Victoria Ifoietor^ of the Counties of Enolanb EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE IN FOUR VOLUMES VOLUME I a a THE VICTORIA HISTORY OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND NOTTINGHAMSHIRE LONDON ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND COMPANY LIMITED This History is issued to Subscribers only By Archibald Constable & Company Limited and printed by Eyre & Spottiswoode H.M. Printers of London INSCRIBED TO THE MEMORY OF HER LATE MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA WHO GRACIOUSLY GAVE THE TITLE TO AND ACCEPTED THE DEDICATION OF THIS HISTORY THE VICTORIA HISTORY OF THE COUNTY OF NOTTINGHAM j EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A. VOLUME ONE LONDON j JAMES STREET I HAYMARKET DA 670 v. I Counts Committee for TRotttngbamsbire HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF PORTLAND, K.G., G.C.V.O. Lord Lieutenant, Chairman His GRACE THE DUKE OF NEWCASTLE THE RT. HON. THE EARL MANVERS THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF LIVERPOOL THE RT. HON. THE VISCOUNT GALWAY THE RT. REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF SOUTH- WELL THE RT. HON. THE LORD MIDDLETON THE RT. HON. THE LORD BELPER THE RT. HON. F. J. S. FOLJAMBE THE RT. HON. JOHN E. ELLIS, M.P. THE HON. FREDERICK STRUTT SIR THOMAS WHITE, BART. SIR CHARLES SEELY, BART. SIR JOHN TURNEY, J.P. THE WORSHIPFUL THE MAYOR OF RETFORD HENRY ASHWELL, ESQ., J.P. THE REV. ATWELL M. Y. BAYLAY, M.A. THOMAS M. BLAGG, ESQ., F.S.A. J. POTTER BRISCOE, ESQ., F.R.H.S. THE REV. F. BRODHURST, M.A. CORNELIUS BROWN, ESQ. J. W. CARR, ESQ., F.L.S., F.G.S. THE REV. CANON W. L. B. CATOR, M.A. G. N. CHARLTON, ESQ., J.P. GENERAL J. TALBOT COKE COL. HENRY EYRE, C.B., D.L., J.P. GEORGE FELLOWS, ESQ., J.P. E. H. FRASER, ESQ., D.C.L. THE REV. JAMES Gow, M.A., D.LiTT., HEAD MASTER OF WESTMINSTER SCHOOL FRANK GRANGER, ESQ., D.Lrrr. J. A. H. GREEN, ESQ. W. W. HALL, ESQ., D.L., J.P. JOHN HOLDEN, ESQ., D.L., J.P. THE REV. RODOLPH BARON VON HUBE W. LAMBE HUSKINSON, ESQ. J. ALFRED JACOBY, ESQ., M.P. WILLIAM H. MASON, ESQ., J.P. THE REV. C. SUTTON MILLARD, B.A. THE VEN. ARCHDEACON RICHARDSON, M.A. MAJOR G. E. ROBERTSON JOHN RUSSELL, ESQ., M.A. F. A. SMITH, ESQ., J.P. JOHN T. SPALDING, ESQ., J.P. THE REV. JOHN STANDISH, B.A. JOHN R. STARKEY, ESQ., M.P. WILLIAM STEVENSON, ESQ. WILLIAM H. STEVENSON, ESQ. THE REV. PROFESSOR J. E. SYMES, M.A. WILLIAM VICKERS, ESQ. G. H. WALLIS, ESQ., F.S.A. JAMES WARD, ESQ. JOHN C. WARREN, ESQ., M.A. B. J. WHITAKER, ESQ., D.L., J.P. THE REV. R. H. WHITWORTH T. CECIL S. WOOLLEY, ESQ. J. H. YOXALL, ESQ., M.P. Xlll CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE PAGE Dedication ............... v The Advisory Council of the Victoria History . . vii General Advertisement vii The Nottinghamshire County Committee .......... xiii Contents . . xv List of Illustrations xvii Preface xix Table of Abbreviations xxi Natural History Introduction By Professor J. W. CARR, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. . xxvii Geology By Professor J. F. BLAKE, M.A., F.G.S. . . . i Palaeontology . . . By R. LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. . . -37 Botany By Professor J. W. CARR, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. Introduction ........ . . . . 41 Botanical Districts ............. 48 Vascular Plants .............51 Musci (Mosses) ............ .61 Hepaticae (Liverworts and Scale Mosses') . . . . . . . . .65 Algae ............... 66 Lichens ............... 67 Fungi ................ 68 Zoology Molluscs . . . . By B. STURCES DODD and B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S 75 Insects By Professor J. W. CARR, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. Aptera (S/ ring- tails and Bristle-tails) . . . . . . . . . 79 Orthoptera (Earwigs, Grasshoppers, etc.) ......... 80 Neuroptera (Dragon-flies, May-flies, Caddis-flies, etc.) . . . . . . .81 Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, Saw-flics, Ichneumons, etc.) . . . . . . .83 Coleoptera (Beetles') 93 Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths') . . . . . . . . . .108 Diptera (Flies) . . .123 Hemiptera (Bugs, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Myriapoda (Centipedes and MUR- pedef) By Professor J. W. CARR, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. . . 131 Spiders „ „ „ „ . 132 Crustaceans .... By the Rev. T. R. R. STEBBING, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S. 141 Fishes By Professor J. W. CARR, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. . . 152 Reptiles and Batrachians . „ „ „ „ ..155 Birds . . . . . By J. WHITAKER, F.Z.S., etc 156 Mammals .... By Professor J. W. CARR, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. . . 177 CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE PACE Early Man By Professor FRANK GRANGER, D.Litt. . . .183 Anglo-Saxon Remains ... By REGINALD A. SMITH, B.A., F.S.A. . . .193 Introduction to the Nottinghamshire Domesday By F. M. STENTON, B.A. . ... 207 Text of the Nottinghamshire Domes- day . „ „ „ . . 247 Ancient Earthworks . . . By W. STEVENSON ....... 289 Political History .... By Miss A. A. LOCKE, Honours School of Modern History, Oxford . . . . . . • 3 ' 7 Forestry By the Rev. J. C. Cox, LL.D., F.S.A., and the Rev. R. H. WHITWORTH . . . . . -365 xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Nottingham Castle. By WILLIAM HYDE .... . . frontispiece Perforated Axe-head from Wollaton . \ Winged Celt from Colwick \ full-page flate, facing 1 86 Bronze Socketed Spear-head from Gringley . Bronze Implements from Nottingham . ' Section of Church Hole Cave, Creswell .... .191 Urn from Holme Pierrepont ... . ... .195 Bronze Gilt Brooch from Holme Pierrepont . . ... .196 Bronze Brooch from Holme Pierrepont ..... .... 196 Viking Sword from Farndon Church ... ... .197 Urn from Newark ..... • .... 202 Urn from Newark ....... ... . . 202 Iron Sword from Nottingham . . \ Iron Spear-head with Cross-bar, London I Bronze-gilt Brooch from Tuxford . V . - full-page plate, facing 202 Iron Spear-head from Nottingham Sword Pommel from Nottingham . ' Bronze Brooch from Brough . . . . . . . - . . . .203 Bronze Ring-brooch from Nottingham . . . . . . . . . .204 Ancient Earthworks Combs Farm Camp, Farnsfield ... . .291 Nottingham Castle and Precincts . ...... ... 292 Castle Hill, Worksop . . . .293 Blidworth Camp • 294 Castle Hill, East Retford .... -294 Hill Close Camp, Farnsfield . . - 295 Beacon Hill Camp, Gringley on the Hill . . 296 Winny Hill Camp, Mansfield Woodhouse . . . 296 Camp at Oxton. . . • 298 Castle Hill, Thurgarton . • 298 Woodborough Camp ... -299 Camp in Hollinwood Hill, Arnold ... . 300 Castle Hill, Car Colston ... .300 Kingshaugh Camp, Darlton . • • • • 3°' Castle Hill Camp, Kirkby in Ashfield . . . • 3°3 Camp at Lonely Grange, Oxton . .... . 303 Camp on Burgage Hill, Southwell • 3°4- Jordan Castle, Wellow • 3°4 xvii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Ancient Earthworks (continued) Castle Hill, Annesley • 3°5 Earthworks at Aslockton . ... • • 3°6 Gaddick Hill, Egmanton . .... 306 Laxton Castle • 3°7 Sibthorpe .... • • . . 310 Greasley Castle • • • -311 LIST OF MAPS Geological Map between xxx, I Orographical Map . . . • • • • • • • • • » '8, I9 Botanical Map. . . ....... 40, 41 Pre-Historical Map „ 182, 183 Anglo-Saxon Map . „ 192, '93 Domesday Map ........ „ 246, 247 Ancient Earthworks Map „ 288, 289 xvin PREFACE \ SO much of the County of Nottingham was covered on its north and east sides by the Forest of Sherwood that the early history of this district is comparatively slight. Nottinghamshire can, however, claim to possess one of the oldest county histories in Dr. Robert Thoroton's Antiquities of Nottinghamshire, published in 1677. Though not perhaps equal to its contemporary the History of Warwick- shire, by Dugdale, it is a work of considerable research, and has remained till now the only history of the county, for John Throsby's History of Nottinghamshire published in 1 797 is practically a reprint of Thoroton's work, with a few additions to the text and illustrations. The Editor wishes to express his thanks to Mr. J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D., for his help and suggestions regarding the articles on the Domesday Book and Political History ; to Mr. G. H. Wallis, F.S.A., director of the Art Museum, Nottingham Castle, for assistance in many ways ; to Mr. I. Chalkley Gould, F.S.A., for notes relating to the earth- works of the county ; and to the Society of Antiquaries, the British Archaeological Society, and Sir John Evans, K.C.B., for the use of blocks. XIX TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.) Acts of P.C. . . Add Add. Chart. . . Admir Agarde .... Anct. Corresp. . Anct. D. (P.R.O.) A 2420 Ann. Mon. . Antiq App Arch Arch. Cant. . . Archd. Rec. . . Archit Assize R. . . . Aud. Off. ... Aug. Off. ... Ayloffe . . . Bed Beds Berks .... Bdle B.M Bodl. Lib. . . . Boro Brev. Reg. . Brit Buck Bucks Cal Camb. . . Cambr Campb. Ch. Cant Carl ..... Cart. Antiq. R. C.C.C. Camb. . Certiorari Bdles. (Rolls Chap.) Chan. Enr. Decree R. Chan. Proc. . . Chant. Cert. Chap. Ho. . Charity Inq. Chart. R. 20 Hen. III. pt. i. No. 10 Abbreviatio Placitorum (Re- cord Commission) Acts of Privy Council Additional Additional Charters Admiralty Agarde's Indices Ancient Correspondence Ancient Deeds(Public Record Office) A 2420 Annalcs Monastic! Antiquarian or Antiquaries Appendix Archasologia or Archxological Archaeologia Cantiana Archdeacons' Records Architectural Assize Rolls Audit Office Augmentation Office Ayloffe's Calendars Bedford Bedfordshire Berkshire Bundle British Museum Bodley's Library Borough Brevia Regia Britain, British, Britannia, etc. Buckingham Buckinghamshire Calendar Cambridgeshire or Cambridge Cambria, Cambrian, Cam- brensis, etc. Campbell Charities Canterbury Chapter Carlisle Cartae Antiquse Rolls Corpus Christ! College, Cam- bridge Certiorari Bundles (Rolls Chapel) Chancery Enrolled Decree Rolls Chancery Proceedings Chantry Certificates (or Cer- tificates of Colleges and Chantries) Chapter House Charity Inquisitions Charter Roll, 20 Henry III. part i. Number 10 Chartul Chas Ches Chest Ch. Gds. (Exch. K.R.) Chich Chron Close . Co Colch Coll Com Com. Pleas . Conf. R. . . . Co. Plac. . . . Cornw Corp Cott Ct. R Ct. of Wards . . Cumb Cur. Reg. . D D. and C. . . . De Bane. R. . . Dec. and Ord . Dep. Keeper's Rep. Derb Devon . . . . Dioc Doc Dods. MSS. . . Dom. Bk. . . . Dors Duchy of Lane. Dur East Eccl Eccl. Com. Edvv Eliz Engl Engl. Hist. Rev. . Enr Epis. Reg. . Esch. Enr. Accts. . ExcerptaeRot. Fin. (Rec. Com.) Exch. Dep. . . Exch. K.B. . . Exch. K.R. . . Exch. L.T.R. Chartulary Charles Cheshire Chester Church Goods (Exchequer- King's Remembrancer) Chichester Chronicle, Chronica, etc. Close Roll County Colchester Collections Commission Common Pleas Confirmation Rolls County Placita Cornwall Corporation Cotton or Cottoniaii Court Rolls Court of Wards Cumberland Curia Regis Deed or Deeds Dean and Chapter De Banco Rolls Decrees and Orders Deputy Keeper's Reports Derbyshire or Derby Devonshire Diocese Documents Dodsworth MSS Domesday Book Dorsetshire Duchy of Lancaster Durham Easter Term Ecclesiastical Ecclesiastical Commission Edward Elizabeth England or English English Historical Review Enrolled or Enrolment Episcopal Registers Escheators Enrolled Accounts Excerpta e Rotulis Finium (Record Commission) Exchequer Depositions Exchequer King's Bench Exchequer King's Remem- brancer Exchequer Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer XXI Exch. of Pleas, Plea R. Exch. of Receipt . Exch. Spec. Cora. . Feet of F. . . . Feod. Accts. (Ct. of Wards) Feod. Surv. (Ct. of Wards) Feud. Aids . . . fol Foreign R. . . . Forest Proc. . . TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS Exchequer of Pleas, Plea Roll Exchequer of Receipt Exchequer Special Commis- Feet of Fines Feodaries Accounts (Court of Wards) Feodaries Surveys (Court of Wards) Feudal Aids Folio Foreign Rolls Forest Proceedings Gaz Gazette or Gazetteer Gen Genealogical, Genealogica, etc. Geo George Glouc Gloucestershire or Gloucester Guild Certif. (Chan.) Guild Certificates (Chancery) Ric. II. Richard II. Hants Had. Hen. Heref. Hertf. Herts Hil. . Hist. Hist. MSS. Com. Hosp. Hund. R. . . Hunt. . . . Hunts Inq. a.q.d. Inq. p.m. Inst. . . Invent. . Ips. . . Itin. . Journ Lamb. Lib. Lane L. and P. Hen. VIII. Lansd. Ld. Rev. Rcc. . . Leic Le Neve's Ind. Lib Lich Line Lond. m. Mem. Hampshire Harley or Harleian Henry Herefordshire or Hereford Hertford Hertfordshire Hilary Term History, Historical,Historian, Historia, etc. Historical MSS. Commission Hospital Hundred Rolls Huntingdon Huntingdonshire Inquisitions ad quod damnum Inquisitions post mortem Institute or Institution Inventory or Inventories Ipswich Itinerary James Journal Lambeth Library Lancashire or Lancaster Letters and Papers, Hen. VIII. Lansdowne Land Revenue Records Leicestershire or Leicester Le Neve's Indices Library Lichfield Lincolnshire or Lincoln London Membrane Memorials Memo. R. . Mich Midd Mins. Accts. . . Misc. Bks. (Exch. K.R., Exch. T.R. or Aug. Off.) Mon. . . Monm. . Mun. . . Mus. . . N. and Q. . Norf. . . Northampt. Northants . Northumb. . Norw. Nott. . . N.S. Off. . . Orig. R. O.S. . . Oxf. . Palmer's Ind. . Pal. of Chest. . . Pal. of Dur. . . Pal. of Lane. . Par Parl Parl. R Parl. Surv. . Partic. for Gts. Pat P.C.C Pet Peterb Phil Pipe R Plea R Pop. Ret. . . . Pope Nich. Tax. (Rec. Com.) P.R.O Proc Proc. Soc. Antiq. . pt. Pub. R Rec. . . . Recov. R. . . Rentals and Surv. Rep Rev Ric. . Memoranda Rolls Michaelmas Term Middlesex Ministers' Accounts Miscellaneous Books (Ex- chequer King's Remem- brancer, Exchequer Trea- sury of Receipt or Aug- mentation Office) Monastery, Monasticon Monmouth Muniments or Munimenta Museum Notes and Queries Norfolk Northampton Northamptonshire Northumberland Norwich Nottinghamshire or Notting- ham New Style Office Originalia Rolls Ordnance Survey Oxfordshire or Oxford Page Palmer's Indices Palatinate of Chester Palatinate of Durham Palatinate of Lancaster Parish, parochial, etc. Parliament or Parliamentary Parliament Rolls Parliamentary Surveys Particulars for Grants Patent Roller Letters Patent Prerogative Court of Canter- bury Petition Peterborough Philip Pipe Roll Plea Rolls Population Returns Pope Nicholas' Taxation (Re- cord Commission) Public Record Office Proceedings Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries Part Publications Roll Records Recovery Rolls Rentals and Surveys Report Review Richard xxn TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS Roff. .... Rochester diocese Rot. Cur. Reg. . Rotuli Curiae Regis Rut Rutland Topog. Sarum .... Ser Sess. R Shrews Shrops .... Soc Soc. Antiq. . Soraers Somers. Ho. . . S.P. Dom. . . . Staff. .... Star Chamb. Proc. Stat Steph Subs. R. . . . SufF. Surr Suss Surv. of Ch. Liv- ings (Lamb.) or (Chan.) Salisbury diocese Series Sessions Rolls Shrewsbury Shropshire Society Society of Antiquaries Somerset Somerset House State Papers Domestic Staffordshire Star Chamber Proceedings Statute Stephen Subsidy Rolls Suffolk Surrey Sussex Surveys of Church Livings (Lambeth) or (Chancery) Trans. Transl. Treas. Trin. Univ. . . Valor Eccl. Com.) Vet. Mon. . V.C.H. . . Vic. . . . vol. (Rec. Warw. . Westm. . Westmld. Will. . Wilts . Winton. Wore. Yorks Topography or Topographi- cal Transactions Translation Treasury or Treasurer Trinity Term University Valor Ecclesiasticus (Record Commission) Vetusta Monumenta Victoria County History Victoria Volume Warwickshire or Warwick Westminster Westmorland William Wiltshire Winchester diocese Worcestershire or Worcester Yorkshire XXlll d A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, one of the north-midland counties of England, is in form an irregular oval, about fifty miles in length from north to south, and with a greatest width of about twenty-six miles from east to west : its total area is about 844 square miles. Its political borders are formed by the counties of York, Derby, Leicester and Lincoln, which bound it on the north, west, south and east respectively. In the north-east portion of the county the river Trent forms a natural boundary, as do also the Erewash and Soar, and about three miles of the Trent, in the south-west, but elsewhere the boundary is not formed by natural features, unless we except the few insignificant lengths along which the Witham and one or two small streams coincide with the county boundary. In its physical features Nottinghamshire presents no very great diversity ; it possesses none of the wild moorland or bold mountainous scenery of its neighbours on the north and west. Along the course of the Trent, which stretches across the southern and eastern parts of the county, are extensive areas of rich low-lying pasture and arable land, but elsewhere the surface is for the most part of a gently undulating character, rising in some places into low ranges of hills, which attain their greatest altitude to the south and west of Sutton-in-Ashfield, where there is a good deal of ground lying above the contour line of 600 feet. The highest points indicated on the last edition of the ordnance map are 651 feet at Hucknall-under-Huth- waite ; 631 feet at Wild Hill, one mile north of the former station ; and 629 feet and 614 feet respectively to the east and south-east of East Kirkby. Of lesser height are the hills north of Blidworth (500 feet) ; c The Plains ' in the immediate neighbourhood of Nottingham, which rise to a height of 470 feet at Dorket Head, and 508 feet at Cockpit Hill ; and the Wolds in the extreme south of the county, which just reach 400 feet. On the other hand a great part of the eastern side of the county lies below the 100 feet contour line, and in the Carr lands of the extreme north we have an area much of which is less than i o feet abo1. o sea level. The most striking of the physical characteristics of Nottingham- shire is however the beautiful park and woodland scenery of Sherwood XXVll A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Forest, which occupies a considerable area on the western side of the county, between Mansfield on the south and Worksop on the north. Within this region, especially in the extensive woods known as the Birk- lands and Bilhagh, may be seen some of the finest primeval woodland in Britain ; the trees are mainly oak and birch, many of them, especially the former, being evidently of great antiquity. Such are the celebrated Major, Parliament, Shambles and Greendale Oaks. There is usually no undergrowth beyond a dense and luxuriant carpet of bracken. Other parts of the district, from which the old timber had long ago been cleared, are now occupied by extensive plantations of oak, beech, larch and other conifers, sweet-chestnut and other trees. The open forest and park lands are dotted over with ancient thorn trees, often infested with mistletoe ; the ground vegetation consists of various grasses with ling and heath, gorse and bracken. Nottinghamshire is almost entirely within the drainage area of the Trent. This noble river, rising in the Staffordshire moors, enters the county near its south-west corner, shortly after its junction with the Derbyshire Derwent at Sawley, receives at once the waters of the Erewash and Soar, and thence passing along the southern boundary of the city of Nottingham, crosses the county in a north-easterly direction to Newark, whence it flows almost due north, finally leaving the county at West Stockwith, a village at the extreme north-east corner of Notts. Among its purely Nottinghamshire tributaries are the Leen, which rises in the Robin Hood Hills and flows into the canal at Lenton, and thence into the Trent at Nottingham ; the Cocker Beck, Dover Beck, and Greet from the north-west enter the Trent near Gun- thorpe, Caythorpe and Fiskerton respectively ; the united waters of the Smite and Devon rivers, flowing north from Leicestershire, join the Newark branch of the Trent at Newark ; and finally at the ex- treme north-east of the county the Trent is reinforced by the waters of the Idle, a river formed by the union of the Ryton, Poulter, Meden, Maun, and Vicar and Rainworth waters, which drain the Sherwood Forest region. In the parks of Sherwood Forest several artificial lakes of considerable size have been formed along the course of the streams. As before mentioned the county of Nottingham is in shape an ir- regular, elongated oval, its long axis pointing somewhat N.E. and S.W. It thus coincides in position with the general strike of the English sedi- mentary rocks which accordingly run through it from end to end as long bands of varying width. Owing to the narrowness of the county, however, these bands are very few in number, and consequently there is little variety in the nature of the rocks which form the surface, and therefore of the scenery due to such diversity of geological forma- tions. By far the greater part of the surface of the county is occupied by the Trias or New Red Sandstone, the two main divisions of which — the Upper or Keuper and the Lower or Bunter— form broad bands, each xxvin NATURAL HISTORY several miles across. On the eastern side of the county, for the southern two-thirds of its length, the Trias is bordered by the lower beds of the Lias, which form a narrow strip between the Keuper and the county boundary. Between the Keuper and Lias is a band of Rhastic shales of insignificant thickness. On the other side of the county the Permian rocks occupy a long narrow area along the western border of the Bunter beds ; and still further to the westward the Permian is followed by a patch of Coal Measures — the easterly extension of the Derbyshire and Yorkshire coalfield. With the exception of the Drift deposits and the Alluvium of the river valleys, the above are all the formations which occur in Notting- hamshire. In a county whose highest ground is only something over 600 feet above sea-level it might be expected that the fauna and flora which characterize the more mountainous parts of Derbyshire and Yorkshire would be absent, as is indeed the case. Also an inland county must necessarily compare unfavourably with one, such as Lincolnshire, which enjoys all the advantages in flora and fauna that the possession of a long line of coast confers. A further circumstance which tends to reduce the number of species, especially of plants and molluscous animals, is the absence of certain geological formations favourable to their occurrence ; even the narrow band of Magnesian Limestone which occurs along the western border of the county, and is the only calcareous rock formation that we possess, is largely spoiled for botanical and faunistic purposes by the long line of collieries and colliery villages with their attendant net- work of railway lines which follow its outcrop. Moreover the high state of cultivation of by far the greater part of the county, and the almost entire absence of undrained bog or marsh land account for the absence at the present day of many forms of life which may once have existed here. Still, in spite of all these disadvantages, it will be found from the appended lists that we possess a fauna and flora of considerable richness and variety. Many groups, both of animals and plants, are still however only very imperfectly worked out, and very much still remains to be done before we can form any accurate idea of the full extent of our organic wealth. XXIX GEOLOGY IN relation to the general geological structure of England the city of Nottingham occupies a peculiar position. If a line be drawn from the mouth of the Tees and follow a course along the vale of York and the lower basin of the Trent on their western sides, and thence by the Soar and Avon to the east side of the vale of Severn to terminate at the mouth of the Exe, there will be found on the west side of it all the older, or Palaeozoic, rocks and the bulk of the manufactur- ing centres, and on the east side of it most of the newer, or Neozoic, rocks and of the purely agricultural land. This dividing line passes through Nottingham. Again, in the northern half of England the surface is dominated by a single line of elevation along the axis of the Pennine range from north to south ; but in the southern half the lines of elevation are shorter and irregular in direction, more especially in the Midland district. Not- tingham lies at the extreme southern end of the Pennine axis. As a result of this position we find in Nottinghamshire the youngest members of the Palaeozoic division and the oldest members of the Neo- zoic division of rocks, and a development both of coal mining and of agricultural industries. We find also the several successive rock forma- tions sloping, or having a dip, to the east away from the Pennine axis until they approach the southern border, where several of them die out altogether and others change their direction. In systematic geology the bedded rocks of Nottinghamshire are classed under four systems : the CARBONIFEROUS, PERMIAN, TRIASSIC and JURASSIC, of which the two former are Palaeozoic and the two latter are Neozoic. Besides these there are the superficial deposits which lie in- discriminately on all the bedded strata. A complete table of formations, described in ascending order, follows on the next page. THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM The whole of the Carboniferous system as developed at the southern end of the Pennine axis, if we include the rocks easily reached by bor- ing, is found within the county. The members of the system are : i . The Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone (marked da on the Geological Survey maps) ; 2. The Yoredale Shales (dj ; the Millstone Grit (dj ; and the Cdal-Measures (dj, including the three subdivisions, Lower, Middle and Upper Coal-Measures. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE TABLE OF FORMATIONS MET WITH IN NOTTINGHAMSHIRE System Formation Subdivisions Maximum local thickness in feet [Superficial] Local Blown Sand Black Earth and Loam Alluvium River Gravel .... Cave Earth 30 2O Glacial Chalky Gravel Chalky Boulder Clay . . Western Gravel Western Boulder Clay 70 5° Liassic Lower Lias i5o(?) Jurassic Rhaetic White Lias Black Shales with Bone Bed 18 is Keuper Keuper Marls .... Keuper Sandstones or Waterstones .... | „. Bunter Upper Red Sandstone. Pebble Beds Lower Red Sandstone 616 233 Upper Marls .... Upper Limestone . Lower Marls and Sand- stones 89 53 148 Permian Small-grained Dolomite & Magnesian Limestone . Marl Slate Breccia 255 185 12 Carboniferous Upper Carboniferous Upper Coal-Measures Middle Coal-Measures Lower Coal-Measures Millstone Grit .... 53° 2,480 820 720 Lower Carboniferous Yoredale Shales. Mountain Limestone . Not pierced GEOLOGY The CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE, with the YOREDALE SHALES, which gradually replace it towards the north, was laid down over an enormous area extending to the borders of Wales on the west, to the lowlands of Scotland on the north, to an unknown distance to the east, but having its southern margin in Leicestershire and Derbyshire on the confines of Notts. In this direction it is definitely bounded by a ridge of older rocks running east and west. These come to the surface in Charnwood Forest and are met with in both directions in borings east and west of Leicester.1 Now both the Limestone and the Shales are seen at the surface at Ticknall in east Derbyshire, and if these follow the line of their common boundary they will certainly enter Nottinghamshire, without any overlying Coal- Measures but covered only by Neozoic strata, along a line from Remp- stone to Upper Broughton. They probably occur also as basal rocks throughout the whole county, but at too great a depth to be reached. The same may be said of the MILLSTONE GRIT which comes to the surface at Melbourne and Castle Donnington. It will continue eastward underground across the Soar into Nottinghamshire along a line from Kingston-upon-Soar to Widmerpool. It has actually been found beneath the Coal-Measures at a depth of 1,150 feet in a boring at Ruddington, which was continued for a depth of 720 feet in it. The COAL-MEASURES, or group of strata in which are found seams of coal thick enough to be profitably worked, are the lowest rocks which actually come to the surface in the county, of which they occupy about 36 square miles. They form part however of an immense coalfield ex- tending continuously into Derbyshire and Yorkshire, and formerly united to the now separated coalfields of Lancashire and north Staffordshire. This former union is shown by the recognized identity of the ' Black Shale ' coal of Derbyshire and Notts with the ' Silkstone ' of Yorkshire and the 'Arley Mine ' of Lancashire, and by the occurrence of the same kinds of Upper Coal-Measures in Notts and north Staffordshire. The materials of which the Coal-Measures are formed consist of beds of sandstone and grit of various thicknesses interspersed with beds of shale or bind and occasional beds of coal and other special rocks, such as clunch, gannister and ironstone. It is probably seldom realized by those who have no mining experience how small is the amount of coal in comparison with the rest of the series. Thus out of i ,900 feet of strata from the top of the Coal-Measures to the lowest workable seam2 pierced near Nottingham only 83 feet consists of actual coal, and much of that is too thin to be worked. For this reason outcrops of coal are seldom or never now seen at the natural surface, but only in cuttings or in clay and stone pits. The best idea of the Coal-Measure strata of Nottinghamshire may be obtained from the cuttings on the canal side near Wollaton ; the rail- way cuttings between Radford and Trowell3 (formerly) and at Kimberley; 1 Harrison, Pnc. Birm. Phil. Soc. vol. ii. 3 Geol. Survey Mem. sheet 71, N.E. (3 sections). 3 Irving, Pnc. Geol. AIIOC. vol. vi. 3 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE and the openings for clay near Wollaton and for stone on Trowell Moor; though some of these are now poor. The alternations of sandstone and shale give rise, by their different ways of weathering, to very undulating country, usually well clothed with vegetation. The fresh exposures of the harder rocks are of peculiar art 'shades with a predominant neutral tint. The Nottinghamshire coals burn to an ash and have a composition exemplified by one from Shireoaks, analyzed by C. Tookey :' — Carbon 77'4° Hydrogen 4'9& Oxygen and Nitrogen 9^32 Sulphur 0-92 Ash 3-90 Water and loss 3'5o lOO'OO Some varieties called ' splint ' coal show a very bright ' face ' when split, and, in others, extra bright bands may be seen standing out from the parts which consists of loose dust. The bright bands are cross sections of the broken tree stems of Sigillaria, etc., the surface markings of which are sometimes seen when the fracture lies in a suitable direction. The loose dust, often called ' mother-of-coal,' if carefully handled and suit- ably examined under the microscope, is seen to consist of the disc-bearing cells of some kind of gymnospermous tree, probably of Cordaites. In Clifton Colliery a bed of ' Cannel ' coal is found between the ' Waterloo ' and ' Deep Soft ' seams. This kind of coal has no definite structure in it and is supposed to be the result of the decomposition of the material of ordinary coal, and its deposition as a water-borne sedi- ment. It contains, instead of plant stems, the spines, scales, vertebras and teeth of ganoid fishes referred to the genera Ctenacantbus, Gyracan- thus and Megalichthys. It is also more gaseous than ordinary coal, as its name implies. Clunch and gannister are materials which form the bed next below any coal seam. In the case of all the coal seams of Nottinghamshire, as far as known, it is clunch that is found. This is a kind of kneaded up clay, without internal stratification, and often showing the remains of the roots of the plants which have made the overlying coal. It is also called ' underclay ' and ' seat-earth.' The clunch is often valuable as a fireclay, but is little worked in Nottinghamshire, less than 9,000 tons of it being raised in 1901, against nearly 68,000 tons from Derbyshire. Gannister is a hard siliceous band found in the same position beneath certain coals with which marine remains are associated, but it has not been definitely recognized in Nottinghamshire. The largest of the roots found associated with the underclay is the Stigmaria. This usually stands upright and has a diameter of 1 8 inches and upwards. In a downward direction it branches into four parts, each 1 Percy, Metallurgy, vol. i. 4 GEOLOGY marked with rootlet scars. It is cut off above by the horizontal coal seam, in which it appears lost, but on the other side of the seam the stem corresponding to the root may sometimes be seen standing upright above it. These roots are most abundant below the ' Top Hard' seam. They have long been known in the Newcastle Colliery at Old Basford, one being preserved in the museum at the University College, Notting- ham, and some specially fine examples accompanied by the correspond- ing stems have been described by Mr. Shipman from the same horizon elsewhere.1 In one of these, found at Bulwell, the stem belonged to Sigillaria and had a diameter of 5 ft. 6 in. and a length preserved, now filled in with sand, of 7 ft. 6 in. In another, found at Newstead, the stem was Lepidodendron, and had a diameter of 9 feet and a length pre- served of 7 feet. At a little higher level similar trees of smaller diameter, 3-4 feet, are found. Such trees can only be seen in the mines themselves, as they are too large to bring up. The ironstone occurs in a peculiar form. It does not form a rock- bed but consists of concretionary nodules hardened by compounds of iron. These nodules occur in great numbers at various horizons and often contain the remains of some organism embedded in them, such as a bivalve shell or a fern. The bivalve shells, named Anthracosia? belong to the family Unionida or ' freshwater mussels,' hence the beds containing them are called ' mussel bands.' The two principal species are A . robusta and A. acuta. The ferns are most commonly of the genera Neuropteris and Alethopteris . The most remarkable fossil from these nodules, found by Mr. E. Wilson in i 876 at Skegby New Colliery near Mansfield, consists of five abdominal segments and a pair of pincers of a scorpion, described and figured by Dr. H. Woodward 3 under the name of Eoscorpius anglicus, being the first of its kind found in England. The roof of a coal seam, or stratum immediately following it, is generally much richer in organisms, or perhaps more frequently examined, than other portions of the strata, and constantly contains fragments of such plants as Spbenopteris^ Aster ophyllites, etc., but these have not as yet been adequately studied in Nottinghamshire. All the fossils hitherto mentioned, with the possible exception of the fishes, are inhabitants of the land or fresh water ; and although in other coalfields marine organisms occur at various horizons they have not till lately been found in Nottinghamshire, probably from the scarcity of opportunities. However, in the sinking of the shaft at Gedling (vide infra) specimens ofLingu/a, Discina and Aviculopecten have been discovered in bands, both connected with or unconnected with the coal seams in that part of the Coal-Measures usually supposed to be characterized by their absence.4 Notwithstanding, however, these proofs of occasional submergence, as in other coalfields, the Coal-Measures exposed or worked in Notting- hamshire are essentially non-marine, as is further shown by the remark- 1 Nott. Nat. Sue. Transaction! for 1 894. 2 Also called Carbonicola. 8 Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac. vol. xxxii. 4 Geol. Survey, 'Summary of Progress for 1902.' 5 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE able phenomena known as ' wash-outs.' A wash-out or ' dumb-fault ' is discovered in working a coal seam by the sudden dying out of the coal and its replacement by a mass of sandstone apparently pressed into it from above. This sandstone may continue for many yards, but if the ' stone- heading ' is continued far enough it may reach the other side of the wash-out and enter the coal seam again. If the sandstone is traced in a direction transverse to such a heading it is found to have the form of a long, sometimes branching trough. The material filling this trough is often false bedded and includes fragments of coal, bind, fossiliferous iron- stone, etc., which have been brought from a distance. The occurrence of a wash-out in this district was first shown by Lieut. G. E. Coke l in the ' Deep Hard ' Coal on the borders of the county, but they have since been described by Mr. J. Shipman3 as occur- ring on two horizons in the Leen Valley workings. Such a wash-out in the Newcastle Colliery affects the ' Top Hard ' coal and has a breadth of 300 yards. It has been traced in a transverse direction for more than a mile. In the Newstead Colliery a wash-out affects the ' Comb ' coal and the strata above it. Its breadth varies from 50 to 250 yards, and its depth is about 25 feet. It has been traced taking a winding but generally N.E. or E.N.E. course for a distance of 3 miles, and has a tributary joining it on the right hand side at the main bend. Its base is uneven and rutted, and the channel deepens towards the N.E., the upper end being probably the continuation of a wash-out formerly met with in the Annesley Colliery. A third wash-out has been seen in the ' Deep Soft ' coal at Wollaton, having a breadth of 1 5 yards and a depth of 6 feet. In this case, as in that at the Newcastle Colliery, but in a more marked degree, the wash-out is coincident with a downward roll of the strata beneath, which was doubtless the original cause of the wash-out taking the course it did. A wash-out can only be produced on a land surface by a stream running on the level of the coal seam and wearing away a furrow which is afterwards filled with the next succeeding kind of deposit. It is an example of contemporaneous erosion. Another example of this kind of erosion on a far larger scale is that of the Red Rock of Rotherham, which has also been met with in Notts. This is a massive sandstone 200 ft. in thickness which lies so irregularly on the earlier measures that it was thought at one time to be Permian. The question of its age was however definitely settled by the occurrence of a coal seam — the ' Manor ' coal — above it in the Shireoaks Colliery. Its irregularity is therefore a mere accident of deposit. With these exceptions the whole of the Coal-Measures belong to a single conformable series of deposits, of which the most constant as well as the most easily recognized are the coal seams themselves. The follow- ing is a list of all the coals that have received names in the county of Nottingham, beginning with the highest. 1 trans. Chester jwld and Mid. Count. Inst. of Engineers, vol. xvi. 1888. 1 Nott. Nat. Soc. Tram, for 1894. GEOLOGY TABLE I. THE NAMED COALS OF THE NOTTINGHAM COALFIELD MANOR .... SHAFTON . . . BAGSHAW SWINTON POTTERY CLOWN .... ABDY or WINTER . FURNACE . . . BEAMSHAW . . . KENTS THIN . HAZLES .... COMB .... TOP HARD . DUNSIL .... WATERLOO . . . Hoo CANNEL . DEEP SOFT . . . DEEP HARD . . PIPER .... TUPTON or FURNACE Low MAIN . THREE-QUARTERS YARD or DOGTOOTH BLACK SHALE . KILBURN. . . . NAUGHTON . ALTON Shireoaks, above the Rotherham Red Rock Southcar, below the Rotherham Red Rock Southcar, above the Oaks Rock Southcar, below the Oaks Rock Shireoaks and Leen Valley = WATHWOOD in Yorkshire Southcar Shireoaks and Leen Valley ) n ... Southcar } P°SSlbl>' eclual Southcar Shireoaks and Leen Valley = KENTS THICK at Southcar Leen Valley = BARNSLEY SOFT (?) at Southcar Nottingham District = BARNSLEY HARD at Southcar, and in Yorkshire Nottingham District = SWALLOW WOOD in Yorkshire Nottingham District = LIDGET in Yorkshire Clifton Colliery Nottingham District = FLOCKTON in Yorkshire Nottingham District = FENTON'S in Yorkshire Nottingham District Kimberley and Cossall = PARKGATE in Yorkshire Tevershall = THORNCLIFFE THIN in Yorkshire Tevershall = FOUR FEET in Yorkshire Tevershall = CLOD in Derbyshire = SILKSTONE in Yorkshire Kimberley and Cossall Ruddington boring Ruddington boring The numerous sinkings by shaft or boring that have been made to reach the coal, mostly where covered by newer strata, have thrown great light upon the succession, thickness and position of the strata, as may be seen by the following examples, showing successive parts of the series from the summit to the base.1 I. BORING AT THURGARTON commences 60 ft. above O.D. (Communicated by G. E. Coke) Trias and Permian, 850 ft. Upper Measures — Keele Series . „ „ Newcastle Series . „ „ Etruria Marls . 256 Measures . 620 ft. 188 92 I. (a) SHAFT at GEDLING commences 190 ft. above O.D. (Communicated by G. E. Coke) Trias and Permian, 513 ft. ft. Upper Measures — Etruria Marls . 93 Measures with thin coals .... 762 Top Hard Coal Total Coal-Measures . .1,156 Total Coal-Measures . . 855 I. (i>) BORING AT SCARLE commences 60 ft. above O.D. . H. Da/ton, Geol. Survey Mem. sheet 83) Gravel and Lias to Permian, 2,022 ft. ft. Upper Coal-Measures 10 Total Coal-Measures . 10 1 The thicknesses of the coals are included in the Measures overlying them, which are taken to the base of the coal seam. 7 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE II. BORING AT SOUTHCAR ON THE IDLE commences 15 ft. above O.D. (Dunstan, Mid. Inst. Civ. and Meek. Eng. Proc. vol. xiv.) Alluvium, Triassic and Permian, 1,728 ft. ft. Mottled Shale, with a 6 in. limestone 9 Rotherham Red Rock, with 9 ft. mottled shales near the top. . . 96 Measures with 3 thin seams . . . 1 1 8 Shafton Coal, 3 ft. I in. Measures with Bagshaw seam . . 469 Oaks Rock, 94 ft. ; Swinton Pottery seam, 3 ft. 9 in. ; and measures with 6 thin seams including Abdy, Winter and Kents Thin .... 608 Kents Thick Coal, 4 ft. 5 in. Measures 130 Barns/ey Soft Coal, 4ft. 9 in. Measures 39 Barnsley Hard Coal, 4 ft. 7 in. Measures . i o Total Coal-Measures . ',479 II. (a) SHAFT AT SHIREOAKS NEAR WORKSOP commences 200 ft. above O.D. (Lancaster and Wright, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac. vol. xvi.) Permian, 215 ft. ft. Measures with Manor Coal, 2 ft. and bands of Ironstone 57 Rotherham Red Rock 198 Measures with 15 thin coals . . . 546 Clown or Wathwood Coal, 4 ft. 4 in. Measures with coal seam, 2 ft. 8 in. 266 Haz/es Coal, 3 ft. Measures with 2 thin coals . . . 241 Top Hard Coal, 3 ft. 9 in. Measures 114 Total Coal-Measures . 1,422 III. SILVER HILL COLLIERY, TEVERSHALL, commences at 545 ft. above O.D. (M.E. Colliery Guardian, vol. Ixiii.) ft. Measures Top Hard Coal, 5 ft. 6 in. Measures Dunsil Coal, 4 ft. Measures Water loo Coal, 2 ft. 7 in. Measures Deep Hard Coal, 2 ft. 7 in. Measures Piper Coal, 2 ft. 8 in. Measures Low Main Seam, 4 ft. 9 in. Measures with Three-quarters Coal, 2 ft. I O in. and Tard Coal, 3 ft. 4 in. 1 88 Black Shale Coal, 2 ft. 10 in. '53 63 ni 543 3° III. (a) NEW HUCKNALL COLLIERY commences at 500 ft. above O.D. (M.E. Colliery Guardian, vol. Ixviii.) ft. Measures 450 Top Hard Coal, 4 ft. 2 in. Measures 51 Dunsil Coal, 2 ft. 4 in. Measures 1 1 1 Waterloo Coal, 3 ft. 9 in. Measures 348 Deep Soft Coal, i ft. 9 in. Measures 123 Deep Hard Coal, 3 ft. 3 in. Measures 129 Low Main Seam, 4 ft. Total Coal-Measures . . .1,256 Total Coal-Measures . . 1,212 8 GEOLOGY IV. NEW WOLLATON COLLIERY commences 200 ft. above O.D. (M.E. Colliery Guardian, vol. Ixviii.) ft. 33 Measures with i coal seam Top Hard Coal Measures with 2 coal seams . . . 105 Dunsil Coal Measures 54 Waterloo Coal Measures with 2 coal seams . . . 360 Deep Soft Coal Measures 42 Deep Hard Coal Measures 30 Piper Coal Total Coal-Measures 624 V. LODGE COLLIERY, NEAR EASTWOOD commences at 210 ft. above O.D. (M.E. Colliery Guardian, vol. Ixviii.) ft. Measures 15 Deep Soft Coal, 3 ft. 3 in. Measures 44 Deep Hard Coal, 3 ft. Measures 54 Piper Coal, 3 ft. 3 in. Measures 81 Furnace Coal, 3 ft. 6 in. Measures with Three-quarters Coal . 362 = Dogtooth Coal, i ft. 5 in. Black Shale Coal (worthless) Measures 235 Kilburn Coal, 2 ft. 3 in. Total Coal-Measures . . 791 VI. BORING AT RUDDINGTON commences at 120 ft. above O.D. (Communicated by G. E. Coke) Trias, 684 ft. Measures 261 Naughton Coal Measures 169 Alton Coal Measures 45 Millstone Grit, 721 ft. ft. IV. (a) CLIFTON COLLIERY, NOTTINGHAM commences 82 ft. above O.D. (M.E. Colliery Guardian, vol. Ixiii.) Gravels and Bunter, 361 ft. Measures 21 Comb Coal, 2 ft. 8 in. Measures 120 Top Hard Coal, 6 ft. Measures Dunsil Coal, 3 ft. Measures Waterloo Coal, 3 ft. 3 in. Measures with 5 seams .... Hoo Cannel Coal, 9 in. Measures with 3 coal seams and iron- stone bed 221 Deep Soft Coal, 5 ft. Measures 42 Deep Hard Coal, 5 ft. 7 in. Measures 42 Piper Coal, 3 ft. 4 in. 75 27 177 Total Coal-Measures. 725 V. (a) COSSALL COLLIERY commences at 300 ft. above O.D. (M.E. Colliery Guardian, vol. Ixviii.) ft. 33 Measures Piper Coal, 3 ft. 9 in. Measures with thick sandstone and one coal seam 105 Furnace Coal, 3 ft. 7 in. Measures with thick sandstone and Dogtooth coal 528 Kilburn Coal, 3 ft. 10 in. Total Coal-Measures . 666 Total Coal Measures . 475 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE These sections taken together afford a fairly complete view of the development of the Coal-Measures in the county. On comparing the thicknesses of the strata between well known seams there does not appear to be quite so great a constancy as is claimed in Yorkshire. Possibly the seams called by the same name in different collieries are not always exactly on the same horizons. One may die out and another take its place above or below it. The total thickness will vary according to the sections selected for addition, but if there are added together 536 feet for the Upper Measures at Thurgarton, 1,250 feet for the Rotherham Red Rock to the Top Hard coal at Shireoaks, 584 feet to the Piper coal at Clifton, 678 feet to the Kilburn coal at Lodge Colliery, and 476 feet for the measures at Ruddington boring, which commences below the Kilburn coal — we obtain a total of 3,524 feet. Considering this great thickness, and that there is no sign of thinning out on the east side of the county, nor of the assumption of a westerly dip, there cannot be a doubt that the whole of Nottinghamshire, with the exception of a narrow band along its southern margin, is underlaid by Coal-Measures, mostly at less than the maximum depth of working, and these measures may extend also to any distance beneath Lincolnshire and perhaps even the German Ocean.1 Regarding the Coal-Measures of Great Britain as a whole geologists have divided them into three series, Lower, Middle and Upper. The Lower Series, where characteristically developed, are dis- tinguished by containing abundance of marine fossils, and by some of their coals having a seat earth of siliceous gannister instead of clunch. Such are principally found in the northern coalfields. The Middle Series are more entirely freshwater in origin and contain abundant coal seams with nodular bands of ironstone in all the midland coalfields. The Upper Series contain many ironstone beds and ironstained red shales with no workable coals, or very few, in the northern part of their range, but form very rich coalfields in the southern. These divisions correspond to changes in the accompanying plant remains, and possibly indicate also that conditions favourable to coal-growth gradually advanced from north to south. The geographical position of Nottinghamshire, near the centre of the English coalfields, prepares us for the statement that the greater part of its coal-bearing strata belong to the Middle Series. No gan- nister beds as above defined are known to come nearer to Nottingham than Crich. We must necessarily however call those beds Lower Coal- Measures that intervene between recognized Middle Coal-Measures and Millstone Grit even in ignorance of their possessing such characteristics. In this case the line between these and the Middle Series must be chosen from considerations elsewhere derived. It is by the Geological Survey drawn for convenience below the Black Shale, Clod or Silkstone coal, which is widespread and constant. All the beds below these are there- 1 See Dunstan, loc. cit. 10 GEOLOGY fore Lower Coal-Measures, including the Kilburn coal and all the Measures in the Ruddington boring. The Upper Series have been recognized by Mr. Walcot Gibson l in the cores from the boring at Thurgarton above the ordinary Middle Measures, by their resemblance in character and succession to those of north Staffordshire, which he names in ascending order the Etruria Marls, the Newcastle-under-Lyme Series and the Kee/e Series. At Gedling a Lower Series, containing sphsrosiderites, called the Black Band Series, has also been recognized in a diminished form.2 Mr. Gibson also quotes the ferns Neuropteris rarinervis and Pecopteris miltoni, with Spheno- phyllum and Cordaites as obtained in the uppermost beds in both counties, though these are members also of the Middle Measures flora. The relations of these beds to any definite coal seam of the Middle Series, which was not ascertained at Thurgarton, is shown in the Gedling shaft, where beneath 93 feet of red strata referred to the Etruria Marls are found 762 feet of ordinary Measures above the Top Hard coal. This thickness, if there is no error, is much less than that found at Shireoaks (1,050 feet) or Southcar (1,364 feet) between the Top Hard and the Rotherham Red Rock which lies below the shales called Upper Coal-Measures in Yorkshire. If this portion of the series thins south- ward some of the 1,000—1,300 feet of Measures which at Bestwood, Linby and Annesley overlie the Top Hard may be expected to belong to the Upper Series, and in fact their resemblance at Bestwood to the beds at Scarle has been recognized.3 Now Professor Hull3 also recognized the resemblance of the red shales at Scarle to the Upper Coal-Measures of north Staffordshire, and Professor Green4 is said also to have recognized the Measures above the Rotherham Red Rock at Southcar as the same as at Scarle. This would seem to suggest that the Rotherham Red Rock might be taken to be the local base of the Upper Series5 in the northern part of the county. The Coal-Measures have, of course, greatly changed their position since they were laid down. Part of this change must have taken place while the deposition of the series was still going on. Beds of coal with their swampy seat earth and their fern-filled roofs must have been originally formed near the sea level. If therefore the Kilburn coal near the base and the Manor coal near the top of the series were deposited at different times at approximately the same level there must have occurred, between the two dates of their deposit, a sinkage of the ground of 2,700 feet. When room had thus been made for the Upper Measures and the last of them had been deposited, the Carboniferous period ceased, and there was a long interval before the next succeeding period of deposition commenced. During this interval the Pennine range was formed and the strata on the east side obtained a dip to the east and were raised towards the 1 £>uart. Journ. Geol. Sac. vol. Ivii. a See 'Summary of Progress in 1902.' 3 See PitK. I nit. Civ, Eng. xlix. 159-68. * See Dunstan, loc. cit. 5 Sec Geol. Survey Mem. sheet 83. II A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE west. We can now only ascertain the amount of this movement added to all subsequent movements. This may be gathered from the deviation from horizontality of a single wide-spread coal seam such as the Top Hard, as shown in the following table obtained by subtracting the depth of it in the sinking from the height above Ordnance Datum from which the sinking commenced. TABLE II. SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE TOP HARD COAL ABOVE OR BELOW ORDNANCE DATUM AT VARIOUS SINKINGS Wollaton New . Hucknall New . Kimberley. Watnall .... Broxtowe Wood. Radford . . . . Tevershall Clifton .... High Park, Greetly . Newcastle colliery . Clifton borehole . Cinderhill . ft. 200- 33 = 560- 45° = -1- 110 425 — 324 = + IOI 346-370 = 234-294 = 24 60 530-651 82 — 2IO = -107 - 121 - 128 340-513 ' - J73 150-400 = 82-498 ' 213 — 660 = -250 — 416 -447 ft. Watnall New . . 424— 963 = — 539 Kirkby. . . . 360-1049 = • 689 Hucknall Torkard No. i pit . . 300—1163 = — 863 Newstead . . . 416—1368 = — 952 Annesley . . . 460-1415 = 955 Linby .... 297-1287 = - 990 Hucknall Torkard No. 2 pit . . 236-1230 = • 994 Bestwood . . . 228—1236 = -1008 Gedling . . . 190-1368 = -1178 Shireoaks . . . 200-1523 = -1323 Southcar . . . 15-319? = -3182 There was subsequently a great amount of removal of the Carboni- ferous rocks by denudation, so that the Coal-Measures and Millstone Grit are lacking in the central part of the original coalfield, where the Mountain Limestone appears, and the Upper Series in Nottinghamshire are separated from their equivalents in north Staffordshire. The amount of material thus removed within the county before the Permian period can be shown by means of Table III. TABLE III. SHOWING THE POSITION ABOVE OR BELOW THE ORDNANCE DATUM OF THE SURFACE OF THE COAL-MEASURES AT VARIOUS SINKINGS Kimberley Watnall New Annesley . Kirkby . . Watnall . . Linby . Cinderhill . . Hempshill Bestwood . Shireoaks 425- 26 = 424- 44 46O — IO8 = 360- 45 : 346- 50 = 297- 25 : 213- 25 = 244- 91 = 228 — 144 = 2OO-2I5 = ft. + 399 Clifton .... + 380 Gedling . . . + 352 Chilwell . . . + 315 Clifton borehole . -f- 296 Ruddington + 272 Edwalton . + 1 88 Thurgarton + 153 Owthorpe . . . + 84 Southcar . 15 Scarle . . . . ft. 82- I56 = - 74 190 — 513 = - 323 95- 462 = - 367 82- 459 = - 377 I2O — 699 = - 579 IOO — — 602 60- 850 = - 79° 2OO — 1233 = -1033 15- 1728 = — 1713 60- 2O2O = - 1960 On a comparison of these figures with those for the Top Hard coal great differences in the amount of denudation appear, as shown in Table IV. 12 GEOLOGY TABLE IV. SHOWING THE THICKNESS OF COAL-MEASURES ABOVE THE TOP HARD COAL LEFT AFTER PRE-PfiRMIAN (OR PRE-TRIASSIC *) DENUDATION ft. ft. *Clifton borehole 39 Kirkby 1004 *Clifton colliery 54 Bestwood 1092 Kimberley 298 Linby 1262 Watnall 320 Annesley 1302 Cinderhill 635 Shireoaks 1308 Gedling 855 Southcar 1469 Watnall New 919 In these tables there are several anomalies. The depths to the Top Hard and to the surface of the Coal-Measures differ greatly in neigh- bouring sinkings without any surface indications of faults. These anomalies, due to unseen or observed dislocations, show that in the interval between Carboniferous and Permian times the Coal-Measures were much broken up. Such faults are occasionally found, as at Cinderhill, to affect in a less degree the overlying strata, in which case the disturbance was repeated, but on a smaller scale. Other faults, like those parallel to the Trent valley, seem to have first occurred in post-Triassic times. THE PERMIAN SYSTEM The Permian rocks of Nottinghamshire form part of the typical series in England, being continued through Yorkshire into Durham. The fullest development is in the north of this area ; and on going south the divisions one by one die out till the last of them disappears near Wollaton. Everywhere it is a most peculiar formation. Litho- logically it is characterized by the occurrence of a magnesian limestone or dolomite, and by the red and mottled colour of its clays. Palas- ontologically it contains the last relics of the Palasozoic genera, such as Productus, associated with forerunners of Mesozoic types, such as Schizodus. Various rocks have been called Permian in other parts of England, including some, as the Rotherham Red Rock, now known to belong to the Coal-Measures, but only some in Lancashire and Cheshire contain any of the characteristic fossils, and there, as a whole, they are of a different lithological character. The unconformity of the Permian to the Coal-Measures is already shown by its resting upon different parts of them in different sinkings and by its being unaffected in whole or in part by many of the faults in that series. The actual junction, demonstrating on a small scale all these features, may be seen in the Great Northern (Erewash Valley Branch) Railway between Hempshill and Kimberley, where it has been described by Mr. Wilson.1 The unconformity in this district was first recognized in the original description of the series given by Professor Sedgwick.2 THE BASEMENT BEDS. — The natural basement conglomerate along 1 <%uart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxii. * Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iii. 13 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE the shore line of a new set of deposits is represented in the southern part of the county by a breccia, first noticed by Professor Sedgwick in the mineral railway at Grives Wood between Kirkby and Sutton-in- Ashfield, where it crops out at the base of the slope at its southern end. The same breccia is well seen in a ravine near Annesley Park springs and in the railway cuttings of the Midland and Great Northern Railways at Kimberley ; but its constancy is best proved in borings which pierce the Permian, where it is commonly observed, when the records are care- fully kept, and in the case of South Scarle it was the means by which the true reading of the section was recognized by Mr. Wilson. Its last appearance southward is seen at Old Park farm near Wollaton Colliery. It varies from a compact grey sandstone to a coarsely brecciated con- glomerate, seldom more than 3 feet in thickness, but rising to a maximum of i 2 feet in a boring near Mansfield and reducing to I foot or less in the Gedling, Thurgarton and South Scarle borings. ' It contains much angular Coal-Measure debris, sandstone, ironstone and ochreous shale, also rounded pebbles of white quartz and angular fragments of slate, chert and limestone' (Wilson).1 In the northern part of the county no breccia has been observed in the borings either at Shireoaks or Southcar. At the former a bed of sandstone has been referred to the base of the Permian, but as it lies below 33 feet of blue bind it is possibly part of the Carboniferous series. These localities may be too far removed from the shore line of the period for the formation of a breccia. Above the breccia comes a series of thin-bedded rocks, alternating more or less frequently with shales. These shales much resemble Coal- Measures and contain many Carbonaceous remains ; they gradually become harder, and end upwards as bands of compact red limestone, varying in character with the overlying massive Magnesian Limestone. Geodes of calcite and pyrites are recorded from them. At the southernmost point near Wollaton there are only 3 or 4 feet of yellow and red marly beds between the breccia and the Magnesian Limestone, but this increases to 20 feet of shales in the Kimberley railway cuttings,2 where numerous fine layers of sandstone form part of it. Many of these show remains of plants, and some show casts of Pleurophorus and Schizodus. They may be seen again in this neighbourhood on the rise to Chalk Hill, west of Kimberley. In the road from Hucknall Torkard to the Long Hills a slight fault crossing the road has raised the underlying shales and compact beds so as to be cut off along the roadside bank by the Magnesian Limestone, whose water they throw out, but the thickness is not here determinable. The succession may also be well seen in the slopes and in the stream bottom of a ravine, running west from Annesley Park springs. The upper part is composed of the Magnesian Limestone, here deposit- ing calcareous tufa from its waters ; the slopes and part of the stream bed show about 20 feet of shales, and beds of limestone and the breccia may be seen crossing the stream at the base. At the Grives Wood cutting 1 Midland Naturalist, vol. iv. 3 Wilson, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac. vol. xxxii. 14 GEOLOGY they are thus described by Mr. Aveline : ' The shales have a thickness of about 15 feet; they are of a blue and light brown colour, have a marly character and are interstratified with bands of hard compact lime- stone, full of fossils.' Of these he records Scbizodus scblotbeimi, S. truncates and Pleurophorus costatus, and plant remains in some of the harder bands.1 In the memoir on the sheet to the north, 82 S.E., are described two sections of about 20 feet, seen in road-cuttings over the edge of the Magnesian Limestone escarpment near Skegby and on Fulwood Top. Here the limestone passes down into beds of soft sandstone of a brown colour, interstratified with which are more or fewer bands of hard compact fossiliferous limestone. These contain the same organic remains as those named above, except that Bakewellia ceratophaga takes the place of Scbizodus scblotheimi. In colliery sinkings this portion of the series cannot easily be recognized except by finding the breccia below and the Magnesian Limestone above. Between these limits at Linby Col- liery there are alternations of blue bind and various bands of limestone, 28^ feet in all; at Shireoaks the record of ' limestone bands and bands of blue metal, 19—20 feet,' represents the same beds. At South Scarle there are 138 feet in the same interval, and at Southcar as much as 185 feet between the lowest massive limestone and the Coal-Measures. The following records of these last two borings through post-Carboniferous strata are given for reference : — SECTION OF BORING AT SOUTH SCARLE 2 SECTION OF BORING AT SOUTHCAR ON THE IDLE3 ft. ft. River Gravel 21 Alluvium 32 Lias 29 Upper Keuper '05^ Rhaetic 15 Lower Keuper [533] .... ~| z oj_ Keuper Marls 688 [Upper Red Sandstone, 75^] . . j Keuper Sandstones 2o8£ Hunter Pebble Beds [273^] • • \ i Bunter Pebble Beds 318^ [Lower Red Sandstone, 161] . . J4 Lower Red Sandstone . . . . 223 Upper Permian Marls with 9 ft. Upper Permian Marls . . . . 1 1 8^ seam of Anhydrite and some Upper Limestone 43^ Gypsum 89 Middle Permian Marls . . . . 150 Upper Limestone 53 Magnesian Limestone .... 68 Middle Permian Marls with Gyp- Sandstone 20 sum veins [148] 132 Marl Slate 118 Magnesian Limestone [56] . . 273 Breccia i [Grey Limestone and Shales, 201] 2,022 1,727^ Coal-Measures, see p. 7. Coal-Measures, see p. 8. The term Marl Slate here used is the name of a group occupying a similar position in Durham. The characters of the groups are scarcely identical, the latter being a fissile rock with many fish-skeletons in the intervals of the laminae, and not containing the shells found in the former near Nottingham. It will be seen that the group has greatly thickened towards the east. 1 Geol, Survey Mem. sheet 71, N.E. 1 Dalton, Geol. Survey Mem. sheet 83. This account differs from those given by all earlier writers. 3 Dunstan, Midi. Inst. Mm. Civ. and Mecb. Eng. Trans, vol. xiv. Extra details in square brackets. 15 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE THE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE is the most important, widespread and characteristic of the Permian deposits. In the form most commonly seen near Nottingham, where it is largely used as a building stone, it consists of a number of rhombohedral crystals of dolomite with inter- vening hollow spaces. It is of a peculiar brownish yellow colour, due to oxide of iron. It yields about half its weight of magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts), but it has not hitherto been used commercially as is done near Sutherland. * Sulphate of baryta is a very abundant mineral in many parts of the formation ' in crystalline nodules and veins in the freestone beds of Mansfield and at Pleasley (Sedgwick). The limestone is every- where water bearing and supplies many wells, as in the Leen valley, but the water is naturally hard, as is shown by the tufa near Annesley Park springs already referred to. It may occur in fairly massive beds, 8— 10 inches thick, in which case it is used for building, or in large flaggy beds with irregular rough surfaces and greenish marl interstices. The crystalline structure is not original, but has been produced by later alterations, for it is accompanied by the breaking up of the surface of any individual stratum and the formation of curvilinear cracks in the mass, as seen in Grives Wood quarries. It is possible that this crystal- lization has destroyed some of the organic remains, but more probably they were never abundant, since when they are found they occur mostly as hollow casts in definite layers, differing in no other respect from the neighbouring barren ones. Such fossiliferous layers, with casts of Schi- zodus and Bakeivellia, are seen in the limestone quarries at Bulwell, in the old quarries at Beauvale near Greasley, in Grives Wood, whence Scbizodus obscurus and plates of Chiton have been recorded ' ; and in a quarry near Shireoaks, which has yielded fine examples of Productus borridus? found also in the Thurgarton boring.3 In the southern part of the county the maximum thickness is only 30 feet, yet the limestone extends over a considerable area in the Leen valley. This is due to the fact that the dip is very low, 2°-3° to the east, and the overlying clay is very easily removed by denudation. There is, how- ever, a very curious anticlinal in which the overlying rocks concur near Middle Mill, east of Hucknall Torkard. It is exposed in a small quarry, of which it occupies the entire end, but there is no surface indication of its existence in the flat marshy field composed of the overlying marls. Two other similar small anticlinals have been noted in the neighbourhood (Shipman). The most south-westerly point at which the Magnesian Limestone has been observed is near Bobbers' Mill, Radford, where it is a coarse brecciated rock followed by a grit (Wilson). At Strelley it is sandy. It probably never extended much more westerly than its present boundary, as no outlier is known more than 1 1 miles from its escarpment. Nearly as far north as Mansfield it remains fairly constant in thickness and character, but at New Mill, a mile south of that town, it is found to 1 King, Permian Fossils (Pal. Soc.) * Tylden Wright in White's Worksop. 8 ' Summary of Progress for 1899.' 