“

ase hrupal

poate

<

ate

es
mir eienenet
ae
<x
tate eae yee
Rate
seat

=

ACY

N

Saxe

As
~
=

SAS

rr
=

> ot

Sel yl eae ee

Prat es
guy ay
Gate

43
t

The

“_!

Ae

na oes re

aetiete tess eye ct yi ede

oe ot otee Lea
sii

age ehehe

Ve
+2

ior
Hy

ura
tat eset

;
os

th

o

7

7. <<eee

ett

x

; hk “i
j ; : P , teetit 7 he tf sie

3 . ; . ‘ | |
a a, We tae : rahehy Her a if +
a © F : :
7 M . ‘ 5 :

r ‘Se {
ae
+, r rf
rai

“ x J
+
: pps oe#

abet
Tee,

Cras

+ ee

etree ate
Chern oes

ied

a if | i my
‘dpe He | rite
b i hy | ta Ney 7

subieate erates

: tak { “ yea! : i te
pith | iter ut
i :

x >

a ' , v1
it : ; robe i
y :
re

:

4 LecutG
jain eM) i ahhh
{' tH rye
a
Teta 4) . the | |
aa anes enema “pie
ri ‘ $ ° ‘ ; J , ; wh F s - ? i 4 NM é + itt Hh
fi? Sere 3 Ge

ety

+ oa
1 jeete ;
ett? Se re ts: ; ie
1 ft j , . 4h at bap sth
_ J + : : : ; ete di - }
4f Po 7 a f ; ' beh ot :
dh ata ; yt

beet

+

4
4

4+ 4 14"

Ie ses r stotgt i That
iy thy ay tik, pisgere TET | a reine
ae ey , a : : : noe : * a ;

behest . :

+, je? i . : : ' { ut
iat 4 fy Pe a us

nena Siad
=

el

Gopyright NP

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT:

7.
oo

>
+

°

a)

+
a

Sy
%

.
4

Jeti.
sm
rie:

yer
bates

f ar

Notes on the Theory and
Practice of Veterinary

Medicine

The Basis of a Series of Lectures Delivered to
the Students of the Grand Rapids
Veterinary College

BY

DeANgHERMAN L. Scuun, D. V. M.

COLUMBUS, OHIO
THE F. J. HEER PRINTING COMPANY

1909

ae
ag
=

*

12 <i <hoe

. “ « « . he
7 i . . ;
* baa
, i- 3 rf -
> ca 5 ‘ . iia a ae =
a ‘ ein - = . . ad - ‘ ~
.—< . 's ‘. * ee
sia no : > ‘ é =
P ee 2 ‘ 3 ~ ~ atte
¢ =. s wv |
‘ .
wm » . y . a *
: ‘ mQ

aco-- pete

a

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE
memecess. of the Brdin ......... BPP ena Ry RAN Oe Oe Re ig Gite 136
ERE US Gy eR Ae SRSA RS ea 158
ES a aL er ea 65
PRE ree ic aU ae Ls ed Se ete eye 164
EY Ste CG IODINYTIa 8. she Ed Be des bee 127
RINE ING Pa ie a ens acre hes don GON a ih eee ss eles ls 125
I PE TERER NR 20s Sa lain So nin ue = be B 8 Pe we ee Eke ee 126
ETN ri. See att id dad's a wy lots PERM E Werke Oe te on he’s 45
ES RTS a. oi th a ir ca een ae Tce are rue Rel 46
mest matiotial Wiseases Of... ... .°. oe ee os kee eo ea a wave ele 168
REIN rt NF eA. Sa Sry Nunn pes Pal eee 136
ITEP crs tI EL ah alata oi n'a 'n Se ole a 0 0s 2 EES a eee 137
Suemecatis, ACute <..........- Eee hn, roe ie ERY Woke eet Sos: EEC ES 83
NE AIOE a La viv aed. « how che es wee § sha A es Sa ee a 89
Seiten, Actite .-.07..... Fe eet rel tea crete Ae i He eG cers Wee seeing at 49
Seeaten, Acute Nasal ........... fs SSSR Pe AAD Pe eee ee. P 66
aa Var OMIT i 6 ee Bs ee els oe ee Sb acoee es 83
ene Peete (erictre- Intestinal. oe i oie ok eee ke bee ee Mace bs 38
SIM eee OMAN Jo at es oid a we oc vb hs ee be bbe eke oe
ag EEE ara a Ne a ERR are ey eae) ee saa
a ETE tS gi RU ge Oe AR cea eg ey Ae 7
er Seritc. Naseer Olvtic. PIOrse. 7s. oF Si een. 68
IES, 1 ee i A A ae ae eee 70
IE A RIMIRE UU eee 6 oe vad oa wig ce'ne oo gees oN ob ke eR |
I MREBIES ACT ete, See Re ih ee oe ak os aw glee ee, ee WO. 120
Ee its sfe iP 2 <a ee gln yet o's LW p ln hx W yeaGhh Saigo » BOE ye awe Ag oe 27
muemat Caitie. .../....-. Pig 08 NER Rife MAb ARMAS TO a ies Se 35
IR RET 220 Be ee Sl ig Fuld died edaid'dn eels’. EAE Sah eae ee 33
ELE yg DS er RIAN eh SE Na Ce i Fol A aS Oa 35
IEE LP kD Nera Pe Aas ob ges o's we Ms Ue Oh ie leeds cake: 34
IN 6608.5 0), bk +0. Mat ca Ady ns shal nvidlalcovelpessciw'e d/o tis wine « io ake ae 36
eee ite- Diarrhoea ~ 2) acie >. secon 6 23s Ry any Sul nN AL ath eo Za 171
IL Poe's SOS ek es cd bk Fame te ate dee wool oe 88
I eae Sc Aa eat! oe Fob oi hoe ka yee ae oy eee 124
SST De aR eR oes oa i a 171

ETN Sige 8 SE LSS Oe aE RU en A ae ne 171
Diarrhoea, Simple

. e

4 ! A Table of Contents.

PAGE
Diseases of the Appetif@ss. i. 032.05... 3.02 2G 20 0 i 61
Diseases of the Circulatory Apparatus............... te ns a 54
Diffuse Cirrhosis’ 2).:.) ef. 4 wens stein celeagneesshe ss eu oy an 128 .
Diseases of the Latyox. (640.022 1484.05 Seo ol a ee 2b Sg
Diseases of the Lammas 025 oo. is onl Bc et eked 93
Diseases of. the Spleen... 2 2c ek Ss ete a 122
Diaphragmatic Spasms: .¢.. 5. 0.5 /s0. collapse geld so ae i 57
Diseases of the Urinary Apparatus)...0.....:...,..2. 9e. 5 eo 122
Doimmies . 2. eee oe ae a a a 132
Hedreria «ve lee wh eR Oe oe ee ee 151
Eczema, Chrotic Popilar oo. y iV sss oR eae Been J Se 153
Hervema, Dry. 220) a Gass Lee eee yan las ote haga 153
Bézema,’ Simple Generalized 0. 0020.02 05 0in aa oe ee die Se 152
Eeézema, Simple Local. .. 2. Joi 6 5 sis eia'siv't vee o/b 0m 151
Endocarditis,: Actite <i 0053 dc. 0800s 9 oe. ae 58
Enlargement -of the Heart. 22.0.0... 25000 Seahs O45 3)!)
Enteritis, Gast£@ 6 26.45 san cules idee ete bck wa ne uta 18
Enteritis, Simple\Gastro. 22. 030.. e ce binew Wa 19
Enteritis, Croupows; Gastro ) {if 6.2)... 01.21) es 2 24
Enteritis, Mytotié (0. sec 22 225i ttt aod ae 25
Enteritis, Chronic Gastfo 0.2.0.) ccs eco A i. 25
Emphysema of Lui@s..).20000 230800 cS eae A. teh oy 106
Holepsy: . oo. csc eek key eee REREAD EEA aia ew eclectic 139
EpPistaxis 9... owt SURI RCE R ES Mg Sia dead cota he | peli ae + ud 71
Erytlirérita . 2. one ee Ge Ed Ce eRe ere eo tt 151
Eezlampsia’ . oo. Qc ete Re By ge ea nen 6 none tn 140 ©
Fever, Thermic ». 2). cc. cies oie sie diene 415 2 ethos alte alla ge aus ua vats cope nn 141
Fhatulent Colic occ oo csc 5% a0 Si wb ian eka iach aie ct 35
Forage Poisoning of Cattle. .i....:5.. oiiwitele Cain ol +58
Gangrenous Dermatitis of the Udder...............0%.0 05s wee 161
Gastritis ~ ois (ih Se eee Co dev dns ceca alte 18
Haemorrhage of the Lungs.........6 2.000400 00 eeu n'a ee 105
Heart. Palpitation. .. 0.0... 0/0s.cluic se oe'ou eb deed be Oo Ue es te 56
Heart Disease... faci ue ve nce e Moab oh ov un eee ote neal ane ont an 54
Hematothorax: 2... 00 i355 24.4.0 2. sda pga eee ee eee «v0 tale glee 114
FR epatitis: so siecle is oes w diese ve wep wb bib de Ss seg en toe 120
Hives Serer err erry Se ee eee ee ee eae ee ey ee ibe mec ° 146
Hydrothorax | fo uice es vais s.enigp mo o'e'bicce dle Eon a tien PCs nn 114
Hey peraemmig i 'os0)i 6 ok eve oat Bie Shale’ wy ele eke eee ee eta 103
Tcterus, Jataridice oie ss 6 oinle dlerle Wu bic ale le Win h ootpos tla ll buat 7 eteie n 119
Incarcerated Hernias’ .... 00: ods Ati eos ae ee 35

Table of Contents.

IER A OR SE cia ge aoe Aas sin le es nk ape ee eS oe t ajtgiai
EE OMICS ek eNOS a Ge ete als Sis Scien eae yo hae he
SSS ens | 7 rrr Po ERNES Strats Sire Sat Ne oe: 2
OTS | IO GS Po eatin a
Meaction Of Patinch -.:..2.... + Pie Sn he EPS Mange eg, ea ee ce a
I Ba ea Ca Ne cla J jete ota hs Wald Rye pate’ w clea halo

a NE ESET RAR M aah Uli tS Sk hy C8 Ge NEE Ag Sea Water
eee OC ENTS eer el ee he aw in Seles ae ee ke
I BINNS N aha sgl ae mee SSE win iw 8 8 He
SPR estan Pe ATS PG ht) RS oe om Os amine Wace GAY Se Mca'e a Slr
a Oar Ba 2 en PS ee eee GE Ga a ad ces meds
REED Se EF IOPSER ee 6 ee So ie lenis ab we sd ened bees’
Lightning on Horses ......... A SOP bere NEE AS = LotR he Gite, Se nee Oe
SiN Ca vgs yes Wt ea a ta beat SRR ante en ae =

PRI ete rt Oe sR A ba Pele giclee Sea = SE ey ee ee
CII at aS SY So. eee ds See des
Mange of the Ox....... ye ea SN 1 2a Pees aE SG ah eee ene eee eet
RE rnateCtM at Se Fos. eS Baie, ts pre Bas Satie Nas ee a
ee ee eee ib amen wal lee aa on 2 cae ee ane es
Semeeerte Catatthal- 2 le. See eed ah gong aoe oaee 6 ee See Ea
ee LINC eU IER RIES ne ok kegs s Aes A en ak Pe wh Sw Be as
IE Te vie cr rine AO ed a ges es bas Daw new
ere A Meir AHO CONIS Oe yt. fsa ks te nee ta ee
ERE eR ee ne ee et ra Rn es ee uw kes Bak oe
REE, Paar ee Se al ON abe eure fe poets deat We, cath Whee ee ee

EC BE GTA UPYE S AROOID eo cians a haS des, Ufida. wate a aoe nce» es PY Fee Sn OF
RIE RE DE RE2 te a Metadata waite ala u cic weed ah hk Gas ai a he
ENN i a et 9 hee a CUA ER none
I F.1d pe See eh SR Bs ll oe oa es

SMES. “SHENSTIMNE heide V a o 1 whedat ma bow een ew KO Sie ae VEE PEG
TE ARE gS 5 ERT gi EET a le WR

A Elie CISC ol eee os ones oct nan Ss oat wha, Soke oleate Lv bs
MMPUINN CFs. W ASCE AL ME Ae eh Tera ita 2 ek fds, a aaa PS gt Ate wlalo «

SN Tele ie.) WOR ets yes Nn Le es
7 UMS SR AE 5B Ses Fee Pe ec e aeP n e e
Se RIE Oe Se a See ke a: an eB rast
Tee Steere eae eta eh th a i oa,

6 Table of Contents.

_ PAGE
Pharyngitis cos 6240 ue cd a ane eatin ai a Se 14
Peupitis (2c AA Es ee ee ee ee oe 108
Pleufisy 4.5 ek cs ae a ae ne ics
Pleurisy, Rheumatic ...... ae ahs OC EES ey ESF he ae 111
Pneutmonia, Primary Sporadic Lobat: i. .c03 560059 cc oie 5 Oe 93
Pneumonig, Broncho /}i5.o 6060: eae vees. ogee aon en 98
Pheumonia: (Mycotic 3.606650 6 fe i Ss pee 101
Prheumonia; ‘Intestifial) 0.030. sored vee oo ee a ee ee 102
‘Pneumonia, Croupous of (the Ox oot ose es wtb ce pb aby ite ie - 105
PaenmothoraK 2.) Fs ae ee ee ie eee me" 115
Pneumonia, Mechatiical os 2) o.0.30 So Ake a ee Se 99 -
Pryothorax Ph meses San Os SR we a ace earlier 115
Pittachistre 5 el pal eee) MA Deh oa luis henna meg ee@ba le Use ee 168
SR SR RR A ATE SE A Ye JL LOL) Pee Cle Pee aie ieee Piet
St. a) a ee an URN RENIN Meee RKO 81
Rapture of “the Stomact. 650k. gn55% (sae uss whe bale es 4 eae 43
Scanies,: Sheep: is teres i eek eoe Bey Eee Cee ere Bete ae ee 156
Scabies, Psoroptic of Sheep ii. 0. Ce eee se ata bla dob eer 156
Sheep: Scabies *. : 3.9.46. ..55; se du téeenne dee sel ee 156
Sheep, Wool Pulling ........... Lies dae oleae Calas oe 12 ae
Slobbering ........ Wa OY: Binet bees. 5 cee Lek, en? eee eae BY
SSCOTIRALIENS oo LEA a WE bias od cee Gat Ld 7
Stomatitis, Catarrhal oo. kb ode chow MeO eI 7
Stomatitis, Mycotie: tsi. 34 30 bhs tan cet cee Sy ee 4 9
Sweating of Blood 3.) ccc he eh ee ee ee ee 148
6 |. a Ln Mit INEM BOM MMMM an Me by Sie 162
PONDS oo Soh We RS Ck teed il eS eee ar 55
Traumatic Pericarditis 50.0006 sk 2 ha eb 4d ie a4
Udder, Abscess 3). coe iiehbs calowswle » pole adie ele ae 158
Urethra, Hyperacshesia ) oii. 6 dy ot ad ee a 127
Uterus, Chronic’ Catarrh 0.0 2G sien boo sade tk ae 144
LI THCAPIA Ss os oe edb ee daw akd tee es ohm ee ee he ee eee 146
Verte 'is.. . nies vibe PAW lcd Ca ee ks oe be bia alban a ne woah ene 135
Weakness of New-born .v.....h35 08 8cd ies on 0 te 167
Weakness due to itinget. 00.0 ns ea apa eee 168

Wool Pulling in ‘Sheep oy. 08s waa ee 65

Notes on the Theory and Practice of Veter-
inary Medicine.

STOMATITIS.

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the mouth.
Pathologically there are the following forms: Catar-
thal, ulcerative, croupous, vesicular, pustular.
From a clinical point of view there are only three
forms of importance. |
1 — Catarrhal.
2— Vesicular, (sometimes called aptha).
3 — Ulcerative, (mostly in dogs). |

Causes :-—
Anything irritating the mucous membrane sufficiently
to cause it to become inflamed.

CATARRHAL STOMATITIS.

Aetiology:—(Causes).
I— Traumatisms, (rough teeth, bruising while
dressing, severe bits).
2— Foreign bodies, especially those lodging
between the teeth.

* 3— Rough foods.

. 4— Chemicals, (acids, alkalies or various drugs;
as calomel aconite, hellebore, chloral pills,
licking blisters, etc.)

5 — Thermic causes, such as hot drenches.
7

atts

8 Notes on

6 — Caterpillars, (from bedding with leaves in the
fall).

7 — Fungi, moulds, smuts, rusts on grain and
ergotism. |

8 — Secondary to gastro-intestinal diseases.

Symptonis:—(First stage).

1— Anorexia. (Loss of appetite).

2— Mouth shy. The animal objects to an exam-
ination of the mouth.

3 — The mucous membrane is dry and congested,
(lampas). Lampas in growing horses is due
to shedding and replacing of the temporary
teeth by permanent teeth.

4— The tongue is coated. There is a prolifer-,
ation of the epithelium causing a catarrhal
exudation, which is not readily removed by
mechanical means. .

s— There is a lack of saliva in mouth. The
mouth is dry.

6— The odor of the mouth is sweetish, (bad
breath). | |

7 —Slobbering. (Ptyalism).

Second stage:—

8 —Symptoms not so pronounced and mouth is
unduly moist.

gQ— There are local lesions, (shallow, catarrhal
erosions on the inner surface of the lips, bars
and frenum of the tongue).

Prognosis :—
As a rule the prognosis is good in catarrhal stomatitis.

In most cases it is good, depending, of course, upon the
cause.

: Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 9

Treatment :-—
1— Wash out mouth with some antiseptic wash.
Creolin one per cent, safest and best.
2—A saturated solution of salt and vinegar.
3 — Alum, two, per cent solution.
4— Tannin, one per cent solution.
, 5 — Keep a bucket of water before the horse con-.
| stantly, to this add one tablespoonful of borax.
or potassium chlorate.

Mycotic STOMATITIS.
(Also called vesicular stomatitis. )

This in an inflammation of the mucous membrane of
-~ the mouth due to fungi. In this disease there is formed
upon the mucous membrane of the mouth of cattle, blisters
or vesicles. These usually heal without -any trouble, but
sometimes. form ulcers, leaving a scar forming a cicatrix
or pit.

Occurrence :—

This occurs quite commoniy in the U. S., especially
in the Southwest and Texas. It is usually seen during or
after a period of drought when rains begin to come.
It frequently visits only one neighborhood during the season,
and appearing in another section of the country or re-ap-
_ pearing in the same locality the next season. This some-
what resembles foot and mouth disease of cattle. This dis-
ease is neither infectious or contagious, but sporadic, while
“foot and mouth” disease is very contagious. Cattle kept
on grass are the only ones affected. It is very rarely seen
in stable cattle. Mvycotic stomatitis also involves the feet.

tnnses:-—

The cause is not exactly known. It is supposed that

10 Notes on

the animal eats certain fungi growing on crops, such as
clover and rape. The fungus of rape if placed in the mouth
of healthy cattle, will cause similar symptoms to those of
mycotic stomatitis. It seems that more than one kind of
fungus will cause these symptoms.

Symptoms :—(General ).
~The symptoms are those of stomatitis and lameness.
It affects the muzzle, skin of the neck and the udder.

I — Stomatitis.

2—Sore feet.

3 — Skin eruptions. ‘

Symptoms :—( Proper).

1 — Anorexia.

2— The mouth is inflamed in the earlier stages,
(hot, red and painful).

3— On the mucous membrane, gums, dental pad
and under the tongue, well marked vesicles
appear. These vesicles coalesce and erode,
forming ulcers, about the size of a twenty-
five cent piece. Occasionally by coalescence
large ulcers occur, (as large as a dollar).

4— Sometimes these ulcers occur on the tongue.

5— These ulcers are surrounded by a line of
demarcation, and are of a brownish color.
The mucous membrane of this region is hard,
dry, cracks open and becomes covered with
scabs.

6 — Bad breath, extremely offensive. +

7— There is slobbering, foamy saliva, cattle
smack the lips and saliva flows from the
mouth.

8 — There is swelling and pain in the region of
the pastern, at times the fore-feet, and again
the hind feet. At times all four feet. It
rarely extends higher than the carpus and tar-

s

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 11

sus. The skin around the coronet is fissured.
Between the feet there are cracks, which be-
come affected, and as a result pus flows.
These resemble a subcoronary phlegmon. It
is hard to make animals rise and_ they
are very lame. ‘The skin has eruptions and
cracks filled with serum forming a brown
scab.

g— The animal rapidly loses flesh and becomes
emaciated.

10 — An increase in temperature to about 2°.

10 — Acceleration of pulse, 20 to 30 beats per
minute.

12— The faeces are thin and the excrements have

} a foetid odor.
Prognosis :—

The prognosis is usually good, mild cases completely
recover in a week, in severe cases the death rate is one-
half to one per cent. Those dying usually die from com-
plications. The animal gets down, cannot eat and is cov-
ered with decubital ulcers.

Differential Diagnosis :—
This may be confused with ergotism or true foot and
mouth disease.

Treatment :—

Take all cattle from the the pasture and put in the
barn. Feed gruel or bran, all they will eat, and keep
a pail of water before the animal constantly. Put in this
water one tablespoonful of chlorate of potash or borax.
If cattle can be handled, wash out mouth with one per-
cent solution of creolin. Where there is a large number
of animals mix thoroughly two teaspoonfuls of carbolic
acid in each bran mash, to be fed every morning. Also
feed medicated salt. Take ten quarts of common salt,
pour over it eight ounces of crude carbolic acid and mix

12 Notes on

thoroughly. Feet should be treated with a creolin or
carbolic acid solution.

SLOBBERING.—PTYALIsM.

Ptvalism does not mean anything specific. It is not a
disease but simply a symptom. It is not due to any one

Cause,
+

Causes :— :
i Pramary: 7
(1) . Stomatitis... (bit, -bad teeth; eiam
(2) Sharp teeth; Garge percent. )
(3) Foreign bodies in the mouth.
(4) Clover like forage, probably bearing
7 fungi.
2— Secondary.
(1) Pharyngitis.
(2) Rabies.
(3) Tetanus.
(4) Milk fever. (cows).
(5) Poison.
(6) Drugs.
a — Pilocarpine. -
b — Arecoline.
c— Mercury, especially in cattle (mer-
curialism. )
d— lodine (lodism).
Treatment :— |
If primary give} oz. Burdock; if not, remove the

Cause.

Idiopathic :—

This form occurs without any known cause. It is
usually seen in dairy cattle as a result of necrosis from
resting the head on foot board of the stanchion.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 13

PAROTITS.

Parotitis is an inflammation of the parotid salivary
gland and is seldom found in the horse. It is identical
with mumps in dogs and cats.

Aetiology: — Primary Causes:

This disease may be traced to several causes, such as:
1— Traumatic parotitis, due to an injury.
2— Primary idiopathic parotitis. This is sup-
posed to be due to a specific infection.

Secondary Causes :—

1 — Metastatsis,
2 — Pyzmia.

3 — Septicaemia.
4 — Glanders.

5 — Distemper.

Parotitis in cattle is due to actynomycosis fungi gain-
ing entrance to the gland by way of the mouth and steno’s
duct. The latter is found in cattle as a chronic inflammation
of the salivary glands. )

Symptoms :-—
Clinically we have three forms, and all three forms
have some symptoms in common, viz:

1 — Swelling of the parotid gland, which is uni-
lateral or bilateral.
2 — In bilateral parotitis there is but one abscess.
3 — There is stiffness of head and neck.
4— The head is held poked out. this makes the
. act of deglutition very hard.
5 — The temperature is elevated from 1 to 2

ae

e)

Course:

' The course is about ten days.

14 Notes on

Differential Diagnosis:

1— Lymphatic abscess formation in the maxil-
lary glands.
2— This disease may be diagnosed as pharyngitis.

Treatment:

1— Camphorated oil or antiphlogistine, exter-

nally.
2— Spirits of camphor or ammonia liniment ex-
ternally. |
3 — Internally,
R
Normal tincture phytolacca M 5
Normal tincture aconite M 2
M Sig:— Every two hours in a little
water.

4-— Feed nothing but soft feed, bran mashes, etc.

5 — Keep clean fresh water in front of the animal
constantly,

6—If the animal becomes weakened give arti-
ficial stimulation, as strychnine, whiskey, al-
cohol, ether, etc.

PHARYNGITIS.
(SorE THROAT. )

Pharyngitis very rarely occurs alone.

Most of the cases in practice are ““Laryngo pharyngitis”
or ‘“Pharyngo-laryngitis”. In the latter symptoms of pha-
ryngitis predominate and in the former mainly symptoms
of cough. This inflammation spreads by continuity, and it
very seldonr happens that one part is affected without the
other. It may also involve the tonsils, the palate, the nasal
passages, and the upper portion of wind pipe. The gut-

ee

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 15

tural pouches are very rarely affected. Pharyngitis always
is accompanied with more or less symptoms of stomatitis.

Causes:

According to the cause there are the following forms:
1 — Sporadic, non-infectious.
2— Infectious, this is secondary to some other
disease.

Causes of Sporadic:

1 — Traumatisms.

2 — Thermic.

3 — Chemical.

4— The so-called catching cold. | (catarrhal)
This occurs mostly in horses having extraor-
dinary care and then exposed... Sudden
changes of temperature are very inducive to
-catarrhal diseases. The inflammation may
spread from the mouth, the nose and the lar-
ynx to the pharynx.

5 — From a spreading of the catarrh from other
parts. The above conditions are usually seen
in young debilitated horses. ?

6 — This disease may occur as a symptom in rab-
ies, strangles, influenza,’ purpura, glanders,
chest plague, of horses and tuberculosis, Es-
pecially strangles and contagious corrhyaza.

Symptoms:

1 — Anorexia.

2 — Coughing.

3 — The animal holds head “poked out”
vated. |

4— There is a regurgitation of water and liquid-
food through the nostrils.

5 — There is pain on pressure over the pharynx.

6 — There is heat and swelling over the pharynx.

nose ele-

b

16 Notes on

7—sSymptoms of ptyalism.

8 — The breath is offensive, but this is not a char-
acteristic symptom.

g — In sporadic there is a low temperature, while
in the other forms the temperature is high,
102 to 105° FF.

1o — The pulse is rapid and weak. (cloudy swelling
of heart).

11 — Respiration as a rule is not accelerated, } at
may run up in complications,

Complications:

Laryngitis and stomatitis are usually associated with
pharyngitis. There may be rhinitis, (inflammation of the
nasal mucous membrane), a nasal discharge is the most
prominent symptom of this disease.

Course:

The course is usually acute, the animal recoyering in
from one ‘to two weeks. Sometimes, however, it leads to
abscess formation in the subparotid lymph glands. This
usually speaks for strangles.

Results of the disease:
(Outcome. )

1— Abscess formation in the retropharyngial
lymph glands. (ox.)

2— Thickening of. pharyngeal mucous membrane
chronic dyspnoea or roaring.

3 — Paralysis of the throat.

4— Foreign body pneumonia, (mechanical pneu-
monia ).

Differential Diagnosis:

1 — Foreign bodies.
2— Tumors, occasionally polypi-form in pharynx,
Actinomycomas.

