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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

LIBRARY

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MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
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NATURAL HISTORY:

SELECTED FROM
THE “MICROSCOPIC CABINET.’’

ILLUSTRATED BY

TEN COLOURED ENGRAVINGS, FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS

MADE BY

C. R. GORING, M.D.

BY ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.L.,

AUTHOR OF “MICROSCOPIC ILLUSTRATIONS,” “A HISTORY OF INFUSORIA, LIVING
- 2”?

LONDON:
WHITTAKER AND CO., AVE MARIA LANE.

1844,
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CONTENTS

PREFACE
Section I.—On the Larve of Insects.......... a
Cuap. I.—On the Larva of the Dyticus, or Crocodile ..
Cuap. II.—On the Larva of a small Gnat, or Tipula,
hitherto undescribed . eee
Cuap. I1J.—On the Larva and atl of the Libellula, or
CE Re crore Ge a Al vid psa ae oa no a
Cuap. IV.—On the Larva of a small Notonacta, or Boat
Section IJ.—On Animalcules, or Infusoria ........
Cuap. V.—On Animalcules, or Eels in Paste
Cuap. VI.—On the Wheel Animalcule ..............
Cuap. VII.—On the Green and Brown Polype........
Cuap. VIII.—On the Lurco, or Glutton ............
Beer AN TNE SALVE 6 2 oo os san ws aie ees ois ess
Cuap. X.—On the Round Lynceus .......... sat
Cuap. XI.—On the Four-horned Cyclops, or small Water
Flea.. Ae ES Re
Cuap. XII.—On the small en or Vaulter. .
Cuap. XIII.—On a small Fresh-water ae Abs:

PAGE

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PREFACE.

Tue following pages, part of the Micro-
scopic Cabinet, are presented to the pub-
lic, in the hope that they may prove
interesting to those who do not desire to
peruse the part on Practical Optics con-
tained in that work.

The reader will probably consider the
Author as justified in this undertaking
when informed that these Essays have
been lately translated and published in
France, at the expence of an eminent
Artist residing there. A selection from
that work has also been translated and
published in Germany.

At the time of the publication of the
Microscopic Cabinet, little attention was
paid by scientific men to microscopic
pursuits :—indeed, it was then not un-

ll.

common to meet with a sneer on the bare
mention of the microscope. It was,
therefore, natural that the Author and his
colleague (the late Dr. Goring), should
meet with little encouragement from such
men. ‘They persevered, however, and
placed the microscope in as respectable a
position as the telescope, before the ob-
servers and artists of the present day
entered this field; it is also probable no
small share of the vast benefits since
derived by the aid of the microscope in
the investigation of the Animal and
Vegetable Kingdoms is due to the Micro-
scopic Illustrations and Cabinet, if con-
sidered merely as pioneers. Now the
public has taken up this subject, and it
has become fashionable, there is no lack
of labourers. |

The following paragraphs from the
preface of the Microscopic Cabinet, will

ill.

serve to introduce the reader to these
‘* Notes ” :—

“The study of the works of the
Creator can need no apology; of what-
ever class or dimension, they evince the
same infinite power and wisdom in their
production. Some portions, it is true,
present greater diversities in their forms,
and enable us to penetrate deeper into
their structure and organization, than
others—displaying more beauty in their
forms and colouring—more delicacy—
and a higher degree of finishing. In
these respects, the specimens selected for
this work are not exceeded by any.

‘“ While almost every part of nature
has within the last few years been ex-
plored, and our knowledge augmented,
the living objects described in this work
have been nearly overlooked by natural-
ists, and such representations as we

IV.

possess of them are delineated in the
most incorrect and grotesque manner that
can well be conceived ; for these reasons
the Author has presumed to call the
attention of the public to this interesting
branch of Natural History.

“The first thirteen chapters are devoted
to the description of the Aquatic Larvee
of Insects, Crustacea, and Animalcules.
The reader is requested to consider them
merely as popular outlines of their general
characters, chiefly collected from the
Author’s own observations. This was
considered preferable to a scientific display
of terms, or a lengthened history, which
many persons might not be disposed to
follow. To some of these classes are
prefixed, for the information of the general
reader, a few cursory remarks on arrange-
ment,” &c.

London, 162, Fleet Street.

NOTES

ON

NATURAL HISTORY.

SECTION I.

ON THE LARVZ OF INSECTS.

Tus section comprises descriptions of insects
in the larva or pupa state. To those who are
unacquainted with these subjects it may not be
amiss to give a brief outline of their general
characters, though it must be borne in mind, in
the perusal of this work, that it is not intended
to treat the subjects on natural history techni-
cally, but familiarly.

The term insect has been greatly restricted
by modern naturalists. Many groups, which
Linneus and others included under that name,
have been separated from them, as spiders

B

2 NOTES ON

(Arachnoidea) ; crustacea; mites (Acar?) ; and
centipedes (Myriapoda*) ; which were included
among the apterous, or wingless insects. This
rejection has been made from a more accurate
examination of their internal organization, and
the word insect is now confined to animals whose
respiration is performed by two trachee, or air-
tubes, which run parallel to each other, the
whole length of the body, occasionally sending
off ramifications. These receive and emit the
air through apertures (stigmata), placed at inter-
vals along the sides, or near the tail. As air-
vessels pervade the body, a complete circulation
of a vital fluid is not required, its eration being
effected by air carried to it, and is not, as in the
larger animals (vertebrata), collected into one
great vessel, and then subjected to its action.
Some observations on this subject, with illus-
trative engravings, will be found in chapter 3
of the new edition of the “ Microscopic Illustra-
tions.”

The nervous system is composed of two
cords, united at certain distances, where an
enlargement (ganglion) occurs, which sends off
various branches to the surrounding parts. The
head in insects is distinctly separated from the

* These are still included (but in a distinct order) by Cuvier.

NATURAL HISTORY. 3

body, and is furnished with two antenne, or
horns. ‘True insects have only six articulated
thoracic feet, and all of them, except the orders
Thysanura and Anoplura,* of Dr. Leach,
undergo certain changes or metamorphoses
(more or less complete) before they arrive at
their final or perfect state, in which alone they are
capable of propagation. In the first state they
are called larvee, worms, grubs, or caterpillars ;
the second, pupe or crysalides, in which they
are mostly inactive; and the last is the imago,
or perfect insect. Their distinctive characters
in this latter condition are the basis on which
entomologists have classified them into orders,
sections, families, genera, and species. The
most minute differences have been recorded of
the perfect insect ; but, in the first or larva state,
the descriptions are so meagre, especially of the
aquatic, that in many instances it is impossible
to ascertain the precise species to which they
belong. This, however, is of little import in
the view here taken of them.

* The order Parasita of Cuvier and Latreille. These are not
included with insects by later entomologists.

4 NOTES ON

CHAPTER I.

ON THE LARVA OF A SMALL SPECIES OF DYTICUS, POPULARLY
NAMED THE CROCODILE.

THE appellation of crocodile to this curious
larva has arisen from its general resemblance,
under the microscope, in colour and form to that
terrific amphibious animal; the sudden springs
and starts which it makes assimilate it also in
manners. The scientific name of the family to
which this aquatic beetle belongs is Dyticide, a
term derived from their habits; all the species
in their perfect state being observed to dive or
plunge imto their watery element when ap-
proached.

The eggs from which these larve are pro-
duced may be found, during the spring and
summer, adhering to aquatic plants, and to con-
ferve growing near the surface of the water.
They are enclosed in a species of bag or cocoon,
rather smaller than the common pea, of a
dusky white colour, and are prevented from
floating away with the current by a slender
filament, which attaches them to the herbage.

NATURAL HISTORY. 5

If a few of these eggs are deposited in a vessel
of water, and exposed to the sun, in favourable
weather, they will be hatched in a few days.
When the young first make their appearance,
the head is larger and the tail longer in propor-
tion to the size of the body than when full
grown; they are now remarkably active; at
this period, if about half a dozen be put into
an aquatic live-box, with a sprig of moss, as
directed in the “Microscopic Cabinet,” they will
afford an interesting spectacle under the micro-
scope. When a few days old they shed their
skin, and after the operation, which occupies
some time, they are almost colourless, especially
about the head; their activity forsakes them,
and they abstain from food. As they recover,
they gradually assume their variegated tints.
If they are now supplied with one or two small
blood-worms (larve of the Chironomus plumo-
sus),and placed under the microscope, an alter-
nating motion of the glottis will be perceived,
and, as the digestion of the coloured fluids of
the worm proceeds, the alimentary canal, the
different vessels, and their ramifications, will
acquire distinct colours, forming a strong con-
trast with the transparent integuments sur-
rounding them.

6 NOTES ON

The difficulty of distinguishing between the
ova of different species of aquatic insects, and
the trouble of discovering them, by reason of
their close adherence to the water-plants, ren-
der it advisable to collect the larve rather than
the eggs, when desired merely as a microscopic
object. For this purpose, the vegetation grow-
ing at the bottoms and sides of ponds, marshes,
and slowly-running brooks, should be carefully
collected and laid on the banks, or, which is
preferable, on a white cloth spread to receive it,
and then carefully examined. They often creep
into ‘small crevices and holes in the roots and
branches, to avoid discovery. At other times
they will remain motionless on a part of the plant
of their own colour, and thus endeavour to
avoid detection. As they move with great
rapidity when disturbed, they must be taken up
quickly with a feather, or the net-spoon, and put
into a reservoir.

The disposition of these carnivorous larvee is
fierce and cruel; hence, if they are madvert-
ently placed in a vessel with other aquatic
insects, the collector will find, to his regret, the
latter either destroyed or injured.

The magnified view of this larve, represented
in plate 1, was taken soon after it had cast its

NATURAL HISTORY. 7

first exuvia or skin, a time at which its vessels
and internal organization are, on account of the
thinness and transparency of its recently-de-
veloped skin, more distinctly perceptible than at
any other period of this creature’s existence. Its
pre-eminent qualities as a microscopic object are
now exhibited in the greatest perfection; its
anatomical structure is more delicate and beau-
tiful than in any other larva of the Coleoptera
order, and although its weapons of attack are
not so formidable in their appearance as in some
larger species, yet the distinct manner in which
its internal functions are displayed, more than
counterbalance this trifling inferiority.

Before entering on a description of the
drawing, I should remark, that no figure of this
species has appeared in print, at least in the
state here given.* All its internal structure, as
exhibited in the living subject, is delineated
with the utmost fidelity; and so minutely are
the details preserved, that a magnifier is neces-
sary to show them.