16 GEOLOGY swell out suddenly and to change its nature. It takes on the form of a white calcareous sandstone, 60 feet in thickness. The lower parts are more siliceous and the higher more calcareous, and the whole is massive and irregularly bedded. A mile to the north-east of the town, in the Rock valley, a similar rock of equal thickness, but of a red colour, is quarried. The following analyses of the two varieties have been published r1 — MANSFIELD WHITE SANDSTONE MANSFIELD RED SANDSTONE Silica 5!'4O Silica 49'4 Carbonate of lime 26*50 Carbonate of lime 26-5 Carbonate of magnesia . . . . ij'<)8 Carbonate of magnesia .... i6'i Iron, alumina, etc 1*32 Iron, alumina, etc 3-2 Water and loss 2'8o Water and loss 4-8 lOO'OO lOO'OO This sandstone may be traced by quarries running in a N.N.E. direction across the country to Pleasley Vale, between Pleasley Forge and Pleasley Works, and so out of the county. As the dip of the strata generally is eastwards, it is probable that the bulk of the limestone lying to the east of the outcrop of the sandstone is higher in the series than that to the west. Thus the Magnesian Limestone as a whole may be divisible into two parts, the sandstone forming the base of the higher. The upper Magnesian Limestone is seen to overlie the sandstone at the quarries, and at a higher level it expands to a rock of beautiful character at Mansfield Woodhouse. In the quarries there worked it is a glistening, finely crystalline limestone of yellowish white colour, with scattered black specks, and having the composition : — Carbonate of lime 5I-65 Carbonate of magnesia 42'6o Silica 3'7° Water and loss 2*05 lOO'OO From this quarry in a direction parallel to the strike of the sandstone of Mansfield the Bolsover Moor Quarry is reached, both quarries yielding similar stone of celebrated building properties.2 This same type of lime- stone occupies the surface for the rest of the range in the county, and near Warsop becomes very finely laminated and perforated with numer- ous fine holes, whence some extra-soluble crystalline ingredient has been dissolved out. At Streetly near Worksop the limestone is also ' white and crystalline.' It will be noted in a geological map that to the south of Mansfield the surface occupied by the Magnesian Limestone is about 1 1— 2 miles broad, but to the north of that town it is 6 miles broad. This is partly due to the thickening of the lower beds, but also to the coming on of a 1 Geol. Survey Mem. sheet 82, S.E. * See ' Parliamentary Report on Building Stones, 1839.' I J7 3 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE new deposit. That there are two distinct masses is shown by the section at Shireoaks containing a lower band of 48 feet and an upper band of 40 feet separately recorded.1 In south Yorkshire these two beds are not only recognized but named ; the lower being 1 20 feet thick and the upper one, named the ' small-grained dolomite,' 200 feet.2 It is to the latter of these — the small-grained dolomite — that the limestone north of Mansfield belongs. It is possible also that to the same portion belongs the main Magnesian Limestone in the borings to the east of the county, the lower portion having more or less degenerated into shales and thin beds and so being included in the abnormally thick basement beds. In one boring there is a ' sandstone 20 ft.' in a position which would then correspond to that of the Mansfield freestone. THE MARLS AND SANDSTONES. — Overlying the Magnesian Limestone is found a series of beds consisting of so-called marls (though not calcareous) and sandstones alternating. The latter are chiefly found near the base of the series or in the north of the county. The marls are a brilliant red with bands of bluish white. The sandstones are reddish purple, sharp grained and sometimes calcareous. In most places these have every sign of conformity to the rocks on which they lie ; nevertheless they must in the course of their range overlap the upper part of the limestone to lie on the lower. In some places, as near Mansfield, it has been thought that unconformity may be seen by the undulating surface on which the marls rest.3 A still more remarkable case is the apparent anticlinal of the limestone overlaid by horizontal marls in a cutting of the Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway at Warsop Colliery junction, figured by Mr. C. Fox-Strangways,4 but this, like the others, may perhaps be explained by an original inequality of the surface and the formation of concentric cracks by subsequent concretionary action. The marls do not give rise to any features, but form the base of flat areas, as in the Leen valley. They nevertheless play an important part in relation to other beds. As an impervious stratum of sufficient thickness not to be easily broken through they hold up the water that falls on the overlying porous Bunter sands, and render possible the exist- ence of lakes, as at Newstead and Welbeck, and to some extent also the higher ones at Thoresby and Clumber. On the other hand their softness and comparative thinness has caused them to be removed from over a large surface of the Magnesian Limestone, and gives that more valuable stratum a larger superficial area than its thickness would suggest. At the Cinderhill brickworks, in the south of the range of this series, the Magnesian Limestone is seen at the base, followed immedi- ately by the highly contrasting brilliant red clay, in which there are thin beds of sandstone, having their surface covered with curious markings which may be due to annelids. The total thickness here 1 Lancaster and Wright, loc. cit. 2 Kirkby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac. vol. xvii. 3 Geol. Survey Mem. sheet 82, S.E. 4 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. liv. p. 161, fig. I. Compare fig. z. 18 GEOLOGY seen is 25-30 feet up to the base of the Triassic sandstone. From this spot it may be traced with the same character to the west side of Bulwell and Hucknall Torkard, by the lake at Newstead and on the other side of the Triassic ridge to the brickyard near Kirkby station. Further on it forms the flanks of a hill between Mansfield and Skegby. After an interval, north of Mansfield where the Trias overlaps and conceals it, a new development commences beyond Cuckney, where a broad expanse of it occupies the surface which culminates at Woodhouse Hill. Here is seen in a lane-section 30-40 feet of red sandstone in thick beds alternating with clay near the centre. On this rising ground there is a valley in which the Magnesian Limestone has been quarried beneath these red sandstones ; over these come clays and over these again comes a higher limestone occupying the higher ground (Aveline). Thus the clays and sandstones are here included between two limestones. A little further north the red sandstone gives the names to Ratcliff and Red Hill. It much resembles the Trias sandstone, but it passes as before beneath the marls and limestone. In the Shireoaks sinking thirteen alternations of sand and clay in 46 feet were passed through between two limestones, but on the east of the county 133 feet with gypsum are recorded at Southcar and 150 feet at South Scarle in the same relative position. THE UPPER LIMESTONES. — These have been already noticed as cap- ping the marls in places, and in the extreme north they come on in force and form an essential feature in the south Yorkshire type of Permian. The series consists of i 20 feet of thin-bedded limestones of a quite different character from that of the Magnesian Limestone. They were called ' Brotherton Beds ' by Professor Sedgwick. They are described by Mr. Kirkby1 as ' usually hard and compact and of a yellow or grey colour ; the surface planes are generally a little apart and often coated with red, green, or purple clays.' They contain very little mag- nesia, so that the term magnesian should be restricted to the lower lime- stones. They are much jointed and have the joint faces covered with dendritic markings. They are first seen in force just north of Shireoaks, round Ramoth-Gilead, and continue to the many quarries round Carlton and Oldcoates, where fossils abound. Those recorded are Myalina baus- manni (M. squamosus, Sow.), Schizodus truncatus and S. schlotheimi. The Upper Limestone is found again in the deep borings in the east of the county, that at Southcar showing 53 feet of grey limestone in one mass between two series of marls and that at South Scarle showing 43! feet in the same position. It does not appear therefore to be thick- ening in this direction. THE UPPER MARLS. — In certain places in the north of the county, viz. on Whincommon, north-east of Oldcoates and near Carlton, the Geological Survey3 record the occurrence of red and variegated marls, without intermixed sandstone, above the Upper Limestones. These are 1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Sue. vol. xvii. 8 Geol. Survey Mem. sheet 82, N.E. 19 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE the commencement of a larger group which occurs in south Yorkshire, and forms the highest member of the Permian anywhere seen. The Upper Marls have been called, in reference to their supposed equivalents in Germany, the Banter Schiefer. There can be no question however that all these red marls belong to one, i.e. Permian, group, for the base of the Trias transgresses from one to the other. These Marls are thicker in the eastern borings, for whereas at their outcrop (in south Yorkshire) there are only 50 feet of them, at Southcar and South Scarle respectively there are 89 feet and ii8| feet. In the former place they contain a remarkable 9 feet bed of anhydrite, and also some gypsum, which is found also in the Lower Marls there and in the Upper Marls at Oldcoates. THE TRIASSIC SYSTEM Although this system retains the name of Trias applied to it in Germany as consisting of three parts, there are in England two only, which after their German equivalents are called the Bunter and the Keufer, the central member, or Muschelkalk, being the absent member. These two formations together occupy the greater part of the whole county — the strata already dealt with forming merely the western fringe, as the Jurassic form the eastern and southern fringe of it. The Trias on a large scale lies unconformably on the Permian. At any single point it may seem to be conformable, but it passes indifferently over all the members in turn from the Upper Marls to the Magnesian Limestone, and passes beyond the limits of all to lie directly upon the Coal-Measures. And this is not due to a simple overlap by a later stratum. The Trias could not have been deposited where it is now found unless the lower strata has been irregularly denuded, so as to leave outliers in one spot and not in another with the Trias lying equally over all. THE BUNTER SERIES consists almost entirely of sandstones, which in parts are plentifully supplied with pebbles, as is so commonly the case with the basal beds of a new series — though here through a greater thick- ness than usual. The principal deposit of pebbles occurs in the middle portion, from which circumstance this part is called the Pebble Beds, while the portion below is called the Lower Red and Mottled Sandstone and that above, when it occurs, the Upper Red and Mottled Sandstone. For the greater part of its range the Bunter sandstones rest upon various members of the Permian strata, and are raised up with them to a considerable height. Its base at Bobbers Mill is 107 feet above O.D. At Hempshill the base has risen to 270 feet, while at Bulwell Spring to the east it has descended to 175 feet, and at the colliery to 126 feet, these last three showing the easterly dip. At the upper end of the Leen valley the base appears to be at about 430 feet. At Mansfield it attains its maximum elevation in a hill of 588 feet, which includes drift gravels, so that its base is probably less than 500 feet above O.D. From this point it descends at Warsop to 210 feet, at Cuckney to 180 feet, here 20 GEOLOGY overlapping the eroded Permian. Traced to the east by borings the base descends at Gedling to 250. feet below O.D., at Thurgarton to 656 feet, at South Scarle to 1,503 feet, these being along a north-east line ; at East Retford to 730 feet and at Southcar to 1,165 ^eet- In all the above cases the Bunter rests on the Permian, but in the south it passes beyond this limit and rests on various parts of the Coal- Measures. It is here carried down to a lower level partly by erosion of its support and partly by faulting. At the Radford gasworks the basal breccia was found at about 60 feet above O.D. From this point it gradually rises westward to 220 feet in Broomhill Plantation and to 320 feet at Catstone Hill outlier. Farther south it is affected by the first east and west fault, and is found at Clifton Colliery 74 feet below O.D., at Highfield Park 167 feet below O.D. — a difference due in part to a greater erosion of the underlying coal strata to the west. The base of the Bunter is not seen again in the county, but at a boring for water at Wilsthorpe, just on the Derbyshire side of the Erewash, the top of the whole Bunter is 153 feet below O.D.1 ; how much lower the base may be is not known. South of another fault the base of the Bunter is found to be 367 feet below O.D. in the Chilwell boring, 377 feet at Clifton, 579 feet at Ruddington, 602 feet at Edwalton and 888 feet at Owthorpe — all below O.D. Those figures show a slope to the east at a lower level but of a slower rate than between Gedling and Thurgarton — but owing to there being known post-Triassic faults in the district, e.g. one of 275 feet throw at Clifton Colliery, it is impossible to be certain of any interpretation of this. Nevertheless it suggests that a pre-Triassic valley of erosion may be the cause. The Lower Red Sandstone usually contains no pebbles and the grains of sand are finer than in the Pebble Beds. They are coated with a film of red hsmatitic colouring matter which may be removed by hydrochloric acid, leaving them white. This bleaching action — by other acids — takes place sporadically in nature, and gives a mottled appearance to the rock. There is in many cases much falsebedding. Although the body of the rock does not usually contain pebbles there is found at or near the base in several localities a bed of breccia or conglomerate. Such a breccia, 5 to 8 feet thick, occurred in the excavations for the gas works at Old Radford.2 In the brickyard south of the railway at Cinderhill this has long been noticed, and at one time was thought to represent the line of separation between Trias and Permian. In the Hempshill railway cutting described by Mr. Wilson3 this semi-basal breccia ' is alternately sandy, marly and calcareous and it contains semi-angular green, blue and purple slates, more or less rounded grits, quartzites, and numerous white and discoloured slabs and nodular balls of fossiliferous Carboniferous Lime- stone Chert.' It is plain that new sources of material were available for its production. Similar pebbly bands have been met with at Annesley 1 Shipman, 'Geol. of Sandiacre,' Trans. Nott. Nat. Sue. for 1891 (interpretation modified). 8 Shipman, Trans. Nott. Nat. Sac. for 1889. 8 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxii. 21 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE and elsewhere as well as in borings at Bestwood, Clifton Colliery and Highfield ; on the other hand bands of clay occur in the midst of the sandstone east of Kimberley and at Bulwell spring. No fossils either original or derived have ever been recorded from this deposit, but a ripple-marked slab was found by Mr. Shipman at Old Radford. The thickness of this division is variable and uncertain. At Bobbers Mill it cannot be more than 20—30 feet, but on the southern slopes of the Long Hills it must be greater and in the Robin Hood's Hills about 70 feet is seen, capped by Pebble Beds. At Mansfield and Worksop and to the east of Kimberley it is so fine in grain as to be used for moulding sand. In the northern part of its range it is thin and finally disappears beyond Blyth. The Pebble Beds. — No definite line can be drawn between these and the last group, unless a bed of pebbles comes on suddenly. On the whole the sand grains are coarser and of a yellow colour, and the pebbles are of various sizes and kinds and are not always or usually in contact. Lenticular bands more pebbly than the rest, and in like manner some layers of red clay, lie irregularly in the mass. The false bedding when present indicates currents principally from the west or north-west, though other and sometimes opposite directions are represented. There is no continuous real bedding. The coating of the component sand-grains keeps them together against any natural tendency to separate. The exposed surfaces do not generally exfoliate under the severest frosts and the tool marks on cut surfaces are not easily effaced. Yet the rock is easily cut and does not fall from a roof even of large size. For this reason the rock is often cut into chambers, caves and passages with which the city of Nottingham abounds, of which Mortimer's Hole in the Castle Rock is one. The ' Hermitage ' at Sneinton consists of numerous dwellings dug in the rock. In the cliff overlooking the Leen by the side of Lenton Boulevard are numerous recesses cut in an excavated chamber, hence called the Columbarium, though more probably once used as a shop. A very large excavation was made in the eighteenth century in the rock on the Mansfield Road for extracting sand for sale.1 Most of the cellars in the centre of the city are rock cellars, and passages are often discovered in making excavations, as in the case of the reservoir at the top of Standard Hill. Probably the whole city is more or less excavated like a piece of bored wood. Carvings are also cut to represent wild animals on the edge of the rock along the Rope Walk. The catacombs in the church cemetery are modern excavations. At Nottingham the outcrop of the Pebble Beds is limited to a breadth of i \—^\: miles owing to the coming on of the Keuper Series on the high ground to the east, and the total thickness is estimated at 200 feet, but further north the outcrop widens out to a breadth of 7-9 miles, the Keuper being worn back to lower levels on the east. This is probably due to the greater elevation to which the Pebble Beds have been raised. 1 Shipman, Brit. Assoc. Handbook, 1893. 22 GEOLOGY If we allow 30 feet for the unknown thickness of drift with which they are covered, the solid rock rises to 538 feet near Annesley, 595 feet on the Robin Hood's Hills (their highest point) and 558 feet west of Mans- field. From these elevations they gradually slope to north and south but more especially towards the east, exposing a broad dip slope. This, worn into irregular hills and possibly undulating also, forms the wild sandy forest land for which Nottinghamshire is famous. It is this large catchment area of more than 120 square miles, together with the porosity of the rock, which makes the Pebble Beds and underlying Red Sandstones so valuable for water supply. The larger part of the rainfall sinks in at once and has a free passage, so that there are but few streams on the surface, which is but sparsely inhabited, and little injury to agriculture can result from the extraction of water. The lower parts are thus saturated by available water and afford an almost inexhaustible supply. At the same time the reservoir itself forms its own admirable filter bed, and the water comes out with only the mineral impurities dissolved in its passage through the rock, which are not on the average great. The amount extracted in 1893 amounted to more than 5,000,000 gallons daily for the use of the borough of Nottingham,1 while at the boring at South Scarle the water rose in a fountain above the surface from a depth of 960— 1,440 feet. The origin of the Pebbles in the Bunter. — This is a subject which has been much discussed, but it cannot be said that any satisfactory solution has been arrived at. A similar question might be asked concerning the materials of any stratum, e.g. the Millstone Grit, and it would be equally hard to answer. In the present case, however, hopes of a solution are raised by the size of the pebbles, which are large enough to show any special characters of the rock whence they are derived, whether litho- logical or palasontological. With regard to the lithological characters the bulk of the pebbles are of quartzite, many of which are of a peculiar liver-coloured tint, and others are whiter or of vein quartz. These as a rule afford very little guide, as ' one quartzite is very like another.' The rarer pebbles are of ' green and black slates, jaspers, gneiss, sub- angular blocks of sandstone, rounded greenstone and felstone ' (Irving), Millstone Grit, Yoredale Sandstone, Caradoc Sandstone, amygdaloidal lava, chert, white granite, volcanic ash, and toadstone (Shipman). Palaeontologically they have been found to contain Ortbis budleighensis, 0. Jiabellulum, O. calligramma, Atrypa cf. reticularis, Stropbomena grandis and Glyptocrinus basalts from pre-Carboniferous rocks and Lonsdaleia Jiori- formis from the Carboniferous Limestone. Neither these rocks nor these fossils could have come from the north down the east side of the Pennine axis from any rocks now exposed in situ, for there are none such containing them. They probably came from the west, as indicated by the prevailing falsebedding, or in part from the north-west. The exact locality of the land of their origin 1 Hull, Report Brit. Asm. 1895, p. 743. 23 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE it is not so easy to name. Two suggestions have been brought forward : (i) that they were brought by a large river from the Highlands ; ' (2) that they are derived from some of the old rocks which border the Pebble Beds as a whole on the west or which are hidden by newer strata.8 To the former suggestion there are apparently the following objec- tions : (i) the fossils in the pebbles do not at all indicate the direction suggested ; (2) there are no signs of any such river till the Midlands are reached; (3) it is contrary to the laws of river deposits that the finer sediments should be deposited nearer the source ; (4) it is impossible to account for the Pebble Beds extending up the east side of the Pennine axis. The only positive argument brought forward in its favour is the remarkable similarity in some respects of some of the pebbles to some part of the Torridon sandstones and quartzites of the north-west High- lands, and to some of the igneous rocks in south Scotland. The latter suggestion has everything in its favour except the very serious difficulty that so far as the known rocks are concerned an adequate source of sup- ply for the pebbles cannot yet be named, and the existence of such under cover of newer rocks is purely hypothetical. It is possible that this difficulty may be removed by further researches. With regard to the means of transport it should be noted that the Bunter is an exceptional deposit, yet it is extremely widespread ; some- thing of the same kind being found in Germany, the south of England, the north of Scotland and America ; all belong to a period during which old forms of life, in the regions where it occurs, were changing into new. Perhaps we ought not to look to the action of an ordinary river or of the sea in its ordinary condition as the efficient cause of transport. The Upper Red Sandstone. — In the neighbourhood of Nottingham itself there are no beds that have been assigned to this division. But towards the east of the county the borings record massive beds of red sandstone, in which no pebbles are noted, overlying characteristic repre- sentatives of the Pebble Beds. At East Retford 123 feet of such occur, and some is even exposed there at the surface according to Mr. Metcalfe.3 In the boring at Scarle 206 feet of the strata have been definitely referred to this group by Mr. De Ranee,4 and at Southcar 75 feet of red sandstone occur immediately above the beds with pebbles. In both these cases the inclusion of the red sandstone with the Pebble Beds would make the latter abnormally thick. The '•Hemlock Stone' — This remarkable outstanding rock and its neighbours the Bramcote and Stapleford Hills have given rise to much discussion as to the age of the rocks composing them. Their prominence, and in the case of the ' stone ' the shape is primarily due to the infiltra- tion of the sand by an ordinarily insoluble substance — barium sulphate.8 This has been irregularly distributed, and where it has been wanting the 1 T. G. Bonney, Geol. Mag. 1880 ; Brit. Assoc. 1886 ; Quart. Journ. Geol. SK. vol. Ivi. 8 W. J. Harrison, Proc. Birm. Phil. Sue. vol. iii. 1882. 8 ' Geology of Nottinghamshire ' in White's Nottinghamshire, 1 894. * Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1891. 5 Clowes, Brit. Aaoc. 1885 ; Proc. Roy Soc. 1889. 24 GEOLOGY rock has weathered away leaving the hardened parts outstanding. The top of Bramcote Hill is filled with porphyritic white crystals of baryta enclosing the sand grains in its substance, and these weather out into pebble-like lumps, but there is no special conglomerate — only the ordinary pebbles found in other parts of the hill. The cap of the Hemlock Stone is impregnated, but the base is less so, if at all. The top is aiso pebbly and the lower part soft and false-bedded without pebbles. For these reasons the upper part more easily resists the weather and therefore overhangs. In the neighbouring Stapleford Hill the lower part is in places fully charged with baryta crystals side by side with parts which are uncharged and soft ; at the same time the pebbly and non-pebbly parts are here found somewhat alternating. At the bottom of Bramcote village the sandstone has a peculiar mammillated structure, as though the grains were agglutinated by an infiltered mineral. Now the presence of baryta and its results in this case were first made known in 1885, but in 1882 Mr. Strahan, in his Survey Memoir, 'On the country round Chester,' had already described rocks on the summit of Beeston Castle with abundance of baryta, showing also the porphyritic crystals, the massive form with glistening faces, and the mammillated, agglutinated sandstone, just as if he had been describing Bramcote and Stapleford Hills. They are also false bedded and red in parts, and in parts pebbly and yellow. Lithologically, therefore, and chemically the two sets of deposit agree. There remains only the question of position. At Beeston Castle these beds overlie the Upper Red Sandstone ; at Stapleford Hill they reach a height of 33 i feet above O.D., and at Bramcote Hill of over 300 feet, while a section of ordinary Pebble Beds is seen in Moor Lane, only 460 yards distant from the latter, at a little over 200 feet. They are therefore more likely to represent the Upper Red Sandstone and higher beds than the Lower Red Sandstone and Pebble Beds ; especially as the junction of the two latter is seen at Catstone Hill, if miles to the north on the other side of an upthrow fault of large amount at nearly the same level, but differing in the character of both components. There is every reason, therefore, to believe that the rocks of the Hemlock Stone and neighbouring hills are the equivalents in a diminished form of those that overlie the Pebble Beds at Beeston Castle, especially as similar phenomena are observable in the interval. These have been divided in Cheshire l into two parts : a lower, softer part, called the Upper Red Sandstone, and an upper, harder part, called Keuper Basement Beds. It appears, however, that the only grounds for placing the upper division in the Keuper are an apparent gradual passage upwards into the Waterstones, and an apparent unconformity with the lower division, below a well marked conglomerate — both of which grounds are contested by Mr. Strahan and which are certainly not applicable at Bramcote and Stapleford Hills. Here at all events no beds have any re- lation to the Keuper, but all are the topmost beds of the Bunter whether 1 Strahan, loc. cit. See also Hull, 'Triassic and Permian Rocks,' Geol. Surv. Mem. p. 9, and Strahan, Geol. Mag. 1881, p. 401. I 25 4 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE separable or not. It would thus appear that in the type of Bunter which prevails to the west the beds of pebbles are not entirely confined to the centre. It has been suggested that certain sandstones discovered at the top of the Pebble Beds in the east of Nottingham represent those at the Hemlock Stone called ' Keuper Basement Beds,' but much confusion has arisen as to the relative position of these and the Keuper Conglomerate (see post), and the exposures referred to being now covered it is impossible to clear the matter up. The thickness of the whole Bunter series cannot easily be deter- mined in the west, and can only be estimated where the beds outcrop, but in the east where covered by Keuper Beds we find the whole thick- ness at Ruddington to be 218 feet, at Owthorpe 428 feet, at Gedling 366 feet, at Thurgarton 343 feet, and in parts where the Upper Red Sandstones are left, as at East Retford, 616 feet, at South Scarle 542 feet and at Southcar 434 feet. These figures however depend too much on the interpretation of cores to be thoroughly reliable. THE KEUPER SERIES. — The Keuper Beds throughout are sharply contrasted with the Bunter. Instead of the coarse torrential deposits with pebbles and falsebedding we find thin hard beds of constant thick- ness and very fine grain separated by beds of clay of various shades of red. The proportion of the hard beds to the clay varies. Towards the base the hard beds abound, towards the top the clay ; and though there is no sharp line of junction between them the former are called Keuper Sandstones or Waterstones, and the latter Keuper Marls. The Keuper Sandstones or Waterstones. — This last name appears to have been given in the Midlands from their water-bearing property when pierced through the overlying marls ' (though there is another account of its origin),2 and it is somewhat justified by the fountain of water obtained from them in the South Scarle boring. Yet it appears a strange title when used in the neighbourhood of the far superior Bunter Beds. The base in many places consists of a hard calcareous conglomerate, with sub-angular pebbles usually in greater variety than in the adjacent Pebble Beds. The existence of this conglomerate in relation to the Keuper Sandstones was first pointed out by Dr. Irving 3 in Red Lane and on the hillside east of Sneinton — as well as in the excavations for various culverts in the east of Nottingham. It has also been traced (by Messrs. Wilson and Shipman) at Red Hill three miles north of the city, at Highfield House near the lake, at the south-west corner of Wollaton Park and on the top of the hill at Bramcote village. It was formerly easy to see it, whilst houses were being built over the line of junction in the east of the city. Further north and east in the county it has not been seen, possibly from want of suitable sections, except at Retford where nine inches of it are recorded by Mr. Metcalfe in a well-boring. 1 Hull, Triassic and Permian Rocks. 2 See Woodward, Geology of England and Wales. 3 Geol. Mag. 1874, 'The Geology of the Nottingham District.' 26 GEOLOGY Perhaps the most instructive of these localities is that at the south- west corner of Wollaton Park. Here the pebbles are large, various, close together and with a strong calcareous cement, the rock in every respect differing from any near the Hemlock Stone only if miles away, and resting on a lower part of the Bunter Series seen in the sand pit below. Elsewhere also it rests on various parts of the Bunter, showing the un- conformity between the two series, but it is nowhere known to reach the Lower Red Sandstone. Overlying the conglomerate are other beds, which differ from the normal Waterstones, as may be seen in the following section. Section of the junction between Keuper and Bunter in an excavation for drainage at the junction of Sneinton Dale and the Hollows. Communicated by IV. N. Blair, 1884. Shaly beds of red marl, 6 ft. 6 in. ft. in. Shaly beds of bluish grey marl, sandy towards the bottom ... 2 8 Yellowish grey sandstone, with yellow spots and a few pebbles . o 10 Conglomerate of yellow sandy matrix with pebbles of various material, becoming more calcareous towards the base . • . 3 9 Very hard conglomerate, with red matrix full of pebbles ...06 Sandstone rock (Bunter) with a few scattered pebbles 40 ft. + These basal beds are not separated by any marked line from the rest of the Keuper Sandstones, though differing from them in character. We find the yellow spotted sandstone in many walls near the junction line. The bluish grey marl is found in a similar position at Farnsfield, Ollerton, Retford and Everton (at the extreme north of the county).1 The alternations of dark red marls with thin sandstones or fine marly limestone, which constitute the lower part of the Keuper Sand- stones, may be very well seen at the Carlton Hill brickyard. They are similar to those described above the conglomerate at Blue Bell Hill and Rough Hill Wood excavations by Dr. Irving 2 and Messrs. Wilson and Shipman.3 The limestones have flat surfaces and the sandstones are often ripple-marked. The latter often contain on their undersurfaces pseudo- morphs in sand after hopper-shaped crystals of salt. Such have been noticed also at Colwick and Blue Bell Hill as well as in the Keuper Marls at Tuxford and Newark and many other places. The origin of these is as follows : As the salt water from which the underlying clay has been deposited slowly dries the salt crystals form, partly embedded in the clay, which then becomes hardened. On the rewetting of the surface the salt crystal is soon dissolved, while the hollow it has occupied still remains hard for a time. The fine sand enters this and takes a cast of it, which, when the sand consolidates into sandstone, projects from the under surface.* In the Keuper Marls the thin sandstones are likewise often ripple- marked, as at the Rifle Butts north of Nottingham, where they are pitted on the surface as by annelid borings, and in Lambley Dumble and at 1 Metcalfe, 'Geology of Nottinghamshire,' loc. cit. * Proc. Geol. Asm. vol. iv. 1875. * **«/. Mag. 1879, p. S3*- * See Strickland, S^art. Journ. Geol. Sot. vol. ix. 27 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Newark. These peculiarities show that both one and the other division of the Keuper were deposited between tide marks. The same condition of deposit is indicated by the footprint of a Labyrintbodont found on the sandstone at Colwick by Dr. Irving, and the remarkable shoal of ganoid fishes, Semionofus, found stranded all together in one bed at Rough Hill Wood by Mr. Wilson. It is judged from this that, as in the case of the Coal-Measures, the base on which the deposits rested was constantly being depressed at the same average rate as the deposits were formed, but, as these do not contain the ordinary marine fossils, the water was enclosed as a lake and the depression was not sufficient to open this to the sea till the next succeeding epoch. At a higher level the sandstones become thicker and of a brown colour. These tend to form escarpments, as at Spital Hill near Retford, at Bothamsall, Kirton, and Belsthorpe and Edingley Hill near South- well. The Keuper Marls are distinguished by the preponderance of clay over sandstone and by the vivid red colour of the former. The beds of sandstone are usually thin, but there are parts where each bed is thicker, or where the thin beds are closer together, such as the neighbourhood of Tuxford, where much stone has been extracted for building under the name of the Tuxford Stone. Another important distinction is the abundance of gypsum. This mineral is not unknown in the Keuper Sandstone, where it forms fibrous strings or veins, but in workable masses it is confined to the marls. Gypsum is a hydrous calcium sulphate, with a composition (from a Nottingham sample) of: calcium sulphate, 77-4 ; water, 21 ; impurities, i '6 per cent. The crystalline form, or Se/enite, is very rarely found in these marls and only lining accidental cavities. The commonest variety is the saccharoidal, which is massive, brilliantly white and amorphous. The more compact, transparent form of this, known as alabaster, has not been found in any quantity in Notts, though worked at Chellaston over the Derbyshire border. The fibrous variety consists of long narrow crystals packed closely side by side obliquely to the edges of the vein or round the boundaries of the saccharoidal masses. The play of light upon these crystals has obtained for the variety the name of Satin Stone, under which title it has been much worked at East Bridgeford for ornaments. The workable variety occurs in thick nodular beds or floors, in large spheroidal or lenticular masses called balls or bowls, or in rows of cakes.1 In places where any large lump occurs the stratification of the surrounding marls is disturbed on all sides as though irregularly pushed out by the growth of the lump. This has suggested that the mineral was originally deposited in an anhydrous form as anhydrite, and that subsequent infil- trations of water have caused it to swell by entering into combination to produce gypsum. " This explanation is rendered more probable by the occurrence of centres of anhydrite in some of the larger masses at 1 See Metcalfe, Tram. Nott. Nat. Soc. for 1 894. 28 GEOLOGY Newark and the discovery of a mass of the same mineral 9 feet thick in the Permian Marls at Southcar boring, where no doubt it has been protected from infiltration. The gypsum beds occur principally on two horizons, one not far from the base which has been worked at Clarborough and Little Gringley in the north of the county, and one at about 100 feet from the top of the marls worked at Newark, Hawton, Shelton Orston, East Bridgford, Barton, Thrumpton, Gotham and Kingston. The gypsum industry is an important one, 76,584 tons having been raised in the county during 1901, out of 200,000 tons raised in the whole of the United Kingdom. The water also from these works, and that which is used for brewing at Newark, has an analysis closely resem- bling that required for the production of Burton ales, viz : — Grains per gallon Calcium sulphate 84-93 Magnesium sulphate 23-91 Calcium carbonate 6'00 Sodium carbonate 4-45 Calcium nitrate 4-85 Sodium chloride 5-76 Alumina, etc 2-02 131-92 The Keuper Marls, from the softness of their materials, do not give rise to such marked escarpments as the Sandstones, but only to more local ones where their own sandstones occur, as round Tuxford and at Leverton and Halam Hill near Southwell. On the other hand water falling on them does not readily sink in, and numerous streams are formed which work their way downwards to a hard band, and thus excavate narrow ravines known as dumbles, filled with underwood, e.g. Lambley Dumble. The Keuper beds as a whole occupy the eastern half of the county as far south as Nottingham, at which point their outcrop is continued up the sides of the Trent valley in a westerly direction, connecting the bulk of them with those in the Midlands. Of this area of outcrop the part occupied by the Sandstones is by far the narrower, indicating a much less thickness for this portion. In the borings made on the out- crop we only get a partial estimate of the thickness. These give at Clifton 279 feet, at Edwalton 426 feet, at Ruddington 465 feet, from the base to the middle of the Marls ; at Gedling 75 feet, at Thurgarton 273 feet, from the base to the commencement of the Marls ; at Tuxford 426 feet, at Southcar 714 feet, from the base to the middle of the Marls ; and at Newark 410 feet of Marls and 175 feet of Sandstone, neither series being complete, are found. In the borings that have commenced on the Lias we get the full thickness at the time the Jurassic period commenced, viz. 633 feet of Marls and 115 feet of Sandstones = 748 feet atOwthorpe, and 688 feet of Marls and 205 feet of Sandstones =89 3 feet at South Scarle. These figures in a general way show a thickening to the east while the shore conglomerates have been mostly found to the west. 29 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE THE JURASSIC SYSTEM The beds which succeed the Keuper Marls in the east and south borders of the county could scarcely be more contrasted with them either in nature or contents. Any line to be drawn between two systems on local grounds must be drawn here. Opinions have been always more or less divided, according to the locality in which they are studied,1 as to the position of these upper strata, whether they should be placed in the Jurassic or Triassic systems. Here that question decides itself in favour of the Jurassic. Although, however, these beds belong to the same system as the Lias above them they are distinct from it and are named Rhastic. The RH^TIC formation here commences with Black Shales, which rest with a sharp line of demarcation on the tea-green Marls of the Keuper. These tea-green Marls were at one time taken as the base of the Rhastic, but they are now believed to be merely discoloured by the deoxidation of the red colouring matter through the decay of pyrites in the overlying beds. The Black Shales are ' thinly laminated and contain a few thin bands of sandstone and a bone bed at or near the base.' They have also been called Contorta-beds from the abundance in them of the shell Cassianella contorta. Above these come a series of ' thick bedded light- coloured marls with yellowish fine grained limestone in irregular nodular bands ' (Geol. Survey) often called White Lias. Each of these two groups is about 15-20 feet thick. The Black Shales are not strong enough to make much show on their outcrop, but the hard slabs of the White Lias with Pleuromya croisocombeia on their surface make a slight scarp in the neighbourhood of Elton and Barnston. The characters of both groups are best seen in artificial openings. At Beacon Hill, Newark, 1 9 feet of Black Shales are seen with Cassianella contorta and ' Pullastra arenico/a,' but neither sandstone nor bone bed has been seen in situ — the latter has probably decayed. The upper group has only been reached by excavating through the Lias to prove its presence. At Elton is seen a bone bed overlain by black paper-shales and at the station the upper group. At Kelvington cutting 18 feet of the upper group containing Estheria minuta overlay the shales. At Gotham cutting both groups, the lower 15 feet and the upper 18 feet thick, were found, but no bone bed. Near this spot is the Orston ' spa,' supposed to be mineralized by the decay of pyrites from the bone bed. At Barnston the lower group is 14—15 feet thick, and contains a pyritous bone bed with vertebrate remains, and the upper group is 18 feet thick. In the Midland Railway cutting at Stanton-on-the-Wold 13 feet of the lower group were seen, including two narrow pyritous bands and Cassian- ella contorta^ Schizodus e/ongafus, Protocardium rhceticum and Modiola minima in the upper part and a coprolitic bone bed in the lower part, with spines, scales, teeth and bones of the following : — 1 See Renevier, Alpes Vaudoises, InfraSas, 1864. 30 GEOLOGY Nemacanthus filifer Hybodus reticulatus Ceratodus altus Saurichthys acuminatus Acrodus minimus Gyrolepis tenuistriata Hybodus minor Sargodon tomicus Ichthyosaurus platyodon Most of these occur also at Barnstone. In the deep boring at Owthorpe 14 feet of black paper-shales were recognized, and at South Scarle 1 5 feet of strata have been referred to the Rhaetic. From these observations can be seen the vast difference — lithological and pafceontological — between the Keuper and the Rhaetic. Another point comes out from the consideration of position and thickness. The Black Shales are remarkable for their constancy in both respects. Throughout their range they remain not far from the 200 feet contour line. They are not dependent on local conditions — in fact the bone beds of the period, though thin, are of European extent ; the fossils are named from those of Germany and the Alps. The fish remains are all parts only, and the bone beds being aggregate deposits, they represent the species killed on the introduction of the new conditions. THE LIAS. — The Lower Lias is the only part of the formation to enter the county, and of this we have only information about the zones near the base. It follows the Rhastic in due course with conformable strati- fication and is made of similar material, the chief change being in the fauna. The lowest beds belong to the Planorbis zone and consist of ' finely lamin- ated shales interbedded with layers of fine grained argillaceous limestone.' They are worked for hydraulic cement at Barnston, Granby, Elton, Cot- ham, Coddington, Collingham and Balderton. At Barnston there are ten bands of limestone in 20 feet of strata, in one of which a fine Ple- siosaurus skeleton has been found. In one of the quarries at Coddington another saurian skeleton was found and buried in the fallen rubbish. At Elton there was found, prior to 1719, the hinder part of an Ichthyosaurus skeleton, the stone containing it being turned fossil-downwards by the side of a well. In that year, on turning up the stone, it was re-dis- covered and sent by the rector of the parish to Dr. Stukeley, who figured it in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. xxx. as ' a rarity the like whereof has not been found before in this island.' It was in fact the first British fossil reptile skeleton brought to the notice of the scientific world. Near Gotham eight bands of limestone occur in 1 3 feet of strata with Ichthyo- saurus tenuirostris. Saurian skeletons or remains have been found also near Corthingstock. These beds thus well deserve the name assigned to them in the south of England — ' The Saurian Beds.' At Balderton a coral, Monthrualtia haimei, has been found. The ordinary mollusca from the zone, including the characteristic ammonite Psiloceras planorbe and fourteen others, are widely distributed. The higher zones are probably present but are generally covered by superficial deposits, especially in their southern range. In the east the Angulatus beds contain nodules occasionally fossiliferous, and the Semkottattts beds are inserted on the map, being recognized by containing ironstones. The fossiliferous portion once exposed at Red Mile is beyond the limits of the county. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE THE SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS The study of the superficial deposits is a very complicated matter in which but little progress has been made. They include Boulder Clay, gravels and associated sands and boulders, alluvium, blown sand and deposits in old meres and in fissure caves. i. Boulder Clay is an unstratified clay containing large stones, which may be rounded, angular or scratched, and include some which are foreign to the district. Its distribution in Notts is almost entirely con- fined to the southern and eastern borders. In the south it caps an escarp- ment of Marlstone except along the earlier formed valleys, where it descends to lower levels, as at Stanton-on-the- Wolds. Further north it descends to the limit of the Lower Lias escarpment, and still further north to the highest Keuper escarpment. Within these limits, except at one locality, there is nothing but gravel. Two varieties of Boulder Clay have been observed during the excavation of the cuttings and tunnel for the Midland Railway near Stanton and Plumtree. The lower of these is 50 feet thick and encloses fragments from the surrounding solid rocks, with foreign pebbles from various members of the Carboniferous system. It rests at a height of about 200 feet upon Black Shales which have been contorted in a direction showing pressure from the north-west. On these grounds it may be considered to have been brought by ice, forced to travel in a south-east direction. Associated with the lower Boulder Clay was an enormous block of Millstone Grit1 ; and a mass of basaltic rock described by Mr. Toplis in i8i42 between Barton and Thrumpton is probably another large boulder. An upper Boulder Clay rests, near the entrance to the Stanton tunnel, at a level of 230 feet upon a floor of Lias limestone which is striated in a direction E.N.E. to W.S.W. and contains, amongst other boulders, fragments of chalk and flint. The ice that brought it is judged therefore to have come from the E.N.E. The same kind of Boulder Clay forms the summit of the cutting at Plumtree at a somewhat lower level. It is this also that lies on the rocks of lower geological horizons in the north- east. The exceptional instance of a Boulder Clay not on the borders of the Trent basin is at Kneesall Hill,3 reaching a height of 300 feet. This clay contains fragments of Trias Sandstone, Liassic and Oolitic Limestones and Chalk, mixed with rounded or striated fragments of Carboniferous rocks with slate and quartzite probably derived from an earlier Boulder Clay. The rest of the country has not been examined with sufficient care to enable it to be said that no other exception can be found. In other cases towards the south-west old stratified clay has been churned up, and pebbles, usually of quartzite, forced into it on the spot. Such cases for instance are known in relation to the Permian Marls west of Bulwell at a height of about 170 feet above O.D.; and at Wilsthorpe, 1 Deeley, Stuart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlii. * Annals of Pbiksophy, vol. iii. 3 Geol. Survey Mem. sheet 83. 32 GEOLOGY just over the Derbyshire border, Keuper Marls have been thus treated from a level of 54 feet to 128 feet. In these cases only the pebbles seem to have been brought from a distance, and it is rather uncertain at what stage of the history they arrived. 2. The gravels are of two kinds, those connected with the river Trent itself and those not so connected. The latter are the most wide- spread of all the superficial deposits and present the greatest difficulties, whether considered to have been formed on the land or beneath the sea, especially as they have not yet been sufficiently studied. Two sources of these gravels may be recognized, corresponding more or less closely to those of the two Boulder Clays, viz. one from the west or north-west and one from the east or E.N.E. The gravel from the west is a high level gravel. The lowest and most southerly spot at which indications of it have been met with is on the hills to the west of Arnold, where comparatively large boulders of Carboniferous limestone and volcanic rocks lie on the surface of the Bunter Pebble Beds at a height of 300 feet. At a spot a mile north of Watnall loose and large pebbles lie in a patch on the Magnesian Lime- stone at a height of 440 feet. A mile further north commences the high ridge of the Long Hills, composed at the base of Lower Red Sandstone, and covered to the top with gravel, including large rounded boulders of syenite, like that of Buttermere, and smaller ones of a felspar-porphyry and of a compact lava resembling the Iron Crag lava of Keswick. This ridge rises to a height of over 500 feet. Where the Pebble Beds come on in Annesley Park they are capped by a long ridge of gravel rising to 580 feet along the nearly level top. About the middle of this ridge is a sand pit, showing on the east side a quantity of white sand,1 irregularly bedded, with a streak of broken coal fragments, overlying obliquely a pebbly mass in which the bulk of the subangular fragments, some of fairly large size, consist of the Permian limestone with casts of Schizodus, and of pieces of Carboniferous sandstone. A portion of this limestone gravel, which differs in no other way from the rest, is consolidated into an irregular pipe of rock, probably by the action of percolating water dissolving and redepositing the calcareous matter from the finer particles. At the north end of the plantation is a long gravel pit where the boulders are of various sizes and materials, with a similar consolidation in parts, and surrounding in one spot a large mass of Pebble Bed rock. Further on in the same direction the gravel-covered hills rise to the highest point in the county, in the Robin Hood's Hills, at 625 feet. From this point eastward to Blidworth there are other gravel pits, in one of which the gravel is again consolidated as in a vertical pipe, and just before reaching Blidworth are seen the well known ' Druidical Remains,' which consist of similar consolidated masses, shaped by the hand of man and containing as before many fragments of Permian limestone. Beyond this point the gravels have not yet been traced. Further north at Mansfield Woodhouse, 1 Cf. Deeley, loc. cit. 1 33 5 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE resting at a base level of 320 feet on the Lower Red Sandstone or Permian, occurs a repetition of the gravels of the Long Hills with many rounded masses of decayed volcanic ash, suggesting as before a Lake District origin. The gravels, however, do not extend much further, as near Worksop there is no trace of them.1 Near where this gravel lies are some enormous boulders. Thus, two flat blocks of Millstone Grit, one deeply scored with glacial striae, lie in the valley west of the Long Hills, and a boulder of 24 cubic feet of a tough volcanic ash lies by the stream side to the north of the same hills at a height of 390 feet; a large basaltic rock of 27 cubic feet lies on the road from Kirkby Forest to Sherwood Place at a height of 555 feet, and a similar rock, but smaller in size, rests by the pump in the centre of Blidworth village at 436 feet. The varying heights and the changes of the underlying rock where this gravel is found show us the form and character of the surface of the country on which they were deposited, since the contour has not there been sensibly modified by denudation ; how far it has changed where they do not lie cannot so easily be stated, but probably not much, and as the Ere- wash valley contains few or no drift deposits it may be suggested that it was occupied by a field of ice which in its motion pushed up the boulders and carried forward the gravel as in a great terminal moraine. Possibly the occupation of the great Trent basin by gravel instead of by Boulder Clay may be explained in a similar but not identical manner. Similar gravel is found at the Grove Castle near Retford containing ' a large pebble of coarsely crystalline granite with pinkish grey matrix and dark prismatic crystals,' and a large block of Millstone Grit at 300 feet. The broken ridge of 140-250 feet above O.D. that runs from Newington near Bawtry by Everton to Gringley is capped by gravel containing abundant fragments of Permian limestone,' and at Gringley a large boulder, 30 cubic feet in size, of Carboniferous crinoidal limestone lies at a point 275 feet above O.D.3 Gravels containing materials derived from the east have been very little investigated. At Osberton near Worksop at about 60 feet above O.D. two unnamed shells, identified by Professor E. Forbes with species living in the German Ocean, are said to have been found2; in gravel that lies near the side of Rainworth Water, north-west of Blidworth, a specimen of Gryphcea arcuata from the Lias and pieces of apparently Triassic sandstone have been noted ; at Kersall the gravel underlying the Boulder Clay contains fragments of Chalk and Lias3 ; and there are other noteworthy patches at Wilford Hill, Orton and Newark which do not appear to be connected with the Trent drainage. Gravels deposited by the Trent are widely distributed along or near its course, as at Beeston 30 feet above its present level, near Col wick siding, at Gamston and east of Newark and many other places. The 1 Fox-Strangways, Quart. Journ. Geol. Sue. vol. liv. ' Thorpe, Geol. and Pal. Sue. Yorkshire Proc. vol. »v. 8 Geol. Survey Mem. sheet 83. 34 GEOLOGY pebbles in such gravels are to a large extent composed of the materials of all the older gravels and are therefore very mixed. The remarkable point about them is the evidence they afford of the recrudescence of glacial conditions,1 at all events near Nottingham. The Beeston gravels are wonderfully contorted,2 and so are those at Spring Close, Lenton 3 and Gamston. The pressing of pebbles into the Triassic Marls at the Nottingham sewage-farm excavations and the contortions of the same Marls at Ratcliffe-on-Trent are apparently related phenomena. There is no alternative to the conclusion that these contortions were produced by stranded ice, and it was not the same ice that brought the pebbles, since some of them came from the east. This conclusion is to be borne in mind in reference to the other point of interest in relation to the Trent gravels. Their wide distribution to the east of Newark and beyond the limits of Notts to the other side of the Lincoln gorge, suggested to Mr. Penning that the Trent had changed its course since they began to be deposited,* having originally reached the sea along the lower course of the Witham. A study of the higher course of the Trent gives little support to this hypothesis, for it preserves throughout the same relation to the Trias and Rhaetic, and there is no sign of change in this respect near or north of Newark. On the other hand the gravel is carried at least as far as Fledborough, near which is a buried channel, larger and deeper than the present Trent.5 Meanwhile the occurrence of glacial conditions at a later date affords the means by which gravels originally deposited on one side of the Lincoln gorge might be carried to the other side across a low watershed in a manner which cannot be dealt with here. 3. The alluvium of the Trent calls for little remark. It is fairly abundant all along the course of the river, and especially so on the west side of Newark opposite the gravels on the east. The Trent has obviously varied its course considerably within the limits of its alluvium in comparatively recent times, since here and there the remains of various animals have been buried beneath it. Thus teeth of the mammoth have been reported from Island Street, Nottingham " and near Wilford ; antlers of the red deer near North Clifton 7 ; and antlers of the red deer, bones of the ox and horse and a human skull (described by Professor Huxley 8 as belonging to a dwarf race commonly found in Irish tumuli) are re- ported by Mr. Drake from Muskham.7 These are usually found at a depth of 25 to 30 feet. 4. Blown Sand is found on the east side of the Trent from North Collingham to North Clifton. This being N.N.E. of the great spread of alluvium above mentioned may indicate prevalent S.S.W. winds in this district. Another area of blown sand is at Misterton in the extreme north of the county. » Cf. Deeley, loc. cit. J Shipman, Midi. Nat. vol. v. ' Shipman, Geol. of Lenton. * A. J. Jukes-Browne, £>uart. Journ. Geol. Sac. vol. xxxix. and Geol. Survey Mem. sheet 83. 5 Fox-Strangways, Stuart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. liv. 6 White's Directory, 1864. 7 Geologist, vol. iv. 8 Ibid. vol. v. 35 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE 5. Deposits in old meres occur to the north and west of Bingham at a height of 50 feet above Trent level. They are mapped as alluvium, but consist of black earth, 3—4 ft. thick, and contain twenty-four species of land and freshwater mollusca.1 Similar meres filled up with black soil are known at Gotham Moor and at Scarthingmoor by Tuxford, with seventeen recorded species.1 Black soil is also recorded overlying a cal- careous tufa at Lambley or containing tree stumps in the Leen valley.3 6. Deposits in fissure caves. — Caves or fissures are known to occur in the Magnesian Limestone at two localities, both of which are by the sides of rivers forming the boundary of the county on the west side. Creswell Crags are on the Poulter, a tributary of the Idle, and Pleasley is on the Meden, but of the numerous caves at Creswell only one is in Notts, and the single fossiliferous cave at Pleasley is over the border in Derbyshire. The single Notts cave is called the Church Hole.3 It is a fissure opened in the clifF and runs in a north and south direction, com- mencing 1 4 feet above the river and extending upwards for 40 feet. The deposits within it are : a bed of red sand overlain by several varieties of cave-earth, the whole being covered with stalagmitic breccia. Of the animal remains here buried, the jaw of a polecat is peculiar to the red sand, and a limb bone of the cave-lion to the cave earth. The rest are common to both ; they include the — Spotted hyaena Fox Wolf Bear Reindeer Irish elk Bison Horse Woolly rhinoceros Mammoth Hare Of human implements, rude ones made of quartz, etc., occur alone in the red sand, but they are accompanied in the cave earth by imple- ments of flint, also needle, awl, and a notched instrument, and a rounded spearhead all made of bone, and a straight rod cut from a reindeer's antler. To complete the picture of the associates of the first inhabitants of Nottinghamshire the list of additional mammals found in the caves just over the border may be given : — Sabre-toothed lion Lion Wild cat Leopard Wild boar Hippopotamus Field mouse To this list must be added the lynx found in 1866 at Pleasley Yew Tree Cave by Dr. Ransom.4 The men whose works are associated with these are considered to be of Palaeolithic age, though one of them was an artist and carved on the surface of a bone the picture of a domesti- cated horse. 1 C. T. Musson, Jeurn. Conchology, vol. iv. * Shipman, Midi. Nat. vol. vi. 3 J. M. Mello and W. B. Dawkins, £>uart. Jeurn. Geol. Sac. vol. xxxiii. * Rep. Brit.Atsoc. 1866. PALEONTOLOGY IN the domain of vertebrate palaeontology Nottingham is a county which has but small claim to distinction, very few fossil forms from within its limits having apparently been recorded in scientific publi- cations. Of these ' finds ' the majority are mentioned in a pamphlet by Professor J. W. Carr, published at Nottingham in 1893 for the meeting of the British Association at that city, under the title of A Con- tribution to the Geology and Natural History of Nottinghamshire, To that gentleman the present writer is also indebted for information with regard to other fossils from the county in the museum at Nottingham. Commencing with the remains of Pleistocene mammals, it has first of all to be mentioned that one of the well known Creswell caves lies on the Nottinghamshire side of the river, although the others are in Derby- shire. The cave in question is known as the Church Hole, and an account of its excavation and the remains discovered is given by the Rev. J. M. Mello.1 The species of mammals discovered in this cave include the cave hyaena (Hycena crocuta spelcea), badger (Me/es meles), wolf (Canis lupus), brown bear (Ursus arctus], common hare (Lepus euro- pceus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), extinct Irish deer or ' Irish elk ' (Cervus giganteus), the Pleistocene bison (Eos priscus), wild horse (Equus caballusfossilis), woolly rhinoceros (Rhinoceros antiquitatis] and the hairy elephant, or mammoth (Elephas primigenius). Among these the remains of the horse were especially abundant. As in the case of other caves, the bones of the larger mammals are presumed to have been dragged into Church Hole by the hyaenas, which made it their den. If this be correct, it indicates two features by which the extinct cave hyaenas differed from their South African representatives. For according to the reports of travellers and sportsmen the African spotted hyaena does not dwell in caves, while its food consists mainly of antelopes and not of the bones of such large animals as elephants and rhinoceroses. Another locality for Pleistocene mammals, lying on the borderland of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, is the Pleasley Vale near Mansfield. The bone cavern known as the Yew Tree Cave is, however, just on the north side of the river Meden, and therefore in Derbyshire. From that cave, it may be mentioned, has been obtained the imperfect skull of a lynx (Fe/is lynx), now preserved in the museum at Nottingham. Other mammals recorded as fossils from Pleasley Vale — whether belong- 1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxiii. 585 (1877). 37 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE ing to Nottinghamshire or Derbyshire I cannot say — are the wolf, rein- deer, horse and woolly rhinoceros. Although river gravels and alluvium occur at various places in the Trent valley, they appear to have yielded few mammalian remains. The Nottingham Museum possesses however several fine molar teeth of the mammoth which have been obtained from the old alluvium of the Trent valley, either in the course of street excavations in Not- tingham itself, or by dredging in the bed of the river near the town. Since the foregoing was in type, I have received from the Rev. T. B. Chamberlin a note on some mammalian remains, associated with a number of species of land and freshwater shells obtained from the layer above the peat in the valley between North and South Wheatley, near Retford. Acccording to Mr. Chamberlin's determinations, the mam- malian remains include the base of an antler of the roebuck (Capreo/us capreolus), a horn-core of the extinct bison (Bison priscus), a portion of the antler of the extinct Irish deer (Cervus giganteus), and several antlers of red deer. The Irish deer antler has a basal girth of 20 inches ; the brow-tine is 15! inches in length and 5 inches in girth ; and the portion of the beam still remaining, which is broken off just below the palma- tion, is 13 inches in length from above the origin of the brow-tine. Passing on to older formations, a considerable amount of interest attaches to certain remains of plesiosaurians, or long-necked extinct marine reptiles from the Lower Lias of the county preserved in the British Museum. One of these is chiefly interesting on account of having been discovered so long ago as the year 1719. It consists of a slab of Lias limestone from Elston near Newark containing the im- pression of the hinder part of the skeleton of a small plesiosaur, which has been provisionally referred to the common P/esiosaurus dolichodlrus* In the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society for 1719* it was regarded by its describer, William Stukeley, as probably representing the remains of a crocodile or a cetacean, the existence of such a re- markable group of reptiles as the plesiosaurians being at that time quite unsuspected. The specimen was originally in the possession of the Royal Society, by the council of which body it was presented to the British Museum. The second specimen, which is from the Lower Lias near Granby, is of importance on account of the comparative rarity of the species (Eretmosaurus rugosus) to which it belongs. It was presented to the British Museum by the Duke of Rutland in 1841, and consists of a slab showing the lower aspect of the nearly entire skeleton, from which however the skull is wanting.3 It was described and figured by Sir R. Owen (as P/esiosaurus rugosus) in his ' Liassic Reptilia.'4 The genus Eretmosaurus, it may be observed, is chiefly distinguished from the typical P/esiosaurus by certain well marked differences in the form and relations of the scapula and coracoid bones. i Cat. Fast. Rtpt. Brit. Mut. ii. 259. * pp. 936-8, pi. i. s See Cat. Pass. Reft. Brit. Mut. ii. 250. * Man. Pal. Soc. pt. iii. p. 34 (1865). 38 PALEONTOLOGY In addition to the foregoing specimens mention must also be made of a fine plesiosaurian skull from the Lower Lias of Cropwell Bishop recently acquired by the Nottingham University College Museum. The generic and specific determination of this specimen does not hitherto appear to have been attempted. It is stated in Mr. W. J. Harrison's Geology of the Counties of ILngland1 that remains of plesiosaurs together with those of ichthyosaurs — another group of marine reptiles confined to the Secondary period — occur plentifully in the Lower Lias near Cortlingstock. From the Rhaetic deposits of the county have been obtained, according to Prof. Carr, presumed reptilian coprolites, which may belong to one or both of the aforesaid groups. Footprints of amphibians are rare in the Keuper formation of the county, but one example from the foot of the railway cutting at Colwick is now in the possession of the Nottingham High School. There is also a statement1 to the effect that amphibian footprints, of the type known as Chirosaurus or Cbirotberium^ have been observed in the Keuper sandstone of Weston ClifF, on the Nottinghamshire side of the Trent. And Mr. Harrison 3 likewise states that similar footprints have been met with in the Keuper south of Ollerton. Such footprints, it may be well to mention, were probably made by gigantic primeval salamanders or labyrinthodonts, allied to or identical with Mastodonsaurus. Foot- prints of the same nature likewise occur in the Permian Magnesian Limestone at Mansfield, and there is a fine slab displaying a number of such impressions in the Nottingham University College Museum. Fish remains appear to be very scarce in the Secondary formations of the county, but from the Rhstic Prof. Carr records, bones, teeth and fin spines assigned to the genera Hybodus, Nemacantbus, Acrodus, Gyro/epis, Saurichthys and Ceratodus. Of much greater interest however are numerous remains of the ganoid or enamel-scaled fish known as Semionotus brodiei^ which occurs typically in the Keuper of Warwickshire. The Nottinghamshire speci- mens were discovered in 1879 by Mr. E. Wilson* in the roof of a tunnel which was at that time being driven through the so-called ' water- stones ' of the Upper Keuper at Colwick Wood near Nottingham for the Lean valley outfall sewer. In recording this ' find ' Mr. Wilson makes the following observations : — In addition to the exceptional interest that is always to be derived from the pre- sence of organic remains in Triassic rocks, as a rule so barren of life, there were two points specially noticeable in connection with the occurrence of these fossils in the Keuper at Nottingham ; namely, first, the great number of the fishes, there being quite a shoal of them for a distance of 30 feet or thereabouts in the line of section, the individual fishes even lying over one another in the middle portion of that distance, but gradually becoming more widely separated in either direction until they finally came to an end ; and, secondly, their occurrence at the junction of two formations of the Trias, namely, of the waterstones of the Upper Keuper and the basement beds (Lower Keuper). 1 p. 211. 2 See Hall, Mem. Geol. Survey United Kingdom (1860). 3 Op. cit. * See Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac. xliii. 542 (1887). 39 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE No record of fish remains appears to exist from the Permian of the county, but about twenty years ago there were discovered in the roof of a coal-seam in Clifton Colliery teeth, spines and vertebras of large fishes. The spines were reported to resemble those of the Palaeozoic genera Ctenacanthus and Gyracantbus, but it does not appear that any proper description of the specimens has ever been published. 