-

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 17

3 — Parotitis, (mumps) stomatitis, glositis, ordi-
nary ptyalism.
4—Strangles, (ushered in by high temperature,
165 to 107° 1. | |

Prognosis:

The prognosis is usually good. In acute cases it is
favorable, in severe cases less favorable. Very often com-
plications leave the animal in a worthless condition.
Treatment:

1— Good care and cleanliness.
2— Antiphlogistine, stimulating liniments and
blisters externally. Blister with

R
Pulverized cantharides 3 ge T
Pulverized euphorbia Qn: 1
Vaseline or lard OZ.

Heat four to five hours in water bath.
Sig.:— Apply freely and rub in well.
Stimulating liniment :

3— In the beginning of the disease one-half oz.
fluid extract of digitalis may be given. Do
not repeat.

-4—In weakness give stimulants, use artificial
stimulation.

a) Strychnine, one grain three times daily.

b) Alcohol, oz. 2, well diluted every three
to four hours.

-c) Aromatic spirits of ammonia oz. 2, well
diluted every three to four hours.

5 — Feed bran mashes and soft food.

6 — To regulate the bowels give one tablespoonful
of magnesium sulphate on each feed, or one
drachm of calomel once daily.

18 : Notes on

7 —— In severe cases when breathing is interferred
with, it is always best to perform tracheotomy,
as this relieves the animal and it does not
become nervcus.

8 — Keep bucket of water before the horse at all
times, which should contain one tablespoon-—
ful of borax or potassium chlorate.

GAS FRUDIS.

This is an inflammation of the stomach. Fvteritis is
an inflammation of the bowels. As a rule in the horse there
is always a gastro-enteritis. Gastritis practically never oc-
curs alone in the horse.

(SASTRO-ENTERITIS.

There are the following forms of gastro-enteritis:
1 — Simple, usually sporadic. This is usually due
to some irritation of the mucous membrane.

This form is seen in horses particularly.

2— Croupous, seen in ox especially. This leads
to the formation of croupous membranes on
the mucous membranes of the intestine.

3 — Mycotic, this is due to poisons in preserved
food, such a forage-poisoning from ensilage
or some crop containing a rust, smut or mould.
Ptomaine poisoning.

4 — Poisoning due to over doses of drugs or eat- °
ing poisonous forage. This is termed toxic
gastro-enteritis.

The forms of most importance are the simple
and mycotic. |

’

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 19

SIMPLE (GASTRO-ENTERITIS.

Simple gastro-enteritis is very frequently seen in
horses that are working hard in hot weather,-mostly city
horses, or horses that are highly fed when in an exhausted
condition.

Cause:

The cause is not accurately known. In all probability
there is something specific, but at present this is not known.
Fermentation is the only known cause. This is due to eat-
ing mouldy, fermented or finely ground food. Gastro-en-
teritis usually follows colic and may be brought on by good
food in too large quantities or bad food that is contaminated
with bacteria and fungi, or it may be contaminated with for-
eign bodies.

The food itself may contain some acrid principal. Ir-
ritating foods or drugs.

Climatic conditions, (hot weather and too hard work)
especially a sudden cooling off of the body.

Partaking of very large quantities of cold water, when
the animal is in an overheated or exhausted condition.

To sum‘up:

Through a previous indigestion, so that the food may
not be properly digested, drinking water that is too cold
when exhausted. In calves hot milk may produce it.

Frozen foods may also produce it. (Paralysis of the bow-
els). 3

Symptoms:

The symptoms arise in about six hours or less. This
is a very suddenly appearing disease. Ten hours may
elapse, but rarely, before the disease manifests itself.

1— There is abdominal pain, “colic’’, (cold ex-
tremities ) .

20 3 Notes on

2— Anorexia, (the animal refuses to eat), stands
back from the manger, paws and is restless.
Throws head around to the sides of the body,
lies down, gets up, walks around in a circle
(colicky pains. )

3 — These pains come on at intervals in colic and
in gastro-enteritis the pains are constant, no
let up to them.

4 — Animals lie down carefully and pains continue.

5 — There is exhaustion or prostration, horse is
very weak, exhausted, and holds head down.
Eyes set, face pinched, etc. The abdomen is
tucked up, the skin loses its vital turgors The
abdomen is tender on palpitation. |

6 — There is profuse sweating, the sweat rolls off.
in drops.

7— The senscrium is depressed, the animal does
not notice anything. The mind is not clear.

8 — The pulse is usually high, hard and stringy,
70-90-1000.

g — The respirations are soca and shallow,
20-30. .

10— The temperature is high, 103-105°.

11 — The visible mucous membranes are cyanotic.

12— Secretions and excretions: 7
a) In the earlier stages there is’ conattuamiaan
b) Later on diarrhoea, (violent peristalsis at.

this period).
Peristalsis all depends upon the case, suppressed as a

rule, but in diarrhoea there is an increase in peristalsis.
Gastro-enteritis is a disease, while colic is a symptom,

Course:
After two to six days this disease ends in collapse.
Comatose condition and finally death,

: Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 21

Prognosis: .

The prognosis is unfavorable, 90% die. This is a very
fatal disease. The animals die very suddenly after an at-
tack. These attacks do not last more than forty-eight
hours as a rule.

Good signs are seen in pulse and peristalsis. If pulse
drops and loses its hard character and peristalsis begins,
the patient improves. The two P. P.’s are a very good
sign. Those that recover do so only after a very long
time. Three months or six months. Very gradually.

Differential Diagnosis:

1 — Colic (intermittent pain). Animal throws it-
self with some force, The belly is tucked up.
Colic does not.prostrate the animal to the same
degree as gastro-enteritis does, except in flat-
ulent colic. |

2— Poisoning, (only made by the chemist).

3 — Mycotic gastro-enteritis. [n mycotic gastro-
enteritis there are brain and spinal cord le-
sions. As a rule this is not confined to one
animal. There are symptoms of paralysis,
blindness, staggering gait, etc.

4— Croupous gastro-enteritis is seen mostly in
the ox, The symptoms are passing of croup- |
ous masses. te é

5 — Peritonitis. This is usually secondary to cas-
tration, bowel perforations. The symptoms
are identical with gastro-enteritis.

Post Mortem:

1— The stomach is diffusely reddened, the mu-
cous membrane is swollen in folds, and there
are hemorrhagic spots on the mucous mem-
brane throughout the lumen of the bowel.
The surface of the mucous membrane 1s
smooth or covered with a tough, light-colored

we Notes on

bloody mucous. At other times there may
be an ulcerous surface throughout. —

2— The bowel is very much the same. The mu-
cous membrane is-dark red in color and coy-
ered with a yellowish, friable deposit. The
lymph follicles are swollen, pyers patches
are ulcerated, and the contents of the bowel
is usually liquid and stained with blood. The
bowel becomes more friable than the stomach.
In some cases the mucous membrane is swol-
len, from one-half to one inch in thickness,
being of a jelly like consistency. In the bow-

‘ els there is a fibrinous exudate. There may be
ulcers throughout the intestine, involving all
three coats.

Treatment:

In acute cases the treatment is purely symptomatic.
Treat the symptoms, keep the animal from suffering too
much pain. |

1 — Give morphia sulphate, six grains subcutane-
ously, ;

2— Rest for inflamed part. Do not physic. .

3 — Chloral hydrate, one ounce. )

4 — Cannabis indica, one-half to one ounce.

5 — Opium pulverized, twenty grains.

In cases of exhaustion give alcohol, ounces 2, aro-
matic spirits, ounces 2, whiskey ounces 2, or strychnine one
grain. Fluid extract nux, half ounce. .

Sometimes the animal will have a profuse diarrhoea.
If this does not weaken the animal, allow it to run ons In
cases where it affects the animal, give: :

R
Bismuth’s subnitrate, | oz. §
Pulverized capsicum, drachm 1
Pulverized opium, drachm 1

M. f. bolus.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 23

Sig. : — Give at once and repeat in two hours if neces-
sary.
R
Tincture Opium, Oz. 2}
Tincture Capsicum, Oz; 1
Tincture Rhubarb, oy ae
M. f. solution.
Sig.: — Give one ounce every half hour until relieved.
Tonic:
R
Pulverized nux vomica,
Pulverized gentian,
Pulvérized columba, aa
Sig.:— Give one tablespoonful in feed, three times
daily.
R
Fluid-extract aloes, Oz. 2
Fluid-extract columba, Oz. 2
Fluid-extract nux vomica, Of) 2
Fluid-extract gentian, Oz. 2
Aquae, A. D. : (ya
Sig.:—- Give one tablespoonful on tongue every four
hours. |
oe
Fluid-extract columba, 3 YA.
Tincture iron chloride, rey tae |
Water, A. D. oz. &
Sig.:— Give tablespoonful on tongue, every four
hours.

If animal recovers it is left with great digestive weak-
ness. Give a small quantity of oats, sweet timothy hay
and plenty of fresh water. The diet must be very carefully
regulated. During the attacks the animal must not have
anything to eat. -The drugs given must be carefully se-
lected.

24 Notes on

CROUPOUS (GASTRO-ENTERITIS.

Usually seen in the ox and sheep. This disease is sub-
acute.

Cause:
The exact cause is unknown, but it is supposed to be
caused by eating some irritating body or drug. It is seen

to occur in the spring and fall, in animals of. a lymphatic
nature. |

Symptoms:

1 — Indigestion.

2— Lack of rumination.
3 — Colicky pains.

4 — Anorexia. ;
5 — Gastric catarrh. ‘

- ©~— Constipation.
7 — loetid diarrhoea and the passing of long or

short, yellowish croupous masses, (false mem-_

branes).
Prognosis:
The prognosis is good in cattle, most of them recover.
In other animals the prognosis is unfavorable, The owner
takes these croupous masses for worms, or a portion of the
bowels.
Treatment:

Simply laxative.

R
Pulverized nux vomica, Oz. 3
Pulverized aloes, Ona
Pulverized gamboge, drachms 3 _
Pulverized tartar emetic, drachms 3
Pulverized ginger, drachms 3
Sig.:— One tedspoonful every. two hours on

tongue until relieved.

a ee. 7

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 25

Mycotric GASTRO-ENTERITIS.
Forage Poisoning.

This is evidently a poisoning from the forage itself.
Especially preserved and conserved forages, such as:
silage, shredded fodder, oats, millet, corn and mixed
hay. Occasionally this forage becomes infected with bac-
teria or fungi, which when eaten, causes or gives rise to
both cerebral and spinal paralysis and gastro-enteritis. This.
is especially true of the horse. This is quite common in
dairying sections from eating silage.
Clinically there are two forms:
1 — Colic symptoms.
2— Nervous symptoms.
: a) Loss of consciousness.
b) Paralysis.
Causes: ; 3

1 — Oats, barley, corn or other grain, put away
in silos, developing moulds.

2— Honey dews. This grows upon clover like
plants, and produces nothing more than skin
diseases. Especially of the unpigmented skin
of nose and feet of horses.

3 — Ergot. |

History: A number of horses are simultaneously at-
tacked.
Symptoms:

1 — Anorexia, stand back from feed.

2— Colicky symptoms.

3 — There is foetid diarrhoea, but a stubborn con-
stipation may be present at first. This is a
very common symptom. | |

4— The mucous membrane is pale, showing that
there is a congestion of blood toward the
bowels and the internal organs.

26 Notes on

5 — Nervous symptoms.
a) Paralysis of the tongue and the pharynx.
b) Paraphlegia. The animal is down be-
hind and it is impossible for it to rise.
3) Loss of consciousness. ;
6— The pulse varies from 60 to 100. The pulse
may be paralyzed or compressed.
7— The respirations may be normal, to slightly
accelerated.
8 — The temperature is usually up, 102 to 104°.
g— The visible mucous membranes are pale.
10— These toxins of the fungi are given off
through the kidneys, causing nephritis. Poly-
uria is a common symptom of mycotic gastro-
enteritis, especially from mouldy oats.

This disease is not an inflammation but a poisoning
from fungi taken in with the food.

Differential Diagnosis:

1 — Poisoning by drugs. |
2— Poisonous gastro-enteritis,

Prognosis:

The prognosis is usually good. Under proper treat-
ment the animal usually recovers, depending, of course,
upon the length of time before treatment.

Treatment:
7

There is no specific treatment. Remove the contents
of the gastro-intestinal tract.

1— Arecoline, one-half to one grain every six
hours until the bowels are evacuated. Eser-
ine may also be used in two grain doses.

2— Internally give creolin to kill fungi and allay
fermentation or calomel one drachm, or so-
dium salicylate one ounce.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 27

3 — Artificial stimulation.
4—If nervous or restless give chloral, one 0z.;
cannabis indica, half. oz.

COC

Ninety per cent of all colics are due to indigestion.
Colic means a spasmodic pain and contraction of the intes-
tines, especially the colon.

Synonyms:

Belly ache, enteralgia, botts, spasmodic colic, gripes.
The word colic is°a collective term used for a vast number
of conditions of the stomach and bowels. The organs in-
volved are not available for examination... Colic in the
horse is much more common than in other animals. This
is because a horse cannot vomit.

In practice there are different classes of colics.

1 — True,
2 — False.

In true colic the lesion is in the stomach or bowels or
both. In false colic the animals show colicky symptoms,
arising from a diseased condition of other abdominal or-
gans.

1 — True.

a) Essential.
- 1— A spasmodic or nervous colic.

2— An indigestious or overfeeding colic.

3—A fermentatious colic, causing gas ac-
cumulation. |

4— Mechanical obstructions to the intestine,
such as fecal matter, stones, concrements,
impaction of feces, etc.

5 — fwisting and torsion of the bowels. Intus
susception and rupture.

28 Notes on /

b) Symptomatic.
1 — Worms.
2 — Poisons.
3 — Gastro-intestinal catarrh.
4— Peritonitis. (Wounds and injuries to
bowel. )

Colic 1s the most common internal equine disease. Of
all the diseases that the horse suffers 35 to 40% are colics
in city practice.

Mortality is about 10% in colics.

Causes: (Predisposing). )

A) The horse is the most susceptible animal to colic
on account of its peculiar digestive apparatus. The stomach
is extremely small and food is not intended to lodge in it.
It lies up near the vertebral column and even when full
does not reach the floor of the abdomen. ‘The stomach is
probably not as important to the horse as to the ox. The
gullet is implanted in the stomach, forming a figure of
eight sphincter. This prevents vomiting, which wards off
colic in other animals.’ The mesentery covering the in-
testines is very long and allows or permits considerable
movement. This is probably why twists and torsions are
so common. The sensory nerve endings in the mesentery
of the horse are very well developed, this causes great pain
in that region. The nerves in the anterior mesenteric ar-
tery form aneurisms, arteritis, etc. Emboli form, which
lodge in the smaller vessels of the bowels and block the cir-

oe

culation.

Immediate Causes:

B) The effect of cold weather seems to have some in-
fluence in producing colic. Sudden changes in temperature,
especially from dry to cold damp weather.

C) foods and feeding.

1— Good food only causes colic when inju-
diciously fed, over-feeding, irregular feeding. —

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 29

sarley, wheat and rye are dangerous to feed
to horses.

2— Bad foods, such as fungus infested foods,
badly cured hay, hay which was sanded, gas
producing foods. Fermentation is due to an
acrid condition of the stomach.

D) Windsucking may produce colic. This is not very
often dangerous.

E) Mecomium or first foetal matter of a colt becomes
obstructed and does not pass off. Often washing out the
rectum is sufficient. (Castor oil.)

Summary:

1—a) Stomach is small, oblique gullet, figure
of eight sphincters.
b) The great development of sensory nerves
-ending in the bowel.
c) Presence of strongylus armatus.
2— Cold and damp weather.
3 — Foods and feeding. Feeding while exhausted.

General Symptoms:

1 — Abdominal pain, switching of the tail, restless-
ness, pawing, the body 1s stretched out, the
animals lie down and jump up, squat, etc.

2— Anorexia. (Completely.) Sometimes between
the spasms of spasmodic colic the animal will
eat a little.

3 — The animal strains as if to urinate. May pass
a few drops of highly colored urine at times.

4—In many cases animal shows rectal straining
as if to defecate. This usuallv speaks for an
impaction of the floating colon.

5— Tympanitis. This usually appears in flatulent
or wind colic.

30 Notes on

6— The pulse varies greatly with the intensity of
the attack in quantity and quality, but usually
is good.

7— [The respirations are hurried in bloating.

8 — The temperature as a rule is normal. This is
an unimportant symptom. A rising tempera-
ture usually speaks for a complication, such as
enteritis.

g— The visible mucous membranes are usually
dry, pale, or bluish, sometimes they may be
congested,

10 — Peristalsisis suppressed, from slight to total.

11 — Very little or no feces voided.

12 —- Sweating may be noted, this may be profuse.
Just prior to a fatal termination there is the
cold sweat of collapse. This may run off in
streams. Also have loss of vital turgor. The
skin normally moves over limbs, but when
vital turgor is gone, the skin sticks very
tightly to the body. : :

13 — Eructations and vomiting may be looked on
as bloating of the stomach.

14— Toward the end of the disease there is col-
lapse and great prostration.

Course and Duration:

According to the course there are the following classes
of colic:
1 — Acute.
2 — Subacute and chronic.
3 — Habitual.

An acute colic is one that usually does not last longer
than ten to twenty hours.

A subacute colic lasts from two to five weeks, usually
with a remission of the attacks. There is a paralysis of the
colon and the animal usually succumbs in last attack.

pe EE OE

as

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 31

_ A habitual colic is one that appears from time to time
in individuals fed rich proteid-containing food. Also when
there are stones and concrements present in the lumen of
the bowel.

Prognosis:

The prognosis should always be made with care. Any
case during its course may terminate fatally from torsion
or rupture. If the peristalsis, especially of the right side,
is good, we know there is no suppression or paralysis of the
bowel. |

li the pulse is good and full there is a good chance
for recovery. If the pulse and peristalsis are good the case
will do good. The pulse may be looked on as the most
favorable guide in colic.

Complications:
There are no deaths from plain colic. There are five
complications which are usually fatal.

1 — Incarcerated hernia in “stallions”.
2—A twist (torsion volvulus) or invagination,
(intussusception) of the bowel, (telescoping).
3 — Rupture of:
a) Stomach along greater curvature.
b) Bowel, caecum or colon.
c) Diaphragm.
4— Enteritis, (most common).
5— Pneumonia. Often a foreign body pneumo-
nia.

_ Ruptures are mostly gastric; generally preceded by
vomiting and eructations of a great amount of gas.

Differential Diagnosis:
1 — Haemoglobinuria. (Azoruria.)
2— Labor pains or signs of abortion.

_3—Impaction of the rectum and floating colon in
the last stages of pregnancy.

Notes on

Retention of urine. A condition omit where-

by the urine cannot make its escape, due to
stricture, calculi, enlarged glands, etc.
Hyperaesthesia of the urethra in geldings.
(Burning in passing of urine. )

6 — Incarcerated hernias in stallions.
7 — Peritonitis, due to castration or a perforation.

Nephritis, hepatitis.

Q — Severe lameness.
10 — Rabies, early stages., ;

11 — Nervous temperament.

Death occurs suddenly without any apparent cause

| . . . .
1 — Carbon dioxide poisoning.

Oestrum. Period of heat in mares.

2 — Auto-intoxication. 7
3 — Compression of lungs, causing asphyxia.

32
4 spl
5 pik SS
ee
12 —
from:
Diagnosis:

I — Spasmodic colic of the horse is a condition in

which the:horse has been well taken care of,
usually occurring during cold and damp
weather especially, sudden changes. The pain
is mild, there are periods of five to fifteen min-
utes, in which the animal shows no pain. The
pain comes on in spasms and is somewhat
griping. Spasmodic colic occurs in stables
where the animal has been well kept.
Flatulent colic. The abdomen is distended
with gas, especially on the right side. The
absorption of this gas, causes cyanotic or biue
discoloration of the blood. The diaphragm
may be pressed forward and the posterior vena
cava is compressed, causing labored breathing.
Thus most cases die from carbon dioxide poi-
son,

ee ee eee

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 33

3 — Indigestion or overloading. Always inquire
into the history. This is seen mostly in the
country and in private families. Without the
history it is hard to distinguish this from a
subacute impaction. ‘The pains are usually
continuous and not in spasms. The abdomen
is pear-shaped with the base downward. There
may be bloating at any time. As a rule in
these cases there is a great suppression of per-
istalsis. The effect upon the animal is quite
severe, there is great prostration, and the body
is covered with: sweat. This disease usually
leads to rupture of stomach or bowel, there
is usually some vomiting and the cold sweat
of collapse and death.

Treatment:

Treat all cases of colic that need treatment. The only
kind not to be treated are the kind that recover in from
one to two hours.

What to treat in colic:

I — Suppression of peristalsis, one of the princi-
pal things.

2— Tympanitis.

3 — Reduction of incarcerations.

The treatment of colic usually depends upon what kind

of colic: |
1 — Indigestious colic.
2— Spasmodic colic.
3 — Flatulent colic.

1. Indigestions colic:

: _ I. INDIGESTIONS COLIC.

In these colics the main line of treatment is to evacu-
ate the gastro-intestinal tract. The radical treatment is

3

34 Notes on

passing the stomach tube and allowing great quantities of
water to enter the bowel. This will usually soften the mass
and flush out the entire gastro-intestinal tract.

Then give “some remedial agent to set up peristalsis.
If cold water is used there is usually enough irritation to
cause considerable peristalsis. Arecoline should be given in
half grain doses and repeated frequently. Strychnine or
nux vomica may be given in small oft repeated doses.

It is very essential that animals suffering from this
disease do not have anything to eat. Keep all food away
from them until well, irrespective of the length of time re-
quired. | |

II. Spasmopic Coric.

In this disease the essential treatment is to use some
agent that will lessen the pain. Chloral may be given in
one ounce doses, cannabis indica in half ounce. Creolin is
probably the most effective internal anodyne, it also has
marked antiseptic properties. It may be used in the fol-
lowing form:

Creolin, Oz. 4
Oil of turpentine, Oz. 3
Oil of eucalyptus, oz. I
Oil of linseed, Oz. 4

Sig.:—Give one tablespoonful on tongue every
fifteen minutes.

The most effective treatment for this disease is the
stomach tube. Pass the stomach tube ($ inch garden hose)
through the left’nostril. Pour into the end of the tube two
ounces creolin, then allow five to ten gallons of water to
pass through the tube, allowing it to remain in the stomach
a few minutes, draw off if possible and repeat, allowing
this water to remain in gastro-intestinal tract.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 30

Lil. FLATULENT CoLIc.

As this is due to fermentation antiseptics are the radi-
cal treatment. In treating this disease the stomach tube is
found essential. It will allow the escape of gas and medic-
inal agents may be brought into direct contact with the gas
producing agents. Use the stomach tube as above directed.
Other agents as chloral, one ounce, turpentine two ounces
and the trochar. The trochar should be used often, but
care should be exercised to have everything sterile and
antiseptic.

LV. INCARCERATED HERNIAS.

Many times in stallions these may be removed without
a bloody operation. Their duction is affected by taxis and
palpation on the rectum. Reach through the rectum .and
take hold of the incarcerated bowel and pull it back. Put
the animal under the influence of chloroform and open the
external inguinal ring.

If this operation is postponed, in a few hours necrosis
will set in, and a fatal peritonitis follow.

In a case of acute indigestion with diarrhoea give two
drachms of calomel. Follow with bismuth, opium, capsi-
cum.

COLIC IN- CATTLE:

- This is due to bad food, swill, slop, brewery and dis-
tillery slop, impaction, hair balls, eating after birth, etc.

Symptoms:

1 — The disease comes on suddenly,

2— The animal falls, rolls, looks around at sides,
bellows. paws, kicks against abdomen,
switches, has spasms of pain.

3 — Symptoms last for hours at a time, after.which
animal appears well.

36 Notes on

4— The animals act like mad, run into things,
jump into manger, bawl, etc., (rabiform symp-
toms ).

5 — Loss of rumination, lessening in milk secre-
tion, and toward end general symptoms, hair
stands on end and the animal becomes ema-
ciated.

Course:

The course is five to ten days. (Long drawn out pro-
cess. )

Treatment:

Arecoline one grain every six hours.

R

Powdered nux vomica, OZ. 3

Powdered aloes, ox: 4

Powdered gamboge, Oz. 3

Powdered tartar emetic, OZ. 3

Powdered ginger, OZ. 3
Sig.:— Give one teaspoonful on tongue every

two hours until relieved.
Give Diascorea 4 oz. every hour.

Pass a trochar into flank and flush out rumen with
plenty of water, then give something to stimulate peristalsis.

Colic IN SWINE.
This is due to overfeeding, foreign bodies, worms, etc.
Symptoms:

i — Restlessness.

2 — Bowing the back.

3— The animals throw themselves, squeal, lie on
the abdomen. Muscular tumors.

Theory and Practice of ¥etcrinary Medicine. 37

Treatnient: lt
1 — Calomel, one drachm doses.
2— Arecoline, half grain every six hours.
3— Castor oil, eight ounces, once daily. .
4 — Aloin, half drachm, morning and night.

GASTRO-INTESTINAL CATARRH.

7

1. A catarrah is a mild inflammation of the mucous
membrane causing it to become covered with an exudate.
Sometimes called acute indigestion, dyspepsia, gastritis, etc.

From a clinical standpoint there are two forms:

1 — Acute.

q 2 — Chronic.
— Cause:

‘It is usually due to some error in diet. That is food
or water.
ce Food.

1 — Good food injudiciously given or bad food.
Also good or bad water at very irregular in-
tervals, which instead of causing colic, results
in an inflammation of the mucous membrane
of the intestines.

2— Bacteria or fungus infested foods.

3 — Moulds do not always produce this inflamma-

tion.

4 — New oats and corn that have not gone through
a sweat.

5— barn yard water, stagnant pools and creek
water.

6 — Alkaline and dew licks may cause it, and are
not fit for horses to drink from.

7 — Frozen foods, hot foods, etc. (These usually
lead to a paralysis. )

38 Notes on

2— The horse himself may be at fault.

a) The teeth may be 'rough. Especially at time
of shedding the food cannot be prepared for
digestion, although it may be good food.

b) A nervous temperament,

c) Lack of gastric juice.

d) Exercise too soon after a meal.

e) Worms.

3 — Secondary to
a) Influenza.

b) Strangles.

c) Contagious pleuro-pneumonia.

d) Purpura haemorrhagica.

ACUTE GASTRIC CATARRH.
Symptoms:

It is not always possible to differentiate between
stomach and bowel troubles. Yawning and loss of appetite
isually point to the stomach. Colic and diarrhoea point to
intestinal disorders.

1 — The appetite is disturbed, capricious, irregular,
may be vitiated, causing animal to eat bedding
and drink very little water.

2— Yawning, this points to the stomach. The
animal usually prefers rough food in prefer-
ence to grain, ,

3 — Stomatitis, mucous membrane is muddy, saliva
is foaming, odor of breath is sweetish, tongue
coated, mucous membrane congested, later on
ptyalism.

4 — The abdomen is tucked up, feces are passed in
small pellets and are covered with slimy mu-
cous, containing much undigested food.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 39

‘@
.

bee

oy

General Symptoms:

5 — The animal is lazy, stupid and does not drive
freely. © sens

6 — The pulse is normal.

7— The respirations are normal.

8 — The temperature is normal.

In most cases there is a gastro-intestinal catarrh.

