 3 miles) .05 per cwt.

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 1.00 per acre

Good land -1^.25 "

Market Value of Yield-
Average .03 per lb.

(Read Preface) ^^

REQUIREMENTS AND METHODS OF GRO^JTING CABBAGE

Time to Maturity- October planting in field; 150 days

January " " " , 120 "

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements- Heavy soil, retentive of moisture, and at least 4' in

depth. Will tolerate some alkali.

Climatic Requirements. Best cabbage grov/n in or during cool part of year.

Water Requirements- Abundant moisture from rainfall or irrigation. Cabbage

must be forced from time of planting to maturity,
or seed production v;ill result, thus ruining the
crop for marketing.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing for Planting : August - January, manured, plowed 12" deep

and v.'orked dovm into shape.
Pleinting :

Time : Valley--September -February; Coast--January - December.

Quantity: 7,000 plants.

Method and Distance: Plants set out in rows 30 - 36" apart,
and 1 1/2 - 2« in the row.

Care 0 f Growing Crop : '

After planting out, cultivated thoroughly once every two to four
weeks until leaves cover the ground. Irrigated if
needed, - usually 2 to 4 irrigations being applied.

Varieties :

Early Winningstadt

Early

Flat Dutch

Late

tl M II

Early

York

San Francisco

Harvest:

Time

: July plant in
Winter "
Coast

g

October « November
April - July
January - December

Method : Heads cut, trimmed, shipped in crates of 135 to 200f^, or
hauled loose for local trade.

32

Yields-

Good

: 20 tons

Usual

: 12

1

of Different

Grades-

#1 -

1%

#2 -

25^

Commercial Sec

tions-

Los Angeles County
Orange "
Sacramento "
San Joaquin "
San Mateo "
Delta Islands.

33

COST OF PRODUCING CABBAGE

II

It
II
II

Value of Land-

J^^^^ - 0 800.00 per acre

^^'^ 150.00

A^^^^g^ -- 200.00

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing Land and Planting-
Manure _ _ 3Q^QQ „

Preparing for planting 5*00 "

Plant s-

Home grown 4.00 "

Purchased 2o'oO "

^^^""ting %]00

Growing the Crop-
Cultivating (01 - 10) 5.00

Hoeing — .- - g^OQ

. Irrigating (4 times) -- 12.00

Harvest-
Cutting, trinming, sorting, and

packing (02 - 4) 3.00 per ton

^^^^^g« " -- .25 each

hauling (5 miles) _ .75 ^^^ ^^„

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 2.00 per acre

. Good land 2 5q i,

Market Value of Yield (f.o.b.)
Kigh-

l^^, grade ._ 40,00 ^^„

2nd grade 20.00

Low -

1st grade 4,00 "

2nd grade 2.'50 "

Ave rage -

1st grade __ 3^5 qq „

2nd grade _ __ j_q[qq

(Read Preface)
REQUIREMEMTS AND METHODS OF GROWING THE CHERRY

Climatic Requirements- Warm sunny weather, freedom from excessive heat, and

heavy late spring rains.

Soil Requirements

Deep, rich, well drained soils, retentive of moisture.
No clay. Preferably sediments.

Water Requirements- Plenty of moisture with v/ater table belov? 15'.
Setting Out and Caring for Orchards to Maturity-

Distance Apart of Trees

Average Number per Acre

Time o f Planting Out

Age to Self-Sustaining Crop

Age to Maturity

Length of profitable Life

Most Populat Varieties

30' X 30' ■

48

January, February, or March
8 years
12 years

Estimated 40 years
Napoleon (Royal Ann), Black
Tartarian, Bing, Lambert
Calendar of Operations :

Irrigation : Not much given, foothill section an exception

vjhen usually given during June, July and

August ,
Pruned to form lo"/ head and develop tree.
None

February - Lime sulphur if necessary
Plov/ed, cross plowed and v/orked down into shape,

cultivated 6 times at monthly intervals,

beginning in April.
Companion cropping: Intercropped to berries, small fruits, grain,

beans, beets, corn, and sometimes alfalfa.

Usually discontinued after trees are 4- 6

yisars old.

Caring for Bearing Orchards-

Calendar of Operations :

Pruning
Fertilizing
Spraying
Cultivatioft

Not much irrigation done, except as noted above.

February - lime sulphur.

Only to keep tree's shapely, December - January

Sometimes manure put on

Plo;ved, cross plovred and worked into shape.

Cultivated twice ammonth until end of July,
Fumigating : None
Thinning Fruit :Not dgne.

Irrigation

Spraying

Pruning

Fertilising

Cultivating

35

Harvest-

Time : May 20 to July 1

Method : Picked by hand. Trees gone over 4 to 6 times.

Preparing for Market: Packed into 10^ boxes by hand for eastenn

shipment, or in 20 - 40j^ boxes loose for local
trade, or hauled in lugs to cannery.

% of Different Grades

Cannery Districts

(i.e. Napa Valley.)

Packed 10

Cannery 70

Culls (cracked

and pecked) 20

Yields-

Good

;

4 tons

Usual

•

2 tons

Commercial

Sections-

Alameda

Napa

Placer

Sacramento

Santa Clara

Solano

Sonoma

NOTES :

Shipping Districts
( i.e. Suisun Valley)

70
10

20

Crop easily damaged.

Cherries are risky, but exceedingly profitable on the right land.

36

COST OF PRODUCING THE CK5RRY

Value of Land-

Raw land-

High tJSOO.OO per acre

Low --- 200.00

Usual 600,00 "

Developed orchards-
High producing 2000.00 "

Usual " 1000.00 "

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or water right included in land
value

Clearing and leveling 10.00 "

Trees - 10.00

Setting out 4.00 "

Replanting 1.00

Annual Cost froia Setting Out to Self-Sustaining Age-
Plowing and cultivating (usually borne by intercrop) 6.00 "

Spraying 1_qO "

Pruning - ___ 3.00

Irrigation _ __ 5.00

Annual Upkeep after Maturity-

Cultivation 8.00 "

Spraying 3^00

Pruning 2.00

Irrigation 8.00 "

Cost of Harvest-

For Local- (10# box)

Picking - .15 per box

PacKing (loose) .03 ''

Package ^09 "

Hauling ( 2 ir.iles) .01 "

For East (10# box)

Picking ,15

Packing and warehouse expense .10

Package ]l5

Hauling and loading (2 miles) .01

!I

37

For Cannery-
picking C30.00 per ton

Hauling (2 miles) - 1.00. "

Market Value of Yield (f.o.b.)

High -

Cannery .06 per lb.

Eastern shipments ,13 "

Local " .03 "

Low -

Cannery .04 "

Eastern shipments .04 "

Local " .04 "

Average -

Cannery .05 "

Eastern shipments ,11 "

Local " .06 "

Taxes and Insurance-

To Maturity --- 6.00 per acre

After iiJaturity -

Average land 10.00 "

Good land 15.00 "

302v'92

(Read Preface) 38

REQUIREIffiNTS Ai^ID IvIETKODS OF GRO\yirTG irJDIAN CORN

Time to Maturity- 130 - 160 days

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements-

Surface: Black loam or river bottom sediment, 3' or more. Well

drained, well supplied with organic matter and
plant foods.

Climatic Requirements-

Freedom. from frost and hot drying winds; warm nights, continuous

growing weather, ample sunshine, freedom from
intense heat at time o f tasselling.

Water Requirements and Irrigation-

Ample moisture from rainfall or irrigation, equivalent to at least

30".

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed : Fall - plowed 8"

March- plowed 6" and worked down into seed bed.

Planting:

Time : April 1 - May 1
Quantity: 18# for silage

12" " seed
Method and Distance: In hills 3 l/2' apart, or in rows 3 l/2'

apart - seed 1" deep, 6- 8 " apart
for silage, 10 - 12" for seed.

Care of Growing Crop: Cultivated 6 - 8" as soon as rows can be seen.

Cultivated every 2 weeks, gradually
reducing depth. Irrigated by
furrov;s in July when com is
tasselling.

Varieties:

Learning, Hickory King, Old River IThite, California Semi-Dent,

Red Ccb, Yellcv Dent.

39

Harvest :

When : Soiling - July 1 - September 1 (Green growing corn)
Silage - August 15 - September 15
Grain - October 1 - November 1
Fodder - October 15- November 15 (dry, mature corn)

How

Yields-

Silage -

Cut by hand or machine in field, hauled to
silo, cut and blown into silo.

Grain -

Husked by hand in field from standing stalks.
Thrown into wagon.

Fodder-
Cut and hauled as needed, or cattle turned in.

Soiling-
Cut and hauled as needed, or cattle turned in.

Silage Grain Dry Fodder Soiling

Good : 12 tons 2000# 9 tons 8 tons
Usual : 8 " 1000# 6 " 5 "

By-Products-

Kind : Husks from Old River V/hite varieties.

Amount : 200#

Where and for -what sold: Tamale wrappers

Commercial Sections-

Los Angeles County
Mendocino "
Riverside "
Sacramento "

ir

II

40

COST OF PROgUCi:.TG I'JDIAM COFuN

Value of Land-

Kigh ___ 0800.00 per acre

Lov7 _ 100,00

^'su?.l - 200.00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Fall plowing 1.75 "

Spring plowing - 1^25

T/orking dovn into seedbed 1 75

Seed ( e 2<?) - _ .'25

planting 35 n

Growing the Crop-
Cultivating and furrowing 2.00 "

Vfeter j'so "

Applying water [75 »

^-oeing _ _ _ 2.'oO

Harvest-

For silage-
Cutting by hand 2.00 "

Hauling _ ^\qq

Filling silo — 3^00

For grain-

Kusking from standing corn .03 per bushel

Hauling (5 niles) .50 per ton

Shelling'- iQ pgr bushel

!^^>^^ - - - .10 each

For i' odder-
Cutting by hand - 1.75 pgj, ^cre

Shocking . 2.25 "

Hauling (1 nile) I'.OO ■ "

For Soiling-
Cutting by hand 2.00 "

Hauling (1 mile) ]^.00 "

Taxes and Insurance-

For average land 2.30 "

" best lajid 3 qq n

Market Value of Yield-
Grain-

Low I'll Per^cwt.

Average ____ ^[^^

By-Products-
Fodder from husked com _ 1.50 per ton

(10 t. per

Husks (Old River White) 04 pp^^b

•Cutting and hauling _ siso per acre

(Read preface)

R3%'IREMEIITS AND IvETHODS OF GROWING COTTON
Tiiue to Maturity- 7-9 r.onths.

41

T.i f

ate-

Soil Requirer.ents-

Annual or perennial, according to hov/ handled.

Responds to Pood soil conditions, doing best on silt
loams, altho all good r;oils do well; 4' or more
in depth.

Climatic Re-.uirem-snte- Dry weather during growing season, high temperature

for 4 or 5 months, and lack of rains at time of
maturity.

Water Requirements and Irrigation- Plenty of moisture required throughout

gro'vth -jyith avoidance of over-irrigation.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed : January - March land irrigated, plowed, disked

and listed into rows 42" apart, harrowed and
dragged into a seed bed.

Planting:

Time : March - June (April 15,- May 15 best)

Quantity: 20- 30#

Method and Distance: Rov/s 3 l/2 - 4 • apart

Care of Gro".'ing Crop:

Crop thinned to 1 plant every 12 to 13" (June) when plants
are 6 - 8" tall. Crop irrigated 4-8 times
by furrows from April to October, Crop culti-
vated 3-5 times, beginning in April, and
continuing to last of June.

Varieties; Durango (m.edium long), Mebane Triumph (short)

Harvest

Yields.

V/hen: Septentar - February

Hov; : Picked by hand. Shipped to public gin for ginning
and baling into 500# bales.

Good : IbOff lint
Usual : 400f "

By-Froducts-

Kind : Cotton seed and linters (fuzz from seed)

Amount : Seed = 10% of yield figures, linters BOj^ per ton

\i/here and for what sold: Stock feed and oil

Commercial Sections-

Imperial and ^iverside Counties.

NOTE:

P^tio of lint tc seed cotton varies from 28 to SS/i. 1500# seed

cotton required to 1 bale of lint. A bale of lint weighs about ^OOj^

4^

COST OF PRODUCING COTTOM
Value of Land-

Lq^ 0 200.00 per acre

„ ~ - 76.00

"^"^^ 125.00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Irrigating ^5Q

Plowing and working down (03 - 6) 5*nn

Seed ( @ 2 1/2 - 5^) 1 00 „

Sowing ( 35 - bOci) "^O

Replanting skips 3^[oo "

Growing-
Thinning with hoes - o no

Cultivating l-ll „

irrigating __ ^ .,

Harvesting-

Picking (750 - 01.25) 1.00 per 100# seed

Hauling (5 miles) , c^ n?"^!""

Ginning 1 ^'^^ P"^ ^°"

.60 per cv/t. of

Baling and ties , .^ ^^'^t .

]^.50 per bale

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land T „_

Good land '.'.'.IIIV. ]',l P^^/*'^^

Market Value of Yield (Fiber)

High P^^ango Short Staple

Low '^"^ P^" ^^« -14 per lb,

Average l^l^ll^Z "" '?? " '^^ "

.14 " .11

By Products-
Seed ( !;15 - 20) __. ^ ic ««

^ 0 15.00 per ton

(Read rreiace) 43

REQUIREl'^IJTS PuiD METHODS OF rrRO^'igMg THE FIG

Climatic Requirements-

For dried figs: Hot dry atmosphere and v/anr. nights. Temperature to

I'emain abo-^'e 18° at all times. Sunshine required
to prevent sour figs.

For fresh figs: Can bo grown under v/ider range.

Soil Requirerr.ents-

Surface : Rich loam soils of good moisture holding capacity best,

altho will succeed on wide range of types.

Subsoil : No rock or hardpan. Ample lime.

Depth : 5' or more. (There is close interrelation between ground

water and souring.)

Water Requirenents- Plenty of moisture required without excess. Excess causes

trouble in drying; lack reduces size of figs.

Setting Out and Carir.g for Orchards to Maturity-

Distance A^art of Trees

Average Number per Acre
Time of Planting Out Trees ;
Age to Self- Sustaining Crop;
Age to Ilaturity ;

Most Popular Varieties

for Drying ;

Length of Profitable Life ;
Calendar of Operations to Maturity:

30 ' X 30' Smyrna; 40* x 40' Adriatic;
50' X 50' Ilission. Majority planted
along avenues,

43, 27 or 17.
February - March
6- 8 years
12 - 18 years .

Smyrna (Calimyrna) .Adriatic , Mission
Estiinated 75 years.

Irrigation

Pruning

Fertilizing

Spraying

Cultivating

If given, by furrows - May- June,

Pruned annually to form head.

ilone

Hone

Plov/ed, January- March, --orked dov/n into good

condition; or cultivated as required fo:

companion crops.
Companion Cropping: Not much done, interplanted occasionally

v;ith grapes, sorgliuns, grain or beans,

if vater ?.nd fertility is available.

Can be practiced for four years.

44

Caring for Bearing Orchards-

Calendar of Operations

Caprification :
Irrigation :
Pruning :

Fertilizing :
Cultivating :

Fumigating
Thinning Fruit:
Spraying :

(Smyrna) March and June

If given, by furro-7s - f'ay -June

Tc thin out - Novei.iber-Fehruary .

A little haphazard corar.ercial fertilizing done.

March -April, plowed tc kill weeds ard harrowed

dov;n. Cultivated 4 times. Board smooth

before crop ripens.
IJone

Net done
None unless for moss in spring, using lime

Bordeaux or crude oil emulsion.

Karvest-

Time : Fresh- from June 1 to December 1.
Dried- August 20 - October 20.

Methods: For fresh fruit- Picked by hand, carefully severed from

tree with knife.
For dried fruit- Allowed to shrivel on trees and drop off

on ground. Picked up into 40 or 50#
lug boxes and hauled to drier.

Preparing for Market:

Fresh : Usually packed in 10#, or sometimes 20# boxes, single

or 2 layer boxes, v/hen fully ripe.
Sometimes pasteboard or wood wool is
used for backing. Market limited.