40 BOTANY I earliest records of Nottinghamshire plants are contained in the Phytologia Britannica of William How, published in 1650. In this work Nottinghamshire localities are given on the authority of Mr. Stonehouse for Dianthus deltoids s, Gnaphalium dioicum, and a grass which was probably Melica nutans. Sixteen years later Christopher Merrett in his Pinax mentions, in addition to the above, Sparganium minimum and a white-flowered form of Galeopsis versicolor. These were probably found by Thomas Willisell, who travelled all over Great Britain in search of plants, and visited Nottingham about this time. He was the first botanist to observe Silene nutans on the walls of Nottingham Castle. The celebrated John Ray was at Wollaton Hall in 1670, and records in his correspondence and botanical works a number of Nottinghamshire plants, among which are Silene nutans, previously discovered by Willisell, Cerastium arvense, Teesdalia nudicaulis, Verbascum puherulentum, and Apera Spica-venti. One or two other unimportant records are given in the Dillenian edition of Ray's Synopsis, published in 1724, but no further additions of any consequence were published until Deering's Catalogus Stirpium, etc., or Catalogue of Plants naturally growing . . . about Nottingham, appeared in 1738. Charles Deering, M.D., was born in Saxony, probably in 1695, and after graduating in physic at Leyden came to England and practised for some years at Bedford, London, and Rochester. He settled in Nottingham in 1736, and remained there until his death on 12 April, 1749. He was buried in St. Peter's churchyard. His Catalogue contains about 840 separate entries of Phanerogamic and Cryptogamic plants, a few of which are errors of identification, a few are cultivated plants only, and some others are unimportant varieties of other species. Considering, however, the paucity of works of reference, and the lack of facilities for travelling at this remote period, as well as the fact that the book was apparently the result of only two years' research, it displays truly remark- able industry and ability on the part of the author. Most of the references to Nottinghamshire plants in the various botanical works published in the latter half of the eighteenth century are copied from Deering, but some additional Nottinghamshire records are given in a paper by R. Pulteney on the rarer plants growing about Loughborough, published in vol. xlix of the Philosophical Transactions, and in Nichols' History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester (1795). i 41 6 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE The Botanist's Guide of Turner and Dillwyn (1805) gives a list of the rarer plants of Nottinghamshire, mostly copied from Deering, but with a few new species added. In 1807 Thomas Ordoyno of Newark published his Flora Notting- hamiensis, which comprised the flowering plants and vascular cryptogams, and included many species unknown to Deering. Although by no means free from error, the publication of this work seems to have given an impetus to the study of the county flora, for the first half of the nineteenth century was a fruitful period in the history of Nottingham- shire botany. Among the numerous workers of this time, two men, Thomas Jowett and Godfrey Howitt, M.D., stand out conspicuously. Born in 1801 at Colwick (where his father was steward to the Musters family), Thomas Jowett received a medical education and practised in Nottingham for about ten years. In 1831 his health broke down, and he retired to the village of Morton in the Trent Vale, where he died in the following year at the early age of 31. From boyhood Jowett seems to have been keenly interested in the plants of his native county, and in 1826, when only 25 years old, he published in the Nottingham Journal, under the pseudonym of ' II Rosajo,' a series of ' Botanical Calendars,' or ' Notices of Native Plants of the County of Not- tingham, arranged according to the order of their appearance.' These calendars, twenty-eight in number, appeared at frequent intervals from March to December, and are as remarkable for their admirable literary style as for the evidence they afford of their author's intimate acquaintance with the county flora and with the botanical and poetical literature of his time. Localities are given for 1,023 species of flowering plants and cryptogams, including more than 100 species not mentioned in the works of Deering and Ordoyno. Four volumes of dried specimens of Nottinghamshire plants collected and mounted by Jowett are preserved in the Bromley House Library at Nottingham. These are particularly valuable as settling the identity of several species which are not now to be found in the county. Dr. Howitt, the friend and co-worker of Jowett, was born in 1800, and after graduating in medicine at Edinburgh, practised as a physician in Nottingham. In 1839 he emigrated to Australia, and died there in 1873. His Nottinghamshire Flora, the latest work devoted to the plants of the county, appeared in 1839, and is a tiny volume of 124 pages, recording 1,137 species of plants, of which 866 are phanerogams, ferns, etc., and the rest are mosses, hepatics, lichens, and algae. There is not a word of preface or introduction, no attempt is made to distinguish between indigenous plants and those of doubtful nativity, and the informa- tion about each species is confined within the narrowest possible limits. It must, however, be remembered that the work was published during the year in which Dr. Howitt left England, and was probably prepared very hurriedly, with the object of placing his extensive knowledge of the county flora at the disposal of other local botanists. As a record of the composition of our flora at a period when it was still comparatively 42 BOTANY unmodified by modern industrial developments, Howitt's Flora is, in common with Jowett's Calendars, of the greatest value to modern workers. Six years before the publication of his Flora, Dr. Howitt (in con- junction with Wm. Valentine, F.L.S., a talented Nottingham bryologist) issued three parts of a Muscologia Nottingbamiensis, consisting of dried specimens of local mosses with descriptive letterpress. Presumably from lack of support no further numbers of this work were published. The New Botanist's Guide by H. C. Watson (1835-7) contains a long list of Nottinghamshire plants, which was drawn up mainly from a marked catalogue, accompanied by numerous specimens, supplied to Mr. Watson by Mr. T. H. Cooper. The specimens were given to Mr. Cooper by Dr. Howitt for conveyance to the author of the N. B. G.,to be used in drawing up the county list. They must therefore be accepted as evidence of the occurrence in Nottinghamshire of the species they represent, but as Mr. Cooper ' was almost a stranger in the county, and had enjoyed few opportunities of botanizing there,' and as, moreover, the catalogue contains many obvious inaccuracies, the records which are unsupported by actual specimens must be ignored. In the N. B. G. Supplement a new list of Nottinghamshire plants, drawn up from the advance sheets of Dr. Howitt's Flora, is given to replace that supplied by Mr. Cooper. The published botanical literature of Nottinghamshire since the time of Howitt is very scanty. Lists of the plants of the county, or of parts of it, such as Sherwood Forest, have appeared from time to time in sundry directories and guide-books, and a few new species have been recorded in various botanical works and periodicals by E. J. Lowe, J. Bohler, Hilderic Friend, J. K. Miller, H. Fisher, and the writer, but an up-to-date Flora of Nottinghamshire is still a desideratum. A modern account of Nottinghamshire botany, when compared with the records of Jowett and Howitt, furnishes melancholy evidence of the large number of interesting plants which, once common, have now become exceedingly rare or altogether extinct. The enormous growth of the city of Nottingham has covered some of our best collecting grounds with buildings, while the cultivation of waste lands, the drainage of bogs, the multiplication of railways and collieries, and the conversion of large areas of arable land into pasture, have all been potent agents in the destruction of our native plants. Nor are we compensated for their loss by the numerous aliens — waifs and strays from foreign lands — which are making their appearance along railway lines and canals, and about malt kilns and grain warehouses, brought over with grain, fodder, and other merchandise from abroad. Perhaps the most famous of our disappearing plants — though of course not a true native — is the purple spring crocus (Crocus vernus), which formerly covered many acres of the Nottingham meadows with such a luxuriant growth as to suggest the idea of its having been sown as a crop. Much of the ground this beautiful plant occupied is now built over, and although it is still common in places its 43 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE habitat becomes more restricted year by year. In the same locality grew abundantly the autumnal crocus (C. nudiflorus], first recorded as a British plant in 1738 by Dr. Charles Deering, who found it 'in Notting- ham meadows and about Trent Bridge.' I have seen it in some numbers within the last fifteen years in a field close to Trent Bridge, but the locality has recently been built upon. The plant still, however, persists in fair quantity in some of the Trent meadows. The wild tulip (Tulipa sylvestris) also was formerly common in the Nottingham and Beeston meadows, although it never flowered in its wild state, and usually put forth only a single leaf. It has long disappeared from its old headquarters, but still occurs higher up the Trent Valley at Thrump- ton. The Nottingham catchfly (Silene nutans], first recorded for Britain by Ray in 1 670 as growing ' on the walls of Nottingham Castle,' was still common on the ruined walls of the old kitchens of the castle up to about fifteen years ago, but the recent restoration of this part of the castle has destroyed it. It is quite possible, however, that a few plants may still linger on the inaccessible parts of the castle rock. The draining of the few small areas of bog which formerly existed in the county is responsible for the extinction or extreme rarity of a number of interesting species; such are the royal fern (Osmunda regalis), Lastrea Thelypteris, L. uliginosa, and L. Oreopteris, the bog orchis (Epipactis palus- fris), bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris), butterwort (Pinguicula vu/garis), sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), cranberry (Schollera Oxycoccos), Vaccinium Vitis-idaea, buckbean (Menyanthes), the beautiful Gentiana Pneumonantbe, Schoenus nigricans, and others. On the other hand the rare crested fern (Lastrea cristata) still persists in its ancient station, along with the crow- berry (TLmpetruni) \ the sweet-gale (Myrica Gale) also maintains its foot- hold in some quantity in a single locality; and the bog pimpernel (Anagallis tenella), and cotton grasses, Eriopborum vaginatum and angusti- folium, may still be found. Other interesting plants which formerly occurred, but have not been seen for many years, are Viola stagnina and V. lutea, Dianthus deltoides, Cerastium quaternellum, Hypericum montanum, Geranium sangulneum and G. lucidum, Cicuta virosa, Myrrbis Odorata, Bupleurum rotundifolium, Anten- naria dioica, Cnicus pratensis, Crepis paludosa, Pyrola minor, Rbinantbus major, Littorella juncea, Galeopsis ocbroleuca, Rumex maritimus and R.pulcher, Cephalanthera ensifolia and C. pallens, Orchis ustulata, Stratiotes aloides, Scheuchzeria palustris, Carex digitata, Melica nutans, Hordeum syhaticum, Ceterach officinarum, Cystopteris fragilis, etc. Turning from this melancholy list of probable extinctions it is a pleasure to note that a fair number of species which have always been rare in the county still persist. Among these are Arabis perfoliata, Lotus tenuis, Stum lati- fohum, Dipsacus pilosus, Inula Conyza, Monotropa Hypopitys, Samolus Valerandi, Melampyrum pratense, Ophrys apifera and O. muscifera, Gagea fascicularis, Acorus Calamus, Carex Pseudo-cyperus, Apera Spica- venti, etc. Moreover, a number of truly native species which were unknown to or not distinguished by the earlier Nottinghamshire botanists 44 BOTANY have been discovered in recent years ; e.g., several Batrachian Ranunculi, Cardamlne flexuosa, Neckeria claviculata, Viola permixta, V. sihestris and V. ericetorum, Polygala serpyllacea and P. oxyptera, Stellaria umbrosa, Ulex Gallii, Agrimonia odorata, Callitriche stagnalis, C. obtusangula, and C. truncata (the last-named a very remarkable and interesting addition to our flora, first found by Mr. H. Fisher in the Rainworth Water), Epilobium angustifolium and E. adnatum, Carum segefum, Arctium majus and A. minus, Arnoseris pusilla, Hypochaeris glabra, Gentiana baltica, Mentha alopecuroides and others, Polygonum mite, Rumex limosu;, Habenaria chloroleuca, Orchis incarnata, Potamogeton coloratus, P. falcatus, P. prae- longus, and P. Cooperi, Scirpus Tabernaemontani and S. maritimus, Carex curta and C. binervis, Agrostis nigra, Glyceria plicata, Bromus erectus, many Rubi, Roses, a few Hieracia, Willows, etc. If we compare the flora of Nottinghamshire with that of Great Britain and of the counties bordering upon Nottinghamshire the result is at first sight somewhat disappointing. The number of species of flowering plants and vascular cryptogams enumerated in the ninth edition of the London Catalogue of British Plants is 1,930, but thirty-eight of these are confined to Ireland or the Channel Islands, leaving 1,892 species for Great Britain proper. But of this number between 230 and 240 have no claim to be regarded as native plants, and if we neglect these we are left with about 1, 660 species indigenous to Great Britain. If now we turn to the counties forming the boundaries of Nottinghamshire we find the recorded species of ' wild ' plants (including true natives, colonists, and denizens) to be as follows: — West Yorkshire, 1,042;* Derbyshire, 91 1;2 Leicestershire, 825 ;8 Lincolnshire, 1,040.* In Nottinghamshire the number of species which come under the same category is 854. In attempting to account for this apparent poverty in our flora it must be borne in mind that of the i, 660 or so vascular plants which occur in Great Britain in a wild state about 350 species are either purely maritime or are confined to high latitudes or mountains, and are therefore necessarily absent from Notting- hamshire. This reduces the number that could possibly be expected to occur in the county to little more than 1,300 ; but, as we have seen, we actually possess barely two-thirds of this number. The reason for this is to be sought in the comparative lack of variety in the physical con- ditions of Nottinghamshire combined with the highly cultivated state of most of its area. There is scarcely any uncultivated ground with the exception of parts of Sherwood Forest, and this being situated on the dry and arid Bunter sandstone possesses only a poor and scanty flora : even in the wooded parts of the forest the undergrowth consists almost entirely of bracken. There are few or no large sheets of water save the trimly-kept artificial lakes in the principal parks, and there is an almost complete absence of bog, so that lacustrine and bog-loving plants are largely wanting. Moreover, the Carboniferous, Jurassic, and Cretaceous 1 Lees, Flora of West Yorks. ' Linton, Flora of Deri. * Flora ofLeic. 4 Lond. Catalogue, marked for Lincolnshire by Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock. This number is probably excessive, as some of the species marked must be aliens or casuals in Lincolnshire. 45 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE limestones which bear so rich a flora in the neighbouring counties do not extend into Nottinghamshire, and their absence is only partially com- pensated for by the Permian Magnesian Limestone which occupies the western margin of the county, and, while possessing a moderately rich and varied flora, cannot compare in this respect with the more highly calca- reous Chalk, Oolite, or Mountain Limestone of the counties around us. West Yorkshire, with an area of 2,760 square miles, is more than three times the size of Nottinghamshire, and with its numerous hills — many of which are over 2,000 feet in height — possesses an extensive alpine or true mountain flora which could not exist with us ; while the ' pavements,' terraces, and scars of the Mountain Limestone region, and the wide expanses of peat bog, are tenanted by numerous species which for lack of suitable conditions are absent from Nottinghamshire. The same remarks apply in a less degree to Derbyshire, which possesses a considerable number of montane plants on its high northern moorlands ; the flora of its limestone dales also is a very rich and varied one. Lincolnshire, with an area greater even than that of West Yorkshire, with its long line of sea-coast, its salt-marshes, its chalk wolds and Jurassic limestones, has an enormous advantage, botanically, over Not- tinghamshire, and it is not surprising that its flora is numerically so much stronger than that of its inland neighbour. Leicestershire has a slightly smaller area than Nottinghamshire, with a very similar flora, except that the Archaean rocks which form the high ground of Charnwood Forest support a few species which are not found with us. , In order to indicate the geographical distribution of our native plants throughout the British counties, Great Britain is divided up for botanical purposes into 1 1 2 areas consisting of counties and vice-counties, the latter being formed by sub-dividing the larger counties into two or more parts.1 Taking the London Catalogue of British Plants, ed. 9, as our authority, we find that of our 1,930 species of native vascular plants seventy-nine have been recorded as occurring in every one of these 1 1 2 counties and vice-counties, and no fewer than 300 species are found in 100 or more divisions. Of these 300, 299 are recorded for Nottinghamshire, and the single unrecorded species, Potamogeton polygonifolius, is almost sure to be found, although up to the present it has been searched for in vain. There are 102 species with a census number between 90 and 100, i.e., occurring in from 90 to 100 counties and vice-counties, and of these we have all but the following : — Oenanthe crocata^ Narthecium ossifragum, Juncus Gerardi, and Scirpus pauciflorus. It is probable that the Narthecium once occurred, but it has not been seen for at least a century. Of the eighty-five species with a census number between eighty and ninety, six are apparently wanting in Nottinghamshire, viz. : Cochlearia officinalis (a maritime and montane plant recorded by Deering, but probably in error), Hypericum Androsaemum (has occurred as a casual or garden escape), Habenaria bifolia (the species recorded under this name by the earlier Nottinghamshire botanists is H. chloroleuca, which was 1 For a list of these divisions see Watson, Top. Botany, ed. 2. 46 BOTANY formerly not distinguished from bifolia), Scirpus jluitans, Carex fuha (?), and Festuca arundinacea. Of species with census numbers ranging from seventy to eighty there are 101, and seventeen of these are unknown in Nottinghamshire. Ten of the absentees, however, are plants that grow only by the sea, and therefore could not occur with us. The others are : Utricularia minor (recorded by Ordoyno, but not confirmed), Scutellaria minor ; Potamogeton alpinus, Eleocbaris acicularis, Rbyncbospora alba, Pbegopteris Dryopteris, and P. polypodioides, The species occurring in from sixty to seventy counties or vice- counties number ninety-seven. The most conspicuous absentees with us are — besides a number of maritime and submontane plants — Sagina subulata and S. ciliata, Hypericum e lodes, Sedum anglicum (?), Hieracium murorum, Centunculus minimus, Carex laevigata, and Polys tic bum angular e (?). There are ninety-five species with a census number between fifty and sixty, and of these we necessarily lack the maritime species as well as a few northern forms such as Geranium sylvaticum, Cnicus heterophyllus, Cryptogramme crispa, Lycopodium alpinum, Selaginella, etc. In addition to these we want the following : — Fumaria Boraei, Diplotaxis muralis (has occurred as an alien), several Rubi, Rosa involuta, Cotyledon Umbilicus, Drosera anglica and intermedia (Howitt's locality for D. intermedia is almost certainly in Lincolnshire), Euphorbia amygdaloides (recorded by Deering, perhaps erroneously, and certainly not found since), Listera cordata, Potamogeton obtusifolius, Carex divulsa, C. axillaris, C. extensa, and Pilularia globulifera. Of the species found in fewer than fifty vice-counties so many are wanting in Nottinghamshire that it will be sufficient to refer the reader to the list of the plants of the county at the end of this article. The vast majority of our wild plants naturally belong to the British and English types of distribution, but there is a sprinkling of species representing other types. Thus of Germanic species we have Myosurus minimus,* Hippuris vu/garis, Galium erectum and G. tricorne, Lactuca uirosa, Campanula glomerata, Monotropa Hypopitys, Limosella aquatica, Orchis pyramidalis and O. ustulata* Allium oleraceum, Bromus erectus, Bracby- podium pinnatum, Hordeum syhaticum, etc. Of Scottish type are, among others, Viola lutea* Vicia syhatica, Parnassia palustris, Antennaria dioica* Crepis paludosa* Campanula latifolia, Pyrola minor* Pinguicula vulgaris, Salix pentandra, Empetrum nigrum, Melica nutans* Among species of Intermediate type we have Poterium qfficinale, Gagea fascicularis, Crocus nudijiorus, and Scbeucbzeria palustris* Plants of the Atlantic type are, as might be expected, few in number, and, indeed, not a single species is certainly known to occur now, at any rate as a native ; the recorded species are Coronopus didymus, Erodium moschatum and E. maritimum, Sedum anglicum, and Verbascum virgatum. Vaccinium Vitis-idaea is our only Highland species, and we have no representative of the Local type. * Species marked with an asterisk have not been seen in the county for many years and are probably extinct. 47 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE BOTANICAL DISTRICTS Nottinghamshire lies wholly within the drainage area of the Trent, so that the usual division of a county into river basins for botanical purposes is not possible in our case. The districts here adopted are therefore based on the geological structure of the county, and this division is a really natural one, for with the exception of the alluvial tracts bordering the Trent and its tributary streams very little drift occurs to obscure the older deposits, and con- sequently the surface soil is principally formed by the disintegration and decay in situ of the underlying rocks. The wide differences in the chemical composition of the resulting soils have of course a marked influence on the character of the flora of each formation. Leaving out of consideration the superficial (drift and alluvial) deposits, the formations represented in Nottinghamshire are the Coal Measures, Permian, Trias (Bunter and Keuper), Rhaetic, and Lower Lias. These form bands running partially or completely through the county in a direction approximately north and south. The outcrop of the Coal Measures forms a band 16 miles long between Stapleford in the south and Teversall in the north, and varying in width from 2 to about 4 miles. To the east it is succeeded by the Permian or Magnesian Limestone, which forms a narrow band running from Nottingham to the county boundary on the north — a distance of about 32 miles. At its maximum development it is about 4 miles in width, but for the most part is consider- ably narrower. The sandstones and conglomerates of the Bunter, which follow, occupy a much larger tract of land — nearly 40 miles long by 7 or 8 in width over the greater part of its extent, except in the immediate neighbourhood of Nottingham, where it is much narrower. Quite half the area of the county is occupied by deposits of Keuper age, but as the valley of the Trent lies almost wholly in this formation it is a good deal covered by alluvial deposits. The Rhaetic shales form a band of insignificant extent along the eastern margin of the Keuper. Finally, on the eastern and south-eastern border of the county for the southern two-thirds of its length the Keuper is succeeded by the lower beds of the Lias, which attain their maximum development south of Cotgrave and Cropwell Bishop. Two rather extensive out- liers occur to the west of the main mass of the Lias in the extreme south of the county. The botanical districts adopted, four in number, are as follows : — DISTRICT I This comprises the area formed by the outcrops of the Coal Measures and Permian rocks on the western side of the county. It might seem at first sight that two such apparently dissimilar formations should constitute separate districts, but the area occupied by the Coal Measures is so small and its noteworthy plants so few in number that to make of it a separate district would be to ascribe to this formation an importance altogether out of proportion to its merits. Indeed, the Coal Measures can scarcely claim to possess a distinctive flora at all : not a single species appears to be confined to their outcrop, and the few conspicuous plants that do occur are equally common elsewhere. On the other hand, the Magnesian Limestone possesses a large number of characteristic species, some of which are peculiar to it. Among these the following may be mentioned, the species hitherto found only on this formation being indicated by an asterisk : — 'Ranunculus Lenormandi, F. Schultz "Helleborus viridis, L. 'Aquilegia vulgaris, L. *Arabis hirsuta, Scop. Reseda lutea, L. Helianthemum Chamaecistus, Mill. Silene Cucubalus, Wib. 'Geranium sanguineum, L. Trifolium medium, L. Anthyllis Vulneraria, L. Geum rivale, L. Pamassia palustris, L. *Ribes alpinum, L. Hippuris vulgaris, L. 'Bupleurum rotundifolium, L. Galium Mollugo, L. Erigeron acre, L. Inula Conyza, DC. Centaurea Scabiosa, L. Campanula Trachelium, L. — latifolia, L. Anagallis tenella, L. Blackstonia perfoliata, Huds. Gentiana Amarella, L. * — baltica, Murb. *Myosotis arvensis, Lam., var. umbrosa, Bab. Lithospcrmum arvcnse, L. 48 Verbascum Thapsus, L. 'Linaria Elatina, Mill. — viscida, Moench Veronica montana, L. Lathraea Squamaria, L. Origanum vulgare, L. Clinopodium Acinos, O. Kuntze 'Cephalanthera ensifblia, Rich. * — pallens, Rich. Epipactis palustris, Crantz Orchis pyramidalis, L. — ustulata, L. *Ophrys muscifera, Huds. Habenaria conopsea, Benth. •Polygonatum multiflorum, All BOTANY Allium ursinum, L. Gagea fascicularis, Salisb. Paris quadrifolia, L. 'Potamogetoncoloratus, Hornem. * Eleocharis multicaalis, Sm. 'Eriophorum latifblium, Hoppe *Carex digitata, L. — pendula, Huds. — sylvatica, Huds. * — vcsicaria, L. *Avena pratensis, L. 'Melica nutans, L. — uniflora, Retz. 'Hordeum sylvaticum, Huds. Taxus baccata, L. DISTRICT II This consists of the Bunter or lower division of the Trias, and includes the fine-grained red or variegated sands of the Lower Red and Mottled Sandstone, and the yellow or brownish sands and conglomerates of the Bunter Pebble-beds. The district possesses a distinctive and characteristic flora, although, as will be seen from the list given below, only a few species are confined to it. This is due to the fact that most sand-loving plants find an equally suitable habitat in the sandy patches which occasionally occur in the Keuper Marl, in the tracts of sandy alluvium bordering the Trent in Division III, and in the drift sands which cover a part of District IV on the eastern edge of the county. The existing remains of the once far more extensive Sherwood Forest lie entirely in this district, and consist chiefly of oak and birch timber with a dense undergrowth of bracken, and open spaces covered with ling (Calluna), heath (Erica cinerea), bracken (Pteris), Deschampsia fkxuosa, etc., and dotted with old thorn trees much infested with mistletoe. A few bits of boggy ground are still to be found along the course of some of the streams, as at Oxton and Rainworth, and to these we owe the survival of some of our most interesting plants. Of late years, however, owing partly to a succession of dry seasons and partly to the sinking of deep wells for the water supply of the surrounding towns, these bogs have become nearly dry at times, with the result that such things as the sundew (Drosera), butterwort (Pinguicula), cranberry (Schollera Oxycoccus), marsh fern (Lastrea Thelypteris), etc., are fast dis- appearing or have already gone. Among the characteristic species of the district are the following : — 'Capnoides claviculata, Druce 'Arabis perfoliata, Lam. Teesdalia nudicaulis, R. Br. Viola palustris, L. — ericetorum, Schrad. * — tricolor, L. Polygala serpyllacea, Weihe 'Dianthus deltoides, L. Silene anglica, L. * — nutans, L. Cerastium quaternellum, Fenzl. — semidecandrum, L. — arvense, L. Sagina nodosa, Fenzl. Alsine rubra, Crantz 'Montia fbntana, L. Hypericum humifusum, L. Erodium cicutarium, L'H6r. Genista anglica, L. •Ulex Gallii, Planch. Trifolium subterraneum, L. — arvense, L. — striatum, L. Ornithopus perpusillus, L. 'Vicia lathyroides, L. Potentilla argentea, L. — palustris, Scop. Chrysosplenium al tern ifolium,L. 'Drosera rotundifolia, L. 'Callitriche truncata, GUSS. 'Epilobium adnatum, Griscb. Galium saxatile, L. Filago germanica, L. — minima, Fr. 'Antennaria dioica, R. Br. Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L. Senecio sylvaticus, L. *Arnoseris pusilla, Gaertn. 'Hieracium tridentatum, Fr. — umbellatum, L. Jasione montana, L. *Vaccinium Vitis-idaea, L. — Myrtillus, L. 'Schollera Oxycoccus, Rcth Calluna Erica, DC. Erica Tetralix, L. — cinerea, L. *Monotropa Hypopitys, L. Lycopsis arvensis, L. Myosotis collina, Hoffin. — versicolor, Sm. Echium vulgare, L. Verbascum nigrum, L. Digitalis purpurea, L. Melampyrum pratense, L. *Mentha alopecuroides, Hull. Teucrium Scorodonia, L. Plantago Coronopus, L. Scleranthus annuus, L. *Rumex limosus, Thuill. — Acetosella, L. 'Empetrum nigrum, L. Juncus squarrosus, L. Juncoides multiflorum, Druce *Scirpus maritimus, L. *Carex teretiuscula, Good. - paniculata, L. * — curta, Good. — leporina, L. * — pilulifera, L. *Apera Spica-venti, Beauv. Aira caryophyllea, L. Deschampsia flexuosa, Trin. Molinia varia, Schrank Nardus stricta, L. Pteris aquilina, L. Lastrea Thelypteris, Presl. — Oreopteris, Presl. — cristata, Presl. — uliginosa, Newm. Lycopodium Selago, L. — inundatum, L. — clavatum, L. DISTRICT III The Keuper deposits which underlie this extensive district are separable into two divisions. The lower of these, known as the ' Waterstones,' consists of alternations of dull » 49 7 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE red marl and light-coloured greenish-grey sandstone ; where the latter predominates the resulting soil is sufficiently sandy to suit many of the plants characteristic of District II (e.g., Cerastium arvense, Cytisus scoparius, Saxifraga granulata, Artemisia vulgaris, Rumex Acetosella, etc.), and we therefore find along the outcrop of the Lower Keuper an assemblage of species transitional in character between the flora of the Bunter and that of the upper beds of the Keuper. The upper division or Keuper Marl is a stiff bright-red clay with an occasional thin band of hard whitish sandstone. The heavy somewhat calcareous clay soil supports a flora very different from that of District II, but more nearly approximating to that of District I, with which it has a large number of species in common. Among the more prominent plants that occur with about equal frequency in Districts I and III, but are almost or entirely absent from Districts II and IV, are Anemone nemorosa, Eutmymus europaeus, Pimpinella major, Asperula odorata, Lactuca muralis, Campanula latifolia, Lysimachia nemorum, Erythraea Centaurium, Veronica montana, Lamium Galeobdolon, Mercurialis perennis, Allium ursinum, Paris quadrifolia, Carex pendula, C. sylvatica, Milium effusum and Melica uniflora. Several rare or uncommon Nottinghamshire species are confined to District III ; of such are Ranunculus sardous and R. parviflorus, Vlc'ia sylvatica, Lathyrus sylvestris, Caucalis nodosa, Dipsacus pilosus, Carduus pycnocephalus and C. pratensis, Campanula patula, Myosotis sylvatica, Mentha Pulegium, Carex pallescens (?), etc. ; while among commoner species which are most abundant in, but not abso- lutely confined to, the district are Geranium pratense, Bidens tripartita, Chrysanthemum segetum, Tanacetum vulgare, Picris hieracioides, Veronica Anagallis, Habenaria chloroleuca, Epipactis latifolia, etc. A number of plants which have their headquarters in the Trent valley — which lies almost wholly in this district — owe their presence rather to their fondness for a moist or watery situation than to the chemical or physical nature of the soil ; such are Thalictrum ftivum, Nasturtium sylvestre and N. amphibium, Erysimum cheiranthoides, Stellaria aquatica, Lythrum Salicaria, Apium graveolens, Oenanthe Phellandrium, Hottonia palustris, Symphytum officinale, and Polygonum Hydropiper. On the other hand the dry gravelly banks and terraces of old Trent alluvium offer a congenial home for many of the sand-loving plants characteristic of District II. A few species which are more or less common in District III are of equally frequent occurrence in District IV, but almost or entirely unknown in Districts I and II. Among these are Ononis spinosa, Conlum maculatum, Sison Amomum, Peucedanum sativum, Dipsacus sylvestris, Senecio erucifolius, Picris echioides, Lactuca virosa, Hordeum secalinum. The Rhaetic deposits which are included in District III form a narrow band of such insignificant extent along the eastern edge of the Keuper as to be of no botanical importance, and may therefore be ignored. DISTRICT IV The Liassic beds of Nottinghamshire consist of a series of blue clays and shales with bands of limestone, belonging to the lower part of the Lower Lias, and forming a long strip overlying the Triassic rocks along the south-eastern border of the county. There are also two considerable outliers capping the hills south of the Trent between Thrumpton and West Leake. Sison, Peucedanum sativum, Senecio erucifolius, and a few others are common plants in this district, as mentioned above ; Cnicus eriophorus occurs in quantity in one or two stations, and is apparently now confined to the district, although formerly found in others ; Solidago Virgaurea, which formerly occurred in several places in the county, seems now restricted to a single station on the Lias, where it is very rare ; and among other scarce species almost or entirely confined to this formation are Lotus tenuis, Carum segetum, Caucalis arvensis, Galium tricorne, Clinopodium Nepeta, Galeopsis Ladanum and Carex binervis. In parts of District IV, as at Langford and Wigsley, the Lias clay is covered by a mantle of gravelly drift supporting the usual assemblage of sand-loving plants, such as Teesdalia, Cerastium semidecandrum and C. arvense, Polygala serpyllacea, Galium sylvestre, Filago minima, Gnaphalium sylvaticum, Senecio sylvaticus, Calluna, Erica cinerea, Myosotis versicolor, Salix repens, Nardus, etc. Langford Moor and Wigsley Wood were formerly wet swampy moor- land, and although long drained and planted with oak and fir still show traces of their ancient flora. Erica Tetralix, Lysimackia vulgaris, Myrica Gale, Molinia varia and Lastrea spinulosa still persist in fair quantity, as well as patches of Sphagnum, and a solitary plant of Osmunda — probably the last in the county — has only recently disappeared. 5° BOTANY LIST OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE VASCULAR PLANTS, WITH THEIR DISTRIBUTION THROUGH THE BOTANICAL DISTRICTS In the following summary of the flora of Nottinghamshire species to which no sign is attached are to be regarded as ' wild ' in the sense of being natives, colonists, or denizens : these number 854. Aliens and plants of recent introduction which maintain their ground more or less successfully, so forming permanent constituents of our flora, are indicated by an asterisk : of these there are seventy-two. Species of merely casual occurrence which are not likely to permanently establish themselves, or which were probably recorded in error, or have long been extinct are enclosed within square brackets : fifty-eight such are enumerated.1 DICOTYLEDONS RANUNCULACEAE [Clematis Vitalba, L.] Thalictrum flavum, L. 1-4 Anemone nemorosa, L. 1-4 Myosurus minimus, L. I, 3, 4 (?) Ranunculus circinatus, Sibth. I, 3 — fluitans, Lam. 3 — pseudo-fluitans, Bab. 2, 3 — trichophyllus, Chaix I — Drouetii, Godr. I — heterophyllus, Web. 3 — peltatus, Schrank 3 c. floribundus (Bab.) 3 — Lenormandi, F. Schultz I — hedcraceus, L. 1-3 — sceleratus, L. 1—4 — Flammula, L. 1-4 — Lingua, L. z — auricomus, L. 1—4 — acris, L. 1—4 — repens, L. 1—4 — bulbosus, L. 1-4 — sardous, Crantz 3 — parviflorus, L. 3 — arvensis, L. 1—4 — Ficaria, L. 1-4 Caltha palustris, L. 1-4 'Helleborus viridis, L. I [ — fbetidus, L.] I •Cammarum hyemale, Greene (Eranthis hyemalis, Salisb.) 2, 3 Aquilegia vulgaris, L. 1 [Delphinium Ajacis, Gay] 2 BBRBERIDEAE Berberis vulgaris, L. i, 3, 4 NYMPHAEACEAK Nymphaea lutea, L. 1-3 Castalia speciosa, Salisb. 1-3 PAPAVERACEAH [Papaver somniferum, L.] I (?), 2 — Rhoeas, L. 1-4 — dubium, L. a. Lamottei (Bor.) 1-4 b. Lecoqii (Lamotte). 3, 4 — Argemone, L. 2-4 'Glaucium phoeniceum, Crantz 3 [Roemeria violacea, Medic. (R. hybrida, DC.)] 3 Chelidonium majus, L. 1—4 FUMARIACEAE *Capnoidessolida, Moench (Neckeria bulbosa,N.E. Br.) i [ — lutea, Gaert. (N. lutea, Scop.)] 3 — claviculata, Druce (N. claviculata, N.E. Br.) 2 Fumaria capreolata, L. 2 — muralis, Sond. (?) I — officinalis, L. 1—4 CRUCIFERAE Cheiranthus Cheiri, L. 1-3 Radicula officinalis, Groves (Nasturtium offici- nale, R.Br.) 1-4 b. siifolia (Reichb.) 3 — pinnata, Moench (N. sylvestre, R. Br.) 2, 3 — palustris, Moench (N. palustre, DC.) 2, 3 — lancifolia, Moench (N. amphibium, R. Br.) i-3 Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br. 1-4 Arabis hirsuta, Scop. I — perfoliata, Lam. 2 Cardamine amara, L. 1-3 — pratensis, L. 1-4 — hirsuta, L. 1,2 — flexuosa, With. 1-3 [ — impatiens, L.] i [Alyssum incanum, L.] [ — alyssoides, L. (A. calycinum, L.)] 2 Erophila vulgaris, DC. 2—4 [Cochlearia officinalis, L.] i [ — Armoracia, L.] 3 1 In the British Association Handbook issued at the Nottingham meeting in 1893 Mr. H. Fisher records a considerable number of plants found growing on waste ground about the wharves, malt-kilns, and grain-warehouses at Newark — evidently imported with grain from various foreign countries. Among these, in addition to many of the aliens included in the 'list,' are Sisymbrium Columnae, All., Rafistrum rugpsum, All., Euclydium syriacum, R. Br., Coriandum tordylioides, Boiss., Cnicus setosus, Bess., Centaurea melitensis, L., Gilia capitate, Benth., Salvia lylvtstiis, L., Panicum miliaceum, L., and others, besides unidenti- fied species of Adonis, Delphinium, Papaver, Eschscholtxia, Sisymbrium, Dianthus, Silene, Stellaria, Malva, Medicags, Trifo/ium, Vicia, Lathyrus, Centaurea and other Compositae, Echium and several other Boragina- ceous genera, Linaria, Veronica, Salvia, Atriplex, Euphorbia, Phleum, Bromus, Hordeum, etc. Many of these will doubtless establish themselves and spread. 5' A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE CRUCI FERAE (continued) "Hesperis matronalis, L. 3 Sisymbrium Thalianum, Gay 1—4 — officinale, Scop. 1-4 - Sophia, L. 2, 3 [ — pannonicum, Jacq.] 3 — Alliaria, Scop. 1—4 Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. 2, 3 * — perfolialum, Crantz 3 [Camelina saliva, Crantz] 3 Brassica Napus, L. 1,3 — Rapa, L. 2 b. sylvestris, H. C. Wats. — Sinapioides, Roth 2, 3 — Sinapistrum, Boiss. 1—4 — alba, Boiss. 1,3 "Diplolaxis muralis, DC. 2 b. Babingtonii, Syme 2 Bursa pastoris, Weber 1-4 Senebiera pinnatifida, DC. (Coronopus didymus, Sm.) i or 2 - coronopus, Poir. (C. Ruellii All.) 3 Lepidium campestre, R. Br. 1—3 - heterophyllum, Benth. (L. hirtum, Sm.) 4 (?) * — Draba, L. 2, 3 Thlaspi arvense, L. 3 Teesdalia nudicaulis, R. Br. 2, 3 Raphanus Raphanistrum, L. 1—3 RESEDACEAE [Reseda alba, L.] 2 - lutea, L. 1,3 - Luteola, L. 1-3 CISTINEAE Helianthemum Chamaecistus, Mill. I, 3 VlOLARIEAE Viola palustris, L. I, 2 — odorata, L. 1—4 / alba (Lange). i, 3, 4 — permixta, Jord. (? odorata X hirta) I, 4 - hirta, L. 1-4 — silvestris, Reich. 1—3 - Riviniana, Reich. 1-4 — ericetorum, Schrad. 2, 4 — stagnina, Kit. 2 or 3 - tricolor, L. 2 - arvensis, Murr. 1—4 - lutea, Huds. (?) 2 PoLYGALEAK Polygala vulgaris, L. 1,3 — oxyptera, Reich. I, 3 — serpyllacea, Wei he 2, 4 CARYOPHYLLEAK Dianthus deltoides, L. 2 * — Caryophyllus, L. 2 'Saponaria Vaccaria, L. 3 - officinalis, L. I or 2, 3 Silene Cucubalus, Wibel 1—4 b. puberula, Syme i, 2 — anglica, L. 2, 4 CARYOPHYLLEAE (continued) Silene nutans, L. 2 — noctiflora, L. I, 3, 4. Lychnis alba, Mill. 1—4 — dioica, L. 1-4 — Flos-cuculi, L. 1—4 — Githago, Scop. 2—4 Cerastium quaternellum, Fenzl. z, 3 (?), 4 (?) — semidecandrum, L. 2—4 — glomeratum, Thuill. 1-4 — triviale, Link 1-4 — arvense, L. 2, 3 Stellaria aquatica, Scop. 1-4 — media, Cyr. 1—4 c. major, Koch 3 — umbrosa, Opiz i, 3 — Holostea, L. 1-4 — palustris, Retz. 2-4 — graminea, L. 1-4 — uliginosa, Murr. 1-4 Arenaria trinervia, L. 1-4 — serpyllifolia, L. 1-4 c. leptoclados (Guss.) Sagina apetala, L. 2, 3 — procumbens, L. 1—4 — nodosa, Fenzl. 1—3 Spergula arvensis, L. a. vulgaris (Boenn.) 1-4 b. saliva (Boenn.) 2 Alsine rnbra, Crantz (Buda rubra, Dum.) 2-4 PORTULACEAE 'Claytonia perfoliata, Donn 2 Montia fontana, L. 2 HYPERICINEAE [Hypericum Androsaemum, L.] 2, 3 — perforalum, L. 1-4 — maculalum, Crantz (H. dubium, Leers) 3 — quadrangulum, L. (quadratum, Stokes) 1-4 — humifusum, L. 2—4 b. decumbens (Peterm.) 2 — pulchrum, L. 1-4 — hirsutum, L. 1—4 — monlanum, L. I, 3 MALVACEAE Malva moschata, L. 1—3 — sylvestris, L. 1—4 — rotundifolia, L. 1-4 TILIACEAE *Tilia plalyphyllos, Scop. * — europaea, L. (T. vulgaris, Hayne) — cordala, Mill. 1—3 LlNEAE Radiola Linoides, Rolh 2, 4 Linum calharlicum, L. 1-4 [ — usitatissimum, L.] GERANIACEAE Geranium sanguineum, L. I [ — phaeum, L.] i f — praiense, L. 1—4 BOTANY GERANIACEAE (continued) Geranium pyrenaicum, Burra. fil. 3 — molle, L. 1-4 — pusillum, L. 2, 3 — dissectum, L. 1-4 — columbinum, L. 1—3 — lucidum, L. 2 — Robertianum, L. 1—4 Erodium cicutarium, L'Her. a, vulgatum, Syme 1-4 b. chaerophyllum (Cav.) 2 — moschatum, L'Her. 2 — maritimum, L'Her. 2 Oxalis Acetosella, L. 1-3 ILICINEAE Ilex Aquifolium, L. 1—4 CELASTRINEAE Euonymus europaeus, L. 1-4 RHAMNEAE Rhamnus catharticus, L. 1-4 — Frangula, L. i, 3, 4 SAPINDACEAE 'Acer Pseudo-platanus, L. 1-4 — campestre, L. 1-4 LECUMINOSAE Genista anglica, L. I -4 — tinctoria, L. I, 3, 4 Ulex europaeus, L. 1—4 - Gallii, Planch. 2 — minor, Roth (U. nanus, Forst.) 2 Sarothamnus vulgaris, Wimm. (Cytisus scopa- rius, Link). 1-4 Ononis repens, L. 1—4 - spinosa, L. 2—4 *Medicago sativa, L. 1—4 [ — falcata, L.] 3 — lupulina, L. 1-4 — arabica, Huds. 3, 4 Melilotus officinalis, Lam. I, 3, 4. [ — alba, Desr.] 4 * — arvensis, Walk. 3 [ — indica, All.] Trifolium subterraneum, L. 2, 3 — pratense, L. 1-4 — medium, L. 1-4 [ — ochroleucon, Huds.] 3 [ — incarnatum, L.] 3 — arvense, L. 2, 3 — striatum, L. 2, 3 [ — hybridum, L.] I, 2 [b. elegans (Savi)] 3 — repens, L. 1-4 — fragiferum, L. I, 3, 4 [ — resupinatum, L.] 3 — procumbens, L. 1—4 — dubium, Sibth. 1—4 - filiformc, L. Anthyllis Vulneraria, L. 1—4 Lotus corniculatus, L. 1—4 — tcnuis, Wald. and Kit. I or 2, 4 LEGUMINOSAE (continued) Lotus uliginosus, Schkuhr 1-4 Astragalus glycyphyllos, L. 2, 3 Ornithopus perpusillus, L. 2, 3 Hippocrepis comosa, L. (?) 2 Onobrychis viciaefolia, Scop, i Vicia hirsuta, Gray 1-4 — gemella, Crantz 3, 4 var. tenuissima, Druce I — Cracca, L. 1-4 — syJvatica, L. 3 — scpium, L. 1-4 * — sativa, L. 3. — angustifolia, L. 2-4 — lathyroides, L. 2 [Lathyrus Aphaca, L.] 3 — Nissolia, L. 3 or 4 — pratensis, L. 1-4 — sylvestris, L. 3 — montanus, Bernh. \, 3, 4 ROSACEAE Prunus spinosa, L. 1-4 — insititia, Huds. 2-4 [ — domestica, L.] — Avium, L. 3, 4 — Cerasus, L. I ? — Padus, L. 1-3 Spiraea Ulmaria, L. 1-4 — Filipendula, L. l, 3, 4 Rubus idaeus, L. 1-4 — suberectus, Anders. 2, 4 — Lindleianus, Lees 2, 3 — rhamnifolius, W. and N. 2 — pulcherrimus, Neum. 2, 4 — villicaulis, Koehl. subsp. Selmeri (Lindeb.) 2 subsp. rhombifblius, Weihe 3 — gratus, Focke 3, 4 — rusticanus, Merc. 1—4 — pubescens, Weihe — thyrsoideus, Wimm. 3 — macrophyllus, W. and N. subsp. Schlechtendahlii (Weihe) 3 — leucostachys, Schleich. 1-3 — anglosaxonicus, Gelert 3 — radula, Weihe 2, 3 — echinatus, Lindl. 2, 3 — Koehleri, W. and N. subsp. dasyphyllus, Rog. (pallidus, Bab.) I, 2 — dumetorum, W. and N. 1-4 var. rubriflorus, Purch. I var. concinnus, Warr. I — corylifolius, Sm. 2 var. cyclophyllus, Lindeb. 3 — caesius, L. 1—4 Geum urban urn, L. 1—4 — rivale, L. I, 3 — „ X urbanum (intermedium, Ehrh.) 1,3 Fragaria vesca, L. 1-4 * — moschata, Duch. (elatior, Ehrh.) i Potentilla Fragariastrum, Ehrh. 1-4 — silvestris, Neck. 1-4 — procumbens, Sibth. 2, 3 53 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE ROSACEAE (continued) Potentilla reptans, L. 1—4 — Anserina, L. 1—4 — argentea, L. 2-4 — palustris, Scop. 2, 3 Alchemilla arvensis, Scop. 1-4 — vulgaris, L. 1-3 Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. 1-4 - odorata, Mill. 3 Poterium Sanguisorba, L. 1-4 — ofHcinale, Hook. fil. 1-4 Rosa spinosissima, L. 1—4 — involuta, Sm., var. Sabini (Woods) 4 — villosa, L. (mollis, Sm.) I — tomentosa, Sm. 3 b. subglobosa (Sm.) I or 2, 4 d. scabriuscula (Sm.) 3 - Eglanteria, L. (rubiginosa, L.) 1-3 - micrantha, Sm. I, 3 - agrestis, Savi (sepium, Thuill.) 3 - obtusifolia, Desv. c. tomentella (Leman) 3 d. Borreri (Woods) - canina, L. a. lutetiana (Leman) 1—3 „ f. andegavensis (Bast.) 3 c. sphaerica (Gren.) 3 e. dumalis (Bechst.) 1—3 „ / aspernata (Desegl.) 3 g. Blondaeana (Rip.) 3 i. urbica (Leman) i, 3 k. arvatica, Baker I or 2 — glauca, Vill. 3 e. coriifolia (Fr.) 3 — stylosa, Desv. 2 - arvensis, Huds. 1—4 Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh. 3 [— Aria, Ehrh.] 2 [ — domestica, Ehrh.] — Aucuparia, Ehrh. 1—4 - communis, L. 3, 4 - Malus, L. 1-4 Crataegus Oxyacantha, L. a. oxyacanthoides (Thuill.) 1-4 b. monogyna (Jacq.) 1-4 SAXIFRAGEAE Saxifraga tridactylites, L. i, 3, 4 — granulata, L. 2-4 Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, L. 1-3 — alternifolium, L. 2, 3 Parnassia palustris, L. 1-3 Ribes Grossularia, L. 1—4 * — alpinum, L. i — rubrum, L. 1—3 — nigrum, L. 2 CRASSULACEAB Sedum Telephium, L. 1,2 [ — album, L.] 2 [ — dasyphyllum, L.] I * — anglicum, Huds. I or 2 — acre, L. 1-3 * — reflexum, L. 2, 3 [b. albescens (Haw.)] [Sempervivum tectorum, L.] DROSERACEAE Drosera rotundifolia, L. 2 [ — lungi folia, L. (intermedia, Hayne) 4 (:)] HALORACEAE Hippuris vulgaris, L. 1-3 Myriophyllum verticillatum, L. 2, 3 — spicatum, L. 1—4 — alterniflorum, DC. 3 Callitriche vernalis, Koch — stagnalis, Scop. 1—3 — obtusangula, Le Gall 3 — autumnalis, L. (?) — truncata, Guss. 2 LYTHRARIEAE Peplis Portula, L. 2-4 Lythrum Salicaria, L. 1—4 [ — Hyssopifolia, L.] ONAGRARIEAE Epilobium angustifolium, L. 1—4 — hirsutum, L. 1—4 — parviflorum, Schreb. 1-4 • — montanum, L. 1—4 — roseum, Schreb. 1—3 — adnatum, Griseb. 2 — obscurum, Schreb. 1—3 — palustre, L. 2, 3 Circaea lutetiana, L. I, 3, 4 CUCURBITACEAE Bryonia dioica, Jacq. 1—4 UMBELLIFERAE Hydrocotyle vulgaris. L. 1—4 Sanicula europaea, L. 1-4 Conium maculatum, L. 1—4 *Smyrnium Olusatrum, L. 2 Bupleurum rotundifolium, L. I Apium graveolens, L. 3 — nodiflorum, Reich, fil. 1—4 c. ocreatum, Bab. 2 — inundatum, Reich, f. 1-3 Cicuta virosa, L. 2 *Carum Petroselinum, Benth. and Hook. 2 — segetum, Benth. and Hook. 4 * — Carvi, L. 1,3 Sison Amomum, L. 3, 4 Sium latifolium, L. 2, 3 — erectum, Huds. 1-4 ./Egopodium Podagraria, L. 1-4 Pimpinella Saxifraga, L. 1—4 c. dissecta, With. — major, Huds. I, 3, 4 Conopodium denudatum, Koch 1—4 Myrrhis Odorata, Scop. 2 Chaerophyllum temulum, L. 1—4 Scandix Pecten, L. I, 3, 4 Anthriscus vulgaris, Bernh. 2, 3 — sylvestris, Hoffm. 1-4 * — Cerefolium, Hoffin. i, 3 *Foeniculum vulgare, Mill. 2 Oenanthe fistulosa, L. 1-4 54 BOTANY UMBELLIFERAE (continued') Oenanthepeucedanifblia,Poll.(silaifblia, Bieb.) — Lachenalii, Gmel. 1—4 — Phellandrium, Lam. I (?), 2—4 Aethusa Cynapium, L. 1—4 Silaus flavescens, Bernh. I, 3, 4 Angelica sylvestris, L. 1—4 *Archangelica officinalis, HofFm. 3 Peucedanum palustre, Moench (?) I — sativum, Benth. and Hook. I, 3, 4 Heracleum Sphondylium, L. 1—4 b. angustifolium, Huds. 1,3 Daucus Carota, L. 1—4 "Caucalis latitblia, L. 3 * — daucoides, L. 3 — arvensis, Huds. 3, 4 — Anthriscus, Huds. 1—4 — nodosa, Scop. 3 ARALIACEAE Hedera Helix, L. 1-4 CORNACEAE Cornus sanguinea, L. 1—4 CAPRIFOLIACEAE Adoxa Moschatellina, L. 1-3 Sambucus nigra, L. 1—4 b. laciniata, L. 2 — Ebulus, L. 1-3 Viburnum Opulus, L. 1-4 — Lantana, L. 2, 3 Lonicera Periclymenum, L. 1-4 RUBIACEAE Galium Cruciata, Scop. 1-4 — verum, L. 1—4 — erectum, Huds. 4 — Mollugo, L. 1—4 — saxatile, L. 1-4 * — umbellatum, Lam. (sylvestre, Poll.) — palustre, L. 2-4 b. elongatum (Presl.) c. Witheringii (Sm.) 2 i — uliginosum, L. 1—4 — Aparine, L. 1—4 — tricorne, Stokes 4 Asperula odorata, L. 1—3 • — arvensis, L. 3 Sherardia arvensis, L. 1-4 VALERIANEAE Valerians dioica, L. 1-4 — Mikanii, Syme 3 — sambucifolia, Willd. 1-4 Valerianella olitoria, Poll. 1-4 * — eriocarpa, Desv. 3 — dentata, Poll. 1-4 DlPSACEAE Dipsacus sylvestris, Huds. — pilosus, L. 1,3 Scabiosa Succisa, L. 1-4 — Columbaria, L. 1-4 — arvensis, L. 1—4 1-4 CoMPOSITAE Eupatorium cannabinum, L. 1—4 Solidago Virgaurea, L. I (?), 2, 4 Bellis perennis, L. 1—4 'Aster Tripolium, L. 2 Erigeron acre, L. 1,2 Filago germanica, L. 1—4 — minima, Fr. 2, 3, 4 Antennaria dioica, R. Br. 2 Gnaphalium uliginosum, L. 1-4 — sylvaticum, L. 2, 4 *Inula Helenium, L. 3 — Conyza, DC. i Pulicaria dysenterica, Gaertn. 1—4 Bidens cernua, L. 2, 3 — tripartita, L. 1—3 Achillea Millefolium, L. 1-4 — Ptarmica, L. 1-4 [Anthemis tinctoria, L.] 3 — Cotula, L. 1-4 — arvensis, L. 2, 3 — nobilis, L. 1,2 Chrysanthemum segetum, L. 2-4 — Leucanthemum, L. 1-4 * — Parthenium, Pers. 1-3 Matricaria inodora, L. 1-4 — Chamomilla, L. 1-4 Tanacetum vulgare, L. 1-4 Artemisia Absinthium, L. 1-3 — vulgaris, L. 1-4 Tussilago Farfara, L. 1-4 Petasites officinalis, Moench 1-3 *Doronicum Pardalianches, L. 2 Senecio vulgaris, L. 1-4 — sylvaticus, L. 1-4 — viscosus, L. (?) 2 (?) — erucifolius, L. i, 3, 4 — Jacobaea, L. 1-4 b. discoideus, Koch (flosculosus (Jord.) ) 3 — aquaticus, Huds. 1-4 * — saracenicus, L. i Carlina vulgaris, L. I, 2, 4 Arctium majus, Bernh. 1-4 — minus, Bernh. 1—4 Carduus pycnocephalus, L. (tenuiflorus, Curt.) 3 — nutans, L. 1-4 — crispus, L. 1—4 c. acanthoides (L.) Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. 1-4 — eriophorus, Roth i, 3, 4 — palustris, Willd. 1-4 — pratensis, Willd. 3 — acaulis, Willd. 1-4 — arvensis, HofFm. 1-4 Onopordon Acanthium, L. 2, 3 •Mariana lactea, Hill 2, 3 Serratula tinctoria, L. I, 3, 4 Centaurea nigra, L. 1-4 — Scabiosa, L. 1-4 — Cyanus, L. 1-4 [ — solstitialis, L.] 3 Cichorium Intybus, L. 2—4 Arnoseris pusilla, Gaertn. 2 Lapsana communis, L. 1—4 Picris hieracioides, L. I, 3, 4 55 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COMPOSITAE (continued) Picris echioides, L. 3, 4 'Crepis taraxacifolia, Thuill. 4 [ — setosa, Hall] 3 — virens, L. 1-4 — biennis, L. 3 — paludosa, Moench I or 2 Hieracium Pilosella, L. 1-4 — vulgatum, Fr. 1-4 — sciaphilum, Uechtr. 1—3 — rigidum, Hartm., var. tridentatum (Fr.) 2 — boreal e, Fr. 1—4 — umbellatum, L. 2-4 Hypochaeris glabra, L. 2, 3 - radicata, L. 1-4 Leontodon hirtus, L. 1—4 — hispidus, L. 1-4 — autumnalis, L. 1—4 Taraxacum officinale, Web. 1-4 b. erythrospermum (Andrz.) c. palustre (DC.). I or 2 Lactuca virosa, L. 2-4 [- saligna, L.] (?) 3 - muralis, Fresen. 1—3 Sonchus oleraceus, L. 1-4 - asper, Hoffm. 1-4 — arvensis, L. 1-4 Tragopogon pratense, L. 3 b. minus (Mill.) 1-4 CAMPANULACEAE Jasione montana, L. 2, 3 Campanula glomerata, L. 1,3 — Trachelium, L. 1,4 - latifolia, L. i, 3, 4 - rapunculoides, L. - rotundifolia, L. 1—4 * — Rapunculus, L. 4 — patula, L. 3 VACCINIACEAB Vaccinium Vitis-idaea, L. 2 - Myrtillus, L. 2-4 Schollera Oxycoccus, Roth 2 ERICACEAE Calluna Erica, DC. 2-4 b. pubescens, Koch 2 Erica Tetralix, L. 2, 4 - cinerea, L. 2, 4 Pyrola minor, L. I or 2 MONOTROPEAE Monotropa Hypopitys, L. (Hypopitys Mono- tropa, Crantz) 2 PRIMULACEAE Hottonia palustris, L. 2-4 Primula acaulis, L. 1—4 X veris. i, 3 — veris, L. 1—4 •Cyclamen hederaefolium, Ait. 3 or 4 Lysimachia thyrsiflora, L. (?) PRIMULACEAE (continued) Lysimachia vulgaris, L. 2—4 — Nummularia, L. 1-4 — nemorum, L. 1—4 Anagallis arvensis, L. 1-4 — caerulea, Schreb. 3 — tenella, L. 1-4 Samolus Valerandi, L. 1—4 OLEACEAE Fraxinus excelsior, L. 1—4 Ligustrum vulgare, L. 1—4 APOCYNACEAB *Vinca major, L. i, 3 — minor, L. 3, 4 GENTIANEAE Blackstonia perfoliata, Huds. I, 3, 4 Erythraea Centaurium, Pers. 1-4 Gentiana Pneumonanthe, L. 3, 4 — Amarella, L. i, 3, 4 — campestris, L. 2 (?), 3 — baltica, Murb. i Menyanthes trifoliata, L. 1-3 "Limnanthemum peltatum, Gmel. * BORAGINEAE Cynoglossum officinale, L. 1—4 * — montanum, L. (germanicum, Jacq.) (?) 2 'Asperugo procumbens, L. 3 Symphytum officinale, L. 3 *Borago officinalis, L. 1-3 *Anchusa sempervirens, L. 1-3 Lycopsis arvensis, L. 2, 3 Myosotis caespitosa, Schultz 1-4 — scorpioides, L. (palustris, Relh.) 1-4 b. strigulosa (Reich.) 3 — repens, G. Don 2, 3 — sylvatica, HofFm. 3 — arvensis, Lam. 1—4 b. umbrosa, Bab. i — collina, HofFm. 2, 3 — versicolor, Sm. 2, 4 Lithospermum officinale, L. 1-3 — arvense, L. i, 3 Echium vulgare, L. i, 2 CONVOLVULACEAE Volvulus sepium, Jung. 1-4 Convolvulus arvensis, L. 1-4 Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr. 3 *— Trifolii, Bab. 3 SoLANACEAE Solanum Dulcamara, L. 1-4 — nigrum, L. 2, 3 [Lycium chinense, Mill, (barbarum, L.)] 1-3 Atropa Belladonna, L. 1-3 [Datura Stramonium, L.] 3 Hyoscyamus niger, L. 2, 3 BOTANY SCROPHULARINAB Verbascum Thapsus, L. 1-3 * — pulverulentum, L. I, 2 [ — Lychnitis, L.] 3 — nigrum, L. 1,2 — virgatum, Stokes (?). 2 'Linaria Cymbalaria, Mill. 1,3 — Elatina, Mill. I — spuria, Mill. 3, 4 — vulgaris, Mill. 1-4 — viscida, Moench 1,3 'Antirrhinum majus, L. 3 * — Orontium, L. 3 Scrophularia aquatica, L. 1-4 — nodosa, L. 1—4 'Mimulus Langsdorffii, Donn (luteus, L.) 1,2 Limosella aquatica, L. 3 Digitalis purpurea, L. 1—3 Veronica hederaefolia, L. 1-4 — didyma, Ten. (polita, Fr.). 1—3 — agrestis, L. 1—3 — Tournefbrtii, C. Gmel. 1—4 — triphyllos, L. (?) 2 — arvensis, L. 1-4 — serpyllifblia, L. 1—4 — officinalis, L. 1-4 — Chamaedrys, L. 1-4 — montana, L. 1,3 — scutellata, L. 1—4 — Anagallis, L. 1—4 — Beccabunga, L. 1-4 Euphrasia officinalis, L. 1-4 Bartsia Odontites, Huds. 1-4 Pedicularis palustris, L. 2, 3 — sylvatica, L. 1-4 Rhinanthus Crista-galli, L. 1-4 — major, Ehrh., b. stenoptera, Fr. 4 Melampyrum pratense, L. 2—4 OROBANCHACEAE Orobanche major, L. 2, 3 — rubra, Sm. (?) 2 — minor, Sm. 3, 4 Lathraea Squamaria, L. 1-3 LENTIBULARIEAE Utricularia vulgaris, L. 2, 3 — minor, L. (?) 3 Pinguicula vulgaris, L. 1-3 VERBENACEAE Verbena officinalis, L. 2, 3 LABIATAE Mentha rotundifolia, Huds. I — alopecuroides, Hull. 2 — longi folia, Huds. 1—3 — piperita, L. 1-3 — hirsuta, Huds. 1—4 3. subglabra (Baker). 1,2 - sativa, L. I, 3, 4 — rubra, Sm. 2, 3 — arvensis, L. I, 3, 4 var. Nummularia (Schreb.) 1,4 — Pulegium, L. 3 LABIATAE (continued') Lycopus europaeus, L. 1—4 Origanum vulgare, L. I, 3, 4 Thymus serpyllum, Fr. 1—3 Clinopodium vulgare, L. (Calamintha Clinopo- dium, Benth.) 1—4 — Acinos, O.Kuntze (Cal. arvensis, Lam.) I, z. — Nepeta,O. Kuntze(Cal. parviflora, Lam.)(?) 4 — Calamintha, O. Kuntze (Cal. officinalis, Moench) 2, 3 Salvia Verbenaca, L. 2, 3 Nepeta Cataria, L. 1—4 — Glechoma, Benth. 1-4 b. parviflora, Benth. 2 Scutellaria galericulata, L. 1-4 Prunella vulgaris, L. 1-4 Marrubium vulgare, L. Stachys Betonica, Benth. — palustris, L. 1-3 — sylvatica, L. 1—4 — arvensis, L. I, 3, 4 Galeopsis Ladanum, L. — ochroleuca, Lam. : , — speciosa, Mill, (versicolor, Curt.) - Tetrahit, L. 1-4 *Leonurus Cardiaca, L. I Lamium amplexicaule, L. — hybridum, Vill. 3 — purpureum, L. 1-4 — album, L. 1-4 — Galeobdolon, Crantz Ballota nigra, L. 1-4 Teucrium Scorodonia, L. Ajuga reptans, L. 1-4 I. 2. 4 2,4 2-4 (?) i, 2,4 PLANTAGINEAE Plantago major, L. 1-4 — media, L. 1—4 — lanceolata, L. 1—4 — Coronopus, L. 2, 3 Littorella juncea, Berg. I, 2 ILLECEBRACEAE [Herniaria hirsuta, L.]. 3 Scleranthus annuus, L. 2—4 b. biennis (Reuter) 2 [ — perennis, L.] 3 AMARANTHACEAE [Amaranthus retroflexus, L.] 3 [ — Blitum, L.] 3 CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium polyspermum, L. 1,3 — Vulvaria, L. 2, 3 — album, L. 1-4 b. viride (L.). 2, 3 c. viridescens, St. Am. (C. paganum, Reich.) 2, 3 * — opulifolium, Schrad. 3 - murale, L. 2, 3 * — hybridum, L. 3 * — urbicum, L. 3 — rubrum, L. 2-4 — Bonus-Henricus, L. 1-3 57 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE CHENOPODIACEAE (continued) [Beta maritima, L.] (?) [Atriplex littoralis, L.]. 3 — patula, L. 1-4 b. erecta, Huds. 1,2 f. angustifolia (Sm.)- 2, 3- — hastata, Huds. (Smithii, Syme) i, 3 — deltoidea, Bab. 3 PoLYGONACEAE Polygonum Convolvulus, L. 1—4 b. subalatum, V. Hall, i, 3 — aviculare, L. 1—4 a. agrestinum (Jord.) 3 b. vulgatum, Syme 2, 3 e. rurivagum (Jord.) 3 / littorale (Link) 3 — Hydropiper, L. 1—3 — minus, Huds. 2 (?), 3 — mite, Schrank 3 — Persicaria, L. 1—4 - lapathifolium, L. 2—4 — amphibium, L. 1—4 b. terrestre, Leers 1-4 — Bistorta, L. i, 2 [Fagopyrum sagittatum, Gilib. (esculentum, Moench)] I, 2 Rumex conglomerate, Murr. 1-4 — sanguineus, L. i (?), 3 b. viridis (Sibth.). 1-4 — maritimus, L. 2 (?), 3 — limosus, Thuill. 2, 3 (?) — pulcher, L. 2 — obtusifolius, L. 1-4 - crispus, L. 1-4 — acutus, L. (crispus X obtusifolius) - domesticus, Hartm. (?) - Hydrolapathum, Huds. 1-4 — Acetosa, L. 1—4 — Acetosella, L. 1-4 THYMEL/EACEAB Daphne Laureola, L. i, 3, 4 LORANTHACEAE Viscum album, L. 2, 3 EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia Helioscopia, L. 1-4 [ — amygdaloides, L.] (?) 3 — Peplus, L. 1-4 — exigua, L. 1—4 — Lathyris, L. (?) Mercurialis perennis, L. 1—4 — annua, L. 3 URTICACEAE Ulmus glabra, Huds. (montana, Stokes) I, — campestris, L. (surculosa, Stokes) 3 a. suberosa, Koch 3 b. glabra (Sm.) 2 Humulus Lupulus, L. 1—4 Urtica dioica, L 1—4 — urens, L. 1-4 Parietaria ramiflora, Moench (officinalis, L.) 3,4 MYRICACEAE Myrica Gale, L. 4 CUPULIFERAE Betula verrucosa Ehrh. i, 2 — pubescens, Ehrh. 2, 4 Alnus glutinosa, Medic. 1—4 'Carpinns Betulus, L. 2 Corylus Avellana, L. 1—4 Quercus Robur, L. 1-4 a. pedunculata (Ehrh.) 2, 3 b. intermedia (D. Don) 3 c. sessiliflora (Salisb.) 2—4 *Castanea sativa, Mill. 2, 4 Fagus sylvatica, L. 1-4 SALICINEAE Salix triandra, L. 3 — triandra X fragilis (decipiens, Hoffm.) 2 or 3 — triandra X viminalis (hippophaefolia, Wim. and Grab.) 3 — triandra X alba (undulata, Ehrh.) 3 — pentandra, L. 2 — fragilis, L. 2, 3 — alba, L. 3 b. vitellina, L. 3 — alba X fragilis (viridis, Fr.) — purpurea, L. 3 f. Lambertiana (Sm.). 2 — purpurea X viminalis (rubra, Huds.) 3 „ „ f. Forbyana (Sm.) 3 — viminalis, L. 3 X Caprea (Smithiana, Willd.) (?) var. acuminata (Sm.) 2, 3 — Caprea, L. 1-4 — aurita, L. 1—3 — cinerea, L. 1-4 b. aquatica (Sm.) (?) 2 — repens, L. 2-4 Populus alba, L. 3 — canescens, Sm. — tremula, L. i, 3 *— nigra, 1-4 EMPETRACEAE Empetrum nigrum, L. 2 CERATOPHYLLEAE Ceratophyllum demersum, L. 2 (?), 3 MONOCOTYLEDONS HYDROCHARIDEAE Elodea canadensis, Michx. 1—4 Hydrocharis Morsus-ranae, L. 2, 3 Stsatiotes Aloides, L. i, 3 (?) ORCHIDEAE Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich, i, 3 Listera ovata, R. Br. 1—4 Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. 3 Cephalanthera ensifolia, Rich. I — pallens, Rich, i Epipactis latifolia, All. i, 3 — palustris, Crantz 1-4 BOTANY ORCHIDEAE (continued) Orchis pyramidalis, L. I, 3 — ustulata, L. I, 3 (?) — Morio, L. 1—4 — mascula, L. i, 3, 4 — incarnata, L. 1-3 — latifolia, L. (?) 3 — maculata, L. 1—4 Ophrys apifera, Huds. 1,3,4 - muscifera, Huds. I Habenaria conopsea, Benth. I, 3 — viridis, R. Br. i, 3 — chloroleuca, Ridley 3 IRIDEAE Iris Pseudacorus, L. 1-4 b. acoriformis (Bor.) 2, 3 (?) Crocus vernus, All. 2, 3 — nudillorus, Sm. 2, 3 AMARYLLIDEAE •Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, L. 2, 3 'Galanthus nivalis, L. 1-3 DIOSCOREAE Tamus communis, L. 1-4 LlLIACEAE [Ruscus aculeatus, L.] Polygonatum multiflorum, All. i * — officinale, All. i or 2 Convallaria maialis, L. 2 Allium vineale, L. 2, 3 c. compactum (Thuill.). 3 — oleraceum, L. I, 2 [ — carinatum, L.] (?) 3 (?) — - ursinum, L. 1—3 Scilla festalis, Salisb. 1-4 "Ornithogalum nutans, L. 2 or 3 — umbellatum, L. 1,2 Tulipa sylvestris, L. 3 Gagea fascicularis, Salisb. I, 3 Colchicum autumnale, L. I or 2, 3 [Narthecium ossifragum, Huds. (?)]. 4 Paris quadrifolia, L. 1,3. JUNCACEAE Juncus bufonius, L. 1—3 — squarrosus, L. 2, 4 — compressus, Jacq. 1—3 — inflexus, L. (glaucus, Leers) 1-4 — effusus, L. 1—3 — conglomerate, L. 1-4 — bulbosus, L. (supinus, Moench) 2 — obtusiflorus, Ehrh. 1-3 — articulatus, L. (lamprocarpus, Ehrh.) 1-3 — acutiflorus, Ehrh. 1—3 Juncoides pilosum, O. Kuntze (Luzula vernalis, DC.) 1,3 — sylvaticum, O. Kuntze (L. maxima, DC.) i, 3 — campestre, O. Kuntze (L. campestris, DC.) 1-4 — multiflorum, Druce (L. erecta, Desv.) 2-4 b. congesta (L. congesta, Lej.) 2 TYPHACEAE Typha latifolia, L. 1-4 — angustifolia, L. i, 2(?), 3 Sparganium erectum, L. (ramosum, Huds.) 1-4 — simplex, Huds. 1—4 — minimum, Fr. i, 2 AROIDEAE Arum macula turn, L. 1—4 Acorus Calamus, L. 1—3 LEMNACEAB Lemna trisulca, L. 1—3 — minor, L. 1—4 — gibba, L. 2, 3 — polyrrhiza, L. 2, 3 ALISMACEAE Alisma Plantago, L. 1—4 — ranunculoides, L. 1—3 Sagittaria sagittifolia, L. 1—4 Butomus umbellatus, L. 1-4 NAIADACEAE Triglochin palustre, L. 1-3 Scheuchzeria palustris, L. 2 or 3 Potamogeton natans, L. 1-4 — coloratus, Hornem. i — heterophyllus, Schreb. 2 - falcatus, Fryer 2 - lucens, L. 1,3 — praelongus, Wulf. 2, 3 - perfoliatus, L. 1-4 - crispus, L. 1-3 - Cooperi, Fryer 3 — densus, L. 1,2 — zosteraefolius, Schum. 1-4 — Friesii, Rupr. i, 3 — pusillus, L. 1—3 - pectinatus, L. 1-3 - flabellatus, Bab. (interruptus, Kit.) 1-3 Zannichellia palustris, L. 1,3 CYPERACEAE Eleocharis palustris, R. Br. 1-4 — multicaulis, Sm. I Scirpus caespitosus, L. — setaceus, L. 2, 3 — lacustris, L. 1-3 — Tabernameontani, Gmel. I -3 — maritimus, L. 2 — sylvaticus, L. 1—3 - Caricis, Retz. 1-3 Eriophorum vaginatum, L. 2 — angustifolium, Roth 2, 3 — latifolium, Hoppe I Schoenus nigricans, L. 1,2 Carex dioica, L. 1,2 — pulicaris, L. 1,3 — disticha, Huds. 3 — teretiuscula, Good. 2 — paniculata, L. i, 2 — vulpina, L. 1-4 — muricata, L. 1—4 [ — divulsa, Good.] 2 or 3 (?) — echinata, Murr. 2, 3 59 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE CVPERACKAE (continued') Carex remote, L. 1-4 — curta, Good. 2 — leporina, L. (ovalis, Good.) 2—4 — data, All. (Hudsonii, A. Benn. ; stricta, Good.) — acuta, L. 3 var. gracilescens, Almq. 3 — Goodenovii, J. Gay 2, 3 - flacca, Schreb. 1-4 - digitata, L. I — pilulifcra, L. 2 - verna, Chaix i, 3 — pallescens, L. 3 — panicea, L. 1—3 — pendula, Huds. I, 3 - sylvatica, Huds. I, 3, 4 - binervis, Sm. 4 - distans, L. 2, 3 - fulva, Good. (?) I - flava, L. 1-3 var. Oederi, Retz. - hirta, L. 1-3 - Pseudo-cyperus, L. 1-4 - acutiformis, Ehrh. 1-4 var. Kochiana, Gaud. I - riparia, Curt. 2, 3 - rostrata, Stokes 1—3 - vesicaria, L. I GRAMINEAE [P.micum Crus-galli, L.] 3 [Setaria viridis, Beauv.] 3 [ — glauca, Beauv.] 3 [Phalaris canariensis, L.] 1-3 - arundinacea, L. 1—4 Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. 1-4 Alopecurus myosuroides, Huds. 3 - geniculatus, L. 1—4 - pratensis, L. 1—4 Milium effusum, L. 1,3 Phleum pra tense, L. 1—4 Agrostis canina, L. 3 - palustris, Huds. I, 3 — vulgaris, With. 2, 3 var. nigra (With.) I Calamagrostis epigeios, Roth I, 3 - lanceolata, Roth I, 3 Apera Spica-venti, Beauv. 2 — interrupta, Beauv. 3 Aira caryophyllea, L. 2, 3 — praecox, L. 2, 3 [Weingaertneria canescens, Bernh.] Deschampsia caespitosa, Beauv. 1—4 — flexuosa, Trin. 1-4 Holcus moll is, L. 1—4 — lanatus, L. 1—4 Trisetum pratense, Pers. 1-4 Avena pubescens, Huda. I, 3, 4 — pratensis, L. I * — strigosa, Schreb. 3 or 4 * — fatua, L. 3 Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv. 1—4 Sieglingia decumbens, Bernh. 1,3 Phragmites communis, Trin. 2-4 Cynosurus cr is tat us, L. 1—4 Koeleria cristata, Pers. 1-3 60 GRAMINEAE (continued) Molinia varia, Schrank I, 2, 4 Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv. 1-3 Melica montana, Huds. (nutans, Lon. Cat., ed. ix) i — nutans, L. (uniflora, Retz.) i, 3 Dactylis glomerata, L. 1-4 Briza media, L. 1—4 Poa annua, L. 1-4 — nemoralis, L. I, 3 — compressa, L. i, 3 — pratensis, L. 1-3 var. strigosa (Gaud.) 3 — trivialis, L. i, 3 Glyceria fluitans, R. Br. 1-3 — plicata, Fr. 3 — aquatica, Sm. 1—4 — distans, Wahl. I, 3 Festuca rigida, Kunth i, 2 — Myuros, L. 3 — sciuroides, Roth 2, 3 — ovina, L. 1—3 — rubra, L. 3 var. fallax, Thuill. i — elatior, L. 1—3 var. pratensis, Huds. i, 3 X Lolium perenne (F. loliacea, Huds.) 3 Bromus giganteus, L. 1-3. — ramosus, Huds. i, 3, 4 — erectus, Huds. I, 3 [ — tectorum, L.]. 3 - sterilis, L. 1—3 — secalinus, L. 3, 4 — racemosus, L. 3 - commutatus, Schrad. 3 — mollis, L. 1—4 - arvensis, L. 3 Brachypodium gracile, Beauv. i, 3, 4 — pinnatum, Beauv. I, 3, 4 Lolium perenne, L. 1—4 *var. italicum (Braun) 2, 3 — temulentum, L. 3 Agropyron caninum, Beauv. 1—3 — repens, Beauv. 1—4 Nardus stricta, L. 2, 4 Hordeum sylvaticum, Huds. i — nodosum, L. (H. secalinum, Schreb., H. pra- tense, Huds.) I, 3, 4 — murinum, L. 1-4 GYMNOSPERMAE CONIFERAE Juniperus communis, L. 3 (?) Taxus baccata, L. 1—4 *Pinus sylvestris, L. 2 PTERIDOPHYTA FlLICES Pteris aquilina, L. 1-4 Blechnum spicant, With. (Lomaria Spicant, Desv.) 2-4 Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum, L. 1—3 — Trichomanes, L. 1-3 — Ruta-muraria, L. 1-3 BOTANY FILICES (continued?) Athyrium Filix-foemina, Roth 1—4 Ceterach officinarum, Willd. 3 Phyllitis Scolopendrium, Greene (Scolopendrium vulgare, Symons) 1—3 Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. i, z Polystichum lobatum, Presl. 1—3 b. aculeatum, Syme 1-4 — angulare, Presl. Lastrea Thelypteris, Presl. 2 — Oreopteris, Presl. z — Filix-mas, Presl. 1—4 b. affinis, Bab. — cr is tat a, Presl. z — uliginosa, Newm. z — spinulosa, Presl. 1—4 — dilatata, Presl. 1-4 b. tanacetifolia, Moore I f. dumetorum, Moore I (?), 2 d. collina, Bab. i, 4 FILICES (continued') Polypodium vulgare, L. 1-4 Osmunda regalis, L. i (?)— 4 Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. i, 3, 4 Botrychium Lunaria, Sw. 1-3 EQUISETACEAE Equisetum maximum, Lam. 1—3 — arvense, L. 1—4 — sylvaticum, L. 3 — palustre, L. 1—3 — limosum, L. 3 b. fluviatile, L. 2 — hyemale, L. i, 3 LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium Selago, L. z — inundatum, L. z — clavatum, L. z MOSSES The earliest references to the mosses of Nottinghamshire occur in the second edition of Ray's Synopsis, published in 1696. In this work Ray describes for the first time as British species Aulacomnium androgynum and Encalypta vulgaris, which had been sent to him by ' Mr. Pool, a mercer in Nottingham,' and ' a diligent enquirer into Natural History.' Practically, however, the foundations of our knowledge of the moss flora of the county were laid by Deering, whose Catalogus Stirpium, etc., published in 1738, contains references to forty-three identifiable species. Nearly all of these still occur, but two of them, Ptycbomitrium polyphyllum and Ginclidotus fontinalioides, the first possibly a mistake, have not been seen by any more recent observer. The Botanical Calendars by Thomas Jowett, which appeared in a Nottingham newspaper during 1826, give localities for a large number of mosses, including most of those mentioned by Deering. Among the numerous species recorded for the first time was the so-called ' Luminous Moss' (Scbistostega osmundacea)^ found abundantly in the sandstone caves on Nottingham Forest, on a site now occupied by the Church Cemetery. About this time considerable interest seems to have been taken in this group of plants, and in 1833 Dr. Howitt and Wm. Valentine, F.L.S., commenced the publication of a work entitled Muscologia Nottinghamiensis, consisting of dried specimens of mosses with descriptive text. Three fasciculi, each containing eight species, were issued, but the work then came to an abrupt termination. Six years later, in his Nottinghamshire Flora, Dr. Howitt enumerates all the species then known to occur in the county, adding to the records of Deering and Jowett a considerable number discovered by Valentine and himself. Up to the present time this has remained practically the only available source of information respecting the mosses of the county. 61 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Some attention has been paid by the present writer to the moss flora of Nottinghamshire, and has resulted in the discovery of a considerable number of species not previously recorded. On the other hand, no fewer than forty of the 134 species given in Hewitt's Flora still await re-discovery. A large proportion of these should certainly turn up again, but it is probable that some few were errors of identification. It is scarcely likely, for instance, that such species as Dicranella secunda, Dicra- noiveisia crispula, Dicranum /ongtfo/ium, Anoectangium compactum, and Ortbo- thecium rufescens ever really occurred in the county. The moss flora of Nottinghamshire cannot be considered at all a rich one, only 192 species together with some two dozen well-marked varieties having as yet been recorded. The entire absence of the older Palaeozoic and of igneous rocks, and the almost total absence of bog, combined with the low elevation of the county, largely account for this comparative poverty. Sphagna are rare as the natural result of the draining of the bogs in which they formerly flourished, and the few patches that still remain are confined to the margins of the streams that run through the reclaimed bog-land. The most noteworthy species is Sphagnum fallax, which has only recently been recorded as a British species. The Magnesian Limestone is by far the most productive formation for mosses in Nottinghamshire, as many as 136 species occurring upon it, and forty-three of these have not as yet been found elsewhere in the county. The best localities are Creswell Crags, Pleasley Vale, and the old lime- stone quarries about Worksop, Warsop, Mansfield, Kirkby, and Bulwell. Among the more noteworthy species are ; Tetraphis pellucida^ abundant on tree stumps and banks at Pleasley Vale and elsewhere ; Pottia bryoides ; Pottia Heimii, a maritime species first found by the Rev. A. Thornley on a brick wall at South Leverton in the Trent Valley, and subsequently by the writer in a magnesian limestone quarry at Worksop ; Tortula aloides and T. marginata at Creswell Crags and other localities ; Earbula gracih's, gathered by Mr. C. T. Musson, F.L.S., on a magnesian limestone wall at Sutton in Ashfield, on 19 April, 1886 ; Weisia tenuis, abundant on a vertical face of rock in a stone quarry at Mansfield ; Zygodon Mougeotii at Creswell Crags ; Bryum pendulum and B. pseudo-triquetrum at Mansfield, etc. ; Mnium subglobosum at Sutton in Ashfield ; Eurhynchium pumilum at Creswell Crags, and E. megapolttanum near Newstead ; Plagiothecium depressum at G rives Wood, Kirkby ; Amblystegium irriguum and Hypnum Sendtneri in quarries about Worksop. On the Bunter sandstone about thirty species are found which are peculiar to this formation. Most of the Sphagna are confined to it ; Dicranum montanum occurs in the Birklands, Sherwood Forest ; Rhacomi- trium heterostichum on a vertical face of sandstone in the Church Cemetery at Nottingham ; the beautiful ' luminous moss ' (Schistostega osmundacea] is still to be found in the caves in the Church Cemetery where Jowett and Howitt first noticed it over eighty years ago ; Bryum roseum, one of the handsomest of British mosses, grows abundantly by the stream at Budby in Sherwood Forest ; Erachythecium salebrosum has been gathered near 6a BOTANY Bawtry ; and Hypnum cordifolium occurs along the Rainworth Water, as well as on the Keuper marl at Leverton, where it was discovered by the Rev. A. Thornley. The Keuper marl and Lias clays possess few distinctive mosses, Fissidens exi/is, Tortu/a paplllosa^ Earbula lurida^ Welsia squarrosa, Mnium stellare and Erachytheclum illecebrum being among the more interesting Keuper species, while Earbula recuruifo/ia has only been found on the Lias at Gotham. In the following list of the mosses of Nottinghamshire, the arrange- ment and nomenclature of Dixon's Handbook of British Mosses are adopted, except that in the genus Sphagnum Horrell's European Sphagnaceae has been followed. Species whose occurrence rests solely on the authority of Howitt and earlier botanists are distinguished by the addition of the name of the observer. For all others the present writer is responsible, and it may be well to mention that specimens of all these species (excepting the Sphagna) have been submitted to Mr. E. M. Holmes, and in the case of all obscure forms to Mr. H. N. Dixon also ; no doubtful species has been admitted to the list, and the identifications may therefore be regarded as authoritative. The Sphagna were kindly named by Mr. E. C. Horrell. SPHAGNACEAE acutifolium, Ehrh. (Howitt and Sphagnum Bohler) 2 — subnitens, Russ. and Warnst., var. pallescens, Warnst. 2 — squarrosum, Pers. (Valentine) 2 — fallax, Kling. 2. — cuspidatum, Ehrh. (J. Bohler) 2 — recurvum, R. and W., var. mucronatum, Warnst. 2 — compactum, DC. (Howitt) 2 — rufescens, Warnst. 4 — cymbifolium, Warnst., var. Warnst. 2 var. pallescens, Warnst. 4 — papillosum, Lindb., var. sublaeve, Limpr. TETRAPHIDACEAE Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw. I, 3 glaucescens, PoLYTRICHACEAB Catharinea undulata, Web. and Mohr var. minor, W. and M. 2, 3 var. Haussknechtii, Dixon I Polytrichum nanum, Neck. (Howitt) — aloides, Hedw. I, 2 — urnigerum, L. (Howitt) 2 — piliferum, Schreb. 2 — juniperinum, Willd. 2—4 — formosum, Hedw. 3 — commune, L. 1—4 DlCRANACEAE Pleuridium axillare, Lindb. 3 — subulatum, Rabenh. (Howitt) Ccratodon purpureus, Brid. 1-4 '-4 DICRANACEAE (continued) Dichodontium pellucidum, Schimp. 3 Dicranella heteromalla, Schp. 1-4 — secunda, Lindb. (Jowett) - varia, Schp. 1-3 Dicranoweisia cirrhata, Lindb. 2, 3 - crispula, Lindb. (Howitt) I, 2 Campylopus flexuosus, Brid. 2 Dicranum Bonjeani, De Not. 2, 4 — scoparium, Hedw. 1-4 var. paludosum, Schp. I, 4 var. spadiceum, Boul. 2 — montanum, Hedw. 2 — longifolium, Ehrh. (Howitt) I Leucobryum glaucum, Schp. 2, 4 FlSSIDEXTACEAE Fissidens exilis, Hedw. 3 — viridulus, Wahl. I, 3 — incurvus, Starke I, 3, 4 — bryoides, Hedw. I, 3 — adiantoides, Hedw. I, 2 — taxifolius, Hedw. I, 3, 4 GRIMMIACEAE Grimmia apocarpa, Ehrh. 3 — pulvinata, Sm. 1—4 Rhacomitrium heterostichum, Brid. 2 — canescens, Brid. (Valentine and Howitt) 2 Ptychomitrium polyphyllum, FUrnr. (Deering only) Hedwigia ciliata, Ehrh. (Valentine) 2 ToRTULACEAE Acaulon muticum, C.M. (Howitt) 2 Phascum cuspidatum, Schreb. 3 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE TORTULACEAE (continued') Pottia recta, Mitt. (Valentine) z - bryoides, Mitt. I, 3 — Heimii, Ftlrnr. i, 3 — truncatula, Lindb. 