AcuTE GASTRO-INTESTINAL CATARRH.

¢

Symptoms:
Sy The appetite is not much affected.

-2—There is diarrhoea present, which causes
thirst. ; | |
am | 3 — There are colicky symptoms, (pawing, strain-
ing).

4— The feces are soft like cow manure, in cases
where diarrhoea does not exist. Frequently
coated with mucous, blood, and in rare cases
croupous layers. The croupous layers make
the owner think of worms. |

5 — The odor of the feces is extremely foul, very
offensive. |

6— There is a greenish fluid mixed with the
excrements.

7—The tail and external genitals are usually
covered with mucous. White fur-like coat-
ing in the later stages.

8 — The flatus is very foul.

-g—Imn the later stages there is profuse diarrhoea,
the animal becomes emaciated, weak, urine,
is alkaline in reaction and very thick. There
are plugs of mucous in canthi of the eyes.

40 Notes on

Course and Duration:

Most cases where the animal is young and receives
good care, it lasts only from seven to ten days. In bad
cases where the diarrhoea persists, animal becomes weak,
hide bound, hair stands on end, the horse dies. On post
mortem usually find ulcerative enteritis. ;

Differential Diagnosis:

I — Gastro-enteritis. Duration shorter, symptoms

milder.
2— Diarrhoea from other cause.

Prognosis:

The prognosis depends upon:
1— Youth and condition.
2— Sanitary surroundings.
3 — Care which the animal receives.

Treatment:

1 —Is largely dietetic, good hygiene. Small and
repeated feeding of good oats, five times a
day, not more than one quart at a feed. Also
some nice bright corn fodder or timothy hay.
Put water in stall and leave it there constantly.

2 — Drugs are largely secondary.

a) Carlsbad salts, tablespoonful three times
daily on feed.
b) Overloading of stomach:
1—Calomel in drachm doses.
2— Hydrochloric acid in drachm doses,
well diluted every four to five hours.
3 — If there is any fermentation present
give creolin or some intestinal anti-
septic.
4—If the appetite is affected give an
aromatic tonic.

S|

Fy

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 41

TD

aX
Po 16. “Aides, Hee
F. E. Columba, 3 Oz. 3
Whiskey or aromatic ammonia, — ounces 16
Sig.:— Give I tablespoonful on tongue every three
hours until appetite improves.
R
FE. Columba, | O2:°2
Tr. Iron Chloride, CE ,.2
Whiskey or alcohol, ounces 16
Sig.: — Give one tablespoonful on tongue every three
hours.
R
Powd. Nux.
ro entrat.
em Gat COA,
2.) LPon Hulphate. 4a
1 ae Se

Sig. : — Give ied ta on each feed.

Diarrhoea:

R
Bismuth subnitrate, oz. 4
Pulv. Capsicum, skier oz. I
“Opium, oz. I
: M. f. pulv. no. X.
Sig.:— Give one powder every two hours until re-
lieved.

2— Rectal Inj jections :
Starch water, flour water, lime water, polka suin. alum,
tannin. Mostly combined. Creolin may also be used.
(1 to 2%.)
— 3—Arrtificial Stimulation :
| - 1 — Whiskey.
2 — Alcohol.
3— Aromatic spirits of ammonia.
Give the above in two-ounce doses every 6 to 8 hours.

42

Notes on

CHRONIC GASTRO-ENTERITIS.

(Chronic intestinal catarrh. )

The cause of this disease acts persistently but mildly.

The result would be an induration or thickening of the |

mucous membrane, accompanied by an atrophy of the diges-
tive glands. It may come from chronic diseases of the
lungs, liver and heart.

Causes:

1—It very frequently results from the acute.
Especially seen in run-down, anaemic, over-
worked horses and those suffering from
worms.

2 — Dietetic mismanagement.

3 — Wind sucking.

4 — Teeth.

5 — Worms.

6 — Diseases of lung, liver and heart, which would
lead to a passive hyperaemia of mucous mem-
brane of stomach, bowels or both.

Symptoms:
The animals prefer rough food to grain. This is very
marked. : .
I— Anorexia, loss of appetite or capricious ap-

petite. The appetite is always one extreme
or the other.

2— Sometimes animals will eat more than they
can digest, which leads to an intoxication of
the blood and venous congestion of the brain.
Then they become dull and stupid, showing
symptoms of vertigo or stomach staggers.

3— The animals may have fainting spells, due to
indigestion, and act as though they were de-
mented, the head is up and animals back
around and fall down. :

we ee ss ti aie

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 43

4— There is a tendency to mild colics.

5 — There is a tendency to diarrhoea, alternating
with constipation. (This speaks for the in-
testines.) Asa rule this disease persists, and
the animal emaciates.

Prognosis:

If comparatively young and the teeth good, along with
a long course of dietetics, the prognosis is generally good.
If, however, the disease is in the last stages, the prognosis
is unfavorable. The animal generally ends up in cachexia
and death.

Differential Diagnosis:
1— Always make a careful examination of the

mouth.

2— Examine heart and lungs for chronic lesions.

RUPTURE OF STOMACH.
Causes:

This may be due to ulceration or the so-called peptic
ulcer in calves, very rare in adult cattle. In horses it is
usually due to a tremendous bloating or great overfilling
with food. ‘This causes a spontaneous rupture, due to the
lack of a safety valve. Generally the rent is on the greater

‘curvature. The. animals die in a few hours as a result of

this disease, but may live four to six days. When they live
so long it is usually due to the rent being filled with bowel
Or omentum.

An indigestions colic comes on before the food can get
out of the stomach. This causes frequent eructations of
gas through the oesophagus, vomiting usually occurs before
a rupture of the stomach.

44 Notes on

“Symptoms:

1— A violent attack of colic.

2 — Peristalsis is quiet to dead.

3 — There are symptoms of collapse in which there
are no colic symptoms. |

4 — The body is covered with cold clarnmy sweat. —

5— There is tvmpany and tenderness over the —
abdomen.

6— Prior to rupture there is great pain.

a

Treatment:

The treatment is worthless. Give a hypodermic injec-
tion of morphine or something hypodermically to quiet the
animal. The main thing is to prevent this condition by the
use of a stomach tube during the stage of colic, which’
always precedes this condition.

INDIGESTION IN CATTLE.

Cattle very rarely have colic. Indigestion refers to
the stomach primarily, The stomach is overfilled, cannot
move and therefore the contents ferment. This causes either
acid or gas to pass out of the food, this in turn causes -
bloating from gas, or inflammation of the paunch wall from
the acid, called catarrh. This results in a stoppage of the
peristalsis, causing a fermentation. This mass of food.
just lies there and ferments or decomposes. This goes
over into a gastritis or enteritis.

Indigestion: There are the following forms of indi-
gestion in the ox:

1—— Dyspepsia. (Lack of rumination.)

2— Acute catarrh. (Acute indigestion.)

3 — Chronic catarrh. (Chronic indigestion.)

4 — Overloading of paunch, impaction of paunch
from over-feeding.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 45

5 — Bloating,
ay Ateute.
b) Chronic.

~6— Traumatic indigestion, due to foreign bodies.

BLOATING.

Acute bloating is a sudden overfilling or distending of
the paunch with gas. This is mostly marsh gas. This
sudden filling forces the diaphragm forward and encroaches
upon the lungs. This does not allow the lungs to act and
get rid of the carbon dioxide in the blood. The large blood
vessels above the. paunch are also interfered with and
finally there is an absorption of the gas. All of this leads to
carbon dioxide poisoning or asphyxia.

Causes: :
I — Feeding brewers’ grain or swill.
2 — Kitchen offals, beets, turnips and potatoes.
-3—Clover like forage, especially when wet with

dew, etc.

4— Swamp grasses.

? 5 — Bloating is also a symptom of choke.

S ymptoms:

1—A _ sudden filling of the abdomen with gas.
lf tapped gives a tympanitic sound. ‘The left
flank is greatly distended.

_2— The animal gets weak behind and staggers.
The mucous membrane of the mouth is black.
3 — The abdomen is apple shaped.

Treatment: 7
1 — Pour cold water on the distended flank. Put
a bit in the cow’s mouth and make her chew.
it. Pull the tongue out and back, pass a
probang, knead the abdomen.
2— Drugs.

46 Notes on

The radical treatment is the trochar and canula and
antiseptics internally. Puncture in the middle of the triangle
on the left side. Point to the opposite left elbow. Put a
wet piece of ‘paper over end of canula, and if paper sticks
take canula out. After allowing all of the gas to escape
it is well to give creolin, one ounce in a quart of water.
Aromatic spirits of ammonia four ounces, in a quart of
water or two ounces of turpentine through the canula to
stop fermentation and assist in the absorption of the gas.

CHRONIC OR MILD BLOAT.

The animal bloats every once in a while but never
enough to require treatment. There is a chronic intermit-
tent bloating usually after meals.

Symptoms:

The symptoms are the same as in acute bloating.

Causes: \

Ninety per cent of these cases are due to tuberculosis.
There may be other causes, as hair balls, tumors or ad-
hesions of paunch to abdominal wall.

Always make a tuberculin test before administering
any treatment for chronic bloating.

Prognosis:

The immediate prognosis is good, as far as the general
outcome is concerned it is bad, the animals are generally
tubercular.

Treatment:

Give a mild laxative such as aloin in small oft-repeated
doses. Follow this with some tonic powder on the feed.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 47

R
Pulverized nux vomica.
Pulverized gentian.
Pulverized columba. aa
Sig.: — Give. tablespoonful in feed three times daily.

IMPACTION OF PAUNCH FROM OVER-FEEDING.

This may be due to eating a large amount of con-
densed food or the animal may have eaten a large amount
of indigestible food of a woody or bushy nature. The
result is an overloading or impaction of the rumen with
a mild bloating. Generally the abdomen is pear shaped.
The cow does not ruminate, if she does it is very feebly.

Symptoms:

1— The animal is languid.

2— At first bowels are not affected, later on there
is constipation.

3 — Absence of milk secretion.

4— Show symptoms of dumbness, caused by the
blood being heavily charged with carbon
dioxide going to the brain as such.

5 — Symptoms of vertigo.

6— Symptoms of actual congestion of the brain.
Jump in the manger, push against the manger.
(Rabiform. )

7— The muzzle becomes dry. (Feet are hot: and
sore. ‘This is not a constant symptom. )

& — There is some laminitis. Walk on heels and
stiff,

9 — The peristalsis is either absent or very feeble.
One can actually feel the impacted mass by
making finger imprints in the mass, it feels
like dough through the wall of the abdomen.

10 — History of the case is of great importance.

48 Notes on

Treatment:

Get rid of the contents of the paunch. Give emetics,
such as tartar emetic in drachm doses. Tone up the stomach
by use of some bitter tonic, such as:

~R Nux vomica.
Columba. aa
Sig.:— Give tablespoonful three times daily.

Also take a trochar and puncture rumen and allow
four to twelve gallons of water and two ounces of creolin,
which has had the chill taken from it, to run into the paunch.
Then take a rail and massage the abdomen. ‘This ‘should
be followed by some hypodermic cathartic as arecoline in
half to one grain doses. ©

In cases to get relief, where the above will have no
effect, perform rumenotomy. Take out about one-half
the contents of the rumen and put in as much water as
possible to mechanically soften the mass.

INDIGESTION.

1 — Dyspepsia.
2— Acute catarrh, (indigestion. )
3 — Chronic catarrh.

1— Dyspepsia:

9)

. . . ee al
This is sometimes called “‘loss of cud,” weak stomach,

suppressed rumination, etc.

Symptoms:

1 — The appetite and thirst are diminished.
2— There is lack of rumination.

3 — Animal may ruminate, but very slovenly.
4— Feces are unchanged.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. . 49

Prognosis:

This lasts for a few days, and if treated the animal
usually recovers, if neglected, will go into second stage.
Acute catarrh or indigestion. 5

Treatment:

1 — Remove feed.
2— Allow the animal to drink water.
7. 3 — One-half ounce hydrochloric acid well diluted
with water. |
4 — One-quarter ounce of nux vomica three times
» daily. |

ACUTE CATARRH.

This is always preceded by an overloading of the
stomach. -
Symptoms:
1 — The appetite is gone.
2 — Rumination is intermittent and weak.
3 — Later on total anorexia and total suspension
of rumination. —
4 — There is always a little thirst present.
5 — The hollow of the flank is mildly bloated.
6 — Paunch movements are rare or absent.
_ 7—— Masses of food can be felt through the paunch
wall. ,
8 — The pulse is somewhat accelerated.
g— The temperature is normal.
10 — The respiration depends upon amount of food
in the paunch. |
11 — There is usually constipation, feces are harder
and blacker than normal.
~12— The visible mucous membranes are slightly
congested to icteric.

50 Notes on

Course:

This usually begins in about twenty-four hours after
the animal has eaten bad food. In two to three days there
is some improvement shown by rumination. Usually re-
covery takes place in from three to ten days. If recovery
does not take place the abomasum is affected; this is fol-
lowed by gastro-enteritis. In this there is complete consti-
pation, suppressed paunch movement, depression of the
sensorium, the visible mucous membranes are discolored
bluish, and the pulse is small and thread-like.

Diagnosis:

1 — History shows that the animal has ‘been fed
a quantity of indigestible food.

2— This must be distinguished from traumatic
indigestion and traumatic pericarditis.

3 — Chronic indigestion must also be distinguished
from this.

5 — It is the most common of all diseases of the ox.

Treatment:

Attempt to start up rumination and movement of the
paunch. Give tartar emetic in drachm doses every four
hours. In cases of much belching give hydrochloric acid
in half-ounce doses, weli diluted.

CHRONIC INDIGESTION.
(PARALYSIS OF RUMEN.)

The liquid decomposing products from the rumen pass
into the true stomach and bowels and there set up by the
toxic products a gastro-enteritis. Diseases that effect the
foreparts of the gastro-intestinal tract do not affect the
true stomach.

7
34 at eee se «colors a

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 51

Symptoms: | .

1—The action of the stomach is suppressed.
(No paunch movement. )

2— The feces are passed in black, hard balls,
covered with white slime at very irregular

intervals.

3 — May.have total constipation for three to four
days and then a foetid diarrhoea.

4— There ‘is foetid belching, the general condi-
tion is greatly disturbed. There is a rise in
temperature, the warmth is unevenly dis-
tributed over the body. ‘ There is dullness and

- weakness until cow is completely emaciated.
The animal gets down and cannot get up,
erits its teeth, eyes look dull, and there in an
anxious look on face.

5 — Later on death results.

The disease may last for several months or may only

last a few weeks. a

Diagnosis:

History of the case shows the cow has been ill for
some time, becoming emaciated, rough hair coat. This is
followed by absolute constipation or stinking diarrhoea,
later on a tendency to mild bloat. This is generally very
easy to diagnose.

Differential Diagnosis:

It is impossible to distinguish in life between a catarrhal
and tubercular indigestion. It is also hard to distinguish
from a traumatic indigestion.

Treatment:

Follow about the same treatment given for acute indi-

gestion. Especially tartar emetic. Hydrochloric acid is

advantageous for belching. If diarrhoea is offensive give

52 | Notes on pS

creolin. Barium chloride can be given in one drachm doses.
Stimulants may be indicated.

R
Amm. aromatic, | oz. I
Spiritus nitrosi aetheris, on 3
M. D. S. Give in pint of water every one to four ~
hours. is
R |
Spiritus frumenti; Oxi: 2
Aetheris, | Ons

M.D. S. In pint of water every two hours,

Do not let the cow have anything to eat. The most
important thing is the return of rumination. Give tonic
powders and feed carefully.

TRAUMATIC INDIGESTION,

This is often a forerunner of traumatic pericarditis.
Foreign bodies in the reticulum of cattle do not do harm
as such, except when they set up a traumatic inflammation
‘by being sharp on one end. ‘This sharp end goes forward
and ulcerates its way through the stomach wall, causing
peritonitis, and adhesions of the stomach and diaphragm.

1 — Sometimes it causes abscess in diaphragm.

2 — Occasionally it passes to the right of the liver,
resulting in abscess of the liver.

3—It may pass out below, a little to the left of
the median line, behind the sternum, as a so-
called cold abscess.

4 — It may form an abscess in adjacent organs, ab-
scess in the lungs, or an abscess in the heart.

These foreign bodies always cause adhesive peritonitis
by passing out of the reticulum.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 53

Symptoms:

The symptoms are not characteristic enough to go any
further than suspecting it.

1 — Generally have an acute indigestion, which 1s
only temporary and improved by treatment.

2— There is an intermittent temperature from
pyaeniia, caused by the abscess.

3— The indigestion is recurring. (Comes on
every three or four weeks.)

4— The animals frequently show pain, which
manifests itself by groaning, moaning, gnash-
ing of teeth.

5 — There is stifiness in the gait, especially when
the diaphragm is involved. 7

6— Frequently symptoms of peritonitis are seen.

7— Presence of irregular pulse; in most cases
there will develop well-marked heart symptoms
with a subsequent dropsy.

Treatment:

As a rule the same treatment is used as. in indigestion,
because we are not certain of what we have until after a
post mortem. |

FORAGE, POISONING OF CATTLE.

Forage poisoning of cattle is due to the eating of
growing foods, such as sweet corn, green apples, etc. -There
is always an overfeeding or a paunch containing green
fodder. Also by second growth of Kaffir corn. It is
thought by chemists that prtssic acid is present in large
amounts, this being the cause of very sudden death.

Symptons:
1—Symptems of an acute indigestion, with
violent diarrhoea, which is watery 1n character.

54 Notes on

2— There is complete loss of consciousness and
paralysis.

3— The milk flow is suppressed, animals do not
ruminate; later on the cow is down, unable
to rise, and perfectly unconscious. A case
of this kind looks like milk fever.

Treatment:

1 — Stimulants.

2— Creolin infusions into rumen to allay fermen-
tation.

3 — Inflate udder with air as in milk fever.

DISEASES. OF CIRCULATORY APPA-
RATUS.

TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS OR HEART DISEASE.

This is caused by sharpened foreign bodies gaining
entrance into the heart or the heart sack. According to
the position of the foreign body, there may be epi, peri,
myo or endo carditis. All of these may be present at the
same time. Asa rule a chronic pericarditis is the most im-
portant and occurs most commonly. The foreign body
may go to the lung and lead to a traumatic pneumonia, or
an abscess in the pleura.

Clinically divided into four forms:

1— Chronic sero-fibrinous pericarditis. In this
there is a fibrinous exudate on a_ serous
membrane. |

2— A partial or total adhesion of the pericardium.
and epicardium. Little or no serum being
present. This is really a fibrinous pericarditis.

3 — Traumatic abscesses in the heart.

4— Wounding of a heart’s cavity or an artery.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 5d

Symptoms:

1— Those of indigestion, suffered from time to
time in the last months from attacks of indi-
gestion. In these attacks the animal seems
stiff. t:

2— The pulse is irregular, and there is stiffness
of thorax.

3 — The appetite and rumination are suppressed ;
there is a tendency to bloat.

4 — The pulse is accelerated and irregular.

5 — The temperature is about normal.

6 — In two or three days bloating disappears, the
animal shows difficulty and carefulness in
getting down, and holds the body very stiff.
Sometimes get up like a horse. The animal lies
down and gets up stiffly and with difficulty.

7 — Another important symptom is a venous pulse.
The jugular veins are greatly distended and
the pulse causes a wave like movement of the
vein.

8 — There is oedema under the jaw, down neck,
on brisket in later stages of the disease. In
most cases the heart is weak.

g9— On auscultation and percussion:

a) Pericardial bruits
b) Tinkling tones.
c) Dullness on* percussion.
10— The animal becomes very dyspnoeic, runs
tongue out, and breathes with difficulty.

-THUMPS.

As a rule thumps in the horse is due to palpitation of
the heart or diaphragmatic spasms.
Both of the above have a common symptom, which is

Ee

56 Notes on

2

a spasm-like, rhythmic movement of the thorax,
to hiccup. ©

HEART. PALPITATION.

Causes:

1 — Organic heart diseases.

2— Valvular diseases.

3 — Anaemia. | :

4 — Atrophy or leucaemia.

-5— These sometimes affect the heart or the blood ;
flowing through it.

6 — Nervous palpitations.

7 — Nervous temperament, over driving, whipping,
hanging in halter over night, severe use Of —
the curb bit, etc. Cast in stall, etc. |

Symptoms:

1— A tumultuous beating of heart.

2— Shaking of the thorax, pounding sound.

3 — The pulse is increased, small and wiry.

4— The respirations are dyspnoeic and animal
shows restlessness.

5 — There is profuse sweating and tumbling.

6 — On auscultation over back or side there may
be hearel loud thumping beats, which sound
like some one pounding.

7 — The characteristic. of this kind of thump is,
the beats are synchronous with the pulse.
(Tlarmony. )

DIAPHRAGMATIC. SPASMS. :
Aetiology:

This most frequently follows diseases of the digestive
tract, as colic, gastro-intestinal catarrhs, copious drinks of
water, giving pills. It may come from palpitation of the

,,
, « <a i '
. S —
ie

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 57

Meart. “It is seen very rarely in cattle. It is seen most
‘commonly in horses, dogs and swine. In swine in hog
cholera and indigestion.

Symptoms:

1— Tumultuous beating or thumping in the left
hypo-chondriac region, causing a shaking of
whole body.

2— Respirations are short and Jerky.

3 — Electric like shocks are audible and feelable,
especially along course of attachment of
diaphragm. In some cases singultus will
occur. (Hiccup.)

The characteristic differences are in. the latter. These
thumps are not synchronous with the heart beats. In a few
cases there seems to be a combination of the two.

4— The animal shows some colicky pains, refuses.
to eat or drink, stretching a leg back or for-
ward, rarely lying down. There may be
symptoms of spasmodic colic with these beats.

* Duration:
One-half to one to four days, with recovery.
Prognosis: |
The prognosis is not so very unfavorable. Thirty-
three and one-third per cent. death rate, depending on the
cause.

Treatment:
Anti-spasmodics :
Morphia sulphate, 3 to 6 grains, subcutaneously

Potassium bromide, 1 to 2 ounces.
Chloral hydrate, I ounce.

Apply ice bags over heart region. Use of liniments
and blankets.

In the spring in large, phlegmatic horses that are fat
and soft, venous exudum is indicated. (Phlebotomy.)

58 | | - Notes on

ACUTE ENDO-CARDITIS.

In this condition the lining membrane of the heart

is inflamed. Especially the foldings and valves. It is seen
in horses and cattle, and not as rarely as we may think. It
is very frequently confused with pulmonary diseases.
Cause: 3 ies 8 : i

Some irritant contained in the blood stream.

Aetiology:
This disease is a true pyaemia.
1— Horse: Due to pyaemia.

Pyaemia is. seen in contagious pleuro-pneumonia, in
pneumonia, founder, strangles and septicaemia.

2 i eth Ox: [
Pyaemia occurs’after obstetrical operations, parturition,
rheumatism, puerperal fever or metritis.

Post Mortem:

In mild cases the free borders of the valves, chords
and papillae contain nodules of a whitish grey color, about
the size of a hemp seed. By several of these nodules be-
coming confluent and covered with a layer of fibrin, there
is a formation of a cauliflower node, spoken of as a wart-
like endo-carditis. These do not permit the valves to close.
In some cases the endo-cardium is swollen, turbid and
covered with haemorrhagic spots. On the parietal portions
there are well-marked ulcers, spoken of as “ulcerative endo-
carditis”. Accompanying this there is a secondary abscess
formation and pyaemia.

Symptoms:

1— Thumps, tumultuous heart beat.
2— Very rapid, weak and intermittent pulse.
3 — The heart beat, 160 per minute.

a ©
¥ Sead =" e

OF a FP TR ea ET eee ek ip oe res ee
he

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 59

4— The respiration is 70 per minute. Very dys-
pnoeic.

5— There usually is fever accompanying this
condition, loss of appetite, thirst and consti-
pation.

6 — The temperature may be from 105 to 106.

7— The general appearance of the animal is very
bad, languid, periodically colicky pains and
great weakness.

' 8— Heart bruits may, be heard.

ENLARGEMENT OF THE HEART.

In this condition the heart has become abnormally
greater in size.

Two classes:

1 — Hypertrophy, enlargement with a thickening of
its walls.

2— Dilation, and enlargement of the heart in which
there is an enlargement of its cavities. The walls
may even be thinner than normal.

1— Hypertrophy is spoken of as eccentric and
concentric. -In eccentric the cavities are also
enlarged. In concentric the cavities are made
smaller.

2—A partial hypertrophy is where one portion
of the heart is hypertrophic. ..

3 — Diffuse hypertrophy is where the whole heart
becomes hypertrophic. —

Hypertrophy is usually partial and on the left side of
the heart. Dilation usually occurs on the right side. Hyper-
trophy may reach as high as thirty-nine pounds. The walls
may be thicker than normal.

60 | Notes on

Causes:
I — Over-exertion in nervous horses.
2— Anything interfering with circulation of the
blood.
a) Arterial stenosis, (anywhere).
b) Thrombi.
c) Valvular disease.
, d) Lung thickenings. (Due to disease).
e) Emphysema of lungs, (heavy).
f) .* Pericaraitis,
eg) Chronic nephritis.
h) Anaemia.
3 — Any heart disease.

PANTING.

This is due to diseases of the lungs or diseases of the
heart.

The most common lung disease which causes this ~

trouble is chronic bronchial catarrh, or some chronic incur-
able disease. This disease usually occurs in old- horses.
Sometimes it follows or accompanies bronchiectasis, atelec-
tasis, chronic induration, peri-bronchitis and emphysema.
The bronchi are supposed to be in a state of contraction or
the lumen is filled up and it is impossible for the animal to
breathe. s
The commonest diseases of the heart are a compensa-
tory hypertrophy, with a leakage of the valves, dilation or
some valvular defect.
Symptoms:
1— The main symptom is an extremely rapid
breathing accompanied with more or less dysp-.
noea. The breathing may be as rapid as 50

; to 60 per minute. In these cases the breath-
ing is always very shallow.

ee a Peer a

a

- eee Yigt yo

———

Ce ee ae

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 61
2— The respirations are always more or less la-
bored and as a rule there is inspiratory as
well as expiratory dyspnoea.
3— [his disease is usually accompanied with a
cough of various intensity.
4— The pulse is also very rapid and weak.

Course:
1—Chronic. It usually grows worse until death
ensues.

¢

Treatment:
1 — Arsenic in the following form:
R Arsenious acid.
Potassium Carbonate, aa OZ. 2
Water, A. D.
Heat until thoroughly in solution.
_Sig.:— Give tablespoonful on each feed.

2— Heroin, '/,. gr: every three or four hours.

3 — Phlebo tomy.

4 — Strychnine, 1 gr. three times daily.

5 — Large doses of Nux, $ to 1 oz. of fluid extract.
6 — Give as little water to drink as possible.

DISEASES OF THE APPETITE.

There are two common diseases of the appetite, these
are:
1 — Licking disease.
2— Wool pulling.

Licking disease is a specific disease in which the animal
has a very great and irresistible desire to lick all manner
of foreign bodies, and in some cases eats them. This oc-
‘curs mostly among cattle, horses, goats and swine. The
disease is chronic and this ingestion of foreign bodies leads
to digestive disturbances, cachexia and eventually death.

t
r
J
ye
ee
=f
sar
oe
‘ « *
ee

d

62 | Notes on

Causes:
Aetiology.