Dried : Further dried on trays, stacked and covered. After

7-10 days, dipped in brine, returned
tc trays, stacked for one week, then
sorted and packed. Adriatic? sulphured,

Yields-

Smyrna

Adriatics 2 1/2 tons

Good
2 tons

Mission

— 3 tons

Usual

1 1/2 tons

2 tons

2 1/2 tons

NOTE:

With Smyrnas 1 Capri-fig tree required for every 25 - 50 Smyrnas

(to produce Blastophaga wasps) . Do not take up orchard space.
Figs should be grown for profit v/here both fresh and dried figs are
possible. A commercial grower in such sections v/ill probably
ship about l/2 of 1^ as fresh fruit (estimated).
Commercial Sections-

Butte County Madera County Sutter County

Fresno " Merced " Tulare "

Imperial " Stanislaus " Yuba "

45

COST OF PRODUCIHG THE ^IG

Value of Land-

Rav/ land-

High (with water) —0300.00 per acre

Low " " 100.00

Usual " " - - 150.00 "

Developed orchards-
High producing - 800.00

Usual " - 400.00 "

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or water right included

in price of land
Clearing, grading, leveling land for planting- 18,00 "

Trees - 800.00 "

Setting out - 4.00

Annual Cost from Setting Out to Self-Su staining Age-
Irrigating (water and labor C'2 - 16) 5,00

Cultivating (0 2-8) 5.00

Pruning 1.00

Annual Upkeep after Maturity-
Cultivating 6,00

Irrigating 16,00

Caprifying (Smyrna) 1,50

Pruning 6.00

II

II

II

Cost of Harvest-
Fresh : Picking -- - -- -) .12 l/2 per 20#

Packing and -.varehouse expense ) t)ox

Hauling ( 2 miles) — - .01 "

Dried : Picking - — - .11 per 60# field

box

Processing, drying and sacking 6.00 per dry ton

Hauling (2 miles) .50

11

Market Value o f Yield-
Average for fresh fruit .10 per lb

" " dried fruit - Mission - .02

Adriatics .04 "

Smyrna .06 "

Taxes and Insurance-

To Maturity 2.00 per acre

After Maturity-
Average land 4.00 "

Good land 5.00

(Read Preface) 46

REQUIREMENTS AITO M3TH0DS OF GR9V/IMG THE GRAPE (P-AISIN)

Gliaatic Requirements-

Freedom from frequent late spring frosts, conditions for early-
ripening and freedom from heavy fall rains during
ripening and harvest. Four or six v/eeks of dry weath-
er usually required following picking to permit proper
drying .

Soil Requirements-

Deep, fertile loan, the heavier loams for muscats and the lighter

loans for sultana. Freedom from alkali and standing
r'ater during growing season.

Water Requirements-

Grape secures color and quality when grown with sufficient rather
than excess water supply. 16" is average minimum
v/ithout irrigation.

Setting out and Caring for Vineyards to Maturity-

Distance Apart of Vines : Short prune 6' x 12'

Long " 6' X 12' to 6' x 16'

Rows run east and west 18" - 24' ,
Roads left foi' hauling north and
south about every 200' .
: 6« x 12' -- 600
: February - March
Age to Self-?ustaining Crop: Autuan of 3d year.

Length of Profitable Life : Estimated 20 years (in absence of serious

disease)
: Muscat, Sultauina (Thompson), Sultana

Average Number per Acre
Tine of Planting Out

Most Popular Varieties

Calendar of Operations

Irrigation :

Pruning :

Fertilizing
Spraying

Cultivation

Companion cropping

Usually one irrigation; ordinarily given in

late spring (April)
December- Iviarch

Pruned to either spurs or canes (if

canes, these are tied to stakes or

horiscntal wires. Suckered in May

and June.
None
April - June - sulphured for mildew, one,

tv/o or three times, except the first

one or two years.
Plowed and cross plowed (January -March)

hoed once (June). Harrowed into shape.

Cultivated six times, beginning in April

at monthly intervals.

Net much done. During 1st year or two

occasionally planted to bee.ns or sorghums,

47

Supports: Sultanina and ether trellised varieties-
Vines tied to temporary 1 l/4" x 1 l/4"x3
stckes - later to permanent trellis .

Muscat and other staked varieties-
Tied to 2" X 2" X 4' stakes.

Care of Vineyards after Maturitv-

Calendar

of Operations-
Irrigation :

Spraying ;

Pruning :

Fertilizing :

Cultivating :

Fumigating :

UsueJly one irrigation; ordinarily given

in late spring (April)
April - Jun3 -sulphured for mildev/ one

two or three times
December - March . Muscats pruned to

short spurs. Sultanina to fruit canes,

and renewal spurs.
Occasionally a little fertilizing done,

principally as applications of grape

pomace, green manures and stable

manu re s
January - March. Plowed, cross plowed and

harrowed into good shape. Cultivated

four times at monthly intervals, beginning

in April. Hoe one time around vines in

June.
None

Thinning Fruit :Not done

Harvest-

Yields-

Time : August 20 - October 1

Method : Clusters cut by hand.

Preparing for Market: Spread on trays holding 22# (2' x 3')

placed in the rows, cured, sortad,
delivered to raisin packing house,
the Sacramento Valley the Sultanina are
dipped and dried in a drying yard.

and

In

Good
Usual

1 1/2 tons raisins

;on

3y-Products»

A second crop, in case of muscats, sold to winery.
Equal to 20/J of crop.

Commercial Sections-

Counties tributary to Fresno, middle Sacramento Valley, San Diego
and San Gabriel Valley.

NOTE:

With vines too young to bear, cultivation should cease in time
to permit the ripening of wood before autumn frosts.

48
COPT OF PRODUCING TH^ C-R.'^E (RAISIN)

Value of Land-

Raw-

Kigh - 0300.00 per acre

Lov; -- 50.00 "

Usual --- - 150.00

Developed vineyards-

HiB;h producing - --•• 400.00 "

Usual " 300.00 "

Cost of Establishing Vineyards-
Irrigation system or water right included in

price of land-
Clearing, leveling and preparing 10.00 "

Vines ( rooted © 02O per M ) 10.00

Setting out - 6.00 "

Replanting (vines and labor) 5.00 "

Annual Cost from Setting out to Self-Sustaining Age-
Cultivation (05 - 8) 7.00

Stakes or trellis ( 1st year) 20,00

Tying 1.50

Pruning 2 years total 3.00

Sulphuring 2 years total 1.50

Hoeing " " ^ ?.00 "

Burning brush (2nd year) -SO

.'innual Upkeep after' Maturity-
Sulphuring 2 tiraes 1.25

Cultivating ( 0^ - 8) 7.00 ||

Pruning and burning brush-Muscats 4.50

-Sultaaina - 10.00

Suckering 1.00

Tying - Sultanina 2.50

Koeing - Muscats 2. CO

- Sultanina 4.00

Cost of Harvest-
Gathering (07 - 16) - 10.00 per__dry ton

Handling trays 1.50

■Turning and stacking 1.25

packing in lugs 1.25

Hauling ( 4 miles) 1-00

Market Value of Yield-

High - -06 1/2 per lb

Low .02 II

Average -03 1/4

Taxes and Insurance-

To Maturity - - - 1-50 per^ acre

After Maturity- Average land 2.00 "

Good land 3.0C

ti
It
II
II

(Read Preface) 49

REQUIREI^ffiMTS ATJD PffiTHODS OF GRC'TOMG THE C-RAPg (lABLE)
Climatic Requirements-

Freedom from late spring frosts, fsdl rains during ripening, and

harvest, and sudden changes in temperature.
Climate determines varieties.

For extra early: Early starting weather and high mean daily spring

temperature.

For late: Absence of fall frosts and rains.

Soil Requirements-

Deep, fertile, sandy loa-m, altho not particular. Freedom from alkali

and standing water during growing season.

Water Requirements-

Grape secures color (see note) and quality when grown with sufficient

rather than excess water supply. 16" is average mini-
mum \7ithout irrigation.

Setting Out and Cgring for Vineyards to Maturity-

Distance Apart of Vines

Average Number per Acre

Time o f Planting Out

Age to Self-Sustaining Crop

Age to Maturity

Length of Profitable Life

Most Popular Varieties

Calendar of Operations
Irrigation :

Pruning

9' X 9' to 12' X 12'; about every 200'

a row north and south is omitted for

hauling lane.
300 to 500
January - March
4 years (autumn)
7 years
Estimated 30 years ( in absence of serious

disease)
Tokay, Malaga, Emperor, Sultanina (Thompson)

Muscat

Fertilising
Spraying

Cultivation

Little done, except in the regular irrigating
sections, v;here one irrigation is
usually given in late spring (April)

December- March. Pruned to result in grapes

being kept off the ground. All varie-
ties are tied to stakes. Suckered in
spring and summer (May - June)

None

April - July, sulphured for mildew, one, two
or three times except the first year
or tv/o.

Plowed and cross plowed (January- March) hoed
once or twice (June) , Harrov/ed into
shape, cultivated 6 times at monthly
intervals from April to August.

50

Coripanion Cropping : Not much dene. During first year or

two occasionally planted to beans or
sorghum.

Supports : Vines are tied to stakes 2" x 2" x 6'.

Caring for Bearing Vineyards-

Calendar of Operations-

Irrigation

Spraying
P runing

Fertilizing

Cultivating

Fumigating

If in irrigated region, one irrigation is given

in late spring (April). Probably 50/^

raised -vithout irrigation.
April - July, sulphured for mildew one, tv/o

or three times
December - March, Spur pruning most usual:

Tokays average 3 bud spurs, Malaga and

Emperor average 4 bud spurs.
Occasionally a little done- principally as

applications of grape pomace, green and

stable manures.
January- March, plov;ed , cross-plowed and harro7/ed

into good shape. Cultivated four times,

from April at monthly intervals. Hoed

one time around vines in June.
Hone

Thinning Fruit: Little done.

Harvest-

Time : June 15, until first hea^'y rains (about November 15)
Method : Carefully cut by hand. Placed in single layers in wide,

shallow boxes. Vines gone over several

times.
Preparing for Market: Packed into crates holding 4 baskets, total

v/eight 3 Ojif,/ shipped in refrigerator cars.
/ net 25#i.

=1 of Different Grades-

Yield s-

Packed

Culls

Good
Usual

60/o

or

80%
ZOfo

Totals (Packed and culls)

7 tons
5 "

Culls sold to winery

By-Products-

Culls sold to winery or dried for raisins
Commercial Sections-

NOTS:

Imperial Co. Merced Co, Sacramento Co., San Joaquin Co,
Santa Cruz Co., Tulare Co. and Yolo Co,

Color is the predominant characteristic of table grapes and is greatly

affected by soil and temperature. The hotter the climate the lighter
the color. See note p. 47.

51
C03T OF PRODUCIMG THE TABLE GRAPE

Value of Land-
Raw land-

High $ 300.00 per acre

Low -' 25,00 "

Average ----" 100.00 "

Developed' Vineyard<3-

High producing 500.00 "

Usual " 300.00 "

Cost of Establishing Vineyaid-

Irrigation system included in price of land
Clearing, grading and leveling land for

planting {;^8 - 20) --- 10.00 "

Vines (® (:.20 - per M) -- 10.00 "

Setting out .___, 6.00 "

Replanting (vines and labor) 5.00 "

Annual Cost from Settin*?; 0".t to Self-Sustaining Age-
Cultivation (C'6 - 10) 7.00 "

Stakes (1st year) 10.00 "

Tying - 1.50

Pruning (2 years) total 3.00 "

Sulphuring " " 1.50 "

Hoeing " " 2.00 "

. . Irrigating ( 02- 6) 4.00 "

Annual Upkeep after Maturity-
Sulphuring 3 times 2.00 "

Cultivation 7.00 "

Pruning and burning brush 5.00 "

Suckering — 1.00 "

Tying ( none after 7th year) 1.00 "

Hoeing -- - 2.00

Irrigating ( 02- 6) 4.00

Cost of Harvest-
Picking ( shipping grapes) .05 per crate

Packing and warehouse expense ,07 "

Crate and baskets ,10 "

Hauling (3 miles) .01 "

Market Value of Yield- (f.o.b.)

High (Eastern shipments 2.00 per crate

(From packing house delivered in bulk 25.00 per ton

52

i^arket Value of Yield (cont.)

Low (Eastern shipments) '• 0 .25 per crate

(From packing house delivered in

bulk) 7.50 per ton

Average (Eastern shipments) .50 per crate

(From packing house delivered

in bulk) 15,00 per ton

By-Products-
Culls - - - - 3 tons © 07 (05- 10)

Cost to handle 02.75 per ton

Taxes and Insurance-

To Maturity 1,50 per acre

After Maturity -

Average land 2.00 "

Good land - — 3.00

(Read Preface) 53

REQUIREMEOTS AND M3TH0DS OF GROV/ING THE GRAPE (DRY WINE)

Climatic Requirements'

Sane as other grapes. Freedom from late spring frosts, fall rains

during ripening, and harvest, and sudden changes
in temperature. Ripening during cool weather
(to promote acidity and provide wine making
temperature)

Soil Requirements-

If deep, well drained, preferably gravelly soils, vine is "not particular.

Gentle hill slopes are best for wine grapes.

Water Eequirements-

Grape secures color and quality vhen grov/n with sufficient rather than

excess v/ater supply. Need , however, 15 - 25" of

water.
Setting Out and Caring for Vineyards to Maturity -

Distance Apart of Vines : 8' x 8' to 10' x 10
■ ' ■ every !^00' for hauling lane.

Average Number per Acre

Time of Planting Out '

Age to Self-Sustaining Crop

Age to Maturity ■

Length of Profitable Life

Most Popular Varieties

A row omitted about

440 - 650

January - March

3 years (autumn)

7 years.

Estimated 30 years (in absence of disease)

Zinfandel, Petite Sirah , Carignane (Red)
Burger, Palomino, Seraillon (White)

Calendar of Ooerations

Irrigation
Pruning

Fertilizing

Spraying

Cultivation

Little done

December- March after 1st year, Pruned to either
spurs or canes;' canes tied to stakes,
Suckered in summer.
Occasionally grape pomace, green and stable

manure applied.
April 15- June, sulphured for mildews one, tv/o or
three times, cixcept first year or two.
Plowed and cross plowed (January- March), hoed

once (June) . Harrowed into shape. Culti-
vated 5 times at semi-monthly intervals,
beginning in April

54

Companion Cropping : Practically none.

Supports : Short pruning- Vines are tied to stakes

2" X Z" X 4'

Long " - Vines are tied to stakes

2" X 2" X 6'

Care of Vineyards after liaturity-

Calendar of Operations-
Irrigation
Spraying
Pruning
Fertilizing
Cultivating

Fumigating

Very little done

Api'il 15 - June - sulphured for mildew 2- 5 times

December - March

Same as for young vines.

January - March, plowed, cross-plowed and

harrowed into good shape. Cultivated
two to five times at semi-monthly
intervals, beginning in April, hoed
one time around vinen in June,

None

Thinning Fruit: Not done

Ha)rvest-

Time : September 1 - November 1

Method : Clusters gathered by hand into 40^ lug boxes.

Preparing for Market: Hauled in lug boxes to v/inery.

Yields-

Good
Usual

6 tons
3 "

By-Products-

None

Commercial Sections-

Bay Counties ( Alameda, Contra Costa, Lake, tularin, Napa,

Solano, Sonoma Counties)
San Joaquin County
Santa Clara Valley ( Santa Clara and Santa Cruz Counties.

NOTE:

See footnote, p. 47.

Il

V E »^ = ^ ^ "^

55
COST 07 PRODUCING mV.E GRAPES

Value of Land-

Raw land-

Kigh — 0300.00 per acre

Low 50.00 "

Average- — - 150.00

Developed Vineyard s-

High producing 400.00

Average " — 200.00

If

Cost of Sstabliohing Vineyards-
Irrigation system or water right included
in price of land

Clearing, leveling and preparing 15,00 "

Vines (rooted resitant vines 0 i^60 per M)-- 40.00 "

Setting out - 79.$t5

Replanting (vines and labor) 6.00 "

Annual Cost from Setting Out to Self- Sustaining Age-

II

Cultivating 7.00

Stakes (Is'^ year) 20.00

Tying ' 1,50

Pruning, 2 years total 3.00 "

Sulphuring, " " 1,50

Koeing " " — 2.00

Annual Upkeep after Maturity-
Sulphuring three tines 2,00 "

Cultivation 7.00

Pruning and burning brush — Short 4.00 "

Long - 6.00

Suckering 1.09- "

Tying and rope — long 2.50 "

Short 1.00

Hoeing -- 2.00

Cost of Harvest-
Picking ■ 2.00 per ton

Hauling ( 5 miles) ' 1.00 "

I'iarket Value of Yield-
High 25.00

Lo7/ -— 8.00

Average 15.00 "

Taxes and Insurance-

To Maturity 1.50 per acre

After Maturity- Average land 2.00 "

Good land 3.00 "

(Read Preface) 56

REOUIRMENTS AND IJETHODS' OF GRO\;t:NG HAY
(From cultivated cereals)

Time to Maturity- 4 to 6 months

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements-

Barley : Heavier soil types, presence of organic matter, less than

.25 of 1;<. alkali.
Vi/heat : Same as barley, but requires mere organic matter.
Oats : Same as barley, more benefitted by heavy soils.