2, 3 — intermedia, Fttrnr. I — mmutula, Ftlrnr. (Valentine) — Starkeana, C.M. (Valentine) — lanceolata, C.M. \, 3 Tortulla pusilla, Mitt. (Valentine) i, 3 — ambigua, Angstr. I — aloides, De Not. I, 3 — marginata, Spruce i — mur.ilis, Hedw. 1-4 var. rupestris, Schultz I - subulata, Hedw. 1-3 — laevipila, Schwgr. i, 2 — intermedia, Berk. I — ruralis, Ehrh. 3 — papillosa, Wils. 3 Barbula lurida, Lindb. i, 3 - rubella, Mitt, i, 4 var. dentata, Schp. i — tophacea, Mitt. I, 3 - fallax, Hedw. i, 3 var. brevifolia, Schultz I — recurvifolia, Schp. 4 - rigidula, Mitt. I, 3 — cylindrica, Schp. I, 3 — sinuosa, Braithw. i — gracilis, Schwgr. i - Hornschuchiana, Schultz 2, 3 - revoluta, Brid. i — convoluta, Hedw. i — unguiculata, Hedw. i, 3 var. cuspidata, B. and S. 1,3 Weisia crispa, Mitt. (Valentine) — squarrosa, C. M. 3 - microstoma, C.M. (Valentine) 3 — verticillata, Brid. i — viridula, Hedw. 1-3 var. amblyodon, B. and S. 3 — tenuis, C.M. i Cinclidotus fontinalioides, P. Beauv. (Deering only) i, 3 ENCALYPTACEAE Encalypta vulgaris, Hedw. i, 2 — streptocarpa, Hedw. i ORTHOTRICHACEAE Anoectangium compactum, Schwgr. (Howitt) i Zygodon Mougeotii, B. and S. i Ulota crispa, Brid. (Valentine and Howitt) I, 2 Orthotrichum anomalum, Hedw., var. saxatile, Milde I — leiocarpum, B. and S. (Howitt) — Lyellii, H. and T. (Howitt) 2 — affine, Schrad. I — rivulare, Turn. (Howitt) I — diaphanum, Schrad. i, 3, 4 SCHISTOSTEGACEAE Schistostega osmundacea, Mohr 64 SFLACHNACEAE Splachnum ampullaceum,L.(Jowett and Howitt) 2 FUNARIACEAE Ephemerum serratum, Hpe. (Valentine) Physcomitrella patens,B. and S. (Valentine, 1837) 3 Physcomitrium pyriforme, Brid. I, 3 Funaria hygrometrica, Sibth. i -4 var. calvescens, B. and S. i MEESIACEAE Aulacomnium palustre, Schwgr. 2 — androgynum, Schwgr. 1—4 BARTRAMIACEAB Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw. 2 Philonotis fontana, Brid. (Howitt) BRYACEAE Leptobryum pyriforme, Wils. 1-3 VVebera nutans, Hedw. I, 3, 4 — carnea, Schp. 1-3 — albicans, Schp. 2 Bryum pendulum, Schp. i — pallens, Sw. i, 2 — bimum, Schreb. 2 — pseudo-triquetrum, Schwgr. i, 2 — pallescens, Schleich. I (?), 3 (?) — affine, Lindb. i — intermedium, Brid. I — caespiticium, L. I, 3 — capillare, L. 1-4 — atropurpureum, W. and M. (bicolor, Dicks.) >, 3 — argenteum, L. 1-3 — roseum, Schreb. 2 Mnium affine, Bland., var. elatum, B. and S. 2 var. rugicum, B. and S. 2 — cuspidatum, Hedw. i, 3 — rostratum, Schrad. 1—4 — undulatum, L. 1—3 — hornum, L. 1-4 — stellare, Reich, i, 3 — punctatum, L. I, 2, 4 var. elatum, Schp. i — subglobosum, B. and S. I FONTINALACEAE Fontinalis antipyretica, L. I, 3 CRYPHAEACEAE Cryphaea heteromalla, Mohr (Valentine) 3 NECKERACEAE Neckera crispa, Hedw. (Howitt) i — pumila, Hedw. (Valentine and Bakewell) 3 — complanata, Hubn. i, 3 Homalia trichomanoides, B. and S. I LEUCODONTACEAB Leucodon sciuroides, Schwgr. (Valentine and Howitt) i Porotrichum alopecurum, Mitt, i, 3 BOTANY LESKEACEAB Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. (Howitt) I, 3 Anomodon viticulosus, H. and T. 1,3 Thuidium tamariscinum, B. and S. 1-4 HVPNACEAB Climacium dendroides, W. and M. 1—3 Orthothecium rufescens, B. and S. (Jowett and Eddison) I Camptothecium sericeum, Kindb. 1-4 — lutescens, B. and S. I, 2, 3 or 4 Brachythecium albicans, B. and S. (Howitt) — salcbrosum, B. and S. 2 — rutabulum, B. and S. 1-4 — rivulare, B. and S. 3 — velutinum, B. and S. I, 3, 4 — plumosum, B. and S. 2 or 3 — illecebrum, De Not. 3 — purum, Dixon 1-4 Eurhynchium piliferum, B. and S. 1,2 — praelongum, Hobk. 1-4 var. Stokesii, Brid. 2 or 3 — Swartzii, Hobk. 1-3 — pumilum, Schp. i, 3 — tenellum, Milde I, 2 or 3 — myosuroides, Schp. (Eddison) I — myurum, Dixon (Eddison) I — stria turn, B. and S. 3, 4 — rusciformc, Milde I, 3 var. atlanticum, Brid. I — murale, Milde I, 2 var. complanatum, B. and S. I — confertum, Milde I, 3, 4 HYPNACBAH (continued) Eurhynchium megapolitanum, Milde I Plagiothecium depressum, Dixon I — denticulaturn, B. and S. 1—4 — sylvaticum, B. and S. 1-3 — undulatum, B. and S. I, 2, 4 Amblystegium serpens, B. and S. 1—4 — varium, Lindb. 2 or 3 — irriguum, B. and S. I — filicinum, De Not. I, 3 Hypnum riparium, L. I, 2 — stellatum, Schreb. I — chrysophyllum, Brid. I • — aduncum, Hedw. I, 3 — Sendtneri, Schp. I — fluitans, L. 1,3 — exannulatum, Gttmb. I — revolvens, Sw. 3 - commutatum, Hedw. I — cupressiforme, L. 1-4 var. resupinatum, Schp. I, 3 „ filiforme, Brid. 3 „ minus, Wils. 3 „ ericetorum, B. and S. 1,2 — molluscum, Hedw. I, 3 or 4 — palustre, Huds. I, 3 — cordifolium, Hedw. z, 3 — cuspidatum, L. 1—4 — Schreberi, Willd. I, 2 Hylocomium splendens, B. and S. 1—3, 4 (?) — loreum, B. and S. (Howitt) 2 — squarrosum, B. and S. 1-4 — triquetrum, B. and S. I, 3 LIVERWORTS AND SCALE MOSSES HEPATICAE The Liverworts of Nottinghamshire are only imperfectly known, few local botanists having made them the object of serious study. The earliest local observer of these plants was Charles Deering, who in his Catalogus Stirpium (1738) includes eight species, viz.: — Frullania dilatata, Radula complanata, Cephalozia bicuspidata, Lopbocolea bidentata, Plagiochila asplenioides, Marchantia polymorpha^ Conocepbalus conicus, and Reboulia bemisphaerica. The correctness of the last record may perhaps be questioned, but the others are all more or less common and widely distributed. Jowett in 1826 only added a single species to Deering's list, this being Cephalozia (Odontoschisma] sphagni, which he found growing among Sphagnum obtusifolium in Oxton Bogs. This does not appear to have been noticed by any later observer. In Howitt's Flora (1839) Pellia epiphylla and Metzgeria pubescent are given on the authority of Mr. W. Valentine and Mr. R. Bakewell respectively. The former species is abundant everywhere in damp places at the present day, and the latter has recently been gathered at Creswell Crags. Howitt himself added four new species, viz. Kantia trichomanis, Nardia scalaris, Aneura pinguis and Metzgeria furcata ; of these the first and last are fairly i 65 9 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE common, Aneura is abundant in a quarry at Linby, but Nardia has not recently been found. Four additional species occur in a list of the plants of Sherwood Forest by John Bohler;1 these are Cephalozia conni'vens, Scapania nemorosa, Blasia pusilla, and Lunularia cruciata. The last-named is one of our commonest liverworts, and it is difficult to account for its omission from the works of Deering, Jowett, and Howitt. During the last five or six years many new species have been found to occur in the county, but many more doubtless remain to be discovered. At best, however, our hepatic-flora cannot be otherwise than a poor one, owing to the absence from the county of the conditions most favourable to the growth of these plants. It is therefore not altogether surprising that of the 220 or so species recorded for the British Islands, we should at present be able to claim only about forty. In the list which follows all species to which no observer's name is attached have been collected recently by the present writer, whose specimens have all been examined and their identity certified by Mr. D. McArdle. Frullania Tamarisci, Dum. (H. Fisher) - dilatata, Dum. Radula complanata, Dum. Porella platyphylla, Lindb. Blepharozia ciliaris, Dum. Lepidozia reptans, Dum. (H. Fisher) Kantia trichomanis, Gr. and B. Cephalozia bicuspid.ita, Dum. - connivens, Spruce (Bohler) - Sphagni, Spruce (Jowett) - divaricata, Dum. (Fisher) Scapania nemorosa, Dum. (Bohler) Diplophyllum albicans, Dum. Lophocolea bidentata, Dum. - cuspidata, Limpr. - heterophylla, Dum. Chilocyphus polyanthos, Dum. Pedinophyllum interruptum, Lindb.1 Plagiochila asplenioides, Dum. var. humilis, Lindenb. Jungermania riparia, Tayl. Jungermania inflata, Huds. (Fisher) — turbinata, Raddi f. acutiloba, Spruce (= Jung. corcyracea,Nees) — capitata, Hook. (Fisher) — ventricosa, Dicks. Nardia scalaris, Gr. and B. (Howitt) Fossombronia pusilla, Dum. (Fishei) Blasia pusilla, L. (Bohler) Pellia epiphylla, Lindb. - calycina, Tayl. Aneura multifida, Dum. — pinguis, Dum. Metzgeria pubescens, Raddi - furcata, Dum. Marchantia polymorpha, L. Conocephalus conicus, Dum. Reboulia hemisphaerica, Raddi (Deering, Howitt, Bohler) Not seen recently 3 Lunularia cruciata, Dum. Ricciella fluitans, Braun ALGAE CHARACEAE (Stonworts) The Characeae of Nottinghamshire have not been systematically worked out, and only five species are certainly known to occur in the county. These are Chora fragilis, Desv., which grows in ponds and canals in the magnesian limestone district ; C. contraria, Kuetz., found in a pond at Sutton in Ashfield, and, like the first-named species, now placed on record for the first time ; C. bispida, L., first recorded by Deering, and of rather frequent occurrence ; C. vu/garis, L., also noticed by Deering, and common in canals and ponds, with, occasionally, its variety longibracteatat 1 In White's Worksop, the Dukery, and Sherwood forest, 1875. 1 This hepatic, which is rare as a British species, was collected at Creswell Crags, on 17 April, 1899. 1 Is it possible that the following species (Lunularia cruciata) was meant f 66 BOTANY Kuetz. ; and Nitella Jiexilis, Ag., first found by Jowett at Bulwell, and recorded by Messrs. Groves as collected by Mr. H. Searle near Work- sop, in 1885. Tolypella glomera ta should certainly be found with us, as it grows in a pond just over the county border in Derbyshire. 7*. intricata also has occurred in Yorkshire, close to the Nottinghamshire boundary. Of the Algae, other than Characeae, practically nothing is known ; they have not been seriously studied by a single Nottinghamshire botanist, and only a few species which, by their abundance, force them- selves upon the notice of the collector of other aquatic plants, or are looked for on account of their beauty as microscopic objects, have had any chance of being recorded. Vofoox globator occurs in abundance in ponds in certain localities ; desmids and diatoms of many and varied kinds may be found in profusion in suitable places, and species of Zygnema, Spirogyra, Oedogonium, etc., are common. Cladophora glomerata is abundant in canals ; Prasiola crispa and Enteromorpha intestinalis are not uncommon. Chroolepus aureus is sometimes quite a feature of damp rock faces in magnesian limestone quarries. Nostoc occurs in extraordinary abundance in the stream in Shireoaks Park, and on damp ground in various places. Batrachospermum moniliforme has occurred in the lake at Newstead Abbey, and the curious Hildenbrandtia rivu/aris, which covers stones in streams with blood-red incrustations, is found in the River Poulter at Elksley near Retford, and probably elsewhere in North Nottinghamshire. LICHENS A few species of Lichens were recorded by Deering in 1738, and a century later Howitt, in his Nottinghamshire F/ora, gave localities for many additional species, largely on the authority of Messrs. Deakin and Bohler. No more recent worker seems to have touched these plants, and the list which follows is taken almost entirely from Howitt's work. The names and arrangement adopted are those of Crombie's British Lichens, as far as published, i.e., up to and including Urceolaria scruposa ; the remaining species are given under the names they bear in Leighton's Lichen Flora. Collema cheileum, Ach. — nigrescens, Ach. Leptogium lacerum, Gray — palmatum, Mont. Calicium hyperellum, Ach. — quercinum, Pers. Sphaerophorus coralloides, Pers. Baeomyces rufus, DC. Cladonia pyxidata, Fr. — fimbriata, Fr. — gracilis, Hoffm. — furcata, Hoffm. — squamosa, Hoffra. - delicata, Florke — coccifera, Schaer. — deformis, Hoffm. - macilenta, Hoffm. Cladina rangiferina, Nyl. — uncialis, Nyl. Ramalina farinacea, Ach. — fraxinea, Ach. — fastigiata, Ach. Usnea hirta, Hoffm. Cetraria aculeata, Fr. Platysma glaucum, Nyl. Evernia prunastri, Ach. — furfuracea, Fr. Parmelia saxatilis, Ach. — omphalodes, Ach. — caperata, Ach. — olivacea, L. (?) — physodes, Ach. Lobaria pulmonaria, Hoffm. Peltigera canina, Hoffm. 67 Peltigera rufescens, Hoffm. — spuria, Leight. - polydactyla, Hoffm. - horizontalis, Hoffm. Physcia parietina, De Not. — ciliaris, DC. — pulverulenta, Nyl. — stellaris, Nyl. subsp. tenella, Nyl. — ulothrix, Nyl., var. virella. Cromb. Lecanora saxicola, Ach. — laciniosa, Nyl. — vitellina, Ach. — citrina, Ach. — aurantiaca, Nyl. — cerin.i, Ach. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Lecanora sophodes, Ach. — exigua, Nyl. — subfusca, Nyl. (?) - albella, Ach. — sulphurea, Ach. — varia, Ach. — atra, Ach. — parella, Ach. — coccinea, Cromb. — calcarea, Somm. Pertusaria globulifera, Nyl. — amara, Nyl. — velata, forma aspergilla, Cromb — communis, DC. Pertusaria Wulfenii, DC. — lutescens, Lamy Phlyctis agelaea, Koerb. Thelotrema lepadinum, Ach. Urceolaria scruposa, Ach. Lecidea dubia, Borr. — quernea, Dicks. — parasema, Ach. — coarctata, Sm. — canescens, Dicks. — Lightfootii, Sm. — anomala, Fr. — lutea, Dicks. — incompta, Borr. Lecidea abietina, Ach. Opegrapha herpetica, Ach., f. rufescens, Pers. — atra, Pers. — varia, Pers. — lyncea, Sm. Stigmatidium crassum, Duby(r) Arthonia epipasta, Ach. Graphis elegans, Sm. (?) — scripta, Ach. (?) Verrucaria epidermidis, Ach. — cinerea, Pers. — punctiformis, Ach. — nitida, Weig. FUNGI The Mycology of Nottinghamshire has until quite recently been a much neglected study, and although various references to the fungi of the county exist, the records chiefly occur in obscure publications which are not readily accessible and are almost unknown to the majority of workers in the subject. Our previous knowledge of this interesting group of cryptogamic plants has been greatly augmented by the work done in Sherwood Forest in September, 1897, by the members of the British Mycological Society; indeed, the collections made on this occa- sion have furnished the greater part of the material for the list which follows. The earliest writer on local fungi was the talented Nottingham physician, botanist, and historian, Charles Deering, who, in his remark- able work Catalogus Stirpium, etc., published in 1738, enumerates some 100 or more species as occurring in the neighbourhood of Nottingham. In the absence of figures or descriptions it is, however, impossible in the great majority of cases to determine with any certainty the modern equivalents of Deering's names ; and his records, with a few exceptions, do not therefore appear in the subjoined list. During the next hundred years a few references to fungi appear in local works, the most important being those by Thomas Jowett, a Not- tingham surgeon, who, under the pseudonym of ' II Rosajo,' published a series of 'Botanical Calendars' in the Nottingham Journal for 1826. Those of his records which can be determined without any doubt are here included. In 1832 and 1833 the eminent mycologist M. J. Berkeley seems to have spent some time in Nottinghamshire, and noticed a number of fungi, several of which were new to science. These he describes in his work on British fungi which forms vol. v, part 2, of Smith's "English Flora. Nothing further seems to have been done until 1875, in which year John Bohler contributed to White's Worksop, TheDukery, and Sherwood Forest an extensive list of the fungi of that district ; and a further account of the mycology of North Nottinghamshire is given by the Rev. Hilderic Friend in the Transactions of the Nottingham Naturalists' Society for 1886. 68 BOTANY In this paper most of Bohler's records are repeated, and a number of new species noted. In September, 1897, the British Mycological Society held its annual meeting at Worksop, and devoted four days to the systematic investiga- tion of the fungi of Sherwood Forest, with the result that some 250 species were added to the fungus-flora of the district. All the specimens gathered on this occasion were identified by Mr. George Massee, Dr. C. B. Plow- right, or Mr. Carleton Rea, B.C.L., M.A., who were present at the meeting. Lists of the species found were drawn up for me by Mr. C. Rea, Mr. A. Clarke, and Mr. C. T. M. Plowright, and to these gentlemen my thanks are due. To Mr. Rea especially I am indebted, not only for his valuable assistance on this occasion, but also for naming all my subsequent gatherings of fungi from the neighbourhood of Nottingham, many of which had not previously been found in the county. A detailed list, with localities and authorities, of the Nottingham- shire basidiomycetous fungi will be found in the Transactions of the Nottingham Naturalists' Society for 1897—8. A few later additions have been incorporated in the present list. The arrangement and nomenclature adopted are those of Mr. G. Massee in his British Fungus Flora, excepting that the Uredineae, etc., which are not included in that work, are arranged as in Dr. C. B. Plow- right's British Uredineae and Ustilagineae : — BASIDIOMYCETES GASTROMYCETES Scleroderma vulgare, Fr. — verrucosum, Pers. — bovista, Fr. (?) Cyathus striatus, Hoffm. — vernicosus, DC. Crucibulum vulgare, Tul. Sphaerobolus stellatus, Tode Lycoperdon excipuliforme, Scop. — saccatum, Vahl — gemmatum, Batsch — pyriforme, Schaeff. — perlatum, Pers. — caelatum, Bull. — bovista, L. — plumbeum, Pers. — nigrescens, Vitt. — pusillum, Fr. Geaster Bryantii, Berk. — limbatus, Fr. — fornicatus, Fr. Tulostoma mammosum, Fr. (?) Ithyphallus impudicus, Fisch. Mutinus caninus, Fr. HYMENOMYCETES Auricularia mesenterica, Fr. Hirneola auricula-judae, Berk. Exidia glandulosa, Fr. BASIDIOMYCETES (cont.) BASIDIOMYCETES (cont.) HYMENOMYCETES (cont.) Exidia albida, Bref. Ulocolla foliacea, Bref. Tremella frondosa, Fr. — mesenterica, Retz. — viscosa, Berk. — versicolor, Berk. — tubercularia, Berk. — sarcoides, Sm. (The conidial stage of Ombrophila sar- coides) Dacryomyccs deliquescens, Duby — stillatus, Nees Calocera viscosa, Fr. Clavaria fastigiata, L. — muscoides, L. — coralloides, L. — cinerea, Bull. — cristata, Holmsk. — rugosa, Bull. — Kunzei, Fr. — crocea, Pers. (?) — fragilis, Holmsk. — uncialis, Grev. — pistillaris, L. Pistillaria tenuipes, Mass. Coniophora olivacea, Mass. — sulphurea, Mass. — puteana, Mass. Thelephora palmata, Fr. 69 HYMENOMYCETES (cont.) Thelephora terrestris, Ehrh. — laciniata, Pers. Soppittiella sebacea, Mass. - crustacea, Mass. Peniophora quercina, Cooke — gigantea, Mass. - rosea, Mass. — incarnata, Mass. — ochracea, Mass. — cinerea Cooke — velutina, Cooke Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Lev. Corticium sebaceum, Mass. — lacteum, Fr. — leve, Pers. — arachnoideum, Berk. — sambuci, Fr. — lactescens, Berk. — sanguineum, Fr. — coeruleum, Fr. — lividum, Pers. — comedens, Fr. Stereum hirsutum, Fr. — purpureum, Pers. — sanguinolentum, Fr. — rugosum, Fr. Craterellus cornucopioides, Pers. Cyphella capula, Fr. Solenia anomala, Fr. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE BASIDIOMYCETES (coat.) BASIDIOMYCETES (cant.) HYMENOMYCETKS (coat.) Hydnum repandum, L. - zonatum, Batsch — coralloides, Scop. — ochraceum, Pers. — viride, Fr. — udum, Fr. — niveum, Pcrs. - farinaceum, Pers. Caldesiella ferruginosa, Sacc. Irpex obliquus, Fr. Radulum orbiculare, Fr. — quercinum, Fr. Phlebia merismoides, Fr. Grandinia granulosa, Fr. Porothelium Stevenson!, B. & Br Merulius lachrymans, Fr. — molluscus, Fr. — corium, Fr. Daedalea quercina, Pers. — unicolor, Fr. Trametes serpens, Fr. Poria vaporaria, Fr. - vulgaris, Fr. (?) - medulla-panis, Fr. - hibcrnica, B. & Br. - blcpharistoma, B. & Br. - terrestris, Yr. - purpurea, Fr. Polystictus perennis, Fr. - versicolor, Fr. - velutinus, Fr. - abietinus, Fr. Fomes lucidus, Fr. - ulmarius, Fr. - applanatus, Wallr. - connatus, Fr. - fomentarius, Fr. - igniarius, Fr. - salicinus, Fr. - fraxineus, Fr. - annosus, Fr. - conchatus, Fr. Polyporus lentus, Berk. - rufescens, Fr. — squamosus, Fr. - elegans, Fr. - giganteus, Fr. - sulphureus, Fr. — - dryadeus, Fr. - hispidus, Fr. - quercinus, Fr. (?) - betulinus, Fr. - adustus, Fr. - caesius, Fr. — spumeus, Fr. — pallescens, Fr. — fragilis, Fr. — armeniacus, Berk. Fistulina hepatica, Fr. Boletus luteus, L. — elegans, Schum. - flavus, With. — chrysenteron, Fr. HYMENOMYCETES (coat.) Boletus subtomentosus, L. — impolitus, Fr. — variecolor, B. and Br. — castaneus, Bull. — badius, L. — piperatus, Bull. — bovinus, L. — granulatus, L. — pachypus, Fr. — edulis, Bull. — crassus, Mass. — satanas, Lenz. — luridus, Schaeff. „ var. erythropus, Fr. — felleus, Bull. — laricinus, Berk. — scaber, Fr. „ var. aurantiacus, Bull. — versipellis, Fr. Coprinus comatus, Fr. — atramentarius, Fr. — niveus, Fr. — micaceus, Fr. - macrocephalus, Fr. (?) — domesticus, Fr. — ephemerus, Fr. — plicatilis, Fr. Anellaria separata, Karst. — fimiputris, Karst. Panaeolus papilionaceus, Fr. — campanulatus, L. Psathyrella gracilis, Fr. - atomata, Fr. - disseminata, Pers. Gomphidius glutinosus, Schaeff. • — viscidus, Fr. Psathyra corrugis, Pers. - semivestita, B. and Br. Psilocybe semilanceata, Fr. „ var. caerulescens, Cke. — spadicea, Fr. — foenisecii, Pers. Hypholoma sublatcritium, Schaeff. — fasciculare, Huds. — elaeodes, Fr. — lachrymabundum, Fr. — velutinum, Pers. — pyrotrichum, Holmsk. — appendiculatum, Bull. — hydrophilum, Bull. Stropharia aeruginosa, Curt. — albo-cyanea, Desm. — inuncta, Fr. — coronilla, Bull. — squamosa, Fr. — semiglobata, Batsch Agaricus campestris, L. „ var. silvicola, Vitt. — arvensis, Schaeff. — silvaticus, Schaeff. — haemorrhoidarius, Schulz. — comptulus, Fr. 70 BASIDIOMYCETES (coat.) HYMENOMYCETES (font.) Agaricus xanthodermus, Genev. Paxillus lepista, Fr. — involutus, Fr. — atro-tomentosus, Fr. Cortinarius (Hygrocybe) leuco- pus, Bull. — (Hygrocybe) obtusus, Fr. — (Telamonia) hinnuleus, Fr. „ flexipes, Fr. „ hemitrichus, Fr. „ rigidus, Fr. — (Dermocybe) caninus, Fr. „ lepidopus, Cke. „ sanguineus, Fr. — (Inoloma) violaceus, L. „ alboviolaceus, Fr. „ pholideus, Fr. - (Myxacium) elatior, Fr. — (Phlegmacium) varius, Fr. „ caerulescens, Fr. „ purpurascens, Fr. Tubaria furfuracea, Pers. Flammula carbonaria, Fr. - flavida, Schaeff. — inopoda, Fr. — • sapinea, Fr. — picrea, Fr. Galera tenera, Schaeff. — hypnorum, Batsch - mniophila, Lasch. Naucoria melinoides, Fr. — badipes, Fr. — escharoides, Fr. Hebeloma fastibile, Fr. — mesophaeum, Fr. — crustuliniforme, Bull. Inocybe pyriodora, Pers. — incarnata, Bres. — flocculosa, Berk. — rimosa, Bull. — asterospora, Quel. — eutheles, B. and Br. — geophylla, Fr. Bolbitius fragilis, Fr. Pholiota praecox, Pers. — radicosa, Bull. — pudica, Fr. — aurivella, Batsch — spectabilis, Fr. — adiposa, Fr. - mutabilis, Schaeff. — marginata, Batsch — unicolor, Fl. Dan. Claudopus variabilis, Pers. Clitopilus prunulus, Scop. — orcella, Bull. — mundulus, Lasch. Leptonia lampropoda, Fr. — serrulata, Fr. — chloropolius, Fr. — formosa, Fr. Nolanea pascua, Pers. — nigripes, Trog. BOTANY BASIDIOMYCETES (cont.) HYMBNOMYCETES (cont.) Entoloma prunuloides, Fr. — jubatum, Fr. — sericellum, Fr. — majale, Fr. - costatum, Fr. - sericeum, Fr. — nidorosum, Fr. Pluteus cervinus, Schaeff. „ var. patricius, Schulz. „ var. eximius, Saund. & Sm. Volvaria speciosa, Fr. — gloiocephala, DC. Lenzites betulina, Fr. — flaccida, Fr. Panus stypticus, Fr. Lentinus cochleatus, Fr. Cantharellus cibarius, Fr. — aurantiacus, Fr. — carbonarius, Fr. — umbonatus, Fr. — infundibuliformis, Fr. — retirugus, Fr. Nyctalis parasitica, Fr. — asterophora, Fr. Hygrophorus (Hygrocybe) ce- raceus, Wulf. — (Hygrocybe) cocci neus, Schaeff. miniatus, Fr. puniceus, Fr. conicus, Fr. chlorophanus, Fr. psittacinus, Schaeff. — (Camarophyllus) nemoreus, Fr. „ pratensis, Fr. „ virgineus, Wulf. „ niveus, Fr. „ ovinus, Bull. — (Limacium) eburneus, Bull. „ cerasinus, Berk. Pleurotus dryinus, Pers. — ostreatus, Jacq. — applicatus, Batsch Omphalia hydrogramma, Fr. — pyzidata, Bull. — campanella, Batsch, var. badi- pus, Fr. — grisea, Fr. — fibula, Bull. „ var. Swartzii, Fr. Clitocybe nebularis, Batsch — clavipes, Pers. — odora, Sow. — rivulosa, Pers. - cerrusata, Fr. - candicans, Pers. - dealbata, Sow. — gallinacea, Scop. — decastes, Fr. - fumosa, Pers. - gigantea, Sow. — infundibuliformis, Schaeff. BASIDIOMYCETES (cont.) HYMENOMYCETES (cont.) Clitocybe incilis, Fr. — geotropa, Bull. — tuba, Fr. — cyathiformis, Bull. — brumalis, Fr. — fragrans, Sow. — Sadleri, Berk. Laccaria laccata, Scop. Lactarius torminosus, Schaeff. — turpis, Fr. — insulsus, Fr. — blennius, Fr. — trivialis, Fr. — chrysorrheus, Fr. — acris, Fr. — piperatus, Fr. — vellereus, Fr. — deliciosus, Fr. — pallidus, Fr. - quietus, Fr. — aurantiacus, Fr. — • theiogalus, Bull. — rufus, Scop. — glyciosmus, Fr. — fuliginosus, Fr. — serifluus, Fr. — mitissimus, Fr. — subdulcis, Fr. • — • camphoratus, Fr. Russula Integra, Fr. - vitellina, Fr. (?) - lutea, Fr. - nitida, Fr. „ var. cuprea, Cke. — aurata, Fr. — puellaris, Fr. — nigricans, Fr. - adusta, Fr. — • delica, Fr. — heterophylla, Fr. — azurea, Brcs. — virescens, Fr. — furcata, Fr. — lepida, Fr. — vesca, Fr. — depallens, Fr. — cyanoxantha, Schaeff. — fellea, Fr. — rubra, Fr. — drimeia, Cke. — ochroleuca, Fr. — granulosa, Cke. — foetens, Fr. — consobrina, Fr. „ var. sororia, Fr. — sardonia, Fr. — emetica, Fr. — rosacea, Fr. — sanguinea, Fr. — fragilis, Fr. „ var. nivea, Cke. „ var. violacea, Quel. „ var. fallax (Cke.) 71 BASIDIOMYCETES (cont.] HYMENOMYCETES (cont.) Mycena capillaris, Fr. — rorida, Fr. — vulgaris, Pers. — epipterygia, Scop. — galopoda, Fr. — sanguinolenta, A. and S. — vitilis, Fr. — amicta, Fr. — • iris, Berk. — Slopes, Bull. — paupercula, Berk. — alcalina, Fr. — ammoniaca, Fr. — stanneus, Fr. — vitrea, Fr. — rugosa, Fr. — galericulata, Scop. - polygramma, Bull - lactea, Pers. - luteoalba, Bolt. - flavoalba, Fr. - pura, Pers. Collybia radicata, Relh. — longipes, Bull. - platyphylla, Fr. — fusipes, Bull. — maculata, A. and S. - butyracea, Bull. — velutipes, Fr. - vertiruga, Cookc — confluens, Pers. - conigena, Pers. - tuberosa, Bull. - nummularia, Bull. - tenacella, Pers. - acervata, Fr. - dryophila, Bull. - ambusta, Fr. Marasmius peronatus, Fr. — oreades, Fr. — erythropus, Fr. - calopus, Fr. — Vaillantii, Fr. (?) - ramealis, Fr. — rotula, Fr. - androsaceus, Fr. — insititius, Fr. - epiphyllus, Fr. Tricholoma albobrunneum, Pers. — rutilans, Schaeff. — columbetta, Fr. - imbricatum, Fr. - terreum, Schaeff. - saponaceum, Fr. — cuneifolium, Fr. — crassifolium, Berk. — sulphureum, Fr. — carneum, Bull. — album, Schaeff. — personatum, Fr. — nudum, Bull. — panaeolum, Fr. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE BASIDIOMYCETES (cont.) HYMENOMYCETES (cont.) Tricholoma melaleucum, Pers. „ var. polioleucus, Fr. — sordidum, Fr. Armillaria mellea, Vahl — mucida, Schrad. Lepiota prominens, Viv. — procera, Scop. „ var. rachodes, Mass. „ var. puellaris, Mass. — gracilenta, Kromb. — felina, Pers. — metulaespora, B. and Br. — cristata, A. and S. — carcharias, Pers. — granulosa, Batsch Amanitopsis vaginata, Roze „ var. fulva, Schaeff. Amanita recutita, Fr. - phalloides, Fr. - mappa, Fr. — pantherina, Fr. - muscaria, Fr. — rubescens, Fr. — nitida, Fr. HYPHOMYCETES Trichoderma lignorum, Harz. (The conidial stage of Hyfocrea rufa) Aspergillus glaucus, Link. Penicillium glaucum, Link. Sepedonium chrysospermum, Fr. Ramularia lapsanae, Sacc. Torula pulveracea, Corda Zygodesmus fuscus, Corda Bispora monilioides, Corda Helminthosporium fusisporum, Berk. Stilbum tomentosum, Schr. — fimetarium, B. and Br. Isaria farinosa, Fr. (The conidial condition of Cordicefs mili- taris) Tubercularia vulgaris, Tode — granulata, Pers. — nigricans, Link. ASCOMYCETES Ascomyces deformans, Berk. — turgidus, Phil. Hysterographium fraxini, De Not. Hypoderma commune, Duby — conigenum, Cke. Coccomyces dentatus, Sacc. Coccophacidium pini, Rehm. Rhytisma acerinum, Fr. — salicina, Fr. — urticae, Fr. Cryptomyces aurcus, Mass. ASCOMYCETES (cont.) Cenangium furfuraceum, De Not. Bulgaria polymorpha, Wett. Ombrophila sarcoides, Karst. Mollisia lignicola, Phil. — stramineum, B. and Br. — cinerea, Karst. Helotium herbarum, Fr. Ciboria ochroleuca, Mass. Chlorosplenium aeruginosum, De Not. Tapesia sanguinea, Fckl. Lachnea scutellata, Gill — vitellina, Gill Dasyscypha virginea, Fckl. — clandestina, Fckl. — corticalis, Mass. Geopyxis coccinea, Mass. Peziza sepiatra, Cke. Otidea leporina, Fckl. — pleurota, Phil. — cochleata, Fckl. — aurantia, Mass. Helvella crispa, Fr. Leotia lubrica, Pers. Morchella crassipes, Pers., var. Smithiana (Cke.) — conica, Pers. Mitrula viride, Karst. Spathularia clavata, Sacc. Geoglossum glabrum, Pers. — difforme, Fr. — hirsutum, Pers. PYRENOMYCETES Sphaeria pulvispyrius, Pers. [A long list of species of Sphaeria is given by Bohler, but as only the above- named species has been definitely determined by later workers it is thought best to omit the others here] Hypoxylon fuscum, Fr. Xylaria polymorpha, Grev. — hypoxylon, Grev. — digitata, Grev. Dothidea spp. [several are men- tioned byBohler but require confirmation before they can be definitely accepted] Nectria cinnabarina, Fr. Hypocrea rufa, Fr. Claviceps purpurea, Tul. PHYCOMYCETES Mucor mucedo, L. Spinellus fusiger, V. T. Pilobolus crystallinus, Tode Cystopus candidus, Lev. — cubicus, De B. 72 PHYCOMYCETES (cont.) Phytophthora infestans, De B. and other species are re- corded by Bohler Empusa muscae, Colin. UREDINEAE1 Uromyces fabae (Pers.) (U. appendiculata, L6v., Tri- chobasis fabae, Lev., Puc- cinia fabae, Link.) — polygon! (Pers.) — trifolii (A. and S.) (Tri- chobasis fallens, Cke.) — valerianae (Schum.) (Lecy- thea valerianae, Berk., Aecidium valerianacearum, Duby) — poae, Rahb. (Aecidium fica- riae, Pers.) — rumicis (Schum.) (Uredo bifrons, Grev.) On Ru- mex Acetosa — alchemillae (Pers.) (Uredo alchemillae, Pers., Uro- myces intrusa, Lev.) On Akhemilla vuigaris — scrophulariae (DC.). (Puc- cinia scrophulariae, Lev.) — ficariae (Schum.) — scillarum (Grev.) (U. con- centrica, LeV.) On Scilla festalis Puccinia galii (Pers.) (Tri- chobasis galii, Lev., Puc- cinia galiorum, Link.) On Asperula odorata - calthae, Link. (P. calthae and Aecidium calthae, Grev.) — lapsanae (Schultz) (P. and Aec. lapsanae, Purt., Tri- chobasis lapsanae, Fckl.) — pulverulenta, Grev. (Aec. epilobii, DC., Trichobasis epilobii, Berk.) On Efi- kbla — violae (Schum.). (Aec. violae Schum., Trichobasis vio- larum, Berk., Puccinia vio- larum, Link.) — pimpinellae (Strauss) (Tri- chobasis heraclei, Cke.) — menthae, Pers. (Aec. men- thae, DC., Trichobasis labiatarum, Lev.) — primulae (DC.). (Aec. pri- mulae, DC.) — saniculae, Grev. (P. saniculae and Aec. saniculae, Carm.) * The whole of the records of Ure- dineae and Ustilagineae rest upon the authority of Messrs. Bohler and Friend. BOTANY UREDINEAE («»/.) Puccinia graminis, Pers. (Tricho- basis linearis, Lev., Aeci- dium berberidis, Pers.) Teleutospores on corn, aecidiospores on barberry (Herberts vulgaris) — coronata, Corda (Aec. eras- sum, Pers.) . Aecidiospores on buckthorn — rubigo-vera (DC.) (Tricho- basis, Lev., Puccinia stra- minis, De B.) — poarum, Niel. (Aec. com- positarum, Mart., var. tus- silaginis, Pers.). Aecidio- spores on coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) — caricis (Schum.) (Trich. caricina, Berk., Puccinia striola, Link., Aec. urticae, DC.) — sylvatica, SchrOt. (Aec. cora- positarum, var. taraxaci, Grev.). On Taraxacum qfficinale — suaveolens (Pers.) (Tricho- basis, Lev.) — bullata (Pers.) (Trichobasis conii, Strauss., T. cynapii, DC., T. petroselini, Cke., Puccinia umbelliferarum, DC., P. conii, Fckl.) — hieracii (Schum.) (P. hier- acii and P. composita- rum, Schl., Trich. hieracii, Schum.) — centaureae, Mart. — taraxaci, Plowr. (P. vari- abilis, Grev.) — polygon!, Pers. (P. poly- gonorum, Link.) — oblongata (Link.) (P. luzulae, Lib., Trich. oblongata, Berk.) — lychnidearum, Link. (Puce. & Trich. lychnidearum, Lev.) — tragopogi (Pers.) (Aec. tra- gopogi, Pers., Puce, sparsa, Cke.). On goatsbeard (Tragopogon). — betonicae (A. and S.) — campanulae, Carm. On harebell (Campanula rotun- difilia) — aegopodii (Schum.) On gout weed (Aegopodium Pod- agraria) — fusca (Relh.) (P. anemones, Pers.). On wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa) — adoxae, DC. On moschatel (Adoxa) — senecionis, Lib. — glomerata, Grev. UREDINEAE (cmt.) Puccinia arenariae (Schum.) (P. moehringiae, Fckl.) — chrysosplenii, Grev. On golden saxifrage (Chryso- ipknium alternifiRuni) — valantiae, Pers. On GaRum cruciata — malvacearum, Mont. — circaeae, Pers. — veronicarum, DC. — glechomatis, DC. — cardui, Plowr. (P. syngene- siarum, Link.) — buxi, DC. Triphragmium ulmariae (Schum.) (T. and Uromyces ulma- riae, LeV.). On meadow- sweet (Spiraea Ulmaria) Phragmidium tormentillae, Fckl. (P. obtusatum, Fr., Uredo potentillarum, DC.). On strawberry, barren straw- berry, etc. — rubi (Pers.) (P. bulbosum, Fr., Lecythea ruborum, Lev.) Phragmidium subcorticatum (Schrank.). (P. mucro- natum, Fr., Coleosporium pingue, Lev., Lecythea rosae, Lev.) — rubi-idaei (Pers.) (P. gra- cile, Berk.) Xenodochus carbonarius,Schlecht. (X. carbonarius and Lecy- thea poterii, LeV.) Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.). (Roestelia can- cellata, Reb.) On pear — clavariaeforme (Jacq.). (Roe- stelia lacerata, Tul.). On hawthorn — juniperinum (Linn.). (Roe- stelia cornuta, Tul.). On mountain ash Melampsora helioscopiae (Pers.) (M. euphorbiae, Cast., Lecythea euphorbiae, Lev.) — lini (Pers.). (Lecythea lini, Berk.). On Linum cathar- ticum — farinosa (Pers.). (M. salicina, Lev., Lecythea caprearum, Berk.) — epitea, Thum. (Lecythea epitea, LeV.) — mixta (Schlecht.). (Lecy- thea mixta, Schlecht.) — vitellinae (DC.). (Lecythea saliceti, Lev.) — tremulae, Tul. — populina Qacq.) (M. popu- lina and Lecythea populina, Lev.) 73 UREDINEAE («»/.) Melampsora hypericorum (DC.) (Uredo hypericorum, DC.) — betulina (Pers.) — circaeae (Schum.). On Cir- •caea lutetiana Coleosporium senecionis (Pers.) (Peridermium pini, Chev., on fir. Col. senecionis on Senecio lyhaticus) — sonchi (Pers.). (C. sonchi- arvensis, LeV., C. tussila- ginis, Lev., C. petasitis, Lev.). On Soncbus, Tussi- lago, and Petasites — campanulae (Pers.) On Campanula rotundifofia Uredo quercus, Brond. Sher- wood Forest (Brittain) Caeomamercurialis(Pers.). (Ure- do confluens. DC.) On Mercurialis perennis ^Ecidium grossulariae (Gmel.) — periclymeni, Schum. — punctatum, Pers. (Aec. quadrifidum DC.). On a garden anemone — leucospermum, DC. On Anemone nemorosa USTILAGINEAE Ustilago longissima (Sow.) - hypodytes, Fr. — segetum (Bull.) (U. carbo, Tul.) - bromivora, Waldh. — • utriculosa, Tul. — violacca (Pers.). (U. anther- arum, Fr.) Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) (T. caries, Tul.) Urocystis agropyri (Preuss.) — anemones (Pers.) — violae (Sow.) Entyloma ranunculi (Bon.) (Gloeosporium ficariae Berk.) Tubercinia scabies, Berk. On potatoes MYXOMYCETES ' Ceratiomyxa mucida, Schroeter Badhamia hyalina, Berk. — utricularis, Berk. — panicea, Rost. 1 This list is drawn up from the material collected in Sherwood Forest by the members of the British Myco- logical Society, and by the present writer chiefly in the neighbourhood of Nottingham. A few north Notts, records by Messrs. Bohler and Friend are also included. 10 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE MYXOMYCETES (com.) Physarum nutans, Pers., and var. leucophaeum (Fr.) Craterium pedunculatum, Trent. Diachaea elegans, Fr. Didymium difforme, Duby — farinaceum, Schrad. — nigripes, Fr., and var. xanthopus (Fr.) — effusum, Link. Spumaria alba, DC. MYXOMYCETES («»/.) Stemonitis fusca, Roth Comatricha obtusata, Preuss. Brefeldia maxima, Rost. Cribraria intricata, Schrad. Tubulina fragiformis, Pers. Reticularia Lycoperdon, Bull. Trichia favoginea, Pers. — scabra, Rost. (Massee, Man. Myx., p. 192.) — varia, Pers. MYXOMYCETES (coat.) Trichia fallax, Pers. — Botrytis, Pers. Hemitrichia Serpula, Rost. Arcyria punicea, Pers. — incarnata, Pers. — flava, Pers. Prototrichia flagellifera, Rost (Massee, Man. Myx., p. 130.) Lycogala miniatum, Pers. ZOOLOGY MOLLUSCS The soil of Nottinghamshire is not as a whole favourable to the de- velopment of molluscan life, the bed-rock of the greater portion being sandstone, while the drifts that cover it are not particularly rich in car- bonate of lime. Along the western borders of the county, however, where the Permian limestones occur, the land-snails are abundant ; whilst the streams everywhere, and especially the canals, are rich in fresh- water forms. Altogether 108 species, out of the 139 known to occur in the British Isles, have been recorded, and one or two more may yet be looked for. In this list Hygromia revelata is not included ; the record of examples said to have been found at Stanton-on-the- Wolds by Mr. E. J. Lowe being obviously due to some error of observation. Pomatias elegans is also omitted as not indigenous now, though a single subfossil example was found at Scarthing Moor in a superficial deposit. Limncea glabra has been inserted, though there is some doubt as to its actual occurrence at the present day, only a single specimen having been met with. Some forms, which have only been found in the rejectamenta of streams, are added because they are all small species not easily found and probably occur living in the area. One of these last, Acantbinula lamellata^ is an interesting species that once spread as far south as the Channel, it having been found in a pleisto- cene deposit at West Wittering on the coast of Hampshire, but to-day it does not occur further south than Reading, in the neighbourhood of which a single example was found a short time ago. The occurrence of this pretty little species imparts a slightly northern quality to the otherwise typically British assemblage. An introduction of note is Stenogyra goodalli^ a West Indian form that occurs in hot-houses where it has been introduced in the soil with plants. It was first observed in this country and described from hot- houses at Bristol by Miller ; it has since been found at Kew Gardens and in nurseries in other parts of the country. Mr. Pearson obtained it at Chilwell near Nottingham feeding on the roots of the bulbs of Eucbaris. Two other introductions were obtained in 1883 from Mr. Thacker's orchid house on Blue Bell Hill, Nottingham, where they occurred plentifully in moss around orchids. 75 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE The one is an Opeas, a form closely allied to Sfenogyra, and is very likely the 0. c/avu/us, Per., of Mauritius, while the other is Zonitoides minusculus, a widely distributed North American and West Indian form. The literature on the molluscan fauna of Nottinghamshire is some- what scattered and spread over many years, but the two latest papers, which collect very nearly all previous information on the subject, are those by Mr. W. A. Gain (British Naturalist, 1893) and Mr. B. Sturges Dodd (in A Contribution to the Geology and Natural History of Nottingham- shire, 8vo, 1893). A. GASTROPODA I. PULMONATA a. STYLOMMATOPHORA Testacella matigii, Fer. Welbeck — baliotldca, Drap. Carlton-on-Trent — scutu/um, Sby. Welbeck Abbey gardens Limax maximuSj Linn. — flavus, Linn. — arborum, Bouch.-Chant. Agriolimax agrestis (Linn.) — laruis (Mull.) Amalia sowerbii (Fer.) Highfield House, near Nottingham — gagatfs (Drap.) Tuxford Vitrina pellucida (Mttll.) Vitrea crystallina (Mttll.) - alliaria (Miller) — glabra (Brit. Auct.) — cellaria (Mttll.) — nitidula (Drap.) — pura (Aid.) — radiatula (Aid.) — excavata (Bean) Clifton ; Attenborough — — nitida (Mttll.) — fuha (Mttll.) Arion ater (Linn.) — circumicriptus, John. Hunger Hill Gar- dens, Nottingham — subfuscm (Drap.) Tuxford ; West Mark- ham Punctum pygnueum (Drap.) Pyramidula rupestris (Drap.) — rotundata (Mall.) HeKcella virgata (Da C.) — itala (Linn.) Newark ; Stanton ; Al- verton ; Gotham — caperata (Mont.) — cantiana (Mont.) Near Newark ; Stanton Hygromia fusca (Mont.) Rare : Highfield House estate — granulata (Aid.) — hispida (Linn.) — rufescens (Penn.) Rare : Highfield House estate 76 Acantbinula aculeata (Mttll.) — lamellata (JefF.) Rejectamenta of stream near Mansfield Vallonla pukhella (Mttll.) Helidgona lapidda (Linn.) Debdale, Mans- field ; Cresswell Crags ; etc. — arbustorum (Linn.) Helix aspersa, Mttll. — nemoralh, Linn. — hortensis, Mall. Bu/iminus obscurus (Mttll.) Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.) Azeca tridens (Pult.) Rare ; Pleasley Vale ; Highfield House estate ; Cresswell Crags Ctecllianella acicula (Mttll.) Pupa secale, Drap. Nottingham Castle — angllca (F6r.) Grives Wood, Kirkby- in-Ashfield ; Highfield House — cylindracea (Da C.) — muscorum (Linn.) Spbyradtum edentulum (Drap.) Vertigo antivertigo (Drap.) tubstriata (JefF.) Rare : Haggonfields, Worksop ; Bingham Moor ; Highfield House estate ; Cresswell — pygm°<* P«rk ; Burton Joyce — tridentiferus (Tullb.). Generally distributed and — nrnetaria (Linn.). Nottingham, under flower-pots very common 'n garden Lepidocyrtus curvicollis, Bourlet. Nottingham (in cellar of house) ACHORUTIDAE — lanugmosus (Gmel.). Widmerpool ; Burton Joyce, etc. Achorutes viaticus (Linn.).1) etc. Achorutes viaticus (Linn.). ^ ., , , , . /r_ ... . „ .. T. L i /T • \ I Abundant under a board cyaneus (Tullb.). Strelley. Lipura ambulans (Linn.). } . L • i- /T • \ \ • • T> nu in a garden at Bramcote tomobrya nivahs (Linn.). ^ ... .. ,. ., , — mermis, Tullb. ) — muscorum (Nic.). I AU generaiy di ited Neannii mnKornm (Temri.) Mapperley Park ; Bas- . .. . v „,'„, . and fairly common ,. , \ r / rr j — multifasciata (Tullb.). ) ' ford, etc. ORTHOPTERA The British insects of this order belong to the families Forficulldae (Earwigs), Blattidae (Cockroaches), Acridiidae (Grasshoppers), Locustidae (Green Grasshoppers), and Gryllidae (Crickets). The remarkable Praying insects (Mantidae) and Stick and Leaf insects (Phasmidae\ which also belong to this order, are unrepresented in the British Islands. In Nottinghamshire the Orthoptera have hitherto received very little attention, and only sixteen species are on record for the county. Even of this small number we can only claim ten as truly native species, all our local Blattidae having been introduced by human agency. We have two members of the Forficulidae, the common and the lesser earwigs. The former is strictly nocturnal in its habits, and is remarkable for the fact that although possessed of most beautiful and elaborate wings it apparently rarely or never uses them, while the lesser earwig may often be seen flying freely in the daylight. The truly British species of Cockroaches, belonging to the genus Ectobia, are only three in number, and none of these have so far been detected in Nottinghamshire. They are relatively small insects found among dry leaves and moss and about the undergrowth in woods. The other species which are found here attach themselves to human habitations, greenhouses, and other places where artificial warmth is provided ; of these the common cockroach or ' black-beetle,' found only too abundantly in kitchens and bake- houses, is the most familiar ; but several other species occur, having been introduced with vegetable or other produce from abroad. The Grasshoppers (Acridiidae] are also well-known insects, both on account of their jumping powers and their cheerful chirping notes ; we possess most of the commoner species. Two species of the migratory locusts (Acridium aegyptlum and Schistocerca peregrma) have occurred in the county, the latter apparently as a voluntary immigrant, the former as a mere casual imported with fruit. On the other hand, the Locustidae and Gryllidae are very poorly represented in Nottinghamshire, only two species of the former and one of the latter group having as yet been found. A nearly complete list with localities and authorities is given by Mr. Eland Shaw in the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine for April, 1903, and forms the basis of the list which follows. FORFICULIDAE Earwigs Labia minor, Linn. Nottingham and RetforJ districts Forficula auricularia, Linn. This, the common earwig, is abundant everywhere BLATTIDAE Cockroaches Periplaneta americana, Linn. Worksop (J. T. Hough- Stylopyga decorata, Brunner. This handsome species ton) — an accidental importation — has been taken at — australasiae, Fab. In greenhouses at Wiseton Worksop by Mr. J. T. Hough ton (E. Shaw) Panchlora exoleta, Klug. Nottingham and Worksop, Stylopyga orientalis. The common cockroach or I9°3 » probably brought from the West Indies ' black-beetle ' is abundant in bananas 80 Stenobothrus viridulus, Linn. — bicolor, Charp. — parallelus, Zett. Gomphocerus maculatus, Thunb. INSECTS ACRIDIIDAE Grasshoppers All of these have and is supposed to have been imported with been taken in bananas from the Canary Isles various localities, Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv. This North African and are probably locust visited England in 1869, and was common through- taken in many English counties, including out the county. Nottinghamshire. (Roebuck in Naturalist, Acridium aegyptium, Linn. A fine specimen of this, 1876— 7, p. izgetseq.) the largest of the European Acridiidae, was Tettix bipunctatus, Linn. Burton Joyce and Ret- captured in Nottingham market-place in 1902, ford LOCUSTIDAE Green or Long-horned Grasshoppers Leptophyes punctatissima, Bosc. N. and S. Leverton ; Tresviell Wood ; Colston Bassett Meconema varium, Fab. Aspley and Tresivell Woods GRYLLIDAE Crickets Gryllus domesticus, Linn. The common cricket occurs in houses in Nottingham and Retford (and doubtless elsewhere) NEUROPTERA This order, as usually defined, is a somewhat heterogeneous assemblage of insects which are provided in most cases with two pairs of thin semi-transparent membranous wings with net-like venation. It includes among others the Stone-flies [Perlldae\ Dragon-flies (Odonata), May-flies (Ephemeridae), Alder-flies and Snake-flies (Sia/idaej, Scorpion-flies (Panorpidae), Lacewing-flies (Hemerobiidae), and Caddis-flies (Trichapttra). The Stone-flies may be known by the long narrow fore-wings and the much larger and broader hind-wings which are folded in repose. The larvae are aquatic, and found chiefly in swiftly-running streams and about waterfalls ; hence we have very few species in Nottinghamshire, where such conditions scarcely exist. The Dragon-flies are perhaps the best known of the Neuroptera, owing to their conspicuous colouring and rapid flight while hawking for insects in the sunshine. They are easily recognized by their large and very mobile head with tiny, bristle-like antennae, large eyes, long slender abdomen, and wings of nearly equal size, which have a transparent glassy appearance and cannot be folded when the insect is at rest. About a dozen species have been taken in the county. In the May-flies the fore-wings are very much larger than the hind-wings, which indeed are sometimes wanting ; the venation is very close and complex ; the antennae are very small, and the body bears at its hinder extremity two or three very long slender tails. The larvae are aquatic, but unlike the exclusively carnivorous stone-flies and dragon-flies their food is largely vegetable. The adult insect takes no food during its brief life. The Alder-flies (Sialides) have a squarish head, bearing a pair of rather long antennae ; the wings are similar in character, the hinder pair being rather the smaller ; in repose they meet together over the back like a roof, after the fashion of those of a noctuid moth. The larvae are aquatic and carnivorous. Stalls tutaria, a sober-looking insect with black body and pale brown wings, is very common amongst the vegetation about canals, slow streams, and ponds. The Snake- flies (Raphidiides) are easily recognized by the long constricted neck formed by the elongation of the prothorax and hinder part of the head. The larvae are terrestrial, living in rotten wood and feeding upon other insects. The Scorpion-flies (Panorpa) are distinguished by the prominent beak-like prolongation of the head, and — in the males — by the terminal segments of the abdomen being curved up like the tail of a scorpion. The antennae are long and slender, and the wings narrow and shining. The fore-wings are only slightly larger than the others. The larvae are terrestrial, very similar to those of the Saw-flies, and as well as the flies are carnivorous. The Hemeroiiidae, to which family the beautiful Lace-wing flies or ' golden eyes ' (Chrysopa) belong, are useful insects, inasmuch as the larvae feed exclusively on aphides or ' green fly,' whose juices they suck. The larvae of some of the species of both Hemerobius and Chrysopa have the curious habit of covering themselves with the empty skins of the aphides that they have sucked dry. The Caddis-flies have the wings clothed with hairs, a feature which at once distinguishes them from all other Neuroptera 5 in repose the wings meet at an angle, roof-like, over the back, and this i 81 ii A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE attitude combined with their hairy covering gives the insects a moth-like appearance. The hind- wings are rather shorter but broader than the fore-wings, and have a folding anal area. The antennae are many-jointed, long, and slender. Caddis-flies have very feeble powers of flight, and are never found far from water. The larvae are aquatic and inhabit cases, constructed by them- selves, of small stones or shells, grains of sand, bits of stems and leaves of water-plants, etc. ; their food is mainly vegetable, but they are probably insect-eaters also. The species enumerated in the subjoined lists have all been collected recently in Nottingham- shire, mostly by the Rev. Alfred Thornley (A.T.), Mr. Eland Shaw (E.S.), Miss Alderson (E.M.A.), Mr. J. T. Houghton (J.T.H.), and the present writer (J.W.C.). Very little attention has hitherto been given to these insects, and many more species will doubtless be added in the near future. NEUROPTERA-AMPHIBIOTICA PERLIDAE Chloroperla grammatica, Poda. Clumber (S. Pegler) Nemoura variegata, Oliv. North and South Leverton and Treswell Wood (A. T. and E. S.) — meyeri, Pict. S. Leverton (A. T.) — cinerea, Oliv. Worksop (E. M. A.) ; Bulwell (J.W.C.) ODONATA Sympetrum striolatum, Charp. Retford, Treswell Wood (A- T.) Libellula depressa, Linn. S. Leverton, Treswell Wood (A. T.) ; Widmerpool, Longford Moor (J. W. C.) - quadrimaculata, Linn. N. Leverton (E. S.) Aeschna cyanea, Mull. Treswell, S. Leverton, Stoke- ham (A. T.) ; SMreoaks (J. T. H.) - grandis, Linn. Chllwell (J. W. C.) Calopteryx virgo, Linn. Rainworth Water (Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain) — splendens, Harr. Treswell Wood (E. S.) ; Cottam, Rampton, Littlebonugh, Wollaton (J. W. C.) ODONATA (continued) Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz. Treswell Wood (A. T.) ; Shireoaks (J. T. H.) Ischnura elegans, Lind. Retford, S. Leverton (A. T.) ; Saundby (E. S.) ; Shireoaks (J. T. H.) ; Not- tingham district, common (J. W. C.) Agrion pulchellum, Lind. Saundby (E. S.) — puella, Linn. Common in the Retford (A. T. and E. S.), Worksop (J. T. H.), and Nottingham (J.W.C.) districts Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp. Shireoaks and Welleck (E. M. A.) EPHEMERIDAE Ephemera vulgata, Linn. Canal at Babtvorth (J. W. C.) - danica, Mtlll. Gonalston, Ollerton (J. W. C.) Cloeon dipterum, Linn. A', and S. Leverton (A. T.) — simile, Etn. Osberton (E. S.) ; Cossall (J. W. C.) Baetis vernus, Curt. Clifton Grove, near Nottingham (J.W.C.) NEUROPTERA-PLANIPENNIA SIALIDES HEMEROBIIDAE (continued) Sialis lutaria, Linn. Retford (A. T.) ; N. Leverton, Cottam (E. S.) ; Wollaton, Cossall, Trowell, Bul- viell, etc., common (J. W. C.) - fuliginosa, Pict. Eaton (J. W. C.) Raphidia notata, Fab. Clumber (E. M. A.) ; Tres- viell Wood (A. T.) ; Sherwood Forest (Rev. W. Becher) — xanthostigma, Schum. Worksop (E. M. A.) ; Treswell Wood (A. T.) ; LangfordMoor Q. W. C.) HEMEROBIIDAE HEMEROBIIDES Micromus paganus, Linn. Treswell Wood (A. T.) ; Shireoaks (J. T. H.) ; Clumber (E. M. A.) Hemerobius elegans, Steph. Burton Joyce (J. W. C.) ; Worksop (E.M.A.) — micans, Oliv. N. and S. Leverton (A. T.) ; Tres- well Wood (E. S.) ; Clumber and Shireoaks (E.M.A.) — humuli, Linn. S. Leverton (A. T.) ; Treswell Wood (E. S.) ; Wotksop (J. T. H.) ; Clumber (E. M. A.) — stigma, Steph. Worksop (E. M. A.) — subnebulosus, Steph. S. Leverton (A. T.) ; Work- top (J. T. H.) ; Nottingham (J. W. C.) — nervosus, Fab. 5. Leverton (A. T.) ; Shireoaks (J. T. H.) ; Worksop (E. M. A.) CHRYSOPIDES Chrysopa flava, Scop. — alba, Linn. N. and S. Leverton, Treswell Wood (A. T. and E. S.) ; Shireoaks Q.T.H.); Work- top (E. M. A.) Shireoaks (J. T. H.) ; Worksop S. Leverton (A. T.) ; Shireoaks N. Leverton (E. S.) ; Nottingham (J.W.C.); — tenella, Schnd. (E. M. A.) — vulgaris, Schnd. a- T. HO — septempunctata, Wesm. Shireoaks (J. T. H.) ; Worksop (E. M. A.) — aspersa, Wesm. S. Leverton (A. T.) ; Worksop (E. M. A.) — ventralis, Curt. S. Leverton (A. T.) ; Shireoaks (J.T. H.) — phyllochroma, Wesm. Shireoaks (J. T. H.) — perla, Linn. S. Leverton (A. T.) ; Treswell Wood (E. S.) ; LangfordMoor, Budby Carr 0-W.C.); Shireoaks (E. M. A.) PANORPIDAE Panorpa communis, Linn. S. Leverton, Treswell Wood (A. T.) ; Worktop (E. M. A.) ; Strelley, etc. (J.W.C.) — germanica, Linn. S. Leverton, (A. T.) ; Sherwood Forest, in Annesley (J. W. C.) Treswell Wood many places ; 82 INSECTS TRICHOPTERA INAEQUIPALPIA PHRYGANEIDAE Worksop (J. T. H.) ; Wid- Shireoaks (J. T. H.) ; Ret- Neuronia ruficrus, Scop. merpool (J. W. C.) Phryganea grandis, Linn. ford (A. T.) — varia, Fab. Shireoaks (J. T. H.) LlMNOPHILIDAE Grammotaulius atomarius, Fab. N. and S. Leverton (E. S.); Shireoaks (J. T. H.) ; Well™ (J. W. C.) Glyphotaelius pellucidus, Retz. S. Leverton, Treswell (E. S.) Limnophilus rhombicus, Linn. Shireoaks (J. T. H.) — flavicornis, Fab. S. Leverton (E. S.) — marmoratus, Curt. S. Leverton (A. T.) ; Shireoaks (J. T. H.) — lunatus, Curt. S. Leverton (A. T.) ; TV. Leverton, Cotton (E. S.) ; Shireoaks (J. T. H.) — politus, McLach. Cottam(E.S.'); Worksop (£..M. A.) — vittatus, Fab. S. Leverton, Treswell Wood (A. T.) ; N. Leverton (E. S.) — affinis, Curt. S. Leverton (A. T.) — auricula, Curt. N. and S. Leverton (A. T.) ; Shireoaks (J. T. H.) ; £ood Forest (Fowler, Ocyusa incrassata, Kr. J Brit. Coleop. ii, 40, 41) - picina, Aub6. Clumber (Pegler) Phloeopora reptans, Grav. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) - corticalis, Grav. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Chaster, Tomlin) Ocalea castanea, Er. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Homer) Ilyobatcs nigricollis, Payk. Sherwood Forest (Chaster) Chilopora longitarsis, Steph. Myrmedonia limbata, Payk. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 56) ; S. Leverton (Thornley) Astilbus canaliculatus, Fab. Callicerus rigidicornis, Er. Sherwood Forest (Chaster) Alianta incana, Er. S. Leverton (Thornley) Homalota vicina, Steph. — graminicola, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) — fungivora, Thorns. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) - nigella, Er. 5. Leverton (Thornley) - picipes, Thorns. N - aequata, Er. I Sherwood Forest (Blatch, Hor- - linearis, Grav. ( ner, Fowler, and others) - pilicornis, Thorns./ - circellaris, Grav. - immersa, Er. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. »> 94) - cuspidata, Er. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) - analis, Grav. - depressa, Gyll. S. Leverton, on walls (Thornley) — aeneicollis, Sharp. Sherwood Forest (Blatch, Horner, etc.) — xanthoptera, Steph. - euryptera, Steph. — trinotata, Kr. — xanthopus, Thorns. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) — fungicola, Thorns. STAPHYLINIDAE (continued) Sherwood Forest (Blatch, Horner, and others) Homalota ignobilis, Sharp — boletobia, Thorns. — humeralis, Kr. — gagatina, Baudi — divisa, Maerk. — nigricornis, Thorns. — ravilla, Er. — corvina, Thorns. t — sericea, Muls. — subtilis, Scriba. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — indubia, Sharp. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) — atricolor, Sharp. Abundant under elm bark in Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — germana, Sharp — celata, Er. — canescens, Sharp — cauta, Er. • — setigera, Sharp — macrocera, Thorns., — atramentaria, Gyll. — cadaverina, Bris. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and others) Sherwood Forest (Blatch) Sherwood Forest — marcida, Er. j — longicornis, Grav. — sordida, Marsh. — aterrima, Grav. — muscorum, Bris. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — pilosiventris, Thorns. Sherwood Forest, under bark (Blatch) — fungi, Grav. - cribrata, Kr. ? Sherwood Forest (Horner) Falagria sulcata, Payk. — obscura, Grav. Autalia impressa, Ol.) p, , _ .„ .. . - rivularis, Grav. ) Sbamatl Fmtt (Tomlln> Encephalus complicans, Westw. S. Leverton (Thorn- ley) ; Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 152) Gyrophaena nana, Payk. Treswell Wood, common in fungi (Thornley) Agaricochara laevicollis, Kr. Placusa pumilio, Grav. — denticulata, Sharp Epipeda plana, Gyll. Leptusa fumida, Er. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) Sipalia ruficollis, Er. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) Bolitochara lucida, Grav. Sherwood Forest (J. K. Taylor, Blatch, etc.) — • obliqua, Er. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) Hygronoma dimidiata, Grav. Clumber (Pegler) Oligota inflata, Mann. Retftrd district and Sherwood Forest — pusillima, Grav. ) Sherwood Forest (Blatch, Horner, — apicata, Er. } etc.) Myllaena fowleri, Matth. Sherwood Forest, Rev. A. Matthews (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 1 78) Hypocyptus longicornis, Payk. Conosoma littoreum, L. — pubescens, Grav. — immaculatum, Steph. Sherwood Forest (Chaster) — lividum, Er. Tachyporus obtusus, L. „ var. nitidicollis, Steph. Sherwood Forest, 1871 (J. R. Hardy) — solutus, Er. S. Leverton (Thornley) — chrysomelinus, L. 96 INSECTS STAPHYLINIDAE (continued) Tachyporus humerosus, Er. — hypnorum, Fab. — pusillus, Grav. - brunneus, Fab. Lamprinus saginatus, Grav. S. Leverton, a single specimen in vicarage garden, 1895 (Thorn- Ie7) Cilea silphoides, L. Tachinus humeralis, Grav. - rufipes, L. — subterraneus, L. „ var. bicolor, Grav. Retford, with type (Pegler) — marginellns, Fab. — collaris, Grav. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Notting- ham (Ryles) Megacronus cingulatus, Mann. Sherwood Forest (Blatch, Homer, Fowler) — analis, Fab. Bolitobius lunulatus, L. — trinotatus, Er. — exoletus, Er. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) — pygmaeus, Fab. Mycetoporus lucidus, Er. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Homer) — punctus, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 215) — lepidus, Grav. ) Sherwood Forest (Chaster — longulus, Mann. J and Tomlin) — splendidus, Grav. S. Leverton (Thornley) Habrocerus capillaricornis, Grav. Colwick (Ryles) Trichophya pilicornis, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) Heterothops dissimilis, Grav. S. Leverton (Thornley) Quedius ventralis, Ar. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 231) — lateralis, Grav. Sherwood Forest — mesomelinus, Marsh. — fulgidus, Fab. ) Sherwood Forest (Fowler, • — • puncticollis, Thorns. J Brit. Coleop. ii, 233) — cruentus, Ol. Retford (Pegler) ; Wheatley (H. B. Chamberlin) ; Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) — xanthopus, Er. Sherwood Forest — scitus, Grav. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) ; Broadholme (Pegler) — cinctus, Payk. — fuliginosus, Grav. — tristis, Grav. — molochinus, Grav. - nigriceps, Kr. — maurorufus, Grav. — rufipes, Grav. — semiaeneus, Steph. Nottingham (Ryles) — boops, Grav. Creophilus maxillosus, L. Leistotrophus nebulosus, Fab. — murinus, L. Kingston-on-Soar (Thornley) Staphylinus pubescens, De G. — fulvipes, Scop. Sherwood Forest — stercorarius, Ol. Kingston-on-Soar (Thornley) Ocypus olens, Mull. — cyaneus, Payk. Sherwood Forest (Rev. H. Matthews) ; Newark, several specimens taken by Mr. Hadfield (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 255) — brunnipes, Fab. — cupreus, Rossi STAPHYLINIDAE (continued) Ocypus ater, Grav. Retford (Pegler) — morio, Grav. — compressus, Marsh. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Nottingham (Ryles) ; Barrow Hills, Everton Philonthus splendens, Fab. — intermedius, Boisd. Retford (Pegler) — laminatus, Creutz. — aeneus, Rossi ( S. Leverton and Kingston-on-Soar — proximus, Kr. j (Thornley) ; Sherwood Forest ( (Chaster and Tomlin) — addendus, Sharp. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — decorus, Grav. Retford and Nottingham districts — politus, Fab. - varius, Gyll. — marginatus, Fab. - albipes, Fab. S. Leverton (Thornley) — cephalotes, Grav. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Sher- wood Forest (Blatch and Horner) — fimetarius, Grav. — sordidus, Grav. — debilis, Grav. - sanguinolentus, Grav. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Nottingham (Ryles) - cruentatus, Gmel. Sherwood Forest - varians, Payk. - ventralis, Grav. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 274) — discoideus, Grav. S. Leverton (Thornley) - splendidulus, Grav. Sherwood Forest (Chaster, Tomlin); abundant under oak bark (Blatch) — trossulus, Nord. — puella, Nord. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 280) ; S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Retford (Pegler) Actobius cinerascens, Grav. S. Leverton (Thornley) Xantholinus glabratus, Grav. - punctulatus, Payk. - linearis, Ol. Leptacinus parumpunctatus, Gyll. S. Leverton (Thornley) — linearis, Grav. Baptolinus alternans, Grav. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) Othius fulvipennis, Fab. - laeviusculus, Steph. Sherwood Forest (Fowler and Tomlin) — melanocephalus, Grav. Retford (Thornley and Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) — myrmecophilus, Kies. Lathrobium elongatum, L. — fulvipenne, Grav. — brunnipes, Fab. - longulum, Grav. Beeston (Ryles) - quadratum, Payk. S. Leverton (Thornley) Stilicus rufipes, Germ. — orbiculatus, Er. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) ; Retford (Pegler) — affinis, Er. Lithocharis ochracea, Grav. Sunius angustatus, Payk. Stenus biguttatus, L. Trent bank, Cottam and Llttlt- borough ; Clumber (Pegler) — guttula, Mull. Retford and Nottingham districts — bimaculatus, Gyll. - juno, Fab. - speculator, Er. - buphthalmus, Grav. 97 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE STAPHYLINIDAE (continued') Stenus canaliculatus, Gyll. Trent bank, Beaton and Radcltffe (Ryles) — brunnipes, Steph. — fuscicornis, Er. Gtwe (Pegler) — impressus, Germ. — flavipes, Steph. — nitidiusculus, Steph. — picipes, Steph. - similis, Herbst. — tarsalis, Ljungh — paganus, Er. Oxyporus rufus, L. Platystethus arenarius, Fourc. Oxytelus rugosus, Grav. — sculptus, Grav. — laqueatus, Marsh. — sculpturatus, Grav. — nitidulus, Grav. - tetracarinatus, Block. Haploderus coelatus, Grav. S. Leverton, on hawthorn bloom (Thornley) Trogophloeus bilineatus, Steph. — corticinus, Grav. S. Leverton (Pegler) Syntomium aeneum, Miill. Radcltffe - on - Trent (Ryles) Coprophilus striatulus, Fab. Lesteva longelytrata, Goeze Olophrum piceum, Gyll. - fuscum, Grav. Clumber, three examples (Pegler) Lathrimaeum atrocephalum, Gyll. - unicolor, Steph. Philorhinum sordidum, Steph. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 408) Coryphium angusticolle, Steph. Sherwood Forest (Blatch, Pegler, etc.) Omalium rivulare, Payk. - allardi, Fairm. Sherwood Forest (Chaster) - exiguum, Gyll. ) Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. - oxyacanthae, Grav.j Coleop. ii, 414, 415) - excavatum, Steph. — caesura, Grav. - pusillum, Grav. - punctipenne, Thorns. — rufipes, Fourc. S. Leverton, very common (Thornley) ; Sherwood Forest „ var. nigrum, Grav. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) — salicis, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — iopterum, Steph. 5. Leverton (Thornley) ; Retftrd (Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest — planum, Payk. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 421) — concinnum, Marsh. - deplanatum, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 422) - striatum, Grav. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) Anthobium minutum, Fab. S. Leverton (Thorn- ley) — ophthalmicum, Payk. — torquatum, Marsh Proteinus ovalis, Steph. — brachypterus, Fab. Megarthrus denticollis, Beck. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. ii, 429) — depressus, Lac. — sinuatocollis, Lac. Phloeocharis subtilissima, Mann. Sherwood Forest STAPHYLINIDAE (continued) Pseudopsis sulcata, Newm. S. Leverton, one example in haystack refuse, 4 Oct. 1 899 (Thornley) Prognatha quadricornis, Lac. j I abundant (Blatch) PSELAPHIDAE Pselaphus heisei, Herbst. Tychus niger, Payk. „ var. ibericus. Treswell (Thornley) Bythinus curtisi, Denny. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) Batrisus venustus, Reich. Sherwood Forest, taken by many collectors. ' In a nest of Formica fuliginosa in an old tree' (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 93) Bryaxis fossulata, Reich. S. Leverton (Thornley) — haematica, Reich. Cottam (Pegler) Bibloporus bicolor, Denny. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) Euplectus punctatus, Muls. ' — karsteni, Reich. — signatus, Reich. — nanus, Reich. — sanguineus, Denny - piceus, Mots. — nubigena, Reitt. Sherwood Forest (Blatch, Horner, Fowler, and others) SCYDMAENIDAE Neuraphes elongatulus, Mull. \ Sherwood Forest (Fowler, — angulatus. Mull. / Brit.Coleop. iii, 74) — planifrons, Blatch. Sherwood Forest, under bark of birch stumps (Blatch) Scydmaenus godarti, Latr. \ Sherwood Forest (Chaster, - scutellaris, Mull. Tomlin, etc.), (also — collaris, Mall. Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, — exilis, Er. ) 77-79) Eumicrus tarsatus, Mull. Eutheia clavata, Reitt. Sherwood Forest, under bark of oak and birch logs, rare ; first taken by Mr. Blatch in 1883, and subsequently by Mr. Blatch, Mr. Horner, Canon Fowler, and Dr. Chaster 98 SILPHIDAE Calyptomerus dubius, Marsh. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Clumber (Pegler) Agathidium nigripenne,Kug. ( — atrum, Payk. — seminulum, L. V, 15, 1 6) — laevigatum, Er. Clumber (Pegler) — varians, Beck. Newark (?) (Hadfield) — rotundatum, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Chaster) — nigrinum, Sturm. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 18—20) Amphicyllis globus, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Chaster, Tomlin) Liodes humeralis, Kug. Sherwood Forest; Treswell Wood — orbicularis, Herbst. Sherwood Forest Anisotoma oblonga, Er. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 27) — dubia, Kug. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) INSECTS SILPHIDAE (continued} Anisotoma obesa, Schmidt. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 29) — calcarata, Er. Colenis dentipes, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) Necrophorus humator, Fab. — mortuorum, Fab. — vestigator, Heer. Newstead (Win. Allen) ; Clum- ber (Pegler) ; Nottingham — • ruspator, Er. Nottingham, Worksop, and Retford districts „ var. microcephalus, Thorns. Aspley Woods (Ryles) — interruptus, Steph. Near Nottingham, rare (Dr. G. Howitt) — vespillo, L. Necrodes littoralis, L. In dead animals in the Vale of Trent (Dr. G. Howitt) ; Kingston-on-Soar, in dead squirrel, 1905 (Thornley) Silpha tristis, 111. Nottinghamshire (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 48) — nigrita, Creutz. Nottingham (Howitt, Ryles, Dodd, etc.) — obscura, L. 'Nottinghamshire (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 49) — quadripunctata, L. Sherwood Forest — reticulata, Fab. " Nottinghamshire (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 50) — opaca, L. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Nottingham (Dr. G. Howitt) — thoracica, L. — rugosa, L. — sinuata, Fab. — strata, L. „ var. brunnea, Herbst. Clifton Grove (Ryles) Choleva angustata, Fab. Nottingham (Dr. Howitt) — cisteloides, Frohl. — intermedia, Kr. Nottingham (Ryles) — spadicea, Sturm. Nottingham (T. Ludgrove ; specimen named by Canon Fowler); Sherwood Forest — agilis, 111. — velox, Spence — anisotomoides, Spence. Treswell (Thornley) ; Retford (Pegler) — fusca, Panz. — nigricans, Spence — morio, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 62) — grandicollis, Er. — nigrita, Er. — tristis, Panz. — kirbyi, Spence — chrysomeloides, Panz. — fumata, Spence — watsoni, Spence Ptomaphagus sericeus, Fab. — varicornis, Ros. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 66) ; Retford (Pegler) HISTERIDAE Hister unicolor, L. Nottingham and Retford districts (Thornley and Ryles) — merdarius, Hoff. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Sher- wood Forest (Blatch) — cadaverinus, Hoff. Nottingham, Worksop, and Ret- ford districts HISTERIDAE (continued) — stercorarius, Hoff. Newark (?) (Hadfield coll.) Hister succicola, Thorns. Sherwood Forest — purpurascens, Herbst. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 202) ; Fiskerton (Ryles) ; there were numerous specimens in the late Mr. Had- field's collection, presumably from the Newark district — marginatus, Er. Sherwood Forest (Chaster) — neglectus, Germ. Nottingham Forest (Dr. Godfrey Howitt) ; Newark district (?) (Hadfield coll.) — carbonarius, 111. — I2-striatus, Schr. — bimaculatus, L. Carcinops 1 4-striata, Steph. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) ; Retford, in old corn-mill (Pegler) Dendrophilus punctatus, Herbst. One specimen from dead bird, Nottinghamshire, 1828 (Dr. Howitt) ; Sherwood Forest (Tomlin and Chaster) Gnathoncus punctulatus, Thorns. Retford, not un- common in old corn-mill (Pegler) ; S. Leverton, one example, 20 May, 1901 (Thornley) Saprinus nitidulus, Payk. — aeneus, Fab. Bulwell Forest, 3 June, 1899; abundant in Nottinghamshire (Dr. Howitt); now rare — virescens, Payk. Once taken by Mr. Marlow at Welbeck (Dr. Howitt); taken recently in the Retford district by Rev. T. C. B. Chamberlin — rugifrons, Payk. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 212) Plegaderus dissectus, Er. Sherwood Forest, taken on various occasions from 1870 on wards by several collectors Abraeus globosus, Hoff. Retford (Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — granulum, Er. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) Acritus minutus, Herbst. Onthophilus sulcatus, Fab. Nr. Nottingham (A. H. Davis, in Loudon's Mag. N. H., April, 1832) ; Nottinghamshire, Stephens (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 217) — striatus, Fab. SCAPHIDIIDAE Scaphidium quadrimaculatum, Ol. Sherwood Forest ; Langford Moor Scaphisoma agaricinum, L. Retford (Pegler) ; Sher- wood Forest (Blatch, Homer, etc.) — boleti, Panz. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Homer) TRICHOPTERYGIDAE Pteryx suturalis, Heer. Sherwood Forest Ptinella testacea, Heer. ' Under bark of dead beech ; taken in great abundance by Rev. A. Matthews in Sherwood Forest, and also by Mr. Blatch ' (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 1 1 1) — denticollis, Fa> -aptera,Guer — angustula, Gill. — tenella, Er. A single example under bark of dead oak in Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 113) Trichopteryx sarae, Matth. 'Two specimens were taken in Nottinghamshire by the Rev. H. Mat- thews in 1 86 1 ; the species has not been found since that time ' (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 1 1 6) and Fowler 99 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE TRICHOPTERYGIDAE Trichopteryx anthracina, Matth. \ Sherwood Forest — seminitens, Matth. (Fowler, Brit. — attenuate, Gill. Coleop. iii, 1 1 8- — picicornis, Mann. / I23) - carbonaria, Matth. 