1— The most important is the natural desire for
some of the salts of minerals which the animal
does not receive in the food. It may be due
to a change in food or improper food, but this
is very hard to prove. One thing is positive, .
there is an abnormal condition of the body,
and certainly this must be accompanied by an
abnormal appetite.

2—In some cases it is due entirely to intestinal
disorders, in other cases the animals are
healthy, fat, well cared for, but for this, they
contract this disease, become cachetic and die.

3 — Chronic dyspepsia, or chronic catarrh are the
most common forms. These do not appear in
a very severe form. It is hard to recognize by
external symptoms. Or there may be some
kind of gastro-intestinal infection present.

4—It may appear as a nervous disease. Some
authorities state that it is a disease affecting
the nerve endings in the stomach, mouth and
bowels. These confer a wrong sensation to
the brain causing this depraved appetite.

5 — Forming the habit from seeing other animals
do it. This, however, is very doubtful.

6— Bad stables, poor ventilation, and filth are
causative -factors. |

7 — Irregular feeding and bad care.

Occurrence:

1 — This disease appears sporadic and enzootic.

2— In some localities it is stationary.

3 — In some places it is impossible to raise calves
as a result of this disease,

4—AIt appears mostly in well bred cattle and es-

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 63

pecially in heavy milk cows, Oxen are sel-
dom affected.

5 —- This disease frequently occurs during the suck-
ing period of calves.

6 — Feed does not seem to alter this condition any.

Symptons:

1— No temperature in first stages.

2— Temperature in second stage.

3— The appetite is either slightly depressed or
animal will eat slowly.

4 — Rumination slow, eventually suspended.

5 — Appetite alternating, finally none. 3

6 —If the animals have good food, they will eat
the bedding, or if in the open they will eat
young trees or grass.

7 — lf dairy or confined cattle they have a mania
for licking the clothing of attendants, walls of
stalls, try to eat feces, or anything that is ab-
normal.

8 — Later on nervous symptoms appear, the animal
is easily scared and is flighty.

9g — The milk secretion is lessened.

10 — The faeces are very dry and hard, they may
be covered with mucous.

11 — Urination suppressed.

12— The temperature at this stage is elevated.

13 — The pulse is small and weak.

14— There are general symptoms as falling off in
flesh, the mucous membrane is pale, the hair
is lusterless and the skin becames lifeless and
is dead. |

15 — The animal dies of inanition.

Course:
The course of this disease is always chronic, it may ex-
tend over several months. A change of feed, location and

64 Notes on

of stable may hasten recovery. As a rule this disease lasts
from one to three months. 3

Prognosis: ,

1— If there is general emaciation and marasmus
with secondary digestive disturbance, the prog-
nosis is unfavorable.

2—If the animal has a change of feed and the

appetite re-appears, and the disease is not too.

far advanced, the prognosis is favorable.

Treatment:

1 — Prophylaxis.

2— Change of feed, location and care.

3 — Give animal plenty of salt.

4 — Carlsbad salts on feed.

5 — Apomorphine, (gives best results), half to one
grain doses.

6 — Oil of tar or stinking oils on places where
animals lick.

LICKING DISEASE ‘IN HORSES.

This disease occurs most commonly among’ horses.

This seems to occur sporadically and the symptoms are very

mild. It usually occurs in the form of gastric disturbances
and yields to treatment very readily.

Symptoms:
1 — Licking and chewing foreign bodies.
2— Sometimes the animal will lick its own hody
or skin, eat feces and straw soaked in liquid
around stall.

3 — There is constant falling off in flesh and cach-

exia.
4— The animals may acquire a special habit such
as eating sand, etc.

ee Oe i pa ae ey ad

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 65

Treatment:

The treatment is the same as for licking disease in cat-
tle.

EATING THE AFTER-BIRTH.

This disease occurs most frequently in cows or sows.
It seems to be a disturbance of the brain, causing this in-
nate desire or depravation.. It may be a digestive disturb-
ance in some cases.
Treatment:

1 — Calomel in one drachm doses.
2— Tartar emetic in one drachm doses.

WOOL PULLING OF SHEEP.

Wool pulling or wool eating is very similar to licking
disease of cattle. Some sheep contract the disease by mim-
icking. This seems to be the one most important cause.

It usually starts with one sheep, then the rest follow and

soon the entire herd is affected. If contracted by habit from
some other animal it may be isolated and soon this habit will

_ leave.

It also appears as a disease of malnutrition and one in
which there seems to be something lacking in the food.
It is often seen where too much starchy food is fed and the

_. tation is not properly balanced.

Occurrence:

1 — This disease occurs mostly in Merinos of mid-
dle age. :

2—It is seen mostly when sheep are housed in
the winter and fall months.

hae Ht will appear in from eight to fourteen days
after sheep are put in for the winter.

s
CP ag ts IE Be ——

66 Notes on

Symptoms: |
1 —In lambs this comes on in from two to four _
weeks. |

2— They begin to pull the wool off from the

mother around the udder and the belly.

3 — This does not seem to affect the appetite and
lambs grow and do well. ;

4’— Yearlings begin by pulling the wool of others |
as though it were hunting for food.

5 — There does not seem to be any general symp-
toms accompanying this disease as the sheep
stay well and the appetite is good.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is favorable.

Treatment:
1 — Apomorphine, half to one grain.
2— Salt.

3 — Stomachics, and tonics,
4 — Alkaline agents and salts. ©

ACUTE NASAL CATARRH.

(Corhysa, “cold in head”.) |
Causes:
1— Primary. The so-called catching cold, (in fall
and spring). Sluggish animals are especially
predisposed to this disease. There may also
be an irritation with a direct or indirect in-
jury to the lower part of nasal mucous mem-
brane. Irritating substances may also be in-
haled, such as smoke, bacteria, pollen, or the
entrance of pus cocci into the nostril.
2— Secondary. It may appear as a symptom of
some other disease or it may accompany in-

7

ae

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 67

fectious diseases of the respiratory tract, or
it may come on from a catarrhal condition of
the pharynx or larynx.
Symptoms:
1— There is hyperaemia of nasal mucous mem-
brane, (reddened). |
2— There 1s congestion and dryness of the nasal
mucous membrane.
3 — The experium is a little warmer than normal.
4— [The main symptom is a nasal discharge, this
may be serous, mucous, or mucilaginous. In
mild cases this discharge is of a watery con-
sistency, (serous).
5 — The animal sneezes and as a rule the nostrils
are covered with crusts.
6— The submaxillary lymph glands are slightly
: swollen. |
7— This is a feverless disease.

\
Course:

The course of this disease is from eight to fourteen
days. This disease is not accompanied with general symp-
toms and when it is the course is longer. If the inflamma-
tion affects the tear duct the eyes become involved. Symp-

toms of conjunctivitis.

Prognosis:

The prognosis is always good.
Treatment:

1 — Treat the owner, let the animal alone. Give
Carlsbad salts, bran mashes, and gentle exer- |
cise.

-2— Let the owner steam the animal.

3 — Give nux vomica or gentian.

4— Nature will bring about good results if left
alone.

68 Notes on

CHRONIC NASAL CATARRH OF THE HORSE.

Forms:
1 — Primary chronic.
2— Secondary chronic. ;

Causes:
If the acute inflammation spreads to adjoining parts,

ot ee
.
.
tin aimed ns

involving the turbinated bones and the sinuses or posterior

nares they may be a chronic catarrh set up.
_ Chronic nasal catarrh may also be caused by freezing
the mucous membranes.

The secondary form is the most important.

In this disease the discharge may be unilateral or bi-
lateral. Glanders is the most important cause. It quite
often happens that the discharge assumes the nature of a
chronic nasal discharge.

Differential Diagnosis:
1—JIn glanders there is no odor attached to the
discharge. It is oily, sticky and clear.
Empyaemia of the sinuses. This can be diag-
nosed by percussion.
3 — Ulceration of the mucous membrane of the
nasal chambers. ‘This is due to parasites.
4— Necrosis of the nasal mucous membrane.
5 — Foreign bodies in the air passages.
6— Chronic diseases of the respiratory tract.
7 — Chronic constitutional diseases, such as anae-
mia and leucaemia.

Z

Symptoms:
1 — The nasal mucous membrane is pale and cy-
anotic. |
2— When the disease is long drawn out there is a
thickening of the mucous membrane and small
ulcers are very prominent.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 69

3 — The nasal discharge has a glossy, shiny ap-
pearance. This may he mucous or resemble
pus. The diseased nostril is covered with a
brown scab.

4— There is a lack of pigment on the upper lip
where the nasal discharge has passed over.

5 — When the animal has its head in a lowered
position, there is a copious discharge.

6— A unilateral discharge should be looked upon
as quite a serious symptom, indicating gland-
ers, tumors, foreign bodies, or necrotic lesions
of a tooth. Empyaemia of the sinuses.

7 — There is swelling and induration of the sub-
maxillary glands, (cold and painless).

8 — If the diseased process is long drawn out, it
may lead to ulceration. These must not be
mistaken for glander scars.

Course:
The course is weeks, months and even vears.

Treatment:
1 — Steaming with tar and turpentine.
2— Tonics, internally. )
a) Fowler’s solution.
b) Donovin’s solution.
c) Nux vomica.
3 — Astringent lotions, injected high up into na-
sal cavity.
a) Bichloride and alcohol. 1:5.
b) Alum, tannin, zinc sulphate.

NASAL CATARRH IN SHEEP.

Also known as:
1 — Glanders.
2 — Malignant catarrhal fever.

,

C0 Notes on

There are two kinds:

1— Simple acute.
2— Simple chronic.

Nasal catarrh in sheep is so rare that it is very seldom
mentioned. It occurs most commonly in spring or fall after
shearing. :

Symptoms:
1 — Nasal discharge.
2 — Sneezing.
3 — The respirations sound like wheezing.

CHRONIC NASAL CATARRH.

\

This comes from the acute form in young or emaciated
animals. In this form the prognosis is not always favorable.

Symptoms:
1— A muco-purulent nasal discharge.
2— The nostrils are blocked with crusts, which
may cause suffocation.
3— The appetite and general condition of _the
animal are rarely affected.

RHINITIS.

Rhinitis is an intense inflammation of the mucous
glands and subcutaneous glands around the nostrils,
Kinds of Rhinitis:

1 — Follicular.
2 — Croupous.
3 — Diphtheritic.

Follicular rhinitis occurs in epizootic form and is sup-
posed to be a contagious disease,

j

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 71

Symptons:
1 — An acute nasal catarrh.
2— The mucous membrane on the septum nasi is
markedly inflamed. |
3— The surface of the mucous membrane and
skin becomes very rough.
4— The swollen glands terminate by the forma-
_ tion of nodules, which break and leave ulcers.
The ulcers heal without a scar.

The result is a thickening of the lymphatics.

Course:

The course is two weeks.
Prognosis:

The prognosis is favorable.

Treatinent:

1— Such ointments as camphor, iodoform and
creolin..

2 — Steaming.

3— The ulcers may be touched up with a silver
nitrate stick. ,

BPISTAAIS,

Epistaxis is a symptom, and not a disease. It occurs
in all animals but mainly in the horse.
Causes: :
1 — Traumatic injury.
2— Hyperaemia and inflammation of the nasal
mucous membrane.
3— New growths, ulcers, fibromas, or sarcomas.
4 — Abnormal blood tension, following violent ex-
ertion. |
5 — General or chronic constitutional diseases. A
habitual nosebleed is a symptom of glanders.

(be. Notes on

Symptoms:

1 — Pure blood oozing from the nose usually from.
one nostril. | 3

2 — In this disease the blood comes from the nos-
trils in a normal condition, and does not clot
until it strikes the ground. In haemorrhage
from the nose the blood is normal. In haem-
orrhage from the lungs the blood is frothy and
partly coagulated.

Treatment:

1 — It will quit by itself if let alone.

2— Use 10% solution of perchloride of iron, in-
ject into nostril.

3 — 3% solution of alum or creoline in the nostril.

4— In rare cases it may be necessary to plug the
nostrils with cotton. In doing this always tie
a string to each piece of cotton, so that it may
be removed without difficulty,

DISEASES: OF - THE TART Ne

There are the following common diseases of the larynx :

1 — Laryngitis.
2— Oedema of the Glottis.
3 — Hemiphlegia Laryngis — roaring.

These diseases arise primarily or they may come from
the inflammation.spreading from other parts.

LARYNGITIS.

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the larynx. There are the following kinds from a patho-
logical standpoint:

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 73
1 — Catarrhal.
2 — Phlegmonous.
3 — Croupous.
4 — Diphtheritic.
5 — Ulcerative.
According to the cause there are the following kinds:

1 — Traumatic.

2 — Rheumatic.

3 — Infectious.

4 — Tubercular.

5 — Glanderous.

6 — Symptomatic. .

According to the course:

t= + Acute.
B= Chronic.

From a clinical standpoint we have the following com-
mon forms: | |
1 — Acute catarrh of the larynx.
2—Chronic catarrh of the larynx.
3 — Croupous laryngitis.
4 — Diphtheritic laryngitis.

‘ACUTE CATARRHAL LARYNGITIS.

Occurrence:
This disease occurs in horses and dogs, but it is more
common in the dog than in the horse.

Aetiology:
Primary or sporadic.
1 — The so-called catching cold.
2 — Inhalations of cold air.
3 — Drinking of cold water.
4 — Sudden chilling of the body when hot.

74 Notes on

5—It is seen in the fall and spring in an epi-
dermic form.

6 — Traumatisms and chemicals.

7 — Irritations by foreign bodies on the mucous
membrane, as smoke, steam and _ sulphur
fumes.

_

It is seen secondarily :

1— As a symptom of some chicnie constitutional
disease, or a chronic disease of the respiratory
tract, as glanders, distemper, contagious
pleuro-pneumonia or chest plague.

2— From an extension of the catarrhal process
from neighboring parts.

Symptoms:

1— The main symptom is cough. This cough is
dry and harsh at first, later on it becomes
moist. This cough is very painful and short
and occurs in fits of coughing or coughing
spells.

2— Later on this cough becomes wery motst and

mucous is thrown out with it.

3— The coughing is increased by feeding, water-
ing, or taking the animal from the barn into
the open air or by exciting the animal.

4— On compressing the larnyx from the outside
coughing spells are brought on, by trying this

often paroxysms of coughing are brought on. _

5 — There is considerable dyspnoea on account of
the swelling of the mucous membrane.

6— When this dyspnoea is pronounced, stenotic
tones may be heard, such as roaring, rattling,
whistling.

7 — Horse holds the head somewhat elevated.

8 — As a rule there is a spread of the inflamma-

: tion, causing pharyngitis, bronchitis, rhinitis
or acute nasal catarrh.

j <_ a
‘

ian. oe oes

ee ne ag eee

aay

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 75

9 — There is anorexia and difficulty in swallowing,
| the mucous membrane is congested and dry,
| nasal discharge and in some cases there is
a little fever. A high fever accompanying
; this disease indicates some infectious disease.

Differential Diagnosis:

~ J — Pneumonia.

2 — Bronchitis.

3 — Pharyngitis.

4 — Pleuritis.

; 5 — Other forms of pharyngitis.

Treatment:

1 — Good nursing and care.

2 — Steaming.

3—Calomel in feed, give one drachm in bran
mash.

4— Carlsbad salts on food to keep bowels open.
Bran mashes and soft feed.

5 — Cough.

R
| | Ammonium chloride, 2 pounds.
: Tartar emetic, + pound.
Water A. D.,1 gallon.
Sig.: — Give one tablespoonful on each feed.
7 6 — Antiphlogistine or Presnitz pack applied ex-
ternally over region of larynx.

R
Balsam of Fir 1 oz.
Glycerine,
Wiikey: 24.0.3. A. Di, 0208.
Sig.: — Give one ounce every four hours in se-
vere coughing.

16 | bt Notes on

CHRONIC LARYNEAL CATARRE:

This occurs most commonly in horses and dogs. It-

comes on in the fall and spring.

Causes:

1 — The so-called catching cold.

.2— It usually remains from acute cases that were
not properly treated. | |

3 — It may result from an infectious disease of the
respiratory tract, such as distemper. :

4— There may be an ulceration of the mucous
membrane. | ;

5 — There may be a new growth, tumor, satcoma,
etc., in the larynx giving rise to such symp-
toms.

Pathological changes in the mucous membrane of the
larynx. ;

1— Mucous membrane becomes thickened, con-

gested and covered with serum,

2— There are ulcers on the mucous membrane
surrounded by chronic induration or thicken-
ing. |

Symptons: :

1 — The cough is long, dry and harsh. ~

2— This cough is accompanied by a peculiar ste-
notice sound. |

3 — Coughing is noticed mostly in the morning,
(early).

4— Coughing may be induced by pressure over
larynx, the animal very rarely coughs more
than once,

Course:

This is a long drawn out process, lasting months and |

in some cases years.

.

~I
~]

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine.

Treatment:

1 — Blisters or stimulating liniments externally in
region of larynx. }

2— General tonics internally, arsenic in form of
Fowler’s solution, F. E. Nux and Iron. Co-
lumba and Iron.

3 — Injection of Lugol’s solution into the larynx
directly.

4— Cough mixtures.

1 — Glyco-Heroin (Smith’s) in $ to I oz.
doses ,every three or four hours.

R

2— Amm. chloride, oz. 8
Tartaric emetic, oz. 4
Water A. D.., O 2

Sig.:— Give tablespoonful on tongue
every three hours.

R
3 — Balsam of fr, oz. I
Whiskey,
Glycerine, aa A. D. oz. 8
Sig.:— Give one-half ounce on tongue
every. four hours.
R

4—F. E. Yerba Santa,
F. E. Elecampane,
F. E. Squills,

OOS S88
om
O

Heroin,
Glycerine, : 2
Aqua, aa 4
M. f. solution.
Sig.: — Give one ounce every four or five
hours.

78 Notes on

CROUPOUS LARYNGITIS.

ANGINA OF LARYNX. LARYNX ANGINA.

This disease occurs most commonly in the ox. It may
also occur in the horse and dog.

Causes:

1 — The so-called catching cold,

2— Sudden changes of temperature.

3.— Turning animals out at night that are not ac-
customed to it.

4— Traumatisms, (external).

5 — Warm air, steam, hot drenches.

6— This sometimes appears as an infectious dis-
ease in enzootic form.

7— It may occur as a symptom of an infectious —
disease, as Petechial fever or acute glanders.

Pathological conditions:

1 — The mucous membrane is covered with croup-
ous layers. ‘These are small at first, later on
they become confluent and larger. :

2— The mucous membrane is haemorrhagic, hy-
peraemic and infiltrated with serum. Some-
times there is an infection and then there is
suppuration.

Symptoms:
The symptoms appear very suddenly.

1 — This disease is usually ushered in with a chill,
high temperature and general disturbances.

2— Coughing and severe dyspnoea.

3 — In breathing there is a peculiar opening of the
nostrils, (trumpet shaped) opening the mouth
stretching of the head.

4 — Severe ptyalism.

5 — The cutaneous veins are filled with blood.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 79

6— Animals are usually dyspnoeic, there may be
whistling, roaring, rattling, snoring or any
stenotic sound.

7 — If the symptoms have a tendency to develop
rapidly, death may take place by asphyxiation, ~

8 — After three to five days these false or diph-
theritic membranes are coughed out through
the nostrils. &

g— There are such general symptoms as consti-
pation, anorexia, and depressed sensorium.

Complications:
1 — Tracheitis.
2 — Bronchitis.
3 — Croupous Pneumonia.
4 — Emphysema.
5 — Oedema.
6 — Foreign Body Pneumonia. /

Prognosis:
The prognosis is always grave, and should be made
with care. Mortality is about 25%.

Treatment:
1 — Tracheotomy.
2— Blisters and liniments externally in region of
larynx. |
3 — Aconite and phytolacca.

R

Phytolacca, (Sp.) M. 5
Aconite, (Sp.) M. 2
Sig.:— Give every two hours until relieved.

4 — Antiphlogistine and Presnitz packs externally.
5 — Calomel and Carlsbad’s salts on bran mashes.
6 — Steaming.

80 Notes on

OEDEMA OF THE GLOTTIS.

This is a sudden oedematous swelling of the submu-
cosa and submucous connective tissues. This may be serous,
suppurative or phlegmonous.

Causes:
1 — Intertracheal injections of rapid purgatives or
any alcoholic injection intertracheally.
2—It may occur primarily from the so-called
catching cold or from any irritation, such as
inhalation of chloroform.
3— Sudden changes in temperature, etc.
4— From the spread of an oedema from a neigh-
boring part.
5—It may appear as a symptom in infectious
diseases such as black leg, glanders, purpura,
cow pox, pneumonia, or pyaemia.
6 — It is sometimes known to occur in severe cases
of pharyngitis.
7—It may occur as a strangulation from com-
pression of the jugulars.

Pathological Changes:
1 — This usually affects only the upper part of the ©

larynx and vocal chords,

2— The mucous membrane is in thick, swollen,

and oedematous folds.

3 — The mucous membrane is covered over with a

slimy exudate.

4— The posterior part of the pharynx, the base

of the tongue and the oesophagus are also af-

fected.

Symptoms:

This disease appears very suddenly. In a very few
minutes.

a

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 81

1 —A very high grade dyspnoea, which leads fp
idly to death.

2— Animals show great anxiety.

3 — Stenotic tones are very prominent as a result

of dyspnoea.

4— The animals break out in sweat.
_- 5— The mucous membrane becomes cyanotic, and —
the eyes are protruded.

Differential Diagnosis:
Croupous laryngitis.
Treatment:
1 — Tracheotomy as rapidly as possible.

-2— External treatment is only of service after
tracheotomy. Blisters and liniments exter-
nally. :

3 — Bleed animal, (phlebotomy).

ROARING.

This usually consists in a paralysis of the left vocal
chord. This eventually leads to an atrophic condition of the
ligamentous attachment, with the result that the left aryte-
noid cartilage hangs in the lumen of the larynx. From
this the vocal chord is stretched and at every inspiration the
chord is vibrated. The old theory was that the sound was
caused by the arytenoid, but recently it has been developed
tha it was the vocal chord.

Occurrence:

This disease occurs in young horses as a rule. - It
comes on mostly between the ages of three and six. Thor-
oughbreds and halfbreeds are most commonly affected. -
Mares are practically never affected, but stallions and geld-
ings most commonly. This disease is found all over the

82 Notes on

world and not only in certain localities, but may be traced
to a certain sire. There is a great deal of heredity about
this disease.

-

Cause: . , ;

*

The specific cause of this disease is unknown. The
anatomical construction of the horse seems to predispose to
this disease. Horses with long thin necks ‘and a high throat
latch seem to be somewhat predisposed to this disease. It
is supposed to follow certain infectious diseases, as
strangles, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and influenza are
often followed by roaring. It is sometimes seen as a symp-
tom in acute cases of glanders and angina of the larynx.
Sometimes seen in various poisonings, such as acute lead
poisoning, aconite and various plant poisonings, compres-
sion of the recurrent nerve by a tumor, new growth or ab-
SCeSS. n

Anatomical Changes:

The muscles of the left arytenoid cartilage become
atrophic and pale in color. This can be felt from the out-
side of the body. .

Symptoms: | | .

1— The main symptom is inspiratory dyspnoea.

2— This may become so severe that it can be
heard, while the animal is standing at rest.

3 — It is usually heard when moving the animal.

4— This stenotic tone can be anything from rat-
tling to roaring like a bull.

5 — The nostrils are widely dilated and are trum-
pet shaped.

6 — Mild cases can usually be detected by walking
in the stall along side of the horse and giving
him a sudden unexpected slap. This will
make him roar suddenly.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 85

Differential Diagnosis:
1 — Stenosis of nasal cavity.
2— Tumors in larynx, trachea, bronchi.
3 — Cysts in nasal cavity. |
4—Chronic induration of the guttural pouches
causing thickening.
5 — New formations.

Treatment:
I — Surgical.
2 — Arsenic and potassium iodide are of doubtful

value.
3 — Strychnine in one grain doses hypodermically.

ACUTE BRONCHITIS...
Acute BRroNCHIAL CATARRH.

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the bronchi. According to the course, cause, and patho-
logical condition there are the following kinds:

According to the course:

1 — Acute.
a. 4 Heo

Pathologically:
it atatrhal.
2 — Croupous.
3 — Serous. -
4 — Mucoid.
5 — Suppurative. 3
6 — Necrotic.

According to the cause:

1 — Traumatic.
2 — Verminous.

S4 Notes on ‘

3 — Mycotie.

4 — Infectious.

5 — Glanderous.
6 — Tubercular.

Aetiology:

1—-Certain predisposing causes as young age,
weak constitution, poor nutrition, or when
kept in too warm barns and ‘thes suddenly ex-
posed to colds, .

2— The so-called catching cold.
3 — The inhalation of steam, smoke, dust or for-
eign bodies, cold damp weather, sudden
changeable weather.

4— This disease is seen mostly in the spring and
fall.

5 — Mechanical irritation, such as drenching when
the head is too high and horse swallons part

of the decoction. }

6— Chemical irritants from the same cause.
7 — Various parasites.
&8— Spread of the inflammation to neighboring
parts.

9 — It may be caused by a direct infection. It may
also appear in epizootic form,

10 — It may appear as a symptom of an infectious
or contagious disease such as_ distemper,
glanders, anthrax or contagious pleuro-pneu-
monia,

Post Mortem:

1 — Inflammation and ecchymosis of mucous mem-
brane.
2— A transudation of suppurative or serous se-—
cretion on the surface of the mucous mem-
brane.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 85

3 — An infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa.
~, 4— Sloughing of the mucous membrane as a re-
sult of the infection.

Symptoms:

1 — The disease is ushered in with a high fever,
104 to 105°.

2— [he pulse is rapid and weak.

3— The patient has chills and seems greatly de-
pressed.

4 —- Anorexia, and secretions are absent.

5— The cough. At first this is very painful and
drv, later on very loose and pieces of mucous
are coughed up.

6 — Qn auscultation there is a very rough, harsh,
vesicular murmur.

7 — Later dry rales, rattling tones may be heard.

8 — This ratthng is very characteristic of bron-
chitis.

‘Q — Percussion 1s normal.

10 — Respirations are hurried, but as a rule there
is no dyspnoea.

Course:

- Four to ten days, with usual recovery, but it may run
into the chronic form. The course depends upon age, con-
stitution and care.

Pregnosis:

The prognosis is favorable, but should be made with
care. May have as a result heaves, chronic bronchitis or
may have a spread of inflammation to some neighboring
part.

Treatment:
I — Steaming,
2-—[xternal treatment worthless.
3 — Balsam fir, whiskey and glycerine.

86

to:

Notes on

4— 1 gr: strychnine twice daily.
5 — Sp. Aconite and Bryonia.

%

R

Aconite (Sp.) M.-2
Bryonia (Sp.) M. 5
Sig. : — Give every two hours until results are

obtained.

6 — Carlsbad’s Salts and Calomel on feed, feed
soft feed. |

7 — Blankets and bandages. Bandage legs.

8 — In cases 6f weakness give artificial stimulation
such as camphor, alcohol, coffee, aromatic
ammonia or whiskey. __

g — Glyco-Heroin for coughing.