Climatic Requirements-

Barley

ll/heat

Oats

Withstands very dry, hot weather, and limited rainfall.
Requires nore water and •.vill stand less heat than barley.
Requires a ccol, relatively humid climate. Bsst adapted
to Coast regions.

Water Requirements and Irrigation'
Barley
Wheat

Oats

If rainfall less than 18" summer fallowed every 2nd year,

25 - 30" optimum. Only 6 l/2/^ of acreage irrigated.

Requires more moisture than barley. Only -\.1$ of acreage
irrigated.

Requires more moisture than v/heat. Only 3,1/^ of acreage
irrigated.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed: November- February plov/ed 4 - 6" deep. Disked

or harrowed before planting.
Planting:

Time: November 15 - April 1;
Quantity: 60 - 100#

Method and Distance: Drilled or broadcasted. Disked or

harrowed after planting.

Varieties-

Barley

: Common California

Chevalier

Oats

: Common California

ti II

V.'heat

: Yfnite Australian

Defiance

Rye

Black

57

Harvest-

Time : May - June

Method: Mowed, raked, cocked, left until cured, stacked
(or baled if for market)

Yields-

Good
Usual

2 tons
1 ton

By-Products-

Kind : Stubble

Where and for what sold: Pasture

Commercial Sections-
Wheat :

Oats

Barley

Contra Costa County.
San Luis Obispo "
Madera ' "
Monterey "

Coast Counties
Madera County
Sari Joaquin,"
Stanislaus "
Merced "

Madera County
Merced "

Monterey "
San Joaquin "

NOTE:

Cereals are not as a rule grown primarily for hay. Theyaare raised
primarily for grain but cut for hay only if season or rust
indicates field will not make grain, or if the market indicates
that grain will be low in price. An exception are some of the
foothill lands.

58

COST 0? PR0D7Ci:'G HAY
(From Cuiltiva^ed Cereals)

Value of Land-

High OlOO.OO per acre

Lot; - 40.00

Usual - - 60,00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Preparing land 1,75 "

Seed (G 1 1/2^^) - 1.00

Plantijig (broadcasted)-- .15 "

Harrowing after planting .35 "

Harve^ting-

Mowing .50 per acre

Raking— - -- .25

Cocking .20 per ton

Stacking - — .50

- or -

Baling 1.75

Hauling 1.00 "

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 1.00 per acre

Good land 1.50 "

Market Value of Yields-
High 15.00 per ton

Lov; 6,00 "

Average -- 10.00

3y-Productg-

Stubble (10- 500) — - - .25 per acre

(Read Preface) 59

REQUIRELIEMTS AND METHODS OF GR0'.7IMG HAY
(From Volunteer Cereals)

Time to Maturity;- 5 to 6 months

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements-

Barley : Heavier soil types, presence of organic matter, less than

.25 of if, alkali.
Wheat : Same as barley, but requires more organic matter.
Oats : Same as barley, more benefitted by heavy soils.

Climatic Requirements-

Barley

Wlieat
Oats

Withstands very dry, hot weather and limited rainfall.
Requires more water, and v;ili stand less heat than barley.
Requires a. cool, relatively humid climate. Best adapted
to Coast regions.

Water Requirements and Irrigation-

Barley : If rainfall less than 18" siJiramer fallowed every 2nd year,

25 - 30" optimum. Only 6 1/2^^ of acreage

irrigated .
VJVieat : Requires more moisture than barley. Only 4.7^ of acreage

irrigated.
Oats : Requires more moisture than wheat. Only 3.1^^ of acreage

irrigated.

Calendar of Operations-

Planting: None. Seeded automatically by last year's shattering.

Crop grovm without cultivation.

Varieties:

Barley
Wheat
Oat s

Time : May - June

Method: Mov;ed, raked, cocked, left until cured, stacked, or
baled if for market.

Harvest

Yields-

ll

Good : 1 1/2 tons
Usual : 3/4 ton

CO

By-Products-

Kind : Stubble

Where and for vhdt sold: Pasture.

Ccmmercial Secticns-

Barley : Merced, Monterey, San o^oaquin Counties,

Wheat : Madera, L'lonteray, and Sa" Luis Obispo Counties,

Oats : Ivlerced, Sa.n Joaquin and Stanislaus Counties.

IIOTE;

Cereals are not as a rule groVTn primarily for hay. They are
raised for grain ard cut for hay only if season
indicates that field will make only poor grain
crop, or if market points to low prices ruling
for grain.

61

COST OF PRODUCING HAY
(Froni volunteer cereals)

Value of Land-

Kigh 0200.00 per acre

Low 20.00 "

Usual 60.00

Cost of the Crop-
Harvesting-

Mowing .50 "

Raking .25 "

Cocking .20 per ton

Stacking .50 "

- cr -

Baling (Cl.50 - 2.50) - 2.00

Hauling (5 miles) 1.00 "

Taxes and Insurance-

Average land 1.00 per acre

Good land 1.50

Market Value of Yields-
High 18.00 per ton

Low 4.00

Average 6.00 "

By-Products-
Stubble ( 10 - 50Qt) .25 per acre

(Read Preface) 62

RE9UIRZ\g::iTS and methods of GROmNG HOPS
Time to Maturity- 1st year a yield of 250 - 300# is secured.

Life- Not known definitely (some yards are 25 years old and

doing well.

Soil Requirements- Black, rich, alluvial, sandy loam of excellent moisture

retaining properties, at least 6' in depth. Old
river bottoms best.

Climatic Requirements- Hot sunny weather d-oring grov/ing season.

7/ater Requirements and Irrigation- Plenty of moisture ^vithout excess required.

Calendar of Operations-

Pre paring for Planting: January - March plowed 8", cross plowed and

put in shape for planting.
Planting :

Time : January -April

Quantity: 650 - 2,000 vines

Method and Distance: 1-3 roots tc a hill, hills 6' x 5' to

8' X 3' . 1 starninate vine planted

for every 100 vines.

Care 1st year:

Cultivated 1st year 4-8 times. Cultivation ceqses by July 15.
High trellis system set and vines trained to it.
High pole system consists of 6" x 6" poles 16'-20'
above ground, set 36 to 48' apart, strung r'ith
trellis wire used overhead and 2 or 3 cotton strings
from hill to trellis.

Lov; pole system consists of a pole at every hill,
8' above ground, and strings stretched criss-cross
from pole to pole

Care after 1st year:

After 1st year plowed 2 to 4 times 8 - 12" deep, Marc h- June . and
cultivated until July 1st. Vines trained annually
in April and May. Pruned after harvest is over in
February - March. Sometimes sprayed for lice or
sulphured for spider.

Varieties :

Not segregated.

63

Harvest :

When : Augus-t - September

HoV7 : Picked by hand

Operations : Dried in kilns O 160 to 175° for 9-12 hours

with sulphur fuues. Baled in 200#

bales (180# net) , ' •

Dry 3 1/4-3 1/2 to 1

Yields-

Good : 2,000#

Usual : 1,400#

Commercial Sections-

Mend oc in o

County

Sonoma

II

Tehama

II

Yuba

t»

Tl

64

COST OF PROUJCPIG HOPS

Value of Land-

RsNi land-

High OlOOO.OO per acre

Lo^' - --- 300.00

Usual -- - 400.00

Developed land-
Best 1000.00

Good — - 600.00

Usual - 400.00

Cost of Establishing Yard (1st year)

Preparing land for planting 6.00

Roots (^3 - 5 per thousand) 10.00

Planting and training 1st year 18.00

l^ine - - 7.50

Cultivation - 3.00

Poles, wires and installing trellis-
High pole 75.00

Low " — -• — — 25,00

Annual Cost of Established Yard (one year from

planting-
Stringing, pruning, suckering, hoeing

((,14 - 20), training and pegging 18.00

String-
High pole - 7.50

Low " - - - 3.00

Spraying 3.00 "

Plo-.ving and cultivating 10.00

Cost of Harvesting-
Picking -

Green - - - .01 per lb

On dry basis — ,03 l/4 per lb.

Drying ( 3/4 to la per lb) .00 3/4 per lb

on dry basis

Baling ( l/4 - l/2ci per lb) - .00 l/4 per lb.

Hauling (5 miles) 1.00 per ton

Market Value of Yield-
High .45 per lb.

Low .02 "

Average — .14 "

NOTE: Prices fluctuate greatly from year to year

Taxes and Insurance-

1st year 4,00 per acre

After 1st year-
Average land 4.00 "

Good land 5.00

(Read Preface)

KEOUIP.EffiNTS AMD MSTHODS OF aRC?JI!IG THE LEKON
Climatic Requirements-

In General: Requires less heat, but stands less frost than orange,
Soil Requirements-

65

Surface
Subsoil
Depth

Rich, fertile clay loam

Open, no hard pan, no black alkali,

or more.

Water Requirements-

'onstant r^upply of moisture, tree is evergreen and a
heavy user of water. Total of 45 acre inches from
rainfall and irrigation.

Setting" Out and Carinr: for Orchards to Maturity-

Distance Apart of Trees

Average Number per Acre

Time of Planting Out

Age to Self- Sustaining Crop

Age to Maturity

Most Popular Varieties

Length of Profitable Life

24' X 24'

75

March - May (April best)

8 years

12 years

Eureka, Lisbon

Estimated 50 years.

Calendar of Operations to Maturity;

Irrigation

Pruning

To keep constant moisture supply available all year
round. This means irrigating every 6 to 8
weeks from May to November while trees are small.

: Pruned to shapely head 2nd year during February, then
annually dead limbs removed, and suckers and
water sprouts shortened or removed. Headed back
to increase strength of limb and cause fruit to
be borne nearer axis.

Fertilizing : As soils lack body, they need chemical fertilizers,

manure and green manure crops. Fertilizers put
on in fall and spring; green manure crops grovm
from August or September to February or March,
v/hen plowed under.

Spraying : Depends on presence of fungi or insects.

Cultivation (for young trees: If no conipanion crops are grown,

plo'."'ed two ways in February and March to turn
under v/eeds and green manure crops. Cultivated
tv.'o times bet^/een irrigations. Expense of cul-
tivation occasionally tome by companion crops.

Companion Cropping : Beans for 1, 2 or 3 years; if sufficiait water

and fertility is available, cabbage, nursery stoo!i
beans, chili peppers, corn and sometimes alfalfa^
Never strawberries.

66

Caring; for Bearing Orchards-
Calendar o f Operations.

Irrigation
Pruning

Fertilizing

Cultivation

Fumigating

Every 4 weeks from April to November

Once in fall to open tree

Once in spring to remove suckers (June)

Manure and chemical fertilizers used, the practice
varying. Cover crop of rye, bitter clover, or
alfalfa planted in August or September, irrigated
every two weeks, and plo'-ved under in February or
March.

Plowed both ways in spring 8" deep, cultivated
tv'o times betv/een irrigations.

Once in one or tv/o years for scale v/ith cyanide of
sodium or cyanide of potassium. Done by con-
tract. Not necessary in scale free districts.

Time: From middle of July to January 1.

Thinning Fruit: Not done, tree crov/ded to carry all fruit v;hich sets

by cultivating, fertilising and irrigating.

Spraying : Sometimes for scale, but usually fumigation takes

, pla.ce of spraying. Always spray for red spider.

Harvest-

Time : Average 10 pickings a year.

Method: Carefully cut by hand, sizes 2 l/4" in winter and 2 l/S" in

summer.

Preparing for Market: Washed, sorted, packed and ripened. Boxes 11" x

14 l/2" X 27" (outside measurements) holding
219 to 490 lemons - graded according to size.
Weight z 84# gross, lejf net, 396 boxe? per
standard car.
In fall, to take advantage of high prices, all
lemons are artificially colored and rushed to
market. In ?/intor, the plan is to retard ripening.

> of Different Grades

Pac king fruit :
Culls : 10^^
Yields of Different Grades.

9 of.

Good
Usual

300

150

packed boxes

Commercial Sections-

Los Angeles County
Orange "
Riverside "

San Bernardino County
San Diego "
Ventura "

II

67
COST OF PRODUCING THE LEMOM

Value of Land-
Raw land-
High (with water) 01,200.00 per acre

Low " 250.00 "

Usual " - 500.00

Developed orchards-
High producing - 4.000.00 "

Usual " -- - 1,000.00

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or v;ater right included in cost
of land-

Fluming (concrete pipe) 15,00 "

Clearing, grading and leveling land for planting 20.00 "

Trees 75.00 "

Setting out 5.00 "

Annual Cost from Setting Out to Self- Sustaining Age-
Cultivation and irrigation 20.00 "

Fertilizing 10.00

Pruning, pro rata 2.50

Water - -- 7.00 "

Annual Upkeep after Maturity-
Plowing and cultivating 25.00 "

Water — --- 20.00 "

irrigating — 6.00 "

Cover crop — 5.00 "

Fertilizer and Manure (0- OlOO) 65.00 "

Pruning 15.00 "

Fumigating (once in tv/o years - [30) 15.00 "

Smudging (4 times) 20.00 "

spraying 7.50 "

Other tree care 5.00 "

Cost of Harvest-
Picking .25 per box

Hauling (4 miles) .04 "

Packing and warehouse expense .60 "

Market Value of Yield (f.o.b.)

High 3.75 per box

Low - - 1.25

Average 2.50 "

Taxes and Insurance-

To Maturity 5.00 per acre

After Maturity-
Average land 10.00 "

Good land 20.00 "

(Read Preface) 68

REOUIRSr-El'TrS AND METHOES QF GF.QWLm OkTS
Time to Maturity- 165 days
Life- Annual

Soil Requirements-

Surface: Heavier soil types 24" in depth, presence of organic matter,

less than ,25 of 1% of alkali (Same as barley, but
more benefitted by heavy soils)

Climatic Requirements-

Requires a cool, relatively humid climate. Best adapted to Coast regions,

Water Requirements-

Requires more moisture than other cereals. 32" optimum. Only 3,1^ of

acreage irrigated.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed: November - February plovred 4 - 8" deep. Disked

or harrowed before planting.
Planting :

Time : November 15 to February 1.
Quantity: 110;^ broadcast

80# drilled
Method and Distance: Broadcasted and harrowed in, or drilled.

Varieties:

Common California Red

Black
Lincoln (\7hite)

Harvest :

When : June 15 to September 1st.
How : By heading in fog belts

By combines in Valley

By binders in special sections

Operations: Threshed either from shock by stationary outfit, or
in combined harvester.

Yields-

Good : 1,500#

Usual : 900#
3y-Products-

Kincv : Stubble and baled strav;

Amount : Depends on lodging and method of harvest.

Where and for v;hat sold :

Stubble: Feed (25!^ per acre)

Straw : 6-8 bales, value 35ji a bale (costs ISd to bale)
Commercial Sections-

Cost counties, Contra Costa, Monterey, San Mateo, Sonoma Counties.

■ •' Treating seed for smut is so important that its cost is
included.

59

COST OF PRODUCING OATS

Value of Land-

High C25C.00 per acre

Low -- 25.00 "

Usual - - - 100.00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Plowing 1.75 "

Harrowing before seeding .25 "

Seed ( © 20) — 2.00 "

Treating seed .04 "

Broadcasting ,15 "

Karro7/ing after seeding ,35 "

Harvest-
Combined harvester 2.00 "

Sacks .08 each

Irvine .004 per sack

Hauling (10 ailes) 1.00 per ton

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 1.00 per acre

Good land - 1.50 "

Market Value of Yield-
High 1,75 per cwt.

Low - - — 1.25

Average 1.35 "

(Read Preface)

RECUIPEi^NTS A?JD IgTHCD? OF GROWING THE OLIVE

70

Climatic Reauirements-

In General;

6200 - 7200° F. required to ripen crop. (Add mean tempera-
tures for all months fron blossoming to ripening time.
Divide by number of months. Multiply by n'omber of days.)
Dry climate, free from too much moisture in air and
frosts when berries are on trees. Temperature never

to drop belov.' 20° F. and no frosts from middle of
April to middle of December.

Soil Requirements-
Surface : Best

Subsoil
Depth

is soft, v/arm, friable, light sandy loam (wide range,
hov/ever.
Moderately moist, v/ell drained, abundance of lime and potash.
8' or more (many successful orchards on shallow; soils.)

Water Requirements- b

Not as much attention given as should be. Usually needs 30 acre inches

of water to produce profitably. (Varies with depth
and character of soils.)

Setting Out and C?xinK for Orchards to I.laturity-

Distance Apart of Trees

Average Number per Aero

Time of Planting Out

Age to Self-Sustaining Crop

Age to Maturity

Most Popular Varieties

Length of Profitable Life

30' X 30'

48

February - April
7 years
:|0 28 years

Mission, Manzanillo , Escolano
Estimated to be hundreds of years.