This larva is armed with a pair of bent for-

* In vol. iv., plate 31, of Reaumur’s Memoirs of Insects, is
represented a larva of a Dytiscus, something like this, but
devoid of any internal display. Also Moses Harris has a
figure, in plate 26 of his work on Insects, of a species appa-
rently not very remote from this.

8 NOTES ON

ceps or mandibles, as shewn in the engraving ;
they move horizontally, and are long enough to
cross each other when closed; they are of a bright
chesnut colour, assuming a deeper hue towards
the points, which are hard and sharp.* With
these weapons it seizes its prey, and, having
brought it towards the mouth, it commences
the operation of exhausting the juices from that
portion within its grasp, having previously made
an incision with the mandibles. This larva does
not kill its victim before eating it, unless com-
pelled by the superior strength of its prey, but,
taking hold of any part indiscriminately, it de-
vours that portion while the animal is alive.
Having so done, if its victim be the larva of a
gnat, or other soft animal, it turns it round, and
thus brings a fresh portion within its grasp, alter-
nately opening and closing each mandible, till
the whole is consumed, except the skin. If the
prey is a strong crustaceous animal, it seizes it,
and either holds it for some time stationary, till
it is exhausted, or nips off, at successive grasps,
all its limbs, turns it upon its back, and imbibes
its contents. The fore part of the head is finely

* In some of the larger species, says Swammerdam, the
mandibles are perforated by an oblong hole or slit, by which
they imbibe the juices of their prey.

NATURAL HISTORY. 9

serrated, as shewn in the drawing; but whether
these processes perform the office of teeth, I
am not certain. The palpi, or feelers, situated
about the mouth, are flexible, and composed of
four articulations, as shewn at a; they are very
transparent, especially about the joints. The
eyes are disposed in two clusters of six each ;
in some specimens they are placed at equal
distances from each other, forming a circle;
while in others three or four are blended in one
group, and the rest a little separated. The
head, when viewed laterally, is flat, and slightly
tapering, and is so transparent in the infant
larva, that the palpi are seen through it. It is
connected with the first segment or prothorax
by flexible muscles, which allow it to turn
horizontally or vertically; the latter, however,
is the most usual motion. In the thorax or
corselet, composed of the three anterior seg-
ments, are placed the ganglia, or nervous cords,
terminated by loops. They are very percep-
tible in the young larva, as may be seen in
the drawing, and are of a brighter colour than
the other parts. The two large vessels, or
trachez, originating in the head, here attain
their greatest development, and proceed along
the succeeding annuli, forming the abdomen, to
BS

10 NOTES ON

the other extremity, where they meet and
terminate. During the progress of these air
tubes they send off numerous ramified branches,
as displayed in the engraving. The inner pair
of vessels commence at the ganglia, and lose
themselves in the third segment from the tail.
In the penultimate annulus is situated the
pulsatory organ, which by some zootomists is
considered to be the true heart of insects, but,
from the examination of Cuvier and others, it
appears to have no communication with the
main vessels of the insect, and hence cannot be
an organ for circulation. It is termed by him
the “ dorsal vessel,” and its function, according
to Marcel de Serres, is the secretion of fat,
which is afterwards elaborated in the adipose
tissue that envelopes it.

To the under-side of the thorax are attached
six transparent crustaceous legs, marginated
with fine bristles, placed at short intervals, and
having strong spines at their articulations.
They are also terminated by strong ciliated
claws, and a delicate ramified vessel runs
through their whole length; the tail is com-
posed of two processes or spines, having several
smaller ones branching from them. When one
of the larger spines is destroyed, I have ob-

NATURAL HISTORY. 1]

served it to be replaced by another, which, how-
ever, seldom attains the size of the former.
These larvee feed on almost every other kind,
and, in their turn, are devoured by the larger
water-beetles (Dytiscus marginalis and semistri-
atus). 'Their favourite food is the larve of the
ephemera* and gnat. On the other hand, even
when kept without food, they refuse monoculi,
preferring to feed on each other. From this
propensity, if confined in separate vessels for a
few days, and afterwards put together, the most
fierce and obstinate combats ensue. In these
engagements the little animals display all the
courage, skill, and caution of two well-trained
pugilists, turning about with extended jaws,
till a fit opportunity occurs for attack. Their
courage is such, that I have seen a small one seize
another twice its size, and hold it for several
seconds. When, however, they are of equal
size, and exceedingly pressed by hunger, the con-
test will be continued for several minutes, and,
to the lovers of such sports, will be found not
inferior to any; and when viewed on the screen
of a solar or gas microscope, several spectators
can witness it at the same time, and make their
observations and remarks as the battle proceeds.

* An elegant species of this larva is figured in the ‘‘ Micro-
scopic Illustrations.’’

12 NOTES ON

They move with great rapidity, both in
running and swimming, and in the latter they
are assisted by their tails. In rising, which they
do occasionally for the purpose of respiration,
they seem to beat the water, and sometimes
hold their tail above its surface, to admit fresh
portions of air into the trachee, by the stigmata
or orifices near that part. In warm weather
they creep up the stalks of plants, and remain
near the’surface of the water, delighted to bask
in the genial rays of the sun, while in cold
weather they retire to the bottom, concealing
themselves in the mud, where they remain in
an almost torpid state.

As they advance to their full size their mo-
tions become sluggish, and if at this time they
should be infested, as is very common, with the
clustered Bell-polype (Vorticella convolaria)*
these parasitical animalcules will rapidly in-
crease in number, to the great annoyance of
the larve. In a similar manner, when the
larvee are kept in vessels too small to permit
them to take sufficient exercise, the Bell-polype
become so numerous as to occasion disease.
As a microscopic object, however, these para-
sites add materially to the interesting characters
which it displays. Their appearance, to the

* General History of Animalcules, figures 237 to 243.

NATURAL HISTORY. 13

unassisted eye, resembles a species of down, or
mildew, surrounding the animal. If touched
with the point of a feather, the mass becomes
whiter and diminishes in magnitude. The cause
of this change is readily discovered under the
microscope. In the first instance, the parasites
were extended at the extremity of the filament
that attaches them to the animal, and conse-
quently dispersed over an extensive surface; in
the latter case, they approach the animal by
bending or coiling the connecting filament, and
_ thus reducing the size of the mass.

Our knowledge of the transformation of
these aquatic coleoptera is very limited; Resel
and Swammerdam are the only naturalists that
have left any record of their change; and even
their accounts are partly conjectural. They
state, that the larve, when mature, bury them-
selves in an oval cavity formed in the earth on
the sides of their natal ponds or marshes, and
there undergo their first change into a chrysalis,
and after remaining a proper time in this quies-
cent state, emerge from the earth a perfect
beetle. The appearance of the complete insect
has no resemblance to that of the larva; indeed,
so different are they in the two states, that not
only have casual observers been deceived, but
Dr. Shaw informs us, that even the early writers

14 NOTES ON

on entomology have classed the larve with
fresh water shrimps, under the name of Squille
aquatice.

The body of the perfect insect is short, and
furnished with wings, covered by shelly cases
(elytra). Ithas two compound eyes, and is am-
phibious; it, however, seldom takes flight or
leaves the water in the day-time. The feet, which
are long, have the tarsi composed of five articu-
lations. The four anterior feet of the males in
the larger species (marginalis), are furnished
with spongy cups. They swim with great
rapidity by the assistance of the hinder legs,
and being sharp-sighted, pursue every aquatic
insect within their reach.

Modern entomologists have divided these
pentamerous insects into several sub-genera,
and enumerated various species in the perfect
state, the systematic distinctions of which it is
not the province of this work to describe. The
difference between the. smaller species (which
are numerous), in the larva state, is unknown.
I am inclined to believe that this subject is the
Dytiscus minutus of Linné, or the Laccophilus
minutus of Dr. Leach. These larve, when pre-
served in Canada balsam between slips of
glass, become permanent microscopic objects.

NATURAL HISTORY. 15

CHAPTER II.

LARVA OF A SPECIES OF SMALL GNAT OR TIPULA, HITHERTO
UNDESCRIBED.

THIs creature presents a peculiarity in struc-
ture, which distinguishes it from any other with
which I am acquainted. Its singularity con-
sists in its very distinct division into annuli,
and in its strong corded appearance, which, to-
gether with its beautiful star-like tail, small
dark eyes, perviosity to light, and elegant evolu-
tions, render it a choice subject for microscopic
examination.

These larvee are generally met with, during
the summer, in ponds and ditches in which
there is an abundance of healthy vegetation,
creeping among the stalks of aquatic plants,
but particularly in clear waters covered with
duck-weed.

In collecting them, a quantity of the herbage
should be taken with a cloth net, or bason, and
put into a deep vessel of water. In a few
minutes they will disentangle themselves from
the plants, and may then be removed to a con-

16 NOTES ON

venient reservoir, or they may be separated
from aquatic plants without an additional ves-
sel, by spreading the plants on a white cloth,
placed in the sun. In a few seconds they will
creep out, and may be taken up on the point of
a feather. Of these two methods the first is
the best; for, unless great care be taken in re-
moving them with the feather in the latter
method, their delicate bodies will be injured.
When it is desirable to preserve them alive for
some time, a portion of the plant must be kept
along with them: this will furnish them with
food, as there is generally an abundance of
animalcules about their roots.

They may be caught at most seasons of the
year, but in severe cold weather, they descend
to the bottom of the water, and remain in-
active.

Plate 2 exhibits a magnified view of one of
these larva in a position that it frequently as-
sumes, and also one of its natural size. When
recently taken, in a healthy state, it exhibits the
colours shewn in the drawing, which, however,
it gradually loses, if kept in a small vessel. It
is composed of twelve segments; the first is
connected to the head, by a ring or neck,
shorter than the annuli. When the larva turns

NATURAL HISTORY. 17

its head sideways this intermediate link enfolds
itself within the first segment, without disturb-
ing its position. The skin of this animal is
covered with a series of longitudinal stripes or
cords, as shewn in the engraving. From this
structure it happens, that, when the larva twists
or turns part of its body, the segments in those
places become less transparent, the longitudinal
lines assuming a spiral direction, and present-
ing the appearance of a many-threaded screw,
while the under and upper ones, crossing each
other, stop a portion of the light. On reas-
suming its straight position, its transparency is
instantly restored. These alternately opaque
and pellucid appearances seem, at first glance,
to arise from a power in the creature to change
its colour, but explained as above, which may
be verified by means of a strong magnifier: the
mystery vanishes, and we see how admirably
Nature has adapted its structure for the pur-
poses intended; for, were it not for these longi-
tudinal cords, in turning or twisting, a con-
siderable pressure, and consequent injury, would
have been sustained by its internal parts.