CHRONIC BRONCHIAL CATARRH.,

This usually results from the acute. It is usually due

1— Animals with narrow chests and weak con-.

stitutions.

2—- Cachetic and young animals.

3 — It may come from the acute form.

4 — Chronic heart and lung disease.

5 — Chronic interstitial pneumonia.

6 — Emphysema of the lungs.

7— May be a damming up of the blood in the
bronchial veins in valvular insufficiency..

8 — Chronic constitutional diseases as, anaemia,

leukaemia, and chlorosis.

g — It may be caused by parasites.

10 — Sluggish and lymphatic horses seem to be
predisposed to this disease.

Symptoms:

1 — The main symptom is coughing. This cough
is moist and at every cough mucous 1s ex-
pelled.

*

ay “—“ 67ers “Xe.

ee cg ape,

ww uy aa’

“As

OST PAS oe

eras.
-

ors -

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 87

2— On auscultation there are dry rales and coarse
rattling tones.

3 — This disease is accompanied with more or less
dyspnoea, also accompanied with atelectasis
and emphysema.

4— The animals look rough and appear poorly
nourished, the animals become weak, cach-
etic and often a catarrhal pneumonia sets in
and they die as a result of this disease.

Bronchiectasis is characterized by a sudden expulsion
of masses of mucous which is necrotic. It is usually seen
when the animal lowers its head. This is a symptom of
chronic catarrh.

Course:

¢

The course is a long drawn out process, lasting weeks,
months and even years. This disease usually accompanies
laryngitis and heaves, it very rarely appears alone.

Post Mortem:

1 — The bronchial mucous membrane is of a dark
brown color. The veins and vessels become
greatly enlarged and are very prominent.

2— The secretion is usually of a mucous nature,
but in some cases is necrotic or suppurative.

3 — The secretion often dams up the smaller bron-
chioles causing atelectasis. As a result of
this there is chronic interstitial inflammation
of the lungs.

4— In bronchiectasis the walls of the bronchioles
break down, and there is formed a large cylin-
drical sack, which retains this fluid. In some
instances there is formed around this sack a
strong membrane and the contents calcity,
forming the so-called lung stones.

88 | | Notes on

Treatment:
This disease is curable, but so slow in reacting that the
case changes hands often. |
1 — Strong inhalations of fatpeliee creoline.
2 — Apomorphine.
3 —- Ipecacuanha.

» 4— Squills.
5 — Intertracheally injections of: ;
R
Creosote, M. Io
Alcohol, - ° M. Io
Water, | M.. 5

Give at one dose intertracheally.

‘

BRONCHIAL CROUP.
Croupous BRONCHITIS.

This in an inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the bronchi with the formation of false membranes.

It is usually due to:

1 — The so-called catching cold.

2— Sudden changes in temperature,

3 — The inhalation of foreign bodies.

4 — Mechanical and chemical irritation.

5 — In the ox this is due to a specific infection.

6— It may appear as a symptom of an infectious
disease.

Symptoms:

1— These come on very suddenly with general
symptoms, exhaustion, weakness, coughing
and anorexia.

2— The symptoms are very severe from the first.

3 — The characteristic symptom is high grade dys-
pnoea, which usually becomes severe.

|

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 89

4— On auscultation there may be heard rattling
and snoring tones,
5 — The cough in this disease is very painful.
6—Croupous masses, inches and feet long, are
expelled while coughing.
7 — By laying the hand on the trachea, vibrations
are felt, (fremitus).
8 — The visible mucous membranes are cyanotic.
Course:
The course is very short. 2 to 3 days with recovery
or death due to asphynia. 3

Prognosis:
The prognosis is unfavorable. Mortality 25%.

Post Mortem Appearances:

1— The mucous membrane of the trachea and
bronchi is injected, swollen and covered with
false membranes, about $ inch in thickness.

2— The entire lung is very hyperaemic.

3— Sometimes these diphtheritic membranes roll
together and cause choking with asphyxiation.
Treatment: |

In rapid cases treatment is entirely useless. Trache-

-

otomy is also practically useless.

1 — Toxic doses of Nux vomica or strychnine may
be of some value.
2— Artificial stimulation, alcohol, whiskey.

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS.
LUNGWORM DISEASE. ‘

_ This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the bronchi due to parasites.

90 | Notes on

It is usually due to: Animal parasites, (nematodes or
thread worms). These gain entrance to the trachea and
bronchi, and cause bronchitis, catarrhal pneumonia, and
eventually a parasite phthisis.

The infection takes place by the inhalation of the eggs

-or the embryo. These then comé to maturity and repro- —

duce in the bronchi. By the act of coughing these parasites
are coughed up and cast on the ground, and then these
parasites lay eggs, which are inhaled by other sheep. This
disease occurs mainly in the spring and fall, and usually on
wet, low ground and marshes. By some it is thought the
infection is taken in through the mouth by food and water,

and by regurgitation entering the trachea and bronchi. Some’

authors seem to think the embrvo passed through the blood
into the lung. The embryo has never been found in the
blood as yet. |

Occurrence:

This disease is most prevalent in the fall, especially
after wet seasons and in wet years. The infection usually
takes place in the spring and the symptoms appear in the
early fall. Sometimes it takes two or three months before
the disease can be recognized. This disease occurs mostly
in sheep and usually in epidemic form.

Anatomical Conditions:

There are the following pathological changes in this
disease:
1 — Bronchitis and bronchiectasis.
2— Lobular catarrhal pneumonia.
3 — Nematode tuberculosis or the so-called pseudo
tubercular pneumonia.

[. In the verminous bronchitis there is a suppurative
or necrotic inflammation of the bronchial mucous membrane.
As a rule the embryos are found encapsulated. The lumen
of the trachea and bronchi is filled with a necrotic fluid.
The lung tissue in this region is thickened, emphysematous,

}
|
|
=
4
;
,
a
4
4
%
#
4
5
|
5

-

Ne

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 91

oedematous, atelectatic and in some cases the circulation is
even destroyed.

II. Lobular pneumonia is found in the tissue sur-
rounding the affected parts. There are small circumscribed,
hepaticised portions throughout the lung. After healing
these become atelectatic and in some cases the circulation is
even destroyed.

ltl. Vhe pseudo-tubercular pneumonia presents small
circumscribed nodules, throughout the lung tissue. These
can be felt in the lungs. These encapsulations contain
worms that have been surrounded by a fibrous wall. These
sometimes lead to a pleuritis with adhesion of the lung to
the chest wall. There may also be a peribronchitis which
assumes a chronic form.

In all of the body cavities there are quantities of fluid.
The general aspect of the body presents hydraemia and
anaemia. The lymph glands are usually affected forming
hard nodules.

Symptoms:
Sheep.

1 — Present symptoms of chronic bronchitis.

2 — Sheep are most susceptible and the symptoms
are most severe.

-3—Symptoms present themselves by a cough,
which gradually becomes worse, and eventu-
ally becomes weak and very frequent.

4— This cough becomes worse when the animals
are moved. : |

5 — When coughing, worms, mucous and necrotic
material are passed out. Animals frequently
rub their noses on the ground to rid them-
selves of the discharge.

6 — Breathing becomes dyspnoeic.

7 — On auscultation various tones may be heard.

8 — Animals become weak and appetite fails them.

ey oO , :
i ERAN .
4 1 Ate “ei
ite Se

92 Notes on

g — Visible mucous membranes, are exceedingly
pale and animals are badly emaciated.
10 — Animals usually die in a few weeks from
| cachexia.

The mortality depends upon the age, care and food, but
usually is about 50%.

Symptons: ‘
Ox. | pan’
1 — Young animals are most frequently affected.
2—- The first noticeable symptom is cough.
3 — Next anorexia and emaciation.
4— Show symptoms of chronic lung lesions, ani-
mals are very dyspnoeic. |

Course:
The course is about two weeks.

Mortality:

The mortality is about ten per cent.. Depending upon
care and treatment.

Symptoms:
Swine.
1 — This disease appears enzootic in swine.
2— There is dyspnoea and lung symptoms.
3 — This leads one to think of tuberculosis.
4 — The animals usually die as a result of emaci-
ation,

SP Sansa ENG epi abr

Treatment:
1 — [he radical treatment consists of intertracheal
injections of aniseptics, and tonics internally.
2—- Inhalations of tar, carbolic acid, creoline, tur-

pentine, chloroform, ether, formalin, ete.
3 — Intertracheal injections of blue stone, creo-
sote and alcohol, chloroform.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 93

Olive oil, 62.2
Turpentine, | Of. i1
Carbolic acid or creosote, Oz. 1

Ten drops intertracheally daily.

4—Lugol’s solution, Ten drops intertracheally.
5 — Arsenic. |
6 — Bitter tonics.
7 — Gasoline.
R

Olive oil,

Gasoline 4a,

Give ten drops intertracheally once daily.

Pownce OF LAE -LUNG.

There are the following common diseases of the lung:

1 — Pneumonia.
2— Hyperaemia, (congestion).
3 — Haemorrhage. :
4— Emphysema.
5 — Asthma.
Clinically there are the following forms of pneumonia:
1 — Croupous, (lobar).
2— Catarrhal, (lobular).
3 — Foreign Body, (mechanical).
4 — Mycotic.
5 — Interstitial.
6 — Metastatic.

- PRIMARY SPORADIC LOBAR PNEUMONIA.

Lobar Pneumonia usually occurs in the horse, while
lobular occurs most commonly in cattle.

The known causes are: ,
1 — The so-called catching cold.

94 Notes on es

2— Undue exposure. | :
3 — Traumatisms.
4 — Irritating inhalations.

Symptoms:
1 — This disease is ushered in Sai a chill, which
is quite long.
2—HIn this disease the fever is extremely high,
106 to 107°. This constitutes the diagnostic
system. |
3— [The fever is even, does not change.
4— The fever continues for six days when it will
suddenly drop. ,
5 — The pulse is small, rapid and weak, 80 to 100 4
per minute. %y 5
6— There is muscular weakness, depression of 5
sensorium, and exhaustion. a
7 — The animals are very stiff.
8 — Anorexia, (almost total.)
9g — The visible mucous membranes are congested
and injected with somewhat of a yellowish or
icteric color, (dirty red). |
10 — The breathing is rapid, 20 to 60 per minute.
The thorax is held very rigid, all the breath-
ing is done with abdominal muscles.
11 — The experium is very hot.
12— The nostrils are expanded.
13 — There is usually a prune juice nasal discharge.
14 — The cough is short and painful.
15 —QOn percussion there may be heard tympan-
itic tones.
16— Qn auscultation the sound varies according
to the stage.
Ist stage, fermitis.
2d stage, bronchial rales.
3d stage, moist rales.
4th stage, rough vesicular murmur.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 95

17— The urine is very highly colored and of an
alkaline reaction, containing albumen. Looks
cloudy and is usually scanty in quality.

Anatomical Changes:

Post Mortem.

Croupous pneumonia is characterized by inflammation
of the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles, by the formation
of a fibrous exudate in the alveoli themselves, which usu-

ally attacks the lower lobes. After healing these portions
of the lung return to normal.

Stages of lobar pneumonia:

1 — Congestion.

2 — Red hepatization.
3 — Grey hepatization.
4 — Resorption.

I. Congestion:

This stage lasts about two days. In this stage the lung
is in a very intense state of hyperaemia, swollen and red-
dened, pits on pressure, crackles on palpitation, the surface
is smooth and shows a solid form on section,

The capillaries are highly injected and there may be
small haemorrhagic spots throughout the lung. The lumen
of the alveoli is filled with an oedematous fluid. The inter-
stitial connective tissue is infiltrated, oedematous and con-
tains a fine foamy fluid.

Il. Stages of red hepatization:

This begins on the third day and lasts about two
days. This period usually begins with a coagulation
of the fibrous exudate.. This fibrin separates into. fine
particles. The lung becomes very heavy, soggy, sinks,
in water, appears swollen and reddened, appears like liver,
is dark brown and friable. The cut surface is very grey in
color and in some places haemorrhagic. At this stage it ap-

96 | Notes on

pears marbled, rough and granular to the touch. These
granular portions cannot be squeezed out in this stage.

Ill. Stage of grey hepatization: |

In this state the exudate undergoes fatty degeneration
and resorption. The white blood corpuscles enter the ex-
udate and phagocytosis takes place. In this stage the gran-
ulations are quite soft and on pressure these may be Boe
from the lung tissue.

;
IV. Stage of resorption and healing: nee

In this stage the exudate liquifies and runs from the
alveoli into the bronchi and a portion is expelled in the
form of expectoration. After this the lung heals and re-
turns to normal. In the region of the inflammation the sur-
rounding tissue is swollen and in some cases becomes em-
physematous.

The pleura in the region of the hepatized spots is rough
and swollen and in some instances haemorrhagic. The
bronchial mucous membrane is inflamed and swollen and
may be covered by croupous layers. The lymph ane
are oedematous, swollen and haemorrhagic.

The mucous membrane of the intestines is covered wits
a catarrhal exudate. The heart, liver and kidneys have un-
dergone fatty degeneration.

Course:

This disease always runs a typical course. The dis-
ease does not vary for six davs and then is gradually re-
sorbed or the animal dies. The sixth day seems to be the
highest point of the disease.

Prognosts:

The prognosis is usually favorable, the mortality being

about twenty-five per cent.

Results af pneumonia:

1 — Chronic dyspnoea.
2— Gangrene of lungs.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 97

3 — Necrosis of lungs.

4 — Bronchiectasis.

5 — Chronic induration of tissue.
6 — Chronic bronchitis. |

Differential Diagnosis:

1 — Catarrhal Pneumonia.
2—+=Plenrisy: ~.

3 — Chest Plague.

4 — Bronchitis.

5 — Contagious Pleuro-pneumonia.

Treatment:

~I

1 — 4 oz, Digitalis in start, do not repeat.

2—1 gr. Strychnine, three times daily, for arti-
ficial stimulation.

3 — Smith’s Glyco-Heroin for cough in I oz. doses
every three hours. |

4 — Carlsbad’s salts on feed. Feed bran mashes

*>and seft teed. : .
5 — Artificial stimulation, as whiskey, brandy, etc.
6 — Brvonia and aconite, (first stage).

R
Bryonia, (Sp.) | ro a
Aconite, (Sp.) M. 2

Sig.: — Give every two hours.

7—kR

‘Camphor. gum, . ray A |
Creosote, ( Beechwood ) oz. 4

: Alcohol, OZ. 4
Me g..5:

Sig.: — Give hypodermically 4 oz. three times

daily throughout the disease.

8 — Keep horse well blanketed. Bathe the legs
in ice water once an hour, then bandage well.
The horse must have plenty of fresh air, but
do not place the animal in a draft.

98 Notes on

BRONCHO PNEUMONIA — CATARRHAL
PNEUMONIA.

The most common causes are:

1— The so-called catching cold.

2— Inhalation of dust, sand, smoke, foreign
bodies.

This disease may occur enzootic in young animals.

Broncho Pneumonia may occur in horses from being
tied too short or checked too high for a long period of
time, or from transportation, or it may occur after admin-
istering an anaesthetic. Broncho Pneumoma may also oc-
cur as a result of acute Bronchitis. :

This disease occurs most commonly as a result of in-
fectious diseases. Young, emaciated animals seem to be
most susceptibe. Tubercular Bronchial Pneumonia _ is
caused by different parasites. (Parasite Pneumonia. )

Symptoms:

The symptoms start just as though it were a case of
acute Bronchitis.

1 — The temperature is elevated, 104 to 105°.

2— The respiration is increased.

3 — There is a short suppressed cough.

4— On percussion there are tympanitic spots here
and there.

5 — On auscultation there are bronchial rales, and
in some cases you can hear loud rattling tones.

Course:

The course of this disease is somewhat subacute and
chronic, lasting from two weeks to one month, with result-
ing resorption of the product. This disease may also run
into a chronic form. As a result of this disease we may
have:

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 99

1 — Chronic induration.

2 — Emphysema.

3 — Emaciation. Weakness.
4 — Idiotism.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is very bad in young animals. The mor-

tality is about 75%. In older animals which have care, it
is more favorable.

Differential Diagnosis :
1 — Croupous pneumonia.

2 — Bronchitis.
3 — Bronchiolitis.

Pathology: Post Mortem:

This begins with hyperaemia. In: some cases these
may become confluent, thereby the entire lobe will be af-
fected. | |

The cut surface in broncho-pneumonia is far more
smooth and the granulation is finer. The consistency is

lighter. The surrounding tissue undergoes compensatory
hyperaemia.

;
|

The pleura:

The pleura is rough, swollen, reddened, and the lymph
glands are oedematous.

Treatment:

The same as for lobar pneumonia.

MECHANICAL PNEUMONIA.

This is always caused by some mechanical irritation to
the trachea or bronchial tubes. It is really a catarrhal lobu-
lar pneumonia. There are really two kinds of mechanical
pneumonia. These are foreign body and traumatic.

ad :

v
>,°?

100 Notes on
Causes:

1 — Irritating inhalations. Smoke, dust, fumes.

2— The entrance of mechanical irritants, irritat-
ing drenches, etc.

3 — Entrance of oat hulls, timothy heads, splinters,
trachea tubes, or bacteria.

4 — This is most commonly caused by drenching a
diseased animal as in. tetanus, pharyngitis,
oesophagitis or a partially narcoticised animal.

5 — It may be caused by one dose of pilo carpine
or arecoline or esernic.

6 — Rupturing of a retro pharyngal abscess.

7 — A true mechanical pneumonia is found in the
ox. Due to foreign body indigestion, (trau-
matic. )

Post Mortem:

1 — This disease presents croupous, catarrhal and
gangrenous pneumonia present at the same
time.

2—In the beginning the inflammatory process is
all in the bronchi, but later on. spreads to the
lung tissue. As a result of the necrosis the
lung tissue becomes dark in color and slimy.
The neighboring tissue is haemorrhagic and
oedematous.

Symptoms:

1 — Stinking discharge from nose.

2 — Rattling which is very coarse.

3 — Nasal discharge.

4— Frequent chills and an average fever of 103

to 104°.

5 — Pulse is very weak and small.

6 — The animal is extremely weak and sometimes
there is a bloody diarrhoea present.

7— The history of the case is of importance, it

shows that this usually follows colic.

: i
«

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 101

Differential Diagnosis:
1 — Chest Plague.
2 — Bronchitis.
3 — Phthisis.

Prognosis:

1 — lfavorable if drench was mild and not too ir-
ritating.

2— It is unfavorable if the substance was irri-
tating.

The mortality depends upon the cause.

Treatment:
aa
Creosote, M. 10
Alcohol, ae
Water, Me 2s

Give intertracheally every 12 hours.

I — Intertracheal injections of Lugol's solution.
2— Inhalations of creosote, turpentine, etc.

= . . . .
3 — Artificial stimulation.

MYCOTIC PNEUMONIA.

‘This is as a rule due to the infection of actino mycosis,
Botrycosis, or pus cocci. This disease usually affects more
than one animal in the same stable. These bacteria set up
an inflammation by the formation of toxines. The result-
ing pneumonia is very similar to foreign body penumonia.

Post Mortem:

Qn post mortem the disease usually assumes the form
of nodular, gangrenous, or suppurative pneumonia. This
consists of an acute, diffuse inflammation throughout the
lung tissue. There are hepatized and haemorrhagic spots
throughout the lung which are separated by a zone or line

102 Notes on

of demarkation. Ulcers form on the bronchial mucous

membrane. The pleura in the region of the diseased tissue
is inflamed and dry. |

se

Symptoms:
I— Symptoms of catarrhal pneumonia.
2— As a rule this assumes the form of a chronic
disease.
3 — Dyspnoea.
4— Emaciation and cachexia.

5— Animal becomes extremely weak and then
cies.

Sometimes the animal will cough up croupous >
masses which contain particles of pus.

‘

i. a we a ng
a - ‘ee Po 42
= 7 2 +s oF e, ‘ a
aS a i el ae a a ee ae eet

oo

Treatment: — (treat symptoms).

1 — Inhalations of creosote, creoline, turpentine.
2— Artificial stimulation.
3 — Intertracheal injections.

INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA,

This is not a primary disease but is always secondary
to some other form as catarrhal croupous pneumonia.

This disease is characterized by the formation of new
connective tissues and chronic inflammatory processes. in
the lungs and between’ the bronchi. The disease nearly
always occurs in the second stage of catarrhal pneumonia,
mechanical pneumonia, acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis
and bronchiectasis. Also in the following infectious dis-
eases: Tuberculosis, glanders, actinomycosis, botryomy-
cosis, distemper and chest plague. |

Post Mortem:

This disease consists of a diffuse or circumscribed
nodular formation of new connective tissues between the
individual alveoli.

Theory and Practice of Vetermary Medicine. 108

The lung becomes more firm, and when cutting grates
and is rough. In the very first stages this consists. of a
soft infiltrate, but with age, hardens.

Symptoms:

1— The main, and in fact the only, symptom is
dyspnoea. This is because the lung tissue is
destroyed and the oxidizing properties are
lost.

2— Sometimes there is a soft, suppressed cough.
But this is not constant.

3— The animal becomes weak, emaciated, hair

) stands on end and the skin is dead.
Treatment:

Worthless.

\

HYPERAEMIA AND OEDEMA.

1 — Active congestion.
2 — Passive congestion.
3 — Oedema.

Causes:

1 — Active congestion.

This disease usually occurs in horses after hard work,
as racing, running, or over-exertion in extremely hot
weather. It may be caused by cold air, smoke, gas, etc.
This active congestion presents all the symptoms of the
first stage of pneumonia. Mane

2— Passive Congestion.

This follows heart weakness or the failure of the heart
beat which will result in a compression of the veins and
cause a damming up of the blood in the lungs. This
occurs im all diseases that are accompanied by a marked
heart’s weakness, such as hypostatic pneumonia, infectious
diseases, poisonings, and chronic constitutional diseases.

104 Notes on :

3 — Oedema.

This is where the blood serum leaves the vessels and ay

enters the connective tissues between the alveoli and bron-—

chioles. ‘This usually occurs in croupous pneumonia, malig-

‘nant oedema or in a destruction of the vessel wall from any
cause or a damming up of the blood.

Symptoms: —
I 4 Neute cea sen presents all of the symp-
toms of the first stage of pneumonia and the
history of the case must govern the diagnosis, —
It appears very suddenly and without any
premonitory symptoms. a
2 — Passive congestion and oedema presents prac-
tically the same symptoms. ‘he history will
govern the diagnosis. )
I — Appears suddenly.
2— The temperature is high, 106° to 107".
3 — Rapid breathing, 80 to 100.
4 — Rapid and weak pulse.

Course:

12 to 24 hours, with recovery or death.

Treatment: , | ‘
I — 1 Oz. nux vomica every 2 hours, ;
2—Strychnine, 1 gr. every 6 hours.

3 — Bandage and bathe the legs in ice water.

. ‘ . . : y SS
4— Aconite and bryonia in small, oft-repeated

doses.
5 — Artificial stimulation.
1 — Whiskey.
2 — Brandy.
3 — Aromatic spirits of ammonia.
4 — Alcohol, ete.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. (405.

CROUPOUS PNEUMONIA OF THE. OX.

The post mortem and pathological condition is iden-
tical with that of the horse. In this tlisease the interlobular
spaces very seldom become inflamed. The inflammation is
more apt to spread to the pleura. The cut surface of the
red hepatization is darker. The pleura is affected more
than in the horse.

Symptoms:
The symptoms appear suddenly and usually are
speradic.
1— There is a high fever, with marked general
Svimptonis.
2 — Dyspnoea.
3 — Coughing.
Cuurse:
This disease runs a more rapid course than it does in
the horse. The disease in the ox usually stops in the stage
of hepatization the third to fourth day.

Treatinent:

The same as for lobular pneumonia.

Pneumonia in swine or sheep practically shows the
same symptoms, except that the disease in sheep usually
runs a course of 14 days to 3 weeks.

HAEMORRHAGE FROM THE LUNG.

This is caused by: ,
1 — Over-exertion, especially in hot weather.
2 — Glanderous lesions in lung.
3 — Tubercular processes in the lung.
4 — Contagious pleuro-pneumonia.
5 — Emboli or thrombosis formation in the lungs.
6— This may occur as a symptom in infectious
diseases.

‘106 Notes on

Symptoms:

|
- bi]
¥
4
3
.

A reddish, foamy substance comes from the
lungs and is passed out of the nose and mouth.
2— There is severe dyspnoea at the same time.

3 — Coughing.

4 — Chills.

5 — Toward end of haemorrhage animal becomes
very weak and nervous. Mucous membrane
is pale, pulse small and imperceptible.

I

Ditferentiial Diagnosis:
Epistaxis. Blood comes out as such and is not foamy.

Treatment:

1—In case it is due to hyperaemic condition of
the lungs, phlebotomy is indicated.

2— Cold applications to external portions of body

~ in region of lung.

3 — Internally, hydrastis, alum, tannin, vinegar
and salt.

4— From a prophylactic standpoint the animal
should be kept as quiet as possible and moved
only when it is absolutely necessary.

EMPHYSEMA OF LUNGS.

This means some difficulty in breathing.

It may be due to the following causes: ;
1— Where there is an adhesion of the lung to

thorax and movement is prevented. P|

2 — Atelectasis.
3—A change in texture of the lung tissue.

Clinically there are the following forms:
1 — Chronic emphysema.
2— Acute vesicular emphysema.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 107

1 — Chron:

This is caused by an enlargement of the alveoli and
the septi between the alveoli, with a degeneration of the
parenchyma of the lung. The alveoli becomes confluent
and as a result there are cavities formed in the lung. The
more these enlarge the thinner the walls become and they
eventually rupture.

The blood supply to these parts is also affected. In
the enlargement of the alveoli the capillaries stretch, the
lumen becomes lessened and in some cases obliterated.

Microscopically that portion of the lung is greatly
enlarged, fluffy and very light in weight. The edges of
the lung are rounded, the surface contains the marks of
ribs, and it retains finger prints. ‘On opening the thorax
the lung does not collapse.

2 — Interstitial: 3

This is caused by a rupture of the alveoli, by too
great and forced inhalations. The air enters the connec-
tive tissue and the lymph spaces between the alveoli. This
is seen in the surface of the lung, under the pleura in the
form of blisters, the size of a pea to that of a walnut. These
blisters may be easily pressed in or pushed away. The air
may also get between the layers of the mediastinal pleura.
in rare cases it works out under the skin, causing emphy-
sema.

_ It is supposed to be brought on by coughing’ spells,
over exertion, over driving, shipping or mechanical -pneu-
monia. It has also been known to follow difficult parturi-
tion. The most common cause being acute diseases of the
lungs.

3 — Acute Vesicular.

This form is an alveolar ectasis, caused by the forma-
tion of new tissue. This may affect a single lobule or may
be spread over the entire lung. This disease is seen to
follow chronic bronchial catarrh.

>
hotly Aid,

108 | Notes on

Symptoms:

| — Chronic expiratory dyspnoea.

2— A double motion of the flanks.

3 — At the nostri] there are two distinct streams
of air at the same expiration. |

4— There is always a secondary hypertrophy of
the heart.

5 — The anus is forced out at each expiration.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is unfavorable.
Course:
The course is years.
Treatment: Incurable but may be relieved.
1— F. FE. Rosin weed in $ to I oz. doses.
2— I. E. lobelia in 1 to 2 drachm doses.
3— Give 1 teaspoonful of powdered stramonium

on each feed. ;
4.— Strophanthus in 1 drachm doses. :

PLEURITIS.
PLEURISY.

