7.x- o- 0& NOTES AND QUERIES. VOL. XII. NOTES AND QUERIES: ;iHetrium of Jnter-'Communuatwn LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. 'When found, make a note pf." — Captain Cuttle, VOLUME TWELFTH. July — Decembee, 1855. LONDON: GEORGE BELL, 186. FLEET STREET. 1855. NOTES AND QUEIMES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION roB LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIUTJARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. ** VTben found, make a note of." — Caftaik Cuttlx. No. 297.] Saturday, July 7. 1855. C Price Fourpence. l Stamped Edition, gd. CONTENTS. Our Twelfth Volume . - Faee NoTEt : — Copy of the " Assertio Septem Sacra- mentorum adversus Lutherum," pre- sented by Henry VIII. to the Pope in !S21,by Sir F. Madden - - - I Lady Anne Clifford, by J. H. Marlcland 2 Arithmetical Notes, No. 3, by Professor De Morgan - - - - U Coleridge's Marginalia on Raleigh's "History of the ■World,"by C. Mans- field Ingleby - - - - 5 Cowley and Waller, by P. Cunningham 6 Minor Notes: —An "Army Works Corps " in IS98_ A " Crannock " — A Relic of Wolfe _ Alliterative Couplet on Cardinal Wolsej;— Shakspeare's " Seven Ages " — Enigma on a Hole 6 QniRiEi: — Was the Duke of York in Edinburgh in 1684 ? by R. Chambers - - - 7 Unprinted Letter to Sir Francis Bacon, by J. Payne Collier - - - 8 Minor Queries :— Proverb _" Di- dion's Christian IconoKraphy " _ Mar- vellous Music — Bankers' Cheques — Renown — " Strangles for Life" _ George Fox foretold : Querv, By what Prophet ? _" Pollards '' _ {"rovidence — " Nine hundred and three doors out of the world "_ " News from West- minster" _" Old Nick " _ Bennet's " Parnphrase on the Book of Com- mon Prayer"_S8bbath — Poll-books —A small white Hand a Sign of high Birth - - - . . 9 Minor Queries with Answers : — Anonymous Hymns _ Homer and Lord North — Battle of Patay - - 11 Replies : — Back, by S. W. 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THE SPANISH CONQUEST IN AMERICA, and its Relation to the History of Slavery and to the Government of Colonies. By ARTHUR HELPS. This book is based upon " The Conquerors of the New World and their Bondsmen," two volumes of which were published some year* ago. The author has, however, been obliged to extend its plan and enlarge its form. The publication of "The Conquerors of the New World "will therefore not be continued; hut purchasers of the volumes already published may receive, on returning them to the pub- lishers, a copy of the first volume of "The Spanish Conquest in America," which com- prises, as nearly as could be arransed, in a new and enlarged form, the matter therein con- tained. London : JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand. THE BURNETT PRIZE TREATISE. Now ready, in 2 Vols. 8vo., price U. Is. CHRISTIAN THEISM: the \J TESTIMONY of REASON and RE. VELATION to the EXISTENCE and CHA- RACTER of the SUPREME BEING. 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OUR TWELFTH VOLUME. In commencing our Twelfth Volume We cannot resist giving utterance to a few words of courteous ac- knowledgment to all those Friends, Contributors, and Readers to whose kind assistance We are indebted for our success. We thank them all most heartily. And while We venture with confidence to direct their at- tention to our present Number, as a proof that custom does not stale the infinite variet}' of our pages. We pro- mise them increased exertions to make " Notes and Queries " deserving of a continuance of that favour which has hitherto been so lavishly bestowed upon it. — Vale. 3aie^, COPT OF THE " ASSKRTIO SEPTEM SACEAMENTORUM AD VERSUS LUTHERUM," PRESENTED BT HENRY VIII. TO THE POPE IN 1521. Evelyn, in his Diary, vol. i. p. 128. (edit. 1819), speaking of his visit to the Vatican library at Kome, Jan. 18, 1644-5, and the rarities he had seen there, after mentioning the two Virgils, the Terence, &c., adds, " what we English do much inquire after, the booke which our Hen. VIII. writ against Luther." The late editor, Mr. Bray, sub- joins the following note : " This very book, hj one of those curious chances that occasionally happens, has recently been brought to Eng- land, where the editor has seen it ; and, what is very re- markable, wherever the title of Defender of the Faith is subjoined to the name of Henry, the Pope has drawn his pen through the epithet. The name of the king occurs in his own handwriting, both at the beginning and end; and on the binding are the royal arms. The present pos- sessor [Mr. Woodburn] purchased it in Italy for a few shillings from an old book-stall." In this statement, Mr. Bray is unquestionably in error. The volume he mentions was after- wards presented by Mr. Woodburn to the Fitz- william Museum, at Cambridge, where I saw it in 1846, and where it is exhibited to visitors as the identical copy sent by King Henry VIII. to the Pope, which was stolen from the Vatican library during the time the French were in Italy. It is in the original binding, and signed by the King at the beginning and end, but is printed on paper, whereas the copy presented by Henry to the Pope was printed on vellum ; and so far from having been " stolen from the Vatican," no doubt exists there at this moment. At all events, it was safely preserved there subsequent to my visit to the Fitzwilliam Museum, as proved by Sir George Head's account of the Vatican library in his work entitled Rome, a Tour of many Days, 8vo., 1849; in which, among " a few particular objects con- sidered the staple curiosities of the region" (Sir No. 297.1 o V George is but a poor bibliographer) actually seen by him, he specifies : " The ' Assertio Septem Sacramentorum,' written by Henry VIII., a royal literary effort in defence of the sevea Roman Catholic Sacraments, that procured the title of Defender of the Faith for the author ; " And he then proceeds to describe it as — " A good thick octavo volume, written in Latin, and printed in the year loOl [a mistake for 1521] in London, on vellum. The type is clear, with a broad margin, and at the beginning is the original presentation address to Leo X. as follows, subscribed by the royal autograph : " ' Anglorum Rex Henricus, Leo Decime, mittit Hoc opus, et fidei testis * et amicitiae.' " Strype, in his Memorials, vol. i. p. 51. (ed. 1822), states that the presentation of the book to the Pope was brought about by the means of Cardinal Wols^, " who procured some copies to be written in a very fine and beautiful character, and one of them to be bound up splendidly, namely, that that was to be sent especially to the Pope, and the said cardinal sent that especially to the King, for his liking of it, before it went." It would be desirable to know the authoi'Ity of Strype for these asser- tions. The book itself was printed by Pynson, " apud inclytam urbem Londinum, in aedibus Pynsonianis, an. mdxxi, quarto idus Julli," and from the original correspondence of Dr. John Clerk (the King's Orator at Rome) to Vi^'olsey, pre- served in the Cottonian MS. Vitellius, b. iv., two of the most important letters of which are printed by Sir H. Ellis in vol. i. pp. 257. 262. of his third series of Original Letters, it appears that no less than twenty-eight copies (apparently printed ones), each signed by the King's own hand, were forwarded to Rome, out of which number, at a private interview with the Pope, in September, 1521, Dr. Clerk delivered two copies to his Holi- ness, one of which was covered with cloth of gold, and at the end of this copy (not at the beginning, as stated by Sir G. Head) were two verses in the King's autograph, "wry ten with a very small penne," and which, although stated by Clerk to be of the King's own composition, were in reality sent to Henry by Cardinal Wolsey, to be Inserted in the Pope's copy. Five or six more copies, at the Pope's request, were sent to him by Dr. Clerk, to be delivered to sundry learned cardinals ; and after the public presentation of the book to the Pope in full consistory, held on the 2nd Octo- ber (the whole process of which is related by Clerk), the remaining copies were forwarded, by direction of Cardinal Wolsey, " to various regions, * Lalande, who saw this book in the Vatican in 1765, reads (in his Voyage d'ltalie, tom. iii. p. 259., 1769, 12mo.) tesiem, and says that these two verses were written by the king's own hand ; a fact meant probably also to be expressed by the ambiguous words of Sir G. Head, quoted above. NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 7. 1855. universities, and countries, as tliey were addressed and ordered." It seems therefore certain, that the copy on paper belonging formerly to Mr. Woodburii, and now in the Fitzwilliam Museum, was not the one richly bound in cloth of gold presented to the Pope, and laid up in the Vatican (where Lord Herbert of Cherbury afterwards saw it), but one of those which were given to the cardinals ; and Tve may consequently conclude that the pen which struck out in it the title of Defender of the Faith was guided by a less infallible hand than that of the Pope. In fact, Leo X. died at the.end of No- vember, 1521, before the bull issued for the royal title had reached England ; and consequently it is quite impossible he could have struck out the words Defensor Fidei in the copy presented to him. It may be added, that at Bologna is still pre- served one of the copies sent to foreign universi- ties, stamped with the royal arms, and signed with the King's hand ; also that two other copies printed on vellum are mentioned by Van Praet, one of -which is in the Spenser library. F. Madden. British Museum. LADY ANNE CLIFFORD. The acceptable re-publication of a portion of Daniel's Worhs, by Mr. Morris of Bath, has brought afresh to our minds the poet's distinguished pupil, the Lady Anne Clifford. It is well known that this lady, having passed her sixty-third year, compiled a Diary or Memoir of her life, or what she calls " Memorables of Myself." Nine years ago, and at a later period, we find the following amongst the list of suggested pub- lications of the Camden Society : " The Auto- biography of Anne Clifford, Countess of Pem- broke, Dorset, and Montgomery, and other Re- cords preserved in Skipton Castle. To be edited by Edward Hailstone, Esq." It will be a subject of much regret if Mr. Hailstone has abandoned this work. More than twenty years since I strongly urged that, if permission could be ob- tained, the Diary of the Countess, and also that of her mother Margaret, Countess of Cumberland, if existing, should engage the attention of an editor, who would not only bring to his labours a knowledge of the eventful story of their lives, but who would treat the narrative of their joys and sorrows with genuine feeling. In the very last month a valued friend of mine, who adorns the judicial bench (when speaking of Daniel's Works, and of the " great Countess "), observes, " Good service would be done if some competent person were permitted to examine and print the interesting parts of her autobiography. Ifo. 297.] This and two or three more volumes seem to have been regularly continued, and all the earlier legal transactions of the family, marriages, settle- ments, &c., to have been collected and enrolled." In the York volume of the Transactions of the Archceological Institute (1848), Mr. Hailstone has printed " A true Memoriall of the Life of Lady Ann Clifford." This account he states to be taken from " a small 4to. volume containing an abstract or summary of the three great books of records kept at Skipton Castle," and was probably made by the Countess's secretary from " A Sumarie and Memoriall at the conclusion of the records in the third volume." He adds that " the MS. is in several persons' handwriting, but has not only been dictated, but corrected by the Countess, as many interlineations, and references to texts of Scripture, are made in her handwriting." Valu- able as is this paper, from the facts and dates it contains, it is rendered less interesting from being abbreviated, and written In the third person. Mr. Craik, in his Romance of the Peerage, says that " various diaries of portions of Lady Anne's own life, as well as historical memoirs of her an- cestry, drawn up by her, or under her direction, are spoken of as still existing at Skipton or Ap- pleby : " and he adds, very truly, that " It Is re- markable in how indistinct a way these manu- scripts have been spoken of by almost every writer who has referred to them." * It is to this point that I would chiefly direct the attention of your readers. The very title of the Diary, as given by different persons, varies. According to Mr. Baynes {_Biog. Brit., vol. Hi. p. 640.) it stands thus : " A Summary of the Records, and a true Memorial of the Life of the Lady Anne Clifford, who by birth being sole daughter and heir to my illustrious father, George Clifford, the third Earl of Cumberland, by his virtuous wife, Margaret Russell, my mother," &c. &c. &c., referring to her ancestry, titles, and marriages. There Is a MS. in the British Museum (Harl. MS. 6177.), a folio of about 240 pages, a transcript only ; it is entitled, — " A Summary of the Lives of the Veteriponts, Cliffords, and Earls of Cumberland, and of the Lady Anne, Countess Dowager of Pembroke, &c., daughter and heir to George, Earl of Cumberland, in whom the name of the said Cliffords determined. Copied from the original MS. the 29th of December, 1737, by Henry Fisher." Mr. Hawkins informs me that It appears entire, without breaks, any marks of omissions or in- sertions ; but where the original is lodged, or from whence this copy was taken, we are no- where told. " Many things that have been quoted from the * Romance of the Peerage, vol. iv. p. 135. In referring to Mr. Craik's interesting work, it is due to the author to state that no writer has taken so much pains to ascertain the authenticity of the transcripts and extracts given from the Countess's Diary as he has done. , July 7. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. Countess's Memoirs or Diaries," Mr. Craik says, " are not to be found in this transcript. Fisher is, moreover, a very ignorant and incompetent hand, and appears to have been frequently unable to read what he undertook to copy. Mr. Baynes's transcript," of which I shall presently speak, "may, however, have been made from his." * Extracts have been given by Seward from what he terms " Memoirs of the early part of the Countess's Life, printed for the first time,"f but he gives no authority in confirmation of their authenticity, and they appear perfectly distinct from Mr. Hailstone's " Memoriall." Extracts, purporting to be taken from the Countess's Diary, have also been given by Pennant, Whitaker, and Hartley Coleridge. The last able writer says that he is mainly indebted to Dr. Whitaker for his facts. He also refers to " Sir Matthew Hale's MSS." (portions, doubtless, of the three folios), and gives us quotations in the Countess's own language. These we also find given by Baynes, but they are not in Whitaker's or Seward's Works ; nor in Mr. Hailstone's tran- script. When alluding to these MSS. we may refer to Roger North, who accompanied his rela- tive the Chief Justice (afterwards Lord Keeper) on the Circuit, and visited Appleby Castle soon after the Countess's death. He speaks of her as " a magnificent and learned lady." " It was said," he adds, " that Hales (sic), afterwards Chief Justice, assisted her in the perusal and methodizing of her evidences and muniments, and made her fair extracts of them." We cannot but mark the ungracious terms in which Hale's labours are alluded to both by Whitaker and Coleridge. The former, who has largely availed himself of them, coolly observes that - - " Ingenuous curiosity, and perhaps too the necessary in- vestigation of her claims to the baronies of the family, led the Countess to compile their history ; an industrious and diffuse, not always an accurate work, in which more perhaps might have been expected from the assistance of Sir Matthew Hale, who, though a languid writer, was a man of great acuteness and comprehension." — History of Craven, p. 313. In terms not more complimentary Coleridge says : " Lady Anne herself made a digest of the family re- cords, with the assistance of Sir Matthew Hale. We re- gret to say that, from the specimen we have seen, the learned judge seems to have contrived to shed a sombre, judicial dulness over the composition. He was much more interested about the tenures, leases, and other legal antiquities, than about the wild adventures, loves, and wars of the ancient house." — Biographia Borealis, p. 243. Did these writers expect that, whilst engaged in such a laborious and unimaginative occupation as a digest of grants and charters, " thoughts that * Romance of the Peerage, vol. iv. p. 141. t Anecdotes of some distinguished Persons, vol. iv, p. 302. ^ No. 297.] breathe and words that burn " should have burst from the excellent judge ? Gilpin mentions that he has " derived the most material part of his History of the Countess from a MS. life of Mr. Sedgwick, her secretary, written by himself. In this work Mr. Sedgwick occasion- ally inserts a few circumstances relating to his lady. It is a pity he had not given her the better share. His MS. is still extant in Appleby Castle," The three folios Gilpin did not see, but, when speaking of the Countess's own "Journal," he adds, " What an interesting collection of valuable anecdotes might be furnished from the incidents of such a life ! " The original diary, he had been informed, "the late Earl of Thanet destroyed, as it contained va&ny severe remarks on several cha- racters of those times which the earl supposed might give offence to their families." * This re- port might possibly have been circulated in order to prevent the MS. from being examined. Whit- aker tells us that amidst the evidences of Skipton are several memoranda of large parcels of papers sent away by order of Thomas, Earl of Thanet.- (P, 316. note.) The friend, to whom I have already referred, states, that he saw the folio volumes as late as the year 1843; and also that " loose in one volume was a birthday letter from the Countess to her father when aged eight or nine, much like a modern valentine." In addition to the larger Diaries, Whitaker mentions " an original book of accounts, filled with memoranda relative to Lady Anne's education, from 1600 to 1602," from which he has given extracts. Was this com- pletely distinct from the other documents ? Pennant, who has devoted some pages to Skipton Castle, and to the Cliffords, mentions the Countess Margaret's letters as extant in manuscript, and also her diary, and that of her daughter ; " the former mentions," he says, " several minutiw that I omit, being only proofs of her great attention to ac- curacy,"! i*- is pretty clear that this last ob- servation applies to the Lady Anne J, not to her mother. The following letter in my possession, addressed to Rltson, is in manuscript, but though not pub- lished in his correspondence (1833), it may have appeared elsewhere in print. The writer, John Baynes, Esq., of Embsay, near Bolton Abbey (to whom reference has already been made), was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Having gained the highest honours in the university, and * Observations on the ^fountains and Lakes of Cumher~ land and fFestmoreland, vol. ii. pp. 161. 164. t Tour in Scotland, vol. ii. p. 358. j " With a Shandean exactness, very unusual amongf female autobiographers in these days, Lady Anne begins her memoirs of herself nine months before her nativity, for the sake of introducing a beautiful quotation from Psalm cxxxix. 12 — 16." ' — Biographia Borealis, p. 269. NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 7. 1855. with fair prospects at the bar, he was prematurely cut off in 1787 at the age of twenty-eight.* He contemplated a History of Craven, but had merely commenced his labours. From this letter it would appear that he had been attracted to the Countess's Memoirs. " Embsay Kirk, Sept. 8, 1785. " I have not succeeded so well at Appleby as I expected, not having met with that which was my chief object, namely, the Countess of Cumberland's Diary ; but I have found still more and more reason to admire the spirit and industry of Lady Anne, having seen the collections made by her orders, and under her inspection, relative to the Clifford family, which are such as, I will venture to say, no other noble family in the world can show. They are comprised in three enormous volumes, folio, and contain not only pedigrees of every branch of the family, but every grant, charter, or other document concerning the Cliffords, which could at that time be procured or met with. The usefulness of such a collection is not to be de- scribed ; it has ascertained their rights so clearly, as to have settled numberless disputes, not to mention those it must have prevented." It is strange that whilst examining these evi- dences, Mr. Baynes should have overlooked the autobiography ; and what is the more surprising, we find in the third volume of the Biographia Britannica, which was published in 1784, that Dr. Kippis, in a note on the article " Clifford," speaks of " papers which had been put into his hands by his ingenious and learned friend Mr. Baynes," and especially, he adds, "he has obliged us with a tran- script of the original narratioe left of Jierself hy the Countess of Dorset." '\ Who maybe the possessor of this transcript ? Extracts are given from it, ac- companied by this chilling remark : " The perusal of this MS. has given us little satisfaction. It is written in a manner extremely tedious, abounds with repetitions, and the facts related in it are for the most part equally minute and uninteresting." J Enough has been said to show how confused are the statements regarding the MSS., and that diligent investigation is necessary to combine the materials left by the Countess, as " Memorables " for her biography. Your readers will doubtless join with me in the wish already expressed, that Mr. Hailstone will still give us the Countess's Diary, or copious extracts from it. If he should not carry his original design into effect, may we not hope * Mr. Douce, who was a warm friend and great ad- mirer of Mr. Baynes, terms him " another Crichton," and adds, what will not be generally admitted, " He was cer- tainly the author of the Arcfusological Epistle to Bean Milles." t This may be accounted for by a mistake being made in the date of the letter, or in the copy of it. X Biog. Brit., vol. iii. p. 640. No. 297.] that the gentleman who has lately read before the Society of Antiquaries, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, a brief memoir of the Countess, the Rev. James Raine, Jun., may undertake this task. Or if both should decline it, is not this a work worthy of the Roxburghe Club ? The Diary would be a fitting companion to the very valuable volumes. Man- ners and Household Expenses of England, the splendid gift of Mr. Botfield in 1841, and the Howard Household Boohs, so ably edited by Mr. C01.LIER in 1844. J. H. Maekland. ARITHMETICAL NOTES, NO. II. Edmund Wingate. — The first edition of Win- gate's Arithmetic, published in 1629 or 1630, is a work of great rarity. I have never seen nor heard of a copy. It is an incunabulum of decimal frac- tions in England ; and though, owing to Kersey {Comp. Aim., 1851, p. 12,), it is not absolutely essential to the historian of arithmetic, yet it is very desirable that it should be produced and compared with the second edition. The first edi- tion of Cocker, of which several copies have ap- peared in sales in the last twenty years, is a mere curiosity ; that of Wingate is more. It should be noted, that it was common with Wingate to pub- lish under the initials E. W., adding sometimes " of Gray's Inn." Perhaps the obscurity of the first edition is owing to this concealment : all the other editions (eighteen at least) have the name in full. AVingate was a landed proprietor ; and persons so gifted, whenever they published trans- lation, elementary writing, or anything low, seldom put their names ; often it was only " a person of honour." Thus we have The Gentleman Ac- comptant . . . done by a Person of Honour : London, 1714, 8vo. Few, either among mathe- maticians or musicians, know that Lord Brounker translated Descartes's Compendium of Music under this mode of concealment. Ready Reckoner. — " Accompts cast up. With an Addition of Measuring Timber, Boord, Waynscot, Glasse, and Land, working an J' Question in Division as also rules of Fellowship. By John Bill : London, 1632. ~ 12mo." This is the earliest approximation to the ready reckoner which I have yet met with : but the body of the work is only an extended multiplication table of integers. My notion that the ready reckoner is not a very ancient contrivance is rather con- firmed by this writer never having heard of any- thing of the kind. He says : « To the end that every man may buy and sell without mis-reckoning in his accompt, and without the trouble of Pen or Counters, I have with long time and much labour endeavoured to finde out an Abridgement . . ." The eai-liest ready reckoner mentioned in my July 7. 1855.] NOTES AND QUEEIES. 3 Arithmetical Books is the Panarithmologia (1693) of William Leybourn. Of this book 1 find that Granger (no great authority on such a point) says it was formed on a plan of his own, which was adopted by Bareme in France. If, as I suspect, the author of Playford's Vade Meeum be John Playford the printer, who printed in and about 1679, then it remains to be settled whether Play- ford or Leybourn has the priority. Rapid Calculation. — " A Method to Multiply or Divide ... so expeditely that any Fifty Figures may either be Multiplied or Di- vided by any Fifty Figures, all in one Line, in Five Minutes Time . . . Invented by Quin Mackenzie-Quin, Esq. at the Eighth Year of his Age . . . London, Printed for the Author . . . muccl. By Authority of Parliament. Folio." If the boy wrote his own preface and descrip- tions, he tells us that necessitous virtue gained him a knowledge of numbers from indulgent nature. He tells the king, in the dedi- cation, that his firstlings in arithmetic are raised to so august a patrociny as the royal name ! He quotes Horace, Florus, Cicero, Proclus, &c. ; and also hundreds of names of Members of Parliament as subscribers. Probably the author was a lad of rapid calculating power, whose friends thought it would be a good speculation to tell the public that any one who used the boy's method could do as well. In the margin is the way to multiply 432 by 21. An in- stance of fifty figures by fifty figures takes two large folio pages, and could be done in no five minutes except those of the people who assure you they will not detain you longer. Some of your readers may have the means of giving some account of this curious production. I suppose that " by authority of Parliament " means " entered at Stationers' Hall." A. De Mokgan. 432 21 10 9072 Coleridge's marginalia on raleiqh's " history OF the world." I possess a copy of Sir Walter Raleigh's History of the World, 1st edit., 1614, upon the margins of which are several MS. notes in a handwriting resembling Coleridge's, but without his initials. That they were written by him is rendered almost certain, from the following considerations : that he was familiar with the book (a fact which we learn from his marginalia on Stillingfleet's Ori- gines SacrcE, published in a periodical called Excelsior, No. IV.) ; that some at least of the opinions expressed in the margin of the History of the World are coincident with those of Cole- ridge; and that the style of their composition is Coleridge's own. When it is considered how large No. 297.] an amount of the MSS. of the great poet- philoso- pher are withheld from publication, his admirers will I am sure feel grateful for any accession to the small amount of his published prose writings. I heartily wish my contribution were greater. Preface, p. 10. : " But had the Duke of Parma, in the year 1588, joyned the army which he commanded with that of Spaine, and landed it on the south coast ; and had his majesty at the same time declared himselfe against us in the north, it is easie to divine what had become of the liberty of England ; certainely we would then without murmur have [brought] this union [a far greater praise] than it hath since coat us." Coleridge : '•rorsan, bought — at a far greater price." Preface, p. 18. : " The living (saith hee [the preacher]) know that they shall die, but the dead know nothing at all." Coleridge : " ? But of the dead?" This note may be considered suggpstive of the opinion so often expressed by Coleridge, that — " The Jews believed generally in a future state, inde- pendently of the Mosaic Law." — See Table Talk, 3rd edit. (1851), p. 28. Preface, p. 24. : " He will disable God's power to make a world, -without, matter to make it of. He will rather give mothes of the aire a cause, cast the work on necessity or chance ; be- stow the honour thereof on Nature ; make two powers, the one to be the author of the matter, the other of ih^ forme; and lastly, for want of a worke-man, have it eternall: which latter opinion Aristotle, to make himself the author of a new doctrine brought into the world : and his Secta- tours have maintained it." Coleridge : " I do not think that Aristotle made the world eternal, from the difficulty of aliquid a nihilo materiali ; but from the idea of God as an eternal Act — actus ptcrissi7nus, and eternity = Simultaneous possession of total Being — for, strictly, God neither was nor will be, but always is. We may, without absurdity or contradiction, combine the faith of Aristotle and the Church, saying, God from all eternity creates the world by and through the Aoyos." In the marginalia on Stillingfleet's Origines SacrcB, above referred to, Coleridge says : " And where is the danger to religion, if we make pre- servation a perpetual creation, and interpret the first words of Genesis as we must do (if not Socinian) the first words of St. John. From all eternity God created the universe, and the earth became waste and void," &c. Whether this were the faith of Aristotle or not, it was certainly that of Plato. Cf. Timaeus. The above are all the notes on the Preface. The following are on the text of the History : Book I. p. 65. ch. v. § 5. : " Of the long lives of the Patriarchs ; and of some of late memory." NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 7. 1855. Coleridge : " It is said that the first years were three moons •. that the ideal of each animal's life (of the warm-blooded) is eight times its full growth : that man is at his full at twenty-five, which x by 8 = 200 : and that, taking three as the" first perfection of number by [&?] unity (that is, three is tri-une), and three moons as the first year, this would agree with the age of Methusaleni, the only man who ever reached the ideal. A negro in Peru, who was still living eight years back, was then one hundred and eiehtv-six, as known by public registers of sales. "1817 [or 1807?]" From this note we arrive at the date at which these marginalia were written. The second 1 is thick, and might have been intended for a 0. Book I. p. 132. : " These riddles are also rife among the Athenians and ■Arcadians, who dare afiirme, that they are more ancient than Jupiter and the Moon ; whereof Ovid — * Ante Jovem genitum terras habuisse feruntur Arcades : et Luna gens prior ilia fuit.' " Coleridge : " This may be equally true, whether the moon were a comet stopped by the attraction of the earth, and com- pelled, though not without some staggering, to assimilate its orbit; or whether the inward fire-matter of the earth, turning an ocean suddenly into steam, projected a con- tinent from that hollow which is now filled up by the Pacific and South Sea, which is about the size of the moon." I can find nothing like the chronological or geological views expressed in the last two notes in the published works of Coleridge. C. Mansfield Ingleby. Birmingham. COWLEY AND WALLER. There is a passage in one of Cowley's poems- which exhibits a blank in all the editions to which I have ready access. The poem is entitled " An Answer to a Copy of Verses sent me to Jersey." " . . . . One lately dM not fear (Without the Muses leave) to plant it [verse] here. But it produc'd such base, rough, crabbed, hedge- Ehymes, as e'en set the hearers ears on edge : Written by Esqui-re, the Year of our Lord, six hundred thirty-three. Brave Jersey Muse ! and he's for this high stile Call'd to this day the Homer of the Isle." Now Lean fill up the blank. The name omitted is that of William Prynne ; and my authority is Pope, in a note to The Dunciad, 8vo., 1729, 2nd edit., p. 64. Will Mr. John Bruce kindly throw some light on this Jersey allusion to his favourite Prynne? When Mr. Bell comes to Cowley he will not, I am sure, let this annotation escape bim. There is a passage in one of Waller's poems, that " Of Divine Love," which in all the modern editions that I have seen contains a corruption. My attention was first called to the passage by a JSTo. 297.] letter from Bishop Warburton to Dr. Birch (Ni- chols's Illustrations, ii. 931.). The couplet runs thus in Fenton and his followers : " Who for himself no miracle would make, Dispens'd with several for the people's sake." Now several, as Warburton says, is nonsense. The true reading is nature, as Warburton ga- thered from a MS. of the poem in his possession. Thus far Warburton ; and my Note is, that the edition of 1686 of Waller now before me reads nature, and thus confirms the reading which future editors should certainly adopt. Peter Cunningham. Kensington. :^tKar 3oUS, An ^^ Army Works Corps" in 1598. — " The generall of the artillery hath vnder his charge a great number of labourers or pioners, which of necessity must be had in a camp, and follow an army, to make trenches, rampiers, minings, countermines, ditches, caues ; to make plaine the waves for the army to march ; to ac- commodate the passages for the artillery to passe; to raise mounts to plant ordinance vpon ; to place and fill the gabbions ; to digge earth for the same ; to undermine wals, and townes, and to raze those of any gained places downe ; to cut timber to fortify withall ; to digge wells for water, and great pits to bury and to cast therein, the garbedge, filthinesse, and offalls of the campe; and seruing to a number of such necessary uses. " Ouer the sayd pioners there are captaines appointed to gouerne them, which should be men verv expert ia fortifications, trenching, mining, counter-mining, and in all sorts of engines concerning a campe, and battery actions; and therefore besides their experience, they ought to be learned and well skilled in all maner of for- tifications, both in campe, towne, or fortresse. These pioners do go before the campe with a sufficient band of souldiers for their guard, carrying with them mattockes, spades, shouells, pikaxes, crowes of iron, barrells, baskets, hampiers, and such other tooles ; and ouer euery three or foure hundred pioners a captaine." The above is from The theorike and practike of moderns warres, discoursed in dialogue wise. Written by Robert Barret. London, printed for William Ponsonby. 1598. Folio. Bolton Cornet. A " Crannock." —There is not, I believe, any recorded proof to be found in " N. & Q.," or else- where in a printed form, of the contents of an Irish measure called the crannoch. Having lately met with this term upon one of the records of the Exchequer of Ireland, I shall feel obliged by the insertion in " N. & Q." of the following extracts, which have been taken from the Memoranda Roll of the 13 & 14 Edward II., membranes 8 and 9 : " Memorandum quod, etc., et Johannes de Grene re- cognoverunt se teneri Philippe Braoun janitori castri Uublinensis in tribus crannocis frumenti quolibet vide- licet crannoco continente octo pecks boni sicci et muadi bladi." July 7. 1855.] NOTES AND QUEKIES. " Memorandum quod, etc., recognovit se teneri Johanni de Lidegate clerico in quinque crarinocis avene quorum quilibet crannocus continebit xvj pecks sicci boni et muiidi bladi." This measure, therefore, in Edward II.'s days, contained either eight or sixteen pecks. James F. Ferguson. Dublin. . A Relic of Wolfe. — There is, I think, a work of the day entitled il Ship from her Cradle to her Grave. Could the undernoted good old craft have bequeathed to us her reminiscences, how interesting and eventful ! « The End of an. Old Collier. « The ' Conference,' of North Shields, captured and burnt by the Riff pirates, was one of the oldest collier brigs belonging to the Tyne. She was employed as a transport at the siege of Quebec, and has been ploughing the main ever since." — Times, June 15, 1855. J.O. Alliterative Couplet on Cardinal Wolsey. — The couplet in the following extract is new to me, and may also be the same to the readers of "N. & Q.:" " Wolsey, they tell us, was a butcher. An alliterative couplet, too, was made upon him to that import : * By butchers born, by bishops bred. How high his honour holds his haughty head.' Notwithstanding which, however, and other similar al- lusions, there have arisen many disputes touching the veracity of the assertion ; yet doubtless, those who first promulgated the idea were keen observers of men and manners ; and probably', in the critical examination of the Cardinal's character, discovered a particular trait •which indubitably satisfied them of his origin." — Ab- surdities, by A. Crowquill, p. 89., 1827. What a pity that the Duke of Buckingham did not avail himself of " apt alliteration's artful aid" in his invectives against the " butcher's cur ! " CUTHBEKT BeDE, B.A. Shahspeare's " Seven Ages." — In a former Number of " N. & Q.," (Vol. viii., p. 383.) some Latin verses were quoted, as resembling these ce- lebrated lines in As You Like It. I do not know whether it lias been observed, that there is a parallel passasje in one ot the spurious dialogues of Plato (the Axiochus), in which Socrates suras up the successive miseries of human life, much in the spirit of Jaques, though more grave and less sa- tirical. See the English translation of Plato in Bohn's Classical Library, vol. vi. p. 44. F. Enigma on a Hole. — Pontanus having made the following enigma on a hole, — "Die mihi quod majus fiat quo plurima demas." Scriverius answered, — "Pontano demas carniina, major erit." K L. T No. 297.] €iutvitS, WAS THE DUKE OF YORK IN EDINBURGH IN 1684? The above question has lately turned up among the historical antiquaries of Edinburgh, and given rise to a good deal of discussion. As a question of the greatest importance regarding the force and value of evidence depends upon it, I venture to submit a few particulars to the public through your esteemed medium. The Duke of York, as is well known, spent some years previous to May, 1682, in Edinburgh , in consequence of his desperate unpopularity in the south, and from a desire to cultivate an in- terest in Scotland. He has not hitherto been supposed to have visited Edinburgh after that period ; not a single writer, even among such minute cotemporary chroniclers as Lord Poun- tainhall, speaks of his having done so. Yet , strange to say, in the written record of the Privy Council of Scotland, preserved in our General Register House here, the duke is described, under his usual style of " His E,oyal Highness his Ma- jesty's High Commissioner," as presiding at four meetings in the latter half of July, 1684, namely, those of the 15th, 17th, 22nd, and 24th. I appre- hend that, in the practice of our law courts, in- cluding the House of Lords, this evidence as to the whereabouts of a man at a particular date would be held as paramount and irrefragable. Nevertheless, there can scarcely be a doubt that the duke was not in Edinburgh at that time. In the first place, there is the remarkable cir- cumstance that we have no other notice of the fact whatever. Fountainhall notes from day to day every movement of the state, every meeting of the Privy Council, and a vast number of small local matters, .and yet takes no notice of a visit of the duke. On the contrary, describing the reception given on the 10th of July to the Ear of Perth, newly arrived as Chancellor, vice Aber- deen displaced, he says, the demonstrations could not have been more honourable, though the king or the duke had been of the party. If the duke really had appeared, in however incognito a man- ner, at the council board, fully twenty people were there to recognise him; and that such a secret should have been preserved in such a town as Edinburgh is inconceivable. In the second place, the first day's minutes pre- sent us with a letter addressed by the council to the duke himself, thanking him for his share in bringing about tlie late ministerial changes; and this letter, as well as an address to the king, is sent in another to the English Secretaries o State, with a request that it may be delivered. We can scarcely suppose that all this business would be gone through in obedience to mere form without any reference being made to the duke personal presence, if he had been present. 8 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 7. 1855. Thirdly. While it was common, though not in- variable, in the minutes of 1680, 81, and 82, when the duke was present, to commence the deliver- ances of the council, " His Royal Highness his Majesty's High Commissioner and the Lords ot the Privy Council, having considered," &c., we find in all the four meetings of the latter half of July, where the duke's style is placed at the head of the sederunt, the ordinary formula of _" Lords of Privy Council having considered," &c. is adopted. On the other hand, it is remarkable that the duke had certainly, in the early part of this year, contemplated a visit to Scotland, In a letter of his duchess, printed in the Spalding Club Miscel- lany, vol. iii., dated only " Jan. 7," but which we know from allusions to have been of 1684, she tells her correspondent, the Marchioness of Huntly, " We must be contented only with writing to one another, for we are not likely to meet, the duke's journey being for so short a time that I shall not go with him into Scotland." If the matter had stood at this point, there might have been room for doubt about it. But the debate has been in a great measure set at rest by the dis- covery amongst the papers of the Lord Treasurer the Duke of Queensbury, now in the possession of his representative the Duke of Buccleuch, of two letters holograph of the Duke of York, addressed to the said Lord Treasurer, and dated at Tun- bridae and Windsor, respectively on the 22nd and and 25th of July, 1684. In the first he tells the Lord Treasurer that he is " glad to find that most of the loyal men are pleased at Lord Perth's being made chancellor." In the second, he ac- knowledges receipt of a letter from the Lord Treasurer, dated the 17th, and two from the Secret Committee, and makes special allusion to matters then under the attention of the Privy Council of Scotland. It is of course evident that he could not both be in Tunbridge and in Edin- burgh on the 22nd of July, or at Windsor and Edinburgh on the 25th. The allusions also to business "make it clear that no suggestion as to difference of style will avail to render it possible that the duke was in Edinburgh at the time of the four sederunts. It will remain for those who may be conversant with such business, to surmise reasons for intro- ducing the name of an absent member into^ the record of Privy Council on those four occasions. I have not as yet heard a single plausible con- jecture on the subject. If none such can be presented, the facts thus elicited must certainly be held as reflecting strongly on the value of documentary evidence of this class. R- Chambebs. Edinburgh. No. 297.] UNPRINTED LETTER TO SIB FRANCIS BACON. There are two points of interest In the follow- ing undated letter among Ayscough's MSS. in the British Museum (No. 4108.), regarding which 1 am desirous of Information. In the first place it is addressed to Sir Francis Bacon, who was not created Lord Verulam until July, 1618, so that it was evidently anterior to that year. I have no very good authorities at hand, but I have had the copy by me for some time, and I have not ob- served that the original Is mentioned In any of the various accounts of Bacon; although It affords proof of a trait in the character of that great- little man for which he has not usually had much credit. The writer appealed to him to lend his aid in silencing aspersions, regarding which even the severities of the law had been threatened.^ Is anything known of the nature of these aspersions, or of the person against whom they were circu- lated ? This brings me to my second question : Who was Edmond Anderson, the writer of the letter? There was a chief justice of the Common Pleas of both those names, but he died in 1605, and he left behind him no son of the name of Edmond : his male issue were respectively Ed- ward, Francis, and William. The last of these three sons had a son named Edmond, grandson of the chief justice, who was created a baronet by Charles II., and he was perhaps not born at the date when the letter in question was written. It is a biographical matter of some interest, upon which it" Is very possible that Mb. Foss may be able to throw light : If he can do so, I shall be much obliged to him. My Queries are. Has the following letter been noticed in any of the Me- moirs of Lord Bacon ? and who, and what, was Edmond Anderson, the writer of it ? « Mr. Edmond Anderson's Letter to Sir Francis Bacon. " Noble S', — There is ever certaine presumption to be had of the favor of great men, soe there be a reason added to accompany their justice : myne that gives boldnes to call upon your succour is, that I am fallen more under the malignity of rumour than severity of lawes, though that hath oversett myne offence at the blackest marke. To force this latter cloud away none can, but the breath of a kinge : the other, which threatneth and oppresseth more, everv good spirit may helpe to disperse. In this name (HoW" Sir) I beseech vour goodnes to spend some few words to the puttinge of false fame to flight, which hath soe often endangered even the innocent. And it the savinge of a poore penitent man may come to be parte ot your care, let it ever be reconed to your vertue, that you have not onelv assisted to preserve, but create a person so corrected by necessity as the example of his repentance was not worthy to be lost, whoe will live and dye thank- fully yours. " Edmond Andekson. Whatever were the offences Imputed to Lord Bacon's correspondent (a matter of comparatively little moment), the tone and expressions of the above communication read almost like a confes- sion of guilt. J. Payne Collier. Maidenhead. July 7. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. Proverb. — Is the following proverb known and registered in any collection of rural philosophy ? I heard it the other day from an old herd. I was deploring the wetness of the month (May), when he replied : " A leaky May and a dry June Keeps the puir man's head abune." e. D. L. Greenock. " DidrorCs Christian Iconography" — As four years have now elapsed since Mr. Bohn published in his Illust. Library the first volume of Didron's Christian Iconography, may I venture to ask that gentleman when the second volume, which he has promised, may be expected ? It will be a great pleasure to many readers of " N. & Q.," besides myself, to learn that the con- clusion of the work will not be much longer de- layed. F. D. Beverley. Marvellous Music. — Among the Howard Papers, Lady Arabella Stuart, writing to the Earl of Shrewsbury from Broad Street, June 17, 1609, " But now from doctrine to miracles : I assure you w">in these few dayes I saw a paire of virginalles make good musick w*out helpe of any hand, but of one, that did nothing but warme, not move, a glass some five or six foote from them. And if I thought, thus great folkes invisibly and farre off worke in matters to tune them, as they please, I pray yo"" Lop forgive me ; and I hope God will, to whose holy protection I humbly recomend y Lop," &c. Can any of the readers in " N. & Q." divine any explanation how this curious experiment was con- trived ? Electricity or galvanism has been sug- gested. Cl. Hopper. Bankers' Cheques. — A difficulty in one case, a loss in another, and a doubt in the third — all of •which have happened during the last few days — make it of great importance that there should be a better understanding in these matters than seems at present to prevail. Some would, probably, think the city article of The Times the most ap- propriate place for these inquiries. I believe there are many readers of " N. & Q." who can enlighten us on the subject. 1. Can a banker lawfully refuse to pay a cheque drawn on himself, although it be crossed in blank ; that is, the words " & Co." written upon it ? 2. Is there any specific time in which a country banker becomes liable for a cheque which he has changed, or received in account, supposing it be not paid by the person on whom it is drawn ? 3. Is it lawful, or necessary, or of any utility, to cross a stamped cheque made payable to order ? N. H. L. E. No. 297.] Renown. — Where shall I meet with the piecOi of which the following is a verse ? " I think the thing you call renown. That unsubstantial vapour, For which the soldier burns a town, The sonnateer a taper. Is like the mist, which as he flies The horseman leaves behind him, He cannot mark its wreaths arise. Or if he can, they blind him." R. Y. T. " Struggles for Life." — Could any of your readers tell me who is the author of Struggles for Life, or the Autobiography of a Dissenting Minister, published in 1853, by VV.&F. G. Cash, 5. Bishops- gate Street. Fueur-de-XiIS. George Fox foretold : Query, By what Prophet ? — That "good hater" after Dr. Johnson's own heart, worthy Francis Bugg, mentions in his Pilgrim's Pro- gress from Quakerism to Christianity, p. 259., the following long-winded title of one of Fox's works : " News coming up out of the North, sounding towards the South, written from the Mouth of the Lord, from one who is naked, &c., and cloathed with Righteousness ; whose Name is not known in the World, risen out of the North, which was prophesied of, and now fulfilled." To which our friend with the unsavoury patrony- mic dryly adds in the margin : " Query, By what prophet ?" I am pretty well acquainted with the controversial literature of the time, but I don't remember to have seen this answered. Will some one state the grounds for the assumed Messiah- ship. The marked locality of expression forbids the idea of a mere generality. C. Clifton Barht. " Pollards." — Trees with their heads cut oflF are called pollards, and disfigure the landscape in many parts of England. They are all old and ugly ; and as tenants are not allowed to cut the timber, how came these trees into existence ? H. T. Providence. — Written upon a fly-leaf of a little pocket Goldsmith's Almanac of 1679, I found the following lines. Are they from any known au- thor ? There is a striking similarity in idea to some portions of Pope's Essay on Man : " Did we not know, there's an adorfed will In all that happs to men, or good or ill, Suffer'd or sent, and what is man to pry Into th' abyss of such a mystery ? How man}' dangers on best actions wait. Right check'd by wrong, and ill men fortunate, Those mov'd effects from an unmoved cause, Might shake an easie faith ; Heav'n's sacred laws Might casual seem, and o^ irregular sense Spurne at just order, and blame Providence." Cl. Hopper. " Nine hundred and three doors out of the world." — Can any of your readers inform me in what Jewish author can be found an enumeration of 10 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 7. 1855. nine hundred and three, being every kind of death by which man enters the unseen world? It is referred to in an interesting little volume by H. Pendlebury, one of the ejected ministers, entitled Invisible Realities, p. 19. : " There is but one door that we all land in at our entrance. The Jews reckon nine hundred and three kinds of death or ways out of the world. Among all the kinds we can't see our own kind of death, by which we shall go into another world." But it appears there are many keys to each door, for, on p. 68,, the author argues thus : " 0 Sirs ! you and I stand at the door of these unseen things ; and if death do but once open it, by any one of its manj' thousand keys, we shall immediately see that which we have never seen." G. Offob. Hackney. '■'■ News from Westminster ." — In the Poems on State Affairs, printed in 1704, occurs the follow- ing quatrain. An explanation will oblige. " NEWS FROM WESTMINSTER. -" Strange news from Westminster, the like was never heard, A Treasurer* in pantaloons, a Bishop f without beard, A Judge J with a periwig to his waste hanging down, A Speaker§ of the Commons that never wore a gown." Cl. Hopper. " Old Nick." — In Mr. Thorns' edition of the History of Reynard the Fox, printed for the Percy Society, p. 191., is the following note : " Nychers. In this name we have a striking allusion to the mythology of Scandinavia, and that portion of it which is retained among us to this day, when we designate the Evil One by the epithet of Old Nick. Odin assumes the name of Nickar, or Hnickar, when he enacts the destroj'ing or evil principle, and scarcely a river of Scandinavia which has not its appropriate Nikir." An explanation of one of our " household words " imported from Scandinavia, appears to be rather far-fetched. But I find that other writers have taken the same view as ]\Ir. Thoms : see Brand's Popular Antiquities, edited by Sir li. Ellis, vol. ii. p. 519. With the greatest deference to these learned antiquaries, I venture to propose a more simple, and therefore, in my judgment, better explanation of the epithet. It seems to me to refer to that peculiarly distinguishing mark of the devil, in popular belief, the cloven hoof : " There is no vulgar story of the devil's having appeared anywhere without a cloven foot. It is observable, also, that this infernal enemy, in graphic representations of him, is seldom or never pictured without one." — Brand, vol. ii. p. 517. The writer goes on to explain that the cloven foot belongs to the goat's shape, which is attributed to * Osborn. t Atkvn. 1^0.297.] t Crew. § Seymour. the fiend ; and that the horns and tail are similarly accounted for. Two other popular names of the devil in the North of England, " Old Harry " (Hairy), and " Old Scratch," seem plainly to refer to the same personal characteristic of the enemy of man, though they have much puzzled the antiquaries. {Brand, vol. ii. p. 520.) F. Bennet's " Paraphrase on the Book of Common Prayer." — In Thomas Bennet's Paraphrase, ivith Annotations upon the Book of Common Prayer^ edit. 1709, p. 94., occurs the following passage in a note on his commentary on the Litany : " I think myself obliged to take notice of a most scan- dalous practice which prevails in many such congrega- tions, as ought to be fit precedents for the whole kingdom to follow. 'Tis this : that laymen, and very often young boys of eighteen or nineteen years of age, are not only per- mitted, but oblig'd, publicly to perform this office; which is one of the most solemn parts of our divine service, even tho' many priests and deacons are at the same time present." What practice is here alluded to, and what congregations ? H. Sabbath. — When was the word Sabbath first used to designate Sunday ? In Low Latin it al- ways means Saturday. In the records of Con- vocation, as long as they were kept in Latin, Dies Sabbathi is always the Latin for Saturday. The same is the case in many of the continental lan- guages. William Fkaser, B. C. L. Alton, Staffordshire. Poll-books. — What is the date of the earliest printed poll-book known? and is any collection of these documents in existence ? Z. z. A small white Hand a Sign of high Birth. — I wish some of your correspondents would give their observations on this fallacy (as I must deem it) of Lord Byron's. I have had little opportunity myself of forming a general opinion on the siib- ject ; but have been a disbeliever ever since seeing one of the largest pair of hands I ever beheld belonging to a gallant naval officer, to whom, in point' of pedigree. Lord Byron could hardly hold a candle. Sir Walter Scott too is well known to have had remarkably large hands, although he could adduce as many royal and noble ancestors as Byron himself. On the other side, I have seen very small white hands on persons of no particular descent ; but who may have consoled themselves, in their obscurity, with the belief that they bad more illustrious blood in their veins than they were aware of, on the strength of Lord Byron's dictum. J. S. Warden. July 7. 1855.' NOTES AND QUERIES. 11 Anonymous Hymns. — Can you or any of your correspondents inform me of the authorship of the following hymns ? 1. " Bring helpless infancy to me." 2. " The food on which thy children live." 3. " When His salvation bringeth." 4. " Captain of Thine enlisted host." 5. " Lord, look on all assembled here." 6. " Great Ruler of the earth and skies." 7. " See, gracious God, before Thy throne." 8. " To God, the only wise." 9. " Praise the Lord, ye heav'ns, adore Him." 10. " With all my pow'rs of heart and tongue." 11. " Lord, when my thoughts delighted rove." 12. " Plung'd in a gulph of dark despair." 13. " Thou art the way, to Thee alone." 14. " Thanks for mercies past receive." 15. " O Thou that dwellestin the heavens so high." 16. " Our God, our help in ages past." Also whether " Come, thou long-expected Jesus," is by Oliver? C. H. H.W. Dublin. [We can supply the authorship of a few of these hymns: N"os. 6, 7, and 11. are by Mrs. Anne Steele, and will be found in her Poems on Subjects chiefly Devotional, by Theodosia, 3 vols. 8vo. Bristol, 1780. Nos. 8. 10. 12. and 16. are by Dr. Watts.] Homer and Lord North. — The following; stanza occurs in " An Ode to Lord North," in Fugitive Pieces of the Last Sessio?i, London, 1782 : " Take timely counsel. Lend thine ear To Homer's words ; for prophet ne'er Did deeper wisdom utter : 'Tis hard to fight or press demands 'Gainst a majority which stands Up for its bread and butter." Is any corresponding passage in Homer ?s J. D. [There is a line in Homer (_Iliad, book ii. 24.) analo- gous in sentiment to the words in the "Ode to Lord North : " " Ou xPV Tawuxiov evSeiv pov\r)6pov avSpa ;" i. e. A statesman should be ever taking counsel, by night as well as by day.] Battle of Patay. — I am anxious to know whether the battle of Patay, at which Joan of Arc was present, was fought on the 10th or the 18 th of June, 1429. The books of reference which I have consulted do not agree as to the day of the month. Clericus (D.). [In L'Art de Verifier les Dates we read, "Le 18 Mai, elle combat a la bataille de Patai, en Beauce, oil Talbot, ge'ne'ral des Anglais, aprfes avoir perdu deux mille hommes, est pris avec plusieurs autres chefs."] BACK, (Vol. ix., p. 517.) If Barrett's conjecture as to the origin of thi» word, as locally applied at Bristol, is to be ad- mitted, it would perhaps rather be a ferry than a river, from which it originated. The following extract from a curious little volume * tends to show that this was the case : " Sur la Tamise est basty un pont de pierre oeuvre fort rare et excellent. Ce pont a vingt arches faictes de pierre, de 60 pieds de haulteur et de 30 pieds de large, basties en faijon de voulte. Sur le pont de coste et d'autre y a maisons, chambres et greniers, en sorte qu'il semble mieux estre une rue qu'un pont. Quant a la fondation du dit pont, faict k noter qu'au commencement il n'y avoit apparence de pont, raais c'estoit un bac, pour passer y repasser les gens et les marchandises amenees h, Londres. Par ce bac le passager s'enrichit merveilleuse- ment, pour I'occupation qu'il en fait par longues annees. Apres son decfes, il le laissa par legs testamentaire h, une sienne fille nommee Marie Andery [1. Overy]. Elle s'estant saisie d^s biens de defuncts ses pere et mere, et apres aussi avoir amasse tout pleiu de biens par le moyen du dit bac, fut conseillee de fonder une Keligion de Non- nains, un peu au-dessus du Chceur de I'Eglise qui depuia fut appellee Saincte Marie Andery (i. e. St. Mary Overies), aux fauxbourg de Soutwark lez Londres, en laquelle elle fut enterree. A I'entretenement de laquelle Eglise, icelle Marie donna par testament ledict bac et les profits pro- venants d'icelluy," &c. — Sig. L. iiij. It is evident that Bac is here used for Ferry^ but it strictly meant the vessel, or rather movable bi-idge, by means of which carriages, horses, and passengers were ferried over, as appears from that valuable old dictionary of Nicot, the prototype of our worthy Cotgrave : " Bac, m. acut. est un grand bateau k passer char- rettes, chevaux, et gens de pied d'un bord de rivifere k autre. Ponto, en Latin : Lequel mot retenants en maint lieux, celuy qui passe I'eau aux allans et venans est appelM Pontonier, qu'on dit en autres endroits Passagier, et Barquerol pour le mesme." It is singular that Stow, in his Survey of London^ has related the same account of the origin of the Priory of St. Mary Overies, which he is said to have obtained from Bartholomew Linsted, the last prior, but which Tanner says "is not confirmed by any other authority in print or manuscript that had occurred to him." We have here, at least, an earlier authority than Stow by twenty years. Whether the tradition was derived by Jean Ber- nard from the same source or not, does not appear. S. W. SiNGEE. Mickleham. No. 297.] * Discours des plus Memorables faicts des Roys et grands Seigneurs d'Angleterre, &c. Plus une Traict^ de la Guide des Chemins, les assiettes et Description des principales Villes, Chateuaux et Rivieres d'Angleterre, par Jean Bernard, 12o, k Paris, 1579. 1!2 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 7. 1855. SIB BICHAED STEELE AND THE LADIES LIBEABY. (Vol. xi., p. 408.) Steele's eldest daughter, afterwards Lady Trevor, was named Elizabeth, and it is not im- probable that, though a child at the time, the doating father had a copy of the work bound in morocco after his thoughtless fashion and pre- sented it to her, and that the father, the mother, or she herself at some subsequent period, wrote " Eliza Steele" in it. This of course is but a con- jecture. I think, however, there is some evidence that may lead us to conclusions as to who was the compiler of the work. Your correspondent says it " was edited by Sir Richard from materials for- warded by a lady." So far as I can see, Steele's labours were confined to writing the dedications and a general preface. In the title-page the work is said to be " written by a lady," and " published by Sir Richard Steele ; " but in the preface the " writer " of the title-page becomes the "compiler," and Steele informs us that he is but " her gentleman usher," — that the work is "supposed to be collected out of the several writings of our greatest divines," — was " intended by the compiler for a guide to her own conduct," — and sent to him that " if thought worth pub- lishing " it might be " of the same service to others of her sex," — and he thus proceeds : "I put them into the care of a reverend gentleman much better qualified for the publication of such a work, and whose life and character are not so subject to the exceptions which the levity of some of my writings, as well as other circumstances, may expose a work as passing through my hands only. Though he was so good as to peruse the papers, he would not allow that the exception I made against my being the publisher was of weight ; for he would have it, that its coming out with my name would give an expectation that I had assembled the thoughts of many ingenious men on pious subjects, as I had heretofore on matters of a different nature : by this means, he believes, the work may come into the hands of persons who take up no book that has not promises of entertainment in the first page of it. For the rest, he was of opinion it would make its own way, and I easily sub- mitted to suffer a little raillery, when I had hopes of being the means of promoting the interests of religion and virtue." It follows, according to the title-page and this statement, that the work was compiled by a lady, and given to Steele for publication, and I agree with your correspondent that the question, " Who was the compiler ? " has some little literary interest. The publication gave rise to an angry correspondence, embodied in a pamphlet entitled : " Mr. Steele Detected : or the poor and oppressed or- phan's letters to the great and arbitrary Mr. Steele ; com- plaining of the great injustice done to the publick in general, and to himself in particular, b}' the Ladies' Library; published by Mr. Steele. Together with Mr. Steele's Answers; and some just Reflections on them. Lond., Morphew, 1714." No. 297.] The great injustice complained of is, that not only " the model of the Ladies' Library," but " the very timber, brick, and other materials " are stolen ; that " many and whole sections " have been taken without acknowledgment from Jeremy Taylor's Holy Living and Dying, the copyright of which work was vested in Royston Meredith, the complainant, who, I suppose, was a descendant of Royston, the bookseller and publisher of many of Taylor's works. Steele's first answer was very brief : " October 21, 1714. " Sir, I will inquire into what you ^vrite about, and write again about the subject of yours to, Sir, your most humble servant, Richard Steele." The " oppress'd orphan," however, would not wait Steele's inquiries, but replied immediately, in- sisting on ample satisfaction, threatening proceed- ings at law, and informing Steele that Tonson the publisher, on being referred to, said " that he paid copy-money, and that Meredith must apply to the author for redress." Steele now replied, not un- kindly, bxit firmly and finally : " October 26, 1714. St. James's Street " Sir, I have a second letter from you. The stile of the first was very harsh to one whom you are not at all ac- quainted with ; but there were suggestions in it which might give excuse for being out of humour at one whom you might, perhaps, think was the occasion of damage to you. You mentioned also an orphan, which word was a defence against any warm reply; but since you are pleased to go on in an intemperate way of talk, I shall give myself no more trouble to inquire about what you complain, but rest satisfied in doing all the good offices I can to the reverend author's grandchild, now in town. Thus leaving you to contend about your title to his writings, and wishing you success, if you have justice on your side ; I beg you will give me no more ill language, and you will oblige, Sir, your humble servant, RiCHAKD Steele." Meredith, in his pamphlet, expresses his belief that "the lady mentioned in the title-page, and the clergyman in the preface," are " nothing more than a blind excuse for his notorious plagiarism." I think not. In Steele's letter the shadowy " lady " of the title-page becomes a real and dis- tinct personage, "the reverend author's grand- child." Now the only reverend author mentioned in Meredith's letters, the only author referred to, is Jeremy Taylor; and as I read it, Steele declares that the work was compiled by Taylor's grand- daughter. Jeremy Taylor had two grand- daughters, Mary and Ann, children of his dnughter Joanna, who had married Edward Harrison of Maralane, Antrim, member of parliament for Lisburn. Mary was twice married; first to a Colonel Columbine, and secondly to Sir Cecil Wray, of Glentworth, Lincolnshire. She was not only wealthy by marriage, but ultimately inherited a considerable fortune as the last survivor of the Harrison family. Ann married Colonel John Pacey, secretary to the Duke of Ormond. July 7. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 13 If we put faith in Steele's statement, and I see no reason for Mr. Meredith's doubt, it must have been one or other of these ladies that compiled the work, a very natural and becoming " labour of love." From the few circumstances that can help to a conjecture, I incline to an opinion in favour of Lady Mary. Jeremy Taylor, if so great a man may be enlisted under any mere party banner, was a high churchman and a high Tory ; indeed, Heber thinks it strange that any of his descend- ants should be found amongst the Whigs. It is fair to assume also that the secretary to the Duke of Ormond was of the same high church and Tory school. Taylor's daughters both in the first in- stance married gentlemen of estate in Ireland, and so far as appears, Ann may have continued to reside there all her life. But Steele was a Whig, and in 1714 a very fierce, active, and uncompro- mising AVhig. It was in that year that he was expelled from the then Tory House of Commons for writing The Crisis and The JiJnglishman, and it was in that year that the manuscript of the Ladies' Library was put into his hands for pub- lication. It is not unfair, therefore, to assume that there was some political sympathy between Steele and the compiler; for parties then ran so high that Swift himself was reproved for his intimacy with Steele, and Pope remonstrated with because he wrote in The Guardian. Ladies' political opinions are, of course, influenced by their husbands, and I have shown the probability that the husband of Ann was a high churchman and a Tory, and in 1714, we may be sure, strong both in faith and profession. Some Whig ten- dencies, indeed, subsequently manifested them- selves in Jeremy Taylor Harrison, one of the brothers of these ladies, who won thereby from Swift a place in the Legion Club : " There sit Clements, Dilkes, and Harrison, How they swagger from their garrison ! Such a triplet could j'ou tell Where to find on this side hell ? " The Whig sympathies of Mary are, however, better explained by her second marriage with Sir Cecil Wray, who, and whose elder brother, were zealous Whigs, and had served under King William, and been present at the battle of the Boyne. This marriage not only brings Mary as a permanent resident into England, — and Steele said she is " now in London," — but into imme- diate connexion with the Whig party. Under these circumstances, few and insufiicient as they are, I incline to the opinion that the Ladies' Library was compiled by Mary, the granddaughter of Jeremy Taylor, and the wife of Sir Cecil Wray. S. S. L. No. 297.] ON STOCKING MARINE AQUAEIA. (Vol. xi., pp. 365. 410. 452.) For a long time prior to the publication of Mr. Gosse's book, I had given my attention to the management of aquaria ; bat with this departure from the course pursued by Mr. Gosse and others, that I cultivated fresh-icater fishes and plants. My endeavours have been chiefly directed to the best mode of rendering the aquarium an elegant drawing-room ornament, easy of management, and at all seasons engaging and instructive. "N. & Q." is not a suitable medium for a lengthened com- munication on the subject, or I would detail at length the history of experiments from which I have derived much pleasure and profit. I will however embrace the opportunity aff()rded by the present discussion of the question, to aff'ord those interested a few hints on stocking and maintaining an aquarium with fresh-water productions. The best form of an aquarium for ornamental purposes is that adopted by painters and sculptors, when they desire to render an angular object graceful, viz. the double cube, in which the length is exactly double that of the width, the width and depth being equal. Such an object, if cut in half, would form two perfect cubes, and presents the most graceful outline of which an oblong angular body is susceptible. Having provided the tank, sprinkle in a stratum of fine sandy earth to the depth of one inch. Then build up according to fancy one or two masses of rockwork, for which dark stones should be chosen. The clinkers pro- duced at glass factories, and technically called " broken pots," are the handsomest for the pur- pose. There should be no gay shells about, or fantastic work of any kind ; they attract the eye from the more important objects, and injure by contrast the fresh aspect of the vegetation. One mass of rock-work should peer above the surface, for the growth of some choice aquatic plants. On the surface of this upper mass, a few inches of sandy mould, mixed with moss, should be placed ; and the crevices should be arranged to receive mould above the level of the water. Now fill the tank with clear river water, and insert the plants. In stocking with plants, Potamogeton fluitans, brooklime, water ranunculus (R. aquatalis), water violet, watercress, Dortinaus lobelia, the Dasmo- sonium indicum, and any other small-growing water plants, are suitable. The stones below should be coated with fresh-water algae, of any kinds easily attainable. There is a beautiful Cape plant, the Aponogeton distachyon, well suited for flowering on the rock- work above the surface ; and if the tank affords room for three inches of loam in one corner at the bottom, the yellow water- lily {Nuphar lutea) may be grown. It will oc- cupy a space of a foot or so in diameter, and will with care flower freely within doors. If a large 14 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 7. 1855. tank be used, a mound may be raised above one of the piles of rock-work, and planted with ferns ; which have a fairy-like aspect when wavinjr their emerald fronds over the glittering water. The best for this purpose are the oak fern {Polypodium dryopteris), the brittle bladder fern (Cystupteris fragilis), the pretty little Alpine bladder fern (C AlpineB), the true maiden hair {Adiantum capillus), and the Tunbridge filmy fern {Tricho- manes Tunbridgense). The ferns should be planted in a mixture of pounded charcoal, fine sand, leaf- mould, and very old lime rubbish ; and so arranged that the rocky surface on which they grow will prevent their root-stocks penetrating to the water. A fountain, which is easily arranged by the aid of a concealed gutta percha tube, may be made to play above these to the advantage of the ferns and the completeness of the scene. There are other moisture-loving ferns which would thrive in such a situation, but they would attain to too great a size. Those recommended do not any of them attain a greater height than eighteen or twenty inches. To obviate the necessity of a frequent change of water, a little system of compensation may be adopted. Furnish the tank with some plants of charce, and also with three or four water-snails. The chara will supply continuous streams of oxy- gen by a decomposition of the water, and thus preserve its freshness for the health of the fish, and the water-snails will devour every particle of scum or result of vegetable decay, and as they multiply under the masses of herbage the fish will regale upon their offspring. As to fish, where ornament Is sought rather than means of study, common gold fish are the easiest to obtain and keep ; but these fish ought not to monopolise our indoor lakes, as they do. The little stickleback and the gudgeon should be supplied in goodly numbers. They are very spor- tive, and splash about amongst the floating foliage in a most amusing manner. Carp, barbel, roach, and bream are all suitable, if not too large ; but perch, chub, and tench do not suit well, on account of their voracity, and the large size they attain. This form of the aquarium admits of ornament to almost any extent, and is a pleasing addition to the resources of an invalid, or as a hobby for those who love " little things that live and grow." I shall shortly publish an account of my progress in the culture of fresh-water productions indoors, and offer the foregoing hints in advance of what I have to say farther on the subject. ShIBLET PIlBBERD. As some of your readers appear to be in- teresting themselves about vivaria, possibly, the following notice of their early existence may not be uninteresting : " Thence to see my Lady Pen., where mv wife and I No. 297.] were shown a fine rarity ; of fishes kept in a glass of water, that will live so for ever ; and finely marked they are, being foreign." — Pepys's Dianj, May 28, 1665. G. H. KiKGSLEr. PBIESTS HIDING-PLACES. (Vol. xi., p. 437.) There are many of these remaining in the mansions of old Catholic families. Your corre- spondent Henky Tuck alludes to those at Sawston Hall, near Cambridge ; Coldham Hall, Suffolk ; Maple Durham ; and Ufton Court, Berkshire. There Is one very deep at Oxburgh Hall, Norfolk ; and nearly every old Catholic hall was provided with one, from the necessity of the times when the penal laws were rigorously enforced. The most curious hiding-place I have seen is that at Irnham Hall In Lincolnshire. The situation of this ingeniously- contrived place had been for- gotten, though it was well known to exist some- where In the mansion, till It was discovered a few years ago. In going round the chimney stacks it was observed that one of the chimneys of a cluster was without smoke or any blackness, and as clean as when the masonry was new. This led to the conjecture that it was not in reality a chimney, but an open shaft to give light and air to the priests' hiding-place, yet so forming one of a group of chimneys as to obviate all suspicion of its real purpose. It was carefully examined, and the conjecture fully borne out by the discovery of the long lost hiding-place. The opening into it was found by removing a beam behind a single step between two servants' bedrooms. You then come to a panel, which has a very small Iron tube let into it, through which any message could be conveyed to the occupant of the hiding-place. This panel being removed, a ladder of four steps leads down into the secret chamber, which, like that at Ingatestone Hall, is exceedingly dry, and free from any unpleasant atmosphere, owing to the excellent ventilation by means of the chimney above described. The floor, when I went down into it a few years a;jo, was of loose sand and a few stones, like the ordinary rub- bish of an unfinished building. There was a thick rush mat rolled up at one end, which had served the priest for a bed, and there was a small prayer- book, which no doubt he had used in his solitary confinement. The hiding-place is eight feet long by five feet broad, and just high enough to allow of standing upright. F. C. H. I have read with much interest the remarks (Vol. xi., p. 437.) on the priests' hiding-place at Ingatestone Hall. As misprints occur in the names of the localities of two of the examples cited by your correspon- July 7. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 15 dent, and with wlilch I am acquainted, I venture to make the following observations. For Lawston Hall read Sawston Hall, near Cambridge, the seat of the ancient family of Hud- dleston : the mansion was destroyed on account of their adherence to the faith of their ancestors, and rebuilt in the time of Queen Mary, when the pre- caution was taken to construct the chapel in the roof. It is approached by a winding-staircase, which also gives access to the dreary " hiding- hole." Among other yaluable pictures still preserved at Sawston Hall, is a portrait of Father Huddleston, by whom Charles II. was reconciled to the See of Home on his death-bed, of which an interesting account is given by Miss Strickland in the life of Queen Catherine of Braganza. Ufton Court (mis-spelt Upton), near Reading, is an extensive, picturesque timber mansion, now sadly reduced and dilapidated, the former resi- dence of the Perkyns family. The chapel is on the second floor, in the roof. A piece of oak panelling of the sixteenth century, embellished with painting, still retains the abbre- viated names of Jesus and Mary. The hiding-hole is a lost space, of uneasy access by trap-door, in the midst of a chimney-stack near the lesser hall. Happily our lot is cast in an age when such precaution is no longer requisite in the construc- tion of domestic edifices. C. A. Buckler. Oxford. AUTHORS NAMES ANAGRAMMATISED. (Vol. xi., p. 463.) At the request of Balliolensis, I send the fol- lowing specimens, taken from Barbier's Table of Pseudonyms; they are not all, however, perfect anajjrams : Anagram. d'Aceilly - - . Alc^ dii Geroyle - Alcrofibas (feu Mc.) \ Alcofiibas Nasier J Alcuinus - . _ d'Alsinois (le comte) Anagrame d'Auneur Arlamech - - _ Arminis (anonymus de) Aspasius Antivigilmus - Atjem - - _ _ Audainel - . . Barettus (Lucius) - Barquebois (le sieur de) - Beauiioir - _ . Bonarscius - - - Borsandius - - - Braydore - . _ Bunialdus (Antonius) - Burgoldensis (Ph. Andr.) Castim (Josephus) Celspirius ... No. 297.] True Name. De Cailly. Claude Le Goyer. Pran(;ois Rabelais. Calvinus. Nicolas Denisot. Arraand Ragueneau. MardchaL De Marini. Aprosius de Vintimiglia. Jamet. Delaunay. Aulus Curtius. Jacques Robbe. Robineau. Scribanius. Brandesius. Roberday. Montalbanus. Oldenburgerus. Thomas Picetius. Serpilius. Anagram. Cermier de Sipois - Challudre (Simon) Chambre (Etienne de la) Chreggrene (^milius) - Cirellus . . - . Clouset . - - - Colvinus (Ludioinseas) - Corallus (Abydenus) Cotonius (Antonius) Crocippus (Aspasius) Dadeus Rufus Dalarinus (Fr.) - - - Datify de Romy - - - Demetrius (Aletheius) - Democritus (Constantinus) - Deviraeus (Renatus) Didoclavius (Eduardus) Disambec - ' - Drachir d'Armoni - - - Dralymont (J. D.) seigneur'^ de Yarl^me 3 Eblanus (Candidus) Elintus . - - - Eiliverf Tnias ed Eniatnof Etrobius . - - - Etteilla - . - - Felhemesi . - - - Gaminville - - - - Gherus (Ranutius) Glaumalis de Vezelet - Hadezuca - - . - Higatus (Ranutius) Hyeval (Noel) - Josema Hermannus Ladulfi (Leon) - - - Lahceram - - - - Lasor h. Varea - - _ L^onnar (Achille) Lerac - - - - - Letus (Calvidius) - - - Lisset-Benancio - - - Loranicus - - - - Massalia de Sancto Lupo (Alexius a) - - - Maugenet - . - - Melitanus a Corylo (Joannes) Menart (le S.) - - - Mercerus (Saulus) Messalinus (W.) - - - Miriteus (Rolandus) Moni (le sieur de) - - - Mothe- Josseval (de la) - Musac (le sieur de) Musambertus (Claudius) Nellerto . - - - Nestesuranoy (le B. Iwan) - Nibuatnias - - - - Nigard(Sal.) Noissod - . - - Oger Liban Erberg Ollemirus _ . . - Ollenix de Mont-Sacre - D'Ollincan - - - - Persius Trevus - - - Pierchameus (Morinus) - Primnellius - - - - Rabi el UUoa de Deon - Randi - - - - - Rebude- . _ - - Reitabas de Sertsac Relfendso - - - - True Name. Mercier de Poissy. Charles du Moulin. Bruzen de la Martlni^re. Michael Geringer. Crellius. Coustel. Ludovicus Molinaeus. Ulrichus de Hutten. Ausonius Noctinot. Gasp. Scioppius. J. B. AudiflFredl. Raj'naldus. Faydit, de Riora. La"Mettrie. Christop. Andr. Meycke. Andreas Rivetus. D. Calderwood. De Cambis. Richard Dromani. Jean de Montlyard, sei- gneur de Meleray. Jo. Labenus. Tilenus. Fontaine dc St.-Fr^ville. Berotius. Alliette. M. Me'he'e, fils. Guillemain. Janus Gruterus. Guill. des Autels. De Cahusac. Ignatius Huart. Leon Halevy. Joannes Haramerus. Noel du Fail. Marechal. Savonarola. Leon Chanlaire. Carel. Claudius Quilletus. S^bastien Colin. Carnolius. Salmasius. Menegaut. Jo. Mantelius. Godefr. Hermant. Marcus Velserus. Salmasius. Mart. Ant. Delrio. R. Simon. Amelot de la Houssaye. J. P. Camus. Theodorus Marcilius. Llorente. Jean Rousset. Camille Saint- Aubin. Draing. Dossion. Gerberon. Mollerus. Nic de Montreux. Ch. Ancillon. Petrus Servius. S. Champier. Pompeius Sarnellus. Beroalde de Verville. Andry. De Bure. Sabatier de Castres. Rosenfeldus. 16 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 7. 1855. Anagram. Relmisius . . _ Revay (le) - - - Reynessius (Arnoldus) - Rhiba d'Acunenga Rhisenius Vechius (An.) Riand Jhevy Richea (Dodon) - Rolegravius - - - Roonptsy (Ch. Elie-Denis) Many more might be will suffice. Dublin. True Name. - Simlerus. - Le Vayer de Boutigny. - Leonardus Reyssenius. - Brahin du Cange. - Jo. Henr. Cohausen. - Jehan Divry. - O. Aicher. - Graverole. - Roch. Ant. Pelissery." added, but perhaps these 'AKieis. PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. Mr. Lyte's Process (continued from Vol. xi., p. 492.). — If we desire to give the coating of collodion an extra de- gree of sensibility, we must proceed as follows : Take of fine old and white crystallised honey, 6 ounces ; distilled water, 6 ounces ; nitrate of silver (completely neutral), 800 grains; alcohol, 8 drachms. Dissolve the nitrate in the water and alcohol, and then add the honey. When the whole is completely dissolved, pass it through a filter, exposing it to daylight during the operation. The light acts on the syrup, and turns it a dark red-brown colour. Put then some animal charcoal into another filter, and pass the liquid through it; and from this it will drip quite colourless. Should it, on exposure to light, again change colour, it must again be passed through the ani- mal charcoal ; and when the light no longer seems to afiect it, it is ready for use. This syrup is to be poured on to the plate as it comes out of the bath, or, what is better, is to make a bath of the syrup itself, into which to plunge the plate just as it was plunged into the ordinary nitrate bath, which I have already described. Anyhow the surface of the plate must be well washed with the syrup, so as completely to replace the nitrate solution which before adhered to it, by the syrup. The plate is thus rendered exquisitely sensitive, so that even with a landscape lens, if a diaphragm of not less than half an inch be used, instantaneous pictures may be produced, as maj' be seen by some specimens done by this process and lately exhibited in London. I must remark here, how- ever, that the operator must be most careful in his pre- paration of the syrup. 1st. That it be not exposed to too high a temperature, e.g. not left in the sun any length of time. 2nd. That the nitrate of silver be not the least acid (for this purpose, therefore, fused nitrate is prefer- able). 3rd. That the honey be old and crystallised, and of good quality, as all kinds of honey cannot be used in- discriminately ; indeed, so great is the difficulty of getting good honey, that after I had first discovered this process, and when I had used up the little stock of good honey I had by me, I was at least two months experimenting on various samples procured from all sources, till at last I got some from Toulouse, which answered my purpose. I doubt not but a method may be found of purifying all honey from the substance contained in it which is thus injurious, but up to the present time I have not dis- covered what that substance is. One thing I am almost sure of, which is, that whatever the substance may be, it is one which oxidises on exposure to air, as exposure seems to beneficially affect the crude honey before mix- ing. The syrup keeps well, but after some time it seems to lose its extreme sensibility, and to become perceptibly slower in its a(!tion, though at the same time a plate prepared with it is more stable. The next process we come to is the preservative pro- cess; for although by the former process the plate may No. 297.] f y be preserved, in cool weather, for several hours, and even in summer, if not too hot, for at least one hour, yet it is much more liable to deteriorate than when treated by the following modification, which I now give. To preserve the plate sensitive a long time, take of glucose, or sucre de raisin, or sucre de fecule, as it is sometimes called, 6 ounces ; distilled water, 7 ounces ; alcohol, 8 drachms ; mix and filter. (The process for making glucose I will describe at the end ; I only here remark that should it be purchased, and should its solution give a cloudiness on the addition of nitrate of silver, it maj' be considered bad ; neither should its solution be precipitated by alcohol, or coloured by the addition of iodine water.) Then, in two other bottles, make a solution of 5 grains of nitrate of silver to 1 pint of distilled water, and in another small bottle make a solution of 10 grains of nitrate per ounce of water : filter all these. The collodion plate having been taken from the nitrate bath, is to be placed in a similar bath of one of the bottles of distilled water above men- tioned ; and here it is to be well washed by moving the bath up and down, as in the first instance. At the end of five minutes' careful washing it is to be taken out and let to drip ; then, having added 1 drop of the 10-grain solu- tion of nitrate of silver to 1 ounce of the syrup, the plate is to be well washed with this till all the surface is well covered with it ; it may be then put into the dark slide to be kept for use. Care must be taken also in this case that the plate be kept cool as possible, and free from dust or noxious gases. Of these last ammonia is completely destructive to it, and sulphuretted hydrogen equally so; also chlorine and all acid vapours. The plate thus pre- pared may be exposed in the camera at once, or, if the operator chooses, may be kept at his will, providing it be placed in a cool and dark situation. It is advisable, how- ever, to employ it before the expiration of many daj^s ; indeed the sooner the better, as if kept long it is always subject to casualties, such as dust, gases, and, lastly, the hardening of the syrup, as shown by Dr. Mansell, al- though I dissent entirely from his remedy for this (steaming), which in my hands has proved a complete failure, though I think I may feel confidence in my experience in such-like manipulations. F. Maxwell Lyte. Bagnferes de Bigorre, Hautes-Pyr^nees. [We are compelled by pressure of other matter to post- pone the remainder of the second portion of Mr. Lyte's communication until next week. 3 • JSitpllti ta Minor ^xttriti. The late Lord Viscount Strangford (Vol. xi., p. 456.). — It should be added to the well-de- served notice of that accomplished and able noble- man, that he was the contributor to " N. & Q." of the articles signed P. C. S. S. — the initials of his name, PEKcr Clinton Sydney Smyth. One who had known him for fifty-eight years has a melancholy pleasure in bearing — valeat quantum — his testimony to the extent and variety of his information — the liveliness of his fancy — the soundness of his principles — the goodness of his heart — and the private and public integrity of his long and distinguished life. C. Judge James WhitelocKs ^'- Diary" (Vol. xi., p. 341.).— This MS., about which Mr. Bruce July 7. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 17 inquires, belongs to a descendant of the judge, now living at Amboise in France. Mr. Basil Montagu has given Mr. Bruce and me, and I have no doubt many other persons, a great deal of unnecessary trouble in searching the different libraries, by omitting to state where he found it. Having been indulged with its perusal, I can truly say that it is a most interesting record of the time ; and contains some anecdotes quite as curious as that extracted by Mr. Montagu, in his " Life of Bacon," relative to Sir Henry Yelverton. Edward Foss. " Foundling Hospital for Wit (Vol. xi., p. 386.). To the series of parts and editions of the New Foundling Hospital for Wit, furnished by Mr. Hawkins, a volume may be added, though not bearing this exact title. Mr. Hawkins's list commences with a work published in 1768. I possess an octavo volume, entitled — "The Foundling Hospital for Wit, intended for the Keception and Preservation of such Brats of Wit and Humour, whose Parents chuse to drop them. London, printed 1743. Reprinted for W. Webb, near St. Paul's, 1763." The work was published In numbers, of which six are here given, irregularly dated, viz. No. 2., 1749; No. 3., 1746; No. 4., 1763; No. 5., 1764; No. 6., 1749. On the title-page of No. 4. alone is subjoined to the publisher's name and address the following paragraph : " Where may be had Nos. 1, 2, and 3, containing all the Satires, Odes, Ballads, and Epigrams, by the Prime Wits of this Age, since the change of the late Earl of O d's administration." The contents of the volume consist almost ex- clusively of politico-satirical poems, mixed with many of an indelicate character. It may be men- tioned that in the third part is a reply by Lady Winchelsea to the " Impromptu addressed to her by Pope, not in his works, occasioned by four verses In the Rape of the Lock.'' The impromptu will be found in Mr. Carru- thers' very useful and carefully-edited volumes of Pope (vol. iv. p. 246.). The reply may possibly have a place in Mr. Croker's forthcoming edition of Pope, subjoined to the impromptu. J. H. Markland. Artificial Ice (Vol. x., p. 290.). —The artificial ice to which J. P. O. alludes was a solid composi- tion and not a freezing composition. It was in- vented by Mr. Wm. Bradwell, the architect of the Glytotheca, and Mr. Henry Kirk, and would have been introduced at the Colosseum, but that litiga- tion broke out between the patentees. It was, however, exhibited for a short time on a small scale at the Glaciarlum in Tottenham Court Road. The composition had the appearance of ice, and No. 297.] took the mark of the skate like real ice. One great object was to cultivate skating as a gym- nastic exercise at all seasons. It received the approval of Sir Wm. Newton and the Skating Club. Its composition will be found described in the patent. Hyde Clarke. Cathedral Registers (Vol. xi., p. 445.). — Mar- riages and christenings are solemnized in cathe- drals, and funerals also, unless burials have been ordered to be discontinued in them by Her Ma- jesty's order in council, under the recent burial acts. Such marriages, christenings, and burials are registered In the usual way, and in the same manner as in parish churches. I had written the above when I saw the answer of OxoNiENSis (Vol.xi., p. 496.), who gives as a reason that marriages are not often celebrated in cathedrals, that cathedrals, not being parish churches, would require to be licensed for the purpose, and that this being very seldom done, it would require a special licence to have a marriage celebrated in a cathedral. A cathedral is the parish church of the whole diocese, and the diocese in ancient times was therefore commonly called Parochia, Gibs. 171.; Skin, 101. By 6 & 7 W. 4. c. 85. s. 26., the bishop, with the consent of the patron and incum- bent, is empowered to license certain chapels for the solemnization of marriages. This of course cannot apply to cathedrals. In which marriages always were, and still are, solemnized under the ordinary licence of the bishop of the diocese, or by banns, or by the ordinary licence of the arch- bishop, which he has power to grant throughout his province. J. G. Exon. Earl of Galway or Galloway (Vol. xi., pp. 263. 413.). — The remarks which I took the liberty of making upon this subject, are applicable to Henri de Massne de Ruvigni, who was created Baron of Portarlington, and Viscount of Galloway or Gal- way, upon the 25 th of November, anno 4 Wil- liam and Mary. As far as my researches have extended, I find that by the public records of Ireland he has been styled Viscount Galloway ; but by a fac-simlle of his handwriting, which is to be found in a recent number of the Ulster ArchcBO- logical Journal, it appears that he spelt his name Galway. James F. Ferguson. Dublin. " Thee" and ''thou" (Vol. x., pp. 61. 295.).—- The use of " thee " for " thou " is an old practice among the Quakers. A member of the society, born in 1754, and who had associated with rela- tives born in the seventeenth century, who was familiar with high Quakers and low Quakers, and had personal intercourse with American and Irish Quakers, told me that he had always heard it. 18 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 7. 1855. Members of the Society when taxed with it are in the habit of defending it on grounds of assumed grammatical propriety. It is so habitual that the best educated members of the Society adopt it, and few dramatists or actors succeed in imitating Quaker phraseology because they use " thou " in- stead of " thee." The vernacular Quaker saluta- tion is " How'st thee do ? " Hyde Clarke. John Howland (Vol. xi., p. 484.). — Elizabeth Howland married Wriothesley, not Rotherby, Russell, afterwards second Duke of Bedford. Mrs. Howland, her mother, was a daughter of Sir Josiah Child, of whom, as well as Mrs. Howland, there are portraits in the Duke of Bedford's col- lection at Woburn Abbey. Mrs. Howland mar- ried in 1681 John Howland, of Streatham, Esq., CO. Surrey. John Martin. Lord DxmdonalcCs Plan (Vol. xi., p. 443.). — Projects like those of Lord Dundonald are no novelties; even in the time of the Common- wealth, when the science of gunnery was not so perfectly understood, some idea of the same kind was set afloat. The following proposition was sent to Mr. Augier from Paris, and is still pre- served in MS. : " A person, who makes profession of bono'', and saith he hath had the good luck to have beene knowne of S"" Oliver Flemming during his publick employments abroad, doth propound to a friend of yours, that, by a secret he hath, he can with one ship alone breake what navall army or fleet soever, though never so great ; and that by the same secret he shall easily and in a short time beate downe all manner of earthen forts. Offering, that, if the commonwealth of England be pleased, he will go over at his owne charge to make what trj'alls so ever shall be desired of him, w'^'' will cost nothing. He desires likewise to be assured, that he shall not be forced to reveale his secret, untill the agreement be made for the reward ; and sayth, that the tryall shall be very speedy, and the exe- cution as sure, in general, as in particular." Cii. Hopper. BlacTi Rat (Vol. Ix., p. 209. ; Vol. x., pp. 37. 335.). — The black rat is to be found in Basing- hall Street, and, as Mr. Pinkerton states, har- bours in the walls and roofs at times. It is pro- bable that the black rat contents himself with this domain, leaving the sewers to the brown rats. Hyde Ci-arke. The Crucifixion (Vol. xi., p. 485.). — It is not easy to account for the frequent practice of repre- senting the two thieves fastened to their crosses with cords, except by supposing that historical truth has been sacrificed to pictorial effect. That the thieves were fastened with nails, as well as our Blessed Lord, is undoubtedly the truth. St. Augustin, alluding to St. Matt, xxvii. 38., says, "Nisiclavis fixus esset (Christus), crucifixus non fuisset," which will of course equally apply to the thieves. (St. Aug. in Ps. Ixviii.) But he directly No. 297.] affirms this of them in his Tract xxxvii. in Joan, where he says "clavis confixi diu cruciabantur." And the same is asserted by St. John Chrysostom, St. Gregory the Great, St. Ambrose, and Rufinus. Indeed, the fact that when the three crosses were discovered by the holy empress Helen, they were at a loss to distinguish which had borne our Blessed Saviour, till the Almighty was pleased to make it evident by a miracle, suffices to prove that all three must have exhibited similar marks of nails. F. C. H. French Churches (Vol. x., p. 484.). — The question of Anon, has not yet been answered? " What date are we to assign to French churches, whose architecture corresponds to our Early English ? " A sufficient answer will be found in the following extract from An Inquiry into the Chronological Succession of the Styles of Ro- manesque and Pointed Architecture in France, Sfc, by Thomas Inkersley, 1850 : " It appears undeniable that the use of the pointed arch in France was an anticipation upon its adoption in Eng- land by a considerable period ; that the confirmed First- pointed or Earlv French style likewise took precedence of the Early English, except perhaps in the province of Nor- mandy : that the geometrical or Decorated style was in- vented and brought to perfection by our neighbours half a century before our English builders began to imitate it: that this style maintained its ground long after the ap- pearance of the English perpendicular style, which had attained its highest degree of splendour at a moment when French Flamboyant was but struggling into ex- istence ; whilst the latter, in its turn, still preserved itself pure and unmixed at a time when the former had become utterly debased, corrupted, and disfigured." — P. 36. In the second part of his work he gives the dates of the buildings mentioned in the first part. A comparative table of the architectural styles of the cathedrals of France, is given in Les Ca- ihedrales de France, by M. I'Abbe Bourasse, and is copied into the Ecclesiologist, vol. vi. p. 20. Cetrep.' " AojuTTcJSiov SpcJaaros " (Vol. xi., p. 465.). — The former word, in connexion with the latter, has a particular signification, according to Scapula : « Numeratur etiam inter personas comicas, quie crinium plexus gestant in acutum desinentes, instar lampadis." " This word is also used among comic actors, who wear their hair plaited and ending in a point, somewhat in the shape of a burning torch." Hence, figuratively, the word came to signify the point or conclusion of a matter, the end or catastrophe of a drama, as we phrase it, to bring the matter to a point. A. F. S. therefore seems, proprio marte, to have elicited the correct mean- \„„ Charles Hook. " The Chapter of Kings" (Vol. xi., p. 450.).— -I am inclined to doubt if the authorship of the above song has been clearly ascertained. In my July 7. 1855.] NOTES AND QUEKIES. 19 own notes I find it entered that Dibdin was the author. But it is strongly in my mind that it is older than either Dibdin or Collins. I knew Swinney and Farrell, who long kept a bookselling and printing establishment in High Street, Bir- mingham. But I am tolerably sure that I had learnt this song by heart before the date of Scrip- scrapologia. 1 have completed it to the present time by altering the last verse, and adding one verse more, in this way : " Queen Ann was victorious by land and by sea, And Georgy tlie First did with glory sway ; Under Georgy the Second much war we had, And Georgy the Third reign'd long and died mad. " Georgy the Fourth was expensive and vain, And Billy the Fourth was a sailor plain ; The sceptre is now in Victoria's hand, And long may she live to rule over our land ! And may her Son's Sons to the end of the Chapter, Be all of them Kings in their turns." F. C. H. The Bed Hand (Vol. xi., p. 447.). — Having read the remarks of your correspondent A. C. M. upon the red hand, I have forwarded the following, thinking he would be interested. The red hand among the Jews was the crest of the priesthood, adopted from the custom of spread- ing out the hands during the cei'emony of blessing the people. (Numbers, vi. 23.) The double triangle is said to represent the shield of David, and, decorated with handsome flowers, forms even at this day one of the principal ornaments of the tabernacle at the Feast of Ta- bernacles. Philo-Jud^us. Edmonton. Blue Mould on Coins (Vol. xi., p. 445.). — This is easily removed by the application of muriatic acid. The easiest way I have found to be to dip the coin into a small quantity of this acid, and leave it in, a longer or shorter time, according to the extent of the blue mould ; but never longer than a few seconds, for fear of injuring the coin. Then take the coin out and drop it into water, and on rubbing it dry with a bit of rag or leather, the blue mould will disappear. A small brush may also be used if the mould is hard crusted on the coin ; a camel-hair pencil will do, with the hair cut short. F. C. H. This is called by antiquaries and coin col- lectors, patina ; and it is proto-carbonate of copper chemically speaking. Anon, can, if he pleases, remove this " veil of ancient life " by putting the coin or fibula into dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid. If he acts in this manner he is no longer an antiquary, but only a "dealer in metal and marine stores," as he not only destroys the genuine appearance of the article so Vandalised, but will not be able to decypher the inscription or design. Do not play with acids, Anon. ; they will burn No. 297.] your fingers, and destroy your ancient coins of the realm. A. Gkoat. Athenaeum Club. Hour-glass in Pulpits (Vol. xi., p. 473.). — To the quotation given by J. A. H. from Dr. South's 49th Sermon, I beg to add two others from the works of the same eminent divine ; the former of which will be found in his 5th, and the latter in his 28th Sermon : " Teaching is not a flow of words, nor the draining of an hour-glass, but an effectual procuring; that a man comes to know something which he knew not before, or to know it better." " The opposition he makes, our Saviour here emphati- cally describes by the winds blowing, the rain descending, and the floods coming: which is not an insignificant rhetorication of the same thing by several expressions (like some pulpit bombast, made only to measure an hour- glass), but an exact description of those three methods by which this assault of the devil prevails and becomes victorious." N. L. T. Quotations wanted (Vol. xi., p. 302.). — The quotation given by W. K,. M. is fronj Dryden's Hind and Panther. The correct reading is as follows : " By education most have been misled ; So they believe, because they so were bred : The priest continues what the nurse began, And thus the child imposes on the man." Hbnky H. Bbben. St. Lucia. ^ Jute (Vol.xi., p. 426.). — This article is exten- sively used for paper-making. It is imported from India as a raw material, and manufactured into bagging and rope. It is known as gunny bagging, and is used for saltpetre bags, and to cover indigo chests, bales of silk, and other goods from India. H. T. Almanacs o/ 1849 and 1855 (Vol. xi., p. 323.). — This coincidence will occur again before " a very long time;" for 1860 has the same almanac with 1849 and 1855. M. " The Tin Trumpet" (Vol.xi., p. 384.). — This work was written for the most part by Horace and James Smith, authors of Rejected Addresses. F.S. NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. It was wisely done by the Council of the Camden Society, when they determined upon the issue of occa- sional volumes of miscellaneous articles. The first and second volumes of The Camden Miscellany were well re- ceived, not only by the Members of the Society, but by historical students generally. A third volume has just been issued ; and looking to the varied nature of its con- 20 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 7. 1855. tents, and the large amount of new information to be found in it, there can be little doubt that it will share general favour with its predecessors. The Camden Wiscellany, Vol. III., contains four articles : the tirst, Papers relating to Proceedings in the County of Kent, carefully edited by Mr. Almack, gives an authentic account of proceedings in Kent at the beginning of the Civil War, and during the progress of that political storm, from the papers of Thomas Weller of Tonbridge. This is followed by Ancient Biographical Poems on the Duke of Norfolk, Viscount Hereford, the Earls of Essex, and Queen Elizabeth, edited by Mr. Collier with his accustomed care from Cough's Norfolk MSS. in the Bodleian. The MS. was compiled by one " Thomas Brampton " about 1594, and Mr. Collier would be glad to be informed of any biographical particulars of him which may be known to our readers. To Sir F. Madden the Camden Society is indebted for the next paper, A Relation of some Abuses which are committed against the Commonwealth, together with a friendlie Reprehension of the same, composed espe- ciallie for the Benefit of this Countie of Durham^, De- cember 2Gth, 1629. The abuses to which the anonymous writer refers, he classes under four heads, namely, the waste of woods — the pulling down of castles and for- tresses — the decay of martial discipline — and the vani- ties of the people in drinking, smoking, and apparel. The MS. well deserves to be printed. In securing it for the Museum, and then editing it for the Camden Society, Sir F. Madden has done good service. The last and longest communication to the volume is by Mr. J. G. Nichols, who contributes Inventories of the Wardrobes, Plate, Chapel Stuff, ^c, of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, and of the Wardrobe Stuff at Baynard's Castle of Katherine Princess Dowager. These, however, are but as the " one half-penny worth of bread to the intolerable deal of sack," — in Mr. Nichols accompanying Memoir and Letters of the Duke of Richmond. On this introductory paper the editor has bestowed considerable labour: and the result is one of those " historical monographs," which, when well done, are so valuable, and which no one can do better than Mr. John Gough Nichols. When will any Chancellor of Exchequer in this country, even one as fond of national ballad literature as Sir G. Cornewall Lewis, propose to parliament a vote for the expenses of collecting and preserving the ballads of the British Islands? Yet the Danish parliament has done this, and the publication of them has been entrusted to Lieutenant Svend Grundtvig, the grandson of the editor of Beowulf. Three Parts have already appeared. Lieutenant Grundtvig is also, in conjunction with Ion Sigurdson, editing the Old Ballads of Iceland, of which one volume has been published. We hope next week to lay before our readers a communication from Lieu- tenant Grundtvig on English and Scottish Ballads. Books Received. — A Classified Synopsis of the Prin- cipal Painters of the Dutch and Flemish Schools, their Scholars, Imitators, and Analogists. By George Stanley. •A small volume, which the inexperienced amateur will find very useful in enabling him to acquire a knowledge of the Dutch and Flemish masters. View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages. By Henry Hallam. Vol. II. We must content our- selves at present with chronicling the appearance of the second volume of this new, and cheaper, edition of the works of one of our greatest modern historians. Gibbon's Roman Empire, with Notes by Dean Milman and M. Guizot, edited by Dr. Smith. This is the eighth and concluding volume of Murray's British Classics edition of Gibbon — an edition which is at once the cheapest and handsomest edition of Gibbon that has yet been produced. Ifo. 297.T BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. Boh AN BiooRAPur and My Smith's Dictionary of Greek THOLoor. Part 18. German Popular Stories. By the brothers Grim ; original Edition, with Illustrations by Cruikshank. 2 Vols. Orioinai, Poems fob Infant Minos. By several young persons. lUl J*jaiton. vol. II, : . I r- Ancient Universal History. Vols. XXV. & XXXV. Dairsin on Sacrifice. Knight's Architectural Todr in Normandy. Caxton s Keynard the Fox. Edited by Thorns. Percy Society, 1844. Small 8vo. CoMMEDiE Di Alberto Nota. Tom. IV. Fistoia, 1823 : or sheet two will do. MoNKEvANA. Parts 5, 6. Proofs. »*« Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Ma. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND ttUEBIES," 186. Fleet Street. Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and ad- dresses are given for that purpose : Avrillion's Goide to Advent. By Dr. Pusey. Illustrated Commentary. Vols. I. II. V. Christian Year. Fcp. 8vo. Cathedral. Fcp. 8vo. Taylor's Holy Living, apart from the Dying. Fcp. 8vo. Portrait. Pickering. Several copies. "Wanted by Charles Blackburn, Bookseller, Leamington. Universal Magazine for 1789. Vols. LXXXIV. & LXXXV. John Horne's Pamphlets and Poems. (Twenty-seven in number, published during the seventeenth century.) Wanted by John Nurse Chadwick, E$q., King's Lynn. The Political Contest. Letters between Junius and Sir W. Draper- London, Newberry. No date. Litters of Junius. 1 Vol. 12mo. 1770. Published by Wheble, or without na.me of Publisher. Junius Discovered. By P. T. 1789. Reasons fob rejecting the Evidence of Mr. Almon. 1807. Another Guess at Junius. 1809. A Discovert of the Author of the Lettebs of Junius. Taylor and Hessey, 1813. Seooel to Attempt to ascertain the Author of Junius. By Blake- way. 1815. A Great Personage proved to have been Junius. No date. Junius Unmasked. 1819. The Claims of Sib P. Francis refuted. 1822. Who was Junius ? 1837. Caxton's Reynard the Fox. Percy Society Edition. 8vo. 1844. Two Copies. Wanted by William J. Thorm, Esq., 25. Holywell Street, Millbonk, Westminster. Beaumont AND Fletcher's Works. Part 12. Moxon's Edition. 2s. 6d. Apply at Westerton's Library, Hyde Park Corner. Farini's Roman States. Vols. I. & II. Wanted by John Murray, 50. Albemarle Street. Specimens op the Art of Ornamental Turning. By C. H. Rich, Esq. Southampton, 1819. Wanted by }F. S. Grey, Esq., 1. Essex Court, Temple. fialiui to Carre^pautreut^. Transmission of "Notes and Queries" by Post. We must remind our readers that stamped Numbers are re-traiismiasible by post for fifteen days frimi the date of publication ; but that the paper must always be so folded that the whole of the stamp be distinctly visible on the outside. But unstamped copies may be posted at any time by affixing a penny postage stamp. We are compelled to postpone until next week a valuable paper on Henry Shirley, the author of the Martyred Soldier, by Mr. Evelyk Shirley ; one on Simon the Medallist, and many others of great in- terest ; as also our Replies to Correspondents. A few complete sets o/ Notes and Queries, Vols. I. to X., are now ready, price Five Guineas. For these early application is desirable. They may be had by order of any Bookseller or Newsman. "Notes and Queries" is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday. "Notes AND Queries" is also issued in Monthly Parts, /or the con- venience of those who may either have a difficulty in procuring the un- stamped weekly Numbers, or prefer receiving it monthly. While parties resident in the country or abroad, who man be desirous of, receiving the, weekly Numbers, may have stampfd copies forwarded direct from the Publisher. The subscription for the stamped edition of "Notes and Queries " (including a very copious Index) is eleven shillings and four- pence for six months, which may be paid by Post-Office Order, drawn in fammr of the Pvbliiher, Ma. Oiorob B»s.l, Ho. 186. Fleet Street. July 7. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. KENT MUTUAL LIFE AND FIRE ASSURANCE SOCIETIES. Chief OfiSce.- QUEEN STREET PLACE, NEW CANNON STREET, LONDON. Branch Offioks. Hish Street, Rochester. Waterloo Place, Pall Mall. Albion Place, Hyde Park Square. Sloane Street, Chelsea. New Street, Birmingham. Bond Street, Wolverhampton. LIFE. Trustees. Sir James Duke, Bart., M.P., and Alderman. Alexander Bramwell Bremner, Esq. William Squire Plane, Esq. The great success of this Society will be seen in the following Statement of Business done and Bonuses added in Four Years of actual operations : PROGRESS OF BUSINESS. Period. Number of Policies issued. Annual Premiums. Amounts Assured. May, 1»M Feb., 1855 988 385 £ s.d. 11,934 10 8 4,594 6 4 £ s. d. 341,911 8 4 133,725 11 2 I'otal - l.»73 16,528 17 0 475,636 19 6 Most Moderate Premiums. Policies granted from 20J. and upwards. No additional charges to persons in the Army, Navy, or Militia, unless in actual service. ALL POLICIES INDISPUTABLE. Whole Profits divisible triennially among the Assured. Emigrants covered, at a very moderate additional charge, afainst the risks of voyage. The INDUSTRIAL BRANCH offers pecu- liarly favourable advantages to the humbler classes. Claims properly paid. FIRE. Trustees, Isaac Belsey, Esq . William Squire Plane, Esq. John Saddington, Esq. Also most reasonable Premiums. Policies issued for small sums and short periods. Gua- rantee Fund 100,000?. Portions of Premiums periodically returned to the Insured. Last return 25 per cent. Claims promptly paid. Agents are required in various localities. Policies may be eifected daily, and full in- formation obtained, upon application at the Chief Office, the Branches, or at any of the numerous Agencies throughout the United Kingdom. GEORGE CUMMING, Manager. BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX- HIBITION. No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANU- FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 3, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's PocketChronometer,Oold, 60 guineas ; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 22., 32., and 4{. Ther- mometers from U. each. BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Inrtrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE. W CHVBB'S I.OCKS, ITH all the recent Improve- ments, strong Fire-proof Safes, Cash and Deed Boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices may be had on application. CHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard, London; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool i 16. Mar- ket Street, Manchester; and Horseley Fields, Wolverhampton. T RAVELLERS' AND MA- RINE INSURANCE COMPANY. Chief Office. - 5. GRESHAM STREET. LONDON, Trustees. The Rt. Hon. the Earl Fitzwilliam, K. G. Sir Charles Fox. Matthew Marshall, Esq., Bank of England. William Smee, Esq., Bank of England. EXAMPLE OF RATES. DEATH FROM ANY ACCIDENT. Annual Sum Sick Allowance, Premium. Insured. per Week. £ s. d. 2 0 0 £ s. d. 5 0 0 DEATH FROM RAILWAY ACCIDENT. Annual Premium. Sum Insured. Sick Allowance, per Week. £ ». d. 0 8 0 £ 1000 £ s.d. 5 0 0 TOTAL LOSS OF HEALTH. Fob iNFOmMATioN, Prospectuses, Forms, etc., apply to the Chief Office, 5. Gresham Street, London. WESTERN LIFE ASSU- RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, S. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. Founded A.D. 1842. Directors. T. Grissell, Esq. J. Hunt, Esq. J. A. Lethbridge.Esq, E. Lucas, Esq. J. Lys Seager, Esq. J. B. White, Esq. J. Carter Wood, Esq. H. E. BicknelLEsq. T. 8. Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P. G. H. Drew, Esq. W. Evans, Esq. W. Freeman, Esq. F. Fuller. Esq. J. H. Qoodliart.Esq. Trustees. W.Whateley.Esq., Q.C. i George Drew, Esq.; T. Grissell, Esq. Pftf/sicfan.— William Rich. Basham.M.D. Bankers. Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not be- come void through temporary difficulty in pay- ing a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Pro- spectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring loof.. with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits : Age 17 - 22 - 27- ARTHUR 8CRATCHLEY, M.A.,F.R.A.8., Actuary. Now ready, price 10«. 6ff., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN- VESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISK on BENEFIT BUILDING SO- CIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mnthematical Appendix on Com- pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR- THUR SCRATCHI.EY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society , 3. Parlia- ment Street, Loudon. £ s. d. Age £ ». d. - 1 14 4 32- m - 2 10 8 - 1 18 8 37- • - 2 18 6 -245 42- - - 3 8 2 WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, Broad Sanctuary, opposite Westminster Abbey.— The Westminster Hospital was in- stituted in the year 1719, and was the first of the kind in the United Kingdom established and supported by Voluntary Contributions. "The principle of admission is based chiefly on the urgency and nature of the symptoms of the patient, and during the past year 1,123 acci- dents and urgent cases have been received as in-patients without letters of recommendation, while 14,381 out-patients have obtained medical or surgical assistance with no other claim than their sufferings. Patients are constantly re- ceived from distant districts ; admission is also freely given to Foreigners who are ill and in distress ,• and relief is often afforded to patients who are sent as urgent cases by the clergy of all denominations. 'J'he number of patients ad- mitted in 1851 was, in-patients 1,754, out-patients 19,545 — total 21 ,299. The demands on the Hos- pital are annually increasing, while the income from all sources has seriously declined. Thus in 1854,— £ 8. d. The income was . - - 4667 2 10 The expenditure - - - 6112 19 2J Deficiency - - 1445 16 4i These increasing demands on the Hospital may, to a certain extent, be explained by the increase of population. Three wards, affording accommodation for 42 patients, are still un- furnished and unoccupied ; and to open these wards, and thus render the Hospital as efficient as or'ginally designed, would require an in- creased income of 15002. a year, besides the cost of fitting up the wards for the reception of the patients. Efforts are being made to increase the Hospital accommodation of the metropolis, but the duty is more imperative to make the accommodation already existing available. No new establishment is required, no additional officers, no increased buildings, but only means to receive and support in a long -tried establish- ment an increased number of the poor and destitute. During the recent epidemic 170 cases of Asiaticcholera were admitted, and 104 of the number wtre restored to health and their families. 3496 casesof choleraic diarrhcea were also received, and, through prompt attention, the further progress of disease was prevented. The Committee earnestly APPEAL to the be- nevolent for AID, and trust that the extent and value of the medical and surgical relief afforded to the poor from all parts may cause assistance to be given to the funds of this, the oldest metropolitan Hospital supported by vo- luntary contributions. Donations and Subscriptions are thankfully received by Messrs. Hoare it. Co., 37. Fleet Street; by Messrs. Bouverie & Co., 11. Hay- market ; by the Joint Treasurers, the Hon. Philip P. Bouverie and Peter R. Hoare, Esq. ; or by the Secretary. „ . F. J. WILSON, Sec. ONE THOUSAND BED- STEADS TO CHOOSE FROM— HEAL & SON have just erected extensive Premises, which enable them to keep upwards of One Thiiusand Bedsteads in stock. One Hundred and Fifty of which are fixed for in- spection, comprising every variety of Brass, Wood, and Iron, with Chintz and Damask Furnitures, complete. Their new Warerooms also contain an assortment of BED-BOOM FURNI TURE, which comprises every reqm- site, from the plainest Japanned Deal for Ser- vants' Rooms, to the newest and most tastefljl designs in Mahogany and other Woods. The whole warranted of the soundest and best ma- nufacture. HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, AND PRICED LIST OF BEDDING, sent Free by Post. HEAL & SON, 196. Tottenham Court Road. TRELOAR'S COCOA-NUT FIBRE MATTING, DOOR-MATS, MATTRESSES, and BRUSHES, gained the Prize-Medal at the Great Exhibition. At the Warehouse, 42. LUDGATE HILL, will be found an Assortment of COCOA-NUT FIBRE MANUFACTURES, unequalled for Variety and Excellence, at the most moderate Catalogues Free. NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 7. 1855. ARCR2:OX.OGZC All -WORKS BY JOH!^ YOXGE AKERMAN, FELLOW AND SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LON- DON. AN ARCH^OLOGICAL INDEX to Remains of Antiquity of the Celtic, Romano-British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods. 1 vol. 8vo., price 15s. cloth, illustrated by nu- merous Engravings, comprising upwards of five hundred objects. A NUMISMATIC MANUAL. 1 vol. 8vo., price One Guinea. •*« The Plates which illustrate this Vo- lume are upon a novel plan, and will, at a glance, convey more information regarding the types of Greek, Roman, and English Coins, than can be obtained by many hours' careful reading. Instead of a fac-simile Engraving being given of that whicli is already an enijima to the tyro, the most striking andcharacteristic features of tlie Coin are dissected and placed by themselves, so that the eye soon becomes fa- miliar with them. A DESCRIPTIVE CATA- LOGITE of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins, from the Earliest Period to the takingof Rome under Constantine Paleologos. 2 vols. 8vo., numerous Plates, 30s. COINS OF THE ROMANS relating to Britain. 1 vol.Svo. Second Edition, with an entirely new set of Plates, price 10s. ANCIENT COINS of CITIES and Princes, Geographically arranged and de- scribed, containing the Coins of Hispania, Gallia, and Britannia, with Plates of several hundred examples. I vol. 8vo., price 18s. NEW TESTAMENT, Numis- matic Illustrations of the Narrative Portions of the. — Fine paper, numerous Woodcuts from the original Coins in various Public and Pri- vate Collections. 1 vol. 8vo., price 6s. M. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY of ANCIENT and MODERN COINS, in 1 vol. fcp. Svo., with numerous Wood Engravings from the original Coins, price 6s. 6d. clotli. Contents: — Section I. Origin of Coinage- Greek Regal Coins. 2. Greek Civic Coins. 3. Greek Imperial Coins. 4. Origin of Roman Coinage— Consular Coins. 5. Roman Imperial Coins. 6. Roman British Coins. 7. Ancient British Coinage. 8. Anglo-Saxon Coinage. 9. English Coinage from the Conquest. 10. Scotch Coinage. U. Coinage of Ireland. 12. Anglo-Gallic Coins. 13. Continental Money in the Middle Ages. 14. "Various Representa- tives of Coinage. 15. Forgeries in Ancient and Modern Times. 16. Table of Prices of English Coins realised at Public Sales. TRADESMEN'S TOKENS, struck in London and its Vicinity, from the year 1648 to 1672 inclusive. Described from the Originals in the Collection of the British Mu- seum, &c. l!>s. REMAINS OF PAGAN SAXONDOM, principally from Tumuli in England. Publishing in 4to., in Numbers, at 2s. 6d. With coloured Plates. A GLOSSARY OF PROVIN- CIAL WORDS and PHRASES in Use in Wiltshire. 12mo., 3s. THE NUMISMATIC CHRO- NICLE is published Quarterly. Price 3s. 6d. each Number. JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London. Now ready, THE TERNS OP GREAT BRITAIN: Illustrated by JOHN E. SOWERBY. The Descriptions, Synonyms, &e., by CHARLES JOHNSON, ESQ. In One Volume, cloth boards, containing 49 Plates, full coloured, 27s. ; partly coloured, 14s. JOHN E. SOWERBY, 3. Mead Place, Lambeth. THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGA- ZINE AND HISTORICAL REVIEW for JULY, being the First Number of a New Volume, contains: — !. Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia. 2. Seal of Youghal (with an En- graving). 3. Lucian in the Crimea. 4. Grill- purzer's Sappho. 5. Vasco Nunez de Balboa. 6. Medieval London. 7. Original Letters of Swift respecting the Publication of Gulliver's Travels. 8. Local Allusions, by Dr. Doran. 9. Diggings at Gloucester. 10. The Peerage of Ireland, and Title of Fermoy. 11. French History. 12. Letter of Aaron Burr, on the Foundation of Princeton College. With Cor- respondence of Sylvanus Urban, Notes of the Month, Reviews of New Publications ; Reports of ArchiEological Societies ; and OoixuAny, including Memoirs of Lord Strangford ; Lady Davy i Rear- Admiral Boxer ; Sir George Head ; Dr. Gaisford, Dean of Christchurch, &c. &c. Price 2s. 6d. NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street. MR. P, J. P, GANTILLON, M.A., (Formerly Scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge,) SECOND MASTER OF THE COLLEGIATE SCHOOL, LEICESTER, WILL be happy to receive BOARDERS. For Terms apply at 40. London Road, Leicester. Reference is kindly permitted to REV. J. ATLAY, B.D., Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College ; and REV. E. MORTLOCK, B.D., Moulton Rectory, near Newmarket, late Fellow of Christ's College. Just published. New and Cheaper Edition, price Is. ; or by Post for Is. 6d. THE SCIENCE OF LIFE ; or, How to Live and What to Live for; with ample Rules for Diet, Regimen, and Self- Management : together with instructions for securing health, longevity, and that sterling happiness only attainable through the judi- cious observance of a well-regulated course of Ufe. By A PHYSICIAN. London : PIPER, BROTHERS & CO., 23. Pa- ternoster Row ; HANNAY, 63. Oxford Street ; MANN, 39. ComhiU i and all Book- sellers. nni In Preparation, Second Edition, with many additional Woodcuts. HE MICROSCOPE; its His- I tory. Construction, and Applications. With about 501) drawings of objects. By JABEZ HOGG, M.K.C.S., Assistant-Surgeon to the Royal Ophthalmic Hospital, Charing Cross, &c. " This volume might be called ' The Micro- scope for the People.' It is what its name implies — a Cyclopaidia of information on all subjects relating to the microscope." — Quar- terly Jomiial of Microscopical Science. London : H. INGRAM & CO., 198. Strand. Second Edition, with large map, price 5s., cloth boards. PRIZE ESSAY ON PORTU- T.T.oilAJ'- ,^^ JOSEPH JAMES FOR- RESTER, of Oporto, F.R.G.S. of London, Pans, Berlin, &c.. Author of " Original Sur- veys of the Port Wine Districts : " of the River Douro from the Ocean to the Spanish Frontier;" and of the "Geology of the Bed and Banks of the Douro ; " alsoofa proiectfor the improvement of the navigation of that nver, and of various other works on Portugal, JOHN WEALE, 59. High Holborn. This Day is published, price 6s. &d. THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVER- SITY CALENDAR for the Year 1855. Cambridge : DEIGHTON, BELL, & CO. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. TJ Now ready, crown 8vo., price 3s. ECTURES ON GOTHIC LJ ARCHITECTURE, chiefly in relation to ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH AT DON- CASTER. By EDMUND BECKETT DE- NISON, M.A., one of Her Majesty's Counsel. With Seven Illustrations. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. 2s. 6rf. cloth. THE VICAR and his DUTIES : being Sketches of Clerical Life in a Ma- nufacturing Town Parish. By the liEV. ALFRED GATTY, M.A. " We sincerely thank Mr. Gatty for his in- teresting sketches." — Enf/lish Churchman. London : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. Edinburgh : R. GRANT & SON. THE CHURCH SUNDAY- l SCHOOL HYMN-BOOK. Edited by W. F. HOOK.D.D. Large paper, cloth, ls.6rf.; calf, 3s. 6d. London : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. FIVE SERMONS, preached before the University of Oxford. Third Edition. Cloth, 3s. London : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. A LETTER TO HIS Pa- rishioners ON THE USE OF THE ATHANASIAN CREED. By W. F. HOOK, D. D., Vicar of Leeds. Sixth Edition. Price &d., or 4s. the dozen. London : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. MR. GEO. HAYES, Dentist, of 66. Conduit Street, Regent Street, has a vacancy for a PUPIL. He would be fully in- structed in Mechanical, as well as Operative Dentistry, and receive many unusual advan- tages. If desired, he may attend the Classes at eitoer of the Colleges. Printed by Thomas Ci.ark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefleld Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London ; and published by Geoboe Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of Iiondon, Publisher, at No. 1S6. Fleet Street aforesaid,- Saturday. July 7, 1855. NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION roR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. •* XCTben foand, make a note of." — Captain Cutti.e. No. 298.] Saturday, Jult 14. 1855. fWith Index, price I'^rf. I Stamped Edition, Hrf. CONTENTS. Page Buchan's Scottish Ballads : Percy's Heliques, by Lieut. Svend Grundtvis - 21 Junius, Mr. George Woodfall, and the Kev. Hartwell Home - - - 22 Church of Durness, Sutherlandshire - 2i Hayimi 21 Minor Notks : — "Worship" — Cut- tins of Teeth in advanced Aae — Er- rors in Sir Walter Scott's Novels — "Childe Harold" and tIie"Gerusa- lemine Liberata " — MS. Notes iu Copy of " The Description of the Sector " - - - - - 25 Queries : — Who was Henry Shirlcv, the Author of " Tlie Marty r'd Soldier ? " by Evelyn P. Shirley - - - - 26 Thomae Simon tlie Medallist, by Edgar MacCuUocli - - - - 27 Minor Qufbibs: — Lord Byron and the Hippopotamus _ Calipash and Calipee — Scottisli Nursery Song — "Christ Church Bells "_'" Original Poems, by a Lady " _ Charlotte Hum- boldt — Officers kil led at Preston Pans — " Vesica Piseis " _ Harp — Method of taking out Ink _ James Campbell — " Ossian and Ferdousec " - - 28 Minor Qofrtes with Answers : — Koman "Villa — Jones' "Botanical Tour through Cornwall and Devon " — " Legend of Captain Jones " — Charles Vyse — Condarius — Seal En- gravers' Seals - - - - 29 Replies : — Theobald le Botiller, by James F. Fer- guson - - - - - 30 Books burnt, by Rev. Thomas Gimlctte 31 The Red Dragon - - - - 31 Photooraphic Correspondence : — Mr. Lyte's Process - - - 33 Replies to Minor Qoerirs : — " Two Pound Ten " — Descendants of Sir Walter Raleigh _ Naval Victories — Doorway Inscriptions — Notaries — The " ArchKological Epistle " — Wild Dayrell — Seventy-seven — " Rime of the new-made Baccalere " — " Pereant Qui ante nos nostra dixerint " — De Burgh's " Ilibernia Dominicana " — Book-plates — White Paternoster Hunting Bishops _ The Ducking Stool — Sir Thomas More's Works Statue of William III. at Bristol - - 34 Miscellaneous ; — Books ond Odd Volumes Wanted. Notices to Correspondents. In pest 4to., price 1?. \s. ■DIVE GENERATIONS of a r LOYAL HOUSE. (In Two Parts.) PART I., containing the LIVESofRTCHARD BERi IE. and his Son PEREGRINE, LORD WILLOUGHBY, Queen Elizabeth's General in the Low Countries. By LADY GEORGINA BERTIE. RIVINGTONS, Waterloo Place. Vol. XII.— No. 298. Now ready, in 8vo., elegantly printed by Whittingham,withTitle-pago and 12 Plates, beautifully engraved on steel, after designs by J. Wolf, iialf-bound morocco, uncut, 10s. 6d. ■pEYNARD THE FOX, after l\) the German Version of Guthe. By T. J. ARNOLD, ESQ. NATTALI & BOND. 23. Bedford Street, Covent Garden. GEOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. Price Is. 6d. bound in cloth, with Illustrations. TNTRODUCTORY TEXT- ± BOOK OF GEOLOGY. By DAVID PAGE,r.G.S. " Of late it has not often been our good for- tune to examine a text-book on science of which we could express an opinion so eniirely favourable, as we are enabled to do of Jlr. Page's little work." — AtheiicBum. WILLIAM BL.