The head is furnished with two pair of eyes;
the anterior ones, which are situated near the
mouth, are smaller than the others. Two large

18 NOTES ON

vessels, running the whole length of the larva,
have their origin in the head, and the ramifica-
tion commences near the eyes. Throughout
the animal a peristaltic motion is perceptible ;
its interlor appears to be one large canal, hav-
ing the vessels running along each side of it;
the tail consists of nine strong bristles, each
tapering to a point; they are transparent, and,
when viewed under a deep magnifier, appear
like hollow tubes, without strie or markings of
any kind. The animal has the power of clos-
ing all these bristles into a bundle, and, from
the instantaneous manner in which this is ac-
complished, casual observers have supposed
them sheathed within the last segment of the
body.

As general microscopic objects, few will be
found to afford more amusement; placed in an
aquatic live-box, with a sprig of moss or con-
ferve, they form an entertaining spectacle,
entwining themselves among the moss, and
darting about in various directions, withdraw-
ing and spreading out the tail, &c. If put in
the same aquatic slider with the larva of a
Dytiscus, the latter may be seen in pursuit of
them, and destroying all within its reach.

They seldom require more amplification than

NATURAL HISTORY. 19

that of a single lens of a quarter of an inch
focus (viz. forty times linear measure). If the
instrument is a compound one, or engiscope,
and a sprig of moss is employed, it must be
fixed in an inverted position, by a little cement
or sealing-wax in the aquatic slider, in order to
appear erect through that instrument.

I am not aware of any account of the trans-
formation of this insect in print; indeed some
consider it as a species of Nais, which does not
undergo any metamorphosis. From my own
observations, I find the larve change to pup
in the month of May. In this state it is shorter
than in the former, and has some resemblance
to the pupa of the Tipulidan gnat (Corethra
plumicornis), figured in the “ Microscopic Ilus-
trations.” It is, however, devoid of its mem-
braneous tail, and differs also about the head.
When about to change, they fix themselves in
the crevices of some floating body, to assist
them in casting their exuvie. The pupe are
rather inactive, and float near the surface of the
water, with their head erect. Immediately after
their transformation they are of a pale colour,
but in a few days they become of a deep brown.
In this state they may be preserved between
glass and talc, as also the larve, and the skins

20 NOTES ON

which they shed. The latter are extremely
diaphanous, and the former furnish excellent
substitutes, when living specimens cannot be
procured. In Canada balsam they are difficult
to prepare.

NATURAL HISTORY. 2?)

CHAPTER III.

THE LARVA AND PUPA OF A BEAUTIFUL SPECIES OF LIBELLULA,
OR DRAGON FLY.

Libellula grandis.—Linné.
&shna grandis.—Fabr. and Leach.

Amone the numerous species of the family
Libellulide, the larva and pupa of that which
forms the subject of these remarks stand pre-
eminent as objects for microscopic examination,
both on account of the elegance of their form,
and the variety and brilliancy of the tints which
adorn them; while the possession of a sufficient
transparency to exhibit a portion of their internal
organization, and a distinct view of the ramifi-
cations of the air-vessels (trachee,) which per-
vade the delicately marginated appendages of
their tail, together with the peculiar structure
of their weapons and manducatory organs,
render them curious and highly interesting
examples of the diversified contrivances that
Nature displays in the insect creation.

The eggs are deposited in the water by the
parent fly, who, hovering over a selected spot,

22 NOTES ON

immerses the lower extremity of her body, and
deposits, at intervals, a single egg. These eggs,
when examined by a microscope, appear of an
oblong form, having the fore part terminated |
in a point of a blackish colour.* The young,
when they first emerge from the ova, are very
small; indeed, are almost imperceptible. In a
few days they grow to the length of the tenth
of an inch, and cast their exuvie the first time.
I have taken them of this size, in the months
of June and July, sporting in ponds containing
healthy aquatic plants. If these creatures be
examined at this period, their heads will be
found much larger, in proportion to the body,
than at a more advanced stage of their growth.
Indeed, by unassisted vision, they now appear
like dark specks, having a tail attached to them.
They grow rapidly if well supplied with food,
and, when about two-tenths of an inch long,
begin to exhibit all the courage and ferocity of
the mature larva, attacking with extended jaws
beings ten times their own size, and, when in-
commoded, even destroying those of their own
species.

The ramifications of the two large vessels
(trachee), running along the back, are now

* Swammerdam’s Book of Nature, p. 98.

NATURAL HISTORY. 23

distinctly developed in the head, and a larger
branch to each eye. These vessels are double,
and each separates into two at the commence-
ment of the second segment or mesothoraz, but
they afterwards unite a little lower down, first
sending out a branch to each of the middle pair
of legs, which have their insertion in this seg-
ment. The first pair of wings subsequently
emanate from this part, which may account for
the division of these vessels. The re-united
vessels proceed onward to the posteriorextremity
of the body, and then beautifully ramify over
the three membraneous appendages of the tail,
each appendage being furnished with a branch
from both the trachee. The larva of the Ephe-
mera marginata have a series of smaller leaf-
like appendages, on each side of the body (see
“Microscopic Illustrations,” fig. 7), which are
considered to perform the office of gills. It is,
therefore, exceedingly probable that these tails
of the Libellula, which are similar in appearance,
perform the same office, although they do not
exhibit that vibratory motion which is produced
by the ephemera.

In the infant larva these caudal appendages
are not developed, but consist of three tubular
spines, with smaller ones proceeding from them.

24 NOTES ON

The first and second exuvia which it sheds ex-
hibits the structure of these spines very dis-
tinctly, and, from its transparency, allows of
considerable amplification.

The larve of the Libellula depressa, and some
other species, are devoid of these leaf-like
appendages. They possess a curious hydraulic
apparatus, which Reauwmur* informs us they
employ for propelling themselves, and also for
respiration. ‘This apparatus, which forms the
cavity of the lower part of the abdomen, it can
dilate or contract at pleasure. When closed by
the muscular action of the larva, the water with
which it was previously filled is expelled, and,
by its action against the stationary fluid, the
creature is urged forward; when again dilated,
a fresh portion of water is admitted, and the
pumping is repeated, at the will of the creature.
The anatomy of these parts, by which the air
is absorbed for the purpose of respiration, is
briefly described by Kaurby and Spence, in
vol. iv., p. 16, of their Introduction.

The young larve of the Libellula grandis
swim with great activity, inflecting the body
laterally as they advance, and assuming the
position exhibited in the annexed sketch, the

* Reaumur Mem. Insects, vol. vi.

NATURAL HISTORY. 25

third pair of legs being brought near the body
by the resistance of the water.

This larva, which is here represented mag-
nified, is about two-tenths of an inch long; its
c

26 NOTES ON

antenne are straight and stiff, and the eyes are
much smaller in proportion to the size of the
head than at a later period of its existence. As it
increases in magnitude, the wings are gradually
developed, and it is then termed the pupa. In
proportion as it approaches its transmutation
into the perfect fly, it becomes sluggish in its
motions, and often remains stationary on the
stalks of plants, with its head directed down-
wards, eluding observation, from its colour ap-
proximating to that of the plant on which it
rests. At this period it evinces much cunning
in the gratification of its predaceous appetite,
which ceases a short time previous to its change.

During its growth it casts its skin several
times. These exuvie are beautiful objects for
the microscope, as they are quite transparent,
and exhibit the prominences, depressions, and
markings of every member, being, in fact, a
perfect mould of the creature.

The magnified representation of this Libellula,
given in plate 3, was taken just before its trans-
formation to the perfect fly. This period was
selected, as the brilliant colours which adorn it
had attained their maximum of intensity, and
the immature wings, with their envelope, were
most perceptible. It measured eight-tenths of

NATURAL HISTORY. 27

an inch in length from the tip of the antenne
to the end of the tail. As the details are
accurately preserved in the engraving, it would
be superfluous to recapitulate the form and
number of its members, when a more accurate
idea can be obtained by inspection, observing,
that, as the drawing is a side view, the broad
figure of the head (see the sketch) is fore-
shortened.

As the most curious part about these larve,
at least as regards their external organization,
cannot be well shewn in the drawing, it is re-

28 NOTES ON

quisite to describe it here, for the illustration of
which I have made two sketches of the different
parts.

The mouth is situated on the inferior surface
of the head, and is concealed from view by a
peculiar piece of apparatus, denominated by
naturalists the mask ; it is composed of several
pieces, and its structure varies in different spe-
cies: in the present one it consists of two cor-
neous plates, terminated by a pair of forceps.
The form of these plates, extended outwards,
is shewn in the annexed figure, which represents
a magnified nether-view of the head and thorax,
and the first two integuments of the abdomen.

The first piece of this manducatory instru-
ment is attached to the head, near the protho-
rax, by a strong joint; this plate, in its natural
position, is thrown back, and covered by the
second plate, to which it is attached by a joint;
it is convex externally, but concave next the
mouth, whereby the juices of its prey are more
easily conducted to it.

In the following view the parts are thrown
back, to show the mouth and internal structure
of the plates; the forceps, which terminate the
second plate, lying upon it, are not very dis-
tinctly seen. It must be remembered, however,

NATURAL HISTORY. 29

that this position is never assumed by the
animal.

In the Libellula depressa, instead of a pair of
forcipated jaws attached to the extremity of the
second plate, there is a pair of triangular plates,
each piece or plate being attached by one of its
angles, and forming a joint, which, when closed,
permits the opposite sides of the triangles to
meet, and, being dentated along the sides in
contact, they fit into each other.

The use of this curious organ is for seizing
their prey, a purpose which they effect with
much caution, stealing upon it till it is com-
pletely within their devouring grasp, then seiz-
ing it with their fangs, and, bringing it to their

30 NOTES ON

mouth, they speedily devour it. They are very
courageous. I have sometimes seen them,
when pressed by hunger, attack larve of the
Dytici of nearly double their own size. If
kept in a glass jar without food, they will de-
vour each other, first destroying the tails. The
ravages they commit on their less offensive
neighbours would soon exterminate many genera
if they were as prolific as they are voracious.
The all-wise Creator has limited the increase of
these carnassial insects, the perfect fly only lay-
ing about two dozen eggs, while the number
produced by some herbaceous tribes amount
to as many thousand.

The colour of these larvee when young, is
ferruginous, with markings, at intervals, of a
deeper brown. As they increase in size, the
wings make their appearance, and the head
begins to assume a brilliant variegated trans-
parent green; after this, the body gradually
exhibits the same hue, as shewn in the draw-
ing. The ramifications in the tail, and the two
vessels running along the body, assume the
rich warm colouring there shewn—an effect
which is greatly assisted by being contrasted
with the transparency of the surrounding parts.
From the splendour of these tints, and their

NATURAL HISTORY. 3l

carnivorous habits, they have obtained the name
of King-fishers.