This is an inflammation of the pleura.
‘This process covers an exudative and a_ productive ;
process of the pleura. There are various forms according
to the cause, location, anatomical position and character

of the exudate. In this process the lung nearly always ;
becomes adherent to the chest wall, and therefore path- ,
ologically we always have a pneumonia present with this .
disease. This is not the only means whereby we have }
pleurisy, but) the most common. There may be a
haemorrhagic pleuritis spread entirely by the blood stream :

or if there is an infection present there may be pleurisy

a

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. | 109

present. In certain infectious diseases there may be a
bloody exudate in the chest cavity. If the disease has a
tendency to run a mild course there may be injected spots
and even granulations around this exudate.

A traumatic pleurisy always occurs by means of punc-
tured wounds to the thorax, fractured ribs or traumatisms
to the chest wall. These wounds usually become infected
and assume a purulent or gangrenous character. As a
result we have this form of pleuritis. Sometimes air enters
the openings and spreads the infection over a very large
surface. If the wound severed a vein or an artery, then
we have blood in the cavity; this ferments, decomposes and
as a result there is gangrenous pleurisy.

Case where a rib is splintered and a splinter enters
the lung, are usually followed by haemorrhage from the
nose. It usually requires about one month for the lung to
become adherent in eases of fracture.

There are the following forms of pleurisy (clinically ) :

1 — Primary.
2 — Secondary.
3 — Suppurative.
4 — Gangrenous.
. 5 — Haemorrhagice.
Symptoms:
1—A rise in temperature. This. may be very
high or medium.
2 — Disease is usually ushered in with a chill.
3 — Depression of the sensorium.
4— Mucous membrane injected and reddened.
5 — Severe dyspnoea. Respirations are frequent
and shallow.
6 — The head is held poked out. The thorax is
stiff and held out.
7— If the disease continues the animal becomes
ereatly emaciated.

110 Notes on

Prognosis: 3

1 — Cases properly treated run a course of 5 to
& days with a favorable prognosis.

2— lf a very large area is involved and the case
has made considerable progress before treat-
ment, the course is usually about two to four
weeks and the prognosis is less favorable.

As a rule after fractures or a rupture of the thoracic
wall there is a traumatic inflammation with a diffuse sup-
purative pleuritis with a peracute course. This may also
set up a circumscribed fibrinous inflammation or an encap-
sulation in the fore part of the thoracic cavity. This latter
always assumes a chronic form. If the inflammatory pro-
cess attacks the heart sack or pericardium, the prognosis
is necessarily fatal. Most commonly find a secondary or a
rheumatic. pleurisv. The secondary form is an acute
hbrinous pneumonia followed by an exudative pleurisy.
Quite frequently a broncho-pneumonia is followed by
pleurisy in the region of the hepaticised spots.

Pathology:

1—Capillary injection and reddening of the
pleura.

2— The epithelium becomes roughened and the

i lymph glands widen out.

3 — There is an exudation of serum, (white and
fibrin. )

4-—Jf the exudate is fibrinous it is spoken of as

“Pleuritis secca”’. ,(Dry pleurisy.)
5—If a great quantity of serum is thrown out

“Pleuritis serosa”. (Serous pleurisy.) —

6 — If serum and fibrin “sero fibrinous”’.
7— At this stage a

1 — Local,

2 — Circumscribed,

3 — Diffuse:

pleuritis must be distinguished.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 111

The quantity of serum varies with every case and may
be from a few quarts to 8 to 10 gallons. Only one pleural
sack may be affected or it may spread to the neighboring
part. One side may be affected while the other side re-
mains intact. This fibrin coagulates and organizes and in
some cases undergoes granulation. If the exudate is
haemorrhagic, this blood comes from the strong injection
of the pleura and is not pure blood. ‘This sort of exudate
has a tendency to become gangrenous.

A suppurative exudate consists mainly of fibrin, serum
and pus. The infection enters through a granulation in
the inflamed portion of the pleura. This form of exudate
very rarely contains fibrin, and if so the fibrin is coagulated
and floats around in chunks. The formation of creamy pus
in the chest cavity can happen only where there is infec-
tion carried in from the outside.

A gangrenous pleuritis is the result of infection and
is usually seen to accompany some other disease.

RHEUMATIC PLEURISY.

The exact cause of this disease is unknown. This
disease occurs mostly in horses from three to five years
old, that have been shipped and unduly exposed on markets
or sale stables.

The predisposing causes are horses that chill easily, or
where there is some existing catarrhal affection of the res-
piratory tract. The so-called catching cold and various in-
fections also play an important part in this-disease. This
form of pleurisy may be one sided or affect both sides. It
may be serous or sero-fibrinous according to the character of
the exudate. In very severe cases it is usually serous and
there may be great quantities of fluid in the cavity. If the
disease runs more than twelve to fifteen days this exudate
has a tendency to become purulent.

112 Notes on

In some localities there is a pleurisy seen, that is

caused without exposure and occurs primarily. This is in|

the form of a stable miasma. The capillaries are highly
injected and there is a sero-haemorrhagic fluid thrown out
in great quantities. This usually runs above five to ten
days, at which time the exudate, becomes purulent and as-
sumes a greenish. cast.

Symptoms:

1—In mild cases the symptoms do not develop
for four to five days.

2— In severe cases the disease is ushered in with
a chill.

3 — Temperature, 103° to 105°.

4— The pulse is fast and weak, 80 to 100,

5 — The conjunctiva and mucous membranes are
highly injected and reddened.

6 — The first four or five days the animal drinks
very little water and the excretion of urine is
lessened.

7— Animal shows great pain on pressure over
thorax over diseased portion.

8 — Respirations are dyspnoeic and labored, 30
to 70. In the act of breathing the flanks are
used and thorax held stiff.

9 *~ On auscultation find coarse rattling tones, and
in some cases a grating or rubbing sound.

10 — Sometimes in long, drawnout cases there are
oedematous swellings in the subcutis under
the breast, on the legs, emaciation and symp-
toms of gastro intestinal catarrh.

Course:
t — Mild cases run a course of 5 to g days, with
healing in 14 days.
2— Severe cases 2 to 3 weeks.

r €

-

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 113

3— Animals that emaciate and are poorly taken
care of, the course is to 4 to 6 weeks. ;

4 — Cases where both’ sides are affected the exu-
date presses on the heart to such an extent
that the animal dies early in the course of the
disease. This may also lead to suffocation.

5 — Cases in which the exudate assumes a puru-
lent character, are usually followed by a septic
intoxication with a resulting gastro-intestinal
catarrh, parenchymatous inflammation of the
kidneys, liver and spleen. In these cases the
patient shows symptoms of diarrhoea, rapid
emaciation, eyes stary and venous congestion
of mucous membrane.

_ Prognosis:
Depends entirely upon the intensity of the disease and
the way in which the animal stands the attack.

Treatment: :

The treatment is mainly symptomatic.
1— Aconite and Bryonia.

R
Bryonia, (Sp.) ~ . M. 5
Aconite (Sp.) M: 2
Sig.:— Give every two hours.

2— Pleurisy root.

3 — Digitalis, give $ 0z. Do not repeat.

4 — Potassium Iodide, $ to 1 oz. daily.

5 — Good nursing, bandage legs, blankets.

6 — Puncture thorax in cases of hydro-thorax.
7— Treat other svmptoms as they arise.

114 Notes on

HYDROTHORAX.

Hydrothorax is a collective term meaning a transuda-
tion of serum into the chest cavity. It has practically a
reference to a copious exudation.

Clinically we have the following forms:

1—A sero-fibrinous pleuritis, acute hydrothorax.
2—A chronic diffuse pleuritis with a serous or

sero-fibrinous exudation.
3 — There may be a chronic hydrothorax.

Some horses on account of their great age or on ac-
count of malnutrition often suffer from hyperaemia of the
lungs, as a result there is a transudation of serum into ves-
sels and pleura and this may lead to a chronic hydrothorax.
In cases of chronic deforming endo-carditis or valvular in-
sufficiency, with chronic course, there is seen to occur hy-
drops, ascitis and anasarca. In this case we have also a
transudation in the thoracic cavity and as a result have
hydrothorax. Hydrothorax is a symptom and not a dis-
ease.

Treatment:
Symptomatic.

1 — Puncture the thorax.
2 — Potassium iodide in half to one ounce doses.

HEMATOTHORAX.

Hematothorax occurs only in horses. It is seen most
commonly in complications, such as contagious pleuro-pneu-
monia, its specific cause being a rupture of the vessels in
the pleura. As a result we have haemorrhages in the thor-
acic cavity. Also seen to occur with a sero-fibrinous pleu-
ritis Or pneumonia.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 115

Symptoms:
1 — Sudden paleness of mucous membrane.
2— Pulse is rapid and weak.
3 — The appetite suddenly fails.
Diagnosis: :
Diagnosis of this disease is made only with the trocar.
Prognosis:
The prognosis is unfavorable.
Treatment:
The treatment is expectative. No treatment.

PNEUMOTHORAX. ue

f

Pneumothorax is air in the chest cavity. This occurs
only in cases where there are penetrating wounds, fracture
of the ribs, or an ulceration or destruction of the lung tis-
sue. Perforation. This disease very rarely occurs except
by puncture. Has been known to occur in cases of rupture
of the bronchial tubes.

Symptoms:
Are very hard to recognize. Sometimes percussion will

give tympanic tones. Otherwise practically unable to diag-
nose. :

Treatment:

-Keep patient as quiet as possible. Await results. ~ 4.4.
-

PYOTHORANX.
(Empyema of the Chest.)

‘This consists of a formation of pus in the chest cay-
itv. A formation of pus never takes place in the chest
cavity except by direct inoculation.

>

116 Notes on

Symptoms:
painful inflammation’ of the

Pleura,: due partly to pressure and partly to
the inflammation which it sets up.

2— From this there is a resorption and a toxemia.

3 — Severe dyspnoea, seen mostly at expire
Expiratory dyspnoea.
Treatment:
The treatment is mainly symptomatic.
1 — Aconite and bryonia.

R
Bryonia, (Sp.) M. 5 \
Aconite, (Sp. j M. 2
Sig.: — Give every two hours.
2— Pleurisy root.
3 — Digitalis, give half ounce, do not repeat.
4 — Potassium iodide, half to one ounce daily.
5 — Good nursing, bandage legs, blanket.
6 — Puncture thorax in cases of hydrothorax.
7— Treat other symptoms as they arise.

PARTURIEN T -PARESIS:;

Mitk FEVER.
.

This is sometimes known as Parturient Apoplexy or
Parturient Fever.

Causes:

This is a mechanical derangement of the blood. ‘This
comes on at about the time of calving and as a result we
have an apolectic condition of the animal.

Primarily the cause is not known, but the most: favor-

able theory is that at the time of calving there is a great
strain on the animal economy. The uterus must have

Bex’

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 117

enough blood to assist in the expulsion of the calf, and the
digestive apparatus must also have an over supply on ac-
count of the extra-strain thrown on it to nourish the young
animal. Then the mammary glands call for an excess
amount of blood, so that it may secrete enough for the
nourishment of the young. |
Occurrence:

Miik fever always occurs in deep mulkers, heavy
feeders, in fact the best cows in the barn. Also in cows
having a highly developed nervous system.

Ve also have the following facts:

The nervous system of the digestive tract and mam-
mary gland are in a deranged condition, with a resulting
deranged blood supply, and a dilation of the vessels. As
a result we have Hyperaemia or Congestion of the Udder.
This Hyperaemia causes a resulting Anaemia of the brain
and the spinal cord, so that thé center of co-ordination and
correlation lose control over the body. Asa result we have
a Paresis or a paralytic condition of the animal.

Symptoms:

This disease usually comes on within three or four
days after calving. In rare cases, however, it nay come on
some time later than the period mentioned.

1 — Anorexia.

2— Animals become indifferent to their young,
and do not notice anything as‘a rule.

3 — The senscrium is depressed.

4— Animals have a staggering gait.

5 — Animals lie down and are unable to rise, as
they have an ascending paralysis of the hind
quarters. | |

6—In lying down the head is always turned
toward the flank and is held in that position.

: They may lie on either side.

118 Notes on
7 — There is also a paresis of the intestines and
the bladder, no urine being voided. -
Course:

This disease 1s always acute.

Prognosis:

Good if treated, 1f not treated unfavorable.

Mortalhty:

Untreated, 97%. If treated, less than 1%.

Differential Diagnosis:

Ptomaine poisoning or the eating of growing corn.

Treatinent:

1— The treatment consists of mechanically re-
lieving the congestion of the udder. ‘This
is done by inflating the udder with air. This
should be sterilized, but prior to this the
udder should be disinfected and placed on a
clean towel. Precaution should be taken lest
the infection enter the gland. The udder
should be tightly inflated and the end of the
teats tied shut. These strings should be re-
moved in one hour’s time.
Internally F. E. Nux Vomica, teaspoonful.
Until the animal gets up.
3—Do not physic. Do not purge. Do not give
any great quantity of liquid by way of the
mouth.
4 — Should the animal remain down for four or
~ five hours catheterize. As a rule the animal
gets up in from one to two hours after treat-

]

ment.
5 — Do not milk the cow for 36 hours.

This is a feverless disease, if anything the temperature

is subnormal.

—— «

Per
i”

oe

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 119

ICTERUS.
JAUNDICE.

Any disease of the gall duct which causes a damming
up of the bile with a resorption is known as jaundice. This
really consists of a “hematogenus icterus” and usually ap-
pears as a symptom of some other disease. It is seen
mostly in septic intoxications of the horse.

A hepatogenus icterus has no relation to a distinct
disease of the liver, but refers to some other disease
primarily with icterus as a symptom.

A catarrhal icterus is the result of a catarrhal inflam-
mation of the duodenum or the gall duct, causing a dam-
ming up of the bile with resorption.

It is quite common that the mucous membrane assumes
a yellowish cast, as a result of a-fibrile disease. In these
cases it is quite rare that the liver itself is affected. Gall
stones, abscess, or ulceration may cause this symptom.
As yet it has not been proven, whether or not this will cause
a parenchymatous inflammation.

Symptoms:
1 — Anorexia.
2— Dryness of the mucous membrane.
3 — The tongue is coated.
4— The feces are light colored.
5 — Very little feces’is voided.
6 — The visible mucous membranes are very yel-
low.
7— The horse is usually very sluggish in action.
8 — The urine is bile stained.
Q— General symptoms are absent.

Course:
The course is ten to twenty days.

120 - Notes on

Prognosis:
The prognosis is good as a rule.
Differential Diagnosis:
1 — Anaemia. :
2— Disturbances of the digestive tract.
Treatment: :
1 — Calomel in drachm doses every six hours.
2— Arecoline, one-half grain every six hours.
3 — Dietetics, ereen food, soft food. |
4— Tonics, aloes, nux vomica, arsenic, etc.
5— Turpentine in one ounce doses every six
hours.

BEPATEDIS

This consists in an inflammation of the liver.

A parenchymatous inflammation of the liver, is seen
only as a symptom of some infectious or contagious disease.
This form of inflammation of the liver never takes place
as a primary disease.

A suppurative inflammation of the liver usually occurs
in the course of omphalo-phlebitis, (navel ill). The in-
fection takes place directly through the blood stream, the

pus cocci entering the liver tissue. There may be abcesses

formed in the liver in the course of Pyaemia, the cause be-
ing metastasis. Then there may be a necrosis of the liver
as a result of thrombus formation with a resulting de-
generation of the surrounding tissues.

A multiple necrotic inflammation of the liver, usually
follows some intoxicating disease. .

DIFFUSE CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER.

The cause of cirrhosis is not definitely known. It has _

been known to follow chronic icterus. Some. authorities
state that certain foods bring on this condition.

stiohe: tte

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 121

Symptoms:
I — A variable appetite.
2— The animals have a dislike for grain, but pre-
fer hay.
3 — Later on in the disease there may be digestive
! disturbances.

4— Some animals seem to eat enough but con-
tinually lose flesh.

5 — [hese animals have a tendency to lick foreign
objects.

6— The animals eat dirt, sand, and feces rav-
enously.

7 — There is constant gapping.

8 — The urine is unchanged.

9g — The conjunctiva is discolored yellow.

10— There are no general symptoms present in
this disease.

Course:
The course of this disease is 3, months and years. (2 to
3 years).

Prognosis:

The prognosis depends upon the course. If the animal
shows brain symptoms, along with (shen symptoms, the
prognosis is unfavorable.

In chronic cases the prognosis is more favorable.

Treatment:

This disease is practically incurable, but the following
line of treatment may be given a trial.

1— Lugol’s solution intertracheally, one drachm
daily.

2— Arsenic in form of Fowler’s solution, one
ounce three times daily.

3—TIron. -Give tincture of iron chloride in one
'drachm doses, three times daily.

122 Notes on

DISEASES OF THE. SPLEEN:

The spleen is the organ chiefly concerned in the manu-
facture of blood corpuscles. When there is an infectious
or contagious disease present, there is apt to be a diseased
condition of the spleen.

Clinically there are the following forms:

1— A chronic induration of the spleen, seen in
leukaemia.

2— Amyloid degeneration of the spleen.

3 — Ecchinococcus in the spleen. (Parasite dis-
ease). |

4— Ulceration of the spleen. ‘This form is seen
in glanders or carcoma of the spleen.

Symptoms:
The symptoms are emaciation with a varying appetite.

After two or three months cachexia sets in and the animal
dies.

DISEASE OF THE URINARY APPARATUS.

The most common diseases of the kidney which are
seen in Veterinary Medicine are: :
1 — Acute Nephritis.
2— Circumscribed Nephritis. .

ACUTE NEPHRITIS.

This occurs in the course of infectious and contagious
diseases, such as Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia and In-
fluenza. It may also be caused by various toxic drugs, such
as cantharides, large doses of turpentine and similar irri-
tating diuretics.

“=

te oes

7

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 123

Pathology:
1 — A swelling and enlargement of the kidney.
2— The kidney becomes oedematous and friable.
3 — The kidney is usually very oedematous. That
side the horse lies on most frequently.

Symptons:
1 — The urine is usually high colored and cloudy.
2— The urine contains red blood corpuscles.
3 — The urine is usually scanty in amount.
4 — The animal collapses and is usually in a state
of exhaustion.
5 — There is neither stiffness in gait nor soreness,
or any similar symptom.
Prognosis:
1— This disease is usually a symptom and no
prognosis is given.
-.2—Tf this is a primary disease the prognosis is
unfavorable.

Treatment:
. 1 — Arecoline, 4 gr. doses, twice daily. ©
2— Feed green food, as carrots, etc.
3 — Give very mild diuretics, as formin 30 gr. in
water, three times daily.
~- 4— Give plenty of fresh water to drink.

CHRONIC PARENCHYMATOUS NEPHRITIS.

This runs the course of a long drawn out acute

nephritis.

Symptoms:

1—A very slow progressive emaciation without
any apparent cause.

2— Sometimes there is a paralysis of certain
groups of muscles.

124 _ Notes on
3— The urine may be cloudy or contain albumen.
4— To make an exact diagnosis it is necessary to
hold Post Mortem. t

Course:

The course 1s chronic.
Prognosis:

The prognosis is unfavorable.

Treatment:
Practically incurable.

UN a ars,

This is an inflammation of the bladder. Inflammation
of the bladder is usually due to some other disease and
rarely occurs as a primary disease. Frequently the bladder
becomes adherent to a portion of bowel, causing a chronic
cystitis.

Forms of Cystitis:
1 — Diphtheritic.

2 — Fibrinous.
°3 — Suppurative.

Cystitis may also follow inflammatory or suppurative
processes in the kidney. It may also occur from passing
an infected catheter. Diphtheritic cystitis always causes
severe general symptoms and results fatally.

Pathology:

This is usually chronic and causes an induration of
the mucous membrane and connective tissue. Sometimes it
leads to the formation of granulation tissue, and this leads
to a hypertrophy of the walls of the bladder.

Symptoms:
1 — Painful urination. The urine is voided with
very little force.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 125

2— The urine is often badly decomposed when
passed. (Offensive).
3— Sometimes the urine has strong ammoniacal
odor and is very irritating.
Prognosis:
The prognosis is generally unfavorable.

Treatment:

1 — One tablespoontul of borax in drinking water
three times daily.

2— Potassium chlorate, one tablespoontul in
drinking water three times daily.

3 — Formin, 30 er. in bucket of water three times
daily.

4 — Carefully wash out bladder with Ag NO, 1%.

5 — Fluid Extract Corn silk, 4 oz. twice daily.

PARALYSIS OF BLADDER.

This is usually secondary, coming on from some other
disease, very rarely occurring primarily.

Symptoms:
1 — The urine is voided in a small stream and is
of uncertain quantity.
- 2— The urine may drop steadily.
3— As a result of this constant dribbling, the parts
are usually inflamed.
4 — Rectal examination of the bladder shows it to
be quite full of urine.
Course:

‘The course 1s acute.
' Ditferential Diagnosis:
Urethral calculus. |

126 Notes on

Prognosis:

The prognosis depends upon the cause. If due to cal-
culi it is usually favorable.
Treatment:

1 — Catheterization and washing out bladder with
Ag NOY ARE:

2— Formin, 30 gr. in water three times daily.

3 — Eserine, I gr. every six hours hypodermically.

4— Rhus Tox in ten drop doses every four hours.

5 — F. E. Comsiek $ 0z. every four hours.

ULCERATION OF BLADDER.

Ld
This is caused by an infection from above in the urinary
tract.
Symptoms:

1 — Constant urination.

2— The urine is creamy or cloudy and contains
pus or mucous.

3 — Painful urination.

4 — Pressure on bladder causes great pain.

Course:

The course is long drawn out.
Prognosis:

The prognosis is unfavorable.
Treatment:

1— Formin, 30 gr. three times daily in water.
2— Salol, 30 gr. three times daily.
3 — Methylene blue, gr. 10, three times daily.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 127

HY PERAESTHESIA OF THE URETHRA,

This occurs mainly in geldings, but may occur in stal-
lions. It consists of painful micturition. The animals
spread out and urinate often, only small quantities are
thrown out ata time. The animal shows colicky symptoms.

Diagnosis depends upon:
1 — Geldings.
2— Colicky symptoms.
3 — This is seen in work horses after a hard pull.

Prognosis:

~The prognosis is favorable.

Course:

The course is acute. Two to three days.

Treatment:
1 — Catheterization most important.
2— Formin, 30 gr. three times daily in water.
3— Plenty of fresh water to drink.
4 — Arecoline, $ gr. every twelve hours.

4

. UAL T UREA.
HAEMOGLOBINURIA.

All horses do not seem to have the same susceptibility
to this disease. The age, color, sex, breed does not seem
to make any difference. Horses under three and over fif-
teen do not seem to be affected so commonly. Horses from
five to eight seem to be most commonly affected.

‘The condition of the animal seems to have considerable
influence upon the susceptibilty of an animal to an attack.
Usually well.fed, fat horses that are accustomed to a fixed

128 ne hs Notes on

amount of work are attacked. Thin and poorly nourished —

horses are very rarely affected. Extremely fat horses seem
to be predisposed to the disease. This disease usually
comes on after a period of rest on regular feed in horses
accustomed to a fixed amount of work.

Some authorities seem to think that Azoturea is brought
on by a chill or a chilling of the body. This theory is based
on the fact that it comes on only after the horse is taken
out of the barn. Some authorities seem to think it is a
toxic disease. Azoturea occurs most frequently in the fall
and spring months.

Pathology: 3
The parts affected are the musculature, the blood, the

spinal cord, and the kidneys. In the course of the disease

the heart and liver becomes involved.
The Muscles: .
These undergo parenchymatous degeneration, attack-
ing the croup and loin muscles mostly. Under some condi-
tions the shoulder muscles are the seat of trouble. The
condition of the muscles becomes a great deal worse after
the patient has lain for several. days, the circulation is hin-
dered as well as the respiration. Later on the musculature
becomes of a dark brown color. If the animal is sick for
any length of time, the muscles undergo fatty degenera-
tion. On the cut surface of the muscles, small haemorrhagic
spots may be seen.

The Blood: |

The blood loses great quantities of haemoglobin. Then
there is a dissolution of the red corpuscles. The blood co-
agulates very slowly and is very pale.

The Red Marrow:

This undergoes a- multiple haemorrhagic infiltration.

The posterior portions of the spinal column seem to be
mostly affected. The diaphysis and epiphisis of the long

VV

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 129

bones are markedly changed. On section there are yast
haemorrhages into the marrow. These are usually small
but may be as large as a walnut.

The Kidneys: | :

In mild, subacute or chronic cases there are no percep-
tible changes in the kidneys.

There is an acute parenchymatous inflammation, caus-
ing swelling and softening of the kidneys. Sometimes the
kidneys become extremely soft.

The bladder is usually partially paralyzed and contains
great quantities of urine, haemoglobin and white blood cor-
puscles. |

The spinal chord is infiltrated and the veins are filled
with dark blood. The liver is swollen and enlarged, the
spleen is usually intact. The lungs are oedematous and the
heart is dry and hard. In the body cavities there is found
a bloody transudate. The cadaver has a tendency to de-
compose rapidly. |
Symptoms:

This disease is feverless. The digestion seems to be
intact, and the increase in respiration seems to be due to
pain in the muscles and bones. The stiff gait or apparent
paralysis is also due to pain. ©

Symptoms:

1— The main symptom consists in stiffness of
various, groups of muscles and a loss of loco-
motion of that part of the body. This usually
affects the hind part, and the animal cannot
get up. Animals that are attacked in the stall
usually lie down, but horses that are affected ©
out of the stall, or away from the barn usually
try to stand up. The symptoms of this dis-
ease appear very rapidly, sometimes they
come on in a very few minutes.

130 Notes on

2— There is a hardness of the muscles affected.
The animals as a result lie stretched out flat
on the side. Generally when the animal is
moved it collapses. | ‘

3— The animals are very restless and nervous.
In severe cases they show symptoms of con-
gestion of the brain. If they are down they
usually pound the head violently.

4— The animals are usually covered with a cold
sweat, which drops off of the abdomen. This
sweat does not appear after the first symptoms
pass off. |

5—In some cases the secretion of urine is, jn-
creased but as a rule it is decreased. The
urine is thick in consistency and chocolate or
coffee colored.

6 — Peristalsis is usually suppressed.

7 — The pulse is rapid, 75 to 100 per minute, some-
times it becomes quite weak and imperceptible,
but in most cases is good. :

8 — The visible mucous membranes are congested
and icteric.

9 — The respirations are increased.

10 — The appetite is usually suppressed.

11 —If the animal lies on one side too long, it is
apt to become affected with decubital gan-
erane. Decubitis.

Course:
The course may be:

1 — Acute.

2 — Subacute.

An acute case lasts from five to ten days, a subacute
from three to five.
Azoturea terminates in:
t — Death.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 181

2 — Recovery.
3 — Paralysis.

Mild cases usually recover in from eight to twelve days.
More severe cases in twenty to thirty days.

Signs of recovery:

1 — The animal is able to rise with ease.

2—.The musculature becomes soft.

3 — The pulse returns to normal.