Calendar of Operations to Maturity:

Irrigation : To koep constant moisture supply available all year

round. This means irrigating every 6 to 8 weeks
from May to Nover.ber, r/hile trees are small.

Pruning : 1st year only ground suckers and cross branches

removed.
After 1st year, pruned annually to make head.

If soils lack body, fertilizers, green manures and
stable manure used.

Usually not required for young trees.

Usually such as is required by companion crops.

Yearly deep plo'ving to keep feeding roots down
is desirable.

Companion cropping: As in other orchai-ds, if soil, water and fertility

r'ill permit.

Fertilizing

Spraying

Cultivating

71

Care of Bearing Orcharda-

Calendar of Operations ; •

Irrigation : Ample moisture needed. Irrigated one week before

blossoming and from July 15 to September 30,
(15 - 30 days apart) Give 30" or more, rain-
fall and irrigation.

Pruning : Pruned during January or February. Superfluous or

useless growth and dead v/ood removed. Olives
borne on wood produced previous year.

Fertilizing : Some (altho little) fertilizing done; necessary to

keep up humus and plant foods, •

Cultivating : Plowed 6 - 10" after rains in February or March.

Cultivated once a month from April to November.

Spraying : ^or scale in foggy climate. Usually not required

in interior. "vVhen sprayed oil emulsion is
used in September (altho Jajiuary is preferable)

Harvest-

Time

Method
Oil

October - December.

Pulled off by hand or knocked off with poles, and delivered
in lug boxes or sacks.
Pickling- Carefully hand picked into lined baskets, and delivered in
■ small lined lug boxes (40^)

% of Different Grades-

Pickling
Oil

40/,
60^

Yields-

Good
Usual

2 tons

1 1/2 tons

Commercial Sections-

Country tributary to towns of Oroville, Anderson, Auburn, Sacramento,
Napa, Fresno, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles and San Diego.

72
COST OF PRODUCING THE OLIVE

Value of Land-
Ravi? land-

High (with water) - 0300.00 per acre

Low " - 75.00

i»

Usual " 150.00

Developed orchards-
Best 1000.00

Good _ 750.00 "

Usual - — _ 500.00

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or water right (included in

land price)
Clearing, grading, and leveling land for

planting (C25 - lOO) 40.00 "

Trees (48) - _ 25.00 "

Setting out 5.00 "

Replanting 1.00 "

Annual Cost from Setting Out to Self- Sustaining Age-
Cultivating and irrigating (usually borne by

intercrops) 7.50 "

Pruning 5.00 "

Annual Upkeep after Maturity-

Plov/ing 4.00 "

Pruning 12.50 "

Cultivating, water, irrigation 12.50 "

Cost of Harvesting-
Pickling olives ( 018 - 30 ) 20.00 per ton

Oil olives ( ^A2 - 20 ) 15.00 "

Hauling ( 4 miles) 1,00 "

Market Value of Yields-
High -

Pickling 250.00 "

Oil 50.00 "

Low-
Pickling 75.00 "

Oil 35.00 "

Average-
Pickling 125.00 "

Oil _ 40.00

Taxes and In su ranee -

To Maturity 1.50 per a.cre

After Maturity-

Usual land 6.00

Good land - 7.50 "

73

(Read Preface)

REQUIP-Ei^CEMTS AW ?iETHODS OF GROWIMG TOE ONION

Time to Maturity- Fall planting - 150 - 240 days

Spring " - 180 - 220 "

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements- Rich silt or peat lands, retentive of moisture, 2' in

depth.

Climatic Requirements- Long growing season with moderate temperature, no

rain during harvest,

V/ater Requirements- Abundant moisture, from either natural sources or

irrigation. Crop must be kept continually gro'ving
for if checked will go to seed, thus rendering
it unfit for marketing.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed: Fall planting - October-November plowed and

worked dov/n into seed bed.
Spring " - Plowed November, January replowed

and worked down into excellent
seed bed.

Planting :

Time : November- February

Young plants seeded in November and transplanted.
Seeds used in February.

Quantity: 2- 7# of seed, for field, or 160,000 sets

Method and Distance: Seed or plants set in 12" ro'.7S 4" apart
in rov/s. Drilled or set by hand.

Care of Growing Crop:

Thoroughly v/eeded twice, hand cultivated with hoes and wheel

hoes each month, from time plants are up until
maturing ( 4 mos.)

Varieties :

Australian broT.-n Italian reds

California reds Yellow Globe Danvers.

Harvest:

Time : April - November

Method : Pulled just as tops are getting yellow, sometimes laid

in windro-.vs to cure ( 3 to 14 days), topped, sacked
(105^) and hauled to warehouse,
Yields-

Good : 30,000#
Usual : 15,000#
Commercial Sections-

Imperial, Los Angeles, Sacramento, Sa" Joaquin Counties,

74
COST OF PRODUCING ONIONS
Value 0 f Land-
High 0500.00 per acre

Low - - 200.00

Usual - 350.00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting -

Preparing land 4.00 "

Seed ( 40p{- 02.00) 4.00

Seeding 1.00

Planting sets 20.00

Growing the crop-
Hand weeding and hoeing (010-95) 50,00

II

II

Irrigating' (03 per time)-

Upland - 10.00 "

Peat .60 "

Karvest-

Pulling, topping and sacking .10 per sack

Sacks .09 each

Hauling (2 miles) .50 per ton

Market Value o f Yield-
High 2.50 per cwt.

Low - — - .25 "

Average .80 "

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 2.00 per acre

Good land — 3.00

(Read Preface)

REQUIREMENTS AI^l? IvIETHODS OF GROWING THE ORANGE

Climatic Requirements-

In General: Freedom ^rora frosts: warm weather in summer, somev/hat

tempered.

75

Soil Requirements-

Surface
Subsoil

Depth

Nearly level, rich, fertile clay loam, easily worked.
Open, no hardpan, no black alkali. Lighter than surface,
5' or more.

Water Requirements-

Constant supply of moisture, tree is evergreen and

a heavy user of water. Total of 36 ' acre inches

from rainfall and irrigation. (Ranges, however,
from 12 to 80")

Setting Out and Caring for Orchard to Maturity-

X 2'.

22'

90

February - May

7-8 years'

10 - 15 years

Distance Apart of Tress

Average Number per Acre

Time of Planting Out

Age to Self- Sustaining Crop

Age to Maturity

Host Popular Varieties

Valencia

Washington Navel
Length of Profitable Life : Estimated 50 years.

Calendar of Operations to Maturity:

Irrigation : To keep constant moisture supply available all

year round. This means irrigating every

Pruning

4 to 8 weeks from May to November while
trees are small.

V/hen done, trees, pruned to shapely head 2nd year
during February, then dead limbs annually
cut out and suckers 3Jid water sprouts
shortened or removed*

Fertilizing : As coils lack body they need chemical fertilizers,

manures, and green manure crops. Fertilizers
put on in fall and spring; green manure
crops grown from September to February or
liarch, when plowed under.

Spraying : Depends on presence of fungi or insects.

76

Cultivation

If no compginion crops arc grovrn, plcved
two v/ays in Tetruary and March to. turn
under -.veeds and green manure crops.
Cultivated 2 to 4 times betv/een irriga-
tions. Usually clean cultivation is
practiced, altho in sorie groves beans
for 1, 2 or 3 years are grcwn; if suffi-
cient ^ater and fertility is available, cabbage,
nursery sto&k, corn and sometimes alfalfa are
raised.

Caring for Bearing Orchards-

Calendar of Operations-

Irrigation
Pruning

Feirtilizing

Cultivation

Every month from April to November.

Pruned in fall to open tree and sometimes in
spring to remove suckers (June)

Manure and chemical fertilizers used, the
practice varying. Cover crop of rye, vetch,
bitter clover, or alfalfa planted in
August or September - irrigated every two^
'.veeks and plov/ed under in February or
March .

Plo^ved both ways in February or March 8" deep,
cultivated tv/o times between irrigation.

Fumigating : Once in one or two years for scale v/ith cyanide
of sodium or cyanide of potassium. Done by
contract, association or county outfits.
Not necessary in scale free districts.

Time: Any time from July to January 1.

Thinning Fruit: Not done, tree crowded to carry all fruit

which sets by cultivation, fertilization and
irrigation.

Spraying

Sometimes for scale, but usually fumigation takes
place of spraying.

Harvest-

Time : Navel (South of Tehachapi) Dec.
(North of Tehachapi) Nov,

15 - May 15
15 - Jan. 1

Valencia (South of Tehachapi)

Redlands July 15 - Oct. 1

Placentia Sept, 15 - Dec, 1

(North of Tehachapi) May - July

77

Harvest" (cont.)

Method : Carefully cut by hand -^/hen ripe
Preparing for Market:

Allowed to dry for 3 or 4 days', wrapped and packed
in standard boxes 12" x 12" x 26" (outside
measurement) holding from 80 to 324 oranges-
graded according to size. Weight z 6^ net,
IZjj: gross. 396 boxes to standard car,
100 field boxes = 66 packed boxes.

Yield s-

^ of Different Grades-
Packing fruit 95^

Culls - b%

Yields of Different Grades-
Good 250 packed boxes

Usual 125 "

Commercial Sections-

Butte County

Los Angeles

Orange

Riverside

San Bernardino

Santa Barbara

Tulare

Ventura

78
COST OF PRODUCING THE ORANGE

Value of Land-

Raw land-

High(with water) 01,200.00 per acre

Low " - 200.00 "

Usual " 500.00 "

Developed Orchards-
High producing - 4,000.00 "

Usual " 1,500.00

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or v/ater right included in

cost of land-

Fluming (concrete pipe) 15.00 "

Clearing, grading ard leveling land for

planting - - 20.00 "

Trees - — 45.00 "

Setting out 5.00 "

Annual Cost from Setting Out to Self-Sustaining Age-
Cultivating and irrigating 20.00 "

Fertilizing 10.00 "

Pruning, pro rata 2.50 "

Water - — - - 7.00 "

Annual Upkeep after Maturity-
Plowing and cultivating 15.00 "

Water ( §7.50 - 25) - 15.00 "

Irrigating 6.00 "

Cover crop ' -■ 5.00 "

Fertilizers and manure ( 0 - ClOO) 50.00 "

Pruning 7.50 "

Fumigating (once in two years - $30) 15«00 "

Smudging (3 times) 15,00 "

Spraying — 5,00

Propping, doctoring sick trees, etc, 3.50 "

Cost of Harvest-
Picking .08 per box

Hauling ( 4 miles) - .03

Packing and warehouse expense ,30 "

Market Value of Yield (f.o.b,)

High 3,00 per box

low — .75

Average 1.75 "

Culls - - - .15 "

Taxes and Insurance-

To Maturity 5.00 per acre

After Maturity- Average land 10.00 "

Good land 20.00 "

(Read Preface) 'i'^

REQUIREIvENTS AITC) METHODS OF GPOvOiNG TI^E PEACK

Climatic Reguirements-

In General: Has v/ide range. Requires freedom from frost in spring

and v/£:rm sunny summer v/eather.

Soil Requirements- Deep, light, veil drained, sandy loam at least 6' deep,

or decomposed granitic soils of the Sierra foothillc.

Water Requirements- On account of light soils chosen for peaches, irrigation

is usually required. Trees are benefitted by a
scanty rather than an oversupply.

Setting Out and Caring for Orchards to Maturity-

20» X 20' to 24' X 24'

75 to lOB

December - Llarch

5 years

8 years

Estimated 20 years.

Distance Apart of Trees

Average Number per Acre

Time of Planting Out

Age to Self- Sustaining Crop

Age to Maturity

Length of Profitable Life

Most Popular Varieties

Early Crawford (Freestone), Juir (Freestone), Lovell (Freestone)
Phillips (Cling), Tuskena or Tuscan (Cling), McKevitt (fmite
Cling), Elberta (Freestone), Foster (Freestone) Salway (Free-
stone) Orange (Cling)

Calendar of Operations ;

Irrigation : If given, tv/ice by furrov/s or checks- June to

October or Movem.ber,

Pruned annually to make head during December,

January or February.
Cover crops for soils lacking in body. Usually

intercropped

November- December, Bordeaux

February- Lime sulphur, v;hitewash trunks and protect
from rabbits 2nd year.

Plo".'ed and cross plowed in Febru:vry and March (some-
tines fall plowed in October or November; harrowed
t^ice, cultivated at frequent intervals from
April to October.

Companion Cropping: Intercropped to berries, small fruits, grain,

beans, beets, corn, and sometimes alfalfa.
Usually Hiscontinued after trees are three or
four years old.

Pruning
Fertilizing

Spraying
Cultivation

60

Caring: for Bearing Orchards-
Calendar of Operations-

Irrigation
Pruning

Fertilizing
Cultivation

: If given, twice by furrc's, June and October
: December - February. Pruned to open up head,
thin out v;ood, and shorten growth.

: Cover crops grown v;hen soil lacks body.

: February- March, plov/ed and cross plowed (sometimes
fall plowed - October or November), crop culti-
vated at frequent intervals from March to
.. November. V/orked dotrn into good condition.

Fumigating :
Thinning Fruit

Spraying

None

Thin to leave one peach every 4 to 6 inches
apart. Thin as early as possible (April)

November- Bordeaux if blight is present

February -Lime sulphur v/hen buds are swelling.

Borers when present are removed from trunks
once a year.

Harvest-

Time : July - September

Method : Picked by hand, or shaken off if for drying. Trees gone

over two to five times.
Preparing for Market:

Green : Packed in 20^ crates or 25# baskets.

Dried : Cut in half, pitted, sulphured, dried in sun
on trays. Dry 5 or 6 to 1.

Canning: Delivered in lug boxes.

Yields-

Canning

Dried

Green

Go od :
Usual :

8 tons
5- .1

1.5 tons
1,0

600 20# boxes
400

Commercial

Sections-

Fresno
Kings

Merced
Placer
Tulare

County
II

II

II
II

ei

COST OF PRODUCING THE PEACH

Value of Land-

Raw land-
High (with water) - $300.00 per acre

Low " 100,00 "

Usual " 150.00 "

Developed Orchards-
High producing 600.00

Usual " 300.00

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or water right included in

price of land

Clearing, grading and leveling land for ^

planting (0"2.5O - 75 ) 20.00

Trees --- -__ __. 15.00 "

Setting out ( $4 - 8) 6.00 "

■Replaiiting 1.50 "

Annual Cost from Setting Out to Self- Sustaining Age-
Cultivation 7.00 "

Irrigation ( $2 - 10) 6.00 "

Pruning (-^3 - 6) 4,00 "

Spraying -- - 2.50

■Whitewashing .50 "

Rabbit Protection 1,00 "

(Cultivation usually borne by intercrf)p)
Annual Upkeep after Maturity-
Plowing and cultivating ($6 - 12) 10.00 "

Pruning and burning brush ($6 - 10) 8,00 "

Irrigation (v2 - 10) 6.00 "

Spraying (0 10 - 12) 10,00

Thinning ( $ 0- 10) 6.00 "

Digging borers (C 0 - 5 ) ---'- 3.00

Cover crop . 2.00 "

Propping (labor) 2.00 "

Cost of Harvest-
Picking (for green fruit) .03 per 20# box

Packing a::d v/archouse expense .12 "

Hauling (2 miles) .01 "

62

Cost of Harvest- (cont.)

Picking (for dried fruit) ^10,00 per dry ton

Cutting (010 - 12.50) - 10.00

Haul to drier ( 2 miles) 3.00 "

Dri'ing, sulphuring and racking 10.00

Haul, to ship ( 2 miles) .50

II

Picking (for canneries) 2.00 per ton

Hauling (2 miles) .50

It

Market Value of Yield-
High-

Lo"«r-

Canneries 25.00 per ton

Dried .10 per lb.

Green 1.00 per crate

Canneries 10.00 per ton

Dried ,03 l/2 per lb.

Green .25 per crate

Average-

Canneries 20.00 per ton

Dried .05 per lb.

Green ,40 per crate

Taxes and Innurance-

To Maturity 1,50 per acre

After Maturity -

Average land 2.00 "

Good land 3.00 "

(Read Preface) 55

REOUIRE?.;EiMTS ABD METHODS OF GROWING THE PEAR

Climatic Requirements-

In General: Warm during growing season; freedom from frost at

budding time. Not especially particular as to
section.

Soil Requireir.ents-

Surface : Heavy class of moist soils 8' or more in depth - clay loam

with clay subsoil best. Moist river bottoms
exceptionally good.