'A single example was taken in Aug., 1868, by the Rev. A. Matthews in Thoresby Park, Nottinghamshire, by sweeping under oaks' (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 123) — obscaena, Woll. ' Has once been taken in faggots by Mr. Matthews in Sherwood Forest ' (Fowler, Brit. Coif of. iii, 124) Ptilium marginatum, Aub£. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — halidayi, Matth. ' A single example was taken by Mr. Matthews under bark of dead oak in Sherwood Forest' (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 134) Ptenidium nitidum, Heer - evanescens, Marsh. - turgidum, Thorns. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — gressneri, Er. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) CORYLOPHIDAE Orthoperus brunnipes, Gyll. Sherwood Forest - corticalis, Redt. Two specimens taken by the Rev. A. Matthews in Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 144) - atomus, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) Corylophus cassidioides, Marsh. Clumber (Pegler) COCCINELLIDAE Subcoccinella 24-punctata, L."\ Hippodamia variegata, Goeze >S. Leverton (Thornley) Anisosticta ip-punctata, L. J Adalia oblitcrata, L. Type common ; var. fenestrata, Weise, taken in Sherwood Forest by Canon Fowler — bipunctata, L. Anatis ocellata, L. Langford Moor, common on firs (Thornley) ; Clumber (Pegler) Coccinella lo-punctata, L. — hieroglyphics, L. — • I I-punctata, L. — 7-punctata, L. Halyzia 14-guttata, Poda - 1 8-guttata, L. • — conglobata, L. - 22-punctata, L. Scymnus nigrinus, — capitatus, F. — haemorrhoidalis, Herbst. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) — testaceus, Mots., var. scutellaris, Muls. Canal bank, Retford (Pegler) Platynaspis luteorubra, Goeze. Sherwood Forest (Fow- ler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 175) Chilocorus similis, Rossi. Treswell ; Grove — bipustulatus, 111. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 176) ; Barrow Hills, Everton (Thornley) Exochomus quadripustulatus, L. Occurs throughout the county Rhizobius litura, Fab. Coccidula rufa, Herbst. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Retford (Pegler) ENDOMYCHIDAE Mycetaea hirta, Marsh. 5. Leverton (Thornley) ; Retford (Pegler) has EROTYLIDAE Dacne rufifrons, Fab. Very widely distributed in Nottinghamshire Triplax russica, L. Sherwood Forest (Fowler) ; on ash trees near Nottingham (Dr. G. Howitt) — aenea, Schall. Littleborough (Thornley) ; Notting- ham, in numbers in company with Tetratoma fungorum (Ryles) Cyrtotriplax bipustulata, Fab. Sherwood Forest (J. K. Taylor, Chaster, and Tomlin) PHALACRIDAE Phalacrus caricis, Sturm. Retford district (Pegler) Olibrus corticalis, Panz. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) — aeneus, Fab. Eustilbus testaceus, Panz. MICROPEPLIDAE Micropeplus porcatus, Payk. — staphylinoides, Marsh. — margaritae, Duv. - tesserula, Curt. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Blatch, Tomlin, etc.) ; 36 specimens taken off an oak stump, June, 1889 (Blatch) NITIDULIDAE Brachypterus pubescens, Er. — urticae, Fab. Cercus pedicularius, L. Retford district (Pegler) — bipustulatus, Payk. Sherwood Forest, in Cossus burrows (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 223) Carpophilus hemipterus, L. Newark district (?) (Had- fieldcoll.) — mutilatus, Er. Sparingly in Cossus burrows in Sherwood Forest; Mr. J. R. Hardy (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 224) Epuraea decemguttata, Fab. Sherwood Forest — aestiva, L. — melina, Er. S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood (Thornley) — longula, Er. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 229) — deleta, Er. — parvula, Sturm. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 231) — obsoleta, Fab. Omosiphora limbata, Fab. Retford district (Thornley and Pegler) Nitidula bipustulata, L. — rufipes, L. Nottinghamshire, rare (Dr. Howitt) Soronia grisea, L. Retford district (Thornley and Pegler) Omosita depressa, L. Retford (Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — colon, L. — discoidea, Fab. Pocadius ferruginous, Fab. Sherwood Forest ; Treswell Wood, etc. Meligethes rufipes, Gyll. — lumbaris, Sturm. Treswell Wood (Thornley) — aeneus, Fab. — viridescens, Fab. — morosus, Er. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — picipes, Sturm. — murinus, Er. Barrow Hills, Everton 100 INSECTS NITIDULIDAE (continued) Cychramus luteus, Fab. — fungicola, Heer Cryptarcha strigata, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) Ips quadriguttata, Fab. Sherwood Forest Pityophagus ferrugineus, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Tom- lin) TROGOSITIDAE Ncmosoma elongatum, L. Beeston, Mr. J. Sidebotham (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 268). One specimen beaten from bramble at Cokuick, near Notting- ham, 1828 (Dr. G. Howitt) Tenebrioides mauritanicus, L. Thymalus limbatus, Fab. Sherwood Forest COLYDIIDAE Teredus nitidus, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Tomlin) Cerylon histeroides, Fab. Under bark of willows, Nottinghamshire (Dr. G. Howitt) ; Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) — fagi, Bris. Wollaton ; Nottingham (Ryles) — ferrugineum, Steph. Wollaton (Freestone) ; Ret- ford (Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest CUCUJIDAE Rhizophagus cribratus, Gyll. ' — depressus, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Blatch, Homer, Fowler, and others) perforatus, Er. - parallelocollis, Er. — oblongocollis, Blatch — ferrugineus, Payk. — nitidulus, Fab. — dispar, Gyll. — bipustulatus, Fab. — politus, Hellw. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Gor- ham) Pediacus dermestoides, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Chaster, and Tomlin) Laemophloeus ferrugineus, Steph. Grove (Pegler) ; Worksop (Houghton) Psammoechus bipunctatus, Fab. Clumber (Pegler) Silvanus surinamensis, L. Retford district (Pegler) MONOTOMIDAE Monotoma picipes, Herbst. S. Leverton, in hot frame (Thornley) — longicollis, Gyll. S. Leverton, in hot frame (Thornley) ; Sherwood Forest (Blatch) LATHRIDIIDAE Lathridius lardarius, De G. — bergrothi, Reitt. On 13 November, 1900, 1 found several examples of this beetle feeding on a dried specimen of burdock in a parcel of British plants which I was incorporating in the herbarium at Nottingham University College, Accompany- ing it were Cartodere filum and Corticaria fulva, both in some numbers. All the species were identified by Mr. G. C. Champion Coninomus nodifer, Westw. Enicmus minutus, L. — transversus, Ol. LATHRIDIIDAE (continued) Enicmus rugosus, Herbst. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleof. iii, 284) — testaceus, Steph. Sherwood Forest (J. K. Taylor and W. G. Blatch) ; Tuxford (S. Pegler) — ' consimilis, Mann.' (= brevicornis, Mann.). Sher- wood Forest (see Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 283) Cartodere ruficollis, Marsh. — elongata, Curt. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 286) — filiformis, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) — filum, Aub6. Several specimens feeding on dried burdock in University College, Nottingham (see note under Lathridius bergrothi above) Corticaria pubescens, Gyll. — denticulata, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Fowler) ; Tuxford, Ordsall, and Lound (Pegler) — serrata, Payk. Clarborough (Thornley) ; Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — fulva, Com. Found in numbers feeding on dried burdock, University College, Nottingham (see note under Lathridius bergrothi above) — elongata, Humm. Melanophthalma gibbosa, Herbst. — fuscula, Humm. CRYPTOPHAGIDAE Telmatophilus caricis, Ol. Antherophagus nigricornis, Fab. Budby, Sherwood Forest (J. Golding, etc.) Cryptophagus lycoperdi, Herbst. — setulosus, Sturm. Treswell (Thornley) — pilosus, Gyll. - ruficornis, Steph. Sherwood Forest (Chaster) — saginatus, Sturm. — scanicus, L. — acutangulus, Gyll. Retford district (Pegler) — cellaris, Scop. - pubescens, Sturm. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iii, 325) — bicolor, Sturm. S. Leverton (Thornley) Micrambe vini, Panz. Henoticus serratus, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (J. K. Taylor and Blatch) Paramecosoma melanocephalum, Herbst. Cottam (Pegler) Atomaria nigriventris, Steph. — elongatula, Er. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — nigripennis, Payk. — munda, Er. S. Leverton (Thornley) — fuscata, SchSn. - atra, Herbst. Radcliffe-on-Trent (Ryles) - pusilla, Payk. — atricapilla, Steph. — basalis, Er. Clumber (Pegler) — apicalis, Er. — analis, Er. - ruficornis, Marsh. Ephistemus gyrinoides, Marsh. MYCETOPHAGIDAE Typhaea fumata, L. Triphyllus suturalis, Fab. Newark (Ryles) ; Retford district (Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) — punctatus, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Horner) 101 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE MYCETOPHAGIDAE (continued) Litargus bifasciatus, Fab. Clifton Grove, nr. Nottingham (Ryles) Mycetophagus quadripustulatus, L. Nottingham, Worksop, and Retford districts — piceus, Fab. Lound, near Ret/bra" (Pegler) ; Sher- wood Forest — atomarius, Fab. Clifton Grove (Ryles) — qu.idrigutt.itus, Mull. Retford, in old corn mill (Pegler) — multipunctatus, Hellw. Littleborougb (Thornley) BYTURIDAE Byturus tomentosus, Fab. DERMESTIDAE Derrnestes vulpinus, Fab. Bone works at Nottingham (Ryles) and Retford (Thornley and Pegler) ; Worksop (Houghton) — murinus, L. Has occurred throughout the county in dead birds, etc. — lardarius, L. Attagenus pellio, L. Megatoma undata, Er. Nr. Nottingham (Dr. Howitt) ; Sherwood Forest (Fowler and Ryles) ; Retford district (Pegler) Tiresias serra, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) Anthrenus musaeorum, L. - claviger, Er. Nottingham, Worksop, and Retford districts, common ; ' sometimes swarms at parsley flowers at S. Leverton ' (Thornley) BYRRHIDAE Byrrhus pilula, L. — fasciatus, Fab. — murinus, Fab. Nottingham, once taken (Dr. Howitt) Cytilus varius, Fab. Simploc.iria semistriata, Fab. Aspidiphorus orbiculatus, Gyll. Sherwood Forest PARNIDAE Elmis aeneus, Mull. — cupreus, Mall. Treswell (Thornley) Parnus prolifericornis, Fab. — auriculatus, Panz. Newark district (?) (Hadfield coll.) HETEROCERIDAE Heterocerus marginatus, Fab. Barton-in-Fabis (Pope) LUCANIDAE Dorcus parallelopipedus, L. Nottingham district (Wol- laton, Clifton Grove, etc.) ; Wheatley (Rev. T. C. B. Chamberlin) ; Retford district (Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 6) Sinodendron cylindricum, L. SCARABAEIDAE Onthophagus ovatus, L. Mansfield (Dr. G. Howitt) — coenobita, Herbst. Rare near Nottingham (Dr. Howitt) — nuchicornis, L. Nottingham, abundant, 1830 (Dr. Howitt) ; Retford district (Pegler) SCARABAEIDAE (continued) Aphodius erraticus, L. — subterraneus, L. — fossor, L. — haemorrhoidalis, L. — foetens, Fab. — fimetarius, L. — scybalarius, Fab. — ater, De G. — constans, Duft. Coltvick, fairly common in early spring (Ryles) — granarius, L. — rufescens, Fab. Nottingham and Retford districts — porcus, Fab. Clumber (Pegler) ; not uncommon near Nottingham (Dr. G. Howitt) — pusillus, Herbst. Nottingham and Retford districts — merdarius, Fab. — inquinatus, Fab. — sticticus, Panz. S. Leverton, common (Thornley) — punctato-sulcatus, Sturm. — prodromus, Brahm. — contaminatus, Herbst. Nottingham and Retford districts, often abundant. — luridus, Fab. (The black var. also occurs) — rufipes, L. — depressus, Kug. Geotrupes typhoeus, L. Common throughout the Forest district of Nottinghamshire ; Dr. Howitt (Stephens) — spiniger, Marsh. — stercorarius, L. - — • sylvaticus, Panz. — vernalis, L. Mansfield Forest (Dr. Howitt) Trox scaber, L. Nottingham and Retford districts Hoplia philanthus, Fuss. ' Nottinghamshire ' (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 48) Serica brunnea, L. Rhizotrogus solstitialis, L. Nottingham, sometimes common ; Worksop (Houghton) Melolontha vulgaris, Fab. Phyllopertha horticola, L. Cetonia aurata, L. Mansfield (Dr. G. Howitt) BUPRESTIDAE Agrilus laticornis, 111. (?) Treswell Wood (Pegler) — angustulus, 111. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) THROSCIDAE Throscus dermestoides, L. Longford Moor, common (Thornley) ; Nottingham (Ryles); Sherwood Forest, common EUCNEMIDAE Melasis buprestoides, L. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) ELATERIDAE Lacon murinus, L. Cryptohypnus riparius, Fab. — quadripustulatus, Fab. Nottingham district (Ryles) Elater lythropterus, Germ. Sherwood Forest — coccinatus, Rye. Sherwood Forest (Blatch; Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 90) — pomonae, Steph. Sherwood Forest (]. Ray Hardy) [See Ent. Month. Mag. April, 1873, p. 268] — pomorum, Herbst. Sherwood Forest; first taken in 1836 by Dr. Howitt and T. Desvignes, and from 1 886 to the present time by Fowler, Blatch, Homer, and others 102 INSECTS ELATERIDAE (continued) Melanotus rufipes, Herbst. „ var. castanipes, Payk. Sherwood Forest (Trueman ; Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 97) Athous rhombeus, Ol. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — niger, L. — longicollis, Ol. — haemorrhoidalis, Fab. — vittatus, Fab. Limonius minutus, L. Adrastus limbatus, Fab. Agriotes sputator, L. — obscurus, L. — lineatus, L. • — • sobrinus, Kies. — pallidulus, 111. Dolopius marginatus, L. Corymbites pectinicornis, L. Worksop (Houghton) ; Retford (Pegler) ; Grove (Rev. G. Shipton) ; Wheatley (Rev. T. C. B. Chamberlin) ; Barton (Ryles) — cupreus, Fab. Nottingham, with var. aeruginosus, Fab. (Ryles); Lowdham (C. E. Pearson) - tessellatus, Fab. Southwell (Ryles) — quercus, Gyll. Nottingham district, with var. ochropterus, Steph. (Ryles) ; Worksop (Hough- ton) — holosericeus, Fab. — aeneus, L. Nottingham (Ryles) ; Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 114); Bulwell Forest — bipustulatus, L. Sherwood Forest (Turner ; Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 115) Campylus linearis, L. Aspley ; Nottingham ; Hazle- Jbrd (Ryles) ; Treswell and Gringley Woods (Thornley) DASCILLIDAE Dascillus cervinus, L. Clumber (Pegler) ; Wheatley (Rev. T. C. B. Chamberlin) ; Nottingham (Ryles) Helodes minuta, L. Microcara livida, Fab. Cyphon variabilis, Thunb. Prionocyphon serricornis, Moll. Sherwood Forest Scirtes hemisphaericus, L. Sutton, nr. Retford, abun- dant among Equisetum (Thornley) MALACODERMIDAE Pyropterus affinis, Payk. Sherwood Forest, 1869 (J. R. Hardy) ; also taken there in 1869 and 1870 by J. Kidson Taylor, and subsequently by Rev. A. Matthews and others (see Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 128) Platycis minutus, Fab. Treswell Wood (Thornley) Lampyris noctiluca, L. Retford district (Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest ; Kingston-on-Soar Podabrus alpinus, Payk. Aspley, Nottingham (Ryles) ; Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 133) Telephorus rusticus, Fall. — lividus, L. — pcllucidus, Fab. — nigricans, Mtill., and var. discoideus, Steph. — obscurus, L. Nottingham (Ryles) ; Retford dis- trict (Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest (Turner and Blatch ; Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 138) - lituratus, Fab. - bicolor, Fab. MALACODERMIDAE (continued) Telephorus haemorrhoidalis, Fab. Nottingham (Ryles) ; Retford (Pegler) ; S. Leverton, common on hawthorn flowers (Thornley) — oralis, Germ. Nottingham (Ryles) ; S. Leverton (Thornley) — flavilabris, Fall. — thoracicus, Ol. Nottingham (Pope) Rhagonycha fuscicornis, Ol. — fulva, Scop. — testacea, L. Nottingham (Ryles) and Retford (Thornley) districts — limbata, Thorns. — pallida, Fab. Malthinus punctatus, Fourc. — fasciatus, Ol. Langford Moor (Thornley) ; Sherwood Forest Malthodes marginatus, Latr. — minimus, L. — fibulatus, Kies. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 152) Malachius bipustulatus, L. Dasytes flavipes, Fab. Nottingham district (Ryles) ; S. Leverton (Thornley) — oculatus, Kies. Sherwood Forest (E. C. Rye ; and Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 161) - aerosus, Kies. Phloeophilus edwardsi, Steph. Sherwood Forest (Rev. A. Matthews) (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 165) CLERIDAE Opilo mollis, L. Nottingham Park (Ryles) Thanasimus formicarius, L. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) (Nottingham, in profusion in bone mill (Ryles) .Retford common in bone mill (Pegler) ; Shencood Forest (Blatch and Homer) Corynetes coeruleus, De G. S. Lcverton, very com- mon in the old church (Thornley) ; Retford (Pegler) LYMEXYLONIDAE Hylecoetus dermestoides, L. Sherwood Forest, locally PTINIDAE Ptinus sexpunctatus, Panz. Nottingham University Col- lege, 9 November 1897 ; many examples found feeding on specimens of Draba in a parcel of dried plants collected by Mr. H. Fisher in Franz Josef Land. The origin of the insect is, however, quite uncertain, and may be local — fur, L. Niptus hololeucus, Fald. — crenatus, Fab. Nottingham (Ryles) Hedobia imperialis, L. S. Leverton, often common (Thornley) ; Nottingham district (Ryles and Freestone) Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll. \ — anobioides, Chevr. J Priobium castaneum, Fab. Anobium domesticum, Fourc. — fulvicorne, Sturm. Beeston (Ryles) ; S. Levertoit (Thornley) — paniceum, L. R I03 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE PTINIDAE (continued) Xestoblum tessellatum, Fab. S. Leverton, was common in the old church (Thornley) ; Retford (Pegler) ; Cokatck (Ryles) Ernobius mollis, L. Ptilinus pectinicornis, L. Ochina hederae, Moll. Chilwell (Ryles) ; Retford .(Pegler) Xyletinus ater, Panz. On old palings at Newark, not uncommon (Hadfield ; Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 195) Dorcatoma flavicornis, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Mat- thews ; Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 198) Anitys rubens, Hoff. Sherwood Forest (Rev. A. Mat- thews, Dr. Chaster, and J. R. le B. Tomlin) BOSTRICHIDAE Rhizopertha pusilla, Fab. Old corn mill, Retford (Pegler) Bostrichus capucinus, L. ' Nottinghamshire? Stephens (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 201) LYCTIDAE Lyctus canaliculatus, Fab. Worksop (Houghton) ; ' Very abundant during the summer in Notting- hamshire ; Dr. Howitt ' (Stephens) — brunneus, Steph. ' Nottingham, one specimen in a shop window, 1829 ; Dr. Howitt' (Stephens) SPHINDIDAE Sphindus dubius, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (J. K.Taylor and Blatch) CISSIDAE Cis boleti, Scop. — micans, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Chaster, Tomlin, etc.) - hispidus, Payk. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Hor- ner, Chaster) - bidentatus, Ol. Retford (Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Homer) — nitidus, Herbst.^ „, , r /mi. j - festivus Panz. \Sh^ /«*" (Blatch and - fuscatus, Mell. J H°rner> Ennearthron cornutum, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Chas- ter) Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll. CERAMBYCIDAE Aromia moschata, L. Nottingham and Retford districts Callidium violaceum, L. Ruddington (W. H. Free- stone) ; Worksop (Houghton) - variabile, L. Sherwood Forest (Blatch, Tomlin) Clytus arietis, L. — mysticus, L. Chilwell (Ryles) ; S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Retford (Pegler) [Cyllene crinicornis, Chev. A fine example of this Central American longicorn was captured in Retford railway station in September, 1899, and taken to Mr. Stephen Pegler. It was identified by Mr. E. J. Gahan of the British Museum] Gracilia minuta, Fab. Retford, in great quantity in an old hamper (Pegler) Molorchus umbellatarum, L. Kingston-on-Soar, August 1903 (Thornley) CERAMBYCIDAE (continued) Rhagium bifasciatum, Fab. Toxotus meridianus, Panz. Leptura scutellata, Fab. Sherwood Forest, June, 1869 (J. K. Taylor) — livida, Fab. Cottam, 6 July, 1901 (Eland Shaw) Strangalia quadrifasciata, L. Langford Moor ; Sher- wood Forest — armata, Herbst. Treswell Wood, rather common ; Sherwood Forest ; Wellow Park Grammoptera tabacicolor, De G. Treswell and Gring- ley Woods (Thornley) ; Sherwood Forest (Ryles) — analis, Panz. Colwick (Ryles) — ruficornis, Fab. Acanthocinus aedilis, L. Cossall ; Wilford ; Clifton; in all cases not far from a colliery, and probably imported in pit-props ; Worksop (Houghton) Leiopus nebulosus, L. Bramcote and Sherwood Forest (Ryles) ; S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Clumber (Pegler) Pogonochaerus bidentatus, Thorns. S. Leverton, not uncommon in late autumn (Thornley) — dentatus, Fourc. S. Leverton (Thornley) Monochammus sutor, L. Near Clifton colliery, Not- tingham, one specimen, probably imported (Walker) Saperda carcharias, L. Worksop (Houghton); Cinder Hill — scalaris, L. Sherwood Forest, June, 1869 (J. K. Taylor), and two specimens in 1889 (W. G. Blatch) ; also taken by Mr. Tomlin and Dr. Chaster Tetrops praeusta, L. Stenostola ferrea, Schrank. Taken at Nottingham, abundantly in June, 1828, sparingly in 1829 (G. Howitt: see Entomologist for 1878, p. 177). Near Nottingham, 1831 (A. H. Davis in Lou- don's Mag. N. //.April, 1832) ; Newark (Fow- ler, Brit, Coleop. iv, 254) Phytoecia cylindrica, L. Newark (Hadfield ; Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 255) BRUCHIDAE Bruchus rufimanus, Boh. — villosus, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) CHRYSOMELIDAE Donacia simplex, Fab. — semicuprea, Panz. Canal, Retford, common (Thornley) ; Wollaton Canal (Ryles) ; Worksop (Houghton) — sericea, L. Haemonia appendiculata, Panz. (= equiseti, Fab.) Holme Pierrepont, one specimen (W. H. Free- stone, confirmed by Rev. A. Thornley) Lema lichenis, Voet. Nottingham and Retford districts — melanopa, L. Crioceris lilii, Scop. (=merdigera, Fab.) Newark dis- trict (?) [Hadfield coll.] Cryptocephalus coryli, L. Langfird Moor, a single specimen beaten from birch, 29 June, 1899 (Thornley) — pusillus, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. iv, 295) — labiatus, L. — querceti, Suffr. Sherwood Forest (Matthews, Blatch, Ryles, and others) 104 INSECTS CHRYSOMELIDAE (continued') Timarcha tenebricosa, Fab. — violaceonigra, De G. Chrysomela staphylea, L. — polita, L. — orichalcia, Mall. S. Leverton (Thornley) „ var. hobsoni, Steph. Nottingham (B. S. Dodd) — goettingensis, L. Sherwood Forest (Fowler) — fastuosa, Scop. Ruddington (Ryles and others) — didymata, Scriba. Barrow Hills, Everton, 1 1 July, 1903 (Thornley) — hyperici, Forst. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Sher- wood forest (Ryles) Phytodecta viminalis, L. Newark district (?) [Had- field coll.] — olivacea, Forst. Gastroidea viridula, De G. — polygon!, L. Phaedon tumidulus, Germ. — cochleariae, Fab. Phyllodecta vulgatissima, L. — vitellinae, L. Hydrothassa aucta, Fab. Treswell Wood (Thornley) — marginella, L. Prasocuris junci, Brahm — phellandrii, L. Phyllobrotica quadrimaculata, L. Retford (Pegler) Luperus rufipes, Scop. — flavipes, L. Lochmaea suturalis, Thorns. Retford district (Pegler) — crataegi, Forst. Clumber (Pegler) Galerucella nymphaeae, L. S. Leverton (Thornley) — lineola, Fab. S. Leverton; Rampton ; Cottam; common (Thornley) Adimonia tanaceti, L. Barrow Hills, Everton, in pro- fusion, 1902 (Thornley) Sermyla halensis, L. Longitarsus anchusae, Payk. Clumber (Pegler) — holsaticus, L. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — luridus, Scop. — suturellus, Duft. „ var. fuscicollis, Steph. — atricillus, L. Retford district (Thornley) — melanocephalus, All. — flavicornis, Steph. \Newark district (?) [Hadfield — tabidus, Fab. J coll.] — jacobaeae, Wat. — gracilis, Kuts. Kings ton-on-Soar, common (Thorn- ley) — laevis, Duft. S. Leverton, common (Thornley) Haltica lythri, Aube \Newark district (?) [Hadfield - pusilla, Duft. J coll.] Phyllotreta nodicornis, Marsh. Nottingham and Rad- cliffe (Ryles) — consobrina, Curt. ) Newark district (?) [Had- — punctulata, Marsh, j field coll.] — vittula, Redt. Treswell Wood (Thornley) - undulata, Kuts. — nemorum, L. — ochripes, Curt. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — tetrastigma, Com. Clumber (Pegler) - exclamationis, Thunb. Aphthona nonstriata, Goeze. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — atrocoerulea, Steph. S. Leverton (Thornley) Batophila rubi, Payk. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Retford (Pegler) ; Radcliffe (Ryles) CHRYSOMELIDAE (continued} Sphaeroderma testaceum, Fab. — cardui, Gyll. Apteropeda orbiculata, Marsh. Mantura rustica, L. — matthewsi, Curt. Newark district (?) FHadfield coll.] Crepidodera transversa, Marsh. — ferruginea, Scop. — rufipes, L. — aurata, Marsh. Chaetocnema subcoerulea, Kuts. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — hortensis, Fourc. Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh. Psylliodes attenuata, Koch.) Newark district (?) [Had- — chrysocephala, L. J field coll.] — napi, Koch. — cuprea, Koch. — affinis, Payk. — marcida, 111. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — luteola, Milll. Sherwood Forest, Rev. A. Mat- thews (Fowler, Brit. Coleof. iv, 394) — picina, Marsh. Tuxford (Pegler) Cassida vittata, Vill. — flaveola, Thunb. — viridis, Fab. TENEBRIONIDAE Blaps mucronata, Latr. Heledona agaricola, Fab. Sherwood Forest Scaphidema metallicum, Fab. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Beeston and Radcliffe (Ryles) Tenebrio molitor, L. — obscurus, Fab. Nottingham (Ryles) ; Retford (Pegler) Gnathocerus cornutus, Fab. Nottingham, Worksof, and Retford districts Tribolium ferrugineum, Fab. Retford, in old flour mill (Pegler) Hypophloeus castaneus, Fab. Nottingham, 30 Novem- ber, 1835, R. Bakewell (Stephens, Ent. Mag. January, 1836, iii, 415) ; Shem-ood Forest, June, 1869 and 1870 (J. K. Taylor); also taken there subsequently by various collectors (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 22) Helops striatus, Fourc. CISTELIDAE Cistela ceramboides, L. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleof. v, 29, and Tomlin) — murina, L. Eryx ater, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) Mycetochares bipustulata, 111. Sherwood Forest (Tom- lin) Cteniopus sulphureus, L. Barrow Hills, Everton ; Marnham (Thornley) LAGRIIDAE Lagria hirta, L. MELANDRYIDAE Tetratoma fungorum, Fab. Nottingham, 1898-99, in abundance (Ryles) ; Sherwood Forest — desmaresti, Latr. Sherwood Forest (Matthews and Blatch) 105 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE MELANDRYIDAE (continued) Clinocara undulata, Kr. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Tomlin) Hallomenus humeralis, Panz. Sherwood Forest (Tom- lin) Conopalpus testaceus, OL, and var. vigorsi, Steph. Sherwood Forest Melandrya caraboides, L. Nottingham (Ryles) ; S. Leverton (Thornley) Phloeotrya rufipes, Gyll. Sherwood Forest PYTHIDAE S.ilpingus castaneus, Panz. Clumber (Pegler) — planirostris, Fab. OEDEMERIDAE Retford districts. Clumber (Pegler) Clifton Grove, Nottingham Oedemera nobilis, Scop. Ischnomera coerulea, L. (Ryles) — sanguinicollis, Fab. Sherwood Forest, on mountain ash flowers (Blatch) PYROCHROIDAE Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop. SCRAPTIIDAE Scraptia fuscula, Mull. Sherwood Forest, June, 1870 (J. Kidson Taylor) MORDELLIDAE Anaspis frontalis, L. — rufilabris, Gyll. Aspley Woods, Nottingham (Ryles) — geoffroyi, Mllll. Nottingham ; Gunthorpe (Ryles) ; Retford district, common (Thornley) — ruficollis, Fab. — subtestacea, Steph. 'Nottingham (Ryles) ; S. Lever- ton (Thornley) ; Retford (Pegler) — maculata, Fourc. ANTHICIDAE Anthicus floralis, L. — antherinus, L. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] XYLOPHILIDAE Xylophilus oculatus, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 92) MELO'lDAE Meloe proscarabaeus, L. — violaceus, Marsh. Bulwell Forest ANTHRIBIDAE Brachytarsus fasciatus, Forst. Occurs in many places — varius, Fab. Langjbrd Moor, not uncommon on fin ; S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood (Thornley) ; Sherwood Forest (Ryles, Chaster, and Tomlin) CURCULIONIDAE Apoderus coryli, L. Treswell Wood (Thornley) Attelabus curculionoides, L. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) CURCULIONIDAE (continued) Rhynchites cupreus, L. Sherwood Forest (Stevens, Blatch, and others) — aequatus, L. RadcRffe-on-Trent (Ryles) ; S. Lever- ton (Thornley) ; Retford (Pegler) — aeneovirens, Marsh. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 124, and Tomlin) — minutus, Herbst. S. Leverton, common (Thorn- ley) ; Sherwood Forest (Ryles) — interpunctatus, Steph. Newark district (?) [Had- field coll.] — nanus, Paylc. — pubescens, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) ; Gam- ston Wood (Pegler) Deporaus megacephalus, Germ. Langford Moor, on birch with next species (Thornley) — betulae, L. Apion pomonae, Fab. — craccae, L. S. Leverton and Treswell Wood (Thorn- ley) ; Hazelford (Ryles) — subulatum, Kirby. Treswell Wood (Thornley) — ulicis, Forst. — miniatum, Germ. — cruentatum, Walt. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) — haematodes, Kirby — rubens, Steph. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 143) — viciae, Payk. Treswell Wood (Thornley) — difforme, Germ. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) — apricans, Herbst. — dichroum, Bedel — nigritarse, Kirby — hookeri, Kirby. Treswell Wood (Thornley) ; Grove (Pegler) — aeneum, Fab. — radiolus, Kirby — onopordi, Kirby — carduorum, Kirby — virens, Herbst. — astragali, Payk. Cottam, in a grass field (Pegler) — pisi, Fab. — aethiops, Herbst. — striatum, Kirby — immune, Kirby. Gravel-pit, Sutton, near Retford (Thornley) — ervi, Kirby — vorax, Herbst. — seniculum, Kirby — simile, Kirby. Grove (Pegler; — marchicum, Herbst. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Ryles) — violaceum, Kirby — hydrolapathi, Kirby - humile, Germ. Otiorrhynchus atroapterus, De G. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — raucus, Fab. Clumber (Pegler) — ligneus, OL Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 178) — picipes, Fab. — sulcatus, Fab. — ovatus, L. Trachyphloeus scabriculus, L. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] Strophosomus coryli, Fab. — capitatus, De G. — retusus, Marsh. — faber, Herbst. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] 106 INSECTS CURCULIONIDAE (continued) Exomias araneifbrmis, Schr. Omias mollinus, Boh. S. Leverton, common in hay- fields (Thornley) Brachysomus echinatus, Bonsd. S. Leverton (Thorn- ley) ; Clumber (Pegler) Sciaphilus muricatus, Fab. Tropiphorus tomentosus, Marsh. S. Leverton (Thorn- ley) ; Beeston (Ryles) ; Nottingham (Pope) Liophloeus nubilus, Fab. Polydrusus micans, Fab. Nottingham (Ryles) ; Tres- well Wood (Thornley) — pterygomalis, Boh. — cervinus, L. Phyllobius oblongus, L. — calcaratus, Fab. — urticae, De G. — pyri, L. — argentatus, L. — maculicornis, Germ. — pomonae, Ol. — viridiaeris, Laich. Tanymecus palliatus, Fab. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Grove (Pegler) Philopedon geminatus, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) Atactogenus exaratus, Marsh. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 209) Barynotus obscurus, Fab. — schonherri, Zett. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — elevatus, Marsh. Widely distributed and common in places Alophus triguttatus, Fab. Sitones regensteinensis, Herbst. — crinitus, Herbst. Broadholme (Pegler) — tibialis, Herbst. — hispidulus, Fab. — humeralis, Steph. Barrow Hills, Everton, 4 Sep- tember, 1903 — meliloti, Walt. Colaiick (Ryles) — flavescens, Marsh. — puncticollis, Steph. — suturalis, Steph. — lineatus, L. — sulcifrons, Thunb. Gronops lunatus, L. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] Hypera punctata, Fab. — rumicis, L. — polygon!, L. — suspiciosa, Herbst. Retford (Pegler) ; Sherwcod Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 234) — variabilis, Herbst. — murina, Fab. Clumber (Pegler) — plantaginis, De G. — trilineata, Marsh. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) — nigrirostris, Fab. Liosoma ovatulum, Clairv. Hylobius abietis, L. Tracodes hispidus, L. Sherwood Forest (Tomlin) Orchestes quercus, L. — alni, L. Nottingham (Freestone) ; Sherwood Forest (Ryles) „ var. ferrugineus, Marsh. Nottingham (Ryles) — ilicis, Fab, var. nigripes, Fowler. Treswell Wood (Thornley) — avellanae, Don. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 260) CURCULIONIDAE (continued) Orchestes fagi, L. — rusci, Herbst. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — stigma, Germ. Treswell Wood (Thornley) I* • T — sahcis, L. Rhamphus flavicornis, Clairv. Grypidius equiseti, Fab. Aspley, Nottingham (Ryles) ; S. Leverton and Treswell (Thornley) Erirrhinus bimaculatus, Fab. Clifton Grove, Notting- ham (Pope) — acridulus, L. Dorytomus vorax, Fab. Nottingham and Retford dis- tricts — tortrix, L. Nottingham (Pope) — maculatus, Marsh. — melanophthalmus, Payk, var. agnathus, Boh. Littleborough Tanysphyrus lemnae, Fab. Bagous alismatis, Marsh. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Cossall Anoplus plantaris, Naez. Elleschus bipunctatus, L. Newark district (?) [Had- field coll.] Tychius meliloti, Steph. Newark, in profusion on Melilotus officinalis in brickyard (Thornley and Carr) Miccotrogus picirostris, Fab. Gymnetron pascuorum, Gyll. Retford district (Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Chaster, and Tomlin) ; Worksop (Houghton) — antirrhini, Payk. Trent-bank, Rampton, in flowers of Linaria vulgaris, common Mecinus pyraster, Herbst. Anthonomus ulmi, De G. — pedicularius, L. — pomorum, L. — rubi, Herbst. Nanophyes lythri, Fab. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] Cionus scrophulariae, L. Common in many localities on Scrophuhria nodosa and S. aquatica — tuberculosus, Scop. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — hortulanus, Marsh. Treswell Wood, on Scroph. nodosa — blattariae, Fab. — pulchellus, Herbst. Orobitis cyaneus, L. On violets, Treswell Wood (Thornley); Clumber Park (Pegler) Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, L. Nottingham (Pope) ; Littleborough (Thornley) Acalles ptinoides, Marsh. Newark district (?) [Had- field coll.] Coeliodes rubicundus, Herbst. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) — quercus, Fab. — erythroleucus, Gmel. Littleborough (Thornley) — quadrimaculatus, L. — geranii, Payk. N. Leverton and Treswell, on Geranium pratense (Thornley) Poophagus sisymbrii, Fab. — nasturtii, Germ. Nottinghamshire (Stephens) Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk. — cochleariae, Gyll. Nottingham (Ryles) — ericae, Gvll. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — erysimi, Fab. — contractus, Marsh. — chalybaeus, Germ. Retford district (Pegler) 107 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE CURCULIONIDAE (continued') Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens, Panz. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Widmerpool (Ryles) — pollinarius, Forst. — viduatus, Gyll. Sherwood Forest (Hardy ; Fowler, Brit. Ctleop. v, 252) — pleurostigma, Marsh. — alliariae, Bris. S. Leverton and Retford (Thornley) — melanostictus, Marsh. Retford district (Pegler) — arcuatus, Herbst. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 257) — litura, Fab. Ceuthorrhynchidius floralis, Payk. — pyrrhorhynchus, Marsh. Beeston (Ryles) - horridus, Fab. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — troglodytes, Fab. Rhinoncus pericarpius, L. — gramineus, Herbst. Cottam and Retford (Pegler) — perpendicularis, Reich. — castor, Fab. Liltleborough (Thornley) ; Sherwood Forest Litodactylus leucogaster, Marsh. Sherwood Forest (Ryles and Pegler) Phytobius quadrituberculatus, Fab. Baris lepidii, Germ. Hazclford (Ryles) Balaninus venosus, Grav. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 384) - nucum, L. S. Leverton (Thornley) ; Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 385) — turbatus, Gyll. Newark district (?) [Hadfield coll.] — villosus, Fab. Treswcl! Wood (Thornley) ; N. Leverton (E. Shaw) ; Sherwood Forest (Fowler and Tomlin) CURCULIONIDAE (continued) Nottingham (Ryles) ; S. Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Balaninus salicovorus, Payk. — pyrrhoceras, Marsh. Magdalis armigera, Fourc. Leverton (Thornley) ; Brit. Coleop. v, 398 ; and Chaster) — pruni, L. Calandra granaria, L. — oryzae, L. Cossonus ferrugineus, Clairv. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) Rhyncolus lignarius, Marsh. Grove (Pegler) ; Sher- wood Forest (Blatch and Tomlin) — gracilis, Ros. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — ater, L. Sherwood Forest (Turner ; Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 394) SCOLYTIDAE Scolytus destructor, Ol. — intricatus, Ratz. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) — multistriatus, Marsh. Sherwood Forest (Chaster and Tomlin) Hylastes ater, Payk. — opacus, Er. Worksop (Houghton) ; Sherwood Forest (Fowler, Brit. Coleop. v, 413) Hylesinus crenatus, Fab. Tuxford (Pegler) ; Worksop (Houghton) — oleiperda, Fab. Burton Joyce (Ryles) — fraxini, Panz. Myelophilus piniperda, L. Dryocaetes villosus, Fab. Tomicus laricis, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) Trypodendron domesticum, L. Sherwood Forest, etc. — quercus, Eich. Sherwood Forest (Blatch and Homer) LEPIDOPTERA The insects belonging to this group have, as usual, owing to their attractive appearance, received more attention from collectors than the other orders ; but although our knowledge of the butterflies and larger moths of the county is now fairly complete, much still remains to be done before anything like an exhaustive list of the so-called Micro-Lepidoptera can be given. The earliest published account of Nottinghamshire Lepidoptera is contained in White's Worktop, the Dukery, and Sherwood Forest, published in 1875. In this work two lists are given, one by W. J. Sterland of ' Lepidoptera taken in Sherwood Forest by the late John Trueman ' ; the other, by R. E. Brameld, enumerates the species captured by himself ' in or about Sherwood Forest, from 1859 to 1874.' Mr. Sterland's list, although it professes to include only those species which Trueman himself collected within the limits of the forest, contains so many improbable records that one is forced to the conclusion that numerous species are included which were collected by Trueman in other parts of the kingdom or received by him from correspondents. I have therefore felt compelled to ignore most of Sterland's records unless confirmed by Brameld or later observers. Other lists of Notting- hamshire Lepidoptera have been published by the present writer * and by Mr. J. R. Hardy.3 In addition to the information derived from these sources I have received much help from numerous entomological friends and correspondents. My thanks are especially due to Miss Alderson of Worksop, whose labours in the Worksop and Sherwood Forest districts have resulted in the addition of very many new species to the county records, and whose co-operation in this work has been of the utmost value ; to the Rev. Alfred Thornley, whose unrivalled knowledge of the insect fauna of Nottinghamshire has been freely placed at my disposal ; and also to the Revs. E. G. Alderson and W. Becher, and Messrs. B. A. Bower, W. Daws, J. R. Hardy, G. Henderson, J. T. Houghton, A. R. Leivers, D. H. Pearson, G. Pike, and A. Simmons. To all these friends I am indebted for much valuable and generous assistance. The arrangement and nomenclature adopted in this list are those of South's 'Entomologist' List of British Lepidoptera. Of the 2,081 species therein enumerated, 903 species have been recorded on good authority as occurring in Nottinghamshire. 1 A Contribution to the Ceology and Natural History of Nottinghamshire, 1893. ' Manchester Memoirs, vol. 45 (1901). 108 INSECTS RHOPALOCERA Butter/lies PIERIDAE The beautiful Black-veined White (Aporia crataegf) can only be claimed as a Nottinghamshire insect on the strength of Sterland's statement (' Zoology of Sherwood Forest,' in White's Worhop, the Dukery, and Sherwood Forest) that ' a single specimen of the Black-veined White (P. crataegi) was taken by J. Trueman, but he does not give in his memoranda the precise locality, though I gather it was in Thoresby Park.' The large and small Cabbage Whites (Pierii brassicae and P. rapae) and the Green-veined White (P. nap!) are all very common both in spring and autumn. The larvae of P. brassicae have been observed feeding gregariously on horse-radish, Tropaeolum canariense and other species, as well as on the more usual cabbages and cauliflowers. P. rapae is very partial to the common garden mignonette, and has also been seen feeding on charlock and horse-radish as well as the various forms of cabbage. The aberration immaculata of this species occurs occasionally. P. napi is more partial to the ridings of woods than are the other two species. The Orange Tip (Euchlo? cardamines) is widely distributed in the county, frequenting the country lanes and wood ridings ; in some localities it is very common. The aberration turritis frequently occurs. The favourite food-plants in this district appear to be charlock (Brassica Sinapistrum) and garlic mustard (Shymbrlum Alllaria). The delicate and fragile-looking Wood White (Leucophasia sinapis) used to occur occasionally in Sherwood Forest according to Sterland, and a single specimen was taken at Newark many years ago (G. Gascoyrie, in Newman's British Butterflies). No modern entomologist has seen it. The Pale Clouded Yellow (Colias hyale) is usually very rare, but occurs in small numbers at wide intervals. Several were taken at Mansfield in 1875, and at Southwell in 1877, but no more were seen, as far as I can ascertain, until 1900, when it occurred in several localities in the Notting- ham district. The Clouded Yellow (C. edusa) is of much more frequent occurrence, occasionally becoming quite common, but it is very uncertain and erratic. It was common about Mansfield in 1859, occurred at Nottingham in 1875, and in profusion all over the county in 1877. A few specimens were seen in 1878, 1883, 1885, and 1889 ; and in 1892 it again appeared in numbers in every part of the county. In 1895 it occurred about Mansfield, accompanied by a few var. belice (Daws) ; and finally in 1900 it once more appeared in many localities. On the Foss road at Cotgrave it was so abundant that one collector secured fifty specimens in perfect condition in two hours on 1 8 August. Gonopteryx rhamn't, the Brimstone butterfly, occurs somewhat sparingly throughout the county, and is occasionally common, as in 1900. NYMPHALIDAE Of the Fritillaries the Pearl-bordered (Argynnis euphrosyne) and Small Pearl-bordered (A. selene) occur in various localities, the former being much the commoner. A. ag/aia, the Dark Green Fritillary, is widely distributed, but scarce ; the High Brown Fritillary (A. adippe) is still fairly common in Sherwood Forest and was formerly so in many places where it is now scarce. The Silver-washed Fritillary (A. papbia) is now also an uncommon insect, but several specimens were seen in a wood near Retford in 1901. All the Argynnidae, except perhaps A. euphrosyne, seem indeed to be gradually getting scarcer in Nottinghamshire. The Greasy Fritillary (Melitaea aurinia) was several times taken in Sherwood Forest by J. Trueman, according to Sterland, and a single specimen was taken at Worksop in 1883 by Miss Alderson. The singularly-shaped Comma Butterfly (Vanessa c-album) seems to have been not uncommon formerly, but is now very rare ; it has occurred in recent years at Thieves Wood and Mansfield (Daws), and one specimen was taken at Worksop on 15 September, 1893, by Miss Alderson. The Large Tortoiseshell \V. polychloros) is occasionally seen, and the Small Tortoiseshell (V. urticae) is very common everywhere. The variety ichnusoides has been taken at Mansfield by Mr. Daws. The Peacock (V. to) is usually very scarce and uncertain in its appearance, but in 1 900 it was quite common. Records of the occurrence of the Camberwell Beauty (V. an- tiopa) in Nottinghamshire are fairly numerous : one at Worksop and one at Southwell in 1846, and one taken some years before near Nottingham (J. Wolley) ; two at Welbeck and two at Edwin- stowe in 1860 (Sterland). 'In 1860 this species was common about Mansfield. I have two taken here. A nice series was taken at Berry Hill by the late Lady Walker ; they were feeding on fallen ripe plums. They were again fairly numerous in 1864' (W. Daws). Several specimens were taken in Nottinghamshire in 1872 (Brameld), and a specimen was seen flying in Nottingham in or about 1890. The Red Admiral (V. atalanta) is common throughout the county, in some seasons extremely so, and the Painted Lady (P, . cardui), though usually very scarce, is sometimes just as common. It was abundant in 1883 and 1892, and common in South Nottinghamshire in 1900. It was again common in the autumn of 1903. 109 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE APATURIDAE The Purple Emperor (Apatura iris) is now rare, but has been seen and taken many times in various parts of Sherwood Forest. It has also occurred in woods near Newark and Southwell, and at Thieves Wood near Mansfield Mr. Daws has seen it on several occasions up to 1895. SATYRIDAE Another rare species is the Marbled White (Melanargia galatea\ the last specimens of which, as far as I can learn, were captured near Bingham about 1890. It was formerly common in one or two places near Tuxford, and also at Warsop and Mansfield, but has apparently died out in all these places. The Wood Argus (Pararge egeria) occurs sparingly near Mansfield, and has been taken in the Birklands, also near Carlton-in-Lindrick, and at Widmerpool. The Wall Butterfly (Pararge megaerd) has almost disappeared from some districts where it was formerly plentiful, but still occurs rather commonly in the Mansfield district, and I have lately seen it in some numbers in the lanes about Wigsley and Thorney. The Grayling (Satyrut semele) used to be very abundant on sandy ground at Thieves Wood, but has not been seen lately (Daws). The Meadow Brown (Epinephele ianira) is abundant nearly everywhere, and the Gatekeeper (E. tithonus) occurs in profusion in many places, but is quite absent from some districts and rare in others. The Ringlet (E. hyperanthes) is also locally common in damp lanes and woods, but like many other butterflies has disappeared from some districts where it was formerly common. 'About 1882 this species simply swarmed in the grass ridings of Clumber and Welbeck Parks ; since that time it has entirely disappeared from the neighbourhood' (Miss Alderson). The Small Heath (Coenonympha pamphilus) is very common and universally distributed. LYCAENIDAE Three of the Hairstreaks occur in Nottinghamshire. Thecla w-album is taken sparingly in Sherwood Forest and elsewhere in the north, and is locally abundant in the south of the county. Barrett's statement, ' very rare in Nottinghamshire ' (British Lepidoptera, vol. i, p. 47), is certainly very far from the truth. The Purple Hairstreak (Thecla quercus) is much less common, but occurs in Sherwood Forest, in a wood near Mansfield, and in certain woods in the east of the county, in one of which I have recently seen it flying in considerable numbers round the tops of the oak trees. The Green Hairstreak (Thecla rubi) also occurs in Sherwood Forest and in woods near Mansfield and Newark, but in only one place have I seen it in any quantity. The Small Copper (Polyommatus phloeas) is very common, especially in the dry Triassic sandstone area of the central and northern parts of the county, and may be seen from the beginning of May until well into October. Some beautiful varieties have been taken, including the aberration schmidtii. Among the ' Blues ' Lycaena argon used to be common not very many years ago in Clumber Park, and has also been taken sparingly in one or two places near Mansfield. It is now apparently very rare. The Common Blue (L. icarus) is widely distributed and abundant in many places, occurring throughout the summer from early in May until sometimes the end of October. The Holly Blue (L. argiolui) is said by Sterland to be not uncommon in Sherwood Forest. It certainly is not so now, since no later observer has seen it, although holly bushes are abundant in parts of Sherwood. HESPERIIDAE Of the Skippers, Syrichthus ma/vae, the Grizzled Skipper, occurs rather commonly at Bunny and about Cotgrave and Widmerpool. It is also found sparingly about Newark, Southwell, Newstead, and Wellow. The Dingy Skipper (Nisoniades tages] is fairly common in the Mansfield district (Daws), and occurs rarely in Sherwood Forest. The Small Skipper (Hesperia thaumas) is widely distributed, often occurring abundantly in the south of the county, but rather more sparingly in the north. I know of only a single capture of Hesperia lineola in Nottinghamshire, that by Mr. J. N. Young in 1880 at Clumber, as recorded by Barrett (Brit. Lepid. i, 282). The Large Skipper (Hesperia sylvanus) is locally abundant in woods and lanes in the south of the county, and also near Retford and Mansfield. In Sherwood Forest and about Worksop, and elsewhere on the Bunter sandstone, it is much less common. It appears to be at least partially doubled-brooded, occurring from about I June until the middle of August. HETEROCERA Moths SPHINGES SPHINGIDAE The Death's Head Moth (Acherontia atropos) is very irregular in its appearance, some years being quite common or even abundant, in others almost absent. In 1899 and 1900 it was common no INSECTS throughout the county in the larval stage. The Convolvulus Hawk Moth (Sphinx convolvuli) is another erratic insect, but is never really common. I have many recent records of its occurrence, singly or in small numbers, in the Nottingham, Mansfield, Southwell, Tuxford, Edwinstowe, and Worksop districts. The Privet Hawk Moth (Sphinx ligustri) is of frequent occurrence. A single specimen of the Bedstraw Hawk Moth (Deilephila galii) is recorded by Sterland as having been taken in Sherwood Forest. Mr. W. Daws captured two specimens of this species at flowers of honeysuckle in his garden at Mansfield, on 20 and 24 June, 1 866, and a third specimen was taken in the same neighbour- hood by another collector about the same date. The rare Choerocampa celerio has been taken several times in the county, my notes recording captures of single specimens at Chilwell, at Edwinstowe in 1876, at Retford in 1884, and again in 1885, and in Nottingham in 1860 and 1892. The Small Elephant Hawk Moth (Choerocampa panel/us) occurs most seasons in the Mansfield district (Daws) ; specimens were also taken at Worksop and Wellow in 1901, and in Nottingham in 1902. The Large Elephant Hawk (C. elpenor) is much more frequent and generally distributed, larvae being sometimes fairly common about Mansfield (Daws). The Eyed Hawk (Smerinthus ocellatus) and the Poplar Hawk (S. populi) are both fairly plentiful, especially in the larval stage, the former feeding on wild crab and willow, and on apple trees in orchards, and the latter chiefly on poplar, but once found -^ on ash at Worksop (Miss Alderson). S. populi appears to be partially doubled-brooded, eggs deposited in June, 1898, produced imagines in the following September (Daws). The Lime Hawk (S. ti/iae) is rare, but is recorded from Mansfield (Daws) and Marnham, where several specimens were bred by the Rev. E. Cunningham from larvae found on lime trees in his garden. The Humming-Bird Hawk Moth (Macroglossa stel/atarum) occurs throughout the county and is frequently common. In 1899 and 1900 it was particularly plentiful all over the county. The Broad-bordered Bee Hawk (Macroglossa fuciformis) occurs in two woods, many miles apart, on the eastern side of the county, and is a recent addition to our list, the first authentic specimens having been taken in May, 1895. It has since been seen in all stages, sometimes plentifully. SESIIDAE The Hornet Clearwings (Trochiitum aptformis and T. crabroniformis] have both been taken in the county several times, but are very rare. Of the smaller Clearwings Sesia tipuliformis is widely dis- tributed and often common in gardens where currant bushes grow, but the other recorded species are very rare. Sesia asUiformis, S. myopiformis, and S. tulieifirmis are all recorded from Sherwood Forest, and S. myopiformis has also been taken by Daws at Mansfield. ZYGAENIDAE The Forester (Ino stances), at one time common in Sherwood Forest, is now rare there, if indeed it still exists. It has, however, been taken recently in the south of the county, near Bunny. Of the Burnets, Zygaena trifolii is reported from Sherwood Forest and Gedling, but is certainly very rare. Z. lonicerae is in some seasons very plentiful but extremely local in the Mansfield district ; it also occurs in old pastures at Welham near Retford. The Six-Spot Burnet (Z. filipendulae) is widely distributed in the county, but has a knack of disappearing suddenly from localities where it was formerly common. It occurred in a single meadow at Gedling some years ago in the utmost profusion, but has not been seen there lately. It is also found more or less commonly in the Retford, Southwell, and Mansfield districts, and in several places south of Nottingham. In Sherwood Forest it is now apparently rare. BOMBYCES NYCTEOLIDAE Hylophila prasinana occurs throughout the county, but is nowhere common. NOLIDAE No/a cucullatella is widely distributed, variable in its appearance, but some years very abundant. In 1899 it swarmed in gardens at Mansfield, from 20 June to the middle of July (Daws). N. con- fusalis was taken in the north of Nottinghamshire by Brameld many years ago, but there are no recent records. LITHOSIIDAE Nudaria senex has been taken ' on the railings near the Normanton Hotel [Clumber Park], several times,' (J. R. Hardy), and N. mundana occurs in Sherwood Forest and near Worksop. Calligenia miniata, Lithosia mesomella, and L. deplana, are all reported from Sherwood Forest, the last named only once, however. L. lurideola is widely diffused and common in one or two localities. Mr. J. R. Hardy took nine specimens of L, complana by beating larches near Worksop, in June, HI A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE 1887, and it was again obtained in the same locality in 1 894. The Large Footman- (Gnopbria quadra] is said by Sterland to have been taken several times in Sherwood Forest ; and the Red-necked Foot- man (G. rubricollii) occurs in the same district. EUCHELIIDAE The gorgeous Cinnabar Moth (Euchelia jacobaeae) is common in Sherwood Forest and at Langford Moor, and occurs with more or less frequency in all parts of the county. The conspicuously- coloured larvae are often very abundant on Senedo jacobaea (Ragwort). CHELONIIDAE The Clouded Buff (Nemeophila russula) was common in Clumber Park within the last twenty years, but is now scarce there. It was also taken in Mansfield Forest in 1886 and 1887, and has occurred recently at Ollerton. The Wood Tiger (N. plantaginh) occurs at Thieves Wood near Mansfield (Daws), and I took a specimen in a wood on the opposite side of the county on 26 May, 1896. It used to occur in Sherwood Forest, but has not been seen there of late years. The Common Tiger (Arctia caia) is found commonly throughout the county, but is much more abundant in the larval than in the perfect stage. The Ruby Tiger (Spilosoma fo/iginosa) occurs sparingly in Sher- wood Forest and in the Mansfield and Nottingham districts. Of the Ermines Spi/osoma mendica is occasionally taken in various places in the northern half of the county, and S. lubricipeda and S. menthastri are common and universally distributed. HEPIALIDAE All the British ' Swifts ' occur with us. Hepialus humuli is common everywhere, and H. sylvanus moderately so. H. velleda occurs abundantly and in great variety (including the var. carnus) in Clumber Park and the woods at Sparken Hill near Worksop (Miss Alderson) ; elsewhere in the county it is only occasionally found. H. lupulinus and H, hectus are both very common and universally distributed. COSSIDAE The Goat Moth (Cossus ligntperda) occurs commonly in many places in the larval state, and the imago is frequently taken. The Leopard Moth (Zeuzera pyrina) is not rare, and has occurred all over the county. COCHLIOPODIDAE The rare Heterogenea asella is said by Sterland to have been taken ' in Trueman's garden at Edwinstowe ' — a statement hard to believe. LIPARIDAE The Brown-Tail Moth (Portbesta cbrysorrhoea) has occurred in several places, and the Gold- Tail (P. iimilis) is generally abundant. The Satin Moth (Leucoma salicis) and the Black Arches (Psi/ura monacha] occur in the county, but are rare. The Pale Tussock (Dasychira pudibunda] is rather frequent in Sherwood Forest and one or two other localities, but the Dark Tussock (D. fascelina) is recorded only by Sterland and must be considered doubtful. The Vapourer (Orgyia antiqua) is found everywhere, and is often so abundant as to be a destructive pest in gardens. Mr. J. R. Hardy some years ago took several larvae of 0. gonostigma at Edwinstowe from which two males and a female were bred. BOMBYCIDAE Trichiura crataegi occurs sparingly throughout the county, and is usually captured at gas lamps or in the larval stage on hawthorn hedges. The December Moth (Poecilocampa populi] is irregular in appearance, but is sometimes seen in abundance on gas-lamps in various places. Eriogaster lanestrls is widely diffused, the nests of the gregarious larvae being often very abundant ; the moth is however rarely seen. Larvae of the Lackey (Bombyx neustria) are also frequently common. Botnbyx rubi is rare, and recorded from Sherwood Forest only, but B. quercus (the Oak Eggar) is frequent and sometimes common in both larval and perfect states. The Drinker (Odonestis potatoria] is very common, especially in the larval stage. The Lappet (Lasiocampa quercifolia) has been taken in the larval stage at Mansfield by Daws. SATURNIIDAE The Emperor Moth (Saturnta pavonia), once common, has now become rare. 112 INSECTS DREPANULIDAE Drepana falcataria is frequent in Sherwood Forest and about Mansfield, and rather common at Langford Moor. Cilix glaucata is found throughout the county, and is occasionally very common in some districts. DICRANURIDAE The Kittens, Dicranura furcula and D. bifida both occur, though not commonly, but the Puss Moth (D. vinula) is much more plentiful. The Lobster Moth (Stauropus fagi) has been taken in the larval stage in Sherwood Forest. NOTODONTIDAE Pterostoma palpina is rare, Lophopteryx camelina of frequent occurrence, and Notodonta dictaea, N. dictaeoideSy N. dromedarius, N. ziczac, N. trepida, N. chaonia, and N. trimacu/a, are all found in the county. PYGAERIDAE Phalera bucephala is universally distributed and is often excessively abundant in the larval stage. Pygaera curtula is recorded for Sherwood Forest by Sterland. CYMATOPHORIDAE Tbyatira derasa and T. bath (the Peach Blossom) are of frequent occurrence, and sometimes fairly common. Cymatophora or and C. duplaris have both been taken in Sherwood Forest and at Thieves Wood near Mansfield, though only very occasionally. Aiphalia diluta is confined to Sherwood Forest so far as Nottinghamshire is concerned, and may generally be taken in small numbers at 'sugar' in the proper season. A.flavicornh is sometimes common about Worksop and in the Forest, and occurs also at S. Leverton and at Thieves Wood near Mansfield. A. ridens rested upon Sterland's authority alone until 1894, when one specimen was taken by Miss Alderson in Clumber Park. NOCTUAE BRYOPH1LIDAE Bryophila per/a is widely distributed and fairly common, but no other species of the genus occurs in the county. BOMBYCOIDAE Demas coryli has been taken at Ollerton and Mansfield. Acronycta tridem is rather scarce. A. psi is common everywhere. A. leporina occurs at Langford Moor, in Sherwood Forest, and at Thieves Wood near Mansfield, where Mr. Daws has taken both the type and the variety brady- porina. A. aceris is recorded for South Scarle by Mr. G. M. A. Hewett, who states that he has taken it both in spring and autumn. A. megacephala is curiously scarce in Nottinghamshire : I have very few records of its occurrence, and most of these are for larvae only. A. aim is occasion- ally taken, most frequently in the larval state ; my numerous records for the last thirty years show that it has occurred all over the county. A. ligustri is very rare, but has been taken in Sherwood Forest. A. rumicis is frequently taken, but cannot be called common. Mr. J. R. Hardy tells me that in July, 1897, he took seven specimens of A. menyanthidis among heather at Edwinstowe, and has also taken the larvae several times by sweeping in the same place. Diloba caeruleocephala is abundant nearly everywhere, the moth sometimes swarming on gas-lamps, and the larvae occurring in profusion on the hawthorn hedges. LEUCANIIDAE Of the ' wainscots ' we have Leucania turca (one specimen under log near the Major Oak, Edwinstowe, 19 June, 1896, J. R. Hardy), L. conigera, L. /ithargyria, L. comma, L. imfura, and L. pa/lens, most of which are common, the last named in particular being sometimes excessively abundant. Tapinosto/a fulva and Nonagria arundinis are of frequent occurrence, and Mr. Daws of Mansfield writes of N. lutosay 'I have a series taken in my garden here at sugar, 12 August, 1894.' APAMEIDAE Gortyna ochracea, Hydroecia nictttans, H. micacea, Axylia putris, Xylophasia rurea with its var. alopecurus, X. lithoxylea, X. suh/ustris, and X. bepatica, are all more or less common ; X. monoglypha is abundant everywhere and extremely variable, and X. scolopacina occurs sparingly in Sherwood Forest and at Mansfield. Neuria reticulata and Neuroma popularis are not uncommon. Charaeas graminis is widely distributed and abounds in some seasons in Sherwood Forest, where it frequents I 113 15 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE the Ragwort flowers by day, while in other years it is scarce. Cerigo matura is widely distributed but not very common. Luperina testacea is common, but L. capitil seems to be almost confined to Sherwood Forest, where it is of frequent occurrence. Mamestra sordida is widely distributed, and by no means rare. M. albicolon formerly occurred in Sherwood Forest, but has not been seen of late years. M. furva, recorded by Sterland as having been taken on one occasion in Sherwood Forest, remained unconfirmed for many years, but in 1891 was taken by the Rev. E. G. Alderson at Sparken Hill near Worksop, and again on 30 June, 1894, by Miss E. M. Alderson in the garden at Park House, Worksop. M. brassicae, the well-known Cabbage Moth, is of course very common everywhere ; the vars. unico/or, Tutt, and albidilinea, Haw., have also occurred. M. persicariae is common in some parts of the county, but appears to be absent from others. Apamea basilinea, A. gemina, and A. didyma are common. Several specimens of A. connexa were taken between Worksop and Edwinstowe in 1885 and 1886 by Mr. J. R. Hardy and others. A. unanimis has occurred at Chilwell and in Sherwood Forest, and A. leucostigma var. fibrosa is reported by both Sterland and Brameld from Sherwood Forest, but has not been seen for many years. Miana strigi/is is abundant ; M. fasciuncu/a and M . arcuosa pretty common ; but M. /iterosa, formerly common in Sherwood Forest, does not appear to have been taken lately ; and the same may be said of M. bicolaria, formerly reported ' common ' in the Forest and at Nottingham. CARADRINIDAE Grammesia trigrammica is moderately common. Stilbia anoma/a, recorded by Sterland, was again taken in Clumber Park by Miss Alderson on 23 August, 1895. Caradrina morpkeus, C. taraxaciy and C. quadripunctata all occur with greater or less frequency, and C. a/sines was captured at Shireoaks near Worksop in July, 1900, by Mr. J. T. Houghton. Rusina tenebrosa is frequent, especially in the northern parts of the county. NOCTUIDAE The genus Agrotis is well represented. A. vestigia/is, generally a coast insect, has been taken in Sherwood Forest, and Mr. Daws captured one at Mansfield at ' sugar ' on 1 1 July, 1894. A. suffusa and A. saucia are frequent, A. segetum very common, A. exclamationis abundant, A. corticea and A. nigricans not uncommon, A. tritici frequent, and the Rev. W. Becher reports having taken A, aquilma at Edwinstowe and Wellow. A. obelisca has occurred in Sherwood Forest, according to Sterland and Brameld, but possibly one of the allied species may have been mistaken for it. A. agathina is stated by Barrett (Brit. Lepid. iii, 362) to be 'rare in Nottinghamshire,' but I have no details of its occurrence. A. strigula has been taken frequently at Mansfield and in Sherwood Forest, and twice at Shireoaks in 1900. A. praecox is said by Sterland to have been taken on one occasion in Sherwood Forest, but this is probably a mistake ; the Rev. A. Thornley has however seen an undoubted specimen taken at Marnham in the Trent Valley by the Rev. E. Cunningham. A. obscura occurs rarely in Sherwood Forest, and has been taken several times recently by Mr. Thornley at 'sugar' in the vicarage garden at South Leverton. The genus Noctua is also well represented in Nottinghamshire, N. glareosa occurring sparingly at Mansfield, but sometimes plenti- fully in Sherwood Forest ; N. augur, N. p/ecta, N. c-nigrum, N. brunnea, N. festiva, N. dahlii, N. rubi, N. umbrosa, N. baia, and N. xanthographa all occur in various localities, and are most of them common. N. triangulum is rare, but has been taken in Sherwood Forest by Miss Alderson, and at Chilwell by Mr. D. H. Pearson. N. castanea, var. neg/ecta, stated by Sterland to be ' not uncommon ' in Sherwood Forest, is not reported by any other collector. All the species of Trlphaena are found with us. T. ianthina and T. interjecta are widely distributed but not very common, the latter indeed being scarce ; T. fimbrta is frequent in Sherwood Forest and about Mansfield ; T. orbona (subsequa), first recorded by Sterland, has more recently been taken at sugar in Sherwood Forest on several occasions by Mr. J. R. Hardy ; T. comes is fairly common, and T. pronuba is everywhere abundant. AMPHIPYRIDAE Amphipyra pyramidea is fairly plentiful at 'sugar 'in Sherwood Forest, and has been taken occasionally at Mansfield. A. tragopoginis is common, and Mania typica fairly so, while M. maura is not rare. ORTHOSIIDAE Panolis piniperda occurs frequently in Scots-pine woods in Sherwood Forest, at Berry Hill, Mansfield, and at Langford Moor. Pachnobia leucographa formerly occurred, but very rarely, in Sherwood Forest, but has not been taken recently ; P. rubricosa, once frequent in the same locality, was again taken in 1899, 1900, and 1901, also in April, 1902,31 South Leverton (Thornley). 114 INSECTS Taeniocampa gotbica, T. incerta, T. staii/ts, and T. pulverulenta are all common ; T. munda and T. gracilis frequent, but T. populett and T. miniosa are very rare. We possess all the species of Orthosia and Anchocelis, but none of the Orthosias are really common. 6. lota is only moderately so, 0. macihnta frequent, but O. suspecta and 0. upsilon are very rare, and have only been taken in Sherwood Forest. Anchocelh rufina seems fairly common about Mansfield, and has been taken in a few other localities ; A. pistadna is decidedly common, A. litura moderately so, and A. lunosa occurs pretty freely in one or two places, but seems to be local. Cerastis vaccinii, C. spadicea, and Scoleposoma satellitia are all of common occurrence. The following are rare : — Dasycampa rubiginea (Mansfield, W. Daws), Oponna croceago (Sherwood Forest, J. R. Hardy), Xanthia citrago (Rufford Abbey, Rev. W. Becher), and X. aurago (Mansfield, Daws). X. fulvago, X. flavago, and X. circe/laris are not uncommon, and X. gilvago has occurred frequently in some localities. Cir- rhoedia xerampelina is occasionally quite common in several localities about Nottingham ; in August 1900 one collector took forty-three specimens in a single evening ! The var. untcolor has also occurred. COSMIIDAE Tethea subtusa and T. retusa are both recorded by Mr. J. R. Hardy as taken by him at sugar between Worksop and Edwinstowe in July, 1896. One of the most noted Nottinghamshire insects is Cosmia pa/eacea, which in favourable years is abundant at sugar in Sherwood Forest ; it has also been taken at Langford Moor. Calymma trapezina is another abundant Sherwood Forest species, and also occurs, though more sparingly, in several other localities. Calymnia diffinis and C. affinis are both of frequent occurrence. HADENIDAE Eremobia ochroleuca was taken many years ago in Sherwood Forest by Mr. R. E. Brameld. Dianthoecia capsincola is rather common, especially in the larval stage, but D. cucubali and D. car- pophaga seem to be rare. Hecatera serena is rare, but formerly occurred in Sherwood Forest, and three specimens were taken at Basford in 1900 (G. Henderson). Polia chi is common in most parts of the county but, curiously enough, is not nearly so common at S. Leverton as P. flaviancta, which the Rev. A. Thornley takes there commonly every year both at sugar and light, although it is scarcely known in any other part of the county. Dasypolia temp/i, although according to Barrett ' found only in rocky districts, on high hills, and upon the coast,' has several times occurred in Nottinghamshire. Mr. W. Daws, of Mansfield, reports it as ' taken close to my house at gas lights, and found amongst gas-coke at Sherwood Foundry, probably attracted by the light from the furnace, 10 October, 1890." Miss Alderson took one specimen on the doorstep of Park House, Worksop, about 1894 or 1895, and Mr. D. H. Pearson captured a specimen at a gas-lamp at Chilwell, on 6 October, 1894. Epunda nigra occurs occasionally at Edwinstowe and Wellow. C/eoceris vimina/is is found in various localities. MiseKa oxyacanthae is common, the var. capucina being also of frequent occurrence. Agrieph aprlKna occurs sparingly in Sherwood Forest and about Mansfield. Euplexia luctpara and Phlogophora meticu/osa are common ; of the latter species Mr. Daws took a good series at Thieves Wood near Mansfield, between 7 and 10 December, 1895! Of the species of /fp/ecta, which are all found in Nottinghamshire, A. prasina is rare in Sherwood Forest and at Mansfield, but more frequent in the extreme south of the county ; A, occulta has occurred singly in Sherwood Forest, at Thieves Wood near Mansfield, and twice at Southwell ; A. ntbulosa is moderately common ; A. tincta, recorded by Sterland as found occasionally in Sherwood Forest, has since been taken by Mr. J. R. Hardy, who captured six specimens among bilberry near Worksop, on 19 June, 1897; and A. advena is taken in several localities. Hadena oleracea is abundant, and H. adusta, H. protea, H. dentina, H. trifo/ii, H. dis- similis, H. pisi, H. tha/assina, H. contigua and H. genistae are all found in the county ; while H. rectilinea is said by Sterland to have been once taken in Sherwood Forest, a not improbable record, as it used to be taken near Sheffield. XYLINIDAE Xylocampa areola occurs at Rufford and Mansfield, and is not uncommon at South Leverton (Thornley). Calocampa vetusta has been taken recently at Mansfield (Daws) and Chilwell (Pearson) ; C. exoleta is of frequent occurrence ; and a single example of C. solidaginis is recorded as taken by Mr. J. R. Hardy in Sherwood Forest on 27 July, 1898. Xyllna ornithopus and X. soda are extremely rare, the former being recorded, possibly in error, by Sterland only (' occa- sional in Sherwood Forest '), while a single specimen of the latter is said by Hardy to have been taken by him near Worksop. Asteroscopus sphinx, also recorded for the Forest by Sterland, was taken by Daws at Mansfield ('a few at light') on 10 October 1890. Cucullia verbasci is some- times very common in the larval state in various localities ; C. chamomillae is rather scarce, but C. umbratica not at all uncommon. "5 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE GONOPTERIDAE Gonopttra Kbatrix (the ' Herald ') is not uncommon, and is frequently found hybernating in outhouses in the winter. PLUSIIDAE Habrostola tripartita and H. triplasla, Plusia chrysltis, P. lota and P. pulchrina are all fairly common, P. ckrysitis often indeed very abundant at Worksop (Miss Alderson) ; P. gamma occurs some years in the utmost profusion ; P. festucae is rare, and confined to Sherwood Forest ; and Sterland records P. bractea (' a few times ') and P. interrogationis (' once in a garden at Edwinstowe ') for the same district. HELIOTHIDAE Anarta myrtilU and Heliaca tenebrata are of frequent occurrence, especially the latter, which is reported by the Rev. A. Thornley to be common at South Leverton in hay-fields, and abundant in the green drives at Treswell Wood. Hellothis dipsacea has occurred in Sherwood Forest and at Mansfield (Daws). POAPHILIDAE Phytometra viridaria is widely distributed, but not common. EUCLIDIIDAE Euclldia mi is rather common, and E. glyphica is by no means rare. HERMINIIDAE Zanclognatha grisca/is, Z. tarsipennalis, and Pechypogon barbalh are all of more or less common occurrence. HYPENIDAE Hypena proboscidalis occurs commonly in the county. BREPHIDES Brephos partbenias is common in Sherwood Forest and one or two other localities, and B. notha is recorded by Sterland for Sherwood Forest. The latter record, however, requires confirmation before it can be accepted. GEOMETRAE UROPTERYGIDAE The Swallow-tail Moth (Uropteryx sambucaria') is fairly common in all parts of the county. ENNOMIDAE Epiane apiciaria, although not common, is very widely distributed. Rumia luteolata is very common everywhere. Ven'dia macularia is rare, the only records being Clumber Park (Miss Alder- son), Sherwood Forest (Hardy), and Marnham in the Trent Valley (Rev. E. Cunningham). Angeronia prunaria, another scarce species, which was recorded for Sherwood Forest many years ago by Sterland, has been taken singly at Ollerton and Edwinstowe by Mr. J. R. Hardy, and sparingly at Thorney in 1896 by Mr. G. Henderson. Metrocampa margaritaria is well distributed and frequent. Ellopla prosapiaria is fairly frequent among Scotch firs in Clumber Park, where the specimens are small and dark-coloured (Miss Alderson), and is scarce about Mansfield and Newark. Eurymena dolabraria occurs sparingly in Sherwood Forest, and single specimens have recently been taken at Mansfield, Cotgrave, and Langford Moor. Pericallia syringaria is another scarce species, met with occasionally about Nottingham, Mansfield, Southwell, Worksop, and Retford. Selenia bilunaria is fairly common and widely distributed, while S. lunaria is rare, the only recent record being Worksop (Miss Alderson). Odontopera bidentata is pretty common everywhere, as are Crocallis e/inguaria and Eugonia alniaria. Eugonia fusca ntaria sometimes occurs rather freely at South Lev- erton (Thornley), and is also taken about Worksop, Southwell, and Nottingham, but not commonly. E. quercinaria is found occasionally in Sherwood Forest and other places in the north of the county, and E. erosaria occurs at Worksop and Chilwell. Himera pennaria is not rare. AMPHIDASYDAE Phigalia pedaria is widely distributed and frequent, but Nyssia hispidaria seems confined to the northern half of the county, having been taken at Worksop, Ollerton, S. Leverton, and Mansfield. 