The eyes of these creatures are very pro-
minent, both in the larva and final state; and,
from their size and curious structure, afford
excellent objects for microscopic examination.
In the perfect insect they have been a fruitful
object of study to naturalists. They are im-
moveably fixed on each side of the head, and
are compound, each consisting of numerous
distinct smaller ones. They are externally con-
vex, and it has been observed by Latreille, that
the eyes of insects in general are “by so much
the more convex as the insect is more car-
nassial.” Under a low magnifier the surface
appears reticulated, which, on minute examina-
tion, is found to arise from hexagonal cells, each
forming a separate eye. Leeuwenhoek states
that he has counted twelve thousand in one in-
dividual. The cornea consists of lenses pos-
sessing all the properties of those made of the
usual transparent media, forming an image of
bodies in the same manner, and capable of
being employed as magnifiers. These interest-
ing facts may be observed, by placing any ob-
ject under the eye of the insect, and viewing it
in a microscope, when each of the minute lenses

32 NOTES ON

of the eye will form an inverted image of the
object employed. By separating one of these
lenses, and forming an inverted telescope with
it, using a magnifier of low power as an eye
glass, and the eye of the insect as the object-
glass, and adjusting their distance, a distinct
view of objects at a moderate distance may be
readily obtained. In this way, the focus of the
eye may be found, as in the case of common
lenses, if we know the exact power of the eye-
glass:—for example, if this magnifier is the
one-twentieth of an inch, and on looking through
this inverted telescope at the window bars, you
find (keeping both eyes open) that three of the
squares of glass are exactly equal in length and
breadth to one seen by the other eye at the
same time without the telescope, the two images
being brought apparently to overlap each other,
the focal length of the eye under examination
will be one-third of the eye-glass, or one-sixtieth
of aninch. I regret that I have not measured
the focal length of the eye we have been de-
scribing, but in the common house fly (Musca
domestica) the lenses are each about the one-
hundredth of an inch focus. In preparing the
compound eyes of insects, it is requisite to soak
them for some days in water, to render them

NATURAL HISTORY. 33

supple, and then to wash out the black pulp
(pigmentum nigrum), with a camel’s-hair pencil,
when they may be mounted.*

To give a description of all the minute parts
of this larva that would interest a true lover of
Nature would occupy a volume. I cannot,
however, omit to notice the singular structure
of the bristles which adorn their feet. They
are branched, or serrated, like those on the
bodies of certain flies (syrphi) and plants, a
beautiful example of which is afforded on the
petals of the flower of the scarlet chick-weed.
In the Libellula their form is constantly the same
in similar parts; hence, we may infer, they per-
form a specific office. Thus those about the
joint, at a, plate 3, are strong tridents, without
any serratures or spines; while those that bor-
der the next joint, b, are formed in the curious
manner shewn in the annexed figure, which is
a highly magnified view.

The trident hairs lie on the inferior side of

* It appears, from some recent dissections of compound
eyes, that the plates which compose the cornea are distinct
lenses, each capable of forming an image; a tube is placed
behind them, and another lens at the opposite end. A favour-
able example of this construction is the pedunculated eye of the
Craw-fish and Lobster. It is difficult to find a subject more
interesting for microscopic investigation than the dissections of
compound eyes.

c 3

34 NOTES ON

the foot, and in the dry limb are barely per-
ceptible, from its opacity ; as, however, in cast-
ing the exuvie, these insects also throw off the
covering of these hairs, they are exhibited in
them with great effect.

The transformation of the pupa to the per-
fect fly is accomplished in the short space of a
few minutes, and is an occurrence that is seldom
observed. At the period of the change, it
crawls out of the water, and fixes itself by its
claws to some adjacent plant, and after remain-
ing a few seconds it becomes dry, and the skin
along the back separates, allowing the head and
legs and part of the body of the perfect insect
to be protruded, while the empty skin of the
feet remains firmly fixed to the plant; it now

NATURAL HISTORY. 35

remains stationary for a short time longer, while
the wings expand and unfold themselves; the
remaining parts are then liberated, and when
sufficiently extended and dry, the perfect fly
soars into the atmosphere.

This fly has four reticulated wings, and is
equally predaceous with its larva, feeding on
butterflies and other insects. They may be
taken, in June and July, on plants and on the
banks of ponds:—they are vulgarly called horse-
stingers, though entirely destitute of a sting.
The French give them the name of Demoiselles ;
surely our neighbours are too gallant to name
them thus from the very amiable habits they
exhibit in wantonly destroying every inoffensive
insect they meet. In courtesy we must suppose
it is from the elegance of their form, and the
brilliant colours which adorn them.

For microscopic observation this larva pos-
sesses much interest, in exhibiting, in a very
distinct manner, diffused circulation. This is
well shewn in the legs, especially the joints
next the body. The mask, eyes, rudimentary
wings, and the leaflet tails, afford permanent
objects when mounted in Canada balsam.

36 NOTES ON

CHAPTER IV.
THE LARVA OF A SMALL NOTONECTA OR BOAT-FLY,

Notonecta minutissima.—Linné.
Plea minutissima.—Leach.

THE rich transparent and brilliant colouring of
these insects, both in the larva and perfect state,
when they have newly cast their skins, the
agility of their movements, and the peculiarity
of their habits, excite an interest inferior to
none in this department of animated nature.
These insects swim on their backs, whence
they derive their name. At first sight their
appearance is not unlike that of a boat; the
hinder feet, which are adapted for swimming,
are formed like feathered oars; and are used by
them with much facility and elegance. They
are constantly on the alert, and dive to the
bottom of the water on the slightest alarm.
During the spring, they are found in ponds
and rivulets, and may frequently be seen in
droves descending to the bottom, on the ap-
proach of a spectator. They may be taken in
a hand net, though not without considerable

NATURAL HISTORY. 37

adroitness, unless by accident. About the
months of September and October, they arrive
at their perfect state, when their colouring is
much heightened. At this period their eggs
may be discovered in the water, adhering to
stones; they are small, and have a gelatinous
appearance. During their progress to maturity,
they shed their skin several times, and are then
quite colourless, except the eyes, which are light
crimson; they afterwards gradually assume
their proper colouring, and the abdomen un-
dergoes all the variations of tint from a pale
yellow to a rich carmine.

The body is of a “ squarish oval” form, as
represented in the magnified view of its under-
side, in plate 4, figure 1. The head is narrow
and furnished with two prominent reticulated
eyes of a deep crimson colour, approaching to
black. It has three pair of feet; the first pair
are short, and thickly beset with hair, and their
articulations equally distant. From their colour,
and the position they assume, they often elude
the sight. The second pair of feet, in swim-
ming, are usually laid downwards, as shewn in
the drawing. The hinder pair, or swimmers,
are the strongest; they are ciliated along their
margin, and terminated by large claws.

38 NOTES ON

The rostrum, or beak, is hard and pointed.
In some of the larger species it has sufficient
strength to effect a severe puncture and wound.
As this part is foreshortened in the drawing, I
have here given a sketch of the head and ros-
trum of the Notonecta glauca magnified. Its
covering is of a strong corneous texture; it has
a channel down the middle, and is terminated
by a strong hard point; the eyes are prominent
and compound.

The wings of the perfect insect are delicate
and transparent; they are folded under the
wing cases, which overlap each other along the
anterior margin; they are variegated in some
species, and striated in others. The folds of
the wings are shewn at a in the following
figures; the larger one is the wing of the glauca,

NATURAL HISTORY. 39

and the smaller one the Notonecta striata, both
magnified.

The body of this insect is fringed with long
hair, and on each side, and down the middle of
the abdomen, are disposed thick rows of the
same. In the larger species they are very per-
ceptible; their office appears to be that of buoy-
ing the insect on the surface of the water with-
out requiring any muscular exertion, which is
performed in this manner:—The insect rises to
the surface, and elevates the inferior extremity
of the body; then lifting up the side rows of
hair, it permits a portion of air to enter the
channel which they previously occupied, and
there retains it. When it wishes to sink, I ob-
serve that it strokes down the fringe with the
feet, and thus liberates the air, by which means,

40 NOTES ON

their bodies becoming specifically heavier, they
descend. The contemplation of contrivances
such as this, so admirably calculated to effect
their intended end, must surely elicit the highest
admiration of the works of the Creator, even
from the most obtuse and thoughtless. Many
fish possess an air-vessel, which, through the
aid of proper muscles, they have the power of
compressing or dilating, to facilitate their ascent
and descent. In these insects the same pur-
pose is effected by the simple law of capillary
attraction only.

Both in the larva and perfect state this insect
feeds on the eggs and small aquatic larva of
insects, and the thoughtless victim is often
captured in descending to the bottom of its
element, by the wary position in which its
destroyer places itself, with its rostrum up-
wards, ready to commence an attack. The
eggs are their favourite food; these they devour
with avidity, as soon as they are emitted by the
parent, even before they reach the bottom of
the water.

The species belonging to this family (Noto-
nectide) are numerous, and most of them are
inferior in interest, as microscopic objects, to
the one here figured. Dr. Leach has separated

NATURAL HISTORY. 41

them into four genera, viz. the Notonecta
(proper), Plea, Sigara, and Corixa, which it
would be out of place, in a work devoted to
the microscope, more than to name. His
paper, which displays much erudite knowledge
of systematic arrangement, may be consulted
in the twelfth volume of the Transactions of
the Linnean Society.

42 NOTES ON

SECTION IT.

ON ANIMALCULES OR INFUSORIA.

THE two succeeding chapters are devoted to
that minute class of living beings denominated
animalcules. This term admits of great latitude.
It is not confined to that numerous tribe of
aquatic animals which are wholly invisible to
unassisted vision, but is applied to all whose
members require the aid of a microscope to
render them manifest. Some have preferred
the term infusoria, they being always found in
infusions of vegetable or other organized mat-
ter, and have defined them as mere active gela-
tinous matter, devoid of any muscular, diges-
tive, or nervous system. A careful examination,
however, under a good instrument, will show
that all of them are possessed of digestive
organs, and many, especially some species of
the Vorticella, are highly organized. At the
same time, it cannot be denied that some func-
tions, which in the larger animals require
distinct organs for their performance, may in
these be effected by a peculiar conformation of
the integuments which envelope them, their

NATURAL HISTORY. 43

surface being so very great compared with the
quantity of matter they contain.