Complications:

1 — Decubitis. This is the result of sweating and
lying in one position for a long period of
time.

2— Paralysis of various groups of muscles.

This is usually a result of the degeneration of
the muscle tissue itself.

The diagnosis depends upon:
1 — The history of the case.

2 — Dark or coffee colored urine.
3 — Muscular tremors and nervousness.

It may also happen that there may be:

1—A paralysis of the crural nerve.
2—A rupture of the achilles tendon.
3— A fracture of the pelvis. Pace ae
| 4—A fracture of the lumbar vertebrae.

: 5 — Colicky symptoms.

| 6 — Poisoning due to over dosage Me drugs.

‘

Pro gnosis an

The prognosis in cases that stand is usually favorable.
No mortality. The prognosis in cases that go down is
usually less favorable. Mortality 25%.

Treatment:

1 — Phlebotomy.
2— Arecoline, 4 gr. every six hours.

132 | Notes on

3 — Coffeine Citrate, 40 to 100 gr. hypodermically.
Repeat as often as necessary to keep pulse
regular and animal quiet. | 3

4 — Formin, 30 gr. every four to six hours.

5 — Wash out bladder carefully.

1 — Salol, 30 gr. every six hours.

2— Turpentine, one ounce every four hours.

3— Sodium Bicarbonate in large oft repeated
doses.

| MOROSIS.
DUMMIES.

This consists of a chronic incurable, characteristic dis-
ease of the brain, which is accompanied by more or less
symptoms of idiotism.

‘

This disease is usually due to a collection of serum in

the ventricles of the brain. Some authorities seem to think

that it may be due to ulceration of the periostium or the

brain coverings. In rare incurable cases exostosis have been —

found to exist on the inside of the cranial cavity. An in-
flammation of the corpora striata may cause very similar
symptoms as those of dummies.

Commonly there are two forms of this disease:

1 — Idiopathic, primary, sporadic.
2— Secondary, result of some other disease.

4

Secondary is usually due to chronic congestion, or the
formation of great quantities of serum pressing on the
vessel walls and brain. Morosis very rarely occurs in well
bred horses of any breed, especially runners and trotters.
It is seen mostly in coarse, phlegmatic horses that are heavy
feeders and those doing slow work. _ Usually a horse of @
. lymphatic nature. ,

ws

a

a. ale | ah...

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 183

As to sex, geldings seem to be the most susceptible.
Some authorities seem to think that the process of castra-
tion favors this greatly. The shape of the brain box seems
to be a predisposing cause. Horses with a large brain
cavity seem to be most apt to become affected, for this
allows great quantities of serum to gather and press on
the brain. This cause may be hereditary for it is known
that some stallions produce many cases of this kind. It
has been known that a horse having a case of chronic or
mild ‘morosis was seemingly not affected with the disease
after the reaching fifteen to eighteen years. Horses be-
tween the ages of eight to fourteen are most commonly
affected.

Such external causes as hard driving, high checking,
over feeding of proteids, stabling in damp, poorly ventilated
stables, extreme exhaustion in hot weather may be some
predisposing factors.

Symptoms: gees

1— There are disturbances of brain functions,
correlation, co-ordination.

2— The sensorium is depressed. (Mind is not
clear).

3 — Depression of the temperament of the animal.

4— The tactile sense is destroyed.

5 — [he animal cannot locomote properly.

6 — It stands with the front legs crossed and in the

7 same position for hours.

7 — The pulse is decreased in frequency.
&— The respirations are decreased.
9 — Peristalsis is absent.

10 — [he animals sometimes appear to be all right.
will eat and suddenly forget, they stand with
hay in mouth, look blank, the pupils are
dilated, the upper lid is dropped, the ears are
lopped or moved one at a time.

134 Notes on — :' °
a ‘

11— The head is lowered and frequently in a

cower. :

12—If the animal is suddenly attacked or hears

somhe strange sound, they act as though they }

3

J

%

are greatly surprised and sometimes fright-
ened. The head may be held sideways as a
result of this.

13 — The appetite is very variable. Some animals
eat well, others do not eat at all.

14— When walking animals are very apt to tramp
on themselves.

15 — Mild cases of this are very hard to diagnose
in the stall.

Course:
1 — Chronic cases are rarely curable, but usually ~
come on at intervals. . }
2—It rarely happens that it affects the animal
enough to cause it to become worthless. This
disease is very rarely the cause of death. ©
Diagnosis:

This depefids upon:
1—If the mind is clear. )
2—lIf repeated attacks cause the brain to lose its
function. }
3 —If the disease is idiopathic or secondary.

Differential Diagnosis:

1 —A depression of the sensorium.

2—A sluggish temperament..

3 — Over exertion in hot weather.

4— Acute febrile disease, leaving the animal in a
very debilitated condition.

5 — Empyema of the sinuses.

6 — Alveolar periostitis.

7 — Severe eye affections.

8 — Gastric disturbances. (Vertigo).

.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 135

Prognosis:
The prognosis is usually favorable, depending, of
course, upon the number and severity of the attacks.

Treatment:
1 — Arecoline, 4 gr. every six hours.
2— Pilocarpine, 3 grains every six hours.
3 — Drastic purgatives as gamboge or aloin in
drachm doses every six hours.

-4—Salts in two pound doses.

5 — Phlebotomy.
6 — Feed green, soft food.
7 — Potassium Iodide one-half ounce daily.

VERTIGO.

This is caused by the uneven distribution of the blood
in the brain. The spells or attacks come on when the horse
is worked. This causes an increased arterial blood pressure.
The centers of co-ordination seem to be the chief seat of
the trouble. It seems to consist of a venous congestion with
an arterial anaemia. Secondly the nerves of the blood
vessels and the vaso-motor apparatus seem to be affected.
A material change in the blood vessels themselves does not
take place. This disease seems to occur most commonly
in draft horses, less commonly in thoroughbreds and trot-
ters. There are more cases seen in the spring and fall,
than any other season of the year.

Symptoms: . : 5
Thg symptoms, as a rule, appear when the horse is in
motion. _ |
1 — The first thing noticed is staggering and weav-
ing in the gait.
2— The horse begins to lean backward and then
forward.

136 Notes on

3 — The legs begin to spread out.

4 — The animal has a blank stary look in the face.

5 — The head is held low and weaved back an
forth. |

6— The pulse is frequent.

7— The respirations are dyspnoeic.

8 — The animal usually breaks out in a profuse
Sweat. |

g — There is a trembling of the superficial muscles.
These attacks last from one to four minutes.

10— These attacks usually become intermittent,
coming on at various periods, usually lasting
’ some months.

Differential Diagnosis:
1 — Acute congestion of the brain.
2— Chronic heart failure.
3— Congestion of the lungs.
‘4 — Over-exertion.

Prognosis:
This is usually favorable.

Treatment:
1 — Phlebotomy.
2 — Artificial stimulation.
3—4 ounce fluid extract Digitalis. (Do not re-
peat. )
4 — Arecoline, 4. grain twice daily.

ABSCESS OF THE BRAIN.

;

This consists of a circumscribed suppuration of the
brain. This usually happens as a result of an injury to the
brain box, or by metastisis. Horses suffering with this
disease usually undergo a degenerative process in the brain.
_ This occurs most commonly as a secondary disease in:

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 1387

1 — Contagious Corrhyza.
2— Contagious Pleuro-pneumonia.
3 — Distemper.

Symptoms:
1— The symptoms are those of acute hydro-—
cephalus.
2— There is great depression of the sensorium.
-3— The animal weaves back and forth.
4— The tactile sense is lost.
5 — The pulse is 80 per minute.
6 — The temperature is 103°.
7 — Usually in about four days the animal dies.
8 — It may happen that the fever is not present
for several days.
9 — The animal usually presses head against some-
thing. Presses with great force.

Course: |
In milder cases the course is about three days. In
acute cases it almost always ends in death.

CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN.

This disease is an accumulation of blood in the cranial
cavity. It may be due to an impediment in the outflow, or
an excessive amount of blood brought to the brain.

It may be divided into:
1 — Active congestion.
2— Passive congestion.

Active congestion nearly always occurs in young ani-
mals, as a rule as a result of severe bodily exertion, over-
driving, or extreme excitement in hot weather. It has
been known to occur in transport. It also may occur as
a result of sunstroke, or becoming overheated on hot, stuffy
days. It occurs secondarily in the course of a great many

.

138 Ei « Notes on

diseases, nearly always infectious diseases, such as dis-
temper of dogs, etc. It may follow some previous diseased
condition of the brain.

Passive congestion of the brain usually occurs as a re-
sult of compression of the jugular. Tight throat latch,
tightly fitting collars, high checking, or some heart disease.
It may also occur in a gastro-intestinal affection where there
is an accumulation of gas in stomach and bowels.

The main symptoms of a passive hyperaemia is that of
depression.

Symptoms of acute hyperaemia:

I — Great excitement. 3

2— There is depression of the sensory nerves.

3— Animals may show furiousness, (rabiform
symptoms), causing animals to plunge for-
ward and run into objects.

4— Animals kick and bite at various objects with-
out any cause, |

5 — In some cases the animal will fly back sud-
denly, breaking the halter strap.

_6—JIn general the animal is extremely restless _

and excited.

7-— On laying the hand over the skull, a rise in
temperature will be indicated. :

8 — After this condition has existed for several
hours the animal goes into a stage of de-
pression.

g—In this condition the animal sppeats sleepy
and usually rests the head on some portion of
the barn.

10 — The animal may perform an automatic move-
ment of some kind.

11 — The pupils become dilated.

12— The appetite is intermittent.

13 — The pulse is usually a little above normal.

_ Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 189

Differential Diagnosis:

Inflammation of the brain.

Treatment:

I — Apply ice packs to the head.

2 — Phlebotomy.

3 — Mild laxatives.

4 — Small doses of nux vomica, aloes.
5 — Feed the animal bran mashes and green food.
6 — Give animals plenty of water to drink.
7 — Aconite.

8 — Veratrum.

g — Arecoline.

EPILEPSY.

This is a chronic disease characterized by intermittent
attacks or spasms. The mind is affected in this disease.
There is nothing definitely known about the cause.

Symptoms:

There are two forms:

a

B.

FM Ss 2) Co

B. > False,

True.

1— While in motion the animal is suddenly at-
tacked with spasms. ‘These very rarely come
on in the barn or in the field. They consist
of twitching or jerking of the superficial
muscles. _Animals usually rear and fall to the
ground, unconscious. The eyes are rolled
and there is forced gritting of the teeth.

2—In rare cases the animal may have convul-
sions.

3 — These attacks last from four to eight minutes.

False.

This consists of a very mild case of Vertigo. The at-

140 | ‘ Votes on

tacks are mild and as a rule last only about one to two min<
utes. ‘The symptoms are identical with true Vertigo, ‘but
not so marked.

Course: 3
The course is:
1 — Chronic.
2— The attacks usually recur in from six to eight
weeks.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is unfavorable.

Treatment:

This disease is practically fei aete but the tollowme
treatment may be used.
1 — Phlebotomy.
2— Bromides.
3-— Arecoline.

ECLAMPSIA.
Causes:
The cause of this disease is not exactly known, but it is
supposed to be an auto-intoxication. It usually appears
about the time of parturition.

Symptoms:
The symptoms are identical with those of strychnine
poisoning, except in Eclampsia the animal is conscious.
1 — The body becomes stiff.
2— The muscles jerk, in some cases contract,
causing tonic spasms.
3— The pulse is frequent and irregular.
4— The respirations are dyspnoeic.
5 — These spells or attacks last from five to ten
minutes, usually recurring about once an
hour.

|

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. — 141
Prognosis:
The prognosis is usually favorable. Severe cases end
in death, milder cases in recovery.

Treatment:
1 — Potassium Bromide.
2— Chloral Hydrate.
3 — Inhalations of ammonia.
4 —.Arecoline.

THERMIC FEVER.

Thermic fever occurs as a result of over-exertion in
extremely hot and sultry weather.

Cause: ie

The cause is supposed to be paralysis of the thermic
centers in the brain, causing it to lose control over the body.
A horse that is not used to extremely hard work is most apt
to be aftected. However, any horse may become affected
with this disease.

Symptoms:

1 — The animal becomes lagging in gait while be-
ing driven.

2— The animal weaves back and forth and event-
ually goes down.

3 — After going down it is shal athy in a helpless
condition.

4— The sensorium depressed.

5 — The body temperature is extremely hin

6— The animal usually lies prostrate on the
ground and is unable to help itself.

7— The respirations are extremely fast.

Course:
The course of this disease is acute.

142 Notes on

Prognosis:
The prognosis is usually favorable.
Treatment: |
1 — Pouring ice water on animal and cooling it off
as rapidly as possible.
2—Something to produce sweating, as_pilo-

carpine in three grain doses or arecoline, one-
half grain.

U

3 — Artificial stimulation.

THE EFFECT OF LIGHTNING ON HORSE.

Lightning unless it comes in direct contact with the
animal very rarely kills it. After the course of a few
hours there is generally some symptom noticed such as:

Symptoms:

1 — Paraylsis of a nerve or paralysis of various
nerves, :

2 — Deafness or paralysis of a portion of the body,
such as paraplegia, haemoplegia.

2— In case this paraplegia becomes very severe
the animals are unable to rise, or if they can
rise there is seen an exceedingly weaving gait.

3— The pupils are dilated. In some cases the
animal is totally blind.

4—AIt quite frequently happens that an animal
may apparently be all right for several weeks,
but in the course of fifteen to eighteen days
paralysis of some nerve will occur.

5— The musculature of entire body is always
affected more or less. |

6— As a rule the affected animal is very stiff.

4

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicme. 148

Prognosis:

The prognosis is usually favorable except in cases of
' deafness, the horse usually remaining deaf the rest of his
life. |

Treatment: |

1 — Apply ice packs to the brain and bowels.

2— By way of the mouth give great quantities of
vinegar. |

3 — Dilutions of acetic acid.

4— Inhalations of ammonia.

5 — Blistering in region of paralysis.

6 — In case animal is emaciated give strychnine.

ACUTE: METRITIS.:
_ SEPTIC METRITIS.

This usually occurs as a result of difficult parturition
in which there is some infection conveyed into the uterine
cavity, or if there was undue roughness on the part of
the attendant. | |

Causes as a result of this condition:

1 — Wounding the uterine wails.
2 — Infection.

Wounding the uterus happens in removal of the foetus
in a rough manner or a forcible removal of the placenta.
It may also result in a paralysis of the uterus.

By means of the lymph the infection is carried to all
parts of the body. This results in a typical pyaemia, with
cloudy swellings of the internal organs and gastro-enteritis.

Symptoms: (History of case).
1 — Lameness, symptoms of laminitis.
2— En elevation of temperature, 104.

144 Notes on

— Almost total suppression of the appetite.

4—A foetid discharge from the vulva.

5 — The pulse is rapid and weak.

6— Animals seem to be in great pain.

7— The respirations are dyspnoeic, the abdomen
is tucked and held perfectly quiet.

8 — Great weakness and exhaustion.

9 — Continual straining as if to urinate.

wW

Prognosis: .
1 — If treated properly the prognosis is favorable.
2— If untreated the prognosis is unfavorable.

a

¥

Treatment:

1 — Phlebotomy.
Blanket animal well and bandage the legs.
‘Disinfection of uterus. Irrigate the uterus
once every two hours, with some mild non-
irritating antiseptic, as potassium perman-
eanate. This is the most important part of
the treatment, and should be carefully carried
out. 7 |
4— Strychnine or Nux Vomica.
5 — Artificial Stimulation.
6 — Linseed tea to keep bowels open.

NS)
|

:

CHRONIC CATARRH OF THE UTERUS.

CHRONIC CATARRHAL ENDOMETRITIS.

Leucorrhoea — Whites: }

This usually occurs in mares that have given birth,
but has been known to occur in mares that have not been
pregnant. Usually seen between the ages seven and fifteen.
It consists of a chronic, incurable degeneration of the
mucous membrane of the uterus. |

| a |

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 145

Pathology:

This disease progresses very slowly, and eventually
leads to a parlysis of the uterus. Il*rom the first it leads to
a contraction of the uterus. Pus cocci enter from external
sources, this leads to a chronic suppurative inflammation,
with erosious ulcers on the mucous membrane. Sometimes
very severe cases pass to neighboring portions and the entire
genito-urinary tract becomes. involved. In the uterus there
is formed a thick, slimy mass, which consists of pus,
epithelium, moucous and white blood corpuscles. At given
intervals the mouth of the womb (os uteri) opens and there
is a great quantity of this product discharged. The entire
uterus hecomes thickened, reugh and vascular.

Symptoms:

1——A whitish or greyish discharge from the vulva
ae Va. yias,) pant aies: fois as ef ches .,.or, 07 it
or may appear at given intervals.

2— The discharge may be worse at times.

3— The act of urination seems to cause a little
inconvenience as the animal will strain con-

siderably after this.

4—If, the disease has run’months or years the
animals appear unthrifty and do not seem
to assimilate properly.

5 — Later on the appetite becomes changeable.

6— The conjunctiva is discolored a dirty red or
icteric. |

7—1i the discharge becomes copious in amount
the vulva and the inside of the hind legs be-
Rae comes covered with erosious ulcers.

8 — By manual exploration the os uteri is found
opened so that two or three fingers may be
) passed into it. ree
10

‘

146 | Notes on

9o—If the disease becomes remittent and the at-.
tacks very severe the pulse will be rapid and
weak. |

10 — The animals usually die in this disease from
cachexia, the entire genito-urinary tract be-
ing involved. |

Prognosis:

'. The prognosis is unfavorable in later stages, favorable
in first stages.

Treatment:

1 — Later on in the course of the disease, treat-
ment is almost worthless.

2— Arsenic and tonics.

3— Wash uterus with creolin, tannin, or give
eserine hypodermically.

URTICARIA.
NETTLE RASH.
Hives

This disease is characterized by swellings in the skin,
which are sharply defined, and are about the size of a hazel
nut or as large as a walnut.

Causes: 7
1— The supposition is that Urticaria is due to
some fault in the feeding. Either too much
food or food of an inferior quality. ;
2— It is usually seen in horses that have been fed
large quantities of clover. | 2
3—It is also seen as'a symptom in Distemper, |
Contagious Corrhyza, Catarrh of the Respira-
tory tract or any gastric affection.

a
‘ -

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 147

The supposition is that the blood contains a specific
toxine and this comes in contact with the skin, causing
eruption. It may happen that this disease will appear and
at the same time the animal is in an apparently healthy
condition. }

This swelling of the skin consists in an infiltration of
blood, serum and corpuscles. The vaso-motor apparatus
seems to be affected and the blood vessels in this region be-
come dilated and there is a transudation of serum in the |
substance of the skin itself,

Nettle Rash or Urticaria may appear in two forms:
Acute or chronic.

Symptoms:

1 — Nettle rash appears in all parts of the body,
and attacks especially the thin-skinned por-
tions of the body.

2— The swellings vary in size from that of a
hazel nut to one’s fist.

3 — In rare cases these become confluent and ex-
tremely large. —

4— These symptoms appear very suddenly.

5 — Usually the upper eyelid becomes more or Iess
infiltrated.

6 — By manual examination of these swellings an
oedema. can be readily felt.

7—As a rule these swellings only last one to
two days, at which time there is resorption of
the exudate.

8— There generally seems to be more or less
itching.

g — There are no general symptoms at’all in this
disease.

10 — In very rare cases there is a slight fever, but
this is very rare.

{

148 +e Motes en

Course: .
Acute form lasts from two to four days.
Chronic form lasts one to three weeks or longer. It

usually disappears with resorption of the exudate, but it

may happen that from time to time, there may be a new
transudation and a new swelling formed.

Prognosis: ;
The prognosis is very good,
Differential Diagnosis:
1 — Purpura Pisce en oa
2 — Eczema.
3 — Herpes Tonsurans.
¢---Glauders of the skin

lreatmeut:
The animal recovers from =~ pave ats without any
eo nb Was TOA OS PS SO ae 2 ee
three days.
1 — Internally mild laxatives.
2— Externally, astringent washes.

SPONTANEOUS SWEATING OF BLOOD. :

This usually occurs as a complication in an infectious
or contagious disease, but a spontaneous sweating of blood |
in various parts of the body may be found under various
circumstances. It is seen most commonly on the shoulder,
the side of the neck and chest. It is seen more often in
the sunimier than in the winter.

Cause: :

The exact cause of this disease is unknown, but it is
supposed to be due to a haemorrhagic infarct or to some
disturbance of the vaso-motor apparatus.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is good.

Theory and Practice af Veterinary Medicine. 149

Treatment: 7
Consists of antiseptic astringent washes as white lotion.

ITCHING.

PRURITIS.

Idiopathic itching without any apparent cause whatever
often appears in the horse. The only apparent symptom of
this disease is a roughening of the skin, due to the con-
tinual rubbing and irritation, trying-to overcome the itching.

Some authorities seem to think that the feeding is at
fault, but so far as the exact cause is concerned, at the
present time nothing is known.

Symptoms: .
Consists of rubbing and scratching. This sometimes
becomes so severe that the hair falls off of affected parts.

Differential Diagnosis:
1 — Mange.
2 — Lice.
3 — Eczema.
4 — Various other parasites.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is unfavorable.

Treatment:
1 — Externally, antiseptic washes.
2 — Internally, arsenic.
3—R
Camphor gum.
Carbolic acid aa
Apply with a brush to parts affected.
LS eae ;
Camphor gum.
Chloral.
Apply with a brush to affected parts.

150 - Notes on

A local pruritis is often noticed in the region .of the
tail and mane. The cause of this disease is nearly always
filth. Being the long-haired portions of the body they are
hard to keep clean. Animals will rub tail and mane to
such an extent that the hair falls out or becomes worn out.

Treatment:

1 — Keep clean, wash with soap and water.

2— Apply some antiseptic solution as creolin or

white lotion.

NODULES IN THE SKIN: DUE TO OVERHEATING.

Often-times overheating in horses is followed by a
Nodular Exanthema of the skin. This appears most fre-
quently in the spring after a few very warm days. In the
winter and the cold parts of the year, the skin generally re-
mains intact, but in the warmer parts of the year, spring
and summer, the hide becomes covered with small nodules.
This causes the hair to fall out in a great many cases, leay-
ing behind hairless areas.

As a rule these coalesce, forming spots about the size
of a quarter. In a very severe case it may happen that
there will be postules formed, and these postules may be-
come infected and then suppurate. ;

Prognosis:
The prognosis is unfavorable.
Course:
Each attack usually runs a course of from five to six
weeks before healing takes place.
Treatment:

Potassium Carbonate and Vaseline, one to five. Apply
to affected parts. |

on

ity

a et
wer? ue

Theory and Practice of Vetermary Medicme. 151

ERYTHREMA.

This consists of a diffuse reddening of the skin, in-
flammation of the papillary body, the epidermis being
covered with small, round areas. 7

There are two kinds:
1 — Symptomatic. .
2 — Idiopathic.
Cause: |
The cause is not known. It is supposed to be some
toxic product contained in the blood. This probably is ob-
tained in the food.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is good.

Treatment: | |
1 — White lotion. |
2— Three per cent. solution of alum.

ECZEMA.

There are the following common forms:
I — Simple eczema.
2— Simple generalized eczema.
3 — Chronic papular..
4— Pustular eczema.
5 — Dry eczema.

1 —A Simpcte Locat Eczema.

This is an acute eczema with the formation of small
vesicles which dry up in a very few days and leave scabs
behind. This particular form of eczema usually affects the
head, nose and nostrils. It is usually seen to accompany

“

‘

The vesicles are about the size of a bean. They discharge A

152 fied Se ON Obes Oat
* ae
contagious corrhyza, and catarrhal affections the res-
piratory tract. This disease consists of a great number of | K;
small vesicles which are about the size of a pin head. —
These become confluent and discharge forming a mass, with: < ;
hair and dirt. After healing this leaves no scar. os

We

Course:
The course is two to three weeks.

Treatnient:
1 — White lotion.
2— Zine ointment.

2— A SIMPLE GENERALIZED ECZEMA:

In this disease the eruption covers the entire body. | eS

and after a very few days dry up. As a rule the hair and —
this serum forms a mat. This form is often seen in 4
gastric affections. If this disease becomes very severe it —
causes itching. | ay
e:

Course:
The course is two to four weeks.

3

Prognosis: a
c es
The prognosis is favorable. x

s. \
Treatment:

1 —- Creolin ointment.

2— Zinc ointment.

3— Zine oxide.

Alum and tannin.
Bismuth subnitrate.
Sodium. salicylate. if
The above may be used separately or together |
asa eer powder,

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 158

3 — Curonic PAPULAR EczEMa.

This occurs in patches all over the body. The indi-
vidual lesion is about the size of a ten cent piece. From
this there exudes a yellowish exudate, which runs out over
the hair and dries up. After eight to fourteen days the
hair comes out, and there is left a hairless spot. Thus
disease causes considerable itching, and as a result of this
itching the skin is usually injured.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is unfavorable. The animal never dies
as a result of this disease, but it very hard to relieve. 7

Treatinent:

1 — Potassium carbonate, vaseline, I to 5.
2— bismuth subnitrate or vaseline, I to 5.
ae RB |
Bichloride, i
Aleohol< 2-5:
R :
Formalin, I . ;
Water tas;
Apply with a brush.
R Rey
Carbolic acid,
Ts faa
Apply with a brush. |

4. Dry EczeMaA.

- This presents the same symptoms as acue contagiosa,
except that it is not infectious.

_ Symptoms: |
I — First stage of this disease, animal appears as

though it were sweating.
2 — Later on the skin becomes inflamed.

154 | Notes on

3 — The pulse eee accelerated and the anit nal
refuses to eat. — oF
4— The legs are covered with an chat et es
They become sweaty and the animal car
~ hardly walk. : om
5 — The lesion itself consists of a conglomera 4
postule covered with a dark brown pay a
6 — This leaves an ulcer, which usually di discharges
a greyish pus. — ;

4 a

Course:
The course is usually of froin two to three mony

Differential Diag onosis:
Acne Contiagiosa. |

Prognosis:
The prognosis is unfavorable.

Treatment:
PaO of tan
2— Lugol’s solution.

_4—Red precipitate ointment.
R |
Alcohol, 5.
Bichloride, 1.
Apply with a brush.

MANGE.

General symptoms of mange. 4
In order to make a proper diagnosis of mange micro
scopic examination must be made and mange mites det or

mined. . Pe
at ‘=
General symptoms of mange are:

1 — Itching, (pruritis).
2— Reddening of the skin.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 155

3 — Loss of hair or wool, as the case might be.

4— Thickening of the skin, and effusion on the
skin, with crust formation.

5 — Itching is most intense when animal is warm
and in the night time.

6 — The psoropts are most active and cause most
intense itching. ©

7 — The itching is supposed to be due to an acrid
fluid, which is produced in the lesion.

8 — There is usually the appearance of a papule,
which later on forms a scab and under this
scab there is usually a female.

g—In making the diagnosis scrapings should be
taken under the scabs.

10 — Following this scab the hair falls out, which
leaves hairless portions or areas covered with
scabs behind.

Symptoms of sarcoptic mange of the horse:

This usually begins on the withers, extends to the
neck, then to the shoulders and then all over the body. The
legs are the last to be affected. This form of mange never
affects the mane and the tail.

PSOROPTIC MANGE.