116 INSECTS Amphidasys strataria has been taken in Clumber Park by Miss Alderson ; at Southwell and Wellow by the Rev. W. Becher ; and at Thieves Wood near Mansfield by Mr. Daws. A. betularia is far more common, though more so in the north than in the south of the county ; it is noteworthy that the var. doubledayaria is much more common than the type, which it seems to be gradually replacing. BOARMIIDAE Hemerophila abruptaria is widely diffused, and in some places common. Boarmia repandata and B. gcmmaria are well distributed and common, and B. roboraria has been taken in the Forest near Edwinstowe, and at Thieves Wood near Mansfield. Tephrosia punctularia and T. biundularia (including crepuscularia) are both rather common, the latter occurring in great variety, some specimens being almost black. GEOMETRIDAE Pseudoterpna prutnc.ta has been taken in several places, and Geometra papilionaria is widely distributed though not common. Phorodesma pustu/ata is rather scarce, but has been taken in several localities in both north and south Nottinghamshire. lodis lactearia and Hemithea strigata are pretty common in certain localities. EPHYRIDAE Zonasoma punctaria is frequent ; Z. porata is recorded for the Birklands by Mr. J. R. Hardy ; Z. linearia is frequent in Sherwood Forest, where also, according to Brameld, Z. annulata is common ; Z. orbicularia is recorded for the same district by Sterland and Hardy ; and Z. pendularla occurs in the Forest and elsewhere. ACIDALIIDAE Astbena luteata and A. candidata are rather common, and Vcnmia cambrica has been taken at Worksop by Mr. J. R. Hardy. Acidalla dimidiata, A. bhetata, A. virgu/aria, A. remutaria, A. imitaria and A. aversata occur in varying degrees of frequency or commonness ; A. trigeminata and A. subsericeata occur at Mansfield (Daws), A. dilutaria at Southwell and Wellow (Becher), and A. emarginata in Sherwood Forest (Brameld). Timandra amataria is not uncommon. CABERIDAE Cabera pusaria and C. exanthemata are common, and C. rotundaria occurs in the Birklands (J. R. Hardy). Bapta temerata is of frequent occurrence. MACARIIDAE Macaria notata has been taken near Worksop by Hardy, and M. liturata is frequent. Halia vauaria is everywhere common. FIDONIIDAE Strenia clatbrata has occurred at Sherwood Forest (Sterland) and Langford Moor (A. R. Leivers). Panagra petraria occurs in many places among bracken, especially in Sherwood Forest, and is generally abundant where found. Numeria pulveraria has been taken recently at Mansfield and Wellow, and plentifully at Thorney. Ematurga atomaria is common in heathy places, as at Sherwood Forest, Fountain Dale, Langford Moor, etc. Bupalus piniaria is abundant in Scotch fir plantations, in various parts of Sherwood Forest, at Mansfield, Newstead, Wigsley, and Langford Moor. All three species of Aspilates (A. strigillaria, A. ochrearia, and A. gi/varia) occur about Mansfield but are rare (Daws). ZERENIDAE Abraxas grossu/ariata is common in gardens everywhere, and A. sy/vata, although of rather uncertain appearance, is widely distributed and in some years extremely abundant. Ltgdia adustata is not very common, but Lomaspilis marginata is fairly plentiful. HYBERNIIDAE All the Hyberniidae (Hybernia rupicapraria, H. leucophearia, H. aurantiaria, H. marginaria, H. defoliaria and Anisopteryx aescularia) are very common, excepting aurantiaria, which is however by no means scarce ; and many beautiful varieties of leucophearia, marginaria, and defoliaria have been taken in Sherwood Forest and elsewhere. 117 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE LARENTIIDAE Cheimatobia brumata is abundant, and C. boreata common in several places. Oporabia dilutata is pretty common, but 0. fillgrammaria and 0. autumnaria are scarce, and occur chiefly about Mansfield. Larentia didymata is abundant, L. multistrigaria and L. virldaria fairly common. Emmelesia affinitata, E. alchemlllata^ E. albulata, and E. decolorata are all of frequent occurrence. Twenty-six species of ' Pugs ' are on record for the county, viz., Eupithecia venosata, rare but widely distributed ; E. /inariata, scarce in the Mansfield district ; E. pulchellata and E. oblongata frequent in several places ; E. succenturiata, Southwell and Sherwood Forest ; E. subfulvata at Nottingham, Mansfield, and Worksop ; E. scabiosata and E. pygmaeata taken on several occasions in different years at Mansfield (Daws) ; E. castigata fairly common at Mansfield and in Sherwood Forest ; E.fraxinata and E. innotata rather scarce at Mansfield (Daws) ; E. indigata common in Sherwood Forest (Miss Alderson) and also found at Mansfield ; E. nanata frequent at Edwinstowe (Hardy) and Mansfield (Daws) ; E. subnotata at Chilwell (D. H. Pearson) and in Sherwood Forest ; E. vulgata very common everywhere ; E. albipunctata, rare at Worksop and Mansfield ; E. absin- tbiata in Sherwood Forest, where the larva feeds on ragwort flowers in company with E. oblongata} E. minutata, a few some seasons at Mansfield (Daws) ; E. assimilata at Worksop and Clumber (Miss Alderson) ; E. lariclata, fairly common in Clumber Park (Miss Alderson) ; E. abbreviata common at Worksop and Mansfield ; E. dodoneata, a single female found on an oak tree in Sherwood Forest in 1896 by J. R. Hardy; E. exiguata frequent at Clumber (Miss Alderson) and Mansfield (Daws) ; E. pumi/ata, Mansfield (Daws) ; E. coronata, Clumber and Mansfield ; and E. rectangu/ata, widely distributed and fairly common. Thera simulata is recorded as taken at Berry Hill, near Mansfield, on 26 May, 1896, by Mr. W. Daws ; T. variata is common in fir plantations in Sherwood Forest and elsewhere ; and T.firmata has been taken in the Forest and near Mansfield. Hypsipetes trifasdata has occurred at Newstead and Wollaton, and H. sordidata is generally distributed and common. Melanthta albicil/ata, M. ocellata, and M. bicolorata are all of general occurrence. Melamppe kastata is recorded for Sherwood Forest by Sterland only, and needs confirmation ; M. tristata is rather scarce about Mansfield (Daws) ; M. rivata has been taken in some numbers in woods near Mansfield and Nottingham ; M. iociata and M. montanata are widely distributed and common; M.galiata has occurred at New- stead, and M, fluctuata is perhaps our commonest geometer, being especially abundant in gardens in Nottingham. Antldea badiata and A. nigrofasciaria are frequent, especially the former ; but A, rubi- data is represented only by three specimens taken at Edwinstowe on 4 June, 1896, by Mr. Hardy. Coremia designata occurs sparingly in Wellow Park and in Sherwood Forest, and I have taken it in Epperstone and Beauvale Woods. C. fcrrugata and C. unidentaria are rather common, but C. quadrifasciaria has only been taken in Sherwood Forest by Mr. R. E. Brameld. Camptogramma bilineata is common everywhere. Phibalaptcryx vittata is recorded for Sherwood Forest by both Sterland and Brameld, and Mr. Daws has taken P. vitalbata in gardens at Mansfield. Triphosa dubitata occurs throughout the county, sometimes commonly. Eucosmia certata has been taken several times by the Rev. A. Thornley in his garden at South Leverton ; and E. undulata has occurred in Sherwood Forest and at Mansfield, but only very rarely. Scotosia vetulata has only once been taken, by the Rev. W. Becher, at Southwell ; but S. rbamnata has been taken sparingly in several localities. Cidaria siderata is ' occasional in Sherwood Forest ' (Sterland), while C. miata, C. corylata, C. truncata, C. immanata, C. suffiimata, C. silaceata, C. prunata, C. testata, C. populata, C. fu/vata, C. dotata, C. associata, and Pelurga comitata all occur in various localities, most of them commonly. EUBOLIIDAE Eubolia cervinata, E. /imitata, and E. plumbaria are all of frequent occurrence, and E. bipunc- tarla has been taken in several localities. Anaitis plagiata is found in several places, but is not common. Chesias spartiata is rather rare, and C. rufata has occurred only in Sherwood Forest (Brameld). SIONIDAE Tanagra atrata is widely distributed, and in some localities common. PYRALIDES PYRALIDIDAE Aglossa pinguinalis and Pyra Us farina /is are common in stables and outbuildings throughout the county. P. coitalis occurs at Worksop, and P. glaucinalis is rather scarce in Sherwood Forest and the Mansfield and Retford districts ; it is generally taken at sugar. Scoparia ambigualis is everywhere 118 INSECTS common, and S. cembrae, S. murana, S. dubitalis, S. mercure//ay S. crataegella, S. resinea, S. trundco/e//a, and S. angustea all occur with more or less frequency ; S. lineola has, however, only been taken in Sherwood Forest by Mr. R. E. Brameld. Nomophila noctuella occurs in the Worksop district. Pyraustra purpuralis, P. ostrina/is, and Herbula cespitalis are frequent. BOTYDAE Eurrhypara urticata is common everywhere among nettles. Scapula lutealis and S. olivalis are wide- spread and common, and S. prunalis of frequent occurrence. Botys ruralis is another common species ; but of B. asinalis only a single specimen has been taken by Mr. Daws at Mansfield. Ebulea crocealis occurs in the Worksop district, and E. sambucalis is common. Spilodes sticticalis is represented by a single specimen captured at Mansfield by Mr. Daws. Pionea forficalis is common nearly everywhere. HYDROCAMPIDAE Cataclysta lemnata occurs in plenty in suitable localities. Paraponyx stratiotata is found about Worksop. Hydrocampa nymphaeata and H. stagnata occur in the Mansfield and Worksop districts. ACENTROPODIDAE Acentropus niveus has been taken near Worksop and Mansfield. PTEROPHORI The Plume moths are only moderately well represented in Nottinghamshire. Platypttlia gonodactyla, Mimaeseoptllus bipunctidactylus, and M. pterodactylus occur in Sherwood Forest and the Mansfield district ; M. zophodactylm and Oedematophorm lithodactylus at Worksop ; Pterophorus mono- dactylus, Leioptilus osteodactylus, and Aciptilia tetradactyla in Sherwood Forest ; A. galactodactyla in Wellow Park, where the Rev. W. Becher finds the larvae on burdock ; A. pentadactyla is every- where common ; and Alucita hexadactyla is plentiful in some localities. CRAMBI CHILIDAE Schoenoblus forficellm occurs in the Worksop district. CRAMBIDAE Cra mbus pratellus, C. triste//us, C. culmellus, and C. hortuellus are widely distributed and common ; C. pine/lus, C. per/e//us, and C. inquinatellm occur at Mansfield, Worksop, and in Sherwood Forest ; C. fahellus has been taken at South Leverton by Rev. A. Thornley ; C. pascuellus in Sherwood Forest by Mr. R. E. Brameld ; C. selasellus at Worksop by Mr. Houghton ; and C. sylvellus, C. uliginosellus, C. warringtonellus, C. contamincllus, C. gtniculeta, C. chrysonuchellus, and C. craterellus are all reported from the Mansfield district by Mr. W. Daws. PHYCIDAE Myelophila cribrum is reported by Mr. Daws as bred from pupae found in thistles in the Mans- field district. Homoeosoma nimbella and H. nebulella were both taken at Worksop in 1901 by Mr. J. T. Houghton. Ephestia elutella occurs at Worksop, where it has been taken by Miss Alderson and Mr. Houghton ; E. ficella and E. kubniella are reported by Daws from Mansfield, the former bred from dried fruits, the latter probably introduced in flour. Euzophera pinguis is recorded by Brameld for Sherwood Forest. Cryptoblabes bhtriga has been taken in Clumber Park by Miss Alderson. Phycis fusca occurs at Worksop (Houghton), and P. betulae was taken for the first time in 1902 at Edwinstowe by Miss Alderson. Nephopteryx spissicel/a, Rhodophaea cansocieHa, R. advenellay and R. tumidella all occur, but rarely, in Sherwood Forest. GALLERIDAE Aphomia sociella is not uncommon in the vicarage garden at S. Leverton (Thornley), and Achroea grisella is found at Worksop (Houghton). TORTRICES TORTRICIDAE Tortrix podana, T. rosana, T. beparana, T. unifasciana, T. minlstrana, and T. forsterana are all more or less common. 7". viridana is an abundant and destructive pest in oak woods, sometimes 119 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE almost stripping the trees of their foliage. T. crataegana, T. xy/osteana, T. sorbiana, T. cinnamomeana, T, ribeana, T. corylana, T. costana, and T. pa/leana, all occur in the northern half of the county from Mansfield to Worksop ; and T. dumetana and T. viburnana are reported from Mansfield (Daws). Dichelia grotiana was taken in 1903 at Clumber by Miss Alderson. Peronea schalleriana, P. comparana, and P. logiana occur in Sherwood Forest and the Worksop district ; P. variegana is rather common in the Forest, and at Mansfield and South Leverton ; P. ferrugana common in Sherwood Forest ; P. sponsana recorded as rare in the same locality by Brameld ; P. cristana and P. hastiana are said by Daws to be frequent in the Mansfield district. Rhacodia caudana is stated by Brameld to be frequent in Sherwood Forest. Teras contaminana has been taken in various places ; the larvae occurred in great numbers on apple trees at Southwell in 1884, and were largely picked off and eaten by sparrows (Captain Becher, in Zoologist, Sept. 1884, p. 342). Dictyopteryx loeflingiana, D. bolmiana, D. bergmanniana, D. forskaleana, Argyrotoxa comuayana, and Ptycholoma lecheana are all more or less common in the county. PENTHINIDAE Penthina cortlcana has been taken at Worksop and in Clumber Park by Miss Alderson ; P. betu- laetana and P. sororculana occur in the Worksop district ; P. pruniana and P. variegana are common ; and P. ochroleucana has occurred at South Leverton and in Sherwood Forest. SPILONOTIDAE Hedya ocellana is very common ; H. aceriana has only been taken in my garden in Nottingham ; H. dealbana occurs at Worksop and in Clumber Park. Spilonota trimaculana used to be taken in Sherwood Forest, but has not occurred lately ; 5. roborana is not uncommon. Pardia tripunctana is common. SERICORIDAE Aspis udmannlana and Sericoris lacunana are both common ; 5. urticaria is frequent at Mansfield (Daws) and in Sherwood Forest (Brameld), and S. bifasciana was taken in 1902 in Clumber Park by Miss Alderson. Euchromia purpurana and Orthotaenia striana both occur in the Worksop district (Houghton), and 0. ericetana was taken for the first time in 1904 at Shireoaks by Miss Alderson. SCIAPHILIDAE Phtheochroa rugosana is recorded for Sherwood Forest by Brameld. Cnephasia musculana is widely distributed and rather common. Sciaphila conspersana occurs in the Worksop district (Houghton) ; 5. subjectana is common, and S. virgaureana, S. hybridana, and S. octomaculana also occur, but less frequently. Sphaleroptera ictericana is widely distributed, but apparently uncommon. Capua favill- aceana is common in Clumber Park (Miss Alderson). GRAPHOLITHIDAE Bactra lameolana, Phoxopteryx lundana, and P. mitterpacheriana are not uncommon, and P. lactana has been taken by Miss Alderson in Clumber Park. Grapholitha ramella occurred at Worksop in 1901 (Houghton), G. nigromaculana in 1904, near Worksop (Miss Alderson), and G. trimaculana is reported for the same district by Miss Alderson, and I have taken it recently at Chilwell. G. subocellana, G. penkleriana, and G. naevana occur in various localities. Hypermecia cruciana is locally common about Worksop (Houghton). Batodes angustiorana occurs throughout the county. Paedisca bi/unana, P. profundana, and P. solandriana have hitherto been taken only in Sherwood Forest, where also P. cortlcana is excessively common and variable, as well as at South Leverton ; P. occultana was taken at Shireoaks in 1901 (Houghton). Seven species of Ephippiphora occur in the north of the county, viz., E. simi/ana, E. cirsiana, E. pflugiana, E. brunnichiana, E. nigricostaaa, E. trigeminana and E. papu/ana, the two latter taken at Worksop by Miss Alderson in 1 904 and 1 905 respectively. Olindia ulmana and Semasia ianthinana were taken by Mr. Houghton at Worksop in 1901 ; 5. spiniana is recorded for Sherwood Forest, and 5. woeberiana is common in the Nottingham district. Coccyx splendidulana occurs in the Worksop and Retford districts ; C. argyrana is well distributed ; C. taedella is reported from Sherwood Forest ; and C. nanana is found in the Nottingham and Worksop districts. Retinia pinivorana is reported by Brameld from Sherwood Forest, and on 21 May, 1905, Miss Alderson bred a specimen from a larva found in Clumber Park. Carpocapsa pomonella is frequent. Endopisa nigricana is only recorded in the imago stage for South Leverton. Stigmonota coniferana, S. perlepidana, S. nitidana, and S. regiana, Dicrorampha petiverella, D. plumbana, D. plumbagana, and D. acuminatana, Pyrodes rheediella, Catoptria hypericana, C. scopo/ianat and C. expallidana all occur in the county, but are mostly scarce or local. Catoptria cana is rather common, and C. ulicetana abundant. 120 INSECTS PYRALOIDIDAE Choreutts myllerana and Symaetbis pariana are rare, but S. oxyacanthella is abundant everywhere. CONCHYLIDAE Eupoecilia nana, E. dubitana, and E. atricapitana all occur at Worksop (Miss Alderson), and E. angustana is reported from Mansfield (Daws). Xanthmetia zoegana has been taken at Mansfield and in Sherwood Forest, and X. hamana is widely distributed and common in places. Lobesia re/iguana, Argyrolepta hartmanniana, A, Indiana^ A. cnicana, Conchy/is francittana, and C. straminea have all been taken in Sherwood Forest by Brameld, and all but the second of these by Miss Alderson in Clumber Park and at Shireoaks. APHELIIDAE Tortrlcodei hyemana occurs abundantly in the Worksop and Mansfield districts. TINE.E EPIGRAPHIIDAE Lemnatophila phryganella is recorded for Sherwood Forest by Brameld. Dasystoma salicella occurs commonly in several localities. Exapate congelatella has been taken atS. Leverton (Thornley). Diurnea fagella is very common everywhere, and excessively variable in colour, every gradation occurring from pale buff to nearly black. Semioicopus avellanella is common in Sherwood Forest. Eplgrapbia steinkellneriana is rare at Mansfield (Daws). PSYCHIDAE Talaeporia pseudo-bombycella, Fumea intermediella, and Solenobia inconspicuella have been taken in Clumber Park by Miss Alderson, and 5. triquetrella is reported from the Mansfield district (Daws). TINEIDAE Xyunatodoma melanella was taken in Clumber Park in the summer of 1 902 by Miss Alderson, and Ochsenbeimeria blrdella in the Worksop district by Mr. Houghton. Of the genus Scardia we have 5. boleti (Mansfield, Daws), 5. corticella, 5. granella, S. cloacella, S. rurico/e//a, and S. arcella, all of which have been taken in Sherwood Forest, and most of them in other localities as well. Blabophanesfenestratella is reported by Daws to be frequent in the Mansfield district, and B. rusticella is widely distributed. The genus Tinea is rather poorly represented with us. T. fulvimitrella was taken many years ago by Brameld in Clumber Park, and several specimens have been taken recently in the same place by Miss Alderson ; T. tapetzclla is very common, and sometimes destructive in houses ; T. pellionella has occurred at South Leverton in the vicarage (Thornley) ; T. fusdpunctella is reported from Sherwood Forest and Chilwell ; T. pallacentella and T. lapella from Worksop and Sherwood Forest, the latter occurring also not uncommonly at S. Leverton ; and T. semifuhiella is not rare in Clumber Park (Miss Alderson). Tinea/a bhelllella is frequent in the Mansfield and Worksop districts. Lampronia luzella occurs at Treswell and Osberton (Miss Alderson), and L. rubiella at Mansfield and S. Leverton. Incurvaria muicalella is widely distributed and common ; /. pectinea has been taken commonly by Miss Alderson in Sherwood Forest ; and /. capitella has been bred freely from currant shoots at Kingston-on-Soar, by Mr. F. Wakerley. Micropteryx calthella swarms in some localities on buttercup and marsh-marigold flowers ; M. thunbergella was found by the Rev. A. Thornley flying in numbers about the grassy drives of Treswell Wood on 1 6 May, 1901 ; M. sefella, M. semipurpure/!a, M. unimaculella and M. subpurpurella have all been taken in Clumber Park by Miss Alderson, and the last-named species also occurs in Treswell Wood (Thornley) ; M. sangii was taken in the spring of 1903 in the Woiksop district, also by Miss Alderson. Nemophora swammerdammella is common, and N. scbwarziella frequent in one or two localities. ADELIDAE Adela fibulella has occurred recently (1903) at Treswell Wood (Miss Alderson) ; A. rufimitrella seems to be widely distributed but not common ; A. degeerella is reported from Sherwood Forest, and is common at Thieves Wood, near Mansfield (Daws), and I have lately taken it at Strelley ; A. viridella occurs plentifully in most parts of the county. HYPONOMEUTIDAE Svjammerdammia pyrella is of general occurrence, but S. combinella and S. caesiella are apparently local and rare. Hyponomeuta padellus is wide-spread and common ; H. evonymellus occurs in the I 121 l6 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Worlcsop and Mansfield districts ; and H. plumbellus is reported from Worksop and Sherwood Forest. I netted a single specimen of Anesychia funerella in Epperstone Park on 19 May, 1901 — a fact worthy of note owing to the entire absence of the usual food-plant, Symphytum officinale, from the district. Prays curtisellus is found in the Worksop and Retford districts. PLUTELLIDAE Plutella cruciferarum is sometimes only too common, and P. porrectella occurs at Mansfield, Worksop, and South Leverton. Cerostoma sequella is reported as rare in Sherwood Forest ; C. vittella occurs at Worksop ; and both C. radiate/la and C. costella have been taken commonly in Sherwood Forest and Thieves Wood near Mansfield. We possess all the three species of Harpipteryx, H. scabrella and H. nemorella having been taken in the Worksop district by Mr. Houghton, while H. xylaste/la occurs commonly in several localities on honeysuckle. GELECHIIDAE Orthotelia sparganella is recorded by Brameld for Sherwood Forest. Phtbaloctra quercana is common in the Forest, and at S. Leverton. We have sixteen species of Defressaria, two of which, D. costosa and D. propinquella, are recorded only by Brameld for Sherwood Forest ; four, viz., D.umbellana, D. subpropinquella, D. ct/ie/la, and D. depressella, are reported from Mansfield by Daws; D, aisimilella and D. liturella have been taken at Clumber and Worksop by Miss Alderson, both in 1903 ; D. angelkella at Worksop (Houghton) and Treswell (Thornley) ; and the remainder, viz., D, flavella, D. armella, D. ahtroemeriana, D. yeatiana, D. applana, D. weirella, and D. heracleana occur in various localities. Gelechia nigra is said by Daws to be frequent in the Mansfield district, G. er'uetella occurs at Clumber and elsewhere in Sherwood Forest, G. diffinis is found at Bulwell Forest and Worksop, G. rhombella has so far only occurred in my garden at Nottingham, G. distinctella near Worksop in 1904 (Miss Alderson), and G. scalella has been taken in Clumber Park and Treswell Wood. Brachmia mouffetella is rare in Sherwood Forest (Brameld). Bryotropha terrella is widely distributed, B. desertella used to be common in Sherwood Forest (Brameld), and B. domestica occurs at Mansfield (Daws). Teleia luculella is not uncommon at S. Leverton and in Treswell Wood (Thornley), and has been taken, together with T. proximella, in Clumber Park by Miss Alderson. T. bumeralis is said by Brameld to be rare in Sherwood Forest, and the same statement applies to Recurvaria leucate//a, Poecilia nivea, and Nannodia stipel/a, var. naeviferella. Recurvaria nanella occurs at Osberton. Lamprotes atrella and Anacampsis ligulella have been taken at Worksop by Mr. Houghton, and A. immaculatdla is said by Daws to be common in the Mansfield district. Tachyptilia populella occurs about Worksop and in Treswell Wood. Ceratophora rufescens is another of Brameld's Sherwood Forest captures. Parana metzneriella, Che/aria htibnerella and Atlanta spartiella have all occurred in the Worksop district (Houghton). Sophrtmia parenthesella is rare in Sherwood Forest (Brameld). Harpella geoffrella occurs among honeysuckle at Mansfield (Daws), and a single specimen of H. brac- teella was taken at Worksop in 1901 by Mr. J. T. Houghton. Dasycera sulphurella is widely distributed and common. Oecophora fulvlguttella and Oe. lambdella occur in the north of the county, and Oe. pseudospretella and Endrosis fenestrella are only too common. GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE Glyphipteryx fuscoviridella and G. facheriella are not uncommon, and G. forsterella occurs in the Mansfield district (Daws). Heliozele sericiella was taken by Miss Alderson in Clumber Park on 19 May, 1902. ARGYRESTHIIDAE The genus Argyresthia is well represented in Nottinghamshire, the following species having been taken quite recently in the localities specified : A.ephippellaznA A. pygmaeella (Worksop, Houghton) ; A. nitidella, A. spinie//a, and A. albistria (S. Leverton, Thornley) ; A. conjugella^ A. semifusca, and A, brocbella (Worksop district, Miss Alderson) ; A. glaucinella (Treswell Wood, Thornley) ; A. curvella (Worksop and Nottingham) ; and A. goedartella (common and widely distributed) ; the variety llterella of the last species occurs in my garden in Nottingham. In addition to the above Brameld records A. semitestacella and A. mendica for Sherwood Forest, and Mr. W. Daws reports A. dilectella, A. arceuthina, A, praecocella and A. aurulentella from the Mansfield district. Cedestis farinatella occurs at Clumber and Mansfield, and Ocnerostoma piniariella at Mansfield (Daws). GRACILARIIDAE Gracilaria alchimiella and G. syringe/la are common, G. elongella and G. tr'mgipennella occur near Worksop, and G. auroguttella in the Retford district. Ornix avellanella, 0. angltcella^ 0. betu/ae, 122 INSECTS and 0. torqulllella are all recorded for Sherwood Forest by Brameld, and the two first-named have been taken commonly elsewhere in the county. COLEOPHORIDAE The large genus Coleopbora is not very well represented with us, only the following species having been so far identified, but doubtless many other species will ultimately be discovered in the county : — C. fabrlciella, C. alcyonipennella, C. albtcosta, C. palliatella, C. dhcorddla, C. saturatella, C. caespititiella, C. virgaureae, C. laricella, C. albitarsella, C. nigricella, C. fuscedinella, C. gryphipen- nellay C. o/ivacee/Ia, C. lutipennella, C. adjunctella, and C. limosipennella. ELACHISTIDAE Batrachedra pinicolella was taken in the Worksop district on 19 July, 1902, by Miss Alderson, and Chauliodus chaerophyllellus at Fenton, near Sturton, in 1901 by the Rev. A. Thornley. Laverna raschkiella occurs at Osberton, and L. epilobiella is common at Welbeck (Miss Alderson); L. ochraceella has been taken at Chilwell (D. H. Pearson), L. hellerella at Nottingham and near Worksop, and L. atra at Nottingham. Chrysoclysta schrankella is reported from Mansfield (Daws), and C. aurl- frtmtella is sometimes very common about North and South Leverton (Thornley), and also occurs at Worksop. The genus Elachista is represented by E. apidpunctella (Nottingham and Clumber), E. nigrella (S. Leverton, Thornley), E. triatomea (Worksop, Houghton), E. rufocinerea (very common everywhere), E. subalbidella (N. Leverton, Thornley), and E. argentella (common) ; E. albifrontella and E. ceruaella are, in addition, recorded by Brameld for Sherwood Forest, but have not yet been noted by more recent observers. Tischeria complanella has been taken in Clumber Park by Miss Alderson. LITHOCOLLETIDAE Lithocolletis is another genus rather poorly represented in Nottinghamshire. L. roboris L. cavella, L. ulmifoliella, and L. heegeriella have all been taken recently in Clumber Park by Miss Alderson ; L. pomifoliella occurs in the Nottingham district, and L. salidcolella at Clarborough (Thornley) ; L. quercifoliella and L. cramerella are common, as also is L. messaniella on Quercus ilex at Worksop (Miss Alderson) ; L. tcnella and L. mcellli have been taken in Treswell Wood (Thornley), and Brameld gives L. faginella and L,. alnlfoliella in his Sherwood Forest list. LYONETIIDAE Lyonetia clerckella, said by Brameld to be rare in Sherwood Forest, is common at Worksop, according to Miss Alderson. Cemiostoma laburnella is abundant on laburnum trees in Nottingham gardens, and also occurs at Mansfield and S. Leverton. Only a single species of Bucculatrix, viz., B. nigricomella, which occurs in the Worksop and Retford districts, has so far been detected in Nottinghamshire. NEPTICULIDAE The Nepticulidae have been almost entirely neglected : indeed, only four species of Nepticula are on record. N. anomalella and N. mb-blmaculella occur in the vicarage garden at South Leverton, and the latter species occurs also not uncommonly on oak trunks in Treswell Wood (Thornley) and in Clumber Park (Miss Alderson). N. argcntipedella is taken in the Worksop district by Miss Alderson, and N. fragarulla has been captured in the same district by Mr. J. T. Houghton. Trifurcula immundella has recently been taken in Clumber Park by Miss Alderson. But for the difficulty in pinning and setting these minute moths we should doubtless have had many more species to record. DIPTERA Flies The insects belonging to this order are easily known by their possessing only one pair of membranous and nearly transparent wings ; behind these, in the place of the hind wings, are a pair of stalked knobs — the halteres or ' balancers.' The fleas and a few parasitic flies are, however, wingless. The head is remarkable for its great mobility, being connected with the thorax by a neck which is so slender and flexible as to permit of nearly complete rotation. The eyes are very large, often occupying the greater part of the visible surface of the head. The mouth is suctorial. The larvae are usually legless grubs or maggots, feeding on all kinds of animal and vegetable refuse, or inside living plant tissues, where they sometimes give rise to galls, or they are predaceous or parasitic ; 123 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE some are aquatic. The mature insects are equally diverse in their habits. Many live by sucking the blood of vertebrate animals, others prey upon other insects, and an enormous number live on decaying animal or vegetable matter, or suck nectar from flowers. The Diptera have been comparatively neglected in Nottinghamshire, and most of our knowledge of the group we owe to the exertions of the Rev. A. Thornley, who, together with the present writer, is responsible for all the records in the following list unless otherwise stated. Much unidentified material exists in the writer's collection which could not be worked out in time for use in this article. The arrangement and nomenclature adopted are those of Verrall's List of British Diptera, 2nd edition. ORTHORRHAPHA NEMATOCERA PULICIDAB Pulex irritans, Linn. Abundant everywhere Trichopsylla gallinae, Schrk. S. Leverton, abundant in old fowl-house CECIDOMYIDAE Cecidomyia bursaria, Bremi. Linby, bred from galls on Nepeta glechoma (G. B. Rothera) - clausilia, Meade. Bred from galls on willow leaves (G. B. Rothera) - crataegi, Winn. Wilford, Ruddington (G. B. Rothera) ; S. Leverton, abundant - galii, Lw. Wilford, bred from galls on Galium verum (G. B. Rothera) - marginemtorquens, Bremi. Common on willows near Leverton Station - plicatrix, Lw. Oxton, galls on Rubus (G. B. Rothera) - rosaria, Lw. Forms the well-known and con- spicuous leaf rosettes on the ends of willow twigs ; common - rosarum, Hardy. Nottingham district, bred from galls on leaves of Rosa canina (G. B. Rothera) - salicis, Schrk. Oxton (G. B. Rothera), forms tumours on twigs of Salix caprea and other willows — taxi, Inch. Galls on yew hedge at S. Leverton — tiliae, Schrk. Nottingham, Arnold, bred from galls on lime (G. B. Rothera) ; Bcauvale Woods - tilicola, Rud. Manton Woods - ulmariae, Bremi. Linby, bred from galls on Spiraea ulmaria (G. B. Rothera) ; S. Leverton and other parishes around, not uncommon - urticae, Ferris. Galls on stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), Nottingham (Rothera) ; 5. Leverton and other parishes nr. Retford, common - veronicae, Vallot. S. Leverton; all the Veronica Chamoedrys in this parish seem to be affected with this gall. Common throughout the Ret- ford district Hormomyia capreae, Winn. Bred from galls on leaves of Salix caprea, Linby (G. B. Rothera) MYCETOPHILIDAE Mycetophila punctata, Mg. \ — cingulum, Mg. j Glaphyroptera fascipennis, Mg. S. Leverton, rare BIBIONIDAE Scatopse notata, Linn. S. Leverton Dilophus febrilis, Linn. Nottingham ; early in 1899 this insect completely destroyed a large crop of spring lettuces in a market garden ; S. Leverton, abundant ORTHORRHAPHA (continued) NEMATOCERA (continued) BIBIONIDAE (continued) Bibio marci, Linn. Universally distributed and abundant — varipes, Mg. S. Leverton — johannis, Linn. Abundant and widely distributed SIMULIDAE Simulium reptans, Linn. S. Leverton ; Trestvell Wood, abundant CULICIDAE Anopheles maculipennis, Mg. S. Leverton Culex annulatus, Schrk. Common ; in 1905 this species was excessively common in Nottingham, and many persons were badly bitten by it — nemorosus, Mg. S. Leverton — pipiens, Linn. Common everywhere PTYCHOPTERIDAK Ptychoptera contaminata, Linn. Worksop (J. T. Houghton) ; S. Leverton — paludosa, Mg. S. Leverton — • albimana, Fab. S. Leverton LIMNOBIDAE Limnobia quadrinotata, Mg. Trestuell Wood — nubeculosa, Mg. S. Leverton — analis, Mg. Sheru'ood Forest (R. C. Bradley) — tripunctata, Fab. S. Leverton Dicranomyia chorea, Mg. S. Leverton, common Rhypholophus lineatus, Mg.U Leverton — nodulosus, Mcq. j Poecilostola punctata, Schrk. S. Leverton Trichocera hiemalis, Deg. Common and widely dis- tributed TIPULIDAE Pachyrrhina crocata, Linn. Worksop (Miss Alderson) ; Sherwood Forest, common (R. C. Bradley and C. J. Wainwright) — histrio, Fab. S. Leverton ; Fkdborough - maculosa, Mg. N. and S. Leverton: Grove; Nottingham — quadrifaria, Mg. S. Leverton Tipula pabulina, Mg. (?) ' This small species occurs commonly in the autumn on the windows and walls of the vicarage at S. Leverton, and has to all appearance a subapterous female. Dr. Meade names it doubtfully pabulina ' (A. Thornley) — lunata, Linn. S. Leverton — vernalis, Mg. N. and S. Leverton ; Trcstoell Wood — vittata, Mg. S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood — gigantea, Schrk. Widely distributed and common — ochracea, Mg. S. Leverton; Tresviell Wood; Clumber (Miss Alderson) 124 INSECTS ORTHORRHAPHA (continued) NEMATOCERA (continued) TIPULIDAE (continued} Dictenidia bimaculata, Linn. Sherwood -Forest (C. J. Wainwright) ; S. Leverton Xiphura nigricornis, Mg. Sherwood Forest (R. C. Bradley) RHYPHIDAB Rhyphus fenestralis, Scop. Nottingham ; S. Leverton — punctatus, Fab. S. Leverton, common BRACHTCERA STRATIOMYIDAE Nemotelus nigrinus, Fin. Saundby (Eland Shaw) Oxycera pygmaea, Fin. Misterton Chrysonotus bipunctatus, Scop. Worksop (Houghton) Sargus cuprarius, Linn. Worksop (Houghton) ; Not- tingham ; Treswell. Var. nubeculosus, Ztt., common at S. Leverton and in Treswell Wood Chloromyia fbrmosa, Scop. Worksop (Houghton) ; Retford district, common. Microchrysa polita. Linn.) 0 T - flavicLis, Mg. J5' Levertm Beris vallata, Forst. S. Leverton — fuscipes, Mg. Treswell Wood TABANIDAE Haematopota pluvialis, Linn. Worksop (Houghton) ; S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood, etc. common Therioplectes solstitialis, Mg. 1 Clumber (Miss Alder- Tabanus bovinus, Linn. / son) Tabanus bromius, Linn. S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood Chrysops caecutiens, Linn. Longford 'Moor, Newark ; Retford district, common LEPTIDAE Leptis scolopacea, Linn. S. Leverton, common on the boles of willow trees — tringaria, Linn. Worksop (Houghton) ; S. Lever- ton ; Treswell Wood Chrysopilus aureus, Mg. Sutton near Retford ; Tres- well Wood, common Xylophagus ater, Fab. Sherwood Forest (R. C. Bradley) ASILIDAE Leptogaster cylindrica, Deg. Generally distributed Dioctria oelandica, Linn. Sherwood Forest (C. J. Wainwright) — atricapilla, Mg. Rampton Marsh - rufipes, Deg. Generally distributed and common — baumhaueri, Mg. Sherwood Forest (C. J. Wain- wright) — linearis, Fab. Treswell Wood Laphria marginata, Linn. Treswell Wood Asilus crabronifofmis, Linn. Bulwell Forest, Notting- ham, several specimens taken some years ago Neoitamus cyanurus, Lw. Sherwood Forest (Wain- wright) ; Langford Moor, Newark; Clumber (Miss Alderson) Machimus atricapillus, Fin. Thorney ; Treswell Wood ; Clumber (Miss Alderson) Dysmachus trigonus, Mg. Bulwell Forest; Worksop (Houghton) ORTHORRHAPHA (continued') BRACHTCERA (continued) BOMBYLIDAE Bombylius major, Linn. Roe Wood, Winkburn, rather common at primrose flowers ; Treswell Wood, and in vicarage garden at S. Leverton, at prim- roses ; Eakr'mg Brail Wood THEREVIDAB Thereva nobilitata, Fab. Sherwood Forest (C. J. Wain- wright) EMPIDAE Cyrtoma spuria, Fin. Treswell Wood Rhamphomyia sulcata, Fin. Nottingham; Retford district — flava, Fin. S. Leverton Empis tessellata, Fab. Common throughout the county - livida, Linn. S. Leverton; Treswell; Grove; Langford Moor. In Treswell Wood numerous examples were seen capturing specimens of a species of Tortrix — opaca, Fab. Clifton ; S. Leverton - stercorea, Linn. N. Leverton ; Treswell Wood, common • — trigramma, Mg. N. and S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood ; Gedling, common — pennipes, Linn. Treswell Wood, common — vernalis, Mg. Treswell Wood - chioptera, Fin. N. and S. Leverton Pachymeria femorata, Fab. S. Leverton Hilara pilosa, Ztt. Treswell Wood - maura, Fab. S. Leverton Ocydromia glabricula, Fin. S. Leverton DOLICHOPODIDAE Dolichopus griseipennis, Stan. Treswell Wood — trivialis, Hal. S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood — aeneus, Deg. Worksop and Retford districts, abun- dant Chrysotus gramineus, Fin. Treswell Wood Argyra diaphana, Fab. S. Leverton — argyria, Mg. Treswell Wood Scellus notatus, Fab. S. Leverton LoNCHOPTERI DAI Lonchoptera lacustris, Mg. S. Leverton CYCLORRHAPHA PROBOSCIDEA PLATYPEZIDAE Pipunculus campestris, Ltr. S. Leverton; Treswell Wood SYRPHIDAE Pipizella heringi, Ztt. Treswell Wood, 9 June, 1900 Pipiza luteitarsis, Ztt. S. Leverton — noctiluca, Linn. S. Leverton, not uncommon — lugubris, Fab. Treswell Wood Cnemodon vitripennis, Mg. Worksop (Houghton) ; S. Leverton Liogaster metallina, Fab. S. Leverton; Treswell Wood 125 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE CYCLORRHAPHA (continued) PROBOSCIDEJ (continued) SYRPHIDAE (continued) Chrysogaster splendens, Mg. S. Lcverton ; Trestvell Wood — hirtella, Lw. Retford ; S. Leverton - chalybeata, Mg. S. Leverton Chilosia sparsa, Lw. Treswell Wood, rather common — antiqua, Mg. Treswell Wood — longula, Ztt. Kingston-on-Soar — scutellata, Fin. Sherwood forest (C. J. Wain- wright) — pulchripes, Lw. S. Leverton ; Trestvell Wood ; Widmerpool — variabilis, Pz. Trt 'swell 'Wood, rather common ; S. Leverton — illustrata, Harr. Ramfton - grossa, Fin. Retford (Pcgler) ; 5. Leverton ; Winkburn — albitarsis, Mg. ^//SWdistrict, common ; Gedllng - fraterna, Mg. Treswell Wood - praecox, Zett. Treswell Wood - vernalis, Fin. S. Leverton Platychirus manicatus, MgA — pcltatus, Mg. (Common and widely dis- — scutatus, Mg. j tributed - albimanus, Mg. ) - scambus, Staeg. S. Leverton - clypeatus, Mg. S. Leverton, Sept. 1897, in pro- lusion ; SaunJby (Eland Shaw) ; Worksop (Houghton) - angustatus, Ztt. S. Leverton ; Trestvell Pyrophaena granditarsa, Forst. S. Leverton Melanostoma ambiguum, Fin. S. Leverton - dubium, Ztt. Worksop (Miss Alderson) - mellinum, Linn. Common - scalare, Fab. N. Leverton ; Trestvell Wood Melangyna quadrimaculata, Vcrr. Clumber (Miss Alderson) Leucozona lucorum, Linn. N. and S. Leverton ; Tres- well Wood ; Worksop (Houghton) Ischyrosyrphus laternarius, Mull. Trestvell Wood; Aspley Woods, Nottingham ; Nether Langwith Catabomba pyrastri, Linn. Nottingham and Retford districts ; Thorney Syrphus albostriatus, Fin. Retford district and Sher- wood Forest, not uncommon • — - tricinctus, Fin. Trestvell Wood ; Sherwood Forest, near Edwin statue - venustus, Mg. Sherwood Forest (Wainwright) ; S. Leverton and Treswell Wood, common - lunulatus, Mg. S. Lcverton - nigricornis, Verr. Sherwood Forest (C. J. Wain- wright) — torvus, O.-S. Treswell Wood — annulatus, Ztt. Sherwood Forest (C. J. Wain- wright) - lineola, Ztt. Sherwood Forest (C. J. Wainwright) — ribesii, Linn. Common everywhere — vitripennis, Mg. S. Leverton, not uncommon ; Treswell Wood — latifasciatus, Mcq. S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood — nitidicollis, Mg. S. Leverton — corollae, Fab.) „,. , . ,. ., , . i • \/r ( Widely distributed and common — luniger, Mg. J - bifasciatus, Fab. Worksop (Houghton) ; S. Leverton, common ; Treswell Wood CYCLORRHAPHA (continued) PROBOSCIDE4 (continued) SVRPHIDAE (continued) Syrphus balteatus, Deg. Widely distributed and common — cinctellus, Ztt. Woods at Kingston-on-Soar, not uncommon on flowers of wild parsnip - auricollis, Mg., var. maculicornis, Ztt. Sherwood Forest (C. J. Wainwright) ; 5. Leverton, common in the vicarage garden. — umbellatarum, Fab. Worksop (Houghton) ; S. Leverton — lasiophthalmus, Ztt. S. Leverton Sphaerophoria scripta, Linn. S. Leverton, abundant ; Treswell ; Thorney — menthastri, Linn., var. picta, Mg. N. and S. Leverton ; Blidworth — flavicauda, Ztt., var. nitidicollis, Zett. S. Leverton Baccha obscuripennis, Mg. 5. Leverton and Treswell Wood, not uncommon ; Strelley Ascia podagrica, Fab. S. Leverton, common ; Work- sop (Houghton) Rhingia campestris, Mg. N. and S. Leverton, etc., common TT- i n i ii T • ( Both widely distributed Volucella bombylans, Linn. , ' n T- i and common in the — pellucens, Linn. ^ county Eristalis sepulchralis, Linn. S. Leverton — tenax, Linn. Widely distributed and very common - intricarius, Linn. Kingston ; Newstead ; S. Lever- ton ; Everton - arbustorum, Linn. Common everywhere - nemorum, Linn. S. Leverton; Treswell Wood; Edwinstotve - pertinax, Scop. Everywhere, very common ( Treswell Wood; Newstead; - horticola, Deg. •< Blidworth; Sherwood Forest; \ Marnham Myiatropa florea, Linn. Widely distributed in the county Helophilus trivittatus, Fab. Bunny, 23 Aug. 1899 - pendulus, Linn. Of common occurrence. - transfugus, Linn. Marnham, several specimens flying about watercress flowers in the old bed of the Trent, 19 July, 1901 Mcrodon equestris, Fab. Bulwell Forest ; N. Wheat- ley, type and var. narcissi, Fab. var. narcissi, Worksop (Miss Alderson) Criorrhina ranunculi, Pz. / ^'™^'^(W.Harri- - berberina, Fab. son ^d C J- Wain- l wright) • — oxyacanthae, Mg. S. Leverton - floccosa, Mg. Sherwood Forest (Bradley and Wain- wright) ; S. Leverton Brachypalpus bimaculatus, Mcq. Sherwood Forest (Bradley and Wainwright) Xylota segnis, Linn. Treswell Wood; Langford Moor — lenta, Mg. Southwell — sylvarum, Linn. Treswell Wood ; Langford Moor ; Wigsley Wood Syritta pipiens, Linn. Common everywhere Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop. Treswell Wood Chrysotoxum cautum, Harr. Sherwood Forest (Brad- ley and Wainwright) ; S. Leverton; Treswell Wood — arcuatum, Linn. Sherwood Forest (Wainwright) — bicinctum, Linn. S. Leverton; Treswell Wood; Widmerpool; not uncommon 126 INSECTS CYCLORRHAPHA (continued) PROBOSCIDE4 (continued) CONOPIDAE Conops vesicularis, Linn. Langford M oar, 10 June, 1900 — strigata, Mg. Langjord Moor, 12 Aug. 1899 — flavipes, Linn. Widely distributed, but not very common Physocephala rufipcs, Fab. Wigsley ; Tmteell Sicus ferrugineus, Linn. Wigs/ey, 7 Aug. 1 899 Myopa buccata, Linn. Bulwell and Sherwood Forests ; Treswell Wood — testacea, Linn. Bultvell Forest ; Raintuorth; S. Leverton OESTRIDAE Oestrus ovis, Linn. S. Leverton TACHINIDAB Phorocera cilipeda, Rnd. S. Leverton Tachina nmica, Mg. \ Thelaira leucozona, Pz. J Olivieria lateralis, Fab. Worksop 5. (Houghton) Leverton ; Rampton ; Kingston ; Wigsley ; Thorney Micropalpus vulpinus, Fin. Blidworth Echinomyia fera, Linn. Edwinstowe, Shertvood Forest Plagia ruralis, Fin. Trestvell Siphona geniculata, Deg. S. Leverton, common ; Gedling Trixa oestroidea, Dsv. Trestvell Wood ; Clarborough Fortisia foeda, Mg. S. Leverton Cynomyia mortuorum, Linn. S. Leverton Sarcophaga carnaria, Linn. Widely distributed and common — atropos, Mg. Edwinstowe — agricola, Mg. S. Leverton • — haemorrhoidalis, Mg. S. Leverton Metopia leucocephala, Rossi Sphixapata conica, Fin. Dexia vacua, Fin. Thorney MUSCIDAE Stomoxys calcitrans, Linn. S. Leverton ; Nottingham ; common Pollenia rudis, Fab. Worksop (Houghton) ; S. Lever- ton ; Trestvell ; Linby ; common Myiospila meditabunda, Fab. S. Leverton Graphomyia maculata, Scop. S. Leverton ; Sutton, nr. Retford; common Musca domestica, Linn.) — corvina, Fab. j Cyrtoneura stabulans, Fin. common — pabulorum, Fin. ) „ — caesia, Mg. j Morellia hortorum, Fin. abundant Mcsembrina meridiana, Linn. ton; Cottam ; common Pyrellia lasiophthalma, Mcq. S. Leverton ; Treswell ; Wmkburn Protocalliphora azurea, Fin. Nottingham Calliphora erythrocephala, Mg. Abundant every- where — vomitoria, Linn. Common Euphoria cornicina, Fab. S. Leverton, common ; Linby Generally distributed and common Nottingham ; S. Leverton ; Nottingham ; S. Leverton, Newstead ; S. Lever- S. Leverton S. Leverton ; CYCLORRHAPHA (continued) PROBOSCIDE4 (continued) MUSCIDAE (continued) Lucilia caesar, Linn. Widely distributed and common — sylvarum, Mg. Marnham, flying about water- cress flowers in bed of old Trent — sericata, Mg. Nottingham ; Worksop ; S. Leverton ANTHOMYIDAE Polietes lardaria, Fab. ) 0 , - albolineata, Fin. \S-Le™rim> etc., vcrycommon Hyetodesia incana, Wdm. S. Leverton, common — lucorum, Fin. S. Leverton ; Grove; Edtvinstotve ; Winkburn — marmorata, Ztt. — serva, Mg. — variabilis, Fin. Trestcell Wood • — umbratica, Mg. \ — • laeta, Fin. !• S. Leverton — lasiophthalma, Mcq. J — erratica, Fin. Worksop (Houghton) Tresivell Wood — basalis, Ztt. Worksop (Houghton) ; Trestvell Wood - scutellaris, Fin. 5. Leverton ; Trestvell Wood • — pallida, Fab. Kingston-on-Soar Alloeostylus flaveola, Fin. Clumber (Miss Alderson) Mydaea urbana, Mg. S. Leverton, not uncommon — impuncta, Fin. S. Leverton ; Trestvell Wood — separata, Mg. S. Leverton ; Trestvell Wood ; Nottingham Spilogaster communis, Dsv. Worksop (Houghton) ; S. Leverton Hydrotaea irritans, Fin. — dentipes, Fab. — armipes, Fab. Ophyra leucostoma, Wdm. S. Leverton ; Worksop (Miss Alderson) Drymia hamata, Fin. S'. Leverton Hydrophoria conica, Wdm. Treswell Wood Hylemyia variata, Fin. Worksop (Houghton) ; Lambley (W. H. Freestone) ; S. Lrverton — strigosa, Fab. 5. Leverton ; Worksop (Miss Alderson) Anthomyia pluvialis, Linn. S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood — radicum, Linn. S. Leverton, In 1901 some young cabbages were badly attacked by the grub of this fly, producing an appearance like ' anbury ' (Thornley) Pegomyia rufipes, Fin. S. Leverton — bicolor, Wdm. S. Leverton ; Trestvell Homalomyia hamata, Mcq. S. Leverton - scalaris, Fab. Common — • canicularis, Linn. S. Levcrton Azelia macquarti, Staeg. \ - zettentedti, Rnd. I s_ ^.^ — triquetra, Wdm. Coenosia sexnotata, Mg. / CoRDYLURIDAE Amaurosoma fasciata, Mg. Trestvell Wood Norellia spinimana, Fin. S. Leverton Scatophaga lutaria, Fab. S. Leverton — stercoraria, Linn. Everywhere abundant HELOMYZIDAE Helomyza ustulata, Mg. 5. Leverton Blepharoptera serrata, Linn. S. Leverton, abundant ; Nottingham ; Winkburn S. Leverton, the two species common first 127 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE CYCLORRHAPHA (continual) PROBOSCWE4 (continued) HELOMYZIDAE (continued} Tephrochlamys rufiventris, Mg. S. Leverton ; Tresviell Wood - flavipes, Ztt. S. Leverton SdOMYZIDAE Dryomyza flaveola, Fab. Retford ; S. Leverton Tetanocera elata, Fab."! — sylvatica, Mg. [• Treswell Wood — punctulata, Scop. J Limnia unguicornis, Scop. S. Leverton; Treswell Wood - obliterata, Fab. S. Leverton Elgiva albiseta, Scop. S. Leverton ; Linby - rufa, Pz. Cottam Scpedon sphegeus, Fab. S. Leverton ; Clarborougb PSILIDAE Psila fimetaria, Linn. S. Leverton ; Widmerpool - rufa, Mg. Worktop (Houghton) Chyliza leptogaster, Pz. Treswell Wood MICROPEZIDAE Calobnta cibaria, Linn. } „ T .. T'. \ S. Leverton - pctronclla, L,mn. J ORTALIDAE Ptilonota centralis, Fab. S. Leverton; Treswell Wood ; Gamston, nr. Retford (S. Pegler) Platystoma seminationis, Fab. River-bank, Little- borough, common Rivellia syngenesiae, Fab. Worksop (Houghton) Scoptcra vibrans, Linn. S. Leverton TRYPETIDAE Acidia cognata, Wdm. Treswell Wood - heraclei, Linn. S. Leverton Spilographa zog, Mg. S. Leverton; Shcnvood Forest (?) (Wainwright) Trypeta onotrophes, Lw. A', and S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood Urophora solstitialis, Linn. Littleborough ; Treswell Wood Tephritis miliaria, Schrk. Treswell Wood - bardanae, Schrk. Sherwood Forest (C. J. Wain- wright) LONCHAEIDAE Lonchaea vaginalis, Fin."! - chorea, Fab, > S. Leverton Palloptera ustulata, Fln.J — • trimacula, Mg. Sherwood Forest (C. J. Wainwright) - arcuata, Fin. S. Leverton; Saundby (E. Shaw) CYCLORRHAPHA (continued) PROBOSCIDE4 (continued) SAPROMYZIDAE Lauxania aenea, Fin. S. Leverton OPOMYZIDAE Balioptera combinata, Linn. Treswell Wood Opomyza germinationis, Linn. S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood Pelethophila flava, Linn. S. Leverton SEPSIDAE Sepsis violacea, Mg. ) Worksop (Houghton) ; S. — cynipsea, Linn. } Leverton; Nottingham Nemopoda cylindrica, Fab. S. Leverton PlOPHILIDAE Piophila casei, Linn. S. Leverton; Kingston-on-Soar, abundant at the Dairy Institute ; Nottingham. EPHYDRIDAE Hydrellia griseola, Fin. S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood Scatella quadrata, Fin. S. Leverton DROSOPHILIDAE Drosophila funebris, Fab. S. Leverton CHLOROPIDAE Meromyza pratorum, Mg. Cottam ; Treswell Wocd — laeta, Mg. Cottam Chlorops taeniopus, Mg. S. Leverton — speciosa, Mg. Treswell Wood - laeta, Mg. S. Leverton Siphonella laevigata, Fin. S. Leverton AGROMYZIDAE Ochthiphila polystigma, Mg. Treswell Wood BoRBORIDAE Borborus nitidus, Mg. - niger, Mg. — vitripennis, Mg. - equinus, Fin. — geniculatus, Mcq. Sphaerocera subsultans, Fab.. PHORIDAE Trineura aterrima, Fab. Phora rufipes, Mg. EPROBOSCIDE4 HlPPOBOSCIDAE Ornithomyia avicularia, Linn. Nottingham, on star- lings S. Leverton S. Leverton HEMIPTERA This order comprises the bugs, cicads, frog-hoppers, plant-lice, scale-insects, etc., insects of small or moderate size, all of which are characterized by the modification of the mouth parts into a piercing and sucking proboscis or beak. Two pairs of wings are usually present, and these exhibit important differences in the two main groups into which the order is divided. In the Hemiptera Heteroptera the anterior wings (elytra) are more or less horny except at the tip, which is membranous, and they fold flat on the back, covering over the more delicate and entirely membranous hind wings. In the Hemiptera Homoptera, on the other hand, the forewings are not horny, and scarcely differ in texture from the hind wings ; they slope over the back in a roof-like manner when at rest. In this group, moreover, the face slopes downwards and back- 128 INSECTS wards, thus bringing the beak close to the bases of the fore legs. The Heteroptera are almost without metamorphosis, the newly-hatched young closely resembling the adult except for the absence of wings, which are gradually developed as the insect approaches maturity. Among the Homoptera, however, metamorphosis is more marked, the young frequently bearing little resemblance to their parents. The great majority of the British Hemiptera are vegetable feeders, living on the juices of plants ; a few of the Heteroptera, however, are blood-suckers. Some of the Homoptera have the remarkable habit of enveloping themselves in their earlier stages in a mass of white froth, as in the well-known ' cuckoo-spit ' frog-hoppers. The Heteroptera are sub-divided into two groups : (i) the Gymnocerata, comprising all the terrestrial forms, and the ' pond-skaters,' which live on the surface of water, are characterized by possessing large and conspicuous antennae ; (2) the Cryptocerata are truly aquatic insects with very small antennae which are hidden beneath the head. To this group belong the water-scorpion and the water-boatmen, the latter having the curious habit of swimming on their backs. Unless otherwise stated the species enumerated below have all been collected by the Rev. Alfred Thornley, with the exception of a few species collected by myself. The Aphides and Coccidae of Nottinghamshire are practically untouched, and no list of these can yet be given. The arrangement and nomenclature adopted are those of the Catalogue of British Hemiptera, by E. Saunders and J. Edwards. HETEROPTERA GYMNOCERATA PENTATOMINA Sehirus bicolor, Linn. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) Pentatoma juniperina, Linn. Nottingham (Ryles) Piezodorus lituratus, Fab. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) Tropicoris rufipes, Linn. Treswell Wood ; Marnham ; Sherwood Forest, common Picromerus bidens, Linn. Kingston (Miss Challans) Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale, Linn. 5. Leverton — dentatum, De G. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) — interstinctum, Linn. Langford Moor, common on birch ; Shencood Forest, common COREINA Myrmus myriformis, Fall. Langford Moor BERYTINA Neides tipularius, Linn. Barrow Hills, Everton LVGAEINA Cymus glandicolor, Hahn. Clumber Park (Pegler) Stygnus rusticus, Fall. Clumber Park (Pegler) ; S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood — arenius, Hahn. Clumber Park (Pegler) Drymus sylvaticus, Fab. Leverton; Treswell Wood; Clumber Park and Retford (Pegler) — brunneus, Sahib. Sutton, near Retford (Pegler) Notochilus contractus, H. S. Treswell Wood Scolopostethus affinis, Schill. Leverton; Sutton near Retford (Pegler) TlNGIDINA Piesma capitata, Wolff. S. Leverton and Treswell Wood, common Orthostira parvula, Fall. Bramcote (Ryles) Monanthia ampliata, Fieb. Sutton, near Retford (Pegler) ; Langford Moor — cardui, Linn. Sutton, near Retford (Pegler) ; S. Leverton; Treswell Wood GYMNOCERATA (continued) HYDROMETRINA Hydrometra stagnorum, Linn. S. Leverton ; Kingston ; Thrumfton ; Nottingham Velia currens, Fab. Nottingham and Retford districts, common Gerris thoracica, Schum. Common - gibbifera, Schum. S. Leverton; Nottingham; Cossall • — lacustns, Linn. Retford; S. Leverton, common — odontogaster, Zctt. Retford (Pegler) ; Cossall REDUVIINA Ploiaria vagabunda, Linn. Treswell Wood • — culiciformis, De G. S. Leverton Nabis brevipennis, Hahn. Treswell Wood, on Corylus — major, Cost. Retford district, not uncommon ; Barrow Hills, Everton — flavomarginatus, Scholtz. S. Leverton ; Treswell; Cottam — limbatus, Dahlb. Treswell Wood - ferus, Linn. Retford district — rugosus, Linn. Retford district, common ; Lang- ford Moor SALDINA Salda saltatoria, Linn. Cottam (Pegler) — orthochila, Fieb. S. Leverton — cincta, H. S. S. Leverton and Clumber (Pegler) - cocksii, Curt. Clumber Park (Pegler) CIMICINA Cimex lectularius, Linn. Nottingham, etc. Piezostethus cursitans, Fall. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) Lyctocoris campestris, Fall. S. Leverton Anthocoris nemoralis, Fab. Clumber (Pegler) ; Tres- well — sylvestris, Linn. Retford district, common 129 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE GYMNOCERATA (continued) GYMNOCERATA (continued) CIMICINA (continued) Triphleps minuta, Linn. S. Leverton ; Treswell Microphysa pselaphiformis, Curt. Colwick (Ryles) — elegantula, Baer. S. Leverton, on oak trunks CAPSINA Pithanus maerkeli, H. S. S. Leverton; Button near Retford ; Treswell Wood, common Miris calcaratus, Fall. Nottingham and Retford districts, common — laevigatus, Linn. S. Leverton; Treswell; Tuxford (Pegler) ; Sherwood Forest (Ryles), etc. — holsatus, Fab. Treswell Wood, common Megaloceroea err.itica, Linn. S. Leverton ; Treswell; Littleborough — longicornis, Fall. Cot/am - ruficornis, Fourc. S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood Lcptopterna ferrugata, Fall. Sutton, near Retford - dolobrata, Linn. Retford district, common ; Langford Moor Monalocoris filicis, Linn. Sherwood Forest, abundant amongst bracken Pantilius tunicatus, Fab. S. Leverton, on Corylus Lopus gothicus, Linn. Langford Moor; Sherwood Forest (Ryles) Phytocoris populi, Linn. S. Leverton, on tree trunks - tiliae, Fab. S. Leverton; Treswell Wood; Edwin- stowe - longipennis, Flor. Treswell Wood - reuteri, Saund. Treswell Wood - ulmi, Linn. Retford district ; Kingsttm-on-Soar, common on Senecio jacobaea Calocoris striatcllus, Fab. Southwell; Sherwood Forest ; Aspley (W. E. Ryles) — sexguttatus, Fab. Nottingham and Retford districts, common — fulvomaculatus, De G. Treswell Wood - alpestris, Mey. Treswell Wood ; Sherwood Forest, etc. — bipunctatus, Fab. Retford district, common ; Nottingham district — chenopodii, Fall. Clarborough ; Sherwood Forest — infusus, H. S. Treswell Wood ; Radcltffe — striatus, Linn. Treswell Wood ; Sherwood Forest Oncognathus binotatus, Fab. Cottam, abundant in a grassy lane Uichrooscytus rufipennis, Fall. Beeston (Ryles) Plesiocoris rugicollis, Fall. S. Leverton; Treswell Wood Lygus pratensis, Fab. Retford and Worksop districts (Thornley and Pegler) — contaminatus, Fall. Langford Moor, common on birch — pabulinus, Linn. Gunthorfe (Ryles) ; S. Lever- ton ; Treswell Wood, common — pastinacae, Fall. Nottingham district (Ryles) — kalmii, Linn. Gunthorfe (Ryles) Liocoris tripustulatus, Fab. Radcliffe-on-Trent (Ryles) ; Clumber (Pegler) ; S. Leverton Capsus laniarius, Linn. Nottingham, RadcRffe (Ryles) Rhopalotomus ater, Linn. Aspley Woods, Nottingham (Ryles) ; S. Leverton, on rushes ; Trestaell Wood Dicyphus epilobii, Reut. S. Leverton; Sutton, near Retford CAPSINA (continued) Dicyphus stachydis, Reut. S. Leverton, common in vicarage garden — globulifer, Fall. Clumber (Pegler) Campyloneura virgula, H.S. Radcltffe (Ryles) Cyllocoris histrionicus, Linn. Beeston (Ryles) ; Tres- well Wood ; Langford Moor — flavonotatus, Boh. Southwell (Ryles) Aetorhinus angulatus, Fab. Treswell Wood, common ; Nottingham district, common Mecomma ambulans, Fall. Treswell Wood, common ; Sutton, near Retford Orthotylus nassatus, Fab. S. Leverton ; Littleborough Loxops coccinea, Mey. Radcltffe (Ryles) Heterotoma merioptera, Scop. S. Leverton, common; Sutton, near Retford; Nottingham district, common Heterocordylus tibialis, Hahn. Clumber (Pegler) ; Treswell Wood Malacocoris chlorizans, Fall. Treswell Wood, common Harpocera thoracica, Fall. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) Byrsoptera rutifrons, Fall. Southwell (]. E. Mason) Phylus palliceps, Fieb. Aspley Woods, Nottingham (Ryles) ; Treswell Wood — melanocephalus, Linn. Treswell Wood; Edwinstowe — coryli, Linn. Treswell Wood Psallus betuleti, Fall. Clumber (Pegler) ; Edwinstowe, common on birch ; Langford Moor — variabilis, Fall. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) — varians, H. S. Treswell Wood — salicellus, Mey. S. Leverton ; Treswell Wood Plagiognathus arbustorum, Fab. Retford district — viridulus, Fall. Sherwood Forest (Ryles) CRYPTOCERATA NAUCORIDINA Naucoris cimicoides, Linn. N. Whcatley (Rev.T.C. B. Chamberlin) NIPINA Nepa cinerea, Linn. Widely distributed NoTONECTINA Notonecta glauca, Linn. S. Leverton, with var. ma- culata ; Kingston-on-Soar var. furcata. S. Leverton ; Cossall; Not- tingham CORIXINA Corixa geoffroyi, Leach. S. Leverton, not uncommon — hieroglyphica, Duf.'l — sahlbergi, Fieb. J- S. Leverton — linnaei, Fieb. ) striata, Linn. S. Leverton; Cossall; Radcliffe-on- Trent — fallen!, Fieb. S. Leverton — distincta, Fieb. S. Leverton — fabricii, Fieb. S. Leverton; Cossall — coleoptrata, Fab. Cossall 130 INSECTS HOMOPTERA CICADINA Cixius pilosus, Ol. N. Leverton ; Treswell Wood — nervosus, Linn. Longford Moor, Newark Liburnia lineola, Germ. Treswell Wood — difficilis, Edw. S. Leverton — limbata, Fab. S. Leverton — lineata, Perr. Treswell Wood Aphrophora alni, Fall. Widely distributed and common — salicis, De G. Treswell Wood Philaenus spumarius, Linn. Abundant — Hneatus, Linn. S. Leverton Ledra aurita, Linn. Treswell Wood Macropsis lanio, Linn. S. Leverton Bythoscopus flavicollis, Linn. Edwlnstowe, Sherwood Forest, common on birch Pediopsis scutellatus, Boh. Treswell Wood Idiocerus adustus. H. S. ) „ „ „. , r ,-,, ' \ Treswell Wood — confusus, Flor. J Evacanthus interruptus, Linn. Kingston-on-Soar Tettigonia viridus, Linn. Clumber (Pegler) Acocephalus nervosus, Schr. Ramfton Marsh — albifrons, Linn. Treswell; Rampton Athysanus sordidus, Zett. Treswell CICADINA (continued) Athysanus communis, J. Sahl. — obscurellus, Kbm. — obsoletus, Kbm. Deltocephalus ocellaris, Fall. Allygus mixtus, Fab. Thamnotettix prasina, Fall.1] — subfuscula. Fall. — cruentata, Panz. J — crocea, H. S. S. Leverton , Limotettix sulphurella, Zett.' Alebra albostriella, Fall. Chlorita viridula, Fall. Eupteryx urticae, Fab. — stachydearum, Hardy — auratus, Linn. — abrotani, Dougl. - pulchellus, Fall. S. Leverton ; Edwlnstowe Typhlocyba rosae, Linn. ~j - quercus, Fab. I S. Leverton, common Zygina flammigera, GeofFr.J PSYLLINA Livia juncorum, Latr. Psylla crataegi, Schr. \ S. Leverton Treswell Wood Treswell Wood S. Leverton Gotham, on Juncus S. Leverton MYRIAPODA Centipedes and Millipedes The Myriapods of Nottinghamshire appear to have received no attention from local zoologists, nothing having hitherto been published concerning them. The scanty particulars given in this note are founded upon specimens collected casually by the writer during the last two or three years ; the great majority of these are, however, still unidentified and consequently no list of the species can yet be given. The Myriapods are terrestrial animals found under stones and logs lying on the ground, under the loose bark of dead trees and among dead leaves and rubbish. The body is divided into a large but variable number of nearly similar segments or rings, and is provided with numerous pairs of legs : the head bears a pair of antennae varying in length in the different species, and eyes may be present or absent. The class is divisible into two orders : the Chilopoda or Centipedes, active, swiftly-running forms, which prey upon living animals, and possess formidable poison fangs, and one pair of legs to each body-ring ; and Chilognatha or Millipedes, which are vegetable feeders, very sluggish in their move- ments, and have two pairs of legs to each body-ring. To the latter group belong the species of lulus, commonly known as ' wire-worms,' which are often very injurious to cultivated crops, but are otherwise harmless and inoffensive. CHILOPODA Centipedes The family Lithobiidae includes a number of very active species which run with great rapidity when disturbed. The body is relatively short and depressed, and furnished with fifteen pairs of legs. Eyes are present. Lithobius forficatus (Linn.) is abundant everywhere in Nottinghamshire under stones and logs and among dead leaves both in town gardens and in the open country. One and probably two other species also occur in the county. The Geophilidae are slow-moving centipedes with very long, slender bodies, no eyes, and a large but variable number of pairs of legs. The genera Geophilus and Linotaenia are each represented in Nottinghamshire by at least one species. The last-named genus includes the luminous or phosphorescent centipedes. CHILOGNATHA OR DIPLOPODA Millipedes The families Polyxenidae and Glomeridae are each represented in Great Britain by a single species, and both of these are found in Nottinghamshire Polyxenus lagurus (Linn.), a pretty and '31 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE minute millipede, occurs under stones and bark of dead trees in several localities. The ' pill-milli- pede,' Glomeris margmata (Vill.), is a short broad millipede of the size and shape of the common ' pill- woodlouse,' which it also resembles in its ability to roll up into a spherical ball when disturbed. It is however easily distinguished from the woodlouse by the large size of the posterior segment of the body, and by the narrow white border to each segment. Of the family Polydesmidae one species, Polydesmus complanatus (Linn.), is very common with us, occurring chiefly under rotten logs lying on the ground. Other species will probably be found among the material collected by the writer when properly examined. Atractosoma folydesmoides (Leach), belonging to the family Chordeumidae, has been found in Nottingham. Individuals of one or more species of the lulidae occur abundantly in Nottinghamshire, and are locally known as ' wireworms.' ARACHNIDA Spiders, Harvestmen, and False-scorpions Spiders may be readily distinguished from insects by the following characters among others : — In insects the body is clearly divided into three separate regions — head, thorax, and abdomen, the last-named being distinctly segmented, while in spiders the head and thorax are completely fused together, forming the cephalothorax, which is connected with the abdomen by a short stalk or pedicle ; only two distinct parts are therefore visible ; the abdomen is not segmented. The eyes of spiders are simple, while insects possess compound eyes, although many have simple eyes in addition. Insects have three pairs of legs, spiders possess four pairs. In front of the walking legs all spiders possess two pairs of jointed appendages ; the anterior of these are called the chelicerae or falces, and are formidable claw-like pointed fangs, each containing a poison-gland ; these are used for seizing and killing the prey. The hinder pair are the pedipalps or palpi ; they lie on either side of the mouth, and the basal part of each (the maxilla) is used as a masticatory organ, while the remaining portion forms the palpus or feeler ; the terminal joint of this is in the male spider modified into an accessory organ of reproduction. The terminal joint, or tarsus, of each of the eight legs ends in either two or three curved claws, and in some spiders there is on the last joint but one (metatarsus) of the fourth pair of legs a peculiar comb-like organ termed the ' calamistrum,' consisting of a longitudinal row of curved bristles. The silken lines which all spiders produce are emitted from a group of six nipple-like ' spinners ' situated on the underside of the hind end of the abdomen. In those spiders which possess a calamistrum there is also, immediately in front of the spinners, a paired organ, the so-called ' cribellum,' perforated by numerous fine pores through which silk is emitted and combed out by the calamistrum so as to become flocculent, and to assist in the entanglement of their prey. The respiratory organs of spiders are tubular tracheae and book-leaf tracheae (' book lungs ') opening to the exterior by slit-like apertures or stigmata situated in the anterior part of the under- side of the abdomen. Some have book-leaf tracheae only, others possess both book-leaf and tubular tracheae. Unlike most insects, spiders undergo no metamorphosis, but they moult or cast their skin several times before reaching the adult state. All spiders are carnivorous, preying upon other animals, chiefly insects, which they capture either by leaping suddenly upon them, or more com- monly by spinning webs or snares in which the insect prey becomes entangled. In the Phalangidea or harvestmen the body is undivided, the abdomen being joined to the cephalothorax along its whole breadth, instead of being connected with it by a narrow pedicle as in spiders. The abdomen is segmented, the eight legs are very long and slender, and the simple eyes are only two in number. The Chernetidea or false-scorpions are minute arachnids occurring amongst moss and dead leaves, or under stones, etc., and easily recognized by their peculiar palpi, which are very large and terminate in pincers or forceps. They thus resemble miniature scorpions, except that they have no tail. Nothing whatever appears to have been known concerning the arachnids of Nottinghamshire before 1903, when the present writer began to pay attention to them for the purposes of this History. In the course of two seasons' collecting 169 species of spiders, fourteen species of harvestmen, and five of Chernetidea have been taken in the county, and while more extended research will doubtless result in the discovery of many more species, the list given below will compare favourably with those of most other counties whose arachnid fauna has been worked out. In the preparation of this list the 132 SPIDERS writer has been greatly assisted by the Rev. T. C. B. Chamberlin, M.A., who has collected most indefatigably at North Wheatley and elsewhere near Retford. Dr. G. W. Chaster, of Southport contributed a number of specimens picked up while collecting Coleoptera in Sherwood Forest in June, 1904, and among these were several rare species. Specimens have also been contributed by the Rev. A. Thornley, M.A., and Mr. A. H. Pearson, and a few records by Miss E. M. Alderson and Mr. J. T. Houghton. In a group so little worked as the arachnida, and one presenting so many difficulties in the identification of the more obscure or closely allied species, it is of the utmost importance that the determinations should be beyond question, and it is therefore gratifying to know that every species enumerated below is vouched for by our highest authority on these creatures, the Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge, F.R.S., who most generously undertook the examination of the entire collection. Lists of the species collected during the seasons 1903 and 1904 have been published in the fifty-first and fifty-second Reports of the Nottingham Naturalist? Society. The arrangement and nomenclature adopted are those of the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge in his List of British and Irish Spiders, Monogr. of British Phalangidea, and Monogr. of British Chernetidea. ARANEIDEA Spiders DYSDERIDAE The spiders of this family have six eyes and two pairs of stigmatic openings situated near the anterior end of the ventral surface of the abdomen, the open- ings of each pair being in close proximity to one another ; the anterior pair communicate with book- lungs, the posterior pair with tubular tracheae. 