Water Requirements- .toiple supply of moisture throughout the year

Setting: Out and Caring- for Orchards to Maturity-

Distance Apart of Trees

Average Number per Acre

Time of Planting Out

Age to Self-oustaining Crop

Age to Maturity

Most Popular Varieties

25' X 25'

70

December - March

6 years

12 years,

Bartlett, Winter Nelis .An jou, Angoulene,

Glout Jiorceau,
Estimated 50 years.

Length of Profitable Life

Calendar of Operations to Maturity:

Irrigation : VJhen required, given in July, once by furrows
: Pruned annually in v;inter to form head.

Pruning
Fertilizing

Spraying
Cultivating

Cower crops for soils lacking in body. Usually
intercropped.

Sometimes given lime sulphur (February)

Plowed in February and March, harrov/ed t^ice,
cultivated at tv/o to four t/eeks intervals
until August. Usually borne by intercrop.

Companion Cropping:

Intercropped to berries, small fruits, beans, beets,

corn and sometimes alfalfa. Usually discontinued
after trees are 5 years old.

Caring for Bearing Orchard s-

Calendar of Operations :

Irrigation : v/hen required, given once in July by furrows.

84

Caring for .BearinR Orchards- (cont.)

Calendar of Operations :

Pruning : Deceir';er, January or February tc head in and

she;pe tree.

Fertilizing: Very little done, cover crops sometimes grovm.

Cultivation: February cr March. Plowed and cross plowed, worked

down, crop cultivated 4-6 times until July,

Fumigating : None

Thinning Fruit: Not much thinning done.

Spraying ; December - February, lime sulphur or oil emulsion

February - April, Bordeaux mixture when cluster buds

begin to part.
April 1 - June, Arsenate of lead and Bordeaux

mixture, when fruit is set and petals
full. Repeated 10 to 20 days later.

Harvest-

Time : Bartlett- June 15 - September 15
Nelis -, September.

Method : Picked green by hand into canvas picking bags and transferred

to lug boxes. Trees gone over 2 to 5
. ... times.

Preparing for Market: ■

Canning : Delivered in lug boxes

Dried : Cut ii: half, stem, calyx, ajid wormy cores removed,

dried on trays in sun for l/2 day, then
trays stacked a.nd fruit permitted to com-
pletelycuring, sulphured.

Green : Packed in 40# boxes, measuring 8 l/2" x 11 l/2" x

19 3/4"; contains' actually 46# fruit, gross
51# or 52#; 165 pears to box most desirable,

^ of Different Grades- 10;5^ culls.

Yields-

Canning

Di ied

Green

Good :

10 tons

3.000#

7 tons

Usual

6 "

1,500

5 "

Commercial Sections-

Alameda, La]:e, Nevada, Placer, Sacr.amonto , Santa Clara,
Solano and Sonoma Counties.

COST OF PRODUC:CNG THB P5AR

Value of Land-

Raw land-
High (v/ith wa+er) 0^:00.00 per acre

Lev " - 150.00

Usual " - - 200.00 "

Developed Orchaz^ds-

High producing 2000.00 "

Usual " - 800.00 "

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or v^^ater right included in

price of land.
Clearing, grading and leveling land for

planting ($ 10 - 75) — - 20.00 "

Trees- 15.00 "

Setting out 6.00 "

Replanting - 1.50 "

Annual Cost from Setting Out to Self-Sustaining Age-
Pruning ■ 5.00 "

Cultivation 7.50 "

Irrigation — ■--- 3.00 "

(Cultivation usually carried by intercrop)
Annual Upkeep .ifter Maturity-

Plowing and cultivating 7.50

Pruning and burning brurh (0 6 - 12) 10.00

Spraying (OlO - 20> 15.00

Fighting blight (^^ilO - 60) 20.00

Irrigating 4.00

Propping 2.00

Cost of Harvest-

It

II

Picking (for green gruit) .05 per box

Packing ( Box paper packii.ig "^ ) .19 "

Hauling ( 3 miles) .01 "

Picking (for dried fruit) 10.00 per dry ton

Drying and boxing 30.00 "

3b

Cost of Harvest - (cont.)

Hauling (3 miles) 0 .^O per dry to?

Picking (for canneries) 2.00 per ton

Hauling ( 3 miles; .50

Market Value of Yield (f.o.b.)
High -

Low-

II

Canneries 50.00 per ton

Green -— 2.25 " box

Dried - .12 " lb.

Canneries 20,00 per ton

Green 1.00 " box

Dried - - 03 " lb.

Ave rage -

Canneries 30,00 per ton

Green 1.25 " box

•Dried -- - 08 " lb.

Taxes and Insurance-

To Maturity 3.00 per acre

After Maturity-
Average land 2.00 "

Good land 4.00 "

(Read Preface) 87

REOUIRErtENTS AND METHODS OF GRQ^fflNG PEAS
(Dry, Green, and Cannery)

Tiiae to Maturity- 6 to 8 months.

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements- Clay loans best, clays next, light soils not good

producers. Soils should be at least 3' in depth.

Climatic Requirements- Cool temperature and abundance of humidity (as

fogs). Usually grown as a. rvinter crOiJ.

Water Requirements and Irrigation- Abundance of water v/ithout over-supply.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed : November -February, PloT^ed and worked dov/n

to seed bed.

Planting : ...

Time : Ilovember- February, early planting preferred.
quantity: 60 - 100#

Method and Distance: Rows 30" apart. Seed 2- 4" deep, dropped

2" apart in the row

Care of Grov/ing Crop:

Cultivated until vines cover the ground. No irrigation given.

Varieties :

For seed : Canada cr Niles

For Canning: Saxtonia (smooth), Stratagon (smooth) Telephone

Harvest :

Whon : March - June for market
June for cemncry,
July and August for seed

How ^For market - picked by hand

For seed - Cut with horjc dra-vn knife cutters

(simi3a_i- to bean harvest)

Operations:

Cannery - Hauled immedia.tely

Seed - Piled, cured, and later threshed into

lOOf sacks (formerly 10^)

88

Yields--

Dry peas

Green

Cannery

Good
Usual

: 1,200#
: 800#

100 sacks © 70#
70 " "

1 1/2

1 ton

By-Products-

Kind

: Vines

Amount : 1 ton green vines
1/4 ton dry vines

V(Tiere and for wliat sold: Stock feed and raulching
Conmercial Sections-

AlaBieda County
Humboldt "
Monterey "
Santa Clara"

COST OF FT.ODUCIMg PSAS £9

Value of Land-

High O-OOO.OO per acre

Lot;? 100.00 "

Average 250.00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing lajid and plaaiting-

Plowing and preparing seed bed (02 - 10)- 5.00 "

Seed ( 100# ) ( ^3 - 10) - — 5.00 "

So:7ing seed .50 "

Growing the Grop-

Cultivationg (nl - 2.50) 2.00 "

Hoeing (C 6 - 20) 8.00

Harvesting- (Seed Peas)

Cutting (by machine)

Drying (stacking)-

Threshing (including hauling 0 25<^

per crt.) ^

.50

tt

.50

tt

3

.00

II

.10

each

.75

per

ton

Sacks

Hauling ( 5 miles)

Harvesting- (For Cannery-
Picking 15.00 "

Harvesting- (For Market 3/4^; per lb.

Baling straw 2.00 per ton

Hauling .50 "

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 2.50 per acre

Good land 4.00 "

Karket Value of Yield- per lb. Dry Seed Green Cannery

High .07 .10 .10

Low-- .C3 .02 .04

Average --- .C5 .05 .07

^y Products-

G.-ean Vines .50 ner ton. .Strflvj (^,2.^0 - '^\ 4.nn n^r +.nvi

(Read Preface) 90

REQUIREMNTS Ai^IT' tvIi^L-iODS CI GROMNG THE FLUM
Climatic Requirenents-

Trees hardy. Absence of cold rains when -trees are in bloom.

Soil Requirements-

By proper selection of stock can be grown on wide range of soils-
light sands to adobe.

Water Requirements- Natural rainfall often aided by irrigation, 20" ample.

Setting Out and Caring for Orchards to Maturity-

Distance Apart of Trees

Average Number per Acre

Time of Planting Out

Age to Self-Sustaining Crop

Age to Maturity

Most Popular Varieties

Length of Profitable Life

Calendar of Operations
Irrigation
Pruning
Fertilizing

24' X 24'

76

December - February

5 years

10 years

Very variable- Kelsey, Pond,
Wickson, Climax, Tragedy,
Grand Duke, Diamond, Beauty

Estimated 40 years.

Once in furrows - May, Usually not irrigated.
Pruned annually in winter to form head.

Spraying
Cultivating

Cover crops for soils lacking in body-
usually intercropped .

Usually none, but sometimes for pests.
Watched for borers if present.

Plowed and cross plowed in February and March,
harroT^/ed twice, cultivated at 6 weeks'
intervals from April to November. .

Companion Cropping: When irrigation is available sometimes

intercropped to berries, small fruits, beans
and beets; usually discontinued after trees
are three or fotir years old.

Caring for Bearing Orchards-

Calendar of Operations-:

Irrigation : Once in June by furrows, usually not irrigated.
Spraying : Winter- lime sulphur.

Caring for Bearing Orchards (cent.)

Calendf.r of Operations-

Harvect-

Pruning : December - January or February to head in
?jid shape tree.

Fertilizing: Cover crop grown whon soils lack body.

Cultivating: February- :!arch, Plov/ed a:id cross picked,

worked dovm. April, Jiay and June cultivated.
June dragged and rolled.

Fumigating : None

Tiiinning Fruit: Some thinr.in^ ( early ly^y till after

"June drop") before pit hardens.
Usually gone over 2 or 3 times.

Time : May - September.

Method : Picked by hand. TJ^ues gone over severs.l times.

Preparing for Market: Packed in 4 basket crates. Total

weight 20-ff.

Yields-

Good : 600 20#

crates

Usual : 350

Commercial Secticns-

Alameda

County

San Joaquin County

Colusa

Santa Clara "

Fresno

Solano "

Kern

Sonoma "

Placer

?-al?,re "

Sacramentc

"

Yclo "

COST OF PRODUCIKG THE PLUM

Value of Land-

Rav; land-

High (with prater) 0 600.00 per acre

Lot; ' " — 150.00

Usual " 250.00 "

Developed orchards-
High producing - 800.00

Usual " - 600.00 "

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or water right included in

price c f land-
Clearing and leveling (0 10 - 75) 20.00

Trees- • 15.00

Setting out 5.00

Replanting 1.50

Annual Cost from Setting out to Self-Sustaining Age-
Cultivation 5.00 "

Irrigation (if civen) 3.00 "

Pruning - 4.00

Spraying 3.00 "

(Cultivation usually borne by intercrop)

Annual Upkeep after Maturit;/-

Cultivation - - 8.00

Spraying 5,00 "

Pruning and burning brush (08 - 15) 10,00

Irrigation (if given) 5.00

iJl-hitewashing -~ 2.00

Cost of Harvest-
Picking -— .05 per 20# crate

Packing and r^are^house expense .15

Crate -- .10 each

Hauling ( 5 miles) .02 per crate

Market Value of Yield (f.o.b;

High 1.00 per crate

Low - .40 "

Average ' .50 "

(prices subject to much fluctuation)

Taxes and Insurance-

To Maturity 2.50 per acre

After Maturity-
Average land 6.00 "

Good land 7.00

II

Time to Maturity-

Life-

Soil Reauirements-

(Read Preface)

REOUIREfffiNTS AND TgrHODS OF GROWING POTATOES

75-90 days for early crop
150 days for fall crop

Annual

Surface : Mellov;, rich, fine sand and silt Icam or peat
Subsoil : Y/ell drained, 3' or more in dearth

Climatic Requireraents-

Freedom from excessive heat v/hen ycung, and from severe frosts.

Water Reouirements a.nd Irrigation-

Plants must not be subjects to variations in moisture. If irrigated,

water best applied at time plant is in blossom; allow
40 days to intervene between last irrigation and
harvest. 30" optimvira needed (rainfall and irrigation)

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed

For early crop - Plowed November and December,

worked down.
For fall crop - January plov/ed 10" deep, and

worked down.
In Delta lands, where previously cropped,

plowing and planting take.

place simultaneously,

Plamting :
Time :

For early crop - January - February

For fall crop - April 15^ June 20
Quantity: 6C0 - 800#

Method and Distance: 35" rows, 14" - 16" in rows. Planted by hand

or by machine, using cut potatoes and
dropping in plo'v furrov/s every 3d round.

Care of Grov/ing Crop:

2- 8 cultivations and ridged two months after
planting. Irrigation usually replaced by
cultivation.

Varieties: Triumph and Rose (early), Uncle 3ani,
American Wonder (late) and Burbank

Nev/ seed imported every 2d or 3d year from Oregon

Calendar of Operations (cont.)
Harvest :

When : Early - June- July

Mid-season- August- September
Late - October - November.

Ho'.7 : By machine, plow or by hand.

Operations: Plowed out, picked up by h-^md , sacked

(110- 120}^ per sack) dried and stored.

Yields-

Good : 15,000#
Unual : 6,000#

^ of Different Grades-

Yariable

Salinas

1st -- 75=/o
2nd -- 15
Culls - 10

By-Products-

Kind : Culls

V.liere and for '.vhat sold: Cow and hog feed.

Commercial Sections-

Centra Costa County
Monterey "
Sacramento "
San Joaquin "
San Mateo "
Santa Barbara "

0:

COST OF PRODUCI?'JG POTATOES

Value of Land-

f^^^ - - - 0 400,00 per acre

J;°^ ■- 100.00

"^"^1 — 250.00

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Plowing and preparing land 5.00 •• (Coast

Section'
Plowing for planting 1.50 " (Delta

section

Seed ( 02.00 per sack) _ 12.00 "

Preparing seed- cutting 1.00 "

Preparing seed- disinfecting .35

Planting (.5 acres per day) .90

Growing the Crop-
Cultivating - 1,00

Hoeing 1,00

Irrigation .._ 6.00

II

II

+.

II

Harves

Digging (machine) 1,50

Picking up and sacking (after mchine) !o6 per cwt.

Digging, picking up and sacking (by hand)

(10- 200) - ,15 per sack

ff-^^^ ; - - .10 per sack

Hauling off ( 5 miles) 1,00 per ton

Covering sacks (on levee or in field) 1.00 "

Hauling to levee (Delta) *50 "

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 2.00 per acre

Good land 3 qq „

Market Value of Yield-

^^^^ - $2.50 (Ists) per cwb,

1.75 (2nds)

Low-- ,t- fi^. \ ,,

,g5 (ists) "

.50 (2nds)

A^^^'^g^ - 1.00 (Ists) ■•

_ .. .55 (2nds) "

Culls _^5 ^ „

(Read Preface) y-'

REOUIREI'ffiirrS AND iCErTHOPS OF rrR0\7i:vIG THE PRUME
Climatic Reguirements-

In Gener-l : Siinmer heat, sonewhat tetnpered cy cool v/ir.ds. Trees hard;

Soil Requirements-

By proper selection of stocl: cr.n be gro-^Ti in -.'ide range of soils. Light

sands to adobe. Depth of 5' or aore required.

;7ater Requirements- Ample supply of moisture throughout the year. Natural

rainfall often aided by irrigation.

Setting Out and Caring for Orchards to :.!aturity-

Distance Apart of Tress

Average Number per Acre

Time of Planting Out

Age to Self-Susta.ining Crop

Age to Maturity

Most Popular Varieties

Length of Profitable Life
Calendar of Operations to Maturity

23' X 28'

55

December- March

7 years

10 years

Prune d''Agen (French) Sugar, Imperial

Robe de oE.rgent.
Estimated 40 years.

Irrigation

Pruning

Fertilizing

Spraying
Cultivating

TJhen required, given once in furrows. June

Pruned annually in winter to form head.

Cover crops for soils lacking in body. Usually
intercropped.

Only ^-'hen needed for scale, moss and the like.

Plowed and cross plowed in J'ebruary and March,

harro7;ed twice, cultivated at 6 weeks intervals,
April to November.

Companion Cropping:

Intercropped to berries, small fruits, beaiis,

beets, com, and sometimes alfalfa. Usually
discontinued after trees are 6 years old.

Caring for Bearing Orchards-

Calendar of Operations :

Irrigation
Pruning

: Vfnen required, given once in Juno by furrows or
checks.

: November- February. To head in and shape tree,
dead wood cut out and the brush thinned.

97

Calendar of Operations (cont.)

Fertilizing : Cover crops gro^/n r'hen soils lack body

Cultivating : Feb3-ua.ry - March, plowed and cress plowed. Worked

down. Cultivated once or twice in April,
May and June, Then in June dragged and rolled
to smooth surfc,ce for piain3S to fall upon.

Fumigating : None

Thinning Fruit: Not done.

Spraying • :: February, Line sulphur or oil emulsion.