Otho. Fred. Miller, the Danish naturalist,
was the first who arranged the infusory animal-
cules. His classification and descriptions are
accompanied by drawings of each species,
which render his work, even at the present day,
the most valuable we possess, although his
arrangement has been extended and improved
by succeeding writers. The basis of his divi-
sion is, their external characters, and the struc-
. ture of their envelope. ,

Since the year 1780, the date of Miiller’s
work, very few facts have been added to this
part of natural history. The great advance to
perfection, which the microscope has recently
“made, and the confidence that, under proper
management, may be reposed in it, seem to
warrant the expectation of a great accession to
our knowledge of these curious animated atoms
—important from their immense numbers and
universal occurrence.*

* Since the above was written, this subject has been exten-
sively cultivated. See the Author’s last work on this subject,
entitled A General History of Animaltcules ; illustrated by 500
engravings.

44 NOTES ON

CHAPTER V.
THE ANIMALCULES, OR EELS, IN PASTE.
Vibrio anguillula glutinis.— Muller.

Tue animals described in the preceding chap-
ters emanate from parents, and although our
knowledge in some cases is very limited, yet no
doubt is entertained of that fact. With the
present subject it was far otherwise; for,
although we can procure this animalcule at any
period of the year, yet we were unable satisfac-
torily to determine its primal production ; in-
deed, it is one of those subjects which, until
recently, seemed to favour the opinion of equivo-
cal or spontaneous generation —an opinion
utterly repugnant to sound reason.

Figure 2, plate 4, is a magnified view of a
mature animalcule, whose real size is shewn in
the small circle below it; ais the mouth; the
light-brown balls, ¢ ¢ c, are particles of matter
found along with them. If we suppose this
full-grown eel bisected, several living young,
with the other bodies, will be protruded. The

NATURAL HISTORY. 45

remainder of the group there represented is the
result of such an experiment, and are all am-
plified to the same degree as the parent.

The infant animalcules present a similar ap-
pearance under the microscope to the prema-
ture young shewn in the engraving. At this
period, their serpentine motions among each
other, and their transparency, are the only
characters exhibited. As they advance in
growth, the alimentary canal becomes apparent,
and then the embryo young, coiled around it
within the animal, as shewn in the engraving.
They are very prolific, as upwards of one hun-
dred young ones may be counted in a single
individual.

These animalcules may be procured at any
season of the year, and will afford us a constant
source of amusement. The little trouble and
attention required for their preservation ren-
der them highly valuable as microscopic ob-
jects, all that is necessary for their support
being a little fresh thick paste about once a
month.

The paste proper for procuring these animal-
cules is made with flour and water only—that
of the shops, containing resin and other mat-
ters, is unfit for the purpose. It must be made

46 NOTES ON

very thick, and boiled; when cold, it should be
well beaten, and stirred with a wooden spatula,
which must be repeated every day, to prevent
mildew on its surface, previously examining a
portion with a magnifier, to ascertain if it con-
tains any eels. If the weather be warm, a few
days will be sufficient to produce them. When
they are once obtained, their motion on the
surface of the paste will prevent any cryptoga-
meous growth, and it therefore requires no fur-
ther attention. In like manner it will prevent
its freezing in the winter. If the paste is too
thin, they will creep up the sides. In this
case, a portion of very thick paste must be
added, to preserve them. When it is desirable
to give them a fresh supply of food, 1t must not
be put upon them; but they must be placed
upon it.

To prepare them for the microscope, take
a few drops of clean water, and put a small
portion of the paste containing the eels into it.
After it has stood a minute or two, the eels may
be taken out and placed under the microscope,
freed from a considerable portion of foreign
matter.

It is advisable to have the sliders for con-
taining these objects thin, so as to impede as

NATURAL HISTORY. 47

little light as possible; and they should be laid
flat till the instant they are wanted, as the eels
always sink to the bottom of the water.

As they are devoured by many of the aquatic
larvee, a few of them may be put into the slider
along with the latter, which will add much to
the interest of the spectacle.

48 NOTES ON

CHAPTER VI.

THE WHEEL ANIMALCULE.

Vorticella Rotatoria.— Miller.

THROUGHOUT the entire range of the animal
kingdom, there is no portion the contemplation
of which calls into more active exercise the
powers of the imagination, and produces in every
uncontaminated mind higher feelings of admira-
tion and delight, than that which comprehends
those animated beings, the evidence of whose
existence is not attainable by our unassisted
organs of vision. Animals endowed with free-
dom of action, capable of selecting such situa-
tions as are most conducive to their well-being,
possessing appropriate organs for procuring the
food they affect, and evincing an instinct not
inferior to many of the higher animals, con-
tained in a portion of space too minute to be
discerned by our visual organs, furnish sublime
and striking examples of creative wisdom and
power that must have remained for ever con-

NATURAL HISTORY. 49

cealed from our view but for the invention of
the microscope.

The peculiar nature and curious forms as-
sumed at pleasure by the singular creature that
forms the subject of this chapter, have pro-
cured it the notice of most writers on the mi-
croscope; it may therefore need some apology
for its introduction in this work. All, however,
that it appears necessary to state, is, that the
figures given of it by preceding authors are in
many particulars devoid of accuracy, and their
description of some of its functions so mis-
taken, that the Doctor’s drawings may be taken
as a fair example of our advancement in these
pursuits, while at the same time it is an object
the study of which is always pleasing and
delightful.

The wheel animalcule is met with in vegetable
infusions, especially in that of hay; in the red
sediment left by rain-water passing over leaden
gutters, immersing it in clean water, in ditches
surrounded by vegetation, and not communi-
cating with sewers, and in shallow ponds. They
are found most abundant about farm-yards, in
collections of stagnant water, covered with
weeds and conferve, and are at their greatest
perfection during June, July, and August.

D

50 NOTES ON

They are very fond of sunshine, and on a
cloudy day are seldom to be taken, as they
descend to the bottom of the water and conceal
themselves in the mud, or among the roots of
aquatic plants. After a few days of fine hot
weather, the pools in which they reside being
partially evaporated, they become so numerous
as to colour the water. They now attain their
full size, and the richness and intensity of their
colouring are at their maximum; the latter,
however, they lose in a few days, if confined
in a small vessel. Some specimens which I
measured in this state, taken about the middle
of June, were full one-thirtieth of an inch in
length, while the largest bred in artificial infu-
sions seldom exceed half that size. They were
very numerous; a single drop of the water
taken up on the head of our feeding-pin (see
“‘ Microscopic Cabinet”) contained about thirty
animalcules. They may be preserved alive for
a considerable time, if occasionally supplied
with a little hay. Some of those from which
the drawings about to be described were taken,
have been kept five years in a glass vase; their
descendants, however, are much smaller, and
have become perfectly colourless and pellucid.
The minuteness of these creatures renders it

NATURAL HISTORY. 51

necessary to employ a magnifier to discover
them. ‘The best method to collect them is to
take up a little of the water we wish to examine
with a ladle, and pour it into a wide-mouthed
glass phial, and examine it with a hand micro-
scope. As they soon attach themselves to the
sides of the bottle, they are easily detected. In
this way fresh portions from different waters
‘must be successively examined, till a sufficient
number is procured. For observation under
the microscope they are best applied to the
stage-glass by the feeding-pin above referred to,
covering the surface with another plate of thin
glass, to prevent evaporation, and to render the
surface plane, or they may be put into an
aquatic live-box.

The most usual form which these animalcules
assume is that shewn in plate 5, figures 1
and 2. The first figure represents a full-grown
specimen, the second the same when young.
Taking the average length of the mature Vorti-
cella at one-fortieth of an inch, the superficial
amplification of the drawings will be 25,600
times, or 160 in length. It is under the form
of figures 1 and 2 that it exhibits those curious
rotatory organs from which its name is derived.
When these wheels are protruded, the breadth

Dp 2

52 NOTES ON

of the head is equal to that of the body; but
when the animal assumes the form shewn in
Figures 3 and 4 of plate 6 (which are magnified
in the same proportion as those in plate 5), it is
much narrower.

A favourite speculation among philosophers
is whether the wheel of this animalcule actually
revolves, or whether it is avisual illusion. Iam
inclined to believe it is the latter.* Dr. Ehren-
burgh informs us, that in the Vorticella senta
the cilia are attached to several globular bodies,
which are connected to the inside cf the animal
by slender filaments.

The form of the eggs is oval; several of them
are shewn among the green matter at the
bottom of the drawings. They are sometimes
of a pink colour, at others of a deep golden
yellow, with their surface beautifully granulated.
They are deposited in rows by the parent, and
may often be seen adhering to the sides of the
vessels in which they are kept. The best
method to observe them is to place the bottle
on a stand.

The posterior extremity of the body is
colourless, and furnished with two pair of retrac-

* See Dr. Faraday’s Observations, in the ‘‘ Journal of the
Royal Institution.”

NATURAL HISTORY. 53

tile feet-like processes. By the assistance of
these appendages it attaches itself, as shown in
figure 1, at e, and thus preserves a steady
position, while the wheel-like organs are in
motion. Sometimes it attaches itself like a
common leech (Hirudo medicinalis), and moves
from one spot to another, alternately fixing by
the head and tail, and bending itself, as shewn
in figure 3, plate 6.

The apparent joints c, c, c, c, in the various
figures, are formed at the will of the animalcule ;
they do not appear to be confined in number or
situation ; the integument (c), where a joint is

4,

Wy

My Wp
peal)

7
NW ip

54 NOTES ON

produced, are drawn within the parts above, and
slide out like the tubes of a telescope, when the
joint disappears. It is this power that enables
it to assume the form of a sphere, the head and
tail bemg drawn within the body. This is
shewn as nearly accomplished in figure 6, the
toes (g), however, being still attached to a stem.
In jfiyure 7 it is entirely withdrawn, and forms
a ball, in which state it moves about spontane-
ously, and exhibits only the vortex (a), which is
also seen in figure 6.

The folds and external markings which pre-
sent themselves in’ these forms exhibit the man-
ner in which the body has contracted, and re-
quire attention to develope them. It is while
in the form of figure 7 that they remain torpid.
So great is their tenacity for life, that Leeuwen-
hoek states, and it is confirmed by Baker, that,
having kept some of the sediment containing
them, found in leaden gutters “as dry as clay,”
for twenty-one months, when infused in water,
multitudes soon appeared, unfolding themselves,
and putting out their wheel-like organs in
search of food. These creatures feed on small
animalcules and vegetable matter, some of which
is seen approaching it in the direction of the
arrows, figure 1. In preserving them, care

NATURAL HISTORY. 05

must be taken that the decomposed vegetation
does not accumulate, and a little fresh water
must be added occasionally, preferring rain-
water. A stem or two of new hay may be
added from time to time, and the old removed.
The water fleas (Daphnia pulex, Miill.) and the
Cyclops quadricornis devour them with avidity,
and must, therefore, be excluded from the ves-_
sel in which they are kept.