\CKWOOD & SONS, Edinburgh and London. Just published, price Is. ; by Post, Is. Irf. BRITISH ANTIQUITIES. Their present Treatment, and their real Claims. By A. H. RHIND, F.S.A., L. ii S. Edinburgh : ADAM & CHARLES BLACK. In royal 12mo., price 6s., cloth boards. . rpHE POSTDILUVIAN HIS- X TORY, from the Flood to the Call of Abram, as set forth in the early portions of the Book of Genesis, Critically Examined and Explained. By the REV. E. D. RCNDELL, of Preston, author of" The Antediluvian His- tory," " Peculiarities of the Bible," &c. Sic. London : J. S. HODSON, 21:. Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn. Second Edition, with large map, price 5s., cloth boards. PRIZE ESSAY ON PORTU- GAL. By JOSEPH JAMES FOR- RESTER, of Oporto, F.R.G.S. of London, Paris, Berlin. &c.. Author of " Original Sur- veys of the Port Wine Districts ; " of the " River Douro from the Ocean to the Spanish Frontier ;" and of the "Geology of the Bed and Banks of the Douro ; " also of a project for the improvement of the navigation of that river, and of various other works on Portugal. JOHN WEALE, 59. High Holbom. T ONDON LABOUR and the .kJ LONDON POOR. By HENRY MAY- HE W. Which has been sought for unsuecess- fuliy by thousands, can now be obtained in Two Vols., 21s. J or, exclusive of the section relating to "Tliose who Will Not Work" (which is to some objectionable, from motives of delicacy), price 1 6s. G. NEWBOLD, 310. Strand ; and 8. Regent Street, Westminster. N. B. — A Specimen Number, Threepence. "DOOKS (SECOND-HAND).— 1> CATALOGUES GRATIS, containing Illustrated Loudon News, 23 vols., half calf. 45 vols., cloth. 21. 15s. : United Service Journal, 1827 to 1355, 83 vols., 5Z. lOs. ; Modern Novelists, 50 vols., very neat, 21. 1,5s. ; Gardeners' Chro- nicle and Agricultural Gazette, 1841 to ISS-l, 14 vols., 3^, Ids. i Penny Cyclopcedia, 27 vols., cloth, il. ; Livii Variorum (Delphin), 20 vols., cloth. 30.<. ; Mant's and D'Oyly's Bible, 3 vols., new, half calf, 2/. 12s. 6d., &c. Books bought. THOMAS MILLARD. 70. Newgate Street, London. ^OTICE TO BOOK-BUYERS. 11 —Just published, Nos. 9. 10. & 11. of JOHN RUSSELL SMITH'S "OLD BOOK CIRCULAR." containing .3000 choice, useful, and curious Books, in most classes of litera- ture, English and Foreign. Gratis on appli- cation, or sent by Post on receipt of a Postage Isabel to frauk them. J. R. SMITH, 38. Soho Square, London. Just published. New and Cheaper Edition, price Is. ; or by Post for is. (id. rVBE SCIENCE OF LIFE; or, X How to Live and What to Live for; with ample Rules f,.r Diet, Itegimen, and Self- Mnnagemcnt : together witli instructions for securing health, longevity, and that sterling happiness only attainable through the judi- cious observance of a woU-regulutcd course of life. By A PHYSICIAN. London : PIPER, BROTHERS & CO., 23. Pa- ternoster Row ; HANNAY, 03. Oxford Street ; MANN, 39. Cornhill ; and all Book- sellers. MR. P, J. P. GANTILLON, M.A., (Formerly Scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge,) SECOND MA STER OF THE COLLEGIATE SCHOOL, LEICESTER, WILL be happy to receive BOARDERS. For Terms apply at 40. London Road, Leicester. Reference is kindly permitted to REV. J. ATLAY, B.D., Fellow and Tutor of St. John's CoUe're ; and REV. E. MORTLOCK, B.D., Moulton Rectory, near Newmarket, lat; FeUow of Christ's CoUege. NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 14. 1855. Just published, price Is. 6rf. PHOTOGRAPHY : the Im- portance of its Application in PRE- SERVrNG PICTORTAL RECORDS of the NATIONAL MONUMENTS of HISTORY and ART. By the HEV. F. A. S. MAR- SHALL. M. A., of Peterborough ; with an APPENDIX, containing a Practical Descrip- tion of the Talbotype Process, as adopted and practised by the Author during the last Seven Years. A Copy of the above forwarded Free on the receipt of 18 Postage Stamps. London : BERING & REMINGTON, 137. Regent Street. PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPOT.— DANIEL McMillan, isa. Fleet street, London. Where every article connected with Photography may be had of the best quality, and at prices well worthy the attention of the Trade. Price List sent Free upon application. PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS. OTTEWILL AND CO.'S Manufactory, 24. & 25. Charlotte Terrace, Caledonian Road, Islington. OTTEWILL'S Registered Donble Body Folding Camera, adapted for Landscapes or Portraits, may be had of A. ROSS, Feather- Btone Buildings, Holborn ; the Photographic Institution, Bond Street ; and at the Manu- factory as above, where every description of Cameras, Slides, and Tripods may be had. The Trade supplied. PHOTOGRAPHY. T SOLOMON'S PHOTO- f I • GRAPHIC CATALOGXTE, now ready, Gratis, on application at 22. RED LION SQUARE, LONDON. Just published. PRACTICAL PHOTOGRA- PHY on GLASS and PAPER, a Manual containing simple directions for the production of PORTRAITS and VIEWS by the agency of Light, including the COLLODION, AL- BUMEN, WAXED PAPER and POSITIVE PAPER Processes, by CHARLES A. LONG. Price Is.; per Post, Is. 2d. Published by BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instru- ment Makers, and Operative Chemists, 163. Fleet Street. London. THE NEW COLLODION manufactured by BLAND & LONG, 153. Fleet Stieet. London, will bear compari- son with any other Preparation offered to Photographers. Price 9d. per oz. Can be had separate from the Iodizing Solution. Nitrate of Silver, 4s. 6rf. per oz. ; Pyrogallic Acid, Is. 6d. per drachm ; Glacial Acetic Acid, 6d. per oz. ; Hyposulphite of Soda, Is. per lb. CAMERAS, LENSE-i, and every Descrip- tion of Apparatus, of first-class Workmanship. Chemicals of ABSOLUTE PURITY, and every material required in the Photographic Alt of the finest quality. Instruction in all the Processes. Catalogues sent on Application. BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London. PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINT- ING-OFFICE J. HOGARTH, JUN., & CO., 5. Hay market, beg to inform Publishers and Amateurs that tliey have opened an Esta- blishmfnr as above, where every Description of PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING is executed. Proofs taken on the shortest Notice. 6. HA YMARKET, LONDON. Three Vols. fcap. 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d. Each sold separately. PLAIN SERMONS. By the late REV. EDWARD BLENCOWE. " Their style is simple ; the sentences are not artfully constructed ; and there is an utter ab- sence of all attempt at rhetoric. The lan- guage is plain Saxon language, from which ' the men on the wall ' can easily gather what it most concerns them to know. " Again, the range of thought is not high and difficult, but level and easy for the wayfaring man to follow. It is quite evident that the author's mind was able and cultivated, yet, as a teacher to men of low estate, he makes no display of eloquence or argument. " In the statements of Christian doctrine, the reality of Mr. Blencowe's mind is very striking. There is a strength and a warmth and a life in his mention of the great truths of the Gospel, which show that he spoke from the heart, and that, like tlie Apostle of old, he could say, — 'I believe, and therefore have I spoken.' " His aifectionateneas, too, is no less con- spicuous ; this is shown in the gentle, earnest, kind-hearted toneof every Sermon in the book. There is no scolding, no asperity of language, no irritation of manner about them. At the same time there is no over-strained tenderness, nor affectation of endearment ; but there is a con- siderate, serious concern about the peculiar sins and temptations of the people committed to his charge, and a heart}; desire and deter- mined effort for their salvation." — Theolouian . "Plain, short, and affectionate discourses." — English Review. Loudon : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. Now ready, 2s. 6» has drove 'out all y<= old stumps." " Rob*. Lyon, of y" city of Glasgow, aged one hundred and nine years, who was in the service of King Charles I., and who has got a new set of teeth, and recovered his sight in a wonderfuU manner." " Mrs. Page, at y" Royal Oak in Barnaby Street, Southwark, aged ninety years and upwards, has lately bred six great teeth in y« upper jaw, in June, 1732, which is an extraordinary and preternatural instance ; had not a tooth in her head these twenty years past." "Margaret White, of Kirkaldy in Scotland, aged eighty-seven, who had been toothless for many years, has just got eight new and fresh teeth. April, 1732." Cl. Hoppeb, Errors in SirWalter Scott's Novels'. — One of your correspondents remarks on Mr. Maclise's anachro- nism, in introducing a Franciscan friar into his pic- ture of the "Marriage of Strongbow." Has not Sir Walter Scott committed the same error in Ivanhoe, by making the disguised Wamba style himself "a poor brother of the Order of St. Francis?" 26 NOTES AND QUEEIES. [July 14. 1855. The foundation of the Order is usually placed in 1210, and the saintship of its founder had of course a still later date. Why does Sir Walter, both in the Tales of the Crusaders and in loauJioe, always style a con- spicuous personage in the fourth Crusade, Mar- quis of " Montserrat," instead of " Montferrat ?" Did the long f mislead him ? J. S. Vv'^a.rden. " Cliilde Harold'''' and the " Gerusalemmc Lihe- rata.^' — The resemblance between the following stanzas of Childe Harold and the Gerusalemme Libei-ata has never, to my knowledge, been noted : " Oh Rome ! my country ! city of the soul ! The orphans of the heart must turn to thee, Lone mother of dead empires! and control In their shut breasts their petty misery. What are our woes and sufi'erance ? Come and see The cypress, hear the owl, and plod your way O'er steps of broken thrones and temples, Ye I Whose agonies are evils of a day — A world is at j^our feet as fragile as our clay." Childe Harold, iv. 78. " Giace 1' alta Cartago : appena i segni Dell' alte sue mine il lido serba. Muoiono le citta, muoiono i rcgni ; Copre i fasti, e le ponipe arena ed erba; E 1' uom d' esser mortal par che si sdegni ! • 0 nostra mente cupida e superba ! " Gerusalemme Liherata, xv. 20. MS. Notes in Copy of " The Dsscription of the Sector." — In an old book, described in the title- page as The Description and Use of the Sector, Crosse-Staff'e, and other Instruments, published in London in lG-36, and dedicated to the Honourable John Count of Bridgwater, Viscount Brackley, and Baron of EUesmere, and on the first two blank pages, there are the following entries : " 1. John Benbow, 163G. 2. To hia son John Benbow, May 5, 1671. o. FromVice-Admiral Benbow to Captain, (afterwards) Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy, Nov. oO, 1702. 4. From Sir Thomas to Hear, (afterwards) Vice-Ad- miral Jas. Mighells, ]\Iarch 28, 1717. 5. From James to his young friend Lieut. Edwd. (after- wards) Admiral Lord Edwd. Ilawke, April 4, 17.33. 6. From Lord Edw. to his Friend Horatio Nelson, then third Lieut, of the LowestofFe, (afterwards) Admiral Loi'd Viscount Nelson, Duke of Bronte, &c. &c. &c., May 26, 1777. 7. From Lord Viscount Nelson to his dear friend Cap- tain Hardy (now Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas), Oct. 21, 1805. 8. From Admiral Sir Thomas to Captain Salusbury Prj'ce Humphreys, June 11, 1813. 9. From Captain Humphreys to Edwd. W. Lloj'd, July 27, 1821. Edwd. W. Lloyd, July 27, N. S., 1821." This book is in good condition considering its age, and the present owner purchased it in the town of Stockport some thirty years ago at a book- stall. The Edward W. Lloyd was,! think, the first representative of Stockport in parliament ■ No. 298.] after passing of the Reform Bill. Perhaps some of the readers of " N. & Q." may throw some light upon the fact of its passing through so many hands. I may add that, on the first page, the word Talavera is written in large Roman text In letters three quarters of an inch long. John Goodwin. Frances Street, Strangways, Manchester. ^Vitxiti. WUO WAS HENRY SHIRLEY, THE AUTHOR OF " THE MARTYr'd SOLDIER ? " In W^ood's Athena Oxonienses (edit. Bliss, iii. 741.), under the article on James Shirley, the poet, is the following passage : " I find one Henry Shirley, gent., author of a play called The Martyr'd Souldier, London, 1638; which Henry I take to be brother, or near kinsman, to James." That this supposition of Wood is without found- ation, I think will appear from the extracts which follow : premising that on the parentage of James, I can throw no light, it is true that he assumed the arms of my family, which Wood also mentions, with the expressive adjunct : " If he had a right to them," — an assumption which has yet to be made good. There is a passage in Tierney's History of the Castle and Town of Arundel, vol. i. p. 67., which gives some sanction to Wood's observation as to the relationship with Henry, at least as regards the popular notion of it ; it is taken from a news- paper : "The Weekly Account of certain Special Passages, &c., from Wednesdaj', Jan. 3, to the lOtli of the same Month, lGd4." Mentioning that — " S'' Edward Bishop some years since embrued his wil- ful] hands in the blood of Master Henry Shirley, kinsman to 3Ir. James Shirley, the playwright, and who did excel him in that faculty." And in another newspaper, called " Certain In- formations from several Parts of ye Kingdom, No. 52., Jan. 8 to Jan. 15, 1644," where the taking of Arundel Castle and Sir Edward Bishop is men- tioned as — " Once a member of the Honourable House of Commons, untill he wilfully deserted his service there, who is also stigmatised with blood, for hilling of a man that only de- manded his due of him." That the same person is meant, there can be no doubt. The circumstances as to the debt, which, are here alluded to, we shall see afterwards. Again, in Prynne's Histriomast'ix, 1633, p. 553. b. (for this extract I am obliged to the Rev. Joseph Hunter), is the following, clearly connecting July 14. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 27 Henry, the author of the play, with the man mur- dered by Sir Edward Bishop : " Such were the siidclen and untimely ends of all those ancient play-poets, which should serve as a caveat to our moderne (of whom some have likewise come to desperate ends) to deter them from their ungodly profession. Wit- ncsse, Sherli/, slaine suddenly by S'' Edward Bishop, while he was drunke, as most report." The most particular statement of the circum- stances of this murder is preserved in one of Dr. Birch's Transcripts in the Museum (Add. 4177.). Tlie original appears to have been in the State Paper Office ; but I have been unable to discover it, where it ought now to be, among the domestic papers'of the year 1627 : " M'' Beaulieu to S'' Thomas Puckering, Bart., London, 31 October, 1G27. " There is a foul murther committed on Friday last by S'' Edward Bishop, of Sussex, on jM"" Henry Shirley of the same shire, whom he run thro' with his sword (having no weapon about him), as he came to him in his lodging in Chancery Lane to demand of him an annuity of 40/., which the said S'' Edward Bishop was to give him, whose lands (which are reported be of 1500/. or 2000/. by the year) were presently begged or given away, but himself not yet found out." The Henry Shirley here mentioned, and who by the preceding extracts is identified with the play-writer, was the second son of Sir Thomas Shirley the younger, of Wiston, in the county of Sussex, by Frances Vavisore, his first wife. He is thus noticed in the Latin pedigrees of the Shirleys, written by Sir Thomas Shirley of St. Botolph's Bridge, in the latter part of the reign of Charles I. (Harl. 4023., p. 125. b.) : " Henrlcus Shirleius secundo natus, qui sine sobole occisus est." The annuity of 40Z., which was the occasion of his death, was bequeathed to him by his grand- mother, Lady Shirley; who secured it on the estate of her friend Sir Thomas Bishop, Knt., of Parham (father of Sir Edward), and in whose will it is also mentioned. I may add as confirmatory of the above, that it appears by the address "to the courteous reader" that the author of The Martyr d Souldlcr was dead in 1638 : " But the worke it selfe being now an orphant, and wanting him to protect it thtt first begot it, it were an injury to his memory to passe him unspoken of: for the man, his muse was much courted, but no common mistresse ; and though but seldonie seene abroad, yet ever much admired at," &c. And that it had been written some time before is evident from the verses " To the Reader of this Flay noic come ui Print. " That this play's old, 'tis true; but now if any Should for that cause despise it, Ave have many Reasons, both just and pregnant, to maintaine Antiquity ; and those too not all vaine," &c. No. 298.] Henry Shirley was also author of the following plays never printed, but entered on the books of the Stationers' Company, Sept. 9, 1653: IVie Spanish Duke of Lerma : The Duke of Guise ; The Dumb Bawd ; Giraldo, the Constant Lover. In the Ashmolean Library there are some verses by, I presume, the same author (see Black's Cata- logue, c. 43.), thus described : " The Battaile : the combatants, S'^ Ambrose Vaux, Knt., and Glascott, the Bailey of Southwark ; the place, the Rules of the King's Bench — 'No amorous style affects my pen.' " subscribed, " Henrye Sherley." And in the Scourge of Folly (by John Davies of Hereford), London, 1611, p. 81., are some verses addressed " To my right worthy Friend, and truly generous Gentleman , Henry Sherley, Esquire. " Could I but sett thee forth as I desire." I wish I could include the more celebrated poet James Shirley — the author of those noble verses, " The glories of our birth and state" — also among the worthies of the family tree ; but the genealogy of the Shirleys of Sussex is so well ascertained, that I fear this to be impossible, and that I must rest contented with the less known name of his supposed kinsman. Evelyn P. Shirley. THOMAS SIMON THE AlEDALLIST. Can any of your correspondents give me any information concerning Thomas Simon, Simons, or Symonds, the famous medallist, who flou- rished temp. Charles I., the Commonwealth, and Charles 11., and particularly as to the place of his birth ? I believe him to have been a native of the island of Guernsey, and' for the following reasons : The name is common in the island, and may be traced back to an early date. Richard Simon was one of the " douzaine," or jury of the parish of Torteval, when the extent of the revenues of the Crown in Guernsey was drawn up in the 5th of Edward HL, and many individuals of the name are at the present day holders of land in the same and neighbouring parishes. It is known that Thomas Simon had an elder brother, also an artist, of the name of Abraham, and for many generations his Christian name has been common in the various branches of the family, there being scarcely a household of Si- mons in which it does not occur. Thomas Simon himself was married to a Guern- sey woman, daughter and sole heiress of Cardin Fautrart. In a complaint about the year 1655, against Peter de Beauvoir, Esq., bailiff of Guernsey, by 28 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 14. 1855, one of the many factions into which the island was then divided, I find the following passage : "And the said Peter de Beauvoir makes use of Mr. Thomas Symons, a graver living in the Strand, which Symons having skill in graving and making medalls, hath accesse unto his Highnes and many members of the Council, speakes rashly of the isle and of the inhabitants thereof, and mainteynes and recomends the said de Beau- voir, who is his cosen german and his helpe and council in a suite in law about inheritance in the island of Guern- zey, wherein the said de Beauvoir is very officious to oblige to himself the said Symons," &c. In 1643 Simon was ordered by the House of Commons " to make a new Great Seal of Eng- land," * Lord Keeper Littleton having in the pre- vious year fled to York, where the King then was, taking the Great Seal with him. Is there any engraving of this new Great Seal, and where is it to be found ? From the second edition of Vertue's Medals and other Works of Thomas Simon, published in 1780, I glean the following particulars, which will form the subject of one or two more Queries : The only surviving child of Thomas Simon was the wife of Mr. Hibberd of London, by whom she had one daughter, married to Samuel Barker of Fairford, Gloucestershire, high sheriff of the county in 1691. Mrs. Barker had two daugh- ters ; one died in her infancy, the other (Esther) was married to James Lamb, of Hackney, Esq., who died in 1761. In 1780 his widow was lady of the manor of Fairford. She had inherited several warrants and papers that had belonged to Thomas Simon. Can any one inform me whether she left any descendants, and whether these docu- ments are still in existence ? The following passage also occurs in Vertue's work : " Mr. Raymond also favoured me with the sight of a book on vellum, signed ' Thomas Simon ' in the first leaf, containing twenty-five heads in pencil and ink, beautifully drawn, and probably from the life, for medals." This Mr. Raymond was no doubt John Ray- mond, Esq., of Fairford in Gloucestershire. Was he in any way related to Mrs. Lamb ? Is it known what has become of the book on vellum ? Vertue mentions that Abraham Simon was in the suite of Queen Christina of Sweden. Are any farther particulars known of him ? [* In the British Museum (Addit. MS. 5478.) is an order for payment to Abraham Symons for the great seal made by his brother Thomas Symons, dated October 4, 1643. And in Addit. MS. 6497., f. 71., is Abraham Sy- mons's receipt for his brother Thomas in behalf of T. Blakestone, dated October 6, 1643. It is generally sup- posed that Thomas Symons died in 1665, but according to a letter of Samuel Pegge {Gent. 3Iag., Maj', 1788, p. 379.), it seems that he lived many years after that date.] No. 298.] Finally, is there any memoir of either of the brothers ? Edgar MacColloch. Guernsey. Lord Byron and the Hippopotamus. — In one of Lord Byron's Journals, he mentions having visited Exeter Change in 1813 ; and having seen, amongst other animals, a " hippopotamus, very like Lord Liverpool in the face." Never having seen either premier or quadruped, I can only judge from their respective portraits, which certainly display very different physiognomies : but the question is, what animal he can have mistaken for hippo, as there can be no doubt whatever that the stout gentleman in the Regent's Park is the first of his kind that appeared in Europe since the days of the Romans. I should suspect the tapir; which is an animal of somewhat similar habits, and the outline of whose countenance is not so utterly different from that to which it is compared, J. S. Warden. Calipash and Calipee. — Whence are derived these turtle terms ? Have they reference to the Greek language and human digestion, xaKeiros and xaXeirr] ? I propound this for the consideration of your West Indian friends. W. T. M. Hong Kong. Scottish Nursery Song. — An old lady of my acquaintance repeated to me the following lines of an old Scotch nursing song, which her mother used to sing to her. There were several verses, but her memory has lost all but one : " Ken ye Mysie Barley hinnie. The lass that sell't the barley hinnie, She's lost her pouch an' a' her siller, Ne'er a laud will ere come till her. Wae's me ! for Mysie Barley hinnie." The remaining verses of this lyric are a desidera- tum to C. D. L. Greenock. " Christ Church Bells." — Can any of your numerous readers Inform me where I can find the above glee in Greek 9 I heard it sung many years ago, and remember the conclusion : " OuSets a.v Aeii/zet TO Kav IIpii/ aKoveif iJ,eyav Tofi-" J. T. C. Sidmouth. " Original Poems, by a Lady." — I have a small volume of verse In my possession, bearing the fol- lowing title : " Original Poems, on various Occasions. By a Lady. Revised by William Cowper, Esq., of the Inner Temple : London, printed for J. Deighton, Holborn ; J. Mathews, Strand ; and R. Faulder, Bond Street. 1792." July 14. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 29 Can any of your readers state the name of the authoress ? In her " advertisement," by way of preface, she says : " These poems are the genuine fruits of retirement and leisure, and were occasioned by such a series of adverse events as led the author to a peculiar habit of contem- plating the ways of an all-wise, over-ruling Providence, and to the experience of that solid happiness in the pre- sent life which often begins when worldly prosperity ends." The poems are mostly of a religious character, and in some of them I think I can trace the hand of the author of the Olney Hymns. J. Penntcook Bbown. Islington. Charlotte Humboldt. — There was a volume of poems published under the following title, Co- rinth, a Tragedy, and other Poems, by Charlotte Humboldt, 1838. Can you inform me whether the authoress was a niece of the celebrated Miss Carter? In the Gentlemaiis Magazine for 1813, I observed the marriage of Henry de Humboldt, only son of Baron von Humboldt, of Schweidnitz, in Silesia, to Charlotte Carter, daughter of J. Carter, Deal, and niece of Miss E. Carter. R.J. Glasgow. Officers killed at Preston Pans. — Robert Cham- bers states, in his History of the Rebellion in 1745, that five officers in the royalist army were killed at the battle of Preston Pans. Can any of your readers supply me with the names of those officers, and the regiments to which they belonged ? A. B. C. " Vesica Piscis." — Can any of your correspon- dents inform me when the term vesica piscis was first used ? And if there are any examples of it earlier than the tenth century ? J. C. J. Harp. — When was the harp first used as the arms of Ireland, and when introduced in the royal achievement as such ? Z. Z. Method of taking out Ink. — Can some of your correspondents inform me of a means of taking writing from paper without making a serious blemish in it ? Any plan which would make a slight blemish would still be useful in the frequent case of old books having the title or other pages scored with names, &c. J,°P. James Campbell. — Can you, or any of your readers, give me any account of James Campbell, author of The Judgment of Babylon, the Siege of Masada, and other Poems, 12mo., 1826? This little volume of poetry was dedicated to the Rev. Dr. Styles, a dissenting minister, who died a few years ago. E. J. Glasgow. No. 298.] " Ossian and Ferdousee." — Was there any ver- sion of the " Shah Nameh" existing before the publication of Ossian, or was there any means by which Macpherson (who had not then visited India) could have become acquainted with the former poem ? The question is suggested by the striking resemblance of the Ossianic poem of Carthon to the episode of Sohrab and Rustum, lately versified by Mr. Matthew Arnold. The cir- cumstances are almost exactly the same through- out, even to the chivalrous refusal of the senior warriors to declare their names when their so doing would have averted the fatal issue. That two writers so far asunder in age and place should, without any knowledge of each other, have written tales so identical, would hardly be less wonderful than that the whole circumstances of the combat between the Horatii and Curiatii should, without the slightest variation in any point, have re- occui'red in Greece about five hundred years later. J. S. Warden. Roman Villa. — Can you inform me which is the best method of laying open a Roman pave- ment, bath, &c. ? I conclude that in this, as in most other cases, " a master's eye is worth two pair of hands." Are Roman villas (or rather I should say their foundations) usually built upon one and the same plan ? Once more, can you tell me if any book in which I can find a satisfactory account of these interesting buildings ? Centurion. [Having submitted this Query to a gentleman quali- fied to speak with the highest authority upon this sub- ject, he answers, " Tell your correspondent that to clear out a Roman villa he must always be present, or employ a competent overseer ; that he must as much as possible interdict the use of pick-axes, and have the shovel em- ploj'ed, and that carefully, or the painted plaster of the walls is sure to be lost. Pick-axes are sad destroyers of tesselated pavements. As to the plan of Roman houses and villas, there is a pretty general agreement, varied according to site and means ; but the Pompeian House in the Crystal Palace gives the best notion of what is generally found in all. The best books on the subject are Lysons' Account of the Roman Antiquities discovered at Woodchesier ; and Buckman and Newmarch's Illustra- tions of the Remains of Roman Art in Cirencester, the site of ancient Corinium."^ Jones'' "Botanical Tour through Cornwall and Devon." — This book was not published in London. Can you name the place of publication ? An early reply will greatly oblige, as it is wanted for con- sultation during a short visit to the seaside of Cornwall. Tempera et Scribe. [This work is by the Rev. J. P. Jones, one of the editors of Flora Devoniensis. It was printed at Exeter in 1820, and we suspect only for private circulation, as it is not to be found in our public libraries.^ 30 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 14. 1855, '■^Legend of Captain Jones ^'' — Can you or any of your correspondents furnish a little information as to the book entitled Legend of Captain Jones ; relating his strange and incredible Adventures iy Land and Sea, 12mo., Lond., 1670 ? It is written in verse, and in a recent bookseller's catalogue has the following note appended to it : "A gravely ironical burlesque: the hero of it was a distinguislied commander in the days of Q. Elizabeth : priced in the Bib. Ang. Poet., 21. 12s. 6d." Who was its author ? Whom was it Intended to ridicule ? I may mention that my copy has a curious fold- ing plate at the commencement engraved by Marshall. H. C. Paddington. [The poem is by David Lloyd, Dean of St. Asaph, " a person," says Anthony k Wood, " who was always es- teemed an ingenious man, and poetically given." It is a very good burlesque in imitation of a Welsh poem, en- titled Owdl Rich. Greulon. " The said Captain Jones," says Wood, " on whom the legend was made, lived in tiie reign of Queen Elizabeth, and was in great renown for his high exploits, when Sir John Norris and his noble brethren, with Sir Walter Raleigh, were endeavouring for the honour of their nation to eternize their names by martial exploits." Andrew Marvell, in The Rehearsal Transprosed, edit. 1776, vol. ii. p. 19., speaking of the Legend of Captain Jones, says, " I have heard that there •was indeed such a captain, an honest brave fellow : but a wag, that had a mind to be merry with him, hath quite spoiled his history." The facetious Dean, it seems, by his generosity and loyalty having run himself much into debt, some wag, or perhaps himself, has thus memorialised him : " This is the epitaph Of the Dean of St. Asaph, Who by keeping a table Better than he was able, Run into debt Which is not paid yet."] Charles Vt/se. — Can you give me any account of Charles Vyse, the author of several well- known school-books? If I am not mistaken, Mr. Vyse was the master of a school at Mitcham, about seventy years ago. R. J. Glasgow. [Very little seems to be kno'>.\Ti of Charles Vyse. TTie JBiographical Dictionary of Living Authors, 1816, states that he was formerly master of an academy in Portland Street, and since a private teacher at Vauxhall. And in a letter from an old bookseller to his son in The Aldine Magazine, p. 134., it is farther stated, that "in the sale of Mr. Robinson's stock, the copyright alone of Vyse's Spell- ing, price one shilling, sold for 2,500/., besides an annuity of fifty guineas per annum to poor old Vj'se, to whom your brothers went to school in Walnut-tree Walk, Lam- beth, in the year 1805."] Condarius. — One of the attesting witnesses to an undated deed of Philip de Belmeis, circa 1155, is " Petrus, Conda7-ius mens." What was the office described by the word ? And can any other instance be cited in which it occurs ? Was it No. 298.] Chandler ? I should have thought It an error of the transcriber for Camerarius, had not Richard Camerarius occurred as a witness to the same deed. Thomas Rossell Potter. [From a passage in Du Cange it seems that this was a legal officer, whose duties were the same as those of the referendary, one to whom all royal or papal ])etitions were referred : " Reverendissimo in Christo Patri Dornino- Domino Johanni de Montemirali, Papoe Prothonotario et Condario," &c. — Glossary, in voce. The same authority informs us, that this John de Montemirali was the Pope's- referendary : " Hie Johannes de Jlontemirali summa Pontifici referendarius erat, anno 1470."] Seal Engravers' Seals. — I am collecting Im- pressions of seals, and I have obtained some on red sealing-wax, which have been made by en- gravers, having the face entirely dulled, as if by Vermillion, and the edges left the natural colour of the wax. Can any one inform me of the pro- cess of taking such impressions ? Adrian Adninan. Great Grimsby. [One way, and perhaps the usual way, is to powder the seal with vermillion; and when the wax is quite hot, make the impression. The powder upon the stamp causes the dulness.] EepIt'eS. THEOBALD liE BOTILLER. (Vol. vlli., p. 367. ; Vol. ix., p. 336.) At the time of the dissolution of the Irish Re- cord Commission, considerable progress had been made In the transcription and printing of ancient charters relating to Ireland. It appears to have been the intention of the commissioners to publish transcripts of the various bulls, charters, &c., of ancient date, which are to be found in various places of deposit ; but the sudden termination of their commission, has prevented the completion of this most useful work. The printed, but still un- published, portion of these " chartas antiquae," consists of ninety-two pages large folio : the earliest charter bearing date the 18(h of Hen. II. ; and amongst them I find, at p. 11., the transcript of a grant whereby Theobald Walter, the king's butler of Ireland, grants certain lands to the Ab- bey of Abbey Owney, situate in the county of Limerick. It commences in these terms : " Omnibus sancte matris ecclesie filiis tarn presentibus quam futuris Theobaldus Walteri pincerna Hibernie salu- tem Sciatis me pro amore Dei et beate Dei geuitricis 3Iarie et pro anima domini mei H. Regis Anglie et Ri- cardi regis Anglie filii ejus et pro salute domini mei Johannis Comitis Moretonie et domini Hibernie et pro salute H. fratris mei Cantuar' archiepiscopi et pro anima chari mei Ranulfi de Glanvilla et pro anima Hervci Wal- teri patris mei et pro anima Matilde de Waltines matris mee et pro salute anime mee et pro salute Matilde spouse niee et pro salute animarum omnium amicorum et ante- cessorum et successorum meorum." July 14. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 31 There is deposited in the British Museum a Tolume of Irish pedi. is illustrated by a cari- cature published in England, by which it appears that the capture of Quebec was the immediate provocative to the satire. Mercury is descending upon the earth, announcing " Quebec pris par les Anglois le 18 Sept., 1759." Boats are sailing about with brooms at the mast-head. Soldiers are offering themselves to let by beat of drum. A minister is suspended from one arm of a great cross. A general is broken upon the wheel. A female ghost rises from the grave astonished at the scene, and the Maid of Orleans is also rising. Madame Pompadour is studying a scheme of "In- vasion," and a French gentleman is imploring her to pity the poor prisoners in England. France at this time ceased to maintain her pri- soners, but left them to the charity of the English, by whom large subscriptions were raised for their support. No. 298.] In June, 1759, it had been announced that two thousand workmen were employed at Havre in building one hundred and fifty flat-bottomed boats ; a like number were building at St. Maloes, Nantes, Port I'Orient, Morlaix, &c., all which were rendered unavailing by the late English successes. Walpole calls the lines quoted by *. an epigram on Mad. Pompadour, stating that there were fifty vile translations, and adding one of his own : " O, yes ! here are flat-bottom'd boats to be sold. And soldiers to let, — rather hungry than bold ; Here are ministers richly deserving to swing, And commanders, whose recompense should be a string. 0. France ! still j-our fate you may lay at ... .'s door. You were saved by a maid, and undone by a wh — ." Edward Hawkins. Doorway Inscriptions (Vol. xi., p. 134.). — 1 . At Naples, over the gate of the large hospital of the Annunciata, and to express the ample pro- vision therein made for the varied wants of the poor : " Lac pueris, dotem nuptis, velumque pudicis, Datque medelam aegris hsec opulenta domus." 2. At Vienna or Berlin (?), over the entrance to the military hospital : " Lajso sed invicto militi." 3. At Rome, over the principal entrance to the hospital "Del Santissimo Salvatore:" " Hospit. Salv. Eefugium pauperum et infirmorum." Ditto, over the door of the university called " Delia Sapienza :" " Initium sapientioe timor Domini." Ditto, over the Gregorian university, or as it is commonly called, the " Collegio Romano :" " Eeligioni ac bonis artibiis." 4. At Rhodes, over the inmost of the seven gates that gave admission, through seven lines of bastions and walls, into the fortress of the Knights of St. John, built in 1399, and called " St. Peter's of the Freed," there was formerly this inscription : " Nisi Dominus custodierit, frustra vigilat qui custodit." Cetrep. On a stone over the door of Hill field House, a castellated mansion near Solihull, Warwickshire, is the following inscription : " Hie hospites In cselo cives. H. W. V. 1579." The initials are supposed to be those of the builders of the house, William Hawes and Ursula his wife. Eden Warwick. Birmingham. July 14. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 35 Notaries (Vol. x., pp. 87.315.). — French no- taries use seals as well as English notaries. The paraphe or flourish is not peculiar to the notary. . The French notary, it must be remembered, per- forms most of the functions of the English country attorney. Hyde Clarke. The "ArcIicBological Epistle" (Vol. xii., p. 4.). — Nichols and Chalmers agree with Douce in as- serting that John Baynes was the writer. Mr. Makkland raises a doubt on the subject. I agree with him, and should be very glad to hear from some of your antiquarian, archEeological, or bibliographical correspondents what are the facts that will help us to conclusions. T. A. E. WildDayrell (Vol. xi., p. 483.). — A branch of the Dayrell family has been long settled at Shudy Camps in Cambridgeshire, and is descended from the family of that name at Lillingstone-Dayrell, in Buckinghamshire. Their name is spelled with a y, and pronounced Dorrell. J. D. G. Seventy-seven (Vol. xi., p. 61.). — N. L. T. says, " Another century must elapse before this reply can be given, after the year which has just ex- pired." On behalf of strict correctness allow me to remark that this reply, ipsissimis verbis, can never again be given. An analogous reply may be given in the year 1976 : "I was born in the three eights, and confess to the two eights." It is singular that with each figure the lapse is of 122 years precisely. W. T. M. Hong Kong. " Rime of the new-made Baccalere " (Vol. xi., p. 38.). — G. L. S. is unacquainted with the au- thor's name. It was attributed at the time of its publication in Oxford to George John Davie, of Exeter College, who graduated in 1840. W. T. M. Hong Kong. " Pereant qui ante nos nostra dixerint" (Vol. x., p. 464.). — I lately met this quotation in a re- markably quaint and well-written American book, styled The Biglow Papers, wherein it was given as from St. Augustin, or St. Austin, for the author of the Papers characteristically uses the colloquial form. The last word was in the potential mood, as under the regimen of the indefinite " qui," and not in the indicative, as H. L. writes it. W. T. M. Hong Kong. De Burgh's '■'■Hibernia Dominicana " (Vol. xi., p. 504.). — This book, according to Brunet (vol. i. p. 497., Paris, 1842), was printed at Kil- kenny, by Edmund Finn, under the direction of the author himself. 'AXievs. Dublin. ifo. 298.] Book-plates (Vol. xi., p. 471.). — I am very much obliged to your correspondent G. 11. M. for mentioning the book-plate of " Gilbert Nicholson of Balrath, in the county of Meath, Esq., 1669." I certainly have never seen an engraving of arms, clearly ascertained to be an English, Irish, or Scottish book-plate, with a date previous to 1698. This of Gilbert Nicholson's seems to be clearly a book-plate. Would it be too much "trouble to your correspondent to give in " N. & Q." a short description of the book-plate. I should expect to find in it a complete achievement, that is to say, helmet, wreath, crest, and mantle, with flowing lantrequins. If not of this kind, the curiosity of the book-plate will be increased. In any case those who are interested in heraldry will be much indebted to your correspondent if he will favour us with a description of it. I should add that I have in my collection foreign book-plates of a much older date. For example, one of gi'eat beauty, of 1606 : " "i" ioannes prae- posiTvs sanctae crvcis avgvstae anno dni MDCVi." This, with many others, I obtained from the library of the Very Reverend Canon Rock, to whom, if greater pursuits did not suffi- ciently occupy him, we might look for everything that could be said on such a subject as this. D. P. [Our correspondent has apparently overlooked the de- scription of Sir Edward Dering's book-plate of 1630, described in our 4th Volume, p. 94. — Ed. " N. & Q."] White Paternoster (Vol. xi., p. 511.). — I beg to assure P. P. P. that I never for a moment sup- posed that the so-called Enchiridion of Pope Leo was considered as a book of genuine devotion by the Church of Rome ; or that the prayers, or rather charms, it contains, were ever looked upon as authentic by her clergy. It is essentially a magical work, though not possessing the infernal character of the Grimoire, which in my copy is printed after the Enchiridion. The Grimoire is a book of black magic, full of diabolical incanta- tions for evil, whilst the charms of the Enchiridion are chiefly intended to avert or heal diseases, &c. Still I cannot but hold my opinion that the nursery hymn in question is derived from the White Paternoster, which, silly but harmless as it is, may well have been handed dov,rn to posterity, and preserved, especially in the rural districts, amongst other scraps of folk lore. W. J. Beenhard Smith. Temple. Hunting Bishops (Vol. ix., p. 432.). — Spelman, in his Apology for Archbishop Abbot, learnedly defends the practice of bishops hunting, and ob- serves, — "By ancient record the Bishop of Rochester, at his death, was to render to the Archbishop of Canterbury hia kemiel of hounds as a mortuary, whereof (as I am credibly 36 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 14. 1855. informed) the law taketh notice for the king, Sede vacante, under the name of 3Iuta Canum and Mulctura." Mackenzie Walcott, M.A. The Ducking Stool (Vol. vii., p. 260. ; Vol. viii., p. 316. ; Vol. ix., p. 232.). — Permit me to direct the attention of your correspondents as to this obsolete instrument of punishment, to a paper on the subject which is to be found in the Transac- tions of the Kilkenny and South East of Ireland ArchcBological Society, for the year 1853, vol. ii. p. 254. B. L. Sir Thomas More's Works (Vol. xi., p. 324.). — The best and fullest list of the works of this writer, which seem to deserve a reprint on various jyrounds, will be found in the first volume of Dr. Dibdin's edition of the Utopia. It particularises all the works, not merely those of the Utopia. Novus. Statue of William, III. at Bristol (Vol. xi., p. 487.). — There is no truth in the report men- tioned by your Paddington corresf)ondent P. G., that the statue of William III. in Queen Square, Bristol, is illuminated once in one hundred years. It is illuminated when a general illumination of the city takes places, and at no other time that I am aware of. J. D. L. Bristol. MiittXlKntawi. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO FURCHASE. Andrew's CBp.) Sermons. Folio. Daniel's Roral Sports. Valpt'8 Shakspeare. Vols. VI. & X. Priestley's Works. Rutt's Edition. Vols. IV. "V. IX. XV. Alison's Ehrope. Vols. Xt. XII. XIV. XVI. XVII. XX. Porter's Tropical Agrtcultork. PoLi Synopsis. Five Vols. Folia. Steven's Book of the Farm. Coleridob's BmoRAPHiA I/itf.rahia. Part 2. of Vol. I. Aldine. Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Bouan Biography and My- thology. Part 18. Gerwan Popular Stories. By the brothers Grim ; original Kdilion, with Illustrations by Cruikshank. 2 Vols. Oriotnal Poems for Infant Minds. By several youne persons. 4th Editon. Vol.11. *•« IiCtters, statin? particulars and lowest price, carriage, free, to be sent to Mr. Brli,, Publisher of "NOTKS AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. Particulars of Price, &c. of the followins Books to be sent direct to theitentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and ad- dresses are given for that purpose : Jknyn's Mavdal of Vertebrate Animals. Moryson's fFYNEs) Itinerary. Folio. 1617. The Experic-nced Anoler. Ifi53. A good perfect copy, or an im- perfect one bavins the last leaves. Ijewis's Topographical Dictionary op England. Vol. I. 4to. 1833. Thompson's Alcrdo. Vol. Til. 4to. Any Small 4to. Tr\cts by Sir Walter Raleigh. Clean copies. Scokesby's \hctic Regions. 2 Vols. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1S20. Biake's 'William) Amehica. 4t). Or on Folio paper. Two copies. Marriage of IIkayen and Hell. Salva's Cataloode of Spanish Books. Wanted by C. Hamilton, 10. York Place, Pentonville. Duppa's Lifb of Michael Anqelo. Wanted by ffenninfjJiam & HolHn, 5. Mount Street, Westminster. Avrillion s GniDE TO Advent. By Dr. Pusey. Illustrated Commentary. Vols. I. II. V. Christian Year. Fcp. 8vo. Cathedral. Fcp. 8vo. Taylor's Holy Living, apart from the Dying. Fcp. 8vo. Portrait. Pickering. Several copies. Wanted by Charles Blackburn, Bookseller, Leamington. ITniversal Magazine for 1789. Vols. LXXXIV. & LXXXV. '"L,-^°'',''f ■'^•*'^'''"'"^ *"" Poems. (.Twenty-seven in number, published during the seventeenth century.) Wanted by John Nurse Chadwick, Esq., King's Lynn. The Political Contest. Letters between Junius and Sir W. Draper. London, Newberry. No date. Letters OF .Tunius. 1 Vol. 12mo. 1770. Published by Wheble, or without name of Publisher. ' Junius Discovered. By P. T. 1789. Reasons for rejecting the Evidence of Mr. Almon. 1807. Another Guess at Junius. 1809. A Discovery of the Author op the Letters of Junius. Taylor and Hessey, 1813. ^".luji. Sequel to Attempt to ascertain the Author op Junius. By Blake- way. 181.^. A Great Personage proved to have been Junius. No date. Junius Unmasked. 1819. The Claims of Sir P. Francis refuted. 1822. Who was Junius ? 1837. Caxton's Reynard the Fox. Percy Society Edition. 8vo. 1814. Two Copies. Wanted by William J. T/ioms. Esq., 25. Holywell Street, Millbank, Westminster. Siatltei to €arrtijfanXsmtg. Owing to the length of the Index to our Eleventh Volume, which has encroached upon the present A'umher, we are compelled to postpone until next week several interesting articles on Earle's Microcosmography, the Health of Tobacco Manufacturers. American Surnames, Orator Henley, ^c, and our usual Notes on Books. Transmission op " Notes and Queries " by Post. We must remind our readers that stamped N'umbers are re-transmitsible by post for fifteen days frr. llusenbeth's Emblems of Saints. Errata. — Vol. xi.,p. 502. col. 2. 1. 36.,/or "Pautellnria," rejid "Pan- tellaria ;" p. 508. col. 2. 1.60., for'^ a mile," read "five miles ;" p. 509. col. 1. 1. 41., /or " basilisk " read " basilic." Full price will be given for clean copies of No. 166. and No, 169. upon application to the Publisher. A few complete sets of " Notes a nd Queries." Vols. I. to XI. , are nolo : ready, price Five Guineas and a Half. For these carh/ application is desirable. They may be had by order of any Bookseller or Newsman. "Notes and Queries" is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, anrf deliver them to their Subscribers on tlie Saturday. " Notes and Queries" is also isstied in Monthly Parts, ,/7>r the corf- venience of those loho may either have a difficulty in procuring the 'un- stamped weekly Numbers, or prefer receiving it monthly. While fiarties resident in the country or abrood, who ntay be desirous of receiving the- weekly Numbers, may have stamped copies forwarded direct from the Publisher. The subscription for the stamped edition of "Notes and Queries" {inchuling a very copious InilexS is eleven shillings and four- ' pence for six months, which may be paid by Post-Office Order, drawn i» favour of the Publisher, Ma. Oeorob Bell, No. 186. Fleet Street. July 14. 1855.1 NOTES AND QUERIES. WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, Broad Sanctuary, opposite Westminster Abbey.— The Westminster Hospital was in- stituted in tlie year 1719. and was the first of the kind in the United Kingdom estnblislied and supported by Voluntary Contributions. The principle of admission is based chiefly on the urgency and nature of the symptoms of the patient, and during the past year 1,123 acci- dents and urgent cases have been received as in-patients without letters of recommendation, while 14,381 out-patients have obtained medical or surgical assistance with no other claim than tlieir sufferings. Patients are constantly re- ceived from distant districts ; admission is also freely given fo Foreigners who are ill and in distress ; and relief is (5ften afforded to patients •who are sent as urgent cases by the clergy of all denominations. 'J'he number of patients ad- mitted in 185) was, in-patients 1,754, out-patients 19,545— total 21,299. Thedemands on the Hos- pital are annually increasing, while the income from all sources has seriously declined. Thus in 1854,— £ s. d. The income was - - - 4667 2 10 The expenditure - - - 6112 19 2 J Deficiency - - 1445 16 4i These increasing demands on the Hospital may, to a certain extent, be explained by the increase of population. Three wards, affording accommodation for 42 patients, are still un- furnished and unoccupied ; and to open these wards, and thus render the Hospital as efficient as originally designed, would require an in- creased income of 1500?. a year, besides the cost of fitting up the wards for the reception of the patients. Efforts are being made to increase the Hospital accommodation of the metropolis, but the duty is more imperative to make tlie accommodation already existing available. No new establishment isrequired, no additional officers, no increased buildings, but only means to receive and support in a long-tried establish- ment an increased number of the poor and destitute. During the recent epidemic 170 cases of Asiatic cholera were admitted, and 101 of the number were restored to health and their families. 3496 cases of choleraic diarrhoea were also received, and, through prompt attention, the further progress of disease was prevented. The Committee earnestly APPEAL to the be- nevolent for AID, and trust that the extent and value of the medical and surgical relief afforded to the poor from all tarts may cause assistance to be given to the funds of this, the oldest metropolitan Hospital supported by vo- luntary contributions. Donations and Subscriptions are thankfully received by Messrs. Hoare & Co., 37. Fleet Street! by Messrs. Bouverie & Co., 11. Hay- market ; by the Joint Treasurers, the Hon. Philip P. Bouverie and Peter R. Hoare, Esq. ; or by the Secretary. F. J. WILSON, Sec. BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX- HIBITION. No. 1. 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Bicknell,Esq. T. S. Cocks,Jun. Esq. M.P. G. H. Drew, Esq. W. Evans, Esq. W. Freeman, Esq. F. Fuller. Esq. tl. H. Goodhart, Esq. Trxtftees. W.Whateley.Esq., Q.C. ; George Drew, Esq.: T. Grissell, Esq. PAwsician. — William Rich. Bnsham.M.D. Banfcer*. —Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not be- come void through temporary difficulty in pay- ing a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to theconditionsdetailedinthe Pro- spectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 1007., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits : Age £ s. d.\ Age £ ». d. 17 - - - 1 14 4 I 32- - - 2 10 8 22 - . - 1 18 8 37 - - - 2 18 6 27- - -2451 42- - -382 ARTHUR SCBATCHLEY, M.A.,F.R.A.S., Actuary. 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KING WILLIAM'S COL- LEGE, CASTLETOWN, ISLE OF MAN. — The system of EducTtion is compre- hensive, and the treatment of the Pupils is on a liberal scale. Many of the Pupils have ob- tained the highest honours at the Universities. Thecli-^ate is eminently salubrious. Terms, including Education, with French, German, and Drawing. Board and Wa-shing : — For Pupils under Twelve Years of Age. 35 Guineas per annum ; (or Pupils above Twelve Years of Age, 40 Guineas per annum. The College will re-open August 3rd. For Prospectuses apply to the Principal, the REV. DR. DIXON, or to MR. DAY, Bookseller, 13. Carey Street, Lin- coln's Inn, London. PENE A LOGICAL AND HIS- It TORICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, 18. Charles Street, St. James's Square. This Society has been founded by several Noblemen and Gentlemen inierested in Gene- alogical and Historical research for the elu- ciflation and compilation of Family History, Lineage, and Biography, and for authenti- cating and illustrating the same. For Pro- spectus, &c , api>ly to the Secretary. By order in Council. RYCROFT REE-VE, Sec. TRELOAR'S COCOA-NUT FIBRE MATTING, DOOR-MATS, MATTRESSES, and BRUSHES, gained the Prize-Medal at the Great Exhibition. At the Warehouse, 42. LUDGATE HILL, will be found an Assortment of COCOA-NUT FIBRE MANUFACTURES, unequalled for Variety and Excellence, at the most moderate Prices. Catalogues Free. NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 14. 1855. VALUABLE LETTERS AND ■ AUTOGRAPHS. A Complete Series of the Autoiraplis and Seals of all the Swedish Kings, Queens, and Regents, from Gustavus Vasa to Oscar ; com- prising, — Gustaf Vasa. Erik XIV. Jahan III. Sigismundus. Carl IX. Gustat Adolf. The Regency, 1632-44. Christina. Carl X. The Regency, 1660-72. Carl XI. Carl XII. The Regency during Charles's absence in Turkey. Ulrica Eleonora. Frcderich I. Adolf Frcderich. Gustaf III. Gustaf IV. Carl XIII. Carl XIV. Oscar. Autograph of Gustavus HI., and of his assassin, Ankarstrom. 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" The additions to this book indicate the editor to he his father's own son. He deals in folk lore, chronicles old customs and popular sayings, and has an eye to all things curious; and note-worthy. The book tells everything." — Gentleman's Magazine. " The book contains avast amount of curious information and useful memoranda." — Lite- rary Gazette. " An invaluable manual of amusement and information.'— J/ocKWijr Chronicle. "This is a work of great practical usefulness. It is a Kotes and Queries in miniature. . . . The revision which tlie present edition of it has undergone has greatly enhanced its original value." — £ra. London : WILLIAM TEGG & CO., 85. Queen Street, Cheapside. Now ready, price 2.').«., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by Special Per- mission to THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by the Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. _ The Music arranged for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, including Chants for the Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise System of Cha.ntiku, by J. B. SALE. Musical Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco cloth, price 2.'>s. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21. ifolywell Street, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of a Post-Offlce Order for that amount : and, by order, of the principal Book- sellers and Music Warehouses. '* A great advance on the works we have hitherto liad, connected with our Church and Cathedral Service." — Times. " A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly un- equalled in this country." — it> Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars : with Sketches of its Scenery and Population. By the REV. T. MILNE R, M.A., F.R.G.S., Author of "The Baltic, its Gates, Shores, and Cities," price lOs. 6d.— which may still be had. London : LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, St. LONGMANS. CATALOGUE of Curious and Useful BOOKS may be had Gratis on Application, or sent Post Free on receipt of One Stamp. R. THORBURN. 2. Carthusian Street, Charter- House Square. Now ready, in one handsome volume 4to., il- lustrated with 40 coloured plates, half bound in morocco, price 31. REMAINS OF PAGAN SAX- ONDOM, described and illustrated by J. YONGE AKERMAN, Fellow and Secre- tary of the Society of Antiquaries, London. NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 21. 1855. BOOKS FOR THE SEA-S1DE» POPULAR BRITISH SEA- WEEDS ! comprising all the MARINE PI-ANTS. By the REV. DAVID LANDS- BOROXIGH. Second Edition. With Twenty- two Plates by FITCH. 10s. 6d. coloured. " The book is as well executed as it is well timed. The descriptions are scientific as well as popular, and tlie plates are clear and ex- plicit. It is a worthy sea-side companion — a handbook for every resident on the sea- shore." — £conomtsU " Profusely illustrated with specimens of the rarious sea-weeds, beautifully drawn and ex- quisitely coloured." — Sim. " Those who desire to make themselves ac- quainted with British sea- weeds cannot do better than befrin with this elegantly illus- trated manual." — Globe. POPULAR BRITISH ZOO- PHYTES. By the REV. DR. LANDS- BOROUGH. With Twenty Plates by EITCH. 10«. 6d. coloured. " With this manual of Zoophytes, and that upon Sea- wet ds by the same author, the stu- dent con ramble alon^ the sea-shores, and glean knowledge from every heap of tangled wee.l that lies in his pathway." — Liverpool Standard. POPULAR BRITISH CONCHOI OG Y : containine a familiar His- tory of the Molluscs and Shells inhabitins the British Isles. By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. With Twenty Plates. 10s. 6d. coloured. " The name of Sowerby is a guarantee that a book on shells will be well written. Mr. G. B. Sowerby maintains the character of his father and grandfather as a naturalist, and has here product d a very instructive volume as an in- troduction to the study of shells. It will be seen by the title that this work is confined to British shells. It will be found a most con- venient handbook at the sea-side, as all the more common shells are not only described, but illustrated." — A Oienaium. " The natural history of MuUuscous animals living about our own shores is rich in instruc- tive facts ; and in this little volume the varii us species, how they live and where they wander, are carefully described." _ Press. " An excellent little work, eminently popu- lar and amusinsr, and full of information." — Ediriburiih Witness. POPULAR HISTORY OF MOLDTJSCA i or. Shells and their Animal Inhabitants. By MARY KOBl.RTS. Wih Eighteen Plates by WING. 10s. 6cl. coloured. " A handsome book , containing an interest- ing account of the formation of shells, and a po- pular history of the most remarkable shell-flsh or landsliell-animals. It will prove a nice book for the season, or for any time." — Spectator. PHYCOLOGIA BRITAN- NICA ; or, the History of the British Sea- weeds ; containing Coloured Figures and de- scriptions of all the Species of Alga3 inhabiting the shores of the British Islands. By WIL- LIAM HENRY HARVEY, M.D., M.R.LA.. Keeper of the Herbarium of the University of Dublin, and Professor if Botany to the Dul)lia Society. The price of the work, complete, Strongly bound in cloth, is as follows : £ 8. d. In 3 vols. roj;al 8vo., arranged in order of publication - - - - -7 12 6 In 4 vols, royal 8vo., arranged syste- matically according to the Synopsis 7 17 6 ««* A few Copies have been printed on large paper. " The ' History of British Seaweeds ' we can most faithfully recommend for its scientific, its pictorial, and its popular value : the pro- fessed botanist will find it a work of the highest character, whilst those who desire merely to know the names and history of the lovely plants which they gather on the sea-shore, will find in it the faithful portraiture of every one of '\\em." — Annah and Magazine of Natural History. LOVELL REEVE. Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. PHOTOHRflPHIO CAMERAS. OTTEWILL AND CO.'S Manufactory, 24. & 25. Charlotte Terrace, Caledonian Road, Islington. OTTEWILL'S Resistered Double Body Folding Camera, adapted for Landscapes or Cortraits, may be had of A. ROSS, Feather- stone Buildings, Holborn ; the Photographie Institution, Bond Street ; and at the Manu- factory as above, where every description of Cameras, Slides, and Tripods may be had. The Trade supplied. Just published. PRACTICAL PHOTOGRA- PHY on GLASS and PAPER, a Manual containing simple directions for the production of PORTRAITS and VIEWS by the agency of Light, including the COLLODION, AL- BUMEN, WAXED PAPER and POSITIVE PAPER Processes, by CHARLES A. LONG. Price Is.; per Post, Is. 'Zd. Published by BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instru- ment Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London. npHE NEW COLLODION J manufactured by BLAND & LONG, 153. Fleet Stieet, London, will bear compari- son with any other Preparation offered to Photographers. Price 9rf per oz. Can be had separate from the Iodizing Solution. Nitrate of Silver, 4s. 6M6hn He- view. T. C. NEWBY, Publisher, 30. Welbeck Street Cavendieh Square. Imp. 8T0., 21. 2s. ARCHITECTURAL STU- j[\ DIES IN FRANCE. By the REV. J. L. PETIT : withnumerous Illu-itrutions from Drawings by P. H. DELAMOTTE and by the Author. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. PHOTOGRAPHY. SOLOMON'S PHOTO- M • GRAPHIC CATALOGUE, now ready, Gratis, on application at J. 22. RED LION SQUARE, LONDON. July 21. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 3^ LONDON, SATURDAY, JULY 21, 1855. floiti. THE FOLK LOBE OF A CORNISH VILLAGE : CHABMS, OMENS, ETC. '\Continued from Vol. xi., p. 499.) The domestic treatment of disease among our poor consists chiefly of charms and ceremonies ; and even when material remedies are employed, as much importance is attached to the rites which attend their employment as to the agents used. In many cases we may notice remnants of the old doctrine of signatures, and thtf idea of sympathies and antipathies between separate and dissimilar bodies. In the cure of haemorrhages, the pre- ference is given to medicines of a bright red colour ; and safFron-water, the brightest coloured decoction they are acquainted with, is admini- stered to throw out eruptions of the skin. The nettle-rush is treated by copious draughts of net- tle-tea. The fisherman, whose hand is wounded by a hook, is very careful to preserve that hook from rust during the healing of the wound. The following instances will illustrate the super- stitious character of the household medicine of the poorer of our population. If the infant suffers from the thrush, it is taken, fasting, on three following mornings, " to have its mouth blown into" by a posthumous child. If afflicted with the hooping cough, it is fed with the bread and butter of a family the heads of which bear respectively the names John and Joan — a serious thing for the poor couple in time of an epidemic. Or if a piebald horse is to be found in the country, the child is taken to it, and passed thrice under its belly. The mere possession of such a beast confers the power of curing this disease. The owner of a piebald horse states, that he has frequently been stopped on the road by anxious mothers, who inquire of him in a casual way, what is good for the hooping cough ; and the thing he mentioned, however inappropriate or absurd, was held to be a certain remedy in that particular case. The passing of children through holes in the earth, rocks, or trees, once an established rite, is still practised in various parts of Cornwall. With us, boils are cured by creeping on the hands and knees beneath a bramble which has grown into the soil at both ends. Children affected with hernia are still passed through a slit in an ash sapling before sunrise fasting ; after which the slit portions are bound up, and as they unite so the malady is cured. The asti is indeed a tree of many virtues : venomous reptiles are never known to rest under its shadow, and a single blow from an ash stick is instant death to an adder ; struck by a bough of any other tree, the reptile is said to No. 299.] retain marks of life until the sun goes down. The antipathy of the serpent to the ash is a very old popular fallacy. (Pliny, Hist. Mundi, lib. xvi.) The mountain ash, or care, has still greater re- pute among our country folk in the curing of ills arising from supernatural as well as ordinary causes. It is dreaded by evil spirits ; it renders null the spells of the witch, and has many other wonderful properties. The countryman will carry for years a piece of the wood in his pocket as a charm against ill-wish, or as a remedy for his rheumatism. If his cow is out of health, and he suspects her to be overlooked, away he runs to the nearest wood and brings home bunches of care, which he suspends over her stall, and wreathes round her horns : after which he considers her safe. Boys, when stung by nettles, have great faith in the antidotal properties of the dock; and whilst rubbing it into the part in pain, repeat the words, " Out nettle, in dock — nettle, nettle stung me." The cures for warts are many and various. A^ piece of flesh is taken secretly, and rubbed over the warts ; it is then buried ; and as the flesh de- cays, the warts vanish. Or some mysterious vagrant desires them to be carefully counted, and marking the number on the inside of his hat, leaves the neighbourhood — when the warts also disappear. There are a few animals the subject of super- stitious veneration, and a much greater number whose actions are supposed to convey intimations of the future. In some instances it would seem that they are considered more in the light of cause than prognostic ; yet as the doctrine of fatalism, in a restricted sense, runs through the popular belief, we may consider the conduct of the inhos- pitable housewife who drives ofl" the cock that crows on the door-step, thereby warning her of the approach of strangers, as only a fresh illustra- tion of the very old fallacy that the way to avert the prediction is to silence the prophet. Here are some of our superstitions connected with animals, &c. : — The howling of dogs, the continued croaking of ravens over a house, and the ticking of the death- watch, portend death. The magpie is a bird of good or ill omen, according to the number seen at " a time : " One for sorrow ; two for mirth ; Three for a wedding ; four for death." A crowing hen is a bird of ill luck. An old proverb in use here says : " A whistling woman, and a crowing hen, are two of the unluckiest things under the sun." The first is always reproved, and the latter got rid of without loss of time. Pluquet, in his book on the superstitions of Bayeux, gives this identical proverb : " Une poule qui chante le coq, et une fille qui sif3e, ' poirtent malheur dans la maison." 38 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 21. 1855. If, on the first hearing the cuckoo, the sounds pro- ceed from the right, it signifies that you will be prosperous ; or, to use the language of my in- formant, a country lad, " You will go vore in the world : " if from the left, ill-luck is before you. Children are frequently heard to hail the cuckoo in a verse which, as it, has recently appeared in *' N. & Q.," I shall not repeat, except the former part of the second quatrain, which is a pretty variation from the commoner version ; " He sucks the sweet flowers. To make his voice clear." Particular honour is paid to the robin and the ■wren. A local distich says : " He that hurts a robin or a wren, Will never prosper sea nor land." This gives them a protection which the most mis- chievous urchin never dares to violate. It is a very prevalent belief that a bed-pillow, stuffed with the feathers of wild birds, renders painful and prolonged the departure of the dying. Death is also thought to be delayed until the ebb of the tide. The killing the first adder you see predicts that you will triumph over your enemies. The slough of an adder, hung on the rafters, preserves the house against fire. Our forefathers appear to have been among those who considered bees as possessing a portion " divinae mentis:" for there is a degree of de- ference yet paid to them, that would scarcely be offered to beings endowed with only ordinary animal instinct. On the death of a relative, the bees are acquainted of the event by moving the hive, or putting it in mourning by attaching a piece of black cloth or crape to it. The sale of bees is a very unlucky proceeding ; and they are generally transferred to another owner, with the tacit understanding that a bushel of corn (the constant value of a swarm) is to be given in re- turn. In cases of death, the in-door plants are also put in black ; for if this is omitted, they soon droop and die. The cricket is a bringer of good luck, and its departure from a house is a sign of coming mis- fortune. Amongst the omens believed in, or existing in proverbs, I may farther mention, that the break- ing of a looking-glass entails " seven years' trouble, but no want;" that the dirgeful singing of chil- dren portends a funeral. There is scarcely a sensation but has its meaning. If the left palm itches, you will have to pay money ; if the right, to receive. If the knee itches, you will kneel in a strange church ; if the sole of the foot, you will walk over strange ground ; if the elbow, you will sleep with a strange bed-fellow. If the ear tingles, you will hear sudden news. If you shiver, some one is walking over the spot destined to be your Ho. 299.] grave. If the cheek burns, some one is talking scandal of you. I have frequently heard these lines spoken by the person whose cheek is burning : " Right cheek ! — left cheek ! why do you burn ? Cursed be she that doth me any harm : If she be a maid, let her be slaid ; If she be a widow, long let her mourn ; But if it be my own true love — burn, cheek, burn ! "" Thomas Q. Couch. Cornwall. BEN JONSON AND THE LAWYERS. Whether Ben Jonson's partiality for the heads of the law arose from his having assisted in building the walls of Lincoln's Inn, or from some other cause, it would be difficult now to decide. But the fact of his admiration of them, in spite of Oldys's assertion that he ridiculed the profession^ appears in the encomiastic verses which he wrote on no less than three Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Seals, and on one Lord Chief Justice. He addressed two epigrams to Lord Chancellor Ellesmere, which seem to be written more from the heart than the others. He composed another address to Lord Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, which Giffbrd thus- characterises : " As a composition, this epigram boasts considerable merit. It is vigorous and manly, and has truth for its. basis." It affords some evidence, too, that players were, not inimical to Coke, nor Coke to them, as soma, biographers affirm. His next legal effusion is " On Lord Bacon's- Birth-day," entering his sixtieth year. With Coke's great rival, and almost avowed enemy, Ben seems somewhat at a loss. The points of his verse are laboured ; he says nothing of Bacon's justice or integrity, as in the others ; and is silent on his purity or skill in administering the laws. The address to Lord Keeper Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, the successor of Lord Bacon, appears- to have been composed soon after the bishop's- removal from the Seals ; and while it pays due compliment to the bishop, it stigmatises the "whis- perers" that effected his discharge. If we look at the commendations, addressed ta great men of such opposite characters, and if we remember the pecuniary embarrassments which toa often troubled the poet, are we far wrong in sur- mising that some of them were penned for, or with a view to, a " consideration ? " Edward Foss. July 21. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 39 ON THE HEALTH OP TOBACCO MANUFACTURERS. There exists at the present moment an associa- tion of well-meaning people, which, styling itself *' The British Anti-Tobacco Society," has for_ its object the " counterblasting" of that plant ; which, according to a late number of Chambers's Journal (Dec. 16, 1854), -" is the most extensively used of all vegetable produc- tions ; and, next to salt, "the most generally consumed of all productions whatever — animal, vegetable, or mineral — on the face of the globe." A fact which renders their undertaking only less hopeless and Quixotic than that of the late unfor- tunate Dr. Howard himself.* Under the auspices of this Society a serial appears, entitled Smoke Not ; in tlie third number of which is " An Essay by Miss M. A. W., aged xvii, to whom a Prize has been awarded by a Committee," &c. This Essay is, in every respect, below criticism ; but there is one passage to which I would call atten- tion, being curious to learn how far the assertion contained in it is true. The experienced au- thoress asserts : " That smoke is an enemy to the health of man, is proved not merely by the universally acknowledged fact, that the most melancholy results constantly ensue from the unavoidable inhalation of it by workmen in certain spheres of manufactory labour." Now I am not at all aware that this is " an uni- versally acknowledged fact," although frequently asserted by lecturers and writers on the dele- terious properties of tobacco. Neither in the account of the tobacco manufactory at Seville by the Rev. W. Robertson, — of the cigar manufac- tories at Manilla, by Wilkes (Narrative of the U. S. exploring Expedition), — nor in that at Villa Nueva, by Lyon (Lyon's Mexico), do I find any notice of the "most melancholy results;" nor have I heard them lamented at the vast "fabriks" of Justus and others at Hamburg and Bremen. On the other side of the question, the opinion of M. Simeon may be cited, as embodied in a report presented by him to the minister of public works, and communicated to the Annates d'Hygiene Publique, Octobre, 1 84.3. At that time the French government, which has the monopoly of tobacco, •employed more than 5000 workmen in its manu- facture ; who were found, as a body, to enjoy a remarkable exemption from prevailing epidemics. This was especially the case at Lyons, where those so employed escaped to a man the typhoid fever of 1842; and at Toulouse, when the influenza attacked four per cent, of the inhabitants, while of those employed in the manufacture of tobacco only two out of 286 were affected. With regard to phthisis, this exemption is still more remark- able. It is true that the workmen are subject to catarrhs, which are however slight, and easily removed. Phthisis is also of rare occurrence among the workmen at Bordeaux ; at Havre, where this disease makes fearful ravages, the to- bacco manufacturers are exempt ; and at Stras- bourg, Morlaix, and Lille, it is less frequent among this class than those engaged in other oc- cupations. These facts ' are attributed by M, Simeon to the narcotic properties of the tobacco ; but he invites the attention of the profession to the subject. In 1836, M. Maurice Ruef, of Strasbourg, pub- lished a paper on the health of the workmen in the Royal Manufactories, in which he asserted that — " Pulmonary consumption is rare among the workmen, who are engaged from their youth in the manipulation of tobacco ; moreover, this disease makes much less rapid progress than it does usually in those who may happea to have the germ of it already developed when they enter the workshop." Six years afterwards (May 31, 1842), this gentle- man wrote a letter to the editor of the Gazette Medicate, affirming that his experience during the interval had amply confirmed the accuracy of his statements. There is a chapter " Of the Diseases of Tobac- conists, or those who make Snuff," in Dr. Rama- zini's Treatise on the Diseases of Artificers, trans- lated, together with other tracts, by Dr. James under the title of Health Preserved, 8fc., London, 12mo., 1750. Here, however, I find no heavier charge than that the powder of tobacco — " vellicateth the nostrils . . and stimulates and dries the tender coat of the lungs and aspera arteria, and, with its foul steams, not only clouds the animal spirits in the brain, but produces a narcotic effect; and at the same time corrupts the digestion of the stomach by enervating the acid it contains . . . Nay, the very horses which turn the mill are so affected Avith the sharp and offensive ex- halation, that they frequently shake their heads and cough and blow their nostrils." — P. 122. I should be glad to learn the opinion of some of the professional or scientific correspondents of " N. & Q." upon this subject. William Bates. Birmingham. No. 299.] Salt, the Forbidden Food, ^c. the indefatigablk and les droits dk l'homme. Although there are a few inaccuracies in Mr. Osier's Life of Lord Exmonth that may be passed over in silence, yet the ignorant blunder that appears in the account of the action between the British ships Indefatigable and Amazon and the French ship Les Droits de I'Homme, of 74 guns, on January the 13th and 14th, 1797, requires to be noticed. At p. 100. of that biography it is stated that "Lieutenant Bell, who was quartered on the fore- 40 NOTES AND QUEEIES. [July 21. 1855. castle, and who had kept the ship's reckoning through the night" &c. Perhaps a greater im- possibility could not be mentioned as a matter of fact ; and how the four naval officers, who are said (preface, p. vii.) to have " finally revised " the work, could have passed over such an egregious error, is of no little surprise to those acquainted ■with nautical concerns ; and it is still rendered more astonishing, as one of them (Mr. Gaze), it Is presumed, would have remembered who then did " keep the log," and also had done the same in all actions for the previous three years. It does not appear to have occurred to either of these gentle- men, that the arduous duty Lieutenant Bell had to perform, rendered it utterly impossible (even if he had been so inclined) for him to have given ' the very least attention to the necessary nautical calculations for that purpose ; his situation being so very remote from all the requisite means to accomplish the same. The fact is, that the writer of this notice, very • soon after he had entered the navy In the Are- thusa, was appointed by Mr. George Bell, the master, with the sanction of Sir Edward Pellew, the captain, to " keep the log " in all actions that should occur ; and the same was done with the like sanction by Mr. Thompson, the Master of the Indefatigable. In the action with Les Droits de I'Homme, Lieutenant Bell knew nothing of the situation of the Indefatigable until between 2 and 3 a.m. of January 14, when it was reported to him (by the writer of this notice), with a com- mand from Sir Edward " to keep a look out for the land." Lieutenant Bell on being informed, in answer to his inquiry, that we should make the vicinity of the " Penmarcks," said, " Then I must keep a sharp look out," and instantly placed two of the seamen in the forerigging (one on each side) for that purpose. This is the simple truth, and can (it Is pre- sumed) be vouched for by living witnesses, not- withstanding the lapse of more than fifty-eight years. It is therefore hoped that should another edition of the biography be wanted, it will be corrected upon this point. R. M. Metcalf, Schoolmaster and Assistant-Clerk of the Arethusa, and Clerk and Schoolmaster of the Indefatigable, 1794 to 1797. 5. Montpelier Terrace, Walworth. AMEBICAN SURNAMES. An old bachelor of eighty, named Benjamin Bird, lately married Mrs. Julia Chaff, aged thirty ; an event which, according to the newspapers, re- futes an old proverb. General Quattlebum was recently a member of the South Carolina legislature. No. 299.] Henry Moist was a waterman in this city, not many years ago. Mussulman and Turk are Pennsylvania names. Mrs. Mary Mock was recently arrested here for assaulting her husband, who thought her quite in earnest ; and Edward Serious, a coloured man, for a violent battery of his wife. John Thunder and Son (a Boanerges) were tailors in this city a few years ago ; at a later day a Mr, Thunder was an organist in one of our churches, and a Mr. Loud In another. Amongst appropriate names we may Include those of Doctors Physic and Hartshorne, eminent practitioners of medicine here ; and Messrs. Law and Lex of the Philadelphia Bar. We cannot say the same of Dr. Slaughter, a physician here In 1830 ; or of Mr. Whale, who has been a dancing- master for many years. Nicholas Dabb is a painter In New Jersey. John C. Copper is an engraver In this city. Sergeant King, of the United States army, died suddenly at Carlisle, Pa., in 1850; and a brother sergeant, named Queen, dropped dead while assist- ing in laying him out. Mr. J. H. Clay Mudd was a clerk to Congress In 1849. Messrs. Gutelius and Slink were officers of the Pennsylvania legislature In 1849. Rev. Mr. Slicer was one of the chaplains to Congress a few years ago. Rev. Mr. Yocura officiates at most of the mar- riages in Appleton, Wisconsin. Solomon Rake was married In Doylestown, Pa., In 1849. Tea was plaintiff", and Phiz defendant. In a suit brought here a few years ago. Dr. Toothaker is a physician In this city. J. Cain is a broker in Baltimore. Charles Bitters died here in 1794. In 1853, Mary Elizabeth Buggy died at Mana- yunk, Pa. Augustus Cowman RItter died lately in Wash- ington city. Bitter is the German for horseman. Sophia Bible administered to her hxisband's estates in Philadelphia in 1849. Rev. Jesse Boring, from Georgia, died at St. Louis in 1850. Bishop Capers announced his de- cease to the Conference, of which he was a member. Mr. Failing keeps a hotel at Canandagua, New York ; and a Mr. Owings was an insolvent debtor lately, as might have been expected. John Augustus Mush died here this year. Mr. Gagger was a lawyer In Albany, New York, In 1852. Samuel Meek of Georgetown, S. C, advertises that he wishes to purchase fifty negroes. A Mrs. Halfman keeps the Halfway House near this city. We have also the name of Double- man. - The Oyster family Is a large one In the Interior- July 21.1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 41 of Pennsylvania. Probably the name is a corrup- tion of the German Eyster. William Henry Hiss is a chairmaker in Balti- more. Samuel Pother, of New York, cautioned his fellow citizens in 1835 against two quack dentists (the Brothers Crawcour), who had plugged some of his teeth with their " Eoyal Mineral Succeda- neum," and given him a wash for the others. Two of his teeth came out in coughing, and the wash salivated him. Messrs. Thunder and Rohr, two professors of music in this city, are about performing Rossini's " Stabat Mater." Notices of marriages and deaths, and of arrivals at hotels, have furnished most of the following names : Madder, Muszgnug, Maypole, Muckle, Macca- bees, Manspeaker, Mumper, Moth, Most, Mint, Midnight, Marrow, Moist, Measles, and Malady. Noggle, Neigh, Nettles, Nix, Noacre (perhaps descended from John Lackland). Overland, Overstreet, Outwater, Outerbridge, Onyx, Owner. Pavonarious, Pamphilion, Pippin, Peepear, Pick- ing, Purse, Pistole, Peppercorn, Pike and Pluck, Pique, Pitty, Poppy, Puling, Player, Poorman, Pardon, Pottle, Pipkin, Patchman. Quibbleman, Quarters. Rhino, Register, Records, Rosin, Ruby, Red- lion, Rump, Rumbolder, Rubber. See and Saw, Scout, Shaver, Sharper, Scamp, Sixty, Shotgun, Servant, School, Sneer, Spleen, Sour, SnufF, Simpers, Standing, Shade, Slow, Shoe, Side and Sides, Shallow, Smock and Shirts, Stiff and Stiffer, Sapp, Straw, Stretch and Stretcher, Spitfathom, Snag, Snagg, Shad, Sherry, Sponge, Stair, Springs, Straight, Spain, Spunk, Straw- berry, Stamp, Shines, Saucerbox, Shroud, Stum- ble, Shed, Scullion, Skeleton, Sleeper, Shingle, Sell, Steamer, Sweeten, Snare, Steer, Stallion, Stubblefeel, Smile, Showers, Sirjohn, Smack, Stuck, Storms and Sinkhorn. Tart, Taunt, Tankard, Teal, Tallman, Thistle, Tags, Threat, Thaw, Tongue, Toadvine, Tittle, Tiller and Helm, Towel, Tubs, Turbot, Terrier, Touchstone, Trap, Twingh, True, Trader, Tem- pest, Twigger, Twin, Throne, Tweedle, Tyne. Upright. Vixen, Viper, Vizard, Vermillion. Wizard, Week, Watchman, Winternight, Wages, Witherup, Wind, Wallower, Work and Worknot, Wool, Wraith, Walnut, Whip and Whipper, Wom, Warrant, Watte, Wart, Winkle, Wheat, Winegar (the owner of which name should have taken old Waller's advice to " spell it with a wee "). Yearly, Yeast, Yell, Yarn. For many of the names in this and the preced- ing paper, I am indebted to the large and curious No. 299.]] " Collection of Surnames" made by the late Edward D. Ingraham, Esq., of this city. Uneda. Philadelphia. LITERATURE OP HOLLAND. ) In the back of an old book I have just found the following, which may interest the readers of The Navorscher : 1. A few small bits of vellum, containing frag- ments of a translation of the Gospels or New Testament, apparently from the fourteenth cen- tury. The pieces belong to Matthew xiv. and xv. I give an extract, ch. xiv. v. 19. &c. : " Brach. vfi gab sinen iugen di brot. ab' dl iugen gebl de schare vn aire asse. vn sit gesetzo. vii ufburte di aleybe. zwelf korbe vol brecke. ab' d' esznde zal waz fuf tusth ma. nz genum •w[ro]e. vnde cleine." The dialect approaches the middle Saxon. Is this translation known ? 2. A fly-sheet on death, printed on one side, ap- parently from the end of the fifteenth or begin- ning of the sixteenth century. The one-half (whether the upper or lower I cannot say) is a large coloured wood-cut, representing King Death, crowned, winged, and swinging a scythe, dashing along on a white horse, people of all ranks falling before him. The top and two sides are much dipt, and below we read, — "Des Doots die onuersienlick is en snel Weest altoos ghedachtich / soe doet ghy wel." Of the other half, which must have consisted of four columns, each of about twenty-eight lines, the first column seems to be cut away, as is half of the last. The following is part of the second (originally the third ?) column : " Dan thoenen hem die Helsche Personagien Vrenden/ Maghen / drijuen dan curagien / Sy douwent Hoeft / si strijcken Armen en Beenen Na werck volcht loon dan sulcke strijt sulcke gagien In manus tuas roept men dan alteenen Al mach men yerst wat snorken ende weenen / Noemter my eenen Men ontbeert hem wel / dorst hy slichts scheyden." The last column ends — " Ghedruckt toe Cam — ," the rest cut away, probably Campen. Does this old fly-sheet exist in Holland ? 3. Some half-leaves of an edition of a half- lexicographical comment in verse and prose, in 8vo. It has a gloss, in a Saxon dialect. Thus : " Vir sponsam diicit. sed nubit femina viro Pro parit et loquitur de regit et remouetque Conducit precium tradens prebensque ducatum Duco leyden. vt cecus cecum ducit." "Ducere naribus significat rueken Secundo habere. ut iobannes bonam ducit vitam. Tertio significat despon- sare vt vir sponsam ducit. sed sponso femina nubit quarto 42 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 21. 1855. cloppen vt ducant aurum. Inde ductile dat geclopt is. Fusile dat ghegossea is. Fictile dat ghebacken is," &c. What is the title of this work ? Should Notes of this kind be acceptable, I can easily supply others. Geokge Stephens. Copenhagen, June, 1855. Minor Hatti. Origin of Puffing. — " Few persons have an idea of the origin of the word puff, as applied to a newspaper article. In France, at one time, the coiffure most in vogue was called a ponff. It consisted of the hair raised as high as possible over horse- hair cushions, and then ornamented with objects indica- tive of the tastes and history of the wearer. For instance, the Duchess of Orleans, on her first appearance at court, after the birth of a son and heir, had on her pouff a repre- sentation in gold and enamel, most beautifully executed, of a nursery ; there was the cradle, and the baby, the nurse, and a whole host of playthings. Madame de ¥.g~ mont, the Duke de Richelieu's daughter, after her father had taken Port Mahon, wore on her pouff a little diamond fortress, with sentinels keeping guard: the sentinels, by means of mechanism, being made to walk up and down. This advertisement, the pouff, for such it really was, is the origin of the present word puff — applied to the in- flations of the newspapers." w. w. Malta. Junius and John Hope. — The interest which attaches to Junius is to some extent shared by his correspondents. He has not only immortalised himself, but them. Therefore the editors of his remarkable letters should try to give the names of his correspondents. To some extent this is done, but it is not always practicable. Letter LXII. is to " An Advocate in the Cause of the People." I have not seen the name of the " advocate" in any edition of the Letters. A volume before me enables me to give it : Thoughts in Prose and Verse, started in his Works, by John Hope, 8vo., Stockton, 1780. This work contains, among other things, twenty-one papers by the Leveller; and four " Letters to the Printer of the Public Adver- tiser on the Custom of Impressing Seamen." Two of the latter are addressed to Junius, whose reply to one as Philo-Junius is also given. I conclude with a Query : Who, and what, was John Hope?* B. H. C. " Times' " Advertisements. — Edgar A. Poe — I presume all your readers know who he was — remarks (in The Gold-Bug, and on the subject of secret writing), " It may well be doubted whether human ingenuity can construct an enigma of the kind, which human ingenuity may not, by proper application, resolve." Taking up recently [* For notices of John Hope, see "N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 582., and Vol. vi., pp. 18. 39.] No. 299.] The Times of February 13, I saw a very mys- terious effusion, running in numerals, which a couple of minutes' attention deciphered thus]: the numerals represented letters in regular succession, commencing with m 1 to r 14, a 15, and so on to I 26 ; letter, for example, one of the words used, being shown as 26, 19, 8, 8, 19, 6. So the mystery solved becomes the ridiculous mouse. In like manner, about two months previously I discovered in The Times another advertisement on a still more simple, and consequently useless, principle. The chief letters, especially the vowels, were omitted, and by the supply of these, easily guessed notwithstanding the running of word into word, the entire advertisement was revealed. What possible end can these notifications answer ? W. T. M. Hong Kong. ^MtvizS. EDITIONS OF MICEOCOSMOGRAPHT. I wish, for a bibliographical object, to discover the date of, and some particulars relative to, the fourth edition of Bishop Earle's Characters, a little book formerly known, and still often so called in booksellers' catalogues, as Blount's Microcosmography, from Blount, the bookseller's name, being affixed to the preface. The first edition was "Lond., by W. S. for Ed. Blount, 1628." Of this, after a search of more than forty years, I have only seen two copies ; one in the Bodleian Library, the second recently obtained for my own little collection. It may be distinguished from all subsequent im- pressions as " newly composed for the northerne parts of this kingdome," and having one character, that of a herald, omitted in all other copies till 1633. The number of characters in this first edition amounts to fifty-four. The second edition has the same date, 1628, Lond., by William Stansby for Edward Blount ; number of characters fifty-three. Third edition, also same date, 1628, Lond., by William Stansby for Robert Allot ; number of characters fifty-three. Fourth edition, subject of this Query. Few books enjoyed a greater reputation, or seem to have commanded a more ready sale. There was a fifth edition in 1629 for Robert Allot, "much enlarged," the number of characters amounting to seventy-six. The sixth edition, " augmented," 1633, by E. A. for Robert Allot, has seventy-eight characters. The seventh edition, 1638, by J. L. for Andrew Crooke ; number of characters, seventy-eight. Between the sixth and seventh a surreptitious edition appeared, 1650, printed by W. Bentley for July 21. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 43 William Shears, at the Bible in the New Rents. This was a reprint from the second or third edi- tions, as it contains only fifty-three characters, omitting that of a herald, which had been given, as before stated, in the first. The eighth edition, 1664, printed by R. D. for P. C. Number of characters seventy-eight. The ninth edition, 1669, by Thomas Ratcliff and Thomas Daniel, for Philip Chetwynd. Num- ber of characters seventy-eight. In 1676 was an edition, London, for Samuel Crouch, at the corner of Pope's Head Alley, next Cornhill : this is not called the tenth in the title- page, nor is it indeed anything more than the remaining copies of the ninth (1669), with a different title. The above were all in 12mo. The next edition was a small 8vo., Lond., by E. Say, 1732. It professes to be a reprint from the sixth of 1633, and is creditably and carefully executed, with a list, though necessarily incorrect, of former editions, and a brief account of the author. It had another title in 1740, The World Displayed, Sec, London, printed for and sold by C. Ward and R. Chandler, at the Ship without Temple Bar, and at their shops in Coney Street, York, and at Scarborough Spaw. In 1786 it was reprinted at Salisbury by E. Easton ; sold also by G. and T. Wilkie, St. Paul's Churchyard, London. This professes to be taken from the edition of 1650, and is of course incom- plete. I have not a copy before me, and cannot specify the number of characters. In 1811 the writer of this article published the last edition, with a few notes, and an appendix containing such information as he was then able to collect. It is certainly the most complete of all the impressions, but experience has convinced him that it is capable of great improvement, par- ticularly in the list of characters and books of characters, which in his own interleaved copy is increased fourfold. The book, however, is too common and unimportant to induce any pub- lisher to venture on such an undertaking. I may, perhaps, add that the late Mr. Bright had a MS. copy, and clearly a very early one, containing fifty-one characters. Those omitted, and which appear in the first printed edition, are " The World's Wise Man," " A Vulgar Spirited Man," and " A Stayed Man." This MS. was in my hands at the time of Mr. Bright's death, and would have been so still, but for a slight oversight of my old friend Thomas Rodd.* I am bound to [* We find in an old number of the Oxford Paper the following brief account of the late Mr. Rodd : many of our readers will be glad to preserve it in the pages of " N. & Q." " April 23, at his house in Great Newport Street, Mr. Thomas Rodd, bookseller. Mr. Rodd had left home in the morning to all appearance as well as usual, and in excellent spirits, in order to make some researches at the No. 299.] forgive him, since my small library, such as it is, owes nearly all its value to his extensive and ac- curate information, his unwearied research, and his friendly co-operation. Philip Buss. "descents en angleteree." Your valuable paper has so extensive a circu- lation, and commands the attention of so varied a list of readers, that I hope you will allow the fol- lowing question to be inserted, as by that means it is probable that a fact of some interest, even in an historical view, may be ascertained. Is the Napoleon medal, with the title " Descente en Angleterre," real and genuine ? It is well knowa as struck by Thomason, who issued it as an exact copy from an original medal made at Paris ; but many believe that it was his invention as well as work, Laving taken the " Frappe a Londres " from the Napoleon medal of the entry to Vienna. The copy in the collection at Paris is clearly one of Thomason's, while that in the Museum at Boulogne is stated to be an original, and in the appearance of the metal certainly looks different from those which were struck at Birmingham. Sir Edward Thomason professed that an original had been lent to him by the Duke of Wellington, British Museum, and transact business with the libra- rians. Whilst there he was seized with paralysis, losing the power of speech and motion. He was immediately conveyed home, shortly became insensible, and died the same evening ; all endeavours to check the progress of the disorder proving ineffectual. In the death of this amiable man the literarj' world sustains a loss that will not be easily repaired. Mr. Rodd joined to a most ex- tensive knowledge of books, manners the most unpre- tending and obliging. His ready kindness in imparting the stores of information he possessed, will be acknow- ledged by all who have had occasion to apply to him; whilst the strict integrity of his conduct, and the total absence of everything like exorbitance or overreaching in his mode of transacting business, had gained him a high character both in this country and on the Continent, and procured for him a most extensive and important trade. The Bodleian Librarj', as well as the British Museum, owe to Mr. Rodd's exertions the recent acqui- sition of many treasures; and the noble library lately formed at Queen's College by the munificence of the late Dr. Mason, is mainly indebted to his knowledge and personal superintendence for one of the most select col- lections of printed books ever brought together, and from which a just estimate maj' be formed of his good taste and sound judgment as a "bibliographer. We may add that Mr. Rodd numbered among his acquaintance many of the most distinguished literary characters in thie kingdom ; as a proof of which the late Mr. Grenville was in constant communication with him, and Mr. Douce be- queathed him a legacy in token of his regard. In this University, where he was well known and most highly respected, he was received rather as a personal friend than a man of business; and his loss will be felt and ac- knowledged by very many who enjo3'ed the pleasure of his acquaintance, and knew his worth." — Ed. " N. & Q."] 44 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 21. 1855. from which his was made as an exact copy ; that on the failure of the plan of invasion, the medals were suppressed and the die destroyed. I have heard it stated that eleven of the originals, and not more, were issued ; and that three or four are in England. If any of your correspondents could give information which would elucidate the fact, it would be interesting. Different opinions have been stated, on what would at first appear the best authority, as to the real intention of Napoleon for his grand military display at Boulogne : if it could be proved that this was a genuine medal struck by order of Napoleon, and cancelled upon his marching the troops to Germany, it would be strong evidence that the invasion of England was really intended. H. H. THE LAWTEE. The following lines, which I met with among a collection of miscellaneous pamphlets and scraps of poetry, may not be unworthy of a place in your periodical. They are printed on a sheet of fools- cap ; and at the head is a cut representing St. Peter opening the gates of heaven to a lawyer de- sirous of entering, but whom the apostle, on re- cognising his profession, refuses to admit. There is no date or author's name attached, and I should be glad if any of your correspondents could inform me on this point. William Henky Hakt. Albert Terrace, New Cross. "the lawyer. Professions will abuse each other ; The priest won't call the lawyer brother ; While Salkeld still beknaves the parson, And says he cants to keep the farce on ; Yet will I readily suppose • They are not truly bitter foes. But only have their pleasant jokes, And banter, just like other folks ; As thus, for so they quiz the Law, Once on a time th' attorney Flaw, A man, to tell you as the fact is, Of vast chicane, of course of practice ; (But what profession can we trace Where some will not the corps disgrace? Seduc'd, perhaps, by roguish clieyit, Who tempts him to become more pliant), A notice had to quit the world, And from his desk at length was hurl'd. Observe, I pray, the plain narration : 'Twas in a hot and long vacation, When time he had, but no assistance, Tho' great from courts of law the distance, To reach the court of truth and justice (Where I confess my only trust is) : Tho' here below the learned pleader Shows talents worthy of a leader, Yet his own fame he must support. Be sometimes witty with the Court, Or work the passions of a jury By tender strains, or, full of fury. Misleads them all, tho' twelve apostles, While with new law the judge he jostles, No. 299.] And makes them all give up their pow'rs To speeches of at least three hours. But we have left our little man. And wander'd from our purpos'd plan : 'Tis said (without ill-natur'd leaven), * If ever lawyers get to heaven. It surely is by slow iegrees' (Perhaps 'tis slow tney take their fees). The case, then, now I'll fairly state: Flaw reach'd at last to heaven's high gate : Quite spent, he rapp'd, none did it neater. The gate was open'd by St. Peter, Who look'd astonish'd when he saw, All black, the little man of law ; But Charity was Peter's guide. For, having once himself denied His Master, he would not o'erpass The penitent of any class; Yet never having heard there enter'd A lawyer, nay, nor one that ventur'd Within the realms of peace and love, He told him, mildh', to remove. And would have clos'd the gate of day," Had not old Flaw, in suppliant way. Demurring to so hard a fate, Begg'd but a look, tho' through the gate. St. Peter, rather off his guard, Unwilling to be thought too hard. Opens the gate to let him peep in. What did the lawyer? Did he creep in; Or dash at once to take possession ? Oh no, he knew his own profession; He took his hat off with respect. And would no gentle means neglect; But finding it was all in vain For him admittance to obtain. Thought it were best, let come what will, To gain an entry by his skill. So while St. Peter stood aside. To let the door be open'd wide. He skimm'd his hat with all his strength Within the gates to no small length : St. Peter star'd ; the lawyer ask'd him ' Only to fetch iiis hat,' and pass'd him ; But when he reach'd the jack he'd thrown, Oh, then was all the lawyer shown ; He clapp'd it on, and, arms a-kembo (As if he'd been the gallant Bemho), Cry'd out, 'What think you of my plan? — Eject me, Peter, if yoc can.' " ORATOB HENLEY. In the interesting Essay on the character and writings of John Henley (the orator), which forms an article in the late Mr. D'Israeli's Calamities of Authors, some specimens are given of one of the earlier productions of that extraordinary person. I refer to Esther, a sacred poem in four books. We learn from a note to The Dunciad (book iii. line 195.), illustrative of the memorable passage — • " Embrown'd in native bronze, lo ! Henley stands," that the production which I have named was " well received by the town ;" and, certainly, the extracts from it affi)rded by our ingenious " de- tector curiositatum " seem to justify the public July 21. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 45 favour; and might even occasion some surprise that the production is so entirely forgotten. Pre- fixed is a dissertation exhibiting an intimate knowledge of oriental dialects, with some curious speculations concerning " Ahasuerus," who is al- leged to be identical with "Xerxes." This hypo- thesis, it is said, is maintained with great acute- ness of reasoning and variety of learning. Indeed, as regards Henley's acquirements as a linguist, it is stated in a memoir of him, contained in Nichols's Leicestershire, that he published, within two or three years of taking the degree of B.A. at Cambridge, a compendium of the grammar of ten languages. Strange to say, the performance first referred to is not to be found in the Cata- logue of the British Museum Library : though the unhappy celebrity of the author might impart to it, one would think, a certain degree of in- terest, independently of the erudition displayed, and the poetical ability by which the work is undoubtedly characterised. That a man so re- markably gifted should have been debased to the subsequent career which marked him for the withering invective of Pope, and the graphical satire of Hogarth, is among the most signal in- stances of the perversion, conjointly with the moral sense, of rare endowments of intellect riglitly im- proved by education : a complete extinction of the powers of taste and judgment — of almost every attribute of scholarship — observable, it is believed, in his later productions ; being, in the following letter, indicated by a style the most congenial to the degraded occupations of the writer. It is difficult to conceive this effusion as having proceeded from the author of Esther, and the grammarian of ten languages! The person addressed is the Lord Chancellor Hardwicke : the date, 1755 : " I most humbly ask pardon for informing your Lord- ship that one proof of my serving his Majesty, and the ministry, in my speeches and advertisements, is, that I gain intelligence by them of the real enemies of the court ; and the late Rt. Eton. Mr. Pelham engaged it should not be known but to the royal family, first ministers, and judges. And Mr. Pelham, some months before his death, gave me ten guineas for one piece of intelligence about certain elections; which, with others, I could not have obtained but by such advertisements and discourses. I received sixty guineas from him, in the whole, for various services of that kind on severall occasions ; and I allways invariablj- devoted my oratory, and do to y^ like intention in several shapes ; and shall be proud of every oppor- tunity to be of any service or use to y^ Lordship, and y noble family." Mr. D'Israeli sums up the character of the " Orator" in these terras : " Henley was an indefatigable student — a scholar of great attainments, and of no mean genius : hardy and inventive, eloquent and witty. He might have been an ornament to literature, which he made ridiculous — and the pride of the pulpit, which he so lamentably disgraced." The object, however, of this communication No. 299.] (which has run to an inordinate length), was to inquire where the poem of Esther can be seen ? and whether any of your correspondents may know what are, or were, the contents of the 100 volumes of MSS. inspected by Mr. D'Israeli? To judge from the letter above cited, they might possibly serve to illustrate some curious passages of the political history of that period ; I mean in regard to " party management." A. L. Temple. [There is a copy of Esther, Queen of Persia, by John Henley, in the British Museum, entered in the new MS. Catalogue under his name, press-mark 11,631. e. About fifty volumes of Henley's Lectures, in his own hand- writing, will be found among the Additional MSS. 10,346—10,349. ; 11,768—11,801. ; 12,199, 12,200. : 19,920—19,924.] Minav ^ueviti. Jonathan Swift. — A new edition of Swift'$ Works is announced by Mr. Murray, to be edited by Mr. John Forster. I, for one, rejoice at this. Though we have had edition after edition fast following one another for a century, a new one is very much wanted. The best informed, however, best know the patient labour required to pro- duce such a work as is alone worth having. Can- not " N. & Q." come to the rescue ? — help forward the good cause ? The late discussions about Pope have certainly cleared away some minor doubts and difficulties ; and it is these minors which give so much trouble to editors. May I be allowed to start the game by asking when and where the first edition of Poetry, a Rhapsody, was published ? And how is the first edition to be known ? J. S. A. Edward Barnard. — Can you or any of your readers give me any account of Edward Barnard, author of a work published in 1757, under the title of Virtue the Source of Pleasure? Another work by the same author was published in 1741, viz. Experimental Christianity of eternal advantage, exemplified in the Life of Miss Lydia Allen, of London, who died November 17, 1740, 8vo., 2nd edition, 1741. R. J, Glasgow. Anonymous Worhs. — Can you inform me who are the authors of the following anonymous novels ? — 1 . Constantia, or the Distressed Friend, 12mo., 1770. 2. The Disguise, a dramatic novel in two volumes, 12mo., 1771. 3. The West In- dian; or Memoirs of Frederick Charlton, 12 mo., 1787. E. J. Glasgow. Chancels in Ormshirk Parish Church. — In the registers of the sixteenth century, kept in the parish church of Ormskirk, the chancel is divided into two parts, and named as two distinct chan- 46 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 21. 1855. eels.'" From the junction with the nave, to half the length eastward, it is designated the " King's Chancel :" thence to the eastern extremity, the " High Chancel." There is now no visible line, or mark of division, all being uniform with the nave ; nor any document in the church which ex- plains the matter. If any of the correspondents of " N. & Q." can suggest a reason for the dis- tinction, I shall feel greatly obliged for the favour. J. D. Ormskirk. Bamford Family. — Can any one give me the ancestry of Elizabeth Bamford, of Brinnington, Derbyshire ; born in 1747, and who left that neighbourhood in 1762 to reside with the family of Mr. Tipping, partner in the firm of " Peel, Yates, & Tipping" (the first Sir Robert Peel), of Manchester ? John Scribe. Richard Kent, Esq. — This gentleman was Cashier of the Customs previously to March 25, 1679, as appears on the face of the proceedings in the impeachment of Lord Dan by (afterwards Duke of Leeds) ; and, according to Chamberlayne, he held the same office in 1692. There is reason to believe that he was a partner in one of the Gold- smith banking firms of his day. Can any of your readers give me any information on this head, or olherwise, of him ? J. K. " Aboard" " Ashore.'' — Can any of your cor- respondents defend the use of these, and analogous words ? I must confess I like them better than the expressions " on board," " on shore," which are generally preferred by fine-spoken people, l)ut which seem to me very like corruptions of a legitimate and very common form of adverb in our language, made by the addition of the affix a to a substantive. We all know what " a house afire" is; but "a house on fire," though very commonly substituted, is nonsense. Webster says the affix is sometimes a contraction of the Teutonic g-e, which anybody but a German pro- fessor, with a liberal theory of the transmutations of consonants and vowels, might think improbable. Sometimes, he adds, it is a contraction of the Saxon on, and, it may be, of the Celtic ag. I should be glad to hear any other opinion. W. M. T. Phelps, Clerk of the Parliament. — Will any of your numerous correspondents be kind enough to inform me what became of the John Phelps who •was clerk to the Parliament at the trial of Charles L ? I find his name mentioned in the Journals of the House of Commons, 12 Car. II. ; Somers' Tracts, vol. v. p. 274. ; and in Statutes at Large, art. xliv., 13 Car. II. I see also that he was sentenced, with William Lord Monson, Sir B. Mildmay, Sir James Harrington, and Robert No. 299.J Wallop, Esq., to be carried to the Tower, &c. Was this sentence carried into execution, and what became of him afterwards ? AVhere was he born, and of what family ? Oldmixon mentions the circumstance, and states that Echard says that it was so done on January 30 following. Jos. Llotd Phelps. Alexander Pope. — Inquiries are just now making^ in all directions for the works of, or works relat- ing to, Pope. Your own pages make this mani- fest; but the infection spreads, and I see that, amongst "Books Wanted" by Mr. Kerslake of Bristol, is a long list of Pope requirements, in- cluding The Dunciad of 1727 ; notwithstanding your elaborate report in proof that no such edi- tion was ever published. No matter — all honour to all seekers — good may result; and that is the apology for my troubling you. From a cotemporary catalogue of the library of Swift, Sir Walter Scott {Life, sect. 5.) gives a list of such works as " have remarks and observations on them in the hand of Dr. Swift." And amongst these is " Pope's Works, vol. ii., containing his Epistle and The Dunciad." Of course, the value of this copy must depend on the extent and nature of the remarks and observations. Is it known to be in existence ? and if so, where is it ? A. P. I. Bridge, the Organ-builder. — May I ask for in- formation as to the date of the death and place of burial of the celebrated organ-builder Bridge? Also for any particulars as to a partnership which is said to have existed between that great " tone artist" and his cotemporaries By field and Jordan? A list of the metropolitan and other church organs built by Bridge would be very interesting. T. H. Lady Jane Home : Lord Robert Kerr. — Where is any account to be found of the loves of Lady Jane Home and Lord Robert Kerr ? In what battle was Lord Robert killed ? D, Leamington. Schooley's Mountain : Sir Andrew Chadwich. — Will you allow a literary backwoodsman and former correspondent, to ask through your medium for information respecting the family of Schooley, and if there is such a place as Schooley's Moun- tain in England? Also any information respecting Sir Andrew Chadwick*, who died at the advanced age of ninety-eight in 1768, will be thankfully received by D. Stevens. Columbus, Ohio. David and Goliath. — The combat of David and Goliath is often represented in stained glass, and sometimes also in sculpture, in our English [* See a curious extract from the will of Sir Andrew Chadwick in the Gentleman's Mag., vol. Ixxiii, part ii. p. 1205.] July 21. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 47 churches. Was it in any respect symbolical of a religious feeling, or otherwise, in a secular point of view, allusive to some national event, that had its run, like many of our ale-house signs, at a par- ticular period ? L. F. Stonegbave. Precedence of Knights. — Does a knight made by a lord lieutenant take precedence of a Com- panion of the Bath (C. B.), or a Companion of the Guel()hic Order (K. H.), the latter not having been knighted ? Questor. Cahir. Florins of the fourteenth Century. — Can you inform me of any work on the value of money in the different countries of Europe from the tenth to the seventeenth century ? I have searched the British Museum in vain for information on this subject. The point which I especially wish to ascertain is the value (in modern English money) of the Italian and German florin of the fourteenth cen- tury. . T. E. K. " The Whig Examiner^'' — When was the last number published ? Miss Aikin (^Life of Addison^ says, "Addison's last Whig Examiner appeared October 8." Sir Walter Scott {Life of Swift) says, " The last Whig Examiner is dated October 12." Mr. Cunningham, in one note (Johnson's Live«, vol, ii. p. 142.), confirms what is said by Scott ; but in another, on the same page, he con- tradicts himself with a formality that puzzles me. The Whig Examiner, he says, " consists of five numbers: the first dated Aug. 3, 1710; the last, Avg.\2,\no:' T.W.E. Old Books, Country Dealers in, — Can you refer me to a list of the dealers in second-hand books resident out of the metropolis ? The utility of such a list to persons engaged in collecting for any particular object or course of reading, is so obvious, that, if it does not already exist, may I ask the help of " N. & Q." towards its formation ? A Bookworm. [We do not know of the existence of such a list as Bookworm requires, and, recognising the utility of it, we shall very gladly insert such an one if the country dealers in old books will furnish the materials.] until < 8 dayes after Easter. (Rogation Sunday J (Trinity Sunday. The entry is made in a hand of about 1666 (the date of the first entry in this volume) ; the words not and none hut Lent and fast-days are interpo- lated in a later hand ; at the same time the words included in braces were partially crossed out. In the same registers is the following quaint entry of a burial : « Sept. 29, 1766. John Portnay (a thief and a robber)." There are also several other curious entries, of which I may possibly send you a Note. W. Sparrow Simpson. This point is sufficiently elucidated in Bing- ham's Antiquities, b. xxii. c. iv. s. 1. ; Wheatly On Common Prayer (edit. Bohn), pp. 397, 398. ; and Shepherd On Common Prayer (edit. 1828), vol. ii. pp. 337. et seq. In many of our northern parishes, as noticed by Archbishop Sharpe, in a charge delivered so late as 1750, and probably in those of other portions of the kingdom, the ob- servance of the former prohibited times certainly exists at the present day as something more than a bare feeling or remembrance ; for, in the loca- lities indicated, as a sort of restriction I suppose upon marriage in those seasons, or rather perhaps in imitation of the practice of the Church before the Reformation, it is still the recognised and ac- knowledged custom to require double fees for its celebration. This latter fact, however locally ap- plicable, that parties so engaging in matrimony are under the necessity of paying "smart money" for their irregular proceeding, I am sure will serve to convince K. P. D. E. that, in this single instance at any rate, the distance is not so wide as^ he would have us believe between " the Esta- blished Church of England " and that Church to which he would alone appropriate the title of " Catholic." Wm. Matthews. Cowgill. No. 299.] Parochial Libraries (Vols. viii. ix. x. passim). — Nathaniel Symonds, Esq., of Great Yarmouth, who died in 1720, bequeathed forty shillings per annum for fifteen years, to be laid out in the pur- chase of religious books, such as the minister of Great Yarmouth should think fit, half for Ormesby St. Margaret, and half for Yarmouth or Burgh. And to several other parishes he gave annuities for the same purpose, to purchase religious books for the poor. Vide Manship's Hist, op Yarmouth {temp. Q. Elizabeth), lately edited by Chas. J. Palmer, Esq., F.S.A., p. 250. No trace, however, of this bequest, I believe, exists. In the parish chest are two folios : Bishop Lake's Sermons and Exposition of the 5\st Psalm, 1629; and Bishop Jewel's Works, which has the following inscription on one of its fly-leaves : " Ormisby S"' Margrate owneth this booke," in a hand of the period of James or Charles I., and this couplet : " Audi-mus fur-es quse inea sunt dicito Cur-es, Imus transi-mus gaude-mus nilq. time-mus." E. S. Tatloe. Ormesby St. Margaret. Arabic Grammar (Vol. xi., p. 323.). — As I have seen no reply to his Query, I may inform P. S. that my Arabic instructor at Cambridge, Hana Araman Effendi, used Duncan Stewart's (8vo., J. W. Parker, 1841) for his pupils, and I have seen no simpler or better one since. E. S. Taylor. Ormesby St. Margaret. ^^ Munchhauseii's Travels" (Vol. xi., p. 485.). — In reply to your correspondent H. H. Breen, re- specting the authorship of the Travels and Adven- tures of Baron Munchhausen, I beg to state that the story appeared in this country before Burger published his German version in 1787. If your correspondent will turn to the Gent. Mag. for July, 1786 (p. 590), he will find a notice of the second edition of Gulliver Revived, or, The Singular Travels, Sfc. of Baron Munchhausen, small 8vo., Oxford. H. Syer Cuming. " Orts" (Vol. xi., p. 501.). — This good old word is not peculiar to Devonshire ; it is very common in other counties, especially among school- boys— experto credite. And Grose, in his Glos- sary, affirms as much, thus defining the word : " Orts, fragments of victuals. Don't make or leave- orts, i. e. Don't leave any fragments on your plate." Though not now deemed classical, it was, no doubt, current coin — "verba valent ut nummi" — in Shakspeare's days : " The fragments of her faith, orts of her love." Troilus and Cressida, Act V. Sc. 2. " Some slender ort of his remainder Timon." Timon of Athens, Act IV. Sc. 3. Charles Hook. 5e NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 21. 1855. NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. Mr. Akerman has brought to a close his Remains of Paqan Saxondom, principally from Tumuli in England, by thT publication of Parts XVII. XVIII. XIX. and XX., which contain, with illustrative notes, Plates 33. Jewelled Clasps from Hampshire, Spoon from a Barrow at Chatham ; 34, FibulcB found in Norfolk, Wilts, and Kent ; 35. Ob- jects found in Suffolk, Wilts, and Kent ; 36. Fork, Amber, and Spindle Whirls; 37. Fibula from Linton Heath, Cam- bridge ; 38. Large dirk-shaped Fibula: found in Bucking- hamshire ; 39. Objects found in Suffolk, Norfolk, Wilts, and Kent ; and 40. Fibula Hairpins and Necklace. The value and utility of a work like the present, in which the objects are carefully drawn from, and as nearly as possible the size of, the originals, was shown at the last meeting of the Society of Antiquaries, when the remarkable urn and its contents, found at Eye in Suffolk, and figured in Plate 22., formed the subject of a most learned cotnmu- nication from Mr. J. M. Kemble, satisfactorily establish- ing their Sclavonic character. The Illustrated London News of Saturday last an- nounces that " the name and fate of Pope's Unfortunate Lady are known to the forthcoming editors of Pope, who derive their authority from Molly Lepel (Lady Hervey), whose means of information were indeed ample." We hope that this announcement may be received as an indication that the new edition of Pope is nearly ready for pub- lication. Books Received. — The Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, Vol. V. This new volume of Parker's Annotated Edition of the British Poets is most creditable to its editor. It contains old Geoffrey's eminently poetical version of Troylus and Cryseyde, with a carefully-written introduc- tion ; and a collation, for the first time we believe, of the printed edition with three early MSS. of the Poem. The Influence exerted by the Mind over the Body, by John Glen, M.A. This little volume, which contains the Bulwer Lytton Prize Essay on the subject to which it refers asubject, indeed, of the very highest interest and importance — is well deserving of attentive perusal, and will repay the time devoted to that purpose. Ogilvie's Supplement to the Imperial Dictionary, English, Technological, and Scietitijic, Parts VI. and VII. These two numbers, which complete this useful appendix to all dictionaries, contain, besides its alphabetical additions, three Supplements, comprising : 1. Pronouncing Vocabu- lary of Greek and Latin Proper Names ; 2. Pronouncing Vocabulary of Scripture Proper Names ; and lastly, 3. A similar Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. Thb Hiberniav Maoazine, on Compendidm of Entertaining Know- i,EDOE,forl771,177-2, & 1773. „, „ „ , ,_, , „,.,. Scott's Novels AND Romances. Vol. V. Constable a Edition. Heath's Picturesque Annual. 1840. Holt's Miscellanfoos Extracts from various Authors. 1836. Andretes's(Bp.> Sermons. Folio. Daniel's Rural Sports. Valpy's Shakspeark. Vols. VI. fe X. „ ,„ „„ Priestley's Works. Rutt's Edition. Vols. TV. V. TX. XV. Alison's E-ibope. Vols. Xr. XII. XIV. XVI. XVII. XX. Porter's Tropical Agriculture. PoLi Synopsis. Five Vols. Folia. Steven's Book of the Farm. CoLERtDot's BrooRAPHiA IviTERARiA. Part 2. of Vol. I. AldinB. Smith's Dictionary op Greek and Boman Biography and My- thology. Part 18. •»» IJetters. statins particulars and lowest price, carnage free, to be • sent to Mr. Beli,, PubUsher of "NOTES AND QUEKIES," 186. Fleet «treet. No. 299.] Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and ad- dresses are given for that purpose : Cinquante Meditations sur la Passion de Notre Seigneur Jesus Christ. Par le P6re FranQois Costerus S. J., avee gravures, (circa) 1600. Wanted by W, Hutchison, Esq., Fincham, Downham, Norfolk. The Lives op the Two TTnportonate Princesses, Ann Boletn and Lady Jane Grey. Wanted by Sev. H. Grey, Uplands, Winchester. Jentn's Manual of Vertebrate Animals. Moryson's (Fynes) Itinerary. Folio. 1617. The Experienced Angler. 1653. A good perfect COpy, Or an im- perfect one having the last leaves. Lewis's Topographical Dictionary op England, Vol. I. 4to. 1333. Thompson's Alcedo. Vol. III. 4to. Any Small 4to. Tracts by Sir Walter Raleigh. Clean copies. Scoresby's Arctic Regions. 2 Vols. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1820. Blake's (William) America. 4to. Or on Folio paper. Two copies. Marriage op Heaven and Hell. Salva's Catalogue of Spanish Books. Wanted by C. Hamilton, 10. York Place, Pentonville. Ddppa's Life of Michael Anoelo. Wanted by Henningham ^ Hollis, 5. Mount Street, Westminster. Avrillion's Guide to Advent. By Dr. Pusey. Illustrated Commentary. Vols. I. II. V- Christian Year. Fcp. Svo. Cathedral. Fcp. Svo. Taylor's Holy Living, apart from the Dying. Fcp. 8vo. Portrait. Pickering. Several copies. Wanted by Charles Blackburn, Bookseller, Leamington. Universal Magazine for 1789. Vols. LXXXIV. & LXXXV. John Horne's Pamphlets and Poems. (Twenty-seven in number, published during the seventeenth century.) Wanted by John Nurse Chadwick, Esq., King's Lynn. The Political Contest. I/etters between Junius and Sir W. Draper. London, Newberry. No date. Letters of Junius. 1 Vol. 12mo. 1770. Published by Wheble, or without nime of Publisher. Junius Discovered. By P. T. 1789. Reasons for rejecting the {Evidence op Mr. Almon. 1807. Another Guess at Junius. 1809. A Discovery of the Author of the Letters of Junius. Taylor and Hessey, 1813. Sequel to Attempt to ascertain the Author of Junius. By Blake- way. 1815. A Great Personage proved to havk bkek Junius. No date. Junius Unmasked. 1819. The Claims of Sir P. Francis refuted. 1822. Who was Junius ? 1837. Caxton's Reynard the Fox. Percy Society Edition. 8vo. 1844. Two Copies. Wanted by William J. Thorns. Esq., 25. Holywell Street, Millbank, Westminster. fiatltt^ to CarresJpaiiUeutS. Among other contributions which we are compelled to poHpone until next week are articles On the Annual Register, Destruction of Exchequer Documents, Pope and Bathurst, Src. A. Z.'s kind suggestion as to readers of " N & Q." endeavouring to make its existence more widely known by the circulation of our Prospectus among their friejvJs was acted upon some two or three years since with very good effect. We shall of course again be glad to fomard cof ies for that purpose to A. Z.,or any otiier friend disposed so to assist us. A new Prospectus is in preparation. S. Singleton. The beautiful line quoted by our Correspondent — " Last at the Cross and earliest at the Grave " — is from Eaton Barrett's Poem entitled " Woman." See " N. & Q.," Vol. viii., pp. 292. 3S0., &c. Full price will he given for clean copies of No. 166. and No. 169. upon application to the Publisher. A few complete sets of '* Notes and Queries." Vols. I. to XI.. are now ready, price Yjvr Guineas and a Half. For these early application is desirable. They may be had by order of any Bookseller or Newsman. "Notes and Queries" is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver tJiem to their Subscribers on the Saturday. "Notes AND Queries" is also issued in Monthly Parts, for the con- venience of those who may either have a difficulty in procuiina the un- stamped weekly Nunibers, or prefer receiving it monthly. While parties resident in the country or abroad, who may be desirous of receirinn the. weekly Numbers, may have stamptd copies forwarded direct from the Publisher. The S7d)scriptitm for the stamped edition of "Notes and Queries " (including a very copious fnde.r) is eleven shillings ami four- pence for six months, which may be paifl by Post-Office Order, drawn in favour of the Publisher, Ma. Gbokok Bell, No. 186. Fleet Street. July 21. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, Broad Sanctuary, opposite Westminster Abbey.— The Westminster Hospital was in- stituted in tlie year 1719. and was the first of the kind in tlie Uni'ed Kinftdom established and supported by Voluntary Contributions. The principle of admission is based chiefly on the ur^^ency and nature of the symptoms of the patient, and during the pa?t year 1,123 acci- dents and uraent cases have been received as in-patients without letters of recommendation, while 14,381 out-patients have obtained medical or surgical assistance with no other claim than their sufferings. Patients are constantly re- ceived from distant districts ; admission is also freely given to Foreigners who are ill and in distress ; and relief is often afforded to patients who are sent as urgent cases by the clergy of all denominations. 'J he number of patients ad- mitted in 1851 was. in-patients l,75«,out-patients 19,5-15 — total 21,299. The demands on the Hos- pital are annually increasing, while the income from all sources has seriously declined. Thus in 1854,— £ ». d. The income was - - - 4667 2 10 The expenditure - - - 6112 19 21 Deficiency - - 1445 16 4J These increasing demands on the Hospital may, to a certain extent, be explained by the increase of population. Three wards, affording accommodation for 42 patients, arc still un- furnished and unoccupied ; and to open tliese wards, and thus render the Hospital as efficient as originally designed, would require an in- creased income of 1500^ a year, besides the cost of fitting up the wards for the reception of the patients. Efforts are being made to increase the Hospital accommodation of the metropolis, but the duty is more imperative to make the accommodation already existing available. No new establishment is required, no additional officers, no increased buildings, but only means to receive and support in a long-tried establish- ment an increased number of the poor and destitute. During the recent epidemic 170 cases of Asiatic cholera were admitted, and 101 of the number wtre restored to health and their families. 3496 cases of choleraic diarrhoea were also received, and, through prompt attention, the further progress of disease was p evented. The Committee earnestly APPEAL, to the be- nevolent for AID, and trust that the extent and value of the medical and surgical relief afforded to the poor from all (arts may cause assistance to be given to the funds of this, the oldest metropolitan Hospital supported by vo- luntary contributions. Donations and Subscriptions are thankfully received by Messrs. Hoare & Co., 37. !• leet Street; by Messrs. Bouverie & Co., II. Hay- morket ; by the Joint Treasurers, the Hon. Philip P. Bouverie and Peter R. Hoare, Esq. j or by the Secretary. F. J. WILSON, Sec. ONE THOUSAND BED- STEADS TO CHOOSE FROM.- HEATi & SON have just erected extensive Premises, which enable them to keep upwards of One Th'msand Bedsteads in stock. One Hundred and Fifty of which are fixed for in- spection, comprising every variety of Brass, Wood, and Iron, with Chintz and Damask Furnitures, complete. Their new Warerooms also contain an assortment of BED-ROOM FURNITURE, which comprises every requi- eite, from the plainest Japanned Deal for Ser- vants' Rooms, to the newest and mo.-t tasteful designs in Mahogany and other Woods. The whole warranted of the soundest and best ma- nufacture. HEAL & SONS ILT USTRATED CATALOOUE OF BEDSTEADS, AND PRICED LIST OF BEDDING, sent Free by Post. HEAL & SON, 196. Tottenham Court Road. MR. GEO. HAYES, Dent'st, of 66. Conduit Street, Regent Street, has a vacancy for a PUPIL. He would be fully in- structed in Mechanical, as well as Operative Dentistry, and receive many unusual advan- tages. If desired, he may attend the Classes at either of the Colleges. TRAVELLERS' AND MA- RINE INSURANCE COMPANY. Chief Office. -5. GRESHAM STREET, LONDON. Tbostees. The Rt. Hon. the Earl Fitzwilliam, K. G. Sir Charles Fox. Matthew Marshall, Esq., Bank of England. William Smee, Esq., Bank of England. irOTICB OF DXVZBGIffS. EXAMPLE OF RATES. DEATH FROM ANY ACCIDENT. Annual Premium. Sum Insured. Sick Allowance, per Week. £ i.d. 2 0 0 £ 1000 £ ». d. 5 0 0 DEATH FROM RAILWAY ACCIDENT. Annual Premium. Sum Insured. Sick Allowance, per Week. £ s. d. 0 8 0 £ 1000 £ s. d. 5 0 0 TOTAL LOSS OF HEALTH. Annual Premium. Age 21 £ s. d. 1 13 2 (6100 per annum during disability. For Infobmation, Pbospfctcses, Fobms, KTC, APPtV TO TBE ChIEF OfFICE, 5. GrESBAU Street, I.ondo.v. WESTERN LIFE ASSU- RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, S, PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. Founded A.D. 1842. Directors. T. Orissell.Esq. J. Hunt. E8(j. J. A. Lethbridge.Esq. E. Lucas. Esq. J. Ipectfully intimate that in addition to their ROYAL PIANOFORTES, fr| octaves, in rosewood and mahogany, at 25 Guineas th y have opened new show rooms for the exhibition of their ROYAL CONCERT PIANOFORTES, with repeater action, suited for apartments of the largest size, possessing the tone, touch, and' advantages of the grand, without its magni- tude and expense. Price 40 Guineas. Every Instrument warranted. The peculiar ad- vantages of these Pianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial, signed by the majority of the leading musi- cians ot the age : — " We, the undersigned members of the musical profession, having careftilly examined the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great pleasure in bearing tes- timony to their merits and capabilities. It ap- pears to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal tem- perament, while the elegance of their construc- tion renders them a handsome ornament for the libra; y, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R. Bishop, J. Blcw- itt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, K F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover. Henri Herz, E. Harrison. H. F. Hass<^, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W.H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F. Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee. A. Leffler. E. J. Loder. W. H. Montgomery, S. Nelson. G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, P. P;aegar, E. F. Riirbault. Frank Romer, O. H. Kodwell, E. Rockell, Sims Reeves J. Templeton, F.We- ber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright,'*^ &c. D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis. 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HUGH JAMES ROSE, B.D., Chaplain to His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury s with STRICTURES on MILNER'S CHURCH HISTORY. 8vo, l«.6d. A SECOND LETTER to the REV. HUGH JAMES ROSE, B.D. i con- taining NOTES on MILNER'S HISTORY of the CHURCH in the FOURTH CEN- TURY. 8vo. is.Gd. A LETTER to the REV. JOHN KING, M.A.. Incumbent of Christ's Church, Hull ; occasioned by his PAMPHLET, en- titled " Maitland not authorised to censure Milner." 8vo. 2s. 6d. REMARKS on that Part of the EEV. J. KING'S PAMPHLET, entitled *' Maitland not authorifcd to censure Mduer," which relates to the WALDENSES. includ- ing a Heply to the REV. G. S. FaBER'S SUPPLEMENT, entitled "Reinerius and Maitland." 8vo. 2s. 6d. An INDEX of such ENGLISH BOOKS printed before the year MDC. as are now in the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth. 8vo. is. i RTVINGTONS, Waterloo Place, P»U MaU. July 28. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. !^t LONDON. SATURDAY, JULY iS. 1855. ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE. A few days ago I stumbled again upon the follow- ing letters. They will show many of your readers a world with which they are wholly unacquainted ; and their publication may be useful in more re- spects than one. Many a poor working man is possessed by the notion that he has squared the circle or found the longitude, and imagines that he is the only person who is trying it. I could cite some sad instances of the manner in which such persons have left their work and injured their families, to employ themselves in making their fortunes by help of the circle. The present instance is that of a worthy man from an agri- cultural district, who sent me his quadrature of the circle, accompanied by the copy of a letter he had written to the Lord Chancellor, desiring him to hand over forthwith one hundred thousand pounds, the reward offered by parliament for the discovery. I returned the papers with a short letter, telling him that parliament had never offered any reward, and that, as to the problem, he had not enough of mathematical knowledge to see in what the difficulty consisted. The follow- ing letters from the discoverer and a friend were the consequence ; of course I did not reply. Doctor Morgan Sir. Permit me to address you Brute Creation may perhaps enjoy the faculty of beholding visible things with a more penitrating eye than ourselves. But Spiritual objects are as far out of their reach as though they had no being Nearest therefore to the brute Creation are those men who Suffer themselves to be so far governed by external objects as to belie\ e nothing but what they See and feel And Can accomedate to their Shallow understanding and Imaginations My Dear Sir Let us all Consult ourselves by the wise proverb. . I believe that evry man' merit and ability ought to be appreciated and valued In proportion to its worth and utility In whatever State or Circumstances they may fortu- nately or onfortunately be placed And happy it is for evry man to know his worth and place When a Gentleman of your Standing in Society Clad with those honors Can not understand or Solve a problem That is explicitly explained by words and Letters and mathematacally operated by figuers He had better Consult the wise proverb Do that which thou Canst understand and Comprehend for thy good I would recommend that Such Gentleman Change his business And appropriate his time and attention to a Sunday School to Learn what he Could and keep the Litle Chil- dren from durting their Close With Sincere feelings of Gratitude for your weakness and Inability I am Sir your Superior In Mathematics 1849 June th 29 No. 300.] Dor Morgin Sir I wrote and Sent my work to Professor of United States I am now in possesion of the facts that he highly ap-' proves of my work And Says he will Insure me Reward in the States I write this that you may understand that I have know- ledge of the unfair way that I am treated In my own*^ nate County I am told and have reasons to believe that it is the Clergy that treat me so unjust I am not Desirous of heaping Disonors upon my own"" nation. But if I have to Leave this kingdom without my Just Dues. The World Shall know how I am and have been treated • 1 am Sir Desirous of my Just Dues 1849 July 3 — ' July 7th, 1849 ' Sir. I have been given to understand that a friend of' mine one whom I shall never be ashamed to acknowledge- as such tho' lowly his origine ; nay not only not ashamed/ but proud of doing so for I am one of those who esteem and respect a man according to his ability and probity, deeming with D"' Watts " that the mind is the standard of the man." has laid before you and asked your opinion of his extraordinary performance viz the quadrature of the circle, he did this with the firmest belief that you would not only treat the matter in a straightforward; manner but with the conviction that from your known or, supposed knowledge of mathematicks would have givea an upright and honorable decision upon the subject; but" the question is have you done so? Could I say so I would with the greatest of pleasure and have congratu- lated you upon your decision whatever it might have been but I am very sorry that I cannot your letter is a paltry evasion, you say " that it is a great pity that you (Mr ) should have attempted this (the quadrature of the circle) for your mathematical knowledge is not sulfi- cient to make you know in what the problem consists,"! you don't say in what it does consist according to your ideas, ah ! no nothing of the sort, you enter into no dis- quisition upon the subject in order to show where you think Mr is wrong and why you have not is simply — - because you cannot — you know that he has done it and what is if I am not wrongly informed yoii have been heard to say so. He has done what you nor any other mathe- matician or those who call themselves such have done. And what is the reason that you will not acknowledge to him as you have to others that he has squared the circle shall I tell you? it is because he has performed the feat to obtain the glory of which mathematicians have battled from time immemorial that they might encircle their brows with a wreath of laurels far more glorious than ever conqueror wore it is simply this that it is a poor man a humble artisan who has gained that victory that you don't like to acknowledge it you don't like to be beaten and worse to acknowledge that j'ou have miscalculated, you have in short too small a soul to acknowledge that he is right. I was asked my opinion, and / gave it unhesitatingly in the affirmative and I am backed in my opinion not only by Mr — — a mathematician and watchmaker re- siding in the of but by no less an au- thority than the Professor of mathematics of ■ United States Mr and I presume that he at least is your equal as an authority and Mr says that the government of the U. S. will recompense Mr for the discovery he has made if so what a reflection upon Old 58 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 28. 1855. england the boasted land of freedom the nursery of the arts and sciences that her sons are obliged to go to a foreign countrj' to obtain that recompense to which they are justly entitled In conclusion I beg to contradict an assertion you made to the effect that " there is not nor ever was any reward offered by the government of this country for the dis- covery of the quadrature of the circle," I beg to inform you that there was but that it having been deemed an impossibility the government has withdrawn it, I do this upon no less an authority than the Marquis of Northampton D'' Morgan I am Sir Yours The last paragraph probably arises from the reward, now withdrawn, for the improvement of means for finding longitude. Nothing is more common than confusion between the longitude problem and that of squaring the circle. I might make a small book of correspondence of the following tenor. The first letter is from A. B. to me, setting forth that I am a great au- thority, and that knowledge and candour come as natural to me as beef and mutton ; whence an opinion from me would be of the greatest benefit to A. B. aforesaid, who ends by apologising for intruding his humble ideas upon so busy a lu- minary. The second letter is from me to A. B., setting forth why I differ from him (the case above printed was a hopeless one). The third and last is from A. B. to me, either recapitulating the case of Galileo, or quoting Dugald Stewart or somebody else against all mathematicians, or telling me that it is not for such persons in their closets to decide upon &c. &c. ; or explaining to me the whole matter didactically, and ending with *' Si quid novisti," &c. Sometimes, as in the case above, bad motives are put into my mind. A. De Morgan. "A SLEEVELESS EERAND. Of this popular phrase, which, as it was used by Warburton, can hardly yet be said to be obsolete, and of which every one knows the meaning, no one hitherto appears to have perceived the origin. Mr. N ares justly observes, "All the conjectures respecting its derivation seem equally unsatis- factory, even that of Home Tooke ; " who says, *' Sleeveless metaphorically means, without a cover or pretence." The definition in Todd's Johnson is — " Sleeveless, a. Wanting sleeves ; having no sleeves ; wanting reasonableness; wanting propriety; without a cover or pretence." All this is nothing to the purpose, and, however startling it may be, it is certain that the expression sleeveless in this phrase, and in many other old instances, had nothing to do with the sleeve of a garment. Mr. Nares has also observed, — " It is plain that sleeveless had the sense of useless be- No. 300.] fore it was applied to an errand. Thus Bishop Hall has 'sleeveless rhymes,' and even Milton ' a, sleeveless reason.' "" It seems strange that this observation had not led the learned glossarist to the meaning of a sleeveless errand. It may be as well to cite a few old examples of the use of the word : thus Chaucer, in the Testament of Love, fo. 343. re- verse, edit. 1533 : "Good chyld (quod she) what echeth such renome to- the conscience of a wyse man, that loketh and measureth his goodnesse, not by sleevelesse wordes of y^ people, but by sothfastnesse of conscience : by God, nothyng." Again, in ReliquicB Antiquce, vol. i. p. 83. : " Syrrus, thynke not lonke, and I schall tell vow a. sleveles reson." And in Taylor the Water-poet's Works, ii. 111. r " .... a neat laundresse or a hearbwife can Carry a sleevelesse message now and th an." So Fairefax, Godfrey of Boulogne, bk. vi. st. 89. :. " . . . . For she had sent The rest on sleevelesse errands from her side." It will be recollected that Shakspeare has the- phrase in his Troilus and Cressida, where he seems to play upon the word sleeve ; and this may' have misled many. Now the fact is, that there was an old English' verb, to sleeve, signifying to divide or separate; and to sleeve silk was to separate and prepare it for weaving by passing it through the slay of a weaver's loom, sometimes called a sled; hence sleeved, sleaved, or sleided silk : and sleeve, or sleave, was that tangled coarse part left by the. operation. Which explains in Macbeth, — " Sleepe that knits up the raveVd sleeve of care." That to sleeve meant to divide or separate, will be obvious from the following passage in Lord. Brooke : " For th' object which in grosse our flesh conceives,. After a sort, yet when light doth beginne These to retaile and subdivide, or sleeves Into more minutes ; then growes sense so thinne;. As none can so refine the sense of man, That two or three agree in any can." Of Humane Learning, p. 24. And the word is still in use in the north for fo- split, cleave, or separate ,- so that the root is evi- dently the A.-S. rhp-an. I suspect that the word sleeve was anciently applicable to the coarse separated portions of wool or flax, as well as of silk, which was thrown aside as refuse that could not be divided into threads, or unravelled by passing it through the slay of the weaver, or the comb of the wool-worker or flax- spinner, and hence sleeveless, useless, profitless, like a sleeveless errand. S. W. Singer. Mickleham. July 28. 1855.] NOTES AND QUEKIES. 59 SHUBSHADUN : HASLAM S SERPENT AND CROSS. The following Hindoo rite, practised in Bengal, is strikingly typical or prophetic of Christianity, according to the view taken by Mr. Haslam of heathen mythes. When a Hindoo, of higher caste than the Chahrdl and Kolu castes, wishes to be absolved from his sins through the power of the goddess Kali^ he can attain his wish by undergoing the following trial : He must first procure the body of a man of the Chanral or Kolu caste, who died a violent death, -on a Tuesday (Mongulbar), or a Saturday (^Sun- Tiehar). The head must be secretly cut from the body, and buried where three roads meet. For three successive nights a light (pruddip) must be burnt on the ground by the grave ; on the fourth day the head is to be exhumed, and the teeth ex- tracted, and a rosary (mdhdshunkher mala) made of the teeth and preserved. At the first oppor- tunity, another body of a man of the low castes above mentioned, who died a violent death on a Saturday or Tuesday, being the fourteenth or fifteenth of the moon's decrease, or dark side, must be procured ; and at midnight of the same day the corpse taken to a Hindoo burning-ground and laid on its back, with the arms and legs extended. Five pegs are then driven into the ground, one at the head, to which the hair must be fastened, and one at each wrist and ankle, to which the four extremities are to be attached. The penitent, provided with a small quantity of any of the fol- lowing alcoholic liquors, sits upon the breast of the body. The liquors are gauri (a kind of rum), madhee * (extracted from honey), and poistee f {distilled from grain). In this position, and wearing his rosary of teeth, the penitent begins to repeat a muntroo (incantation or prayer). Pre- sently the body acquires motion, and struggles, gnashes its teeth, and attempts to bite him. The intoxicating spirit should then be gradually poured into the mouth of the corpse, and will sub- due it. When this is effected, the penitent must shut his eyes and go on with the muntroo, fixing Lis mind all the while on the goddess Kali. Then, by the will of Kali, will he see a vision of fierce things, such as tigers and serpents, coming to bite him, and flames of fire on all sides threatening to consume him. If the penitent undergoes this without fear, and with faith in Kali, then, at the last watch or dawn of day, Kalee will appear to him, and say : " My child, I am pleased with you ; take the boon that you ask." He says, "Mother, I would go to heaven." During the performance of this cere- mony the spiritual guide (gooroo) of the penitent * Note the similarity of this word to mead. t Quer}', can whiskey be derived from this ? No. 300.] stays at a distance, and comforts and encourages his disciple, saying "Ma bhai" (No fear). It this ceremony be faithfully performed, the penitent disciple and his teacher are both pardoned, and their eternal happiness secured. This rite is taught in the Tantra. G. Oc. Wrat. Calcutta. PUBLIC RECORDS OF IRELAND. In some of the earlier numbers of " N. & Q.," mention is made of the existence of many of the public records of Ireland, which, in some way or another, had travelled from Dublin to the borders of the Lake of Constance, in Switzerland. By purchase, 1 became the possessor of those docu- ments. It appears, however, by a letter which I have recently received from Switzerland, that a farther quantity of records is there still to be found; and I subjoin a copy of the list of these documents, which has been sent to me in the hope that some effort will be made to restore them to their proper place of deposit, or at least to place them in some public record repository in either England or Ireland : " JBrevis notitia de quibusdam pergamenis quondam Dubline asservatis. Folia. I. Placitarum Regis Anglie nomine actarum pier, apud Waterford a fre Rogero Outlaw, priore hospitalis S. Jobs vices agente Joh' Darcy le Cousin Justiciarij Hibernie regesta in folils - 6 Similiter placitarum apud Dublin habitarum circa annum 1345, in fronte ligata in calce defecta exempligratia ' Anno regni nostri (Edwardi III. regis xviii, die 10 April),' ita fasciculus -------11 Similiter non ligata folia ejusdem autoris et aetatis, prioribus prius adherentia - - 16 Fragmenta Seculi xiv etiam placitarum regesta apud Dublin continentia - - - - II II. Rotuli N. 17. E. 13. notati Escheator' s Accounts de Edwardi III. temporibus quorum unum perlongum -------3 Eotuli fragmenta de provente regal, seculi forse xvii in foliis dolendo modo laceratis - 5 III. Actarum recentiorum seculorum Angliam spec- tantium, No. ------ 4 5S N.B. Mandata regia pleraque in placitis notata sunt alieque res ad historiam Anglie non spernende sunt et quedam cartarum bene conservate et non difiiciles lectori, minor pars autem igne, aque et muribus vulnerate." On one of the last-mentioned more recent parchments there is written on the outside — * " Settlement of Maurice Power's Estate on William Burke's marriage with his daughter (1687), deed of Con- veyance." There are signatures and a seal attached to this MS. "■ Another one is superscribed " Fitzsimmons and Shaw : Mr. Shenan for the def*." Date 1799. €0 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 28. 1855. * In another similar MS. the name of a Sir William Domville occurs. Many names, viz. Prin- dergast, Gibbon, Fitzgerald, Power, Fitzedmund, Russell, &c. &c., occur in the Latin manuscripts of the fourteenth century. James F. Ferguson. P.S. — The above-mentioned writings marked * are probably private documents which were lodged in some public office pendente lite ; and (as is very often the case) not restored to the owner after the termination of the suit. POPE, AND BATHCRST THE BOOKSELLER. A letter, without date of year, from Pope to Ba- thurst, has been lately published in the Gent. Mag. The circumstances stated in elucidation are briefly these. Motte, who published the Miscellanies, died March 12, 1758 ; and was succeeded in busi- ness by Bathurst (Feb., p. 146.) ; and the letter, now first published, says the editor or contributor, "seems to show that he (Pope) continued to re- ceive from Motte's successor, Mr. Bathurst, to whom it is addressed, considerable sums on ac- count of the Miscellanies'" (March, p. 261.). Now, with all deference to the editor or con- tributor, the letter only shows that Pope held a -bill of Bathurst ; but not that it was given for profit or copyright of Miscellanies, or anything whatever to do with that work. As to Bathurst as successor to Motte, and the payment to Pope, that is surely out of the question, for Pope died fourteen years before Motte. The history of the Miscellanies in connexion with Motte is briefly this. Motte published the "first," "second," and "last volume," in 1727. Some years after. Pope resolved to publish another volume, which Motte, to use Pope's words, " de- liberately refused." Motte soon saw his error, and applied to Pope on the subject, probably backing his solicitation with a friendly word from Swift. Pope replied : " All I can do were to speak to Mr. Gilliver, as you requested, to give you the share you w* have in y" pro- perty, and to set aside my obligation and covenant with him so far to gratify the Dean and yourself. You cannot object, I think, with any reason, to the terms which he pays, and which at the first word he agreed to." This was the last, though called " the third volume," of the Miscellanies. Motte, as we see, was then in business ; and indeed, as other letters prove, continued in business some years after. I can only suppose that Bathurst was the appren- tice, servant, or partner of Motte, long before he was his successor. P. A. B. u l>f^S7 No. 300,] THE BELLS OF BLETCHLEY IN BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. I beg to offer the subjoined history of the bells of Bletchley Church, well known to many who travel on the North-western Railway. The ac- count has been extracted for me by my friend the Rev. T. Delves Broughton, the present Rector of Bletchley, from a MS. book bequeathed to the custody of the Rectors of Bletchley for the time being, and written on parchment by the late Browne Willis, Esq., the antiquary, who lived at Bletchley, and restored and beautified the church there. As the account is minutely descriptive of the way in which a peal of bells found their way into the tower of an old English parish church, it may not be uninteresting to those whose attention has been drawn to the subject of church bells. Alfred Gatty. " An account of other disbursements which have been made since this first account, as the casting of the bells, which were intended and designed to be altered when the church was first set about to be beautified ; though those were let alone till the last, and not attempted till the year 1712 ; in which j'ear, on St. John Baptist's Day, viz. 24 June, the five old bells being very untunable, which had hung in the tower ever since the year 1629, when they were cast out of four large bells, were taken down, and with 18 cwt. of additional metal (which cost, with the carriage of it from Arseley in Bedfordshire to Bletch- ley, with other expenses in buying it, 65/. 16s.), were de- livered to Mr. Abraham Rudhall of Gloucester, 2d July following, in order to be recast into six, at which time the weight of the said five bells was as follows : cwts. qra. lbs. cwts. (jrs. lbs. Of the first or treble 5 2 24"^ Of the second - 6 2 8 I Total of y" gfttSh" :iO \ ! -ght^-43 6 7 Of the fifth or tener 12 1 2 J And the charge for recasting of them, and adding two trebles, as follows : "Expenses in the Casting the five Bells, and making a Peal of eight. Paid as before for mettal bought, and brought £ s. d. from Arseley, co. Bedf. - - - 65 16 0 Carriage of said five bells and mettal bought at Arseley, and bringing them back when cast into six - - - - - 22 15 0 Paid to John and Richard William of Kings Sutton, CO. Northton., for taking down the old five bells and making frames for eight, and hanging the said eight bells - - 35 7 6 Paid to William Grace, smith, of Bletchley, for iron-work, &c. about the frames and bells - 9 13 0 Paid for timber bought at Beauchampton, and given to make the frames and carriage there- of, and for screws bought at London, brasses, &c., at least - - - - - 25 0 0 Paid Mr. Rudhall for mettal of his own, added to make the trebles, weighing about 10 cwt. at 6/. 10s. per cwt., as appears by his bill - 64 10 0 Gave Mr. Rudhall for casting the bells - 53 15 0 Paid for carriage of the two trebles from Glous'', and of a new tener from thence, and y« tener yt was first cast to be changed - - 15 10 0 292 6 6 July 28. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 61 "N.B. To the expense of the bells the parish raised and paid 40/., but 20Z. thereof being assessed upon the bene- factor's tenants, he was forced to make several abatements to them, and great part also being spent by the church- trardens in junquetting, and great allowances being made by them to the parish clerk for oyl and finding bell-ropes, &c., scarce half thereof was regularly applyed to the uses mentioned above. " Paid to Hanns of Aylesbury for making chimes £ s. d. to go on the said eight bells to the 113 Psalm tune, and gave to the man that put them up, and for brasses to the two trebles, and car- riage of them to and from Aylesbury - 10 10 0 Gave to Kitchener of Olney for tuning the bells 2 0 0 « Bletchley Bells' WeU, iht. A. 1713. cwts. qrs. lbs. ^ _ . . 5 00 12 9. . . . 5 00 17 3 . . - 5 03 17 4 _ - : 6 7 3 3 18 /), _ 20 fi _ > - 8 3 2G 7 - . _ . 11 00 26 8. Total ; 17 00 12 69 1 18 " The old bells weighed only forty-three hundred and seven pounds, so these are about twenty-six hundred and a half heavier: and the great tener is within a few pounds heavier than the old tener and treble both added together. " Inscriptions on the 1st and 2nd bells cast after the six biggest, only the bellfounder's, &c. names, but on the six biggest these verses : 1. 2. 3. ' Quod sit Sacra dies, primo denuncio mane.' 4. 'Ad Templum Populus per me properare monetur.' 5. ' Pulsa voco Plebem tractare negotia villa.' 6. ' Est Campanarum sine me Symphonia nulla.' 7. 'Conjugium, Partus, Hysteria, Festa decoro.' 8. ' Me resonare jubent Hominura mors, Concio, Funus.' " Sense versus Sound. — A town in the United States having been called Franklin, a friend wrote to the doctor stating that it had been done in compliment to him ; and added, that as the townspeople were building a church, perhaps he would kindly give them a bell. Franklin an- swered, that as he presumed the good people pre- ferred sense to sound, he declined giving the bell, but would gladly give them books. A reply so characteristic of the man should be remembered. It need only be added that Franklin kept his promise, and that his library js still in very good condition. " W. W. Malta. The Founder of the Rtissian Monarchy a War- wickshire Man. — A Warwick historian claims for that town the origin of Rurick's name. It is No. 300.] almost certain that Rurick was a Dane, and he may have taken part with the Danes against Alfred.* This part of English history is exces- sively obscure. The Baltic freebooter (Rurick = Warwick), a. d. 839, was called in by the inhabit- ants of Novgorod to defend them against their neighbours, who, having made himself master of great part of the country, founded a dynasty which ruled uninterruptedly till A. d. 1598, and which, prior to a.d. 1044, had made four naval attacks on Constantinople. Warwick was ruined in the early wars of the Danes, and restored by Ethel- fleda, daughter of Alfred the Great, and governot of Mercia, who built a fort there a. d. 913. Alfred destroyed the Danish power in England a.d. 893, after it had existed 106 years. We may con- jecture that Kurick's engagement to Russia left the Danish power in England so reduced as to favour Alfred's views. The etymology of War- wick shows its roots to be Guarth -f Wick = Gar- rison on the bend of a river (see Camden's Brit.^ p. 425.). The origin of the name of the Corsair, called Bapifyoi by Codinus, Bipc^ry" by Ducanges and Varagians or Varangians by Gibbon, was probably from Varangar Fiord, on the coast of Sweden in the extreme north, adjoining Norway, and ceded to Russia in 1815. f The Varangians are described at first as mixt Danish and Swedish, next as mixt Danish and English. (Gibbon, vol. X. c. 55.) T. J. BucKTON. Lichfield. Ladies and TFi're*. — Twenty years ago every new-born infant was announced as born of " the lady of ." At that time one or two per- sons began to see that this mode of proclamation neither said nor implied anything about the wed- ding-ring; and the example they set was gradually followed. Now, almost every mother who has not a title of rank is "the wife of ," or " Mrs. ." But still, once in every two or three times (or Timeses), a " lady of" makes her appear- ance. When the change was exciting discussion, the following anecdote was very effective, which, being good enough to be true, of course was true. A lady presented herself at some place which was not open except by tickets, in some cathedral town. To the demur of the doorkeeper she said, " Do you know that I am the bishop's lady ? " To which the doorkeeper answered, " Madam, if you had been the Bishop's wi/e, I could not have ad- mitted you without a ticket." * Danes = Norsemen = Normans = Normanni were pro- perly Teutones of the Baltic coasts, including Norwegians, and had a literature. The Poems of Ossian are conceived in the spirit of this people, who have so much influenced European civilisation. . . ^„ \ They are called ^araegers by Milller (^Untv. Hist^y vol. ii. B. 14. s. 18.), which differs little from Warwickers in sound. 62 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 28. 1855. Even now, many persons are a little too fine, or too fearful of offending, to ask a man how his wife is. " How is your good lady ? " they say. If this be expressly meant to refer to the distinction between a good lady and a had lady, by way of avoiding the ambiguity of the word lady used alone, it is in very bad taste. Time was, moreover, when in England, as now in Scotland, people might have asked what a good lady is, as dis- tinguished from a good-wife. How is it that the word man has never lost its dignity, while the female sex has allowed woman to become a terra for which " lady " must be sub- stituted ? A similar question may be asked as to husband and ivife. Why are the first two people in the land not husband and wife, but consorts of each other ? But the worst fate has attended the real English feminine of husband, the word housewife.^ Under the pronunciation hussif, it was long a little case for holding needles and thread; under that of hussi/, it still expresses a meaning the reverse of its original. M. Author ship" of Anson s Voyage. — 1 "Lord Anson's Voyage round the World, though it carries the name of Walters, who was chaplain to the Centurion, in the title-page, was in reality written by Benjamin Robins, a man of great eminence and genius as a mathematician and writer, under the immediate in- spection of the noble officer who commanded the expe- dition. So favourable was its reception with the public, that four large impressions were sold within twelve months, and it was translated into most of the European languages. The work still supports its reputation, and has been repeatedly reprinted in various sizes." — Naval Chronicle, vol. viii. p. 267. E. H. A. Alison's History of Europe. — Sir A. Alison, in his History of Europe from 1815 to 1852 (vol.ii. p. 117.), asserts that the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia, the Viceroy of Poland, was " son of the Emperor Paul I. and the celebrated Empress Catherine." I had previously imagined (1) that there had been but one Emperor of Russia named Paul, and (2) that the Empress Catherine was the mother and not the wife of that potentate. Again, the same historian (vol. iv. p. 288.) stntes that Lord Palmerston " has been a member of every administration, with the single exception of the short one of Lord Derby in 1852, for the last fifty years." This statement was published in the pre- sent year ; and on reading it I learnt for the first time that Lord Palmerston had been a member of (1) "All the Talents" government in 1806, or of (2) the Duke of Portland's in 1807, or of (3) the Duke of Wellington's in May, 1828 ; or of (4) Sir Robert Peel's in 1834, or of (5) Sir Robert Peel's in 1841. If the above-quoted passages, which caught my eye while turning over the pages of Sir Archibald's work (which I have not ex- No. 300,] amined throughout), are average specimens of its accuracy, it has at all events a fair claim to be called one of the most remarkable contributions to history ever published at 155. a volume. M. A. Oxon. eSuerfe^. THE "annual EEGISTER." Prior, in his Life of Edmund Burke, thus de- scribes the foundation of the Annual Register by that eminent writer and statesman : "At this moment also [1757], English literature and English history became indebted to him in no ordinary degree by the establishment, in conjunction with Dodsley, of the Annual Register. Of the excellence and utility of this work, the plan of which was ingenious, while the execution ensured great and unfading popularity, there never has been but one opinion. Several of the first volumes passed to a fifth and sixth edition. It is the best, and without any admixture of their trash, or being tediously minute, the most comprehensive of all the periodical works ; many of the sketches of cotemporarj' history, written from his immediate dictation for about thirty years, are not merely valuable as coming from such a pen, but masterly in themselves ; and, in the estimation of some of the chief writers of our day, are not likely to be improved by any future historian. They form, in fact, the chief sources whence all the chief histories of the last sixty years have been, and must continue to be, compiled ; besides furnish- ing a variety of other useful and illustrative matter. The Annual Register for 1758, the first of the series, came out in June of the "following year. Latterly a Mr. Ireland wrote much of it under Mr. Burke's immediate dictation." — P. 60., edit. 1824. From this statement it appears, that Burke either composed, or superintended the composi- tion of, the historical portion of the Annual Re- gister from its commencement in 1758, until about 1788. The writer of this notice has been informed, that some of the volumes, about the latter period, were written by a gentleman named King. It seems that the twelve years from 1790 to 1800, inclusive, were written by Dr. William Thomson, who is now chiefly known as the con- tin uator of Watson's History of Philip III. The following passage occurs in the " Annual Biogra- graphy and Obituary for 1818," in the Life of Dr. Thomson : " Towards the latter end of his life, the Doctor was chiefly employed in bringing up the long arrear of Dodsley's Annual Register. Of this employment he was not a little proud, as he now considered himself the legitimate suc- cessor of Edmund Burke. We understand that he com- piled the historical part from 1790 to 1800, inclusive ; and if paid as liberally as the Right Honourable gentleman just alluded to, his remuneration would have exactly amounted to 3000/. for ten volumes ; we have reason to think, however, that eleven or twelve were undertaken and completed by him." — Vol. ii. p. 111. Can any of your correspondents supply any ad- ditional facts respecting the authorship of the his- torical portion of the Annual Register during the July 28. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 63 period from 1758 to 1800; and can they furnish any information for the period since 1800, either ■with respect to the writers, or the political cha- racter of the history ? A bibliographical account of Dodsley's Annual Hegisler, and of other periodical works of the same character, may be seen in the Penny Cyclopcedia, art. Annuai. Kegisteb. L. THE DESTEUCTION OP THE EXCHEQUER RECORDS. I observe in Mr. Rawdon Brown's very in- teresting and well-edited Selection of Venetian Despatches in the Reign of Henry VIII. the fol- lowing important note : "The carelessness with which our national records have been kept is a subject of deep mortification to the antiquarian. In the year 1838, no less than eight tons weight of curious documents were sold by the then Chancellor of the Exchequer to Mr. Jay, a fishmonger, at the price of 8Z. per ton. Many of these have since been purchased at high prices by the British Museum, and by the government itself." Reference is added to Mr. Rodd's Narrative, 1855. This I have never seen ; but I know that Mr. Rodd, an excellent judge of books and MSS., rescued many of these rejected treasures from destruction. What I want to know from one of your correspondents is this : Who was this wise Chancellor of the Exchequer ? His name deserves immortality in a work devoted to the preservation of curiosities. At the time when a penny-wise economy allowed the destruction of so many irre- coverable papers for the paltry consideration of 64?., a pound-foolish prodigality was expending upwards of 200,000?. for Blue Books, of which more than half are only fit for the grocer and the fishmonger, and of which two-thirds are never read. E. C. H. [The sale of Exchequer Records took place in 1838 under the following circumstances : The attention of Sir John Newport, Comptroller of the Exchequer, was first directed to the documents in question in 1835, and in 1836 they were inspected by Mr. Devon. Upon his report a communication was made to the Treasury by Sir J. Newport, and dir*:tions were given to have them examined ; the examination was entrusted to Mr. Bulley, chief clerk, and to Messrs. Wood- fall and Barrett, clerks in the ofiice of the Comptroller of the Exchequer. Mr. Bulley commenced his examin- ation in the early part of 1838, and " having applied for authority to destroy certain books and papers (the books being purely of account, and appearing to be of no interest or value at the present time ; and the papers, including the warrants of which the books of entry on record are re- tained, being equally valueless)," the documents were sold under an authority from the Treasury to destroy " mere memoranda, or papers of which entries have been been made of record in the books of the Exchequer or the Treasury." The Committee of the House of Lords, appointed in 1840 to inquire into the subject, observe that many papers of great interest and value were preserved by Mr." Bulley. No. 300.] and add that " the manner in* which the selection was conducted would lead them to believe that the loss has not been extensive ; " and though the British Museum had purchased some, " it does not appear that any of very great consequence had been recovered in that quarter." Sir J. Newport was Comptroller of the Exchequer until succeeded by Lord Monteagle in Sept. 1839. Our correspondent has been misinformed as to the sums paid annually for parliamentary printing ; the largest amount for any one year since 1844 is 127,000/., for the year 1848-49 ; but for this year the estimate for printing and stationer}" for the United Kingdom and Colonies was 302,362?., which apparently has been erroneously at- tributed to parliamentary printing alone.] THE ALCHEMIC TERM "TINCTURE." In the Introduction to Theosophy (or Guide to the Mystical Philosophy of Jacob JBohmen, adver- tised in "N. & Q.," Vol.xi., p. 517.), I find re- peated mention made of the word tincture, in con- nexion with the doctrine of Regeneration. And in the work referred to, p. 491. of the same treatise, I also find the word in familiar use ; as, for instance, in the following quotation, which is a postscript of a letter of the date of the year 1742, from the celebrated William Law to the philo- sopher and physician Dr. Cheyne, in answer to his inquiry for the grounds of Mr. Law's published averment, that Newton merely worked with Bohmen's demonstrations and principles, in bring- ing forth his celebrated discoveries : " JVom the authority above (writes Mr. Law) I can assure you that Sir Isaac was formerly so deep in J. B., that he, together with one Dr. Newton, his relative, set up furnaces [this was before the discovery of electricity, which is largely treated of in the same treatise, pp. 405 — 420.], and for several months were in quest of the tincture, purely from what they conceived from him No one, from Bohmen, can know anything of the tincture, or the means or possibility of coming at it, without knowing and believing, as 13ohmen does, the ground of universal attraction," I also observe, in looking into the published writings of Bohmen, and the MSS. of Freher (British Museum, Add. MSS. 5767—93.), fre- quent use of the same word, but in various modi- fications ; as a pure and holy tincture, a defied and false tincture, an earthly tincture, &c. ; from which I have inferred the word tincture in its highest sense to mean the power or virtue of supernatural light, that is, of the Deity ; which is said by Bohmen to be couched in all living things accord- ing to their kind and degree in the scale of creation, as their most secret essence, and consti- tuting their medicinal, &c. properties ; but espe- cially manifest in the metals and in man. And farther, he asserts, that the tincture, though super- natural and invisible, is yet subject to the mani- pulation of man, provided he be a divi?ie artist, or magus ; that is, be so renewed in the spirit of his mind, or regenerated, that he is become endowed 64 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 28. 1855. with divine perception (a central or universal consciousness, or clairvoyance through all nature), and also a divine will, in addition to possessing practical science in chemistry and fire (or elec- tricity). Such I have gathered to be the sense of the •word, as used by these rational and christian writers, without reference to the mysterious gib- berish and hocus-pocus assumptions of the self- styled alchemists of the Middle Ages. But will some of your really adept correspondents be pleased to elucidate the meaning of the tincture as used by the theosophers, in simple untechnical language, and with intellectual clearness ? Also, whether (as I have surmised) the original al- chemical science does not, in effect, refer to the spiritual photogenic action of the pure divine light upon the moral and intellectual nature of man, in those who, by a perfect conformity to the Gospel precepts and counsels, have rendered themselves susceptible of its life-giving operation, rather than to the preparation of the philosopher's stone, and transmutation of the base metals into gold. P. T. The Widow Cornewulleis. — Stow informs us, in his Survey (edition Thoms), p. 52., that a lady so described received from Henry VIII. the grant " of a fair house and divers tenements near ad- joining, some time belonging to a late dissolved priory," in Sprinckle Alley, in reward of fine pud- dings (as it was commonly said) by her made, wherewith she had presented the king. " Such," adds the old historian, "was the princely liberality of those days ; " but it seems not to have occurred to him, that although the grant was out of all pro- portion to the benefit conferred, it cost the arbi- trary monarch nothing but the trouble of making over property of which he had taken possession illegally. I am, however, digressing from my object, which is to inquire whether any of the readers of " N. & Q." can in any way identify the widow, and tell me whether she belonged to the Suffolk family whose name she bore ? Also how far the story is confirmed by other cotemporary historians, though I am by no means disposed to undervalue the testimony of honest John Stow, regretting only that he does not speak more con- fidently on the subject. Braybrooke. Audley End, July 18. r " Monody on the Death of Hellebore" — ■** Sweet were the winds which rapid Mermaids wore, On L5'bia's realms, when erst th' Antarctic boar Kuled his seraphic proselytes on high, 'Midst the grim regions of Europa's sky. Hail ! intellectual Hellebore ; whose strain Dulcifies thunder — bids th' insurgent rain No. 300.] } Roll upwards —tune thy sweet, cathartic lyre, And melt th' empyreal source of Etna's fire — Nor wonder, that the fair Cordelia's horn With new-born sympathy bedews the mom. She first, with horror, orisons demure, Sung the chaste banners of the wizard boor ; She, from the bosom of departed woe, The princely fabric rear'd, ^vlth accents slow. Bending the pliant hecatomb around, Sharp, sonorous vestals sunk th' emphatic ground. Her pye-bald car thro' wond'ring nymphs she drove, And silence echoed thro' the vast alcove. Hear ! ages yet unborn ! — past, future days ! How white her valour, and how tall her lays. Yet must interior Fate's athmatic [ ? ] hand Hurl the brown Mermaid from th' Ionian land. Mute is that lyre, and cold th' unfeeling wound, Whose murmuring chords emit a silent sound. Yet shall my soul with inborn thraldom burn, Shed the dim tear, and burst th' impetuous urn. Witness, ye streams ! ye high aspiring vales ! Ye mountains, sinking from these mournful tales ! If my stern soul that tribute e'er denied. Which Mona lavish'd on her purple bride, While Orpheus mounts the zone on Lomond's snowy side. Begin, my Muse, th' atlantic note inspire ; Let seraph wings proclaim a seraph's ire : No more, indignant Hebrus' hollow head Feeds his blue flocks — for Hellebore is dead ! Angelic Hellebore ! the bending mast Yields its proud syrens to th' autumnal blast. No more chill winter wafts the foliage green ; Sweet emblem soaring on the rustic scene ! For Hellebore, fair nymph of Hecla's flame, Floats on Horizon's old, amphibious name. No more her breath attaints th' unhallow'd fan, "i 'Mid the proud panoply of Karlo Kan : >- For nature sighs in peace ; and human kind is man. "J The above lines were given to me by my friend the late Earl of Mountnorris, and are said to have been written by the Hon. and Rev. William Her- bert. Have they ever been printed ? If so, when and where ? F. The Lancashire Song. — In the Fourth Part of Miscellany Poems, published by Mr. Dryden (p. 96., fifth edition), is a song thus entitled, which commences, — . " In Lancashire, where I was bom, And many a cuckold bred ; * I had not been marry'd a quarter of a year, But the horns grew out of my head. With hie the Toe bent, and hie the Toe bent, Sir Piercy is under the line, God save the good Earl of Shrewsbury, For he's a good friend of mine." Can any of your Lancashire correspondents, who have made the antiquities of that county the subject of their inquiries, throw any light upon the history of the song, or the many historical allusions to be found in it ? Does Mr. Chappeli. or Dr. Rimbault know anything as to its origin or antiquity? Od. Robespierre. — Amongst the papers of Robes- pierre found after his death, was a letter (Jan. 12, I July 28. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 65 1792) from an Englishwoman, who it seems had sent him a pecuniary present in an order on her bankers, which had not been presented for pay- ment. She complains of this, and repeats her offer. The letter is signed (in the printed vo- lume) "Theeman Shephen," meaning probably Freeman Stephen. Can any of your correspon- dents guess who was Miss or Mrs. Freeman Ste- phen ? C. Milton, Lines on. — Where are the following lines to be found ? — ^' When Milton's eye ethereal light first drew, Earth's gross and cumbrous objects check'd his view; Quick to remove these barriers from his mind, Nature threw ope th' expanse, and struck him blind. To him a nobler vision then was giv'n ; He closed his e3'e3 on earth, to look on heaven ! " F. Carmelites in Hereford. — I have before me a copy of Sandys' Travels in the Turkish Empire in 1610, published in 1632. On the title-page is the inscription — " Ex Libris Carmelitaram Discalceatonim : Eesidentla Hereford'." Can any of your readers give any information as to any establishment of Carmelites in Hereford during the seventeenth century ? E. T. S. Etymology of the Word " Chess." — Among the derivations assigned to this word may be added that given by Pezron, in his ingenious treatise of the Antiquities of Nations. He states that Sacse, or more anciently Scacae, was a term applied by that section of the Gomerians who, migrating into Media, and receiving the name of Parthians, or exiles (parthu, in the Celtic language to this day signifying to divide), retaliated by calling the parent stock Sac(B or JScacce, a term implying thief, robber, and the like. The remains of this ancient word may be found in sac or sacager, which is to commit murder ; and from this Pezron thinks is derived our word chess. In barbarous Latin the game is called Scacorum Indus, and by the ancients latrunculorum ludu^, i. e. the thief's game. The Italians called it schacchi, which they borrowed from the schack of the Goths, who bore sway amongst them so long a time. As I am not aware whether this view is at all supported by other authority, perhaps you will allow this Query to be inserted in your columns : What is the earliest instance of the term Ivdus Sacorum designating our game of chess ? E. I. B. Ear-piercing.- — Will any of your correspon- dents, medical or others, inform me, on behalf of a female relative who feels a repugnance to the operation of having her ears pierced, whether there is any foundation for the widely-spread idea that it has a beneficial effect on the eyes ? If a No. 300.] dozen ladies are asked why they have submitted to it, they will nearly all say : " Ah ! it is so good for the eyes." Now, if this somewhat barbarous practice has nothing more than vanity to be said for it, it is well to let the same be stated. If the eyes are in a condition to require counter-irrita- tion, I should consider this might be much more advantageously effected by other means than an operation, the result of which must be merely temporary. L. Dalston. Telegraphic System of the Universe. — The 12th lecture in Professor E. Hitchcock's Religion of Geology, and its Connected Sciences, treats of " The Telegraphic System of the Universe." Can any of your readers refer me to other works on this subject? R. W. Hackwoo©. Holidays. — In the Miscellaneous Works of G. E. Howard (vol. iii. p. ccxlvi,), the following pas- sage appears ; •' If we calculate the number of holidays kept in Ire- land, the working hands who keep them, and the value of their labour, the amount will be immense. The priests have it in their power to remedy this evil. Don Geronimo Ustariz, in his book on the Theory and Practice of Com- merce and the Marine, relates that St. Chrysostom said ' That the Martyrs had no delight in being honoured at the expense of the tears of the poor, as also that instead of promoting religion and devotion, it had quite the op- posite effect; and that piety should not trespass upon industry, nor industry upon piety.' Pope Urban VIII. was of the same opinion, and so he pronounced it upon the representation of several zealous bishops of the time. So it is also expressed by the Council of Trent, held in the year 154:9, in the 10th Canon." Now the Council did not sit in 1549. Perhaps some correspondent, familiar with the proceedings of that Council, would oblige me by pointing out the decree or canon which treats of the subject. Clebicus (D.') Quotation wanted. — Who is the author of the lines beginning with — " I dream'd my love was a milke white doe, that roam'd the forest wide ? " C.L. Full Fig. — What is the complete form of the abbreviated word used in the expression "Full fig.," meaningyMZZ dress ? J« G. T. Ch. Ch. Oxford. Verb and Nominative Case. — Is there no ex- ception to the first rule of our grammars, that a verb must agree with its nominative case, in number, &c., save the "noun of multitude?" " True," say the learned ; but my linendraper says, " Three and elevenpence halfpenny is not a high price for good Irish cloth," and I think he is right, grammatically speaking. How can I say " Ninety-five are a great age ? " It is manifest 66 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 28. 1855. in these cases that the idea of the mind is a totality, and that it is with that simple idea that we make the word accord. But this is not orthodoxy. While on these trifles I may mention the ex- pression " a three-year old," and a man " six foot iigh," which latter my schoolmaster used to be of opinion that no boy could use at home without risk of caitsing great pain and sorrow to his relatives and well-wishers. Perhaps some of your readers can furnish me with analogous licenses in foreign languages, which more liberal grammarians than ours have stamped as idioms. I think the Germans use the singular form Jahr (year) with a plural numeral adjective. W. M. T. Epigram on Prayer. — The Monitor, published March, 1712-13, performed by Mr. Tate, Poet Laureat, Mr. Smith, and others, contains the fol- lowing "epigram on pkayek. Prayer highest soars when she most prostrate lies. And when she supplicates, she storms the skies. Thus to gain Heav'n may seem an easy task, For what can be more easy than to ask ? Yet oft we do by sad experience find, That, clogged with earth, some prayers are left behind, And some like chaflf blown oflF by every wind. To kneel is easy, to pronounce not hard. Then why are some petitioners debarr'd? Hear what an ancient oracle declared ; Some sing their prayers, and some their prayers say. He's an Elias, who his prayers can pray. Reader, remember, when you next repair To church or closet, this memoir of prayer." What oracle is here alluded to ? Cl. Hoppee. Old College of Physicians. — Can any of your correspondents refer me to any engraving of — 1. Linacre's house in Knight Rider Street, given by him to the College of Physicians, and used as their place of meeting till the early part of the seventeenth century ? 2. The College of Physicians at the end of Paternoster Row (Amen Corner), to which the great Harvey added a library and museum? Both of these were destroyed in the Great Fire. The latter was on ground belonging to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's. W. M. Minav ^uexieS tut'tft ^n^tvg. Robert Pont. — In the Scotch version of me- trical psalms, " R. P." or " R. Pon." are prefixed to several of the psalms. Mr. Laing, librarian to the Writers to the Signet, Edinburgh, supposes that Robert Pont, a zealous Scotch Reformer, was the author of these. But I can see nothing in his antecedents, habits, or style of writing and think- ing, favourable to this supposition. From several of the psalms attributed to him being rendered into very peculiar metres, and set to tunes from IJo. 300.] the French version, I am induced to think the writer must have also been a Genevan refugee, and consequently acquainted with the Genevan psalmody. J. A. Perthensis. [Holland, in TTie Psalmists of Great Britain, vol. L p. 190., has the following notice of Robert Pont: "In 1575, Bassandyne the printer published in Edinburgh 'The CL. Psalmes of David, in English metre,' with Prayers and other Formularies of the Church of Scot- land. This version was probably the work of Robert Pont, who was one of the most renowned versifiers of the Psalms in the sixteenth century. He was minister of St. Cuthbert's Kirk, highl}' esteemed by the clergy, and was appointed a Lord of Session, dying in 1608 at the ripe age of eighty-one. His wife was a daughter of the cele- brated John Knox. In 1601, the following motion of the General Assembly was passed : ' Anent ye Translation of ye Psalmes in meeter. It is ordainet that the same [i.e. the old version] be revisit by Mr. Robt. Pont, minister of St. Cuthbert's Kirk, and his travels be revisit at the next Assm'lie.' It does not appear, however, that Pont pro- ceeded in the business." Our correspondent will find a notice of the various contributors to Sternhold and Hop- kins's version in " N. & Q.," Vol. x., p. 366.] Blue Beard. — Can any of your correspondents kindly inform me who Blue Beard was ? Any information on the subject will oblige Easbt. [The original Blue Beard was Giles de Laval, Lord of Raiz, who was made Marshal of France in 1429, and in the reigns of Charles VI. and VII. distinguished himself by his courage against the English when they invaded France. The services that he rendered his country might have immortalised his name, had he not for ever blotted his glory by murders, impieties, and debaucheries. Meze- ray says that he encouraged and maintained sorcerers to discover hidden treasures, and corrupted young persons of both sexes, that he might attach them to him, and afterwards killed them for the sake of their blood for his charms and incantations. At length, for some state crime against the Duke of Brittany, he was sentenced to be burnt alive in a field at Nantes in 1440. Holinshed no- tices another Blue Beard in the reign of Henry VI., anno 1450. Speaking of the committal of the Duke of Sufiblk to the Tower, he says, " This doing so much displeased the people, that if politike provision had not been made, great mischief had immediately ensued. For the com- mons in sundry places of the realm assembled together in great companies, and chose to them a captain, whom they called Blue Beard ; but ere they had attempted any en- terprise, their leaders were apprehended, and so the matter pacified without any hurt committed."] Cocker and Walkinghame. — Can any correspon- dents of " N. & Q." furnish any particulars about these two celebrated computists ? I am not aware of two such eminent men of whom less is known. Indeed, I have never fallen in with any particulars at all regarding Walkinghame ; and any notice of Cocker is as meagre as may be. Meton. [Some biographical notices of Cocker will be found in the Penny Ci/clopwdia ; Professor de Morgan's Arith- metical Books, p. 56. ; « K & Q.," Vol. xi., p. 57. Walk- inghame seems unknown. Professor de Morgan, in 1847, inquired after him. " I should be thankful to any one," he says, "who would tell me who Walkingame was, and when the first edition of TVte Tutor's Assistant was published." See " K & Q.," Vol. v., p. 441., and Vol. xi., p. 67.] July 28. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 67 Old Phrases. — In receipts for the payment of rent, about the beginning of the last century, oc- cur small additional sums for " trophy," " tronis," and "troness" money. Also a payment made " for the tax granted for drumhs and roullers (?)." What do these items refer to ? W. Denton. [Trophy, tronis, or troness money is a duty of four- pence paid annually by housekeepers or landlords, for the drums, colours, &c. of their respective companies of mi- litia. Eoullers are probably the mounted guard.] Mennenius. — Ashmole cites this writer thus : Mermen. Delic. Ord. Equestr. Will any of your correspondents favour me with the whole title of this work ;. its date and place of publication, and whether 4to. or 8vo. ? G. ["Dellciae Eqvestrivm sive Militarivm Ordinvm, et eorvndem origines, statvta, sj'mbola et insignia, iconibvs additis genuinis. Hac editione, multorum ordinum, et quotquot extitere, accessione locupletata, serieque tem- porum distributa. Studio et industria Francisci Menne- nii Antverp. Coloniae Agrippinae, apud loannem Kinc- kium sub Monocerote. Anno mdcxiii., 8vo."] PETNNB, COWLEY, AND POPE. (Vol. xii., p. 6.) I have great pleasure in complying with Ma. Peter Cunningham's request in reference to Cowley's presumed allusion to Prynne as " the Homer of the Isle " of Jersey. I say Cowley's presumed allusion, because although I am Inclined to think that Prynne was the person at whom Cowley aimed, the question is not entirely free from doubt. The difficulty arises thus : Cowley, in that one of his Miscellaneous Poems quoted by Mr, Cunningham, and which is en- titled " An Answer to a Copy of Verses sent me to Jersey," wrote as follows : " You must know. Sir, that Verse does not in this island grow No more than sack ; one lately did not fear (Without the Muses' leave) to plant it here. But it produc'd such base, rough, crabbed, hedge Ehymes, as ev'n set the hearers' ears on edge. Written by Esquire, the Year of our Lord six hundred thirty-three. Brave Jersey Muse ! and he's for this high stile Call'd to this day the Homer of the Isle. Alas to men here no words less hard be To rhime with, then Mount-Orgueil is to me. Mount-Orgueil, which in scorn o' th' Muses' law With no yoke-fellow word will daign to draw. Stubborn Mount-Orgueil ! 'tis a work to make it Come into Rhime, more hard than 'twere to take it." Pope, in a note to The Dunciad, as Mr. Cun- ningham has reminded us, quoted a part of this passage, and filled up the blank with the name of " Williani Prynne." Two reasons may be alleged why Pope may have been mistaken : 1. Cowley No. 300.] apparently quotes from some poem in which these words occur : « Written by Esquire, the Year of our Lord six hundred thirty-three." But neither these words, nor anything like them^ can be found in any of the Jersey writings of Prynne. 2. It may be said Prynne could not be the culprit if the book was written, as Cowley leads one to suppose, in the year 1633. Prynne notes in his Mount-Orgueil, the book which is supposed to be alluded to, " I arrived in Jersey January the 17, 1637 ; " and it is not only evident from the whole tenor of Prynne's poems, but is distinctly asserted in his dedication of Mount- Orgueil to Sir Philip Carteret, the Lieutenant- Governor of Jersey, that the principal poems in his volume were written by Prynne whilst he was a prisoner in that island. He tells Sir Philip Carteret that his lines — " . . . . there grew. And so in justice are your proper due." But, in spite of this anachronism, I am, for my own part, inclined to accept the allusion as made to Prynne, and to claim for him the title of " the Homer of the Isle." In the same volume in which Prynne's Jersey poems are contained, there is ordinarily found appended to them a collection of short poems and inscriptions written by Prynne whilst in the Tower of London, and published under the title of Comfortable Cordials. One of these in- scriptions, originally written in Latin, concludes thus : " Ita ominatur Gulielraus Prynne ; Martii 3, 1633," which he thus translates : " Of this opinion William Prynne was, the Third day of March six hundred thirty-three." It seems to me probable that Cowley misre- membered these lines, and that they are the original of his « Written by Esquire, the Year of our Lord six hundred thirty-three." The peculiarity of the omission of the "one thousand," the identity of the number "six hundred thirty-three," and Cowley's allusions to Mount- Orgueil, are in my mind very nearly con- clusive. Prynne was a person likely to be very lightly esteemed by Cowley. The coarseness and peculiarity of the lines would be helped to main- tain themselves in Cowley's memory by the rhyme, but it would only be so far as the rhyme was concerned. He would not sufficiently in- terest himself in Prynne's poems to discover that part of the volume was written in the Tower of London, a fact not mentioned in the title-page. Finding the lines I have quoted in the volume, he would conclude that they, like the rest, were written in Jersey ; and citing them memoriter., with nothing to guide him but the rhyme, I can 68 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 28. 1855. easily conceive that he may have misquoted in the way he has done. Perhaps the blank for the name was left because he felt a little uncertain of the accuracy of his quotation. Taking for granted, then, that Pope was pro- bably riu;ht, and that Prynne really was " the Homer of the Isle," the work which, in that case, Cowley had in his mind, was entitled " Mount-Orgueil : or Divine and Profitable Medita- tions, raised from the contemplation of these three Leaves of Nature's Volume: 1. Rockes, 2. Seas, 3. Gardens, di- gested into three distinct poems. To which is prefixed, a poeticall description of Mount-Orgueil Castle in the Isle of Jersy. By William Prynne, late exile, and close prisoner in "the sayd Castle. A Poem of the Soules Com- plaint against the Body ; and Comfortable Cordialls against the Discomforts of Imprisonment, &c., are hereto annexed. Psalme xix. 14. Psalme cxliii. 5. London, Printed by Tho. Cotes, for Michael Sparke, Senior, dwell- ing at the Blue Bible, in Greene Arbor. 1641. 4to." The book of which this is the title-page may claim a place among the many singular works for which our literature stands indebted to our prisons, but not on account of any poetical merit. The author has himself passed sentence on his rhymes in much the same terms as Cowley. He describes them as — "Like the subject, barren, rude, uncompt." The merit and curiosity of the book are to be found in the evidence which it affords that a good man unjustly sentenced may bear long and close imprisonment with equanimity, and if, like Prynne, of an active turn of mind, may convert even the view from the bare dungeon to which he is con- signed into a subject of study and improvement. Prynne's imprisonment will hereafter come to be treated by me more particularly; but I may remark at this time, especially as the facts are stated in the volume under consideration, that . Prynne was imprisoned for nearly eight years. "I was," he says, "first committed prisoner to the Towre of London, February 1, 1632, where, after two re- movals to the Fleete for a short space, I remained prisoner till July the 27, 1637, and was then removed to Carnarvan Castle, in North Wales, where I arrived August the 5, and was there kept close prisoner till I was by special warrant shipped and sent close prisoner for Jersy, Octob. the 10, 1637, where I arrived not till January the 17 following. From whence I departed by warrant from the Parliament, Novemb. 19, 1640, and landed at Dartmouth, Novemb. 22, came into London, Novemb. 28, was pre- sented to the Commons House, Novemb. 30, where my petition was read Decemb. 3." During much of this time he was deprived of ordinary writing materials. His keeper in Jersey treated him in the kindest manner, and when times were changed received from Prynne the return of a true and grateful friend ; but even in Jersey he was kept without the use " of Inke and Pen." The poems here printed were jotted down with the rudest materials; some of them were probably written, like the letters of Sir Thomas No. 300.] More, with a piece of charcoal borrowed from a scanty fire ; others were preserved by being scratched on the walls of his prison chamber; most of them were thrown aside after they had been committed to writing with little expectation that they would ever see the light of day. On Prynne's release, he tells us that he blew up " these buried sparks." Whilst he was at the height of his popularity, they were printed by or for his old acquaintance Michael Sparke, and were put together in a volume with the author's portrait prefixed. Some copies do not contain "Mount-Orgueil" and the "Comfortable Cordials," but merely the " Meditations on Rocks, Seas, and Gardens." These last run to 184 pages ; " Mount- Orgueil" contains 10 pages not numbered ; and the "Comfortable Cordials" 16 numbered pages; besides title-page and dedication, which are un- numbered. Some of the poems, as I have already stated, were written in the Tower; but as our present question relates chiefly to Jersey, I shall confine myself to a few words about those which were penned in that island. Prynne thus explains how he came to turn his thoughts into this channel : " Shut up close-pris'ner in Mount-Orgueil pile, A lofty castle, within Jersie Isle, Remote from friends, neere three yeares' space, where I Had Rockes, Seas, Gardens, dayly in mine eye, Which I oft viewed with no small delight, These pleasing objects did at last invite Me, to contemplate in more solemne wise. What usefuU meditations might arise, From each of them, my soule to warme, feast, cheere. And unto God, Christ.Heaven, mount more neare. In which pursuite I found such inward joyes. Such cordiall comforts, as did overpoise My heaviest crosses, losses, and supply, The want of all foes did me then deny. Give me assurance of a sweete return Both from my exile, prison, and mine urne." I know not how it may affect other people, but there is to my mind something striking and even pathetic in the picture which is here and through- out this volume disclosed. The ill-used solitary man nurses no idle grief over past troubles and calamities ; but opening his heart to the influences of those natural objects which he could see at a distance, draws comfort and consolation from the prospect of that beauty from which he was ex- cluded. Thus he strengthens his heart for either fortune, and stands prepared with equal mind for still longer endurance of his imprisonment, or for delivery and triumph over his enemies. Thus occupied, he was happy. In all his prisons, and both by sea and land, he says, God " kept me so " In health and comfort that I met with no One day of sicknesse, sadnesse, discontent, In eight years' troubles and imprisonment." The nature of his meditations may be easily imagined. They are moralisations chiefly founded July 28. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 69 upon passages or examples in Scripture. An extract of a few lines will show their nature : " How many sayling in full streames of wealth, Pomp, honour, pleasure, favour, greatnesse, health, And all contentments which the world can give Unto her darlings, whilst they therein live, Have in one houres space beene stript of all, And dasht in peeces with a suddaine fall ! How many mighty kings, states, monarchies, Have in a moment felt such miseries. Such fatall changes in their worldly state. As no heart could conceive, no tongue relate! Unconstant world, more full of changes then The sea or moone, how can the sonnes of men Once love or trust thee ! Goe, cheate [others, I] Th}' sickely friendship ever will defie." Of a different character is the following. The minuteness of the description of Mount-Orgueil is almost topographical : « Mount-Orgueil Castle is a lofty pile Within the easterne parts of Jersy Isle, Seated upon a rocke, full large and high. Close by the sea-shore, next to Normandie ; Neere to a sandy bay, where boats do ride Within a peere, safe both from wind and tide. Three parts thereof the flowing seas surround, The fourth (north-west-wards) is firme rockie ground. A proud high mount it hath, a rampeir long. Four gates, four posternes, bulworkes, sconces strong, All built with stone, on which there mounted lye Fifteene cast peeces of artillery. With sundry murdering chambers, planted so As best may fence itselfe and hurt a foe." And so he runs on through other lines. Prynne's faculty was not that of imagination, but of ob- servation. He would never have dreamt of writ- ing poetry, but for the position in which he was placed. It was the resource of an active mind, cut off from all employment. Like the faults of his character, it was the result of the shameful op- pression of which he was the victim. In quiet times he would have been a laborious practical lawyer, and an acute historical investigator. The misgovernment of Charles I., and the persecution of Laud, made him a political pamphleteer, a versifier, and a martyr. John Bedcb. PICTUEB AT LODVAIN. (Vol. xi., p. 486.) I went over the Town Hall at Louvain, in Sep- tember, 1847, and did not see the picture men- tioned in Mr. Wills's letter. It may have been in some room which I did not visit. Lope de Vega is copious in his attacks on heretics, and the exact original of the inscription may perhaps be found. The following is very near it : " Cespedes. Moviose una question la tarde misma Sobre aquesta ocasion en el Palacio ; Yo, Capitan, que estava hecho un veneno, Alcfe la mano, y de un bofetoncillo No. 300.] Hize escupar tres dientes a un herege, Creo que se le andava, no fue nada. Hugo. Yo se que santa fue la bofetada Y que hasta el cielo el eco llegaria." JSl valiente Cespedes, Act II. Sc. 1. Polemngraphia Nassovica^ authore Oulielmo JBau- dartio, Amstelodamii, 1621. A pictorial history of the Low-Country war of independence from 1559 to 1615, in two volumes, oblong quarto. I believe it is not scarce, and, except the execution of the assassin Balthazar Gherard, the plates are not more shocking than the ordinary battle-pieces of Wouvermans or Van der Meulen. Baudart is as Protestant as Strada is Romish. Tragcedie van den Bloedigen Haeg of te Broeder- Moord van Jan en Cornelius de Wit, geschiedt de 20 Oogst-Maendt 1672, binnen's Gravenhage, t'Hantwerpen, 12mo., pp. 64, no date. I have no evidence that this piece ever was acted ; but it might have been, as the eight illus- trations are of events concurrent with, but not forming part of the tragedy. Each is accompanied by descriptive verses. I never saw anything so abominable as the sixth and seventh, which re- present the brutalities practised upon the bodies of the De Witts. The details admit neither de- scription nor allusion. The tragedy, though con- taining some fustian, is not badly written, and the characters are well marked, especially those of Johanna the daughter of the pensionary, and her devoted, but rather vacillating, lover Fredrick. In the first plate the admiral De Witt holds a rope in one hand, and a dagger and purse in the other, before Tischelaer the barber, who is kneeling, and bids him choose between hanging, and pardon and pay for killing the Prince of Orange. The prince appears in the first act only. He speaks like a hero and a patriot, and when mentioned in the course of the piece, it is with eulogy almost as great as Mr. Macaulay's. The De Witts are drawn as traitors and assassins. They are de- tected, killed, and sent to eternal punishment. In the last act, a citizen having described part* * "Een Boots-gast als verwoed die roept en tiert met vloecken, Omstanders maackt my plaats, ich meet het hert gaan soecken. My hongert na de spijs, en heeft soo 't staal gedruckt Door sijnen boesem in de borst, soo 't hert ontruckt, En tot drj'malen toe hem in't gesicht gesmeeten, Riep, langt my zout en broodt, ick sal het hert op- eeten, Soo blusch ick mijneen haat : een ander is 't die 't hert Maakt, om dit snoo verraat, als eenen schoorsteen swert, En seyt ; dit's trouwloos hert gevult met nijt en wrake, Dat alderwitste Wit so swert heeft kommen maken Dus is dat dan ooch dit Wit verandert in pick swert." P. 57. Bad as this is, it is a trifle compared with the pictures. 70 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 28. 1855. of the atrocities to Margaret the admiral's widow, Johanna and Fredrick, Johanna invokes the spirits of her father and uncle. They appear, and say they are condemned for their treason to the excellent prince. The admiral tells Fredrick that he must share their pains within an hour. Fredrick naturally enough asks, " Whence comes the order ? " but being answered, " From hell," rather unnaturally obeys, and kills himself; Jo- hanna follows his example, and the tragedy ends. Mr. Macaulay says, " The Prince of Orange, who had no share in the guilt of the murder, but who, on this occasion, as on another lamentable occasion twenty years later, extended to crimes perpetrated in his cause an indulgence which has left a stain upon his glory, became head of the state without a rival." Though the book is with- out date, there can be no doubt that it was pub- lished when the events were fresh, and that it was intended to be acceptable to the prince. It is noticeable that Politieck the agitator (oproerder) who discovers the plot and acts as the prince's agent throughout, tells the mob, while exhorting them to break open the prison, that the prince will reward them for their work.* The imputa- tion of complicity could not then have been so offensive as it is now. I have trespassed upon your space at some length, as I believe this tragedy to be " rare," and am sure that it is " curious." It is referred to in an inquiry about the burial-place of the De Witts, in Navorschers Bijblad, 1853, p. cxlvi. Does any cotemporary historian say what be- came of Tischelaer the barber ? H. B. C. U. U. Club. BANKERS CHEQUES. (Vol. p. 9.) Although strictly a legal subject, I think a prac- tical man, who has been largely concerned in the receipt and payment of cheques, may venture to offer a valid opinion, especially as the cases cited by Bailey and Chitty are based on the usage of mer- chants. The use of crossing a cheque is for the same purpose at the clearing-house as inserting your name in a book, to show to whom it belongs. A public company, for example, issuing a cheque is liable to pay it to some representative of a firm who may not be authorised to receive money for such firm, although he may have authority to con- tract for goods in its behalf. The crossing ensures the payment of the cheque through a banker other * " Politieck. Verwacht kort yets verholen, Den avond is nabj', ziet wel op u behoedt, En peynst op Burger- recht, en waerom ghy het doet ; Den Prins u loonen sal, bevecht maar dees victorie, En d' Haagsche Borgery, in eeuwige memorie." — P. 43. No. 300.] than the one upon whom the cheque is drawn ; and as bankers keep the accounts only of creditable persons, a rogue cannot get it cashed, except through the medium of a shopkeeper or other person who keeps an account with a banker. Another use as regards bankers is saving the time and risk incurred in paying cheques in bank-notes or gold, and economising the use of the precious metals. The answers, then, to the questions put,, are : 1. A banker may lawfully refuse to pay a cheque drawn on himself, although it be crossed,, with or without the words " & Co. ; " because the banker, as agent to the drawer of the cheque, is instructed by the crossing to pay it through another banker, and not in cash over the counter. If he so pay it, the banker takes the risk. 2. Many decisions are to be found in the books affirming the principle that, although a person re- ceiving a cheque is not bound omissis omnibus aliis negotiis to go to the bank to get it cashed, he must nevertheless present it in a reasonable time after taking it, which time is a question for a jury. In practice, however, it is thought that if a cheque be taken for payment the day after it is received, there is no laches ; but if kept a second day, the holder has only recourse to the drawer in case of its nonpayment, and has no claim against the party from whom he received it. 3. The stamping of cheques and making them payable to order, converts them entirely into bills of exchange ; the object of crossing is then effected by indorsement, which may be on the face as well as on the back of the instrument. T. J. BUCKTON. Lichfield. NOTES ON TREES AND FLOWERS. (Vol. xi., p. 460.) Mr. Walcott has turned over a new leaf in "N. & Q." in his excursus on leaves and flowers, to which many of your correspondents will no doubt contribute until the joint store becomes a real "curiosity of botany." The author of "Bota- nical Notes from Theophrastus " (Vol. xi., p. 239.) can, I am sure, furnish many a Note. I add to Mr. Walcott's list the following. The ivy equally with the vine was dedicated to Bacchus. 1. Surnames to Families or Persons. Alder. Ash. Ashfield. Ashton, &c. Beechcroft. Berry. Leek. Plum. Bramble. Onion. Tree, Chestnut. Perry. Vine. Dates. Plant. Wood. 2. Christian Names. Rose. Margaret (daisy). " With Margaret's growing in ordinance." Chaucer, The Assembly of Ladies. July 28. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 71 " One is called see of the day. The daisee, a floure white and rede, And in French called La Beth Margarete." Chaucer's Ballads. o. Held place in Heraldry. Trefoil. Beech (crest of Beechcroft). Wheat. 6. Have been adopted as National Emblems. We may surely add to those given, the cogni- zance of the gallant Marquis of Montrose, — a stalk of oats. Is it quite correct to say that the '' white lily " was the badge of Florence ? Should it not rather be — The white lily, the Ghibelline badge. The red lily, the Guelphic, whether at Florence or elsewhere ? 11. Have many interesting Associations. The elder has been supposed by some to be the tree on which Judas hanged himself, thus : " Judas he japed With Jewen silver, And sithen on an eller Hanged hymselve." Piers Plowman's Vision, 693 — 696. According to others it was a fig-tree : " Qumret aliquis qua ex arbore Judas se suspenderit ? Arbor ficus fuisse dicitur, idque cecinit Juvencus poeta hoc carmine Informen rapuit ficus de vertice montem." — Barradius in loco. Amongst the plants which derive their names from birds should be Inserted the larkspur. If the yew is note-worthy for its Importance to a nation of archers, the aspen is hardly less so : " The shooter ewe, the aspe for shaftes plaine." Chaucer, The Assembly of Fowles. Whilst the elm is hardly less sepulchral than the yew: " The piller elme, the coffer unto caraine." — lb. Of the ivy Kennett {Glossary) tells us — " The booths in fairs were commonly drest with ivy leaves, as a token of wine there sold, the ivy being sacred to Bacchus ; so was the tavern bush or frame of wood, drest round with ivy, forty years since, though now left off for tuns or baiTels hung in the middle of it. This custom gave birth to the present practice of putting out a green bush at the door of those private houses which sell drink during the fair ; and perhaps this is all the mean- ing of hanging out the broom when the wife is absent, and the husband left at liberty to entertain his friends." — See « N. & Q.," Vol. ix., p. 518. Chaucer says : " As the gaye leuesell at the taverne is signe of the wine that is in the seller." — Parson's Tale. An Italian writer of the fifteenth century, wishing to throw ridicule on a literary opponent, tells him that his grandfather was a tavern- keeper at Pistola : " Avi autem tui caupona Pistorii primum floruit non No. 300.] dignitate aliqua sed fronde ilia f estiva qu& ad vinum et popinas meretrices et ganeos invitabat." — Shepherd's Life ofPoggio, note, p. 35. (2nd edition). The cross was generally supposed to have been made of four kinds of wood, signifying the four quarters of the globe, or all mankind ; it is not, however, agreed what those four kinds were, or their respective places in the cross. Some say the four incorruptible woods were the palm, the cedar, the olive, and the cypress ; hence the line, — " Ligna crucis palma cedrus cupressus oliva." Instead of the palm and the olive, some claim the honour for the pine and the box ; whilst others say it was made entirely of oak. (See Barradius in loco ; Southey's Common-place Book, second series, p. 382. ; and his Omniana, " The Tree of Life," p. 276.) In Curzon's Monasteries of the Levant, we are told that the cedar was cut down by Solomon and burled on the spot afterwards called the pool of Bethesda; that about the time of the passion of our Blessed Lord the wood floated, and was used by the Jews for the upright parts of the cross. Amongst the titles of honour given to the Blessed Virgin in the " Ballad in Commendation of our Lady, " in the old editions of Chaucer, we find, " Benigne braunchlet of the pine tree." W. Denton. The following additions may be made to the classified lists given by Mr. Walcott : Flowers and Trees dedicated to Deities. Narcissus to Ceres. Cornel Cherry-tree to Apollo. Floioers and Trees bearing the navies of their original Homes, China Aster. American Aloe. Virginia Cactus. Carolina Jasmine. Indian Jasmine. Christian Names derived from Flowers and Trees. Angelica. Basil. Hortensia. May. Rosa. Larkspur and Cock's-foot Grass may be added to those named from birds ; Buckwheat, Ele- phant's Foot, Foxglove, and Dog's-tail Grass, to those called after animals ; and Snakeweed and Spanish Viper's Grass to those taking their names from reptiles. To the " more curious " names mentioned by Mr. Walcott, Garland Flower, Indian Shot, Hottentot's Bread, Solomon's Seal, Adam's Needle, may be added. A. C. M. 72 NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 28. 1855. PHOTOGRAPHIC CORBESPONDENCB. Photographic Copies of Oil Paintings. — I shall feel greatly obliged if any photographer -who has successfully practised the copying of oil paintings, either by the glass or paper process, will communicate the details of his mode of manipulation through the medium of " N. & Q." I saw recently at Antwerp some exquisite photographs taken from landscapes in oil, which had been taken by the collodion process. Unfortunately I was unable to learn the particulars of manipulation. Gallo-Niteate. Photography applied to Archceology. — It will be remem- bered by our photographic, as well as our non-photo- graphic readers, that we were led to introduce the subject of that Art into our columns by our strong conviction of its utility to antiquaries ; — we might have added, seeing how easily accurate copies of manuscripts may be made by it, to men of letters also. The point which we urged has now been made the subject of a distinct pamphlet by the Rev. F. A. S. Marshall, M.A., of Peterborough, to which we recommend their attention. It is entitled Photography, the Importance of its Application in preserving Pictorial Records of History and Art, with an Appendix containing a practical Description of the Talbotype Process as adopted and practised by the Author during the last Seven Tears : and is an earnest and eloquent appeal in favour of an Art to the practical utility of which we really see no limits. Recovery of Silver from wasted Hypo. — I beg to add to what I last wrote on the recovery of the silver from waste hypo., an improved mode of proceeding by which complete precipitation is always ensured. Take the old hypo., put it in a pan or capsule of porce- lain, and heat it to boiling ; then add some liquor potassse, and boil up for some minutes; then add to the boiling liquid some syrup of glucose or of honey, no matter which, — and immediately all the silver precipitates out. If we omit this latter addition, we are not sure of precipi- tating all the silver. The liquid had better be boiled up for a few minutes more, before being filtered. Filter when hot, as it passes more easily, and wash the residue on the filter ; then, by treatment with aqua regia, it is converted into chloride of silver ; and this is treated as usual, and converted into nitrate of silver. F. Maxwell Lyte. Maison Ramonet, Bagnferes de Bigorre, June 20, 1855. Large and small Lenses. — "The discussion on this subject," observes the editor of the Liveipool Photographic Journal in his July number, " continues, with more courtesy than it commenced, between Mr. Sutton and Mr. Grubb. Mr. Mascher of Philadelphia, in a paper read before the Franklin Institute in that city, fancies he has incidentall}' set the question at rest in favour of small lenses, by the results of some experiments upon the dis- tances which should be preserved between the two points of view for a stereoscope. Considering that this required to be more than the real distance between the two eyes, because the eyes of the camera, the lenses, were so much larger than human eyes, and that there must be a relative proportion between the size of the eyes and the distance between them, he began to reduce the aperture of his diaphragm, and finding certain advantages arise in sharp- ness and distinctness, he tried two holes one-sixtieth of an inch in diameter, and two and a half inches apart, and in twenty minutes during sunshine he obtained with- out lenses two stereoscopic views of a house of very satis- factory character, on the same plate, without moving the camera. He refers to the distortion occasioned in small objects by viewing them with such monstrous eyes as lenses six inches in diameter, and the flatness given by thus assuming a power of seeing round a corner ; and No. 300.] states that in one of his views — a street — taken without a lens, but through a minute aperture, the most promi- nent (nearest) object was only one foot from the camera, and the most distant a mile off, yet both equally in per- fect focus. In conclusion, he suggests that we ' should look to the perfection of small lenses, and chemicals that will work instantaneously even with them. The human eye produces instantaneous pictures.' The parallel is daring and plausible, but we fear scarcely logical. The pictures produced by the human eye have no chemical effect to produce on the retina, but are as instantaneously effaced by closing the lids or turning awaj' the eyes. Bu^ they are active and thoughtful photographers in America, and what secrets they may extort or coax from nature no one can predict." 3^tp\itg ta Minor . d. - 2 10 8 - 2 18 6 - 3 8 2 ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. Now ready, price 10«. Gd., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN- VFSTMENT and EMIGRATION; being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO- CIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com- pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR- THUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Lite Assurance Society, t. Parlia- meat Street, London. Age £ S.d. Age 17- • - 1 14 4 .12- 22- . - 1 18 8 37- 27- - - 2 4 5 42- WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, Broad Sanctuary, opposite Westminster Abbey. — The Westminster Hospital was in- stituted in the year 171U, and was the first of the kmd in the United Kingdom established and supported by Voluntary Contributions. The prmciple of admission is based chiefly on the ur-;ency and nature of the symptoms of the patient, and during the past year 1,123 acci- dents and urpent cases have teen received as in-patients without letters of recommendation, while 14,381 out-patients have obtained medical or surgical assistance with no other claim than their sufferings. Patients are constantly re- ceived from distant districts ; admission is also freely given to Foreigners who are ill and in distress ; and relief is often afforded to patients who are sent as urgent cases by the clergy of all denominations, 'ihc number of patients ad- mitted in 185« was, in-patients l,75i,out-patients 19,545 — total 21,299. The demands on the Hos- pital are annually increasing, while the income from all sources has seriously declined. Thos^ in 1854,— ^ ,^^ . ^ »• «?• The income was - - . 4667 2 10 ■The expenditure - - - 6112 19 2} Deficiency - 1445 16 4J These increasing demands on the Hospital may, to a certain extent, he explained by the increase of population. Three wards, affording accommodation for 42 patients, are still un- furnished and unoccupied ; and to open these wards, and thus render the Hospital as efficient as originally designed, would require an in- creased income of 1500Z. a year, besides the cost of fitting up the wards for the reception of the patients. Efforts are being made to increase the Hospital accommodation of the metropolis, but the duty is more imperative to make the accommodation already existing available. No new establishment is rejiuired, no additional officers, no increased buildings, but only means to receive and support in a long -tried establish- ment an increased number of the poor and destitute. During the recent epidemic 170 cases of Asiatic cholera were admitted , and 10) of the number wtre restored to health and their families. 3496 cases of choleraic diarrhoea were also received, and, through prompt attention, the further progress of disease was p- evented. The Committee earnestly APPEAL to the te- nevolent for AID, and trust that the extent and value of the medical and surgical relief afforded to the poor from all parts may cause assistance to be given to the funds of this, the oldest metropolitan Hospital supported by vo- luntary contributions. Donations and Subscriptions are thankfully received by Messrs. Hoare & Co., 37. Fleet Street ; by Messrs. Bouverie & Co., 1 1 . Hay- market ; by the Joint Treasurers, the Hon. Philip P. Bouverie and Peter R. Hoare, Esq. ; or by the Secretary. F. J. WILSON, Sec. fTRELOAR'S COCOA-NUT J FIBRE MATTING, DOOR-MATS, MATTRESSES, and BRUSHES, gained the Prize- Medal at the Great Exhibition. At the Warehouse, 42. LUDGATE HILL, will be found an Assortment of COCOA-NUT FIBRE MANUFACTURES, unequalled for Variety and Excellence, at the most moderat« Prices. Catalogues Free. 9190 MILNERS' HOLDFAST ^ -*■ ^ and FIRE-RESTSTING SAFES (non-conducting and vapourising), with all the Improvements, under their Quadruple Patents of 1840-61-.M and 1855, including their Gunpowder Proof Solid Lock and Door (with- out which no Safe is secure). ■ -' THE STRONGEST, BEST, AND CHEAJRu EST SAFEGUARDS EXTANT. MIT.NERS' PHCENIX (212°) SAFE WOKKS, LIVERPOOL, the most Complete , and Extensive in the World. Show Rooms, 6. and 8. Lord Street, Liverpool. London Dep6t, 47a. Moorgate Street, City. Circulars Free by Post. NOTES AND QUERIES. [July 28. 1855. MURRAY'S JtAXlMVirunt RSADZIO-G. This Day, Fcap. 8vo., U. MAXIMS AND HINTS ON ANGLING, ETC. By RICHARD PENN. Also, Post 8vo.,2».6d. LIFE OF GENERAL WASH- INGTON. By WASHINGTON IRVING. Vol. I. Already Published, THE REJECTED ADDRESSES. U. NOTES FROM LIFE. By HENRY TAY- IiOR. is. BEAUTIES OF BYRON — PROSE AND VERSE. 3s. CROKER'S HISTORY OF THE GUIL- liOTINJi. Is. LOCKHART'S SPANISH BALLADS. is.6d. MAHON'S HISTORY OF THE "FORTY- FIVE." 3s. MATJREL'8 LIFE OF WELLINGTON. l$.6d. LAYARD'S POPULAR ACCOUNT OF NINEVEH. 5s. HALLAM'S LITERARY ESSAYS. 2s. MILMAN'S FALL OF JERUSALEM. 1«. MUSIC AND DRESS. Is. CAMPBELL'S LIFE OF LORD BACON. is.ed. THE CHACE, TURF, AND ROAD. 3s. 6d. HOLLWAY'S MONTH IN NORWAY. 2s. HEAD'S EMIGRANT. 2s. 6d. ESSAYS FROM " THE TIMES." 8s. THE ART OF DINING. Is. 6d. DEEDS OF NAVAL DARING. 5s. JAMES' FABLES OF ^SOP. 2s. 6d. MAHON'S STORY OF JOAN OF ARC. Is. LIFE OF THEODORE HOOK. Is. OLIPHANT'S VISIT TO NEPAUL, 2s. 6h of St. Dunstau in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid Saturday. July 28, 1856. NOTES AND QUEEIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION roE LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. •• 'Wlien found, make a note of." — Caftaik Cuitlk. No. 301.] Saturday, August 4. 1855. f Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5 !• CONTENTS. If OTBf : — Page The Inquisition, by B. B. Wiffen - 77 "Wines of tlie Ancients - - - 79 Coleridge's Lectures, by William John Fitzpatrick - - - - 80 Bemarkable Case of Longevity, by Henry H. Breen - - - - 80 Boetical Wills, by G. Blencowe - - 81 HiKOR Notes ; — " Almighty Dollar " — Parallel Passages — Error in Cary's "Dante" - - - - - 83 Queries: Johnson's "Life of Dryden" - - 83 Armorial Bearings of Clcre Family, by Kev. E. S. Taylor - . ' . 84 Dr. Thomas Deacon - - - 85 Minor Qdkbies : —Will of Thomas Lord IIoo — Longevity of Lawyers — Abbition of their ROYAL CONCERT PIANOFORTES, with repeater action, suited for apartments of the largest size, possessing the tone, touch, and advantages of the grand, without its magni- tude and expense. Price 40 Guineas. Every Instrument warranted. The peculiar ad- vantages of these Pianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial, signed by the majority of the leading musi- cians of the age : — " We, the undersigned members of the musical profession, having carefully examined the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great pleasure in bearing tes- timony to their merits and capabilities. It ap- pears to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal tem- perament, while the eleaance of their construc- tion renders them a handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R. Bishop, J. Blew- itt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E. F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F. Hass^, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F. Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lauza, Alexander Lee, A. Lefller, E. J. Loder, W. H. Montgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, P. Praegar, E. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E. Rockell, Sims Reeves .1. Templeton, F.We- ber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright,''^&c. D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis. ARCBJEOXiOGZC AXi "WORKS JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, FELLOW AND SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LON- DON. AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDEX to Remains of Antiquity of the Celtic, Romano-British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods. 1 vol. 8vo., price 15s. cloth, illustrated by nu- merous Engravings, comprising upwards of five hundred objects. A NUMISMATIC MANUAL. 1 vol. 8vo., price One Guinea. »*• The Plates which illustrate this Vo- lume are upon a novel plan, and will, at a glance, convey more information regarding the types of Greek, Roman, and English Coins, than can be obtained by many hours' careful reading. Instead of a fac-simile Engraving being given of that which is already an enigma to the tyro, the most striking and characteristic features of the Coin are dissected and placed by themselves, so that the eye soon becomes fa- miliar with them. A DESCRIPTIVE CATA- LOGUE nf Rare and Unedited Roman Coini, from the Earliest Period to the takingof Rome under Constantine Paleologoa. 2 vols. 8to., numerous Plates, 30s. COINS OF THE ROMANS relating to Britain. 1 vol.Svo. Second Edition, with an entirely new set of Plates, price lOj. ANCIENT COINS of CITIES and Princes, Geographically arranged and de- scribed, containing the Coins of Hispania, Gallia, and Britannia, with Plates of several hundred examples. 1 vol. 8ro., price IBs. NEW TESTAMENT, Numis- matic Illustrations of the Narrative Portions of the Fine paper, numerous Woodcuts from the original Coins in various Public and Pri- vate Collections. 1 vol. 8vo., price 5«. 6d. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY of ANCIENT and MODERN COINS. In 1 vol. fcp. 8vo., with numerous Wood Engravings from the original Coins, price 6s. 6cl. cloth. Contents : — Section 1. Origin of Coinage- Greek Regal Coins. 2. Greek Civic Coins. 3. Greek Imperial Coins. 4. Oritrin of Roman Coinage— ConsularCoins. 5. Roman Imperial Coins. 6. Roman British Coins. 7. Ancient British Coinage. 8. Anglo-Saxon Coinage. 9. English Coinage from the Conquest. 10. Scotch Coinage. 11. Coinage of Ireland. 12. Anglo-Gallic Coins. 13. Continental Money in the Jliddle Ages. 14. Various Representa- tives of Coinage. 15. Forgeries in Ancient and Modern Times. 16. Table of Prices of English Coins realised at Public Sales. TRADESMEN'S TOKENS, struck in London and its Vicinity, from the year 1648 to 1672 inclusive. Described from the Originals in the Collection of the British Mu- seum, &c. 1.5s. REMAINS OF PAGAN SAXONDOM, principally from Tumuli in England. Publishing in 4to., in Numbers, at 2s. 6d. With coloured Plates. A GLOSSARY OF PROVIN- CIAL WORDS and PHRASES in Use in Wiltshire. 12ma.,3s. THE NUMISMATIC CHRO- NICLE is published Quarterly. Price 3s. 6d. each Number. JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London. Aug. 4. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 77 LONDON, SATURDAY, AUGUST *, 1855. THE INQUISITION. Such readers of the " N. & Q." as have any curiosity on this subject may be referred to the article in Vol. x., p. 120., and continued in Vol. X., p. 137. In this article a description is given of the house of the General Inquisition of Madrid, at the time when the tribunal was sup- pressed in 1820; and censure is passed upon certain writers, English and French, for giving currency to a fictitious story of the demolition of a palace of the Inquisition near Madrid, in 1809, by the French troops under Marshal Soult. The story appeared to have been adopted by those writers successively, from a narrative purporting to have been made by Col. Lehmanowsky, and printed In a United States newspaper. In Vol. x., p. 246., appear some additional particulars relating to the house of the Inquisition, the result of per- sonal inspection in the year 1820, from the pen of Lord Monson; and in Vol. xi., p. 108., is a com- munication from Philadelphia to the " N. & Q.," giving the copy of a letter addressed from Ham- burg, Clark CO., Indiana, to the editor of the Inde- pendent, a New York religious newspaper, written from J. J. Lehmanowsky himself, endeavouring to support the credibility of the story put forth in his name ; into which newspaper it would seem that the first article, or some part of It, had been inserted from the " N. & Q." His letter mystifies and confounds the re-establishment of the Inqui- sition as an institution, which was suppressed in 1809, and restored to power in 1814, with the (supposed) reconstruction of an edifice asserted to have been destroyed. And again resting, it would seem, his apocryphal "Destruction of the Inquisi- tion Chemastin" on the circumstance that a de- cree suppressing the Inquisition as an institution was issued by Napoleon in 1808, during his tem- porary residence, from a house of the Duque del Infantado's, at Chamartin, near Madrid ; an edifice yet standing, and In the gardens of which, in 1851, was growing the staple production of the United States — the cotton-plant, producing its flossy down and ripened seed. An " Inquisition Chemastin" never had existence. It will have been readily perceived by every candid reader of the first article, that its purpose was not personal, as Mr. Lehmanowsky by his letter would seem to infer ; It was a correction of the too easy adoption by some writers on the Romish controversy of a narrative to which they had lent the authority of their names, copying one from another without seeking cotemporary proofs. Hence a story that might afford an hour's amuse- ment in the columns of the newspaper where it No. 301.] first appeared, like any similar novelette, seemed not improbable, by the currency so given it, to become in this country an established fiction historical, and to return to the United States whence It came, with a more authentic impression upon it than at first it possessed. What efforts are made by the best writers to clear away the fables of history already adopted ! Is it not, then, the moral duty of an enlightened age to supply the following one with materials for historic ve- racity ? That is no generous enthusiasm for liberty and religious truth which would needlessly in- crease its future perplexity. In works of imagin- ation, it may be considered a high species of merit to adapt the facts of history In the most perfect manner to Romance ; but the best interests of literature are concerned in preventing the adapt- ation of undistinguishable romance to history. And as a certain sense of mystery envelopes every- thing relating to the Inquisition, which excites the imagination by its secrecy, it may be worth while to reply to Mr. Lehmanowsky's defence of his story, by producing here evidence of a more formal kind than the issue of a question of mere literary and historical interest might otherwise seem to require. This can fortunately be done from a set of papers now before me, officially drawn up, wit- nessed and signed, confirming the statements made in the first article as to the fabulous character of the said story. It would be scarcely suitable to occupy the columns of the " N. & Q." with a literal transcript of these papers and their technicalities ; it may be sufficient to give a summary of the declarations here, as the originals, when they have served their purpose, will probably be deposited in one of the great public libraries. The case opens with a statement of the subject- matter made as follows: — That In 1850, a book was published in Dublin, printed for Philip Dixon Hardy & Sons, entitled The Inquisition, its His- tory, Influence, and Effects. That in this volume of 250 pages, from pp. 209. to 214., is inserted an account of the demolition of the palace of the Inquisition (near Madrid) In the year 1809, by order of Marshal Soult, as related by the com- manding officer who destroyed the palace. That this account is altogether romantic and fabulous, and Is censured as such in pp. 20, 21. of an ap- pendix to a Spanish work by Gonzales de Montes, printed in 1851 ; that, trusting to the correctness of this appendix, the censure was extracted and printed (with remarks to the same purpose) In a London literary periodical, called " Notes and Queries ;" but that a gentleman named J. J. Leh- manowsky has written a letter in the United States, published in the " N. & Q.," re-affirming the cer- tainty of the facts ; and adding in his letter, that having arrived at the age of eighty, he shall take no trouble to correct or reply to any farther remarks 78 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 4. 1855. on the subject ; and that, as the assertions of this gentleman tend to belie the statements made in the appendix to the work by Montes, it is thought proper to establish their correctness by the cor- roborative testimonies of several respectable and truthful persons ; in order to place before him and others conclusive proofs that all the incidents of his story are fictitious. Hence it is here demonstrated, that the follow- -ing assertions are untrue: — 1. That a house of the Inquisition existed in 1809, with walls and ■turrets of solid construction, five miles from Ma- -drid. 2. That it was defended by armed guards rin the service of the Inquisitors, 3. That it was handsomely furnished, having also paintings and a library. 4. That the Inquisitor-General had bis residence there. 5. That three regiments of Prench troops, under INIarshal Soult, went to de- molish it ; and that they mined and blew it up, with a tremendous explosion. On the contrary, it is certain, that there never were more houses for the use of the Inquisition of Madrid than one, recently built in the Calle de Maria Cristina, No. 4. nuevo ; and another where the Inquisitor- General resided, still existing in the Calle de Torija, No. 14. nuevo, opposite the present resi- dence of Lord Howden, the English ambassador. Firstly, D. F. A , Knight of the Order of Carlos III., &c. born, resident, and a proprietor in Madrid, aged sixty-four, living in the Plazuela , appeared before the judge and notary ; de- clared that he understood the subject-matter, and offered his positive declaration, that the relation is false that there had been in 1809 a house of the Inquisition five miles distant from Madrid, neither at Chamartin, solidly constructed with walls and turrets, or defended by guards in the service of the Inquisitors. That it is untrue that three regi- ments of French troops went to demolish it, min- ing and blowing it up ; because there never were more houses, for the use of the Inquisition of Madrid, than one, recently rebuilt in the Calle de Maria Cristina, No. 4. nuevo ; and another, still retaining its ancient form, in the Calle de Torija, No. 14. nuevo, where the Inquisitor-General lived ; aiid this stands opposite the house now occupied by the English ambassador, Lord How- den. That as to the furniture, pictures, and library, he is ignorant ; but if these were supposed to be in a house of the Inquisition five miles from Madrid, the assertion is fabulous ; because there never existed such an one. That he <;an truly make this declaration, because, in the year 1809, he had been residing at Madrid from his birth ; that he well knew the two buildings belonging to the Inquisition ; and that he never saw the guards or heard of the supposed demolition, which, if it had occurred, must have come to his knowledge : and this declaration, made under oath, being read over, he ratifies it. No. 301.] Secondly, D. J. G. V. , born at Villafranca^ resident at Madrid, Calle de , formerly hold- ing an appointment in the department of Receipts. of Espolios, since suppressed, aged eighty-four^ appeared, and stated that he understood the sub- ject. That the story is fictitious that there was, in 1809, a house of the Inquisition five miles from Madrid, neither at Chamartin, walled, turreted, and defended by guards ; that three regiments of French troops, under Marshal Soult, went to> destroy it, mining and blowing it up. That the Inquisition of Madrid never had more than twa houses ; one now rebuilt in the Calle de Cristina,. No. 4. nuevo ; and another in the Calle de Torija,. No. 14. nuevo, where the Inquisitor- General re- sided, opposite the house occupied by the presenfe English ambassador. Lord Howden. That he can declare this without the shadow of a doubt f be(!ause, in 1809, the period referred to, he at- tended daily at his oflice in the suppressed depart- ment of Receipts of Espolios, which was held at that time, and continued to be held down to the summer of 1811, in the Calle de Leganitos ; the first house on the right, entering by the Plazuela de Santo Domingo, in the immediate neighbour- hood of the said houses of the Inquisition, their situation and appearance being well known to him; that they never were fortified ; that he never saw armed guards, or heard the supposed ruinous ex- plosion. That he is ignorant of the kind of fur- niture, pictures, and library ; never heard of their supposed grandeur : and he makes the declaration? under oath, and, being read over, he ratifies it. Thirdly, appeared D. J. H. de R , advocate, native and resident of Madrid, holding office in- the central university of Madrid, residing in the Plazuela , aged sixty-eight, and declared to be false beyond any kind of doubt that in 1809 the house of the Inquisition existed five miles from Madrid, or at Chamartin, walled, turreted, and defended by soldiers at the service of the In- quisitors. That it is farther fictitious, that three regiments of French troops went to demolish it, and having mined it, blew it up. On the contrary, there were never more than two houses used by tha Inquisition of Madrid ; one recently rebuilt in the Calle de Maria Cristina, No. 4. nuevo. No. 8.. formerly ; and another still retaining its ancient form in the Calle de Torija, No. 14. nuevo, formerly No. 1., Avhere the Inquisitor-General resided, situated opposite the house now occupied by tlie English ambassador, Lord Howden. That he knew nothing of the furniture, ])ictures, or library there ; but in reference to those in the supposed house of the Inquisition five miles from Madrid, according to Mr. Lehmanowsky's account,, he could at once declare the description fictitious, because such an edifice never existed. That he- could truly make this declaration, beciuise, in 1809, he ha4 been living at Madrid from his birth. Aug. 4. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 19 and perfectly knew the situation of the houses of the Inquisition ; never heard the report of the invented demolition, or saw any peculiar guards. Made under oath, and, being read over, ratified. Fourthly, D. L. L , native of Alicante, re- sident and propi-Ietor in Madrid, Calle de J , aged seventy-four, declared positively, that It was not true that, In the year 1809, there was any house of the Inquisition five miles distant from Madrid, nor at Chamartin, with walls, turrets, and defended by armed guards. That It Is equally f\ilse that three regiments of French troops were fient to demolish It ; that they mined and blew it «p. But, on the contrary, it is certain there never were but two houses of the Inquisition of Madrid ; one, now rebuilt, in the Calle de Maria Cristina, No. 4. nuevo, No. 8. formerly ; and another still retaining Its ancient form In the Calle de Torija, No. 14. nuevo, formerly No. 1., where the Inquisitor-General resided, in front of that now occupied by the English ambassador. Lord Howden. That, as to the furniture, pictures, and library, he knew nothing; but as respects those mentioned In the relation derived from Mr. Leh- manowsky, existing in a house of the Inquisition five miles from Madrid, he could at once declare the description untrue, and a pure Invention, for such an edifice never existed In the manner de- scribed; and that he could truly make such declaration, having been domiciled at Madrid for sixty-seven years, living there in 1 809 ; well know- ing the two houses of the Inquisition, and never till now heard of the demolition, or saw the guards who were the supposed defenders. These are testimonies of persons of known cha- racter, present at the place, and of an age to be perfectly cognizant, at this distance of time, of all the public events of the period. They are a sub- stantial summary of a set of papers drawn up In form, consisting of the following parts, which may be worthy of mention as a curiosity in them- selves :* — A request to make a statement of the subject ; the recorder's Avarrant allowing it ; the declarations of four witnesses ; the recorder's de- claration of the hearing and approval of witnesses' veracity ; delivery of copy, three notaries verify- ing the signature of the judge, notary, and re- corder : the j udge verifies those of the notaries ; the llegent of the Audiencia, the judge's ; the Minister of Grace and Justice, the Regent's ; the political director, the minister's ; the English Consul, the minister's, in these words : " I hereby certify, that the foregoing seal and signature are those ofHcially employed by Don Miguel de los Santos Alvarez,«Political Director in the office of her Catholic Majesty's Minister for Foreign Affairs . . . " Frederick Berxai., H. M.'s Consul." (Sealed.) [* We have seen these documents. — Ed. "K&Q."] No. 301.] And, finally, the Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the English Consul's : " I certify that I believe the above signature, ' Frederick Bemal,' to be the handwriting of Frederick Bernal, Esq™, her Britannic Majesty's Consul at Madrid. WoDEHOUSE, Under Secretary of State. 1855." (Seal.) B. B. WlFJFEN. WINES OF THE ANCIENTS. . I should be obliged to any of your readers, learned in the history of wines, who would Inform, me why those of the ancients were so much stronger than any known in modern times. That they were so, must be inferred from the fact,, familiar to every reader of the classics, that the Greeks and Romans always drank their wine largely diluted with water. The proportions of the mixture were various, according to the quality of the wines, and the taste of the drinkers ; but, generally, there was a much greater quantity of water than of wine. Heslod recommended the proportion of three to one : but some wines re- quired to be still farther weakened. In the Odys- sey we read, that the wine of Maron, the minister of Apollo, In Thracian Ismarus, was so strong, that, when he drank It, a single cup was mingled with twenty of water : " Tbv S' ore ttCvouv jiAeAiijSea olvov epvBpov, 'Er Se'iras e(in-Ai;!ra! vSaro; ava elKOcri. fx^Tpa Xev-"—Od. IX. 208. This must be understood as a proof of the strength of the wine, not of the priest's temperance. But It may be said, that is one of those travellers' tales with which Ulysses amused the good king Alci- nous after supper ; and this potent wine is as fabulous as the beverage of Circe, which trans- formed men into swine. Pliny, however, states, that in his time the Maronean wine in the same part of Thrace was of equal strength : " Durat etiara vis eadem in terra generi, vigorque in- domitus." — Lib. xiv. cap. iv. It Is true, he goes on to contradict himself ;^ for he says that the consul Mutianus, when he was In that country, found that the wine was mixed, with water in the proportion of one to eight : " Quippe cum Mutianus ter consul ex his qui nuper- rime prodidere, sextarios singulos octonis aquae nusceri compererit prajsens in eo tractu." But what shall we think of the following strange tale, related by AthenaBus, on the grave authority ■ of Aristotle ? (I quote from Mr. Yonge's trans- lation, in Bohn's Classical Library) : " And Aristotle says, that the wine called the Sama- gorean wine is so strong, that more than forty men were made drunk with a pint and a half of it, after it had been mixed with water." — Deipnosophists, book x. c. xxxv. 80 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 4. 1855. S^Such stories as this make one suspect that the ancients were acquainted with the art of distilling alcohol ; though it is generally believed that this, like gunpowder, is an invention of which the moderns may boast. (P. Q/c, vol. ix. p. 23.) It may be said that, in former times, Bacchus was a powerful divinity, and has since been deposed; but I am not quite satisfied with that explanation. F. COLERIDGE S LECTURES. If I do not greatly mistake, I remember having seen repeatedly in your columns, about nine months since, some references to, and inquiries after, Coleridge's literary lectures in 1811, which it was feared had been lost irrevocably. One of your correspondents, a friend I believe of Cole- ridge's, informed the readers of " N. & Q." that he had some stenographical notes in his possession of the lectures referred to, and shortly after the announcement gratified the admirers of the great man by publishing them.* A few evenings ago, in looking over the file of the Dublin Correspon- dent, a dead-and-gone newspaper, I observed what I now inclose. The journal was edited by a barrister of eminence named Townshend, and generally contained more literary matter, and more special reports of lectures, sermons, &c., than the majority of its cotemporaries. " Mr. Coleridge delivered his first lecture at the Hall of the London Philosophical Society, on Monday evening the 25th ult., to a numerous and respectable audience. The subject of this lecture, which was the introductory discourse, was the cause of false criticism, especially in poetry ; and these the speaker divided into incidental and permanent. The incidental he stated to be such as gave to the persons of the present age an undue propensity to decide and condemn, summarilj', beyond the powers of discrimination possessed by the censurer. The permanent causes alleged were, the averseness of the mass of mankind to the exercise of the thinking faculty, the loose and in- accurate use of the terms expressive of excellence or defect, and the vicious propensity of the majority to judge of books by books, instead of consulting the living oracles of nature and man. Mr. Coleridge concluding by disclaiming, in a very animated manner, any inclination to a hasty and intemperate censure of his cotemporaries, to injure any man in his fair fame, to hold up individuals to contempt and scorn, or to involve on any occasion an attack on character with the liberal exercise of cri- ticism." « Dec. 17, 1811. " Mr. Coleridge, having concluded the preliminary dis- cussions on the nature of the Shakspearian drama', and the genius of the poet, and briefly noticed Lovers Labour^ Lost, as the link which connected together the poet and the dramatist, proceeded, in his seventh lecture, to an elaborate review of Romeo and Juliet, a play in which are [* Mr. Collier's valuable communications on this subject will be found in " N. & Q.," Vol. x., pp. 1. 21. 57. 117. — Ed. "N. &Q."] No. 301.] to be found all the individual excellences of the author, but less happily combined than in his riper productions. This he observed to be the characteristic of genius, that its earliest works are never inferior in beauties, while the merits which taste and judgment can confer are of slow growth. Tibalt and Capulet he showed to be repre- sentatives of classes which he had observed in society, while in Mercutio he exhibited the first character of his own conception; a being formed of poetic elements, which meditation rather than obser^'^ation had revealed to him ; a being full of high fancy and rapid thought, conscious of his own powers, careless of life, generous, noble, a perfect gentleman. On his fate hangs the cata- strophe of the tragedy. In commenting on the character of the Nurse, Mr. Coleridge strenuously resisted the sug- gestion that this is a mere piece of Dutch painting ; a portrait in the style of Gerard Dow. On the contrary, her character is exquisitely generalised, and is subser- vient to the display of fine moral contrasts. Her fondness for Juliet is delightfully pathetic. ' What a melancholy world would this be without children, how inhuman without old age.' Her loquacity is characteristic of a vulgar mind, which recollects merely by coincidence of time and place, while cultivated minds connect their ideas by cause and effect. Having admitted that these lower persons might be suggested to Shakspeare by ob- servation, Mr. Coleridge reverted to his ideal characters, and said, ' I ask, where Shakspeare observed this ? ' (some . heroic sentiments by Othello) ' It was with his inward eye of meditation on his own nature. He became Othello, and therefore spoke like him. Shakspeare became, in fact, all beings but the vicious ; but in drawing his cha- racters he regarded essential not accidental relations. Avarice he never pourtrayed, for avarice is a factitious passion. The Miser of Plautus and Molifere is already obsolete.' Mr. Coleridge entered into a discussion of the nature of fancy; showed how Shakspeare, composing under a feeling of the unimaginable, endeavouring to reconcile opposites by producing a strong working of the mind, was led to those earnest coflceits which are con- sistent with passion, though frigidly imitated by writers without any. He illustrated this part of his subject by a reference to Milton's conception of Death, which the painters absurdly endeavour to strip of its fanciful nature, and render definite by the figure of a skeleton, the dryest of all images, compared with which a square or a triangle is a luxuriant fancy. " Mr. Coleridge postponed the examination of the hero and heroine of the piece, but prefaced his inquiry by remarks on the nature of love, which he defined to be 'a perfect desire of the whole being to be united to some thing or being which is felt necessary to its perfection, by the most perfect means that nature permits, and reason dictates ; ' and took occasion with great delicacy to contrast this link of our higher and lower nature, this noblest energy of our humane and social being, with what, b}' a gross misnomer, usurps its name ; and as- serted, that the criterion of honour and worth among men is their habit of sentiment on the subject of love. " We ai'e compelled to omit the partial illustration of his in the characters of Romeo and Juliet, the continuation of which we are promised in the succeeding lecture." William John Fitzpatbick. Booterstown, Dublin. REMARKABLE CASE OF LONGEVITY. To the instances of longevity already noticed in the pages of " N. & Q.," allow me to add that of Aug. 4. 1855.] NOTES AND QUEEIES. 81 Louis Mutel, a negro, who died in this island in 1851, at the age of one hundred and thirty -Jive years. Louis Mutel was a native of Maconba, in the island of Martinique, where he was born in 1716. In 1771 he was married at Fort Royal in that island, to his slave Marie Catherine ; and about the year 1785 he came and settled at Gros-ilet in St. Lucia, where he continued to reside till the time of his death. His chief occupation was that of a dealer in trade ; he lived in easy circum- stances, and was much respected by all classes. Some time after his death, an inventory had to be taken of his effects, and among his papers was found his marriage contract with Marie Catherine in 1771, which establishes the fact of his being then fifty-five years of age, and consequently of his having been born in 1716. From this docu- ment (now in the possession of the Honorable Mr. Leager, Member of Council and Notary Royal, who took the inventory of Mutel's effects) I have, by that gentleman's kind permission, made the following extracts : " Contrat de mariage de Louis Mutel, nfegre libre, et de la nommee Marie Catherine, son esclave, du 4 Novem- bre, 1771. " Pardevant les notaires Royaux en I'isle Martinique, r^sidant en la ville du Fort Royal, soussign^s. " Furent presents le nomme Louis Mutel, n^gre libre, demeurant au quartier de I'ance Mitan, Paroisse Notre Dame de la Purification des trois Islets de cette isle, age de cinquante-cinq ans, natif du quartier du Maconba, Paroisse S»« Anne, de cette dite isle, stipulant pour lui et en son nom, d'une part." These extracts show that, in 1771, when the marriage took place, Mutel was fifty-five years of age. In the following the date of the marriage is repeated in words at length, and the document is authenticated by the signatures of the notaries by whom it was drawn up : " Fait et pass^ en la ville de Fort Royal de la dite isle Martinique, etude de M"' Lefebure, Fan Mil sept cent soixanteonze, le quatr« jour du mois de Novembre, du matin; aprfes lecture faite les dits futurs epoux ont declare ne savoir ecrire ni signer, de ce enquis suivant I'ordonnance ; les dits notaires ont sign^, et la minute est restee au dit M^ Lefebure, I'un d'eux. (Signed) Claa'^ery. Lefebure." This is followed by a certificate, under the hand of Malherbe de Contest, Greffier, showing that the marriage contract was published and recorded at Fort Royal on November 7, 1772. Louis Mutel died at Gros-ilet, on May 9, 1851, as appears by an entry in the parish registers, which I have carefully verified. There are now living in this island several persons of the age of ninety or upwards, a cir- cumstance which will appear still more remark- able when the character of the climate, and the scantiness of the population (about 26,000 souls), No. 301.] are taken into the account. I subjoin the par- ticulars : Madame Toraille - Madame Morel Madame Jacob Madame Devaux St. Philip Mr. Guy de Mareil Mademoiselle Vitalis Madame Anne Madame Coudrey - Madame Baudouin - coloured - aged 90 coloured - , f 90 coloured - , I 92 white , 92 white , 93 white , 96 black , 102 coloured - , 106 white , 106 Henrt H. Breen. St. Lucia. POETICAL WILLS. Wills, as a matter of course, are usually drawn up by gentlemen learned in the law. Such being the case, it is very unusual to meet with any in a metrical form. I have, however, met with three wills of the latter description ; and thinking they are calculated to amuse the readers of " N. & Q.," I have transcribed copies of them. " The last Will and Testament of William Ruffell, Esq., of Skimpling, Suffolk. ' " As this life must soon end, and my frame will decay, And my soul to some far-distant clime wing its way, Ere that time arrives, now I free am from cares, I thus wish to settle my worldly affairs, A course right and proper men of sense will agree. I am now strong and hearty, my age forty-three ; I make this my last will, as I think 'tis quite time, It conveys all I wish, though 'tis written in rhyme. To employ an attorney I ne'er was inclin'd, They are pests to society, sharks of mankind. To avoid that base tribe my own will I now draw, May I ever escape coming under their paw. To Ezra Dalton, my nephew, I give all my land, With the old Gothic cottage that thereon doth stand ; 'Tis near Shimpling great road, in which I now dwell. It looks like a chapel or hermit's old cell. With my furniture, plate, and linen likewise. And securities, money, with what may arise. 'Tis my wish and desire that he should enjoy these, And pray let him take even my skin, if he please. To my loving, kind sister I give and bequeath, For her tender regard, when this world I shall leave, If she choose to accept it, my rump-bone may take, And tip it with silver, a whistle to make. My brother-in-law is a strange-tempered dog ; He's as fierce as a tiger, in manners a hog ; A petty tyrant at home, his frowns how they dread ; Two ideas at once never entered his head. So proud and so covetous, moreover so mean, I dislike to look at him, the fellow is so lean. He ne'er behaved well, and, though very unwilling. Yet I feel that I must cut him off with a shilling. My executors, too, should be men of good fame ; I appoint Edmund Ruffell, of Cockfield, by name ;. In his old easy chair, with short pipe and snuff. What matter his whims, he is honest enough ; With Samuel Seely, of Alpheton Lion, I like his strong beer, and his word can rely on. When Death's iron hand gives the last fatal blow, And my shattered old frame in the dust must lie low,. Without funeral pomp let my remains be convej'ed To Brent Eleigh churchyard, near my father be laid. 82 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 4. 1855. This, written with my own hand, there can be no appeal, 1 now therefore at once set my hand and my seal, As being my last will ; I to this fully agree. This eighteenth day of March, eighteen hundred and three." Mr. Ruffell was a gentleman of an ancient and highly respectable family. It is well known in the neighbourhood where he resided that he gave various friends copies of his will. One of his re- latives, however, informs me that the original was not found after his decease. Possibly, on reflec- tion, he was induced to destroy it on the sup- position that he had expressed himself a little too harshly respecting his brother-in-law, and, more- over, beeri somewhat too caustic in his remarks on the legal profession. The legacy to his " lov- ing, kind sister " was such a one as few ladies would feel inclined to accept. The late Mr. Ezra Dalton, who succeeded to the testator's landed property, &c., was well known to the writer of this ; he was a good specimen of an old-fashioned gentleman farmer. It is obvious that Mr. Ruffell venerated the memory of his father, by desiring to be interred near him. This feeling, which denotes strong filial affection, appears to have prevailed generally from a very early period. Thus we find the patriarch Jacolj exclaiming at the close of his life, " Lay me in the grave of my fathers." The following is a copy of the will of the late Mr. Joshua West, of the Six Clerks' Office, Chancery Lane, dated December 13, 1804 : " Perhaps I died not worth a groat ; But should I die worth something more, Then 1 give that, and mj' best coat, And all my manuscripts in store. To those who shall the goodness have To cause my poor remains to rest Within a decent shell and grave. This is the will of Joshua West. " Joshua West. "Witnessed R. Mills. J. A. Berry. JouN Baines." Mr. West died possessed of property, and some valuable manuscripts, which were conveyed by the above will. Curious Testamentary Paper of a North Essex Labourer, — " The Will of James Bigshy of Manningtree. " As I feel very queer my will I now make ; Write it down, Joseph Finch, and make no mistake. I wish to leave all things fair and right, do you see, And my relatives satisfjr. Now, listen to me. The first in my will is Lydia my wife, Who to me proved a comfort three years of my life ; The second my poor aged mother I say. With whom I have quarrelled on many a day, For which I've been sorry, and also am still ; I wish to give her a place in my will. The third that I mention is my dear little child ; When I think of her, Joseph, 1 feel almost wild. No. 301,] Uncle Sam Bigsby, I must think of him too, Peradventure he will say that I scarcely can do. And poor uncle Gregory, I must leave him a part, If it is nothing else but the back of the cart. And for you, my executor, I will do- what I can, For acting towards me like an honest young man. Now, to my wife I bequeath greater part of my store ; First thing is the bedstead before the front door ; The next is the chair standing by the fire side, The fender and irons she cleaned with much pride. I also bequeath to Lydia my wife A box in the cupboard, a sword, gun, and knife, And the harmless old pistol without any lock. Which no man can fire off, for 'tis minus a cock. The cups and the saucers I leave her also, And a book called The History of Poor Little Mo, With the kettle, the boiler, and old frying-pan, A shovel, a mud-scoop, a pail, and a pan. And remember, I firmly declare and protest That my poor aged mother shall have my oak chest And the broken whip under it. Do you hear what I say? Write all these things down without any delay. And my dear little child, I must think of her too. Friend Joseph, I am dying, what shall I do ? I give her my banyan, my cap, and my hose. My big monkey jacket, my shirt, and my shoes; And to Uncle Sam Bigsby I bequeath my high boots, The pickaxe and mattock with which I stubbed roots. And poor Uncle Gregory, with the whole of my heart, I give for a bedstead the back of the cart. And to you, my executor, last in my will, I bequeath a few trifles to pay off" your bill. I give you my shot-belt, my dog, and my nets. And the rest of my goods sell to pay off my debts. " Joseph Finch, executor. "Dated February 4th, 1839." There are several good points and useful hints in this document. In the first place it appears the testator did not think of making a will till he felt " very queer," which serves to remind the reader that it is more discreet to attend to a matter of this kind when in health, as few per- sons can think and act calmly and dispassionately when they feel " very queer." Then the choice of an executor is a matter to be vrell considered. Here we find one appointed who on previous occa- sions had proved himself " an honest young man." The fatherly, kind, and affectionate manner in which the testator speaks of his "dear little child" is of a pleasing character. Perhaps It may be said he left her a queer legacy. Granted ; but then it must be remembered that a man can bequeath no more than he possesses ; as a member of the So- ciety of Friends would say, " Such as I have I give unto thee." The back of the cart given to " Uncle Gregory " was for a long time used in the cottage for the purpose of a bedstead ; and it pos- sessed at least one advantage, as those sleeping In it could not very well fall out of bed. The exe- cutor being somewhat of a sporting character, the " shot-belt, dog, and nets " were the most accept- able present that could be offered him. Some in- genuity is displayed in drawing up this will, as it Aug. 4. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 83 contains an inventory of the effects that were in the cottage. G. Blencowe. Manningtree. ^^ Almighty Dollar." — This phrase originated with Washington Irving, who first made use of it in his charming little sketch of a Creole Vil- lage, which appeared in 1837. W. W. Malta. Parallel Passages. — "When a body is once in motion, it moveth, unless something hinder it, eternally ; and whatsoever hindereth it, cannot in an instant, but in time and by degrees, quite extinguish it ; and, as we see in the water, though the wind cease, the waves give not over rolling for a long time after ; so also it happeneth in tliat motion which is made in the internal parts of man," &c. — Hobbes. Robespierre. " The people will as soon revolt without op- pression as the ocean will heave in billows without the wind." "'True,' says Verginana ; 'but wave after wave will roll upon the shore after the fury of the winds is stilled.' " —Alison's History. " A flowery band to bind us to the earth, Spite of despondence, of the inhuman dearth Of noble natures, of the gloomy days. Of all the unhealthy and o'erdarken'd ways Made for our searching ; yes, in spite of all, Some shape of beauty moves away the pall From our dark spirits. An endless fountain of immortal drink Pouring unto us from the heaven's brink." Keats's Endymion (opening lines). " And let our love. Our large true love bend o'er our little babe. As the calm grand old heavens bend over earth, Kevealing God's own starry thoughts and things, So shall the image of our hearts' ideal, The angel nestling in her bud of life. Smile upward in the mirror of her face, A daily beauty in our darken'd ways, And a perpetual feast of holy things." Gerald Massul's Wedded Life. T.S.N. Error in Carys " Dante" — Will you allow me to call attention to a singular mistake which occurs in Gary's Translation of Dante? The pas- sages to which I allude are in the 23rd Canto of the " Inferno." The poet is describing the punish- ment of the hypocrites, when he says (v. 61.) ; " Egli avean cappe con cappucci bassi Dinanzi agli occhi, fatte della taglia, Che 'n Cologna per li monaci fassi." Again (v. 100.) : " E 1' un rispose a me : le cappe ranee Son di piombo si grosse, che li pesi Fan cigolar le lor bilance." In one of these places, Gary translates the word No. 301.] cappe, " caps ; " in the other, " bondets : " whereas it should have been " mantles," or " cloaks." The whole force and beauty of the passage is lost by this misrendering ; and the allusion to the mantle or cope of lead in which Frederic II. enveloped his victims is deprived of its point and meaning. T. F. K. €L\xtxit6, Johnson's " life of drtden." Speaking of Dryden's Plays, Johnson says : " The plays are said to be printed in the order in which they were written." Mr. Gunningham has allowed this passage (vol. i. p. 273.) to pass with- out comment. But is there any other authority for such a statement than a wrong reading of the advertisement prefixed to King Arthur, where Dryden said : " Finding that several of my friends, in buying my Plays, &c., bound together, have been imposed on by the booksellers foisting in a play which is not mine, I have here, to prevent this for the future, set down a catalogue of my Plays and Poems in quarto, putting the Plays in the order I wrote them." This is not saying the Plays were printed in the order in which they were written, and Johnson shows that be did not believe ^hey were : for (p. 280.) " Tyrannic Love," he tells us, " was written before the Conquest of Grenada, but published after it." I am not here considering whether Johnson was right or wrong, but whether he had any authority for the " it is said." If he had, where is it to be found ? Now a word or two as to. the fact itself. Mb. Cunningham, in a note to the last passage quoted (p. 280.), tells us that Johnson was in error : that Tyrannic Love was published in 1670, and The Conquest of Grenada in 1672. This, though a special correction, strengthens Johnson's general assertion ; but then the unnoticed general asser- tion is contradicted and disproved by the table given in the Appendix (p. 395.). What then are the facts ? Does Malone say he had seen, or has Mr. Cunningham seen, an edition of Tyrannic Love, published 1670? I know that Jones, in Biog. Dram., makes mention of such an edition ; but Isaac Reed, his predecessor, a more careful man, referred only to an edition of 1672. The entry in stationers' books proves nothing as to date of publication. Again, Johnson says : " It is related by Prior, that Lord Dorset, when as Chamberlain he was constrained to eject Drj'den from his office, gave him from his own purse an allowance equal to the salary. This is no romantic or incredible act of gene- rosity ; a hundred a year is often given to claims less cogent by men less famed for liberality. Yet Drj'den always represented himself as suffering under a public 84 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 4. 1855. infliction ; and once particularly demands respect for the patience with which he endured the loss of his little fortune. His patron might, indeed, enjoin him to sup- press his bounty ; but, if he suffered nothing, he should not have complained." On this foolish, captious comment, Mr. Cun- ningham very properly shows that Dryden lost by the Revolution more than lOOl. a year ; and that Prior refers only to the emoluments of which Lord Dorset, as Chamberlain, was obliged to deprive him. But more than this was required ; for, if Lord Dorset did enjoin Dryden " to suppress his bounty," Dryden disobeyed his lordship's orders in the very sentence from which Johnson quoted the mention of the loss of his little fortune (Ded. of Juvenal) ; and Dryden, with a wife to maintain, and three children to support, or help to support, as appears from the letter to his son Charles (p. 390.), and the anecdote of the watch (p. 336), might acknowledge Dorset's personal liberality, and yet complain that his age was reduced to want. Johnson him«elf, without either wife or children, did not find a pension of 300/. a year equal to his real or imaginary wants. D. J. AEMORIAL BEARINGS OP CLERE FAMILY. In the chancel of this church is the brass of Sir Robert Clere, who died 1529. Each word of the inscription, which is in the Tudor character, is separated from the next by a small shield bear- ing arms ; some of which are of the numerous alliances of the Cleres, while others I can find no connexion for at all. I shall enumerate them in the order in which they occur, giving the names of those mentioned in their pedigree, and of which there is no doubt. (Some of them are repeated once or more.) 1st, 16 th, and 18 th. A hawk or raven displayed. Query Fastolf of Suffolk ? 2nd. Three spear-heads (or reed-bunches ?) Query Reedham ? 3rd and 21st. Snecke. Gu., a fess or in chief, a label of three ermines. 4th and 8th. Rees. Gu., a chevron ermine be- tween three fleurs-de-lys or. 5th and 19th. Boleyn. Three bulls' heads couped, but wanting the chevron. 6th. Hopton. Arg., a chevron az. in chief, a label ermines. 7th and 22nd. Westlesse. Arg., a chevron sable, between three cross crosslets fitche, and five billets of the last. 9th. Quarterly. A bend . . ., and fretty . . . impaling a saltire engrailed. Query this last Kerdestone ? 10th. Two chevrdns reversed. A crescent for difference. Query Newton ? No. 301.] 11th. Wichingham. Ermine, on a chief sable, three crosses pattee or. 12th. Martel. Gu., three hammers or. 13th. Three chevronels. Query Clare ? 14th. Udale, Owydal"^ or Dovedale. Arg., a cross moline gu. 15th. A cross engrailed. Query Ufford ? 16th. On a chevron, three estoiles. 17th. Three roses or quatrefoils. 20th. On a bend three mascles. Query Car- leton ? 23rd. A cross, in dexter chief a dagger. Query City of London ? 24th. Molyns. Paly wavy of six or and gu. I can find nothing to enable me to assign, with any probability, Nos. 9. 15. 16. 17. and 20. And for the assignation of Nos. 1. 2. 10. and 13. I have only the following slight grounds : 1. A hawk displayed sable is assigned, in Daw- son Turner's History of Suffolk, to Fastolf of Suffolk. Some connexion with the Cleres is not improbable, but I find no account of it. 2. Reedham. Az., three reed-bunches or, im- pales Caston on one of the painted windows formerly in Paston Hall. Sir William de Reedham married Margaret, daughter of Sir Robert de Caston ; and his daughter and heiress Margaret marf-ied John Berney of Wichingham. A John de Berney married Joan, daughter of Barthol. de Wichingham, by whom came the estate in that parish. His son John lived at Wichingham, and was M.P. for Norfolk in the 2nd and 22nd of Edward III., with Robert Clere, Esq. Sir Wil- liam de Clere, the rebuilder of Ormesby Church, married Dionysia, daughter of Sir William Wich- ingham, in 1351. is this sufficient to account for the arms of Reedham on the tomb of one of his descendants ? 10. Newton. Blomfield's Hist, of Norfolk, s. v. " East Tuddenham," says Robert Newton, gent., of , Warwickshire, conveyed part of this manor to Sir John Clere of Ormesby, and the other part having also come to the Cleres, the whole was sold by Sir Edward Clere, in Ed- ward VI.'s time. 13. Clare. The manor of Stratton Strawless belonged to Richard Fitzgilbert, Earl of Clare, and was considered part of the " Honour of Clare." A trial respecting it took place in Sir Edward Clere's time, in which he was concerned. Will any correspondent kindly give me his help ia assigning Nos. 9. 15. 16. 17. and 20. ; and finding the reason why the other bearings have place among the matches of the Cleres, as they were a most important family in the county ? E. S. Tatloe. Ormesby St. Margaret. Aug. 4. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 85 DR. THOMAS DEACON. Can any of your readers give any information respecting Dr^ Thomas Deacon, a nonjuring bishop, who died at Manchester, February 16ih, 1753 ? It is ascertained that he went into Hol- land in the autumn of 1716, where he lived on his own fortune ; that, on his return to England, he studied medicine in London under Dr. Mead; that he afterwards resided in Manchester, where he practised physic in 1719 or 1720, and where he was living at the time of the rebellion of 1745, In which three of his sons were concerned. He officiated in a chapel in Fennel Street, for which he published a Collection of Devotions in 1734. He was buried in the north-east corner of St. Anne's churchyard, where many other members of his family are also interred. Mr. Perceval, in the Appendix to his Apology for the Apostolical Succession (second edition), states that he was consecrated bishop by Archibald Campbell and Roger Lawrence. This appears to have taken place in 1733. The following is a list of his writings, to which perha{)s some of your readers can add : " The Doctrine of the Church of Rome concerning Pur- gatory, 1718, 12mo., London. A Complete Collection of Devotions, both Public and Private, 8vo., London, 1734. Translation of Tillemont's Ecclesiastical Me- moirs (as far as A. d. 177), 2 vols, folio, 1733-5. A Full, True, and Comprehensive View of Christianity, 8vo., London, 1747. An Apologetical Epistle to the Author of Eemarks on Two Pamphlets lately published against Dr. Middleton's Introductory Discourse ; in which the Preface to those Remarks is considered, 8vo., Lon- don, 1748." E. T. S. [It is much to be regretted that we have no good bio- graphical account of this remarkable man and admirable scholar. We are enabled, from various sources, to supply a few additional particulars to those furnished by our cor- respondent. In 1715 Deacon was residing in London, and drew up the speeches for the Rev. Justice Paul and John Hall, Esq., who were concerned in the rebellion at that time (Byrom's Remains, vol. i. p. 178.), and was probably present at their execution. A Presbyterian teacher at Rochdale, of the name of Owen, in the preface to the second edition of a pamphlet, entitled Jacobite and Nonjuring Principles freely examined, states that Deacon attended these two individuals on the scaffold, and that he likewise absolved them. This is denied by Deacon, who says : " I did not ofiSciate with those unfortunate gentlemen in their dying moments ; the clergyman who did was the Rev. Francis Peck, M.A., formerly of Trinitj' College, Cambridge; but neither he, nor any other person, did there and then absolve them." (^Gent.Mag., vol. xviii. p. 206.) About three months after this event Deacon went to reside in Holland, where he lived on his own private resources. On his return to London he be- came the pupil of the celebrated Dr. Mead, physician to George II., whom Deacon styled " the best of friends, and the very worthy and learned Dr. Mead." In 1745, during the rebellion under the Pretender, Deacon was residing at Manchester as a medical prac- titioner. Three of his sons joined the standard of Charles Edward Stuart, in what was called the Manchester regi- No. 30L] ment, commanded by Colonel Townlej'. At this time it appears Deacon had an interview with the Pretender at his lodgings, which afterwards rendered him obnoxious to the government : for, according to his own statement, " his house was searched for papers by military violence, under colour of a warrant signed by two justices of the peace, who (he says) have no authority to issue warrants in such cases ; that it was attacked more than once by a furious mob and unrestrained soldiery; that he lived "for some time under constant apprehensions of its being pulled down to the ground, and of his being compelled to remove his children out of their beds to prevent their being buried under its ruins." (^Gent. Mag., vol. xviii, p. 206.) Owen accuses Deacon with having visited the Court of the Pretender for the purpose of obtaining abso- lution for having sworn allegiance to George I. He says : " I dare tell you that our present government has enemies, and what kind of men they are. Be it at Bologne or Avignon, or whatever other place that your vagrant idol keeps up the mock state of a court, I dare tell you that the man who visits it to procure an absolution for having abjured Popery and the Pretender, and sworn allegiance to King George, and yet calls himself a good Protestant and a good subject, either affronts other men's under- standings, or betrays the weakness of his own." (Owen's Letter, p. 7.) Again, in a postscript (p. 156.), Owen adds : " Should the reader be at a loss to judge who that good Protestant is, who visited the Pretender's Court to pro- cure an absolution for having sworn allegiance to King George, 1 refer him. Sir, to you as my interpreter." On July 17, 1746, Thomas Theodorus Deacon, one of the Doctor's sons, was indicted at the special commission, holden in Southwark, for appearing in arms against the king as captain in the Manchester regiment ; and being found guiltj', was executed with eight of his companions on Kennington Common on the 30th of the same month. After he was decapitated, his head was taken to Man- chester and fixed on the Exchange. On one occasion, it is said, that when the Doctor was passing the Exchange where the head of his son was suspended, he took off his hat, and remained for a short time, as it is conjectured, in silent prayer for the departed spirit of his child. This appears probable, as the Doctor strenuously defended the practice of " offering and praying for the faithful departed, as delivered in Scripture and by tradition " (see his View of Christianity, pp. 336 — 340.). His son Charles, also en- gaged in the Rebellion, was conveyed on Jan. 11, 1749, from the new gaol, Southwark, to Gravesend, for transport- ation during life. Another son died whilst being conveyed from Manchester to London for trial. Dr. Deacon died on Feb. 16, 1753 ; and was buried in St. Anne's churchyard, Manchester. The following in- scription was placed on his tomb : " El fi.i\ ev {TTCLvpif'" — [Gal. vi. 14.] " Here lie interred the remains (which, though mor- tality is at present corrupt, but which shall one day most surely be raised again to immortality, and put on incor- ruption) of Thomas Deacon, the greatest of sinners, and the most unworthy of primitive bishops, who died 16th February, 1753, in the fifty-sixth year of his age; and of Sarah his wife, who died July 4, 1745, in the forty-fifth year of her age. The Lord grant the faithful, here under- lying, the mercy of the Lord in that day. 2 Tim. i. 18. " 'El' TOVTIff VlKa." In addition to the works noticed by our correspondent, Deacon translated the History of the Arians and the Council of Nice from Tillemont, published in 1721, 2 vols. 8vo. ; and subsequently, Ecclesiastical Memoirs of the 86 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 4. 1855. First Six Centuries, by M. de Tillemont, 1733, 2 vols, folio. In 1746, he published an octavo pamphlet of fifty- pages divided into three parts: — !. The Form of Admit- ting a Convert into the Communion of the Church. 2. A Xitany, together with Prayers in behalf of the Catholick Church. 3. Prayers on the Death of IMembers of the ■Church ; and an Office for those who are deprived of the Advantage of receiving the Sacrament, &c. Several of Dr. Deacon's Letters will be found in BjTom's Remains, vol. i. pp. 496—500., published by the Chetham Society. Mr. Canon Parkinson adds in a note (p. 500.), that "it is -much to be regretted that this admirable scholar did not Jeceive encouragement according to his merits. His let- ters in this work show him to have been a complete master of the English language, of a ready wit, and in- idomitable spirit ; one who ought to have been engaged in a more congenial taste than elaborating his learned yet somewhat arid Catechism, and carrying on contro- versies with men incapable of appreciating his merits and their own immeasurable inferiority."] Miliar cauwtcjf. Will of Thomas Lord Hoo. — I am printing for the Sussex Society my paper on " The Family of Hoo, of Sussex, Suffolk, Beds, and Herts." Can any reader of "N. & Q." inform me by letter ■where the will of Thomas Lord Hoo and Hastings, who died 13th Feb. 1455, is proved? Extracts are among the MSS. at Coll. of Arms quoted by Anstis : it was not proved at Lambeth, and I cannot find it in the Index at Doctors' Commons. The extracts from the will, as preserved in the College of Arms, are printed, with some omissions, in Nicolas' Test. Vet. Wm. Dubrant Cooper. SI. Guilford Street, London. Longevity of Lawyers. — In the Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon (p. 32. of the edition published at Oxford, 1826), there occurs the following re- mark upon this subject :. "And it may be, the long lives of men of that pro- fession (for the lawyers usually live to more years than any other profession) may verj- reasonably be imputed to the exercise they give themselves by their circuits, as •well as to their other acts of temperance and sobriety." Does experience justify this assertion ? One might have thought that the clerical would have emulated the legal profession in being conducive to length of days. Archibald Weir. Abbe Carlo Fea. — The Chevalier Artaud, member of the French Institute, in his work Italie, published in the Univers Pittoresque in 1852, at p. 367. writes, — " Nous nous garderons bien d'oublier I'abbe Fea, suc- cesseur et commentateur de Winkelman, aujourd'hui pre'sident des Antiquites roraaines. C'est un homrae qui joint au plus noble desinteressement, I'erudition la plus vaste. Je ne le loue pas davantage, parce qu'il est un des meilleurs amis que j'aie en Italie." This I understand to refer to the Abate Carlo Fea, since dead, a distinguished Roman anti- No. 301.] quary. There was a family of consideration in Orkney tracing as proprietors beyond the time 1468, when Orkney passed from the Danish under the Scottish dominion, Fea of Clestron, repre- sented in the female line by Mr. Alexander Sutherland Grccme, of Grcemshall, and ancestors of my own. I have heard it asserted that the Abbe Fea belonged to the Orkney family, but as I believe the name to exist at this moment in the Scandinavian countries, I think it is likely he was of Danish origin or descent. I beg information respecting him and of his writings. The mother of the celebrated engraver Sir Robert Strange, a native of Kirkwall, was Mrs. Jean ScoUay, of a fiimily possessing property in the same island with the Fcas, Stronsay, and intermarrying with them. They are the Norse Skuli or Skule, and of this name were, a competitor of the crown of Norway, an earl of Orkney, and a bishop of Iceland ; and the name is said to be still extant in Scandinavian lands. His father David Strang was a respectable citizen and civic dignitary of the city of Kirkwall, and all that is desirable to be known of his parentage and of the family of the Stranges or Strangs is told in Mr. Dennistoun's Life of that artist. W. H. F. Elizabeth Bayning, Countess of Sheppy. — Eli- zabeth Bayning, Countess of Sheppy for life, died in July, 1686. On June 19, 1684, she was living in St. Paul's, Covent Garden. By her will she directed her body to be buried at Chevening by the side of her husband, Francis Lennard, Lord Dacre. She was not burled there, neither at St. Paul's above mentioned. Can any of your readers supply the place of her interment ? It may be mentioned, that the Countess of Sheppy leaves many portraits in her will by Sir Peter Lely, including one of the Duchess of Cleveland, and a portrait of Lord Grandison, the duchess's father, "reputed" by Sir A. Vandyke. G. Steinman Steinman. Prize Office. — Where can be seen a list of the officers of the Prize Office in 1690 ? The commis- sioners sat in Aldersgate Street in 1666. G. Steinman Steinman. BelVs '■'■ Annotated Edition of the Bintish Poets :" Sir E. Godfrey s House. — The notes in this edition are of questionable value : thus, in a note to AValler's " Lines on the Statue of King Charles I. at Charing Cross," we find the sculp- ture of the pedestal stated to be by Gibbons ; whereas Cunningham's Handbook of London, 1850, of which Mr. Bell has otherwise availed himself, would have informed him of the detection of the eri'or, — Marshall, not Gibbons, being the sculptor. What is Mr. Bell's authority for stating the large house at the end of Northumberland Street, " overlooking the river, and now occupied by the Aug 4. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 87 Metropolitan Police," to have been the residence of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey ? (Oldham's Poetical Works, p. 82.) He lived, according to the rate- books of St. Martin's parish, and a coteinporary narrative, in Green's Lane ; whereas Mr. Bell states his house to be " at the bottom of Harts- horn Lane, or Alley." We question whether the house Mr. Bell refers to (formerly the Museum Club-house) is of Godfrey's period. Scrutator. Scotch Ve7-sion of Psalms. — I find a translation of the Tsalms, in Scottish metre, of the fifteenth century referred to, being No. 278. of the MSS. bequeathed by Archbishop Parker to Corpus Christ! College, Cambridge. Can any of your readers on the banks of the Cam give a descrip- tion of this version, with specimen of the versifi- cation— say of the 23rd Psalm; and other par- ticulars of its authorship and history ? J. A. Perthensis. Tune of Diana. — From the Preface to The New Jerusalem, a republication of an ancient hymn long popular in Scotland, with illustrative notes by the Rev. Dr. Bonar of Kelso (N.B.), we learn that the hymn appears in a MS. volume of the time of Elizabeth or James I., in the British Museum, No. 15,225, entitled " A Song made by F. B. P. to the Tune of Diana." Can any of your musical antiquaries direct me to the " tune of Diana ?" J. A. Perthensis. " Oderunt peccare" ^c. — " Oderunt peccare boni, virtutis amore." . Ilorat., Epist. i. xvi. 52, To which I have seen added : " Oderunt peccare mali, formidine poenae." Query, Where is the latter line to be found ? F. Mrs. Middleton. — Is there anything to confirm Lysons's statement (Environs of London, vol. iii. fol. 100.), that Mrs. Middleton, the celebrated beauty, resided at one time in Isleworth ? G. Steinman Steinman. Bells of Cast Steel. — There is a cast steel bell suspended in the works of Messrs. Naylor, Vickers, & Co., at Sheffield ; which was made at the manu- factory of Mayre & Kuhne, at Bochum in West- phalia, in 1853, and was sent over too late for the Dublin Exhibition. Its weight rather exceeds a ton, and its height is about four feet six Inches. I have heard it rung, and it gives out a powerful and good tone, but seems to have less vibration of sound than bell-metal. Messrs. Naylor & Co. are now casting some steel bells, not of a large size. I understand that the price of them is full one third less than if made of ordinary bell-metal. I should be glad if any of your correspondents have information or observations to offer on this sub- ject. Alfred Gattt. No. 301.] " The Reception.^'' — Can you inform me who is the author of The Reception, a play in three acts, by a chaplain in the navy ? Printed at Plymouth, 8vo., 1799. R.J. Glasgow. Dr.Wollaston on "Drowning." — I shall be glad if you or any of your correspondents can inform me the title of, and where I can obtain a paper oa "Drowning," published by the late Dr. Wollaston. It contains answers to some queries on the subject propounded by the Doctor to a naval ofiicer, who when a midshipman had the misfortune to fall overboard ; and who. In his replies, recounts all the sensations he experienced as "a drowning man.'' R. W. Hackwood. Simile of a Woman to the Moon. — Can any correspondent fill up the twofold hiatus In the following lines, said to have been written by Mr. White, T. C. D., to his tutor, on Swift's comparison of a woman to a cloud : " You say, Sir, once a wit allow'd A woman to be like a cloud ! Accept a simile as soon Between a woman and the moon ! For, let mankind say what they will, The sex are heav'nly bodies still ! Grant me (to mimic mortal life) The sun and moon are man and wife. Whate'er kind Sol affords to lend her, She squanders upon midnight splendor ; And when to rest he lays him down, She's up, and stared at, thro' the town. Say, are not these a modern pair ? For each for other feels no care ; Each day in sep'rate coaches driving, Each night to keep asunder striving ; Both in the dumps in gloomj' weather, And sleeping once a month together. He owns at once a wife's ambition. And fully glares in opposition. In one sole point unlike the case is — On her own head the horn she places." Engravings in Illustration of Horace. — The title is, — "30 Bilder zu Horazens Werken. Gestochen unter derLeitung von C. Frommel, nach Zeichnungen v. Catel» Frommel, &c. Carlsruhe im Kunstverlag." This title is surrounded by a panorama of Tlvoli ; and there are thirty engravings In copper belonging to it. What is the history of these engravings ? Were they intended to illustrate any particular edition ? M. Absorbent Paper. — I beg leave to propound a question of some Importance to makers of Notes and Queries. It has been for fifty or sixty years (and now more than ever) the custom of the con- tinental printers to use paper which will not admit 88 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 4. 1855. of raakinjj marginal note3 in common writing-ink without blotting : I would ask are there any means of obviating this defect, either by some in- gredient to be added to ordinary ink, or some preparation to be spread partially over the paper where one wishes to add a MS. note ? C. The Sphinx. — What idea did the Egyptians intend to convey by the sphinx ? Was it possibljt that of moral and physical force ? Faunti^eeot. [The religion of Ancient Egypt was eminently mys- terious and emblematical. It was by emblems and visible signs, unknown to the vulgar, that the priests expressed their thoughts, notions, and superstitions. The sphinx signifies merely the state of the Nile when it inundates Egypt. As these inundations happen in the months of July and August, when the sun passes through the signs of Leo and Virgo, and as they were fond of uniting mon- strous and incongruous figures, they invented the sphinx, composed of the head of a virgin and the body of a lion, to intimate that the Nile overflows when the sun is pass- ing through these two signs. It is scarcely necessary to add, that the Egyptian astronomers were the inventors of the signs of the Zodiac] Orator Henley (Vol. xii., p. 44.). — Is there a list of the printed works of this character to be got in any of the various bibliographical publications ? I have in my possession rather an interesting volume of Tracts by him, published in 1727-31, «m. 8vo. T. G. S. Edinburgh. [The following works contain a list of Orator Henley's publications : — Watt's BMiotheca ; Bodleian Catalogue ; and Retrospective Review, vol. xiv. p. 224.] Marabout. — How did the particular sort of feathers worn by ladies, and called " Marabout," get their name ? C. de D, [" Marabout, se dit encore d'un oiseau dont la queue fournit des plumes, auxquelles on donne le meme nom, et qui servent d'ornement a diverses coiffures de femmes. tJn chapeau orne' de marabouts. EUe avait des mara- bouts sur sa toque." — Dictionnaire de VAcademie Frangaise, «. v.] EarWs " Microcosmography" (Vol. xii., p. 42.). — Is the name of the editor or publisher Blount or Blunt ? Upon looking over a copy of the " ninth edition, 1669," in my possession, I find it stated in the notice " To the reader " that " I have, for once, adventured to play the midwives' part, help- ing to bring forth three infants into the world, which the father would have smothered, &c. I remain thine, Edw. Blunt." T. G. S. Edinburgh. |y[The name may occasionally be spelt Blunt, which was probably the original orthography, but it is now better known as Blount. See a notice of him in Dr. Bliss's edi- tion of Earle's Microcosmography, p. xx., where it is stated No. 301.] that " it is no slight honour to Blount's taste and judg- ment, that he was one of the partners in the first edition of Shakspeare."] " Love a la Mode." — Can you tell me who wrote Love a la Mode, a comedy, 4to., 1663 ? This play, which was acted at Middlesex House, is said to be written by a person of honour, the initials of whose name are T. S. From some recom- mendatory verses prefixed, the author is supposed to have been either a brother-in-law, or a half- brother, of Sir R. Colbrand, Bart. Not having at hand either Burke or Debrett's account of ex- tinct baronetages, I shall be obliged if you could inform me whether there is any relation of Sir R. Colbrand, with whom the initials T. S. correspond. R. J. Glasgow. [In Burke's Extinct Baronetcies it is stated, that Sir Robert Colbrand married Mary, daughter of Thomas Southland, Esq., of Lee, in Kent.] " DE JOIE SAILI A PES." (Vol. ix., pp. 112. 466.) Under the title of " to jump for joy," I some time past took the liberty of making a few re- marks in " N. & Q." upon the words "de joie saili a pes," conceiving the term " to jump for joy " to be their true translation. In a paper which subsequently appeared in that publication, it is stated that my construction of these words is incorrect, and that their true meaning is not that the person alluded to in my communication jumped with J03', but that he sallied out on foot. The book in which these words are contained is held in such high and deserved estimation in Ire- land, that I trust I may be permitted to offer one or two farther remarks upon this disputed pas- sage. It may be in the remembrance of those who have read this very interesting history (The Con' quest of Ireland by Henry II., London, William Pickering, 1837), that at pages 51. and 52. the poet describes the rupture which had taken place between an English knight named Maurice de Prendergast, and Dermot, the King of Leinster ; and (to use the words of the editor) that " Maurice proffered his services to the King of Ossory, who joyfully accepted them, and agreed to meet him at Tech-Moylin." At the time that Prendergast made this offer through his mes- senger to the King of Ossory, the knight was at the town of Wexford, and the king was in his own country of Ossory. Prendergast's mes- senger appears before the king and informs him that it was the knight's intention to serve him, if Aug. 4. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 89 he wished it, and that he would come to him for that purpose. The poet tells us that upon re- ceiving this news the king sallied out on foot, or, as I have read the words, "jumped with joy." But let us take the story as it is told in the language of the poet himself: " Morice ne se targa mie Al rei manda de Osserie Que h lui vendreifc, san mentir, Si lui plust, pur lui servir; Kar par mal esteit parti Del rei Dermod qu'il out servi." Morice did not tarry, but apprised the King of Ossory that he would come to him, in truth, if it should please him, in order to serve him, for that in consequence of injury done to him he was separated (or had departed) from King Dermod, whom he had served : " Quant Mac Donecbid entendi Que Morice vendreit k lui, De la nouele esteit heistez E de joie saili a p^s ; " When Mac Donechid (the King of Ossory) heard that Morice would come to him, he was rejoiced at the news, " et de joie saillit k pied : " " Al barun manda erraument Que h, lui venist assurement, Liveresun 11 freit doner Asez richez e plener." He (the King of Ossory) sent word to the baron (Morice de Prendergast) without delay that he (the king) would assuredly come (or go) to him, and that he would cause very rich and ample livery to be given to him : " Atant s'an ala le barun Lui e tut si compainun Vers la vile de Chatmelin Tindrent le dreit chemin." So the baron and all his companions went to the town of Chatmelin, keeping the direct road. The poet then informs us that one Donald Kave- nagh " asaili le barun " upon his way to Thamelin, where he arrived and sojourned for three days : " Le rei de Osserie sovent Message tramist h cele gent Que il vendreit le tiers jor San nul autre contreditur. Le reis i vint veraiment Le ters jor sanz delaement." The King of Ossory often sent a message to these people that he would come the third day without any farther excuse, and the king went truly upon the third day without delay. The poet then describes the meeting between the king and Prendergast, and the oaths that were sworn " sur Tauter e sur I'escrin." From what has been above stated it appears that Prendergast, by his messenger, informed the King of Ossory that he would go to him if he wished it ; and that when the king heard this No. 301.] news, he " de joie saili a pes," i. e., as I construe it, manifested his delight by one or more jumps. He is not, as I read the passage, described by the rhymer as going forth from his tent in haste to meet Prendergast, who was then far distant from him, nor to meet the messenger, for the king had already received his message ; and as a farther proof that the king did not then expect the baron's arrival, the poet tells us that he sent a messenger without any delay to Prendergast, to inform him that he (the king) would assuredly go to him, a promise which he afterwards ful- filled. Now, with respect to the word " saillir," I find the following explanations given of it in Cotgrave's, and also in a Law-French dictionary : " Saillir. To go out, issue forth ; appear above, stand out beyond others ; also to leap, jump, bound, skip, hop." — Cotgrave's Dictionary. " Sailler. To leap, to dance, also to issue forth." — Law-French Dictionary, printed in the Savoy, 1718. Assuming it to be the fact that the word sailler bears the meaning which I have ascribed to it, the disputed passage, " E de joie saili a pes," might with propriety be translated " and he jumped with joy," if the words " k pes " formed no part of it ; and I feel inclined to think that the rhymer has availed himself of a poet's license, by adding the words " a pes " merely to complete the sentence and preserve the rhythm. It is by no means improbable that the con- struction which I have put upon the passage in question is incorrect ; but at the same time I am at present disposed to say that the translation which has been substituted in its place is involved in some obscurity. James F. Ferguson. " THE CHAPTER OF KINGS. (Vol. xii., p. 19.) I copy the following from a MS. about a cen- tury old, and know not if they have been printed : " Memorial Verses from ye Conquest. " One thousand 66 the Conq'ror came ; One — 87 Will Rufus did the same. ' Leven hundred, Henry stil'd the First, ' Leven .35 we were with Stephen curst. The year 1154 The Saxon Hal the second did restore. His rebel sons, Richard the first and John, ' Leven 89 and 99 came on. Twelve hundred 16 Hal the third began; Twelve 72, brave Ned the first, his son. In thirteen hundred seven, the second Ned ; The third in 26 became our head. In thirteen 77 the second Dick, Deposed at length by a Lancastrian trick ; For Hal the fourth with rebels did combine, And seized the crown in thirteen ninety-nine. Henry the fifth esteemed the crown his due In fourteen 12 ; the Sixth in twenty-two. 90 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 4. 1855. Edward of York, the fourth and fifth j-ou see In fourteen sixty — fourteen eighty-three. In eighty-three too, barbarous Dick the third, Of whom some folks have monstrous things averred. In fourteen eighty-five the seventh Harry Began to reign — but backward seemed to marry. Huge Hal the eighth descended from each line, The sceptre grasped in fifteen hundred nine. Edward the sixth and Moll the first you'll see In fifteen forty-six and fifty-three. Sage Elizabeth in fifteen fifty-eight. Just James the first the kingdoms did unite. And both the realms in sixteen hundred two Became that gentle King's undoubted due. Good Charles the first in sixteen twenty-five, The very best of monarchs ! — then alive. In sixteen forty-eight and eighty-four The second Charles and James the sceptre bore. And O ! in sixteen hundred eighty-eight Brave Will. — blessed Moll, set all things right : — But hold, I'd like to have forgot, thej-'re reckoned, William the third forsooth, and Mollthe second. In seventeen hundred one, the great Queen Anne O'er Britons blessed her happy reign began. And in the years fourteen and twenty-seven. The first and second George were sent by heaven. To make us pious, wise and great. And render our prosperity compleat." Anon. F. C. H.'s belief, that he " had learnt this song by heart before the date of Scripscrapologia (1804), is reconcilable with the statement that Collins was the author of the song, which had been produced many years before " in the author's once popular performance, called The Brush." I cannot imagine that Collins would have called such particular attention to this song, alluded to the many imitations of it, and claimed its author- ship, without having indeed been its author. His song of " The Chapter of War " thus commences : " The Chapter of Kings, which I wrote myself." That Dibdin was not the author of the song, is pretty well proved by the fact of the song not having been admitted into the collection of Dibdin's songs, edited by T. Dibdin, and published by Bohn, under the patronage of the Queen and the Lords of the Admiralty (3rd edition, 1852). CUTHBERT BeDE, B. A. Though "I say it, that should not say it," yet I must say that I prefer the following termination of the above song, which I wrote for my children a year or two ago, to that of F. C. H. : " Queen Ann added much to Old England's fame ; And Georgey the First from Hanover came ; Georgey the Second the next appears ; And Georgey the Third reign'd sixty years. " Georgey the Fourth was a man of ton ; And Willy the Fourth as a sailor shone; And now we rejoice in Victoria's sway. For whom, as our Queen, we will ever pray." D. S. No. 301.] napoleon's "descents en angletebre" medal. (Vol. xil., p. 43.) When Buonaparte meditated the invasion of England, a die was prepared under the direction of M. Denon to commemorate the success of the undertaking. The device was Hercules strangling a sea monster : the legend was " descente en ANGLETERRE," and in the exergue " erappee a LONDBES." The die, in this state, was never hardened ; and whatever impressions were taken off", were in soft metal. When Buonaparte issued his Berlin and Milan decrees, by which he ex- pected to ruin the commerce of England, and exclude this country from all intercourse with the Continent, the die was brought out of its repose. The " FRAPPEE A LONDKES," being in small letters, was easily obliterated : the same was attempted with the legend, and " toto divisos obbe bbi- TANNOs" was substituted. The die was then hardened, and medals struck ; but under the pre- sent legend may be seen the traces of some of the letters of the original legend. How many of the soft metal impressions were struck, I could never ascertain. When I applied to Droz, the die en- graver, for a specimen, he assured me that all had been delivered to M. Denon. When I applied to him, he wished me to believe that I had been mis- informed, and that no such medal had been struck or in contemplation. One of these medals is certainly in England ; it was purchased at Paris, I believe, by Mr. MIl- lingen, for Dr. Burney, with whose entire collec- tion it passed to Mr. Charles Stokes : after this gentleman's death the collection was dispersed, but the medal in question was reserved by his nephew and executor, Mr. Hughes, in whose possession it now remains. I have casts in copper from two originals : one was made from that then in Mr. Stokes's collection ; the other was given to me by a French artist. When Sir Edward Thomason stated that one had been lent to him by the Duke of Wellington, he probably forgot to mention that it was only in a dream, and that when he awoke the medal was no longer in his possession. In his copy the por- trait of Buonaparte is not the same which was struck upon the soft metal originals. One was by Droz, the other by Jouffroy. Edw. Hawkins, NURSERY HYMN. (Vol. xi,, p. 206.) Each of the four verses of this hymn is often to be heard separately used, and some of them I have seen in old primers which I cannot now specify. It is evidently made up of a number of detached ancient sayings strung together. Mr. Aug. 4. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 91 George Sinclair (or Sanclar), who was professor of mathematics in the University of Glasgow two hundred years ago, wrote a very curious book, now scarce, entitled — " Satan's Invisible World Discovered, or a choice Collec- tion of modern Relations, proving evidently against the Atheists of this present age, that there are Devils, Spirits, Witches, and Apparitions, from authentic Records, Attest- ations of Witnesses of undoubted veracity, &c., edit. Edin- burgh, 1769, 12rao., pp. 294." At p. 101., in treating of "Charms or Incant- ations," which he derives from the " Latin word carmen, signifying a verse, because the Roman soothsayers gave their charms in verse," he thus states : "An old woman whom I read of used this charm when she went to bed : ' Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, The bed be blest that I lie on.' " So that J. Y. (1) has for part of the second verse of the hymn the authority of a currency of two to three hundred years back. The learned professor collected a number of these charms, which he gives in sundry places of his book, and a few of them may amuse the readers of " N. & Q.," and may so far add to their inform- ation in the carmenative lore. He says : "At night, in the time of Popery, when folks went to bed, they believed that the repetition of this following prayer was effectual to preserve them from danger, and the house too : ' Who sains * the house the night. They that sains it ilk a night. Saint Bryde and her brate f , Saint Colme and his hat, Saint Michael and his spear. Keep this house from the weir ; From running thief. And burning thief, And from a' ill rea(if) J, That be the gate can gae, And from an ill wight. That be the gate can light ; Nine reeds § about the house. Keep it all the night. What is that what I see So red, so bright, beyond the sea ? 'Tis He was pierc'd through the hands, Through the feet, through the throat. Through the tongue, Through the liver and the lung ; Well is them that well may, Fast on Good Friday.' " Another prayer used by the thieves and robbers on the borders after meat, in order to stealing from their neighbours : * He that ordain'd us to be born, Send us more meat for the morn ; Part of 't right, and part of 't wrang, God let us never fast ov'r lang.]] • Preserves. X Plunder. II Long. No. 301.] f Apron, or covering. § Roods, or holy crosses. God be thanked, and our Lady*, All is done that we had ready.' " A countryman in East Lothian used this grace always before and after meat : ' Lord be bless'd for all his gifts. Defy the devil and airhis shifts. God send me mairf siller. Amen.' " An old woman taught her neighbour this charm when the butter would not churn : ' Come, butter, come ; Come, butter, come ; Peter stands at the gate. Waiting for a butter'd cake ; Come, butter, come.' " In the professor's opinion, — " As the devil is originally the author of charms and spells, so is he the author of several b(au)dy songs which are sung. A reverend minister told me that one who was the devil's piper, a wizzard, confessed to him that at a ball of dancing the foul spirit taught him a b(au)dy song to sing and play, as it were this night, and ere two days passed all the lads and lasses of the town were lilting it through the street. It were abomination to rehearse it." This singular work of the professor's, which must have cost him much labour in collecting the materials from so many sources, and as affording some interesting glimpses of the state of society in his period, would now well stand a reprint. G.N". PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. Method of obtaining several of the natural Colours in Photographic Pictures, hy M. Testud de Beauregard, com- municated to the " Society rran9aise de Photographic " by M. Durieu. — M. Durieu exhibited several coloured photographs by M. Testud de Beauregard, and observed that they form a series of coloured images, one set uni- formly blue, yellow, and rose colour, the other having different colours corresponding with the natural colours. Amongst the latter, one represents a female figure covered with a veil, and holding a basket of leaves : the figure is flesh-colour, the veil violet, and the leaves green. The other is the portrait of a woman, of which the face and hands are flesh-colour, the eyes blue, the hair flaxen, and the dress green, the collar and cuffs white ;' and lastly, the portrait of a child, which, besides the flesh colour of the face, hands, and legs, exhibits a dress striped with green and yellow, black boots, white linen, and a chair, of which the wood is black, and the cushion of chamois leather. A small landscape was also shown, with the eflTect of the setting sun varied with several colours. In his investigations, M. Testud de Beauregard com- menced with the fact, acknowledged for a long time, that there exist certain salts which are differently coloured by the action of light ; that this difference of coloration is due not only to the nature of the salt itself, but also, in the same salt, to the duration of the action of the light, or, in other words, to its intensity. Starting from this point, M. Testud de Beauregard considered whether, by combining several salts, either in the same bath, or on the paper itself, by means of suc- cessive immersions in different baths, it might not be * Virgin. t More. 92 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 4. 1855. possible to obtain sheets of paper which, when exposed to the action of light, would show different colours, more or less varied, according to the nature of the salt and the intensity of the light. It did not appear to M. Testud de Beauregard that a necessary relation should exist between the action of each coloured raj', and the production of the particular colour by that ray. It was only necessary to obtain on the same paper colours whose difference was due to the nature of the salt acted upon by white light, having regard at the same time to the modification resulting from the intensity of the action of the light. M. de Beauregard's process does not consist in apply- ing the colours as it is done in dyeing ; but, except the fixing and final development of the picture, the coloration is produced by a single impression of light. M. de Beauregard's first idea was to investigate the means of producing photographic pictures at a low cost, and with this view he endeavoured to substitute other substances for the salts of silver. He first tried ferri- cyanide of potassium (red prussiate of potash). This it is which, when a nearly-concentrated solution is em- ployed, gives to the pictures the uniformly blue tone seen in the picture exhibited. It affords aconsiderable range of tones, from the lightest to the deepest, according to the duration of the action of the light. The paper is prepared by floating it for a few minutes on the bath, and allowing it to dry. When it is suffi- ciently impressed by the light passing through the collo- dionized plate to be printed, it is fixed by immersing it for some time in pure water, and afterwards plunging it into a rather concentrated solution of alum, which inten- sifies the picture in a remarkable manner. The proof thus treated is unalterable by light. The yellow colour is obtained by impregnating the paper with a solution of bichromate of potash. A prolonged exposure to the light causes this colour to pass to green. The image is fixed by washing it in common water, and then immersing it in a solution of alum. Bichromate of potash can be employed to produce a black tone, which may be carried to a very considerable intensity, without any salt of silver being employed. The mode of treatment is as follows : after removal from the pressure frame, the paper is plunged for a few minutes into pure water, and then passed into a solution of proto- sulphate of iron. It is then washed a second time, which causes it to lose nearly all trace of the picture. But on immersing it in a bath of gallic acid, the picture developes and becomes of a blue black, the intensity of which may be increased by employing a solution of logwood. A saturated solution of bichromate of potash is used, and the paper soaked in it, and dried in the dark. Two seconds' exposure in the pressure frame is sufficient ; if it is exposed too long the picture becomes grey. The process by which M. de Beauregard obtains a varietj' of colour bj' a single exposure to the light in the pressure frame consists in impregnating the paper suc- cessively with two mixtures, taking care to dry the paper after the employment of each mixture. The first is com- posed of a solution of permanganate of potash with the addition of tincture of litmus. The second consists of ferricyanide of potassium acidulated with sulphuric acid. The paper thus prepared is floated on a bath of nitrate of silver. When the picture has appeared, first wash the paper with pure water ; then immerse it in a weak bath of hyposulphite of soda ; and lastly, after a second wash- ing, the colours are strengthened in a bath of neutral gallate of ammonia. M. Testud de Beauregard's theory is, that the different rays of light act upon the collodionized glass (he has not yet experimented on paper negatives) according to their No. 3ai.] colour, so as to produce different degrees of opacity, and that these are precisely analogous to the relative in- tensity of light proper to produce, by his process, the corresponding natural colours. ISit^lieS ta Minor ^Lutviti. "Annval Register" (Vol. xii., p. 62.). — Years ago I was Informed by the late Mr. Joseph Parker of Oxford, who was a very early friend of the late, and I regret to say the last, Archbishop of Cashel, that the historical chapters of the Annual Register were for some time written by Dr. then Mr. Lau- rence, at that period resident on a curacy or small benefice in the country, not far from Faringdon in Berkshire. And I have some recollection of his saying that Richard Laurence succeeded his brother Dr. French Laurence, the friend and ex- ecutor of Burke, in that department of Dodsley's valuable periodical. I trouble you with thi^;j notice in the hope that it may meet the eye of a,l^ near relative of the archbishop, who is far more able to impart information ou this subject than myself. Philip Bliss. Relic of Wolfe (Vol. xii., p. 7.). — Observing a Note under this head from J. O., and lamenting on the loss of the " Conference," perhaps he and the majority of your readers may not be aware of the well-being of a much more remarkable vessel than the above, viz. In the good old barque "Wil- liam and Ann," built in London in the year 1759 ! which ship actimlly conveyed General Wolfe at the time of the siege of Quebec, and as a proof of her good standing may be found as sustaining her character by appearing now classed in Lloyd's register book as ^ 1 (second class), and yet almost a century old, and is thirty-seven years older than the old Tyne brig which has lately finished her distinguished career. Nauticus. Goring, Lord Goring (Vol. xi., p. 487.). — The existence of a connexion between the noble house of Goring and the family of Goring of Kingston, in the county of Stafford, has probably been sup- posed from the fact of Henry (roring of Kingston, who died 1642, being stated In the Visitation of the county of Stafford, a. d. 1664, to have been son of Henry Goring of Horsham, in the county of Sussex, in which county the Gorings were lo- cated at Burton and Ovingdeene, and held con- siderable estates. No proof of any connexion was shown at the time of the Visitation, and It appears by a note to the entry of the pedigree of Goring of Kingston, that the arms assumed (those of Goring of Burton) were respited for Justification thereof, and Sir William Dugdale m his own hand adds " but nothing done therein." The kindred of the Kingston Gorings then was not admitted by the heralds, and the Visitation Aug. 4. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 93 proves that Henry Goring of Kingston, who died 1642, was not the son of George Goring by Ann Denny, for it expressly states that he was son of Henry Goring of Horsham, by Elizabeth his wife ; and a close attention to dates will show that Henry Goring of Horsham could not have been a son of George Goring by Ann Denny, through whom the royal descent is obtained. It would add much to the value and credence of such published descents if the authorities and evidence were cited in the margin, for the state- ment referred to is not supported by any previous writers ; and since in genealogy " rien n'est beau que le vrai," such errors only produce ridicule, and at the same time inflict injury upon ancient families. K.. A. G. Renown (Vol. xii., p. 9.). — R. Y. T. will find the lines he wants in an admirable poem of Win- throp Mackworth Praed. Unfortunately his ex- cellent poems seem never to have been collected in England ; but there is a small 8vo. volume published in Boston, U. S. A. Many of the poems, charades, &c. (and probably the above), reappeared in the two volumes of the new series of the Penny Magazine, which may be bought on any book- stall. Is it necessary to say that Praed was a coadjutor of Charles Knight, and Macaulay, and others in Knight's Quarterly Magazine f Estb. '^ Birmingham. Intercepted Letter of Father PatricKs (Vol. xi., p. 477.). — Is not this letter a mere fabrication, intended to excite prejudice against the Young Pretender ? His devotion to the Virgin and St. Winifred, the medal with the Pope's toe, and the cap of liberty fallen of, the ardour of the poor prince to cram his new supporters with polemics, the point about resuming church lands and kin- dling Smithfield fires, &c., savour too strongly of the political squib to have come from any pen but that of some unscrupulous Hanoverian. A joke it cannot be called, for it was meant to do the Jacobites a serious mischief; but surely it must be a hoax played off to alarm the Protestants and excite a horror of the Stuarts. The English seems very modern for 1745. P. P. Vesica Piscis (Vol. xii., p. 29.). — Although unable to inform J. C. J. when this pointed oval yjdiS first adopted, I can nevertheless assure him that its use was much earlier than the tenth cen- tury, as it was the form of the seal of Wimburne Monastery, founded by Cuthburga, sister of Ina, king of Wessex, at the beginning of the eighth century. " C. Hook. Ebrardus and Johannes de Garlandia (Vol. xi., p. 486.). — My copy of Bates has p. 1. dirty, as if it had once been exposed, while the title and de- dication are on paper of a somewhat different No. 301.] tint. Probably part of the edition has a reprinted title and dedication. The lives have lists of works of a very good character for the time. The Modus Laiinitatis of Ebrardus was printed at least twenty-one times before 1500. But who Ebrardus was I do not know. Of John Garland it seems plain, by comparing Roger Bacon, Bale, Tanner, Wright {Anglo- Norman Period, p. 16. ; see also Comp. Aim., 1846, p. 13.), that Gerland, of the eleventh century, was an astronomer and calendar computer ; and that Garland, the cotemporary of Roger Bacon, who heard him blow up right and left (vituperavit omnes) as to whether it should be orichalcum or aurichalcum, was the grammarian. But the two are very often confounded. There were several works of Garland, which were often printed in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Tiie most celebrated were the Liber synonymorum and the Equivocorum interpretatio. The first work was latterly always accompanied by the exposition of Galfridus Anglicus. The following is a specimen, the poetry being Garland, and the prose Galfridus : " Ambulo vel gradior, eo, vado, de ambulo, pergo, Additur his spacior, vel itinero, vel proficiscor, Predictis junge tendo, cum curro, movere." " Hie docet autor quod omnia ista verba que hie po- nuntur sunt ejusdem significationis cum hoc verbo ambulo. Ambulo-as-avi-are quod est verbum neutrum. J? The Liber equivocorum has also a comment by some other hand, which generally gives the differ- ent English meanings. The following is a spe- cimen : ■ . ,,^^ !Ti{ " Glis animal, glis terra tenax, glis lapa vocatuj:,, > > Ris animal, sis terra tenax, tis lapa vocatur ,^^{^ Hie animal, hec terra tenax, hec lapa vocatur." " Autor hie docet equivocationem istius dictionis glis. . . . . Nam glis est quoddam animal (anglice a dor- mouse) .... Item glis est terra tenax (anglice clave) .... Item glis est lappa . . . (anglice a burre) . . . Quando est animal facit gliris in genitivo " These writers are now rather distant than ob- scure ; any one who walks back into their cen- turies is sure to meet with them. A. De MoEGAif. Lines on gigantic Coal (Vol. xi., p. 465.). — The author of verses on the above subject was the late Paul Moon James, Esq., of Manchester. They are entitled, " King Coal at the Great- Exhibition," and are printed (p. 201.) in an un- published collection of his poems, Manchester, 1853. C. L. B. Kendal. Cratch: Cafs Cradle (Vol. xi., p. 421.).— If my memory serves me right, the " cat's cradle," though giving a name to the game, was one of 94 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 4. 1855. the latest, perhaps the last figure the string was made to assume, and we used to believe it was so called because it was only big enough to hold a kitten. Cratch is a word still in common use in the very sense given by Johnson and Maunder. Your horse eats his corn out of the manger and his hay out of the cratch above it. There is also the movable cratch from which cattle eat hay in the field or straw-yard, a rude representation of which is often seen in pictures of the Nativity. P.P. Bennefs ^^ Paraphrase" (Vol. xii., p. 10.). — In Exeter Cathedral one of the lay vicars assists the officiating priest in chanting the Litany. The lay-vicars are cantores, or singing men, and before the Reformation were in holy orders, which no doubt accounts for the practice not only at Exeter, but in other cathedral and collegiate churches. J. G. Exon. Forlorn (Vol. viii., p. 569.). — In the following extracts from a letter from Oliver Cromwell to Lenthall the Speaker, published in the Chetham Society's Civil War Tracts, p. 259., &c., the word seems used merely to signify an advanced body of troops. "Hope" is not added at all, and Mb. Wilde's view is corroborated. "Having intelligence that the enemy was drawing together from all his out-quarters, we drew out a forlorn of about 200 horse and 400 foot." " Our forlorn of horse marched within a mile of where the enemy was drawn up." " The forlorn of horse held dispute with them until our forlorn of foot came up and we had opportunity to bring up our whole army." " And therefore advancing with our forlorn and putting the rest of our army into as good a posture as we could, we advanced upon them." P.P. Seventy-seven (Vol. xi., p. 61. ; Vol. xii., p. 35.). — Though W. T. M. dates from the end of the world in space, I cannot permit him to know so much about its end in time, as to affirm that the reply can never again be given. A man born a.d. 2777, may surely make it in 2854. And farther, there is nothing singular in the interval being 122 years; 111 and 11 make 122. Of my own age I may say something which will not be predicable at equal intervals. I was x years old in the year of grace xXx. I will say so much as, that I do not mean I was 6 years old in A.D. 36 nor 7 in a.d. 49. I dare say Professor De Morgan, or some of your mathematical corre- spondents, will be able to find my age. M. List 'of Stone Crosses (Vol. xi., p. 506.). — The site of every way-side cross in the kingdom, of which any remains exist, is noticed in the Ord- nance maps, in a different type from the names of places. The scale is six inches to the mile, and No. 301.] each sheet represents a district of four miles by about six. The sheet which contains the town of Preston has either seven or eight pedestals of crosses noted ; the next sheet southward has six- teen. That containing the town of Chorley has seven. Thus a complete list for all England would require neither talent nor research ; taut it would involve much labour and some expense. P.P. Lady Jane Home : Lord Robert Kerr (Vol. xii., p. 46.). — Lord Robert Kerr, second son of William, third Marquis of Lothian, fell at the battle of Culloden, April 17, 1746, on the side of the crown, against Prince Charles Edward (Knight's History of England, vol. iv. p. 538.). Lady Jane Home, eldest daughter of Charles, sixtli Earl of Home, married Patrick Lord Pol- warth. Mackenzie Walcott, M. A. Anonymous Hymns (Vol. xii., p. 11.). — I can help C. H. H. W. to one more name, that of Hart, as the author of No. 5. in his list. No. 3., I believe, is wrongly quoted. I think it should be " When, His salvation bringing." N. H. L. R. Almanacs of 1849 and 1855 (Vol. xii., p. 19.). — I should have mentioned that 1860 does not agree with 1849 till the intercalary day is past. The omission arose from my being accustomed to the old plan of taking for the almanac of leap- year the corresponding, or most nearly corre- sponding, almanac of a common year,_ subject to alterations to be made by the user of it, in Janu- ary and February. It is also correct, according to the old plan, to say that 1849 and 1855 do not take the same al- manac. The almanac new and full moons do not agree : and these were essential parts of the al- manac. The almanac writer and the astronomer con- sider the intercalary day as coming between the two years, and the subsequent alterations in January and February as allowances for a bun- gling piece of adherence to antiquity. And this is much the easiest way of learning the almanac. It is fated that the " Epitaph on an Infant " (p. 49.) shall not appear corrrectly in your pages. The last stop is a note of interrogation instead of exclamation. M. " The Man in the Iron Mask" (Vol. xi., p. 504.). — In reply to the inquiry for information about "The Man in the Iron Mask," I beg to refer QuiESTOR to the account by A. Dumas, which con- tains all the explanations hazarded by every dif- ferent writer on the subject, and often thoroughly refuting the rubbish propagated by Delort, fixes on the only probable solution of the mystery. The opinions of the different speculators are given with their names, therefore Qu.s:stor will have aa Aug. 4. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 96 opportunity of judging for himself as to which is the true explanation of this historical puzzle. L. M. M. R. Archdeacon Fumey (Vol. xi., p. 205.). — Your correspondent *. furnishes some materials for a memoir of this very distinguished antiquary, and expresses a hope that farther particulars may be supplied by any reader of " N. & Q." who may be enabled to add to what he communicates. In furtherance of his object I beg leave to add what I consider two very important facts. Judge Blackstone, in his much esteemed work, The Great Charter and Charter of the Forest, Sec, by William Blackstone, Esq., Oxford, 1759, 4to., Introduction, p. xxxv., speaking of Magna Charta of Henry III., which is dated November 12, 1216, says "this invaluable piece of anti- quity " was presented by the late Archdeacon Furney to the Bodleian Library at Oxford; and he takes the opportunity to add what important service many individuals may render to the re- searches of the antiquary, would they make similar depositories donations of such treasures, instead of letting them remain in private col- lections. The Charter is accompanied at p. 36. with engravings of the two very curious seals which are appended to it. The other matter to which I allude is seven volumes of MSS. of Archdeacon Furney, now in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart., of Middle Hill, Broadway, Worcestershire, and which are numbered 6632 — 6638 in his Catalogue privately printed in 1837. Most of these are in relation to Gloucestershire, but some are con- nected with Hampshire, Oxford, &c. ; and from the known talent and extensive knowledge of the collector are no doubt very curious and valuable. Amicus. BucharHs Ballads (Vol. xii., p. 21.). — Are the two {foolscap folio} MS. volumes lately in the possession of the Percy Society not the originals from whence the Ballads of the North were tran- scribed, printed, and published ? I have no hesi- tation in saying that they are; and that they were, in consequence of Mr. Buchan's unfortunate cir- cumstances, disposed of by him. Any ballads which ftiay be as yet unpublished of those in his MS. volumes were purposely kept out of his collections printed in 1828, because they were not considered by Sir Walter Scott and C. K. Sharpe, who re- vised the proof-sheets, &c., to be "genuine ori- ginal " ballads. From having had some little share in the publication of the two volumes in 1828, I am fully aware. of all the circumstances connected therewith. T. G. S. Edinburgh. Officers killed at Preston Pans (Vol. xii., p. 29.). — A curious volume now before me, A Compleat History of the Rebellion, by James Ray of White- Ko. 201.] haven, volunteer under his R. H. the D. of Cum- berland, 1754, contains " a list of officers killed, wounded, and taken prisoners at the battle of Glaidsmuir, Sept. 21, 1745." From this list I extract the following : "Dragoons, Colonel Gardiner's : Colonel Gardiner, killed. Foot, Colonel Lascelles's : Captain Stuart, killed. Colo- nel Lee^s: Captains Bromer and Rogers, killed. Lord Loudon's : Captains Stuart and Howel, killed. " — Pp. 41— 43. The author says at p. 37. : "This is by some called the battle of Preston Pans, from the place near it, which takes its name from the number of salt-pans there ; but it is more properly stiled the battle of Glaidsmuir, since that was the field of battle, being a wide barren heath, about seven miles east of Edinburgh." A. B. C. will observe that six officers are enumerated in the list, and not J?<7e only. B. H. C, P. S. — I will add a Query. Is anything known of James Ray above named ? The book contains neither the name of the publisher, nor of the place. In the " History of the Rebellion," as published in the Scots' Magazine, your correspondent A. B.C. will find much that will interest him. The names of the officers in the Royalist army that were killed at the battle of Preston Pans were as follows, viz. : 1. Colonel Gardiner. 2. Capt. John Stuart of Phisgill, Lascelles's- regiment. 3. Capt. Braimer, Lee's regiment. 4. Capt. Rogers, Zee's regiment. 5. Capt. Holwell, Guise's regiment. 6. Capt. Bishop, Murray's regiment. 7. Ensign Forbes, Murray's regiment. T. G. S. Edinburgh. " The Celestial Divorce" (Vol. xii., p. 47.). — Upon looking over my collection of books, I find that I have a fine copy in old vellum of this cu- rious book. But it appears to be a diiferent edition from that in the possession of your correspondent. It is entitled — " II Divortio Celeste, Cagionato dalle dissolutezze della Sposa Romana. Et Consacrato alia Semplicith, de' Scro- polosi Christiani, In Yillafranca, 1643, pp. 196, 18mo." T. G. S." Edinburgh. Semle.gue — Sanlegue (Vol- xi., pp. 342. 433.). — The poet inquired for by your correspondents is probably Louis de Sanlecque, a canon of St. Genevieve's in Paris, where he was born in 1652. The first edition of his poems, under the title of Poesies heroiques, morales et satiriques, appeared in 1696. See La France Litteraire, sub voce " Sanlecque." Hbnby H. Breen, St. Lucia. 96' NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 4. 1855. Norman Superstition (Vol. xii., p. 53.). — In reference to the Norman superstition, it is to be observed that a nail taken from the gallows is a wide-spread superstition in Asia. It is mentioned in the Mischnah — De Sabbatho — of the things which are permissible on the Sabbath : " Exeunt cum ovo locustae, et cum dente vulpis, et cum clavo de suspenso, medicinae gratise." (They go out with the egg of a locust, the tooth of a fox, and with a nail from the gallows of one who has been hanged, as a medicine.) Leopold Dukes. r-« Vox populi, vox Dei" (Vol. vi., p. 185.). — Your correspondent CiiEBicus (D.) ascribes to the celebrated John Wesley the dissentient rejoinder once made to that well-known proverb, " Vox populi, vox Dei." " No, it cannot be the voice of God, for it was vox populi that cried out ' Crucify him, crucify him ! ' " and I have seen it elsewhere ascribed to him. It appears, however, to have had a much earlier origin, and Wesley did but quote from Arthur Warwick, whose Spare Mi- nutes, or Resolved Meditations and Premeditated Resolutions, had reached a sixth edition in 1637. I am unable to give you the exact reference to the page where the words occur, not having the volume by me, and having omitted to make a " note " at the time of reading the work. The words, however, are as follows : " That the voice of the common people is the voice of God, is the commoa voice of the people ; yet it is as full of falsehood as commonness. For who sees not that those black-mouthed hounds, upon the mere scent of opinion, as freely spend their mouths in hunting counter, or like Action's dogs in chasing an innocent man to death, as if they followed the chase of truth itself, in a fresh scent. Who observes not that the voice of the people, yea, of that people that voiced themselves the people of God, did prosecute the God of all people, with one common voice, * He is worthy to die.' I will not therefore ambitiously beg their voices for my preferment, nor weigh m}' worth in that uneven balance, in which a feather of opinion shall be moment enough to turn the scale, and make a light piece go current, and a current piece seem light." John Booker. David and Goliath (Vol. xii., p. 46.). — Among the copes preserved in the library of the Cathedral of Durham, there is one of rich crimson silk, on which is embroidered a figure of David holding in his hand the head of the vanquished Goliath. 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We need scarcely add that we shall be glad to receive such Catalogues. — Ed. " N. & Q."] Aberdeen. * Alexander Smith, 92. George Street. Bath. Mr. IJayward. Messrs. Simms and Co. Berwick. J. Wilson, Hyde Hill. Birmingham. * W. Brough, 22. Paradise Street. * J. H. W. Cadby, 83. New Street. * Cornish, Brothers, 37. New Street. * Wm. Cornish, 108. New Street. M. Forbes, Market Hall. g. Harley, 3. Union Passage. . C. Langbridge, U. Bull Street. * W. J. Sackelt, 9. Union Passage. J. Weston, 197. Bradford Street. Mrs. Wilks, 119. Gt. Hampton Street. Brighton. * G. Gancia, 73. King's Road. Bristol. J. Axtens, 9. Lower Arcade. William Coombs, 54. Broad Street. * William George, 26. Bath Street. T. C. Jefferies, Cannyange House, and also 56. RedclifF Street. * T. Kerslake, 3. Park Street. * O. Lasburv, 10. Park Street. * W. and E. Pickering, 66. Park Street. Thomas Prescott, 9. Bridewell Street. William Quick, 91. Redcliff Street. Samuel Sherring, Upper Arcade. Wm. Hy. Stone. College Street. * Wm. Way, 13. John Street. Cambridge. Johnson, Sidney Street. Chester. Messrs. Prichard, Roberts, and Co. Derby. Keene, Irongate. Darlington. Sams. Dublin. T. Conolly, Upper Ormond Quay. J. Fleming, Eden Quay. • C. Hedgelong, 20. and 26. Grafton Street. W. McGee, 18. Nassau Street. E. Ponsonby, 116. Grafton Street. * W. B. Kelly, 8. Grafton Street. M. Rooney, Anglesea Street. Edinburgh. * James Braidwood, 26. George Street. * Wm. Ferguson, 7. and 9. Bank Street. * James Mcintosh, South College Street. * Ogle and Murray, 49. South Bridge. * T. G. Stevenson, 87. Princes Street. * James Stillie, Princes Street. Exeter. Holden, 60. High Street. Halifax. J. Baildon. Hull. * J. M. Stark, 64. Market Place. J. W. Leng. Ipswich. Burton. Leamington. Mr. Charles Blackburn. Lewes. Mr. James Butland. Lichfield. Mr. Lomax. No. 302.] Liverpool. * Edward Howell, Church Street. Lincoln. Mr. Brook. Manchester. Messrs. Cornish, 33. Piccadilly. Messrs. Thompson. Mr. Haves, Hunt's Bank, ! * John Gray Bell, 11. Oxford Street. Neiocastle-upon- Tyne. * Mr. Emerson Charnley, 5. Bigg Market. Mr. Richardson. Norwich. * Jarrold and Sons, London Street. * Muskett, Market Place. Paisley. R. Stewart, Cross. Salisbury. * Brown and Co., Canal. Beading. Mr. Barcham. ' ' Richmond, Surrey. Mr. Hiscocke. ^ York. * S. Sampson, 13. Coney Street. ). Sunter. , r "king LEAR," ACT IV. SC. 1.: " OUR MEANES SE- CURES US," THE READING OP THE FIRST FOLIOS ASSERTED BY REV. W. R. ARROWSMITH. " Old Man. Alack, Sir, j'ou cannot see j'our way. Glo. I have no wa}', and therefore want no eyes j I stumbled when I saw : Full oft 'tis seen, , Our mean secures us ; and our mere defects , Prove our commodities." — King Lear, Act IV. So, 1.' "Our mean secures us"]; i.e. "moderate, mediocre condition," Warburton. Hanmer writes by an easy change " meanness secures." The ttuo original editions have : " Our meanes secures us." I do not remember that mean is ever used as a substantive for low fortune, which is the sense here required; nor for mediocrity, except in the phrase, the " golden mean." I suspect the pas- sage of corruption, and would either read " our means seduce us," — our powers of body or fortune draw us into evils, — or, "our maims secure us" — that hurt or deprivation which makes us defence- less proves our safeguard. This is very proper in Gloster, newly maimed by the evulsion of his eyes. (Johnson.) There is surely no reason for alteration. Mean is here a substantive, and signifies "a middle state," as Dr. Warburton rightly interprets it. So again, in the Merchant of Venice : " It is no mean happiness therefore to be sealed in the mean." (See more instances in Dr. Johnson's Dictionary ; Steevens ; Johnson and Steevens' edition of Shakspeare in 10 vols., London, 1778, vol. ix. pp. 495-6) That a sentence as perspicuous in its diction as philosophical in its purport should have proved a stumbling-block to the perverse subtlety of War- burton, whose welcome task it was to be evermore correcting magnificat — that it should have afforded an easy subject for the unscrupulous surgery of Hanmer — is nothing wonderful ; but that the sound sense of Johnson, and verbal learning of Steevens, should have been baffied by it, is strange indeed. These commentators were evidently led astray by a twofold error, — one as to the signification of the word means, the other as to its syntactical usage, and their error is the more inexcusable 98 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 11. 1855. because neither this nor that had become obsolete in their day, nor are they so even at the present hour; and because a multitude of examples in both kinds might be instanced from among our most familiar and household words that must, one -would suppose, have precluded all possibility of misconception. If means be treated as a singular, so also is news, so is pains, so is shears, so is shambles, &c. &c., and let me add, with as good reason, and as commonly, as corpse, horse, &c., are treated as plurals. Again, does any one ques- tion the propriety, or misdoubt the import of the following speech ? " My means do not permit me to indulge in luxurious diet, and if my means did, my health would not." To be understood arigiit, is it necessary to say " my scanty means, and my lad health ? " Does not the obvious drift of the sentence sufficiently define the quality of the means and health, without the adjunct of any epithets ? Yet here have we a word, " health," which in strictness should be unsusceptible of the epithet bad, employed by itself in a sense the very reverse of its etymology, in precise accordance with which it is, however, as might be expected, likewise frequently used, e.g. "my health is re- stored : " there the word bears its full and proper meaning; therefore good health is tautological, indifferent or lad health is a catachresis, or implies a contradiction ; but notwithstanding this, custom sanctions the Coupling of all these adjectives with health, and without any adjective whatever li- censes the context to govern its acceptation. This being so, it certainly appears very hard that the unhappy word " means," which does not ex vi ter- mini import abundance, but both rightfully and customably admits the qualification either of co- pious, or indifferent, or scanty, should be excluded in this passage of Shakspeare, although not in common parlance, from bearing that signification which the context manifestly imposes and requires. Farther, were I to say, " Although neither my means nor my health will permit me to do this, yet do it I would, malgre my health, if my means were greater ; " and one should reply, " Then, sir, your means secure you," could this observation be truly termed either faulty in its phraseology, or ambiguous in its purport ? Gloster stumbled u-hen he saw his means were now curtailed, were straitened, straitened by the loss of his eyes ; and from such straitened means he infers the general sentiment, as admirable for its philosophy as just for its expression, " full oft 'tis seen our meanes secures us ; " which he amplifies and enforces in the ensuing clause, " and our mere defects prove our commodities." If man's power were equal to his will, into what excesses might he not be betrayed, ruinous to himself, as well as hurtful to others ; ^jit happily for him an over-ruling Providence so . i)rdera infitters that man's means, his circum- scribed and limited means, become his security, No. 302.] keep him safe. The first error then into which the commentators have stumbled, is about the signification of the word means ; the second relates to its syntactical usage ; for, as was said before, I affirm that not only is means or meanes the right reading, but securss is so likewise ; that is, I affirm the correctness of the two first folios in both these words. And now, having, as I sup- pose, competently asserted the former, I will content myself with adducing half a dozen ex- amples in vindication of the latter. These ex- amples, for reasons hereafter to appear, shall be fetched from the works of Middleton, edited by Mr. Dyce. 1. The Roaring Girl, Act II. Sc. 1., vol. ir. p. 513.: " Seb. Forty shillings is the agreement, Sir, between us ;, Now, Sir, my present means mounts but to half on't." 2. The Witch, Act III. Sc. 2., vol. iii. p. 30a : " Seb. Because my means depends upon your service." most inconsistently altered by Mr. Dyce to de~ pend. 3. The Widow, Act III. Sc. 1., vol. iii. p. 385. : " Martia. It should seem so By the small means was left j'ou, and less manners." 4. A Fair Quarrel, Act V. Sc. 1., vol. iii^ p. 545. : " Rus. Come, Sir, your means is short ; lengthen your fortunes With a fair proffer." 5. Women leware Women, Act I. Sc. 1., vol. iv> p.519. : " Moth. And hitherto your own means has but made shift To keep you single, and that hardly too." 6. King Lear, Act III. Sc. 2., vol. iv. p. 580. : " Lear. So is all means raised from base prostitution. Even like a salad growing upon a dunghill." W. R. Arbowsmith. Broadheath. WILLIAM ARNALL AND THE " FREE BRITON."" By the kindness of a friend I hate lately be- come possessed of two documents which may perhaps be considered to deserve preservation m the columns of " N. & Q.," for they furnish some curious illustration of a passage m the later edi- tions of The Dunciad, which is no doubt famdiar to many readers ; while the passage itself deserves a note as a curious instance of the gradual changes which Pope's immortal satire underwent. _ In the first issues (I quote from edition C of "N. & Q.'s" "Bibliography of the Dunciad") we have the following account of "VVelstcd"' plunging for the prize. (Bk. ii. pp. 281-6.) « But nimbler W d reaches at the ground. Circles in mud, and darkness all around. Aug. 11. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 99- No crab more active, in the dirty dance Downward to climb, and backward to advance, He brinajs up half the bottom on his head, And boldly claims the Journals and the Lead." In the first variorum edition, the " Dod," 4to., J729 (Ed. F.) this passage is thus amplified : ^' Not Welsted so ; drawn endlong by his skull, Furious he sinks, precipitately dull. Whirlpools and storms his circling arm invest With all the Might of gravitation blest. No crab more active in the dirty dance, Downward to climb, and backward to advance, He brings up half the bottom on his head. And boldly claims the Journals and the Lead." In the edition however without date, probably of 1736 (Edition L.), and in both of the edi- tions bearin;^ that date (viz. Editions M. & N.), Welsted is deposed, and the name of Arnall sub- stituted, " Not so bold Arnall," &c. and in a note appended to this line we are told his history. We quote this note, however, from Warburton's edition (1751), Works, vol. v. p. 1G4., as it is there rather fuller : " WiLijAM ARNA1.L, bred an attorney, was a perfect genius at this sort of work. He began under twenty with furious party-papers: then succeeded Concanen in the British Journal. At the first publication of The Dunciad he prevailed on the author not to give him his due place in it, by a letter professing his detestation of such practices as his predecessor's. But since by the most unexampled insolence and personal abuse of several great men, the poet's particular friends, he most amply deserved a niche in the Temple of Infamy: Witness a paper called the Free Briton : a Dedication intituled ' To the Genuine Blunderer,' 1732, and many others. He writ for hire and valued himself upon it ; not indeed without cause, it appearing by the aforesaid Report that he re- ceived ' for Free Britons and other writings, in the space of four years, no less than ten thousand nine hundred and ninety -seven pounds six shillings and eight-pence out of the Treasury.' But frequently through his fury or foil}', he exceeded all the bounds of his commission, and obliged his honorable Patron to disavow his scurrilities." The Report here alluded to is that of the Secret Committee for inquiring into the conduct of Robert Earl of Orford, from which it appears, as stated in a previous note, " That no less than fift;/ thousand seventy -seven pounds eighteen shillings were paid to authors and printers of newspapers, such as Free Britons, Daily Courants, Corn- Cutters' Journals, Gazetteers, and other political papers between Feb. 10, 1731, and Feb. 10, 1741." The documents to which I have referred furnish curious illustrations of this existing connexion between the party writers and the government of the day. The first, which is endorsed — " Acco* of the Free Briton for Printing and Writing that Paper, from the l#i» of October, 1731, to the 13"> of January following : « £ 568 16s. 8d. " ^ me W. Arnali," gives an account of the expenses of printing and No. 302.] writing that journal for a period of three months ; and is as follows : £ s. d. " For printing Nine Single Papers, entitled the Free Briton, at the common Charge of Gl. 13s. 4d per Paper - - - 63 0 0 For printing the Free Briton of November the 4«h against the Common Council of London ; a Double Paper, of which 5000 copies were distributed - - 83 6 8 For printing the Free Briton of November the 18"' on the same affair, a Double Paper, of which 4000 copies were dis- tributed 66 13 4 For printing the Free Briton of Dec. le"', on the election of a New Common Coun- cil, a Single Paper, of which 4000 copies were distributed - - - - -33 68 For printing the Free Briton of January the 13"', in Defence of the late Inform- ation against the Publisher of the Crafts- man, of which 1500 copies were distri- buted, a Single Paper - - - - 12 10 0 For printing a Pamphlet called the Cap of Opposition stated between the Crafts- man and the People, occasioned by his Paper of Dec. the 4"S of which 4000 copies were distributed _ - - 200 0 0 For Writing the Free Briton, from the 14"> of October 1731 to the 13"» of January following - - 100 0 0 For Writing the Papers in relation to the Common Council of London - - 60 0 0 For Writing the Pamphlet called the Cap of Opposition stated - - - - 50 0 0 £568 16 8 « January 13*i', 1731. " Delivered, " Per me, W. Arnall." The second is endorsed simply "Mr. Peele," and shows how the Post Office was employed ia the circulation of the Paper : " Account of Free Britons delivered to Joseph Bell, Esq^'^, Comptroller of his Majesty's Post Office, by Order of the Right Hon^^<^ Sir liobcrt Walpole. £ s. d. " By Bill delivered for June, Julv, August, 1733 ' - - 97 10 0 By Ditto „ Sept., Oct., Nov. - 211 13 4 Bv Ditto „ Dec, Jan., Feb. - 205 16 8 By Ditto „ March, April, May, 1734 - 221 13 4 By Ditto „ June - - - 68 6 8 By Ditto „ Julv, August, Sept. 230 0 0 Bv Ditto „ Oct., Nov., Dec. - 238 6 8 'Jan. 2, 1734-5 "^ 9, » 16. „ >2200 each Day - 91 13 4 23, „ 30, „ J Feb. 6, „ ^ ^' " V2200 each Day - 73 6 8 27', March 6, ^^' " ^2200 each Day - 73 6 27' 27, „ J 6, „ -) 10, „ r- 17, „ J 100 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 11. 1855. April 3, 1734-5- 10, 17, 24, Mav 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, June 5, 12, 19, 26, -2200 each Day -2200 each Day -2200 each Day £ s. d. 73 6 8 91 13 4 73 6 8 ■£1750 0 0' The particulars of the fifty thousand pounds paid to political writers is set forth in an Appen- dix (No. 13.) to the Report to which Pope refers; and I may hereafter direct more particular atten- tion to it, for the information it affords on the {)olitico-literary history of the time ; but the ength of the present communication warns me to draw it to a close, which I will do with this Query, Where can I learn any farther particulars of the life of William Abnall, or find a list of his political writings ? William J. Thoms. HAMPSHIRE FOLK LORE. Shrove Tuesday. — At Basingstoke, and in some other parts of Hampshire, on Shrove Tuesday, the boys and girls go to the houses of the well-to-do classes in little companies. They knock at the door, and then begin the following rhyme : " Knick a knock upon the block ; Flour and lard is very dear, Please we come a shroving here. Your pan's hot and my pan's cold, [Hunger makes us shrovers bold], Please to give poor shrovers something here." They then knock again, and repeat both knocks and verses until they receive something. The line in [ ] is not said in Basingstoke, and many other places. They have, too, a peculiar way of saying these verses ; throwing a sharp accent upon the caBsural pauses, and staccatoing every word. At midday the children return home with their earn- ings, which consist of money, &c. Shig-sTiag Day. — The working men of Basing- stoke, and other towns in Hampshire, arise early on May 29, to gather slips of oak with the galls on : these they put in their hats, or anywhere about their persons. They also hang pieces to the knockers, latches, or other parts of the house- doors of the wealthy, who take them in to place in their halls, &c. After breakfast these men go round to such houses for beer, &c. Should they No. 302.] not receive anything, the following verses should be said : " Shig-shag,* penny a rag, [Bang his head in Croommell's bag], All up in a bundle" — but fear often prevents them. However, the lads have no fear, and use it freely to any one without an oak-apple or oak-leaf on some part of his per- son, and visible, — ill-treating him for his want of loyalty. After noon the loyalty ceases ; and then, if any one be charged with having shig-shag, the follow- ing verses are said : " Shig-shag's gone past, You're the biggest fool at last ; When shig-shag comes again, You'll be the biggest fool then." And the one who charges the other with the oak- leaf receives the ill-treatment. April Fool Day. — The last verses also do duty after twelve o'clock on April 1, by altering "shig- shag" to "April fool." The line in [], in the previous verses, is not repeated at Basingstoke and some other towns ; and without this I have, heard them used occasionally towards a dirty ragged fellow by boys in and around London. Satanic Lore. — At Hurley I heard a legend of Winchester Cathedral. At the " Devil's dancing hour" (midnight), whenever the night is dark, and the wind high, or the weather stormy, his Majesty of Pandemonium turns coachman, and drives Oliver Cromwell and his general round the cathedral, the carriage being followed by all the people whom they were the means of killing, who yell and shriek fearfully. Of course the noise is to be explained by the wind whistling through the trees, and the legend by the battle of Cheriton Down, and the havock committed in the cathedral by Sir William Waller's men : yet it seems that the second visitation by Cromwell, after Waller had gone to Oxford and Cromwell had left Naseby, made a deeper impression ; seeing that the above legend is sometimes told without the addition of the " general." The above were obtained a few years since in passing through Hampshire. Had I gone for the purpose of collecting notes, no doubt many more could have been gathered. Perhaps some of the subscribers of " N. & Q." living in Hampshire will add to their number, as the county is rich iu folk lore ; and, as may be seen from the above, their historical significance is considerable. Avon Lea. * I may mention, that the word shag among printers is applied to a disgraceful compositor ; and, secondarily, to a dirty, ragged, drunken one. Aug. 11. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. lal MBS. HANNAH MORE ON FEMALE POETICAL GENIUS. I believe that many of the readers of " N. & Q." will be pleased with the inclosed letter, which might be termed an essay. I believe it never has been published ; and ladies who are curious to know what a great lady thought of encouraging poetical tastes in young ladies, may thank me for transcribing this, which has found a place among other autographs. E. W. J. To Lady Dear Madam, You ask me whether I should think it right to encourage a propensity to poetry in a very young daughter ; I think I may answer without hesita- tion that I should not. Perhaps you will say " She talks to me who never had a child ; " and indeed it is very easy to decide with an air of un- feeling wisdom upon affections one has never known, and circumstances in which one has never been. In the present case, as far as I am able to judge, it appears to me that wit and poetry are, of all the propensities of the human intellect, those which require to be most counteracted in our sex. Wit is scarcely less perilous than beauty ; like beauty too, it is as full of attractions as of perils. A bright and strong imagination has a natural tendency to make the mind fly off from the plain path and sober rectitude of common life ; it is a sort of centrifugal force which requires to be acted upon by opposite powers, to keep the mind in due equipoise. A lively Imagination carries a great deal of sail, to which a severe education ought to oppose con- siderable ballast. By severity I do not mean harshness but care ; not unkindness but attention ; not rigour but discipline ; a sort of mental drill, which is, by habitual exercise, to train the heart for the combat of human life. Imagination, like all other gifts of Providence, Is desirable and de- lightful ; but like all other great gifts it exposes the possessor to difficulties and trials, from which less brilliant characters are exempt. Yet the temperate use and abstinent enjoyment of this shining talent adds dignity to its possessor ; for to use with discretion and modesty any talent com- mitted to us, is perhaps a still higher attainment of virtue than even to submit contentedly to the want of it. A lively Imagination Is naturally, though not necessarily, connected with strong passions ; what- ever encourages the one will Inflame the other ; light books feed and cherish this spark ; praise and admiration set It in a blaze. Intemperate wit seeks for praise as Its natural aliment; it de- mands it as its daily bread. Hence arise the inordinate hunger and the insatiable claims of variety. She is the veriest beggar that ever con- descended to live on casual alms, for she exists but on the charity of flatterers. She grows greater No. 302.] by Indulgence, and, like the vulture In the Grecian fable, she finds that "increase of appetite doth grow with what It feeds on," for every gratifica- tion creates a fresh desire ; plain truth will soon become cold and tame and insipid to the vitiated palate long accustomed to the delicious poignan- cies of exaggerated commendation. Do not be afraid that real talents will be quenched ; to do this. If it were possible, would be barbarous ; If the mind be animated with the true flame of genius, discretion will not extinguish it. If it be only an artificial warmth, kindled by a wrong education, and foster'd by undue flattery, that false fire which might have gone out of Itself, Is kept alive by heaping on It matter full of igneous particles ; and will destroy the little tenement which it should only warm and light. The liveliest parts should be chastis'd by a sober and rational education. The most elegant superstructure al- ways grows out of a foundation of solid usefulness, and all accomplishments which are not raised on the basis of sense and virtue, are like pyramids built with the point downwards. There is a levity in all human, I had almost said in the female mind, which naturally disposes It to whatever delights the fancy and gratifies the pas- sions. Instructing young girls therefore to cast down high imaginations. Is not less the business of prudence than the injunction of piety. I mean not to speak with the gravity of a divine, or to bring any arguments of the more serious sort ; I only aim to use the language of common human prudence, which wishes to promote the happiness of the object in view ; and this I take it will never be effected by whetting her appetites for praise or pleasure : to point her naturally too keen sensibilities still more acutely, certainly will not add to her comfort, whatever it may do to her ingenuities, and genius will always be bought too dear, when purchas'd at the expense of happiness I A parent will generally see more merit In a child's performance than it really possesses ; a friend Is expected to acknowledge more than he really sees ; and one can't help trembling for the virtue of a little creature when one sees her greedily swallowing down the applauses which the fondness of the mother extorts from the politeness of the guest. Thus, between the tenderness of nature and the complaisance of friendship, the poor little wit Is likely to hear as little truth as a beauty or a prince ; and of course to grow up with a deceitful estimate of her own merit, with a train of false views, fantastic desires, and craving passions. After all I doubt not I should be delightfed with the discovery of any agreeable talent in a child, and probably should not have a grain of that exaction which It is so easy to recommend to others. But your own admirable sense and exact judgment stands In no need of any poor sugges- tions of mine. In throwing together these hasty 102 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 11. 1855. thoughts without form, order, or digestion, if I have not shown my wit, I have at least shown my obedience to your commands. Hannah More. PREDICTIONS OF THE FIRE OF LONDON. Upon the fly-leaves of a small anti-papal work in my possession, entitled The Anatomy of Popery (London, 1673), I find copies of certain letters in MS. which are curious enough to claim a place in " N. & Q." I transcribe them literally : « To M-- Sam. Tliorlton, a.d. 1666. " My friend, " Y' presence is now more nesesary at London y" whare y" are ; y' y" may determen how to dispose of y estate in Soutliwarke: for it is determened by humen counsell, if not frustrated by devine power that y« sub- urbes will shortley be destroyd. Y"^ capacity is large enogh to understand (what) precedes as y genius shall instruct you.. " Cave. Cave. Fuge. Vale." The next is much defaced, rendering a perfect transcript impossible ; but as It contains some curious matter, I have waded through it, and present it in the clearest state : " Yours of y 6* curent came to me, and broug al y® tydinges of y" horning of London ; constantly exspected and discoursd of amongst y" pa. To my knowledge for these 18 yeares leyt past as to hapen this year, in w<^i» they doe alsoe promis to yn>sels and others y« introduction of y publick excersise of y^ Ca. Religion seated (?) in W^'minster hall, and severall oth^ places about y^ city and elswhare in y kdom. {Four lines obscure.) continually reproeving their fuint-heartednes will rend yra -yyth sQrow aud remors, and inflect torments vpon y™ equall to y® damned in hell, and will make y™ endever to find rest from this angush in y constant profession of y« truthe w<^i> they have so unhapyly betrayd. And in case of a relaps, tliey will be constrayned to drag you to y place of execution : or els to seke to rid y»ss by a generall massacre, w'^*' many good soules have so long disired. I hope S'' y" will not be wanting in y most earnst prayers to beg of God y* he wold be plesed to take of thes misarable wretches, and make the heartes of our G. to relent towards us, y* he wold convert those who in thaire harts (?) think they do him service by puting us to deth. " I am, S'', yors." Then followeth, as a note, the cruel torturing of a young female for religion's sake ; detailed with unpleasant distinctness, and wound up by a metrical warning worth preservation : " Down y" must y haritickes, For all J"" hopes in 66. The hand ag'' y"- is soe stedy, For Babylon is fain alredy. The Divall a mercy is for those Who holy mother church oppose. Let not y clargy y betray, Y"" eyes are opn — see y^ way, Retorn in time, if y" would save Y"" soules, V lives, or ought y have. No. 302.] Andify^live till 67, Confess y" have full warning given: Then see in time, or ay be blind, Short time will show w' is behind. " Dated y' 5'^ in y" yeare 1666, and y" first yeare of y» restoration of y« Court of Eome in Engld." G. E. R. Kidderminster. Minav ^atti. The Manor of Kennerleigh, near Crediton in Devonshire, lost by a Game of Cards. — In the year 184S I was staying with a friend at Kenner- leigh, who knowing I was fond of old places and old things, took me to Dowrlsh House, belonging to Captain Clayfield, built in the time of King John, the centre only remaining. It is approached through a gate-house. Mrs. Clayfield showed tis some porti'aits of the Dowrish family, and a marble table inlaid witli cards and counters, show- ing the two hands of Piquet held by Mr. Dowrish and an ancestor of the present Sir Stafford North- cote who were playing together, when Mr. Dow- rish, thinking he had won the game, betted the Manor of Kennerleigh, and lost it. The North- cotes hold it at the present time. The marble table was made to commemorate this event. Julia R. Bockett, Southcote Lodge. Pepys's Mother. — Samuel Pepys says, " My father and mother marryed at Newington, in Surry, Oct. 15, 1626." (Vide Diary, 1854, vol. ii. p. 196.) The Rev. W. C. Moore, minister of St. Mary, Newington, informs me that he has searched the register of marriages belonging to his church through the years 1625, 1626, and 1627, without finding the name of Pepys. We have yet therefore to ascertain the family name of the diarist's mother. G. Steinaian Steinman, The " French Book," printed by Wilkes. — Grenville Papers, vol. ii. p. 81. Wilkes, in a letter to Earl Temple, says, " The 'French Book' is indeed most excellent, but is not published, nor ever to be." The editor, in giving a list of the books printed at Wilkes's private press in Great George Street, says, "there is no account of the _' French Book ' mentioned above." The work in question is, Recherches sur V Origine du Despotisme oriental, Ouvrage posthume de M. Boulanger, Lond., 1763, 12mo., pp. 239. John Martin. Woburn Abbey. Contemporary v. Cotemporary. — I have re- marked nearly thirty places in which the word cotemporary occurs in " N. & Q." It is also uniformly adopted by the Rev. R. C. Trench. Now, admitting " N. & Q." and Mr. Trench to be Aug. 11. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 103 authorities of weight, I must really renture to suggest the desirability of universally adopting contemporary in lieu of its rival, whose claims were, on solid reasons, disallowed by Bentley him- self. C. Mamsfleu) Inglebt. Birmingham. Curious Inscription. — I offer no apology for forwarding this very curious inscription from a monument in Watringbury churchyard, Kent : " Here lyeth the body of Henry Wood, late Citizen and Haberdasher of London, who was born in this Parish, and gave unto the poor thereof a yearely portion for ever. He departed this life the 4th day of Nov., a.d. 1630. *' Houses we build, and ships we make of wood. Engines for warr, instruments musical. No man but knows it is exceeding good ; Ruin must come, if that y« wood doth fall. It's not in vaine that men him Wood did call, Consideringe howe usefuU he was heere, Unto the cittie, parish, hospital]. Sitting with Comon Counsaille at the steere. " Whereas he had a voyce among the best Of those grave sages of this honor d cittie, Out of their number he is gone to rest, Death hath him crusht — y» more the pittie. " Henricus Wood, 0 downe I crushe, O downe I crush. It is the voyce of death ; ■ Downe are we crusht, when once we lose our breath, , "Kings, potentates, and princes downe are crushte ; . jThe noble, learned, rich, and all are hushte, [In death's receptacle, they lie like wood: Those on the earth like oaks and cedars stood. In our chief mirth, the thoughts may make us blush, ' Ere long come death, our brittle house to crush. " The loftie cedar, oake, and lustie pine, As well as shrubs, are subject to declyne ; No wood but must at last to ashes turne, As well as those contayned in this urne. None ever sounder was, none whose good name A sweeter odour left, nor better fame ; Nor with more zeal desir'd that blessed pension. To be materiall in the heavenly mansion." C. W. Bingham ^xxtxitS, WHEN DID COPES CEASE TO BE WOEN ? At the present day, copes are but rarely worn. "By the Canons of the Church of England, the clergy are directed to wear this vestment ; but, out of tenderness to the superstition of weaker brethren, it has gradually fallen into disuse, except on such an occasion as the Coro- nation." — Dr. Hook's Church Dictionary. The last occasion of this wearing of the cope is well displayed in the engraving from Leslie's pic- ture of her Majesty receiving the Holy Commu- nion after her Coronation. The Rev. George Ornsby, in his Sketches of Durham (p. 129., 1846), speaks of the copes belonging to the cathe- dral (which are now carefully preserved in the library), and says : « They were used in the Cathedral of Durham, in ac- No. 302.] cordance with the XXIV. Canon, at the administration of the Holy Communion, within the last seventy years." And he proceeds to give the following curious ac- count of the cause of their disuse. " Bishop Warburton, who held a prebendal stall here, until his death in 1779, was the first who laid them aside. His temper, which was none of the best, was wont to get uncommonly ruffled by the high collar of the cope getting between his neck and his full-bottomed wig. At last, in a fit of more than ordinary irritation, he threw aside the cope, and vowed he would never wear it again. After this, they were gradually laid aside by the other pre- bendaries, and at last fell into total desuetude." I would ask if there are any data to show at what period the wearing of copes fell into disuse in other cathedrals ; and, whether Warburton set, or followed, the fashion ? His arrogant and bold originality may have induced this change in the clerical vestments ; or th'e disuse of the cope may have been attributable to the infirmities both of mind and body that fell upon him in his latter years. Is the anecdote above quoted mentioned by any of Warburton's biographers ? I have elsewhere (Vol. xii,, p. 96.) spoken of the cope (with the figure of David with the head of Goliath) presented to the Cathedral of Durham by Charles I. On the Sunday of his visit to Durham (in 1633), he went to the cathedral to hear a ser- mon from the bishop (Thomas Morton) ; and, " after service, he dined at the Deanery, at the bishop's- charge ; where his Majesty had a cope that cost 140Z., belonging to the church, presented to him." Carter saw at Durham, in 1795, the cope which was presented to the monks by Queen Philippa after the battle of Neville's Cross, in 1346 (see Raine's Brief Account, p. 47.). In the year 1355, the Lord Ralph de Neville gave to St. Cuthbert a set of vestments, including a cope made of velvet, and covered with silk and gold embroidery, and jewels of the richest descrip- tion. His widow, the Lady Alice, at her death, left, among many other things, to the sacrist, the two pieces of cloth of gold which covered her coffin. One of these was red, embroidered with Saracen flowers, and of this was made a cope, with a border of blue velvet embroidered with moons and stars (of. Raine, p. 29.). In the Holy Thursday procession in Durham Cathedral — " That holy Relique, St. Cuthbert's Banner, was carried first in the procession, with all the rich copes belonging to the church, every monk one. The Prior had an exceed- ingly rich one of cloth of gold, which was so massy that he could not go upright with it, unless his gentlemen, who at other times bore up his train, supported it on every side whenever he had it on." — Sanderson's Antiquities of DurJiam Abbey, p. 85. " Valuable were the jewels and ornaments which were bestowed upon that holy man St. Cuthbert. King Richard gave him his parliament robe of blue velvet, wrought with great lions of pure gold, an exceedingly rich cope. There was another cope of cloth of gold given to the 104 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. U. 1855. Church in honour of that holy man, by another prhice." — Sanderson, p. 89. Well, then, may Mr. Raine say, in speaking of these costly copes and gorgeous vestments at Durham — « When the reader is informed, that, to almost everj' one of the altars in the Church, and there were at least forty in number,' themselves rich in ornaments, were appropri- ated robes equally splendid with those above described, he may perhaps be enabled to form some idea of the gorgeous external pageantry of the Church during those times." CUTHBEET BeDE, B, A. ARMS OF ABBEY OF BARDNEY. ■ What were the arms formerly used by the mitred abbey of Bardney on the Witham, near Boston in Lincolnshire ? Fuller, in his Church Hist., says he could not discover them. There is an escutcheon of arms finely carved on an oak panel in the present vicarage-house at Boston ; but which was removed from the old vicarage-house, where it was seen by Dr. Stukeley, and was the subject of a correspondence between Mr. Maurice Johnson and Roger Gale. If the arms of Bardney Abbey have not been authentically ascertained, I should venture to suppose that the arms upon this oak panel are those which were formerly borne by this institution; they are as follows, in the lan- guage of Dr. Stukeley : " A fesse charged with a fish and two annulets between three plates, each charged with a cross fitchee." This escutcheon is attached by a cord to a mitre; a pastoral staff passes diagonally behind the escutcheon ; at the top are the words " Ibi, Ubi," in old English characters ; and on each side of the escutcheon a single letter in the same character, that on the right of the panel being evidently an I; that on the left is indistinct, I think it is an H. Mr. Johnson thought they were both I. I do not know of any particular connexion between the abbey of Bardney and the church or town of Boston. The Abbot of Bardney owned a fishery at Boston in 1539. He also held property there at the Dissolution, which was sold by Henry VIII. to the corporation of Boston in 1546. The river Witham, in which the Abbot of Bardney had a fishery, was, and is yet, famed for its pikes ; hence the phrase "Witham pike, none like;" and the fish in the old escutcheon to which I have alluded is evidently a representation of that fish. It may, however, be intended for the Vesica Piscis, which is frequently found on the seals of bishops and monastic institutions. I have somewhere seen it stated that the fish there represented very often resembled the pike. May I request information upon tliis subject ? Pishey Thompson. Stoke Newington. 1^0. 302.] Minav UStmviti, Kymerton. — In the pedigree of Vaughan of Hergest Court, Knigton, co. Hereford, is a match with "John Price of Kyme:- on," time of Eliza- beth or James I. In what parish and county is "Kymerton?" G. Steinman Steinman. Huntington and Lennard Families. — Can any particulars be found in Carlisle of the Huntimrton family (sometime Quakers), or of the Lennard family ? The Hon. Henry Lennard died at Car- lisle in 1703; and Mary, his widow, in 1707, leaving three daughters. Was she a daughter of Admiral Sir Richard Haddock ? G. Steinman Steinman. William Bailie, Bishop of Clonfert. — It appears, from Dr. Cotton's Fasti Feci. Hih., that William Bailie was Bishop of Clonfert from 1644 to 1664, a native of Scotland, educated at Glasgow, but D.D. of Oxford. From the records in the Ulster King of Arms Office, it appears that his only daughter and heir, Jane Bailie, in 1639 married James Hamilton, Esq., of Bailieborough, county of Cavan (vide Fun. Ent., viii. 233.). Can any of your correspondents tell from what Scotch family he sprang, and what arms he bore ? I looked through a large number of the MS. pedigrees deposited in the Advocates' Library, and mentioned this bishop to several antiquaries in Edinburgh. I also searched the records there, but could gain no clue to his family. His will is not deposited in the Prerogative Court in Dublin, as I had that searched ; nor is he mentioned in those records of the University of Glasgow which have been published. M. Meekins. Temple. Origin of the Sign of Cock and Pye. — At Ips- wich and Woodbridge are inns known by the above sign. The occupier of the first-mentioned states that he has frequently been questioned by his guests relative to the derivation of his sign with- out being enabled to give a satisfactory reply. Such being the case, he would feel obliged by being informed on the point. At the time cock- fighting was deemed an amusement, this ancient inn was much frequented by those who patronised that objectionable custom. At this period it was frequently announced in advertisements, " there will be cock-fighting at the Cock and Pye as usual." On one occasion, when this house was under re- pair, a rude representation of a cock standing upon a pie was discovered. It is well known that the eastern counties were formerly noted for en- couraging cock-fighting, now very properly dis- continued ; the county newspapers then frequently contained advertisements relative thereto. At Winfarthing, West Beckham, and Burgh, in Nor- Aug. 11. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 105 folk, are still found public-houses known by the sign of " The Fighting Cocks ; " and the expres- sion "they are living like fighting-cocks," is not unfrequently applied to those who are supposed to keep a more liberal establishment than their neighbours. In Shakspeare's time the words " By Cock and Pye " appear to have been used as a popular adjuration*, as we find them used in that sense in his writings. G. Blencowe. Manningtree. mis Family, Sec. — Will any of your readers kindly oblige me by giving the arms of Ells, co. Bucks, and of Smith, co. Oxon ? I have consulted several local works unsuccessfully, or should not trouble you to insert this. F. Gr. L. Sunningwell Rectory, Abingdon. Culver, Cidyer, or Colier Rents, ^c. — I fre- quently meet with the phrase, " this property pays a culver rent" (generally a small amount, and seldom exceeding a few shillings) to some individual or society. The peculiar designation of the rent is variously spelt : culver, culyer, colier, colyer, &c. I cannot find a satisfactory explana- tion of this word. By some I am told that it means an annual payment to keep pigeons, or have a dove-cot, and was originally paid to the lord of the manor ; by others, that it was a drainage tax for the use t)f a culvert, or sewer. I have received other explanations, but none of them satisfactory. Perhaps this application to the readers of " N. & =Q." may procure me the needed information. PiSHEY Thompson. Stoke Newington. Christopher Urswick and Christopher Bainhridge. — In the interesting work lately published, entitled Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII., being a selection from Sebastian Giustinian's Despatches to the Signory of Venice, Mr. Rawdon Brown, the translator, in two places (vol. i. pp. 71. and 192.), mentions Christopher Urswick and Chris- topher Bainbridge, Archbishop of York, as one and the same person. I am aware that they have been confounded by some authors ; but I thought their identity had been satisfactorily disproved. Its reassertion in so recent a publication may excuse my inquiry whether it is 'warranted by any late discovery. Cardinal Wolsey succeeded Bainbridge as Arch- bishop of York at his death in 1514, and Chris- topher Urswick (if Anthony Wood is correct) lived till 1521, when he was buried at Hackney. (Athen. Oxon., ed. 1815, vol. i. p. 703.) Anthony is, however, wrong when he states that he was Recorder of London. He has mistaken him for Thomas Urswick, who was Recorder from 1454 to 1471, when he was made Lord Chief Baron of the [* See Nares's Glossary, articles Cock and Pye.] No. 302.] Exchequer, over which Court he presided till his death in 1479. Edward Foss. Paravincin, and Dialogue quoted by him. — " Francis Paravincin, in his Book upon the Soul, quotes largelj"- from a work intituled A Dialogue, in which it is proved on the authority of the Holy Fathers, that Sin is not now, and gives examples how murder, robbery, concu- piscence, and the like, may be indulged in bj' mixing a little good with the motives, and conscience be saved thereb}', though it he less than that latent spark which our lawyers hold to be enough to revive expiring estates." — An Appeal to Parliament on the Intrusions^ of the Jesuits, by J. Hammond, London, 1717." Can any of your readers give me the exact title of the dialogue above mentioned ? That is all which I actually want, but shall be glad to know that of Paravincin's work, and the meaninor of the " latent spark." W. S. P! Glee v. Madrigal. — What is the difference be- tween glees and madrigals ; between ballads and songs? John Scbibe. ^mor r)yeTa.i, " TlVVL TtVl't Tl TO KioSioviov KaKsi Eis oiKOv <|)iAo7rorous, 'AAA' ovSeLS to Kav Aeti^ei €S Manufactory, 24. & 25. Charlotte Terrace, Caledonian Road, Islington. OTTE WILL'S Registered Double Body Folding Camera, adapted for Landscapes or Portraits, may be had of A. ROSS, Feather- stone Buildings, Ilolborn i the Photographic Institution, Bond Street ; and at the Manu- factory as above, where every description of Cameras, Slides, and Tripods may be had. The Trade supplied. Just published. PRACTICAL PHOTOGRA- PHY on GLASS and PAPER, a Manual containing simple directions for the production of PORTRAITS and VIEWS by the agency of Light, including the COLLODION, AL- BUMEN, WAXED PAPER and POSITIVE PAPER Processes, by CHARLES A. LONG. Price Is. ; per Post, Is. id. Published by BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instru- ment Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London. THE NEW COLLODION I manufactured by BLAND & LONG, 153. Fleet Street. London, will bear compari- son with any other Preparation offered to Photographers. Price 9rf. per oz. Can be had separate from the Iodizing Solution. Nitrate of Silver, 4s. 6rf. per oz. ; Pyrogallic Acid, Is. 6rf. per drachm ; Glacial Acetic Acid, 6d. per oz. ! Hyposulphite of Soda, Is. per lb. CAMERAS, LENSE'S, and every Descrip- tion of Apparatus, of first-class Workmanship. Chemicals of ABSOLUTE PURITY, and every material required in the Photographic Art of the finest quality. 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PASSPORTS AND HAND- BOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS. _ ED- WARD STANFORD obtains Foreign Oflice Passports, on receipt of sealed letters of appli- cation, mounts them in neat morocco or roan cases, and procures the necessary visas. A Circular Letter of Instruction and Cost may be had on application Gratis, or per Post for One Stamp. Handbooks, Maps, and Guides, for all parts of the world. London : EDWARD STANFORD, Map and Bookseller, 6. Chajing Cross. WA. LLOYD, 164. ST- JOHN I STREET ROAD, LONDON, DEALER IN MARINE LIVING . ANIMALS, SEA-WEED, ARTIFICIAL SEA- WATER AND MARINE AND FRE8H-WATEB[ AQUARIA. A Stock of small Aquaria, ready fitted up with Weed, Shells. Rockwork, and Marine Life, always on hand, at very moderate prices. Valisneria, Cliara, Nitella, Anacharis, and other living fresh- water Plants, Insects, Mol- lusks. Fish, &c. THE MARINE AQUARIUM. A great variety of Marine Animal Life can be preserved in health and vigour in these Aquaria, without trouble to the possessor. The difficulty of procuring a supply of Sea- water for occasional renewal has been for some time completely overcome by the suc- cessful composition of Artificial Sea-water, in which the Animals and Plants thrive and grow. The smaller Aquaria, when fitted up with pieces of rock, shells and sea-weed, and stocked with animal life, are objects of the highest interest and beauty ; and they yield to the observer the hitherto unattainable pleasure of watching at his ease, in liis own apartments, the curious inhabitants of the Ocean. PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each. — D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square, London (established 1785), respectfully intimate that in addition to their ROYAL PIANOFORTES, 6J octaves, in rosewood and mahogany, at 25 Guineas, they have opened new show rooms for the exhibition of their ROYAL CONCERT PIANOFORTES, with repeater action, suited for apartments of the largest sire, possessing the tone, touch, and advantages of tlie grand, without its magni- tude and expense. Price 40 Guineas. Every Instrument warranted. The peculiar ad- vantages of these Pianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial, signed by the majority of the leading musi- cians of the age: — "We, the undersigned members of the musical profession, having carefully examined the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great pleasure in bearing tes- timony to their merits and capHbilities. It ap- pears to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal tem- perament, while the elegance of their construc- tion renders them a handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F.Benedict, H. R. Bishop, J. Blew- itt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E. F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison. H. F. Hass^, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F. Kialimark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee, A. Leffler. E. J. Loder. W. H. Montgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, P. Praegar, E. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E. Rockell, Sims Reeves. J. Templeton, F.We- ber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright,''^&c. D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis. ' MR. GEO. HAYES, Dentist, of 66. Conduit Street, Regent Street, has a vacancy for a PUPIL. He would be fully in- structed in Mechanical, as well as Operative Dentistry, and receive many unusual advan- tages. If desired, he may attend the Classes at either of the Colleges. TRELOAR'S COCOA-NUT FIBRE MATTING, DOOR-MATS, MATTRESSES, and BRUSHE'!, gained the Prize- Medal at the Great Exhibition. At the Warehouse, 42. LUDGATE HILL, will be found an Assortment of COCOA-NUT FIBRE MANUFACTURES, unequalled for Variety and Excellence, at the most moderat* Prices. Catalogues Free. NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 11. 1855. FOR TRAVEXiIiERS XN ZTAImV. TMs Day, copiously illustrated with Coloured Plates and Woodcuts, 8vo., 21j. BRICK AND MARBLE ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY. IN THE illDDLE AGES : NOTES of a TOUR. By GEORGE EDMUND STREET, F. S.A., Architect. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. Second Edition, with large map, price 63., cloth boards. J)RIZE ESSAY ON PORTU- GAL. By JOSEPH JAMES FOR- ESTER, of Oporto, F.R.G.S. of London, Paris, Berlin, ic. Author of " Original Sur- veys of the Port Wine Districts ; " of the " River Douro from the Ocean to the Spanish Frontier;" and of the "Geology of the Bed and Banks of the Douro ;" alsoofa projeotfor the improvement of the navigation of tliat river, and of various other works on Portugal. JOHN WEALE, 59. High Holborn. WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, Broad Sanctuary, opposite Westminster Abbey.— The Westminster Hospital was in- stituted in the year 1719, and was the first of the kind in the United Kingdom established and supported by Voluntary Contributions. The principle of admission is based chiefly on the urgency and nature of the symptoms of the Salient, and during the past year 1,123 acci- ents and urgent cases have been received aa in-patients without letters of recommendation, while 14,381 out-patients have obtained medical or surgical assistance with no other claim than their sufferings. Patients are constantly re- ceived from distant districts ; admission is also freely given to Foreigners who are ill and in distress ; and relief is often afforded to patients ■who are sent as urgent cases by the clergy of all denominations. The number of patients ad- mitted in 1854 was, in-patients 1, 754, out-patients 19,545 _ total 21,299. The demands on the Hos- pital are annually increasing, while the income irom all sources has seriously declined. Thui in 1854,— £ s. d. The income was - - - 40G7 2 10 The expenditure - - - 6112 19 2J Deficiency - - 1445 16 4J These increasing demands on the Hospital may, to a certain exteut, be explained by the increase of population. Three wards, affording accommodation for 42 patients, are still un- furnished and unoccupied ; and to open these wards, and thus render the Hospital as efficient as originally designed, would require an in- creased income of 15002. a year, besides the cost of fitting up the wards for the reception of the patients. Efforts are being made to increase the Hospital accommodation of the metropolis, but the duty is more imperative to make the accommodation already existing available. No new establishment is required, no additional officers, no incre.ised buildings, but only means to receive and support in a long-tried establish- ment an increased number of the poor and destitute. During the recent epidemic 170 cases of Asiatic cholera were admitted, and 104 of the number were restored to health and their families. 3496 cases of choleraic diarrhoea were also received, and, through prompt attention, the further progress of disease was prevented. The Committee earnestly APPEAL to the be- nevolent for AID, and trust that the extent and value of the medical and surgical relief afforded to the poor from all parts may cause assistance to be given to the funds of this, the oldest metropolitan Hospital supported by vo- limtary contributions. Donations and Subscriptions arj thankfully received by Messrs. Hoare & Co., 37. Kleet Street ; by Messrs. Bou verie & Co., 1 1 . Hay- market ; by tlie Joint Treasurers, the Hon. Philip P. Bouverie and Peter R. Hoare, Esa. ; or by the Secretary. F. J. WILSON, Sec. rri Just published. New and Cheaper Edition, price Is. ; or by Post for 13 stamps. IHE SCIENCE OF LIFE ; or, _L How to Live and What to Live for ; with ample Rules for Diet, Regimen, and Self- Management : together with instructions for securing health, longevity, and that sterling happiness only attainable through the judi- cious observance of a well-regulated course of life. By A PHYSICIAN. London : PIPER, BROTHERS & CO., 23. Pa- ternoster Row i HANNAY, 63. Oxford Street ; MANN, 39. CornMll ; and all Book- sellers. A CATHOLIC HISTORY OF ENGLAJTD. The Anglo-Saxon Period. Complete in Three Volumes. This Day is published, price ^Ss., the Third and Concluding Volume of \ CATHOLIC HISTORY OF J\_ ENGLAND. By WILLIAM BER- NARD MAC CASE. " In days like these, when so many of our new books are but old ones newly dressed up, a work of original research, and for which the materials have been accumulated by the writer with great labour and diligence, de- serves especial commendation. Of such a cha- racter is the ' Catholic History of England ; its Rulers, Clergy, and Poor, before the Re- formation, as described by the Monkisli His- torians,' by William Bernard MacCabe ; of which the third volume, extending from the reign of Edward the Martyr to the Norman Conquest, has just been published. The vo- lumes bear evidence in every page that they arc, as the author describes them, ' the results of the writing and research of many hours — the only hours for many years that I had to spare from other and harder toils.' Himself a zealous and sincere follower of the ' ancient faith,' Mr. MacCabe's views of the characters and events of which he is treating naturally assume the colouring of his own mind ; many, therefore,, will dissent from them. None of his readers will, however, dissent from bestow- ing upon his work the praise of ^eing carefully compiled and most originally written. None will deny the charm with which Mr. MacCabe has invested his ' History,' by his admirable mode of making the old monkish writers tell their own story." — Ifotes and Queries. "Mr. MacCabe's mode of composition is as novel as his plan. Sacrificing ordinary lite- rary pride, he makes the old Monkish writers compo>e the narrative — his ingenuity being displayed in the skill with which the passages, translated directly from the original, with all their natural vigour of language, are connected, so as to produce an appearance of oneness of design and continuity. He then fuses into one whole centuries of observation and narrative, and in fact revives those dead monks and scribes till they write his book. The plan is not only new, but it was necessary, as the reader will find if he compare the garbled and inaccurate version given by Hume and some other writers, with the original statements of the same events incorporated in these pages. He will also be better able to understand, when this universality of authorities is explained, why this book sliould be called a ' Catholic History.' The work is of great literary value." — Times. " It treats the Anglo-Saxon period under a phase quite ditterent fom that in which it is viewed by Lingard in his Anglo-Saxon Anti- quities. Lingard describes the doctrine and doctrinal practice of the age ; llie Catholic History tells the story of its inner life. Each, therefore, may be regarded as the complement of the other. Both are indispensable to every English lustorical collection." — /Ju&Zjrt Ite- view. T. C. NEWBY, Publisher, 30. Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square. Now ready. Fifth Edition, price Is. cloth. (Postage Free.) A WORD TO THE WISE; or Hints on the Current Improprieties of Expression in Writing and Speaking. By PARRY G WYNNE. " All who wish to mind their p's and o'», should consult this little volume." — Gentle- man's Magazine. GRANT & GRIFFITH, Corner of St. Paul's Churchyard. Just published, with 4 Illustrations, price Is. 6d. PARABLES from NATURE. By MRS. ALFFED GATTY, Author of " The Fairy Godmothers." " Pretty little tales with allegorical truths of infinite value, and the work is nicely illus- trated." — English Journal of Education. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. 12mo., price 4s. npHE HAYMAKERS' HIS- X TORIES. Twelve Cantos, in Terza Rima. By RUTHEB. " This is a scholarly little book, sweet as a meadow at hay-time, and full of summer in- fluences. We confess this little volume ex- cites our curiosity ; and as to the writer, the skill with which the metre is carried through, the almost immaculate correctness of the rhymes, and the equality of strength which pervades the whole, would indicate a poet of some standing, although the style resembles none that we remember. Really, an imitation of some of Crabbe's works becomes in his hands a poem as dainty and fanciful as the garden scenes of Queen Fiametta in the ' Dicame- rone.' " — Athenceum. " Many a faithful miniature of healthy rustic life."— Westminster Bevieio. " The bard often rises to the fervour and dignity of a true poet of nature and the heart." — JiuOlin Advertiser. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. A Imp. 8vo., 2?. 2s. RCHITECTURAL STU- DIES IN FRANCE. By the REV. J. L. PETIT : with numerous Illustrations from Drawings by P. H. DELAMOTTE and by the Author, London : BIBLL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. Price 23. 6c?. A POETRY BOOK FOR CHILDREN, illustrated with Thirty- three highly finished Engravings, by C. W. Cope, R.A.,A. Helmsley, S. Palmer, F. Skill, G. Thomas, and H. Weir. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. & 12mo. cloth, price 4s. 6d. ,N THE STUDY OF LAN- GUAGE : An Exposition of Tooke's Dfversions of Purley. By CHARLES RI- CHARDSON, LI,. D.. Author of "A New Dictionary of the English Language." " The judicious endeavour of a veteran phi- lologist to extend the pliilosophical study of language by popularising Home Tooke's ' Di- versions of Purley.' Dr. Richardson has done good service to the study of language in this very judicious and compact recast, for the book is much more than an abridgment."- *i)ec- tator. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street, Printed by Thoma* Ci.ark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefleld Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, In the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London ; and published by George Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of L^ndoi, Publisher, at No. 18ft. Fleet Street aforesaid,- Satmday, August 11, 1855. NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OE INTER-COMMUNICATION FOB LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIUTJARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. *' 'Wlien found, mako a note of." — Caftain Cuttlb. No. 303.] Saturday, August 18. 1855. fl'ricR Foiirpence. Stamped Edition, 5d. CONTENTS. NoTKs ; — Page Arithmetical Notes, No. III., by Pro- fessor De Morgan - - - 1 1 7 " Tlie Menagiana " - - - 118 Belgian Sports and Pastimes, by Henry Daveney - - - - - 118 Thomas Tusser's Will, by G. Blencowe lia Military Bands in the last Century, by G. Blencowe - - - - 121 Monumental Brasses, by W. R. Crabbe 121 Minor Notes : —Reference —Summer Climate of the Crimea — Simon Wad- loe — Astounding Geographical Facts — Historical Parallels — Shakspeare and his Descendants (?) — " "Win of ape" 122 Queries ; — NamhyPamby - - . - 123 Harold, his Wife and Family, by E. Weit - - - . - 124 Minor Qubbies : —Executors of Wills — Picture by Wilson-" Maud," by Alfred Tennyson —Duchess of Marl- borough — Roman Catholic Bishop- rics—Bardon Hill, Leicestershire — Length of Miles — Staniforth Family — Order of St. John of Jerusalem — Palindromon — A Book-post Query _ William Booth, of Witton, near Bir- mingham — " ft'aringtou," " ffolUott," &c. — " Philosophy of Societies " — St. Jerome— Piazzetta and Cattini — " Coney Gore " - - - - 124 Minor Qufries with Answers : — Mrs. P. Llewlyn's Hymns — Oc- tagonal Fonts — Sir Samuel Shep- herd — History of Captain Thomas Stukeley — "Homo naturse minister etmterprea" - - - - 126 Bbplibs : — " MUnchhansen's Travels," by John Macray, &c. - - - - 127 Apparition of " The White Lady," by C. Mansfield Ingleby - - - 129 Health of Tobacco Manufacturers, by J. C. Hotten - - - - 129 Inscriptions on Bells, by Mackenzie Walcott, M.A.,&c. - - - 130 Fhotooraphic Correspondence : Gutta-percha Baths —Deepening Col- lodion Negatives — Old Collodion - 131 Eeplies to Minor Qderies : _ Ri- chard Kent, Esq. — Simile of a Wo- man to the Moon — Bells of Cast Steel — Wines of the Ancients — A oermon on Noses : Shakspeare's Auto- SJ'^P'? — BeatlngtheBounds_M ethod ot taking out Ink _ Absorbent Paper — Stained Glass Picture of Blessed Virsjin - Sir Cloudesley Shovel _ The hphinx _ Knights Hospitallers in Ireland, &c. - - . . 