1. DysJera crocota, C. L. Koch Headon (T. C. B. C.). A large and handsome spider, with chestnut-red cephalothorax and legs, and dull yellow elongated abdomen ; there are two tarsal claws, and the eyes are arranged in the form of a horse-shoe with the ends directed forwards. 2. Harpactes hombergii, Scop. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). Known by its slender somewhat ant-like form, nearly black cephalothorax and pale abdomen, three tarsal claws, and eyes arranged in a circle. 3. Segestria senoculata, Linn. Rather common under loose bark on old palings : Colwick Park ; Oxton Bogs ; South- well ; Lambley ; Widmerpool ; Langford Moor ; Calverton Hill, etc. A slender elongated spider, easily recognized by the black diamond-shaped patches on a dull buff ground on the dorsal surface of the abdomen, the three tarsal claws, and the arrangement of the eyes, which are grouped in three pairs, the central pair being placed transversely and the two lateral pairs longitudinally. 4. Oanopt pulcher, Tempi. Nottingham, two or three specimens in a heap of old flower-pots in a garden ; Lambley ; Langford Moor. Recognizable by its small size (one-twelfth of an inch or less in length), orange-red colour, large oval pearly eyes, and two tarsal claws. DRASSIDAE Includes mostly hairy spiders of elongated form and usually sombre colour, with eight eyes in two trans- verse rows, and two tarsal claws. DRASSIDAE (continued) 5. Drassus cupreus, Blackw. Barrow Hills, Everton (A. T.) ; Oxton Bogs ; Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe. 6. Drassus pubescent, Thor. Bulwell Forest; Blidworth. 7. Drassus troglodytes, C. L. Koch Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). 8. Drassus blackwallii, Thor. North Wheatley, near Retford (T. C. B. C) ; S. Leverton (A. T.); Strclley; Lambley. A nocturnal dark very hairy spider, often found roaming about on the walls of houses and outbuildings; also found under bark on old palings. 9. Micaria pulicaria, Sund. Sherwood Forest, between Edwinstowe and Budby ; Langford Moor. A very beautiful and brilliant little spider, dark coloured, iridescent and shining. 10. Phrurolithus festivus, C. L. Koch Quarry near Bulwell Wood Hall. 1 1 . Clubiona terrestris, Westr. Worksop, under stones ; Calverton Hill and Wollaton, under bark on old palings. 12. Clubiona reclusa, Cambr. Edwards Lane, Nottingham, among dead leaves; Calverton Hill, under bark on palings. 13. Clubiona holosericea, De G. Oxton Bogs ; Budby Carr. 1 4. Clubiona pallijula, Clerck Common, and widely distributed. 15. Clubiona brevipes, Blackw. S. Leverton (A. T.) ; Edwinstowe ; Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Langford Moor. Beaten from trees, chiefly oak. 1 6. Clubiona comta, C. L. Koch Common on trees in woods throughout the county 17. Clubiona corticalis, Walck. Common under bark on old palings, etc. 133 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE DRASSIDAE (continued) 1 8. Z.ora maeulata, Blackw. Eakring Brail Wood ; Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe ; Langford Moor. 19. Anyphoena accentuata, Walck. Epperstone Park; Langford Moor; Eakring Brail Wood ; Wigsley Wood ; Roe Wood, Wink- burn. Occurs on the foliage of various trees, but is not very common, although widely dis- tributed. 20. Agroeca brunnea, Blackw. Langford Moor, under bark. DICTYNIDAE Spiders with eight eyes in two transverse curved rows, those of each lateral pair being close together. There are three tarsal claws, and the calamistrum and cribellum are present in all the species. 21. Dictyna arundinacea, Linn. Onheatherand rushes, common; Langford Moor; Budby Carr; Wigsley Wood. 22. Dictyna uncinata, Westr. Wilford ; Lambley ; Budby, Sherwood Forest ; N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.). 23. Dictyna pusllla, Westr. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). 24. Dictyna latens, Fab. Barrow Hills, Everton (A. T.). 25. Lethla humilis, Blackw. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Langford Moor. 26. Amauroblus ferox, Walck. Nottingham, in cellars. Worksop (J. T. H.) ; N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Barrow Hills, Everton. A very large dark and forbidding-looking spider, common in cellars and outbuildings, but occurring ilso under stones and logs far away from houses. 27. Amaurobius simi/is, Blackw. An abundant house-spider, occurring in cellars and outhouses, in crevices in walls, under boards, etc. The tubular snares are familiar objects in crevices of the sandstone rock in and about Nottingham. 28. Amaurobius fenestralis, Stroem. Abundant under loose bark on old palings, logs, and trees ; also occasionally under stones and the copings of walls. AGELENIDAE The members of this family have eight eyes placed in two more or less curved rows, those of the lateral pairs not being contiguous to each other. The legs are hairy and spinose, and three tarsal claws are present. Calamistra and cribellum are absent. 29. Cryphoeca silvicola, G. L. Koch Blidworth. 30. Cryphoeca diverse, Cambr. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). AGELENIDAE (continued} 31. Coehtes atropos, Walck. Pleasley Vale, under stones. 3 2. Argyroneta ajuatica, Latr. Ditches near the Trent, Lenton ; pool near Trent Bridge, Nottingham. This is the large and well-known ' water-spider,' which can swim and dive with ease, and constructs its silken dome-shaped nest beneath the surface of the water. 33. Tegenaria parietina, Fourcr. Worksop (J. T. H.). 34. Tegenaria derhamii, Scop. An abundant house spider everywhere in the county. HAHNIIDAE The spiders of this family have usually been in- cluded in the Agelenidae, but may be distinguished, as pointed out by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, by the disposition of the six spinners in a single transverse nearly straight row, the two outside ones — representing those of the usual superior pair — being the largest and the longest. 35. Habnla montana, Blackw. Langford Moor, among dead leaves on the ground under pine trees. THERIDIIDAE A very large family, including spiders mostly of small size with relatively large, often nearly globular, abdomens. The eight eyes are situated in two curved transverse adjacent rows, the four centrals forming a quadrangle. Three tarsal claws are present. 36. Eplslnus truncatus, Walck. Langford Moor. 37. Theridion formosum, Clerck Langford Moor. 38. Theridion sisyphlum, Clerck Rather common amongst the foliage of trees and shrubs in many localities throughout the county. A handsome spider, with the abdomen beautifully variegated with reddish, brown, yellow, and white markings. 39. Theridion vittatum, C. L. Koch (T. pulchellum, Walck.) Langford Moor ; Sherwood Forest, near Edwin- stowe; Widmerpool ; Crown End Wood, West Leake. 40. Theridion denticulattim, Walck. A pretty little spider occurring in all parts of the county. 41. Theridion simile, C. L. Koch Langford Moor, beaten from heather, etc. 42. Theridion variant, Hahn Widely distributed, and common in some locali- ties : found among heather, foliage, on palings in gardens, etc. 43. Theridion tine turn, Walck. Langford Moor, beaten from heather. 134 SPIDERS THERIDIIDAE (continued) 44. Therldion pictum, Hahn S. Leverton (A. T.) ; N. Wheatley (T. C. B.C.); Budby, Sherwood Forest. A beautiful species : the abdomen has a central longitudinal band of a red colour, with a yellow border on either side of it. 45. Tfieridion tepidariorum, C. L. Koch Lowdham (A. H. P.) ; N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Trowell. A large, rather plainly coloured species, found in greenhouses and conservatories. 46. TAeridion bimaculatum, Linn. Blidworth ; Budby ; Langford Moor. 47. Tfieridion pallens, Blackw. Wollaton ; Epperstone Park ; Edwinstowe, Sher- wood Forest ; Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Lang- ford Moor ; Wigsley Wood. A minute pale yellow spider, with the abdomen more or less marked or suffused with black, especially in the male. It occurs on heather and among herbage and the foliage of trees. 48. Nesticus cellulanus, Clerck N. Wheatley (T.C.B.C.); Nottingham, in cellar. 49. Phyllonethis Kneata, Clerck Very common among foliage of trees in woods throughout the county. A pretty spider of a pale yellow colour, often with two conspicuous longitudinal carmine-coloured bands on the dorsal surface of the abdomen. 50. SteatoJa bipunctata, Linn. Common in crevices and under copings of walls, under bark on old palings, on windows of outhouses, etc., everywhere in the county. 51. Crustulina guttata, Wid. Budby, Sherwood Forest ; Langford Moor. 52. Enoplognatha thoracica, Hahn Bagthorpe, Nottingham ; Budby. 53. Ptdanostethus lividus, Blackw. Burton Joyce, in a patch of liverwort (Cono- cephalus) ; Langford Moor, under dead leaves. 54. Bolyphantes bucculentus, Clerck Oxton Bogs. 55. Bolyphantes alticeps, Sund. Pleasley Vale. 56. Bolyphantes luteolus, Blackw. Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest. 57. Drapetisca lociafu, Sund. Barrow Hills, Everton ; Sherwood Forest ; Lang- ford Moor ; Epperstone Park ; Widmerpool ; West Leake Hills. Rather common in some of these localities among the foliage of trees and bushes. 58. Stemonyphantes Rneata, Linn. Occurs under stones, logs of wood, heaps of straw, etc., in several localities about Notting- ham ; also at Sherwood Forest, Clipston Wolds, etc. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.). THERIDIIDAE (continued) 59. Linyphia insignis, Blackw. Beauvale Woods; Oxton Bogs; Crown End Wood, West Leake ; Widmerpool ; Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Wigsley Wood. 60. Linyphia montana, Clerck Under bark of palings, and on foliage of trees and bushes, in many localities throughout the county. 6 1 . Linyphia triangularis, Clerck A very abundant spider, occurring on heather and furze bushes on commons, on hedges, and on shrubs and trees in plantations and woods everywhere throughout the county. 62. Linyphia peltata, Wid. Beauvale Woods ; Widmerpool ; Owthorpe ; Cotgrave ; Epperstone Park ; Eakring Brail Wood ; Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) 63. Linyphia pusilla, Sund. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.) ; N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Blidworth ; Langford Moor 64. Linyphia hortensis, Sund. Widmerpool ; Sherwood Forest. 65. Linyphia clathrata, Sund. Daybrook ; Southwell ; Eakring Brail Wood ; Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Langford Moor. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) The four last species occur on heather, bushes, and among the foliage of the lower branches of trees. 66. Labulla thoracica, Wid. North Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Lambley ; Bulcote. 67. Leptyphantes minutus, Blackw. Ranby (T. C. B. C.) ; Nottingham district, in several places ; Widmerpool. 68. Leptyphantes nebulosus, Sund. Nottingham, in cellar ; Bagthorpe. 69. Leptyphantes leprosus, Ohl. Nottingham, in deep rock cellar ; Bulcote. 70. Leptyphantes blacka'allii, Kulcz. North Wheatley (T. C. B. C.). 71. Leptyphantes obscurus, Blackw. On heather and among foliage of trees and shrubs. Blidworth ; Epperstone Park ; Budby and Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest ; Eakring Brail Wood. 72. Leptyphantes pallidus, Camb. Southwell (F. O. P.-Cambridge). 73. Leptyphantes Jlavipes, Blackw. Langford Moor, on heather. 74. Leptyphantes tenuis, Blackw. North Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Nottingham dis- trict, in several places, common ; Sherwood Forest ; Widmerpool. 75. Bathyphantes variegates, Blackw. Bulwell Forest ; Blidworth ; Epperstone Park ; Langford Moor ; Budby and Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest. 135 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE THERIDIIDAE (continued} 76. Bathyphantes concohr, Wid. Under stones, logs, etc., in many localities around Nottingham ; Worksop. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.). 77. Bathyphantes nigrinus, Westr. Wilford ; Oxton Bogs ; Beauvale Woods. 78. Bathyphantes pullatus, Cambr. Eakring Brail Wood ; Oxton Bogs. 79. Bathyphantes parvulus, Westr. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). 80. Bathyphantes gracilis, Blackw. Bagthorpe, Nottingham ; Widmerpool. 8 1 . Bathyphantes dorsalis, Wid. Budby and Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest ; Cot- grave Wolds. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.). 82. Tmeticus rufui, Wid. Bagthorpe, Nottingham ; Langford Moor, on heather, and under heaps of dead leaves in early spring. 83. Tmeticus abnormis, Blackw. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.) ; Wollaton ; Lang- ford Moor, on heather. 84. Tmeticus blcolor, Blackw. Bagthorpe, Nottingham, in numbers ; Arnold ; Sutton, near Granby ; Worksop. 85. Microneta rumtr'u, C. L. Koch Foss Road, Widmerpool ; Cossall. 86. Microneta saxatifii, Blackw. Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe. 87. Sintula dlluta, Cambr. Langford Moor. 88. Maso sundevattll, Westr. Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe. 89. Gongylidlum rufipes, Sund. S. Leverton (A. T.) ; N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Widmerpool ; Eakring Brail Wood ; Beauvale Woods ; Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Wigsley Wood. 90. Gongylidlum fuscum, Blackw. Bagthorpe, Nottingham, under heaps of straw in winter ; Wigsley Wood, on foliage of trees. 91. Gongylidlum apicatum, Blackw. Southwell (F. O. P.-Cambridge). 92. Gongylidlum tuberosum, Blackw. Oxton Bogs. 93. Tito vagans, Blackw. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). 94. Erigone dentipalpis, Wid. Nottingham ; Trowell ; Widmerpool. 95. Erigone atra, Blackw. • Bagthorpe, Nottingham, under straw heaps, in winter ; Langford Moor, and Sherwood Forest, on heather and shrubs. 96. Lophomma herbigradum, Blackw. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). THERIDIIDAE (continued) 97. Dicymbium nlgrum, Blackw. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). 98. Neriene rubens, Blackw. Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe ; Oxton Bogs ; Langford Moor. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.). 99. Neriene rubella, Blackw. Epperstone Park ; Crown End Wood, West Leake. 100. Dicyphus cornutus, Blackw. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.) ; N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Langford Moor. 101. Dicyphus bituberculaius, Wid. Wilford ; Oxton Bogs, under bark. 1 02. Dismodicus bifrons, Blackw. Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe. 103. Diplocephalus fuscipes, Blackw. Langford Moor. 104. Entelecara acuminata, Wid. Langford Moor ; Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe. 105. Entelecara erythnpus, Westr. Colwick Park ; Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe ; Cossall. 1 06. Peponocranium ludicrum, Cambr. Blidworth ; Langford Moor, common on heather. 107. Pocadicnemls pumllus, Blackw. Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe. 1 08. M etopobactrus prominulus, Cambr. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). 109. Gnephalocotes obscurus, Blackw. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). 1 10. Tapinocyba praecox, Cambr. Langford Moor. 111. Baryphyma pratcnsis, Blackw. Wilford, under an old tin can in hedge-bottom. 112. Wideria antica, Wid. Langford Moor, on heather. 113. Wlderiafugax, Cambr. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). 114. Wakkenaera acuminata, Blackw. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.) ; Bagthorpe and Basford, Nottingham ; Cossall. 115. Ceratlnella brevipes, Westr. Langford Moor. MIMETIDAE The spiders included in this family resemble the Theridiidae in most respects : the eight eyes are disposed as in the latter family, there are three tarsal claws, and the legs are very spinose. 1 1 6. Era thoracica, Wid. Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe ; Langford Moor. EPEIRIDAE The members of this family have eight eyes situated in two rows, and disposed in three rather widely separated groups — two lateral groups of two eyes each and a central group of four which form a quadrangle. 136 SPIDERS EPEIRIDAE (nnthueJ) The tarsal claws are three in number, but super- numerary pectinated claws are often present. Mostly spiders with bright colours and distinctive pattern of markings, spinning orbicular or wheel-shaped snares. 1 1 7. Tetragnatba extensa, Linn. Annesley Park ; Budby Carr. 1 1 8. Tetragnatba solandrii, Scop. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; on sedges, Wollaton Canal ; on palings in garden, Lambley ; among foliage of trees, Epperstone Park ; on marsh- thistle, Wigsley Wood. 1 19. Tetragnatba obtusa, C. L. Koch Among the foliage of trees : Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe ; Langford Moor ; Cotgrave Wolds. 1 20. Pacbygnatba degeerii, Sund. In many localities about Nottingham ; Oxton Bogs ; Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest, beaten from low trees commonly. I z I . Pachygnatha clerckii, Sund. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Bagthorpe, Not- tingham, common under heaps of straw in stubble field, in winter ; Wilford ; Radcliffe- on-Trent ; Oxton Bogs, rather commonly ; Worksop. 122. Pachygnatha Ksteri, Sund. Eakring Brail Wood, among grass in riding. 123. Meta segmerttata, Clerck Abundant and universally distributed throughout the county. 124. Meta merianae, Scop. Nottingham, on plants in garden ; Langford Moor, on trees and heather. 125. Cyclosa conica, Pall. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Langford Moor 126. Singa albovittata, Westr. Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe, taken by sweep- ing grass. 127. Zilla x-notata, Clerck A very common spider : found throughout the county under cross-bars of gates and palings, under the coping of walls, in greenhouses and outbuildings, etc. 128. Zilla atrica, C. L. Koch. Nottingham ; Oxton Bogs; Winkburn; Widmer- pool, etc. 129. Epe'ira gibbosa, Walck. Worksop district (E. M. A.) ; Langford Moor ; Sherwood Forest ; Crown End Wood, West Leake. 130. Epeira pyramidata, Clerck N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.). 131. Epeira diademata, Clerck One of our largest and most familiar spiders, common in gardens, on heaths, and in woods. I 137 EPEIRIDAE (continued} 132. Epeira cucurbitina, Clerck Clumber (E. M. A.). ; N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe ; Langford Moor, rather common. A very beautiful spider, easily recognized by its reddish cephalothorax and legs, and bright apple- green abdomen with a red blotch at its hinder extremity. 133. Epeira triguttata, Fab. Langford Moor ; Roe Wood, Winkburn. 134. Epeira umbratica, Clerck Rather common, and widely distributed through- out the county, occurring under bark on old palings, in the crevices of wooden fences, etc. Easily known by its large size, flat oval abdo- men, and very dark brown colour with paler markings, and two large yellowish-white spots on the under side of the abdomen. 135. Epeira quadrata, Clerck Bulwell Forest ; Barrow Hills, Everton. A very large and handsome species, forming its large orbicular snare chiefly in furze bushes on commons. 136. Epeira sc lope taria, Clerck Lowdham, in greenhouses, abundant (A. H. P.) ; Colwick Park, under bark on old fence-rail. 137. Epeira cornuta, Clerck Colwick, Barrow Hills, Everton. 138. Epeira patagiata, C. L. Koch N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Colwick. THOMISIDAE The spiders of this family have a short and broad cephalothorax and abdomen and laterally extended legs. This crab-like shape is accompanied by a crab- like motion, the species moving freely either forwards, backwards, or sideways. There are eight eyes in two rows, arranged in a semicircle or crescent with the convexity directed forwards. Tarsal claws, two. No web or snare is constructed. 139. Diaea dorsata, Fab. Langford Moor. A lovely species in which a clear pale green is the prevailing colour, occurring among the foliage of trees, especially fir. 140. Xysticus cristatus, Clerck Occurs more or less commonly in every part of the county. 141. Xysticus pint, Hahn Langford Moor, common. 142. Xysticut lanio, C. L. Koch Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Wigsley Wood. 143. Xysticus erraticus, Blackw. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.). 144. Xysticus ulmi, Hahn Roe Wood, Winkburn. 145. Oxypti/a praticola, C. L. Koch North Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) Lambley. Nottingham 18 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE THOMISIDAE (continued') 1 46. Oxyptila trux, Blackw. Eakring Brail Wood. 147. Philotiromus dispar, Walck. South Leverton (A. T.) ; N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.). 148. Pbilodromut aureolus, Clerck Abundant on heather, fir, and other trees in woods and plantations throughout the county. 149. Tibellus oblongus, Walck. North Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) PISAURIDAE 150. Pis aura mlrabltis, Clerck This, the only British representative of the family, is a very large spider occurring in all parts of the county on heaths and in woods, where the female may be seen about mid- summer running over the herbage with its egg-sac attached beneath the cephalothorax. Later on a large and conspicuous roughly dome-shaped nest is constructed between the upright stems of grasses, twigs of heather, etc., and in this the egg-sac is enclosed and the young are hatched out. The body of this spider is long and narrow, the legs are long, with three tarsal claws ; the eight eyes are arranged in three rows : four in the first row in a transverse line slightly curved backwards, those of the second and third rows forming a rectangle which is wider than long. LYCOSIDAE Spiders with eight eyes in three rows as in the Pisauridae, but the first row is straight. There are three tarsal claws. Many species occur in woods, running freely over the ground in bright sunshine. The egg-sac is carried about attached to the spinners, and the young are also carried for a time after hatch- ing, crowded together upon the abdomen of the mother. Some species lurk under stones, and some of the larger make a burrow in the ground, which they line with silk. No snare is constructed by members of this family. 151. Pirata hygnphllus, Thor. Annesley Park ; Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Eak- ring Brail Wood. 152. Pirata piraticus, Clerck Radcliffe-on-Trent ; Cinder Hill Brickyard ; Oxton Bogs. 153. Trochosa ruricola, De Geer Cinder Hill Brickyard ; Daybrook ; Wilford Hill ; Wollaton ; Linby ; Worksop. North Wheatley (T. C. B. C.); South Leverton (A.T.). 154. Trochosa terricola, Thor. Quarry near Bulwell Wood Hall ; Worksop. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.). 155. Trochosa picta, Hahn Worksop (J. T. H.) ; Barrow Hills, Everton. LYCOSIDAE (continued') 156. Tarentula andrenivora, Walck. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Barrow Hills, Everton. 157. Tarentula puheruknta, Clerck Quarry near Bulwell Wood Hall ; Barrow Hills, Everton ; Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe ; Langford Moor ; Clipston Wolds ; Oxton Bogs ; Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Eakring Brail Wood. Worksop (J. T. H.) 158. Lycosa amentata, Clerck Abundant, especially in woods, in every part of the county. 159. Lycosa nlgrlceps, Thor. Blidworth ; Edwinstowe ; Langford Moor. 1 60. Lycosa pullata, Clerck 1 6 1 . Lycosa lugubrls, Walck. This and the last species are widely distributed and common in woods and rough waste places. 162. Lycosa prativaga, C. L. Koch Edingley Hill, near Southwell ; Oxton Bogs ; Eakring Brail Wood. 163. Lycosa palustrls, Linn. Eakring Brail Wood. 164. Lycosa monticola, C. L. Koch N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Barrow Hills, Everton ; Clipston Wolds. SALTICIDAE The spiders of this family are easily recognized by the quadrate form of the cephalothorax, and by the arrangement of the eyes in three rows, forming a large quadrangle. The anterior row consists of four large eyes, the two centrals being especially large and usually iridescent ; the two forming the intermediate row are minute, and the posterior two are of medium size. These spiders spin no snare, but utilize their remark- able leaping powers for the capture of their prey. 165. Eplblemum icenicum, Clerck This is the common 'jumping spider" so often seen running and leaping on walls in the hot sunshine. It is distributed throughout the county. I have found it at Southwell under the bark of an old fence in company with the next species. 1 66. Epiblemum cingulatum, Panz. Worksop district (E. M. A. and J. T. H.) ; Calverton Hill ; Oxton Bogs ; Blidworth ; Southwell ; Langford Moor ; Budby. Found on palings and under bark on old fences. 167. Heltophanus flavlpes, C. L. Koch Barrow Hills, Everton ; Oxton Bogs ; Sherwood Forest, Edwinstowe. 1 68. Euopbrys JrontaRs, Walck. Warsop ; Worksop ; Budby South Forest (Sher- wood Forest). 169. Hasarius falcatus, Blackw. Sherwood Forest (G. W. C.) ; Langford Moor ; Wigsley Wood. 138 SPIDERS PHALANGIDEA Harvestmen 170. Liobunum rotunJum, Latr. Langford Moor ; Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Rempstone. 171. Liobunum blackwallii, Meade North Wheatley (T. C. B. C.); Cotgrave Wolds, on trees. 172. Phalangium opifio, Linn. Abundant throughout the county, especially on trees in woods. 173. Phalangium parietinum, Clerck Nottingham ; Budby ; Warsop ; N. Wheatley ; Cotgrave Wolds ; Beauvale Woods. 174. Phalangium laxatile, C. L. Koch Mansfield ; Barrow Hills, Everton. 175. Platybunus corniger, Herm. Wilford Hill, near Nottingham. 1 76. Megabunus insignis, Meade Linby ; Langford Moor. 177. Oligohphus morio, Fabr. Clumber, (E. M. A.) ; N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.) ; Cotgrave Wolds ; Roe Wood, Wink- burn, etc., common on trees. 178. Oligohphus agrestis, Meade Grives Wood, Kirkby-in-Ashfield ; Nether Lang- with ; Roe Wood, Winkburn ; Crown End Wood, West Leake. Ranby, near Babworth (T. C. B. C.). 179. ORgolophus tridens, C. L. Koch Grives Wood, Kirkby-in-Ashfield ; Nether Lang- with ; Warsop ; Worksop ; Beauvale Woods, on trees. N. Wheatley (T. C. B. C.). 1 80. Oligohphus palpinalis, Herbst. Crown End Wood, West Leake. 1 8 1 . Oligohphus hamenii, Kraep. Under rotten log and fallen gate-post in field at Bagthorpe, Nottingham, 19 and 24 Novem- ber, 1903. This is the first record for England, the species having previously been found in Great Britain only at Elvanfoot, Lanark, and Leadhills, by Mr. W. Evans. I took several specimens on each occasion, and have since taken it at Daybrook and Wollaton. 182. Nemastoma lugubre, O. F. Muller Linby ; Worksop ; Nottingham district, in several places ; Beauvale Woods ; Oxton Bogs, etc. 183. Nemaitoma chrysomelas, Hermann Worksop. CHERNETIDEA Fahe-scorpions 1 84. Chthonius rayi, L. Koch Common under stones in old quarries throughout the Magnesian Limestone district. Near Bulwell Wood Hall ; Mansfield ; Mansfield Woodhouse ; Pleasley Vale ; Creswell Crags quarry ; Worksop. North Wheatley (T. C. B. C.). 185. Cbthonius tetrachelatus, Preyss. Quarries in Magnesian Limestone near Bulwell Wood Hall ; Grives Wood, near Kirby-in- Ashfield ; and Mansfield Woodhouse. 1 8 6. Obisium muscorum, Leach Nottinghamshire (W. E. Ryles). 187. Chernes nodosus, Schr. Two specimens clinging to legs of house-fly at Worksop (J. T. H.). 1 88. Chernes dmicotdes, Fab. Near Trent Bridge, Nottingham (Ryles). ADDENDA The following species have been added to the Nottinghamshire fauna since the foregoing lists have been in type : — INSECTS EPHEMERIDAE Centroptilum luteolum, Mall. Cossall ~\ Baetis binoculatus, Linn. Daybrook Rhithrogena semicolorata, Curt. Linby Heptagenia sulphurea, Mull. Fiskerton Caenis (one or more species) Edteinstotce Carr. Anchomenus atratus, (Chamberlin) COLEOPTERA Duft. Barrow Hills, Everton COLEOPTERA (continued} Hydroporus marginatus, Duft. N. Wheatley (Cham- berlin) Laccobius minutus, Linn. A'. Wheatley (Chamberlin) Cercyon aquaticus, Muls. A'. Wheatley (Chamberlin) Homalota liturata, Steph. Sherwood Forest (Blatch) Tachyporus pallidus, Sharp. S. Wheatley (Chamber- lin) Oxytelus rufipes, Er. Sherwood Forest, May, 1905 (J. Kidson Taylor) 139 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COLEOPTERA (continued') COLEOPTERA (continued') Bythinus bulbifer, Reich. Colwtck Wood (Carr and Notoxus monoceros, Linn. \ Barrow Hills Ryles) Sitones griseus, Fab. J (Chamberlin) Hippodamia 1 3-punctata, Linn. Barrow Hills (Cham- berlin) Scymnus ater, Kug. Gamston, near Retford (Cham- DIPTERA -, _, Diplosis tritici, Kirby. ) Kineston-on-Soar Cryptocephalus fulvus. Goeze. Barrow Htlls, on birch T> -i u .v. u-v T • r rr\. i s CCh be 1' ) Poecilobothrus nobilitatus, Linn. J (Thornley) m» . .. T- /-, f i /^-.L Urophora cardui. Linn. Gotham (Thornley) Melasoma popuh, Linn. Gamston, near Retford (Cham- ,~. . r . c • T . v. 0 /ITI, , s . J ,r Oscmis frit, Linn. Ktngston-on-Soar (Thornley) Mordellistena abdominalis, Fab. S. Leverton (Thorn- ley) Metoecus paradoxus, Linn. 2V. Wheatley, in wasps' nests (Chamberlin) HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA Typhlocyba ulmi, Linn. Nottingham, abundant ARACHNIDA ARANEIDEA 8<2 Prosthesima petiverii, Scop. Clipstone, Sherwood Forest (Carr) loza Diplocephalus cristatus, Blackw. \ Colwtck Wood JO23 „ latifrons, Cambr. j (Carr) 140 CRUSTACEANS For the special fauna with which the present chapter is concerned this county might very well be chosen as a representative region. To such a preference the contributory circumstances are these : — it occupies a fairly central position ; it is richly diversified with hills and dales, rivers and forests ; it is also abundantly supplied with wells, ponds, gardens, and greenhouses. Under these favouring conditions a student might probably make himself acquainted with the land and freshwater crustaceans of England at least as well in Nottinghamshire as in any equal area of the interior. It is not a question of competition with maritime counties, where tidal rivers, harbours, brackish pools, and a saline atmosphere may confuse the results. Only the truly terrestrial and freshwater species are here to be taken into account. But while the territory is very attractive for this limited branch of research, it must be confessed that it is at present to a large extent virgin ground. Hitherto only two or three investigators have published records of their researches. Among these, as will be seen, especial acknowledgement is due to Professor J. W. Carr, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., of University College, Nottingham. Our inland fauna nowhere illustrates the whole class of Crustacea : it is entirely barren of the highest and the lowest groups ; there are no crabs and no barnacles. On the other hand, species intermediate between these two extremes are far more numerous and far more common than is generally suspected. An overwhelming proportion of these belong to the Entomostraca, while comparatively few are distributed among three orders of the Malacostraca. There is, in fact, only one out of the whole number that answers to the ordinary popular notion of a crustacean. This is the river crayfish, Potamobius pallipes (Lereboullet). The generic name appropriately points to its life in rivers. Its extensive distribution over the river-system of England is only now being gradually proved, and is almost certainly subject to some limitations and fluctuations. The latter are apparently due to epidemical disease or other temporary and local disasters. The former may be traced to uncongenial conditions of soil or climate, and will be worthy of more exact consideration when we are more sure of the precise facts. That a particular district is fertile in crayfish is easily proved by our finding plenty of specimens in it ; but by not finding them we cannot at once conclude that there are none to be found. We have to bear in mind the old logical warning that it is extremely difficult to prove a negative. However, with regard to the species now in question, the Rev. Joseph Walker, of Averham Rectory, 141 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Newark-on-Trent, writing under date 6 August, 1903, says: 'It certainly does not occur in the Trent, nor, as I am aware, in any streams in my district, Averham, near Newark. The only place I can recollect where they are to be found, and that is many years ago, was at Shireoaks, near Worksop.' Similarly Mr. Henry V. Machin, of Gateford Hill, Worksop, writing on 15 August, 1903, says: 'We have no specimens of the Astacus fluviatilis nearer than Shireoaks.' At the same time he enclosed an extract from The Worksop Guardian for Friday, 14 August, 1903, in which the anonymous writer agrees with him in using the familiar designation Astacus Jiuviatilis for the species now more correctly known as Potamobius pallipes. Under the heading ' Naturalist Notes by "Observer,"' the following account is given : — I have been very much interested during the past week in watching the proceedings of a female crayfish (Astacus fuviatilis), which, like many other creatures of a larger growth, has recently acquired a new summer suit, but, unlike the members of the genus homo, the crayfish has not to appeal for outside assistance to aid it in this operation. When it becomes apparent that the limits of expansion have been reached with the old suit, it loses its sensibility or practically dies, and the constituents of a new shell are deposited between the body and the old shell. At the appointed time the crayfish simply walks out of its old home, which is left empty, but marvellously perfect even to the extreme tips of the delicate antennae. After the operation the creature rests for a time in a perfectly limp and helpless condition, until the new shell gradually hardens, and it is once more able to indulge its ready propensity for bickering and quarrelling with the other members of the tribe. One might also mention the extraordinary ability for parting with claws, which seem to be regarded by the crayfish as appendages to be thrown off on the least provocation. Fortunately, Nature has been kind in this respect ; and the loss of a claw is not a serious matter, as a new one speedily grows in the place of the discarded member. As with so many other forms of wild life, Worksop may almost be said to have a monopoly for the county, as I am not aware that the crayfish occurs in any other part. Anyone who has seen a lobster may almost be said to have seen a crayfish, for beyond the fact that the lobster is much larger, and lives in salt water, whilst the crayfish is confined to fresh water, there is practically no structural difference between the two. The female crayfish changes her shell, in the manner described above, once each year ; while the more extravagant male requires two coats in the same period. The female carries her eggs (which are laid in November or December) with her until they are hatched, and the young, which appear in May or June, are also carried about for some time by their parent. Being nocturnal in their habits, and resting by day under stones or in holes in the banks, these curious creatures are not often observed, which is perhaps as well for them, seeing that they are not particularly well equipped for offence or defence against larger animals. Eels particularly are said to be amongst their worst enemies. As they do not appear to do any harm, and by feeding upon dead animals or other matter found in thewater.no doubt do a great deal towards keeping it pure, we may be pleased that our local fauna includes such an interesting crustacean as the crayfish, sometimes called, but erroneously, the fresh water crab. Upon this agreeably-written notice by a local observer a few com- ments may be permitted. In regard to the distribution of Potamobius pallipes within the county, Professor Carr makes it clear that Worksop has not a monopoly, by supplying the information that the species is ' fairly common in the River Maun and mill-dams at Mansfield.' * The process known as exuviation, ecdysis, moulting, or shedding of the outer sheath of the animal is not peculiar to crayfishes, but a common characteristic of the whole crustacean class. Not only does it extend to the delicate tips of the antenna?, the covering of the eyes, the complicated apparatus of the mouth-organs, but actually includes the lining of the stomach, \ 1 Tram. Nott. Nat. Soc. for 1902-3, p. i (1904). I42 CRUSTACEANS although that is not extruded when the rest of the apparel is thrown off. On the other hand, it would be wrong to regard the operation as universally simple, as the facile casting of old clouts, to find a fairer and better fitting costume beneath them. There is often no such ground for evoking envy in the impecunious children of men. In all species armed with massive nippers the withdrawal of big muscles through narrow articulations is a hazardous and probably painful operation. Nor can it be said without reserve that, prior to the moult, ' the constituents of a new shell are deposited between the body and the old shell.' The discarding of the latter exposes indeed the new coat that lay beneath it, but the fresh vesture is unfinished, not yet properly calcified. This is a necessary condition of the whole procedure. The muscles first of all become flaccid for purposes of extraction. They then assume a certain rigidity. Finally they expand to that fuller capacity which made a change in the exoskeleton essential. When the coat is once well hardened by calcareous salts such expansion is no longer possible. In the meantime the crustacean without a solid crust is exposed to anxiety and peril. Another incident in the biology of these creatures may at the first glance be thought rather enviable. Wolves and Spartans have been known to escape from fetters, and less heroic individuals can avoid the pain and danger of wounded limbs, by artificial amputation. But the tribe of crabs and lobsters are provided by Nature herself with a special groove at which they can easily throw off almost the whole of an inconvenient leg. Also from the stump they can grow a new limb. But ' Observer ' exaggerates their good fortune in affirming that the loss of a claw is not a serious matter, and that its restoration may be counted on as speedy. On the contrary, the repair of appendages is slowly accomplished, perhaps requiring several exuviations for its completion, and in any case leaving an interval during which the cripple must be at a grave disadvantage among its fully-equipped competitors. Our river crayfish and our common lobster, alike as they are in general appearance, belong in fact to two different though nearly allied families, respectively the Potamobiidas and the Nephropsida?. Into all the distinctions between these two it is unnecessary here to enter ; but, as an example of them, it may be mentioned that in the former family the segment that precedes the flexible tail is partially free, whereas in the lobster it is firmly adherent to the other segments covered by the carapace. Crayfishes are tolerably tenacious of life, and can be to a certain extent domesticated. By the kindness of Mr. Machin and his sister I was put in communication with Mr. and Mrs. Eddison, of Shireoaks Hall, near Worksop, with the result that Mr. George Eddison wrote to me from that residence on 16 August, 1903, as follows : — 'The crayfish I have pleasure in sending you by to-night's post have been caught this afternoon in the cascade which runs from one pond to another in the park here. I have known crayfish to be in these waters for over fifty years, where they breed. These are of average size.' The specimens packed A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE in damp moss travelled first to Tunbridge Wells, and were forwarded thence to West Baling, having been in close confinement for about forty- eight hours. Nevertheless, they arrived in a quite lively condition, and one of the four, a female, survived to accomplish another postal journey and to spend several months at Tunbridge Wells apparently much to its own satisfaction. During this period it occupied a glass bowl 8J inches in diameter by 3i inches deep. This was supplied with a layer of mud at the bottom for the tenant to burrow in, with two or three rough stones to assist it if necessary in sloughing its coat, with the moss in which it had travelled from its native cascade, with some fresh Anacharis alsinastrum and other pond weeds ; and, lastly, with water to the depth of an inch or a little more. For food it was at first provided with sessile- eyed crustaceans, water boatmen, and other experiments in aquatic pro- vender ; but in the course of the winter it was found more convenient to feed it on earthworms. These it did not attempt to kill, but it appeared to eat them with much satisfaction when they had been converted into meat. It soon ceased to show any sort of timidity or shyness, and would raise itself out of the water when approached, as if courting society. It never made any visible attempt to leave the bowl, yet one morning it was found on the floor, having apparently effected its escape and fallen from a height of 14 inches without injury. A considerable time after this escapade, and without having shed its skin, it eventually met its death on 13 May, 1904. Though this catastrophe happened during my own absence from home, it need not be assumed that the creature died of grief. It is more likely to have succumbed to an abrupt rise of temperature which then occurred. Of the four specimens from Shireoaks Park, the larger pair were three inches long, the smaller about two inches, in each case the male and female being approximately equal. I have specimens from Oxfordshire far more bulky, and over four inches in length. The sessile-eyed Malacostraca are represented in our inland waters by plenty of individuals but very few species. Of the Amphipoda only one species, the common Gammarus pulex (Linn.), has hitherto been recorded for this county. According to Professor Carr it ' occurs abundantly everywhere in streams and ponds.' * This little shrimp is under an inch in length. ' A crayfish of small dimensions would outweigh a hundred of the Gammarus. Any near relationship between the two could scarcely be suspected on a cursory inspection. Nevertheless the structure in both is essentially the same, although in the smaller animal it is in some respects simpler, and, on the hypothesis of a common origin, might be thought to show fewer modifications of the ancestral form. The difference in appearance might be compared with that which exists between a thin boy in an Eton jacket and a portly man in a frock coat. It depends essentially on the covering capacity of the carapace. This great shield in the crayfish extends over the segment which carries the eyes and over thirteen other appendage-bearing segments, which are all except the last in complete coalescence. But in Gammarus the coat or carapace is so short that seven of this number are left uncovered and remain movably articulated, like the seven following segments, which in both species alike constitute the pleon or tail. To several appendages of those uncovered middle segments in the amphipod it will be found that little sacs or vesicles are attached. These simple bag-like organs are the gills or branchiae. In the crayfish the corresponding organs are divided up into numerous filaments, exposing a much larger surface for the oxygenation of the blood in the course of its circulation. Moreover, they are attached to a greater number of appendages, and instead of hanging freely in the water, they are efficiently sheltered in a pair of branchial chambers, formed by the 1 Op. cit, p. i. 144 CRUSTACEANS cheeks of the carapace. In the tail-segments or pleon it is not very difficult to trace similarity of character throughout the Malacostraca, but the appendages of these segments are modified in a strange variety of ways to serve different functions. In the higher forms some of them are altogether dispensed with, just as we find the proudest of the mammals dispensing with their caudal vertebrae. In that division of the Amphipoda to which Gammarus pulex belongs, the first three segments of the pleon are always articulated and carry appendages called pleopods or swimming-legs, with a function corresponding to their name. Their structure is tolerably simple, consisting of a two-jointed stem and two many-jointed branches. Even when the animal is stationary their movements are not entirely discontinued, being no doubt necessary for maintaining a proper flow of water over the branchial vesicles. The foremost pair is often found directed strongly forwards. In the female the object of this position is to assist in keeping the eggs or developing young, safe within the marsupial plates. In Gammarus and its neighbours the fourth, fifth, and sixth pairs of pleon-appendages are known as uropods or tail-feet. The last pair may be used as a steering apparatus, but sometimes all three assist the animal in springing movements by which the rowing action of the pleopods is supplemented or superseded. The Isopoda are represented here as in other inland districts of our country by a single freshwater species, Asellus aquaticus (Linn.), noted by Professor Carr as 'common in similar situations'1 with G. pulex. Many fine specimens of this species were sent me by Mr. H. V. Machin, of Gateford Hill, Worksop. They reached West Ealing opportunely for the commissariat of the earlier arrived crayfishes. Much to my surprise, when introduced to one another the crayfishes made not the slightest attempt to catch or molest the Aselli, and these on their part swam and crawled about not only within reach of the claws, but close to the mouths of the crayfishes. Their immunity was not permanent. But my impression is that crayfishes prefer to take their meals in the dark, and do not much care for game, at least in the guise of earthworms and water boatmen, until it has been kept a decent time. For a speci- men of Asellus aquaticus from a shallow well at Chilwell I am indebted to Mr. Charles E. Pearson, F.L.S. The Isopoda agree with the Amphipoda in having the eyes not stalked but sessile, and in having the seven segments of the middle-body or person freely movable, and not covered by the carapace. On the other hand they differ strikingly in regard to the breathing apparatus, which is in them transferred from the walking legs to the appendages of the pleon. This carries with it a transfer of the heart from its position near the head to a position near the tail. Like Potamobius pallipes among the Macrura, Asellus aquaticus among the Isopoda is a convenient object of study because of its extreme commonness. But whereas the former species is in most respects normal to an exemplary degree, the Asellus is very abnormal in the arrangement of the pleon. Not merely are all the segments of this part consolidated into a single shield, but beneath this sort of carapace the appendages are eccentric, differing in number in male and female, and some of them rather widely differing in shape in the two sexes. Of terrestrial Isopoda the species known to occur in England are now twenty-four in number. When Bate and Westwood published their work on British Sessile-eyed Crustacea in 1868 they were only able to record sixteen of these twenty-four, and for Nottinghamshire, Professor Carr's list in 1904 contained only seven. A collection kindly made for me by Mr. C. E. Pearson during the winter of this present year, 1905, enables me to make one addition to the latter number. These eight species are distributed over three families of the Oniscidea. All of them are commonly known as woodlice. This term, it may be said in passing, is quite unworthy of their true carcinological rank. They are as much Crustacea Malacostraca as any crab or lobster that ever was eaten. In the family Trichoniscidae stands Trichoniscus pusi/lus (Brandt), described by Bate and Westwood3 under the name Philougria riparia (Kinahan). Professor Carr says of it, ' This tiny claret-brown coloured species is very common under stones, decaying logs, amongst moss, etc., in damp places. I have found it more or less abundantly at Basford, Cinder Hill, Wollaton, Kimberley, near Bulwell Wood Hall, at Kirkby in Ashfield, Mansfield, Warsop, Nether Langwith, Creswell Crags, Shireoaks, and Worksop.'8 The animal is only a sixth of an inch long, with very minute eyes, the second antennas much geniculate, and the first pair, as usual in this terrestrial group, very small. The pleon is abruptly narrower than the middle body, and, as in almost all the Isopoda, has the terminal segment or telson fused with the preceding segment. This terminal piece has here a truncate apex, distinguishing it from the corresponding part in the next five species, 1 Op. cit. p. i. 8 Brit. Seti. Crust, ii, 456. s Trans. Nott. Nat.Soc. for 1902-3, p. i, I 145 19 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE which have the telsonic segment more or less acute. All these five are included in the family Oniscidae. Oniscus asellus (Linn.), as might be expected, is noted as the commonest species, and as being 'abundant everywhere under flower pots in gardens, under stones, logs, bark of fallen trees, etc.' J It reaches two-thirds of an inch in length and more than a third in breadth, the eyes are rather large, and the second antennae have the five-jointed peduncle not armed with outstanding spines as in Trichoniscus pusil/us, but smooth and carrying a flagellum of only three joints. The third, fourth, and fifth segments of the pleon are expanded in such a way that their lateral edges form a continuous curve with the sides of the middle body. By this last feature it is easily distinguished both from the preceding species and from the next, which is of a size somewhat intermediate between the two. This bears a name reminiscent of summer glades, being by interpretation the shade-loving tenant of mosses, or technically Philotcia muscorum (Scopoli). It is ' common under stones and logs everywhere around Not- tingham ; also about Mansfield, Worksop, in Sherwood Forest, etc.' * Of Platyarthrus ho/mannsfggii (Brandt), Professor Carr says, 'This curious little wood-louse differs from the other British species in being quite destitute of eyes ; it is pure white in colour, and lives in ants' nests, where its presence is tolerated probably on account of its being useful as a scavenger. I have found it commonly in quarries throughout the Magnesian Limestone district, e.g., near Bulwell Wood Hall, Grives Wood (Kirkby in Ashfield), Mansfield, Warsop, Creswell Crags, and Worksop ; also in Wollaton brickyard ; and the Rev. A. Thornley has sent me specimens from a gypsum pit at Clarborough, near Retford.'3 The peculiar habitat and the characters above given will enable the student when he comes across this widely distributed species to imitate a celebrated traveller and say, without further introduction, ' Platyarthrus, I presume.' Its supposed usefulness as a scavenger in the formicarium tallies with the service which apparently the whole crustacean class are disposed to render to their fellow creatures. They are a kind of living machinery for converting waste products into palatable foods. Porcellio icater (Latreille) is reported as ' very common under stones and flower pots in Nottingham gardens, also under stones and logs, under bark of dead trees, etc., throughout the county. The usual colour is a greyish slate, but a yellowish or reddish brown variety is not uncommon.'* This very common species is nearly as long as Oniscus astl/us, but not so broad, and is distinguished by its more granular integument, and by having the flagellum of the second antennae two-jointed. Moreover, the two first pairs of appendages in the pleon exhibit an interesting feature of distinction, in that the outer branches which form opercular plates are provided with air cavities known as pseudo-tracheae. These must be regarded as a character acquired since the ancestral Porcellio left the water for terrestrial wandering. In his essay on this species the learned doctor and professor G. R. Treviranus 6 confirms the observation previously made by de Geer that the Oniscidea feed on plants, and take their nourishment principally by night. This is in accord with what I have suggested above as the custom of crayfishes. Treviranus adds, however, ' In my hotbeds I often saw these creatures still late in the morning gnawing at the leaves of the plants.'6 Besides P. sealer several other species of this genus are found in England, and some of these are sure to be eventually discovered in this county. Indeed, since this prediction was written, it has been in part fulfilled, as will presently be noticed. Of Metoponorthus pruinosus (Brandt), Professor Carr writes, ' I have only once met with this species, on 22 June, 1902, when it occurred in considerable numbers under a log in a garden at Sherwood Rise, Nottingham.'7 This species recalls the appearance of Philosda muscorum by having the pleon abruptly contracted. But it agrees with Porcellio in having *a two-jointed flagellum to the second antennae, and air cavities in the pleopods. In contrast with his single record for this species, Professor Carr speaks of Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille) as occurring in considerable numbers in several localities, e.g., Nottingham, Kim- berley, quarry near Bulwell Wood Hall, Mansfield, Warsop, Creswell Crags, Worksop, etc. ' This species,' he adds, ' when disturbed instantly rolls itself into a perfect ball of the size and colour of a black, or rather blue, pill ; hence the name " Pill woodlouse," commonly applied to it. Varieties of a brown or yellowish-brown colour are not uncommon.'8 It belongs to the family Armadillidiidae. It has the telsonic segment truncate as in Trichoniscus pusi/lus, but, whereas in that species the two slender branches of the uropods extend beyond the telson quite prominently, here the inner branch is entirely concealed, and the short broad outer branch helps to form a continuous curve with the telsonic and three preceding segments. To 1 Op. cit. p. 2. s Ibid. p. 2. 8 Ibid. p. 2. * Ibid. p. 2. 6 yermischte Schriften, i, 50(1816). 8 Ibid. p. 53. ^ Trans. Nott. Nat. Sac. for 1902-3, p. 2. " Ibid. p. 2. 146 CRUSTACEANS this record of seven species published by Professor Carr may now be added, from Mr. C. E. Pearson's collection, the interesting species Porcellio dilatatus (Brandt and Ratzeburg). From P. scaber this is distinguished by its broader shape, less tuberculose integument, and the produced rounded (not acute) apex of the telsonic segment. Also in the second antennae the two joints of the flagellum are about equal in length. Bate and Westwood record it only from Ireland, and say it is found among decaying grass and straw, and appears to be extremely rare.1 But like many other rarities, it has proved to be not so very uncommon when search is conducted with a little pertinacity. Though the Oniscidea more than ever withdraw them- selves from the public gaze during our English winter, Mr. C. E. Pearson was able in a few days of January and February to collect for me from Lowdham and Chilwell, besides the above-mentioned P. dilatatus, also P. scaber ; the straight-fronted, smooth-coated Metoponorthus pruinosus ; and the globe-forming Armadillldium vulgare, including prettily-marked specimens of the form known as var. vent gat a. From the Malacostraca, in which a strong cord of uniformity binds together all the diverse elements, we now pass to the Entomostraca, united indeed to the other sub-class and united among themselves, but united by less evident and more entangled threads. For species occurring within this county I am indebted to papers by Mr. Edwin Smith, M.A., published in The Midland Naturalist* and to an unpublished list by Mr. W. H. Pratt, F.R.M.S., of Cavendish Hill, Sherwood, Nottingham, sent me through Professor Carr, to whom I am further indebted for the published record of one species and for specimens of another. From these several sources sixteen or seventeen species, illustrating the three orders of the sub-class, can be accredited to the county. The orders in question are named Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, and Copepoda, in allusion to features which are more or less conspicuously characteristic of them severally. The names signify respectively gill-footed, valve-shelled, oar-footed. It is in the last of these groups that we find forms the most shrimp-like, the least remote from the Malacostracan pattern. Mr. Edwin Smith, in the work already cited, gives an interesting dis- cussion of the Copepoda, taking as a type the species Cyclops quadricornis from some unspecified locality. Mr. Pratt records it from ' ponds and ditches about Nottingham in many places,' and the same authority records Canthocamptus minutus from ' pond at Gamston near Notting- ham.' In regard to this and two other species Mr. Smith makes the following remarks, some of which will be useful for wider application : ' Nearly allied to Cyclops, and not much unlike it in appearance, is Canthocamptus, found abundantly in the ponds about Nottingham. As it is rather small, the best way to secure a specimen for examination is to place a portion of the gathering in a shallow dish and look it well over with a pocket lens. A small dipping tube, made as follows, will be found useful : One end must be drawn to a blunt point with moderate aperture, the other inserted into a short piece of india-rubber tubing sealed air-tight at the free extremity. Press the india-rubber between thumb and fore-finger, dip into the water, and by removing pressure at the right moment the object is sucked up into the tube, whence it may be expelled by once more pinching the indiarubber. The two commonest species of Cantho- camptus are C. minutus and C. furcatus. In the female I have often found a curious reddish substance coming off from the sixth body segment. It is of a hard and horny nature, but its use is not known. Closely allied to the preceding is Diaptomus castor, easily recognized by its inferior antennae, which are fully as long as the entire body. I have found it amongst algas in stagnant ponds.'3 Thus we have apparently four species of normal Copepoda to deal with. As already indicated, they are extremely common species. Also they are all insignificant in size, but the three genera belong to three different families, of which the Cyclopidae and Arpacticidas belong to the division Podoplea, the Diaptomidae to the division Gymnoplea. To explain this sever- ance we have to notice that the framework of ordinary Copepoda is divided into eleven segments, the first or cephalic being composite. This is followed by a middle-body or limb- bearing trunk of five segments, and a pleon or tail-part of five segments without limbs. In the Gymnoplea, as the name implies, there is a bare or naked pleon, in the sense that the pleon is devoid of limbs. But in the Podoplea the pleon seems to have annexed one of the limb- bearing segments of the middle-body, and hence the name of the division, implying that the pleon carries limbs, points only to a difference which is apparent rather than real. It would often be delightful if natural history could tell its story in the compendium of a single word, 1 Brit. Sess. Crust, ii, 479. 8 Op. cit. No. I, January, p. 15 ; No. 2, February, pp. 33-37, vol. i (1878). 8 Op. cit. 34. 147 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE but the attempt is never for long successful. Nature continually interposes the necessity for limitations, explanations, and exceptions. Names the most apt at the time of their choice may easily become with the increase of knowledge inconvenient and misleading, so that we can only continue to use them by shutting our eyes to their original significance. In the Diaptomidae the first antennas in the female are divided into twenty-five articulations, and in the male the right member of the pair is geniculate. The fifth pair of trunk-legs differ much in the two sexes and are very unsymmetrical in the male. The female carries a single ovisac or external egg-bag. The pleon in the male has five distinct segments, but in the female these are reduced to two or three by coalescence. The latter sex in Diaptomus castor (Jurine), a species which is found all over Europe, measures from a twelfth to a seventh of an inch in length, the male not quite attaining the upper limit. But in determining the actual species with which Mr. Edwin Smith was concerned, we are met with this difficulty. He says that it is ' easily recognized by its inferior antennae, which are fully as long as the entire body.' It is obvious that by the inferior antennae he really intends the first, and not the very much shorter second, pair. But in Diaptomus castor the first antennae are ' unusually short, when reflexed reaching but slightly beyond the anterior division of the body.' l There is, however, another allied species, D. gracills (Sars), also found all over Europe, and described from England by Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) under the name of D. westwoodi, which has the first antennas even longer than the body. This species, only a sixteenth of an inch long, is probably the one to which Mr. Smith was really referring.2 It is not a little important that in faunistic lists some distinctive features of the creatures mentioned should be given, whereby verification of their names may be made to some extent practicable. In regard to Cyclops quadricornis the two authorities above quoted do not allude to any specific character. But the Linnean name quadricornis has been applied to several forms which are now held to be distinct species. Thus, according to Dr. G. S. Brady, F.R.S., the C. quadricornis of Lilljeborg is the same as the Monoculus quadricornis rubens of Jurine, and should be called C. strenuus (Fischer), while the M. q. albidus and the M. q. fuscus of Jurine he considers to be two varieties of the species C. signatus (Koch).3 On the other hand, Mr. J. D. Scourfield includes quadricornis in the synonymy of three distinct British species, C. strenuus (Fischer), C. fuscus (Jurine), and C. albidus (Jurine),* not to mention others which were regarded by Dr. Baird in 1850 as mere varieties of one generalized type.5 It is not only possible, but practically certain, that several of these will eventually be found in this county. In C. strenuus and its near allies it may be noticed that the anterior antennas are ly-jointed. They cannot therefore be confused with Canthocampus minutus (O. F. Mtlller), in which the first antennas are only 8-jointed. The hard structure to which Mr. Smith refers, as seen in connexion with the vulvular segment of the female, was probably the spermatic tube. The genus, be it observed, is properly named Canthocampus, not Canthocamptus. The species C. furcatus (Baird) has been transferred to the genus Idya (Philippi), and being a marine species has no claim to our consideration here, nor does Mr. Smith claim to have found it in local waters. Its range is wonderfully exten- sive, since it occurs not only on the English coast, but also at New Zealand and in the Chatham Islands.6 Professor Carr observes in his often quoted paper, ' Among the Entomostraca perhaps the most interesting form is the fish-parasite, Argulus foliaceus (Linn). This beautiful and delicate Crustacean I have found in numbers on bream taken from the Trent at Nottingham.7 Here we are fortunately left in no doubt about the species, since there is but one of the family known in England. The only doubt is about its place in classification, whether it should be ranged among the parasitic Copepoda, to which so many fish-devotees belong, or should be allotted to a special division of the Branchiopoda called Branchiura or gill-tails. As will be seen from Baird's bibliographical history of the genus,8 these animals have courted the attention of more than one distinguished naturalist. The celebrated Cuvier kept some alive under special observation. He noted that the eggs were deposited in two compact straight lines on 1 G. O. Sars, Crustacea of Norway, iv, 85 (1903) ; and Giesbrecht and Schmeil, Das Tierreic6t Copepoda, pt. i, 88 (1898). 3 Sars, op. cit. p. 92, pi. 63 ; Giesbrecht and Schmeil, op. cit. p. 72. 8 Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. etc. vol. xi, pt. i, 71, 73 (1891). * Journal Quekett Microscopical Club, 533, 535 (1903). 5 British Entomostraca, Ray Soc. pp. 198, 203 (1850). 6 Sars, Zool. Jahrb. vol. xxl. pt. iv. 380 (1905). 7 Trans. Nott. Nat. Soc. for 1902-3, p. 2. 8 Brit. Entomostraca, p. 242. 148 CRUSTACEANS the sides of the glass vessel in which the mother was kept. This method, reminiscent of molluscan habits, is strikingly different from that of Copepoda, which normally carry the extruded eggs in ovisacs attached to their own bodies. Cuvier described also the four pairs of two-branched feet as serving both for locomotion and respiration, being perpetually in move- ment, whether the animal were swimming or at rest. One of the remarkable peculiarities of this species, but not common to the whole family of the Argulidas, is the transformation of one pair of maxillz into suckers. These give the animal secure adhesion to the fishes, from which by other organs it derives a bountiful meal. When sufficiently gorged it can loose hold and disport itself freely in the water. There is no narrow exclusiveness in its attach- ments, for it has been observed on carp and roach, pike and perch, trout and salmon-trout, as well as on the humble stickle-back and the tadpole of the frog. The bream is an addition to the victims on which this sanguinary persecutor battens for the nutriment of its little flat, greenish, roundabout body. The Cladocera, which owe their name to their two-branched second antennas, unlike the Argulidae, are a much diversified order of the Branchiopoda. In place of the two separate compound eyes and median eye-spot which our Argulus enjoys, they have but one eye, with or without an eye-spot in attendance. They have a more or less distinct head, and the rest of the body in general covered by a bivalved sheath. They have from four to six pairs of feet. They share with many other Entomostraca a privilege highly conducive to the preservation and distribution of the race. While essentially aquatic animals that cannot live without water, they can, nevertheless, sow the seed of future generations in defiance of drought. For example, in January of this present year I conveyed from one county to another a little earth scooped up from a piece of grassland which was not then, but sometimes is, covered by a thin stratum of water. Some ordinary drinking water was poured upon this dried mud. For some weeks it showed no sign of crustacean life, but at length on the agth of the month I noticed some moving specks, and on the following 4th of February I was able to take out and dissect a full-grown Daphnia pulex laden with thirty-five well-advanced eggs. Of this vivacious and abundant order Mr. Pratt's list mentions ' Daphnia pulex. — Ponds and ditches in many places about Nottingham. D. schiefferi. — Pond at Gamston, near Nottingham. D. reticulata. — Ponds about Nottingham. D. vetula. — Ditch near Beeston. Chydorus sphfericus. — Ditch near Beeston. Eurycercus lamellatus. — Old pond at Strelley.' In Mr. Edwin Smith's lecture various species are mentioned with some account of their peculiarities, but no statement that they had been observed in Nottinghamshire, although a species of Macrothrix is noted as having been found elsewhere. This notice is succeeded by the following paragraph : ' One other family of the Cladocera should be mentioned, if only because it contains Chydorus sphaericus, a very common species in our stagnant ponds. The .Lynceidae (for so the family is called) may be recognized by a black spot situated in front of the eye, and looking not much unlike a second eye, which, however, it is not. The intestine, moreover, makes one complete turn and a half. To the same family belong Eurycercus lamellatus and Acroperus harpce, both of which occur in this neighbourhood. The latter is fond of resting on the top of the water, moored by its antennae to a bit of weed, or a cluster of them will collect round some floating leaf or sprig, and lie motionless in the warm sunshine as if asleep.' From references in other parts of the essay it is clear that the expression ' this neighbourhood ' relates to Nottingham. There is no reason whatever for doubting that the species recorded in the above quoted lists occur in this county. It would rather be a marvel if they did not. But some comment may be offered on their names and distinctive characters. In the family Daphniidae the second antennae have the dorsal branch four-jointed, the ventral one three-jointed ; of the five pairs of feet, the last is remote from the others, and the intestine is not convoluted. The typical species, Daphnia pulex (de Geer), is extremely common. It is also very mutable, so that a medley of specific, subspecific, and varietal names has grown round it. D. schtefferi (Baird) is now identified with the earlier D, magna (Straus), and earns its specific name by attaining a much more considerable size than its commoner relation, the female becoming about a sixth of an inch long as contrasted with a tenth of an inch measured by the other species, in each case the terminal spur not included.1 The D. reticulata of Baird is now known as Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine), the genus being distinguished from Daphnia by having the first antennae of the female movable, and by the hexagonal or pentagonal pattern of the reticulation on its shell. It must, however, be understood that the name as used by Baird is considered now to cover not only three varieties of Jurine's species, but two other species in addition, namely, 1 Brady, in Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland, etc., vol. xiii, pt. ii, pp. 222, 242 (1898). 