56 NOTES ON

CHAPTER VII.

ON THE GREEN AND BROWN POLYPE.
Hydra viridis et grisea.x—Linné.

The remarkable simplicity in the organization
of this creature, its limited functions and sin-
gular method of reproduction, form a striking
contrast to the grand and beautiful machinery
exhibited in the structure of the superior grades
of the vertebrated animals. The perfect deve-
lopement of their nervous system; the intri-
cacy of construction in their apparatus for pro-
' ducing a double circulation, for the assimilation
of their food, and the elimination of their old
and useless parts, are among the principal
means by which they perform those internal
functions of which the polype is either wholly
destitute, or performs in the most simple man-
ner.

The interest attached to these creatures, from
the station they hold among organized matter,
apparently partaking in many respects both of

NATURAL HISTORY. 57

the vegetable and the animal nature, is abun-
dantly attested by the voluminous descriptions
of them that have appeared since their disco-
very by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek in 1703,
and the investigation of their structure by Mr.
Trembley, in 1740. Mr. Baker has devoted a
moderate octavo volume to it; I have therefore
fewer novelties to offer. My principal object is
to present a more accurate and complete graphic
representation of them. In so doing, it may be
remarked, that the figures of this animal that
are already before the public have a closer re-
semblance to it than is generally cbservable in
portraitures of living miscroscopic subjects, and
shows the verity of Dr. Goring’s remarks on
the difficulties of making drawings from living
animals.* This creature being more quiescent
in its habits, and simpler in its structure than
any other with which I am acquainted, may ac-
count for its being more accurately delineated.

Plate 7 exhibits a magnified view of a group
of polype in different states of contraction, and
some with their prey within them; the small
circle shows them of the real size.

The polype is composed of a granulated gela-

* See ‘* Microscopic Illustrations,’’ Exordium.

Dio

8 NOTES ON

qn

tinous tube, gradually tapering from the superior
to the inferior extremity. The former or mouth
is surrounded by a number of tentacula or
feelers (a), arranged like rays around a centre.
They are formed of a similar substance to the
body, and like it are tubular. The number of
these feelers, or arms, varies in different speci-
mens from six to thirteen.

The mouth (see 6, fiyure 2, &c.) assumes dif-
ferent appearances as it is more or less con-
tracted. It is not furnished with any appen-
dages for mastication, and its form is sometimes
that of a conical or truncated papilla; at others
it is hollow, and has an aperture in the centre
capable of great enlargement, for the reception
of its prey, as shown in figure 4.

The tail (c), which forms the posterior ex-
tremity of the body, is slightly dilated for in-
creasing the surface of attachment. Although
it appears perforated, nothing is observed to
pass, the refuse of the aliment being regurgi-
tated. It seems only designed for attachment,
and to assist the animal in changing its place.

The whole internal surface of this animal
performs the office of a stomach, or digestive
organ. The food, when it consists of small
pieces, and the nutritive juices when large, are

NATURAL HISTORY. 09

observed to move along the arms and body by
the contraction and dilatation of the animal,
like the peristaltic motion in animals which
have a separate digestive cavity. No circulat-
ing or radiating system is therefore necessary
for conveying the nutritive portion of the food
to the different parts of the creature, each por-
tion performing that office for itself. The small
granulated bodies diffused throughout the sub-
stance of the animal are probably the glands,
by which the assimilation of the food is effected
—an opinion which is strengthened by the fact
that the colour of these granular bodies ap-
proximates to that of the food, while the
other parts of the animal are colourless.

No nervous or respiratory organs have been
discovered in these creatures; indeed, I con-
ceive the latter function, if necessary in ani-
mals of this kind, may be amply performed by
absorption at the surface of the animal itself, as
this surface is vastly greater in proportion to the
mass of the animal than are the lungs, compared
with the body of the higher orders of animals.

They move about from place to place by
alternately fixing themselves by the head and
tail; they can descend or ascend in the water at
pleasure; they also move along the surface of

60 NOTES ON

the water, and suspend themselves thereon
either by the arms or tail.

They feed on small crustacea, worms, and
larvee, but they do not refuse small pieces of
raw meat, with which it is requisite to supply
them, when there is a dearth of other food.

When in search of prey they stretch out their
arms and body to the utmost, and spread the
former in various directions, thus presenting a
large surface to entrap it. Figure 1 shewsa
green polype extended for this purpose. As
soon as an animal comes within their range,
they entwine their arms about it, and after-
wards, by contracting them, bring it to the
mouth and devour it. It sometimes happens
that the velocity with which their prey is mov-
ing prevents the polype from securing its vic-
tim. In such cases I have observed the little
animal, after the attack, sink in the water ap-
parently lifeless, and remain so for a few seconds
before it resumed its wonted activity. From
this singular fact, I am induced to imagine that ~
the polype possess the power of giving minute
electric shocks, similar to some fish and insects;
for in no other way can I account for the mo-
mentary torpor of such active little animals as
the water-fleas (Daphnia pulex) and the Cyclops,

NATURAL HISTORY. 61

after coming within its reach; and this is the
more probable, as their prey, even when it con-
sists of worms (whose tenacity for life is well
known), is instantly deprived of life, and no
weapons of any kind can be discovered.

When they have devoured their food, they
generally contract themselves, as represented
in the drawing, figure 2, and partially contracted
at e, figure 3. They are very sluggish during
the process of digestion, and the nutritive fluid
is dispersed over the whole internal surface
both of the body and arms, imparting to them
a coloured appearance.

The young are produced by shoots growing
out of the different parts of the body of the
parent, as shown in figures 1 and 3. They do
not possess any sexual distinctions, and the
power of reproduction is not confined to any
particular part of the animal. When the
creature is well fed, and the weather warm, it
is very prolific, three or four germinating at the
same time from a single imdividual, and others
again sprouting out of these while attached to
the parent. When a young one is about to be
produced, that part of the animal from which it
is to emanate increases in size, and projects, as
shown at d, figure 1. After it has increased

62 NOTES ON

sufficiently, the head is protruded, and the ten-
tacula issue forth. The young one then sup-
plies itself with food in the same manner as the
parent (see e, figure 3). Until nearly matured
and thrown off, there is an internal communi-
cation between the parent and the young, and
they seem to possess a sensation common to
both, for, if one be disturbed and contract, the
other immediately does the same.

In the autumn it is said to produce eggs at
the sides, in the same manner as the young are
formed in summer. This I have been able to
verify, though nearly all the polype that I have
kept propagated in the way first described.

The most remarkable fact relative to these
creatures is, that they can be cut asunder, and
each part will reproduce the deficient parts, and
form a perfect animal. The best account I
have seen of experiments on this subject is
given by Baker in his “ Natural History of
the Polype,’ before alluded to. His results,
however, have been discredited by several in-
telligent observers; I have therefore made some
experiments on them myself, and find them
agree with his statements in every material
point: a description of the details of one may
not be uninteresting.

NATURAL HISTORY. 63

On the 22nd of August (1831) I selected a
brown polype out of a glass vase containing a
good supply of them, none of which had more
than seven arms. The individual selected was
then laid on a plate of glass, with a drop of clean
water. Having provided myself with a good
Whitechapel needle, and ground the pointed
end so as to form a cutting edge, I severed the
polype obliquely, the superior part comprising
the greater portion of the head and four arms;
the inferior part being the tail, and the remain-
der of the head, with two arms. These pieces
were then put into a four-ounce phial of water,
with a few small crustacea (Daphnia and
Cyclops), where they sunk to the bottom ap-
parently lifeless. Three hours after the opera-
tion I examined them (without disturbing the
vessel), and found them in the same inert state.
Twelve hours after this, I found the inferior
piece attached to the side of the phial by its
tail, with its arms extended in quest of food,
the superior one still remaining at the bottom,
but with its arms extended like the other. On
the 24th, a new tail was completed to the supe-
rior portion of the polype, and the rudiments
of additional arms were developed in both;
they appeared in good health. The third day

64 NOTES ON

the new arms were nearly of the same size as
the others, and in less than a week each polype
had a young one shooting from it.

The most curious circumstance connected
with this experiment was, that the two new
polype had each ten arms, while that from
which they were produced, as well as those
that were in the same vessel, had only six or

seven.

It may not be inapposite to append here a
few remarks on the proper method of preserving
polypi.

They thrive best in a large vessel. A glass
cylindrical jar, holding about three quarts, will
answer the purpose very well; I have kept
them for several months in a vessel of this
description.

Although they do not seem to possess any
visual organs, yet they appear sensible to light,
and prefer that side which is most illuminated.

A fresh supply of water must be given them
occasionally. If it cannot be procured from
the pond from which they were taken, river-
water should be substituted, always keeping a
small quantity of live vegetation with them.

NATURAL HISTORY. 65

The common duck-weed will answer this pur-
pose; but not so well as most other aquatic
plants, as it is so rapidly decomposed in hot
weather.

Before changing the water, the polypi must
be removed by a feather into a goblet of the
same water, in order that the sides of the glass
may be well cleansed from the dirt and spon-
taneous confervee which adhere to it; for, if
these are permitted to accumulate, the creatures
will not thrive, although a due supply of food
and fresh water be afforded them.

Small larve, crustacea, or worms, must be
supplied them, or in the absence of these small
snails (Helix planata), or pieces of raw meat
cut very small, and carefully dropped into the
water over the place where they are situated,
that it may fall within their reach.

In cold weather they must not be exposed
too near the window, as they are very tender,
and become torpid.

66 NOTES ON

CHAPTER VIII.

THE LURCO, OR GLUTTON—A DIAPHANOUS SPECIES OF NAIS.

The transparency of this delicate subject,
exhibiting all its internal conformation, added
to its sloth and gluttonous propensities, are its
pre-eminent features as a microscopic object ;
while its perviosity to light enables us to per-
ceive the action of every muscular fibre. The
curious structure of its stomach, or rather series
of stomachs, is particularly worthy of notice;
their contraction and dilatation, with their prey
moving alive within them, as seen under the
microscope, give to this object that intense
interest, and produce that high gratification,
for which we might seek in vain without the
aid of that instrument.