131 MlSCELLANEODS : — Notes on Books, &c. - . - 136 Books and Odd Volumes Wanted. Notices to Correspondents. Vol. XII.— No. 303. NOTICE, to which we beg the parti- cular attention of our Subscribers. — "Notes and Queries" lias been re- gistered for the transmission of its stamped copies through the Post-Office beyond the limits of the United King- dom. Subscribers are reminded, that the stamp must be exposed, aiid the special postage (where required) mt^st be prepaid. TJie special postage varies in amount : the rate may be ascertained at any post-office. The period during ichich stamped copies can circulate freely through the Post is extetided from seven to fifteen days after date. Unstamped copies of " Notes and QuEEiES " will pass at any time through the Post-Office to all places within the United Kingdom Cinoluding the London district), with a penny postage stamp affiled. This Day, Sixth Edition, revised, 3s. 6(7. ON THE STUDY OF WORDS. By R. CHENEVIX TRENCH, B.D., Examining Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of Oxford, Professor of Divinity, King's College, London. London : JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand. H Third Edition, Two "Volumes, 12«. EARTSEASE. By the same Author, Cheap Edition, 6s. THE HEIR OF REDCLYFFE. London : JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand. s THE SATURDAY REVIEW. On Saturday, Nov. 3. 1855, will be published, the First Number of the ATURDAY REVIEW of _ POLITICS, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, and ART. This Publication will consist exclusively of original matter, or of news embodied in ori- ginal comments ; and it will thus be distin- guished from all existing periodicals In several important respects. It will differ from the weekly newspapers in the exclusion of merely borrowed news, and from tlie purely literary journals in the admission of political discus- sion. It is intended that it shall address itself to the principal topics in the Political, Social, and Literarj' World, which will be impartially handled by competent writers, with that libe- rality and independence which educated and reflecting minds demand from those who as- sume to guide and represent public opinion. The publication of th° SATURDAY RE- VIEW is entrusted to MESSRS. JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand, to whom all communications may be addressed. Just published. New and Cheaper Edition, price 1». ; or by Post for 13 stamps. THE SCIENCE OF LIFE ; or. How to Live and V/hat to Live for ; with ample Rules fur Diet, Regimen, and Self- Managtment ; together with instructions for securing health, longevity, and that sterling happiness only attainable through the judi- cious observance of a well-regulated course of Ufe. By A PHYSICIAN. London : PIPER, BROTHERS & CO., 23. Pa- ternoster Bow ; HANNAY, 63. Oxford Street ; MAKN, 39. CornhUl ; and all Book- sellers. Second Edition, with large map, price 5s., cloth boards. PRIZE ESSAY ON PORTU- GAL. By JOSEPH JAMES FOR- KESTER, of Oporto, F.R.G.S. of London, Paris, Berlin, &c.. Author of " Original Sur- veys of the Port Wine Districts ; " of the " River Douro from the Ocean to the Spanish Frontier;" and of the "Geology of the Bed and Banks of the Douro ; " also of a project for the Improvement of the navigation of that river, and of various other works on Portugal. JO HN "WEALE, 59. High Holborn. TluB Day is published, price 12s. 6d., Part I. of the RUINS OF THE PRINCIPAL MONASTIC HOUSES OF YORK- SHIRE. Photographically delineated by W. PUMPHREY. It is proposed to complete the above Series in fi-pm Eight to Ten Parts, each Part containing Five or Six Photographs, in a neat cover, and accompanied by a sheet of descriptive Letter- press. Each Part will be complete in itself, and contain one or more of the Abbeys or Priories according to the extent or importance of the Ruins ; at the same time the Series will form a complete whole. The Photographs are from negatives on glass, which gives a greater sharpness and clearness of outline than paper, and they will be found, on Inspection, equal to anything of the kind offered to the public. PART I., pi ice 12s. 6(?., contains Six Photo- graphs of Fountains Abbey, viz. : THE CLOISTERS ; THE REFECTORY ; THE CHOIR ; BRIDGE OVER THE SKELL ; GENERAL VIEW -SOUTH- EAST ; GENERAL VIEW - SOUTH- WEST. PART II., price 10s. 6rf., containing Five Photographs of RfEVAULX ABBEY and KIRKHAM PRIORY 5 and— PART III., price 10s. 6rf., containing Five Photographs of KIRKSTALL ABBEY, are nearly ready. N.B.— The Photographs will be forwarded Free by Post to all parts of the United King- dom All Communications addressed to WILLIAM PUMPHKEY, Osbaldwick, near York, win meet with prompt attention. NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 18. 1855. IfATURAL HIS TO BY. MAY FLOWERS : being a Sequel of Notes and Not'ODs on Created Things. By the Author of " March Winds and April Showers." With numerous Wood Engravings. 5s. MARCH WINDS AND APRIL SHOWERS: be!npr Notes and Notions on a few Created Things. By the Author of "Episodesof Insect Life." With numerous Wood Engravings. 5s. LITERARY PAPERS by the late PROFESSOR EDWARD FORBES, F.R.S. Selected from liis Writings in the " Literary Gazette." With a Portrait and Memoir. Price 6s. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. By JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER. M.D., P.R.S., &c. In 2 Vols. With 130 Plates. Boyal 4to., price 121. IZs. coloured, 61. 15s. plain. [Now completed. PHYCOLOGIA BRITANNICA ; or, History of the British Seaweeds : containing coloured Figures and Descriptions of all the Species of Algse inhabiting the Shores of the British Islands. By WILLIAM HENRY HARVEY, M.D., M.R.I.A. With 360 Plates. Price 71. 12s. 6d. CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA; or, Figures and Descriptions of the Shells of Molluscous Animals. By LOVELL BEEVE, F.L.S. In Monthly Parts, IDs. Any Genus may be had ieparately. [Part 145. on the 30th. VII. CONCHOLOGIA SYSTEMATICA; or, Com- plete System of Conchology. By LOVELL REEVE, F.L.S. Illus- trated with 300 Plates of 1500 Figures of Shells. Two Vols. 4to. lOl. coloured, 62. plain. VIII, TRAVELS ON T^JE AMAZON AND RIO KEGRO. with an Account of the Native Tribes, and Observations on the Climate. Geoiogy, and Natural History of the Amazon Valley. By ALFRED R. WALLACE, ESQ. With Plates and Maps. 18s. CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE GLOBE: being the Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. "Herald," under the commnnd of Captain Kellett, R.N., C.B., during the Years 1845-51. By BEHTHOr.D SEEMANN. F.L.S. With Tinted Lithographs and a Map by Petermann. 2 Vols., price 21s. WESTERN HIMALAYA AND TIBET : the Narrative of a Journey through the Mountains of Northern India, during the Years 1847 and 1848. By THOMAS THOMSON, M.D. With Tinted Lithographs and a Map by Arrowsmith. Price 15s. BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY : being Illustrations and Descriptions of the fJenera of Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland. By JOHN CURTIS, F.L.S. 16 Vols. 770 coloured Plates. Price 2U. XII. RHODODENDRONS OF SIKKIM HIMA- LAYA : being an Account, botanical and geographical, of the Rhodo- dendrons recently discovered in the Mountains of Eastern Himalaya. By J. D. HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S. With 30 Plates. Imperial folio, price SI. 163. XIII. DROPS OF WATER. Their marvellous and beautiful Inhabitants displayed by the Microscope. By AGNES CATLOW. Coloured Plates. 7s. 6d. FIRST STEPS TO ECONOMIC BOTANY: for the TTse of Schools. By THOMAS C. ARCHER. With 20 unco- louied Plates. 2s. 6d. _ TALPA ; or, Chronicles of a Clay Farm, An Agricultural Fragment., By C. W. H. With Frontispiece by George Cruilcshank. Cheap Edition. 3s. 6d. XVI, POPULAR BRITISH CONCHOLOGY: the Molluscs and Shells inhabiting the British Isles. By G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S. With 20 coloured Plates. 10s. 6d. POPULAR BRITISH MOSSES : their Structure, Fructification, &c. By R. M. STARK, Esq. With 20 coloured Plates. 10s. 6d. XVIII. POPULAR PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. By J. BEETE JUKES, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. With 20 double-tinted Geolo- gical Landscapes. 10s. 6d. POPULAR ECONOMIC BOTANY; or, De- scription of the Botanical and Commercial Characters of the principal Articles of Vegetable Origin used for Food, Clothing, Tanning, Dye- ing, Building, Medicine, Perfumery, &c. By T. C. ARCHER. 20 coloured Plates. 10s. 6d. XX. POPULAR BRITISH FERNS, comprising Figures of all the Species. By THOMAS MOORE, F.L.S. With 20 coloured Plates. 10s. 6d. POPULAR BRITISH ZOOPHYTES. By the REV. DR. LANDSBOROUGH, A.L.S., M.W.S. With 20 coloured Plates. 10s. 6d. XXII. POPULAR BRITISH SEAWEEDS. By the REV. DR. LANDSBORODGH. Second Edition. With 22 coloured Plates by Fitch. 10s. 6d. XXIII. POPULAR MOLLUSCA ; or, Shells and their Animal Inhabitants. With 18 coloured Plates by Wing. IDs. 6d. POPULAR MAMMALIA. By A. WHITE, F.L.S. With 16 coloured Plates by B. Waterhouse Hawkins, F.L.S. 10s. 6d. XXV. POPULAR BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY, . a Familiar History of Insects. By MARIA E. CATLOW. With 16 coloured Plates by Wing. Second Edition. 10s. 6d. XXVI. POPULAR BRITISH ORNITHOLOGY, com- prising all the Birds. Second Edition. By P. H. GOSSE. With 20 coloured Plates. 10s. 6d. XXTIl. POPULAR FIELD BOTANY, a Familiar His- tory of British Field Plants. By AGNES CATLOW. Third Edition. With 23 coloured Plates. 10s. 6rf. XXVIII. POPULAR MINERALOGY, a Familiar Ac- count of Minerals and their Uses. By HENRY SOWERBY. 20 coloured Plates. 10s. 6d. XXIX. POPULAR SCRIPTURE ZOOLOGY ; or. His- tory of the Animals mentioned in the Bible. By MARIA CATLOW. 16 coloured Plates. 10s. 6d. PARKS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS; or. Practical Notes on Country Residences, Villas, Public Parks, and Gardens. By C. H. SMITH, Landscape Gardener. Price 6s. XXXI. ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF FISH. By PISCARIUS. Third Edition. Price Is. LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.] Aug. 18. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 117 LONDON. SATURDAY, AUGUST 18, 1856. ARITHMETICAL NOTES, NO. III. I find among my books the fourth edition of Van Etten's Recreations (Vol. xi., pp. 459. 504. 516.), Paris, 1627, 8vo. At this rate the work started with yearly editions, so that it is odd that the edition of 1660 (Vol. xi., p. 459.) should only . be called the fifth. By an old note I find that Brunet also attributes the authorship to Leurichon ^ol. xi., p. 516.). It appears that Henrion, said to have been the first French translator of Euclid^ very soon took up these Recreations. This fourth edition is marked D. H. P. E. M., meaning Denis Henrion, Prof esseur es Mathematiques, or Philo- sophe et Mathematicien. The earlier editions seem to contain some foolish things which do not appear in the English translations, and were probably struck out of later editions. For example, what would happen if the stars should fall ? You will tell us, says the author, that we should catch plenty of larks, and the ancient Gauls used to say that this was the only thing of which they stood jin awe. But If very great heat, or other adverse influence, should not interfere, a mathematician might venture to say that since the stars and the earth are round, a star would touch the earth only in a point, and then those who were not near that point would be in no danger, &c. I had intended in the next number of these Notes, to give some little account of the work which really suggested these Recreations, a work of some importance in the history of mathematics. Claude Gaspar Bachet de Mezlriac, the author (died 1638), an account of whom is given in the supplement to Moreri, and in Bayle, published several literary works, and two of a mathematical character. His edition of Diophantus, Paris, 1621, folio (Gr. Lat.), is the first print of the Greek text, and is beautifully printed, but loaded with those unfortunate contractions which in print- ing are no contractions at all. Bachet had ac- cordingly been a reader of the manuscripts of Diophantus ; and there is one account, if not more, of some of the manuscripts containing com- mentator's allusions to the Indian algebra, though it must also be said that these manuscripts have not since been found. I mention this because we .shall presently see that Bachet produced and .printed one of the most remarkable points of the Indian algebra, get it how he might. The other work is the Prohlemes plaisans et delectables qui se font par les nombres. This work .'was first published in 1612, when the author, ac- cording to the usual accounts, was only twenty years old. The same accounts state that he joined the Jesuits, intending to become a member of No. 303.] their order, at twenty years old. Bayle, however, gives authority for his being the son of a first marriage, the second marriage being made in 1586 ; and this is no doubt a more correct state- ment. The first edition of this work is not the remarkable one ; there is a copy in the British Museum ; and both editions are rare. The second edition (Lyons, 1624, Svo.) has ad- ditions by the author. One of them is the re- markable piece of Indian algebra of which I have spoken. Algebraists call it the solution of indeterminate equations of the first degree. It is a method of answering such questions as the fol- lowing : — In how many ways can a thousand pounds be paid in five-shilling pieces and seven- shilling pieces ? How may all the ways be de- tected by which one man may pay another thirteen shillings when the first has nothing but five-shilling pieces, and the second nothing but seven-shilling pieces? The mode in which Bachet proceeds is that which the Hindus call the Kuttaka, or pul- verizer, and which the European algebraists now connect with continued fractions. Hence this work Is, for Europe at least, an incunabulum of the theory of numbers. Whether Bachet was an original inventor cannot be directly ascertained. His title-page tells us that the work is partly de- rived and partly original. His method was an- nounced, though not fully given. In the first edition, so that he possessed it before 1612. It is his only claim to great power of original discovery. The case then stands thus : A method is known iu India, where it Is at least as old as the Christian £era. In the sixteenth century Bombelli, whose sufficiency as evidence Is well known, found in the Vatican library a manuscript of a certain Diophantus, with which he and another were so struck that they actually translated five books, intending to publish the whole. In [the notes to] this manuscript he and his comrade found frequent citations from Hindu writers, by which they learnt that algebra was in India before it was In Arabia. But this manuscript has never been found, though, on the other hand, the Vatican library contains a great deal which we do not know to have been closely examined. Add to this that of all the Hindu algebra, the method in question is the part which a commentator on Diophantus would have cited if he had known it. On the other hand, it would be very strange (though by no means without parallel) that Bombelli should have omitted to bring away and publish so remarkable a thing, if he had ever seen it. In the next century Bachet, who had resided at Rome, with the intention of editing Diophantus, which Intention he fulfilled, and who was acquainted with the assertion of Bom- belli, published this Indian method in a work which, a(!Cording to himself. Is partly derived from other writers ; and did nothing else of the same note. This is the case as it now stands ; possibly farther 118 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 18. 1855. research may settle the question whether or not the results of Indian algebra were in Europe in the sixteenth century. This work of Bachet is the one which must have suggested the Recreations of Leurichon or Van Etten, and was itself probably suggested by the sort of questions with which Diophantus is tilled. IBoth the French treatises are divided into ques- tions of a numerical character, and others. Of .some of these others I shall speak in a future com- munication. The numerical question^ are mostly methods of finding a number thought of; and some are of the simplest character. In one of those of Van Etten, the person who thinks of the number is told to add and subtract any number he pleases, to add the results together, and to give the sum to the conjurer, who thereupon detects the number thought of. Such a puzzle, gravely printed by a learned Jesuit, is an excuse for the schoolboys who used to be much mystified by the following: The conjurer said, think of a number, double it, add twenty, halve the result, take away the number you first thought of — and then he astonished his auditor by adding, And there re- mains ten. A. De Morgan. " THE MENAGIANA." The anecdote of Pontanus and Scriverius (ante, p. 7.) is in The Menagiana, 3rd edit., vol. i. p. 16. Whether a transfer like this is authorised by the laws of " N. & Q.," let the Editor decide. I may, however, be allowed to say, in defence of N. L. T., that other writers have borrowed from The Me~ nagiana without acknowledgment, and among them Jonathan Swift, Those pleasant verses, which exhibit paper- sparing Pope and the deaf Dean in company without conversation, end thus : " Of Sherlock thus, for preaching fam'd, The sexton reason'd well, And justly half the merit claim'd, Because he rang the bell." Is not this like Swift ? But still more like Menage. " Un predicateur avoit fait un excellent sermon, et . 1641, which Shaw the historian of Staffordshire found in the possession of Mr. .Darwin of Derby, in 1791, may be found ? A. D. [' ffarington;' '\folliott," ^c. — On what principle is it that some persons whose names begin with /prefer two small letters to one large one by way of initial ? Is any other letter of the -alphabet ever treated in the same way ? jj. cc. rr. *^ Philosophy of Societies." — I have been en- deavouring for some time past to procure a little treatise which I saw advertised two or three years ago, and which I believe to have been entitled 2%e Philosophy of Societies, and which entered upon the general theory of associations and social aggregations. Perhaps some of the correspon- dents to " N. & Q.," several of whom must have .met with the book in question, would kindly in- form me if I am correct in the title, and where I No. 303.] can procure it ; or, indeed, any other work upon the same subject. Socius. St. Jerome. — " Jerome abhorred a woman as much as Mrs. Astel did a man; and detested and blackened matrimony and a wife, to extol and exalt that whim of his brain, virginity." — Memoirs of Buncle, vol. ii. p. 252. The quotation then goes on to describe the de- testation with which St. Jerome owned he viewed every woman about to become a mother " but as he reflected that she carried a virgin." I have two copies of Jerome's epistles, and wish for an exact reference for the above matter. Who was Mrs. Astel ? A character in some comedy, or a real personage ? J. K. L. Piazzetta and Cattini. — I have four engi-avings of heads by the hands of Piazzetta and Cattini ; ifc would appear there had been more, as one of mine is No. 6. I have — No. 1. A youth listening to something in his hand. No. 3. A man resting his head on his right hand. No. 5. A man reading, having a key in his right hand, and a cap on. No. 6. A man with his left arm through the handle of a basket of fruit, and apparently thinking. They have been in my family very many years. Will some of your readers kindly inform me when the artists above flourished, and whether the prints are of any note, and the subjects ? Of course, after so long, 1 could not complete the set. Ormond. " Coney Gore^ — A peculiar topographical term to be found in most of the shires south of the Trent, is Coney gore ; sometimes Coneygre, Cone- gar, Conegare, Conegarth. I know of above fifty. In situation, they seem generally to denote a Roman origin. In frequency, they are nearest to Cold Harbour. I am unable at present to assign a meaning to the term. Htde Clarke. i$ltn0r ^uerteS iotft aitiSfioerS. Mrs. P. Llewelyns Hymns. — Can any of your correspondents inform me where I can obtain Mrs. Penderel Llewelyn's Hymns, translated from the Welsh of Williams of Pant-y-celyn ? B, [These Hymns were published by the late William Pickering, and may probably be obtained at Mr. Toovey's, 177. Piccadilly.] Octagonal Fonts. — There is said to be a font of Tecla, bearing verses by Ambrose, allusive to the early Christians' preference for octagonal fonts, because six is the number of anti-Christ, and eight the number of true Christianity. Where, or who, is Tecla ? What is the authority for this state- Aug. 18. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 127 ment ? Why did not this symbolism attach to pulpits as well as to fonts ? They are commonly sexagonal. Upminster. [The octagonal form is thus recommended in the fol- lowing lines of St. Ambrose over the font of St. Tecla at Milan, before it was adorned by more modem magni- ficence : « Octachorum sanctos tempi um surrexit in usus. Octagonus fons est, munere dignus eo. Hoc numero decuit sacri baptismatis aulam Surgere, quo populis vera sal us rediit Luce resurgentis Christ), qui claustra resolvit Mortis, et a tumulis suscitet exanimes." The last lines explain the appearance of Christ's resur- rection on fonts. Gruter, p. 1166. ; Ciampini, pi. ii. p. 22.] Sir Samuel Shepherd. — Is there any life or memoir of the late Sir Samuel Shepherd, late Solicitor and Attorney-General, and by whom ? Is anything known of Mrs. Susannah (?) Shep- herd, aunt of the above? lam told she was a very highly talented scholar. All 1 can learn is, that she was eighty years of age in or about 1810, and possessed property in Upminster in Essex. Upminster. [A long biographical account of Sir Samuel Shepherd, who died Nov. 3, 1840, will be found in the Law Maga- zine, vol. XXV. pp. 289 — 310. In the Gentleman's Maga- zine of February, 1810, p. 191., is a notice of the death of Mrs. Shepheard of Kelvedon, Essex, relict of the late Kev. George Shepheard, aged eighty-eight.] History e of Capt. Thomas Stukeley. — " The Famous Historye of the Life and Death of Cap- taine Thomas Stukeley. With his marriage to Alderman Curteis' Daughter, and valient ending of his life at the Battaile of Alcazar. As it hath been acted. Printed for Thomas Panyer, 1605, 4to., pp. 41." Above is the title of a play, in black-letter, of which, after a good deal of trouble, I have been unable to discover any mention whatever, Lowndes excepted, who gives the title, but can only men- tion one copy as having occurred for sale, namely, Khodes's, 28Z. lO*. (presumed to be the one in question). It is not in Baker's Biog. Dram,, nor have I been able to trace any other copy in a somewhat extensive series of sale-catalogues in my possession. Perhaps some of your contribu- tors may be able to render a little assistance as to the authorship and plot upon which it is founded ? There is a Stukeley of notorious character men- tioned by D'Israeli (^Curios. Lit.) in connexion with Sir Walter Raleigh. Has this anything to do with the " captaine " in question ? H. C. Paddington. [A copy of this play is in the British Museum, and some account of the marvellous exploits of Thomas Stuke- ley may be found in Fuller's Worthies, and Wood's Athena (Bliss), vol. ii. col. 266. Fuller styles him " a bubble of emptiness, and meteor of ostentation." He was killed at the battle of Alcazar, August 4, 1578. There are four versions of a ballad in black-letter among the Roxburgh No. 303.] Ballads in the British Museum, vol. ii. p. 60. ; vol. iii. pp. 266. 516. and 528., entitled "The Life and Death of Thomas Stukeley, an English Gallant in the Time of Queen Elizabeth', who ended his Life in a Battel of the Three Kings of Barbary." See it also in Evans's Collec- tion, vol. iii. p. 148. The individual noticed by D'Israeli in connexion with Sir Walter Raleigh was Sir Lewis Stukele}', an elder brother of the famous Thomas.] "Homo naturce minister et interpres." — At p. 170» of Phillips' Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-coast of Yorkshire, the author quotes the phrase, " Homo natura; minister et interpres," as Linnaeus'. Is such the fact ; and if so, where is it to be found ? Probably Linnseus used it as a quotation from Bacon. C. Mansfield Inglebt^ [The phrase occurs in Bacon's Novum Organum, to- wards the close of the prefatory chapter entitled "The Distribution of the Work." " Homo enim naturae minister et interpres tantum facit et intelligit, quantum de naturae- ordine, opere vel mente observaverit : nee amplius acit, aut potest."] SEtepltf^. " munchhausen's travels." (Vol. xi., p. 485. ; Vol. xii., p. 55.) A French writer, in La Revue Contemporainey has recently claimed for France the credit of having produced the original of Baron MUnch- hausens Travels. The title of the French work — the substance of which is said to be quite the same with the Baron's drolleries, and clearly of Norman and Gascon origin — is as follows : « La Nouvelle Fabrique des excellents traits de v^rit4 livre pour inciter les resveurs tristes et melancholiques a vivre de plaisir, par Philippe D'Alcripe, Sieur de Neri en Verbos." This work had become so scarce that no copy of the first edition could be found to print from ; and the new edition is copied from the reprint of 1732. German critics demur to this imputed parentage of tlieir great boaster ; and in reply to the sally of the lively Frenchman, that the soil of the German, mind is too heavy for the production of so light and lively a composition, they retort by sayings that although German literature at present wears- a very morose and peevish aspect, it was not always so; for that humorous literature once flourished in Germany more than in any other country of Europe ; as even an Edinburgh re- viewer confessed, when he said (vol. xlvi. 1827) that " four-fifths of all the popular mythology, humour, and romance to be found in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, proceeded from Germany." Gervinus remarks that the pith of the Baron's adventures is to be found in a book very popular among the people, the fictitious Travels of the Finkenritter (Herr Polycarp von Kirlarissa), a work given to the world 200 years m NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 18. 1855. before Munchhausen saw the light. Some of the veracious Baron's stories are also to be found in Lange's Delicice AcademiccB (Heilbr., 1665), under the head of Mendacia Ridicula. The Baron never intended, it is said, to print his comical adven- tures, which he was in the habit of repeating in social circles ; and was very much surprised when he knew that they had been published in England without his knowledge, by a learned but unprin- cipled German scholar of the name of Raspe, who had taken refuge in this country from the pursuit of justice, and was much employed in translating works from other languages. . In further support of their claims to wit and humour, the Germans refer to their Reineke der Fuchs, and their Tyll Eulenspiegel ; the latter of which has been translated into all the languages of Europe. From Eidenspiegel, the French have derived their own word Espieglerie ; and even the word Calembourg may be traced to the Austrian Eulenspiegel — the priest Wigand von Theben, surnamed the "Jester of Kahlenberg." The reason why such injustice has been done to a highly important ingredient in the character of the German people, is said by a recent writer of their own to be this : because the literary history of Germany has been almost always written by men without any perception of the humorous, and who accordingly either pass It wholly by, or else bestow upon it very slight notice, which is deprived of all freshness and life by being over- laid with the heavy lumber of university learning. John Maceat. Oxford. My friend Mr. F. L. J. Thimm, In his Litera- ture of Germany historically developed, 12mo., London, attributes the authorship of this work to — " K. K. A. Munchhausen — who recited his Abenteuer in company to friends, who superintended their pub- lication — born 1759, died 1836." Mr. Thimm, however, admits that on this point he has been led Into error, and will consequently omit or modify the statement in the forthcoming edition of his useful little manual. I merely, therefore, make this allusion to his work In order that those who may consult it on this point may not be led into error. I have reason to believe that the following quotation from the Conversations- Lexicon will be found to contain a more correct and explicit ac- count of the book, its authors, translators, and compilers, than Is to be found elsewhere : " Munchhausen (Hieronymus Karl. Fried. Freiherr von) aus der sogenannten Weissen Linie des Hauses, geboren 1720 auf dem vaterlichen Gute Bodenwerder im Hannoverischen, gestorb. 1797, gilt fur einen der grossten Liigner und Aufschneider, so dass nach ihm noch gegen- wSrtig alle grotesk komischen Aufschneidereien Munch- No. 303.] hausiaden genannt werden. Er fand sein Hauptvergniigea darin, seine als russischer Cavallerie-offizier in den Feld- ziigen gegen die TUrkei, 1737-39 erlebten Abenteuer, die er bis zum wunderbaren ausschmiickte, immer und immer wieder zu erzahlen. Dieses absonderliche Talent hatte ihm zwar in seinem Vaterlande schon weit und breit einen Namen gemacht, doch fand sich f iir die Friichte desselben zuerst in England ein Sammler und Heraus- geber. Die l'*« Sammlung von Munchhausen 's Eeisen erschien dort unter dem Titel : Baron Miinchhausen's Narrative of his marvellous Travels and Campaigns in, Russia (London, 1785). Dieses frivole Werkchen fand vielen Beifall, und wurde in 2 Jahren filnf mal, zuletzt mit zahlreichen und umfangreichen Zusatzen aufgelegt. Nach der 4'«° Englischen Ausgabe erschien die !»*• deutsche Uebersetzung von Burger, London, 1786, welche 1788 eine vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage mit Benut- zung der 5'«" englischen zugleich aber mit verschiedenen Zuthaten des Uebersetzers, und wahrscheinlich auch Lichtenberg's erhielt. Die englische Ausgabe von der H. Doring eine neue freie Uebersetzung unter dem Titel Milnchhausen Liigenabenteuer,184:Q, erschienen liess, riihrt ohne Zweifel von dem als Mineralog und Archaolog nicht unbedeutenden, seiner Zeit auch durch bebelristische Pro- ductionen bekannten, sonst aber iibelberuchtigten ehe- maligen Kasselschen Professor und Bibliotheker R. Z. Raspe (1737-94) her, der nach London gefliichtet war, und sich hier mit Schriftstellerei in mehreren Spracheii beschaftigte. " Einige von Miinchhausen's bekanntesten Jagd und Kriegsgeschichten finden sich schon, wenn auch in etwas ander und meist roher Gestalt in weit alteren Buchern, wie in Bebel's Facetia, aus denen sie nebst einigen anderen aus Castiglione's Cortegiano, und Bidermann's Utopia, in T. P. Lange's Delicice Acedemicce, Heilbronn, 1766, iiber- gingen. " Ausfiihrliches Uber Milnchhausen enthallt Elissen s Einleitung zur neuen Ausgabe d. Abenteuer, Goettingen, 1849." — Conversations- Lexicon, 10'^ Ausgabe. Southey asks : " Who is the author of Miinchhausen's Travels, a book which every one knows because all boys read it ? " Two of his stories are to be found in a Portuguese magazine, if so it may be called, published about four- score years ago, with this title . . Folhcto de Ambas Lis- boas It ia not likely that the author of Milnchhausen should have seen these Folhetos ; . . . . But it is probable that the Portuguese and English writers both had recourse to the same store-house of fable." ^- Omniana, vol. i. p. 155. William Bates. Birmingham. Mr. Breen will find some correspondence on the authorship of this book in Vols. 11. and III. of " N. & Q." I refer to the matter, partly for the sake of repeating a question to which no answer was given at the time of that correspondence : Who was the Englishman spoken of In the Percy Anecdotes as the author of Milnchhausen, and de- signated by the initial " M." (see "N. & Q.," Vol. ill., p. 316.). J.C.R. ■ .:» j^fyi:ii4_ Aug. 18. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 129 APPABITION OF "THE WHITE LADY. (Vol. viii., p. 317.) I am unable to answer C. M. W.'s Query as to the origin of her ladyship. But I append a cut- ting from the Morning Post, November 8th, 1854, in which is related the latest appearance of " The White Lady " to a member of the royal family of Bavaria. The extract is headed — " A German Legend. "The following extraordinary letter appears in the German papers : — " ' The Queen Theresa of Bavaria died of cholera at Munich on the 26th, as already known. I hasten to com- municate to your readers the following highly interesting and affecting details, of which I can guarantee the exact veracitj' : " ' On the 6th of October, between eight and nine o'clock in the evening, two princes of the Bavarian royal family, equal in birth and relationship, were seated at tea in a room of the Aschaffenburg Palace. A folding-door divides this room from another apartment, and a smaller papered door separates it from the antechamber usually occupied by the domestics in waiting. Of a sudden the latter door opened, and a lady covered with a black veil entered and made a low curtsey before the two illustrious personages. One of the princes, no little astounded, asked the lady if she were invited to tea, and, pointing to the folding-door leading into the tea-room (where the Queen and ladies were assembled), gave her to understand that she should enter. No replj', and the lady vanished through the small papered door. Both the illustrious personages were extremely agitated by this wonderful apparition, and its mysterious disappearance. One of them immediately hastened to the antechamber to inquire of the servants about the mysterious figure. No one had seen it come or go, except Asj'at, Queen Theresa's body hussar, who had met it on the passage. No other trace could be dis- covered. Both illustrious persons narrated what had occurred, and it soon came to Queen Theresa's ears, and she was so overwhelmed therebj' that she became greatly indisposed, and wept during the whole night. The journey to Munich was fixed for the following day. All the luggage and half the servants were already on the road. To remain longer at Aschaffenburg was' scarcely possible. Queen Theresa was filled with the most sorrow- ful forebodings. She asked several times if it were not possible to remain here. It would be too painful for her to quit Aschaffenburg this time. The mysterious and ominous Black Lady glided constantly before her imagin- ation. Somewhat calmed, at length, by judicious observ- ations, she at last sorrowfully commenced the journey, which it was not possible to postpone. But still, at Mu- nich, where she was at first slightly indisposed, but re- covered, her mind was preoccupied with the apparition of the Black Ladj', of whom she spoke to many persons with trembling apprehension. She was sought to be con- soled by saying that the sentries on duty had seen the lady enter the palace. But all was in vain. The idea that the apparition of the figure had a sinister foreboding for her life never quitted her mind. Twenty da.vs after the mysterious evening. Queen Theresa lay a corpse in the Wittelbacher Palace. Your readers are at liberty to judge of the incident as they please. I must, however, solemnly protest against any suspicions being thrown upon the exact truth of these facts, derived from the highest authority, as I took the above narrative verbatim from the statement of the best informed persons before I No. 303.] had the slightest suspicion of the Queen's death. The two illustrious persons narrated the circumstance of the apparition minutely to several persons, so that the whole town heard of it next morning, and on the same evening the whole personnel of the palace and the soldiers on duty were strictly examined, and requested to state all they knew of the matter — a good proof that the occurrence cannot be set down among ordinary nursery tales.' " When King Frederick I. of Prussia was attacked by his last indisposition, he sat one evening, about dusk, in his chamber at the Berlin Palace. The folding-door suddenly opened with a crash of broken glass — a white figure, with dishevelled hair and bespattered with blood, rushed before him. ' The White Lady ! the White Lady ! My death is at hand,' exclaimed the suffering King, and never completely banished the idea from his mind, al- though the figure was nothing more than his fanatic and insane Queen, a princess of Mecklenburg Schwerin." Since reading the above I observed in The Times an account of the death of a woman at Wolverhampton, from fright, in consequence of seeing " The White Lady " rushing up the steps leading from the cellar of a house there. Perhaps some correspondent can refer me to the paragraph. C. MANsriELD Inglebt. HBAI.TH OP TOBACCO MAWUFACTDREBS. j (Vol.xii., p. 39.) -^ Not coming under either of the classes Mr. Batks invites to discuss his well-timed Note on the health of tobacco manufacturers, I must sub- mit what I have to say as a non-professional, and merely state what has come under my own ob- servation. 1849 was a terrible year to New Orleans, and the towns on the Mississippi River. To hear that populous districts were thinned, and in some in- stances whole households carried off in a night, occasioned but little surprise to those who had in former years seen the ravages of epidemics in this malarious climate. But, amidst the disease and death, there were some spots comparatively safe, and these were the tobacco manufactories. In New Orleans, while I was there, I had frequent opportunity of examining this interesting problem; and invariably found that, whilst cotton-dressers and sugar-refiners suffered with the rest of the inhabitants, the tobacco manufacturer was gene- rally exempt. But the term tobacco manufac- turer is, perhaps, too exclusive as a principal one in so interesting an inquiry. For practical pur- poses, it would be well to know how far man's connexion with tobacco exempts him from various complaints. Besides cigar rollers, cut-and-dry choppers, and snuff-makers, there are those engaged in planting, attending, curing, packing, warehousing, and load- ing,— all being brought in different degrees of contact with the "weed." On plantations, the negro and overseer are alike subject to the cholera, 130 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 18. 1855. and, indeed, to the same complaints as the neigh- bouring cotton-grower. In curing and drying houses, the men are partially safe from epidemics, and invariably free from lung complaints. But it is to the factory we must go to learn the full ex- tent of this singular preservative. Not until the leaf has been cured for some time, or at all events passed through the hogshead, do those neutralis- ing qualities show themselves; and it must be brought into continual contact with the men, and in a room or workshop of some kind, for them to be the subjects of its preservation. From this then it would appear, that only on certain condi- tions, and in certain stages, is tobacco a protection from contagious diseases ; and the same security is offered I believe in tan- pits, where, in cholera times, a remarkable share of health is observable amongst the men employed. In tobacco countries the application of the leaf in various ways forms the subject of several pre- scriptions. While hunting in the far west, if you are bitten by a rattle-snake, a tobacco leaf bound around the part will destroy any poisonous effects. Smoking before drinking impure river water will prevent the diarrhcea. In certain unmentionable skin disorders, the washing of the parts with water having tobacco steeped therein will drive it away. These, and similar recipes, are common in the Mississippi Valley. But to the tobacco manufactories. From those who have been curious with myself in the matter, I learn that in all large towns, where tobacco factories are carried on, the same properties are observable. In London, the great tobacco quar- tier is Goodman's Fields ; and, that I might com- pare notes with those already gained in America and the West Indies, I have several times made minute inquiries in that vicinity. The manufac- turers there — mostly enterprising Jews — describe their men as being remarkably free from lung complaints, skin diseases, and affections of the liver ; although I think I heard of a few instances where torpidity of the latter organ was complained of. Many of these men use oil as a part of their diet, agreeably to the custom of their race, and enjoy health superior still to those who do not take any. This, of course, is another interesting problem which has of late just been hinted at and then dropped. But one thing is observable in all cigar and tobacco factories, the men neither are nor look cheerful ; they rarely enjoy those bright animal spirits which other occupations induce. The sports of the field have scarcely any attrac- tion for them ; the}' are frequently noisy at the " board," and a whole factory full may sometimes be heard shouting the same song ; but it is a very different affair to a chorus round the capstan, or the melody a dozen negroes make whilst plying their hoes or picking off the suckers from the tobacco plants. ]S"o. 303.] A tobacco manufacturer is seldom high, he is seldom low ; he appears to have entered that middle state of existence which some think the most enviable. His trot may be called the "jog trot." He rarely figures as a declaimer, rarely gets drunk and alarms the neighbourhood of his residence. What he invariably does, is to live contentedly, and without grumbling ; and consents to undergo a pickling in tobacco, to perhaps the slight deadening of his nerves, the undoubted weakening of his mind and strength of will, for the sake of preserving his skin, liver, and lungs from frequent epidemics. There is one fact which it may be as well to state, — spirituous liquors, drunk freely by those in a tobacco factory, soon destroy the conserving effects which they might otherwise enjoy from their calling. Another peculiarity still more remarkable is this, — the ordinary nervous distrust which smok- ing induces, and which proves perhaps the pleasure of the pipe to lay more in the anticipation than in the act itself, is seldom experienced by those who are engaged manipulating the " weed." In- deed, I have heard it remarked, that where a man could not indulge in three pipes a day without feeling symptoms of indigestion, he could double the number after he became employed by a tobac- conist, and feel none of the old symptoms, J. C. HoTTEN. 151. Piccadilly. INSCRIPTIONS ON BELLS. (Vol. xi., p. 210.) At Christchurch, Hants, are the following le- gends of the fourteenth century on two bells. There are eight in the fine peal : 6. " Sit . nobis . omen . Touzeyns . cum . cit , tibi . noraen. Virtus . campane . faciat . nos . vivere . sane." 6. " Assis . festivus . pestes . pius . ut . fugat . Agnus. Mox . Augustinus . nee . dum . resonat . preco . magnus." They may perhaps be thus Englished : 5. " Be ours the omen : since thy name is All Saints : May the virtue of the bell make us live in health." 6. " Come soon, kindly (Saint) ; that the holy Lamb may drive away plagues: not yet sounds the great preacher Augustine." The priory was dedicated to St. Augustine ; and so it appears was this bell, here called, fi-om its solemn sound, herald or preacher. At Gloucester cathedral : 5. John. " In multis annis resonet campana Johannis." 6. Mary. " Sum rosa pulsata mundi, Maria vocata." 4. " Sit nomen Domini benedictum." 2. Peter. " Sancta Petre, ora pro nobis." Aug. 18. 1855.] NOTES AND QUEEIES. 131 At Woburn : 2. " Johannes Lenglon, Episcopus Lincoln : Ave Maria, gratice plena, Dominus tecum." Mackenzie WalcotTj M.A. Bells in the Tower of the Chapel at St. MichaeVs Mount, Cornwall. — The following is a copy of the inscriptions, and the sizes of the bells : No. 1. 3 feet diameter ; " Soli, Deo, deuter Gloria. 1640. J. P." No. 2. 2 feet 9 inches diameter : " Filius est Deus. ^ Raphael >i< Sancta Margareta. Ora pro nobis. Ordo Archangelorum." No. 3. 2 feet 6 inches diameter : " Spiritus Sanctus est Deus. iji Gabriel >J< Sancto Pauli. Ora pro nobis. Ordo Virtutum. Maria." No. 4. 2 feet 3^ inches diameter : " Charles and John Rudhall Fecit 1784." No. 5. 2 feet 2 inches diameter : " Come away, make no delay." No. 6. 2 feet diameter : « Ordo Potestatum." Nos. 2, 3, and 6, are of the same date, the latter part of the fourteenth century. Nos. 1, 4, and 5, are probably recasts of older bells, which made up the set of six. Can any of your readers furnish inscriptions for the last-mentioned bells, which would be in har- mony with the other three bells, viz. No. 2, 3, and 6. ? Jas. P. St. Aubyn. PHOTOGRAPHIC COBBESPONDENCB. Gutta-percha Baths. — I send you a gutta-percha bath similar to the one mentioned by Mr. Maxwell Lyte, in Vol. xi., p. 471. The first bath that I invented and made, about two years ago, was simply an open tray, with one of its ends formed into a large cell, to receive the fluid contents when the opposite end was raised until the tray stood vertically upon the cell. The plate was laid upon the bottom of the tray, face upward, and prevented from slip- ping into the cell, when the bath was raised, bv two studs cemented on the bottom. This is exactly Mk. Lyte's plan. The bath accompanying this Note I made about eigh- teen months ago, and designed it for flooding the plate, while laid face downward. It appears to have several advantages over the first: it works with greater cer- tainty, covering the whole plate by the use of a much smaller quantity of fluid; and the plate is less liable to be injured by dust or deposit in the solutions. A narrow rim is fastened along two sides of the trav to support the plate about one-eighth of an inch from the bottom, and leave room for the fluid to pass beneath it. Now stand the tray vertically on the bottom of the cell, and you will No. 303.] find the top of the cell is closed, except an opening one- eighth of an inch wide, along the bottom of the tray, extending the whole width between the two side rims. When tried in this state the fluid comes out in gushes ; on depressing the tray, every time a bubble of air squeezes itself under the cover; but by boring a small hole in the middle of the top, the flow is made beautifully equable, running evenly under the plate, and driving before it any air-bubble or impurity. These baths were made for the purpose of working in- side the camera ; but I abandoned them, from their lia- bility to receive more dust, &c. than the vertical ones. I claim no merit for these simple inventions, and trouble you rather to remind other claimants that when a dozen men of ordinary ingenuity meet with the same difficulty, it is very probable that two or three of them may, by pursuing the same train of thought, overcome it by pre- cisely the same means, without being chargeable with pilfering from each other. Sam. Cartwright. Deepening Collodion Negatives. — In Vol. ix., p. 282., Mr. Leachjl\n recommends the iodide of cadmium for this purpose. Will you have the goodness to ask him if he still recommends the same in preference to any other application? and if so, of what strength the solution should be? M. P. M. Old Collodion. — In Vol. xi., p. 390., you did me the favour to insert a Note of mine on this subject, wherein I stated that early this spring I added together numerous samples of old collodion of last summer's make, consisting of portions of almost every variety, in the whole amount- ing to nearly fourteen ounces, and that this mixture had. proved, in my hands, the best collodion I ever used, al- though many, or in fact the greatest number, of the sam- ples individually were worthless. My object in communicating this Note is to confirm the former assertion, as I find the same of the most excellent quality, as I have proved by many hundred examples since March last. I would therefore recommend your friends never to throw away their old collodion. M. P. M. Richard Kent, Esq. (Vol. xii., p. 46.). — From some old deeds lately in my hands, I extracted a few notes which may be useful to J. K. In 1684, the mortgage of a farm between Chippenham and Corsham, in co. Wilts, was assigned to Sir Robert Dillington, Bart., of Knighton ; Richard Kent of London, and Robert Rewes of London. In 1685 Richard Kent is described as " of Corsham, Esq." He was elected M.P. for Chippenham, Aug. 25, 1685; when he made that borough a present of the expenses incurred in obtaining a new charter three years before. He seems to have been knighted, and to have died before 1698 : as an in- denture, dated in that year, mentions — " John Kent, second son of Robert Kent, late of Bos- combe, CO. Wilts, and nephew to Sir Richard Kent, Knt., late of Corsham : John Kent the elder, brother and heir of Richard Kent, and Nicholas Fenn of St. Martin's-in-the- Fields, surviving executor of Richard Kent." The estate of Richard Kent had been ordered by the Court of Chancery to be sold. A pedigree of Kent of Boscumbe, with a few extracts of the 132 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 18. 1855. name from the registers of that parish, may be found in Sir R. C. Hoare's Modern Wilts, " Hun- dred of Amesbury," p. 1 15. J. E. Jackson, Leigh-Delamere, Chippenham. '^^Simile of a Woman to the Moon (Vol. xii., p. 87.)' — The lines here quoted remind me of the foUowinnr epigram written by Richard Lyne, who was a Fellow of Eton. They have not, I believe, been printed. , " Femina ad Lunam comparata." *| Ltina nibet, pallet, variat, nocte ambulat, errat, Haec quoque Foemineo propria sunt (Jeneri. Cornua Luna facit : facit hsec quoque Foemina : mutant Quolibet haec tantum mense, sed Ilia die." Bratbbooke. Audley End. ^!' After the first twelve lines, as set out by your (Sorrespondent, the lines run thus : " Say, are not these a modish pair, Where each for other feels no care? Whole days in separate coaches driving. Whole nights to keep asunder striving. Both in the dumps in gloomy weather. And lying once a month together. From him her beauties close confining. And only in his absence shining ; Or else she looks like sullen tapers; Or else she's fairly in the vapours ; Or owns at once a wife's ambition, And fully glares in opposition. In one sole point unlike the case is — On her own head the horn she places." tv H. E. N. Bells of Cast Steel (Vol. xii., p. 87.) Bells of cast iron have been made at Dundyvan Iron Works, near Glasgow, of a very large size. The iron is mixed with a very small proportion of tin (I believe) as an alloy, and the result is a very sonorous metal ; but so extremely brittle, that a very large one, cast at Dundyvan for the Hyde Park Exhibition, was cracked accidentally by a workman who gave it a knock with a small ham- mer. The sound was said to be equal to that of most bells of its size. R. G. Glasgow. ^ Wines of the Ancients (Vol. xii., p. 79.). — The wines of the ancients were not always largely diluted with water, as your correspondent F. imagines. Pliny, Nonnlus, Athenseus, Varro, and other classical writers who treat on the subject of wines, Inform us that the wine required for im- mediate use and the ordinary consumption of the family was the simple juice of the grape, clarified with vinegar, and drawn from the barrel as wanted. A strong and sweet wine was obtained from the juice of the grape, crushed by the naked feet instead of the press. This was put to boll, and continually stirred until one-third of the liquor was evaporated, when it was called ca- No. 303.] renum ; when only half remained It was termed defrutum ; and lastly, when it was reduced to one- third in quantity, and of a consistence similar to honey. It took the name of sapa. This substance was still farther desiccated by exposure to the sun and to smoke, and by long keeping. Some of the gastronomes of antiquity produced on their tables certain wines which had so far dried up in the leather bottles, that they were taken out in lumps (^Aristotle) ; others placed in the chimney corner became in time as hard as salt (Galen). Petronius speaks of wine of a hundred leaves (Petro7i., c. 34.) ; and Pliny tells us that guests were served with wine more than two hundred years old, which was as thick as honey and ex- ceedingly bitter. Wine of this description must necessarily have been diluted, not only to reduce its strength, but to render potable. It was used to give body to weak wines, and it served as the basis of several beverages in great repute amongst the ancients. The Falernian wine was not drunk until It had attained its tenth year ; then it was possible to drink it undiluted. At twenty years old it could only be mastered by being mixed with water.. If older It was intolerable ; it at- tacked the nerves and caused excruciating head- ache. (AthencBus, i. 48.) It does not appear that the art of distlUatlng alcohol was known to the classical disciples of Bacchus. J. S. Coyne. A Sermon on Noses : Shakspeare's Autograph (Vol. X., p. 443). — Annibal Caro Is the supposed author of that "Sermon on Noses," " La Diceria de' Nasi," which, in the edition of the infamous Ragionamenti delV Aretino, published in 1584, Is subjoined to that chef-d'oeuvre of Impudence, lewdness, and depravity. La Diceria is a drol- lery not of the nicest kind, written in the Rabe- laisian strain, and quite worthy to be printed " nella citta di Bengodi." I am ignorant whether the author of Tristram Shandy, when he wrote his celebrated Chapter on Noses, had in his eye An- nibal Caro's lucubration ; he certainly had perused with great care Taglicozzi's (1597) or Taglia- cozzo's chlrurgical encomiums on the dignity, gravity, and authority of noses. I think he could have made good use too of Kornmann's chapter (De Virginitate, § 77.), " Num ex longo et acuto naso praesumatur vIrgo iracunda?" and of the devout speculations of Mademoiselle Bourignon about the noses of Adam and of Eve. There are some Pious Meditations of J. Petit (no date, in 8vo., black-letter) on the Nose and the Two Nos- trils of the Holy Virgin, which are worth noticing, as well as Theophile Raynaud's (the Jesuit) great review of noses, contained in his Laus Brevitatis. As to the real or pretended autograph of Shak- speare, I leave it of course to the sentence of the connoisseurs ; this I must only add, as a fact rather worth submitting to their acumen, that in Aug. 18. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 133 the old Mazarinean Library, Paris Tnstitut, there exists a copy of Sir T. Harrington's curious tract, The Metamorphosis of Ajax, another drollery of the same era (not of the same stamp), on the title-page of which one may read, written in a very good hand of the sixteenth century, the word William, quite legible, under a slight dash of the pen, and the letters S . . p . . e, more effectually concealed under a more vigorous stroke of the same hand and the same ink. Philarete Chasles, Mazarinaeua. Paris, Palais de I'lnstitut. Beating the Bounds (Vol. xi., p. 485.). — Feel- ing sure that you will have a multiplicity of answers to this question, I shall content myself with referring R. P. to Brand's Popular Antiqui- ties, (Knight's edition, vol. i. pp. 116 — 124.); Hone's Year-Book (October 8.) ; Hone's Every- Day Book (May 12.) ; Wheatly's Illustration of the Book of Common Prayer (Oxon, 1846, p. 202.). Also in the churchwarden's accounts for the parish of Ecclesfield, are the following entries : " 1680. Spent at the preambulation, 6s. Sid. ; payde for bread and ale for those that went with the presession at Shiergreene Cross, 6s. 8d." J. Eastwood. Eckington. The origin of the custom of "beating the bounds," or perambulating the limits of the parish, which still prevails in the east, and other parts, as well as in the west of England, was from the ancient prac- tice of walking round in solemn religious proces- sion, chanting the Litanies, on the three days before Ascension, commonly called the three Rogation days. In the Catholic Church, the Lita- nies are still sung or recited on those days, and also in procession, where this is practicable. F. C.H. Method of taking out Ink (Vol. xii., p. 29.). — A small quantity of oxalic acid, or muriatic acid, somewhat diluted, applied with a camel's hair pencil, and blotted off with blotting-paper, will in two applications quite obliterate any traces of modern ink. By the aid of oxalic acid, I have restored a page on which an inkstand had been upset to almost primitive purity. WiixLAM Fbaser, B.C.L. Alton, Staffordshire. The following passage, which seems to answer J. P.'s Query referred to above, caught my eye yesterday whilst looking for something else in Hone's Every-Day Book, vol. ii. Not having the opportunity of trying the method referred to, I can only give the passage verbatim : _ " M. Chaptal remarks, that, since the oxygenated mu- riatic acid had been found capable of discharging the colour of common writing-ink, both from parchment and No. 308.] paper, without injuring their texture, it had been fraudu- lently employed," &c. &c. J. Eastwood. Absorbent Paper (Vol. xii., p. 87.). — In an- swer to the inquiries of C, I beg to inform him, that if he will dissolve a drachm of alum in three ounces of spring water, and sponge the paper with it ; when dry, it will bear writing upon without blotting. He may also write on absorbent paper with common ink, if he mixes gum-water with it. F.C.H. Having had much experience in foreign books^ and the papers on which they are printed — more particularly noticing the absorbent nature of modern German works — I would advise C. to make his notes upon their margins in pencil, a card being introduced under the leaf to make the line clear and sharp ; as I do not think anything could be done to impart size to the paper of a bound book, without injury to its appearance.^ Books may be with ease sized prior to binding,^ and the paper materially strengthened. Luke Limner. Stained Glass Picture of BlessedVirgin (Vol. xi.r p. 466.). — If the picture referred to be intended for the Blessed Virgin and Divine Infant, the toy described by L. J. B. is very remarkable and un- usual. A toy mill is the emblem of the infant St. James the Less, as represented among the highly-finished paintings on the screen of Ranworth Church, Norfolk ; and referred to by the Very Rev. Dr. Husenbeth, in his useful book of reference. Em- blems of Saints, by which they are distinguished in works of art (pp. 74 — 78.). I suspect that the figure holding an Agnus Dei is intended for St.. John Baptist, he being almost always so repre- sented. C. A. B. In answer to L. J. B. on "Stained Glass Pic- tures of the Blessed Virgin," I would remark that representations of toys are not uncommon in pic- tures of the childhood of our Blessed Lord. For example : 1. In an early Byzantine painting I have, our Lord is painted with a twisted stick, probably a sugar-stick, in his hand. 2. He is represented blowing bubbles froni a mussel-shell on a stick in one of those beautiful early pictures lately placed in the National Gal- lery. This is very prettily treated in Wierx's Vita et Passio Dei, where an angel is playing with Him. 3. In A. Wierx's print of Virgo Matre, he is represented with a windmill on a stick, like the toy of the same kind we still see used. 4. In a print of M. Sadlee, He has a sort of chaplet with which he is playing. 134 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 18. 1855. Instances of his playing with birds, fruit, and flowers are common enough. Akin to these ex- amples may be mentioned the instances of angels in the form of children playing near our Lord, as : 1. In Albert Durer's large Passion, The Na- tivity, in which one angel is running with the cross revolving on a stick (a common toy in those days). 2. In Bihlia Sacra, LugdunI : Bouille, 1541, p. 473, b, is an angel playing near our infant Sa- viour's head, with a toy in the shape of a Catherine- wheel. The print Is much earlier than the book. Many other instances might be given. John C- Jackson. Clapton. Sir Cloudesley Shovel (Vol. xi., pp. 184. 514. ; Vol. xii,, p. 54.). — In a rare little book now be- fore me, entitled Secret Memoirs of the Life of the Hon. Sir Cloudesley Shovel, Knt., ^c., by an officer who served under that admiral, and dedi- cated to " The Hon. my Lady Shovel," 12mo., London, 1708, it is stated at p. 3. : " He was born at a small town near Clay, in the county of Nor- folk." Whether this was Cockthorpe does not appear ; but if that place be near to Clay, this statement serves to strengthen its pretension to the distinction claimed for it. J. D . The Sphinx (Vol. xii., p. 88.). — The wide dif- fusion of this mystical figure seems to indicate that it had some more profound and general sig- nification than the overflow of the Nile. Modern writers mostly reject this interpretation, even in Egypt, and consider it emblematic of the kingly power. I believe it was more probably an em- blem of the Supreme Deity, as Layard suggests in his first work on Nineveh. It is an error to say that the Egyptian sphinx combined the head of a virgin with the body of a lion. This was the later Greek sphinx, after the primitive idea of its mystical meaning had been lost. " The Egyptian sphinx was invariably male," and united the body of a lion with the head of a man, surmounted by a serpent (Wilkinson's Ancient Egypt, 2nd Series, vol. i. p. 146., and Faber's Mysteries of the Cabiri, vol. i. p. 209.). This tri-formed monster occurs in many other countries besides Egypt, viz. in Assyria, with the head of a man, the body of a lion or bull, and the wings of a bird or of a seraph, the flying- serpent. In Persia and Etruria the same (Chardin's Travels, and Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. p. 51.). In Lycia, as the woman, lioness, and seraph (Fellowes's Lycia, and sculptures in the Lycian room in the British Museum). It also occurs among ancient Chinese religious emblems (Kaempfer's Japan, vol. i. p. 182.), and likewise in India (Maurice's Indian Antiq., vol. iv. p. 750.), and may be seen in the paintings of the ancient Mexicans. Its invariable triple form exhibits the primitive idea of the three- No. 303.] fold nature of the Godhead, an idea whose univer- sal diffusion indicates an origin of the most remote (probably antediluvian) antiquity. The globe with wings and serpents, also very widely diffused, seems to represent the same idea, and to be only a variation of the symbolic figure. Eden Warwick. Birmingham. Knights Hospitallers in Ireland (Vol. xi., p. 407.). — Possessions belonging to the Order of Malta in Ireland, before the abolition of the Reli- gious Orders by Henry VIII., may be found In iBoisgelin's History of Malta, vol. III. pp. 210—212., edit. 1804. W. W. Malta. [We have omitted the extract, as this work may be found in most public libraries. Under the eountj' Down, Boisgelin notices the " Territory of Orders, Commandery of St. John the Baptist, founded by Hugh de Lacy in the twelfth century."] Uncertain Meaning of Words (Vol. viii., p. 439.). — Your correspondent A. B. C. might have added to his instances of words of different meaning ap- plied to express the same idea : we say of a news- paper, that it contains "the latest intelligence;" or, that it has " the earliest intelligence ; " both phrases being intended to convey precisely the same meaning. " Your news is Zafe," means that it is stale ; but " He brings all the late news" ex- presses the very reverse of tardiness. J. S. C. Proverbs (Vol. xi., p. 299.)- —As the chief part of the proverb cited by yu. is alliterative, it is pro- bable the third line was likewise so anciently, and it would run thus : " To a red man reade thy reed, With a browne man breake thy bread, At a white man draw thy whittle." The fourth line is likewise probably modern, and should be omitted. Hyde Clarke. Table of Forbidden Degrees (Vol.xi., p.475.).-- By " Matthew, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury," is meant Parker, under whose authority the table was published in 1563. The XCIXth canon of 1603 orders that " the aforesaid table shall be in every church publickly set up and fixed at the charge of the parish." Copies such as that described by A. R. M. are not uncommon. The dresses in the engraving are much like those in the old illustrations of the Spectator, and evidently belong to the last century ; but whether we must understand " John, Lord Archbishop of Canter- bury," to mean Potter (a. d. 1737—1747) or Moore (a.d. 1783 — 1805), I do not venture to determine. J- ^' ^' Fanatics of the Cevennes (Vol. xi., p. 487.). — B. H. C. may be referred to the Histoire des Pas- teurs du Desert, par N. Peyrat, Paris, 1842, 2 vols. Aug. 18. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 135 8vo. I think there Is an English translation pub- lished two or three years ago ; and in the Foreign Quarterly Review, about 1845, may be found an admirable article ,on the book by Mr. William Macpherson, of the Inner Temple, now Master in Equity at Calcutta. J. C. R. Buchaii's Ballads (Vol.xii., p. 21.). — Buchan's collection is celebrated by Sir Walter Scott, in his last Introduction to the Border Minstrelsy (Poet. Works, vol. i. p. 87., edit. 1833) ; a fact which one might have supposed sufficient to make the book known to all persons interested in such literature. The account which Mr. Grundtvig gives of Mr. Dixon's publication is therefore very surprising to me. But I take the liberty of hinting to Mr. Grundtvig, that the Ancient Ballads lie under some suspicion, notwithstanding Scott's opinion in favour of their genuineness. At least I was told soon after the appearance of the work, and in Mr. Buchan's own part of Scotland, that many of the pieces were manufactured by two very young men (both since known for better things), who amused themselves by imposing their productions on that not very critical or judicious editor. Perhaps the mention of this report may draw forth either a contradiction or a confirmation of it. J. C. R jRose's " Biographical Dictionary " (Vol. xi.> p. 437. )• — This book grew out of the Encyclo- pcedia Metropolitana, which Mr. Hugh James Rose undertook to edit after the death of the Rev. E. Smedley. The intention was not to produce an altogether original work, but one mainly founded on the Biographic Universelle and Chalmers. I still possess a paper of instructions drawn up by Mr. Rose for the guidance of contributors. Mr. Henry Rose succeeded his brother in the editor- ship of the JEncyclopcedia, and some changes of plan were made as to the Biographical Dictionary. Instead of appearing as a portion of the JEncyclo- pcedia, it became an independent work ; the size was changed from quarto to large octavo ; and, while the bulk of it was still to be executed by contributors who each undertook a certain por- tion of miscellaneous names, the chief articles in particular classes were committed to writers who were supposed to have a special acquaintance with the subjects. Thus, I remember that the Spanish biographies were to be executed by Dr. Dunham, and the naval by Captain Glascock. I do not know how far Mr. Henry Rose carried on his superintendence, nor when the system of con- tributors was abandoned ; but the greater part of the Dictionary was the work of a single writer, the Rev. J. Twycross. J. C. R. Ritual of Holy Confirmation (Vol. xi., pp. 342. 512.). — In a sermon preached Sept. 27, 1619, at the first visitation of the then Bishop of Oxford, No. 303.] Dr. John Howson, by Edward Boughen, his chap- lain, the following sentence occurs after a citation from St. Augustine on the use of the sign of the cross in holy confirmation : " The cross, therefore, upon this or the like considera- tion, is enjoined to be used in Confirmation in the Book of Common Prayer, set forth and allowed in Edward VI.'s reign. And I find it not at any time revoked : but it is left, as it seems, to the bishop's discretion to use or not to use the cross in confirmation." — P. 11. Is this view respecting the bishop's discretionary power to use the sign of the cross in holy con- firmation borne out by any other Church of Eng- land divines ; and was it ever acted upon by Bishop Howson, or any of his cotemporaries ? The Church in Scotland retained it ; and her bishops still often, but not I believe universally, use it. William Eraser, B.C.L. Alton, Staflfordshire. Nursery Hymn (Vol. xi., pp. 206. 474.). — In the interesting " Report on the State of Parochial Education in the Diocese of Worcester," by the Rev. E. Feild (now Bishop of Newfoundland), printed as an appendix to the National Society's Report for 1841, may be found, at p. 164., the rhyme, — " Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John," — with variations taken down from the variation of children in the dioceses of Worcester and Salis- bury. J. C. R. Cathedral Registers (Vol. xi., p. 445.). — When in Sussex lately, I met with a woman who stated that she was married in Chichester Cathedral. Probably thirty years ago. F. B. R. Full Fig (Vol. xii., p. 65.). — May not this term, applied to dress, owe its derivation to the costume of fig-leaves adopted by our first parents ? The slang character of the phrase inclines me to hazard this conjecture. While I am on the sub- ject of dress I should like to have an explanation of the term " dressed to the nines," common in some parts of the country. J. S. C. May not this phrase have reference to the original apron of fig-leaves, with which Adam and Eve imperfectly clothed themselves ? Alfred Gattt. Pollards (Vol.xii., p. 9.). — Pollards are com- mon in the marshlands of Holland and Flanders. They are chiefly willows. Other trees are pol- larded there to prevent them from overshadowing the fields, and keeping off the sun. Trees are pol- larded here for the same ground. Trees are like- wise pollarded in the Netherlands, and here to strengthen the trunk, and make earlier and sounder timber. Hyde Clarke. 136 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 18. 1855. NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. ' At this pleasant season, when the whole work-a-daj' world is bent on holiday-making, poetry seems at a pre- mium; and our library table is enriched with sundry indications as to this direction of the popular mind. We will not attempt, in the limited space which we can de- vote to such matters, to indulge in a dissertation upon the merits of Mr. Tennyson's Maud; but refer such of our readers as lack criticism on this last bright spark hammered from the brain of the Laureate to the Examiner, for a well-considered and eulogistic lecture on its more patent beauties ; and to the Athenccum for an article rich in critic-craft, and in the elucidation of the more esoteric charms of this " thing of beauty." We will rather con- tent ourselves with calling attention to what has lately been doing to secure new readers and fresh welcome for some of the older masters of song. First turn we to the new volume of the Annotated Edi- tion of the British Poets. . It is the first of the Poetical Works of Samuel Butler, edited by Robert Bell ; and con- tains a carefully-written biography by the editor, and the first and second Parts of Hudibras. Some idea of the value of this new edition will be found in the fact that it is founded upon a careful examination of the former editions, from the earliest to the last reprint of that by Dr. Nash; that the text has been carefully collated; •obscurities from vague or false punctuation have been removed ; and in the illustrative annotations special re- gard has been had to the brief notes either known, or supposed to have been written, by Butler himself. We can scarcely anticipate but that, with such careful tender- ing, Mr. Bell will succeed in awakening a new interest in Butler in the minds of the reading public. Of somewhat less ambitious character are three volumes recently issued by Mr. Routledge, under the editorship of the Rev. R. A. Wilmott. The first of these is dedicated to the Poetical Works of William Cowpr, which are con- tained in one compact and neatly-printed volume. Cowper is evidently a favourite with Mr. Wilmott, who has obviously bestowed considerable pains in the brief preliminary " picture-sketch of his life and genius." The second volume contains The Poetical Works of Thomas Gray, Thomas Parnell, William Collins, Matthew Green, and Thomas Warton, of whom it is said by their editor, that " they bear a kind of relationship to each other, and seem to gain a grace and charm from the bond of fellow- ship that unites them." That this will be a welcome volume to many readers, none can doubt. And the same may safelv be predicated of the third, which contains The Poetical Works of Mark Akenside and John Dyer, and in this volume we have the best specimen of Mr. Wilmott's editorship. The biography of Dyer contains new ma- terials now first furnished by his descendants, and for the first time a genuine portrait of the poet— that which has hitherto passed for one being really the likeness of another Mr. Dyer. We may add that all three volumes are gracefully illustrated by Mr. Birkett Foster. Particulars of Price, &c. of tlie following Boo1<9 to be sent direct to tlie gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and ad- dresses are given for that purpose : Tracts fob the Times. Nos. 68, 69, 70. Wanted by W. Bate/idler, Bookseller, Dover. ♦' BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. The Opinions op Sir Robert Pebl expressed in Parliament and IN PoBi.ic. By W. T. Haly of the Parliameutary Galleries. Baxter's I.ipe, by Orme. 2 Vols. 8vo. Wesley's Poems. RiCHARDSONIANA. 1776. •«» Letters, statinz particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mr. Beli,, Publisher of "NOXJBS AND QUBBIES," 186. Fleet Street. No. 303.] Binohah's Antiquities of the Christian Church. First Volume of 8vo. Edition. London, 1822. NiMROD. By the Hon. Algernon Herbert. Part 1 . of Vol. IV. Wanted hy Henningham fy iroUis, 5. Mount Street, Grosvenor Square. Jahisson's Edinboroh Fhilosophicai. JoimNAi.. A complete set. Wanted by }V. Blackmore fy Co., Edinburgh. .Sobtees' History of Durham. Vol. I. Robson's British Herald. 4to. Vol. III. Arcb^ologia. Vols. III. IV. VIII. Hodgson's History of Northumberland. Part 2. Vol- IH. and Part 3, Vol. Ill , small paper. Moore's Byron. 17- Vol. Edition. Vol.11. Green Cloth. W anted by E. ChaniUy, Bookseller, Newcastle-on-Tyne. The London Mosbom of Politics, Miscellanies, and Literature, 4 Vols. 8vo. 1769, 1770. The Key to the Dunciad. 1728. Ditto, 2nd Edition. 1728. Collection op all the RKMARstnLR and Personal Passages in Tb« Briton, North Briton, and Auditor. 1766. General Cockburn's Dissektation on Hannibal's Passage over the Alps. (Privately Printed.) Dublin. 1845. TpE Hibernian Magazine, or Comfbnoium of Entertainino Know LEDOE, for 1771, 1772, 1773. Wanted by W. J. Thorns, 25. Holywell Street, Millbank, Westminster. Betnard the Fox. Translated by S. Naylor. Square 8vo. 1844. Longman fe Co. Mount Calvary. A Cornish Poem. Edited by Davies Gilbert. Pub- lished by Nichols. 1826. Ardlby's New Collection of Voyages and Travels. 4 Vols. 4to. 1715. Wanted by Williams 4r Norgate, 14. Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. Linoard's History of England. Published by Baldwin & Cradock, 1839. Vol. XL ' Wanted by O. Steinman Steinman, Priory Lodge, Peckham. Spence's Things New and Old. Valpy's Shakspeji he. Vols. VI. & X. Carlile's Republican. Vol. XI. Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary. Vol. III. Ramsey's Astrology. Alison's Europe. Vols. XI. XII. XIV. XVI. XVH. British Almanac and Companiov. 1838 » 1839. Ruit's Priestley's Works. Vols. IV. V. IX. XV. Wanted by TAos. Jfi'/Zard, Bookseller, Newgate Street. fiatitti to CarreSpaiitfcuW. C. J., who writes on the origin of Tradesmen's Tokens, is referred to Mr. Alcerman's volume on that subject published by Bussell Smith. Fauntleroy the Banker was executed for forgery at tlie Old Bailey 2fov. 30th, 1824. See " N. & y.," Vol. x., p. 233. Clerical Bands. This subject has already been discussed in our columns. Vol. ii., pp. 23. 76. 126. Jaydee's Query respecting Arms on an inlaid table will, we hope, be answered very shortly. W. H. B. The famous old balladof The Babes in the Wood is printed in Percy's Reliques, vol. iii. p. 171. S'otices to other Correspondents in our next. Full price will be given for clean copies of JVo. 166. and No. 169 . upon application to the. Publisher. A few complete sets of"' Notes and Queries," Vols. I. to XL. are now ready, price VivR Guineas and a Half. 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Henry Fitz Roy, Duke of Richmond. 2. The Rig- Veda San- hita. 3. The Reminiscences of a LL.B. 4. The Short Ploughs of the Nortli of Ireland. 5. The Descendants of Mary Stuart : by a Modern Ja- cobite. 6. Wanderings in Corsica. 7. Remains of Pagan Saxondom in England. 8. Disco- veries at High Rochester. 9. Book Catalogues for the British Museum. 10. Unpublished Sta- tutes of Ireland. With Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban, Notes of the Montli, Reviews of New Publications, Reports of Archaeological Societies : and Obituary, including Memoirs of Lord Raglan ; Hon. Craven Berkeley ; Sir George Rose ; Gen. Sir John Campbell ; Ge- neral Estcourt ; Adm. Sir Edward Parry ; Captain Lyons ; Colonels Yea and Shadforth ; W. J. Bankes, Esq. ; Kev. J. J. Blunt ; John Black, Esq. ; G. W. Fulcher, Esq., &c. &c. Price 2s. 6d. NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street. 919° MILNERS'HOLDF.AST ^■*-^ and FIRE-RESISTING SAFES (non-conducting and vapourising), with all the Improvements, under their Quadruple Patents of 1840-51-54 and 1855, including their Gunpowder Proof Solid Lock and Door (with- out which no Safe is secure). THE STRONGEST, BEST, AND CHEAP- EST SAFEGUARDS EXTANT. MILNERS' PHOSNIX (212°) SAFE "WORKS, LIVERPOOL, the most Complete and Extensive in the World. Show Rooms, 6. and 8. Lord Street, Liverpool. London Dep6t, 47a. Moorgate Street, City. Circulars Free by Post. CBVSB'S I.OCKS, WITH all the recent Improve- ments, strong Fire-proof Safes, Cash and Deed Boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices majr be had on application. CHUBB ft SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard lyondon; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool ; 16. Mar- ket Street, Manchester! and Horseley Fields, Vf olverhampton. 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By WILLIAM PULLEYN. The Third Edition, revised and improved, By MERTON A. THOMS, ESQ. " The additions to this book indicate the editor to be his father's own son. He deals in folk lore, chronicles old customs and popular sayines, and has an eye to all things curious and note- worthy. The book tells everything." — Gentlevian^s Mafjazine. " The book contains avast amount of curious information and useful memoranda." — Lite- rary Oazette. " An invaluable manual of amusement and information." — Morning Chronicle. " This is a work of great practical usefulness. It is a Notes and Queries in miniature. . . . The revision wliich the presentedition of it has undergone has greatly enhanced its original value." — £ra. London : WILLIAM TEGG & CO., 85. Queen Street, Cheapside. Now ready, price 25s., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by Special Per- mission to THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by the Very Rev. H. 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" A handsome book, containing an interest- ing account of the formation of shells, and a po- pular history -of the most remarkable shell-fish or land shell-animals. It will prove a nice book for the season, or for any time." —/Spectator. PHYCOLOGIA BRITAN- NICA ; or, the History of the British Sea- weeds ; containing Coloured F'igures and de- scriptions of all the Species of Algae inhabiting the shores of the British Islands. By WIL- MAM HENRY HARVEY, M.D., M.R.I.A.. Keeper of the Herbarium of the University of Dublin, and Professor of Botany to the Dublin Society. The price of the work, complete, strongly bound in cloth, is as follows : £ s. cl In 3 vols, royal 8vo., arranged in order of publication - - - - -7 12 6 In 4 vols, royal 8vo., arranged syste- matically according to the Synopsis 7 17 6 *»* A few Copies have been printed on large paper. " The ' History of British Seaweeds ' we can most faitlifuUy recommend for its scientific, its pictorial, and its popular value : the pro- fessed botanist will find it a work of the highest charactei-, whilst those who desire merely to know the names and history of the lovely plants which they gather on the sea-shore, will find in it the faithful portraiture of every one of them." — Annals and Magazine of Natural History. LOVEI/L REEVE, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. 12mo. cloth, price 4s. 6d. ON THE STUDY OF LAN- GUAGE : An Exposition of Tnoke's Diversions of Purley. By CHARLES RI- CHARDSON, LL.D., Author of "A Kew Dictionary of the English Language." " The judicious endeavour of a veteran phi- lologist to extend the philosophical study of language by popularising Home Tooke's ' Di- versions of Purley.' Dr. Richardson has done good service to the study of language in this very judicious and compact recast, for the book is much more than an abridgment." — 6i)ec- tator. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. Just published, with 4 Illustrations, price Is. 6(Z. PARABLES from NATURE. By MRS. ALFT?ED GATTY, Author of " The Fairy Godmothers." " Pretty little tales with allegorical truths of infinite value, and the work is nicely illus- trated." — English Journal of Education. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. 12mo., price 4s. THE HAYMAKERS' HIS- TORIES. Twelve Cantos, in Terza Kima. By RUTHER. " This is a scholarly little book, sweet as a meadow at hay-time, and full of summer in- fluences. We confess this little volume ex- cites our curiosify ; and as to the Avriter, the skill with xhich the metre is carried through, the almost immaculate correctness of the rhymes, and the equality of strength which pervades the whole, would indicate a poet of some standing, although the style resembles none that we remember. Really, an imitation of some of Crabbe's works becomes in his hands a poem as dainty and fanciful as the garden scenes of Queen Fiametta in the 'D^came- rone.' " — Athenceum. " Many a faithful miniature of healthy rustic life."— Westminster Review. " The bard often rises to the fervour and dignity of a true poet of nature and the heart." — Dublin Advertiser. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. A Imo. 8vo., 21. 2.9. RCHITECTURAL STU- „ DIES IN FRANCE. By the REV. J. L. PETIT : with numerous Illustrations from Drawings by P. H. DELAMOTTE and by the Author. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. 010° MILNERS' HOLDFAST ■*■ ^ and FIRE-RES r>;TING SAFES (non-conducting and vapourising), with all the Improvements, under their Quadruple Patents of 1840-51-M and 1855, including their Gunpowder Proof Solid Lock and Door (with- out which no Safe is secure). THE STRONGEST, BEST, AND CHEAP- EST SAFEGUARDS EXTANT. MIT.NERS' PHCENIX (2120) SAFE WOKKS, LIVERPOOL, the most Complete and Extensive in the World. Show Rooms, C. and 8. Lord Street, Liverpool, l^ondon Dep6t, 47a. Moorgate Street, City. Circulars Free by Post. PASSPORTS AND HAND- BOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS. _ ED- WARD S PANFORD obtains Foreign Office Passports, on receipt of sealed letters of appli- cation, mounts them in neat morocco or roan cases, and procures the necessary visas. A Circular I .ttter of Instruction and Cost may be had on application Gratis, or per Post for One Stamp. Handbooks, Maps, and Guides, for all parts of the world. London : EDWARD STANFORD, Map and Bookseller, 6. Charing Cross. ]iIIDT)LESEX ARCHiEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. It is proposed to establish a Society, under this title, for the purpose of investigating the History and Antiquities of the Metropolis and Metropolitan County. So soon as a sufficient ntimber of Members shall have been enrolled, a General Meeting will be held for the purpose of determining the Rules, and of appointing the office-bearers of the Society. Gentlemen desirous of becoming Members are requested to signify their intentions to any of the following Members of The Provisional Committee: The Rev. Charles Boutell, M.A., 19. Devon- shire Road, Wandsworth Road. Joshua W. Butterworth, Esq.,F.8.A., 7. Fleet Street. The Rev. Henry Christmas, M.A., F.R.S., F.S. A., Professor of Archa;ology to the Royal Society of Literature, 30. Manor Street, Clap- ham. James Crosby, Esq., F.S.A., 3. Church Court, Old Jewry. The Rev. Thomas Hugo. M. A., F.S.A., 57. Bi- shonsgate Street Within. The Rev. Octavius Freire Owen, M. A., F.S.A., 31. Maida Hill West, Paddin»ton. Edward Richardson, Esq., 7. Melbury Terrace, Blandford Square. George Roots, Esq., F.S.A. , 1. Tanfield Court, Temple. Martin Joseph Bouth, Esq., M.A., Hampton Court. George Gilbert Scott, Esq., r.R.I.B.A., 21. Spring Gardens. William Tayler, Esq., 17. Chancery Lane, and 17. Park Street, Grosvenor Square. Charles Roach Smith, tsq., F.S.A., 5. Liver- pool "treet. Finsbury. Geo. Bish Webb, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., 6. South- ampton Street, Covent Garden, — Honorary Secretary (pro tcm.). It is prooosed that the Annual Subscription shall not amount to more than Ten Shillings. Just published. New and Cheaper Edition, price Is. ! or by Post for 13 stamps. TiHE SCIENCE OF LIFE; or, _l How to Live and What to Live for ; with ample Rules fjr Diet, Regimen, and Self- Management : together with instructions for securing health, longevity, anrl that sterling hai)piness only attainable through the judi- cious observance of a well-regulated course of life. By A PHYSICIAN. London : SHERWOOD & CO., 23. Paternoster Row : HANNAY, 63. Oxford Street ; MANN, 39. Cornhill ; and all Booksellers. Second Edition, with large map, price 6s., cloth boards. PRIZE ESSAY ON PORTU- GAL. By JOSEPH JAMES FOR- RE=iTER, of Oporto, F.R.G.S. of London, Paris, Berlin, &c., Author of " Original Sur- veys of the Port Wine Districts ; " of the " River Douro from the Ocean to the Spanish Frontier ;" and of the "Geology of the Bed and Banks of the Douro ; " also of a project for the improvement of the navigation of that river, and of various other works on Portugal. JOHN WEALE, 59. High Holbom. Now ready, 2s. 6d., cloth. Free by Post. TN DISPENSABLE. — LIVE 1 AND LEARN : A GUIDE FOR ALL WHO WISH TO SPEAK AND WRITE CORRECTLY. "There are hundreds of persons, engaged in professional and com- mercial pursuits, who are sensible of their de- jiciences on many points connected with the grammar of their own tongue, and who, by self-tuition, are anxious to correct such de- fiitiences. and to acquire the means of speaking and writing, if not with elegance, at any rate with a due regard to grammatical accuracy,- to whom this little work is indispensadle." London : JOHN F. SHAW, Southampt(Hi Row and Paternoster Row. Aug. 25. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 137 LONDON. SATUBDAY, AUGUST To, 1859. SAINT SWITHIN AND UMBRELLAS. So certainly of late years is a period more or less approximating to the prescribed one_ of forty days characterised by i'ltermittent solstitial showers, that we almost forget to take note whe- ther St. Swithin, whom we were wont to consider our true mugister diluviorum, inaugurated the series on the day (July 15) dedicated to him in the calendar of popular superstition. Many, how- ever, still watch the passing clouds with anxiety on this important day, oblivious of the circum- stance that total change of date has been effected by the Gregorian reformation of the calendar, and that they should, consequently, make their atmospheric observations eleven days later. But this is a matter of little moment. Foster, in his Perennial Calendar, gives us (p. 344.) the origin of the belief, viz. that on the canonisation of this toly man, known in the flesh as Bishop of Win- chester, the monks, holding it not fitting that a saint should lie in a public cemetery (in which, according to his desire, he had been interred), determined to exhume his body with a view to its deposition in the choir ; but that this design, which was to have been carried into effect with solemn procession on July 15, was rendered im- practicable by reason of the violent rains, which commenced thereabouts, and continued for forty days without cessation. (See also Hone's Every- Day Book, vol. i. p. 953.) A difference of climate has led our neighbours to look somewhat earlier for a patron of showers. The following couplets have for centuries held a high place in France among meteorological canons : " S'il pleut le jour de la Saint Medard [June 8], II pleut quarante jours plus tard ; S'il pleut le jour de Saint Gervais et de Saint Protais ' [June 19], II pleut quarante jours apres." M. Quitard, in his Dictionnaire des Proverhes, gives the following legend of St. Medard : " C'est le 8 Juin qu'arrive la fete de cet admirable fondateur de la rosifere de Salency, lorsque les roses bril- lent dans toute leur pompe, et une circonstance si peu auspeete ferait plutot penser que s'il avait quelque autorite sur I'atmosphfere, il aimerait mieux en preparer les plus pures influences, ne fut-ce que pour ces belles tleurs qu'il a destinees a couronner la vertu ; un pareil emploi parai- troit du moins assort! aux habitudes de sa vie. Pourquoi done a-t-on imagine de lui assigner un role tout oppose? A quel propos I'a-t-on represente' triste et sombre aupres ^ov7)(nT(Zv TruAecas" No place corresponds with this distance but a spot marked on the maps " Ruined Village Tombs," near the place where the French troops disembarked last year. There is an inaccuracy in Dr. E. D. Clarke's es- timate of the stadium, which he roughly makes a furlong ; for short distances the difference is im- material, but for longer the error is magnified so as to interfere with the long distances mentioned by Strabo and Arrian. The furlong is 220 yards, but the Greek stadium was a small fraction in excess of 202 yards. The distance from Bala- clava to Feodosia is about 1000 stadia, according to Strabo (1. vii. c. 4. S/3.); it is just 100 miles English. It is, however, only 871 stadia as the crow flies, but will be about 1000 by sea. T. J. BUCKTON. Lichfield. A Street Song. — The following parody on a popular song I think you will agree with me is too good to be lost, and at the present time may well be enshrined in " N. & Q. ;" the paper I copy it from bespeaks its having issued from the " Cat- nach " press, but it may be a reprint possibly : " You have told us, Johnny Russell, When you on the hustings stood. That the laws you would bring forward Should do trade and commerce good. We returned you for the City, And we trusted to your row, Now you laugh at all your speeches ; Crikey, ain't we humbug'd now? " Oh, Lord John, you always promise You'll be better by and bye ; But you soon forget that promise. When electors are not nigh. You are lukewarm, Johnny Russell ; Jews can't sit without a row ; Mind you do your best next session, Crikey, ain't we humbug'd now ? " You are keeping up the army. Window-taxes still are on ; Why did you not help Hungary ? Has 'Nick' frighten'd you, Lord John? When you come into the City, Won't there be a precious row ; We'll serve you like John Manners ; Crikey, ain't we humbug'd now?" R. W. Hackwood. Origin of Greenwich Park. — " Please it unto the king our sovereign lord, that of his special grace, and of the assent of his Lords spiritual and temporal, and of the Commons in this present parliament, being : To grant to Humphrey, Duke of Gloster, and Eleanor his wife, a license to enclose 200 acres of their land, pasture, wood, heath, virses, and gorse ; and thereof to make a park in Greenwich : and by the same authority to make towers there of stone and lime, after the form and tenure of a schedule to this present bill annexed, without fee or fine thereof to yon to be paid." — Petitiones in Parliamento (15 Hen. VI.). No. 304.] J. W. " GESTA ROMANOBUM," AND WHO COMPILED IT ? I have just stumbled upon the following pas- sage in Grasse's edition of the Gesta liomanorum, Das Alteste Mixhrchen- und Legenden Buck des Christlichen Mittelalters (Dresden and Leipsic, 1842), in which direct reference is made to its compiler ; and I venture through your columns to ask, whether the learned editor of the edition published for the Roxburgh Society, Sir F. Mad- den, has had his attention drawn to the passage in question ; and if so, how far he considers the in- formation satisfactory ? Dr. Grasse quotes (vol. ii. p. 294.) the following extract from c. 68. of the Dialogus Creaturarum : " Habebant enim antiqui principes affectum erga in- feriores sicut luculenter exprimetur in eorum gestis. Unde EUmandus in Gestis Ronianorum narrat de Trajano qui cum adscendisset ad bellum festinanter, qusedam vidua flebiliter occurrit dicens : obsecro, ut sanguinem filii mei innocentis perempti vindicare digneris. Cumque Tra- janus, si sanus reverteretur, vindicare testaretur, vidua dixit : et quis mihi hoc prasstabit, si tu in proelio interibis. Respondit, qui post me imperabit ; cui vidua : et tibi quid proderit, si alter mihi justitiam fecerit? Et Trajauus: utique nihil. Cui vidua: nonne, inquit, tibi melius est, ut tu mihi justitiam facias et per hoc mercedem accipias, quam alteri hanc transmittas. Tunc Trajanus pietate commotus de equo descendit et innocentis sanguinem vin- dicavit. Idem dum quidam filius Trajani per urbem equitando nimis lascive discurreret, filium cujusdam viduas interemet. Quod cum Trajano vidua lacrimabiliter exponeret, ipsum suum filium, qui hoc fecerat, viduae loco filii sui defuncti tradidit et magnifice ipsum dotabit." As I have no opportunity of again referring to Sir F. Madden's valuable Preliminary Dissertation, I trust he and you, Mr. Editor, will excuse my asking the question through the columns of " N. & Q." G. R. TURTLE, WHITEBAIT, AND MINISTERIAL WHITE- BAIT DINNERS. As " N. & Q." has admitted articles on the orthography of " Calipash " and " Calipee," may I crave its assistance on one or two kindred points ; and as gastronomy is supposed to walk hand in hand with social progress ; and refine- ment in the order, arrangement, and supply of the table has been, and I believe rightly, considered indicative of a high state of intellectual culture, perhaps Queries on this point may be justified in your columns. 1. When was turtle first introduced into this country ; and by what degrees did its preparation for the table attain its present savoury excellence? 2. How long has the fashion of going to Black- wall or Greenwich to eat whitebait existed ? In what did it take its rise ? What is the earliest mention of whitebait as an article for the table ? What is the meaning of the name? Aug. 25. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 145 3. How long has it been a custom for the minis- ters to have whitebait dinners? And how many dinners do they have during the year ? There is always one at the close of the session ; but is there not also one at Whitsuntide? If Dr. Doran, who I believe has not touched upon these points in his amusing Table Traits, or any other of your correspondents learned in such matters, would kindly reply to these inquiries, I have no doubt others would be pleased and in- structed equally with Apicius. Sir Andrew de Harcla. — I am in search of par- ticulars respecting the family of Sir Andrew de Harcla, Earl of Carlisle, who was beheaded for high treason in 1333. Could any of your corre- spondents afford me information as to its origin, arms, &c. ? His family was seated originally at Harcla, county of Westmorland, whence they probably derived their name. Also, whether the family has at present any representatives ? Whilst I am troubling you, could you inform me the cost of a grant of arms, and whether one is viAge facetice on my shelves, which may serve as a nucleus for farther communications : "Cambrirlge Jests, or Witfy Alarums for Melancholy Spirits, 12mo., London, 1674." " Anxndines Cami : sive Musarum Cantabrigiensiura. Lusus Canori ; collegit atque edidit H. Drury, A. M., 8vo.. Cambridge." " The Cambridge Tart ; Epigrammatic and Satiric- Poetical Effusions, &c., Dainty Morsels served up by Caritabs on various occasions, &c., 12mo., London, 1823." " Facetife Cantabrigienses, consisting of anecdotes, smart sayings, sallies, retorts, &c., by, or relating to, celebrated Cantabs, &c. Dedicated to the Students of Lincoln's Inn, by Socius, 12mo., London, 1836." '" Gradusad Cantabrigiam, or New University Guide to the Academical Customs, and colloquial or cant terms peculiar to the University of Cambridge, observing wherein it differs from Oxford. Embellished with six coloured engravings of the costume, &c., a striking like- ness of that celebrated character Jemmy Gordon, and illustrated with a variety of curious and entertaining anecdotes. To which is affixed, A Tail Piece ; or the reading and varmint method of proceeding to the degree of A. B., by a brace of Cantabs, 8vo., London, 1824." " The Union Debating Society of Cambridge in the years 1830-31 ; with a peep at the other principal clubs of the same period; a satire, 8vo., Cambridge, 1831." " Cambridge Comic Chronicles, by Trenchercap Swift, Nos. 1. and 2., 8vo., London, 1848." These books (excepting the second named) possess attraction almost exclusively fiar those whose early associations invest with interest every thing connected with university life and habits ; for others I cannot conceive any reading more in- tensely dull, — so tasteless for the most part are the " dainty morsels," so pointless and vapid the " smart sayings, sallies, and retorts." William Bates. Birmingham. Eliza Steele (Vol. xi., p. 408.). — This lady was no doubt the eldest daughter of Sir Richard, afterwards Lady Trevor. See Steele's Corre- spondence, by Nichols, 1787, vol. i. p. 260., &c. K. Sherard (Vol. xii., p. 47.). — There are accounts of both James and William Sherard in Nichols's Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, 8vo., 1812, vol. iii. pp. 651-4. E. W.O. Camberwell. A Aug. 25. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 155 Cabbages (Vol. ix., pp. 424. 576.). — Allow me to amend the answers to the Queries re- spectuig the date, &c., of the introduction of this esculent into England, by referring C. H. to some Observations on the State of Horticulture in England in Early Times, by the late Mr. T. H. Turner. At p. 14. he will find this passage : " Little can be said with certainty respecting the va- rieties of culinary vegetables cultivated in England pre- viously to the fifteenth century. The cabbage tribe was doiibtless well known in the earliest times, and generally reared during the Middle Ages.'' I can certainly corroborate this statement, having met with many notices of the "plantsB olerum" in documents of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- turies. Perhaps Evelyn alluded to some peculiar tribe of the plant, as having been introduced from Hol- land about a hundred years from his time. J. Bt. Anagrams (Vol. xii., p. 15.). — Antonius Sanc- tinius Lucensis wrote himself " Constantius Si- lanius Nicenus." I give this because I think it does not appear in Baillet's Auteurs deguises. This treatise, which should be at hand to all those who are much concerned with the tricks of au- thors, was first published in 1690, and is in the sixth volume of Le Monnoye's edition of the Jvgemens des Savons, Paris, 1722, 4to. M. Piazzetta and Cattini (Vol. xii., p. 126.). — I think your correspondent Ormond will find the four engravings are after Piazzetta, by Cattini ; if so, they are four out of sixteen, published at Venice in 1754. John Baptist Piazzetta was born at Venice in 1682, and died in 1754. J. Cattini was an en- graver, and I believe a very little emanated from his burin ; indeed, he is but little known. Some other correspondent probably can furnish his birth and death. The productions of Piazzetta were chiefly of a sacred character, and there are some clever studies of heads still extant, from his pencil, unengraved. I either have, or had recently, three, in chalk on grey paper. He was a pupil of Molinari, and studied under one of the Caracci, Guercino, &c. Some of his figures are much in the style of the inimitable Michael Angelo Buonarotti. Your correspondent's work, when complete, is probably worth \l. lis. 6t?., or thereabouts. C. Hamilton. P. S. — If Obmond wishes to complete his work, I should advise him to apply either to Messrs. Colnaghi, Tiffin, or Evans. Orator Henley (Vol. xii., p. 44.)- — Several volumes of sermons in MS. by this celebrated orator are in the library of the Corporation, Guildhall. E. W. O. Camberwell. 2Jo. 304.] Ells Family, Sfc. (Vol. xii., p. 105.) — The arms of the family of Smith in the county of Oxford are — Argent, on a fesse dancette between three roses gules, a martlet or for difference ; which coat now forms part of tlie arms of Brasenose College. A full account of the family may be found in the appendix to Churton's Lives of Bp. Smyth and Sir Richard Sutton. Thompson Coopbb. Cambridge. NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. We last week took occasion to remark upon the poetical tendencies of the publishing world at the present moment. We may now state that the same spirit has been influ- encing the antiquaries, who, throughout the whole length and breadth of the land, have been revelling in that poetry of archaeology, their annual excursions. The meeting of the Archaological Institute at Shrewsbury, though commencing with wet and dreary weather, was well attended, and the excursions to Hawkstone, Moreton, Corbet Castle, Wroxeter, Buildwas Abbey, Wenlock Abbey, Atcham Church, Stokesay Castle, Branfield Priory, Stanton Lacy, and Ludlow Castle ; and the ad- mirable papers by Kev. Mr. Petit on Buildwas Abbey ; Mr. Bloxam on St. Mary's Church, Shrewsbury; Mr. Scharf on the Decoration of Ancient Churches; Mr. Wynne on Roman Vestiges at Wroxeter; and Mr. Kemble on the Heathen Graves of Northern Germany ; combined with the hospitable entertainment they received from their Shrewsbury friends to make the meeting pass off with satisfaction to all parties. The ArcluBological Association have not gone so far a-field, the Isle of Wight being the scene for the present year's excursion. The Earl of Perth and Melfort having been prevented by illness from presiding, that duty de- volved upon Mr. Pettigrew. Papers by Mr. Planche on the Lords of the Isle of Wight, Mr. Black on the Newport Charters, and excursions to Carisbrook, Netley Abbey, Shalfleet, the Roman Villa near Brixton, the ancient British town of Gallibury, the barrows on Wroxall Downs, Southampton, &c., formed the staple of the pro- ceedings. The Somerset Archwologists met on Tuesday at Dunster Castle, in a picturesque and famous locality, which was believed to be impregnable until stormed by IBlake. The Cambrian Archaological Association will hold its ninth j'early meeting at Llandilo Fawr, on Monday next and five following days, under the presidentship of Lord Dynevor. While on this subject we may announce that a pro- posal is in circulation for the establishment of a Society to be called The Middlesex Archceological Society, for the purpose of investigating the history and antiquities of the metropolis and metropolitan county. So soon as a sufficient number of members have been enrolled, a general meeting is to be held for the purpose of deter- mining the rules, and of appointing the office-bearers of the Society. Gentlemen desirous of becoming members are requested to signify their intentions to any of the members of the Provisional Committee, or to Geo. Bish Webb, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., 6. Southampton Street, Covent Garden, Honorary Secretary {pro tern.). The Annual Subscription is to be Ten Shillings, and the Life Com- position Five Pounds. It is obvious that the metro- politan county affords materials of the most valuable and interesting character for the investigation of the 156 NOTES AXD QUERIES. [Aug. 25. 1855. members : but. on the other band, as the seat of the parent society. The Society of Antiquaries, some doubt may arise as to the necessity for any special Society to under- take such investigations, _ ... But while some of our antiquaries are thus indulging m instructive and health-giving wanderings among the different nooks and corners of these islands, in which various objects of historical interest are to be found, one of them, Mr. A. H. Rhind, has from his quiet study put forth, in a little pamphlet entitled British Antiquities; their' Present Treatment and their Real Claims, a paper read by him before the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, " with the view of furnishing some additional means for directing more general attention to the subjects discussed, and to the remedial measures of whatever nature which are so essential, if British Archaeology is ever to attain to fall vigour, and yield the results which under favourable circumstances we have a right to expect from it." Of course it is not within the limits of this notice to bring under the attention of our readers the various topics touched upon bv Mr. Rhind — his exposure of the sys- tematic neglect by the Trustees of the British Museum of our national antiquities, even when such offers as that of the Faussett Collection are made to them ; his advocacy of the establishment of special collections in London, Edinburgh, and Dublin; his remarks on the superintend- ing care of national monuments by resident proprietors ; his proposals for the amendment of the law of treasure trove. But the book is small, and low priced ; and while it will take up but little room in the antiquary's carpet bag, it will serve him well to wile away an evening when taking his ease at his inn, after a long day's wanderings among those hallowed and time-honoured relics which he so loves to contemplate. Mr. Parker, of Oxford, has just published, as a com- panion to his Glnssarri of Architecture, a Vocabularn of Architecture, Enqlish- German and German- English. Use- ful as such a work must obviously be, when our antiqua- ries are turning their attention so earnestly and so bene- ficially to the labours of their German brethren, this little pamphlet is made yet more useful, by having prefixed as by way of preface, a condensed translation of a few valu- able pages bv Lubke, being a Preparatory Introduction to a History of Church Architecture. Rhrtees' History op Durham. Vol. I. Robson's British Herald. 4to. Vol. III. Arch.9!oi,oo.a. Vols. III. IV. Vlir. Hodgson's History of NoRiauMBERtAND. Fart 2. Vol. III. and Part 3. Vol. Ill , small pai)er. ■Wanted by E. Chamle.;/, Bookseller, Newcastle-on-Tyne. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. Thb Race. 1766. Lieighton's L/iFE, by Jerment. The Opinio.vs op Sir Robert Peel expressed ix rARLiAMBNi and IN PoBLic. By W. T. Haly of the Parliamentary Galleries. Baxter's T728. Collection op all the Remarkible and Personal Passaoes in The Briton, North Briton, and Auditor. 1766, General Cockburn's Dissertation on Hannibal's Passage over the Alps. (Privately Printed.) Dublin. 1845. Thb Hibernian Magazine, or Compendium or Entertaining Know- I.EDOE, for 1771, 1772, 1773. Wanted by W. J. Tlioms, 25. Holywell Street. Millbank, Westminster. Rbtnaro thk Fox. Translated by S. Naylor. Square Svo. 1844. Longman & Co. Mount Calvary. A Cornish Poem. Edited by Davies Gilbert. Pub- lished by Nichols. 1826. Ardley's New Collection of Voyages and Travels. 4 Vols. 4to. 1745. Wanted by Williams ^ Norgate, 14. Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. We desire to call the retention of our readers to fhe following A mended Regulations in regard to the transmission of Newspapers to British Colonies and Foreign Countries : — " General Post Office, August, 1855. " Henceforth it will not be necessary that Newspapers sent abroad, whether to the British Colonies or to Foreign Countries, should bear the Impressed Stamo (the old Newspaper Stamp) ; but, as at present, n Postage of One Penny must be prepaid (either by means of a Post ige Label or in Money) on every Newspaper sent to a British Colony, with additional Postage (acoordinj to the Table in Instructions No. 15.), when the Newspaper passes tlirouzh a Foreign Country.. " The Postage on Newspapers to Foreign Countries remains the same as given in Instructions No. 45. ; but, as already stated, it is no longer necessary that the Newspaiier should bear the Impressed Stamp. " In future the Impressed Stamo will be reauired only in cases of re- peated transmission ot the same Newspaper in this Country, though it will of course be available also for single transmission in this Country, " In the transmission of New papers abroad (whether to the Colonies or Foreign Countries), the use of the Impressed Stamp will entirely cease ; it will neither be required nor will it count as Postage, as it will be presumed that where it is employ<'d. it has already served for the transmission of the Newspaper in the United Kingdom. " From these Regulations it will necessarily follow : " 1st. That every Newspaper going abroad must hereafter have the Postage to which it is liable represented by adhesive Postage Stamps, or paid in Money. " 2nd. That a Newspaper, whether published with or without the Ira- pressed Stamp, will be placed in the same position for transmission abroad. " 3rd. That the Imoressed Stamp will hereafter apply only to trans- mission and retransmission within the United Kingdom. Rowland Hul, Secretary." A Country Bookworm. Your suggestion for the publication of a List of London Dealers in Second-hand Books is under consideration. We almost fear whether it mag not occupy too much spaae. We have received many additions to our Country List, which we shall shortly publish. M. A. flensickness was certainly well known to the ancients. See our last Volume (xi.), pp. 221. 292. 373. 4M. Advena. The passage which Scott has quoted in Waverley as " Moritur et moriens dulces reminijcitur Argos," is from the JEaeiH, x. 372., and should be " Coelumque Adspicit et dulces moriens rominisoitur Argos." Ebrata Vol. xii„ p. 83. col. l.,/or " Vergiuana," read " VergniauU," and for " Massul," 7'ecul " Massey." Full price will be given for clean copies of Ufa. 166. and iVo. 169. upon application to the Publisher. A feiv complete sets of " Notes and Queries," Vols. I. to XL, are now ready, price Five Guineas and a Half. For these early application is desirable. They may be had by order of any Bookseller or Newsman. "Notes and Queries" is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday. "Notes and Queries" is also issued in Monthly Parts, for the con- venience of those who may either have a difficulty in procuring the un- stamped weekly Numbers, or pr(\fer receiving it monthly. While partifs_ resident in the country or abroad, who may be desirous of recewing the weekly Numbers, may have stamped copies forwarded direct from the Publisher. The subscription for the stamped edition of "Notes and Queries" (including a very copious Index) is eleven shillings and four- pence for six months, which may be paid by Post-Office Order, drawn in favour of the Publisher, Mr. Georoe Bell, No. 186. Fleet Street. Aug. 25. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. WA. LLOYD, 164. ST. JOHN . STREET K04X), LONDON, DEALEU IN MAEINE LIVING ANIMALS, SEA-WEED, ARTIFTCTAt, SEA- WATER, AND MARINE AND FRESH- WATER AQUARIA. A Stock of small Aquaria, ready fitted up yith AVeed, Sliells. Roelcwork, and Marine Life, always on hand, at very moderate prices. Valisneria. Cliara, Nitella, Anacharis, and other living fresli-water Plants, Insects, Mol- lusks, Fish, &c. THE MAHINE AQUARIUM. A great variety of Marine Animal Life can be preserved in health and vipour in these Aquaria, without trouble to the possessor. The difficulty of procuring a supply of Sea- water for occasional renewal has been for some time completely overcome by the suc- cessful composition of Artificial Sea-water, in which the Animals and Plants thrive and grow. The smaller Aquaria, when fitted up with pieces of rock, shells and sea- weed, and stocked with animal life, are objects of the highest interest and beauty ; and they yield to the observer the hitherto unattainable pleasure of watching at his ease, in his own I'partments, the curious inhabitants of the Ocean. PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each. — D'ALMATNE & CO., 20. Soho Square, London (established 1785), respectfully intimate that in addition to their ROYAL PIANOFORTES, ftj octaves, in rosewood and mahogany, at 25 Guineas they have opened new show rooms for the exhibition of their ROYAL CONCERT PIANOFORTES, with repeater action, suited for apartments of the larjtest size, possessing the tone, touch, and advantages of the grand, without its magni- tude and expense. Price 40 Guineas. Every Instrument warranted. The peculiar ad- yantaces of these Pianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial, signed by the majority of the leading musi- cians of the age : — " We, the undersigned members of the musical profession, having carefully examined the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great pleasure in bearing tes- timony to their merits and capabilities. It ap- pears to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a richer and fii ex tone, more elastic touch, or more equal tem- perament, while the elegance of their construc- tion renders them a handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R. Bishop, J. Blew- itt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E. F. Fitzwilliam. W.Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H, F. Hass(?, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F. Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee, A. Lefller, E. J. Loder, W. H. Montgomery, S Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, P. Praegar, E.F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E. Rockell, Sims Reeves .1. Templeton, F.We- ber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright,''^&c. D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lijta and Designs Gratis. MR. GEO. HAYES, Dentist, of 66. Conduit Street, Regent Street, has a vacancy for a PUPIL. He would be fully ic - structed in Mechanical, as well as Operative Dentistry, and receive many unusual advan- tages. If desired, he may attend the Classes at either of the Colleges. TRELOAR'S COCOA-NUT ,,_ FIBRE MATTING, DOOR-MATS MATTRESSES, and BRUSHES, gained the ^ze-Medal at the Great Exhibition. At the Warehouse, 42. LUDGATE HILL, will be found an Assortment of COCOA-NTTT FIBRE MANUFACTURES, unequalled for Variety and Excellence, at the most moderate Catalogues Free. TRAVELLERS' AND MA- RINE INSURANCE COMPANY. Chief Office. — 5. GRESHAM STREET. LONDON. Trustees. Tlie Rt. Hon. the Earl FitzwilUam, K. G. 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Basham.M.D, Bonders. — Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not be- come void through temporary difficulty in p«y- mg a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the pavment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Pro- spectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100/., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits : Age £ ». d. Age £ t. d. 17 - m - 1 14 4 32- - 2 10 8 22 - m - 1 18 8 37- - 2 18 6 27- - - 2 4 5 42- - 3 8 2 ARTHUR 8CRATCHLEY, M.A.,FJt.A.B., Actuary. Now ready, price 10s. 6rf., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN- VESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BKNEFIT BUILDING SO- CIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com- pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR- THUR SCRATCHLEY, M. A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia- ment Street, London. " Their group? and scenes are superior to anything yet produced."— J/brninflr Herald. " Unequalled for sharpness, tone, and beauty. — Morning A dvertiser. " The finest we ever se.vr." — Art- Journal. " One of the wonders of the age."— Britannia. OTEREOSCOPES. - Immense kJ Reduction in Price. — In Mahogany. ^vSi'.^i-J^"'''' warranted. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS, lis. per dozen. Italian Scenes, Ruins, Old Castles, &c., by the First Artists. Orders for 1 1, and upwards Carriage Free. STEREOSCOPE COMPANY, 313. Oxford Street, 20 doors west of Regent Street. City Agency, 29. Moorgate Street. ,/UST OUT.-Crystal Palace Fountains, and Mr. Albert Smith m Guy Faux. Just published. PRACTICAL PHOTOGRA- PHY on GLASS and PAPER, a Manual containing simple directions for the production of PORTRAITS and VIEWS bv the agency of Light, including the COLLCiDION, AI^ BUMEN, WAXED PAPER and POSITIVE PAPER Processes, by CHARLES A. LONG. Price Is. ; per Post, Is. 2d. Published by BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instru- ment Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London. (THE NEW COLLODION 1 manufactured by BLAND & LONG, 158. Fleet Street. London, will bear compari- son with any other Preparation offered to Photographers. Price M. per oz. Can be had separate from the Iodizing Solution. Nitrate of Sliver, 4s. 6rl. per oz. ; Pyrogallic Acid, Is. 6a. per drachm ; Glacial Acetic Acid, 6d. per oz. : Hyposulphite of Soda, Is. per lb. CAMERAS, LENSE'', and every Descrip- tion of Apparatus, of first-class Workmanshio Chemicals of ABSOLUTE PURITY, and every material required in the Photographic Art of the finest quality. Instruction in all the Processes. Catalogues sent on Application. BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chjemists, 153. Fleet Street, London. PHOTOGRAPHY. T* OTTE WILL'S NEW DARK 1 t CHAMBER, for holding a number of prepared Plates, enables the Operators to transfer prepared Plates or Paper into the plate-holder without injury from light, and after exposure in Camera, to remove them back again into the Dark Box. Supersedes the use of tent or other covering, and is applicable for any process. 24. CHARLOTTE TERRACE, CALEDONIAN ROAD, ISLINGTON. PHOTOGRAPHY, WHOLESALE, RE- TAIL, AND FOR EXPORTATION. OTTEWILL & CO., 24. CHAB- LOTTE TERRACE, ISUNGTON OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE- BODY FOLDING CAMERA, wi'h Rack- work Adjustment, is superior to every other form of Camera, and is adapted for Landscapes and Portraits. — May be had of A. ROSS, Featherstone Buildings, Holborn ; and at the Photographic Institution, Bond Street. »*• Catalogues may be had on application. CBVBB'S X.OCKS, WITH all the recent Improve- ments, strong Fire-proof Safes, Cash and Deed Boxes. Complete lists of sizes and prices may be had on api/lication. CHUBB & SON, 57. St. Paul's Churchyard London; 28. Lord Street, Liverpool ; 16. Mar- ket Street, Manchester ; and Horscley Fields, ■Wolverhampton. NOTES AND QUERIES. [Aug. 25. 1855. Contmuation of fo^^*^ iutiged. In the Next Year will be published THE JUDGES OP ENGLAliTD; WITH SKETCHES OF THETE LIVES, AND MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES CONNECTED WITH THE COURTS AT WESTMINSTER. By EDWARD FOSS, F.SA. Vol. V. -- The Tudors. Vol. VI. — The Stiiarts. *.^* Any communication relative to the Judges who flourished under those dynasties will be gratefully received by the Author, if addressed to him at Street-End House, near Canterbury. Opinions of the Press on the first Fotir Volumes published by Longman §• Co., comprehending the period from the Conquest to the end of the Line of York, 1483. " It supplies what was much wanted, — a regular and progressive ac- count of English institutions. The result is a correction of many errors, an addition of much new information, and a better general view of our strictly legal history than any other jurist, historian, or biographer had heretofore attempted to give." — Examiner, " The portion before us (Vols. m. and IT.) is in no respect inferior to that wliich was first published. It is now manifest that, quite apart Irom any biographical interest belonging to it, the worlc, in its com- plete state, will supply a regular and progressive account of English legal institutions, such as exists in no other equally accessible form in our language." — Examiner. " The two former volumes established Mr. Toss's reputation as an author. It would be difficult to point out any other work in which is contained so much valuable matter, combined with so much incident interesting to the legal antiquary." — Standard. " In the sense of research this work may be said to be original." — Spectator. " Too high praise cannot be awarded to Mr. Foss for careful and painstaking research. ... He has rejected the husk of archaeology, and presented the kernel. His conclusions are not merely sound, his logic is inventive." — .Spectator. " The Judges of England is an excellent book, and will, without doubt, be appreciated as well by the public at large as by the members of the legal profession." — Tait's Magazine. " These additional volumes deserve a hearty welcome from the read- ing world, ... to antiquary, lawyer, and historian, tliey will be found rife with interest and erudition." — Tait's Magazine. "Lord Campbell boasts of ' the Cancellarian mummies which he has dug up and exhibited to the public ; ' but Mr. Foss may boast of a higher claim to praise, in having given to the persons whom he has drawn from the shades of a long and all but hopeless obscurity, the truth of an historical interest, and the animation of a real existence." — Gen- tUman'a Magazine. " It is the distinction of Mr. Foss's book, that he builds everything upon authority, and quotes authority for everything. . . . He has written a book which has added more to our knowledge of legal history than any single work published since Madox's ' History of the Ex- chequer,' — a book which is essentially sound and trutlif ul, and must therefore take its stand in the permanent literature of our country." — Gentleman's Magazine. " Our description will be sufficient to show how valuable an addition Mr. Foss has made to our literary stores, and how vast a mass of useful and attractive information he has placed within the reach of the liis- torian, the antiquary, the legal student, and the constitutional lawyer." — John Bull. " A work which cannot be too highly estimated, whether for the im- portance of its object, or the great learning, extraordinary research, judgment, and impartiality which are bestowed on all parts of its com- position." — Legal Observer. " Mr. Foss deserves infinite credit for the industry and perseverance of his investigations, and for his judicious use of the materials at hand. ... All possible assistance is due to Mr. Foss in return for the patient research of which the volumes before us are the result. Their im- portance can hardly be overrsitedi." — Literary Gazette. " We believe that this is the only work of the kind."— iai« Maga-Ane. " Mr. Foss, as he proceeds with liis arduous researches, is picking up some bits of much antiquated interest. His book must not be judged as a history of all the judges, so much as in the light of fragments of the history of their times." —Law Magazine. " The work of Mr. Foss is the only one which is at all to be relied on," — Rambler. " The reputation which Mr. Foss acquired, as a diligent investigator of legal antiquities, and an impartial biographer of those who have won for themselves seats on the woolsack or the bench, by the publication of-] the first two volumes, will be more than confirmed by the .3rd and 4tll j Volumes which have just been issued." — Notes and Queries. Printed by Thowas Clark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefleld Street,in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 6. New Street Square, in the Pariah of St. Bride, in the City of London ; and published by Geobok Beli. of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan m the West, m the ' City of liondon. Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.— Saturday, August 25, I8r)5. NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION roR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. '* XXTtaen found, make a note of." — Captaik Cuttlk. No. 305.] Saturday, September 1. 1855. f Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, Qd. CONTENTS. Notes ! — Page The first ereat English Lexicographer Btagsered by " word " and gravelled by " sliould," or Dr. S. Johnson's mis- taking of Micbeth, Act V. Sc. 5., by Itev. W. R. Arrowsmith - - 157 Corresponding with the Enemy in time of War, by Henry H. Breen - - 158 Dancing and Dancing Tunes - - 159 On the Confusion of Ideas and of Terms in the Words " Parson," " Cleric," " Curate," Vicar," &e., in popular Phraseology, by C. H. Davis. 11. A. - 160 Anotlier Edition of " The Dunciad : " and were tliere two Keys to that Poem y by William J. Thorns - 161 Note on early Seals, by Gilbert J. French - . - - - 162 Churchwardens' Accounts of Saxijby, CO. Lincoln, by Edward Peacock - 162 Minor Notes : — Anonymous Works — Junius — Brass in Aughton Ciuirch, Ormskirk — Religious Opinions of Lord Byron —Herrick and Milton — Coincidences . - - . 163 Minor Qderies : — Greek Poet quoted by Wordsworth — Meaning of We- ther, &c. — Sepulchral Monument in Barytes _ Servetus — Scandinavian Antiijuity — Shelley's " Queen Mab " — Origin of Sands, &c. Families — Michael Gaspar _ Rev. John Ball's Poems _ Arbuthnot s " Works " _ Junius, Woodfall, and Wilkes— Copy- ing a Sermon Felony — Poem by Wordsworth — Delaune Family— Will o' the Wisp — " A fair field and no favour " — Turkey and Rome - - 165 JtfiNOR Queries with Answers : — Abdias of Babylon - Dr. Edward Ash and " The Speculator " — G. Felle, Dominiquairi — Domisellus and Eques Auratus — New Sect in White — Chronicle of the Kings of England- Elizabeth Lady Darcy — Mons. Adams . - - . . J67 Repiies : — Turtle, Whitebait, and Ministerial Whitebait Dinners - - - 168 The Double " Ff." or Capital " F " - 169 Captain Thomas Stukely - - - 170 " Ths Annual Register," by Arch- deacon Cotton - - - - 171 Photographic Correspondence : Novel Method of taking Stereoscopes — Production of the Natural Colours : M. Testud de Beauregard's Process- Deepening or intensifying Collodion Negatives - - - - 171 Kepmes to Minor Queries : — Health of Tobacco Manufacturers- Stamforth Family _ Cathedral Registers — '• Maud " — D'Israeli's Sonnet on the Duke of Wellington, &c. - - 172 Miscellaneous : — Books and Odd Volumes Wanted. Notices to Correspondents. Vol. XII.— No. 305. ANNOTATED EDITtON OF THE ENGLISH POETS. This Day, 2s. 6d., cloth, the Sixth Volume of CHAUCER. E-lited, with Notes, by ROBERT BELL. On the First of October, 2s. 6d., the Second Volume of BUTLER. London i JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand. In fcap. 8to., with 340 Engravings, price 7s. 6d., Parti, of A MANUAL OF MARINE I\ ZOOLOGY FOR THE BRITISH ISLES. By P. H. GOSSE, A.L.S. This work gives in plain English terras, the characters by which to determine the class, order, family, and genera of every animal known to inhabit the Britisli seas. Every genus is illustrated by a figure, drawn by the author, principally from nature, and is accompanied by a list of the re- cognised species. Every class is introduced by a r<^sum(5 of the most interesting points of its natural history, with notes of the localities frequented by the species, and directions for identifying them. JOHN VAN VOORST, 1. Paternoster Row. This Day is published, the Fifth Edition, con- taining much new information, and illus- trated by a Hundred Engravings, price is. (Free per Post.) THE BEEKEEPERS' MA- NUAL ; or. Practical Hints on the Ma- nagement and Complete Preservation of the Honey Bee ; with a description of tlie most approved Hives, and modes of constructing them, and other appurtenances of the Apiary. By HENRY TAYLOR. GROOMBRIDGE & SONS, Publishers, 5. Pa- ternoster Row, London i and by order of every Booliseller. Avery Curious and Rare Col- lection of Newspapers is offered for Sale, It contains a copy of upwards of 1200, published in Great Britain, some of very early date ; as well as 180D published in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. The whole are in good order, 2800 being bound in volumes. Communica- tions to be addressed to A. K., Post Office, Great Yarmouth. " Their groups and scenes are superior to anything yet produced. "_jlform'«fir Herald. " Unequalled for eliarpness, tone, and beauty." — Morning Advertiser. " The finest we ever saw." — Art-Journal. " One of the wonders of the age."— Britannia. STEREOSCOPES. — Immense Reduction in Price. — In Mahogany, 4s. 6d., Lenses warranted. PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS, lis. per dozen. Italian Scenes, Uuins, Old Castles, &c., by the First Artists. Orders for 1/. and upwards Carriage Free. STEREOSCOPE COMPANY, .313. Oxford Street, 20 doors west of Regent Street. City Agency, 29. Moorgate Street. JUST OUT Crystal Palace Fountains, and Mr. Albert Smith in Guy Faux. rri Now ready, IHE FERNS OF GREAT X BRITAIN: illustrated by JOHN E. SOWERBY. The Descriptions, Synonyms, &c., by CHARLES JOHNSON, ESQ. In One Volume, cloth boards, containing 49 Plates, full coloured, 27s. ; partly coloured, 14s. JOHN E. SOWERBY, 3. Mead Place, Lambetli. Second Edition, with large map, price 5s., cloth boards. PRIZE ESSAY ON PORTU- GAL. By JOSEPH JAMES FOR- RESTER, of Oporto, F.R.G.S. of London, Paris, Berlin, &c.. Author of " Original Sur- veys of the Port Wine Districts : " of the " River Douro from the Ocean to the Spanisli Frontier ; " and of the " Geology of the Bed and Banks of tiie Douro ; " also of a proiectfor tlie improvement of the navigation of that river, and of various other works on Portugal. JOHN WEALE, 59. High Holborn. PASSPORTS AND HAND- 1 BOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS. — ED- WARD S TANFORD obtains Foreign Office Passports, on receipt of sealed letters of appli- cation, mounts them in neat morocco or roan cases, and procures tlie necessary visas. A Circular Letter of Instruction and Cost may be had on application Gratis, or per Post for One Stamp. Handbooks, Maps, and Guides, for all parts of the world. London : EDWARD STANFORD, Map and • Bookseller, 6. Charing Cross. 010° MILNERS' HOLDFAST ^ ■''■ ^ and FIRE-RESISTING SAFES (non-conducting and vapourising), with all the Improvements, under their Quadruple Patents of 1840-51-54 and 1855, including their Gunpowder Proof Solid Lock and Door (with- out whicli no Safe is secure). THE STRONGEST, BEST, AND CHEAP- EST SAFEGUARDS EXTANT. MILNERS' PHCENIX (212^) SAFE WORKS, LIVERPOOL, the most Complete and Extensive in the World. Show Rooms, 6. and 8. Lord Street, Liverpool. London Depot, 47a. Moorgate Street, City. Circulars Free by Post. TRELOAR'S COCOA-NUT FIBRE MATTING. DOOR-MATS, MATTRESSES, and BRUSHES, gained the Prize-Medal at the Great Exhibition. At the Warehouse, 42. LUDGATE HILL, will be found an Assortment of COCOA-NUT FIBRE MANUFACTURES, unequalled for Variety and Excellence, at the most moderate Catalogues Free. MR. GEO. HAYES, Dentist, of 66. Conduit Street, Regent Street, has a vacancy for a PUPIL. He would be fully in- structed in Mechanical, as well as Operative Dentistry, and receive many unusual advan- tages. If desired, he may attend the Classes at either of the Colleges. NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 1. 1855. TOPOGRAPHER & GENEALOGIST, EDITED BY JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, F.S.A. The Xlllth Part of this Work is now published, price 3s. 6d., containing: Some Account of the Manor of Apuldrefield, in the Parish of Cudham, Kent, by G. Stein- man Steinman, Esq., F.S.A. Petition to Parliament from the Borough of "Wotton Basset, in the reign of Charles I., rela- tive to the right of the Burgesses to Free Com- mon of Pasture in Fasterne Great Park. Memoranda in Heraldry, from the MS. Poclcet-books of-Peter ZiB Neve, Norroy King of Arms. Was William of Wylceham of the Family of Swaleliffe ? By Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P.. F.S.A. Account of Sir Toby Canlfield rendered to the Irish Exchequer, relative to the Chattel Property of the Earl of Tyrone and other fujri- tives from Ulster in the year 1616, communi- cated by James F. Ferguson, Esq., of the Ex- chequer Record Office, Dublin. _ Indenture enumerating various Landfi in Cirencester, 4 Hen. VII. CUS'J). Two Volumes of this Work are now com- pleted, which are published in cloth boards, price Two Guineas, or in Twelve Parts, price Ss. 6. Honywood Evidences, compiled previously to 1620, edited by B. W. Greenfield, Esq. The Descendants of Mary Honywood at her death in 1620. Marriage Settlements of the Honywoods. Pedigrees of the families of Arden or Arderne, Arundell of Aynho, Babington, Barry, Bay- ley, Bowet, Browne, Burton of Coventry, Clarke, Gierke, Clinton, Close, Dabridge- court, Dakyns or Dakeynes, lyOyly, Drew, FitzAlan, Fitzherbert. Franceis, Freming- h&m. Gill, Hammond, Harlakenden, He- neage, Hirst, Honywood, Hodilow, Holnian, Horde, Hustler, Isley, Kirby, Kynnersley, Harche, Marston, Meynell, Norres, Peirse, Plmpe, Plomer, Polhill or Polley, Pyeheford, Pitchford, Pole or De la Pole, Preston, Vis- count Tarah, Thexton, Tregose. Turner of The Genealogies of more than ninety families of Stockton-upon-Tees, by Wm. D'Oyly Bayley, Esq.. F.S.A. Sepulchral Memorials of the English at Bruges and Caen. Many original Charters, several Wills, and Funeral Certificates. Survey, temp. Philip and Mary, of the Manors of Crosthcile, Landren, Landulph. Liglitdur- rant, Porpehan, and Tynton, in Cornwall ; Aylesbeare and Whytfurd, co. IDevon ; Ewerne Courtenay, co. Dorset ; Mudford and Hinton, West Coker, and Stoke Courcy, co. Somerset ; KoUeston, co. Stafford : aud Corton, co. Wilts. Survey of the Marshes of the Medway, temp. Henry VIII. A Description of Cleveland, addressed to Sir Thomas Chaloner, temp. James I. A Catalogue of the Monumental Brasses, an- cient Monuments, and Painted Glass existing In the Churches of Bedfordshire, with all Names and Dates. Catalogue of Sepulchral Monuments in Suf- folk, throughout the hundreds of Babergh, Blackbourn, Blything, Bosmere and Clay- don, Carlford, Colnies, Cosford, Hartismere, Hoxne, Town of Ipswich, Hundreds of 1-ack- ford and Loe». By the late D. E. Davy, Esq., ofUfford. Pnblished by J. B. NICITOI.S & SONS, 25. Parliament Street, Westminster ; where may be obtained, on application, a fuller abstract at the contents of these volumes, and also of the Collectanea Topographica et Oenealo- gica," now complete m Eight Volumes. ARCB2:OX.OCXC AX. VTORKS JOHN YONGE AKERMM, FELLOW AND SECRETABY OF THI SOCIETY or ANTIQUARIES OF LON- DON. AN ARCH^OLOGICAL INDEX to Remains of Antiquity of the Celtic, Romano-British, and Anglo-t»axon Periods. 