Harvesi

Time : August 15 - October 1,

Method : Picked from ground in 3 pickings at intervals of 10 days.

Preparing for Market : Dried in sun after running thra lye.
(Dry 2 lA to 1) Delivered in bulk or in
barley sacks.

^0 of Different Grades-

Yields-

Prunes sold according to size, i.e., number required to make
a pound.

Good ; 3 tons

Usual : 2 " (dried product)

Commercial Sections-

Butts County

Lake "

Napa "
Santa Cla.ra "

Solano "

Sonoma "
Sutter

Yuba "

COST OF PhODUCING THE PRUNE

Value 0 f Land-

Raw land-
High (with r.'at.:;r) C500.00 per c.cr.:

Lov; " 150. OC

Usual " - 30C.00

Developed Orchardr-

HiF^ producing - 1000.00

Good " — " - 800.00

Usual " — 600.00

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Irrigation system or v/ater right included in price

0 f land-
Clearing, grading and leveling lejid for planting-

(06 - 75) 20.00

Trees 13.00 "

Setting out -- 6.00

Replanting - 1.50 "

Annual Cost from Setting Out to Self -Sustaining Age-

Cultivation (06 - 12) - 8.00

Irrigation (r/hen given) ■ 3.00 "

Pruning (02 - 4) — - 3.00

Spraying - ~- --- 3.00

(Cultivation usually borne by intercrop)

Annual Upkeep after Maturity-

Cultivr.tion (['6 - 12) - 10.00

Spraying - (06 - 12) — 8.00

Pruning and burning brush (o6- 10) 8.00

Irrigation ( when given) 5.00

Vihitewashing - --- 2.00

Propping or viring (01 - 2.50) 2.00

Cost of Harvest-
Picking up (^^6 - 7) 6.00 per dry ton

Hauling - - --- 1.00

Dipping, curing and storing 6.00 "

Hauling (2 niies) - — 1.00 "

Market Value of Yi3ld (on "prune base")

High — -- --- .06 per lb.

Low - - --- - .02

Average .04 "

Taxes and Insiirance-

To Maturity 2.50 per acre

After Maturity-
Average land 5.00 "

Good land — - 8.00 "

(Read Preface) S^

R£0UIR3IffiNTS AIID t.STMODG OF GR07/ING RICE
Time to Maturity- 180 days

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements* '

Surface : Level, hfeavy clays or loans

Subsoil : Stiff, tenacious, ircpervicus to v/ater, if v/ater is

valuable.
Depth : Surface soil - 1 -to 2*

Weeds : Freedom fron excessive growth of water u'eeds.

Climatic Requirements- V/arm, sunny waather; freedom from fog; v;arra nights;

ability to dry laiids for harvest.

Water Requirements- 5 tc 8 acre' feet - June 1 to September 1 - continuous

flov; necessary. Land must be properly leveled

as for alfalfa, checked on the contour, and pro-
vided with gates. Ability to drain lajids for
harvest is essential.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed : Plowed 6" October- November, or December, double

disked and harrov/ed until very smooth Llarch-
April 15.

Seeding :

Time : April 1 - June 1 (Earlier planting preferable)

Quantity Seed : 75 - 100^

Method and Distance: Drilled (a fer broadcast)

Care of Growing Crop:

Soil 'kept moist by intermittent irrigation (2-6 irrigation

needed , average 3, 4 — continued up until June 15)

When 6 to 8" hiph, turn on ponds of v/ater (J'one 15-
July 1). Water held till time zo dry fields for
harvest (10 days). Should not be turned off until
kernels at base of head will break solid and
ragged. I.iust be forced by water to stiff dough
stage. Pull v/eeds, scare birds.

Varieties : Wataribune (Japanese rice) Ikokc (Japanese)

Italian .; Heddegard's Favorite (Jap selection)

Calendar of Operations (cont.)

Harvest :

Vfeen : September 1st to November 15th. I'lhen lower kernels
are translucent, pearly gray, flinty appearance.

How : As for any grain after draving off water. Cut
with self binder, shock, cure and thresh.

(Sacramento Valley- Harvest of a given planting
should be completed in 10 days from start of
harvest. 10 or 12 days later, thresher starts
and must be completed v/ithin IC to 12 days. )

Yields.

Plains Overflow

Good : 2700# 4500#

Usual : 2000# 3500#

These are Ist year yields. Deduct l/3 for subsequent
yields.

Commercial Sections-

Butte

County

Colusa

Fresno

Glenn

Kern

Kings

Tehama

Tulare

Yolo

iCl

COST OF r-RODUCIi'JG RICE
(on clean landfj

Value of Land, including Water-
High (.il75.00 per acre

Low 40.00

Usual — - 75.00

Cost 0 f +he Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Levees, leveling and gates (yl - 15) 2.50 "

Fall plowing - --- 3.00 "

Preparing seed bed 2.00 "

Cost of seed (lOOjf © 3^) 3.00

Seeding (broadcasting and harpov;ing in .75 "

Cost of Grciiing crop-
Water (7 leot- range $5 - 8) 7.00 "

Applying ivater (01 - 5)- 2.00 "

Pulling weeds and scaring birds (;^3-15) 5.00 "

Hairvest-

Binding -- 2.50 "

Cocking 2.00 "

Haul to thresher and threshing .20 per cwt. (lOci belor;

Fresno)

Sacks .09 per sack

Twine ( 3 to 5if 0 9 - 12ci) .40 per acre

Haul to i.varehouse ( 5 miles) 1,00 per ton

warehouse charges 1.00 "

Market Value of Yield-
High 2.05 per cwt.

IjOW 1,65 "

Average - - 1.85 "

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land .75 per acre

Good land l.OC

( Read Preface ) 102

REQUIREylENTS .\ND METHODS OF GRGTEI'G SORGHUTJ

Time to Maturity- 100 - 180 days

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements-

Surface: Will grow on poorer, drier land than any other cereal, but
responds to good handling. 3' of good moisture re-
taining rather than heavy loan soil desirable.

Climatic Requirements- Warm nights, and hot sunny days, no frost.

VJater Requirements and Irrigation- Moisture equivalent to 15". If available,

throughout growing season.

Calendar of Operations-

preparing Seed Bed : Fall - Plowed 6 - 8"

March - Replowed 6" deep or disked, and v/orked

dorm into seed bed.
Sometim.es sown on grain land in June or July

following the removal cf the cereal.
Irrigated and plowed before seeding.

Planting:

Time : Non-saccharine, April 1 to July 1
Saccharine, April 1 to July 1

Quantity of Seed:

Non-saccharine, 6 - 10-nf
Saccharine, 4 - 6y

Method and Distance:

Non-saccharine, 3' rows, 8" apart in row
Saccharine, 3' rows, 4" apart in row

Care of Growing Crop:

Cultivated once or ttrice during early period of growth ( fiay and
June). Generally grov/n v/ithout irrigation, where water
table is high, except when following grain crop. Irriga-
tion then given before preparing seed bed.

Varieties :

Non-saccharine- D^Jirarf r.!ilo )

Duro (ViTiite find Brown) )

(Egyptian corn) jFor forage, grain, and

Feterita ) silage

Shallu (Egyptian wheat) )

103

Varieties (cont.)

Saccharine-

Amber

)

Orange
Sumac

)
)

Honey

)

For f orange and silo

Harvest-

When: Non-saccharine - September
Saccharine - "

How : Non-saccharine and saccharine-
Fodder and silage cut by hand or machine in field,
when seeds harden- hauled to silo, cut and
blown into silo.

For seed- Heads cut by hand, dried, threshed by
stationary thresher.

Yields-

Grain

Silage

Cured Fodder

Good

2500#

12 tons

5 tons

Usual

: 1200#

8 tons

4 tons

By-Products-

Kind : Some fodder from grain varieties

Amount: Variable

Where and for what sold: Sold or used for pasturage.

Commercial Sections-

Imperial Valley
Sacramento "

San Joaquin "

:.G4

COST OF PRODUCING SORGHUM

Value of Land-

II

High 0300.00 per acre

Low — - - - 50.00

Usual - irrigated -- - 150.00

Usual - not irrigated --- 100.00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Fall plowing 1.75 "

Spring plowing 1.25 "

Working down into seed bed 1,75 "

seed- Non-saccharine (10# Q 50c) .50 "

Saccharine ( 5# © 5^) .25

Planting — — - .30

Growing the crop-
Cultivating i'.nd furro'ving 2.50 "

Water - 1.50

Applying ¥/ater -.75 "

Harvesting-

Grain-

Cutting heads (01.5O - 5) 3.00

Threshing .20 per cwt.

Sacks -08 per sack

Hauling ( 5 miles) 1.00 per ton

Cured Fodder-
Cutting by hand 1.50 per acre

Shocking 1.25

Hauling ( 1 mile) .75 per ton

Silage-
Cutting by hand 1.75 per acre

Hauling ( 1 mile) .75 per ton

Siloing ( i, 2- 5) 3.00 per acre

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 2,00 per acre

Good land 2,50

Market Value o f Yield-

Grain-

High 2.00 per cwt.

Low - --- 1.10

Average 1.30 "

(Read Pie face) 10^

. REQUIREMENTS AMD ?iIETHODS OF GROWING STOCK BEETS

Time to Maturity- 120 - 160 days

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements- Level, deep, rich, fertile, black loan, at least

4' in depth.

Climatic Requirements- Freedom from excessive heat during germination and

early grov7ing periods.

Water Requirements- Plenty of moisture, either from irrigation or

natural sources.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing seed bed: September - April, plowed, replowed and

worked into shape.

Planting ;

Time : October to May

Quantity: 12#

Method and Distance: 24 - 36" rows

Care of Growing Crop: Cultivated 4-6 times at monthly intervals.

Thinned to 15" apart in rows. Irrigated
when needed- usually none given to winter
plantings. Spring plantings heavily
irrigated (S") in June and August, or
lightly irrigated (3") monthly beginning
in June.

Varieties:

Mammoth Long Red, One-half Sugar, Golder. Tankard.

Harvest:

Time : V-lien wanted for stock feed.

Method : Dug by hand or plowed out as needed, hauled to

stock and fed tops and all,

Yields-

Good : 25 tons
Usual : 18 "

Commercial Sections-

Raised only for stock feed in dairy sections.

COST OF PRODUCING STOCK BEETS

Value of Land-

Kigh O^OO.OO per acre

Low 150.00 "

Usual - ■ 250.00

Cost 0 f the Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Preparing land 5.00 "

Cost of seed ( @ Ibci) ■ 1.80 "

Seeding .25 "

Cost of Growing the Crop-
Cultivation - 2.00

Thinning - S.OC

Hoeing — 2.00

Irrigation 4.00

Cost of Harvesting-
Plowing - 2.00

Pulling and loading .30 per ton

Hauling ( l/2 mile) 25

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 2.50 per acre

Good land -- - — 3,00

Market Value of Yield -

(Not raised for sale)

(Read Preface)

REQUIR^wJE^ITS AND LIEiT'QDS OF GRGV/]:?'!:^ SUGAR BEETS

Time to Maturity- 200 - 300 days

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements-

Surface : Strong, rich, deep fertile loan beut; will -sithstand con-
siderable alkali.
Subsoil : Compact clay, good moisture retainer, 'lo hardpan.
Depth : Surface soil - 4' or more

Will 5ror' oA'er a variety of soils. Light Goils
produce small tonnage high in sugar, heavy, moist
soil, heavy tonnage lov/ in sugar.

Climatic Requirements-

70° average summer temperature -.vith plenty of sunshine. Gcow best

in cooler sections where moisture is plentiful,
altho not hurt by frosts. Hirdy. In hot sections
planted early enough to permit 8 leaves to develop
before hot v/eather comes.

Water Requirements-

Amount : 3'. Proper dis-^riVation of rainful or irrigation to provide

ample moisture during early stages of plant v/ith
diminishing amount? towards ripening.

When needed: ?fhen plants are fron S leaves u^: to v/ithin 6 weeks of

maturity.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing Seed Bed :

Fall Planting : Plowed 10 - 14" deep in August or September,

irrigated, v/orkad into shape.

Spring Planting: Plowed 14" in November or December, replowed

in February. Worked into shape.

Seeding:

Time : Fall -- November 1 - December 1
Spring- January 15 - May 1

lOfa

Calendar of Operations (cont,)-

Seeding (cent:

Quantity of Seed : ISff

Method ejTi Distance: 18 - 29" rows 'usually 18, 20 or 22")

Care of Growing Crop:

Irrigated two times (May and June or July) thinned to
8 - 12" apart T>.'hen plants have 4- 6 leaves.
Cultivated at least four times at 10 to 20 day
intervals, beginning in April. Hoed t-ivo times-
May and July.

Varieties :

Imported or domestic varieties; seed sold by factory.

Harvest :

'Then

How

Tine

According to maturity of beets and needs of mill.

Loosened v;ith plovj ; pulled, topped ard loaded by
hand. Hauled by wagon direct to mill or to
railro ad ,

August to January,

Yields-

Good' !
Usual :

By-Products-

Kind
Amount;

15 tons
10 "

Beet tops

Equal to ^Oyl of yield as given.
Sold for feed.

I'here and for what sold :

Commercial Sections-

Alameda County
Los Angeles "
Monterey "

Orange "

Yolo County

San Joaquin County
Santa Barbara "
Santa Clara "
Ventura "

COST OF PRODUCING SUGAR BEETS

Value of Land-

T J^ "" - 0600.00 per acre

„ r - - 150.00

Usual „-„ „„

300,00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Preparing seed bed — _ __. 7 on

Seed ( 15# e 150) 2 25 "

Seeding [^^

Gro'-ring the Crop-
Irrigating - labor (01 - 4) 3. 00

Irrigating - water ($2 - 8) 4^00

Thinning and hoeing tv/ice (C'5 - 8) - 7^00

Cultivating ( 4*imes) 2^00

Harvesting-
Plowing out (C2.50 - 5) _ 3^00

Pulling, topping and loading-

tt

II

10 tons or under ( 750 - 01.5O) — 1.00 per ton

10 - 15 tons ( 500 - 01.00) .90 "

15 tons and over ( 500 - (• .90) — .80 "

Hauling ( 5 miles) _5q

Taxes and Insurance-

Average land 3^00 p^^ ^^^

^°°^ land _ 5^QQ

Market Value of Yield-

?^^^ - — 7.50 per ton

L°^ - - - 4.50

Av^'^^ge - 5.50

By-Products-
Tops

2,00 per acre

110
(Read Preface)

REQUIKEMEl^ITS AND METHODS OF GROWING SIVEET POTATOES

Time to Maturity- 100 - 160 days

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements- Warm, sandy loam 18" or more in depth

Climatic Requirements- Plenty of heat and sunshine, freedom from frost.

Water Requirements- Moist soil without standing water. Scarcity of water

desirable ,

Calendar of fperations-

Preparing Seed Bed : January - March, plowed

April, Replowed and v,;orked down.

Planting :

Time : April - June 15

Quantity: 7,000 to 14,000 sets. (500# seed or 10,000 sets on

average)

Method and Distance: Set on ridges made by plowing 2 furrows to-
gether. Rows 3 - 4\ plants 8 - 15".

Care of Growing Crop:

May , Irrigated at time of setting out plants and sometimes

once or twice again at 3 - 4 v/eeks
intervals,

June, July and August, Cultivated 3 times at 2 to 3 weeks intervals

especially after irrigating. Sometimes
plowed after irrigating.

Varieties :

Merced Sv/eet Southern Queen

California Yellow Jersey Red

Harvest:

Time : August - December

Method: Tops cut by hand, potatoes plowed out, picked up by hand

and shipped in 100ji(^ sacks or crates.
Sometimes harvested with a potato machine
Yields-

Good : 7 tons
Usual : 3 "
Commercial Sections-

Butte, Fresno, Merced, Orange and Stanislaus Counties.

1. 1
COST OF PRODUCING SW£ET POTATOES

Value of Land-

High 0350,00 per acre

Lor/ - — 100.00

Usual - 150.00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Cultivation ((;4- 10) - — 6.00 "

Plants - Home grov/n 5,00 "

Purchased 8.00 "

Planting (10,000 plants ( $4- 10) — 5.00

Irrigation (wr.ter and labor) 3.00 "

Growing the Crop-
Irrigation (water and labor) 5,00 "

Cultivation ( 3 times © 50)^) 1.50 "

Harvesting-
Digging and sacking (10 - 200) .15 per 100#

Crates .17 each or fur-
nished by
buyer

Sacks ,09 each

Hauling ( 5 miles) 1.50 per ton

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 1.25 per acre

Good land 1.50

Market Value of Yield-
High - - 7.00 per 100#

Low -— .50 "

Average 1.25 "

I

(Read Preface) Hi:"

RECUIP-EI.IENTS ANT) METHODS OF GRO'HIIG THE TOLJATO

Time to Maturity- 75 - 140 days

Life- Annual

Soil Requirements- Rich, v/am, sandy loams, or Icams well drained,

at least 4' in depth.