The Lurco is generally found, during the
spring and summer, among masses of partially-
decomposed plants. I first met with it in a
trench of clear rain-water, that had drained
from a field of recently-mown grass. It was a
hot day in June, and during sunshine. In

NATURAL HISTORY. 67

such weather they come to the surface, but,
when the atmosphere is cloudy, they remain on
the sediment at the bottom of the trench or
pond —a circumstance which renders them
dificult to be procured. When found at the
bottom, they congregate in clusters, and, to the
unassisted eye, resemble short filaments of
vegetable matter, interwoven with each other.
As their motions are slow, they may easily be
mistaken for a mass of decayed weed. They
may be preserved alive for several months in a
glass vase, where their habits can be observed
without disturbing them, and, when plentifully
supplied with food, they rapidly increase in
numbers and size. They do not undergo any
transmutation. Those I caught in June were
about two-tenths of an inch when extended,
and about half that length in a contracted
state. The vase in which they were kept held
about three quarts, and was well supplied with
small monoculi (Daphnia and Lyncei, Miiller.)
In October, four months after they were caught,
they had become exceedingly numerous, and
they congregated together in large masses, and
many of them measured six-tenths of an inch
when extended. Several of the larger ones,
when examined under a microscope, had nume-

68 NOTES ON

rous small diaphanous globular bodies, of various
sizes, irregularly disposed around the second
and succeeding stomachs. They gave the ob-
ject a very peculiar and interesting appearance, —
and as they did not appear in the young spe-
cimens, one of which is shewn at fig. 1, plate 8,
it was natural to mistake them for the ova;
though it is stated that all the species of the
Nais propagate by division; hence it is highly
probable that these globular bodies are glands,
secreting the nourishment imbibed from the
contents of the stomachs.

The general aspect of this creature is not
unlike a worm, and, like it, there is no division
or neck between the body and the head. The
mouth (a) is furnished with a row of fimbrella,
which appear to possess tactual feeling; its
shape, when open, is that of a pear, the radial
muscular fibres, which are distinctly perceptible,
being stronger at the: inferior side. By the
contraction and dilatation of these fibres, the
pharynx is opened or closed. It has no feet,
but small fasciculi of delicate hairs, or seti, at
various distances, along its inferior side, and a
larger cluster under the mouth. The cesopha-
gus (b), connecting the cavity of the mouth
with the first stomach, is capable of great and

NATURAL HISTORY. 69

instantaneous expansion, and is never com-
pletely closed, for its prey, which it always
swallows alive, may be observed moving about
in the first cavity, and endeavouring to make
its escape through the contracted opening. All
the digestive cavities or stomachs are preserved
in their proper situation by a transparent mus-
cular annulus between each of them. These
diaphragms possess considerable contractile
power, and are attached by their outer circum-
ference to the muscular stratum, under the skin
of the animal, while their inner margin surrounds
the contracted parts of the alimentary canal,
and is fastened to it. The fibres of these mus-
cular plates diverge like rays, analagous to those
in the iris of the human eye, and vary the
aperture of the stomach, like the pupil of the

eye, in the latter case. At 0 is situated a pul-
satory organ, which terminates in two nervous
lobes; these are scarcely discernible in the
young specimens, and are not represented in
the drawing.

The digestive power of the stomachs must be
very considerable, as the food which they prefer
is crustaceous. They will often devour mono-
culi greater in diameter than their own bodies,
and that with a degree of rapidity and insatia-

70 NOTES ON

bility not inferior to the Boa Constrictor, with
whose manner they assimilate. It moves its
head with a sluggish motion, and, when filled to
repletion, is altogether inactive. The mouth is
not possessed of any organs for mastication, nor
has it any weapons of defence. So great is the
voracity of this creature, that I have seen a
middle-sized one devour seven Lyncei (similar
to those shewn at figure 3, in the same plate.)
in half an hour. Five of these were moving
about in the first cavity, at the end of that time ;
the other two, having passed into the second,
had become exhausted. In the drawing (plate
8, figure 1), at ¢ c, are seen three of their prey,
and the refuse of others at d.

The slow motion of this creature admirably
adapts it for inspection under the microscope,
where the motion of an object is always aug-
mented in the same ratio as the magnifying
power of the instrument. An amplification,
equivalent to a lens of about a quarter of an
inch focal length, is amply sufficient to give a
general view of its- organization. Its manage-
ment in the solar microscope requires consider-
able tact and address, on account of its delicacy,
as the heat of the sun soon kills it, and sepa-
rates its parts "in a few seconds, if brought too

NATURAL HISTORY. ra

near the focal point of the illuminator. They
are rather scarce objects, but, with care, may be
preserved alive for a considerable time.

ho

NOTES ON

“I

CHAPTER IX.

THE SATYR.

Amymone satyra.— Miiller.

If acontemplation of a variety of forms in the
animal creation will produce pleasure, and ex-
cite our admiration of the boundless powers of
their Creator, there is no class of beings so
various in their external or internal forms and
structure as those whose details are developed
by the aid of the microscope. Larger animals
in general possess the same number of mem-
bers, varied only in proportion and situation,
while the minute ones not only possess these
variations in every possible degree, but the
number of their members and their organization
are varied in a thousand different ways.

The subject of this chapter illustrates the
general characters of the untvalve Entomos-
tracea, of which there are several species. Its
curious form, and the disposition of its mem-

NATURAL HISTORY. 3

bers, give it a novel and interesting aspect.
The magnified view of the inferior side, given
in plate 8, figure 2, exhibits a full-grown Satyr,
as it is commonly seen on the side of a vessel of
water in an upright position.

The real length of the specimen represented
in the drawing was the one hundredth of an
inch. In the infant state they are much smaller,
and their great transparency at this period ren-
ders them highly valuable for the microscope.

These creatures I have found most abundant
in the spring, during the months of March and
April. They may be taken in shallow pools of
clear water, near the surface, among thriving
aquatic weeds and plants, by means of a basin
or cloth net. When the water is putrescent, or
the vegetation in a state of decomposition, it
will be useless to search for them.

The back of this creature is covered with a
delicate transparent shell, while the inferior side
is unprotected and membraneous. Its appear-
ance, when viewed in profile, much resembles
that of the tortoise, and the under view, shewn
in the drawing, is not unlike the form of a horse-
shoe. Attached tothe lower part, and radiating
as from acentre, are four legs and two antenne.
In the middle, between the two latter, is posited

E

74 NOTES ON

the mouth and a single eye (a) ; the latter is of
a deep black colour, surrounded by a quadran-
gular crimson socket. The two antenne (0)
consist of four joints each; their ends are fur-
nished with bristles. The legs (¢ c) are sepa-
rated at their second joint, and terminated by
strong claws. The peristaltic play of the ali-
mentary canal may be observed in the dark
parts running along the middle. The tail (e)
consists of two processes, each terminated by
strong spines.
_ In swimming it makes sudden starts or jerks,
and moves its feet with great celerity; at other
times it creeps along the sides of the vessel.
Miller has described* five other species of
the Amymone, some of which closely resemble
the genus Nauplius, excepting that all the spe-
cies of the latter have six feet. Joblot gave the
name of Satyr to this creature, from its likeness’
to a face, and Baker has continued it, thinking
it not inappropriate ; the two spots (d) “ form-
ing the eyes, and the dark alimentary canal
between them,” (which he has represented like
a wine decanter inverted,) “answering to the
nose, and the tail forming a piqued beard.”

* See Entomostraca seu Insecto Testacea, 1785.

NATURAL HISTORY. jo

This idea must have been formed when viewing
it inverted, as in a compound microscope
or engiscope. (See concluding remarks of

Chapter XI.)

—
70 NOTES ON

CHAPTER X.
THE ROUND LYNCEUS.

Lynceus sphericus.— Miller.
Monoculus minutus.—Linné.

This creature is generally known by the name
of the small Monoculus, though a very slight
examination will convince us of the impropriety
of this appellation, as its two eyes may be very
distinctly seen. Miiller, from whom I borrow
the name at the head of this chapter, has with
more propriety classed it with his Binoculi.

The shells of the Monoculi, as well as that of
the present subject, are beautifully marked with
reticulations of various forms, and present under
the microscope diversities in structure highly
worthy of investigation. The mosaic appear-
ance of the shell of this Lynceus closely resem-
bles the joints in masonry or brick-work. In
the Monoculus vulgaris (Daphnia pulex, Miil.)
the shell is covered with diamond-shaped reti-
culations, while in other species it is divided
into hexagons and other angular figures.

NATURAL HISTORY. ti

The shell, which is perfectly transparent,
consists of a single piece, no hinge or joint
being perceptible; it, notwithstanding, pos-
sesses sufficient elasticity to permit the animal
to open it at pleasure, in a manner similar to
the common muscle (Mytillus edulis). The two
edges of the opening are seen in the drawing
near ¢, plate 3, figure 3, which represents a
magnified side view of this creature. The two
eyes (a) are of different magnitudes, and their
black colour forms a striking contrast to the
surrounding parts. They are embedded in the
shell, and consequently protected by it. The
rostrum, or beak (4), is pointed, and partakes
of the general convexity of the shell. Beneath
this. is situated another process, similar in ap-
pearance, but shorter; atits extremity are three
setaceous bristles, which probably perform the
office of palpi; below these are situated the
two antenne (c), each terminated by similar
bristles, butlonger. The false feet, or branchee,
are four in number, and disposed in a single
row within the shell; they are hirsulate, and
terminate like the antenne. When in motion
they cause the animal to revolve, which it can
accelerate by the action of the process (d)
against the water. At other times the false feet

18 NOTES ON

appear to assist the animal in creeping along
the stalks of plants, to which they attach them-
selves by closing their shell. In cold weather
clusters of them may be observed around the
stalks of aquatic plants, giving them the appear-
ance of ice-plants.

The process (d) is ciliated along its posterior
margin, and armed with two strong claws, and
the curious trident appendage at the base is
attached to it. The ovaria are of a greenish
blue colour, and their surface resembles the
form of the mulberry. The convolution of the
alimentary canal, with the food within it, are
clearly perceived from one extremity to the
other. The most remarkable organ, and one
that has hitherto escaped notice, is the small
oval body behind the head; it has a quick pul-
satory motion.

The Lyncei feed on animalcules, and in their
turn are preyed upon by aquatic larve and
water-beetles. They are the choice food of the
Lurco, a magnified view of which, with some of
them within its stomach, is shewn in figure 1
of the same plate. They are seldom met with
in autumn, being the earliest to appear and
disappear in the season. They inhabit the
shallow parts of ponds, and collections of rain-

NATURAL HISTORY. 19

water. The young play near their parent, and
at the approach of danger swim for protection
within the shell of the mother, which she, con-
scious of their feebleness, immediately closes.

80 NOTES ON

CHAPTER XI.
THE FOUR-HORNED CYCLOPS, OR SMALL WATER FLEA.