1 vol. 8vo., price lbs. cloth, illustrated by nu- merous Engravings,, oomprising upwards of five himdred objects. 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Continental Money in the Middle Ages. 14. Various Representa- tives of Coinage. 15. Forgeries in Ancient and ModemTimes. 16.Tableof Prices of English Coins realised at Public Sales. TRADESMEN'S TOKENS, struck in London and its Vicinity, from the year 1648 to 1672 inclusive. Described from the Originals in the Collection of the British Mu- seum, SiC. I.'>s. REMAINS OF PAGAN SAXONDOM, principally flrom Tumuli in England. Publishing in 4to., in Numters, at 2s. 6d, With coloured Plates. A GLOSSARY OF PROVIN- CIAL WORDS and PHRASES in Use in Wiltshire. 12mo.,3s. THE NUMISMATIC CHRO- NICLE is published Quarterly. Price Za. 6d. each Number. JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 38. Soho Square, London. Just published, in medium quarto, price 31s. Sd. The First Half of Volume XXXVI. of A RCH^OLOGIA : or, MIS- CX CELLANEOUS TRACTS RELATING TO ANTIQUITY, published by the Society of Antiquaries of London. Contents : Mediseval Architecture in Aquitaine : in con- tinuation of previous Papers. By John Henry Parker, Esq., F.S.A. On a State Manuscript of the Reign of Henry VIII., the property of Sir W. C. Trevelyan, Bart. By J. PajneColUer.Esq., V. P. On the Title and Office of Cursitor- Baron of the Exchequer. By Edward Foss, Esq., F.S.A. Presents received and Expenses incurred at the Wedding of Richard Polsted, of Albury, Esq., and Elizabeth, eldest daughter of William More, of Loseley, Esq. By John Evans, Esq., r.S.A. Oh a Vase representing an Adventure of Per- seus. By S*muei Birch, Esq , F.S.A. Objects discovered during Excavations for Sewera^ in Salisbury. By J. Y. Akerman, Esq.,F.S.A., Secretary. Account of the Convent of English Nuns for- merly settled at I..ouvain, in South Brabaot. By Sir Henry Ellis, Director. Note on the Angon of Agathiae. By ,T. Y. Akerman, Esq., Secretary ; introductory of Drawings of Examples : and Remarks by Herr L. Lindenschralt, of Mayence. Remarks on the Angon of the Franks and the Pilum of Vegetius. By W. M. Wylle, Esq., B.A., F.S.A. On the supposed snbmergcd City of Vintta. By R. H. Major, Esq., F.S.A. A further Notice of Viueta. By K. R. H. Mac- kenzie, Esq., F.S.A. Account of a Manuscript, by Thomas Norton, M.P. for, and Remembrancer to, the City of London , relating to the ancient Duties of the Lord Mayor and Corporation. By J. Payne Collier, Es^. Further Particulars of Thoma» Norton, and of State Proceedings in Matters of Religion, in the Years 1581 and 1582. By W. D. Cooper, Esq., F.S.A. Excavations on the Site of Roman Buildings at Keston. By G. R. Corner, Esq., F.S.A. The Graves of the Alemannl at Oberflacht in Suabia. By W. M. Wylie, Esq., B.A., F.S.A. Account of the Unrolling of a Mummy at Florence. Translated from the Italian MS. of Professor Migliarini, by C. H. Cottrell, Esq., M^A. : with Notes and Observations. By 9. Birch, Esq., F.S.A. Antiquar!»n Researches in the Summer and Aulumn of 1854. By J. Y. Akerman, Esq., F.S.A., Secretary. Notes upon the Sculptures of a Temple disco- vered at Bath. By Gewge Schurf, Juu., Esq., F.S.A. Silver Kings and Coins discovered near Wor- cester. By J. Y. Akerman, Esq., F.S.A., Secretary. Discovery of a Tcsselated Pavement, Feb. 10, ia51, under the late Excise Office. By Wil- liam Tite, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A. Stall Plate of Sir William Parr, K.G., Marquia of Northampton. By Augustus W. Franks, Esq., F.S.A. IttcsTBATioNs:— 1. Window from the Church of Marcadell, at Bazas, with the Arch-Mould- ings. 2. Part of the Choir and Plan (A the Church at Uzeste, a.d. 1314. 3. Part of the Choir and Transept of S. Caprais, Agen. 4. Capitals from the Cloister at Moissac, A.D. 1100. 5. Moissac Abbaye Cloitre. 6. Vase representing an Adventure of Perseus. 7. Heads of Missile Weapons found at Salis- bury. 8. Angons. 9. Plan of Upper and Lower Warbank Fields ; and of others in Keston Court Farm, Kent ; sliowin}' the Site of Roman Foundations there. 10. Remains of Riiman Foundations at Keston. II, 13, 13, 14. Plates illustrative of the Interments of the Alemanni at Obeiflacht in Suabia. 15. Hie- roglypliic Inscriptions from Mummy un- rolled at Florence. 16. Objects found in a Tumulus at Stodmarsh in Kent. 17. Silver Rinss and Coins found near Worcester. 1 8. Plan of the Excise Office, showing the Site of the Roman Pavement discovered there in 1854. 19. Plan of the Pavement. 20. Plan of London and its vicinity to the south-east, &c. London : Sold at the Society's Apartments in Somerset House : and by JOHN HENRY PARKER, 377. Strand. Sept. 1. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 157 LONDON. SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1855. THE FIRST GREAT ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHER STAG- GERED BY " WORD " AND GRAVELLED BY *' SHOULD," OR DR. S. JOHNSOn's MISTAKING OF MACBETH, ACT V. SC. 5., BY BEV. W. B. ABBOW- SMITH. Macbeth, Act V. Sc. 5. : " Macb. I have almost forgot the taste of fears : The time has been, my senses would have cool'd To hear a night-shriek ; and my fell of hair Would at a dismal treatise rouse, and stir As life were in't : I have supt full with horrors ; Direness, familiar to my slaught'rous thoughts, Cannot once start me. — Wherefore was that cry? Sey. The queen, my lord, is dead. Macb. She should have dy'd hereafter ; There would have been a time for such a worcL— To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow» Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time ; And all our yesterdays have lighted fool* The way to dusty death." " Site should have di/'d hereafter ; There would have been a time for such a word." " This passage has very justly been suspected of being corrupt. It is not apparent for what wo)-d there would have been a time, and that there would or would not be a tiine for any word, seems not a consideration of import- ance sufficient to transport Macbeth into the following exclamation. I read, therefore, — ' She should have dy'd hereafter There ivould have been a time for — such aworldi To-morrow,' &c. It is a broken speech, in which only a part of the thought is expressed, and may be paraphrased thus : 77»e queen is dead. Macbeth. Her death sliould have been deferred to some more peaceful hour ; had she lived longer, there would at length have been a time for the honours due to her as a queen, and that respect which I owe her for her fidelity and love. Such is the world. Such is the condition of human life, that ive always think to -morrow will be happier than to-day, but to-morrow and to-morrow steals over us unen- joyed and unregarded, and we still linger in the same expect- ation to the moment appointed for our end. All these days, which have thus passed away, have sent multitudes of fools to the grave, who were engrossed by the same dream of future felicity, and, when life was departing from them, were, like me, reckoning on to-morrow. Such was once my conjec- ture, but I am now less confident. Macbeth might mean that there would have been a more convenient ti?ne for such a word, for such intelligence, and so fall into the following reflection : We say we send word when we give intelligence." — Johnson & Steevens' Shakspeare, in 10 vols., London, 1778, vol. iv, pp. 599. 600-1. The reader has here transcribed at full Dr. Johnson's paraphrase; and as I am not aware that its soundness has been questioned by succeeding annotators, I presume it is one generally ac- quiesced in. The whole comment is very in- No. 305.] structive ; it well" illustrates the temerity with which editors betake themselves to emendation, fain to drag down no less an author than Shak- speare to their own capacity, when they do not at once succeed in elevating that to him. In such cases the reasoning appears to be very summary. He does not understand his author ; what then ? doubt his own intellect, his own researches ? Never. Pronounce the passage corrupt ; correct it, and claim credit for acuteness and ingenuity. This may be a very pretty exercise, but in the meantime what becomes of Shakspeare ? what becomes of the English tongue ? No need, I trow, for him to study that who can new-mould and fashion it at will. I have oftentimes mused how the Garricks and Kembles could personate the dogged fatalist suddenly metamorphosed, ac- cording to the received interpretation of this most characteristic passage, into a maudlin sentiment- alist. Their elocution and aspect must surely have savoured more of a Matthews or a Liston, chopping from one character to another, than of their own great selves. As little can I divine how the reputed moralist Johnson could ever have persuaded himself that the homily of his paraphrase was in unison with Macbeth's ante- cedents, or with the immediate context ; that it was, I say, of a piece with the reflections issuing from the lips, and passing through the brain, of this remorseless butcher of the widow and the orphan, who now, hardened by guilt, and to all good feeling reprobate, at length brought to bay, bids sullen defiance to whatever can betide him. Mark, reader, the current of the story. To Mac- beth, contrasting his then callous indifference in the apprehension of real calamities with his former sensitiveness, when a night-shriek or tale of ima- ginary woe would have awakened groundless fears, Seyton announces the death of his wife : appa- rently absorbed in his own thoughts, and exhibit- ing no more consciousness of the other's presence than to make the subject of his report the cue for tha farther pursuit of his own meditations, the usurper continues his soliloquy, and with unal- tered mood sees in that event nothing but an in- evitable necessity. And so far is he from regarding one time as more convenient than another, that the whole tenor of his subsequent remarks evinces his convictions to be, that it makes no odds at what point in the dull round of days man's life may terminate. If she had not died now, reasons he, she should have died hereafter : there would have been a time when such tidings must have been brought, — such a tale told. The word was of course the word brought by Seyton of the queen's decease. " The queen, my lord, is dead." Here, as we have seen, the lexicographer made a trip, but recovered himself. He took a foul fall at should, and was incurably foundered. His blunder grew out of obliviousness or inadvertence 158 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 1. 1855. that should is used indifFerently to denote either what will be or what ought to be ; that the tyrant discourses of the certainty, not murmurs at the untimeliness of his partner's death. One of a mil- lion instances of should thus used from Shak- speare himself may suffice. In Merchant of Ve- nice, Act I. Sc. 2. : "Nerissa. If he should offer to chuse, and chuse the right casket, you should refuse to perform your father's •will, if you should refuse to accept him." N"ow-a-days, in sentences like this, the customary speech is would for the second should. Not indeed that the distinction which obtains now in the usage of the verbs would and should is without precedent in times anterior to Shakspeare's. Thus, in Rastell's edition of Sir Thomas More's Works, 1557, p. 164. h : " ' Nowe, Maister Mayo (quod the Kinge's grace) ye be a tall, stronge man on the one syde, and a connynge doc- tor on the other side, what would ye haue done if ye had bene not Joseph but in Josephes stede ? ' ' By my trouthe, Syr,' quod he, ' and it like your Grace I can not tell j'ou what I woulde haue done, but I can tell j'ou well what I shoulde haue done.' " On the other hand, just as we have seen should used of old where we now invariably write would, so convertibly our forefathers not uncommonly wrote ivotdd where we always use should. E.g., in The fower chief yst Offices belongyng to Horseman- shippe, by Thos. Blundevill, fol. 3. of "The Arte of Rydinge," we have, under "What Shape a good Horse ought to haue " (cap. iii.) : "A good horse, then, wmdd haue a black, smoth, drie, large, round, and hollow hooue His thighes full of sinews, the bones whereof would be shorte, equal!, juste, and well proportioned, and the brawnes therof, when he standeth with hj's legges together, must be much more distaunt one from another aboue towardes the breast then beneath." W. R. Areowsmith. Broad Heath, Worcester. CORRESPONDING WITH THE ENEMY IN TIME OF WAR. In Alison's History of Europe during the French Itevohdion, vol. xiv. p. 209., fifth edition, there is a passage which imputes to the Whig opposition, in 1811, the ofience of keeping up an extensive correspondence with Napoleon, and of furnishing him with details which might enable him to de- feat the exertions of the British army in the Peninsula. This imputation is of so grave a cha- racter on the one hand, and, on the other, seems to be supported by such equivocal testimony, that I have taken the liberty of submitting it, together with the grounds upon which it is made to rest, for the consideration of your readers. The re- marks of the historian are as follows : " The opposition were so inveterate against the Spanish No. 305.] war, that not only did they declaim against it in the most violent manner on all occasions, both in and out of par- liament, but, if we may believe the cotemporary autho- Tity of Berthier, actually corresponded, during the most critical period of the contest, with Napoleon himself, and furnished him with ample details on the situation of the English army, and the circumstances which would, in all likelihood, defeat its exertions." And in the next page he adds : " And when he (the French Emperor) beheld the party in Great Britain, who had all along denounced the war there as utterly hopeless and irrational on the part of the country — and some of whom, in their zeal against its con- tinuance, and to demonstrate its absurdity, had actually corresponded with himself — on the eve of getting posses- sion of the reins of power in London, he was naturally led to believe that no cause for disquiet existed in conse- quence of the future efforts of England and Spain." The evidence by which this charge is supported is a letter from Berthier to Marshal Massena, which Alison quotes in a foot-note, as follows : " L'intention bien formelle de I'Empereur est, au mois de Septembre (1811) aprfes la recolte, de combiner ua mouvement avec I'armee du Midi.'un corps de I'armee du centre, et votre arm&, pour culbuter les Anglais ; et jusqu'ji cette ^poque que vous deviez agir de manifere qu'aucun corps ennemi ne puisse tenir la campagne. Nous sommes parfaitement instruits par les Anglais, et beau- coup mieux que vous ne I'etes. L'empereur lit les Jour- naux de Londres, et chaque jour un grand nombre des lettres de Topposition, dont quelques-unes accusent Lord Wellington, et parlent en detail de vos operations. L'Angleterre tremble pour son armee d'Espagne, et Lord Wellington a toujours ^te en grande crainte de vos ope- rations."— Berthier, Major General, au Marechal Massena, Prince d'Essling, Paris, 29 Mars 1811. Behnas, Journaux des Sieges dans la Pininsule, vol. i. pp. 495, 496. To which the historian appends these comments : "The * extensive correspondence,' which is here stated to have gone on between Napoleon and the English op- position, took place in March 1811; that is, when Mas- sena lay at Santarem, and Wellington at Cartaxo, — the most critical period of the campaign and the war. Not- withstanding the high authority on which the existence of this correspondence is asserted, it is impossible to be- lieve that it took place with any of the leaders of the opposition; but it shows with what a spirit the party, generally speaking, must have been actuated on the sub- ject, when any, even the lowest of their number, could at such a moment resort to communication with the mortal enemy of their country." This imputation of "corresponding with the enemy," I hold to be unfounded, for the following reasons : 1st. Because it is hard to believe, even on the testimony of Berthier, that any English statesman, whatever may have been the complexion of his party or prejudices, could have been guilty of such baseness. 2ndly. Because Alison himself, who brings for- ward the charge, deems it incredible as regards the " leaders of the opposition," and confines it to the "lowest of their number." But he forgets that the lowest in the ranks of party are not those Seft. 1. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 159 who usually correspond with emperors ; and if, in the instance of Napoleon, any such had been foolhardy enough to attempt it, what credit could he have attached to revelations emanating from such obscure quarters ? 3rdly. Because it is altogether improbable that in any class of men a whole host of traitorous correspondents should have sprung up, so as to supply Napoleon with several letters every day (" un grand norabre de lettres chaque jour"), dis- regarding, at the same time, the danger of detec- tion, and the consequent prosecutions to which such frequent correspondence would necessarily have exposed them. 4thly. The gist of the charge lies in the words : " L'Empereur lit les journaux de Londres, et chaque jour un grand nombre des lettres de I'op- position;" and it is in these words that I find a probable explanation of the facts. The Emperor was in the habit of reading the London news- papers, that is to say, their leading articles on the war. In those newspapers he also found " let- ters" from various correspondents on that fertile topic ; and he made a point every day of perusing several of those which proceeded from the oppo- sition ; that is, the party, whether in or out of parliament, which was opposed to the ministry and the war. There were then, as now, " Own Correspondents" attached to the chief metro- politan journals ; and the statements forwarded by them from the Peninsula were as much a source of annoyance and displeasure to the Duke of Wellington and the war party at home, as those of our own time have been to Lord Raglan and the promoters of the Crimean campaign. 5thly. The letters that Napoleon read gave de- tailed accounts of Massena's operations (" parlent en detail de vos operations"). Now, which was more likely, I will not say to furnish, but to be able to furnish, such detailed information ? The fire-side letter-writers of the British metropolis, or the correspondents at the seat of war, who got the particulars on the -spot ? Such, I have no doubt, were the " letters of the_ opposition," which supplied Napoleon with topics for daily meditation on the ruinous condi- tion of the English army in the Peninsula. The Emperor of Russia, too, on a recent occasion, could boast of enjoying a similar treat ; and when, on some future day, the correspondence of Men- schikofF or Osten-Sacken is brought to light, we must not be surprised to find mention therein of the " letters of the opposition," and the delight with which they were|perused by the Czar. Heney H. Bbeen. St. Lucia. No. 305.] DANCING AND DANCING TUNES. A century and two or three years ago, the dancing master of a southern Scottish town wrote out manuscript instructions for his pupils, of whom my father was one ; and a copy is now before me which may suggest some musical and other minor matters relating to the amusements of our pro- genitors, curious enough for a notice in " N. & Q." It is entitled : " The Dancing Steps of a Hornpipe and Gigg. As also, Twelve of the fewest Country Dances, as they are per- formed at the Assemblys and Balls. All Sett by Mr. John M'gill for the Use of his School, 1752." I do not know that the dancing instructions for sixteen steps in the hornpipe, and fourteen in the gigg, would be very intelligible now-a-days ; see- ing that in the former, the second, third, and fourth steps are " slips and shuffle forwards," " spleet and floorish (Pflorish) backwards," " Hyland step forwards ; " and there are elsewhere directions to "heel and toe forwards," "single and double round step," " slaps across forward," " twist round backward," " cross strocks aside and sink for- ward," " short shifts," " back hops," and finally, " happ forward and backward " to conclude the gigg with eclat. The lists of the minuets and reels preserve some ancient names, but I cannot answer for Master M'gill's orthography. The first are : The Prince of Hess'es, Lady Fanny Askin's (? Erskine), Lady Rothe's or My Lord Cathcart, The Duke of York's, Miss Hay's, Sweetest when she's naked (fie), Miss Forestor's, The Old Assembly's, Fools, Hasees (? Asses), Captain Ross, Lady Grizel Montgo- merie's, Mager Askin, Mrs. Locereter (?), Miss Surchill's (? Churchill's), and General Blane's. The reels are : Toluch Gorum, Cameronions March, Doun youn Banks, MissFrazer's, MissMacdonald's, Queensberry House, Your welcome to tlie Twon again (can hardly, and yet must be the Jacobite air " Yire welcome to your ain again"), A Mile to Ride, The Corporal, Lochel's, Jock Hume's, Miss Murray's, Short Apron, Lady Rothesse's 'new, Miss Clark, and Mrs. Murray's. The twelve country dances are mostly figured to well-known tunes, which have descended to the present, such as : Up and war them a' Willy ; Because he was a Bonny Lad ; Old Age and Young ; My Wife's a Wanton wee Thing ; Rat- tling Roaring Willy, &c. ; but there are others which might provoke some inquiry, as, for in- stance, The Cadgers of the Cannogate ; Ephey M'Nab ; The Cornal or Backel ; The Lads of Dunse ; Jock of the Green, &c. Several of the tunes mentioned have become immortal in the songs of Burns. Others sleep in personals and localities ; but yet there may be some to interest your Scottish readers, and per- haps bring correspondence on the subiect of old 160 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 1. 1855. Scotch music, which may be both instructive and amusing. Though the fiddle no longer prevails in that country, it is to be hoped there is still a national feeling for its bygone strains ! W. J. ON THE CONFUSION OF IDEAS AND OF TERMS IN THE WORDS " PARSON," " CLERK," " CURATE," " VICAR," ETC., IN POPULAR PHRASEOLOGY, j It was remarked by the late Bishop Copleston, that " when once a word has slid from its first meaning, so as to cover other ideas besides that, it is very difficult to recall it." In no case, perhaps, may this remark be better illustrated than in the popular use of the terms parson, clerk, curate, and vicar. In popular phraseology we all understand parson as meaning a clergyman, a person in holy orders, who, by the way, is legally termed a derk. We also understand clerk as meaning the lay parish clerk, who makes the responses in church ; or the stipendiary assistant in a lawyer's or a mercantile office, or, in one word, a writer or scribe; indeed, we term an error made by a copyist " a clerical error." We farther understand a curate as meaning the clerical stipendiary assistant of an incumbent. So exclusively so, indeed, that even (as in places like Cheltenham) where there are many churches without any legal " cure of souls " formally at- tached to them, the incumbents are yet called " perpetual curates," and their stipendiary as- sistants, or clerical auxiliaries, are known as curates, nay, are licensed as such. We also understand a vicar to be an incumbent, differing from a rector in nothing except the name, and the manner in which certain tithes are paid in. But let us now turn to the original import of these names. The word parson (from the Latin persona, as impersonating the parish in suits at law) originally denoted the rector " in contradis- tinction to the vicar or curate who. was under him." (Mant's Prayer-Book, p. xvii.) And so we read in the Communion Service of the " parson, vicar, or curate," receiving the Easter dues. The word clerk originally denoted merely what we should now call an educated person, viz. in those days a person able to read, or read and write. Since few besides the clergy could formerly read or write, so the name — in Latin clericus — came to be almost exclusively applied to them ; and the result has been that the word clerk came to be, and still is, the technical legal designation of a clergyman. But as few lay people could read, so it became needful to appoint some one layman to lead the responses of the congregation in public worship ; hence the term clerk came to be applied No. 305.] 1 to the functionary known as the " parish clerk " as well. (See Archbishop Whately's Cautions for the Times, No. V. part ii. p. 88.) And in cathe- drals also, a body of " lay clerks," or " singing men," were also appointed. And thus in the Morning and Evening Service we find mention made of the " clerks," and in the Marriage Ser- vice, of the " clerk." And thus we can see how, by an easy transition, the term came by degrees to be applied to persons of sufficient education as to be qualified to act as secretaries in lawyers' and mercantile offices ; and at last to generally denote a stipendiary assistant. The word curate (from the Latin curator) pro- perly denotes one who has the charge or care of. In the Prayer- Book it is perpetually used to denote any minister who has the cure of souls, whether rector, vicar, or curate. I suppose it gradually came to be limited to the stipendiary assistant or deputy, in consequence of the fearful amount of non-residence on the part of incum- bents in years past, the curate being generally the only person really having the cure or charge of the parish. The term vicar (from the Latin vicarius) pro- perly means a deputy, such as a curate now is ; and probably denoted an office much the same as that of curate does now. By degrees, as the rec- torial tithes became impropriated, the officiating minister came to be regarded as an incumbent, imder the name o{ vicar, or rector's deputy. And now comes the question. Can nothing be done towards recalling these words to something like their original and proper sense ? I think something could be done, whenever any new biU may come before parliament respecting church legislation, such as the Marquis of Blandford's promised bill for next session. I would suggest the following changes : 1. Let the word clergyman be substituted for clerk in all legal documents wherein a clergyman is described ; the last census papers required this to be done in the returns, a plain practical proof that the term clerk is no longer fit to describe the clergy. Old Mr. J. Stanley Faber used to print " cleric " instead of " clerk," when he meant a clergyman. 2. Let the term rector (a Latin word implying a guide or ruler) be applied to the incumbents of all the old mother churches, such as St. Pancras, St. Marylebone, Cheltenham, &c., so as to define, ipso facto, the old parish church, where the re- gisters of baptisms, marriages, and burials, for some hundreds of years past, are to be found. 3. Let the incumbents of all the parochial dis- tricts formed under modern acts of parliament out of the old civil parishes, the patronage of which may be vested in the rector of the mother church, be termed vicars, since they are literally the rectors' deputies and nominees. Everybody Sept. 1. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 161 would then know who was the patron of a " vicarage." 4. Let the incumbents of all similarly formed parochial districts, the patronage of which may be vested in any other hands than the rector's — such as the crown, the bishops, trustees, &c, — be termed curates, as having the charge of the said parishes. 5. Let the stipendiary assistants of any church or chapel be termed clerks in orders, instead of curates ; the term " clerk in orders " being now used in some churches to denote a clergyman, who can be required to act as a curate. And let the parish clerks be termed lay clerks, the name at present given to the singing clerks of cathe- drals. 6. Let the minister of any proprietary chapel without cure of souls be termed a chaplain ; or if a permanent incumbent of such a chapel, duly consecrated, then a perpetual chaplain. These names would surely carry their meaning with them, and be both appropriate and intelli- gible to the most ordinary capacity. I would add one word as to the archdeacon being a clergyman in priest's orders. The arch- deacon is in fact the bishop's deacon, the bishop's assistant in the government of his diocese. He bears the same kind of relation to a bishop, that a deacon bears to a priest. And as he rules over certain presbyters, so the term " archdeacon " well describes his office. The word dean (from decanus) originally im- plied the chief of ten {Mant, p. xviii.J. Should our cathedral establishments be fixed at four canons, four minor canons, and a head and second master, the name and office would then* corre- spond. And if the honorary canonries were an- nexed to certain benefices, they would then some- what resemble the almost obsolete prebends. C. H, Davis, M.A., Oxon. ANOTHER EDITION OF " THE DUNCIAD :" AND WEBB THERE TWO KEYS TO THAT POEM ? I am enabled by the kindness of a friend to bring under the notice of the readers of " N. & Q." an early edition of The Dunciad, which, as it diifers in some slight particulars from any of those already recorded, I will shortly describe. I will call it, for the sake of future reference, edition (DD.) (DD.) THE DUNCIAD. AN HEROIC POEM. XN THREE BOOKS. THE THIRD EDITION, (Here a woodcut ornament, different from that in the first and also from that in the second edition.) DUBLIN Printed ; London Reprinted for a. dodd, 1728. 12mo. The copy which I am describing is imperfect. No. 305.] It has no frontispiece ; but as a leaf has obviously been torn out from before the title, I have no doubt that it had one, viz., the usual owl frontis- piece. The Preface commences on p. iii., and ends on p. viii. Then a bastard title. Book the first commences on p. 1. The wood- cut scroll, at the top, being the same as that at the commencement of book ii. of edition A. This book ends on p. 14. Book the second commences on p. 15. ; the scroll at the top being the same as that at com- mencement of book the third of edition A. Book the third commences on p. 36. ; and the present copy reaches no farther than p. 48., which ends with 1. 232. : " Their annual trophies, and their monthly wars." At p. 46. is a note which is neither in edition A. nor edition D.; although the line 185. is printed in both with an asterisk, to show that a note ought to be there : " He look'd and saw a sable * seer arise." The missing note, which is however supplied in this third edition, is as follows : " Dr. Faustus, the subject of a sett of Farces, which, with Fluto and Proserpine, &c., lasted in vogue two or three seasons at both Playhouses, in the years 1726, 1727, and 1728. All the extravagancies in the sixteen lines following were actually introduced on the Stage, and frequented by the first Quality of England, to the twentieth and thirtieth time, 'till they were all swallow'd up in the Beggar's Opera." This copy is bound up in a miscellaneous volume containing other cotemporary productions. On the back of one of these, a tract to which I pro- pose to refer in a future communication, we have an allusion to what I believe has been already suspected by those who have paid attention to the subject : namely, the fact that two Keys to The Dunciad were given to the world — one friendly, and another altogether the reverse. The following is at all events sufficiently curious to justify reprinting, more especially as I think the subject has never been thoroughly examined. This I say, however, subject to correction, as I am writing without means of reference to my books. " Covent Garden, June 8, 1728. " Yesterday a Gentleman sent a Servanf with the fol- lowing Direction, viz. Go to Mr. Lewis the Bookseller for Mr. Curll's Key to the Dunciad. If he has it not, go to Mr. Curll's own shop. " Lewis on the back of the Gentleman's Paper writes this answer : " ' Sir, Mi/ Boy has got a Key in Manuscript, he is gon into the City ; when he comes home I'll send it. " ' That printed for Curll is worth nothing.' " The Gentleman sent Lewis's Note to Mr. Curll, and adds : * Fray your Answer to Mr. Lewis's Imper- tinence.' 162 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 1. 1855. " Mr. CuRLL replies : " * Sir, No other Answer can be given to Lewis's Impertinence, than imputing it to that Ignorance and Impudence for •which he is so conspicuously remarkable. " ' Your Humble Servant, E. C "To -which Lewis returned another of his elegant Billets : « Sir, The Porter of the Bedford Head told me that he came from Mr. Bampstead for a Key to the Dunciad. I told him that my young Man had got one in Manuscript, ■which should be sent as soon as he returned out of the City ; but how I come to be abused by C 1, 1 do not know; every body knows his Character. " ' Your Humble Servant, W. L.' "This second Note the Gentleman likewise sent to Mr. CuRLL, with the following Letter : " • To Mr. CuRLL, " ' Sir, The great Concern that Mr. Lewis labours under for the ill Language given you under his own Hand, cannot be better expressed than by his own Note, which I herewith send You, being one that wishes You perfectly well. ' J. D-' " Now it so happens that Mr. Curll's Key to the Dunciad faithfully unlocks all the wards of that impu- dent Lihel, and Lewis's Boy's Key is in favour of the Libeller. " * To Mr. William, Lewis at the Shed under Tom's Coffee House : ' 'Tis well for C 1 his character is known ; Thou 'rt but a Mute even at Dulness' throne. Thy Style and faulty Spelling is thy Own.' " In conclusion I would add, that I bave been for some time endeavouring to purchase copies of The Key to the Dunciad. I have failed, however, in doing so. I must therefore leave to the fortu- nate possessors of either Curll's or Lewis' Key (if the latter was ever printed) the following out of the question which is clearly raised by the advertisement I have just quoted. W. J. Thoms. NOTE ON EARLY SEALS. It would be a mere waste of space to occupy any portion of the columns of " N. & Q." with remarks on the value of early seals to all persons engaged in archseological studies. Many thousand seals of great Interest and value have been engraved; but they are so scattered through numerous publications as to be of little practical use to the antiquary, from the difficulty of a ready reference, even when the volumes con- taining them occupy places on his own booic- shelves. Permit me, through your pages, to suggest the republication of all existing woodcuts and en- gravings of ancient seals that can be readily pro- cured. I do not ask any particular editorial care, or indeed anything beyond a mere reprint of the seals, with a brief note to each, stating the date of the document to which the original is appended. No particular arrangement is requisite, nor need No. 305.] there be any provision for an index ; as it is part of my plan that each subscriber, or purchaser, should separate the seals, and re-arrange them as most convenient to himself by inserting them in a blank paper book. I cannot doubt that the numerous societies in- terested in archfeology, publishing their transac- tions, and also many private publishers of works . containing such Illustrations, would willingly per- mit the use of their plates and woodcuts (or casts from them) for a purpose so largely and obviously useful. There are, of course, many small difficulties to be overcome ; but I apprehend these would speedily melt away in the hands of an energetic publisher, possessing the confidence of the learned societies. Such a work must of necessity be in- complete ; but every monthly instalment, sup- posing it to be published In numbers, would be a boon of such value to the working archaeologist, that I cannot for a moment doubt Its ultimate success. GiLBEKT J. Fkench. CHDECHWARDENS ACCOUNTS OF SAXILBT, CO. LINCOLN. The following extracts have been taken from the churchwardens' account-book of the parish of Saxilby in the county of Lincoln. They give an interesting picture of the furniture and adorn- ments of a small village church at the period of the spoliation, and of the subsequent restoration of the Catholic ritual in the reign of Queen Mary. Edwaed Peacock. Bottesford Moors, Kirton-in-Lindsey. " EMANUELL. Thys is the accompte of me, Thomas Poole, churche maister of the p'ysshe of Saxulbie, of all my receytes ITor too years affore the dat hereof, made aSbre the p'ysshoners thex'^daieof Januarij,A<' Do. 1551, AnnoquitoS^Sexti, I'ra D'nicals C. In p'mis for churche metell - - - xiijs. Item, for one old tabernacle - - - vjrf. Item, for Jesus chapell . - - vijs. iiijrf. Item, for old coope - - - - xvjcZ. Money laied ffurthe by me, Thomas Poole, for ij years : Item, in expens' to the visitac'on at Scampton vc?. Item, in expens' to y« visitac'on at Scampton, ij tymes ----- xvd. Item, at Netlam, at bysshopse visitac'on, for making of bill - - - - iiijomiceUam et familiarem nostrum duximus admitten- dum ;" i.e., " We have thought proper to take you as our personal attendant and familiar." (Du Cange's Supple- tsteitt.) Eques Aurat-m is a knight bachelor, called aura- tus. or gilt, because anciently none but knights might gild or beautify their armour with gold. In law this term is seldom used ; but instead of it miles, and sometimes cAe- vaHer.'} New Sect in White. — To whom ditl Henry IV. refer in his opening speech to the Parliament, when he made the following announcement ? " And whereas the King hath certainly understood that a new sect hath risen up, clothed in white vesture, and assuming to themselves great sanctity, and whereas the people of this realm may lightly consent and be per- verted bj' its novelty, their alms be diverted, and the king- dom itself be subverted, should the new professors enter the realm : therefore, by the advice of the Lords spiritual and temporal, the King hath ordained by proclamation that every county and seaport shall be shut against them ; and any one harbouring or maintaining them shall forfeit all that he is able to forfeit." — Bolls. J.W. [Mosheim has given some account of this sect in his Ectles. Hist., book iii. pt. ii. ch. b. : " In Italy a new sect, that of the White-clad Brethren, or the Whites (fratres albati, seu Candida), produced no little excitement among the people. Near the beginning of the fifteenth century a certain unknown priest descended from the Alps, clad in a white garment, with an immense number of people of both sexes in his train, all clothed like their leader, in white linen, whence their name of the White Brethren. This multitude marched through various pro- vinces, following a cross borne by the leader of the sect, and, by a great show of piety, so captivated the people that numberless persons of every kind joined its ranks. Boniface X., fearing some plot, ordered the leader of this host to be apprehended and committed to the flames. After his death the multitude gradually dispersed."] Chronicle of the Kings of England. — Can you inform me who was the author of a very small work entitled The Chronicle ? It is a brief his- tory of the sovereigns of England, in imitation of the " Book of Chronicles." The preface com- mences thus : " Nathan Ben Saddi, a servant of God, of the House of Israel, to all and every of his readers, whether Jew or Gentile, greeting." I saw the work, and made a copy of it, many years ago, but the title-page was wanting. Clertcus (D). [This work is by Robert Dodsley, the celebrated pub- lisher. The title reads : TTie Chronicle of the Kings of England, written in the manner of the ancient Jewish historians, by Nathan Ben Saddi, a priest of the Jews, 8vo., 1740.] Elizabeth Lady Darcy. — From which of the two wives of Henry Clifford, first Earl of Cum- berland, descended Elizabeth, who was married No. 305.] to Sir Thomas Darcy, father of the first Lord Darcy and Conyers ? E. L. D. [Elizabeth, wife of Sir Thomas Darcy, was descended from Margaret Percy, the second wife of the first Earl of Cumberland. Elizabeth was the second daughter of John Lord Conyers of Hornby, who married Matilda, the second daugh-ter of Henr}', first Earl of Cumberland. See the pedigree in Whi taker's Hist, of Yorkshire, vol. ii. p. 42.] Mons. Adams. — Where can I find any notice of Mons. Adams, S.R.E. S., Ancien Professeur d'Human, a S. Omer ? He wrote an extraordi- nary book called Euphonologia Linguae Anglicanee, in Latin and French, London, 1794. My copy of this book has inscribed upon its title-page, — " Honorabili viro, facundo et diserto Angl. Lingua Oratori Edm^ Burke." B. H. C. ■ [James Adams, an English Jesuit, born 1737, com- menced his noviciate at Watton, Sept. 7, 1756 ; after- wards taught the belles-lettres at St. Omer. Having exercised his functions as a missionary for many j^ears, he retired to Dublin, August 1802, and died there in December of the same year. See Rose's Biographical Dictionary for a list of his works.] ^t^liti* TURTLE, WHITEBAIT, AN© MrNISTERIAt WHITE- BAIT BINWEBS. (Vol. xii., p. 144) I think I can answer two at least of Apicius's Queries, proximitively, if not completely. 1. As to the date of the introduction of turtle. It appears by a paper in The World, No. 123., May 8, 1755^ that this luxury, long known in the West Indies, had for some time past become fre- quent, though not yet common, in England. In Lyttelton's Dialogue of the Dead, between Apieius and Darteneuf, the latter is made to lament that turtle was not known in his lifetime. Now, Darteneuf died in 1738, and we may therefore conclude that turtle was introduced to our tables between 1740 and 1750. I have little doubt that if I had books at hand I could find a still nearer date. 2. As to the nature of the little fish called whitebait, I must refer Apicius to the books on ichthyology, none of which I have within reach. I only know that I used to think they were only small smelts ; but the people at Blackwall and Greenwich, and I think some books, say that they are of a class by themselves. The meaning of the term is obvious, that these small white fish were used as a bait for larger ones. The rest of this query will be answered under the next head. 3. The date and object of the ministerial white- bait dinners I can explain with some degree of certainty. In an early part of the last century a Sept. 1. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. led very high tide in the Thames broke down a portion of the sea-wall that protected the marshes of Essex near the village of Dagenham ; a vast quantity of valuable land was thereby flooded and lost, and various costly and fruitless attempts were, for a succession of years, made to stop the breach. At last, about 1721, an engineer called Captain Perry succeeded in accomplishing the repair of the wall ; a feat that then made as much noise as the Thames Tunnel of our day. An ac- count of this work was published, which became rare ; and I remember in my early days seeing a large price bid at auctions for Captain Perrys Account of the Stopping Dagenhanf Breach. Cap- tain Perry, let me observe en passant, had shown so early an aptitude for this sort of engineering, that he was, about 1700, invited over to Russia by the Czar Peter, and employed by him in the embankment of some of his great rivers ; and especially, I believe, in the formation of the quays, docks, and arsenals of St. Petersburg, as well as on the Don and Volga. It was on his return from Russia that he undertook the work at Da- genham. This work was of such importance that, I believe, an act of parliament was passed, constituting a body of commissioners for its superintendence. 13ut, however constituted, such a body existed, and they were in the habit of holding . a board on the spot at least once a year. As these commissioners were gen- tlemen of the City, and as nothing is done in England, and especially in City circles, without a dinner, — Sir William Scott used to say "a dinner lubricates business" — they discovered that the in- land water, which could not be wholly drained, produced excellent fresh- water fish, and accord- ingly their visitations came in time to be con- cluded with a dinner of the fish fresh caught and sei-ved up in the board room, which was placed in a building erected for the accommodation of the superintendents close to the flood gates, and usually known on the river as the Breach House. I need not remind our readers how popular Mr. Pitt was with the leading men of the City ; but I cannot specify in what year it was that he was first invited by the friendly commissioners to partake of their annual _/?sA dinner, which luckily occurred about the time when the labours of the session were over. The dinner was successful, and came to be annually repeated. Several of Mr. Pitt's political colleagues and some private friends were invited to accompany him. The commissioners, several of whom, like Sir Robert Preston, Sir William Curtis, Sir Robert Wigram, Captain Cotton, &c., had villas in Essex, used to con- tribute wines from their cellars, and fruit from their gardens to the dessert, and by and bye turtle and venison were added to the original service of fish. It soon became a kind of ministerial festival, whither a dozen or a dozen and a half of the No. 305.] officials of Downing Street and Whitehall used to be conveyed in the royal and Admiralty barges for what was very like a schoolboy's holiday. But the City gentlemen were still the patrons and entertainers. I have a kind of recollection that the back of the president's chair was a huge turtle shell. Of those who dined there with Mr. Pitt, I believe there is no one now living but Lord Lonsdale, who, I though then a schoolboy, was once by special favour ! allowed to accompany his father. Mr. Pitt's death j did not interrupt these festive meetings. Sir i Robert Preston and the City Commissioners still j survived ; and Dagenham Breach had still its annual morning of inspection, and its afternoon of I turtle, toryism, and gaiety. I forget when, and am not sure why, the scene was changed from the B7-each House. I believe it was pulled down, or applied to other purposes ; and I suspect the only persons now living who dined there are Lords Bathurst, Palmerston, and Ripon, Mr. Goulburn and Mr. Croker ; but there may be others who do not occur to me at this moment. Whatever was the cause, the dinner was transferred to one of the taverns at Greenwich ; but as it was no longer an invitation from the commissioners, each attender paying his scot, the circle became much wider, and used to include thirty or forty of the most pro- minent official parliamentary personages. When the Whigs came into power they adopted this one at least of the measures of their predecessors; who on their parts have not, it seems, abandoned the old Tory precedent (I say nothing of princi- ples) to continue, though in opposition, this tra» dition of their days of office. Such, I believe, is the history oiihe fish dinner which Apicius inquires after. I will only add that, when I knew anything of them, nothing could be gayer or more agreeable than these annual sym- posia, nor in general In better taste, though they certainly had in them something of the Saturnalia — soltUorum ambitione misera gravique. " Hatsell " and " Hansard " were inexorably proscribed. There was, I think, an occasional penalty on any allusion to 'parliamentary topics, and I am sure that nothing was so entirely acceptable even to the gravest statesman of the party as any kind of joyous 'nonsense that should drown the thoughts of the lites molestas of the session. C. THE DOUBLE " TF," OR CAPITAL " P." (Vol. xli., p. 126.) It has always been my opinion (formed from a loniT and extensive acquaintance with manu- scripts) that the recent practice of spelling proper names with two^s Instead of a capital letter, has risen partly from a love of singularity, but chiefly from an aflected accuracy in following old 170 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 1. 1855. family documents supposed to be so written. From the same cause we find many editors of ancient English poetry giving us such forms as Ffor, Ffrom, &c., all of which, I contend, are erroneous ; for the supposed double letter is only, in reality, a single capital F, formed of two strokes (as was usual), and which identical F is used in engrossing deeds in every solicitor's office. Any person who will take the trouble to examine mi- nutely the use of this pretended double f, as compared with other capital letters, will perceive the fallacy ; and this may be rendered clearer by consulting a manuscript in which English, French, and Latin poems or prose tracts are written by the same pen. Although the English capital F may be (and has often been) erroneously copied as Ff by an editor, he would hardly venture to regard the same F as a double letter in the French and Latin portions of the same manuscript. In conclusion it may be remarked, that in Old English, as in German, there was a great tendency to em- ploy capital letters where we now use small letters, as in the case of nouns, adverbs (com- pounded of a noun and preposition), &c. In many instances, also, an ignorant scribe employed a capital unnecessarily, and which in copying need not be imitated. fj-fi. These surnames and some others are now-a-days often written and printed as if the initial letter were originally a double f : whereas the modern character is but a corrupted form of the single Old English capital letter ff, as in the word ffoUow, &c. Perhaps the capital letter is in its origin simply a duplication, for the sake of distinction, of the small letter f. There may be a little af- fectation in writing double f instead of single F. I have seen the name " Foster " written in the following way — " Ffoster." This is a step farther in affectation. I may as well follow the fashion ; so, instead of W., I will on this occasion adopt uu. OR vv. reform their spelling when their neighbours did.^ One perhaps despised new fashions, another might choose to spell his name as his fforeffathers did.. A third might obtain property bequeathed to him by such a name and might not think it wise to alter it. A fourth might wish to keep himself distinct from another family of like name who had adopted modern spelling. Whatever was the reason, no man can be blamed for spelling his name as his family always have done, though of course when modern spelling has once been adopted by a family, to return to the old would be affectation. One of the Ffraternity. In the old law hands, the capital F was always represented by two small f 's ; and this custom prevailed amongst engrossing clerks and writers in attorneys' offices to within the last forty years, and in some instances even later. Hence those unacquainted with law hands, seeing their names spelt in a deed (perhaps not fifty years old) with what they supposed to be a double f, have, under the idea that this double f was something unusual, and that their name was thereby raised above the common herd of other names beginning with F, assumed the two small letters, instead of the capital F, by way of initial, and thus arose this harmless absurdity. How ridiculous it would seem to spell " ffrance " with two small f 's ; and yet there is exactly the same authority for this mode of spelling the name of that empire, as there is for "ffarrington" and " ffoUiott." M. D. W. The duplicated/ at the commencement of these names has its origin in the form of the capital F in MSS. of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, j ff, which is usually retained in the Old English ! type, and may readily be mistaken for the double ' /. It bears no analogy to the LI of the Spanish, nor to that of the Polish, nor, to come nearer home, of the Welsh. Arteeus. jj. cc. rr.'s question would have been more in- teresting and more difficult to answer had he inquired why our ancestors habitually used two small f's as a capital, and never two j's, or c's, or r's, or other letters as such. Down even to the Stuart times, not only proper names, but ffishe, filesh, ffowle, ffriends, and ffoes, &c. were treated in the same manner. Some families retain the ff on the same " principle " as leads certain Brownes and Greenes to retain the final e, as induces the Myddletons, and Lytteltons, to rejoice in a y and a transposed el; and leads certain Woodds and Scotts to indulge in a d or a t too many, and certain Mathewsons and Jacsons in a t or a k too few. It would be useless now to inquire why the then representatives of these families did not No. 305.] CAPTAIN THOMAS STUKELY. (Vol. Xii., p. 127.) Thomas Stukely is quite a different person from Sir Lewis Stucley, described as the " Sir Judas" who lured Raleigh to ruin. I should doubt their being brothers, as the Editor of "N.&Q." suggests*; inasmuch as Thomas Stukely, [* Our authority for the statement is Wood, who in his AtheMtc, vol. ii. coi 206. (Bliss), says, "Of the same family of this Lewis Stucley was Thos. Stucley, a younger bro- ther living near Ilfercombe in Devonshire, who afterwards went with Sebastian, King of Portugal, and two Morish kings into Africa, where, in the battle of Alcazar, he lost his life about 1578." — Ed.] Sept. 1. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 171 having run a course, perishetl in the year 1578-9 on the coast of Barbary ; whereas the other is reported l)y Camden to have survived to 1620, and then died mad. Thomas Stukely was an English adventurer, embarked in the celebrated expedition of " James Giraldyn, of Desmond," under the auspices of the Pope and Spanish King, for the invasion of Ire- land. This however was after he had failed in a "Florida bubble," or fanciful expedition to erect a principality in the New World, whence he told Queen Elizabeth that he would " write to her in the style of princes," as his "Dear Sister." Gotten as far as Lisbon on his expedition to- wards Ireland, he was induced to join Sebastian in the invasion of Barbary, on a promise that when he had subdued the Moors, he would ac- company him in his Irish crusade. They both perished at Al-caser in 1578; and the expedi- tion, memorable in Irish annals, proceeded without Stukely, and landed at Scoreswick Harbour, in Kerry, in 1579. The Pope, in the exercise of his right (?) to create titles and dignities, created Stukely Earl of Wexford and Marquis of Leinster before starting. O'Sullivan, an Irish historian (not the most veracious in the world, however,) suggests that Stukely was a bastard son of Henry VIII. The passage in which he mentions him runs thus : " Komae tunc temporis erat .... Thomas Stuclius qui ab aliis Henrici VIIL, Regis Anglise, filius gnothus ab aliis equite Anglo patre, et Ibema matre genitus, ab aliis omnino Iberiius perhibetur." Old Fuller, however, is probably more correct when he writes him down — " A younger brother of an ancient, wealthy, and wor- shipful family nigh Ilfracombe, in Devon ; being one of good parts, but valued the less by others because over- prized by himself." A. B. R. Belmont. " THte ANNUAL BEGISTEH." (Vol. xii., pp. 62. 93.) ^ L., who inquires about the authors of the historical parts of that periodical, may be glad to be informed that the "gentleman named King" was Dr. Walker King, afterwards Bishop of Rochester. I know that the historical portion of two or three years, perhaps more, was written by Dr. Richard Laurence, then vicar of Coleshill, Berks, afterwards Archbishop of Cashel ; brother of Dr. French Laurence, the eminent civilian and intimate friend of Burke. Dr. French Laurence had engaged to carry on the work, when Mr. King gave it up : but the unceasing pressure of his professional business soon compelled him to desist from the task, which was then undertaken by his No. 305.] brother. I think that Dr. Richard Laurence wrote for the years 1791, 1792, and 1793 ; but, at all events, it was between 1790 and the death of Edmund Burke in 1797. Perhaps I ought to have inserted these papers (with some others) in the list of the Archbishop's writings given in my Fasti Ecclesim Hibernice; but the truth is, that I did not then, nor do I now, know exactly the amount of his contributions to the Annual Register, and other periodical publi- cations. Henby Cotton. Thurles, Ireland. PHOTOGBAPHIC COBBESPONDENCB. Novel Method of taking Stereoscopes. — In making some recent experiments I have hit upon quite a novel method of taking stereoscopic pictures, which (with the alterations to be afterwards suggested by those experienced in optics) will, I think, prove of great interest to photographers. Hitherto, I believe, all stereoscopic views have been in pairs, taken at different angles, and afterwards viewed through lenses, or by means of the reflecting instrument of Prof. Wheatstone. With the method now about to be described I think that, after some improvements have been made in the instrument, we shall be enabled to ob- tain at once, with the camera, single pictures which wiU possess all the magic effects of double vision. The expe- riment being hitherto merely a rough one, and per- formed with an ordinary camera and lens, must neces- sarily be imperfect in its works ; still I have every belief that when a lens is made specially for the purpose, the suggestions can be carried out with perfect success. The method is exceedingly simple, and the experiment may easily be performed with an ordinary camera and lens. My lens (an ordinary three-inch landscape one by Ross) has as usual two or more diaphragms in the tube. These diaphragms I removed entirely, and substituted in their place a temporary one of thin wood, having two small apertures, one at each side and about two inches and a half apart. On screwing the tube to the camera the picture represented on the screen will be confused and indistinct, owing to the various objects composing the view being double in all their parts. On sliding the tube backwards and forwards the double lines approach or re- cede from one another as the case may be; when the focus is obtained, however, the said pictures coincide, and the view is stereoscopic to a wonderful extent. With a lens constructed for ordinary purposes the effect is not so satisfactory as might be desired ; but, as before stated, I have little'doubt but that a properly- constructed one will soon be made for the purpose. I should imagine the effect would be much heightened if two lenses of the same focal length were placed at such a distance apart, so as to produce to some extent an exaggeration similar to that which is found necessary m taking ordinary views for the stereoscope, but so arranged that the two pictures should coincide on the screen. These hints are thrown out with the wish that they may attract the attention of some practical optician who will give the matter a fair trial ; and with this view I beg you will give them an early insertion in your journal. Geokge Norman. Hull. Production of the Natural Colours : M. Testud de Beau- rigard's Process. — At the meeting of the Societe Fran- 9aise de Photographie on the 26th of July, M. Durieu 172 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 1. 1855. again brought forward this interesting subject. He stated, that farther experiments had modified M. de Beauregard's theories. He had at first thought that it was the intensity of the negative which caused the different colours in the positive, by the more or less strong action of the light ; he has since ascertained that the light acts upon the negative itself in such a way, that the different coloured rays produce on it, colours analogous to those which appear in the positives. M. Durieu exhibited both positives and negatives, in which the natural colours were shown. The president, M. Regnault, remarked, that according to this theory the negative ought to show colours com- phmentary to the natural colours of the object, so that the positive, taking the complementary colour of the negative, will produce the actual colour of the object. He con- sidered that, for the purpose of properly investigating the subject, photographs should be taken of the rays of light passing through coloured glass or gelatine, and of the solar spectrum ; natural objects, such as flowers, for example, giving a light too complex in its character. M. Durieu stated that M. de Beaure'gard considered the peculiar nature of the collodion he employs exercises an influence upon the coloration. His process is as follows : As soon as the cotton has been attacked by the nitric acid, it is plunged into hydrochloric acid in the proportion of 85 grammes of cotton to 125 grammes of acid, and there left, taking care to stir it from time to time, until nitrous acid is evolved. It is then plunged at once into a vessel (not of metal) filled with pure water and washed, and then treated for two hours in a drying apparatus. As soon as the cotton is dry it is dissolved" in 760 grammes of ether of 62 degrees ) in ' 240 grammes of alcohol of 40 degrees j summer. 840 grammes of ether of 62 degrees ) in 160 grammes of alcohol of 40 degrees j winter. The collodion thus prepared is submitted to a current of chlorine gas until it has acquired a bluish colour. The following are the proportions for iodizing : To collodion prepared as above 1000 grammes. To iodide of ammonium - - 8 grammes. To iodide of zinc - - - 4 grammes. To bromide of ammonium - 1 gramme. When these substances are completely dissolved, two drops of pure ammonia are added, in order to neutralise any acid which may have been set free. The collodion thus prepared should be kept in a cool place, protected from a strong light. It is fit for use at the end of five or six days. However red it appears at first, it will have become of a golden yellow, and clear. It is sensitised in a bath of nitrate of silver of six per cent., to which is added for every 100 grammes of water 10 drops of the following solution : Distilled water - - - - 100 grammes. Iodide of zinc - - «• - 1 gramme. Nitrate of silver - - - - 1 gramme. Liquid ammonia - - - - 2 drops. Chloride of bromine - - - 1 drop. The developing solution is composed of — Crystallisable acetic acid - - 18 grammes. Crystallised citric acid - - 2 grammes. Acetate of zinc - - - - 1 gramme. Pyrogallic acid - - - - l gramme. Distilled water - - - - 300 grammes. As soon as this solution is made, two drops of the fol- lowing mixture are added : Terchloride of gold Distilled water No. 305.] 1 gramme. 200 grammes. The whole is shaken, and left for two days, and then filtered. If the image is too faint, it may be strengthened, even after the fixing, by the following'solution : Distilled water - - - - 200 grammes. Terchloride of gold, dissolved as above 25 grammes. Nitrate of zinc - - - - 20 grammes. Nitrate of iron - - _ - 1 gramme. This mixture will only keep a very short time in solution. The fixing is done by means of a solution composed as follows : Cyanide of silver Cyanide of potassium Cyanide of zinc - Distilled water - - - 8 grammes. - - 10 grammes, - - 1 gramme. - 500 grammes. This solution, when filtered, may be employed at once. M. de Beauregard preserves the strengthening solution for an indefinite time by reducing it to the solid state, and only dissolving such a quantity as he requires at the time. In the same manner he prepares in the solid state the different baths the composition of which has been given above, and also the collodion itself; so that they can be easily carried about, and preserved without any alteration, up to the moment they are wanted. Deepening or Intensifying Collodion Negatives. — The following method I have worked out very successfully during the manipulation of some of my preserved plates, which had suffered in intensity from over-exposure or from using too strong a solution of cyanide of potassium for clearing the plate, viz. while the collodion is still moist (that is, previously to its being dried), wash it with distilled water, and drain for a few seconds ; then cover it rapidly with some fresh pyrogallic acid developing solu- tion, to which a small quantity of nitrate of silver has been added, and carry on the development ; which will proceed just as if the iodide of silver had not been re- moved, with the advantage that there is no chance of staining the transparent part. The strength of solutions used are as follows : Water - - - Pyrogallic acid - Acetic acid (common) (or, glacial acid Mix. - 5 drachms. - 2 grains. ' 3 drachms. ^ drachm.) Of the above I take one volume, and add it to three volumes of water ; and to each ounce of the mixture add ten minims of a 30 -grain solution of nitrate of silver. When the intensity of the negative is sufiicient, wash copiously with common filtered water. If the plate has once been dried, it is much more difficult to operate upon, and only a small increase of the inten- sity can be obtained by the above method ; but if the course of proceeding indicated be adopted, almost any amount of intensity may be produced. Geo. Shadbglt. ISiti^liti to Minax ^\ittiz&. Health of Tobacco Manufacturers (Vol. xii., p. 39.). — The facts which Mk. Bates has col- lected relating to the manufacture of tobacco abroad are I think fully borne out by the ex- perience of English manufacturers. For some years past I have noticed the freedom of our workpeople from epidemic attacks. There Sept. 1. 1855.] NOTES AND QUEEIES. 173 are upwards of five hundred persons in Bristol engaged in the manufacture of tobacco, many of whom are living in some of the worst localities, in a sanitary point of view, that the city can exhibit ; yet during the severe visitations of the cholera in 1849 and 1852, only one person out of this num- ber was fatally attacked. Among our own hands, numbering upwards of ninety, we had not a single case, I am quite satisfied too, that, apart from acute disease, the business is not injurious to the duration of life, as lean enumerate nearly twenty persons who have worked in our manufactory for terms varying from twenty-five to fifty years, and who always enjoyed excellent health. Personally, I am quite inclined to M. Ruef's opinion as to the business being a protection against pulmonary disease ; but catarrhs may arise either from the irritation consequent on the dusty process of grinding snuff, or from the damp state of tobacco- leaves during manufacture. I have not, however, noticed the prevalence of colds, &c. beyond the average extent among our hands. The fair authoress of the essay quoted by Ma. Bates would have done well to inspect a factory before alluding to its processes, as I have learnt with a good deal of surprise that " the unavoidable inhalation of smoke by workpeople " constitutes a "sphere of manufactory labour!" I always thought that that was a duty belonging more properly to the consumer than to the "manu- facturer. W. H. Wills. Bristol, Stamforth Family (Vol. xii., p. 125.). — The name of the " Justic. Com. Banc." in Dugdale's Origines Juridiciales, p. 329., is not Staniford, but Stamford; as the judge is called also by Dyer, Coke, and other reporters. His real name was William Staunford : his father, of the same name, was a mercer in London ; his mother was Margaret, daughter and heiress of Gedney, of London ; and his grandfather was Robert Staun- ford, of Rowley in Staflbrdshire. The judge married Alice, daughter of John Palmer, Esq., who survived him, and took for her second hus- band Roger Carew, Esq., of Hadley, in Middlesex, m the church of which parish her tomb may now be seen. On it the name is spelled Stamford. If this information should be of any use to K., I shall be glad. Edward Foss. Cathedral Registers (Vol. xii., p. 135.). — The woman's statement is literally correct, but the inference, which F. B. R. evidently deduces from it, IS wrong. A part of Chichester Cathedral was tor many years, probably two centuries, built off, or separated from, the cathedral, and used as the parish church of St. Peter the Great. Of course marriages were as regularly performed there as in any other parish church. If F, K. B, desires a No. 305.] certificate of the marriage of his Informant, he must apply to the rector or vicar of St. Peter the Great. They know no more about it at the ca- thedral than of marriages at St. Peter the Less, or at any other of the town parishes. It is only within these three or four years that a separate church has been built for the use of the parish of St. Peter the Great, C. R, "Maud" (Vol. xii,, p. 124.). — No wonder W. H. stumbles at the lines of which he desires an explanation, for he not only divorces a reason from its antecedent fact, but misquotes his author. Detractors are first compared to " long-necked geese," and secondly to "poisonous flies." The former " hiss dispraise because their natures are little ; " the latter surround every man's head, " whether he heed (not tried) it or not." Now I am on the subject of this magical poem, without any imputation of plagiarism to a poet so transcendently original as Tennyson, I must say that I cannot read Maud without feeling that he has drunk at the fountain of a younger poet. Maud, p. 61.: ' " Beat happy stars, timing with things below. Beat with my heart more blest than heart can tell." Compare the following from Alexander Smith's Life Drama : " One life moves in my myriad veins, in fields, in air, in cloudy cars, Blowing under foot in clover, beating over head in stars." Maud, p. 52. : " Lord of the pulse that is lord of her breast." Comp. " Lord of the beating heart," in one of A. Smith's sonnets. C. Mansfield Inglebt. Birmingham. D' Israelis Sonnet on the Duke of Wellington (Vol. xi., pp. 379. 474.). — Is your correspondent L. (1) quite sure that he has correctly appre- hended the application of the words : " And, conquering Fate, Enfranchise Europe ? " The obvious meaning, as I take it, is that Wel- lington, in conquering Napoleon, conquered Fate ; but the sense in which Napoleon may be described as " Fate," is not quite so clear. It is well known that he believed, or affected to believe, that he was destined for some extraordinary career. This impression seems to have taken hold of his imagin- ation after the battle of Lodi. He then formed the design of grasping the French sceptre, and ultimately of aspiring to universal ^ dominion. With those who, like himself, believed in fatalism, he passed for " I'homme du destin ; " with those who put their trust in an all-ruling ]?rovidence, as "I'homme providentiel ;" with all as invincible; and these notions contributed, even more than his 174 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 1. 1855. wonderful genius, to his unparalleled success. The man, therefore, who arrested his career of conquest, and delivered the world from his ruth- less sway, might well be described as " conquering Fate," tbat is, what was imposed on the world as "Fate." Not is the expression, to "conquer Fate," with- out some precedent in our elder poets. , Howard, in the Indian Queen, has made a similar applica- tion of it, where he says : " Let thy great deeds force Fate to change her mind ; He that courts Fortune boldly, makes her kind." The worst that can be said is that we have here a poetic license ; but one which, so far from being, as your correspondent represents it, " mere sound," is to my mind one of the happiest thoughts in Mr. D'Israeli's beautiful sonnet. Hjeney H. Beeen. St. Lucia. Curiosities of Letter-writing (Vol. xi, p. 45.). — The following gems of epistolary art are tran- scribed from " the original documents " in my pos- session. No. I. was written by a parish patient to an union surgeon ; like No. II., it is inde- pendent of the trammels of punctuation : "sarah smith as send these few liones tom^jonesto ask you if you wood plase to step up as sone as you can mack it convennt for margret is il in the bouls and i will geet a note from the releveng ofecer " The incident that gave rise to No. II. was an edict issued by a lady-patroness of a girls' Sunday School, that the hair of the scholars was to be cropped to a regulation length. A great rebellion ensued ; the girls were anxious to appear with "the glory of a woman," and refused to submit to the scissors. One of the ringleaders, and ringletters, had just gone into " service," and was attached to the domestic establishment of the lady-patroness in question ; this girl wrote oiF a complaint to her mother, who, modelling her style on the most ap- proved judicial authorities, replied as follows : " dear Maryann I am sorry to hear your mistress as to complain of your Hair being kep durty for this is quite diflfrent from when you were at home that j-ou know I hope j'ou will keep it clean as far as you have time and if you have not time aloud you ask for it but as for the cuting of your Hair I shall leave that entireley to the almighty God as gives every one thair Hair for an Ornemnt and covering I think if kep in proper order belongs to thairselves Farewell at Preasant " Could the judicial bench surpass this ? CUTHBERT BeDB, B.A. ''Gold-headed Cane" (Vol. xii., p. 113.).— The Gold-headed Cane, published by Murray in 1827, to which W. J. refers an inquirer for en- gravings of the House of Linacre, and the Old College of Physicians, was not written by Sir Henry Halford, but by the late accomplished Dr. MacMichael. It is a pleasing biographical No. 305.] sketch of the celebrated physicians, RatclifFe, Mead, Askew, Pitcalrne, and Baillle, drawn up as the autobiography of a gold-headed cane, which after having been carried by the five successively, was presented by the widow of the last to the College of Physicians, where it is deposited in their library. The arms of the five professionally illus- trious possessors of the cane are engraved upon the head. I was not aware that the little vol. had been reprinted. In my copy, dated 1827, the two engravings referred to are at pp. 101. and 106. 'IciTj06T5//S. Full Fig. (Vol. xii., p. 65.). — I am afraid your correspondent J. G. T., who seeks an explanation of this term, must be an old bachelor, or long ago he must have observed his " better half" periodi- cally poring over some ladies' magazine, and de- vouring the fashions set forth In all their gorgeous array on the curious, smiling, distressingly pink- faced and kiss-me-quick representations of the fair sex therein depicted ; at which bewitching figures, if he had had the curiosity and courage to take a nearer glance, he would most probably have found that the full-blown countenance pro- truding from an apparatus like a foreshortened strawberry-pottle bedecked with ribbons and flowers, in present specimens, or enshrined In a straw coalscuttle In times gone by, was labelled "No. 1., Head Dress," or "Bonnet a la Some- body or Something." Continuing his examination he would have found " No. 2., Demi-fig.(ure) " to be the " portrait of a lady " with her neck twisted In some impossible manner, so as to exhibit the beauties of the back part of the before- figured pottle, and the front of some " love of a mantle ; " and that, after passing through a few more stages, " No. 10., Full Jig.(ure) " would display to his admiring gaze a perfect realisation of the term as he uses it, in the beflounced, bemantled, and be- bonneted beauty in all the colours of the rainbow spread out before him, — full fig. to all Intents and purposes. R. W. Hackwood. In reply to J. G. T. as to this slang expression, I venture to suggest that it may allude to the primitive dress of our first parents, and their con- cealment of themselves because they were naked : fg standing for " fig-leaf;" and " full fig'' mean- ing, such a dress as enables you to exhibit your- self without shame. The Italians have an expression, " in fiocchi," corresponding exactly with " in full fig." The substantive /occi signifies "a tassel;" " un abito coi fiocchi " is " a coat with tassels or tags on It : " and hence, to be in fiocchi means " to be in full dress." Qi&nfig be a corruption of this ? Stylttes. Vesica Piscis (Vol. xii., pp. 29. 93.). — I have seen, in an old manuscript Horarium, a diagram Sept. 1. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 175 purporting to give the exact figure and dimen- sions of the lateral wound of Christ. The figure is exactly the same as the symbolical vesica piscis. Some of your learned readers may know whether there is any other correspondence between the spear-wound and the symbol besides identity of figure. T. K. Bristol. Culver (Yol. xii., p. 105.). — Culfre, culefre, or culufre, means a dove in Anglo-Saxon ; and the word culver is given in modern dictionaries with the same meaning. From the dove's timidity came the medijeval culvertagium, and our word " cowardice." J. Eastwoob. Barnard (Vol. xii., p. 45.). — Edward Barnard, Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, B.A. 1738, M.A. 1742, B.D. 1750, D.D. 1756, head master of Eton School, 17 — , which he resigned on becoming provost, Oct. 21, 1765 ; he had also a canonry of Windsor, and was rector of Paul's Cray, Kent. He died Dec. 2, 1801. E. W. O. Camberwell. John Raymond of Fairford, co. Gloucester (Yol. xii., p. 28.). — Bigland tells us that John Lambe, Esq., died s. p. 1761. His widow de- parted this life in 1789, and bequeathed Fairford and other estates to John Raymond, Esq., who assumed the name and arms of Barker. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that Mrs. Lambe did not marry the second time, and consequently did not leave any descendants. W. A. Times prohibiting Marriage (Yol. xi., p. 301 . &c.) . — I have a note to the effect that the ibllowing is entered in the register of the church of St. Mary, Beverley, with the date " November 25, 1641," but I have no reference to the authority. " When Advent comes do thou refraine, Till Hillary set ye free againe. Next Septuagessima saith the nay, But when Lowe Sunday comes thou may. Yet at Rogation thou must tarrie, Till Trinitie shall bid the marry." A. H. Stoke Newington. Butensiana (Yol. vi., pp. 292. 376. 425. 466. : Yol. vii., pp. 26. 390. 559.). — Notices of Dutens are to be found in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1812, part 1. p. 587., part 2. p. 197. ; and a long biographical memoir, extending from p. 391. to p. 397., is given in the same volume. O. S. (1) •' Oderunt peccare" Sfc. (Yol. xii., p. 87-). — In Orellius' Horace, 1843, I find the following men- tion of the line which F. inquires after : " Post v. 52. Schmidii Cod. primus inserit hunc : Ode- runt peccare. mali,formidine pance." F. M. MiDDLETON. No. 305.] Absorbent Paper (Yol. xii., pp. 87. 133.). — The proposed question is really so important to the makers of marginal notes, that I cannot refrain from repeating it. I thank F. C. H. for his advice, but I had already tried the solution of alum with little or no good effect. I had also tried a solution of gum-water ; but when the gummed ink was so thick as not to run on the paper, it would not run from the pen. I also tried washing the paper with a solution of gum, and also with milk, but with no better success. Luke Limner's sugges- tion o? & pencil of course is familiar to us all; but he adds something that, if explained, will be more to the purpose. He says, " Books may be easily sized prior to binding ;" but, if that be so, a page or a portion of a page of a bound book may be equally sized. But the question is, What size should be applied ? C. It is well known that the albumen with which any books have been sized, in the course of time (es- pecially if they have been visited by damp) be- comes altered in composition ; I therefore suggest that Luke Limner's plan of marking books with a pencil be adopted, and for these reasons : After the writing is finished, it can be fixed with milk, and will remain perfect many years in a dry place. It does not disfigure the book, and both lead and milk being on the surface, they can be erased at any time with a sharp knife, but the lead can never be destroyed by fire. I have some writing in pencil by me, as distinct as when written more than ten years ago. The milk should be dabbed on with a sponge, otherwise the lead will be rubbed off, and this will make the writing less clear, and give the book a dirty ap- pearance. The plan has also this advantage ; notes written anywhere can be fixed anywhere where milk is to be had, — a desideratum for tra- vellers. Avon Lea. ''Flass'' and " Peth" (Yol. xi., pp. 425. 495. ; Yol. xii., p. 112.). — As to the etymology of peth, I agree with Mr. T. J. Buckton that it means " path," and that its origin lies in the Sanscrit ; that is, that it varies little from the form, and nothing in the meaning which it had in the earliest known language. The use of it is common in giving names to places such as Brauncepeth (Brian's path), in the county of Durham, Cock- burnspath (Colbrand's path), at the north-eastern extremity of Berwickshire. With regard to fiass, however, I am forced to dissent from the etymologies, both of Mr. Buckton and of Ceyrep. Yery often the names of places, particularly when they are of Celtic origin, are descriptive of the places themselves ; but if fiass be supposed to describe " a valley," or ground ad- joining or connected in any way with water, then it is totally inapplicable, as a descriptive name, to the Fiass in Berwickshire, which I mentioned ia a 176 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 1. 1855. former communication : for tbat place consists of a farm of between 2000 and 3000 acres, including the Twinlaw Cairns, situated on the highest land in Berwickshire, and known as a landmark at nearly thirty miles from the sea; and there is neither valley nor water in the farm, beyond the little ravines containing the small mountain streams which run down from the higher parts to a comparatively flat land of some extent on the south side of it, and beyond it. The place has always had this name. I am still eudeavourizig to ascertain the origin of the name. J S.s. Blue and Yellow Flowers (Vol. xii., p. 109.) The iris is the best and boldest commentator on De Candolle's assertion, being, like the pansy, familiar to us all, either all blue, all yellow, or mixed ; perhaps the lupine comes in third. The flax, the centaury, the scabious, the garlic (allium), and the aconite (aconiturn), present well- coloured specimens of yellow or blue. In the crocus and the groundsel the blue is rather lilac. The day lily \hemeroeallis) is blue, yellow, or dull red, as the botanic names, cerulea, Jlava, and ftdva, indicate. The oxlip (Primula elatior) is yellow, scarlet, or dull blue. We have scarlet, yellow, and blue salvias ; blue, yellow, and red vetches (vicia) ; and blue, red, and dull yellow hyacinths of that particular species grown in glasses. The scarlet and the yellow tropasolum are common : an azureum is now advertised. Without, therefore, either expecting or desiring to see a blue rose, one may hesitate to pin one's faith on De Candolle. No doubt more thought would bring to mind more instances of blue and yellow flowers, but the above list is copious enough for one sitting. P. P. Simile of a Woman to the Moon (Vol. xii., p. 132.). — The version I have seen (and I be- lieve in print) of the Latin epigram on this sub- ject runs thus : " Lima est Fanuna. " Luna rabet, pallet, crescit, noctu ambulat, errat, Hoec quoque foemineo propria sunt generi ; Comua Luna facit ; facit haec quoque Foemina : Luna Mense semel mutat ; Foemina quaque die." D.S. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. Tjodoe'i Peeraob. Genealogical Volume. Second Edition. Parliamentary Paper on the Eastern Question. No. 11, Dou'» SrsTKM or' Gabobninij AND BoTANr. Vol.1. (4- Vol. Edition.) Published by Riving too. 1832. The Race. ITflB. Ijetohton's Lipe, by Jerment. The Upinions of Sir Rorert Peel expressed in Parliament and IN PoBLfc. By W. T. Haly of the Parliamentary Galleries. Baxter's Life, by Orme. 2 Vols. 8vo. Wasutr's Foems, Liettsrs, atatinct particulars and lowest price, carvnage free, to be sent to Mr. Beli,, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. No. 305 .J fi,?"''??'''"°P"?^^'*°- °^^^ foUowins Books to be sent direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and ad- dresses are given for that purpose : The Political Contest. letters between Junius and Sir W. Drap«x, London, Newberry. No date. ^^.u'"^'"' •'""'J'}; J. y<^ ^^°^- I'i'O' Published by Whsble, or without name of Publisher. »«■» v«. JoNins DiscovuRED. By P. T. 1789. Reasons for rejecting the Evidence op Mr. Almon. 1807. Another Cioess at Junius. 1809. A Discovery of the Author of the Letters op Junius. Taylor Sequel to Attempt to ascertain the Adthob op Junius. By Blake- way. 1815. A Grbat Pbhsonaoe pbovSd to havs bbsn- Jnirms. No date. Junius Unmasked. 1819. The Claims op Sir P. Francis reputed. 1822. Who was Junius ? 1837. Caxton's Reynard the Fox. Percy Society Edition. 8vo. 1844. Twft Copies. Waiated by WiUiam J. Thom«, Esq., 25. Holywell Street, Millbank, Westminster. Shakspeahe. Vol. V. Dodsley's Edition. Wanted by W.D. Oliver, Esq., a-yntlewellen Ffestiniog, North Wales. Tbacts fob the Times. Nos. 6&, 69, 70. Wanted by W. Ilatcheller, Bookseller, Dover. Bingham's Antiquities op the Christun Church. First Volume Of 8vo. Edition. London, 1822. NiMROD. By the Hon. Algernon Herbert. Part 1. of Vol. IV. Wanted by Henningham fy IIoTlis, 5. Mount Street, Grosrenor Square. Jamieson's Edinburoh Philosophical Journai. A complete set. ■Wanted by W.Blackmore ^ Co., Edinburgh. ^Qiitti to Corre^poii^ntti^ We dfj)etely owtrcome by tlia suc- cessful composition of Artificial Sea-water, in which the Animals and Plants thrive and grow. The smaller Aquaria, whcs fitted n^ with pieces of rock, shells and sea-weed, and stocked with animal life, are objects of the highest interest and beawtiy ; and they yield to the observer the hitherto unattainable pleasure of watching at his ease, in his own apartments, the curioH* rahttbitants of the Ocean. PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each. — D'ALM.^TNE & CO., 2(1. Soho Square, London (established 1785), respectfully intimate that in adcn ; the means of nrocuring : colour, age, height ; sorts for different species of Rose ; taking up, trimming roots, sending a d'-tance, shorten- ing heads, &c. ; saw proper for the purpose. GRxVFTING. Aphides, to keep down Free-growers, remarks on Graft, binding up and finishing Grafting, advantage of Grafting, disadvantage of 0!>eration in different months Preliminary observations Roses, catalogue and brief description of a few forts Scion, preparation and insertion of Scions, choice and arrangement of Stock, preparation of APPENDIX. A selection of varieties Comparison between buddine and grafting. Post-Office Orders to be made payable to JAMES MATTHEWS. 5. Upper Wellington Street, Covent Garden , London. THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGA- ZINE AND HISTORICAL REVIEW for SEPTEMBER contains :_ 1. The first Portuguese Account of the Dis^covery of Ma- deira. 2. Original Letters of Swift to Mr. Motte. 3. Jncques de l.elaing, the Belgian Bayard. 4. Hymn to Ignorance. 5. Sliak- speiire compared with Greek and Latin Writers. 6. Ancient Armorial Carving at Cork twith an Engraving). 7. The Life and Writings of Sydney Smith. 8. Original Letter of Henry Mnrg m, the Buccaneer. 9. The Game of the Chesse : the first Book printed in England. With Correspondence of Sylvnnus Urban, ^fotes of the Month, Reviews of New Publicatioiis. Reports of the Meetings of the ArchiEological Institute at Shrewsbury and the Architectural and Archaeological Sooiety at Peterborough, &c. : and OniTUARv, includ- ing Memoirs of the Earl of Sefton ; Earl of Antrim ; Earl of Carysfort ; Admiral Sir Charles Ekins, G. C. B. ; Admiral Sir John Ommanney, K.C.B. : Rea- Admiral Lloyd; Rear- Admiral Harper ; Colonel Tylden f Philip Pusey, Esq.; William Selw\n, Estj., Q.C. : Rev. Richard Soeepshanks. F. R. S. ; Thomas Weaver, Esq , F R S. ; James Silk Buckingham. 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" This is a scholarly little book, sweet as a meadow at hay-time, and full of summer in- fluences. We confess this little volume ex- cites onr curiosity ; and as to the writer, the skill with » hich the metre is carried through, the almost immaculate correctness of the rhymes, and the equality of strength which pervades the whole, would indicate a poet of some standing, although the style resembles none that we remember. Really, an imitation of some of Crabbe's works ^-ecoines in his hands a poem as dainty and fanciful as the garden scenes cf Queen Fiametta in the ' D.came- rone.' " — At/tenceum. " Many a faithful miniature of healthy rustic life."— Westminster Review. "The bard often rises to the fervour and dignity of a true poet of nature and the heart. _ Dublin Advertiser. London : BELL & DALDY, IM. Fleet Street. Just published, with 4 Illustrations, price Is. 6d. PARABLES from NATURE. By MRS. ALFRED GATTY, Author of " The Fairy Godmothers." " Ih-etty little tales with allegorical truths of infinite value, and the work is nicely illus- trated." — English Journal of Education. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. Sept, 8. 1855.] NOTES AND QUEEIES. 177 LOifDON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 8. 1855. SWIFT OE BOLINGBHOKB : WHICH OE NEITHEB ? Swift, as is well known, wrote Remarks on the Barrier Treaty. Subsequently there appeared Remarks on the Barrier Treaty, vindicated in a Letter to the Author. Who was the writer of this ? If there be any information on the subject in any of the Lives of Swift, it has escaped me. Presumptively it was not written by Swift ; for, with all his strange odd fancies, I cannot believe that he would have addressed a letter to himiSelf by way of vindicating himself. The fact was open to misconstruction — might have become known, and been used as a weapon of ofience against him. I have, on very Insufficient evidence indeed, come to the conclusion that this pamphlet was written by Bolingbroke, although it is not named amongst the works bequeathed to Mallet, nor in- cluded in any of the collected editions of his works, or referred to in any published memoir, so far as I have observed. The pamphlet is written with great ability, quite equal to ^yi'iKs Remarks ; but there is not one of those colloquial passages usually found, here and there, in Swift's writings ; none of those occasional bursts of contempt for an adversary ; and, on the whole, with more than usual, with Swift, of sustained dignity and refine- ment. The weapon is not of better metal, but is of a finer polish. My opinion that it was written by Boling- broke is not founded on style only. Questions are raised therein, and speculations thrown out not bearing immediately on the subject ander discussion, to which Swift was indifferent, but which Bolingbroke may have been anxious to get circulated and to see passing current. Boling- broke, as we now know, was, while minister, in communication with the Pretender ; so Harley, so Marlborough, Whigs and Tories alike. But, so far as Bolingbroke is concerned, the difficulty has been to reconcile this fact with the positive as- sertions in his Letter to Windham, and in The State of Parties. In the one he writes, " Nothing is more certain than this truth, that there was at that time no formed design, whatever views some particular men might have, against His Majesty's [George I.] succession." Here, however, the denial refers to a particular time, to a formed design, and may therefore pass ; the natural in- ference, indeed, is, that at some other time there was a formed design against His Majesty's suc- cession. But in The Slate of Parties he speaks, as generally assumed, positively. He there asserts that under Harley's ministry there was no design "to place the crown on the head of the Pre- No. 306.1 tender." This is thought to be clear and uncon- ditional,— an untruth of a very gross charac- ter ; and even his biographers give him up. In the celebrated article in the Edinburgh Review, generally attributed to Lord Brougham, it is urged that Bolingbroke, the minister, had pro- fessed " inviolable attachment to the Revolution Settlement," — " the Revolution Settlement had obtained Bolingbroke's deliberate (official and public) approbation." Excuse me if I attempt to reconcile these seem- ing contradkitions by the aid of the pamphlet under consideration ; and if what I have to say be thought a little over-refined, be it remembered that over-refinement in such matters — equivo- cation, if you please — was almost a condition of existence at that period, and had been for half a century, of kings and commonwealths, de jures and de factos. Bolingbroke is here said to have approved, as minister, of the Revolution Settlement — that ia, on broad general principles, the settlement, under contingencies, of the crown of England on the next Protestant heir after the death of Queen Anne; and it remains to be seen whether there was anything in his conduct, while minister, that tended " to place the crown on the head of the Pretender." Bolingbroke, observe, names a " Pretender " " the Pretender." Now, who was the Pretender ? And why was he a Pretender ? We must take care, in such inquiries, not to be misled by words and their popular signification. Bolingbroke, in reply, would probably have re- ferred to the Act of Settlement, which sets forth that the Princess Sophia " be, and is hereby de- clared to be, the next in succession in the Pro- testant line to the crown of England," and that, in default, &c., the said crown shall remain to the said Princess Sophia, and the heirs of her body, being Protestants." That is to say, she is declared to be next in succession, because she is the first Protestant in succession ; and the son of King James is a pretender, because he assumes to have a right contrary to that law, he being a Catholic. Another act for the better securing the succession " in the Protestant line," enacts that " The Privy Council at the time of Her Majesty's demise " are " to cause the next Protestant successor to be proclaimed," &c. Now suppose that the Cheva- lier, the natural heir, the son of King James, the brother of Queen Anne, had turned Protestant, would he under these acts have been disqualified? Probably, in 1855, the answer would be " Yes ;" although that does not appear to me quite certain, and might have been still more doubtful in those stirring times, when so many consciences had lost their guiding light and suffered wreck. But as it is admitted, I believe, by all writers, that both Bo- lingbroke and Harley made it a positive condition, in all their negotiations with the Prince, that be- 178 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 8. 1855. fore they would attempt his restoration lie should turn Protestant; might not Bolingbroke be ex- cused for saying that under Harley's ministry there was no design to place the crown on the head of the Pretender, — that is, on the head of a Catholic, — the prince being a pretender only while, and because, a Catholic ; the design being to " proclaim" and put the crown on the head of " the next Protestant successor." Might he not consider that in thus acting he was proving his " inviolable attachment " to the principle of " the Revolution Settlement ? " The argument, I admitted at starting, might be thought somewhat over-refined ; but I repeat that in those times it was by such refinements and over-refinements that men quieted their consciences, and kept their heads on their shoulders. At any rate, the more special the ar- gument, the more individual, and the more it helps us to fix on the writer. Swift's argument on the subject, though it may at a hasty glance read something like it, is essentially different. He says : " In one part of The Conduct of the Allies, ^c, among other remarks upon this treaty, I make it a question, whether it were right in point of policy or prudence to call in a foreign power to be guarantee to our succession ; because by that means we put it out of the power of our oivn legislature to alter the succession, how much soever the necessity of the kingdom may require it ? To comply with the cautions of some people, I explained mj' meaning in the following editions. I was assured that my L — d Ch — f J — ce affirmed that passage was treason ; one of my answerers, I think, decides as favourably ; and I am told that paragraph was read very lately during a debate, with a comment in very injurious terms, which, perhaps, might have been spared. That the legislature should have power to change the succession, whenever the necessities of the kingdom require, is so very useful towards pre- serving our religion and liberty, that I know not how to recant. The worst of this opinion is, that at first sight it appears to be Whiggish; but the distinction is thus: the Whigs are for changing the succession when they think fit, though the entire legislature do not consent ; I think it ought never to be done but upon great necessity, and that with the sanction of the whole legislature. Do these gentlemen of revolution principles think it impossible that we should ever have occasion again to change our succession.' And if such an accident should fall out, must we have no remedy, 'till the Seven Provinces will give their consent ? " This is plain enough. It may have been a hazardous assertion in those times, — treason, as my Lord Chief Justice affirmed ; but it is simply the assertion of an abstract right in the legislature to alter, amend, or repeal an act of parliament. This brings me to the Remarks, ^c, Vindicated, the writer of which seems to hint that the order of succession contemplated in the Act of Settlement might, under circumstances, be altered without a repeal of the act ; and it is the pecu- liarity of this argument, over and above the style of the pamphlet — a peculiarity which would re- concile Bolingbroke's then conduct with his after assertions — that leads me to infer the possibility No. 306] ^ that he was the writer. Of course, the opinions to which I refer are only incidentally introduced, delicately touched on, logical inferences, but not, I think, intended to be passed over as mere bye- play. We soon get a glimmering of the argu- ment. Thus, — "The first thing which you lay down is, that the Pro- testant succession is of 'the greatest consequence to Britain, wherein I can't do otherwise than agree with you ; observing, by the way, that the arguments by which you prove this position, if there was need of any, don't prove that the Princess Sophia, or the Elector of Hanover, must of necessity be that Protestant Prince ; for if there shoud be any other Protestant Prince of the royal blood, he migh {_sofar, 1 mean, as your argument goes) claim a title to the succession." — P. 5. Again, pp. 26, 27. : "The force of this objection, if I rightly imderstood those who made it, was not such as you represent it, that a defensive alliance in general wou'd lessen the inde- pendency of our crown, but that the nature of this, in particular, was such, having pinn'd down the queen and parliament to the settlement made in the Hanover family, so that we were, quoad that particular, become absolutely dependent on their good-will and pleasure. I can't for- bear observing here, that this family [the Hanover family] by this treaty is provided for in general terms, and without any liniitations ; and that about the Pro- testant religion (for which j'ou wou'd be thought so much concern'd), in the articles in which the succession is stipulated, not one word is mention'd; so that the Princess Sophia, her heirs, successors, and descendants (whatever religion any of 'em hereafter may be), are in all events to have the crown of Britain. And I think, Sir, that the addition of two words (being Protestants), which addition our act of parliament makes, wou'd have prevented the suspicions which some ill-natur'd persons, may entertain, and have left us free of those necessities, which future times may on that account create." Has not the argument here, so needlessly ad- duced, as to the exclusion of a Catholic in the Hanover line of succession, a bearing on, and illustration of, the question whether Protestants of the Stuart line might not succeed in preference even to the Princess Sophia or her heirs ? Then follows the general abstract proposition about altering, amending, or explaining. This question is not, 1 think, without interest, historical and literary ; perhaps interest of a higher character, as helping to show the moral bewilderment of those ticklish times. S. B. W. KING Alfred's " orosius." Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version of the historian Orosius claims especial attention, as it not only contains many new illustrative clauses, sentences, and paragraphs of his own, but the king has here given a most interesting essay of his own com- posing, on the position and state of European nations, between his own age and that of Orosius, Sept. 8. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 179 that is, from the beginning of the fifth century to the end of the ninth. Alfred also wrote a minute account of the voyage of Ohthere, a Norwegian, from Halgoland, on the coast of Norway, into the White Sea. This Norwegian was a man of great wealth and influence, and such is the simplicity of his narrative, that it bears the impress of truth. It commences, — "Ohthere told his lord, King Alfred, that he dwelt northniost of all the Northmen. He said, that, at a cer- tain time, he wished to find out how far the land lay due north, or whether any man dwelt north of him." For this purpose, and for the sake of taking the walrus, he sailed northward on the coast of Norway, and round the North Cape into the White Sea. Mr. Hampson first called attention to Alfred's description of Europe in " N. & Q.," Vol. i., p. 257. ; and his notes are worthy of the author of Medii yEvi Kalendarium. These were followed by the equally learned notes of Mr. Singer, wliose precision of detail proved that he had care- fully studied all that continental scholars, as well as our own, have written on the subject (Vol. i., p. 313.). I have availed myself of the important aid of these gentlemen, as well as of Dr. Bell, in my notes to my forthcoming edition of Orosius. Dr. Bell thinks that Ohthere's voyage was confined to the Baltic, and Alfred's geography to the " valleys of the Vistula (Wisle), the Oder, and the Elbe." (Vol. i. p. 179.) Alfred, however, plainly states that he referred to the whole of Germania, which then extended from the Don on the east, to the Rhine and the German Ocean on the west ; and from the Danube on the south, to the White Sea on the north. Nothing more need be said as to the extent of Alfred's geography; but, to show that Ohthere's first voyage was to the White Sea, re- quires farther proof. I will be as brief as possible. Ohthere was a plain honest man, anxious to state nothing but that to which he could bear personal testimony. It appears impossible for any one to read his simple narrative without being convinced that this daring Northman is giving a detail of his voyage on the west and north coast of Norway into the White Sea. Ice- land had already been discovered by Gardar the Dane in a.d. 860, and it was colonised by Ingolf, a Norwegian, in 874. Greenland was discovered in 877, and inhabited by Northmen soon after. Accustomed as these Northmen were to the most daring enterprises, it was not likely that Ohthere, one of the most powerful, adventurous, bold, and inquiring of them, should come to the renowned King of England to relate the events of a common voyage. Ohthere had made discoveries which he communicated to the king, and Alfred thought them of such importance that he wrote and in- serted this detail of them in his Geographical and No. 306.] Historical View of Europe. It has always been considered an extraordinary voyage. On its translation, and when first published by Hakluyt in 1598, it was acknowledged, as every unpreju- diced reader must now allow, that Ohthere doubled the North Cape, and entered the White Sea. " The voiage of Ohthere made to the north-east parts beyond Norway, reported by himselfe vnto Alfred, the famous King of England, about the yere 890." — Hak- luyt's Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques, and Dis- coueries of the English Nation, ^c, p. 5., tbl., 2nd edit., London, 1598. Again, a little below, Hakluyt says : " Wil it not, in all posteritie, be as great renowne vnto our English Nation to haue bene the first discouerers of a sea beyond the North Cape [neuer certainly knowen before] and of a conuenient passage into the huge Em- pire of Russia by the bay S. Nicolas and the riuer of Duina '? " &c. — Ibid. p. 5. The subsequent editors and translators of Oh- there's voyage are of the same opinion as Hak- luyt : — Sir John Spelman and Oxonienses Alumni, in 1678; Bussseus, in 1733; Langebek, In 1773; Daines Barrington and J. R. Forster, in 1773 ; Forster again in 1786, in his Hist, of Voyages and Discove7-ies in the North; Ingram, in 1807. Rask, in his notes to his Danish translation, pub- lished in 1815, expressly says: " Ohthere was the first who undertook a voyage to Beormia [Permial, or sailed round the North Cape and all Lapland," &c. — Note k., pp. 352 — 355. Dahlmann, in 1822, states that Ohthere sailed Into the White Sea. Mr. Thorpe comes to the same conclusion in 1846. Malte-Brun, before Rask, Dahlmann, and Thorpe, speaks in 1812 of Ohthere's northern voyage from Halgoland in Norway to the White Sea, and south to Sleswick ; and also of Wulfstan's voyage from Sleswick to Truso in Prussia. Through the liberality and kindness of S. W. Singer, Esq., the reader is presented with an extract on this subject from Precis de la Geographic Universelle of the cele- brated Malte-Brun : " Othere retra9ait ses voyages depuis le Hahgaland en Norwfege, jusqu'^ la Barmie k Test de la Mer Blanche; et, d'un autre cote, le long des cotes Norwegiennes et Danoises par le sud, jusqu'& la ville de Hathum ou Sleswick. L'autre relation ^tait celle d'un voj'age du Danois Wulfstan, depuis Sleswick jusqu'k, Truso, ville de commerce dans le pays d'Estiun ou la Prusse." — Tom. i. liv, xvii. p. 382., Paris, 8vo., 1812. One particular reason for Ohthere's sailing northward was to capture the walrus, which was, and still is, to be found in abundance in the White Sea about Archangel, and the coast of the country of the Biarmians. This is additional evidence to what has been advanced to prove that Ohthere doubled the North Cape and entered the White Sea ; that his first voyage was not into the Baltic, 180 KOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 8. 1855. where the walrus is scan'ely ever found, but into the Wliite Sea. (Forster's notes in JBarrington's Orosius, p. 243.) We have Forster's opinion con- firmed by one of the best zoologists of the present day. Mr. Broderip assures me in a letter : " I do not think it likely that Olitliere, a Norwegian, would go into the Baltic to take the walrus; . . . nor do I believe that walruses or whales were ever so numerous in that sea, within the time of authentic history, as to attract the attention of fishers." J. Bosworth. Islip, near Oxford. SUTTON CHUECH, NEAR SSREWSBTIRY. Information respecting small churches of an- cient date, which are scattered over the country, would, I think, be found interesting to your nume- rous readers. The elucidation of the yet unknown history of many of these remarkable structures might be obtained by a little inquiry and research on the part of some of your correspondents. Such facts would be valuable to the antiquary, and to every lover of sacred places, associated as these places are with the progress of Christianity in early times. Sutton, near Shrewsbury, is an an- cient parish, existing as such as early as the time of Richard I. The church, from the character of its architecture, being anterior to that period, be- came very early an appurtenant to Wenlock Priory, co. Salop. The style of the building is exceedingly plain. Originally it had probably some connexion with a hermitage, which is said to have stood in the wood of Sutton. Scarcely anything is known at present of its antecedent history. Its dimensions are, interior thirty feet two inches by eighteen feet ten inches. An old oak pulpit stands in one corner ; and on the in- side of the back is carved the following name, pro- fession, and date : " Richard Atkis, Scholemaster, 1582." This is an exact transcript. He was the earliest third master of the Royal Free Grammar School founded by Edward VI., and enlarged by Queen Elizabeth, in Shrewsbury. He was appointed third master in 1562, and died July 30, 1587. He was undoubtedly rector of the church when the pulpit was erected. The width of the windows (except the one over the entrance, wliich is of the ordinary kind) is six inches. There is an old font, very plain in its character. The floor of the church is of red brick. The accommodation consists of three pews, and eleven forms or benches. The parish only contains five liouses ; four farm- houses, and one house adjoining a mill. The average attendance is from ten to twenty persons, and in bad weather it is sometimes as kw as five. Small as this church is, there is more room than the inhabiUnts require. The tithes of Sutton No. 306.] Church were probably alienated some time in the sixteenth century, leaving scarcely any provision to the rector for the celebration of divine service. The stipend was augmented under Queen Anne's Bounty, and now amounts to 17Z. per annum. Service is performed on the second Sunday after- noon in each month ; and I believe this has been the case for the last forty years. The above facts are drawn from a private source and a personal inspection of the place. It will well repay a visit by any of your readers who may be travelling in that direction. I should like to see from time to time in " N. & Q." some notes of these curious and time- honoured edifices. We love to linger about their history, for they are hallowed ; and they deck ap^- propriately the landscape, and lend enchantment to many a rural scene. H. M. Bealby. North Brixton. BUXiLS AND BLUNDERS : ENGLISH AND IRISH. Coleridge, in a paper contributed by him to his friend Southey's Omniana, or Horce Otiosiores, furnishes (vol. i. p. 220.) an exemplification and definition of bulls, which he asserts, — ■ " Will be found always to contain in them a confusion of (wliat the schoolmen would have called) objectively with svbjectivety ; in plain English, the impression of a thing as it exists in itself and extrinsically, with the idea which the mind abstracts from the impression," and defines farther that — "A bull consists in a mental juxtaposition of incon- gruous ideas, with the sensation, but without the sense, of connexion." Adopting this explanation, which appears as satis., factory as any yet given, our own experience both from reading and conversation will hardly allow us to dissent from the Quarterly Reviewer, who, in a notice of Miss Edgeworth's Essay on h'ish Bulls (vol. ii. p. 281.), coincides with that de- lightful writer as to the gross injustice of the exclusive attribution of these phraseological pe- culiarities to the natives of the country of which she was so distinguished an ornament. That the soil, however, of the Irish intellect does afford more congenial pasture for the animal than is to be found elsewhere, I am not prepared to deny ; hut do believe that the genuine thoroughbred buU is far more rarely found in less favoured climes. Mere blunders, however, are plentiful enough everywhere ; and as an appropriate in- stance, perhaps that of the honest lowland farmer, though well known, may here bear repetition, who, having purchased a copy of Miss Edgeworth's Essay, pronounced her "A puir silly body to write a book on bulls, and no ane word o' horned cattle in it a', forby the bit beastie (the vignette) at the beginning." Sept. 6. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 181 Swift is a singularly clear writer, but instances may be cited to show that he lias not escaped the national peculiarity ; such, for example, as his enipliatic adjuratioti : " Therefore, I do most earnestly exhort you as Christ- ians, as parents, and as lovers of your country, to read this paper with the utmost attention, or get it read to you by othem." — First U rapier's Letter. This reminds us of the well-known epitaph, English 1 think, — " Eeader, if thou canst read," &c. The essence of a bull may be discovered in the following remark of Goldsmith, another Irishman, who, writing to Johnson, complains : " Whenever I write anyttiing, the public make a point to know nothing about it." Writers of the class to which Mr. Gilfillan be- lonics, " ipsis Hibernis Hiberniores," afford many an instance in proof of the truth of Miss Edge- worth's position. To take an illustration from the " horticultural" pages of this author : " lie must have seen in a blaze of blinding light, the vanity and evil, tlie folly and madness of the worldly or selfish, and the grandeur and truth of the disinterested and Christian life." — Bards oftlie Bible, p. 222. We may ask this " splendid " writer to describe the process of seeing by means of that which de- stroys the visual faculty : this may be pronounced a genuine bull. Mr. Cunningham, for whose most interesting notes to Johnson's Lives of the Poets we cannot be too grateful, pronounces his author " The most distinguished of his cotemporaries." Preface, p. v. We might ask how the Doctor could be his own cotem})orary ; but Mr. Cunningham doubtless used this phrase, as a figure of speech, advisedly, and will defend himself with Milton's often quoted — " Adam, the goodliest man of men since born His sons, — the fairest of her daughters, Eve." Paradise Lost. I notice a growing misuse of the logical term " correlative," it being often employed as synony- mous vvith " correspondent." Thus : " If a pictorial correlative must be found for Waller, let him pair off vvith M. Petitot, the ftimous miniaturist in enamel." — Bentky's Miscellany, Jan. 1855. A corruption of this kind in periodical literature does not excite surprise ; I did not expect it, however, from a " graduate : " I' Pediment and spire are precisely correlative terms, being each the crowning feature in ecclesiastical edifices." — Ruskin's Lectures, 1854, p. 52. An agreeable lady-writer gives us the follow- ing extraordinary description of the Russian capital : " The real and peculiar magnificence of St. Petersburg Is^o. 306.] consists in thus sailing, apparently upon the bosom of the ocean, into a city of palaces." — Sedgwick's Letters from the Baltic. This is a landslip with a vengeance ! Warren, again, is an extremely careless writer. Hear his description of a cigar of Brobdignagian dimensions, a,nd jointed, I suppose, like a flute, for convenience of carriage ; " The astonished Yahoo, smoking, as well as he could, a. cigar, with which lie had filled all his pockets!" — Ten Thousand a- Year, ch. xiii. Sir Walter Scott perpetrates a curious blunder in one of his novels in making certain of his cha- racters behold a sunset over the waters of a sea- port, I think Montrose, situated on the eastern coast of Scotland. Godwin, too, in his Caleb Williams ; or Things as they are, by the prolonged detention of his hero in prison, evidently regards Habeas Corpus as a thing that is not. The following passage from Dr. Latham's En- glish Language seems to me to require some ex- planation ; speaking of the genitive or possessive case, he says, — " In the plural numher, however, it is rare ; so rare, indeed, that whenever the plural ends in s (as it always does), there is no genitive." — P. 217. Some of the finest blunders that have been perpetrated are to be found in necrological and epitaphic records ; in a recent obituary of some " oldest inhabitant," it was stated that the de- funct had " continued to walk to church for the last ten years without intermission." The anachronisms and other errors of painters form an amusing chapter in every compilation on the fine arts ; 1 have seen an engraving after Morland, in which a plentiful crop of apples is being gathered from the oak tree, in painting which that inimitable and truly English artist was facile princeps ; and when Hogarth, in his plate of " Morning," represents an old lady proceeding to her matutinal devotions, he indicates the earliness of the hour by making the hands of the clock point to seven minutes past five, an hour at which, on a winter morning, it would be impossible to discern either clock or lady. I might multiply instances, but as they occur in the reading of every one, it would be a blunder to increase the present list, which itself may not escape the imputation. William Batbs. Birmingham. A POSSIBLE TEST OP AUTHORSHIP. The laio of average, as it may be called, is one which has not been much studied until our own day : nor has it yet been applied to all the sub- jects which it is capable of illustrating. However uncertain the individual cases may severally be, one set of a thousand will generally bear a con- 182 NOTES AND QUEEIES. [Sept. 8. 1855. siderable resemblance to another ; still more one set of ten thousand to another set ; and so on. The manner in which I imagine that the truth of asserted authorship might probably be tested, and which I am confident will one day be carried into practice, will bear, and perhaps require, a few preliminary illustrations for those who are not accustomed to "that elaborate delusion" — the theory of probabilities. According to the predictions of this delusion, if a halfpenny be tossed until head arrives, which may happen at the first toss, or may be deferred until the hundredth — and if a large number of trials be made, each trial consisting of tosses re- peated until head arrives — the result will be as follows. About one half of the trials will end at the first toss ; about one- fourth at the second ; about one-eighth at the third ; and so on. Buffon made 2048 trials, and registered the results. A pupil of mine repeated the experi- ment ; and I put the two side by side in my Formal Logic. Since that publication, two gen- tlemen have tried it again, and have communi- cated with me. I now publish the four results in the columns B, H, P, A ; the first column being the prediction made by the delusion : 1 Prediction. B. H. P. A. 1024 1061 1048 1017 1039 2 512 494 607 547 480 3 256 232 248 235 267 4 128 137 99 118 126 6 64 56 71 72 67 6 32 29 38 32 33 7 16 25 17 10 19 8 8 8 9 9 10 9 4 6 5 3 3 10 2 0 3 2 4 11 1 0 1 1 0 12 f. 0 0 1 0 13 1 . 0 0 0 0 14 ll. 0 1 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 16 ^^ 0 1 1 0 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 Any one of the lines, say 9, may be explained as follows : — Out of 2048 trials, the most probable prediction is that, in four of them, head shall not appear till the ninth toss. BufFon found six, H. found Jive, P. and A. both found three. Of the 44 cases in the first eleven lines, 5 are according to prediction, 17 below, and 22 above. The tendency towards agreement which is so perceptible in the preceding lines, is distinctly seen in the phenomena of the physical and even of the moral order of things. Even in such a case as the tendency to commit murder, a nation shows that its circumstances produce a tolerably steady aver- age from year to year. The numbers of murders brought to justice in France in the six vears No. 306.] 1826-31 were 241, 234, 227, 231, 207, 266; the year following an armed revolution showing a perceptible increase. Of these the largest sepa- rate lots were perpetrated with knives and with fire-arms. For each 10 murders committed with knives there were, roughly, committed with fire- arms, 14, 16, 18, 13, 13, 26, in the six years ; the effect of the revolution being again very distinctly marked. When the habits of a single individual are in question, and in a matter which can be submitted to tens of thousands of trials, it will certainly be found that very slight differences of average are sufl5cient to mark the difference between different individuals. And of all easy tests, perhaps the easiest is the average number of letters in his word. There is no doubt that some writers have a natural preference for longer words than others. If the law which has never failed elsewhere should hold true here, we are to expect that if, upon one ten thousand of consecutive words taken from each author, Johnson should show, one word with another, a quarter of a letter per word more than Addison, the same result, or one very near it, would occur in another ten thousand taken from each writer. A writing attributed, but falsely, to an author, might possibly be detected by its average word exhibiting such a difference from that of the indubitable writings, as never appears between those undoubted writings themselves. I should expect that experiment would establish the following results : — 1. That the difference be- tween the average word of any one writer and any other, in the same language, is but a fraction, perhaps rather a small fraction, of a letter. 2. That this small fraction of difference would be well esta- blished, between any two given writers, by re- peated comparisons of large masses of their words. 3. That the difference established by comparing the same writer at different ages, or on two differ- ent subjects, would be trifling compared with that existing between different writers : provided al- ways that the two subjects did not differ by one of them requiring very large importations of tech- nical or foreign words, as compared with the other. It must be observed, that no amount of agree- ment would absolutely establish sameness of au- thorship, though it might lend an additional pre- sumption in disputed cases. For different writers may be of very nearly the same average. But, if my conjectures be correct, a sufficient want of agreement might wholly upset the supposition of common authorship, by showing a difierence such as is never found between two undisputed writings of the same author. An experiment on a sufficient scale would in- volve some trouble and expense : but that, as faith in the law of averages increases, such an ex- periment will be made, I feel very certain. A. De Morgan. Sept. 8. 1855.] NOTES AND QUEKIEy. 183 POPULAR AIRS. The hundreds of " weasels " on the barrel or- gans have "popped" so often that at last, thank goodness, they are popping off one by one. Nearly all the " Villikins " too are quietly laid beside their " Dinahs " ; nearly all the " Boys " that have " cheered " are " Far upon the sea," or have gone where they tried to persuade every one else to go, " To the west, to the west," with " Peggy in her low back'd car." The " Red, White, and Blue," after being ground up together so long and so distressingly, are becomirig " purple " in the dis- tance ; and from the 'ashes of them all a lady " Minnie " is rising, to be, alas ! blown, ground, and scraped to death in her turn. Now, besides the impressions lately made upon the sense of hearing by the above, I can distinctly remember when I was continually informed that the " Ivy green was a rare old plant," or painfully reminded of the existence of such individuals as "Rory o'More," "Mary Blane," " Lucy Neal," and " Jeanette and Jeanot." I -have a vivid recollec- tion also of its being requested by many an organ grinder that I would particularly " remember him," or asked if I should at some future indefinite period " Love him then as now ; " which I firmly believe I do ; — informed that " He dreamt he dwelt in marble halls," or that " we might be happy yet " at one time, and that " He was afloat " or preferred a " Life on the ocean wave " at another, — personal matters which could not by any possibility interest me ; — and more recently I have been reminded at every turn, that the " Good time was coming," and of there having once been such a " party " as a certain " Cavalier " who, from the information to be gathered from the beautiful couplet — " He raised Lis ej'e To the lattice high " — I conclude must have carried on his amours in the days of — perhaps was a relation of Poly- phemus. All kinds of inanimate objects have been used to instil all kinds of morals into my mind, from " Old arm chairs " to " Shells of Ocean ; " " Woodmen have even been implored to spare trees " for my especial edification. At one moment I've been warned " not to love any- body," and the next persuaded to " Love on," and in both cases informed that my peace and happiness depended on following the advice given. In fact, I believe that through the instrumentality and organic remains of various Italians, I've been requested to do many things I should never otherwise have thought of, and informed gratuit- ously on many points I am sure I should never otherwise have inquired into. Now, I shall be glad to be able to set down the dates at which I have received all the above in- formation and advice, or in other words the dates No. S06.] at which the above airs were the " rage," and also the titles, dates, and names of the composers of any others whose popularity has been ground or scraped out within the memory of your corre- spondents, so as to enable me to place them in consecutive order. R. W. Hackwood. Mitiax ^aXtS, " Place never mentioned to ears polite." — The earliest notice of this very characteristic allusion of a court divine in an irreligious congregation occurs in Tom Brown's Works (quoted in Cham- bers's Cydopcedia of English Literature, vol. i. p. 530.) : " What a fine thing it is to be well mannered upon oc- casion! In the reign of Charles II., a certain worthy divine at Whitehall thus addressed' himself to the audi"- tory at the conclusion of his sermon : ' In short, if you don't live up to the precepts of the Gospel, but abandon yourselves to your irregular appetites, you must expect to receive your reward in a certain place, which 'tis not good manners to mention here.' " — Laconics. Mackenzie Walcott, M.A. Tennyson and his " Baby.'' — As far as I am aware, Tennyson's use of the word hahy as an adjective has not hitherto been noticed in print; and the subject appears to me to be worthy of a note. Of " Lilian" he says : " . . . the lightning laughters dimple The hahy roses in her cheeks." Of " Eleanore" he says : " . . . . there is nothing here, Which, from the outward to the inward brought. Moulded thy haby thought." " The Talking Oak " says : " From whence she gamboll'd on the greens, A baby-gevm." In " Locksley Hall" we have : " Baby lips will laugh me down ; my latest rival brings thee rest. Baby fingers, waxen touches, press me from the mo- ther's breast." " The haby sleep," an expression beautifully in- troduced into The Gardener's Daughter, had been before used by Shelley, in the opening to his Queen Mah (34th line). Tennyson's partiality for babies peeps out in various ways ; from his mention of — " . . . . my little blossom. My hahe, my sweet Aglaia, my one child;" To — " . . the sweetest little maid That ever crow'd for kisses ! " And those babies in The Princess, who — " . . . roU'd about Like tumbled fruit in grass." 184 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 8. 1855. And, of his experience of babies, there is a line in the Walking to the Mail, that speaks volumes : " As ruthless as a baby with a worm." What otlier poets have used the word hdby as an adjective ? " My baby boy " is a familiar ex- pression. Jlerrick speaks of the ^^ babies of the eyes," and of lovers who — " Each make babies in each others' eyes," — an idea much appropriated by subsequent love- poets. Cowley (^Davideis) uses the word infant as an adjective : « Infant winds their tender voices try." CUTHBERT Be1>E, B.A. A Whip queerly found. — James S. M'Intire, of the Unitud States army, advertises, in the Fran- cisco Herald, a lady's riding whip that he found in a sturgeon, weighing seventy-five to one hundred pounds, which he had caught at Benecia. The whip is 21 J inches long, and silver mounted. W. W. Malta. Russia and Turkey. — The following, copied from Toumefort, vol. i. p. 2S., may seem to you available for insertion in your valuable " N. & Q.," with reference to existing affairs, Turco-Russian or otherwise, as showing the animus then prevail- ing, even so early as the time of the foregoing writer (a.d. 1676) : " J'ai oubli^ de dire que nous avions log^ il Brices, chez nn vieux Papas, fort zel^ pour son rite, et d'une ignorance pitoyable. II voulut nous persuader en mauvais langage italieii qu'il avoit une ancienne prophetic ^crite sur les murailles du labyrinthe, laquelle marquoit que le Czar de Muscovie devoit bientot se rendre maitre de I'Empire Othoman, et delivrer les Grecs de I'esclavage des Turcs ; qu'il re souvenoit encore que du temps du si^ge de Candie un Grec avoit assiire le Vizir Cuperli qu'il prendroit la placo suivant une autre prophetic de ce meme labyrinthe. Ces bonnes gens prennent pour des proph^ties les carac- tferes dont les etrangers barbouillent les murailles de ce lieu." H. M. " The Lungs of London^ — The Parks have long been called by this name, which seems to have originated with Mr. Windham. In a debate in the House of Commons on June 30, 1808, respect- ing certain encroachments upon Hyde Park, Mr. Windham said, that Hyde Park was " the lungs of London." Free and fresh air was like cham- pagne to the vulgar, as they seldom tasted it. (Examiner, 1808, p. 426.) F. A Mother of Twelve Years of Age. — The cen- sus-taker found a woman in Macedon, New York, twenty-three years old, mother of four children : the eldest of whom is twelve years, the nSxt eight, third three, last one. The elilest was, of course, born when the mother was twelve years old. w.w. Malta. No. 306.] MUEAT AND WHICH IS THE TRUE STORY? The task of reconciling the discrepancies be- tween cotemporaneous historians has frequently been attended with considerable difficulty, and various ingenious theories have been propounded to account for contradictions between positive eye-witnesses of a fact. The subjoined extracts are a very remarkable example. Probably, of all the distinguished officers of the grande armee, none has been more frequently the subject of descrip- tion than Murat. That unfortunate hero, at least, did not seek to hide his light under a bushel : and we should imagine that the whole French army must have been well acquainted with his demea- nour and habits in action. Lamartine professes to give his own account, as communicated by his friend and minister. Mr. Beamish quotes the words of his emperor, commander, and brother- in-law. How are we to reconcile the two ? There are probably officers still living who have charged with him, and could settle the point. Lamartine, in describing him, says he always wore a short broad Roman sword, with a mother- of-pearl handle, decorated with the portraits of his wife and children : certainly not the weapon a cavalry officer would select to do great execution. And he moreover adds, that he never drew it but once to encourage his escort to fall on a hostile squadron. " ' Murat,' said Napoleon, ' was a most singular cha- racter .... Every day Murat was engaged in single combat, and returned with his sabre dripping with the blood of those he had slain.' " — From the notice of " The Uses and Application of Cavalry in War, by N. L. Bea- mish," Athenaum, No. 1450., p. 919. " II disait au Comte de Morburg, son ami et son mi- nistre . . . Ma consolation la plus douce quand je repasse sur ma vie de soldat, de general et de roi, c'est de n'avoir jamais vu tomber un seul homme mort de ma main. II n'est pas impossible, sans doute, que dans tant de charges k fond, oil je lancais mon cheval k la tete des escadrons, quelques coups de pistolets tires au hasard aient blesse ou tue un ennemi, mais je n'en ai rien su. . . . Si un homme etait mort devant moi et de ma main, cette image me serait restee toujours presente et me poursuivrait jusqu'au tombeau." — Lamartine, Hist, de la Restauration, vol. iii. p. 308. E. C. Chevalier John Taylor, — This person, who was oculist to George III., and published his life in 1761, was a native of Norwich, and says he was educated in this university. He died before Sep- tember 17, 1787. I am desirous of ascertaining the exact date of his death. As to him, see "Life of James Ware," in Pettigrew's Medical Bio- graphy ; Gentleman's Magazine, vol. xxxi. p. 226,, vol. li. p. 356. ; Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, Sept. 8. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 185 vol. ii. p. 383., vol. vii. pp. 400, 401. 410., vol. ix. p. 696. ; Boswell's Life of Johnson (edit. Croker), vol. vii. p. 264. What Dr. Johnson says of the Chevalier's extreme ignorance renders the latter's statement, that he had had an academical edu- cation, rather doubtful, and any elucidation of that point will be acceptable. C. H. Coopee. Cambridge. "■ Heemskirlie's Voyage." — In what collection is the Voyage of Heemskirke, a Dutch navigator, to be found ? Y. Grants from Queen Elizabeth. — An ancestor of mine had a grant of land assigned to him by Queen Elizabeth ; but during the troublous times of King Charles it was, I believe, seized, and no longer remained in our family. I shall feel par- ticularly obliged if you can inform me where I ■can find (in what office in London) the copy of this regal grant ? I should mention that it was at one of the Cinque Ports that the land was given. Could the Trinity House or the Woods and Forests assist me in my research ? Centurion. The Athenasum. History of the Post Office. — What book, or books, should I consult in order to obtain an ac- ■quaintance with the history of postal communi- cations at various periods in this country ? H. T. G. Hull. Coote Family. — John Coote, bookseller and farce-writer, in Paternoster Row (vide Nichols's Lit. Anecd., vol. iii. p. 719.), was born at Horsham, in Sussex; and died at Pentonville, Oct. 20, 1808. He is styled "cousin" by Gen. Sir Eyre Coote, K.B., in a letter from the latter ; and of his two :Sons, Charles Coote, D.C.L., the elder, had Dean Coote for his godfother ; and John Eyre Coote, the younger, had Sir J. Eyre Coote for his god- father. I wish, if possible, to trace the cousinship between the bookseller and the general ; and should be glad of any information which might show the connexion of this branch with the Cas'tle Coote family. H. T. G. Hull. Ancient Cements. — Can any of your readers refer me to passages in ancient or modern au- thors, illustrating the composition or the use of mortar, cement, &c., in building ? lioBEBT J. Allen. Prior}-^, Croydon. Old Deeds. — I have a quantity of these, reach- ing from about 1604 to 1764. They are of no legal value; but I, and perhaps others, would like to know if such things are of any value, and should be preserved. An opinion will much <^^l'Se. B. H. C. No. 306.] Old English Proverbs. — What do the follow- ing proverbs mean ? They are from Camden's Remains : 1. "An inch breaketh no square." 2. " A fair pawn never shamed his Master." 8. " ' Bate me an ace,' quoth Bolton." 4. " God sendeth cold after clothes." 5. " Give, gave, was a good man." 6. " How can the foal amble, when the horse and mare trot ? " 7. " Leave is light." 8. " There is no Asking to the sea, nor service to the king." " The Four Alls.'" — A public-house at Ham- mersmith is called "The Four Alls." What is the answer to this riddle ? Centuriow. "Men of GrcEcia, heirs of glory." — Who was the author of the often-quoted lines, — " Men of Graecia, heirs of glory ! Heroes of unwritten story ! Nurslings of one mighty mothei," &c. ? and in what poem do they occur? S. C. L- Oxford. Peerages in Female Line. — Can you inform me how I can ascertain which British peerages descend to female issue? Is there any work containing such a list, or copies of the original patents ? DONEC. "Lewis and Kotska" by Father Serrao. — The following extract is from a book, entitled A brief Narrative of a Visit to Portugal by an English Merchant, London, 1731. By printing it, or so much as may enable any of your readers who can, to tell me whether the tragedy is known, and who the famous Father Serrao was, you will much oblige me. " Every body was talking of a play called Lewis and Kntska, written in Latin by the famous Father Serrao, a Jesuit, which had been acted before the court, and was to be seen in the outbuildings of the monastery in the Rua de Romaa. It was very showy, and the dresses very fine. The actors were a mixture of monks, students, and some from the theatre. Thej' spoke in Latin ; but when they did not know their parts, they made it out in Portuguese. I did not very Avell understand the mixture. In one scene, where Lewis was praying to an image of the Virgin, it told him to take care of himself and follmo up his luck. In another, the Devil, disguised as a dog, at- tacked a young woman in bed. The young man invoked the Virgin, the Devil, the Stygian Virgins, the Furies, who could not help him. He had the worst till the end, when he had made out so strong a case that Divine jus- tice could not deny his claim, and the angel with the flaming sword could only keep him at bay ; but St. Igna- tius coming in, took the sword and drove him round the stage, howling and declaring that he had done nothing. The audience were in raptures. I was told that this nonsense was not in the original, which is v;ell written. 1 tried te get one at the booksellers, but all were sold; and though more were said to be printing, none were ready when I left." * E. H. M. 186 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 8. 1855. Sir John Call. — Where is to be found a grant made by Charles II. to Sir John Call of certain manors in the neighbourhood of Southampton ? Also, are any particulars knoWn of the death of Philip Call of Southampton, nephew of Sir John Call, who died in 1759 ? J. Ybowell. Painting by Schut. — I have a painting by Cor- nelius Schut of St. Nicolas appearing to Con- stantine. It has been finely engraved by J. Witdoeck soon after it was painted. I have an idea, however, that Schut painted a larger picture ihan mine of the same subject, and, if so, it was presented " ecclesise parochiali de Willebroeck." Could any of your correspondents inform me whether this is the case ? J. C. J. Etiolated. — What is the derivation of this word, applied to the state of health of such as lead a con- fined and sedentary life ? P. J. F. Gantillon. Cortez Telfair. — Who was this person, on whose tablet in Kensington Church it is stated he was "celebrated for his literary attainments." He died April 2.3, 1816. Faulkner says nothing of him at all, and the Gentleman s Magazine merely that he was of Margate, and died in Piccadilly. The family for some years resided at Knights- bridge, and were high in repute there, and I wish to learn something of him.* H. G. D. Knightsbridge. Oratorio of David and Saul. — I should be obliged if you could tell me whether the Rev. Mr. Henley ever published an oratorio of David playing before Saul ? J. C. J. Work on Blazon. — Sicily Herald, one of the oldest writers of blazon, who lived in the begin- ning of the fourteenth century, in his book en- titled Le Blazon des Couleurs, published between 1483 and 1498, has, amongst the arms attributed to kings, " Le Roy de Hyrlande," being the figure of a king sitting and holding with both his hands a " fieur-de-lis." Can any of your readers and correspondents give the title and date of this work in full, or say where a copy is to be seen, whether published in 8vo. or 4to. ? G. Laweis MS. Music. — A very interesting ori- ginal MS., an autograph of Henry Lawes, has come into my possession. It contains " Psalms for Three Voices," thirty in number ; after which are a number of elegies written on the death of Wm. Lawes, by the composers of the day, viz. [* Cortez Telfair edited The Town and Country Spell- ing-Book, 8vo., Edinb. 1775.] No. 306.] H. Lawes (which is headed "A Pastoral Elegye, to the Memory of my dear Brother Wm. Lawes"), Dr. Wilson, Taylor, John Cob, Captain Foster, Simon Ive, J. Jinkins, J. Hilton. After this are about thirty more psalms and anthems of H. Lawes and one elegy of Wm. Lawes. Have either of these psalms or elegies been published ? The book formerly belonged to a Dr. Rob. Cony. J. C. J. [This work has been printed in three single parts, en- titled " Choice Psalmes put into Musick for three Voices, the most of which may properly enough be sung by any three, with a thorough base. Composed by Henry and William Lawes, Brothers, and Servants to 'His Majestic. With divers Elegies, set in Musick by sev'rall friends, upon the death of William Lawes. And at the end of the thorough base are added nine Canons of three and four voices, made by William Lawes. London, 4to., 1648."] Captain William Baillie. — I should feel obliged to any of your correspondents for some notices of Capt. William Baillie, the eminent amateur artist, and his works. Bryan's X)jc, respectfully intimate that in addition to their ROYAL PIANOFORTES, «J octaves, in rosewood and mahogany, at 25 Guineas they have opened new show rooms for the exhibition of their ROYAL CONCERT PIANOFORTES, with reoeater action, suited for apartments of the largest size, possessing the tone, touch, and advantages of the grand, without its magni- tude and expense. Price 40 Guineas. Every Instrument warranted. The peculiar ad- vantages of these Pianofortes arc best describeii in the following professional testimonial, signed by the majority of the leading musi- cians of the age : — " We, the undersigned members of the musical profession, having carefully examined the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'AT.MAINE & CO., have great pleasure in bearing tes- timony to their merits and capibilijie?<. It ap- pears to us imnossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal tem- perament, while the eleeance of their construc- tion renders them a handsome ornament for the library. boudoir,ordrawing-room. fSigned) ,T. L. Abei.F.Bener'ict, H. R. Bishop, J. Blew- itt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E F. Frtzwilliam. W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz. E. Harrison. H. F. Hosse, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Haves. W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe. G. F. Kiallmark, E.Land. G. Lanza, Alexander Lee. A. LefHer. E. J. Loder. W. H. Montgomery, S Nelson, O. A. Osborne. John Parry. H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, P. Praegar, E. F.' Rimbault. Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E. Rockell, Sims Reeves .1. Templeton, F.We- ber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright," &c. D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis. NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 8. 1855. Continuation of jTosid*^ Sutigesf* In the Next Tear will be published THE JUDGES OF ENGLAIfD; SKETCHES OF THEIK IIVES, • AND MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES CONNECTED WITH THE COURTS AT WESTMINSTER. By EDWARD FO^S, F.S.A. Vol. v. — The Tudors. Vol. VI. —The Stuarts, *j* Any communication relative to the Judges who flounced under those dynasties -will be gratefully received by the Author, If addressed to him at Street-End House, near Canterbury. Opinions of the Press on the first Four Volumes published by Longman §• Co., comprehending the period from the Conquest to the end of the Line of York, 1483. " It supplies what was much wanted, — a regular and progressive ac- count of English institutions. The result is a correction of many errors, an addition of much new information, and a better general view of our strictly legal history than any other jurist, historian, or biographer had heretofore attempted to give." — Examiner. " The portion before us (Vols. III. and IV.) is in no respect inferior to that which was first published. It is now manifest that, quite apart from any biographical interest belonging to it, the work, in its com- plete state, will supply a regular and progressive account of English legal institutions, such as exists in no other equally accessible form in our language." — Examiner. " The two former volumes established Mr. Toss's reputation as an author. It would be difficult to point out any other work in which is contained so much valuable matter, combined with so much incident interesting to the legal antiquary." — Standard. "In the sense of research this work may be said to be original." — Spectator. " Too high praise cannot be awarded to Mr. Foss for careful and painstaking research. ... He has rejected the husk of archseology, and presented the kernel. His conclusions are not merely sound, his logic is inventive." — Spectator. " The Judges of England is an excellent book, and will, without doubt, be appreciated as well by the public at large as by the members of the legal profession." — Tail's Magazine. " These additional volumes deserve a hearty welcome from the read- ing world, ... to antiquary, lawyer, and historian, they will be found rife with interest and erudition." _ Tail's Magazine. "Lord Campbell boasts of ' the Cancellarian mummies which he has dug up and exhibited to the public ; ' but Mr. Foss may boast of a higher claim to praise, in having given to the persons whom he has drawn from the shades of a long and all but hopeless obscurity, the truth of an historical interest, and the animation of a real existence." — Gen- tleman's Magazine. " It is the distinction of Mr. Foss's book, that he builds everything upon autliority, and quotes authority for everything. ... He has written a book which has added more to our knowledge of legal history than any single work published since Madox's ' History of the Ex- chequer,'—a book which is essentially sound and truthful, and must therefore take its stand in the permanent literature of our country." — Gentleman's Magazine. " Our description will be sufficient to show how valuable an addition Mr. Foss has made to our literary stores, and how vast a mass of useful and attractive information he has placed within the reach of the his- torian, the antiquary, tlie legal student, and the constitutional lawyer." — John Bull. " A work which cannot be too highly estimated, whether for the im- portance of its object, or the great learning, extraordinary research, juigment, and impartiality which are bestowed on all parts of its com- position."— Legal Observer. " Mr. Foss deserves infinite credit for the industry and perseverance of his investigations, and for his judicious use of the materials at hand. . . . All possible assistance is due to Mr. Foss in return for the patient research of which the volumes before us are the result. Their im- portance can hardly be overrated." — Literary Gazette. " We believe that this is the only work of the kind."— Zau; Magazine. " Mr. Foss, as he proceeds with his arduous researches, is picking up some bits of much antiquated interest. His book must not be judged as a history of all the judges, so much as in the light of fragments of the history of their times." —Law Magazine. " The work of Mr. Foss is the only one which is at all to be relied on." — Rambler. " The reputation which Mr. Foss acquired, as a diligent investigator of legal .antiquities, and an impartial biographer of those who have won for themselves seats on the woolsack or the bench, by the publication of the first two volumes, will be more than confirmed by the 3rd and •1th Volumes which have just been issued." — Notes and Quei-ies. Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10. StonefleldStreet,in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 6. New Street Square, In the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London ; and published by Geoboz Beil. of No. I«6. Fleet Street, in the Pariah of St. Dimstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. !Sf>. Fleet Street aforesaid.— Saturday, September 8, I8.").5. NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION fob] LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTiaUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. " 'Wlieii fonnd, make a note of." — Captain Cuttlx. No. 307.] Saturday, September 15. 1855. f Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5<'« CONTENTS. Notes ! — Page Pope and Henry Woodfall - - 197 Monumental Brasses, by W. R. Crabbe 198 Swift's Copyrights, by K. Carruthers - 198 The Historical Hamlet, by T. J. Buck- ton - - - - - - 199 The Marquis of Lansdowne and !Sym- pathy with Literary Talent, by John Macray - - - - . 200 Folk 1,ore : — Scottish Folk Lore — Salt — Sneezing — Marriage Supersti- tion — HampsliireFolk Lore — Super- stition in the West of England — St. Goven's Bell — Miners' Superstitious 200 Stops, &c. - - - - - 201 Minor Notes : — " Hoop and Hollow" CQuery,'WhoopandHolloo) — Liberty — Moustache worn by Clergymen An American medical License of the olden Time — Kussia and Turkey Staffordshire SayUigs . - - 202 Queries: — Thomas Marwood, by Dr. Munk - 203 Washington, Medal or Coin of, by G. A. Myers - - - - - 203 " The Life of David," by William Batea 204 Minor Queries : — Quotations wanted — Tree cast on the French Coast — French Translation of the Agricola of Tacitus — " Atheuic Oxonieiises," by Anthony Wood : vol. i., " Life of Wood " — Passage in Plutarch — Red Slippers — Theodora — La Saxe Gal- lante — Samuel Woodworth — Bio- graphical Queries— "Go when the morning shiueth "— Fire — Druidical Monument at Carnac — Cromwell's Portrait and Watch — Milton's Letter to Hartop — Author of Child's " Guide to Knowledge " — Knewstubs, &c. - 201 Minor Queries with Answers : — Medal of Charles I. — Rosemary — Passage in Milton — Blue-thong Knights — Verses to Hogarth's Pic- tures — Connor or O'Connor's " His- tory of Poland " — " Lays of the Min- nesingers "— Epitaph - - - 206 Repiies : — Will o' the Wisp, Jack-a-lantem, Ignis Fatuus, Corpse-candles, &c., by Simon Ward, &c. - - - - 208 Executors of Wills, by William Sidney Gibson, &c. - - - - 208 Ogham Characters, by E. West - - 209 Verb and Nominative Case - - 210 Notes on Trees and Flowers, by W. P. Griffith, &c. - - - - 211 Photooraphio Correspondence : Photography on Enamel — Corpora- tion Records : Application of Photo- grapliy in MSS. -Novel Method of takmg Stereoscopes - - - 212 Replies to Minor Queries : The Burning of Jesuitical Books — Man in the Iron Mask — Anticipated Inven- tions, — Trees, their Age, &c. - - 213 Miscellaneous : — Notes on Books, &c. - - - 216 Books and Odd Volumes Wanted. Notices to Correspondents. Ti Now ready, IHE FERNS OF GREAT ± BRITAIN: illustrated by JOHN E. SOWERBY. The Descriptions. Synonyms, &c., by CHARLES JOHNSON, ESQ. In One Volume, cloth boards, containing 49 Plates, full coloured, 273. ; partly coloured, 14s. JOHN E. SOWERBY, 3. Mead Place, Lambeth. Shortly will be ready, Part I. of THE FERN ALLIES; a Sup- plement to " THE FERNS OF GREAT BRITAIN," illustrated by John E. Sowerby. Descriptions by C. JOHNSON, ESQ. To be completed in about Six Parts, full coloured, at 3s. ; partly coloured at Is. 6c/. JJCr Part. Subscribers are requested to send their Names to the Publisher as early as possible, in order that a sufficient supply may be prepared. JOHN E. SOWERBY, 3. Mead Place, Lambeth. HALLAM'S HISTORIES. (CHEAP EDITION.) This Day, post 8vo., 6s. (to be completed in 10 Monthly Volumes.) THE FOURTH 'volume of the POPULAR EDITION OF THE HISTORICAL WORKS OF HENRY HAL- LAM, containing Vol. I. of THE CONSTI- TUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. This Edition has been undertaken from the urgent demands made upon the publisher from time to time for cheaper copies of these works, which have now become class books at the Universities and Public Schools, and it is hoped tliat the present mode of publication will place them within the means and reach of all classes of readers. Already published, HALLAM'S HISTORY OF EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. 3 Vols. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. Just published, price 9s., crown 8vo. cloth bds. HANDBOOK for the RUINS and MUSEUMS of ROME : a Guide Book for Travellers, Artists, and Lovers of Antiquity. By EMIL BRAUN, Secretary of the Archseological Institute of Rome. London : WILLIAMS & NORGATE, 14. Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. Vol. XIL— No. 307. Avery Curious and Rare Col- lection of Newspapers is offered for Sale. It contains a copy of upwards of 1200 published in Great Britain, some of very early date, as well as 1800 published in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. Tlie whole are in good order, 2800 being bound in volumes. Communications to be addressed to A. K., Post Office, Great Yarmouth. THE CRAYON. TrUbner & Co. have just received from New York, Volimie I. of THE CRAYON. A Journal devoted to the Graphic Arts, and to Literature related to tiiem. With Original Contributions by JOHN RUSKIN and A^. M. ROSKTTI, and otlier distinguished Writers. Edited by MESSRS. STILLMAN and DU- RAND, Painters at New York. January to June, 1855. Pages 416, 4to., cloth, 10s. 6c/. This Journal is regularly supplied at I6s. per annum by direct Mail. Subscriptions received by the European Agents, MESSRS. TRUBNER & CO., 12. Paternoster Row, London. SUPPLEMENT TO ALL EXISTING DICTIONARIES. Third Edition, just published, in 2 Vols. 8to., reduced to 21s. DICTIONARY OF ARCHAIC AND PROVINCIAL WORDS, Obso- lete Phrases, Proverbs, and Ancient Customs ; containing Explanations of more than 50,000 Words, many of which have never appeared even in scattered Glossaries, and illustrated mostly by Original Authorities : thus render- ing the Work indispensable to all Students of early English Literature. By JAMES OR- CHARD llALLI WELL, F.R.S. T. & W. BOONE, Publishers, 29. New Bond Street, London. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW. No. 194.- ADVERTISEMENTS for the forthcoming Number must be forwarded to the Publisher by the 27th, and BILLS for in- sertion by the -'9th instant. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. Second Edition, with large map, price 5s., cloth boards. PRIZE ESSAY ON PORTU- GAL. By JOSEPH JAMES FOR- KESTEK, of Oporto, F.R.G.S. of London, Paris, Berlin, &e.. Author of " Original Sur- veys of the Port Wine Districts ; " of the " River Douro from the Ocean to the Spanish Frontier ; " and of the " Geology of the Bed and Banks of the Douro ; " also of a project for the improvement of the navigation of that river, and of various other works on Portugal. JOHN WEALE, 59. High Holborn. PASSPORTS AND HAND- BOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS. — ED- WARD STANFORD obtains Foreign Office Passports, on receipt of sealed letters of appli- cation, mounts them in neat morocco or roan cases, and procures the necessary visas. A Circular Letter of Instruction and Cost may be had on application Gratis, or per Post for One Stamp. Handbooks, Maps, and Guides, for ail parts of the world. London : EDWARD STANFORD, Map and Bookseller, 6. Charing Cross . NOTES AND QUEKIES. [Sept. 15. 1855. Now ready, price 25s., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by Special Per- mission to THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by the Very Rev. H. H. MELMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. . The Music arranged for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, includinjr Chants for the Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise System of Chantino, lay J. B. SALE, Musical Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco cloth, price 2hs. To be hod of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell Street, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of a Post-Offlce Order for that amount : and, by order, of the principal Book- sellers and Music Warehouses. " A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our Church and Cathedral Service."— Times. " A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly un- equalled in this country."— Literary Gazette. " One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well merits the distin- (Tuished patronage under which it appears." — Jfmical World. _" A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting of a very superior character to any which has hitherto appeared." — John Bull. London : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. Also, lately published, J.B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as per- formed at the Chapel Royal St. James, price 2«. C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street- Just published, with 4 Illustrations, price Is. (a. PARABLES from NATURE. By MRS. ALFRED GATTY, Author of " The Fairy Godmothers." " Pretty little tales with allegorical truths of infinite value, and the work is nicely illus- trated." — Ejhglish Journal of Education, London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street, PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas eanh. — D'ALMATNE & CO., 20. Soho Square, London (established 1785), respectfully intimate that in addition to their ROYAL PIANOFORTES, 6J octaves, in rosewood and mahogany, at 25 Guineas they have opened new show rooms for the exhibition of their KOYAL CONCERT PIANOFORTES, with repeater action, suited for apartments of the largest size, possessing the tone, touch, and advantages of the grand, without its magni- tude and ext)ense. Price 40 Guineas. Every Instrument warranted. The peculiar ad- vantages of these Pianofortes are best described in the following ijrofessional testimonial, signed by the majority of the leading musi- cians of the age : — " We, the undersigned members of the musical profession, having carefully examined the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'AT.MAINE & CO., have great pleasure in bearing tes- timony to their merits and capabilities. It ap- pears to us irnpossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal tem- perament, while the elesjance of their construc- tion renders them a handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Sitrned ) J. L. Abel.F. Benedict, H. R. Bishop, J. Blew- itt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E F. Fitzwilliam. W. Forde, Stephen Glover. Henri Herz, E. Harrison. H. F. Hasst', J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. II. Holmes, W. Kuhe. G. F. Kiallmark, E. Land. G. Lanza, Alexander Lee. A. Lefller. E. J. Ixxier, W. H. Montgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry. H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, P. Praegar, E.F. Rimbonlt, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, E. Rockell. Sims Reeves J. Templeton, F.We- ber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright,'' &c. D'ALMATNE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis. A A CATHOLIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND. The Anglo-Saxon Period. Complete in Three Volumes. This Day is published, price 18s., the Third and Concluding Volume of CATHOLIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By WILLIAM BER- NARD MAC CABE. " In days like these, when so many of our new books are but old ones newly dressed up, a work of original research, and for which the materials have been accumulated by the writer with great labour and diligence, de- serves especial commenlation. Of such a cha- racter is the ' Catholic History of England ; its Rulers, Clergy, and Poor, before the Re- formation, as described by the Monkish His- torians,' by William Bernard MacCabe ; of which the third volume, extending from the reign of Edward the Martyr to the Norman Conquest, has just been published. Tlie vo- lumes bear evidence in every page that they are, as the author describes them, ' the results of the writing and research of many hours — the only hours for many years that I had to spare from other and harder toils.' Himself a zealous and sincere follower of the ' ancient faith,' Mr. MacCabe's views of the characters and events of which he is treating naturally assume the colouring of his own mind ; many, therefore, will dissent from them. None or his readers will, however, dissent from bestow- ing upon his work the praise of hcing carefully compiled and most originally written. None will deny the charm with which Mr. MacCabe has invested his ' History,' by his admirable mode of making the old monkish writers tell their own sIotj." — Notes and Queries. "Mr.MacCabe's mode of composition is as novel as his plan. Sacrificing ordinary lite- rary pride, he makes the old Monkish writers compose tlie narrative — his ingenuity being displayed in the skill with which the passages, translated directly from the original, with all their natural vigour of language, are connected, so as to produce an appearance of oneness of design and continuity. He then fuses into one whole centuries of observation and narrative, and in fact revives those dead monks and scribes till they write his book. The plan is not only new, but it was necessary, as the reader will find if he compare the garbled and inaccurate version given by Hume and some other writers, with the original statements of the same events incorporated in these pages. He will also be better able to understand, when this universality of authorities is explained, why this book should be called a 'Catholic History.' The work is of great literary value." — Times. "It treats the Anglo-Saxon period under a phase quite diflierent from that in which it is viewed by Lingard in his Anslo-Saxon Anti- quities. Lingard describes the doctrine and doctrinal practice of the age ; the Catholic History tells the story of its inner life. Each, therefore, may be regarded as the complement of the other. Both are indispensable to every T. C. NEWBY, Publisher, 30. Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square. Imp. 8vo., 21. 2s. ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES IN FRANCE. By the REV. J. L. PETIT : with numerous Illustrations from Drawings by P. H. DEL AMOTTE and by the Author. BELL & DALDY, Fleet Street. 5 Vols. 8vo., 2t lOs. PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 1842 to 1851. The circulation of these Proceedings has hitherto been limited to the Society. A few copies have been made complete by reprinting, and they are now issued to the public at the above reduced price. They contain papers by the most eminent philologists of the day. BELL & DALDY, London. DEIGHTON, BELL, & Co., Cambridge. MURRAY'S HANDBOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS. OF MODERN FOR DEVON s. FOR WILTS, HANDBOOK TO THE ART OF TRAVEL. 6s. HANDBOOK OF TRAVEL- TALK. 3s. 6d. HANDBOOK LONDON. 5s. HANDBOOK AND CORNWALL. 6 HANDBOOK DORSET, AND SOMERSET. (Just Ready.) HANDBOOK FOR NORTH GERMANY AND THE RHINE. 9s. HANDBOOK FOR SOUTH GERMANY AND THE TYROL. 9s. HANDBOOK FOR SWIT- ZERLAND AND THE ALPS. 7s. 6d. HANDBOOK FOR FRANCE AND THE PYRENEES. 9s. HANDBOOK FOR SPAIN, ANDALUSIA, ETC. 30s. HANDBOOK FOR POR- TUGAL, LISBON, &c. 7s. 6d. HANDBOOK FOR NORTH ITALY AND FLORENCE. 12s. HANDBOOK FOR ' CEN- TRAL ITALY AND THE PAPAL STATES. 7s. HANDBOOK FOR ROME AND ITS ENVIRONS. 7s. HANDBOOK FOR SOUTH TALY AND NAPLES. 15s. HANDBOOK FOR TURKEY AND CONSTANTINOPLE. IDs. HANDBOOK FOR GREECE AND THE IONIAN ISLANDS. 15g. HANDBOOK FOR EGYPT AND THE EAST. 15s. HANDBOOK FOR NCR- way, SWEDEN, &c. 12s. HANDBOOK FOR RUSSIA, THE BALTIC, &c. 12s. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarie Street. MVRRAVS BRITISH CI^ASSICS. On Sept. 30th will be published, Vol. I., 8vo., 7s.6d.,of THE POETICAL WORKS OF LORD BYRON. A new, annotated, and beautifully printed Library Edition, to be com- pleted in Six Volumes. The following Works have already appeared in MURRAY'S BRITISH CLASSICS : GOLDSMITH'S WORKS. 4 Vols. JOHNSON'S LIVES OF THE POETS. 3 Vols. GIBBON'S ROMAN EM- PIRE. 8 Vols. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. Sept. 15. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 197 LONDON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 15. 1855. POPE AND HENRY WOODPALL. The presumed possible connexion of Pope with "Woodfall, without Temple Bar," induced in- quiries, the result of which I sent some time since to " N. & Q." (Vol. xi., p. 377.) In that com- munication I confined myself to such information as I could collect from his ledger, so singularly and fortunately preserved, even though the print- ing-office of his son, the possessor, was destroyed by fire in 1793. I there found, as anticipated, that Woodfall, who we were told by Nichols commenced business " under the auspices of Mr. Pope," was a good deal employed in printing Pope's works, occasionally in printing for Pope's friends, and in one instance, — and the fact will perhaps receive a word or two of comment and of explanation from future editors, — that he printed directly for Pope himself. One purpose, however, of that inquiry was to ascertain if pos- sible whether Woodfall had anything to do with the secret printing of the first edition of The Dunciad, Curll's edition of Popes Letters, and other the mysterious printing of Pope and his friends. In this the inquiry was without direct result. But the fact of the printing, and of other facts derived from other sources, though wholly insufficient to justify any conclusion, are just worth bearing in remembrance. That no ledger of Woodfall's would contain evidence of all the printing done by him, or by his journeymen, may be inferred from circumstances incidentally men- tioned in the Life of Thomas Gent. About 1723, says Gent — " I applied to Mr. Henry Woodfall, who readily ac- cepted me, and I helped to finish the part that he had of a learned dictionary. Whilst with him, I got servants of my own to print, at mj' press, The Bishop of Rochester's Effigy, to which were added some InofTensive verses that pleased all parties, which sold very well. When I finished what Mr. Woodfall had to do, I kept at home a little while, and was sent for again, with whom I continued till the banishment of the aforesaid prelate, and the exe- cution of Counsellor Layer : on whose few dying words I formed observations in nature of a large speech, and had a run of sale for about three days successively, which obliged me to keep in my own apartments, the unruly hawkers being ready to pull my press in pieces for the goods. After the hurry was over, I returned to my master, and, continuing some time, he one morning told me that, the night before, being in the club of master printers of the higher class, he laughed heartily upon my account. ' Pray, why so, sir ! ' said I ; ' how 'came I to be the theme.?' 'Why,' said he, 'has not that fellow, Sam Negus, put you amongst the catalogue of masters, and placed you in Pye Corner? ' ' It's like his blunders,' said I."— P. 140. Here is an odd sort of confusion between "master and man" — master and journeyman. No. 307.] Here is possibly of secret press — secret printino- — through the agency, though not at the risk, of Woodfall. I do not say it was so, but that the transaction shows how secret printing might have been carried on, confidentially through Woodfall, without the transaction appearinf^ in his ledger, and certainly the first edition of^The Dunciad looks very like journeyman's printino-. It is apparent that Woodfall knew all about hTs journeyman's private establishment ; and Gent elsewhere tells us that Negus put him in the list of master printers which he sent to the Secretary of State to do him mischief. "It was 'through such a rascal that I was made a state prisoner.' (P. 142.) ' This very fellow,' says Gent, in another reference to the same transaction, ' composed a list of all the master printers in England (and, through malice, put me in amongst them, at a time when I was not arrived at that careful degree, but actually working as a journeyman with old Mr. Henry Woodfall), exhibiting the titles of " high " and " low," and those of which he was un- certain as to their principles. This he sent to the Secre- tary of State, in hopes to have a power as messenger of the press.' " — P. 76. Gent was a sensible, trustworthy person, " ever inclined," as he tells us, "to secrecy and fidelity ;" and he appears to have been employed by other masters in secret printing; — by Mr. Clifton, the " high-flyer," a Catholic and a Jacobite, who was obliged soon after to fly the country ; and on a work for Atterbury about 1720 or 1721. Gent indeed was so well pleased with the " discourse " and "hospitality" at the Deanery, that he appears to have had some touch of sympathy for the bishop and his politics, for just about the time that the bishop was on his trial he published The Bishop of Rochester s Effigy. Gent continued, he tells us, with Woodfall "till the banishment of the aforesaid prelate, and the execution of Counsellor Layer," who was hanged, be it remembered, for treason, — an odd sort of event to note as the end of his journeyman services. The banishment of the bishop and the hanging of Layer quieted the high-flyers for a time, and " Mr. Woodfall was so kind as to recommend " Gent " to the ingenious Mr. Richardson in Salisbury Court." ( P. 143.) These, however, are mere speculations, tending only to show that Woodfall, the substantial printer, may have been willing to serve his friends, though it would have been a needless risk to him and to them to have done the work in his own office ; and his ledger, be it remembered, which begins only in 1734, could not throw light on these Gent doings. Next week I shall send you a few notes on the ledger of his son, Henry Woodfall, Jun., the father of Henry Sampson Woodfall, the first pub- lisher of Junixiss Letters. P. T. P. 198 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 15, 1855. MONUMENTAL BRASSES. (^Continued from p. 121.) I send yoii the remainder of the Devonshire brasses, and shall be obliged to any one who will, through the medium of your widely-circulated paper, or privately to myself, add any information to the very little this list contains. Ottery St. Mary. In this church are three figures in brass of members of the Sherman family. The dates of two remain, 1542 and 1583. Otterton. Here are two brass plates, on each of which are arms with figures at the side, in memory of members of the Duke famil_v. 1641. Petrockstow. In this church is a curious brass, containing twelve male and eleven female children, all kneeling, in memory of Henry Kolle and Mary his wife. 1591. Stoke-in- Teignhead. Here is a very fine brass of a priest, without name or date remaining. It is engraved in Mr. Boutell's work ; he assigns as a date circa 1375. Shillingford. Under an arch in this church is a brass plate, on which is represented Sir \Villiam Hudders- field and his wife Dame Kateryn and three children. He is in armour, over which is an heraldic tabard bearing his arms. The mantle of the lady is em- blazoned with the bearings of the house of Courtenay. One shield only of five remains, bearing Huddersfield impaling Courtenay. 1499. This is lithographed in Oliver's Ecclesiastical Antiquities. Sandford. Here is a curious though late brass, dated 1604, in memory of Mary Dowich. Stoke Fleming. In this church is the oldest brass in the county. It commemorates John Corp, who is dressed in a loose gown. Over the right shoulder is a richly ornamented baldric, whence descends an umlace ; the hair is long and curled, and the beard forked. There is a female figure ; but the inscription is wanting at the place which would describe her relationship to the male ; the word Elj^enore alone remains. The whole is surmounted by an elegant battlemented canopy with lantern lights at the ends and in the centre. Date, 1391. Sampford Peverel. A late brass to the memory of Mar- garet Lady Poulet, who died 1602. Thomcombe. Here is a very fine brass to the memory of Sir Thomas Brooke and his wife. Date, 1437. Tiverton. In this church is the brass of John Greenway, merchant, and Joan his wife. 1529. Washjield. Here is a late brass plate, on which are the efiigies of a man and two women of the Worth family, kneeling at a desk, on which lies an open book ; above are the arms of Worth. Yeahnpton. In this church is a very well executed brass to the memory of Sir John Crocker, Knt., cup and standard bearer to King Edward IV. 1508. W. R. Ckabbe. East Wonford, Heavitree, Exeter. SWIFT S COPYRIGHTS. The great additional light, which "X. & Q." has been the means of throwing on the literary his- tory of Pope, renders it very desirable that similar attention should be paid to other eminent authors. Mr. Forster is now engaged on a new edition of Swift, and I would beg to suggest that our Editor No. 307.] should open his columns to a series of Swiftiana. It has been assumed by Sir Walter Scott, Mr. Roscoe, and others, that Pope was concerned in the publication of Gulliver, and received for the copyright a sum of 300Z., of which Swift generously made him a present. I can find no authority for this statement, nor does it appear that Pope was connected with the mystification that accompanied the publication of Gulliver. Erasmus Lewis was the negotiator, and the sum demanded for the copyright was only 200Z. The manuscript was sent to Benjamin Motte, Swift's publisher ; with a request that he should immediately, on under- taking the publication, deliver a bank bill of 200Z. Motte demurred to the immediate payment, but offered to publish the work Avithin a month after he received the copy; and to pay the sum de- manded, if the success would allow it, in six months. His terms were apparently accepted, for Gidliver appeared in the latter end of October or begin- ning of November, 1726. Arbuthnot mentions it under the date of November 8, saying he believed the Travels would have as great a run as John Bunyan. At the expiration of the six months, Motte seems to have applied for a longer period of credit. Swift's answer is characteristic : — " Mr. Motte, I send this enclosed by a friend, to be sent to you, to desire that you would go to the house of Erasmus Lewis in Cork Street, behind Burlington House, and let him know that you are come from me ; for to the said Mr. Lewis I have given full power to treat concerning my cousin Gul- liver's book, and whatever he and you shall settle I will consent to," &c. — "Richard Sympson." This is in Swift's handwriting, very slightly dis- guised. The engagement was closed in about a week afterwards, as appears from a memorandum on the same sheet: '"London, May 4th, 1727. I am fully satisfied. — E. Lewis." These docu- ments, with others, were first published in 1840 by Dr. W. C. Taylor, in an illustrated edition of Gulliver; and I have seen the originals in the possession of the Rev. C. Bathurst Woodman, grandson of Mr. Bathurst the publisher, who began his career in partnership with Motte. Pope does not appear in the transaction. Motte also pub- lished the Miscellanies, and by this work Swift received no pecuniary advantage. From unpub- lished letters, in the possession of Mr. Woodman (which it is to be ^hoped that gentleman will give to the world), it appears that the copyright money was divided between Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, and Swift ; but that Swift's portion was directed to be sent to the widow Hyde, in Dame Street, Dublin. Mr. John Hyde was a respectable bookseller in Dublin, mentioned in Swift's printed correspon- dence. He died in 1729 in Motte's debt; and it was, no doubt, to relieve the widow, that Swift thus disposed of his share of the copyright of the Miscellanies. At all events, there is a positive Sept. 15. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 199 declaration from Swift, addressed to Motte, De- cember 9, 1732, that he had no advantage by any one of the four volumes of the Miscellanies. In a letter addressed to Pulteney, dated in the printed correspondence. May 12, 1735, Swift says: "I never got a farthing for anything I writ, except once, about eight years ago, and that by Mr. Pope's prudent management for me." The vague ex- pression, "about eight years ago," would apply either to Gulliver or the Miscellanies ; but I con- ceive the Dean alluded to the sum of 200Z. for the copyright of Gulliver. When corresponding with Motte in 1727, under the name of Richard Symp- son, he was living with Pope at Twickenham ; and most likely consulted with his friend as to the transaction with Motte, before giving Lewis in- structions how to act. Pope was well skilled in the art of dealing with booksellers ! I may add, that there is an interesting unpublished letter by Swift in the collection of Mr. Watson, bookseller. Prince's Street, Edinburgh ; who has perhaps the finest private collection of autographs and old his- torical pictures in the kingdom. R. Carruthebs. Inverness. THE HISTORICAL HAMLET. Shakspeare kills Hamlet at the same time that poetic justice is done upon his mother and uncle : not so, however, the genuine history as written by Saxo Grammaticus ; for Hamlet, having set on fire his uncle's palace, and having taken his uncle's life, addresses the people in a long speech explanatoz'y of the cause of his simulated mad- ness,— vengeance for his father's murder. This speech is described in the margin (Dan. Hist., 1. iv. p. 28. c, Basil, 1534) as " Oratio perfectae eloquential plena," and is constructed with rhe- torical skill. In its peroration he says, — ■ "Dolebam et patris et patriae injuriam, ilium extinxi vobis atrociter, et supra quam viros decuerat, imperan- tem. Recognoscite beneficium, veneramini ingenium meum, regnum si raerui date, liabetis tanti autorem mu- neiis, paternoe potestatis liseredem, non degenerem, non paricidam, sed legitimum regni suceessorem, et pium noxaj paricidalis ultorem. Debetis mihi recuperatum libertatis beneficium, exclusum afflictantis imperium, ademptum oppressoris jugum, excussum paricidae do- minium, calcatum tyrannidis sceptrum. Ego servitute vos exui, indui libertate, restitui culmen, gloriam repa- ravi, tyrannum sustuli, carnificem triumphavi. Premium penes vos est, ipsi meritum nostis, k vestra merces virtute requiritur." This speech had a powerful effect on its auditors, moving some to pity, others even to tears ; and when such expression of grief had subsided, he was promptly declared king by acclamation. He afterwards fitted up three ships for the purpose of visiting the British king, his father-in-law, and the daughter whom he had married. The mode by which he acquired her is characteristic of the No. 307.] "sotiltie" of Hamlet. Fengo the uncle, to avoid offence to Rurick, Hamlet's grandfather, or to his mother, sends him on a mission to the British king, with instructions secretly to take Hamlet's life. The two kings appear to have been equals (peers) in villany. Hamlet, however, proved more than a match for both, by getting access to his own death-warrant, " quicquid chartis illitum erat, curavit abradl, novisque figurarura apicibus substitutis," inserting the names of the person, called Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in the play, instead of his own, for execution, and adding a recommendation, as from Fengo, of himself as a suitable son-in-law of the majesty of Britain. Hamlet took with him, on this second visit, a shield prepared to represent the memorable events of his life. As Saxo's description forms a sum- mary of Hamlet's history before he attained the throne, it is given at length : " In scuto quoque sibi parari jusserat omnem operum. suorum contextum, ab ineuntis jetatis primordiis auspica- tus, idque exquisitis picturae notis adumbrandum curavit. Quo gestamine perinde ac virtutum suarum teste usus, claritatis incrementa contraxit. Istic depingi videres Horuuendilli jugulum Fengonis cum incestu paricidiura, flagitiosum patruum fratruelem ridiculum, aduncas stipi- tum formas, suspicionem vitrici, dissimulationem privigni, procurata tentamentorum genera, adhibitam insidiis foe- minam, hiantem lupum, inventum gubernaculum, prae- teritum sabulum, initum nemus, insitam cestro paleam, instructum indiciis adolescentum, elusis comitibus rem seorsum cum virgine habitam. Cerneres itaque adum- brari regiara, adesse cum Alio reginam, trucidari insidia- torem, trucidatum decoqui, cloacae coctum infundi, infusum suibus objici, coeno artus insterni, instratos belluis absu- mendos relinqui. Videres etiam ut Amlethus dormientium comitum secretum deprehenderit, ut obliteratis apicibus, alia figurarum elementa substituerit, ut dapem fastidierit, potionemque contempserit, ut vultum regis arguerit, ut reginam sinistri moris notaverit. Aspiceres quoque lega- torum suspendium, adolescentis nuptias figurari, Daniam navigio repeti, inferias convivio celebrari, comitum loco baculos percontantibus ostendi, juvenem pincernae partes exequi, districto per industriam ferro digitos exulcerari, gladiura clavo pertundi, convivales plausus augeri, incre- brescere tripudia, aulaeam dormientibus injici, injectam uncorum nexibus obfirmari, pertinacius sopitos involvi, tectis torrem immitti, cremari convivas, depastam incen- dio regiam labefactari, Fengonis cubiculum adiri, gladium eripi, iuutilem erepti loco constitui, regem privigni raanu proprii mucronis acumine trucidari. Haec omnia excul- tissimo rerum artificio militari ejus scuto opifex studiosus illeverat, res formis imitatus, et facta figurarum adumbra- tione complexus." In this he proved " The glass of fashion and the mould of form;" for Saxo adds, — " Sed et comites ipsius, quo se nitidius gererent, oblitis tantum auro clypeis utebantur." This summary, it will be seen, adverts to many circumstances left unnoticed by Shakspeare as unfit for tragedy ; of which more hereafter, if occasion fits. T. J. Buckton. Lichfield. 200 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 15. 1855. THE MABQUIS OP LANSDOWNE AND SYMPATHY WITH LITERARY TAIiENT. " The Marquis of Lansdowne being struck with a short poem, ' So it come,' by Frances Browne, which appeared in the AthencEum, applied for information respecting the author ; and on learning that she had been long beset by difliculties, placed 100/. at her disposal, which was ac- cepted in the spirit in which it was offered." — The Guardian, Sept. 5. On reading the above paragraph I was re- minded of a circumstance not less deserving of honourable record, that occurred twenty-two years a^o, on an occasion when the noble marquis ap- plied to me, then in the foreign house of Treuttel and Wurtz, the publishers of the Foreign Qtmr- terly Review, — for the purpose of ascertaining the author of an article in the number just then pub- lished of that Review — an article with which his lordship informed me he had been " so struck" — his own words — that he was desirous of becoming acquainted with the writer of it. Being deh'ghted by the occurrence of such an unexpected piece of good fortune to a young Irishman with whom I had recently become acquainted, and whom I had introduced to the editor of the Review (the late Mr. Cochrane, of the London Library) — I in- formed his lordship that the article in question was written by a ^Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Cooke Taylor, a literary man who had recently come to London from Trinity College, Dublin ; and who was then chiefly occupied in writing for the book- sellers. His lordship added that he had some works in his library, which he thought would in- terest Mr. Taylor, whom he would be glad to see any morning at Lansdowne House. I lost no time in acquainting Mr. Taylor with this striking tribute to the merits of his communication from a nobleman of such distinguished discernment of literary talent and of sympathy for its gifted pos- sessors. The article which attracted Lord Lans- downe's attention in so remarkable a manner, was (if my memory does not deceive me), " On Mo- hammed and Mohammedanism" {F. Q.R. No. 23., 1833) — a subject on which Dr. Taylor after- wards wrote a distinct work. The marquis con- tinued Dr. Taylor's friend and patron to the last; having appointed him, as I was informed, but a short time before his early and lamented death, to a lucrative post on the Irish Statistical Com- mission — a post for which he had given many proofs of fitness, not the least of which was by an article in the Foreign Quarterly, on the " Objects ami Advantages of Statistical Science." (Vol. xvi. p. 205.) Dr. T.'s first communication to that Keview was on Niebuhr's new edition of the By- zantine Historians, a subject selected by himself as his coup d'essai, and, in his treatment of it, affoiding evidence of such scholarship and ability as convinced the editor that Dr. T. would prove a most valuable contributor. John Macbay. No. 307.] FOLK LORE. Scottish Folk Lore. — I wish to make a note of the following bits of "folk lore," still current in this district, and that have come unasked before me, and will be heard. That they are religiously believed in, admits of no manner of doubt. Salt. — I offered to help an old Highland lady at dinner one day to some salt from the " cellar," which stood much nearer to me than to her ; she gravely put back my hand, and drew away her plate, saying at the same time, with a kind of shudder, between her teeth : " Help me to saut ! Help me to sorrow!" Sneezing. — It is a thing known, and fixed as the eternal fates in the minds of all douce nurses, and especially all "howdies" whatsoever, that a new-born child is in the fairy spells until it sneezes; then all danger is past. I once overheard an old and most reverend- looking dame, of great experience in howdie-craft, crooning over a new- born child ; and then watching it intently, and in silence, for nearly a minute, she said, taking a huge pinch of snuff, "Och! oich ! No yet — no yet." Suddenly the youngster exploded in a startling manner into a tremendous sneeze; when the old lady suddenly bent down, and, as far as I could see, drew her forefinger across the brows of the child, very much as if making the sign of the cross (although, as a strict Calvinist, she would have been scandalised at the idea), and joyfully exclaimed, " God sain the bairn, it's no a warlock!'^ Even people of education I have heard say, and maintain stoutly, that no idiot ever sneezed or could sneeze ! Marriage Superstition. — The sister of an old servant was shortly since married to a sailor. I asked Katie if the bridal party had gone down the water for a pleasure sail. She answered me at once, looking quite flurried : " Losh, no, Sir ! that would na be canny, ye ken ; we gaed up the water." She could give me no reasons, but abun- dant examples of couples who had impiously dis- regarded the custom, and had, in Katie's phrase- ology, "gane aw wrang" in consequence. In some instances the bride had come to her death ; and in one, both bride, bridegroom, and two bridesmaids were drowned. What can be the origin of this most singular superstition ? ]\Iy old friend the "herd" tells me, that if a sheep drag past a heather bush, and leave on it a portion of its wool, that bush must die with the year and day. What is the meaning of such a belief ? I have not myself noticed the fact at all. C. D. A. Hampshire Folk Lore. — It is a common saying that the bees are idle or unfortunate at their work whenever there are wars ; a very curious Sept. 15. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 201 observer and fancier says that this has been the case ever since the time of the movements in France, Prussia, and Hungary, up to the present time. He also mentioned a quaint superstition that the death's head moth is very common in Whitehall, according to the wise folk, from the time of the martyrdom of Charles I. Mackenzie Walcott, M.A. P. S. — Do not some old Welsh families, such as the Lloyds and Llewellyns, sometimes use two U's instead of a capital letter, as the ^'s are adopted instead of the F ? (Vol. xii., p. 126.) Superstition in the West of England. — I copy the following from The Times of May 9 : " At an early hour on the morning of the 1st of May, a woman, respectably attired, and accompanied by an elderly gentleman, applied for admittance to the cemetery at Plymouth. On being allowed to enter, they proceeded to the grave of the last man interred ; and the woman, who had a large wen in her throat, rubbed her neck three times each way on each side of the grave, departing before sunrise. By this process it was expected the malady would be cured." P. J. F. Gaktillon, St. Goven's Bell. — The following legend is current in Pembrokeshire. On the south-west coast of Pembrokeshire is situated a little chapel, called St. Goven's, from the saint who is supposed to have built it, and lived in a cell ex.cavated in the rock at its east end, but little larger than sufficient to admit the body of the holy man. The chapel, though small, quite closes the pass between the rock-strewn cone and the higli lands above, from which it is approached by a long and steep flight of stone steps; in its open belfry hung a beautifully-formed silver bell. Between it and the sea, and near high-water mark, is a well of pure water, often sought by sailors, who were always received and attended to by the good saint. Many centuries ago, at the close of a calm summer evening, a boat entered the cove, urged by a crew with piratical intent, who, regardless alike of the_ sanctity of the spot, and of tbe hos- pitality of its inhabitant, determined to possess thenaselves of the bell. They succeeded in de- taching it from the chapel and conveying it to their boat, but they had no sooner left' the shore than a violent storm suddenly raged, the boat was wrecked, and the pirates found a watery grave ; at the same moment by some mysterious agency the silver bell was borne away, and entombed in a largeand massive stone on the brink of the well. And still, when the stone is struck, the silver tones of the bell are heard softly lamenting Its long im- prisonment, and sweetly bemoaning the hope of freedom long deferred. Dyfed. ^ Miners' Superstitions. — Can any reason be as- signed for the prevailing antipathy which lead- miners have to whistling in the mine: and the No. 307.] almost universal aversion which this class of miners have to enter the interior of a mine on Good Friday, Innocents' and Christmas Days. I visited one of the lead mines in Allendale, and I found that, rather than workon any of those days, they would sacrifice their employment. I interrogated several of them as to the cause of this, but no satisfactory answer could I glean : only that some fatal catastrophe would befall them if they acted contrary to those prescribed customs. Perhaps some of your correspondents can inform me whe- ther this is a vestige of the superstitious idea which was so predominant in remote and out- landish places like Allendale, or they have some reason for such acts. Jack Rag. STOPS, ETC. In Vol. v. of " N. & Q.," Sir Henrt Ellis in- troduced an inquiry upon the subject of stops. Having " made a note of it," I send you the results, which you can insert if you think proper. The comma, colon, and period I find in all the volumes which I have examined, from the Rule of St. Benedict (Paris, 1491) to the Works of Perkins (London, 1603). In a number of in- stances the colon is a single point ( . ), but more generally as now ( : ), unless the single point in the body of a sentence is to be regarded as the legitimate ancestor of the semicolon ( ; ). It occurs in the book first named ; so also does the note of interrogation (?). In this case, however, and in some other black-letter books, the comma Is a small oblique line ( ^ ). In an edition of Livy printed at London in 1589, the note of in- terrogation is reversed ( 9 )• The earliest in- stances of the note of admiration are these : Calvin On the Gospels and Acts, 1563 ; Ascham's Epistles, London, 1590 ; Bunney's Kesolution, London, 1584—1594; Cicero, 1594; Perkins' Works, London, 1605. In some cases the note of inter- rogation is used for that of exclamation, as in Cooper's Thesaurus, London, 1584. As it re- spects the semicolon. Sir Henrt Ellis mentions that Herbert met with it in Coverdale's New Testament, 1538, and in Marsh On Chess, 1568, in each case a solitary example, from which Herbert infers it was there used accidentally. Now, my notes extend to thirty-four books, and I find the semicolon. only in six of them, there are therefore twenty-eight without it. Those which contain it are as follows : Bembi Epistolce, Lug- duni, 1538, where it frequently occurs ; Turrianus, De Eucharistia, Romte, 1576; Bunney's Reso- lution, pt. i., 1584, and pt. il., 1594; Pliny's Na- tural History, Francofurti, 1599 ; Perkins' Works, London, 1605. In some cases the paging is omitted, in others as now ; in some volumes the leaves are numbered, and in others the columns. 202 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 15. 1655. It is very evident tliat a long time elapsed before the systematic and uniform method of pointing was adopted with which we are so familiar ; and the same may be said of the mode of indicating quotations and emphatic passages. On the former of these I would observe, that marks of quotation, similar to our inverted commas, have been found in very ancient oriental manuscripts, the said marks being placed in the margin, opposite each line of extract. After printing was introduced, quotations were frequently undistinguished by the printer ; sometimes they were printed in a dif- ferent type, as the text and its commentary, and lastly, either inclosed in brackets, or marked by commas. These last again were placed either at the beginning of every line, or at the commence- ment and conclusion of the quotation. Having said so much, I would only add, that it is pecu- liarly interesting to observe the successive steps which brought the noble art of printing to that degree of perfection which it has now attained. B. H. C. Minav ^attg. '■'■Hoop and Hollow" (Query, Whoop and Hal- loo'). — Much has been written in "N. & Q." con- cerning " by hook or by crook." In a collection of songs', &c., about 1730, are the following lines : " An elderly lady, whose bulkj'^, squat figure By hoop and white damask was rendered much bigger, Without hood and bare-necked to the park did repair, To show her new clothes and to take the fresh air — Like a full sack before her, her wide hoop confined her - With two peckloaves above, and two bushels behind her. Her bulk and attire raised loud shouts with laughter. Away Avaddles madam ; the mob hurries after — Quoth a wag then, observing the noisy crowd follow, As she came with a hoop she is gone with a hollow.*' E. D. Liberty. — The Japanese, whom we regard as being at best only semi-barbarians, never punish any one for escaping from prison. They hold that it is the natural right of every one to exert his ingenuity for regaining his liberty, and, when retaken, no harshness is used in the conveyance back or subsequent detention. If there be blame anywhere, it is with those who suffered him to escape through remissness in vigilance. This we have on the authority of a Russian, who was one of the few survivors from a vessel wrecked on their inhospitable coast. After being incarcerated according to their accustomed rule, he escaped to where he expected a boat would take him to some of the European ships in the offing, but he was recaptured, and lodged again in prison. He was greatly surprised at his mild treatment afterwards, which he feared was only preparatory to a cruel death, till he learned their criminal escape law. No. 307.] But he took care not to test its leniency too far by a second attempt at evasion, and he was liberated by some particular treaty or convention. Query, would not this refined notion of liberty, entertained by those generally deemed barbarians, be worth imitation by what we call polished nations ? When we capture an escaped delin- quent we load him with fetters, and punish him by various restrictions on his usual indulgences, and sometimes even in his food. Besides these se- verities by underlings, the law deems escape from prison a crime, and the culprit feels its effects accordingly. C. B. A. Moustache worn by Clergymen. — When the episcopal wig came into fashion, it would seem that the beard was no longer worn by clergymen. In looking over a collection of prints, I find Wick- liffe, William Tyndale, Dean Donne, George Herbert, Robert Herrick, Robert Burton, Bishop Jeremy Taylor, Archbishop Spottiswood, Thomas Fuller, Usher the Primate, and Robert South, all using the moustache ; as did John Knox and Bunyan. The Jesuits in India, I believe, still wear it. I have been unable to trace the latest instance of a clergyman wearing his gown and cassock in the streets ; the custom apparently died out in the reign of one of the early Georges, Mackenzie Walcott, M.A. An American Medical License of the Olden Time. — Here is a sample, granted by the general assembly of Connecticut in 1652 : " Thomas Lord, having engaged to this Court to con- tinue his abode in Hartford for the next ensuing year, and to improve his best skill among the inhabitants of the towns upon the river within this jurisdiction, both for the setting of bones and otherwise, as at all times, occa- sions, and necessities may require, this Court doth grant, that he shall be paid by the country the sum of 15Z. for the ensuing year ; and they also declare that for every visit or journey that he shall take or make, being sent for to any house in Hartford, 12d is reasonable; to any house in Windsor, 5s. ; to any house in Withersfield, 3s. ; to any house in Farmington^ 6s. ; to any house in Mat- tasebeck or Middletown, 8s. (he having promised that he will require no more) ; and that he shall be freed, for the time aforesaid, from watching, warding, and training, but not from finding arms, according to law." — Boston Post. w. w. Malta. Russia and Turkey. — Among the medals struck during the Congress of Verona in 1822, is one in honour of the Emperor Nicholas. Surrounding the bust is " Emperor of Russia, Verona, Oct. 1822," and on the reverse these significant words, " I should like Constantinople." C. R. Paternoster Row. Staffordshire Sayings. — At Marchington, a village in this neighbourhood, there is a saying Sept. 15. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 203 often applied to those who work hard, " You're going to kill yourself with hard work, and then you'll be buried at Six Roads End, at the ex- pense of the county." I suppose it is meant as a dissuasive from that particular form oi felo de se. The same village is well known for a particular kind of crumbling cake, and a lady's temper is often characterised as being " as short as a March- ington wake cake." William Fbaseb, B.C.L. Alton, Staffordshire. ^Mttiti, THOMAS MAEWOOD. In the old church of Honiton, co. Devon, is a monument with the following inscription : " Here lieth the body of Thomas Marwood, gent., who practised physick and chirurgery above seventy-five years; and being zealous of good works, gave certain houses, and bequeathed by his will to the poor of Honiton 10/. ; and being aged above one hundred and five years, departed in the Catholick faith, September y" 18">, anno domini 1617." The physician thus commemorated was in many points of view a person of considerable interest. To say nothing of the astounding period (seventy- five years) during which he practised physic, and the patriarchal age at which he arrived, he Is the earliest physician practising in the county of Devon of whom we have any records ; and was, as we learn from another monument In the same church (to the memory of his great-grand- daughter Bridget, relict of Edward Ford, Bachelor of Physick), physician to Queen Elizabeth. His grandson Thomas, and great-grandson James, were also of the medical profession: the former resided at Honiton. And it was in his house, still standing, and but little if at all altered from its original condition, that King Charles I., in his progress towards the west, took up his quarters, and passed the night of Thursday, July 25, 1644. To these two physicians, a late resident in the house, and a descendant ex parte matenia of the Marwood family, the Rev. William John Tucker, refers in his poem entitled Honiton Hill : " Here Marwood liv'd, my mother bore that name — Pardon the boast : twas from that line I came. Still on the house he built, his name is seen, The fam'd physician to the Virgin Queen. Inviolate his loyalty he kept ; Under his roof the royal martyr slept." I have reason to think that the second Thomas Marwood, who had the honour of receiving Charles I., had been physician to King James I. ; and that many records yet remain in private hands of this family of distinguished physicians. I am engaged collecting materials for a History of the Medical Worthies of Devon, and should be obliged could any of the readers of " N. & Q." fa- No. 307.] vour me with any particulars of these physicians *, or refer me to the records, if such there be, above alluded to. Doubtless, information could be afforded by some of your Devonshire correspon- dents. James Marwood, M.D., the great-grandson of the " physician to the Virgin Queen," was buried in the church of the neighbouring parish of Wid- worthy. _ W. Munk, M.D. 26. Finsbury Place. WASHINGTON, MEDAL OR COIN OF. I have a gold coin in my possession, a rough sketch of which I inclose ; and which, although much worn, is still of the full value of the Ameri- can eagle, namely, ten dollars. On inquiring at the United States' mint, in Philadelphia, a few years since, I found that, In the collection there of specimens of all Ihe federal coins, none like this existed. It attracted much curiosity ; but nothing of Its history could be learned. A very intelligent officer of the institution informed me, that he con- jectured It was stamped in Birmingham. The name of Washington, President, appearing upon it, renders it an object of greater Interest ; as it is generally understood, and believed, that while that distinguished man was President of the United States, learning that a coinage was about to be stamped at the mint, bearing his effigy, he imme- diately arrested the proceeding. A few copper coins had however been struck, which were never issued ; and which I believe are still preserved in the collection to which I have above referred. No gold or silver coin of the same stamp was ever struck in the United States of America. The coin in my possession was evidently intended for circulation. Its style of execution is rather rough, and the motto upon the scroll In the eagle's beak, " Unum e pluribus," is not correct ; that upon the federal money having been, " E pluribus unum." If you can, through any of your readers, afford me any Information touching the subject of my inquiry, you will greatly oblige G. A. Mteks. Richmond, Virginia (U. S. A.). [This American piece was struck at Birmingham by Hancock, an engraver of dies of considerable talent. Of these pieces there are several varieties : one, without date on the obverse; on reverse, American eagle, shield on breast, olive branch in one claw, arrows in the other; above, stars, cloud, and " one cent ; " edge, " united STATES OF AMERICA ; " below, " 1791." Another, date under head, " 1791 ;" reverse, eagle as above, but larger; in beak a scroll, " unum e pluribus ; " above, " one CENT;" no stars, cloud, or date. Another, profile of Washington to the right, fillet round the head, no dress ; [* Some notices of the Marwoods may be found in the Gentleman's Magazine, vol. Ixi. p. 608. ; vol. Ixiii. p. 114. ; vol. Ixxix. p. 3. ; vol. Ixxx. pt. i. p. 429. ; vol. Ixxx. pt. ii. p. 320. ; and Graves's History of Cleveland.'} •204 NOTES AND QUEEIES. [Sept. 15. 1855. legend as above ; date " 1792 ;" reverse, eagle with shield, olive and arrows ; above, " cent." Edges of all the same. These are all of copper, and were said to have been pat- terns for an intended coinage, but not approved.] "TBTE life of DAVID. Who is the author of that well-knt>wn pro- duction, The Life of David ; the Man after Ood's own Heart, 18mo., London, 1761 ? In a note prefixed to Saul, Drame, Traduit de TAnglais de M. Hut, 1763, Voltaire gives the following information : " M. Huet, membre du parlement d'Angleterre, ^tait petit-neveu deM. Huet, ^vcque d'Avranches. Les Anglais, au lieu de Huet avee un e ouvert, prononcent Hut. Ce fut lui qui, en 1728, composa le petit livre tres-curieux. The Man after the Heart of God, L'homme selon le cceur de Dieu. Indigne d'avoir entendu un predicateur com- parer il David le roi George 11., qui n'avait ni assassin^ personne, ni fait briiler ses prisonniers fran^ais dans les fours a briques, il fit une justice eclatante de ce roitelet juif." This, by the way, may be the " old Huet " spoken of by Brydone, and alluded to in " N. & Q." (Vol. xi., p. 456.). I may also add that Saul was retranslated into English as from Voltaire, by " Oliver Martext, of Arden," and published in 1820 by Carlile, who has somewhat dishonestly suppressed the explanatory " avis " of the French writer : but to return to The Life of David. Voltaire again (Diet. Phil., sub voce " David ") attributes this performance to " M. Hut," but now correctly gives 1761 as the date of pub- lication. He adds : "Personne ne murmura en Angleterre centre I'auteur; son livre fut reimprime avec I'approbation publique." My own impression was that the book was the production of the well-known and cruelly-treated Peter Annet. It is so attributed in the title-page of a reprint by Consius, a year or two back, and also in the index to the Encyc. Britannica, though in the article to which it refers (" Life of S. Chandler ") the name of Annet is not made use of. AVatt and Lowndes afford no information on the subject. Watkins (Biog. Diet.) includes it among Annet's productions*; but in some inter- esting letters in the Gent. Mug. on the subject of Annet and his persecutions, no mention of the work occurs in connexion with him. Finally, the following extract from the cata- logue of an intelligent bibliopole, Mr. J. R. Smith, ibr April 1852, throws additional doubt upon the authorship : "NooRTHOUCK. — The original autograph manuscript of the life of John Noorthouck, author of the History of the Man after God's own Heart, History of London, &c., 4to., 1/. Is. A very interesting piece of autobiography ; [* So also does Gorton in his Bioq. Diet.'] No. 307.] it contains many curious literarj' anecdotes of the last centurj', and deserves to be printed. With it will be given a volume of pamphlets in reply to the History of the Man after God's own Heart, by Chandler, Patten, Porteus, and Cleaver, with numerous .MS. marginal notes by jSfoorthouck." Not having this manuscript before me, I know nothing of the nature of the evidence it contains, but should imagine it to be important and con- clusive. But where did Voltaire get his informa- tion from ? What else is known of " M. Hut," and does Saul exist in English as written by him? How did Annet get upon the title-page of the modern reprint ? In short, which bf the triad is the actual author ? William Bates. Birmingham. Quotations wanted. — Wh6 are the authors of the following : " Qui jacet in terra, non habet unde cadat." " Vox audita perit, litera scripta manet." * " Fiat justitia, Tuat ccelum." " Indocti discunt, et ament meminisse periti." (This is the motto to Laharpe's Cours de Litterature.') " Pie equali'd all hvit Shakspeare here below." " Death hath a thousand ways to let out life." " Forgiveness to the injured does belong, But they ne'er pardon who have done the wrong." J. Sx. Philadelphia. Tree cast on the French Coast. — The Annals of St. Berlin's, written by Prudentius, bishop of Troyes, tell us that in the year 858, — ■" In territorio . . . [blank] . . . mare quandam arborera radicitus evulsam et Gallicanis provinciis ante ignotam ejecit, (;arentem foliis, sed loco frondium habentem ramus- culos similitudine herbai partim lata; et longioris, loco vero foliorum qusedam triangula specie, colore autem un- guium humanorum vel ossium piscium, quae in eis tenuia sunt ; et hasc ita summitati earundem herbarum in- hjErentia, ac si extrinsecus adposita viderentur, more eorum qui ex'diversis metallis in ornamentis cingulorum vel hominum vel equestrium falerarum extrinsecus adfigi solent." — Pertz, Monum. Germ. Histor. Scriptores, i. 451. Can this be identified with any known American or other tree ? J. C. R. French Translation of the Agricola of Tacitus. — At a sale of books in London, some years ago, a number were disposed of which had belonged to a member of the Buonaparte family — to the pre- sent Emperor of the French, it was believed at the time. Among these were some copies of a translation into French of the Life of Agricola by Tacitus, printed at Florence for private distribu- tion in 1829. The translator, whose initials are [* See "N. & Q.," Vol. y., pp. 200. 237. 261,] Sept. 15. 1855.] NOTES AND QUEEIES. 205 given as N. L. B., in a dedicatory epistle to his " cliere cousine, Mademoiselle Juliette de V ,"" alludes to other " petits ouvrages" which he, pro- bably a youth, had read over to the lady whom he is addressing, and which she had graciously listened to. Can any of your correspondents assist me in determining who N. L. B. was ? Suspicox. *^ AthencB Oxonienses,"" by Anthony Wood.: vol. i., ** Life of Wood." — This volume, published by the Ecclesiastical Historical Society in 1848, was is- sued, I believe, as the first volume of a reprint of Dr. Bliss's edition of Wood, in 8vo. Query, have any other volumes been printed, or has the inten- tion of completing it been abandoned ? S. E, G. Passage in Plutarch. — " A court rout is like those sacrifices to the lower deities recorded by Plutarch, prepared at much cost, and of which the giver has nothing but the smoke and smell. But the Persians, like some other wise men of the East, ate up the whole victim, leaving the life, or anima, to the gods. Similia Similibus, p. 47." — Tlioughts on Man- ners, Sfc. : London, 1759, pp. 128. If in Plutarch, where ? N. O. Red Slippers. — Can you tell me to what this sentence alludes ? — " Red slippers are hawked about in Constantinople for next to nothing." It occurs at the close of the " Hampshire Farmer's Address," Rejected Addresses. F. M. E. Theodora. — Who is the Theodora from whom Handel's Oratorio of that name is called ? F.M.E. La Saxe Gallante is mentioned in Grimms Cor- respondence as containing " des verites exagerees," and again as " une traduction peu fidele d'un livre audace." In an Oxford bookseller's catalogue for 1820 is — " Saxon Gallantry, or the Secret History of tlie Court of Dresden, translated from the French : London, 1752." Can any of your readers tell me what these books are, and whence translated ? S. T. Haarlem. Samuel Woodworth. — Is an American author of the name of Samuel Woodworth still living ? He is author of a volume of Poems, Odes, Soiigs, Sec, published at New York in 1818. R. J. Biographical Queries. — I should feel greatly indebted to any of your correspondents who could refer me to any farther accounts of any of the fol- lowing persons than are contained in Wood's Athena and Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary : 1. Thos. Nightingale, fl. 1515. 2. Tlios. Lupset, ob. 1531, friend of Erasmus and Colet. 3. Sir Anthony Denny, friend and councillor to Henry VIIL, 1500 to 1550. No. 307.] 4. Sir Wm. Paget, first Lord Beaudesert, 1506 to 1563. 5. Edward, first Lord North, 1496 to 1564. E. M. " Go when the morning shineth." — I have seen this lovely hymn attributed to Toplady, and also to the Rev. Thos. Dale. Who wrote it ? Is the 6th line — " Cast earthly thoughts away," or, " Cast ev'ry fear «way ? " C. Mansfield Inglebt. Birmingham. Fire. — When was the use of fire first dis- covered, and by whom ? Is the flaming sword . of the cherubim, who guarded the entrance to the Garden of Eden, after the expulsion of Adam and Eve, the first mention made of it ? L. M. M. R. Dmidical Monument at Camac. — There is an immense Druidical monument at Carnac, in Brit- tany, three leagues from Auray, in the department of Morbihan. I believe it covers about eight acres of ground. I am anxious to know to whom it belongs, and if it is safe from destruction, as, if there is any doubt on the subject, I would gladly contribute to rescue it from all chance of harm, and to ensure its permanent safety. L. M. M. R. CromivelVs Portrait and Watch. — Where is the portrait of Oliver Cromwell, by Cooper ; which Mr. Jonathan Hartop, of Aldborough, Yorkshire (who married for his third wife an illegitimate daughter of the Protector, and died in 1791 at the patriarchal age of 138), possessed? And what has become of the Protector's watch, engraved in the Gentleman's Magazine for De- cember, 1808 ? Cestriensis. Milton's Letter to Hartop. — Is the angry letter, written by Milton to the before-named Mr. Har- top on his repaying him a loan of fifty pounds, after the Restoration, still in being ? Cestriensis. Author of Child's " Guide to Knowledge." — Who is the author of the far-famed Child's Guide to Knowledge, published by Simpkin & Co. ? I think I have heard she lived near SwafFham, Nor- folk. 7. Knewstubs. — Can you refer me to any account of Mr. Knewstubs, who was one of the divines who represented the Presbyterians at the cele- brated conference on the subject of conformity, which took place, before James I. as moderator, in January, 1603-4? Any particulars of himself or family will oblige. Before desiring information on this subject, I remember to have seen some documents in the MS. department of the British 206 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 15. 1855. Museum relating to an individual of the name (temp. Charles I.) ; can any of your readers assist me to re-find them ? A. Challsteth. Opinion of an English Bishop on mixed Mar- riages. — In Letters to a Russian Gentleman on the Spanish Inquisition, by the Count de Maistre, in 1815, translated and published in London, 1851, at p. 81., he writes : " You cannot, I am sure, Sir, liave forgot that, in the year 1805, an English bishop was consulted by a lady, one of his friends, on the important and especially difficult question, whether she could in conscience marry her daughter to a man who was alien to the Anglican Church (although neither Catholic nor Protestant). " The reply, which the principal parties interested did not keep secret, and which was communicated to me in your company, is one of the most curious things I ever read in my life. " He himself knew a gentleman, an alumnus of Eton and Cambridge, who, after having duly examined, to the best of his abilitj', the grounds for the two religions, decided for that of Eome. He does not blame him, and consequently he believes that the tender mother may, with all safety to her conscience, marry her daughter out of the Anglican Church, although the children by this marriage should be educated in the religion of her husband." And in a note : " The words of the good bishop are as follows : ' If in every other respect the match meet with her approbation, and that of her parents, it must not be declined from any apprehension of her children's salvation being risked by being educated in the R Church, - - - - especially as, when they arrive at mature age, they will be at liberty to examine and judge for themselves which of all the Christian Churches is most suitable to the Gospel of Christ.'— C P , March 27, 1805." Can any of your readers say v?ho was the bishop or the lady who consulted him ; or who was the convert to the Roman Church above referred to ? The hyphens in the note are not mine. I should conclude that the intended husband was of the Bussian Church. H. P. Armorial Bearings. — In the tax-papers the commissioners used, within these few years, to give a long comment, in which it was set forth that every person was liable for armorial bearings who had in his possession any seal bearing any device whatever, &c. So wide was the wording that persons who did not wish to pay for being symbolised as bears, monlceys, or lions, might almost fear to have a wafer-stamp seal, lest it should be brought in as a shield counterchecky, or some such heraldic bearing. AVas the question ever tried ? Was it ever decided by the courts, for example, that a collector of seals, claiming no arms of his own, was liable because he was in pos- session of the arms of other people ? M. Descendants of Authors. — Are you able to specify any celebrated authors of the last two centuries of whom lineal descendants — whether No. 307.] in the male or female line — are now living ? As regards the eighteenth century, the only one that occurs to me at this moment is Richardson ; though, as his cotemporary and rival, Henry Fielding, left daughters at his decease, he may, possibly, be another. It is needless to remark that of the greatest the race is dead : in every instance, with the exception of Addison, it died with the person who had made his name illustrious. Some contributor to " N. & Q." has most pro- bably the means of elucidating this subject of inquiry, which affords matter of curious specula- tion, not indeed in connexion with what Dr. Johnson called the " propagation of understand- ing" (the Horatian maxim, " fortes creantur fortibus," does not hold good as to intellectual force), but merely with reference to the physical deduction from men of the highest order of genius, and the "rationale" (if one may be sug- gested) of the scarcity of known instances of it. We have an abundance of offshoots (some of them at a considerable interval) from great law- yers, great statesmen, and great commanders — the "tenth transmitters" of "foolish faces" are very plentiful ; while of great writers, from whom it has been said that a country derives its chief re- nown, the genealogical extinction is all but uni- versal. The heroes of literature are represented, perhaps more suitably, by their immortal works. I omitted to mention Lady M. W. Montague, whose descendants are numerous among the noble of the land. A. L. Medal of Charles I. — A friend of mine has found a small silver coin or medal, date 1625. Two busts, male and female, with a glory over ; the inscription round is " ch. mag. et hen. m. a. BRIT. REX. ET REG." The obversc, Cupid with roses and lilies. Around, " fundit amor lilia MIXTA Rosis." On what occasion was tliis coined ? W. COLLYNS. [This is a small medal, struck upon the marriage of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria; when the lilies of France were mingled with the roses of England. They must have been distributed largely, for there are several varie- ties; and of some, more than one pair of dies were used.] Rosemary. — Will some correspondent explain the allusion to this plant in the following passage from Hudibras (Part II. canto I. v. 845-8) ? "A Persian emp'rour whipp'd his grannam The sea, his mother Venus came on ; And hence some rev'rend men approve Of rosemary in making love." A. Challsteth. [Zachary Grey has the following note on this passage : "As Venus was reported to have sprung from the foam of the sea, Butler intimates that rosemary (Rosmarinus) or sea-dew, as resembling in a morning the dew of the sea, was in use in making love."] Sept. 15. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 207 Passage in Milton. — Can you or any of your correspondents furnisli me with an explanatory comipent on the following lines from book iii. of Milton's Paradise Lost? " They pass the planets seven, and pass the fixed, And that crystalline sphere whose balance weighs The trepidation talked, and that first moved." HfiNRr Hardcastle. Grasmere. [Dr. Newton has the following note to this passage : — " Milton speaks here according to the ancient astronomy, adopted and improved by Ptolemy. ' They pass the planets seven,' our planetary or solar system, and beyond this ' pass the fixed,' the firmament or sphere of the fixed stars, and beyond this ' that crystalline sphere,' the crys- talline heaven, clear as crystal, to which the Ptolemaicks attributed a sort of libration or shaking (the 'trepidation' so much talked of) to account for certain irregularities in the motion of the stars, and bej-^ond this ' that first moved,' the primum mobile, the sphere which was both the first moved and the first mover, communicating its mo- tion to all the lower spheres ; and beyond this was the empj-rean heaven, the seat of God and" the angels. This passage may receive some farther light and illustration from another of the same nature in Tasso (cant. ix. st. 60, 61.), where he describes the descent of the archangel Mi- chael from heaven, and mentions this crystalline and all the other spheres, but only inverting the order, as there the motion is downwards, and here it is upwards : " Passa il foco, e la luce,' &c. ♦ He pass'd the light, and shining fire assign'd The glorious seat of his selected crew, The mover first, and circle crystalline. The firmament where fixed stars all shine. ' Unlike in working than in shape and show, At his left hand, Saturn he left and Jove, And those untruly errant call'd, I trow. Since he errs not who them doth guide and move.' "] Blue-thong Knights. — In the Lives of the Queens of England of the House of Hanover, recently published, vol. i. p. 183. (a work remark- able for the total absence of any authority for its statements), occurs the following : "When Richard was about setting out for Acre, he instituted the order of the blue thong, the insignia of which was a blue band of leather, worn on the left leg, and which appears to me to be the undoubted original of the order of the garter. There were twenty-four knights of the order, with the king for master, and the wearers pledged themselves to deserve increased honours by scaling the walls of Acre in company." Can any of your friends refer to any authority for this statement, or to any work where an account of this order, and any of its twenty-four knights, may be found ? T. D. S. [A similar statement is given in Strickland's Queens of England, vol. i. p. 298., edit. 1854, upon the authority of Hoveden and Sir Egerton Bridges, which we have not been able to discover. In the preface to Liber Niger, compiled in the reign of Henrv VIII., it is there alleged (but upon what authority, if any, the researches of Selden had not discovered) that King Richard L, whilst his forces were employed against Cyprus and Acre, had, through the mediation, as he imagined, of St. George, been inspired with fresh courage and the means of ani- mating his fatigued soldiers, by the device to tie about the legs of a chosen number of knights a leathern thong or garter, in order that, being thereby reminded of the honour of their enterprise, they might be encouraged to new efibrts for victory. See the passage in Anstis's History of the Garter, vol. ii. p. 23.] Verses to Hogarth's Pictures. — Did Hogarth employ a penny-a-liner of the day to write the verses which, a la Callot, were suffixed to his plates ? or were the illustrative verses the addi- tions of a subsequent publisher ? \Vho wrote the verses to " The Harlot's Progress ? " C. Mansfield Ingleby. Birmingham. [In Hogarth's Works, by Nichols and Steevens, vol. ii. p. 104., it is stated that "the verses to 'The Harlot's Pro- gress ' made their first appearance under the earliest and best of the pirated copies published by Bowles. Hogarth, finding that such a metrical description had its eff'ect, re- solved that his next series of prints should receive the same advantage from an abler hand."] Connor or O ' Connor's " History of Poland.'^ — Can any of your readers give me inlbrmation re- specting this author ? Who and what was he ? Was he any relation to Dr. O'Connor, the Stowe librarian, or to the author of the Chronicles of Eri ? Alpha. Westminster. [Bernard Connor was bom in 1666, in the county of Kerry, studied medicine at several of the continental uni- versities, and at length obtained the appointment of first physician to John Sobieski, King of Poland. Towards the close of the seventeenth century he settled in London, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and, having joined the Church of England, lectured publicly in medi- cine at Oxford. His lectures he afterwards printed under the title of Disquisitiones Medico-Physica. He was also- the author of a History of Poland, and a singular treatise on the miracles of Scripture, entitled Evangelium Medici^ or the Physician's Gospel. He died in October, 1698, in the thirtv-second year of his age. See his Funeral Sermon, preached bv Dr. William Hayley in the parish church of St. Giles's, 'London, 4to., 1699; and Kippis's Biographia Britannica."] " Lays of the Minnesingers.'" — Who were the authors oi Lays of the Minnesingers or German Troubadours, London, Longman & Co., 1825 ? The Advertisement commences, — " Though this little work is sent into the world anony- mously, it may be proper to state that it is the joint pro- duction of two authors." Eden Warwick. Birmingham. [The principal editor was Edgar Taylor, Esq., F.S.A., who died August 19, 1839 ; and we believe that his co- editor was Mrs. Austin, who is understood to have been associated with him in his first and most admirable trans- lation of Grimm's German Popular Stories."] Epitaph. — In the parish church of Kendal, the following epitaph is inscribed on a brass plate to the memory of Ralph Tyrer, B.D., a former vicar, who died June 4, 1627 ; and it is said to have 208 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 15. 1855. been composed by himself. Can any reader of '* N. & Q." explain the second line ? " London bred me, Westminster fed me, Cambridge sped me. My sister wed me. Study taught me, Living sought me, Learning brought me, Kendal caught me. Labour pressed me, Sickness distressed me. Death oppressed me. The grave possessed me, God first gave me, Christ did save me. Earth did crave me, and Heaven would have me." John o' the Ford. [The passage seems to imply that his wife was pro- cared by the intervention of his sister.] 10itpliti* WILL o' THE WISP, JACK-A- LANTERN, IGNIS FATUUS, CORPSE-CANDLES, ETC. (Vol. Xii., p. 167.) By a dozen of names these wild-fire phenomena are very common in all boggy lands, and were much more so before the agricultural science of drainage was carried to such an extent. I have seen them often ; but the most curious example occurred to a friend of mine whose country resi- dence was situated within sight of a low swampy track of meadow. It was exactly at this season of the year (in September) that the household were startled, and the superstitious affrighted by the appearance of strange waving and wandering lights in the locality alluded to, commencing near midnight and lasting for several hours. Their rnotion was very eccentric, and they traversed the district in every direction, up and down, back- wards and forwards. As day approached they vanished, leaving the observers to account as well as they could for the uniisual nightly visitation. At length some, bolder than the rest, having ex- aniined the ground by daylight, and discovered neither pitfall nor sinking bog, resolved on going to the spot and ascertaining the nature of the illusion. They went accordingly, noiselessly and secretly, and followed up the dancing lights till they came upon them; and lo! they were lanterns tied by collars to the necks of small well- trained setters, and in the service of poachers, with nets, who were thus pursuing their vocation and catch- ing almost every head of game on the estate. So much for a particular Puck-affair, W. J. ^ About twenty years since, while travelling one night in the south of Ireland, about four miles from Killarney, on passing some marshy ground I distinctly saw a light flitting about, vanishing at intervals, and appearing again. My driver noticed the same, and we stopped and observed it for near half an hour. If was about the first of September, nine o'clock at night, and the air very No. 307.] still. The light appeared to be about from fifty to one hundred yards from us. I was told that such an appearance was commonly seen in marshy ground after a warm day, and that the country people called it " Jack o' the lantern." Of course it can be easily accounted for. Last year I passed the same spot by day, and saw that a large drain had been made through the marsh, consequently I expect my friend " Jack " has vanished with his lantern to some more genial locality. Simon Ward. A friend informs me he has frequently seen it in a marsh near the town of Stettin in Germany, and has often staid, while passing the place with other persons, to witness Its movements. He describes it as like a " good-sized candle flame," constantly appearing and disappearing. Sometimes a dozen or more are visible at one time. Although they are very common, some people feel a little super- stitious, and do not pass that place at night. H. W. D. W. may be informed that this light has been seen by me (to the best of my recollection, more than once) dancing over some boggy ground on Bedford Moor, near Torrington, in the north of Devon. J. Sansom. EXECtlTORS OP WILLS. (Vol. xii., p. 124.) Leguleius asks when executors were first in- stituted ? And he remarks, they were, it appears, quite unknown to the Roman law. Perhaps they had their beginning in ancient Greece, for the man who was privileged to make a will signed it before witnesses (who were some- times magistrates and arcbons), and then placed it in the hands of trustees called Epirneletai, who were obliged to see it performed. See Arch- bishop Potter's Antiquities, by Dunbar, ii. 339. Isa;us seems to be his authority, but I have not the references. The tTri/xeATjral were any persons who were charged with care, guardianship, or per- formance, — the original apparently of executors in modern time. It was, we know, the custom among the Romans for a man to leave his fortune to a friend on some executory trust. The Hceres Fiduciarius seems to have corresponded to an executor. A testator's wishes, too, are often said to be addressed ad fidei Commissarios. The ap- pointment of an Heres, whom we may call execu- tor in some respects, was essential to the validity of a will among the Romans. " It was," as Dr. Taylor remarks in his Elements of Civil Law (535.), " a form so necessary, that practice at least, if not law, required it as the principal ingredient." Sept. 15. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. •2»9 This is supported by tlie Definition of Modestinus ; and it appears that the Hares Testamenti was the full representative of the testator by the civil law, and succeeded to the whole estate, real as well as personal. See also Hallifax On the Civil Law, 37. ; and as to the form and mode of his in- stitution, the sixth book of Justin, Cod., tit. xxiii., De Tentamentis, et quemadmoduvi Testamenta ordi- neiur, in Corpus Juris Civilis, 194. sqq. "An executor," says Ayliffe in his Parergon Juris Cano- nici AngUcani, 264., " so called ab exequendo, is in the civil and canon law sometimes called Hceres 'Testamentarius, and often HcBres simply. He had his beginning in the civil law by the Imperial Con- stitutions." So, too, Cowel attributes the begin- ning of the executor to " the Constitutions of the Emperors, who first permitted those that thought good by their wills to bestow anything upon godly and charitable uses, to appoint whom they pleased to see the same performed." It seems to me impossible to peruse the chapters of the civil law quoted by these authorities with- out seeing that the office of executor was known to the Romans, although not by the modern name of executor, which, as Lord Hardwicke, in a case reported in the third volume of Atkins's Reports, said, " is a barbarous term unknown to that law." Godolphin also treats the executor as known to the civil law, in the Hceres Testamentarius (part 2. c. l.s. 1.); and so, too, Swinburn, in his Treatise on Wills. The custom of making wills among the Teutonic nations Is ascribed by Selden to the Romans, and to the reception by Germanic na- tions of the Roman law. Executors are often named in Anglo-Saxon wills; and there is every reason for believing that the custom of making devises of lands as well as chattels was introduced into England from Rome by Augustine. Wills were not considered In the same ceremonious point of view as the Roman Testamenti. They were partly a settlement or grant, and a testa- ment, and corroborated by being witnessed by prelates, who are made to some extent exe- cutors ; a portion of the testator's property being usually bequeathed to pious purposes, In which case even the Roman law allowed the Intervention of clergy. (Kemble's Introd. to Cod. Dipl. ^vi Saxon., p. cviil.) The Anglo-Saxon prelates seem to have answered to the functionaries of the Pontifical College in this respect, who had the care and superintendence of wills and executory trusts. Mr. Kemble doubts whether probate was required among the Anglo-Saxons. There are Saxon wills in which a legatus is not designated or appointed for the execution of the testator s wishes. In some cases (as In the will of Elf helm, In Lye's Saxon Dictionary, vol. li., appendix) there is a request to the superior lord, which runs in that Instance — "Jam oro te, dilecte domine, ut meum testamentum stare possit, et tu ne sinas ut No. 307.] ipsum quis pervertat." The earliest will printed in Mr. Kemble's valuable collection of Anglo-Saxon documents is of the ninth century. The Legatum testamenhim is rendered in the Anglo-Saxon Serieran seTetnyfte (gerefan gesetnysse) — words which seem aptly to designate a representative functionary. Glanvllle (writing, I need hardly say, In the reign of Henry II.) says the executors of a testament should be such persons as the tes- tator has chosen for that purpose ; but if he doth not nominate any person, the nearest of kin and relations may take upon them the charge (Lib. vii. ch. 6.). This latter is the executor ah Episcopo Constitutus mentioned by the Canonists and old writers on wills.; the former is the executor a testatare Constitutus, or Executor Testamentarius, who is usually meant by the term executor. The older authorities of ecclesiastical law treat the ap- pointment of an executor as essential to a testa- ment ; but this strictness, -as Is remarked by the learned author of Williams on Executors, has long ceased to exist. I have not any reference to the first known appearance of the term executor in our records. In the Rotuli Pari., mention is made af the executors of the will of Bishop John de Kyrkeby In a.d. 1290. Nicolas, In his Ancient Wills,*does not give an older example, but there Is no doubt the term has been known to our law from a much earlier period. Wm. Sidney Gibson. Tynemouth. Your correspondent LEGUiiEius inquires re- specting the origin of executors. He will find an answer to his query in an article In the Law Magazine o{ this month ("The Transmission of the Executorship"), where the subject is handled with considerable talent and learning. The article (which I understand is by Mr. H. C. Coote of Doctors' Commons, the author of The Practice of the Ecclesiastical Courts) will amply repay the perusal. Beta. OGHAM CHARACTERS. (Vol. xi., p. 285.) In " N. & Q." there are some remarks by D». Charlton on the art of writing In Ogham charac- ters. Dr. C. seems to think that those characters originated in the Runic. However, in the British Cyclopaedia of Literature, &c., art. Ogham, it Is suggested that they were brought over to Ireland by the Iberian colonists of that country ; and the circumstance is mentioned that in Kerry county, the county in which the Iberian colonists are said to have landed, the greatest number of stones inscribed with Ogham characters have been dis- covered. This subject deserves farther inquiry; and witli your permission I will mention a fact 210 NOTES ANt) QUERIES. [Sept. 15. 1855. which seems to support the latter hypothesis, and then suggest how the truth of it may be ascer- tained. There can be little doubt that a considerable portion of the earliest inhabitants of Britain came from Spain. Arguing from certain physical pecu- liarities, Tacitus derives the Silures from thence ; and this is not only supported by the number of Iberic words occurring as names of places in the country inhabited by those people (South Wales), but by the very name of the Scilly islands — Silura — showing that they had originally been peopled by the same nation. Now, as the Scillies are on the direct road to Spain, what can be more probable than that the Silures, sailing from Spain to Britain, left some of their number behind on those islands ? In a work recently published (A Londoners Walk to the Land's End, and a Trip to Scilly Isles) the following passage occurs : " Some of the stones [in the Scillies] are furrowed with what appear to be deeply-graven and mysterious Kunes." I have little doubt that these inscriptions are Ogham inscriptions, and that they are the work of the Iberian colonists settled in the Scillies. Now, if the inscriptions mentioned in the pas- sage which I have quoted were examined, and they proved to be in the Ogham charadters, it would go far to prove that those characters were originally used by the Iberians. Farther, in Spain itself inscriptions have been discovered, but the southern antiquaries have not yet been able to decipher them. (See Niebuhr's Lectures on Anc. Ethn. and Geog.) If they were examined and proved to be also in the Ogham character, not only would the origin of that mode of writing be discovered, but the story of the Iberian settle- ments in Ireland, and of the Iberian origin of the Silures, would be shown to rest on an historical basis. E. West. VERB AND NOMINATIVE CASK. (Vol. xii., pp. 65. 153.) . W. B. C. does not seem to me to understand the drift of W. M. T.'s remarks. I conceive the latter to be putting in a plea for certain excep- tions to a rule of grammar, against the jurists, who are unwilling to allow such exceptions. It is sufficient for the justification of these exceptional phrases, that they are received as idioms, and therefore not to be tried by ordinary laws of syn- tax. Their history is another matter. It is not, as I understand it, W. M. T. on his schoolmaster's authority, but only the school- master, who condemns the expression " A man six foot high." I am inclined to join with the schoolmaster, though not from the reason that I do not believe (as W. B. C. does) that this phrase could have '•' originally stood," in the elegant form No. 307.] of " A man, six measures of a man's foot each in length, high ;" but simply because I do not think that this expression has ever received the sanction of that respectable usage " quern penes arbitrium est." That the expressions which W. M. T. quotes are all more or less elliptical, there is no doubt, but surely W. B. C.'s ellipses are a little too recherche. Does W. B. C. really believe that the folks who now say " three and eleven pence half- penny is not a high price for good Irish cloth," were, at some remote period, in the habit of saying " the sum of three shillings and eleven pence and a halfpenny is not a high price to give," or to ask for (a certain quantity of) good Irish cloth ? or is this merely a useful grammatical fiction, like the " original contract" between king and people, which you may talk about without believing that it was ever actually signed, sealed, or delivered ? When I say " ninety-tive is a great age," I quite agree with W. B. C. that the words " ninety-five " alone mean nothing ; but there is logically no- omission, save of the substantive, which must be- long to the adjectives ninety-five. Yet the verb is used in the singular ; and the original reason for this was, not that the expression was once thrice as long, but that the idea in the mind is of a total. But I am not at liberty to use a singular verb in any case where any nominative, being plural, is resolvable into a total. I cannot, for instance, say " ninety-five soldiers is arrived," and excuse myself by saying that I meant " a company consisting of ninety-five soldiers is ar- rived ; " and that I considered the word soldiers in the " abbreviated sentence to be used in the genitive case." I have heard people, when sur- prised at an accusation exclaim, "Me?" and have been at a loss to imagine why they gave the pre- ference to the accusative pronoun on the occasion. But W. B. C.'s theory of ellipses furnishes an ex- planation in a moment. The part suppressed in the sentence, as it originally stood, is " are you alluding to — ?" Here you have at once a pre- position properly governing an accusative. There is, in fact, scarcely any violation of the rules of syntax which may not be justified in some way by the supposition of an ellipse. It is, therefore, not because the expressions referred to may be capable of rational explanation, but because they are re- ceived idioms, that I am allowed to employ them. T. E. M. I remember hearing or reading an assertion which, though it may be too much of a gene- ralisation, seems to have many instances to rest upon. It is that the genius of our language re- serves the plural for indefinitely many, and ex- presses definitely many by the singular. This really seems to be almost a rule in composition of Sept. 15. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 211 words, and in what I have elsewhere called hyphenic collections (Vol. iv., p. 203.). The following phrases are certainly good En- glish : " a two-foot rule," " a six-foot telescope," "a four-horse carriage." Lindley Murray and the school-mistresses may deny it, but they are wrong. Shakspeare makes Falstaff, I think, talk of a " three-man beetle." Throughout the country, the uneducated speak of " five year," " seven year." The singular enters whenever the notion is cumulative. They do not say, "I saw five horse in the field," but "five horses." But cumulation, thought of the whole as a whole, without separation into parts, will bear a sin<»ular, even when an adjective enters which applies to each of the things stated. As in — "... rats and mice and such small deer, Have been Tom's food for seven long year." The following is an instance in which modern grammar has added the last letter, in defiance of rhyme. It is from the ballad of " The Boy and the Mantle:" " He plucked out of his potemer, And longer wold not dwell ; He pulled forth a pretty mantle Betweene two nut-shells." There are many cases in which the indefinite would demand a plural, where the definite would demand a singular. Of an article usually sold for pence, our ear would instruct us to say that "shillings are a fearful price;" and that "three shillings is a fearful price." And we talk English by ear, not by rule ; our grammars do not settle half the points, to say nothing of there being no grammar to which common appeal is made. The rule seems to be that a definite plurality, collec- tively considered, takes a singular verb. But perhaps the first person to whom the rule is pre- sented will find an instance to the contrary : in fact, a modification immediately suggests itself. As happens so frequently in other cases, our grammar is not purely formal ; the meaning in- fluences the phrase. The collection must be of that kind in which the part is lost in the whole, and is of no significance except as contributing to the whole. We may say that " ten shillings is a good price ;" but we may not say that " ten men is a large committee." This want of entire formality in our grammar will probably cause all attempt at construction of rules to fail. M. A Man Six Foot high (Vol. xii., p. 65.). — W. M. T. wishes for authorities from other lan- guages for this form of speech, — a singular noun with a plural numeral pronoun. It is found in Hindustani, Persian, Magyar, and Welsh. W. Babnes. No. 307.] NOTES ON TREES AND FLOWERS. (Vol. xi., p. 460. ; Vol. xii., p. 70.) I have much pleasure in following Mr. Mac- kenzie Walcott with a spicilegium of Notes on books which treat of trees and flowers. Of Rene Rapin's Horti, a copy of which is now before me, and of which there is a translation by J. Evelyn, Hallam says : " A far superior performance is the poem on Gardens by the Jesuit Rene Rapin. For skill in varjang and adorn- ing his subject, for a truly Virgilian spirit in expression, for the exclusion of feeble, prosaic, or awkward lines, he may perhaps be equal to any poet, to Sammarthanus, or to Sannazarus himself. His cadences are generally very gratifying to the ear, and in this respect he is much above Vida. But his subject or his genius has prevented him from rising very high ; he is the poet of gardens, and what gardens are to nature, that is he to mightier poets. There is also too monotonous a repetition of nearly the same images, as in his long enumeration of flowers in the first book : the descriptions are separately good, and great artifice is shown in varying them ; but the variety could not be sufficient to remove the general sameness that be- longs to an horticultural catalogue." See Rapin's preface, in which he vindicates his use of fables or legends, "Ne carmen langueret insita jejunitate prseceptionis, quam profitebatur." " The first book of the Gardens of Eapin is on flowers, the second on trees, the third on waters, and the fourth on fruits. The poem is of about three thousand lines, sustained with equable dignity. All kinds of graceful associations are mingled with the description of his flowers, in the fanciful style of Ovid and Darwin : the violet is lanthis, who lurked in valleys to shun the love of Apollo, and stained her face with purple to preserve her chastity ; the rose is Rhodanthe, proud of her beauty, and worshipped by the people in the place of Diana, but changed by the indignant Apollo to a tree; while the populace, who had adored her, are converted into her thorns, and her chief lovers into snails and butterflies." " As the poem of Rapin," continues Mr. Hallam, "is not in the hands of every one who has taste for Latin poetry, I will give as a specimen the introduction to the second book." I have here the pleasure of adding some of the lines containing the associations above referred to, and on a future occasion I hope to illustrate other objects of curious legends : " The Violet. " Hanc olim vaccas quando pavisse Pheraeas _ Dicitur, errantem vidit cum Phcebus, amavit: Nee vulnus celavit amans, perterrita virgo Proripuit sese in sylvas, monuitque Dianam. Ilia, soror colles, iiiquit, fuge ; namque supremos Phoebus amat colles, et ccclo gaudet aperto. Ibat per valles Virgo, fontesque petebat Umbriferos, sepesque inter deserta latebat. .... Jam furta Deus fraudesque parabat. Cum dea : formosse si non licet esse pudicam : Ah ! pereat potius quae non fert forma pudorem. ' Dixit, et obscura infecit ferrugine vultum." 212 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 15. 1855. " The Rose. " Hortoram regina suos ostendit honores, Prffi qua puniceis ardens aurora quadrigis Palleat, atque suos confundat Delia vultus. Praternos aniraos injuria facta sorori Permovit, Iresoque furens pro numine Phoebus Ultores radios obliquo lumine torsit : Lumine quo, ccepit primum tasdere Rhodanthen Esse deam. Nam pes per sese altaribus ipsis Figitur, et ductis saxo radicibus haeret. Jam virides tollit ramos, dum brachia tendit. Languet egens animi, sed adhuc regina, suamque Dum mutat formam, vel sic mutasse decebat, Nam pulcher flos est, fuerat quaa pulchra Rhodanthe, Felix, divinos si nunquam visa fuisset Digaa pati cultus, nee sic meruisset amari." BiBLIOTHECAR. ChETHAM. Laurel.* Oak.* OUve.* Addenda to Ma. Walcott's " ISTotes on Trees and Flowers :" Have a Symbolism. Ivy, immortality. White Lily, purity. Oak, virtue and majesty. Palm-branch, martyrdom. Passion-flower, crucifixion. Funeral Chaplets. Myrtle.* Amaranth. Rosemary. Cypress. Names of Founders and Donors of Religious Buildings. Mulberry leaves are used in St. Mary's Church, New Shoreham ; the convent to which it belonged having been erected by Sir John Mowbray. Maple leaves are upon a brass in St. Mary's Church, Broadwater, Sussex, to Walter Mapleton. The Rose (for Roslyn) occurs in most of the decorations in Roslyn chapel, near Edinburgh. "Blazed every rose — carved buttress fair." Have given Origin to many Embellishments of Architecture. The papyrus in the temples of Egypt. The acanthus was used in the Corinthian as well as in the Composite Order. The Continental and English cathedrals are decorated with the vine, strawberry, holly, woodbine, oak, ivy, common avens, fern, thistle, sunflower, laurel, ranun- culus, and many others. W. p. GKirriTH. PHOTOGEAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. Photography on Enamel. — A recent number of La Lu- miere contains a notice of a process for photographing on enamel, invented and patented by MM. Bulot and Cattin, of the firm of Tournachon and Companj'. The object is taken as a positive on collodion, which is afterwards de- tached from the glass and laid upon a plate of metal (silver, copper, iron, steel, &c.), covered with enamel of the colour that the dark parts of the picture are intended to be : this is heated to redness, the enamel softens, and the picture becomes incorporated with the vitrified coating of the metal. This process, though very simple, requires several pre- cautions; it is particularly necessary that the plate * Archceologia, vol. xxxiii. p. 48. Xo. 3G7.] should be heated with great care, otherwise the enamel will crack, and the picture be destroj-ed. The inventors have executed some portraits in this rnanner, which exhibit a remarkable finish. It is pecu- liarly applicable to jewellery ; several small portraits may be formed into bracelets, or separately they may be used for studs, buttons, &c. It may also be applied" to terra cotta, porcelain, and glass, as well as to metals. It is very rapid, the Avhole process not occupying more than a quarter of an hour, however unfavourable the state of the atmosphere may be. Corporation Records : Application of Photography in copying MSS. — The value and importance of photogra- phy cannot be better appreciated than in its adaptation to the copying of ancient manuscripts. We have just seen a beautiful specimen of the art in a copy of King John's Charter to Great Yarmouth, as a frontispiece to a pri- vately-circulated repertory of the records of the corpo- ration of that town, printed at the expense of the Town Council. It suggests to us what may be done in making photography universally useful in our municipal institu- tions ; and we take the occasion of ofl'ering a recommend- ation to other corporate bodies to take the same liberal views as the corporation of Yarmouth have done, by printing a list of their charters and records ; and where manuscripts are, from their antiquity or other adven- titious circumstances, worthy of being effectually saved from the ruthless hand of Time, multiplied copies may be taken of them for illustration. Novel Method of taking Stereoscopes (Vol. xii., p. 171.). Though I am an ardent photographer, I content myself with profiting by your photographic correspondence, with- out filling your columns with my own numerous dif- ficulties. I cannot, however, sit quietly by while Mr. George Normax is playing off upon credulous photo- graphers his " Novel Method." I beg to warn those of your correspondents who have not, as I have, studied the theory of the stereoscope, that this " Novel Method " is a pure delusion. It is simply impossible to get a stereo- scopic picture without two diverse perspectives ; and it is equally impossible to make two diverse perspectives coincide without a binocular apparatus. The " Novel Method," moreover, is not altogether new. Dr. Anthony of Birmingham mentioned to me nearly a year ago his attempts to produce a single stereoscopic photograph, and I then told liim, as 1 now tell Mr. Norjian, that the thing is an impossibility. C. Mansfield Ijjgleby. Birmingham. Mr. Norman's suggestion for obtaining a single stereo- scopic picture to exhibit the properties of the double picture, cannot, I apprehend, be acted on with any satisfac- tory result. Last winter, as a family amusement, I at- tempted to unite the two pictures on the screen by means of the double lantern, but failed. In certain parts where the images coincided, or nearly so, there was a little in- crease of intensitj', and this might have been the case throughout the picture, if the extreme limits of the two images could have been made to coincide ; but this is a practical impossibility. A little consideration will, I think, suffice to show that the stereoscopic effect can be produced only by two pictures, viewed by an apparatus (a stereoscope) that restricts each eye to one of them. If a single picture be taken on Mr. Norman's plan, or if two pictures be united on the screen by the double lan- tern, the result obtained is either a picture differing in no respect from our ordinary view of any object, or it is a compound picture formed of two images not perfectly co- incident, — and whilst coincidence could not be effected by looking upon it with one eye, the looking upon it with Sept. 15. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 213 both eyes would have no better effect, since precisely the same picture would be taken into each eye. Thomas Rose. Glasgow. ^tpliti to Minav ^xitviei. The Burning of the Jesuitical Books (Vol. xli., p. 151.). — Your correspondent Eric, by inadver- tently, perhaps ingeniously, employing parentheses instead of brackets, makes it appear that I am guilty of the nonsense of saying, that " Bifrons, in his real character (of Junius) felt an interest in the fate of the Jesuits." Junius (known under that name only) was no more a real character than Bifrons was. My meaning, I think, was plain enough to any one who wished to understand it ; namely, that Bifrons in his real character (of Chesterfield) felt more interest in the fate of the Jesuits than perhaps any one of his cotemporaries. This is proved by the testimony of Dr. Maty, in his Memoir of Chesterfield, as well as by the fre- quent mention of the Jesuits in the Chesterfield Correspondence. The observation had no refer- ence whatever to Chesterfield's subsequent letters under the signature of Junius. As to the note, p. 185., of Junius Discovered, it cannot be necessary to go back as far as the year 1766 for the origin of Junius's "unappeasable wrath" against the Duke of Grafton, since it has been clearly shown that, during the year 1767, the wrath of Junius ivas not against the Duke of Grafton, hut against Lord Chatham ; and that it was not until Lord Chesterfield discovered that the Duke of Grafton had deceived him, that he transferred his indignation from Lord Chatham to the Duke of Grafton, whose secretary, Bradshaw, in 1768, filled the seat in Parliament that had been promised to Lord Chesterfield for his son. With this key, Bifrons' letter, and the reference to the "sound casuistry" of the Jesuits in their chapter on " promises," is perfectly intelligible. William Cramp. Man in the Iron Mash (Vol. xi., p. 504. ; Vol. xii., p. 94.). — While having the pleasure of addressing you, I may observe that in a recent Number I perceived some questions asked by a correspondent relative to the Man with the Iron Mask. Von Hammer, in his History of the Otto- man Empire, asserts that this celebrated historical personage was the Greek Patriarch Avedick (or Arwedicks), who was carried off mysteriously and forcibly from one of the Levantine Islands, by a French vessel, at the instigation of Ferriol, the French ambassador. The account is in vol. xiii. of De Hellert's French translation of Von Hammer's enormous work of eighteen large vo- lumes. If your correspondent, who recently asked the questions above alluded to, should not know where to consult Von Hammer's Historti, I shall No. 307.] be happy to transcribe the passages relating to the Man with the Iron Mask. George W. M. Reinolds. Gothic House, Heme Bay. Anticipated Inventions (Vol. xi., p. 504.). — Possibly Professor De Morgan, who mentions the works of Van Etten and others, may not have met with a somewhat similar work, of which I have a copy. It is a small, tolerably thick quarto, in German. The title begins Delicice Physico' Mathemaiicw, Sfc, bears the name of " Daniel Schwenter," and date " 1636." In the Register der Authorum are found the names of Aaron, Abel, Abraham, David, Goliath, Hercules, Jubal, Julius Cfesar, Noah, &c., so that altogether the book may, I think, be considered a curiosity. The original of many a modern invention appears to be contained in it. For instance, the centri- fugal pump, the diving dress and bell ; and had the great discovery of Oersted been then made, the electric telegraph also, a plan (though an im- possible one) being suggested for holding con- versation at a distance by means of " two magnetic needles." A part of the work treats on curious problems in arithmetic and geometry, optics, me- chanics, acoustics, legerdemain, &c. It bears, indeed, a close resemblance to the Recreations of Ozanam. N. S. Heincken. Sidmouth. Trees, their Age (Vol. vii., pp. 193. 257.).— " A giant tree, which grew in a forest in Calaveras county, California, which has been named by botanists the Washingtonia Gigantea, measured, when standing, 363 feet from base to top. Its greatest diameter is 31 feet at the base, and lo^ feet at the distance of 116 feet from the roots. It was cut and shipped to New York by two en- terprising young men, at an expense of 400Z. It is of the cedar or cypress species ; and Professor Winslow, of San Francisco, estimates its age at three thousand years." — New York Mirror. w. w Malta. Tlie four Lions of Wales (Vol. xii., p. 33.). — The late exploits of the 23rd Foot, or Welsh Fu- sileers, and the development of the great mineral wealth of the Principality, justly entitle it to the restoration of the four lions to the fourth quarter of the royal escutcheon (instead of the repetition uselessly of England as now borne), as it appears on the great seal of Queen Elizabeth, that high- spirited Tudor. Surely a proper representation from the Welsh people, or ancient Britons, would be attended to by the royal and beloved descend- ant from the pure blood of the old princes of Wales. E. D. Anonymous Hymns (Vol. xii., p. 11.). — No. 13., "Thou art the way," &c., is styled American; and " Come thou long-expected Jesus," is attri- buted by Bickersteth to Madan. E. D. 214 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 15. 1855. Scotch Nursery Song (Vol. xii., p. 28.). — This song of "Elsie Marley" seems to have been one of those which are common to Scotland and the north of England ; or rather, which have a leading idea variously worked out in the two countries, and even in the different districts of the two countries. In the Bishopric Garland^ or Durham Minstrel, the last edition of which is a posthumous work of Joseph Ritson (London, 1810, 8vo.), this song seems to have ascended to Durham yVom Cheshire. It is headed ' A new song made on Alice Marley, an alewife at , near Chester." There is full identification of what I have called the " lead- ing idea" in the first verse : " Elsie Marley is grown so fine, She won't get up to serve her swine, But lies in bed till eight or nine, And surely she does take her time. And do you ken Elsie Marley, honey? The wife who sells the barley, honey ; She won't get up to serve her swine, And do you ken Elsie Marley, honey ? " This looks very modern in form : but I suspect that the provincial editions of earlier date adopted modern forms for finery. Ritson himself notes that, in the one that came before his, " Elsie " was altered into "Alice" throughout. The Durham version betrays its secondary character, as follows : " The farmers as they come that way They drink with Elsie every day. And call the fidler for to play The tune of Elsie Marley, honey." The apportionment of the ballads of the north country between England and Scotland, as to authorship, may perhaps only need a little more criticism than has been applied. For instance, the ballad of the " Heir of Linne " is given to Scotland because certain Scottish phrases occur, and because by the tenor it appears that the hero was a laird whose title came and went with his estate. But what Scottish phrase is there of any period to which this ballad can be assigned which was not current in the north of England ? And was no such thing known in England as a barony by tenure ? The first stanza of the song furnishes a presumption that the ballad is English : " It is of a lord of faire Scotland Which was the unthrifty heire of Linne." A Scotch writer, writing a Scotch ballad, would hardly particularise the country; an English writer, laying his scene in Scotland, would be sure to do so. M. Mothering Sunday (Vol. xl., pp. 284. 353. 372.). — It seems obvious that Mid-Lent Sunday was so called on account of its being the day of matricu- lation. Not that matricula is of necessity a di- minutive of mater ; it more probably comes from matrix. Children do not go home to their mothers more on one holiday than on another. A. H. No. 307.] On the Words " Parson," " Clerk," ^c. (Vol. xii., p. 160.). — Having read with much in- terest the Rev. C. R. Davis's essay on the " Con- fusion of Ideas," &c., I may perhaps be permitted to remind you that in the nomenclature of the French ecclesiastical hierarchy, the word cure represents the incumbent of a church, and the word vicaire represents the curate. These appel- lations are thus far more appropriately given than they are with us. Cure means " one who has the cure of souls ; " vicaire means " one who fills a vicarious office," and is consequently the delegate, deputy, or missionary, for some superior authority. Geobge W. M. Reynolds. Gothic House, Heme Bay. The Drapers' Motto (Vol. xii., p. 25.), said to be " Honour and glory," is a much better motto, viz., " Unto God only be honour and glory," as may be seen by the inclosed summons to pne of their worshipful body. In Herbert's History of this very ancient company it is stated that " they were incorporated by letters patent of Henry VI., 1439, by the title of master, wardens, brethren, and sisters of the guild or fraternity of the Blessed Mary the Virgin, of the mystery of Drapers of the City of London." The original grant of arms by W. Bruges, Garter, is dated March 10, 1439, and is in Dethick's book, fol. 20., Harleian MSS. 4900. E. D. Old College of Physicians (Vol. xii., pp. 66. 113.). — The question asked is not answered by W. J.'s note. The house, figured at p. 121., though belonging to the College, was never used by that learned body. It was rebuilt, after the fire of 1666, on or near the spot where Linacre's original house, the first meeting-place of the College, had previously stood. The building figured at p. 137. is the College in Warwick Lane, still standing ; and not that in Amen Corner,^ to which Harvey added the Museum, and which, like Linacre's house, was destroyed in 1666. W. MuNK, M.D. Lay Preachers (Vol. xi., p. 153.). — I cannot vouch for Mr. Tavernour being licensed, but I give the following entry as it appears in a register book for burials in a parish in the west of Dorset, and was written by the Rev. J. Upton, the then incumbent of the parish : "Anno Salutis, 1554. " Reg. Eliza. Mr. Tavenour of Water Eaton, Ox- fordshs High Sheriff, being as y^ times then were a learned man, came up into S'. Maries pulpit, and gave y" scholars a sermon, not out of ostentation, but cliarity, and thus began : ' Arriving at y« mount of S'. Maries, in y^ stormy stage where I now stand, I have brought you some fine biskits baked in y^ oven of charity, and care- fully conserved for y« chickens of y" church, ye sparrows of V® spirit, and y» sweet swallows of salvation,' " &c. Simon Wakd. Sept. 15. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 215 Derivation of Wether (Vol. xii., p. 165,). — To trace this word to its most ancient known root we must ascend to the Sanscrit ud and und, to flow, to moisten ; udan, water ; uttas, a fluid or liquid body ; udras, an amphibious animal ; vandau, fluid. Thence to the Greek, vu, to rain ; I'iSrjy, moisture ; vkraos^ rainy ; 85,oos, a water snake, S8«/j and u5ay, water. Plato, in the Cratijlus, says the word vSwp, as also irvp and Kvves, are foreign, of which he could not give an etymological root ; but he adds a suitable caution, which he may be thought to have egregiously violated in other in- stances, ov roivvy Set raCra npos fiid^eadai, " it is not proper to use violence with these words." The Latin undo, unda, udus, udra, the Gothic wato, and Lithuanian wandU, bring us to the German tvasser, waschen, &c., and wetter ; the last word means the weather, a tempest. Zeus and Jupiter indicated to Greeks and Romans the fertilising or creating power of moisture*, as well as other atmospheric influences on vegetation. Wetterdach means ".'the eaves," literally "weather roof ;" hence the English wet and vjeather. This must not be confounded with jcind, which Eichhoff derives from a different Sanscrit root. Amongst nautical men the word weather forms several compounds, as weather-bit, iveather-bow, weather-boards, weather-cloths, wea- ther-brace, weather-shore, hard-a-v)eather, and has reference chiefly, but not exclusively, to the wind, as is natural in their vocabulary. The inference de- rivable from this induction is, that the places in- quired about by Bounds are all mUch exposed to the weather, be it fair or foul. The certainty of this etymology must be verified, however, by the localist. T. J. BucKTON. Lichfield. Trophy Tax (Yol. xii., p. 67.). — This is a tax we still pay in the City of London. It was reim- posed on the militia being called out. The reason Mr. Denton found it on the receipts is that it is chargeable on the landlord. Hyde Clarke. Aerolites (Vol. xii., p. 147.). — J. S. F. will derive much information on the subject of aerolites by reading a very interesting communi- cation made by Sir Roderick Murchison to the Royal Society. It will be found in the last number of the Proceedings of the Royal Society. L. H. J. TONNA. Sir Richard Southwell (Vol. iv., p. 152.). — See Life of Sir Thomas Pope, second edition, p. 218. E. M. Sankey Chamber (Vol. xi., p. 342.). — Sankey chamber is probably the same as Schenke Kammer, ^ * Clouds=cherubim in the Arabic, Chaldee, and Sy- riac sense of the word (foreign to the Hebrew), of culti- vators of the soil. See Lycophron, v. 80., and Meursius and Potter, in loco ; also, v. 160., and Tzetzes and Canter, in loco, and their authorities. Conf. 2 Kinss xix. 15. No. 307.] the spence or steward chamber ; and to sank means apparently to act as steward, or perhaps rather as butler. The proper name Sankey is doubtless cognate. A. H. Bells in the Tower of the Chapel at St. MichaeVs Mount, Cornwall (YoX.