Climatic Requirements- No frost; v/arm sunny '.veather.

Water Requirements- Moderate, but soil must not dry cut. Over- irrigation

promotes tendency to disease and foliage instead
of fruit. Often not required.

Calendar of Operations-

Preparing for Planting : December - February, plowed 8" deep,

Replo^ed 6" and v/orked down.

Planting :

For springs-
Time : February - May

For fall crop-
Time : June and July

Quantity : 900 - 1200 plants

Method and Distance: In rows 6' x 6' to 7' x 7'

Care of Growing Crop- Cultivated 2-5 times at 10 - 14 days intervals,

beginning June 1st. Hoed once around plants
in June.

Varieties: Stone, Spark's Earliana, Trophy

Harvest :

Tims : June - until killing frosts (Decerrber 1)

Method: Vines are picked over several times ( 4 tc 10 days)
For Canneries : Picked v.'hen ripe and delivered in

60j? lug boxes.
For Shipping : Picked '^'hen blushed and packed in 24if

crates ( 4- 6j^ baskets) or 30# lugs,
Yields-
Good : 20 tons
Usual : 10 "

% oi Different Grades- Canneries get 10 - 15% of crop, rest shipped

to fresh markets. The shipping crop usually
runs from 4 tc 6 tons.

Commercial Sections-

Alameda, Los Angeles, Merced, Orange, Santa Clara and Sonoma Counties,

113

COST OF PRODUCING THE TOMATO

Value of Land-

High $ 1000.00 per acre

Low - 150.00 "

Usual --- - 200.00 "

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Preparing land and marking 5,00 "

Plants .«•• Home gro^vn .50 "

Purchased 5,00 "

Planting — 2.00 "

Growing the Crop-
Cultivation 2.00 "

Hoeing — - 2.00

Harvest-
Picking for cannery 2,00 per ton

Picking for shipment 3,00 "

Hauling to cannery (3 miles) 1.00 "

Crate, packing and shipping ( ._X24jf)-_ .25 each

Lug, packing and shipping (30#) .20 "

Taxes and Insurance-
Average land 4.00 per acre

Good land 7.50 "

Market Value of Yields-

For Cannery For Market
High 8.00 3q! per lb.

Low 6.00 3/40

Average 7.00 1 1/45^ "

I

(Read Preface)

lJ>

REQUIHEIvaJTS AND METHODS OF GROVaMG THE T.'AL^JUT
Climatic Requirement s-

In General: Will not stand frost outside of donaant period nor intense

dry heat. Summer mean temperature of 60° - 80°

with warm fogs best. Moderate temperature without
extremes best.

Soil Requirements-

Surface
Subsoil
Deoth

Fairly heavy, of good water retaining capacity.
Deep, Y/ell drained, heavy, but not impervious.
10* or more.

Water Requireraents-

Amount must be uniform and abundant. Usually 15
applied from May to September, ig practice.

30"

Setting Out and Caring; for Orchards to Maturity-

Distance Apart of Trees ;
Average Number per Acre ;
Time of Planting Out ;
Age to Self-Sustaining Crop;
Age to Maturity ;

Most Popular Varieties ;

50' X 50' or 60' x 60' with interplants.
12 or 17
March
8 years
20 years

Eureka, Franquette, Mayette (for North
and Central) Placentia (for South)
Estimated 50 years.

Irrip-ation

Length of Profitable Life

Calendar of Operations to Maturity:

To keep constant moisture supply available all

year round. This means irrigating
every 6 to 8 weeks from April to
November while trees are small. In
favorable localities grovm without
irrigation.

Done only to remove cross and lower liubs and to
shape tree. Done in winter.

None, except for companion crops.

Usually not required.

Usually such as is required by companion crops.

Pruning

Fertilizing

Spraying

Cultivating

Companion Cropping : Interplant with figs, peaches, grapes, or

berries, alfalfa, or beans, if water
and fertility is available. Can be
practiced ."or 7 or 3 years.

Caring for Bearing; Orchard s-

Calendar of Operations :

Irrigation : Irrigated in May to September, v/ith an occasional

late fall applica.tion (November)

Pruning : Open heads following harvest, and cut out cross,

low or broken limbs.

Fertilizing : Cover crop of vetch or Melilotus clover (October

-December) after nuts are gathered.

Cultivation : Not of first importance. Plo'ved in Februari'' or

March, harrowed and cultivated. Cultivated
every 3 to 6 weeks.

Spraying : Usually not required.
Harvest»

Time : September and October,

Method : Picked from ground after fall naturally or shaken off with
. . hooked poles.

Preparing for Market: Vfeshed, dried, graded, bleached,
jo di Different Grades- (variable)

#1 - 50 - 85f,

#2 - 40 - 10

Culls- 10-5

Yield 5-

Good : 1500#
Usual : 300#

Commercial Sections-

Los Angeles County San Luis Obispo County
Orange " Santa Barbara "

San Joaquin " Ventura "

115
COST 0? PRODUCINO THE WALNUT

Value of Land-

Raw land-
High (v/i-th -;ater) - -- ;;1200.00 per acre

Low " - 250.00

Usual " - — 400.00 "

Developed Orchards-
High producing 2000.00 "

Usual " 1000.00 "

Cost of Establishing Orchards-
Clearing, grading and leveling land for alanting

(OlO - 30) - — 20.00

Trees - -- - 18.00

Setting out 4.00 "

Annual Cost fron Setting Out to Self-Susxaining Age-

Iteras usually borne by intercrops,

Othen.vise annual cost is 30.00 " if

irrigated

Annual Upkeep after Maturity-
Fertilizer and manure 25.00 "

Cover crop — 5.00 "

Plowing and cultivating 8.00 "

Irrigation 4.00 "

Water — 12.00 "

Pruning — 3.00 "

Cost of Harvest-
Picking 18.00 per ton

Drying 2.00 "

Hauling ( 5 miles) 1.00 "

Processing at Station 5. 00 "

Selling - -- 20.00 "

Market Value of Yield-
High -- .16 1/20 per lb.

Culls - .08 per lb.

Low — .10

Culls .05

Average .12 "

Culls .07

Taxes and Insurance- After Maturity -

Average lajid 10,00 per acre

Good land 15.00 "

(Read Preface) 117

REQUIREi'flL'MTS AlIT iJtETI-iC'PS OF GROV/ING WHEAT

Time to Maturity- 120 - 130 days

Life- Annual

Soil Requirerr.ents-

Surface ; Heavier soil types 24" in depth, presence of organic iratter,
less than .25 of \% alkali (Same as barley, but requires
more organic natter)

Climatic Requirements-

Vi/heat will withstand less heat than barley, otheiwise conditions are
about the same.

V/ater Requirements and Irripation-

Requires more moisture than barley. 30" optimum. Only 4.7^ of
acreage irrigated.

Calendar of Qperations-

Preparing Seed Bed : November - February plo?;ed 4 - 8" deep. Disked

or harrowed before planting.

Planting :

Time ; October 1 to February 1

Quantity: 90# - 110# broadcast
45# - .100)(^ drilled

Method and Distance: Broadcasted and harrowed in or drilled.

Varieties : .

'ti/hite Australian (Blue stem)

Club

Sonora

Gal gal 0

Defiance

Harvest :

When : Juno 15 - September 1st.

How : By heading in fog belts,
3y combines in valley.
By Diners in special sections.

Ill-

Harvest (cont.)

Operations: Threshed either from shock by stationary outfit
or in combined harvester.

Yield-

Good :
Usual ;

Irrieated
1200#

1000#

Dry Fanned
600#

500#

Bv-Products-

Kind : Stubble

Amount r Depends on amount of lodging and kind of harvest,

llUhere and for what sold: Sold or used for feed O 250 per

acre (range 100 to Ol.OO)*

Commercial Sections-

Madera County

Monterey "

San Luis Obispo County

I.;-

COST OF PRODUCING FriSAT

Value of Land-

High -
Low --
Usual

Irrigated Lands

Dry Farmed

0250.00 per acre

060.00

40.00

20.00

100.00

30.00

Cost of the Crop-
Preparing land and planting-
Summer falloi-; (ready for seed) 2.50

Plowing 1.75

Harrowing before seeding • .25

Seed ( O 1 l/3^ s Ol. 00-2. 00) 1.50

Treating seed .04

Broadcasting ,15

Harrov/ing after seeding .35

Harvesting-
Combined harvester (10 sacks or less

11-20 " or more
Over 20 sacks )

Sacks

Twine

Hauling (10 miles) l.CO per ton

Taxes and Insurance-
Average, land 1.00 per acre 30(i

Good land 1.50 40Qf

Market Value of Yield-
High l.'^S per cwt.

L0-.7 — 1.40 "

Average 1.50 "

1

.50

ti

2

.50

II

3

.50 ..

II

.08 pe

r sac

k

.003 _

II

lk;C

WORK CAPACITY OF ¥P3M :,!ACHIMES

NOTE

Work capacity varies through wide limits, on account of soil and
crop conditions, speed and staniina of horses, size and shape of fields, con-
dition of machine, ana experience and intelligence of operator. These figures
are for maximum v;ork. Tne fig-ares are for a general guide after deducting
for these items. These figures are subject to a variation of Z0% either way
for special conditions - good or bad.

The average horsb walks 1 l/2 miles on loose ground per hour,

1 3/4 miles on hard ground doing heavy v/ork, 2 miles doing light v/ork, and

2 1/8 miles on road.

For number of men in threshing and similar occupations, see
"Day's Work for a Cre^r".

Kind of Machine

Usual

Number

Number \

Acreage

Size

Horses

Men

Covered

Required

Required

in
hr

10-
. day

Bean Cutter

2 - row

1

1

10

A,

Broadcasting barley

--

2

1

30

Binding small grain

5'

3

1

10

If II

71

• 4

1

15

II II

8'

5

1

18

" corn

1 - row

3

1

7

Cultivating crops-

Covering 24" of space

—

1

1

4

30" "

« «

1

1

5

If 4211 II

«,_

2

1

6

1/2

II 48" "

--

1

7

1/2

66"

_•

2

1

10

II 3411 II

--

2

1

12

Cultivating land in preparing

for crops

5'

5-6

1

8

II II ■

6'

6-8

1

10

Drilling small grain

12 tube

2

1

10

II II

16 "

3

1

15

II If

20

4

1

20

Disk harrow (not lapped)

4'

4

1

5

II II

6'

6

1

9

If 11

8'

8

1

14

Spike harrow "

S'

2

1

12

II II

16'

4

1

25

(continued next page)

121

Table cont.

Kind 0 f Machine

Usual
Size

Number
Horses

Number
Men

Acreage
Covered in

Required

Required

10- hr
Day

Spike harrow (not lapped)

24'

6

1

45 A.

II 11 II It

ZV

8

1

60

Spring Tooth Harrow (not lapped]

6'

3

1

9

II t1 II M

8'

4

1

12

Heading small grain

10'

6

1

22

11 11 11

12'

6

1

26

Spreading manure

75 bu.

2

1

12 loads

Mowing
Planking land

5'
6'

2
2

1

1

8 A.
10

11 11

12'

4

1

20

Planting beets

4-

22"

rows

2

1

12

" corn or cotton

1-

42"

n

1

1

8

11 U 11 tl

2-

42"

II

2

1

14

" bean3

4-

28"

11

2

1

18

" potatoes

1-

35"

11

2

1

6

II 11

2-

36"

11

3

2

14

Plov/ing, walking plow

12"

2

1

1.6

II II

14"

3

1

2,3

sulky

14"

3-4

1

2.5

- gang

2-

14"

bottoms 4-6

1

5,2

II _ '• .

2-

12"

11

3-5

1

4.0

11 _ It

3-

12"

1)

3-8

1

6.6

11 11

2-

8"

tl

2-3

X

2.8

II _ 11

3-

8"

II

3-4

1

4.2

11 _ II

4-

8"

11

4-6

1

5.6

11 ^ 11

5-

8"

II

6-8
14-18P
20-25 '^
25-30^^^

1

7.0

" engine gang
11 11

4-
6-

14"

14"

11
11

2

2

8
12

11 11

8-

14"

11

2

16

" deep tillage

o_

20"

disk

3 6

1

2.5

Potato digger

1-

row

4

1

5

Rake- (self dump)

12'

2

1

2f

Ringrolling

fi

6'
8'

6

8

1
1

6
350 bu.*

Shredder and husker, corn

4

roll

10-12

2

11 11 11 11

6

11

15-20

2

600 "

II II II II

8

II

25

2

800 "

Land roller

12'

4^

X-

20 A.

:.'Iarking planting
drilling lime
grilling fertilizer

if'
10'
10"

2
2
3

1
1
1

25
11
13

(^) Horse pov/er at drawbar

(c

ontinued next page)

*

To change to hundredweight: 5

6^ corn s

1 bu.

60^ wheats 1

barley (Cal.) = 1 bu,
oats = 1 bu.

Table cont

1^2

Kind 0 f Machine

', Usual

Number

Number

. Acreage

Size

Horses

Men

Covered in

Required

Required

10 - hr.
Day

6'

2

1

10 A

6'

2

1

10

5'

4

1

1/3

Tedding hay

Weed, cutting

Fresno scrape- checking land

Kind of

Machine

Size

Horse
' Power

f^mber

of Men

Number
Revolu-

1 Capacity
per

Required

to Op-

tions

, 10- hr.

erate

per mm.

', Day

Ensilage cutter

42" fly

15-

20

1

_

120 tons

wheel

II

36" "

12-

15

1

--

100 "

tf

30"

8-

12

1

..

70. •*

Threshing-

Separator

(pea &

90 bu.*

bean)

12"

2-

4

300-350

II

11

20"x32"

6-

8

It

400

It

(wheat)

18"x36"

15-

18

? 1050-1150

600

It

It

28"x50"

30-

40

750- 800

750

ti

It

36"x58"

50-

60

" 1600

11

II

40^'x62"

60-

80

" 2000

n

(oats)

18"x36"

15-

18

? ]

.050-1150 2200

* barley)

n

tt

23"x50"

30-

40

7

750- 800 2750

It

II

36"x58"

50-

60

?

11 ".

5500

It

It

40"x62"

60-

30

7

" 3750

See footnote, p. 121

123

Rules for Determining Work of Implements
1. The daily duty per foot of width is:
2 acres for plows

1.7

"

tr

spike tooth harrows

1,5

!f

II

spring " "

1.4

If

II

disk harrows

1.6

1!

II

drills

1.6

"

11

mowers

1.5

tt

II

rakes

2

ir

II

grain binders

2. Most usual width per horse is

.45' of plows

3.9

' spike tooth harrows

2.4

spring " "

2.4

' disk harrows

2,4

• drills

2.5

' m^owers

6.0

' rakes

2,0

' grain binders

A DAY'S TORK FOR A MAN

Beans —

Weeding after planting — — 5 acres

Shocking after cutting 3 l/S acres

Picking 1500#

Hoeing and planting skips l/2 acre

Corn —

Hoeing standing corn 1-1 l/2 acres

Husking " " - 50- 80 bu. (l acre)

Picking " •• 70 - 140 bu.

Planting by hand 4-5 acres

Suckering 2 acres

Grain —

Shocking _ lo - 14 acres

Stacking 5-5 "

Bucking sacks behind harvester- and placing

in field — . 600 per day barley

500 " " wheat

Knapsack Spraying —

For rows 2' apart 2 acres

" " 3« " 3 IT

Loading grain - 1 man 1 l/2 hrs. to 8

ton load

Mangel Wurzels —

Weeding and thinning l/6 acre

Hoeing ._ 1/2 "

Pulling and loading I/4 "

Milking and Caring for Dairy Cows —

(man for each)— 10 - 12 head per day

Milking only 26 - 30 " "

8 _ 9 cows per hr.

Planting —

Setting out cabbages I/2 - 1 acre

" " onion plants l/20 "

Planting tomatoes 1200 plants

Setting grape vines- rooted 200 vines

" " " - cuttings 1000 "

Digging holes and planting fruit trees 75 trees

12;

Potatoes--

Cutting seed, by hand 12 bu.

" " machine 28 "

Planting by hand 2 acres

Picking up-
After ordinary plow-

75 bu, crop __ eo bu.