Cyclops quadricornis.— Miller.
Monoculus quadricornis.—Linné.
Pediculus aquaticus.— Baker.

The Author of Nature, to whom all things are
alike easy of execution, as if intending to teach
man a lesson of humility, and that no part of
creation, however minute, is beneath his con-
sideration, has conferred on those animals, that
are barely perceptible to our unassisted vision,
more elegance and variety of form, more rich-
ness in their colouring, and more beauty and
exquisite finishing, than on the whale or
the elephant, which mainly excite our admira-
tion by the magnitude of the mass = living
matter they present to us.

The little crustaceous animals, which form the
subject of this chapter, may be found at all
seasons of the year near the surface of the

NATURAL HISTORY. 81

water: they are, however, most abundant in
July and August. I have collected great num-
bers of them on a warm day, in the latter
month, in a small cloth-net, immersing it about
an inch below the surface. They are mostly
colourless, in ponds covered with herbage, but
in small collections of rain water, on a loamy
soil, they are of a fine rich colour; they are
never very numerous in waters frequented by
the common water-flea (Daphnia pulex), though
frequently met with in neighbouring pools.

In plate 9, figure 1, is a drawing of this
Cyclops of its real size, and figure 2 of the same
plate is a magnified representation of it.

The body of this creature is covered with
erustaceous or shelly plates, which overlap each
other, and admit both of a lateral and vertical
motion between them. Their ends do not meet
on the under side, but have sufficient space
between them for the insertion and play of the
organs of respiration (a). The rostrum, or
beak, is short and pointed; it is a prolongation
of the first segment or convex plate, which,
terminating obtusely, forms the head. A little
above the beak is embedded beneath the shell
a compound eye of a dark crimson colour, nearly

ES

82 NOTES ON

approaching to blackness. The true form of
this organ is difficult to determine. Mr. Baker
gives it the shape of two kidney-beans placed
parallel to each other, and united at their lower
extremities. When viewed laterally it appears
round, while in some other positions it is
square.

On each side of the eye are inserted the
antennee ; the superior pair is longer than the
inferior ones. They are composed of numerous
articulations, from each of which proceed two
or more setaceous bristles. In some species the
form of these organs distinguishes the sexes, as
in the Cyclops rubens, the males haying their
right antenne enlarged, forming a bulb about
the middle, as shown in figure 4 of the same
plate.

These creatures move by sudden starts,
though they creep along the stalks of plants,
in which they appear assisted by the feet or
branchee (a). These members, however, are
generally in motion, from which it is difficult to
observe their precise form while the animal is
alive. One of them on a larger scale is shown at
figure 3. They are mostly pellucid, but occa-
sionally of a greenish blue colour.

NATURAL HISTORY. 83

The ovaria consists of two bags, presenting a
similar appearance to clusters of grapes, and
being of considerable magnitude, compared
with the size of the animal, they give it a novel
and peculiar character. The eggs are of a
globular figure, and enclosed in a transparent
membrane, independent of their shelly ovarium.
The centre of each egg is of a deep opaque
colour, which in some specimens is green, in
others red. Their number increases with the
age of the parent, and when sufficiently matured,
the embryo of the future animal may be per-
ceived under a deep magnifier. At the termi-
nation of the alimentary canal the tail is sepa-
rated into two portions, and the ends of these
_ bicaudal processes are furnished with branched
seti, which form a beautiful plumed appendage.

The coloured markings on the shell of these
creatures vary in different specimens, as also do
the colours of the ovaria. The majority are
pellucid, and do not possess the beauty of the
bright variegated red specimens from which the
drawing was taken. Some are of a blueish green,
others are red, with the ovaria green.

Since the above description was first pub-
lished, foreign naturalists have paid great atten-
tion to the Entomostracans,and have ascertained

84 NOTES ON

that they undergo transformation. It appears,
from these observations, that the Satyr, de-
scribed in Chapter [X., is the young of the
present subject.

NATURAL HISTORY. 85

CHAPTER XII.

THE SMALL CYCLOPS, OR VAULTER.

Cyclops minutus.—Miiller.

The facility which these creatures display in
transporting themselves through the watery
element, combined with the elegant and grace-
ful form they assume in effecting these motions,
renders them highly amusing and interesting.
The popular name of this little animal is derived
from its motion, which is usually a succession '
of leaps.

They seem to possess great discernment and
cunning, for, if approached, they remain motion-
less on the plant on which they reside, in the
apparent hope that they may be overlooked ;
but when a fit opportunity occurs they suddenly
inflect themselves, and spring away with a kind
of vaulting leap.

86 NOTES ON

They inhabit various species of confervee, and
may often be met with in great numbers on the
stalks and underside of healthy duck-weed
growing on the surface of water. They are
most numerous in April and May, and disappear
as the heat of the season increases. They will
not live in stagnant water containing much
decomposed vegetation, and require therefore to
be kept for observation in a large vessel of clean
water. They are easily caught, after a shower
of rain, on the under surface of the duck-weed,
by taking a little out with a basin or cloth-net.
When found, they appear busily engaged in
search of prey, moving about with great activity,
and examining every portion of the plant in the
most scrutinizing manner. In this pursuit the
body is not inflected, as exhibited in the mag-
nified representation of it given in plate 9,
figure 5, but.is kept in a straight crawling
position. Their natural length is about the
three-hundredth of an inch. In the drawing,
which is the first published in this country, Dr.
Goring has chosen the deflected position, as
giving a more interesting view of the character
of the animal.

The construction of the shell is similar to
that of the quadricornis, but it has a greater

NATURAL HISTORY. 87

number of segments, and is more gracefully
tapered. The compound eye 1s embedded in the
shell. The antenne are not composed of so
many articulations as in the quadricornis, and the
inferior pair of palpi are more plumose at their
extremities. The most prominent distinction
between the two species (independent of the
difference in size, the present species being the
smallest of the Cyclops), consists in this having
a single branchial or respiratory organ under
the rostrum ; it has also ten legs, and the female
carries a single cluster of eggs under the abdo-
men, somewhat resembling the wolf-spider. In
some specimens which I have examined, the
form of the respiratory organ was similar to that
I have shown at figure 6. It is in constant
motion, and produces a current in the water
towards the animal.

The legs, five only of which are seen in the
side view, figure 5, are so accurately depicted
that verbal description would be superfluous.
The setaceous bristles forming the tail are not
so numerous as in the quadricornis, but con-
join with the body in producing the graceful
figure it exhibits; while its intensely bright.
colour serves to heighten the delight and grati-

8

io 6)

NOTES ON

fication experienced in an attentive examination
of this interesting specimen of the minutie of
nature.

2)
a)

NATURAL HISTORY.

CHAPTER XIII.
A SMALL FRESH-WATER SHRIMP.

Gammarus grossi.—Leach.

This creature belongs to the family Gamma-
ride of Dr. Leach. In some respects it accords
with the genus ¢alitrus, the first three joints of
the superior antenne being shorter than the
inferior ones, while it agrees with the genus
gammarus in having bundles of spines at the
joints above the tail.

They are often very abundant in ponds and
rivulets during the spring, and in fine weather
congregate among confervee and water-plants.
If kept a few days in a vessel of clean water,
they become more transparent, and assume a
more interesting appearance under the micro-
scope. The body is curved and compressed
laterally ; it consists of ten segments of a varie-
gated cinerous colour, with fine touches of
bright red. The dark alimentary canal is finely

90 NOTES ON

displayed when the creature is well fed, and a
pulsatory motion is observable along the back.
The head is broad, and has a cluster of small
eyes embedded on each side. These eyes are
jet black, set in a dead-white socket. In the
species at present under our notice, the cluster
is circular, but in the Gammarus locusta they
are arranged in a lunate form. The antenne
are four in number, and are inserted in pairs.
The three basal articulations are larger than the
others, which are short and numerous; their
inferior side is studded with a row of fine
bristles, which, ordinarily, appear single, but
when viewed under a lens of one-tenth of an
inch focus, are found to consist of clusters of
three each, of unequal length. The legs are
fourteen. In plate 10, which represents a side
view magnified, only seven are shown, the
others being omitted, to prevent confusion.
They are furnished at their insertion with lami-
nated plates (cox), whose structure is worthy
of examination, and requires a good microscope
and careful management to develope. They are
transparent, having their inner surfaces covered
with rows of bent spines, which, viewed in some
positions, appear like lines; in others, like dots.
The first four legs are monodactyle, and increase

NATURAL HISTORY. 91

in magnitude towards their extremities; the
next two pair are small and tapering, and the
last six are the longest. They are all set with
clusters of fine hair. The three pair of bran-
chial organs which succeed the legs are in con-
stant vibratory motion, and play between the
lamelliform plates before described; they are
furnished with fine bristles at their extremities,
and along their sides: the latter are not shown
in the drawing, nor are they easily detected in
living specimens; I first observed them in the
exuvie. It is worthy of observation, that the
function of respiration in these creatures is
performed externally. The branchial organs
playing between the plates bring fresh portions
of water, containing air, to be absorbed by their
internal surfaces, answering the office of lungs
in the vertebral animals.

The tail consists of two caudal processes,
terminated by spines; they are attached to the
body by four intermediate segments, the first
and third of which are furnished on the
inferior side with a double appendage, as shewn
in the drawing.

These crustacea are very voracious, yet they
can live for a considerable time without food. |
put a few aquatic Moluscee and a Nais with it in

92 NOTES ON

the same vessel. It first endeavoured to avoid
the rapid wriggling motion of the latter, fearful
of getting its antenne entangled with it; but,
after a few minutes had elapsed, the Nais
became more quiet, when it seized it by means
of its monodactyle legs, and devoured it ina
few seconds, rejecting only the skin. Thesame
evening I put about a dozen more specimens
into the same vessel, and in the morning they
were all devoured; the Molusce it would not
feed on, though afterwards kept without other
food.

They may be preserved alive during the
winter, and bred in a large vessel of water. The
eggs are numerous, of an oval figure, and at
first quite transparent. In a short time the
rudiments of the future Gammarus are dis-
cernible near the centre of the egg, which then
loses its transparency ; they are hatched in the
spring.

They usually swim in a curvilinear direction,
and seldom in a straight line; they are exceed-
ingly nimble; they often swim in pairs, and are
said to assist each other in casting their exuvie.
If well fed, they grow rapidly, measuring half
an inch in length without the antenne; when,
however, they are about a quarter of this size,

NATURAL HISTORY. 93

they are in the best condition for the micro-
scope. The exuvie may be kept between slips
of glass, and afford very delicate and beautiful
subjects under moderate amplification.

Pai

‘ rae
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oad < *
fs =

bepete th aay ak eek Cae REGS ey

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