^iu, p. 131.). — Respond- ing to the invitation to furnish inscriptions for the bells numbered 1, 4, and 5, which would harmonise with those on the other three, Nos. 2. 3. and 6., I would suggest the following. No. 1. : " Pater est Deus. ib Michael ^ Sancte Petre . Ora pro nobis. Ordo Angelorum." No. 4. : " Unus et trinus Deus. ib Sancte Joannes Baptista it Sancte Andrea . orate pro nobis. Ordo Thronorum." No. 5. : " 0 beata Trinitas. ^ Sancte Joannes >5< Sancta Catharina . orate pro nobis. Ordo Dominationum." F. C. H. A Lady restored to Life (Vol. xi., p. 146. ; Vol. xii., p. 154.). — At the church of St. Decu- mans, near the town of Watchett, Somersetshire, there is a monumental brass of a lady who was restored to life, as the legend tells, by the sexton, who, in attempting to take off" a massive ring from her finger, found himself obliged to use his knife. At the first incision the blood gushed forth, and the lady, much to the alarm of the sexton, rose in her coffin. After her restoration to the upper world, the lady blessed her husband with two children. A similar legend is related of a lady in Cologne, the wife of a knight of the name of Mengis, of the ancient race of Aducht, and the house in which the couple were thus wonderfully reunited, can still be seen on the Neumarkt of that town. It is marked by the figure of a horse near one of the top windows. The reason why this figure was placed there is also given in the legend. Sir Mengis of Aducht was awakened in the night by his wife knocking at the door; he believed it must be an evil spirit, and refused to open the house unless her horses would mount the stairs up to the garret. No sooner had he made this condition than the horses left their stables, and passed his door on their way up stairs. Awe- struck at this prodigy he rushed down stairs and admitted his wife, who, like our Somersetshire heroine, blessed him afterwards with several children. In Dr. K. Simrock's collection o^ Le- gends of the Rhine, this tale is told in verse by E. V. Groote, p. 61. S. A. S. Bridgwater. Nearly the same story is told of one of the Lady Edgcumbes, if I remember rightly, the 216 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 15. 1855. mother of tbe first peer. See an account of the Edgcumbes of Cotehill by Mrs. Bray, in the Gentleman s Magazine for 1853. E. H. A. Peerages in the Female Line (Vol. xil., p. 185.). — DoNEC cannot do better than consult Nicolas's Synopsis of the Peerage, which gives all the peerages which have descended through females, taking their origin from a writ of summons to parliament to some male ancestor. A search for patents will be useless, since there are no grants of dignities in England to females by patent with limitations to heirs general, the only limitation which can create a peerage descendible through females. G. NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. We are of the number of those who, having read from time to time, as they appeared in the pages of Blackwood's Magazine, the brilliant dissertations, diatribes, dogmas, and discussions, which the late Professor Wilson put into the mouths of the world-renowned conversationists of the Nodes AmbrosiancB, are well pleased to see a selection of them in the form of a separate publication. Tlie power- ful imagination, tlie fervid eloquence, and ready pen of Christopher North, combine to place many passages of the Nodes among the most successful specimens of word painting which are to be found in the English language. The Professor was a good hater, and consequently gave vent to his antipathies with an energy somewhat startling ; and one of the sources of the regret which must be felt that he himself did not superintend the republication of these effusions, written from month to month under the excitement of strong political and party feeling, is, that there can be little doubt that his natural kindliness of heart, proved upon numerous occasions, would have led him to temper with many a kind note the severity of many a hard criticism. The present volume is the first of a collected edition of the works of Professor Wilson. The Nodes will be completed in four volumes. We have received from Mr. Parker, of Oxford, a volume got up as Parker of Oxford only can get up works on Church Architecture. It is entitled The Ecclesiastical and Architectural Topography of England, published under the Sanction of the Central Committee of the Arclueological Insti- tute of Great Britain and Ireland, and tlie Part before us, which is Part VII., contains Architectural Notes on the Churches and other Mediceval Buildings in Suffolk. Of the value and importance of such a work at the present time, when the study of Gothic Architecture is so generally prevalent, there can be little doubt ; and as the volume in question is the result of recent actual surveys, under- taken expressly for it by Mr. Caveler — and has had also the benefit in some parts of the extensive knowledge of the subject to Mr. T. M. Rickman, and of the supervision of Archdeacon Ormerod — it will readily be believed that, while it is one of especial value to Suffolk Antiquaries, the series to which it belongs will, when completed, be one to which English Antiquaries may turn with con- fidence, and to which they may at the same time point with national pride. Mr. Bell is carrying on his Annotated Edition of the English Poets with unwearied diligence. The Sixth Volume of the Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer forms the one issued for the present month; and contains, in No. 307.] J addition to the conclusion of « Troylus and Cryseyde," " Chaucer's Dream," " Chaucer's A, B, C," " The Boke of the Duchesse," « Queue Anelyda and False Arcyte," and " The House of Fame." The whole accompanied by copious illustrative and glossarial notes. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PTJRCHASB. EorNBUROH MioAzinB FOR 1760. Kuddiman. Charles Wesley's Poems. Establishment of the Turks in Europe. By Lord .Tohn Russell. Iiodoe's Peeraoe. 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(Bath.) Mami thanks. A communication shall be made to you as soon as we have completed our inquiries upon the subject. Erratum. — Vol. xii.,p. 1.50. col. 2., /or "Reelpath," read^'' Redpath." Full price will be given for clean copies of Ifo. 166. and No. 16S). xipon application to the Publisher. A few complete sets of" Notbs and Querifj," Vols. I. to XI., are now ready, price Five Guineas and a Half. For these early application is desirable. They may be had by order of any Bookseller or Newsman. "Notes and Queries" is published at noon on Fridai/, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's' parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday. "Notes and Queries" is also issued in Monthly Part3,/or the con- venience of those who may either have a difficulty in procuring tlie un- stanmed weekly Numbers, or prefer receiving it monthly. 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Parlia- ment Street, London. i. Just published. PRACTICAL PHOTOGRA- PHY on GLASS and PAPER, a Manual containing simple directions for the production of PORTRAITS and VIEWS by the agency of Light, including the COLLODION, AL- BUMEN, WAXED PAPER and POSITIVE PAPER Processes, by CHARLES A. LONG. Price Is.; per Post, Is. 2d. Published by BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosonhical and Photoeraphical Instru- ment Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London. THE NEW COLLODION manufactured by BLAND & LONG, 153. Fleet Street. London, will bear compari- son with any other Preparation offered to Photographers. Price 9d. per oz. Can be had separate from the Iodizing Solution. Nitrate of Silver, 4s. 6d. per oz. ; Pyrogaliic Acid, Is. 6d. per drachm : Glacial Acetic Acid, 6d. peroz. : Hyposulphite of Soda, Is. per lb. .CAMERAS, LENSES, and every Descrip- tion of Apparatus, of first-class Workmanship. 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PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEWS, lis. per dozen. Italian Scenes, Ruins, Old Castles, &c., by the First Artists. Orders for U. and upwards Carriage Free. STEREOSCOPE COMPANY, 313. Oxford Street, 20 doors west of Regent Street. City Agency, 29. Moorgate Street. JUST OUT.-Crystal Palace Fountains, and Mr. Albert Smith in Guy Faux. WA. LLOYD, 164. ST. JOHN • STREET ROAD, LONDON, DEALER IN MARINE LIVING ANIMALS, SEA-WEED, ARTIFICIAL SEA- WATER, AND MARINE AND FRESH- WATER AQUARIA. A Stock of small Aquaria, ready fitted up with Weed, Shells. Rockwork, and Marine Life, always on hand, at very moderate prices. Valisneria, Chara, Nitella, Anacharis, and other living fresh-water Plants, Insects, Mol- lusks. Fish, &c THE MARINE AQUARIUM. A great variety of Marine Animal Life can be preserved in health and vigour in these Aquaria, without trouble to the possessor. The difficulty of procuring a supply of Sea- water tor occasional renewal has been for some time completely overcome by the suc- cessful composition of Artificial Sea-water, in which the Animals and Plants thrive and grow. The smaller Aquaria, when fitted up with pieces of rock, shells and sea- weed, and stocked with animal life, are objects of the highest interest and beauty ; and they yield to the observer the hitherto unattainable pleasure of watching at his ease, in >iis own apartments, the curious inhabitants of the Ocean. OlOO MILNERS' HOLDFAST ^ "*• *^ and FIRE-RESISTING SAFES (non-conducting and vapourising), with all the Improvements, under their Quadruple Patents of 1840-51-54 and 1855, including their Gunpowder Proof Solid Lock and Door (with- out which no Safe is secure). THE STRONGEST. BEST, AND CHEAP- EST SAFEGUARDS EXTANT. MH.NERS' PH(ENIX (212°) SAFE WORKS, LIVERPOOL, the most Complete and Extensive in the World. Show Rooms, 6. and 8. Lord Street, Liverpool. London Dep8t, 47a. Moorgate Street, City. Circulars Free by Post. WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL, Broad Sanctuary, opposite Westminster Abbey. — The Westminster Hospital was in- stituted in the year 1719, and was the first of the kind in the United Kingdom established and supported by Voluntary Contributions. The principle of admission is based chiefly on the urgency and nature of the symptoms of the patient, and during the past year 1,123 acci- dents and urgent cases have been received as in-patients without letters of recommendation, while 14,381 out-patients have obtained medical or surgical assistance with no other claim than their sufferings. Patients are constantly re- ceived from distant districts ; admission is also freely given to Foreigners who are ill and in distress ; and relief is often afforded to patients who are sent as urgent cases by the clergy of all denominations. The number of patients ad- mitted in 1851 was, in-patients 1 ,754, out-patients 1 9,545 _ total 21 ,299. The demands on the Hos- pital are annually increasing, while the income from all sources has seriously declined, 'tixas in 1854,— £ s. d. The income was - - - 4667 2 10 The expenditure - - - 6112 19 2i Deficiency 1445 16 ii These increasing demands on the Hospital may, to a certain extent, be explained by the increase of population. Three wards, affording accommodation for 42 patients, are still un- furnished and unoccupied ; and to open these wards, and thus render the Hospital as efficient as originally designed, would rec^uire an in- creased income of >500Z. a year, besides the cost of fitting up the wards for the reception of the patients. Efforts are being made to increase the Hospital accommodation of the metropolis, but the duty is more imperative to make the accommodation already existing available. No new establishment is required, no additional officers, no increased buildings, but only means to receive and support in a long-tried establish- ment an increased number of the poor and destitute. During the recent epidemic 170 cases of Asiatic cholera were admitted, and 104 of the number vere restored to health and their families. 3496 cases of choleraic diarrhoea were also received, and, through prompt attention, the further progress of disease was prevented. The Committee earnestly APPEAL to the be- nevolent for AID, and trust that the extent and value of the medical and surgical relief afforded to the poor from all parts may cause assistance to be given to the funds of this, the oldest metropolitan Hospital supported by vo- luntary contributions. Donations and Subscriptions are thankfully received by Messrs. Hoare & Co., 37. Fleet Street ; by Messrs. Bouverie & Co., 11. Hay- market ! by the Joint Treasurers, the Hon. Philip P. Bouverie and Peter R. Hoare, Esq. ; or by the Secretary. „„ F. J. WILSON, Sec Imp. 8vo., n. 2s. ARCHITECTURAL STU- DIES IN FRANCE. By the REV. J. L. PETIT : with numerous Illustrations from Drawings by P. H. DELAMOTTE and by the Author. London : BELL & DALDY, 186. Fleet Street. FIVE SERMONS, preached before the University of Oxford. Third Edition. Cloth, 3s. Loudon : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street. NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 15. 1855. Coutmuatioii oi ffo^^*^ Buticre^* In the Next Tear will be published THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND SKETCHES OF THEIK LIVES, AND MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES CONNECTED WITH THE COURTS AT WESTMINSTER. By EDWARD FOBS, RS.A, Vol. v. — The Tudors. Vol. VI. — The Stuarts. *^* Any communication relative to the Judges who flourished under those dynasties -will be gratefully received by the Author, if addressed to him at Street-End House, near Canterbury. Opinions of the Press on the first Four Volumes published hy Longman Sf Co., comprehending tlie period from the Conquest to the end of the Line of York, 1483. " It supplies what was much wanted, — a regular and progressive ac- count of English institutions. The result is a correction of many errors, an addition of much new information, and a better general view of our strictly legal history than any other jurist, historian, or biographer had heretofore attempted to give." — Examiner. " The portion before us (Vols. III. and IV.) is in no respect inferior to that which was first published. It is now manifest that, quite apart from any biographical interest belonging to it, the work, in its com- plete state, will supply a regular and progressive account of English legal institutions, such as exists in no other equally accessible form in our language." — Examiner. "The two former volumes established Mr. Toss's reputation as an author. It would be difficult to point out any other work in which is contained so much valuable matter, combined with so much incident interesting to the legal antiquary." — Standard. " In the sense of research this work may be said to be original." — Spectator, " Too high praise cannot be awarded to Mr. Foss for careful and painstaking research. ... He has rejected the husk of archosology, and presented the kernel. His conclusions are not merely sound, his logic is inventive." — Spectator. " The Judges of England is an excellent book, and will, without doubt, be appreciated as well by the public at large as by the members of the legal profession." — Tait's Magazine. " These additional volumes deserve a hearty welcome from the read- ing world, ... to antiquary, lawyer, and historian, they will be found rife with interest and erudition." _ Tait's Magazine. " Lord Campbell boasts of ' the Cancellarian mummies which he has dug up and exhibited to the public ; ' but Mr. Foss may boast of a higher claim to praise, in having given to the persons whom he has drawn from the shades of a long and all but hopeless obscurity, the truth of an Mstorical interest, and the animation of a real existence.' ' — Gen- tleman's Magazine. " It is the distinction of Mr. Foss's book, that he builds everything upon authority, and quotes authority for everything. ... He has written a book which has added more to our knowledge of legal history than any single work published since Madox's ' History of the Ex- chequer,'— a book whicli is essentially sound and truthful, and must therefore take its stand in the permanent literature of our country." — Gentleman's Magazine. " Our description will be sufficient to show how valuable an addition Mr. Foss has made to our literary stores, and how vast a mass of useful and attractive information he has placed within the reach of the iiis- torian, tlie antiquary, the legal student, and the constitutional lawyer." — John Bull. " A work which cannot be too highly estimated, whether for the im- portance of its object, or the great learning, extraordinary research, judgment, and impartiality which are bestowed on til parts of its com- position." — iegraZ Observer. " Mr. Foss deserves infinite credit for the industry and perseverance of his investigations, and for his judicious use of the materials at hand. . . . All possible assistance is due to Mr. Foss in return for the patient research of which the volumes before us are the result. Their im- portance can hardly be overrated." — Lilerary Gazette. " "We believe that this is the only work of the kind."— Xaw Magazine. " Mr. Foss, as he proceeds with his arduous researches, is picking up. some bits of much antiquated interest. His book must not be judged as a history of all the judges, so much as in the light of fragments of the history of their times." —Law Magazine. " The work of Mr. Foss is the only one which is at all to be relied on." — Ramhler. " The reputation which Mr. Foss acquired, as a diligent investigator of legal antiquities, and .an impartial biographer of those who have won for themselves seats on the woolsack or tlie bench, by the publication of the first two volumes, will be more than confirmed by the 3rd and 4th Volumes which have just been issued." — Notes and Queries. Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefleld Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London ; and published by Qeobob Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstau in the West, m the Citr of liondoa. Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid Saturday, September li, 1855. NOTES AND QUEEIES: A MDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTiaUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. If ^srben fomid, make a note of." — Captain Ccttlk. No. 308.] Saturday, September 22. 1855. f Price Foiirpence. Stamped Kdition, 5<^' CONTENTS. NoTBi : — Page The Ledger of Henry Woodfall, Jun., 173"-1748. - - - 217 Ineditcd Letters of Charles I., by J. C. Wittou 219 Shakspkariaxa : — 1. " Henry the Kiahth "—2. Sliakspeare and hisCo- tempcraries — 3. Kandom Notes on Bhakspeare— ■!. Dog-cheap—S. Frailty ofWomau - - - - 220 Arehhishoo Williams, 1582—1650, by J. Virtue Wynen - - - - 221 Tf'PooBAPiiy OP London: — Thames Salmon — Smithfield Market a Nui- sance of Five Hundred Years' standing 222 ermutating H(»ameters, by William Bates - - - - - 222 Coningsby Family, by Cutlibert Bede, B.A. 222 Minor Notes : — Affected Words — Clerks of the Council: Sampson and Va'-'et — Curious old Epitaph — Mail in the Phrase " Black Mail " — Jordan 223 Queries : — " The Judgment," &c. - - - 224 Minor Qitfbifs : — Cuneiform Charac- tefs — Bishop Duppa — "Will Whim- sical's Miscellany " — " White Horse " in Warwickshire — The Family of Swaine — Epitaph at Luss — Captain Swaine — The Divining Kod — Anony- mous Plays — Cavaliers surprised at Brackley — Heady Reckoners — "Trumpeter unus erat," &c. — Cole- ridge's " Iteligious Musings " — Wil- liam Creswell — " Dickey i Sam " — Joseph Clunne— Throckmorton Carew 225 Minor Queries with Answers : — Pagoda Bridge in St. James's Park — Eric the Forester — Autlior of " Four Years in France," &c — " Pale Envy," &c Hannibal Evans Lloyd — Chan- cellors under Fifty — Pictures in Eng- land 227 Replies : — " Old Nick," by Wm. Matthews - 228 Mothering Sunday ... 229 Kclative Value of Money, by W. Coles - 229 Sir Jerome Bowes - - - - 230 Is Copying a Sermon Felony ? - - 231 liussian Aionarchy : Warrings, by Hyde Clarke 231 Protooraphio Correspondence : — Deepening Collodion Negatives - 232 Replies to Minor Queries : — Opinion of an English Bishop on mixed Mar- riages — Ray's '• History of the Rehel- lion of 1714"- Bible Epigram — The Chinese Ilevolution and Slasonry — Koads of the Romans — Tennyson and liis "Baby" — Beckett Pedigree — Nursery Khyme — Grants of Queen Elizabeth — Arras of Bishop Towers — Old English Proverbs, &c. - - 232 Ml8CEI,tANEOt:s : — Books and Odd Volumes Wanted. Notices t'j Correspondents. Vol. XTL — Xo. .308. MIDDLESEX ARCKiEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. It is proposed to establish a Society, under this title, for the purpose of investigating the History and Antiquities of the Metropolis and Metropolitan County. So soon as a sufficient number of Members shall have been enrolled, a General Meeting will be held for the purpose of determining the Rules, and of appointing the office-bearers of the Society. Gentlemen desirous of becoming Members are requested to signify their intentions to any of tlie following Members of The Provisional Committee: The Rev. Charles Boutell, M.A., 19. Devon- shire Road, Wandsworth Koad. Joshua W. Butterworth, Esq., F.S.A., 7. Fleet Street. The Rev. Henry Christmas, M.A., F.R.S.. F.S. A., Professor of Archeology to the Royal Society of Literature, 30. Manor Street. Clap- ham. James Crosby, Esq., F.S.A., 3. Church Court, Old Jewry. The Rev. Thomas Hugo, M.A., F.S. A., 57. Bi- shonsgate Street Within. The Rev. Octavius Freire Owen, M.A., F.S.A., 31. Maida Hili West. Paddineton. Edward Richardson, Esq., 7. Melbury Terrace, Blandford Square. George Roots, Esq., F.S.A., 1. Tanfield Court, Temple. Martin Joseph Routh, Esq., M.A., Hampton Court. George Gilbert Scott, Esq., F.R.I. B.A. , 20. Spring Gardens. William Tayler, Esq., 17. Chancery Lane, and 17. Park Street, Grosvenor Square. Charles Roach Smith, iisq., F.S.A., 5. Liver- pool Street, Finsbury. Geo. Bish Webb, Esq.. F.R.I.B.A., 6. South- ampton Street, Covent Garden, — Honorary Secretary (pro tern.). It is prorosed that the Annual Subscripions shall not amount to more than Ten Shillings. rri Now ready, I IHE FERNS OF GREAT X BRITAIN : illustrated by JOHN E. S0WER8Y. The Descriptions. Synonyms, &c., by CHARLES JOHNSON, ESQ. In One Volume, cloth boards, containing 49 Plates, full coloured, 27s. ; partly coloured, 14s. JOHN E. SOWERBY, 3. Mead Place, Lambeth. Shortly will be ready, Part I. of npHE FERN ALLIES; a Sup- 1 plement to " THE FERNS OF GRE.A.T BRITAIN," illuslrated by John E. Sowerby. Descriptions by C. J<:)HNSON-, ESQ. To be completed in about Six Parts, full coloured, ut 3s. ; partly coloured at 1.5. 6rf. per Part. Subscribers are requested to send their Names to the Publisher as early as possible, in order that a sufficient supply may be prepared. JOHN E. SOWERBY, 3. Mead Place, Lambeth. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW. No. 194.- ADVERTISEMENTS for the forthcoming Number must be forwarded to the Publisher by the 27tli, and BILLS ior in- sertion by the 29tli instant. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. Second Edition, with large map, price 5s., cloth boards. PRIZE ESSAY ON PORTU- GAL. By JOSEPH JAMES FOR- RESTER, of Oporto, F.R.G.S. of lyondon, Paris, Berlin, &c.. Author of " Original Sur- veys of the Port Wine Districts:" of the " River Douro from the Ocean to the Spanish Frontier;" and of the "Geology of the Bed and Banks of the Douro ; " also of a project for the improvement of the navigation of that river, and of various other worjcs on Portugal. JOHN WE ALE, 59. High Holbom. 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FIRST CLASS COUNTRY SUBSCRIBERS of TWO GUINEAS are entitled to EIGHT VO- LUMES at one time, including the newest Publications. TOWN SUBSCRIBERS from ONE GUINEA and upwards. In 1 vol. cloth, price 2s. Gd. Tj^NGLISH ROOTS: and the 'j DERIVATION OF IVORDS FROM THE ANCIENT ANGLO-SAXON. TWO LECTURES. By EDWARD NEWEN- HA.M HOARE, A.M., Dean of Waterford ; Chaplain to His Excellency the Lord Lieu- tenant. Dublin : HODGES & SMITH. 104. Grafton Street. London: JOHN W. PARKER i; SON, West Strand. NOTES AND QUEEIES. [Sept. 22. 1855. MVRRAVS BRITISH CIiASSICS. On Sept. 30th wUl be published, Vol. I., 8vo., 7s. 6d., of THE POETICAL WORKS OF LORD BYRON. A new, annotated, and beautifully printed Library Edition, to be com- pleted in Six Volumes. The following Works have already appeared in MURRAY'S BRITISH CLASSICS : GOLDSMITH'S WORKS. 4 Vols. JOHNSON'S LIVES OF THE POETS. 3 Vols. GIBBON'S ROMAN EM- PIRE. 8 Vols. JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street. Price 3s. 6d., free by post. THE TREE ROSE. — PRAC- TICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ITS FORMATION AND CULTURE. lUus- trated by 24 Woodcuts. Beprinted from the Gardeners^ Chronicle, with additions. Annual pnming time, principle of execution, &e. Binding up Budding knife Budding, time of year, day, time of day, state of the plant, care of buds Budding upon body Bu'l, insertion of, into stock Bud, preparation of, for use Buds, dormant and pushing Buds, failing Buds, seCTiring a supply of Caterpillars, slugs, and snails, to destroy Causes of success Dormant buds, theory of replanting with, ex- plained Guards against wind Labelling Loosing ligatures March pruning Mixture for healing wounds Planting out, arrangement of trees, &c. Pruning for transplantation Pushing eye, spring treatment of dwarf shoots from Roses, different sorts on the same stock Roses, short list of desirable sorts for budding with a pushing eye Sap-bud, treatment of Shape of trees Shoots and buds, choice of Shoots for budding upon, and their arrange- ment Shoots, keeping even, and removing thorns Shortening wild shoots Stocks, planting out for budding upon ; the means of Procuring ; colour, aee. height ; sorts for different species of Rose ; taking up, trimming roots, sending a distance, shorten- ing heads, &c. ; saw proper for the purpose. GRAFTING. Aphides, to keep down Free-growers, remarks on Graft, binding up and finishing Grafting, advantage of Grafting, disadvantage of Operation in different months Preliminary observations Roses, catalogue and brief description of a few sorts Scion, preparation and insertion of Scions, choice and arrangement of Stock, preparation of APPENDIX. A selection of varieties Comparison between budding and grafting. TTi!?i:9^^fr^Jl'^^^' *° "'6 made payable to JAMES MATTHEWS. 5. Upper Wellington Btreet, Covent Garden, London. ARCH JEOI.OCIC AI^ "WORKS JOHN YONGE AKEEMAN, FELLOW AND SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LON- DON. AN ARCH^OLOGICAL INDEX to Remains of Antiquity of the Celtic, Romano-British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods. I vol. Svo., price 15s. cloth, illustrated by nu- merous Engravings, comprising upwards of five hundred objects. A NUMISMATIC MANUAL. 1 vol. 8vo., price One Guinea. »«* The Plates which illustrate this Vo- lume are upon a novel plan, and will, at a glance, convey more information regarding the types of Greek, Roman, and English Coins, than can be obtained by many hours' careful reading. Instead of a fac-simile Engraving being given of that which is already an enigma to the tyro, the most striking and characteristic features of the Coin are dissected and placed by themselves, so that the eye soon becomes fa- miliar with them. A DESCRIPTIVE CATA- LOGUE of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins, from the Earliest Period to the taking of Rome under Constantiue Paleologos. 2 vols. 8vo., numerous Plates, 3(ls. COINS OF THE ROMANS relating to Britain. 1 vol. Svo. Second Edition, with an entirely new set of Plates, price 10s. ANCIENT COINS of CITIES and Princes, Geographically arranged and de- scribed, containing the Coins of Hispania, Gallia, and Britannia, with Plates of several hundred examples. 1 vol. Svo., price 18s. NEW TESTAMENT, Numig- matic Illustrations of the Narrative Portions of the. —Fine paper, numerous Woodcuts from the original Coins in various Public and Pri- vate Collections. 1 vol. 8vo., price 5s. 6d. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY of ANCIENT and MODERN COINS. In 1 vol. fcp. Svo., with numerous Wood Engravings from the original Coins, price 6s. 6d. cloth. Contents: — Section I. Origin of Coinage Greek Regal Coins. 2. Greek Civic Coins. 3. Greek Imperial Coins. 4. Origin of Roman Coinage— Consular Coins. 5. Roman Imperial Coins. 6. Roman British Coins. 7. Ancient British Coinage. 8. Anglo-Saxon Coinage. 9. English Coinage from the Conquest. 10. Scotch Coinage. 11. Coinage of Ireland. 12. Anglo-Gallic Coins. 13. Cot nental Money in the Middle Ages. 14. Various Representa- tives of CoiTiage. 15, Forgeries in Ancient and Modern Times. 16. Table of Prices of English Coins realised at Public Sales. TRADESMEN'S "TOKENS, struck in London and its Vicinity, from the year 1618 to 1672 inclusive. Described from the Originals in the Collection of the British Mu- seum, &c. 1^3. REMAINS OF PAGAN SAXONDOM, principally from Tumuli in England. Publishing in 4to., in Numbers, at 2s. 6d. With coloured Plates. A GLOSSARY OF PROVIN- CIAL WORDS and PHRASES in Use in Wiltshire. 12ma., 3s. THE NUMISMATIC CHRO- NICLE is published Quarterly. Price 3s. 6d. each Number. JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, liondon. 3(7. each, or 5.?, for 25 Copies for distribution among Cottage Tenantry, delivered any- where in London, on a Post-Office Order S,'v'?^4?J?* *" the Publisher, JAMES MAT- THEWS, at the Office of the Gardeners' Chronicle. In consequence of the new postal arrangements, parties in the country who desire it can have eopie-^ sent by post ; bix Stamps, in addition to the cost of the Numbers, will pass 10 Copies Free by Post, a he cost of a single Copy, Free by Post, is 7d. 'PHE COTTAGER'S CALEN- l DAR OF GARDEN OPERATIONS. By SIR JOSEPH PAXTON. Reprinted from tne Gardeners Chronicle. Above 85,000 have already been sold. Ind: African Lilies Agananthus Anemones Annuals Apples Apricots Auric^lft Beans Beet Biennials Black Fly Books, list of, for Cot- tagers Borage Borecole Box eogings Broccoli Brussels Sprouts Budding Bulbs Cactus Calceolarias Californian Annuals Campanulas Carnations Carrots Cauliflowers Celery Cherries China Asters China Roses Chrysanthemnms, Chinese Chives Clarkias Clematis Collinsias Coleworts Cress Creepers Crocus Crown Imperials Cucumbers Cultivation of Flowers in Windows Currants Dahlias Daisies Dog's-tooth Violets Exhibitions, prepar- ing articles for Ferns, as protection Fruit Fruit Cookery Fuchsias GentianeUa Gilias Gooseberries Grafting Grapes Green Fly Heartsease Herbs Herbaceous nials Heliotrope Hollyhocks Honeysuckle Horse-radish Hyacinths Hydrangeas Hyssop Indian Cress Iris Kidney Beans Lavender Layering Leeks Leptosiphons Lettuce Lobelias London Pride Peren- TO THE Contents : Lychnis. Double Marigold Marjoram Manures Marvel of Peru Mesembryanthemtims Mignonette Mint Mushroom Mustard Narcissus Nemophilas CEnothera Ijifrons Onions Pa^onies Parsley Parsnip Peaches Pea-haulm Peajrs Pea« Pelargoniums Perennials Persian Iris Petunias Phlox . 3 Pigs Pinks Planting Plums Polyanthus Potatoes Privet Pruning Propagate by Cut- tings Pyracantha Ridishes R nuntulus Raspberries Rhubarb Rockets Roses Rue Rustic Vases Sage Salvias Savoys Saxifrage Scarlet Runner Beans Sea Daisy or Thrift Seakale Seeds Select Flowers Select Vegetables and Fruit Slugs Snowdrops Soups Spinach Spruce Fir Spur pruning Stews Stocks Strawberries S'lmmer Savory Sweet Williams Thorn Hedges Thyme Tigridia Pavonia Transplanting Tree lifting Tulips Turnips Vegetable Cookery Venus's Looking- glass Verbenas Vines Virginian Stocks Wallflowers Willows Zinnias Illustrated with several Woodcuts. Published by J. MATTHEWS, 5. Upper Wel- lington Street, Covent Garden, London. Sept. 22. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 217 LONDON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 22. 1835. fiotti, THE Ii£DG£B OF HENRY WOODFALL, JUN., 1737—1748. I come now to the ledger of Henry Woodfall, Jun., the son of " Woodfall without Temple Bar." He started in business as a printer while his father was yet living, and had of course to hunt for it through new channels ; and his ledger shows that he at first did a great deal of what is, I believe, called "job work" — printed lists and broadsides, lists of governors of hospitals and dispensaries, blank forms for applicants, tickets and bills for theatres, and of the performances at Vauxhall. But industry and ability soon won its way, and he became a prosperous and substantial trades- man, a member for many years of the Common Council, and in 1764 Master of the Stationers' Company. The first entry in his ledger is dated May 7, 1737, and the last Dec. 31, 1748. The earlier entries are, however, irregular, and I find one of March 14, 1737. It appears from an agreement in the possession of the present representative of the family, that on March 4, 1736 (1736-7?), Theophilus Gibber sold for 28/. " one-third of a tenth " of the London Daily Post to Henry Woodfall, Jun. The intimate and lifelong connexion of Henry Woodfall, Jun., and his brother William, with the theatres is well known, William, indeed, was for a season or two a provincial actor, married an actress, and was for many years dramatic critic for one or other of the public journals. Whether natural taste led Henry to the theatres and to an ac- quaintance with Cibber, and thus accidentally to the purchase of the " one-third of a tenth," or the accident of the purchase led to the connexion with the theatre, I leave others to decide. It is reasonably certain, I think, that this purchase first tempted him to set up in business on his own account, and thus by the " one-third of a tenth " the Woodfalls became connected with the perio- dical press with which the name is now and for ever associated; for the London Daily Post and General Advertizer, became in March, 1743-4, the General Advertize?; and in Dec. 1752 the far- famed Public Advei-tizer, in which the letters of Junius appeared. (Nichols, i. 302.) The ledger of H. Woodfall, Jun., contains very little information of any literary interest. He, unfortunately, made no distinction between " Gen- tleman's Work," and " Work for Booksellers," so that we have no help to guide us to a conclusion as to works printed for the author, and thus inci- dentally to the name of the writer ; and my know- ledge of these illustrious obscures is too limited to No. 308.] enable me to distinguish between them. Thus there is in the Biog. Dram, an account of a tragedy called Incle and Yarico, published 1742, by the author of The City Farce, whose name is not known. Can you or your readers say whether the person charged in the following account was the author or bookseller ? " Mrs. Weddell. 1741-2, Jan. Printing 500 Proposals for Yarico and Incle. April. Printing the play Y. & I." There are other poems and pamphlets printed for persons about whom I cannot give you inform- ation, thus : « Mrs. E. Boyd. 1743-4, Jan. To printing a poem entitled £ s. d. Altamira's Ghost, 2 sheets of Gr. Prim. fol. No. 500 - 1 1 0 Two reams of paper - - 13 0 (By consent to take 11. lis. 6c?.) " The abatement and manner of payment suggests author's work : £ s. d. " Jan. 9, 1743. Received beforehand - - 1 3 0 Received more - - - 0 7 0 Received more - - - 0 1 6 1 II 6" The following parties are to me equally unknown : « Mr. Whitridge. 1747, April 27. To printing a second letter to the Duke of Newcastle." " Mr. Barbutt. 1748, April 30. An Answer fi-om a Gentleman £ s. d. at the Hague. Paper, &c. 4 16" Mr. Barbutt, I suppose, was the author, and the speculation a bad one, for payment in part is thus acknowledged : £ s. d. " Received in part, a Moidore 17 0 More from the publisher, Mr. Corbett - - - - 1 0 IJ" The following is an early entry : " Mr. Howard, Poet. 1737-8, Mar. 3. To printing two sheets of a. £ s. d. paraphrase on Milton, a quarto, Gr. Prim, poem, No. 500 - - - - 1 4 0 Mar. 5. Apology, &c. - - - 0 5 0 19 0 1738-9, Jan. 13. To printing three half sheets of quarto poem. No. 500, at 12s. per sheet - - - 0 18 0 Title, &c., extra - - - 5 0" Another Howard subsequently figures in the ledger (Sept. 25, 1739) as the "Rev. Mr. How- ard," for whom Woodfall printed " 500 receipts for a subscription volume of twelve sermons," and 218 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 22. 1855. 1000 bills " for vote and interest for Islington." These were certainly different persons, for the ledger contains " a list of debts to the end of Dec. 1742," in which both the reverend and the poet figure, and against both is written the ex- pressive monosyllable " bad." I do not find any clue to these names in "Watt, unless, indeed, the reverend was Leonard Howard, DD., subse- quently of St. George's, Southwark, who ])ub- lished several works, and amongst them a volume of Thirteen Sermons. In May, 1739, \Voodfall appears to have printed, for Millar, Thomson's play oi Edtvard and Eleanora. The only fact of interest is, that 3500 common and 1000 fine royal copies were published of the first edition. Brave times those for dramatic writers ! Even of a tragedy by one less cele- brated, the numbers printed would startle our degenerate public. Thus of Armenins, by W. Paterson, March, 1739-40, no less than 2000 common and 400 fine copies were struck off for a first edition ! It must, however, be admitted that a factitious interest attached to both these plays. As is well known, the chamberlain refused to license Edward and Eleanora, in consequence of Thomson's connexion with the opposition and the court of the Prince of Wales ; and it was said that Paterson having acted as a friendly amanu- ensis to Thomson, the copy of Edward and Eleanora read by the censor was in Paterson's handwriting, and therefore, and for no other reason, a licence was refused to Armenius. I find also in the ledger an account of a tragedy not mentioned in the Biog. Dram., but I know not whether the party charged was author or . bookseller, " Mr. R. King, in Basinghall Street. To printing the tragedy of £ s. d. Themistocles and Aristides, 3 sheets of Longprimer, 12mo., No. 1500 - -550" II. Woodfall, Jun., appears to have printed a good deal for Dr. Webster, and Webster, I think, pub- lished often on his own account. Webster was a voluminous writer, who, says Chalmers, " was not entitled to much more respect than he received," for though he himself said that " he deserved to have his statue set up in every trading town in England" for his pamphlet on the woollen trade, yet " when the demand for that pamphlet sub- sided, he actually publislied an answer to it," under the title of The Di'apers Reply. This was not a very grave offence, and I suspect not the only instance in which tiie Doctor replied to his own pamphlets. Some of the following tracts are not mentioned by AVatt. In October, 1740, Woodfall printed for the Doctor Consequences of Trade, and Nov. 18 a third edition of same work ; and in December the Doctor replied to his own Draper s Reply, and printed The D?-aper Confuted; 2\o. 308.] in February, 1740-1, his Scheme to prevent the Exportation of Wool; in October, 1741, Reply to Remarks on Consequences; in March, 1741-2, Seasonable Thoughts on Wool; and in June, 1742, 2000 Proposals for Treaties on Trade. " Thomas Carew, Esq.," appears to have taken part in this controversy, as I find him charged with " printing a pamphlet concerning the ex- portation of wool." When an edition of Francis's Horace was first published in London does not appear either in Clialmers or Watt; indeed, the first London edition mentioned by Watt is the eighth, that of 1778. Chalmers says that the translation of Horace first made Francis known in England about 1743, and that some time after he came over to England, and in 1753 published a trans- lation of part of the Orations of Demosthenes. Considering the large inferences which have been drawn from an assumed connexion between the son of the Doctor and the son of H. Woodfall in the great Francis-Junius theory, it may not be with- out interest to show that the fathers were probably acquainted before the sons met at St. Paul's School. " Mr. A. Millar, Dr. 174G, Aug. 20. To printing eight sheets of £ s. d.\ Francis' Horace, No. 2000, &c., with Brevier Notes - 18 0 0" I presume that in 1742 Sir Theodore Janssen, the South Sea Director, must have been too old to figure as an author, as he died in 1748, aged ninety-four. Yet, old as he must have been, we find him in the ledger : " Sir Theodore Janssen, Bart. £ s. d. Mar. 9, 1741-2. Discourse on Banks, No. 500 1 12 (> (Extra price, done in great hurry.) April 16. To printing an account of Great Man, No. 200 - - 110 0"' We have also a separate account with ;the son, afterwards Sir Stephen, and an alderman : " Stephen Theodore Janssen, Esq. 1741-2, Mar. 16. To printing 2000 quarto £ s. d, pages of Pacific Cardinal [Page torn.] To 2000 4to. pages about Guildford Election. 200 Eemarkable Speech of K. William III. - - 0 15 0 „ Three advertisements - 0 6 0 „ 206 halfpenny stamps - 0 8 7" Some of the entries are not very easily under- stood. We know that for years after 1740, news letter-writing still continued a trade ; and it is probable that Woodfall, from his connexion with a London newspaper, would have been a desirable correspondent ; but I find but one entry like the following : " Mr. Craighton, of Ipswich. £ s. d. 1740-1, Feb. 2. To writing one year's news 5 5 0" Sept. 22. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 219 The following also I must leave to the inter- pretation of your better informed readers. I do not find any such work mentioned either by Chalmers or Watt. " Rev. Mr. Carte. 1743-4, Mar. 6. To printing an account of £''s. "d. the Forces, &c., in France*, 7 half sheets of pica, 8vo., No. 500 - - - - 2 19 6 Three reams, ten quires of paper - - - - 2 2 0 5 1 G" On the opposite page is an acknowledgment : " Rev. Mr. Carte, Cr. Received of Mrs. Cooper, 5Z. Is. Gd" The following speaks for itself: " Mrs. Cooper. 1744, June 16. To printing Pope's Will, £ s. d. No. 500, English 8vo., sheet and half - - - - 1 10 0 " I mentioned incidentally that H. Woodfall, Jun., printed occasionally hills and tickets for the benefit performances at the theatres. The Gibbers of course patronised him : and we find " bills and tickets " for Theophilus, for Mrs. Gibber, and for " Miss Betty and Miss Jenny Gibber." The credit accounts are characteristic. The first is acknowledged as " received by note of hand ; " the next, " received in part 3s. in the pound ; " the remainder with an " &c." are in the abstract of " debts due," and " bad " written against all. P. T. P. INEDITED LETTERS OF CHAKLES I. I have recently acquired a MS. quarto volume, consisting of copies of letters from King Gharles I. to his queen iu the year 1646. They are sixty- four in number, and form a regular series fiom January 4 to December 26. They are written in a neat close hand (I believe) of the seventeenth century. I am not aware whether the originals are in existence, or have been published. I send you an exact transcript of the first letter as a specimen ; and if you think it will be suitable for " N. & Q.," I shall have pleasure in sending you others at Intervals. Twenty-four of them are dated at Oxford, and forty at New Gastle. I shall be glad to see your opinion, or those of your cor- respondents, as to the rarity and value of this MS. [* This pamphlet, which maizes just seven half-sheets, is entitled " An Account of the Numbers of Men able to bear arms in the Provinces and Towns of France, taken by the King's Orders in 1743, &c. To which is added. An Account of the Military Forces of France for both Land and Sea Service, as settled by the Council of State on May 1, 1743 ; London, printed for M. Cooper, at the Globe in Paternoster Row, 1744."] No. 308.] (No. 1.) « Oxford, Jan. 4th, 1C45-6. " Dear Heart, " I desired thee to take notice that v/'iih the year I begin to new number my letters, hoping to begin a year's course of good luck. I have heard of, but seen no letters from thee since Christmas Day : the reason is evident, for our in- telligence with the Portugal's agent is obstructed, so that I am not so confident as I was that any of my letters will come safe to thee. But methinks, if Card. Mazarin were but half so kind to us as he professes to be, it would be no great difficulty for hirn to secure our weekly intelligence. And in earnest I desire thee to put him to it ; for, be- sides that if the effects of it succeed it will be of great consequence to me, I shall very much judge of the reality of his intentions according to his answer in this. If Ashburnham complain to thee of my wilfulness, I am sure it is that way, which at least thou wilt excuse, if not justify me in ; but if thou hadst seen a former paper (to which being but accessary, I must not blame his judgment) thou wouldest have commended my cholerick re- jection of it, the aversion to which it is possible (though I will not confess it until thou sayest so) might have made me too nice in this, of which I will say no more, but consider well that which I sent in the place of it, and then judge. " My great affairs are so much in expectation, that for the present I can give thee but little account of them, albeit yet in conjecture (as I believe) that the rebels will not admit of my personal treaty at London ; and I hope well of having 2000 foot and horse, out of my smaller garrisons. As for the Scots, we yet hear no news of them, neither concerning this treaty, nor of that which I have begun with David Lesley. And lastly, that the Duke of York's journey is abso- lutely broken both in respect of the loss of Here- ford, as that the relief of Chester is yet but very doubtful. But upon this design, having com- manded Sir George llatcliff to wait upon him, I desire thy approbation that he may be sworn Gentleman of his Bedchamber ; for which, though he be very fit, and I assure thee that he is far from being a Puritan, and that it will be much for my son's good to have him settled about him, yet I would not have him sworn without thy consent. So God bless thee, sweet heart. " Chakles R. " Even now, Montrevll is come hither concern- ing the ti-eaty ; the Queen cannot have a par- ticular account of it till my next." J. C. WiTTOX. Bath? 220 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 22. 1855. [SHAKSPEARIANA. 1. ^^iTenry the Eighth." — I read in Fraser for July, that " Schlegel has committed himself to the rash assertion that Henry the Eighth has somewhat of a prosaic appearance ;" and that " the exact critic seems to have nodded," before he completed his survey of that great historical tragedy, or, rather, tragic history. I am of opinion that Schlegel's meaning is, that the versification of the Henry the Eighth borders upon prose in its struc- ture, compared with the usual blank-verse manner of Shakspeare — as it undoubtedly does; and I have always felt it to be evidential of Shakspeare's fine feeling of the "fitness of things" — this aban- doning of the " mighty line," in a theme of, as it were, his own scene and day. The structure of the verse of Henry the Eighth is remarkably un- like that of any of the other " histories." 2. Shakspeare and his Coiemporaries. — In the last Edinburgh's article on Dryden, the writer says (p. 35.) : " The unequivocal supremacy attained by Shakspeare over all his cotemporaries was, it must be remembered, entirely posthumous." This I deny. It was coteraporary as well as post- humous. To say nothing of the grand verse- tributes of William Basse, Hugh Holland, Digges — nothing of the prose-laud of Heminge andCondell — who is not familiar with the magnificence of "Rare Ben?" «' Soul of the Age ! The applause, delight, the wonder, of our stage ! Thou art a monument without a tomb ; And art alive still, while thy book doth live, And we have wits to read, and praise to give. Triumph, my Britain ! thou hast one to show, To whom all scenes of Europe homage owe. He was not for an age, but for all time." &c. &c. &c. " Entirely posthumous," quotha ! Why, Shak- speare was as " unequivocally " as much the most popular poet of his own day, as was — descending a little — Dryden, Pope, or Byron, of his. A Desultory Keader. Jersey. 3. Random Notes on Shakspeare. — The Two Gen- tlemen of Verona is one of Shakspeare's shortest plays, and may be taken as the average length of our modern five act pieces. It contains 1962 lines. . The longest known play of antiquity is the CEdipus Coloneus of Sophocles, which contains 1779 lines. The longest known play of Euripides is the Phcemssce, 1766 lines. The average length of his plays is 1500 lines. These numbers tend to show that our modern plays are considerably longer than those of the ancients. Ils'or is this to No. 308.] be wondered at, for they often listened to four or five pieces at a sitting. The first line of the beautiful opening scene in Twelfth Night is repeated, almost word for word, in Antony and Cleopatra, Act II. Sc. 5. : " Music, moody food Of us that trade in love." Our poet seems to have had some stock Latin phrases which he repeated on occasion. Among these is " Cucullus non facit monachum " in Mea- sure for Measure, Act V. Sc. 1 . ; and again in Twelfth Night, Act I. Sc. 5. It is rendered into English in Henry VIII., Act III. Sc. 1., " But all hoods make not monks." Another is " pauca verba," in Love's Labour's Lost, Act IV. Sc. 2., repeated in The Merry Wives of Windsor, Act I. Sc. 1., where, perhaps for the sake of the quibble, the French parson translates it falsely as "good worts." In All's Well that ends Well, Act II. Sc. 3., ParoUes says : " A young man married, is a man that's marr'd." The same quibble in the same form of words, though with a different meaning, is used in another language by a writer who had probably never heard of Shakspeare : " Oui, son mari, vous dis-je, et mari tr^s-marri." Moliere, Sganarelle, Acte I. Sc. 9. A.G. 4. Dog-cheap. — Latham, in his English Lan- guage, says : " This has nothing to do with dogs. The first syllable is god = good, transposed, and the second the ch — p is chapman (merchant), cheap, and Eastcheap." This is illustrated by a passage in Henry IV., Part I. Act III. Sc. 3., where FalstafF says : " But the sack that thou hast drunk me would have bought me lights as good cheap at the dearest chandler's in Europe." In Troilus and Cressida, Hector, speaking of Achilles, says : " But for Achilles, my own searching eyes Shall find him by his large and portly size." Act IV. Sc. 5. This is not in character. Achilles was celebrated for his agility, and is therefore called in Homer, wSSas wKvs, fleet of foot. Now Hector could hardly expect such a man to be " large and portly." A. G. 5. Frailty of Woman. — The ejaculation of Hamlet, " Frailty, thy name is woman ! " is a very condensed sentence, compared with that of Saxo Grammaticus ; from whom Shakspeare directly or indirectly borrowed, if not this idea. Sept. 22. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 221 at least the whole of this " history." Saxo's style is elaborate and stately : " Ita votum omne foemineum, fortunse varietas abripit, temporum mutatio dissolvit, et muliebris animi fidem lubrico nixam vestigio, fortuiti rerum casus extenuant : qu£e sicut ad polliceadum facilis, ita ad persolvendum sequis: variis voluptatis irritamentis astringitur, atque ad recentia semper avidius expetenda, veterum immemor : anhela, praeceps cupiditate dissultat." This is said after Hamlet had experienced, as a bigamist, the conduet of his two wives cotempo- raneously, in addition to the troubles involved in his mother's conduct. Pie is a great favourite with Saxo, who concludes the exit of Hamlet by saying : " Hie Amlethi exitus fuit, qui si parem naturae atque fortunaj indulgentiam expertus fuisset, sequasset fulgore superos, Herculea virtutibus opera transcendisset." But as Saxo dilates much on the cunning and talents of Hamlet, for which Hercules was not remarkable, and has nothing to say as to his strength and powers of endurance, Mercury would have been a more suitable deity with whom to compare him (HLstoria Danor., lib. Iv, p. 31. a., Basil, 1534). The Hamlet of Shakspeare is quite a distinct conception from the historical " Amlet."* T. J. BUCKTON. Lichfield. ABCHBISHOP WILLIAMS, 1582 — 1650. " Williams," says Mr. Macaulny, " was one of those who are wiser for others than for them- selves." The remark is beyond question just; for no one knew better how to counsel a banished courtier, and no one so quickly lost all presence of mind when in disgrace himself. He gave ad- mirable advice to Buckingham respecting the monopolies granted to Sir Giles Mompesson and others, which were so lucrative to that noble- man's family. He recommended him not to de- fend them, and to contrive that punishment might fall entirely on the agents. But his sagacity failed him in moments of danger ; then he invariably acted without judgment, and suff'ered accordingly. Posterity has been hard on Williams. He was one of the last of those prelates who aimed at immense political influence, and who combined the duties and privileges of laymen and eccle- siastics. As Keeper of the Great Seal, he finds a place in Lord Campbell's Lives. In the Church he was successively Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Lincoln, and Archbishop of York. He Is known as the early patron of Laud, who, true to his nature, returned good with evil. As a politician, his conduct was often reprehen- He was not straightforward. He shifted sible * The latter should, howef^er, be read and studied by an actor of this very difficult character. No. 308.] about ; and, though to the last a party man, he was never long of the same party. Like all poli- tical speculators, he sometimes mistook the tide. He was a prisoner in the Tower ; and twice paid heavy fines, at the instance of Laud. To meet them his valuables were sold — pictures, for which he had given 400Z., fetching 51. (Campbell's Life of Williams.) He did much for the Church and the advance- ment of learning. He restored Westminster Abbey at his own expense. He rebuilt the epi- scopal palace at Buckden, and Lincoln College, Oxford. He was a munificent benefactor to St. John's College, Cambridge,* where he had been educated: He devoted 1200Z. a-year to assist poor scholars. Many a man of genius, in church and state, owed much to his helping hand. Per- haps his most graceful act was presenting George Herbert to the prebendal stall of Leighton Eccle- sia, in his diocese of Lincoln. Williams undoubt- edly shows to advantage fts the patron, and not as the politician. "I would sooner remember him as the friend of Herbert, than the enemy of Laud," is a remark worthy of Mr. Willmott.f He was, however, a faithful servant. Nothing could exceed his devotion when James I. lay dying ; and when, in his old age, he heard the sad news of Charles' violent end, he burst into an agony of grief, and declared that " he never would take comfort more." A good life of Williams is much wanted. Like Wolsey, he had an "honest chronicler," Dr. Hacket, who had been his chaplain, poured forth a lament after his death, in which he ascribed to him the virtues of an angel. Later writers have reversed the picture. Such extreme views must be erroneous. Feeling that Williams had many faults, and that his public conduct was often marked by interested motives, I am convinced that an impartial biographer would discover much that was good in his hero. Despite his grandeur, he grows pale beside such men as Ken and San- croft. Admitting this, I still see a prelate de- voted to good works ; and in no age may we speak lightly of those who never forgot the poor and needy. Williams was not buried in his cathedral. He rests in a humble country churchyard near Pen- rhyn. Dr. Hacket wrote an epitaph, which, in point of flattery, is an epitome of the Scrinia Reserata. J. Virtue Wtnen. 1. Portland Terrace, Dalaton. * August 31, 1654. " This evening to Cambridge ; and went first to St. John's College, well built of brick, and library which I think is the fairest of that University . . . There hangs in the library the picture of John Williams, Archbishop of York, sometime Lord Keeper, my kinsman and their great benefactor." — Evelyn. t Lives of Sacred Poets, vol. i. p. 268., Art. Hekbbrt. 222 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 22. 1855. TOPOGRAPHY OF LONDON. Thames Salmon. — la 1376, 50 Edw. III., a petition to the crown prayed, that whereas the sahnoii, and other fish in the Thames, was taken and destroyed by engines placed to catch the fry, which fry was tlaen used for feeding pigs, a law might be passed to take up all the trunks (" tous les trynks") between London and the sea, and forbid them for time to come : also, that no salmon be taken between Gravesend and Henley Bridge in winter ; that is to say, between the Feast of the finding of the Cross and the Epiphany ; and that the river-guardians suffer no net but of large mesh. The petition (which is in French) con- cludes thus : " Awaiting which, most redoubtable lord, if it shall please your Highness thus to make order for the three next years, all your people repairing to London, or bordering the river, shall buy as good a salmon for two shillings as they now get for ten." (Pelitiones in Parliainento.') Smithfield Market a Nuisance of Five hundred Years' standing. — 1^80, 3 Ricliard'll. " The gen- tlemen about Court, and others the frequenters and inhabitants of Smithfield and Holborn, make petition, that by reason of the great and horrible putrescence and deadly abominations (' grantz et horribles puours et abominations morteles') day by day prevailing there, from corrupt blood, entrails of oxen, sheep, and pigs, slain in the butchery near the church of St. Nicholas at New- gate, and thrown into the various ditches of two enclosures (gardyns) near Holborn Bridge, the aforesaid people about the Court by the infection of the air have already suffered much disease, and humbly pray that for their own ease and quiet- ness, as well as for the honour of the city, a pe- nal ordinance shall compel the butchers henceforth to kill all their beasts at Knightsbridge ; or wherever they shall not be a nuisance to the King's subjects, on pain of forfeiting all animals killed at Newgate, and imprisonment for one year ; and obliging the Lord Mayor and Aldermen to enforce judgment." To this petition it was re- plied, that there was already an Ordinance en- rolled in Chancery in the time of the late King Edward, designed to remedy the evil. J. W. PEHMUTATING HEXAMETERS. In the Catholic serial The Lamp, for June 17, 1854, there is a paper on the " Curiosities of the Anagram," in which the statement is made, as from the Athenceum, that " the verse ' Tot tibi sunt dotes, Virgo, quot sidera coelo ' will admit of its words being combined in 1022 different ways." Now this assertion, although true, does not contain the whole truth, for the ,. No. S08.] words of which the line in question is composed being nine, tliey are of course susceptible of a far greater number of permutations, viz. 362,880 ; but as they form a verse, and as such are subject, as to their position, to the laws of prosody (for in- stance, the line cannot begin or end with tihi, or end with sidei-a, &c.), the number of permutations is greatly restricted, -but not so far, as a subse- quent quotation will show, as to 1022. The mis- statement is of course of little moment ; but its rectification allows me to notice a forgotten curi- osity of literature, of which no mention is made by Sir A. Croke or Mr. Sandys in their respective essays on Rhyming Latin Verse and Macaronic Poetry, to neither of which classes oi facetice, in- deed, it can be said to belong. The title of the work in question is as follows : " Eryci Pvteani Pietatis Thvmata in Bevnardi Bavhvsi ^ societate Jesv Protevm Parthenivm, Vnius Libri Ver- svm, Vnius Versvs Librum. Stellarum numero, siueformis M.xxii., variatum. Antverpiae, Ex Officina Plantiniana, M.DC.xvii., folio, pp. 122." The author of this laborious trifle was Henri Dupuy, otherwise Van de Putte, better known under his Latinised cognomen of Erycius Putea- nus. He was a native of Vanlo in Guelders, and occupied the chair of" Belles-Lettres at the Uni- versity of Louvain for the greater part of his life. To a notice of this author and his works in the Biog. Universelle, torn. xii. p. 323., is appended the following note in relation to the v^rse, of the repetition of which in its various forms the book mainly consists : " Ce vers imagine par le P. Bauhuys, je'suite de Lou- vain, peut re'eliement se retourner de 3312 maniferes, comme I'a demon tre Jacq. Bernouilli dans son Ars conjectandi ; mais Dupuy, voulant suivre I'allegorie indiquee par le vers meme, s'en est tenu a 1022, nombie des etoiles fixes dans tous les catalogues des anciens astronomes. Les amateurs de semblables bagatelles citent les vers suivant de Th. Lansius : ' Crux, faex, fraus, lis, mars, mors, nox, pus, sors, mala, Styx, vis,' qui peut former 39,916,800 combinaisons differentes." I have seen complicated statements, which have appeared to me to be erroneous, as to the number of permutations of which a " letter padlock " is susceptible. Let such a lock be composed of Ji revolving rings, each ring containing x letters of the alphabet then I imagine that the formula .r" ; will correctly express the permutability of the in- strument. William Bates. Birmingham. CONINGSBY FAMILY. In Vol. vi., p. 406., I gave an account of a sin- gular memorial erected iii the churchyard of Areley-Kings, AVorcestershire, to " Sir Harry " Coningsby, who, I slated, had previously lived in Sept. 22. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 223 " a moated grange somewhere in Herefordshire." Since I communicated this note, I have been enabled to put together the following fragments of information relative to the Coningsby family. Thomas Coningsby, Esq., died 1498, and was buried at Rock (co. Worcester), where a hand- some monument was raised to his memory by his son. Sir Humphrey Coningsby, Knt., one of the Justices of the King'sjBench, who, in 1510, built the south aisle and steeple of Rock Church at his own expense. He died 1551, at Aldnam, Herts, where he is buried. From him descended Sir Thomas Coningsby, of Hampton Court, co. Here- ford, five and a half miles S.S.E. of Leominster, who was also lord of the manor of " Parlors," near Ribbesford, Worcestershire. His son, Fitzwilliam Coningsby, Esq., succeeded to the Herefordshire estates, and was also lord of the chapelry of Cuts- dean (on the Cotswold Hills), Orleton, and Stan- ford, in the county of Worcester. Pie held the manor of Stanford by the rent of one sparr-hawk and knight's service. Mr. Plabingdon, in his ac- count of the siege of Worcester, under date of June 26, 1646, mentions how the governor called a council in the bishop's palace, wherein it was proposed whether they should not accept or en- tertain a treaty with Colonel Whaley, as Oxford was surrendered, no relief was to be expected from the king, and Fairfax's force of 10,000 foot and 5000 horse might soon be expected before the town. Two letters upon this treaty accord- ingly passed between the besiegers and the be- sieged ; upon which Mr. Habingdon says : " The chief person who objected to the treaty was Mr. Fitz Williams Conynsby, a man of great estate, who, at the head of the recusants and cashiered officers, maintained that their orders from the king were to hold out till they heard from his Majesty." After a stormy debate, articles of treaty were drawn up, and a cessation of hostilities (soon to be renewed) agreed on. I should suppose that the " Sir Harry " Co- ningsby of the Areley-Kings memorial, was the son, or grandson, of this valiant Mr. Fitz Williams ; and that the moated house where he lived was his Herefordshire mansion, Hampton Court, a build- ing erected by an Agincourt hero. Sir Rowland Lenthall, yeoman of the robes to Henry IV. In Pershore Church (co. Worcester) there are inscriptions to the memory of Sir John Conisby, who died Dec. 24, 1738, and to Mrs. Hannah Connisby, who died 1740. The name of Co- ningsby appears under various mutations of spelling; Sir Thomas Coningsby's name, for ex- ample, is, in divers documents, spelt Conyngsbey, Connysbey, Conningby, Consby, and Conesby. The arms of Coningsby are — Gules, three coneys sejant argent ; crest, on a wreath, a coney sejant argent. Cuthbert Bece, B.A. No. 308.] Minav Baltic Affected Words. — In Phillips's New World of Words (first edition, 1657; fourth, here used, 1678) is "a collection ot such affected words from the Latin or Greek, as are either to be used warily, and upon occasion only, or totally to be rejected as barbarous, and illegally compounded and derived." These words are 188 in number; those which have lasted, though sometimes in an, altered sense, sometimes in a cognate form, are as' follows : " Agonize, aetiology, autograph, aurist, bibliography, bimensal, cacography, cacology, cacophony, egurgitate, evangelize, euthanasia, ferocious, hagiography, hologra- phical, homologation, imprescriptible (?), incommisci- bility, inimical, misanthropist, misogynist, oneirocriti- cism, terraqueous." So that a little more than ten per cent, have lasted. Those which are marked as " most no- torious " are as follows : " Acetologous, acercccomic, alebromancy, ambilogie, anopsie, aurigraphy, circumbilivagination, clempsonize, colligence, comprint, cynarctomachy, efligiate, essentifi- cate, fallaciloquent, flexiloquent, lielisphajrical, hierogram, holographical, homologation, horripilation, humidiferous, illiquation, importuous, imprescriptible, incommiscihility, indign, inimical, logographer, lubidinity, lubrefaction, luctisonant, miniography, nihilification, nugisonant, nugi- polyloquous, olfact, onologie, parvipension, plastography, plausidical, quadrigamist, quadrisyllabous, repatriation, scelestick, solisequious, superiicialize, syllabize, syncen- trick, transpeciation, tristitiation, vaginipennous, viscated, ultimity, vulpinarity." Among words, the loss of which may be re- gretted for serious purposes, are, transpeciation, circumstantiation, the establishing by circum- stances, and flexiloquent, speaking persuasively. For comic and sarcastic purposes, asymbolic, not paying " shot or reckoning," bovicide, hydropotist, monophagous, omnitinerant, polyphagian, ventri- potent. It may be worth adding, that among the words which were actually proposed, and some- times used, is honorificahilitudinity . M. Clerks of the Council — Sampson and Paget. — In Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Coun- cil of England, 1837, voh vii. Pref. p. i.. Sir Harris Nicolas remarks : " It is observed, in the Preface to the sixth volume of the Proceedings of the Privy Council, that the Itegister or ' Book of the Council' does not appear to have been con- tinued after the 13th year of King Henr}- the Sixth, 1435 ; and that, with the exception of some original minutes, or- dinances, and letters, nothing is known of the proceedings of the Privy Council, until the latter part of the reign of King Henry the Eighth." Then, after referring to an Order in Council, dated Aug. 10, in the 32nd year of that monarch, 1540, by which " William Paget, late the Queen's Secretary," was appointed to the office of Clerk of 224 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 22. 1855. the Privy Council, Sir Harris Nicolas farther remarks : " This memorandum affords, however, nearly as strong a presumption that a Clerk of the Council was then appointed Jbr the first time, as that tiie proceedings of the Council had not before been recorded; whereas it is certain that precisely the same duties were performed by the Clerks of the Council in the reigns of Henry the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth ; and that the office existed in the time of Edward the Fourth and Henrj' the Seventh, if not also immediately before this ordinance was made." From Harl. MS. 1081, fol.49. B, it would ap- pear that Paget's immediate predecessor was Robert Sampson of Bynfield, in com. Berks, who is there described as " Clarke of the Counsell to King Hen. VII. and King Hen. VIH." He was a bi'other of Henry VIII.'s lawyer, Richard Samp- son ; and probably the same person as the " Robert Saunson, clerk, promoter of causes," who is men- tioned in " Privy Purse Expenses of Henry the Seventh, 1494, Oct. 15." {Excerpta Historica, p. 99., London, Bentley, 1831.) Anon. Curious old Epitaph in Arreton Church, Isle of Wight, copied verbatim, and sent by William T. Morbis. 5. Mount Street, Grosvenor Square. " Loe here under this stone incoutchd Is Willian Serle by name Who for his deedes of charetie Deserveth worthey fame A man within this parrish borne And in the Howse called ' Stone ' A glasse for to behowld a work Hath left to ever^^ one For that unto the people pooi'e Of Arreton he gave An hundred pounds of redie coyne He willd that they should have To be yinployd in fittest sorte As man could best invent For 3-earely relief to the poore That was his good intent Thus did this man a Batcheler Of yeares full fiftey nyne And doeinge good to many a one Soe did he spend his fyme Untill the daye he did decease The first of Februarey And in the yeare of one thousand Five hundred neyntie five." Mail in the Phrase " Black Mail." — Fr. Maille, " espece de monnoye," Did. Roy., 1684 : " Quant au mot de Qtiadrin on sait bien que e'estoit la quatrieme partie d'un gros : mais ici il se prend pour une maille, ou quelque autre piece de petite valeur." — Calvin sur L'Harm. Evang., p. 113., ed. 1563. The word seems to come originally from the same root as the mail applied to armour ; small money being called mail from its resemblance to the minute steel plates which made up this kind of armour. In this sen-se the word mail is a cor- ruption of made or masde, which was used to denote the meshes of a net, probably from macula. No. 308.] The American mill is from another source, mille, and is the thousandth part of a dollar. B. H. C. Jordan. — A name applied to the valley as well as the river. Its derivation from Jor+Dan, as the River of Dan, although popular, has not satis- fied Dr. Kifto, who considers the derivation to be from /rat?=Descent, leaving the | as parairogic or unexplained in his Natural History of Palestine (note i.). The Doctor used the unpointed He- brew ; but had he referred to the points, he would have observed that the daleth was dageshed or doubled, and was equivalent etymologically to Irad+Dan, meaning the Declivity or Descent of Dan. Dan was a place on the extreme north of Palestine, as Beersheba on the south. Hence the proverbial expression " from Dan to Beersheba." The Jordan has its source close to Dan, as marked in the maps. Dan is an old Chaldee word, the demonstrative pronoun he, she, it meaning some- thing near at hand. Nahar is the proper word for river in Arabic, Syriac, Chaldee, and Hebrew, and arises from the root, which signifies shining, as characteristic of rivers. In Egyptian, prefixing the plural article PI, lapo becomes Nuapcaoou {Niyaroou)*. Moses, whose own name is Egyptian, probably introduced from that language the word "IN^ i.yor') into the Hebrew tongue. T. J. Bcckton. Lichfield. ^\xtxit&. THE JUDGMENT, ETC. " The Judgment of whole Kingdoms and Nations con- cerning the Eights, Powers, and Prerogative of Kings, and the Rights, Privileges, and Properties of the People. 1710." May I inquire through the columns of " N. & Q." whether this bold and well-known book has yet been definitively assigned to Povey, Dunton, Somers, or Defoe, on whose several belialfs claims have been put forward ? Taking an interest in the question, I have been looking up the evidence ; but all that I can trace is the letter of Castorius in the Gent. Mag., vol. liii. p. 941., ascribing it to Povey, and Arcanus' article in Cens. Lit., vol. vi., giving it to Dunton. I am not aware that the claims for Somers or Defoe rest upon stronger grounds than that the book advocates their known principles of opposition to the doctrine of passive obedience, and upon this ground only did, I pre- sume, certain reformers of a later day put Lord Somers' name upon the title-page of the reprint of 1771, while all who are conversant with his works, and those of Defoe, agree that in the style * For the Coptic character I use the Greek, as more in- telligible : the former is borrowed from the latter. Sept. 22. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 225 of the author of The Judgment, Sfc, there is no resemblance whatever to these writers. A me- morandum in the Museum copy of The Judg' ment, refers to Hollis' Memoirs for an account thereof; but I have twice turned over these two dreary indexless quartos without finding it, and have not been more successful in another re- ference to Chahners's Defoe.* The Tetter of Cas- torius, above alluded to, tells us that the author of The Judgment was early in the field as a •writer in support of the revolution, and refers us to his pamphlets in the State Tracts. Turning up Tol. i. of the collection, I find " Political Apho- risms ; or the True Maxims of God displayed," which a very slight examination shows to be the original draft of The Judgment, Sfc, and is intro- duced by a preface, signed T. H. Whoever the author was, he has earned for himself the character of a champion in the cause of liberty ; and if the work of either Charles Povey or John Dunton, it does seem inexplicable why men, ever whining as they were about the service they had rendered in putting down the Jacobites, should have forgotten to claim the best lance put forward in the cause of political freedom. These men were unceasing in their clamour for pensions for work done in paving the way for the Hanover succession ; but neither the first in all his self-glorifications, nor the last in his Mordecais Memorial and Appeal, make the slightest allusion to The Judgment, ^c. Povey resting his merits for consideration upon his In- quiry into the Miscarriage of the last Four Years' Reign ; and Dunton urging the service rendered by his Neck or Nothing. We therefore conclude that these were the greatest guns they fired against arbitrary government, and in support of the happy constitution this pair of pamphleteers about. J. O. ^tuor €Lutxit^, Cuneiform Characters Perhaps some of your readers can tell me whether, in deciphering these peculiar characters, any use has been made of an Arabic manuscript contained in the Bodleian ? There is a notice of this MS., and a copy of the alphabet, which corresponds to the Arabic, in the Asiatic Journal for 1818 (vol. vi. pp. 342—345.), •where each sign has placed over against it its equivalent Arabic letter. It is called " The Al- [* In .George Chalmers's Life of Daniel De Foe, edit. 1790, p. 85., The Judgment, §-c. is placed in "a list of books supposed to be De Foe's." Chalmers says, " This has been ascribed to, and lately printed as a work of, Lord Somers The title-page says^ it was written by a True Lover of the Queen and Country, who wrote in the year 1689, in Vindication of the Revolution, and in 1690 against absolute Passive Obedience, &c."] No. 308.] , phabet of the Zardashtians, or Fire Worshippers, as introduced by Zardasht or Zoroaster, in the latter part of the reign of Goshtasp, successor of Lohrasp, and arranged according to the Abjad," or alphabetically. The writer also calls it the Istakharian or Persepolitan. Surely such a pro- fessed clue to the interpretation of one class of the arrow-headed characters has not been overlooked. If not, is it of any value ? B. H. C. Bishop Duppa. — A MS. note on the fly-leaf of the pious work described here attributes the whole to that good prelate ; is this correct ? A New Year's Gift, composed of Prayers and Meditations, SfC.^ third edition, London, 1683. It Is in six distinct parts, paged separately, with six title-pages, 12mo. (?), 4^ by 2 inches, If inch thick, evidently a much, though carefully, used manual, being bound in black velvet with old gilt leaves. E. D. '■'■Will WhimsicaVs Miscellany," 8\o., 1799. Who is the author ? R. J. " White Horse" in Warwickshire. — In the good old coaching days the accompanying doggrel used to adorn the gateway of mine host of the " White Horse" in some town, I forget exactly where, in Warwickshire : " My ' White Horse ' will beat the * Bear,' And make the ' Angel' fly; Turn the ' Ship' with its bottom up, And drink the ' Three Cups ' dry." I have not been on the old road since the days when, "jolly companions every one," we slowly made our way towards Oxford's classic shades, and should exceedingly like to know whether the "White Horse" has thus succeeded in accordance with his boast in extinguishing his less illustrious rivals. M. R. S. The Family of Swaine. — I wish to ascertain at what date, and, if possible, under what circum- stances, the Swaines came from the county of Dorset Into Cambridgeshire. I mean that branch of the family of Swaine which long resided at Leverlngton, in the Isle of Ely. It must have been at an early period, as in the fifteenth cen- tury they were flourishing at Landbach, near Cambridge, where John Swaine died May 14, 1439. (Vide Cole's MSS.) In 1564, about the time the register commenced, the name of Henry Swaine occurs in the register of Leveringtoa Church. Probably a (complete) Cambridgeshire Herald's Visitation would give part at least of the information ; but I have vainly searched for that in the Harleian MSS. S. Epitaph at Luss. — In happier days, when I was touring in Scotland, I chanced to be at Luss, a village on the west bank of Loch Lomond, in company with a friend, of whom I can most con- 226 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 22. 1855. scientiously affirm that he presented in his own character the most perfect combination of the good Christian, true gentleman, and ripe scholar, that it has ever been my good fortune to meet ■vrith. We strolled together into the churchyard of the parish, and .among the inscriptions on the graves, where " The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep," ■we found the following lines : " Could he disclose, who rests below, The things be3'ond the grave that lie, We more should learn than now we know, But know no better how to die." This was four years ago, and now — " When gathering clouds around I view, And days are dark, and friends are few," I turn to the recollections of the past as a solace for the present. Among other pleasing remi- niscences, there comes before me the incident I have just described ; and as I never met with the above lines elsewhere, and as, more especially, the friend who was then with me did not remember to have seen them in all his extensive reading, it ■will greatly interest me if you can tell me whether they are original or not ; and if not, from whence they are taken. Oliver. Captain Swaine. — Whitelock's Memorials, June 12, 1654 : "Gordon, a chief commander of the enemy, came in upon articles to Captain Swayn " (spelt Swaine in the index). Who was Captain Swaine ? S. The Divining Rod. — Can any of your correspon- dents prove, disprove, explain, or settle in any way, the long agitated question of the alleged virtues of the divining rod ? Surely the marvels of this gnorous-magnetic-gravitation-mesmerising age may help to explain this ancient and well- attested phenomenon. Wm. D'O. Bayley. Anonymous Plays. — Can any of your readers give me any information regarding the authorship of the following plays ? — 1. " Raymond, a Tragedy descriptive of the Age of Chivalrj', 8vo. 1793." 2. " Tlie Gallant Moriscoes ; or, Robbers of the Pyrenees, a Dramatic Performance, 8vo. 1795." 3. "Edmond, Orphan of the Castle, a Tragedy, 8vo. 1799." 4. " Daemon of Daneswall, a Tragedy, 8vo. 1802." R.J. Glasgow. Cavaliers surprised at Brachley. — In 12 E. (73.) f. 11., and 12 F. (2*.) 1. 148., Brit. Mus., are accounts of one of the first encounters between the Cavaliers and Roundheads. Three troops (apparently raw recruits) of the former, under Sir John Byron, and two of his brothers, on their march from Nottingham to Oxford, were No. 308.] surprised,^ Aug. 28, 1642, at Brackley, in North- amptonshire ; and lost seventy or eighty taken prisoners, of whom forty-six, mentioned by name, were afterwards, Saturday, Sept. 10, lodged in Newgate, "where they do now lye in great misery ; and had they not relife sent them in of charity, they might perish." I wish to know whether there are any documents showing the subsequent fate of these unfortunate men. FuRvus. Radford. Ready Reckoners. — What is the date of the earliest Ready Reckoner published in this country ? Professor de Morgan fixes their era at about the middle of the seventeenth century. I have one in my possession. Comes Commercii, or the Tradei's Companion, by Edward Hatton, Gent., 1727, the fifth edition, with additions. From one or two dates in it, I am inclined to think the first edition had been published about 1698. From the great quantity of information about waterside (there were no docks then), and Custom House business which it contains, I am of opinion that a new edition, adapted to the present state of trade, would be a valuable addition to the counting- house library. Meton. " Trumpeter unus erat^' &fc. — I remember the following lines in a book for young people. Can I be informed where they are to be lound ? ", Trumpeter unus erat, qui coatum scarlet habebat, Et per queau periwig pendet, like tail of a dead pig." X. Coleridge's '^Religious Musings." — In various works I see references to Coleridge's Religious Musings, as to particular poems or sets of verses. Now in none of his volumes, or any of his works, can I find any verses so denominated ; and I have not only his Works (4 vols.), but many single volume collections. I have one rare volume, printed in 1797. Can you give me any explana- tion ? You will oblige, " C. V. L. G. Penzance. William Creswell. — Can London collectors give me any information respecting William Creswell, printer, of Jewin Street, in 1774; and of 30. Duke Street, West Smithfield, about 1781 ? Furvus. Radford. ^''Dickey Sam." — Whence this expression as applied to the inhabitants of the great commercial port of Liverpool ? W. T. M. Hong Kong. Joseph Clunne. — This autograph is on the back of the title-page of True Treasure, or Thirtie holy Voices, &fc., by Philip Skippon, Maior-Generali, • the most unworthy souldier of Christ Jesus, London, 1644. This little volume, being only Sept. 22. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 227 four by two inches, bound in cotemporary green turkey leather with gilt leaves, was evidently the pocket companion of the original owner " in the leaguer " and elsewhere. Who was he ? I have sought in vain through many catalogues of Round- heads. Some family might probably value it highly, in which case it should be at their service. E.D. Throckmorton Careio. — Can any correspondent inform me when the line of Throckmorton Carew, of Beddington, Surrey, terminated ; and how that line old place passed to its present owner ? K. L. iKt'nor ^utvitS faitb ^nStotvS, Pagoda Bridge in St. Jameses Park. — The wooden bridge, known as the Pagoda Bridge, across the ornamental water in St. James's Park, was erected in 1814, and was a great convenience to the inhabitants on each side of the Park. Can any of your correspondents inform me what was the date of the removal of this bridge ? A Westminster Man. [It was taken down about 1825. See Cunningham's Handbook, p. 2G I.'] Eric the Forester. — W^ho was Eric the Fo- rester ? He is mentioned in Potter's Chai-nwood, p. 80., as having harangued his forces in that forest at the time of the N"orman invasion. Be- yond this no mention is made of him, nor have I been able to ascertain anything concerning him elsewhere. Doubtless there are particulars to be found of this Robin Hood of Leicestershire, and such as will be worthy when found to be "made a note of." Can any studious friend shed any light on the matter ? Pedro. [Eric, surnamed Silvaticus, or the Forester, was the son of Alfrilte, Earl of Mercia, and appears by the Domes- day Book toliave had afterwards possessions on the north side of Herefordshire. Not having fully acknowledged the Norman authority, he availed himself of the tempo- rary absence of Wiliiam to take up arms. The garrison of the castle of Hereford, under Richard Fitzscrope and others, marched against him, and laid waste his lands in several expeditions, but sustained themselves a consider- able loss from the resistance opposed to them. At length Eric formed an alliance Avith Blethyn and Rywalhon, princes of Wales, in conjunction with whom he revenged the affront, ravaging the county as far as the bridge of Hereford, and returning with a marvellous great spoil. (Duncumb's HerefordMre, i. 57., quoted from Hove- den and Chronicle of Wales.) Hoveden further states, anno 1070, "At this period the most valiant man Eric, surnamed the Woodsman, was reconciled to King Wil- liam;" it is therefore probable that he continued in the ro}-al service and favour till his death. In Anecdotes of the Family of Swift; a Fragment written by Dean Swift (Scott's edit., vol. i. p. 608.), it appears that " the Dean's mother was Abigail Erick of Leicestershire, de- scended from the most ancient family of the Ericks, who derive their lineage from Eric the Forester, a great com- No. S08.J mander, who raised an army to oppose the invasion of William the Conqueror, by whom he was vanquished, but afterwards emploj^ed to command that prince's forces; and in his old age retired to his house in Leicestershire, where his family has continued ever since." Of the two branches, the Heyricks of Leicester town, and the Her- ricks of Beaumanor, distinct pedigrees, and many curious historical anecdotes, are given in Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. ii. p. 215. ; vol. iii. p. 148.] Author of '^'^ Four Years in France^'' ^-"c. — W^ho was the author of Four Years in France., 182G,. and Three Years in Italy (Colburn) ? He relates that he was born in 1768, graduated and obtained a fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford ; where he contracted a friendship with Richard Paget, who was three or four years his senior : he be- came an M.A. in 1791, and soon afterwards took deacon's orders. He published also, The Christian Religion hriefiy Defended against the Republicans and Levellers of France ; and a sermon before the University, on the text, " AVhosoever sins ye remit," &c. And in the year 1798 he joined the Roman Church. What became of him afterwards ? H. P, [The author of these works is the Rev. Henry Best, of Magdalen College, Oxford. ELis father, the Rev. Dr. Henry Best, was a prebendary of Lincoln, who died June 29, 1782 ; and his mother (the daughter of Kenelm Digby, Esq., of North Luflfenham) died April 10, 1797.] " Pale Envy," Sfc. — " Pale Envy withers at another's joy, And mars the excellence it cannot reach." Can any of your correspondents inform me where the above lines are to be found ? R. H. [The passage will be found in Thomson's Seasons,, " Spring," where it reads : " Base Envy withers at another's joy. And hates that excellence it cannot reach."] . Hannibal Evans Lloyd. — Can you inform me in what year Mr. Hannibal Evans Lloyd died ? I think one of the latest productions of this gentle- man was a translation of Tams's Portuguese Pos- sessions in South-west Africa, in two vols. Svo., London, 1846. R- J- [Mr. Lloyd died at Blackheath, on July 15, 1847, aged seventy-six. For a biographical notice of him, see The Literary Gazette for 1847, pp. 541. 581.] Chancellors under Fifty. — H. would feel obliged by being informed whether there ever has been a Lord High Chancellor of England under 50 years of age, and his name. H. [If II. will refer to Foss's Judges of England, he will find at least four Lord Chancellors to whem the Great Seal was entrusted before they att/iined the age of fifty ; — William of Wykeham, Cardinal Beaufort, his brother Sir Thomas Beaufort (afterwards Earl of Dorset and Duke of Exeter), and George Nevil, Bishop of Exeter and after- wards Archbishop of York ; and probably some others. If he comes to later times he need not look farther than to Lord Coventry, in the reign of Charles I., and to Lord 228 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 22. 1855. Clarendon, in the reign of Charles II., both of whom were under fifty when they were appointed to that high office.] Pictures in England. — Is there any catalogue of the principal private collections of pictures in England ? D. [The most complete catalogue of English galleries is, we presume, Dr. Waagen's Treasures of Art in Great Britain : being an Account of the Chief Collections of Paintings, Drawings, Sculptures, Illuminated MSS., Sfc, in 3 vols. 8to., published by Murray, 1854.] "old nick.' (Vol. xii., p. 10.) It has a strange sound — very strange in these days of general enlightenment, of archseological research and information — to hear a correspon- dent of " N". & Q." declaring that " an explanation of one of our household words, imported from Scandinavia, appears to be far-fetched." Far- fetched ! why F. might as well consider it to be far-fetched, that his own personal designation should have come down to him from the fathers of his family. Let him learn, then, that not oite only, but the vast majority of our household words had their birth " deep in those frozen regions of the iNorth," whence, it is not improbable, his own dis- tant ancestry themselves originally sprang. Acorn, oak, apple, elm, beech, ash, &c., are Scandinavian appellations. So are year and month, evening and morning, night and day, and the names indeed, as every school-miss would be ready enough to in- form him, of all the days of the week. He cannot speak of house or wife, if he be in the enjoyment of these blessings, o^ father or mother, of son or daughter, of his bed or his bolster, of the bellows, fire-shovel, or tongs, of what he eats or what he drinks, of h\s flesh, bones, or blood, of scarcely any- thing he has the capacity to see or discourse about, without employing, in no inconsiderable extent, the language of ancient Scandinavia ; frequently, as in such common colloquialisms as dream, all, hand, able, dwelling, breast, linen, steal, murder, at, hy, dark, angel, deaf, early, fall, little, better, &c., with only a very slight, if any, variation of sound or orthography. The term household words itself has a Scandinavian paternity. We say sen'night and fortnight, because the people of the North used such method of reckoning time. The prin- cipal objects of their worship still live, as well in the names of many of our burghs and thorps, as in those of not a few of the hills and streams and other natural features of our island. We have Wednasbury from Woden; and the Irmingstreet, which stretched from St. David's to Southampton, from the world-famed idol Irminsul. And then there are Baldergarth, Wodencroft, and Thorsghyll, No. 308.] and the family names of Bnlderston, Thorkettle, and Thurston. That venerated name of God, which, amongst the northmen of old time, with a slight grammatical difference, signified both the Supreme Being, and His most endearing quality, has, in both senses, passed into our own, as into every Teutonic language. According to Bede in the seventh century, and to Burke in the eighteenth, it was the goddess Eostre who origi- nated our term Easter ; and from Hela or Hel, the deity of the infernal regions, we have our title of the place of eternal punishment itself. Those inseparable personages of comic literary fame, the Messrs. Huggins and Muggins, are, it seems, the transmuted representatives of 0(iin's cele- brated ravens, Hugin and Munin (Mind and Memory) ; and if F. should unhappily ever so far forget himself as to give utterance to that pre- sumptuous oath, which is said to be characteristic of the vulgar portions — whatever their social rank — of our countrymen, he employs a phraseo- logy which reached our shores by the way of the Baltic and North Sea. But not longer to detain the readers of " N. & Q." with examples of the predominant influence exercised by the language of ancient Scandinavia upon our existing speech, let me be permitted to offer a few words in contravention of F.'s judg- ment upon the generally received origin of the particular household word which stands at the head of this Note. And, in the first place, I would take the liberty of asking him where nicked and cloven are described as interchangeable expressions ? The terms, in my view of their respective meanings, convey the notion of quite a different state of things to the mind. But nick, in the sense assigned to it by your correspondent, is no legitimate English word at all ; being merely a corrupted form of nock or notch, which certainly does not apply to the equally divided hoof of such animals as the goat. Grant- ing, however, to F. that what he styles " the more simple, and therefore, in his judgment, better ex- planation of the epithet Old Nick,'' hazarded by him, be correct, I do not perceive how the matter is a bit mended; for "far-fetched" as he deems the interpretation of Thoms and Brand to be, his own is equally so. Nick, Nock, or Notch are them- selves " words imported from Scandinavia," and had accordingly to make the identical voyage to this our Terra Britannis with Nickar or Hnickar himself. But though, united with the familiar prefix Old, the term in question be perhaps peculiar to our- selves, does F. imagine tljat Nick, as a representa- tive of a malevolent spiritual being, is an epithet confined to our language ? The tenor of his observations would lead us to conclude as much ; and, if so, how egregiously mistaken he is, I now venture, by the succeeding examples, to show. Sept. 22. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 229 The writings of Wormius, Kalm, Magnusen, Grimm, Riihs, &c., inform us that all over the North a demon bearing tliis designation, slightly modified by dialectic variations, is commonly ac- knowledged. He is the Anglo-Saxon Nicer; Dan. Nocke or Nokke (Nikke) ; Swedish Neck, Necken ("ejusdem signiticationis," as Finn Mag- nusen observes, " ut et Anglorum Nick — Old Nick; Belgarura, Nicker — qui jam nunc diabo- lum indicant") ; Finnish Nceki ; Esthonian iV«A ; Scotch Nicneven ; German Nicks, Nicks, Nichse ; the Nikar of the people of the Feroes, and the Nickel of those of llugen; terms, all of them, which are referred to the very Nickar or Hnikar whom F. would so unceremoniously bereave of his offspring. This being the case, it is obviously quite as impossible to accept your correspondent's expla- nation of the origin of the expression, as it is to adopt that which, with equal knowledge of our folk lore and the original sources of our language, is proposed by Butler and Spence; who would have us believe that the Devil is styled Old Nick in compliment to Nicholas Machiavel, the famous Florentine political philosopher of the sixteenth century. If we must go out of the way for the derivation of the term, why not assign to it a clas- sical root, and adduce it at once from vik-6.w ? As to the otlier popular names of the Devil, re- ferred to by F., it is to be suspected that the paternity of" Old Scratch" must be sought for in the Scrat, Schrat, Schretel, or Sckretlein, a house or wood demon of the ancient North ; and that of "Old Harry" in the Scandinavian Hari and Herra (identical with the German Herr, and nearly so with Baal or Beel in Beelzebub), which titles of Hari and Herra, as in the case of Hnikar or Nickar, were appellatives of Odin ; who, with his fellows ^sir and Asynja, came in time, as we all know, to be degraded in popular estimation from their rank of gods and goddesses to that of fiends and evil spirits. In conclusion, I would, whilst asking F. from what goatish characteristic he would derive Deuce, another common designation of the Devil, remind him that the latter tiile itself is merely a modified form of the Scandinavian Dol, fastus, dissimulatio, vanitas, superbia. Wm. Matthews. Cowgill. MOTHERING SUNDAY. (Vol. xi., p. 372.) F. C. H., whose " object is to correct an erro- neous expression" at p. 353., writes thus : « What I certainly meant to say was, that the candles on the altar were of white wax ; whereas, on the other Sundays in Lent, they are yellow or unbleached. The only difference in the vestments is, that those of the No. 308.] deacon and sub-deacon are not folded as on the other Sundays of Lent, but let down and worn full as at other seasons." Will F. C. H. be so good as to bring forward any authority, either from rubrics or out of liturgical writers, for this two-fold assertion which he lays down with such distinct clearness ? For the use of yellow wax at the altar, or in the church, on any Sunday in Lent, or of white wax, as a distinction, on Mid-Lent Sunday, there neither is, nor has been any rubric that I know of; and thankful should I be, if one exist, to have it shown me. So far as practice goes, I can answer for it, that no such observance is followed any- where that I ever witnessed, either here in Eng- land or on the Continent. With regard to the vestments, F. C. H. is mis- taken. On the Sundays during Lent, Mothering Sunday excepted, the deacon and sub-deacon are each arrayed in a purple planeta plicata, or folded chasuble, whenever the church they serve is rich enough to find them in such vesture : in poorer churches, they minister in their albs. In Mid- Lent, or Mothering Sunday, however, the deacon wears a purple dalmatic, the sub-deacon a purple tunicle, both of which are far different vestments from the so-called planeta plicaia. F. C. H., I sus- pect, does not understand what the planeta plicata really is : for he seems to think it some sort of vestment which can be "let down and worn full as at other seasons," and in this form worn com- monly by deacon and sub-deacon. No such thing. As now made, the planeta plicata cannot be let fall, being just like a priest's chasuble; but without the most part of the front, which is cut away as high up as the breast. Moreover, the chasuble is the priest's, not the deacon's nor sub-deacon's, usual vesture ; and therefore never worn by either of the latter " let down and full " at any time or season. Cephas. RELATIVE VALUE OF MONEY. (Vol. xi., pp. 248. 335.) Agreeing with your correspondent A. H. in his remark that " questions with respect to the value of money are seldom so stated as to admit of a definite answer," I am at the same time inclined to think he has overlooked the fact that my former communication had reference to a period con- siderably subsequent to that (1604) of which he speaks ; when the practice which had previously been so long in existence (from the year 1257), of making payments in both metals, either gold or silver, according to a regulated proportion, under- went a change, and silver became the only legal tender. The difficulty therefore which he points out, attending the reduction of silver coins then in circulation to their present value as bullion, in 230 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 22. 1855. consequence of there now existing no mint price for that metal, must for the same reason apply equally to gold coins, since silver, as before stated, being the only legal tender, the value of gold coins at that period fluctuated according to the relative worth of the two metals in the market. I was by no means insensible to the common error exposed by A. H., in determining the value of ancient silver coin ; but in the instance alluded to the difference in the intrinsic worth of the metal for the two periods being for all practical purposes inappreciable, it was consequently ex- cluded from my calculation.* The error com- mitted by the translator of Boeckh's Economy of Athens is of a different description, and consists in his omitting from the computation of the value of the Attic drachma, mina, and talent, the whole of the present seignorage upon the .coinage of silver : — such an omission, in cases too where operations of such magnitude are involved, is of course indefensible ; but, let me ask, has not your correspondent repeated the error, in his attempt to reduce the gold coins of the date 1604 to their present value as bullion, by taking the mint price of 3?. 17s. \Q\d. per oz., instead of Zl. 17s. 9rf., the bullion price of the metal ? I confess, too, I am unable to understand the statement which follows, viz. that " a shilling of the coinage of 1604 would, supposing the present price of standard silver to be 62 pence, be worth a shilling now." The shilling of 1604 contained 92-9032 grains of silver of 11 oz. 2 dwts. fine, which at the mint price of 5s. 2d. per oz. would of course be worth one shilling ; the same coin of the present day contains only 87"2727 grains of silver of the same standard, value, at os. 2d. per oz., 11*27 pence, the difference being, as I before stated, equal to the seignorage imposed in 1816 (56 Geo. III.), or about 6^ per cent. But this scarcely represents the true state of the case ; the average market price of silver being at present 5s. l^d, per oz., the same number of standard grains would be worth only 11-18 pence ; whereas in 1604 there existed a seignorage of 2s. 66?. on the coinage of silver (or a little more than 4 per cent.), consequently the value of 92 9032 grains at the mint price of 4s. ll^d. per oz. would be reduced to a fraction, over ll^f/. ; the real difference be- tween coins of the two periods being equal, in round numbers, to 3 per cent. A. H. takes exception to my statement that 31s. of the time of Charles I. are equivalent to 33s. of the present time, adding, " if thirty-one of these old shillings were found, they could not be melted down and the bullion sold for 33s." Possibly not ; but apart from the reason he adduces, this would depend in a great measure upon the condition of the coins, whether worn, &c. ; but if 31s. of the old, and 33s. of the new coinage, weight for weight, were melted down and sold in the way proposed, the price realised for the bullion would be the same in both instances ; and things which are equal to the same thing, I presume, are equal to one another. W. Coles. * The average price of standard silver for the last twelve months I find to have been within a fraction of 61 J pence (61-47), the difference therefore upon the sum in question, viz. IZ. sterling, would have amounted to less than 2d. No. 308.] SIR JEROME BOWES. (Vol. xii., p. 109.) In reply to Mr. Wynen's notice of Aug. 11, I can only say that Surtees was unable to give any information about Sir Jerome, although the blank of several pages left in his fourth volume of the History of Durham, in re " Bowes," shows that he meant to have added somewhat to his account of Sir Jerome, and of Sir Martin the Lord Mayor, both of whom he mentions. I am inclined to think that Mr. Wynen's supposition as to his political position at Queen Elizabeth's court is the correct one, and that what I stated as to his mercantile pursuits in " N. & Q.," Vol. x., p. 127., is a mistake. I must here correct an error I made in that article in transcribing ; the lines " Cecilia Bowes, daughter of John, Sir Jeremy's brother, and the other Elizabeth Bowes, daughter of Sir Martin," should stand " Elizabeth Bowes, daughter of John, Sir Jeremy's father, and the other Cecilia Bowies, daughter of Sir Martin," &c. I fancy from the date that Sir Martin, and not Sir Jerome, must be the man alluded to in a sar- castic letter from Sir Thomas Wyatt to Bishop Bonner, that vilest of prelates, in which reproach- ing him with certain scandalous reports about a " ladye faire," he says that Bonner had better call witnesses, or rather ask them if what he says of his [Bonner's] evil life be not true. "Ask Mason, ask Blagg (Bowes is dead), ask Wolf that was my steward ; they can tell how the gentlemen marked it and talked of it." — See Bell's " Life of Sir Thomas Wyatt," prefixed to his edition of Wyatt's Poems, p. 40. The only additional information that I can give, besides his mere descent, is, that he un- doubtedly lived at Hackney, then a fashionable suburb, and sprung from a John Bowes, who married Anne, daughter of Gunville of Gorleston, CO. Suffolk, who bore the same arms as those of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. His wife was Jane, co-heiress of Roger Rookwood, of Euston in Suffolk, Esq., and widow of James Calthorp, of Cockthorp, Esq. A moiety of the Fishley estate went to her son, Sir Christopher Calthorp. She and Sir Jerome conveyed away their moiety thereof, 6 Eliz. [1564]. Sept. 22. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 231 Ciire must be taken to distinguish his family from that of Sir Martin Bowes, who was his oo- temporary, and of great note in London at that time, as his arms in the great hall at Christ's Hospital (the first of the series there displayed), and also in the Goldsmiths' Hall (where his pic- ture and other memorials may be seen), testify. Perhaps other contributors, more able than my- self, can give Mr. Wynen further particulars of the gallant knight. A. B. IS COPYING A SERMON FELONY t (Vol. xii., p. 166.) The Query put by A Stickler for Facts, when simply stated, must, I presume, stand thus : What offence at law is it, to copy a sermon, MS. or in print, without the sanction of tlie author, in order for publication ? It may be readily answered from the law-books ready at hand. " This is the right which an author may be supposed to have in his own original literary compositions, so that no other person, without his leave, may publish or make profit of the copies." (Blackstone, Comm. B. il c. xxvi. § 8.) " The exclusive property of the MS. and all which it contains undoubtedly belongs to the author before it is printed or published." — Ibid. The exclusive privilege conferred by common law on an author of publishing his own composi- tion was extended to the case of even an oral lecture by 5 & 6 Will. III. c. 65. Mr. Justice Coleridge observes : " By the 54 Geo. III. c. 156., the term of Copyright in the author ... is extended to twenty-eight years ; . . . whoever violates it, is liable to a special action in the case, with double costs Whether the work was in MS. or print, or whether the author did or did not in- tend to make a profit by it, is immaterial." {Blackstone, vol. ii. p., 407.) "The subject, however," says Mr. Stephens, "is now mainly regulated by 5 & 6 Vict. c. 45., which provides still more amply in favour of literature, by an enactment that the copyright of every book (which includes every volume, part, or division of a volume, pamphlet, sheet of letter-press, .... separately published) which shall be published in the lifetime of its author shall endure for his natural life. {Comm. B. ii. c. iii. p. 96.) By § 25. of this Act of Victoria, it is enacted, that all copyright shall be deemed personal property. For an infringement of this law penalties and forfeitures are imposed : an offence against personal property is larceny (Blackstone, B. iv. c. xvii. § 4.), and larceny is, strictly speaking, a felony, as it subjects the committer of it to forfeiture." — Stephens, Comm. B. vi. c. i. p. 58. Tomlins's Law Dictionary is equally conclusive to the point ; " Though an individual may possess a MS., even by the gift of the writer, yet the profit of multiplying copies by printing or otherwise is prohibited To make any other use of a MS. than to read it, is an infraction of the author's right (p. 358.). The law defines a stealing or larceny to be the taking and carrying awav with a felonious intent (i. e. with the intention of unlawful ap- Xo. 308.] propriation) of the goods of another (p. 342.). Felony : all crimes above simple larceny to treason. Larceny is a felony by statute " (p. 240.). The only other case conceivable would be to copy a MS. sermon without a view to publication, but without the sanction of its author, and consti- tute an offence against another law sufficiently obvious. Matter of Fact. I cannot guess whence the clergyman took his law, unless from Tristram Shandy (vol. iv. c. 54.), where the author says : " For this sermon I shall be hanged, for I have stolen the greatest part of it. Doctor Pidigunes found me out. Set a thief to catch a thief." If plagiarism had been felony without benefit of clergy in Sterne's time, he certainly would have died with his shoes on. I wish the clergy could be induced to preach against this sin, for a sin it surely Is, whatever some authors may think. Even Bayle admits this : " C'est sans doute un defaut moral et un vrai p^che que le plagiat des auteurs." — Diet., 2nd edit., 2169. b. F. KUSSIAN MONARCHY WARRINGS. (Vol. p. 61.) Mr. Buckton has very nearly hit upon a great historical truth, but like Gibbon and many others, having got on that path of Germanic history, has wandered away. Warwick, I have heretofore shown in its old form of Waringwick, to have taken Its name from the Warrings, and therefore not derived from Guarth-wick ; and Rurlck is certainly not the equivalent of Warwick. This is a convenient opportunity for settling the position of the Warrings, and for which I will briefly give the citations from the materials I have collected for the history of that people. It has certainly seemed to me little creditable to our national school of history that no Inquiry has been made as to a people, whose name from the earliest records has been found associated with that of the English. It would seem to be an inquiry so natural for an Englishman, what has become of those VarinI whom Tacitus associates with the Angli? Had this Inquiry been made and prosecuted by any one of the great men who have Incidentally alluded to the Varini, this section of the history of the English race would not have been neglected. The Varini, associated with the Angli by Tacitus (Ger7nania, 40.), Pliny (bk. iv. c. 14.), Ptolemy (bk. ii. c. 9.), are identified with the W^arnlof Pro- copius, referred to In his Bellum Gothicum, bk. ii. c. 15. ; bk. ill. c. 35. ; and bk. iv. c. 20., and 232 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 22. 1855. by Jornandes. These are the same Werrini, whose laws were in the eighth century the same as those of the English and Frisians, and to whom together he [?] c(mfirraed those laws as the laws of the Angli, Werrini et Frisii. These are the same Varegues, Waraeger, Buodyyoi, Bipdyyoi, or Varangians, who founded the Russian empire, again in association with their kinsmen, the En- glish, as is recited in the beginning of the Chronicle of Nestor, where he says the Slavonians sought a prince " among the Warrings, who are called Warring Russians, as others, that is Warrings, are named Swedes, Northmen, English, and other folks." The casual evidence of Waringwich, gives posi- tiveness to the natural presumption that the Varini, as well as the Frisii, and eTuti, and Saxones, must have shared with the English in the invasion of Britain. The intercourse of this people with the princes of East Anglia is likewise traced. We find them with the English establishing the Rus- sian empire, and giving to it Anglo-Saxon laws, and the trial by jury. In their native daring they assailed the Black Sea, Byzantium, Hun- gary, and the Caspian. It was this Russia which became the refuge of the Anglo-Saxons on the Norman invasion ; and at length the relics of the nation, finding their princes had become Slavonian in habits and sympathies, emigrated to Byzantium, and became the Varangian guard of the em- perors. This is a section of history well worthy of the historical student, and which has claims on the sympathy of Englishmen. Htde Clarke. PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. Deepening Collodion Negatives. — By the following method I find that the intensitj- of a collodion negative may be increased to any extent that may be desired. Having fixed the picture with a solution of cyanide of potassium (two grains of the cyanide to the ounce of water), and well washed it with water, pour over it a weak solution of chloride of gold. This will darken it considerably, the darkness being due to a deposit, not of oxide of gold upon it, as stated by Messrs. W. E. and F. Newton in the London Photographic Journal (Vol. i. p. lot.), but of pure metallic gold. Now metallic gold possesses the property- of attracting to itself the particles of silver as they are precipitated from solution by pyro- gallic acid, as may be proved by dropping a piece of gold foil into such a solution, when it will be found to receive a white coating of silver. Accordingly by pouring over the picture a solution of pyrogallic acid, to which a few drops of a solution of nitrate of silver have been added, its intensity is further increased by the deposition of me- tallic silver upon it, and may obviously be still further increased by a second application of the gold solution. In fact, by alternately pouring over it the gold and the pyrogallic solution, taking care to wash the plate after each application, the intensity of the negative may be increased indefinitely. I recommend the use of a solution of cyanide of po- No. 308.] tassium to fix the picture, as stains are likely to be pro- duced if " hypo " is used for that purpose. The pyrogallic solution may be of the ordinary strength and acidity used for the development of negatives. J. Leaciiman. 3Siepliti ta Minav €ixitviti. Opinion of an English Bishop on mixed Mar- riages (Vol. xii., p. 206.). — The bishop consulted was Watson of Llandaff ; the lady consulting Miss Button; the gentleman she married on his ad- vice Prince Bariatinski, a Russian of the Greek Church. The correspondence may be seen in the Anecdotes of the Life of Bishop Watson, p. 412., published soon after his death, and at the time much sought after and read. R. L. Baijs " History of the Rebellion of 1745 " (Vol. xii., p. 95.). — My copy of this curious volume was printed at Bristol by S. & F. Farley, in Castle Green, 1750. As the book is but little known now (probably from being printed at a provincial press), I subjoin what the author, James Ray, of Whitehaven, says of himself, being the best reply to B. H. C.'s inquiry : " Thus I have brought my history down from the first contrivance of the rebellion abroad to the death of the last person who suffered for it, without partiality, and with all the clearness, candour, and exactness in my power, as well from the best informations I could procure, as my own observations, and I may venture to say that no man in Britain in a private station had so great a share in the fatigue. I was likewise a volunteer in 1715, although but fifteen years of age, and rode in one of the king's troops, so that I have been concerned in driving out both the popish Pretender and his son, and now con- clude with a hearty wish that nothing of the like kind may happen for the future," &c. — Pp. 439, 440. E. D. Bible Epigram (Vol. xii., p. 143.). —The fol- lowing prescription is copied from the fly-leaf of an antique Bible in the bedroom of an old manor- house in East Gloucestershire : " Prescription. " Please to take three of these {souT) pills night and morning, for Mrs. Mary Chase." " ' Such was the wit that in our grandsires' days Shrouded the sage advice of reverend men : If it did good, to God give all the praise, And let our pious grandsons say. Amen ! ' « Quoth F.S.A., 1834." E.D. The Chinese Revolution and Masonry (Vol. xi., p. 280.). — Under this head you have permitted W. W. of Malta to quote the authority of the M. W. G. M. for Ohio, and to Show from it that the " Triads " are " a masonic fraternity in the celestial empire." I am very unwilling to let such a notion go forth unrefuted. The Triad Society, or San Hop Hwui, has no Sept. 22. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 233 connexion with masonry. The] one is local, the other universal ; the one entirely political in origin and offensive in character, the other purely social, charitable, and innocuous. That an instru- ment of the angry passions, this an organ of general benevolence ; that is notoriously used at times for purposes of crime, while of this the ruling aim is the inculcation of truth, honour, and virtue. I speak of the end sought, not of the forms adopted, by either, and so speaking cannot see how or wherein it is possible for two societies to be more essentially antagonistic. To confound them is as though one were to mention in the same terms the Athenseum Club and the Sons of Harmony at the Cock and Cherub, Seven Dials. As to the word revolution, it is sufficient to re- mark that the masonic system strictly prohibits the disturbance of the peace and good order of society. The D. P. G. M. of British Masonry in China. Hong Kong. Roads of the Romans (Vol. x., p. 175.). — See a paper in the Transactions of the Architectural In- stitute of Scotland, Session 1854 — 55, by A. Thom- son, Esq., of Banchory. J. Macray. Oxford. Tennyson and his '■'■ Baly" (Yol. xii., p. 183.). — I cannot see why Tennyson's use of the word " baby " as an adjective should be the subject of remark, for if we look into Shakspeare, we find he has excellent authority for the practice. Macbeth says : " And wears upon his baby brow the round And top of sovereignty." Lewis the Dauphin, in King John, says : ' " Commend these waters to those baby eves, That never saw the giant world enrag'd." And we have in the Winter s Tale : " Whereof I reckon The casting forth to crows thy baby daughter, To be or none, or little." D. S. Beckett Pedigree (Vol. xii., p. 146.). — The pedigree of the Ormonde, not of the Beckett family, of which I made mention upon a former occasion with reference to Theobald Walter, will be found amongst the Harleian MSB., British Museum, marked (if I mistake not) No. 1425. p. 79. Giraldus Cambrensis, in his Conquest of Ireland, translated by Hooker, makes mention of Theobald Walter in these words : « This Theobald Fitz Walter, who bv his nation was named Becket, but by his office Butler," was the sonne of Walter the sonne of Gilbert, and was the first Butler that came into Ireland, who being a wise and an expert man, was first sent with William Fitzaldeline," &c. No. 308.] At present I am unable to reply to L. M. M.'s Queries relating to Maud de Valois and Nicholas de Verdon. The latter, however, I presume was one of the ancient family of the De Verdons of the county of Louth in Ireland. James F. Ferguson. Nursery Rhyme (Vol. xii., p. 91.). — The rhyme quoted by G. N. from George Sinclair is still prevalent in Kent, Essex, and East Anglia. A better version is, — " Chum, butter, chum ; Come, butter, come ; Peter stands at the gate, Waiting for butter to his cake ; Churn, butter, churn, Come, butter, come." Being alliterative instead of rhymed, it is most likely very old. Hyde Clarke. Grants of Queen Elizabeth (Vol. xii., p. 185.). — The Rolls in Chancery Lane is the more pro- bable place of deposit, where Centurion will find much courtesy and some information. C. H. Arms of Bishop Towers (Vol. xii., p. 152.). — In Burgate Church, Suffolk, is a stone for Spencer, wife of Robert Pykardl, Rector, and daughter of John Towers, Bishop of Peterborough, who died Feb. 16, 1657-8, aged thirty-seven. Arms : Sable, a swan argent, and a chief, ermine, for Pykarell ; impaling, a tower, triple towered, for Towers. In Burke's Armoury, the tinctures to the name of Towers are given as azure and or, or azure and gules. There are also several coats for the name of Milbourne and Roberts. C. R. M. Old English Proverbs (Vol. xii., p. 185.). — Upon the authority of Bailey, the old lexico- grapher, I am enabled to expound the first and seventh of the proverbs given by M., with a hope that some more sagacious correspondent may answer the rest. 1. "An inch breaketh no square." That is, It is hardly worth while to break off a bargain, or contest an argument, or dispute with a neighbour or friend, for a trifle. 7. " Leave is light." It is but the expense of a little breath, and therefore they who are under command are very much to blame to hazard dis- obliging their superiors by not asking. If this neglect proceeds from a diffidence, it is the more inexcusable, because that seems, in some measure, to imply a conviction of what we have to ask being unreasonable. Charles Hook. Umbrellas (Vol. iii., p. 483.). — In Bohn's edition of the prose translation of Aristophanes, vol. i. p. 376., is the following stage direction : " Enter Prometheus, muffled up and covered with an umbrella." How is this to be reconciled with the recent origin of umbrellas assumed by all your correspondents ? G. D. S. 234 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. '2'2. 1855. "Flass" (Vol. xi., pp. 425. 495.; Vol. xii., p. 74., &c.). — I think there can be no doubt that this word is the same as flash, as in the North double s seems frequently to be substituted for sh. Halliwell, for instance, gives ass as northern for "ashes." There is a "flash farm" and "flash pit" near Aylsham, in Norfolk. Also a gentle- man's seat called " The Flash," near Shrewsbury. In low Latin flash is rendered by flacMa, flasca, flaco ; in old French, flache or flesque. The Promptorum Parvulorum gives : " Pyt or flasche, where mekyl water standythe after a reyne. Co- lumhus.'" " Plasche or flasche, plassetura." Kilian (Diet. Teut. Lai.) has " Plas, plasch, palus, lacuna ; fossa in qua stat aqua ; plassche, pal{)are aquas, motare aquas." This is the common English word splash. See Mr. Albert Way's valuable notes to the words flasshe and plasche, in Prompt. Paro. E. G. K. " Chare'" or " Chair" (Vol. ix., p. 351. ; Vol. x., p. 435.). — I am not satisfied with the derivation proposed from Danish hjoRr, low marshy land. For, in the first place, not merely the chares, but all the fens are " low marshy ground ; " and in the second, fiom Itjcer, or rather from its ancient form, Su. Ghaerr, Isl. haer, we have a word still in use, carr, signifying an osier or alder- wood. " Ker, where treys growyn be a watur or fQnv\, Cardetum. Ker for aldyr, Abietum" (Prompt. arv.). If I may be allowed to answer my own Query, I would derive it from Anglo-Sax. cerre, a turn, bending, which is from the verb cerran : cerran, to turn, avert, &c. From this verb Home Tooke proposed to derive chair, a seat ; instead of the usual etymology cathedra. Halliwell gives : *'Cha7'e, to stop or turn back (No7-th.); to hinder, or withstand (Prompt. Parv.)." Probably, Char- ing, Charfield, &c., may be derived from the same Anglo -Sax. verb. E. G. E.. Dancing and Dancing Tunes (Vol. xii., p. 159.). — The dancing tunes " set by John McGill," brought under the notice of readers of " N. & Q.," must be a valuable musical curiosity, and may be of use in settling some controverted points in re- spect to old Scottish music, as well as preserving some hitherto missing melodies. Johnny McGill seems to have been a celebrated character in his day and generation. There is a Scottish tune called by his name and ascribed to him, to which the v/ords of McNeill, " Come under my plaidie," are generally sung, which was first published in Johnson's Musical Museum, vol. vi. One of our authorities describes the composer as " a Dumfries fiddler ; " another as " Musician, Girvan, Ayrshire." Probably Johnnie had no fixed or local habitation, but settled wherever his itinerant professional engagements led him in the south-western parts of Scotland. The melody No. 308.] which bears his name is however according to other accounts Irish, which is perhaps more likely, and only ascribed to Jolm from having been brought into vogue by him, or from being his favourite tune. It would be Interesting to know if the melody in question is contained in the MS., and what title is there given to it. A transcript of the work deposited in the Advocates' Librai'y, Edinburgh, would no doubt be useful to antiqua- rian explorers into the history of Scottish music. J. A. Pekthensis. " Etiolated" (Vol. xii., p. 186.) is a neuter verb from aitho, I shine, Greek ; it signifies to be blanched or whitened by having been placed in a position excluded from the rays of the sun ; plants are whitened by this process. From the verb a substantive was formed, " etiology," from aitia, a cause, and logos, a discourse, Greek ; it sig- nifies a branch of pathology which treats of the causes of disease. The French have derived an adjective from their noun " etiologie," which is etique, meaning hectic, consumptive, or emaci- ated. Arbuthnot says that " etiology " (aiTioXoyta) is an account of the causes of any thing, generally of a distemper. The Italians translate the French verb s'etioler (mettere rami sottili, lunghi e scoloriti), which we might translate to shoot forth fine (meaning slender) branches, long and discoloured. It is therefore evident tliat we might apply the term etiolated to a person as well as to a plant, especially as persons excluded from the light of the sun blanch and sicken as well as plants : those who lead a sedentary and confined life in factories are all blanched, and their health suffers in con- sequence ; not so the ploughman or the herdsman, wlio have the full benefit of the rays of the sun, and are seldom confined within doors. I think your learned correspondent P. J. F. Gantillon would have to travel many miles before he met with either a ploughman or a herdsman etiolated. H. Baschet. Waterford. Blue and Green Roses (Vol. xi., passim).— Whilst the discussion on this subject occupies your pages, may I ask if any of your readers have traced this floricultural aspiration back to classical times ? I step backwards two centuries, and find one of the authors of a Historia Plantarum Universalis (Ebroduni, 1651) saying: "Est et jam diii videre, ut refert Lob. et ex hoc Lug. Caeruleas liosas in liortis Italicis. Sed optarim ego scire hortos, si extent, ubi proveniant, et qua in re differant a cseteris Rosis." Perhaps some of your correspondents have seen a green rose, for mention was made in the news- papers a few weeks ago of one exhibiting in a flower-show in Paris (?). An excerpt from the Sept. 22. 1855.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 235 ponderous tomes I have quoted above shows how these flowers — rather curious than pleasing, I venture to opine — were formerly said to be pro- duced : " Si in teneras Agrifolii arbusculas Rosae inserantur, virides flores procJucere scribunt aliqui apud Camerarium. Quamvis interdum anni constitutione frigidiore et humi- diore, herbacei coloris Ros£e, sine calyce proveniant, cujus eausam Costaeus de natur. stirp. explicat." I append a Query, In the review of Wiisteraann's Essai/s, in the Athenaeum, July 21, 1855, p. 834., mention is made of a young German who had collected all that the ancients had written about roses : was tlie work ever published ? A. Chalmtbth. Popular Airs (Vol. xii., p. 1 83.). — Mr. Hack- woob's Note may lead to a much more interesting inquiry than that to which he confines himself. 1 am neither a practical nor theoretical musician, but a sentimental devotee to music ; and, being also a sexagenarian, I have witnessed many of the musical varieties which your correspondent notices, and have remarked, what must have been ob- served by all who have ears, the gradual change that has taken place in our organ tunes. Instead of those enlivening, cheerful and merry strains, or those pathetic little songs, all full of beautiful melody, which used to charm us as we rambled along, we have now doleful, but ambitious at- tempts, with scarcely a tuneful thought to relieve tliem. Instead of manly and effective composi- sition we have maudlin slip-slop. The power of writing a melodious tune seems almost to be lost, or if a happy thought occurs, it is divided and subdivided, so as to make the most of it till only the thinnest thread remains, and the weak refuse is evaporated in the multitude of notes. It would be useful to trace these successive changes, and, by pointing out the causes that have led to them, to assist in restoring our song-writers to their senses, and inspirit their imaginations to the wholesome vigour of the "old and antique song," so that all listeners may delightedly call for " that strain again." D. S. Mrs. Mary Astell (Vol. xii., p. 126.) was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne about 1688, and pub- lished Six Familiar Essays, on Marriage, Crosses in Love, Sfc. ; Bartlemy Fair, or an Inquiry after Wit, 1709; The Christian Religion as professed hy a Davghter of the Church of England {?), 8vo., 1717, &c. She Avas buried at Chelsea, May 14, 1731. Dr. Smalridge speaks in very high terms of her abilities. See Atterbury's Letters, and Ballard's Memoirs of Learned Ladies. E. W. O. Camberwell. Delaune Family (Vol. xii., p. 166.). — A sportive epitaph on Dr. William Delaune is printed in Nichols's Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth No. 308.] Century, 1812, 8vo., vol. i. p. 36., and a note is added at vol. viii. p. 355,, which mentions The Cork Screw, a poem, by N. Amhurst, being in- scribed to him in the following apostrophe : " And thou, who, if report say true, In pocket always bear'st tliy screw, Accept, Delaune, in youthful lays, The homage which the poet pays." E. W, O. Camberwell. S^a. p liQ t Priests Hiding-places (Vol.xi.,p. 437. ; Vol. xii., pp. 14. 149.). — There is a secret chamber of this kind at Nether Witton, in Northumberland, the seat of Raleigh Trevelyan, Esq., inherited from his maternal ancestors, the Thorntons, who were Romanists. There can be no doubt that this was the priest's hole ; but tradition also claims it as the hiding-place of the notorious Lord Lovat, whose portrait is in the house. E. H. A. Parham, which the Hon. Robert Curzon has filled with so many beautiful works of early as well as mediaeval ai't, has one of those rooms. It is close by the chapel, in the roof of the house, and the way down to it is through a bench stand- ing out from the wall. Cephas. " hajxirihov Spa/uaros " (Vol, xi., p, 465. ; Vol. xii., p. 18.). — For want of a more specific reference, I have not been able to find this term in the Ethio- pics of Heliodorus ; and Bourdelot has no note on it. The Lampadium was one of the younger fe- male characters in the Greek drama, according to the following list of Julius Pollux, x. c. 31. 149, — AeKTlKTJ, OuAt). Kdprj, SteuSoKopjj. 'Erepa i/zeuSoKopij. 27rapTO;rdAios AeKTl/cij. IlaAAaK^. 'EraipiKOi' Te'Aeiov. 'Eraipi'Sioi' iipalov. Aiaxpvco? iraCpa. 'Eratpa £ia|U.iTp09. Aa/xjrdSioj'. *A/3pa TrepiKovpos. &epnai.viSi.ov irapdij/ricTTOV. 1. Dicax. 2. Crispa. 3. Virgo. 4. Falsa virgo. 5. Secunda falsa virgo. 6. Spartopolia eloquens. 7. Pellex. 8. Scortum nobile. 9. Scortum maturum. 10. Deaurata meretrix. 11. Meretrix redimita. 12. Lampadium. 13. Aura virginea. 14. Famula calculatoria. Julius Pollux says (iv. c. 19.), iSedf TpixSov ex" irXiyfxaTos ets 6|i< uTroXriyovTos [acp' ov /ce/cArjTai], she was thus named from wearing her hair twisted so as to end in a point, like a lamp or toi-ch. T. J. BUCKTON. Lichfield. Door-head Inscriptions (Vol. xii., p. 34.). — In his History of Exeter, p. 41., Dr. Oliver says that Walter Bronescombe, who was consecrated Bishop of Exeter, a.d. 1258, built a large house at Clyst : over its time-worn gateway, which till a few years ago was yet standing, might be seen this welcome : " Janua patet — cor magis." Cephas. 236 NOTES AND QUERIES. [Sept. 22. 1855. Old Deeds (Vol. xil., p. 185.). — These are often of very great interest to all topographical collec- tors, especially to such as collect for county his- tories. Any for Gloucestershire or Devon would be acceptable to H. T. EiiLAcoMBE. Clyst St. George, Topsliam. Sensations in Drowning (Vol. xii., pp. 87. 153.). — The following extract is from a paper by Mr. Warren in Blackwood's Magazine for Dec, 1854 : " I ventured to say that I knew an instance of a gentle- man, who, in hastily jumping from on board the Excel- lent, to catch a boat that was starting for shore, missed it and fell into the water of Portsmouth Harbour, sinking to a great depth. For a while he was supposed to be drowned. He afterwards said that all he remembered after plunging into the water was a sense of freedom from pain, and a sudden recollection of all his past life, especi- ally of all his guilty actions which he had long forgotten. " ' Possibly (says De Quincey), a suddenly developed power of recollecting every act of a man's life may con- stitute the Great Book to be opened before him at the Judgment Day.' " ^ E. H. A. Marriages made in Heaven (Vol. xi., p. 486. ; Vol. xii., p. 72.). — Surely this is but an amplifi- cation of Proverbs xix. 14. : ' "House and riches are the inheritance of fathers: and a prudent wife is from the Lord." E. G. R. *^Maud" (Vol. xii., p. 124.). — Your corre- spondent, in referring Tennyson's " Lord of the pulse that is lord of her breast " to A. Smith's " Lord of the beating heart," seems to have forgotten that both writers obviously borrow from Shakspeare's " My bosom's Lord sits lightly on his throne." Eden Warwick. Birmingham. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES TVAKTBD TO PURCHASE. Edinboroh Maoaiii^e Fan 1760. Ruddiman. Letters, statinz particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mb. Bkll, PubUsher of "NOTKS AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. 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