125 " " _-- 75 „

200 " •• _ 100 "

After elevator digger-

75 bu. crop 80 "

^2^ " " - 100 "

Digging and Picking up by Hand

1 - 125 bu. 30 "

126 - 200 " 40 ••

Sau'ing Wood —

2 cuts per stick 1 l/2 cords

(Eastern

cord)
3 cuts per stick 1

It

Seed Sovdng by Wheelbarrow Sower ig

acres

Sheep-
Caring for-

Herding _ 20OO head

Dry feeding 300 "

Shearing-

(one time a year) 33 per day by hand

(tv/ice a year)- 75 » -< -. clippers

(twice a year ) 83 " " "" "

Shingling-

Experienced 3000 shingles (12 bundles)

Not experienced 200Q " (8 " )

Sugar Beets-
Thinning — 1/2 acre

Vines —

Sulphuring (20#) _ 12 acres

Tying young vines lOOO vines

Hops, Picking - __ soOj^f

126

Sweet Potatoes—

^^■^'^"6 : - 10,030 sets

Digging by hand — -— 3^330 _ g^^Q^^

machine (2 horses, 1 man) 6,000 - S,000#

Tiling-
Digging 3' ditch __ lOQt

Laying 4 - 6" tile —^llll^Zi:^ ig^'. 200O"

Unloading grain at warehouse _. 2. 30 niin.to 8 ton

load
Fruit-
Picking up figs _ __. gQQ^

|] apples and pears by day labor 40 loos boxes

" " contract 100 " "

" cherries _ jqq^

Pruning young trees 500 trees

Propping 75

^"^^^g^-^i^g - — - 2 - 5 acres

Picking prunes -^ ^^^

Shaking trees and picking up prunes • 4- 5 acres

Pruning old trees - _ _„. 2C^ 25 trees

A DAY'S 7:c?.:-: for a crew

I ■>',

Operations

Baling hay

Beans, weighing and
loading sacks.

Hauling-

Hay to stack-
Various Oorriinodities-
Distance-

1 nile

2

3

5

Potatoes iroa field-
Size of load-
40 bu.
60 "
70 "

Heading-

Crer

8 nan 9 horses

9 " 14 "

3 men

1 mail 2 horses

1 nan 2 horses

W men yf horses ^ ^aeons

ZL.

18

Sprauing-

An average crev/ of 4 men

(1 to drive and run engine, 2 to

spray, ' ito mix) and 2 horses
"rill spray —

Amount D"ne

35 tons
60 "

1,000 sacks

10- 12 tons per
v/agon

9 loads in 2 days

rr II "2 "

5 " "2 "

2 " "1 dav

225 bu. per day

350 "

450 " " "

25 - 30 acres headed

Stacking Hay-

300 trees if 12' or less

in height

175 if 12 - 20«

125 if over 20'

1800 gals.

# men

4 horses

2

2

7 tons

2

4

11 "

4

4

17 "

4

6

21 "

6

6

24 "

8

8

30 •'

19

15

60 "

Operation Cviivr Amount Done

Threshing--

From stack-

P/heat, oats and barley 12 men 6 horses 60,000j^

Alfalfa seed 3,000#

From shock-

\"/heat, oats and barley 20 men 14 horses IZ ,0Q0^

With combine- with engine or 26 - 32 horses

Cut # Ken Croa yield ^ ji/'-res

14» 5.. Barley 12 sacks 35

20' 5 " 5 " 60

Corn for Silage-

2 men will cut 15 tons per day each

1 man with 2 horses, can haul to silo 8 xo 10 tens per

day, if haul is net j-reater than l/2 mile.

125

MUTUAL MOUNT OF WCR.K REQUIRED TO Ck?S FOR LIVE STOCK

Care of-

Man Viours

Horse Hours

Stallion or jack

150

10

Dairy cow

150

20

Work horse

80

5

10 cattle

200

10

100 ewes

50

3

10 broods and pigs to

weaning time

300

50

10 hogs (not brood sows)

75

15

100 hens

150

20

Raising 200 chicks

150

20

^^0

COST OF 3UTI,DING I.IATERIALS.

Lumber prices —

Oregon Pine - sizes, 1" x 2" to 1" x 12" inclusive

Rough common - .'320 per M - 8 to 24' long. All specified
lengths add $2.

Common permits- 35% #2; if all §1 add $2.

2" X 3" to 4" X 4" inclusive 4-8' - 015

12 & 14» - 18

to 32'

9, 10 & 16 20

3" X 6" to 3" X 10", 4" X 8", 4" x 10" )8'-24'

2" X 8" to 2" X 12", 3" xl2", 4" x 6",4"xl2") long - 18

6" X 6" to 12"x 12" ) 8' - 24' long 20

Pine Flooring

8' and up 6' and up 4* and up

#1 #2 #3

1" X 3" 042 (?24 018

1" X 4" 34 32 22

1" X 6" 34 30 22

Pine Ceiling T i G, S one side

6' and up 6' and up

#1 #2 #4

3/8" X 4" and 6" 024 $20 013

1/2" X 4" and 6" 27 23 15

3/4" X 4" and 6" 31 27 21

Pine Rustic (Siding)

#2
1" X 6" - 10 to 24' ., §30
1" X 8" - " 34

1" X 10" - " 36

Redffood

Common 35-/, #2 ; if all jfl add ^Z per M

2" X 3", 2" X 4", 2" X 6", 2" x 8", 3" x 6" — 10 - 20» 019

2" xlO", 3" X 4", 3" X 8", 3" xlO", 4" x 4", 4" x 8",

4" xlO" ---10 - 20' 21

6" X 6" to 12" X 12" 24

1" X 4", 1" X 5" 17

1" X 8", 1" X 10" 21

1" X 12" 24

1" #3 13

Clears

1", 2" X 3" and 4" 10 - 20' 31

1", 2" X 6", 8", 10" 35

3" X 4", 4" X 4" 32

3" X 6" to 3" X 10" and 4" x 6" xo 4" x 10" 37

3" X 8", 10" X 10", 12" x 12" 41

Redwood Rustic Clear Sap Clear

028
35
36

1" X 6"

6 - 20'

032

1" X 6"

It

37

1" X 8" and

1" X 10" - 6 -20'

38

Resawed Rustic

to Bevel Sidinj^

1" X 4"

35

1" X 6"

41

Redwood Ceilinp

Under 6"

31
37

6' to 9'

1" X 4" V or Beaded, SIS $20 027

1" X 6" " 2.4 30

1/2" OS less per M
5/3" 3 " " "

.Shakes, redwood (6 x 36) #1 019 ^2 (15.00 per 1000 pieces

Shingles, " (4 bndls. to lOOO) #1 2.40

II

ftZ 2.00

Estimating: In estimating allor lOf, additional for waste,

1,000 shingles will cover 80 sq. ft. if laid with 4" exposed tc the
weathpr, 90 sq. ft. if 4 l/2 " to the v/eather, and 100 sq. ft. if 5" is
exposed.

14:.

1,000 shakes laid "shake fashion'"' (lapping 6" at ends and
1 l/2" at sides) will cover 900 square feet.

1,00C shakos laid "shingle fashion" (15" exposed - double layer)
v/ill cover 700 so.uare feet.

Corrugated Galvanized Iron for Roofing-

#24 gauge 04.00 per 100#
26 " 3.85 "

In lengths- 24" x 72"

#24 gauge r 1.156# per sq. ft.
26 " = .9062

Costs 4 l/20 per sq. ft. #24
3 1/20 " " " 26

Miscellaneous puildine; Material-

Barb wire, 100# C3.65

Cement', 100# 1.18

Fence wire, rod .45

Linseed oil, gal. 1.00

Nails, 100# 4.34

Paints, gal 2.00

Staples, 100# 4.50

Steel wire, 100# - — - 4.70

Well casing-

12" Gauge 14" Gauge

10" 1.12 .92

12 1.27 .99

14 1.51 1.12

16 1.80 1.24

COST OF FjyCING

Cost of ?/oven Wire Fencing-

Regular general purpose farm fence (hog, cattle and sheep)
Height Cost ver Rod

26"

35ci

32

37

48

44

58

54

In woven wire fence, stays run verticp.lly, strands horii^ontally.
The size of the vixre is given in numbers, the higher the number the smaller
the siae of the wire. Fewer large wires are preferable to many small.
Fences should be at least ^9 or 10 toe and bottom with others of #11 and
#12.

Chicken Fence - (150 linear feet in a roll)-

Kesh

Wire

1

Width

Cost

per Sq.

Ft.

3/4"

19

12 - 48"

1.80

1"

19

12 - 72

1.5

1 1/2"

19

12 - 72

.9

2"

19

12 - 72

.6

Chicken fence should be of ^18 or 19 wire.

Cost of Barb Wire-

03.00 per 105#.

There are about 80 rods of barb v;ire in 105^ - hence
cost runs about 3 3/40 per rod.

Cost of Serviceable Wire Gates-

Walk gates range from $1.00 to 0 1.75
Single drive gates " 2.50 " 5,00

Cost of Staples-

Staples cost 03.00 per keg of 100^. There are 80 to
90 staples to the pound. It takes 7 l/2 lbs. for 100 rods of 35" fence
with posts 1 rod apart.

Cost of Posts-

4" X 5" X 7' = 230 , ,

.^,. r,7 \ ^^^ driving

~ ^^^ corner posts with bracing;

6" X 6" X 7' r 45,0

Kind of Fence-

( Total cost and cost per mile and per rod on basic
square 40 acre fioid . Redwood posts set:

: 1 red

apart

] :./2

! Per

i ndle.

I Per

.' rod

Per i

mile ,

rod

wire with tem-
porary posts

MATERIAL
LABOR

TOTAL

— — ••

052
10

17^
3

045
8

140

3

062

20(^

053

170

3 Strands barbed

wire with tem-

MATERIAL
LABOR

TOTAL

076

14

4

064
11

200
3

porary pOS-DS

C90

28?i

075

230

3 strands barbed
wire per-
manent posts

MATERIAL
LABOR

0112
20

35.?!
7

087

15

270
5

075
12

23-^

4

TOTAL

0132

42,15

01O2

320

087

270

26 Inch vjoven

wire hog

fence v/ith
3 strands

MATERIAL
LABOR

TOTAL

$225
23

7

1^200
18

630

6

0187
15

580
5

barbed wire-
permanent

§248

77s2{

0218

69(^

02O2

63Qt

Operation

(Gates omitted in above)
Kind of Work

: # Man
: hrs.

: #

: Horse
:hrs^

:Work Done

20

20

200-250
posts

20

2

80-100 "

20

-

6-10 "

20

-

800 rods

20

^

200 "

Fencing

Driving 3" temporary posts

Digging post holes and setting
4" posts, 2 1/2' deep

Di^ig corner post holes,
setting and bracing

Stretch and staple new barbed
wire

Stretch and staple new woven wire

PRICES OF FAKJ IgLEIJSIJTS

i (Note: Add l/s to costs of iirplemerts for

1916-1917)

Walking plovs-

10" single §15

12" " — -_. 18

24" " 20

Breaker plows-

12" single 18

14" " - 22

16" " 25

Side hill plov;s-

10" single 14

12" " 16

Sulky plows-

14" single 58

• - 60

16" "

Gang plows-

12" - with 2 mouldboards 77

14" . " 2 " .-- _ 81

12" - " 3 " QO

12" _ " 4 " 115

8" - " 4 " --(Stockton) 45

Disk plows-

24" with 1 disk 65

24" " 2 " - _._. 82

24" " 3 " — - ___ 96

24" " 4 " - l{2

24" " 5 " 125

(For 26" and 28" disks add 02 and 04
respectively)
Harrows-

Spike tooth-

25 tooth, 4 sections 32

30 " 4 " 36

Disk-

8 foot, 15 - 18" solid disks 53

8 " 16 - 18" cutaway " 50

Cultivat£>rs-

Land— 60

Crop - 1 horse . g

~ 2 50

13o

Mowing machine, 5' cut 0 72

Horse rakes-

8 foot - 20 teeth - 1 horse -_ 35

10 " - 25 " - 2 " - 42

Planters-
Corn - 2 rov;s, 2 horses . 48

Bean - " " 42

Potato- " " ]^]_0

Beet - 4 ror;s " 52

Hay Derrick-

14' mast _ 9Q

Wagons - single 82

" - farm - average 1 I/2 tons 110

" - " "2 tons - 145

Buggies - _ gg

Hay press- 2 horses (18" x 22f) 35O

Manure spreader - 2 horses 17q

Potato digger, elevator type 125

Seeders-
Drill - 15 - 7" single disks, 4 horses ISO

" - 15 - 7" double " " - 137

" - 10 - foot steel wheels 106

Broadcasters 20

Thresher- grain - 26" cylinder, not mounted - 350

Singletrees, plow — 5 per doz.

Doubletrees, " t^q

Harvesters- grain binders, b' 189

Com " ■• - __ 200

Grain headers, 10' 300

Fresno scrapers-

60" »• 4 horses- _ 21

n

Corrugated iron rollers, 5' 50

85

" II It 01

13'

COSTS OF MISCELLA^JEOUS EQUIPf^NT

General Supplies-

Brooms - — — .„._ ^ ^jq

Coal oil, gal. ^23

Collars q QQ

Grain sacks gg

Grindstone _ 5*00

Halters 1*25

Harness:

Single -._ __ 20.00

Double work (leather) 45 qo

" (chain) - as.'oo

Horse blankets 3 qq

Lanterns — - '_'_'. lioo

Rope, heavy jf 28

Saddles _ " ^qIqq

Salt, bbl. 2!l5

Twine, binder, # '3^4

Wheel barrows 4*50

^ips - - ivs

Spray and Fumigating ijlaterial-

Bluestone — ^05 I/4

Lime, bbl. o 15

Potassium cyanide § _ ]25

Sprays, hand g^SQ

Sulphur _ \q2 3/4

Sulphur acid, § ]o2

150 gal. spray outfit 2.1^

Tools

Axes -j^ 25

Hatchets *,,c

Hoes ',r

... ^(35

l^""^^- — - 1.00

l^^^"^ -°^^^ - 1.00

Scythes ^ 25

S^^'°^^ls "II" lioo

Orchard Equipment

Pruning shears, short 2 50

: " i°"g - -Ill sioo

^^^ "- - .50

Picking pails ^25

Ladders, per foot .30

Drying trays- prunes ^35

" " - apricots ^42

Lug boxes - 40^ |l2

Dairy Eouipinent

Milk cans- 10 sal a p o.

Milk pails — : __ _ '■•' ^'^^

Tin pails :::::" ^-^

Vi/'ooden buckets */f»

Wall strainer and conveyor 10 'oo

Tube cooler — _" 30;^^

3 - H.P. boiler _ ^oq^Oq

Bottles, quart, per p;ros3 3*

" Dint "

pint,

75
5.75

^^If Pi"-fc " 5.00

Separators-
Capacity # per hr. 135 40. 00

200 50.*00

335 60.00

450 70,00

675 .-_ 85.00

900 - 105.00

1100 --- 120.00

1350 140.00

It

It
It
ti

ir

n
It

For Dairy producing daily 3uy Separator Capacity of

200# 450# per hr.

500 675

1000 900

1500 1100

(Based on comparison of man's time C ZOfi per
hour VS. intereat e^nd depreciation on differ-
ent sized separators) —

Bottle rrasher 5 ig.OO

Washing powder, per keg - 5,00

"^P^' ^^^^- - 10.00

139

Cost of Concrete Silos (Average of 110 silos)

(111., Mich., Wis., & Minn.

;ost per ton of capacity-

Monolithic

Average cost-100 tons or less
" " 100 - 200

" " over 200 tons

"• all

2.89
2.38
2.18
2.30

Block

3,52

2.88

3.11

Cost of Y/ooden Silos

Diameter

10»

12

14

20

20

22

Height

26'

26

30

30

40

42

Capacity

38

55

91

187

280

360

j^ Cows
will

feed
6 mos

10
15
25
50
75
100

Complete
cost in-
cluding
plain
doors
and roof

01V5
200
250
375
480
550

Cost of
Founda-

tion^^^

C20
30
35
50
50
60

Tot.il
Cost
(Labor
not
in-
cluded

$195
230
285
425
530
610

(a)

Foundation . figured © 07150 per cubic
wide and 18" high.

yard - for footing 2'

140

ANm>\L RATE OF DEPRECTA7T0N OF FAPM MACHT^JTOY

Grain drill--- ._ ^^

Threshing outfit ___j^2

Com planters w

" binders -.10

" cultivators j

Mowers

Hay rakes -

Plows

Wagons c

Harrows q

Manure spreaders ^^2

Harness ,

Gasoline engines 7

The usual general rate for depreciation
is 10^.

from which itwaspuM^^:;

SRLF

Rfcn iipf eff^f^

fwEEK N 30 1993
DC! 0 3 1S37

UKIVERSITY OF Ci

♦SOOA

A21far K^^xs "

*S561

A21far

1915

D 000 511 008 5

*" ^

i

r