This affects mainly the long haired portions of the body
and never affects the limbs. Usually begins on the poll and
extends from there to the withers. It spreads very much
slower than the sarcoptic mange. The first noticeable thing
is that the hair is tangled. The skin becomes covered with
scabs and scales. |

PsoROPTIC MANGE OF THE OX. >

This usually begins at the root of the. tail and works
forward through the rest of the body. It very rarely affects

-

~ comes general.

156 oS * Notes on

the limbs. This form always becomes worse when the ani-
mals are stabled. It is better when animals are on pasture.
It also becomes worse in cold weather. The lesions are ex-
actly those of general symptoms of mange.

SYMBIOTIC MANGE OF THE OX. 5

This usually localizes itself at the root of the tail. It

spreads very slowly and the main symptom is simply that
of itching, ( Pruritis).

SCABIES IN SHEEP.

This occurs in those portions of the body that are not
covered with wool. It affects the limbs and the face. It
usually begins on the upper lip and around the nostrils. It
spreads from here all over the body and the limbs producing
symptoms of mange. Sheep constantly rub face.

Psororetric SCABIES OF SHEEP.

This is commonly called sheep scab. It affects the
wooly portions of the body. The first thing noticed is that
the wool becomes tufted, then Pruritis or itching. The sheep
rub themselves and kick. When the wool is parted a papule

will be noticed. All over the skin the mange mite can be

found. This mite is about as large as a pea.

FOLLICULAR MANGE.

This form of mange is caused by the demodox follicu-
larum. This form of mange usually begins in patches in
which there are papules. These papules later on change to
a postule. The skin becomes very much inflamed, thick-
ened and the hair falls out. Gradually this condition be-

-

4
A
:
‘

.

ate

Ti:cory and Practice of Veterinary AMfedicine. — 157
3
q MAsTITIS.
; The ancients taught that mastitis was due to catching
cold and rough handling of the udder or improper milking.

__ Recently we have come to believe that it is due to an infec-
tion. The infection gains entrance through the teat canal,
passes up the canal and from there infects the entire udder.
This causes the decomposition of the milk, this in turn irri-

tates the mucous membrane and: the epithelium.

There are three ways in which mastitis may be spread:

1— By means of the teat and milk duct, (galac-
: togenous mastitis).
| 2~—-By the lymph stream through tesiouz in the
skin and subcutaneous tissue, (lymphogenous
mastitis ). i: 7
2— Py the bteod stream ‘bhaerctegencus pas
uitis ).

OEDEMA AND PHLEGMON OF THE UDDER.
Toward the end of gestation there is a congestion of
the udder and as a result a great quantity of serum is
thrown out into the subcutis. After calving the udder be-
comes very painful and swollen so that milking is almost
impossible. The udder is very hot and the skin is reddened.
A wound infection may cause the same condition.
_ Prognosis: |
The prognosis is favorable 1n most cases.

Treatment:
1 — Massage with frequent milking.
2— Bathe the udder once an hour with warm
. water. | ; .
3 — Warm lard and turpentine, apply with plenty»
of massage.

158 Notes on ng

4 — Camphorated oil, “apply with plenty “oth
sage.

5 — Belladonna ointment, feus freely with ma
sage.

6 — May give nux vomica internally. e

7 — Phytolacca is necessary, give five Bea every
two hours. |
- ABSCESS IN THE UDDER. ari

This affects only one quarter in the udder. A hi ad

r

quarter is more frequently affected than a fore quarts }

Co auses: Ee
This is usually due to best pic with a direct in fects 0! ne

Syn ptoms:

1 — Fever and general Sersnodatiome : ,

2—A severe phlegmon with abscess formation. -

3 — The abscess involves the parenchymatous and
subcutaneous connective tissue. , z

4— These abscesses point very slowly. =

5 — In rare cases the abscess will discharge int O
the teat canal. |

The discharge from the -abscess is very thick |
bloody.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is usually favorable.

Course:
The course is about three to four weeks.

Treatment:
1— Try to cause the abscess to point.
a) Antiphlogistine.
b) Priesnitz packs,

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 159

c) Moist heat.

d) Strong liniments.
2— Open abscess as early as possible.
3 — Treat symptoms as they arise.

CATARRHAL MASTITIS.

This consists of an inflammation of the mucous mem-
brane of the cistern and canal. This inflammation spreads
to the epithelium, causing a change in the secretion.
Cause:

: Bacteria gaining entrance to the canal.

Symptoms:

1— The udder feels hard and nodular.

2— The swelling is low down and affects only

one-quarter or a half of the udder.

3— The gland tissue is not affected in the begin-
ning of the disease.

4— The milk that is drawn off is watery, floccu-
lent and in some cases cheesy.

5 — This disease usually leads to stenosis or ob-
literation of the teat canal, causing the animal
to lose that quarter. This disease may also
lead to a pseudo- Ry pETmopky Sens a so-
called “fleshy quarter.”

Prognosis:
The prognosis is unfavorable for the milk secretion in
that quarter. ane?

Treatment:

1 — Hot water and plenty of massage.

2— Camphorated oil with plenty of massage.
‘3 — Strong liniments.

4 — Phytolacea, five drops every two hours.

160 Notes on

PARENCHYMATOUS MASTITIS.

This particular form of mastitis is the most common.
This involves the mucous membrane of the teat cistern and
the epithelium of the gland. As a rule, however, this dis-
ease may affect an entire udder or only one quarter. Asa
general rule only one quarter is affected. Hind quarters
become affected more often than fore-quarters.

Cause:
1 — Wounding of the udder.
2— It is seen secondarily to foot and mouth dis-
ease anc infecticas aptha.,
Syueptoms:

The symptoms appear after a period of incubation of
trom two to three days.
tS ie ype
2-—- The skin 1s swolien ana 1eddeneu.

3 — Animal shows great pain on pressure.
4— The milk is very cheesy in consistency.
5 — Almost complete anorexia.

6— The temperature is elevated.

7— The animal may have a chill.

: ee Sea se

4

Course:
The course is short. The portion of the udder affected
usually becomes atrophic.

Prognosis:

The prognosis so far as life is concerned is favorable
but the function of that quarter is lost.

Treatment:
1 — Frequent milking with massage.
2— Use teat tube.
3— Treat the same as before.
4— Preventative treatment consists in careful —
handling of the udder and proper milking.

:
:
:

.
——" aa ew COE eae

— eS se oe Ph ee

t
#

;
4
$
|
a

|

Theory und Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 161

SEE PTIG MASTITIS.

The cause of this form of mastitis is supposed to be
due to metastasis. That is the pus cocci are carried by
the blood and then lodge in the udder. It usually follows
septic metritis or septic gastro-enteritis.

This disease is not very common but does occur occa-
sionally.

Sym p toms:

A high fever 103 to 105°.

2— The pulse is 90 to 100 per minute.

3 — The respirations are 25 to 40 per minute.

4— The udder is severely swollen.

5 — On milking there comes out a dark, bloody,
stinking discharge. In some cases almost pure
pus comes out. |

Course:

After three to four days the animals usually die. The
animal beconies cyanotic, collapses and dies.
Treatment:

No good treatment.

GANGRENOUS DERMATITIS OF THE UDDER.

By means of wound infection the skin and entire udder
may become gangrenous.

Symptoms:
1 — One to two days after the infection, the milk
appears dark or bluish.
2 — The udder usually swells and reddens a little.

3 — Usually only one quarter is affected.
*i1

162 Notes on
Course:
The course is two to three days.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is favorable.

Treatment: )

Antiseptic ointments.

INFECTIOUS GANGRENOUS MASTITIS.

This disease is contagious and as a rule there is more
than one animal affected. This disease appears sporadic
and enzootic.

Symptoms:
I — One quarter of the udder becomes bluish in
color and cold.

2— From the teat there exudes a dark stinking |

fluid.

3 — No general symptoms except in the first stages
of severe cases.

4— Later on quarter drops off.

Treatment:
Surgical, remove parts affected.

TABES.

This disease occurs in horses, cattle, swine, goats and
sheep. It consists of a chronic disturbance of the digestive
functions with a:‘continual decrease in the size of the body
with a resulting death. This disease usually comes on be-
tween the ages of one and two. ‘The process is suppea
to be some disturbance in assimilation.

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 168

Aetiology:

This disease usually occurs before the animal is three
years old. This disease rarely occurs in the summer months,
when the animal can get green food, but mostly in winter.
The glands in the gastro-intestinal tract become very atro-
phic and do not secrete properly.

Symptoms:

1 — The first noticeable symptom is that the appe-
tite becomes lessened, and finally is totally sup-
pressed. The animals usually prefer grain to
rough food. Only small quantities of food

p are taken at a time. The animals chew very
slowly and often grit the teeth:

2— There is a decrease in the animal’s condition
of flesh, their eyes sink into the sockets, neck
becomes very thin, ribs show, and abdomen is
tucked. up.

3— The hair coat becomes rough, long, dry, and
the skin seems to be fast to the subcutaneous
tissue.

4— The feces that are voided are in very smal]
dark brown pellets.

5 — The pulse is increased.

6 — The animals become weak and often are un-
able to rise.

Course:

The course is chronic, three to six months.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is usually fatal.

Treatment:
1 — Change of feed, feed good, clean, nourishing
food.
2— Give stomachics and tonics.
3 — If possible give green food,

164 3 Notes on

ESSENTIAL ANAEMIA.

This disease consists of a lessening of the red blood
corpuscles, a lessening in the amount of blood, a lessening
in the fibrin and a lessening in the formation of the red
blood corpuscles. They have lost the power of poikilo-
cytosis.

Symptoms:

1 — Anorexia.

2— The appetite becomes lessened.

3 — The abdomen is tucked up.

4— The visible mucous membranes are especially
light in color (pale).

5 — [The sensorium is somewhat depressed.

6—+ There is progressive emaciation.

7 — The pulse is small and weak.

8— On holding hand over heart the heart beats
are felt very easily.

g — Animals have.a tendency to decubitis. Decu-
bital ulcers.

10— There are oedematous swellings in the sub-.

cutus.
Course:

This disease usually runs a course of from four to eight
weeks, Animals usually die with tabes.

Post Mortem:
1— On section animals are found to be almost

bloodless. All the internal organs are pale.

2— There are slight haemorrhages into the serous
membranes. There is no change in the paren-
chymatous tissue of the organ.

3 — The spleen is usually enlarged a little,

e
¥ >
e. Ps

02 Walp? aa PT

ee

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 165

Differential Diagnosis:
1 — Amyloid degeneration of the liver.
2— Gastric disturbances.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is favorable.

Treatment:
Preparations of arsenic, iron and 1odine.

LEUCAEMIA.

This is a disease in which there is an acute or chronic
inflammation of the lymph glands and the spleen with an
increased number of the white blood corpuscles. This
usually follows some debilitating disease, as distemper,
glanders, and contagious pleuro-pneumonia.

As a result of this diseased condition of the lymph
glands and spleen, there is an incurable constitutional dis-
turbance of the digestive function.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of this disease are not shown for a long
while. a oe
1— Animals are evo exhausted after being

driven.

2— The visible mucous membranes become very

pale.

After the disease has run a course of some

length of time, the appetite is suppressed, the

pulse is full, and the respirations are some-

what hurried.

4—AIn this disease there is a ot rise in tert.
perature.

5 — There is usually a slight swelling in the lymph
elands in the region of the head.

3

166 | Notes ow

Course:
The course is three to six months.

Post Mortem: ~— Ey ,
1 — There is swelling of the lymph glands. —
2— The consistency of the glands is soft and on
section the parenchyma appears to be diseased.
3 — There is also a swelling of the spleen.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is favorable.

Treatment: |
Consists in preparations of arsenic and iron.

PSEUDO-LEUCAEMIA.

This is primarily a disease of the lymph glands. It
consists in enlarging the tumefaction of the lymph glands,
causing them to become as large as a hen’s egg or a
fist. They may be hard or soft in consistency. The
cut surface is of a grey or striped appearance. The sup-
position is that these enlarged lymph glands cause forma-
tion of a specific, infectious material. |

This disease is very frequently mistaken for tuber- .
culosis, and is known as “tuberculosis of the horse.” In |
this disease there may be changes in lung, liver and skin,
as well as all other organs. The lymph glands in connec-
tion with all of these organs become enlarged.

Symptoms: |

1— There is swelling of the lymph glands in re-
gion of the head antl neck.

2— The appetite is very irregular.

3 — Oedematous swellings in the skin.

4— These patients are very susceptible to the for-
mation of haemotomas, especially in the region _
of the mouth.

Ea Tre oe oe a «

ee

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 167

5— This may also lead to the formation of
pruritis, in various portions of the body.

~ Post Mortem:
1— The lymph glands throughout the body are
swollen and enlarged.
2— There is the formation of lymphomas re-
sembiing tuberculosis.
Prognosis:
The prognosis is unfavorable.

Treatment:

Preparations of arsenic and iron.

CONSTITUTIONAL WEAKNESS OF THE
_ NEW-BORN.

This may be brought on by a premature birth. It is,
.however, a congenital disease in most cases, which is con-
tracted during foetal life. In some studs it is found that
some mares always produce this sort of foetus.

Symptoms: ;
1 — The animal is very thin.
2— There is general weakness and debility.
3 — The animal can hardly stand and walk.
4— The appetite is usually good.
5 — The flexors and extensors seem to be most
; commonly affected.
Prognosis:
_ The prognosis is unfavorable.
Treatment:
1 — Give the mare plenty of good nourishing food.
2— See that the colt sucks.
3 — Give the colt artificial stimulation.
| | 4 — May give the colt iron and arsenic tonics.
|
|

168 | | Notes on © sa

5:

CONSTITUTIONAL WEAKNESS DUE TO HUNGER, _ e
| ay :

HUNGER CACHEXIA, | ‘i ae

This disease may be due to lack of proper food, lack

of quantity of food or over exertion with lack of food. =

Symptoms :

1 — Rough, long hair coat.

2— Dirty, dry skin.

3 — Long, thin neck.

4 — All the muscles are atrophic. eS:

5— The visible mucous membranes are anaemic
and pale. rf

6—The-pulse is soft and weak.

7— There is a little rise in temperature. a

8 — There are oedematous swellings in the sub-
cutis all over the body.

g — Great weakness and debility.

Prognosis:
,
The prognosis is favorable.

Treatment: : : Gi
1 —Dietitis.
2 — Arsenic.
3 — Iron. |

-4— Salt, plenty of common salt.

CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES OF THE BONE.
RHACHITIS,

This disease usually occurs in young animals, the sup
position being that there is not enough salts in the food
to assist in the formation of bone. It occurs most ¢ cea

—————— a

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 169

monly in flesh eating animals. The milk does not contain
enough of the calcium salts. Some authorities seem to
think that it is ‘due to a specific change in the blood and
that phosphorus is necessary. In colts this disease may
occur any time up to two years old, 1n pups it usually occurs
before the animal is six months old.

In rhachitis there is a disturbance in the endochondral
ossification. The epiphysis becomes enlarged and the mar-
row becomes ossified. The periostium is also affected and
becomes exceedingly thick. Then there is a change in the
position of the long bone, owing to the extreme largeness
of the epiphysis and the muscular contraction. The bones
become bent in various ways.

Symptoms:

1— The symptoms are those of general debility.
weakness, emaciation, the hair is rough and
the animals are usually very thin.

2— There is swelling of the joints.

3 — Animals lie continually.»

4—In a great many cases the carpus and tarsus
are changed in position and the toes turned up.

Animals suffering from this disease usually die from
inanition.
Prognosis: .

The prognosis is favorable if treated, unfavorable if
not treated.

Treatment:

Phosphorus oil, one to ten drops.
Syrup of lime, one to two ounces.
Good feed.

‘ pe
——.

170 | Notes on

GENERAL. OSTEOPOROSIS:

This consists in a chronic constitutional change in the
bone-marrow with a decomposition and solution of the
salts, with a secondary periostitis. It is supposed to be
brought about by feeding various feeds, such as feeding
colts, clover, hay, etc. |

Syuiploms:
1 —Lameness and stiffness.
2—- Changing lameness.
3— An enlargement of the bone.
4— The visible bones are enlarged, especie in
head and legs.
— The animals usually show such symptoms as
are shown in cachexia.
Prognosis:
The prognosis is usually unfavorable.

Treatment:
I — Syrup of lime.
2— Change of feed.
3 — lodine.

SIMPLE DIARRHOEA.

This is brought on by the so-called catching cold or be-
ing unduly exposed to the atmospheric changes. This re-—
sults in a contraction of the small intestine with increased
peristalsis.

Symptons:
1 — Dullness.
2— Slight colicky symptoms.
3— The frequent passage of liquid feces. .
4— There are no general symptoms present. a

¥

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 171

Course:
Three to fifteen hours or even some days.

Treatment:
1 — Camphor, half ounce.
R |
Bismuth Sub., Oz.. 2
Opium, oz. 4
Divide into four doses, give one dose every
two hours.

3 — Alcohol, two ounces and turpentine half ounce,

/

ACUTE DIARRHOEA IN COLTS.

This occurs after a stagnation of the milk in the udder
of the mother, or the mother is unduly excited and heated.
This milk is supposed to undergo some decomposition and
act as a toxic product. |

Symptoms:
1— Anorexia and dullness.
2—A foetid diarrhoea (yellow).
3 — The hind quarters are covered with feces.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is usually unfavorable.
Treatment:
I — Same as simple diarrhoea.

2 — Milk mother and do not allow colt to suck for
several days.

CHRONIC DIARRHOEA.

This disease is due to the following causes:

1 —A stasis of blood in the small intestine.
2— Some diatetic mismanagement.

172 Notes on

3 — Bad teeth.
4— Gastro-intestinal catarrh, (chronic).
5 — An infection in the gastro-intestinal tract.

Symptoms: |

1— Constant diarrhoea, usually appearing while
in motion.

2— These animals usually look rough and poorly
nourished, but there are no apparent symptoms
present.

Course:
The course is years.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is favorable so far as life is concerned,
but for healing very unfavorable.

Treatment:
-~~— Powdered nux vomica in small doses.
2— Tannin in small doses well diluted.
3 — Rhubarb and calomel.
4 — Magnesia, half ounce.
5 — Bismuth and opium.

SIMPLE OBSTIPATION.

This is caused by very dry food, lack of gastric secre-
tion or paralysis of motor nerves in the bowel.

Symptoms:
1— No feces voided.
2— There is very little peristalsis.
3 — The pulse, respiration and temperature is nor-
mal,
4 — Anorexia and dullness.

5 — The visible mucous membranes are muddy or

vellowish.

.
vr rs
waa
= re
al +2 ‘ er
atria > 2 on che jah

re ee

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 1738

Course:
The course is one to six days.

Prognosis:
The prognosis is favorable.
Treatment:
1 — Mechanically flushing out the gastro-intestinal

tract.
2— Arecoline in half grain doses.
3 — Pilocarpine.
4 — Powdered nux vomica in small doses.
5 — Aloin in small doses.

PRA Ly ots OF TEE RECTUM.

This consists of a fibrinous inflammation of the connec-
tive tissue, surrounding the rectum involving the nerves
of the rectum.

Symptoms: |

1 — The passing of feces is almost impossible and

~ accompanied with a great deal of straining.

2— Usually there is a plugging up of the rectum
and colon with continual straining.

3— After one to two days of no feces passed,
colicky symptoms appear.

4— After this disease has run for two to three
weeks the sphincter ani becomes paralyzed and
remains open.

5 — This may be accompanied with a paralysis of
the bladder.

Diagnosis: |
The diagnosis depends upon the history of the case.

Prognosis:
_ The prognosis is favorable.

»

ee, Py Notes on

Treatment:
1 — Arecoline in half grain doses.
2— Strychnine. —
3— Nux vomica in small doses.

ACUTE PERITONITIS.

This is an inflammation of the peritoneum, ‘This dis-
ease 18 always secondary to some other disease and never
occurs primarily. It is usually due to wounds or following
castration as a result of infection. It may also occur as a
result of incarcerated hernia or any operation in the region
of the abdominal cavity. It may also follow a septic infec-
tion of the uterus or a punctured wound of the uterus, va-
gina or rectum. 3

Peritonitis may be a serous, fibrinous, suppurative,
haemorrhagic or gangrenous process.

Symptoms:

-I— Colicky pains.

2 — Anorexia.

3 — Elevation of temperature.

4 — Pulse hard and fast.

5 — Respirations dyspnoeic, the breathing is done

entirely with the ribs, abdomen held stiff.

6 — Peristalsis suppressed.

7 — Visible mucous membranes, cyanotic.

8 — Sensorium depressed.
Course:

The course is from three to fourteen days, depending

upon the severity of the attack.

Differential Diagnosis: ~
1 — Colic.
Prognosis:

The prognosis is unfavorable in a general peritonitis,
while in a localized it is more favorable,

‘t.
he

Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 175

Treatment: ;
1— Morphia in three to six grain doses.
2 — Calomel.

LYMPHANGITIS.

This is a simple inflammation of the lymphatic ves-
sels and glands.

The cause is not exactly known, but the supposition
is that it is due to certain toxic agents, which are brought
about by high feeding and rest. This disease nearly always
comes on after a period of work. ‘The lymph is carried
throughout the body by muscular exertion, and during the
period of rest there is a stasis. Lymphangitis very fre-
quently develops in fhe neighborhood of wounds and is
usually a local affection. |

Occurrence:

This disease is usually seen in heavy draft horses and
horses of a lymphatic temperament, after they have been
kept on high feed during work, and then a period of
rest on high feed.

Symptoms:
The symptoms appear very rapidly, usually over night.

1 — lhe temperature is elevated.

2— The pulse is high.

3 — Labored breathing.

4 — Usually a complete anorexia, with thirst.

5 — Patient very rarely moves, and when it does
move is very lame, usually in one hind limb.

6— On examination of the inside of the thigh,
the lymph glands will be found to ve swollen,
hot and painful.

7 — In this disease there may be chills from time
to time.

176 Motes on

8 — Usually the subcutaneous connective tissue be-
comes dropsical and warm,

9g — The lymph vessel itself has the appearance of
rope. It is oedematous and corded. Has the
appearance of being engorged.

This disease may run such a mild course that general
symptoms are not present, simply a swelling.

Results of this disease:

This disease may leave the animal with a chronic affec-
tion of one hind limb. Chronic lymphangitis. This com
dition causes an increase of the connective tissue.

Course:

The course is usually from three to ten days.
Prognosis:

The prognosis is favorable.
Differential Diagnosis:

Farcy or skin glanders.

Treatment:

1 — Remove feed, give patient absolutely nothing
to eat for the first two to three days.

2— Exercise the animal carefully, to establish
circulation of the limb.

3 — Externally apply hot water with plenty of
massage on the affected portion. |

4 — Phlebotomy is also indicated.

5 — Give some laxative internally as small doses of
aloes, nux vomica, calomel, etc.

6 — In case the swelling does not subside properly
apply white lotion or some similar astringent.

7 — Diuretics may be given such as sodium bi-
carbonate, iodide of potash, fluid extract
digitalis,

Wc

nee
or

ers sie AS SST T TE ate mn ae Se nh eS el il ie eee ie ee ee = eee | SaOg

SET Ae PO & een UE a eD > pp SRO

= - ree ’
2 E 1h he. a
Bae: ‘
id Baal Mar ES : ~
- > oe . +e > 4
¥ . * s
oS eee ies , > »
é < ee . 7 P ,
meh ae aps , : A
Sao . aa”
tbe . :
e Ay “y , s
“tre . ‘ .
Y a s
—. a eS ,
ws 7 s
ey
~~ >

eer i}
~ - «
¥
‘
t
y
.

*
: t
yd =
ye as - ie
we ‘ ; > 7 ’ / -
ae pk : ‘
« 7 y 4
7 " -
fi 7
om ?
. * .
AD ‘
| Z a : ‘ = ; ie
Fy ; } a
". = = . . 7
* kee we —
+ o- bel ‘
bad .

¥ : x « “ “ ‘7a
os aa. ie a i. ; Neel, & Oe eee AP “~ S. Rt oy %
» = eS of . f + = #
4 a ie ‘ SN ‘ a ty m \ * Sa aS ae < Le ene me:
¢ “Fe Ly i. wed ay ta oS ee ROE Fo? > eit Sh tre. ia, ee ay > eee ES ee ~~

a Ry AR mone nag pare een

ay: } et rates tees :

> r r.. . Ky Pay git era
z° q te Bs Neale’ 4
Ss ae ” au z ae a
: re tee oe 5 > a ah
ae by

ani verad pte + Medea)
(die nti ot wnt ee ae

ma + tlh a a tl
coutheetieees ae ee mee

: _ :
- "
oe * . :
ss . -

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

|

eee a ot . ,
: —- eet) =¢ 32% =<
9 5 ae art =
- ae Oe ~+-2-4-2-* _.
as + 2s; as Py :
a ® <2. 3 tr -4—4 .
— 4 : ‘ .-* - .
rere ar : ‘ ‘ a
. «ge 5" es ; »*
; -.-e-e* sak te
= — . ys
Pear m
ele 7 :
: : rehele ee .
— 44h ; : : > :
.—-4-* - : : : Pp
. —<- t=t- r- : .- _ ‘
. ¢ e 4 - “-~¢
‘ ‘ - e
e : stat . s— “ :
“= . -» ee aaiee ¥! :
a0 t~ a4 ’ e : .—4
a {4 44 “5 ‘ ‘
o— +4
e+ ae c
=~ s-4—4-5-+-0 “ 3
: s2.*; .
~toee . ;
eS; r ab ol - ar :
a : ; : . —
- - - , . “ ; . :
: - : *
7775 —— . : 5 4 . :
: _ “ : : =
Pat ; " ;
° —_, 3 4
; . : : *-* ~” - :
: e - : :
4 o-2—4+-@- -
(° 3-4-4 . . wate :
: -* - . ® -
re + oe - @=t—4- : .
8 1-4 = 4
-—astes 1-4 . .- - -
. ao" : - ‘
" > 2) . ; ; a :
: .¢ 2 ; - 3% , -
- ; ee —t=+-~+ uf
. - 4-4 : ¥ . Pa :
. : — « Fert « .
“ - ~4-?> . : ate er" 4
a : r :
4 ‘ cL : - :
: += -
o en“ ° S ‘
4 ‘ :
: s+ s+ -4 :
:
ons ‘ :
- : Perera Ss : :
> : .
+ + : : ~
<5 - - 77-6 : ;
- ~* * -4? : : '
~ . :
- - °
a3 a 7 ‘
: . * o7 .- : . < : .
a" ~ e - 4-@ * = .
*7 a & -
- . - aed *-t- Ptr a4 : :
~- . an ~ i+ 4
) : ss ‘ -
~+ 4 one @-6-¢- 45" ‘ Pa " ;
ne .
ia Pe ae ee Ee hn peal ead -
ae + ~< : oo ’ vs
eh, : .
o-+4-«-4 ‘ ie a -
: ate -
~ s2-+-o-5 @- 44 : :
! a - . ++? Pes -
‘e774 z :
++ +2 sez ches ‘
: : < e* - sa .
: “ . ae 25% ‘'*
se ~4 od OO 4 4
sss : >< ~ +5 - o-* .
‘ e e« * - - - ‘
. ' ; ; “a4 . z : « .
s~ : -- -#
~ a 4-0-9 +--+ * @-4 -