149 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE C. mega/ops (Sars) and C. quadrangula (O. F. Mtlller).1 Similarly, Daphnia vetula (Baird) includes the two species Simocephalus vetulus (O. F. Mdller) and S. exspinosus (Koch), the former ' one of the commonest of the British Cladocera,' the latter ' a fairly common species in the south and east of England, but not yet recorded from the north or from Scotland. ' In these there is no spiny prolongation of the shell such as occurs in Daphnia, and the head is obtuse with a beak but little projecting. In 1903 Dr. A. M. Norman, F.R.S., pointed out that the generic name Simocephalus (SchOdler) was pre-occupied, and changed it to Simosa. Some specimens sent me by Professor Carr, ' which when alive were pea-green in colour,' and which ' were excessively abundant among the water weeds in the canal at Cossall, Notts,' proved on examination to be Simosa vetula. The three remaining species — Eurycercus lamellatus (O. F. Mailer), Acroperus harpa (Baird), and Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Mailer) — belong to a family which has been not unfrequently, but not properly, named Lynceidcs. Correctly, it should be named Chydoridae from its premier genus Chydorus (Leach). Here both branches of the second antennae are three-jointed, there are five or six pairs of feet equally spaced, and the intestine forms almost a double convolution. By these characters its numerous genera are distinguishable from those of the Daphniida:. The Eurycercus, though like our Cladocera in general, small enough in itself, is quite a monster compared with the other two species. It is also lethargic in its habits, in contrast to the little spherical Chydorus, which is ever on the move. The Acroperus is distinguished from Chydorus by its harp-shaped shell, the strings of the harp being represented by the obliquely longitudinal ribbing of the transparent carapace. Lastly, the Ostracoda demand a brief notice. Concerning these Mr. Edwin Smith says, ' The species most common in the neighbourhood of Nottingham are Cypris vidua, C. minuta, C. aurantia. If you search carefully the surface of gravel in your aquarium you may chance to see a little oblong horny speck making its way by fitful jerks. This will probably turn out to be a rather large member of the same family, named Candona reptans. It has a comical habit of creeping in preference to swimming. I have found it about here in meadow drains, and have successfully bred it in my aquarium from season to season.' s Mr. Pratt's list contains ' Cypris bistriata — Pond at Gamston and ditch near Beeston.' This group differs from the Cladocera in many ways, but strikingly in external form, inasmuch as the bivalved shell or carapace makes no pretence of showing a distinct head. The body within the valves shows little or no segmentation. The appendages, including the two pairs of antennae and the mouth-organs, are limited to seven pairs, and do not always reach that number. According to the latest available authorities the four species mentioned by Mr. E. Smith should now respectively be called Pionocypris vidua (O. F. Mtlller),4 Cyclocypris lavis (O. F. Muller),6 Cyprinotus incongruens (Ramdohr),' and Erpetocypris reptans (Baird).7 Mr. Pratt's Cypris bistriata is presumably C. bistrigata (Jurine), and, if so, may be identical with Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr)8 or with Ilyocypris bradyi (G. O. Sars).9 All these species belong to the section called Podocopa, in which the second antennae are simple, subpediform, geniculate, furnished with terminal curved spines called ungues, and the first maxillae have a branchial appendage. The family to which these species all alike belong is called Cyprididae. Therein only the last two pairs of limbs are pediform, ' the preceding pair small and maxilliform in female, larger and modified for grasping in male ; furnished with a branchial appendage,' the caudal append- ages are ' long, narrow, linear, terminating in ungues,' or else ' minute, consisting of setiform processes, which run out to a very fine extremity.' 10 From such names as Erpetocypris, the creeping Cypris, and Ilyocypris, the Cypris of the mud, something may be judged as to the sluggish habits which some of these creatures have contracted. They are all very common in England, with one very remarkable limitation to this quality of abundance. It is not without reason that Pionocypris vidua is specifically called ' the widow,' for Professor G. O. Sars in 1889, when defining the genus (then called Cypridopsis), gives as one of the characters, ' propagation exclusively parthenogenetical.' u Nevertheless, so unnatural an exclusiveness may perhaps be doubted, for in the neighbouring genus Cypris, at one time supposed to share this singular singleness of sex, males of various species, such as C. incongruens, have now been repeatedly found. Yet Brady and Norman say, ' As far as we know the curious fact remains 1 Scourfield, in Journ. Quekelt Microscopical Club, ser. 2, viii, 436 (1903). * Ibid. p. 435. 8 The Midland Naturalist, i, 17. * Brady and Norman, Trans. Roy. DubRn Soc. ser. 2, v, 726 (1896). 6 Ibid. p. 718. 8 Sars, Crustacean Fauna of Central Asia, pt. iii, p. 28 (1903). 7 Brady and Norman, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. ser. 2, iv, p. 84 (1889). 8 Ibid. p. 107. » Op. cit. v, 728. 1° Ibid. p. 624. 11 Ibid. p. 725. CRUSTACEANS that no representatives of that sex have been observed in northern or western Europe north of Spain.' l While much remains to be done for the Crustacea of Nottinghamshire, enough has been done already by a few workers to show that the county is, as might have been expected, ready to yield a rich harvest to those who have time to study its carcinology. The comparative neglect of this particular branch of natural history investigation is scarcely surprising, since in quite recent years a history of the county could claim to discuss its flora and fauna, while completely ignoring the whole zoology of invertebrate animals. The ' water-flea ' and the ' wood-louse ' need not complain of indifference and neglect, when spiders and flies, ants and grasshoppers, are treated as the mere material for fables, and the great armies of beetles and bees and butterflies are left out of account, as though they had no essential part in the life and economy of the globe, and contributed nothing to the beauty and the marvel of man's surroundings. 1 Op. cit. p. 721. FISHES In the twenty-sixth song of Michael Drayton's poem, the Poly- olbion, published in 1622, reference is made to the fishes then known to occur in the Trent near Nottingham. This enumeration constitutes, as far as I can learn, the earliest record of Nottinghamshire fishes, and in spite of the enormous growth of the city since Drayton wrote, and the pour- ing into the river of large volumes of foul water from the numerous dyeing, bleaching, tanning and other works, as well as the effluent from the sewage farm, the fish fauna seems to have undergone comparatively little change during the interval of 280 years since the publication of the Polyolbion, and I am only able to add eight species to Drayton's list, viz. the miller's thumb, three-spined and ten-spined sticklebacks, burbot, rudd, white bream, spined loach and shad. TELEOSTEANS ACANTHOPTERYGII 1. Perch. Perca fluv iatilis, Linn. Very common in all parts of the Trent and attaining a large size, specimens weigh- ing from 3 to 3^ Ib. being frequently taken. 2. Ruffe. Acerlna cernua, Linn. One of the commonest fishes in the Trent. 3. Miller's Thumb. Coitus gobio, Linn. Common in the Trent and its tributary streams. ANACANTHINI 4. Burbot. Lota vulgarly Cuv. This fish, the freshwater representative of the cod family, occurs in the Trent, but not commonly. A specimen taken at Wilford weighed 4^ Ib. 5. Flounder. Pleurone ctes fesus, Linn. Common in the Trent below Newark, but occasionally makes its way higher up the stream, even as far as Colwick Weir, close to Nottingham. HEMIBRANCHII 6. Three-spined Stickleback. Gasterosteus acu/eatus, Linn. Very common everywhere in rivers, streams and ponds. 7. Ten-spined Stickleback. Gasterosteus pun- gitius, Linn. Common in places, as in the streams and ditches in the Nottingham and Lenton meadows, but much less so than the last. HAPLOMI 8. Pike. Esox /ucius, Linn. Common in rivers, canals and lakes every- where. OSTARIOPHYSI 9. Carp. Cyprinus carpio, Linn. Occurs, but is not common, in the Trent, preferring ponds and still waters, in which situations it is fairly common. 10. Barbel. Barbus vu/garis, Flem. Common in deep waters all along the course of the Trent, both above and below Nottingham. Examples up to 10 Ib. in weight are frequently taken, and one brought to me a few years ago scaled loj Ib. 11. Gudgeon. Gobio fluviatilis^ Flem. Common. 12. Roach. Leuciscus ruti/us, Linn. Abundant in rivers and canals. The finest Nottingham specimen I have handled weighed i Ib. io£ oz. 152 FISHES 13. Chub. Leuciscus cephalus, Linn. Very common in the Trent ; specimens weighing from 5 to 6 Ib. are not infrequently caught. 14. Dace. Leuciscus vulgaris, Flem. Very common in the Trent. 15. Rudd. Leuciscus erythrophthalmus, Flem. Occurs in the Trent, but is not common. 1 6. Minnow. Leuciscus phoxinus, Flem. Common in the Trent and tributary streams. 17. Tench. Tinea vulgaris, Cuv. Is occasionally taken in the Trent, and is fairly common in ponds and still waters. 1 8. Bream. Abramis brama, Linn. Very common in the Trent ; a specimen in the Nottingham Museum weighed 6f Ib. in the flesh. 19. White or Silver Bream. Abramis blicca, Bloch. Common in the Trent and in the Grantham Canal. 20. Bleak. Alburnus lucidus, Hackel. This species is known locally as the whit- ling, and is a common Trent fish. A speci- men taken from the river at Radcliffe-on- Trent a few years ago weighed 5^ oz. 21. Loach. Nemachilus barbatula, Linn. A common Trent fish. 22. Spined Loach. Cobitis t&nia, Linn. 'River Trent' (Berkenhout, Synopsis, p. 79). ' Has been recorded from the Trent near Nottingham ' (Day, British Fishes, ii. 202). Mr. W. Rose has taken it commonly in a pool by the Trent near Trent Bridge, Not- tingham. MALACOPTERYGII 23. Salmon. Salmo salar, Linn. Occurs every year in many parts of the Trent, both above and below Nottingham, but not very commonly. 24. Trout. Salmo trutta, Linn, (including S. fario, Linn.). Scarce in the Trent, but occurs about the spots where the small trout streams — in which it is common — enter the river. Some of our artificial lakes and some trout streams are stocked with the variety known as the Loch Leven trout. 25. Grayling. Thymallus vexH/ifer, Linn. This elegant fish was within twenty years ago fairly common in one or two places in the Trent near Nottingham, but is now very scarce. The only local specimen in the Nottingham Museum was taken from the Trent in Beeston meadows about 1895 ; it is just over 10 inches in length. Two other specimens, of 4 or 5 oz. weight each, were caught in 1896. [The Smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, Linn., is mentioned by Drayton as one of his ' thirty fishes of Trent,' but although it is not un- likely that it may ascend the Trent into Nottinghamshire, I have no record of its actual occurrence.] 26. Shad. Clupea a/osa, Linn. An example was taken in the Trent at South Clifton some years ago, and a second captured at South Muskham near Newark in 1896 is preserved in an inn at Newark. APODES 27. Eel. Anguilla vu/garis, Turt. Very common in rivers and canals, attain- ing a very large size. It descends to the sea to breed, spawning in deep water, where the eggs give rise to the remarkable little fish known as Leptocephalus brmirastris, Pennant, a larval form, whose connection with the eel was until lately unsuspected. The Lepto- cephali undergo a metamorphosis, the result being the little ' elvers ' which make their way in multitudes up the rivers in which the adult condition is attained. GANOIDEI 28. Sturgeon. Aciptnser sturio, Linn. Very rare in the Trent, and has not, I believe, been seen near Nottingham for many years. The last one that I can hear of was taken at Clifton, some few miles above the city. This is a curious coincidence, as there is an old popular belief that the presence of one of these fish in the Trent above Notting- ham presages the death of some member of the ancient Clifton family, whose mansion stands on the right bank of the river (Lowe, in Black's Guide to Nottinghamshire). On IO June, 1884, a fine sturgeon was captured at Muskham near Newark in the salmon nets ; it was 8 feet long and weighed 16 stone (Field, 14 June, 1884). Another specimen was captured in the Trent at Muskham Bridge near Newark in June, 1902. 153 20 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE CYCLOSTOMES 29. Lamprey. Petromyzon mannus, Linn. Occurs in the Trent, but not commonly ; a fine specimen caught in the river at Fisker- ton about 1897 is now in the Nottingham Museum. 30. Lampern. Petromyzon fluviatllh, Linn. Abundant in the Trent, especially about Colwick, Beeston, Newark and Averham Weirs where great quantities used to be taken and sent to Grimsby for bait for sea-fishing. I have seen it in considerable numbers in the Rainworth Water near Mansfield. 154 REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS The list of reptiles and batrachians is a very meagre one, only the commonest species being found in Nottinghamshire, and even of these the slow-worm and viper are now very rare. Sterland's assertion (in White's Worksop, the Dukery, and Sherwood Forest] that the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) ' may be seen occasionally ' in Sherwood Forest is doubt- less an error, and I have hitherto searched in vain for the palmated newt (Molge palmata). REPTILES LACERTILIA 1. Common Lizard. Lacerta vivipara, Jacq. Formerly common in Nottingham Park, on the forest and other sandy gorse covered com- mons about the city ; but the absorption of most of its former haunts within the ever- extending area covered by bricks and mortar has almost exterminated the lizard in this neighbourhood. It is still however to be met with in considerable numbers on Bulwell Forest, where the writer recently saw five specimens during a morning stroll across the forest. It was also seen last summer (1902) in an enclosed part of the old Nottingham Forest within the city boundary. 2. Slow-worm or Blind-worm. Anguh fra- gi/is, Linn. At one time frequent in Sherwood Forest, according to Sterland. Not often seen now, but has been taken at Gedling, Lambley and elsewhere. OPHIDIA 3. Common or Ringed Snake. Tropidonotw natrix, Linn. Fairly common and generally distributed throughout the county. 4. Viper or Adder. Fipera berus, Linn. Formerly common in Sherwood Forest, according to Sterland, but now rare. Mr. J. Whitaker reports it as occurring very occa- sionally about Rainworth ; one killed on the carriage drive there in 1900 was nearly two feet long. I have heard also of specimens captured at Oxton and in Newstead Park. BATRACHIANS ECAUDATA 1. Common Frog. Rana temporaria, Linn. 2. Common Toad. Bufo vulgarity Laur. Great Laur. CAUDATA Crested Newt. Molge cristata, Both of the above are abundant in the county. 4. Common Newt. Molge vutgaris, Linn. Both common and generally distributed in the county, the latter being much the more abundant. ADDENDA Since the above was printed the following records have been received : — Common Lizard : Seen by the writer 4 September, 1903, in a gravel pit on the Barrow Hills, Everton ; reported by Mr. Houghton as common in the Worksop district. Slow-worm : Also occurs in the Worksop district, according to Mr. Houghton. A large specimen seen by the Rev. A. Thornley in the summer of 1903 in quarry behind Creswell Crags. Viper: A very fine example, measuring two feet in length, captured in Sherwood Forest near Edwinstowe in Nov. 1904, has been preserved by Mr. Houghton, who has seen this species also at Shireoaks. 155 BIRDS Being an inland county, Nottinghamshire cannot be expected to furnish as extensive a list of birds as one which possesses a coast-line, however small. Nevertheless the following notes will show that it can boast of a rich and varied avifauna, which will compare favourably with that of any other inland county in England. The extreme northern part of the county lies very low and is drained by dykes : here the redshank and snipe nest. The forest land to the south of this covers about 100,000 acres, and is some eighteen miles long by seven or eight wide ; a large portion has been converted into farms, but there still remains a considerable area of ancient woodland, largely consisting of fine old oaks, with a sprinkling of birch and an undergrowth of bracken. Many hundreds of jackdaws nest in the hollow trunks of these grand old trees. In several of the great estates comprised within this region — Clumber, Welbeck, Thoresby and RufFord — are large lakes covered in winter with waterfowl of many species, which being most care- fully protected find here a safe and quiet home with abundance of food. It is no uncommon sight to see over 20 goosanders at one time, and at Thoresby thirty or forty pairs of tufted ducks remain in the spring to breed. Coming towards the middle of the county there is in RufFord and Mansfield Forests a large stretch of heather, some 4,000 acres in extent, with here and there patches of fir-trees ; here live the last of the Nottinghamshire black-game, now only a small remnant, but for size and beauty of plumage equal to any in Great Britain. Rainworth waters lie to the south of this tract of heather, and here the tufted duck has nested in numbers since at least as far back as 1820—30. From these waters, consisting of seven or eight ponds of about 50 acres in total area, they gradually spread over the other waters in the county, and now many scores of pairs breed on other properties. The teal, shoveler and wild duck also nest on these lakelets. South of Rainworth are the fine estates of Newstead, Sherwood Lodge, and Bestwood and Annesley Parks, on all of which are many plantations of fir and hardwood trees, and these being most carefully protected form quiet nesting places for many species of birds. In all there are about 26,000 acres of woods in Notts — not a large area, but a fair extent for an agricultural county. About Nottingham, and thence to the southern boundary of the county, we find much more grass ; there are not so many plantations, but still we find some woods of fair size. This part of the county is rich in warblers and finches, and is also a fair game district, though not to be compared in this latter respect with the forest part, where much more corn and turnips are grown. An inland county is always at a disadvantage compared with one possessing a sea-coast, but rivers and streams, especially large ones, offer 156 BIRDS a great inducement to sea-birds and waterfowl to follow their course inland far from their natural home. Nottinghamshire is fortunate in having such a fine river as the Trent, which runs through the county from south-west to north-east and forms a natural highway from the sea. There are numerous other streams, the most important being the Idle, which drains the northern parts of Notts ; there are also several canals. These make the county very attractive to birds of aquatic habits. We have no big hills, though a few rise to about 600 feet ; on one hill near Rainworth a small trip of dotterel often stay for a few days on their way north to nest ; they were last seen in April 1901, when they num- bered about sixteen. No place in Nottinghamshire has a larger or more varied avifauna than Rainworth, and it may be of interest to enumerate the birds that have been seen within a radius of one mile around Rainworth Lodge : they number 155 species, and are' as follows : — Osprey Peregrine Falcon Hobby Merlin Kestrel Sparrow Hawk Common Buzzard Rough-legged Buzzard Hen Harrier Montagu's Harrier Barn Owl Tawny Owl Long-eared Owl Short-eared Owl Great Grey Shrike Red-backed Shrike Spotted Flycatcher Pied Flycatcher Missel Thrush Song Thrush Fieldfare Redwing Blackbird Ring Ousel Hedge Sparrow Redbreast Redstart Stonechat Whinchat Wheatear Reed Warbler Sedge Warbler Grasshopper Warbler Nightingale Blackcap Garden Warbler Whitethroat Lesser Whitethroat Wood Warbler Willow Warbler 157 Chiffchaff Great Spotted Bittern Wren Woodpecker Water Rail Goldcrest Lesser Spotted Land Rail Tree Creeper Woodpecker Moorhen Great Tit Wryneck Coot Blue Tit Cuckoo Whooper Swan Coal Tit Kingfisher Bewick's Swan Marsh Tit Swallow Mute Swan Long tailed Tit House Martin Grey Lag Goose Pied Wagtail Sand Martin Brent White Wagtail Swift Canada Goose Grey Wagtail Nightjar Wild Duck Yellow Wagtail Ring Dove Gad wall Tree Pipit Stock Dove Shoveler Meadow Pipit Turtle Dove Wigeon Sky Lark Pheasant Teal Corn Bunting Black Grouse Garganey Reed Bunting Pallas's Sand Grouse Pochard Yellow Hammer Partridge Scaup Chaffinch Red-legged Partridge Tufted Duck Brambling Quail Golden-eye Goldfinch Grey Plover Scoter Siskin Golden Plover Smew Linnet Lapwing Red-breasted Twite Ringed Plover Merganser Lesser Redpole Dotterel Goosander Tree Sparrow Greenshank Great Crested Grebe House Sparrow Redshank Sclavonian Grebe Greenfinch Green Sandpiper Little Grebe Hawfinch Common Sandpiper Gannet Bullfinch Knot Common Tern Crossbill Dunlin Black Tern Starling Grey Phalarope Black-headed Gull Carrion Crow Woodcock Kittiwake Hooded Crow Common Snipe Common Gull Rook Jack Snipe Herring Gull Jackdaw Curlew Lesser Black-backed Magpie Whimbrel Gull Jay Spoonbill Great Black-backed Green Woodpecker Heron Gull A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE There are two duck-traps in the county, one at Park Hall and the other in Annesley Park. They are made by cutting a narrow canal through an island and covering it over with wire netting ; at each end is a door which can be raised or lowered at pleasure. The trap is baited with corn. The ducks swim in to feed, and when a sufficient number have entered the doors at the ends are lowered by means of a wire pulled by the fowler, who is concealed in a hut from which he can get a clear view of the trap without being seen by the wildfowl on the water. The captives are left until night, when the other ducks have left the pond, and are then caught, the doors raised, corn spread, and the trap is again ready for next day. This mode of capture is more effective than shooting, for if wildfowl are shot at often they leave the lake, but when taken in a trap the rest are not disturbed and attract others. At Park Hall, where the lake is in front of the house, hundreds of wildfowl may be seen dotted all over the water, and sitting or feeding on the banks by scores ; parties of ducks are continually coming and going, and ten or a dozen herons may be seen at one time, some often standing on the top of the trap, the sides of which are hidden by willows and other shrubs. Cattle and other animals are kept away by an iron fence, and no gun is fired anywhere near. There is no more delight- ful occupation for a naturalist than to sit in the library window with a good pair of glasses watching the wildfowl — six or seven or even more species — some asleep, others feeding or chasing one another over the glassy surface of the lake, and parties of pochards and tufted ducks busy diving. When lit up by a bright winter sun the scene is one to be remembered. The ducks begin to arrive in numbers about the end of September and remain until the spring, when they depart to their nesting quarters. As many as 400 have been taken in a winter on this piece of water, and I have many times seen a thousand or more wildfowl on and about the lake at one time. In compiling the following list all doubtful occurrences have been most carefully excluded, and only those enumerated which have a real claim to be considered Nottinghamshire birds. 1. Missel Thrush. Turdus viscivorus, Linn, birds of this species singing in the plantations This fine thrush is distributed over the round the house at one time ' the volume of county in fair numbers, and is very abundant sound was wonderful, at Rainworth. In August, when they flock 3. Redwing. Turdus iliacus, Linn. together, as many as 1 15 have been seen to A fajr number of thisspecies visits us every fly into a small plantation in the deer park to autumn and wj but k is most numerous roost. It is usually met with in pairs in m thg of the c where grass fidds spring, and I have found its nest in a small and b; hed occur . thfe bird suffers much fir within 2 feet 6 inches of the ground. in severe winters> 2. Song Thrush. Turdus musicus, Linn. 4. Fieldfare. Turdus pi/arts, Linn. Very common and distributed over the Much commoner than the last named bird, county in spring and summer ; many leave some years occurring in very large flocks, in autumn ; it frequents small plantations. The earliest date at which I have ever seen In March 1901 Mr. Aplin, when staying at this bird was on 12 September 1874, and Rainworth, was certain he heard over 100 the latest the third week in May 1900. 158 BIRDS 5. Blackbird. Turdus merit/a, Linn. Very common. This bird stands severe weather better than the thrush or redwing. 6. Ring Ouzel. Turdus torquatus, Linn. Seen occasionally in the spring and autumn, more particularly the latter time. 7. Wheatear. Saxicola oenanthe (Linn.) Found in small numbers in suitable places. It nests on Ratcher Hill in Mansfield Forest, where several pairs arrive in March, using rabbit holes in which to lay their eggs ; a fair number rest in big fields on their way south in autumn. 8. Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra (Linn.) Very common all over the county and is partial to the hedges by the roadside. It is pro- bable that there are two forms of this bird, some of the males being larger and brighter and having more white on their heads than others. 9. Stonechat. Pratincola rubicola (Linn.) Not at all a common bird in Notts ; found here and there in suitable places, and at Rain- worth it is seen almost as often in winter as in summer. A pair or two breed in Mans- field Forest. 10. Redstart. Ruticilla phcenicurus (Linn.) Lightly distributed in most parts ; it is fond of oak woods and frequents the forest where it can find old hollow oaks for nesting ; in younger woods it nests under the dead leaves on the ground and in faggot heaps. I have them breeding at Rainworth in boxes put up in the plantations. n. Black Redstart. Ruticilla titys (Scopoli) Rare. A male was shot near Nottingham in May 1846, one in December 1857, and another on the old Nottingham racecourse in 1870. 12. Redbreast. Erithacus rubecula (Linn.) A very common resident, drawing near houses and gardens in autumn and winter and going further afield to nest in spring. Its eggs are rarely taken, but the species does not increase ; one of our early nesting birds. 13. Nightingale. Daulias luscinia (Linn.) The old saying that this bird never went north of the Trent has been proved to be wrong, for it is fairly plentiful in the southern parts of the county, and a few pairs nest here and there in the north portion. 14. Whitethroat. Sylvia cinerea (Bechstein) A very common spring visitor and frequents hedges ; it is often seen taking short upward flights and singing at the same time. I have a white variety shot near Nottingham. 15. Lesser Whitethroat. Sylvia curruca (Linn.) Much less common and more local than the last-named species, and often overlooked by those who do not know its song. It sings in trees of a good height. There are always a pair or two nesting at Rainworth in garden plantations. 1 6. Blackcap. Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.) Only fairly common in localities which suit it ; one of our finest songsters. I have often seen a male sitting on the nest. 17. Garden Warbler. Sylvia hortensis (Bech- stein) More numerous in some years than in others, and commoner in the southern part of the county. 1 8. Goldcrest. Regulus cristatui, Koch Found nesting in fir plantations, and occurs in greater numbers in the northern and middle parts of the county. It has a very pleasing little song in spring. 19. Firecrest. Regulus ignicapillus (Brehm) A rare visitor ; one was shot by Mr. Caborn in Nottingham Meadows in 1850, and another by Daws, the bird-stuffer of Mansfield, in his garden about 1878. This bird no doubt is often overlooked and mis- taken for one of the last species, for owing to its quick movements it is not easy, even for a keen observer, to see the white eye-line. 20. Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus rufus (Bechstein) Local, and is one of our earliest spring visitors. I shot one at Rainworth on 28 February 1882 ; this may have been one that had stayed over the winter, which it has been known to do on several occasions. 21. Willow Warbler. Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.) This pretty little warbler is much more common in all parts of the county than the last named bird, and its song is heard on all sides in April, May and June. It is fond of young larch plantations. 22. Wood Warbler. Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechstein) A very local bird, but found in fair num- bers in the great oak woods near Rainworth, also at Annesley and in Sherwood Forest. It has a very striking song which once heard can never be mistaken. The nest of this 159 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE bird is very difficult to find ; it is lined with grass, not hair, as most of the natural history books tell us. There are generally about thirty pairs nesting in Harlow Wood, which is about 800 acres in extent. 23. Reed Warbler. dcrocephalus streperus (Vieillot) Not uncommon in reed beds on the side of the Trent, where it breeds. It was once heard on the side of the lake at Rainworth. 24. Sedge Warbler. Acrocepbalus phragmitis (Bechstein) Fairly common in suitable localities; as it sings when quite dark at night it is often mis- taken for a nightingale by the villagers in these parts. 25. Grasshopper Warbler. Locustella neevla (Boddaert) A spring visitant and very local ; but although it is found in certain places one year, it may not occur again there for some time. It is generally found near water, but has been seen over a mile away nesting in clover fields. I have a pretty variety with partly white flights shot near Mansfield in 1892. This bird has not nested at Rain- worth since 1887, when there were three pairs. 26. Hedge Sparrow. Accentor modularis (Linn.) Distributed all over the county, but not in such great numbers as formerly. 27. Dipper. Cine/us aquaticus, Bechstein. Two or three have been shot or seen on the stream at Perlthorpe, Thoresby. Mr. Edward Walter shot one and saw another on the stream near Papplewick in 1 88 1, and I saw one by the waterfall at Lamb Close in 1898. Both were specimens of the chestnut breasted dipper. 28. Black-bellied Dipper. Cine/us melano- gaster, Brehm. The only specimen obtained in Notting- hamshire was shot near Southwell about 1873. 29. Bearded Tit or Reedling. Panurus biar- micus (Linn.) The late Mr. Percy of Beeston shot a bird of this species in a willow-bed near Toton in Notts, and had it in his collection ; it was alone at the time. As far as I know this is the only county specimen. 30. Long-Tailed Tit. Acredula caudata (Linn.) Fairly common, and is more in evidence in winter, when it is seen in small and large parties. This bird is fond of nesting near the same place year after year. 31. Great Tit. Parus major, Linn. Well distributed all over the county ; a bird of many notes. It is rather too fond of bees. 32. Coal Tit. Parus ater, Linn. Common, but not so numerous as the last species and more retiring. 33. Marsh Tit. Parus palustris, Linn. The rarest of the five commoner tits in Notts. 34. Blue Tit. Parus cceruleus, Linn. Common all over the county ; in winter it is seen in woods in companies, associated with two or three of the other species of tit. 35. Nuthatch. Sitta casia, Wolf. Very local and nowhere common ; nests in Thoresby Park and at Wollaton ; it has also been seen at Rufford and in the south of the county. 36. Wren. Troglodytes parvu/us, Koch. A very common resident, found in woods, gardens and hedgerows all over the county ; it is one of the few birds that sing here in winter. Certhia fami/iaris, Linn, in woods, but is nowhere comes nearer houses in has been known to nest a greenhouse attached to a summer-house, and on a flower-box close to my most interesting little bird 37. Tree Creeper. This bird is seen common. It often breeding time, and under the lead in this house, also in another occasion in front door. It is a and very quiet. 38. Pied Wagtail. Motacilla lugubris, Tem- minck. This pretty bird is found in greater num- bers in spring and summer. It sometimes stays through the winter and may then often be seen where sheep are feeding. I once saw a nest with eggs in a turnip field close under the side of a large turnip. 39. White Wagtail. Motacilla alba, Linn. Occurs from time to time, but it is rare. Two or three have been seen near Ollerton and also at Rainworth, but it is probably often overlooked. 40. Grey Wagtail. Motacilla melanope, Pallas. Far from common ; it is seen in autumn and early spring. On 2O October 1897 I 1 60 BIRDS saw one of these beautiful birds running on the roof of my house ; it was searching for insects, and the contrast of its bright colours against the slates was a pretty sight. 41. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail. Mota- cilla flava, Linn. Two of these birds were killed at one shot on the side of the stream at Ollerton, by Hibbs the naturalist, on 7 June 1892. 42. Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla ra'ii (Bona- parte) This beautiful bird arrives in April in numbers in suitable places ; it is plentiful in the Trent valley. Nests have been found several times in fields of tares, but they are very hard to locate. 43. Tree Pipit. Anthus trivia/is (Linn.) A regular spring migrant, and is found in numbers in the big woods in north Notts. 44. Meadow Pipit. Anthus prattnsis (Linn.) Plentiful, and is often seen in sheep-pens in turnip fields. I saw a white specimen in September 1888, and a cream-coloured one was shot near Southwell. 45. Golden Oriole. Orio/us galtu/a, Linn. The late Mr. Lowe of Highfield House saw one of these beautiful birds in his grounds several times in 1863. 46. Great Grey Shrike. Lanius excubitor, Linn. A rare winter visitor, but seen from time to time. I shot one when partridge driving at Park Hall in 1877 ; and on 13 March 1901, when Mr. Aplin and I were driving over the forest, we saw one near the Clip- stone Road and had a good opportunity of watching it. I have two others in my col- lection shot near Nottingham ; all three are the form with one bar (L. major, Pallas's shrike). 47. Red-backed Shrike. Lanius collurioy Linn. A regular visitor to the southern parts of the county, but it is nowhere common ; not so plentiful in the northern parts. A pair nested in a garden at Blidworth in 1897, and the year before, probably the same ones, in a lane near that village. 48. Woodchat Shrike. Lanius pomeranus, Sparrman. This rare bird has occurred once in Not- tinghamshire, when a male was shot in May 1859 in Sherwood Forest near 'The Buck Gates,' Thoresby Park, by Mr. H. Wells. 49. Waxwing. Ampelis garrulus, Linn. Now and again this handsome bird has oc- curred. The late Captain Hall shot one at Park Hall a good many years ago ; a few have been obtained in the northern parts of the county, several at Ossington in 1871, and I saw one in the valley near Rainworth in March 1883. 50. Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa atricapilla, Linn. A rare visitor. It is known to have nested twice in the county, once in Birkland, and in a hollow apple tree at Ramsdale in 1875. Other occurrences are : one shot at Oxton, two seen near Rainworth, one at Newstead in May 1887, and also at Newark, Wellow and Ollerton. 51. Spotted Flycatcher. Muscicapa grisola, Linn. A common spring visitor and generally the last to come. In 1902 it did not arrive till 23 May, which is the latest date I have ever known ; in 1901 it was almost as late, viz. 22 May, but it started to nest at once and had a nest and one egg in it on the 27th. This migrant is so conspicuous in its habits that its arrival is at once noticed. 52. Swallow. Hirundo rustica, Linn. This charming summer bird arrives gener- ally about 12 April and in varying numbers all over the county. Some seasons it is more numerous than in others. Several white, pied and cream-coloured varieties have been shot. 53. House Martin. Chelidon urbica (Linn.) Not nearly so plentiful as the last species but fairly common, and is a useful bird ; the quantity of flies consumed by a pair during their visit to us must be enormous. 54. Sand Martin. Cotile riparia (Linn.) Rather local, and numerous where there are suitable nesting places ; there are several large 'sand-martinries' in different parts of the county. It breeds on the side of the Trent. I have several varieties shot in Nottingham- shire. 55. Greenfinch. Ligurinus chlorls (Linn.) Very common ; it is fond of hedgerows, and stubbles in autumn. I have a beautiful variety with pale yellow wings, and another of a cream colour ; both were shot near Not- tingham. 56. Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vulgarly Pallas. This bird has increased very much in late years all over the county. I first came across 161 21 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE it in 1870, when I saw some feeding on the peas in the garden at Ramsdale, and two or three were shot ; the man who preserved them said they were the first he had had. This bird nests in apple, oak and thorn trees in preference to others, and is very shy and retiring. I have a beautiful specimen showing a great deal of white on its head, back and breast, which was shot in 1894 at Berry Hill near Mansfield. 57. Goldfinch. Carduelis e/egans, Stephens. I am sorry to say this beautiful finch is now rare ; high farming and clap-nets have told their tale. It still breeds in suitable places, and a few are seen in the autumn ; it has nested in my kitchen garden. 58. Siskin. Carduelis spintu (Linn.) This pretty little bird comes to us in autumn and leaves early in the spring. It is very fond of feeding on the seeds of the alder and birch. Some winters hardly one is seen at Rainworth, and again in others there are a good many. 59. House Sparrow. Passer domesticus (Linn.) An abundant resident. I have many varieties shot in different parts of the county. 60. Tree Sparrow. Passer montanus (Linn.) Local but fairly plentiful, especially in north Notts. There are a good many at Rainworth, and I have several pairs breeding in artificial nesting boxes fastened on the trees in the plantations. This bird has quite a little song, but I have only heard it rarely. 61. Chaffinch. Fnngilla cceltbs, Linn. A very conspicuous bird and found in numbers over the whole county ; large flocks frequent the stubbles with other birds in the autumn. It is one of the earliest to sing in the new year. I have some very pretty and striking varieties which have been shot in Notts ; they are cream-coloured and pied, and one with the usual white parts brick red. 62. Brambling. Fringilla montifringil/a, Linn. Some winters this species is seen in large flocks on the stubbles, and again in others only in small numbers ; occasionally it stays late. One was shot near Southwell in full breeding plumage; on 17 April 1884 I heard birds twittering on some high fir trees in a wood at Rainworth, and as the notes were new to me I shot a bird and found it to be one of this species in full breeding plumage. Saw one here II April 1903. 63. Linnet. Linota cannabina (Linn.) A common resident. A white variety was shot near Southwell in 1870 and is now in my collection, also a grey-coloured one. 64. Mealy Redpoll. Linota I'maria (Linn.) A rare winter visitor. I know of only one specimen being obtained, and that was caught on Mapperley Hills near Nottingham on 12 January 1848, and was taken alive to the late Mr. Percy of Beeston, who identified it. 65. Lesser Redpoll. Linota rufescens (Vieillot) Resident in Notts and breeds here and there. It is most numerous in winter, when it is found in flocks in company with siskins frequenting alder and birch trees. I have two pure white varieties in my collection shot near Southwell in 1870. There are always several nests about Rainworth every year. 66. Twite. Linota flavirostris (Linn.) Very local and far from common. I have a pair shot on Mansfield Forest where a few can often be seen. It has nested once or twice in this part of the county. 67. Bullfinch. Pyrrhula europtsa, Vieillot. Found thinly distributed over the county. A good many are taken by bird-catchers in the autumn. A beautiful pale grey bird was shot near Nottingham in 1869. 68. Pine Grosbeak. Pyrrhula enucleator (Linn.) A beautiful male in rosy plumage was shot by Dr. Dixon on 30 October 1890 when he was partridge driving at Watnall. The bird came and settled by the side of a small pond to drink, and on seeing him flew up into a tree where he shot it ; it is now in the col- lection of Mr. Chaworth Musters of Annes- ley Park. 69. Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra, Linn. This bird is seen now and again in small flocks, and has nested in the county on more than one occasion. Daws of Mansfield once saw old and young ones in Harlow Wood, and in July 1870 I saw a female come down to the side of the pond at Ramsdale to drink. 70. Parrot Crossbill. Bechstein. Loxia pityopsittacus, A small party of these rare stragglers from northern Europe visited a clump of Scotch firs at Edwinstowe in the winter of 1849, and seven were shot by Mr. Wells on 4 March of that year. 71. American White- winged Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera, J. F. Gmelin. About the end of March 1 849 Mr. Wells shot four of these birds in some fir trees near Edwinstowe. 162 BIRDS 72. Two-barred Crossbill. Loxia bifasciata (Brehm) One of these rare stragglers was shot by George Emery in the Residence Gardens at Southwell about 1875. It was taken in the flesh to the late F. Schumach, the taxidermist of Southwell, who preserved it and put it away. After his death it was given to me by his son, who remembered seeing it when it was brought to his father. The bird is in beautiful plumage and is a most interesting county specimen. 73. Black-headed Bunting. Emberiza melano- cephala, Scopoli Stanley, the bird-stuffer of Nottingham, had a specimen in fine plumage brought to him with some small birds which had been caught near Nottingham in the spring of 1886. The Rev. J. Ashworth seeing it there and noticing that it was something out of the common expressed a wish to have it ; Stanley at once gave it him, little thinking how rare it was. It was identified by Professor Newton. Only three others have occurred in Britain. 74. Corn-Bunting. Emberiza miliaria, Linn. Resident and fairly common in cultivated parts of the county ; the nest of this bird is very hard to find. It is often a very late breeder, and I have found its nest at Rain- worth in August. I have a pretty pied bird shot in 1882 at Blidworth, and a pale cream- coloured variety shot at Newstead Abbey in 1883. 75. Yellow Hammer. Emberiza citrine/la, Linn. A very common bird and frequents culti- vated fields with high hedges ; I have several very pretty varieties shot in the county. 76. Cirl Bunting. Emberiza cir/us, Linn. Rare ; a few have been taken near Ollerton, and Mr. Wells shot five at Edwinstowe in 1859. On 5 February 1897 two were caught in a clap-net at Bagthorpe near Notting- ham with some chaffinches. I bought the two for is. kd. from their captor, and was very pleased to get such rare county birds for my collection. 77- Reed Bunting. Emberiza schceniclus, Linn. Resident and fairly numerous in suitable places. I have a pretty pied variety shot near Newark-on-Trent. 78. Snow Bunting. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.) A rare winter visitor. A flock was seen by Mr. Lowe at Highfields in January 1854, three birds were shot at Oxton in 1880 by Mr. Musters, and in March 1901 when driving with Mr. Aplin near Clipstone we saw one on the high road ; the last specimen was in good plumage and very tame. 79. Lapland Bunting. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.) This rare straggler has occurred once in Nottinghamshire ; it was shot by Mr. Wells in the winter of 1850 amongst a number of larks between Edwinstowe and Ollerton. 80. Starling. Sturnus vulgarly Linn. A resident and very common, nesting in any possible place it can find. I have nearly 100 boxes on trees at Rainworth, each one containing a pair of these birds. Great flocks get together early in July and keep in company till the following spring. A fir wood near Rainworth is a favourite place for roosting in winter and is resorted to by tens of thousands of starlings. I have a pure white variety, also cream, grey and sandy- coloured varieties shot in these parts. This bird is single brooded. 8 1. Rose-coloured Starling. Pastor roseus (Linn.) Very rare. I know of only two speci- mens, one shot many years ago by my father's keeper at Ramsdale, and the other was killed near West Bridgford and is in the collection of Mr. Chaworth Musters of Annesley Park. 82. Nutcracker. Nucifraga caryocatactes(L'mn.) One was seen at Ramsdale by my brother in the winter of 1871. It flew out from a thorn tree and he had a shot at it, but missed ; on following it up he had a good view of it several times, but could not secure it. 83. Jay. Garrulus glandarius (Linn.) Fairly common, especially in big woods where it nests ; great numbers come to us in autumn. I have four white jays which have been shot in the county, also a pied variety, and I have heard of several others. 84. Magpie. Pica rustica (Scopoli) Resident, but far from common. It is fairly numerous in the southern portion of the county but scarcer in the northern parts. I saw a nest containing five eggs near Farnsfield in 1902 on the side of the high road in a small thorn tree not more than 10 feet from the ground. 85. Jackdaw. Corvus monedula, Linn. This bird nests in the old oaks in the Birklands, and is scattered over the county in autumn and winter. A pied one was seen at Ollerton, and I have a brown variety shot near Nottingham. 163 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE 86. Raven. Corvus corax, Linn. Has been seen in Sherwood Forest some years ago. One was shot near Bingham about 1879. 87. Carrion Crow. Corvus corone, Linn. Not common. It breeds about Stoke and a few other places in the southern part of the county ; it is seen now and again near Rainworth, where it nested in 1903. 88. Hooded Crow. Corvus cornix, Linn. Scattered over the county especially in the northern parts in autumn and winter. I think there are more about Rainworth than in other places. I have seen thirty-five on the wing at one time, and in 1887 I counted eighty-two flying over to their roosting places in the forest. In 1892 I counted eighty-six passing over, and in January 1879 twenty-three feeding at one time on an ash heap near my house. 89. Rook. Corvus frugilegus, Linn. This is an abundant resident and many arrive in autumn ; there are many large rookeries in Notts. I have white, brown and cream-coloured varieties shot in the county. Great numbers roost in Newstead Park during the winter. 90. Sky Lark. Alauda arvensis, Linn. A very common bird and found in large numbers in the cultivated districts. A white variety, and one with white wings, were shot near Rainworth in 1884, and several others in varied plumage have occurred from time to time. 91. Wood Lark. Alauda arborea. Linn. A very rare bird, but found occasionally in the forest, where the late Mr. Sterland some years back took its eggs j it has been seen several times at Newstead. 92. Swift. Cypselus apus (Linn.) Common in some parts, especially in villages where there are houses with tiled roofs. It is very plentiful in Mansfield, but it seldom arrives before the first week in May and leaves early in August. 93. Nightjar. Caprimulgus europ&us, Linn. Plentiful during the summer months in the forest but not nearly so numerous as formerly, when I have seen a dozen on the wing at once flying about the road between Harlow and Thieves Woods. 94. Egyptian Nightjar. Caprimulgus tegyptiui, Lichtenstein The only British specimen was shot on 23 June 1883 in Thieves Wood near Mans- field, by my keeper, who mistook it for a light variety of the common nightjar. The bird rose from the side of the drive on his shooting at a rabbit and fell to his second barrel. Only five other specimens are known to have been obtained in Europe. 95. Wryneck. lynx torquilla, Linn. I do not know any part of the county where this bird is found in any numbers, but it occasionally occurs in north Notts. I have seen it at Rainworth only three times in thirty years. It has nested once or twice near Southwell. 96. Green Woodpecker. Gecinus viridis (Linn.) Fairly common in forests and large woods. I had a pair nesting at Rainworth within 60 yards of my house in June 1902. 97. Great Spotted Woodpecker. Dendrocopus major (Linn.) Often seen, but not so abundant as the last species. I have frequently seen one on the park pales at Rainworth stripping the bark for insects. 98. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. Dendro- copus minor (Linn.) By no means common, but it is harder to see than either of the above named birds. It nested in Harlow Wood in 1888, and I have seen it about Rainworth a few times. 99. Great Black Woodpecker. Picus martius, Linn. I know there are doubts oast on the occurrence of this bird in Britain, but on the evidence of Macgilljvray, who most certainly is to be trusted, I add it to this list. In the University Museum at Aberdeen there are two specimens of this bird labelled ' Notting- ham ' in the handwriting of the late Professor Macgillivray and referred to by him in his British Birds, iii. 79. He says ' two speci- mens in my collection, a male and a female, which I purchased from Dr. Madden, to whom they had been sent by their owner as having been shot near Nottingham. That gentleman afterwards obtained for me a certificate of the fact by the person who had procured them.' 100. Kingfisher. Alcedt ispida, Linn. This lovely bird is fairly common in suitable localities, though numbers are shot and caught every winter. I often see it at Rainworth within a few yards of my house, and it is delightful to watch it capturing 164 BIRDS small fish. I only wish it were protected all the year round. 101. Bee-eater. Merops apiaster, Linn. One of these very rare and beautiful birds was shot in the spring of 1878 on Mapperley Plains near Nottingham, and was preserved by Rose of Mount Street ; traces of where it is now are lost. 102. Hoopoe. Upupa epops, Linn. This striking bird has been seen and shot in Notts several times ; one was shot at Wil- ford in 1863, another seen near Ollerton about the same time, and in 1889 Mr. Webb saw one several times at Newstead Abbey. 103. Cuckoo. Cucului canarus, Linn. Varies in numbers in different years but it is always well distributed over the county. I once took a chocolate coloured mature bird from a trap in Harlow Wood, and the Rev. W. Becher of Wellow also has one in this plumage. The latest date at which I have heard this bird sing was 13 July 1872, and I am quite sure the adult cuckoo leaves directly after its song ceases. 104. White or Barn Owl. Strix flammea, Linn. This bird is found thinly distributed over Nottinghamshire and nests in old oaks in Sherwood Forest ; it does a great deal of good, which I am glad to say keepers are be- ginning to find out. A pale cream-coloured variety with pink eyes was shot near Newark in the ' eighties ' and is in my collection. 105. Long-eared Owl. Am otus (Linn.) Found in the fir woods in fair numbers and in the forest, and is thinly distributed in the south of the county. 1 06. Short-eared Owl. Asia accipitrinus (Pallas) Now and again a good many arrive in autumn, and I once saw eight on the wing at one time, and we sometimes see them when shooting getting up from turnips. I have looked for its nest in the open forest but have never come across one. 107. Tawny Owl. Syrnium aluco (Linn.) Observed in suitable localities, but far from common. I have seen them in both shades of plumage. 108. Little Owl. Athene noctua (Scopoli) One was caught alive near Newark-on- Trent in 1896, and another was shot in October 1901 near Nottingham. 109. Marsh Harrier. Circus CD "i m a) ^ g L) *3j A NH c^_ d 2 sestiers of honey, for no one would express a valuation in the modern sense in terms of pounds and honey. Similarly the phrase used at Orston, ' it was worth £30 by tale ' (adnumerum), points to a rent received rather than to an estimate of potential revenue, and should be compared with the Lincolnshire formulas valebat . . . cum pondere et arsione or cum pensioned Outside the royal demesne we find one clear instance of rent at Newark of which we read : ' In King Edward's time it rendered £50, now (it renders) £34 ' ; and a probable instance at Southwell which had been worth (va/e&at) £4°> but had risen to £40 r $s. Such round figures as £40, £30, £$o, when applied to large and heterogeneous manors suggest that the latter have been ' farmed ' or set to rent as single wholes, and here we may see at least a partial explanation of the fact that no value is usually assigned to ' sokeland ' in our county ; at Newark and on the royal manors quoted above its proceeds must be in- cluded in the rent received from the whole manorial group. There is much in Domesday Book to suggest that historical economists have generally underestimated the play of monetary forces in the eleventh century.4 1 Dom. Bk., f. 367. ! See below, p. 245. 3 These formulas are found on the royal demesne at Kirkby Laythorpe, Kime, Boothby Pagnell, and Wellingore. * See for the Domesday 'valet ' r. C. H. Essex, i, 364. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE In most counties the compilers of the survey, after describing the king's land, pass at once to the estates of the ecclesiastical tenants- in-chief within the shire, but here this rule of precedence is not observed. Two folios are devoted to the king's land, after which a folio is left blank, and then the survey deals with the three lay tenants of comital rank within the county — Earl Hugh of Chester, and Counts Alan of Richmond and Robert of Mortain. The survey of Count Alan's land is thrown together somewhat carelessly. His manors of Sibthorpe, Sutton upon Trent, Ruddington, Kneeton, and Treswell follow each other in column, his holdings in Syerston, Carlton upon Trent, and South Leverton (' Cledretone ') being described in the margin. The account of the latter place runs : — In Cledretone habuerunt Godric & Ulmar vii bovatas terrae et quintam partem unius bovatae ad geldum. Hanc terram tenuerunt Alanus comes et Rogerus de Busli usque nunc. Terra ii carucis. Valet xx solidos. Now on f. 287 Roger de Busli is credited with an estate at ' Cledretone' rated at 3! bovates,1 valued at los. and reputed to contain i 'plough-land,' details representing exactly half of this place as it is described under Count Alan's fief. On the Busli estate ' half a church ' is entered and also a certain amount of woodland and meadow which probably belonged to the vill as a whole, for we are told ' hujus silvae et prati medietatem habet Rogerus.' Here then we have a duplicate entry of somewhat unusual form, and the explanation is probably to be found in the descrip- tion of the neighbouring vill of Treswell, which also was divided between the same two tenants-in-chief in approximately equal proportions. Count Alan's share had belonged to a certain Ulmar, and Roger de Busli's to one Godric. Now ' Cledretone ' as described on Count Alan's land is said to have belonged to Godric and Ulmar, and it would doubt- less be the latter's portion only which passed to Count Alan, although the details of assessment and value given as referring to his land refer to both shares. In the Robert de Mosters who held Treswell of the count we have one of the earliest recorded bearers of a surname well known in Notting- hamshire history, whose descendants continued to hold land in that vill of the honour of Richmond down to the reign of Edward III. He was doubtless the Robert de Musters who granted land to Count Alan's new foundation of St. Mary's abbey, York.2 Another of the count's tenants deserving mention is the Hervey (a characteristically Breton name) who held Sutton upon Trent, for the name reappears in connexion with Sutton under Henry II.3 In contrast to the string of undistinguished men who had preceded Count Alan, all Earl Hugh's manors in this county had belonged to a certain Harold in whom, though he is mentioned in our survey without any note of rank, we must recognize no less a person than the former earl of 1 'iii bov1- terrae et dim"1 et medietatem quintae partis unius bovate.' 1 Men. Angl. iii, 532. * Vide Pipe Roll, 22 Henry II (Pipe Roll Sac.), 95. 216 DOMESDAY SURVEY Wessex and king. In Lincolnshire and Leicestershire also Earl Hugh appears as the successor of Harold, whose Leicestershire estates of Barrow upon Soar, Loughborough (probably), and Kegworth are connected geographically with the manors of Kingston, Sutton Bonnington, and Normanton, which he had held on the Nottinghamshire bank of the Soar. With the exception of a one-bovate manor at Newthorpe in Broxtow wapentake all the possessions of the count of Mortain lay in the south-western corner of our county, and had belonged to an English- man named ' Stori.' The name occurs several times elsewhere in the Danelaw, but it is impossible to say whether it refers to the same man in every case.1 Of much greater interest are the estates of the archbishop of York, which occupy the next folio of the survey and still maintain their individuality as the Liberty of Southwell and Scrooby. It is important to note that the collegiate church of Southwell, the one religious house which our county possessed in Anglo-Saxon times, like its sister churches of York (St. Peter's), Beverley, and Ripon, does not appear in the survey as holding in chief of the crown. The intimate and historical connexion which existed between the archbishop of York and his four great ' colleges ' of secular canons caused the latter to be represented as holding of him, and the lands appropriated to them to be entered among his estates. First among the latter stands the great manor of Southwell itself, the elaborate description of which deserves careful study. We are first given the assessment of the whole manor with its berewicks, which we have seen to be rated at 22 £ carucates and 24 plough-lands. Then follows a description of that part of the manor which was in the hands of the archbishop, after which we are told that six knights hold 4^ caru- cates of this land, three clerks hold ij, of which 2 bovates are in a prebend, and, a unique entry for our county, two Englishmen (Anglicf) hold 3 carucates, 5 bovates. These three parcels of the manor are then described one after the other and the total result deserves to be set out in detail : — Demesne Villein Car. Bov. Teams Teams Sokemen Villeins Bordars Archbishop's land . (not stated) 10 37 10 75 23 Knights' lands ..44 7 21 35 28 Clerks' lands ..14 !? 3 7 5 Englishmen's land 3 5 4 6£ 20 6 Lastly we have an account of the appurtenances of the manor in meadows and woodlands, together with a very unusual entry of ' arable land, 5 leagues in length and 3 in breadth.' Domesday so rarely expresses arable land in terms of lineal measure that we ought to work out the relation which these figures bear to the number of plough-lands recorded for the whole manor, though, if we are wise, we shall not hope for any very intelligible result, especially in view of the possibility that the Nottinghamshire plough-land was, after all, a conventional quantity. As 1 See V. C. H. Bedfordshire, i, 203 ; V. C. H. Derbyshire, \, 304. I 217 28 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE a matter of fact we arrive by this process at an average for the Southwell terra carucae, which is simply inconceivable on any theory of the acreage of the plough-land. On the Eytonian equation of 1 2 furlongs to the leuca the above land would contain 21,600 acres, which divided among the 24 Southwell plough-lands would give us an average of no less than 900 acres to the plough-land. Even if we adopt Mr. Round's suggestion of 8 furlongs to the ' league,' we shall have an average of 600 acres to account for. Nor can we obtain relief by assuming that while the state- ment about ' arable land ' relates to the whole manor the number of plough-lands only refers to part of it ; the latter is given in connexion with the assessment figures, and undoubtedly refers to the whole. Probably there does not occur elsewhere in Domesday so violent a discrepancy between recorded area and estimated plough-lands x ; a discrepancy in our case which no allowance reasonably to be made for the uncertainty of early lineal measurements will reduce to workable proportions. On the other hand if we use for our divisor the number (90) of actual teams existing on the manor we shall be able (on Mr. Round's equation of 8 furlongs = i league) to assign an average of 160 acres to each team; a sufficiently neat quotient, but one which only throws up the artificiality of the plough-lands into stronger relief. Of course the population enumerated in the above table is much too large to be contained in any one rural manor, and Domesday, after its statement of value, tells us that ' in Southwell there are reckoned (numer- antur] twelve berewicks.' Now we possess a copy of a charter dated 958 which purports to be a grant by King Eadwig to (arch) bishop Oskytel (of York) of 20 cassates of land at Southwell.3 This charter is more than probably spurious, but it contains a list of the lands belong- ing to Southwell which, whether the document be genuine or not, represents the earliest statement of the constituent vills of the manor which has come down to us, and it may accordingly be used to illustrate the Domesday text. These lands are said to be Halloughton, Upton, Halam, Bleasby, Goverton, Gibsmere, Fiskerton, Morton, Normanton, Farnsfield, and Kirklington, all of which at the present day form part of the manor of Southwell. Here we account for eleven of our twelve unnamed berewicks, the first four of which are not mentioned in Domesday at all, while Upton only comes in incidentally under Rolleston. Parts of the other berewicks which lay outside the archbishop's land are described in due course, but in every case but one the soke over them is said to belong to Southwell. This one exception casually reveals a fact of considerable importance, for on Walter de Aincurt's land occurs the entry : ' In Farnsfield Walter has two bovates of land assessed to the 1 Compare Domesday Book and Beyond, 434, where a number of other instances are compared. The arable land entered at Rolleston (Staffs.), Professor Maitland's extreme example, only gives 360 acres to the team-land. Birch, Cartul. Sax,lO2<). If genuine, this would be a highly important document, for it distinctly asserts that the archbishop possessed sac and soc over his Southwell estate. But the text is very corrupt, and the list of witnesses seems to have been modelled upon the attestations to the charter of Edgar, which precedes it in the Liber Albus. 218 DOMESDAY SURVEY geld. One is in the soke of Southwell and the other is the king's, but, nevertheless, it belongs to the hundred of Southwell.' Taken simply these words would seem to imply that the soke of Southwell and the hundred of Southwell were, or ought to be, identical, otherwise there would be no object in Domesday pointedly noting an exception to this arrangement. If this were so it would give us a welcome clue as to the composition of one of these mysterious Danelaw ' hundreds.' The statement under Southwell that 2 bovates were ' in a prebend ' is important in view of the appropriation of capitular revenues to par- ticular canons which it implies, for such cases are rare in Domesday.1 We shall not be far wrong in assigning the above 2 bovates to the prebend of Normanton, for this was the only one of the early prebends within the manor of Southwell which possessed an endowment in land. Other manors said to have belonged to St. Mary of Southwell in pre- Conquest times were Cropwell Bishop, with its berewick of Hickling, and Norwell, with its soke ; and we may note that away in east Leicestershire Tilton is said to belong to the alms of St. Mary of Southwell.* Passing now to the lands held in the archbishop's own hand, we may recognize the northern part of the modern liberty of Southwell .and Scrooby in his two large manors of Laneham and Sutton. The account of the former gives us a wholesome caution not to press Domesday termin- ology too far. It runs : — ' In Lanun cum Berewitis his .... novem carucatae terrae et ii bovatae ad geldum .... In dominio aulae sunt x bovatae de hac terra. Reliqua est soca.' Here, then, although all the vills dependent on Laneham are distinctly described as ' berewicks,' the whole of the land in them not in demesne turns out to be ' sokeland.' The phrase dominio aulae, which is contrasted with soca, is unique in Nottinghamshire and Derby, and not very common elsewhere. The manner in which Laneham is surveyed also deserves a passing notice. First comes the archbishop's own portion of the manor, probably consisting only of Laneham itself; then we read of the sokemen, villeins, and bordars holding of him in its berewicks ; and, lastly, there are entered 33 soke- men, 6 villeins, and 18 bordars, with the curious statement, ' hos cum terra sua tenent ii° milites de archiepiscopo.' This synthetical method of description, as applied to large and discrete manors, is a sort of com- promise between the usual practice of entering each parcel of ' sokeland ' separately and the plan of merely giving a string of villar headings with the appropriate assessments, such as was followed in the account of Mansfield. The appurtenances of the manor with which we are dealing extended across the Trent into Lincolnshire, for in the Domesday of that county the archbishop is assigned 100 acres of meadow 'as belonging to Laneham ' The manor of Sutton (with Scrooby) is interesting, because the York Liber Albus has preserved the text of the charter by which Edgar granted 1 Another instance occurs at Stafford, fol. 247^. 1 This probably means that Tilton joined the vills of Nottinghamshire in the Pentecostal offering which the latter made at the church of Southwell. 219 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE it to Archbishop Oskytel of York. This latter seems to be genuine, and is one of the very few similar documents older than the eleventh century which relate to the Danelaw.1 Apart from this the manor, the sokeland of which is only described in abstract, does not call for special remark. Blidworth, which is now part of the manor of Southwell, stands by itself as a manor in Domesday, with parts of Calverton and Oxton as its dependencies. Oxton, indeed, is entered as a separate manerium, desig- nated as such by the symbol M in the margin, and assigned to a pre- Conquest owner ' Elnod.' But at the end of the entry we read ' the king has one bovate of this land, the rest belongs (iacet) to Blidworth.' Accordingly, we have here an instance of one manenum dependent on another. The possessions of the bishop of Lincoln all lay in the east of our county, and were entirely dominated by his manor of Newark. Although only styled a manor in the survey, Newark possessed fifty-six burgesses (whose existence is only revealed to us through an interlineation), and has, presumably on this account, been included in the small class of boroughs which were situated on private land in io86.s Whether a borough or not before the Conquest, Newark must have been very recently under a lord of comital rank, for it was given, together with Fledborough and Well wapentake, Lincolnshire, by the famous Countess Godeva, wife of Earl Leofric of Mercia, to the bishop of Lincoln and his monastery of Stow in Lindsey.3 The Conqueror confirmed the grant/ and Newark became a favourite residence of the bishops of Lincoln, especially after the founda- tion of its castle by Bishop Alexander (1123—1147). But to the Domesday student the chief interest of Newark will consist in its soke and the rights which the bishops of Lincoln possessed over it. At the time of the survey the bishop exercised rights of jurisdiction over three wapen takes, Newark, and Well and Lawress in Lincolnshire ; the first two being in virtue of the above grant of the Countess Godeva. However, the rights conferred over Newark were not quite the same as those which the bishop enjoyed over his two Lincolnshire wapentakes. Thus, in the Lincolnshire (West Riding) ' clamores,' we read : — ' Super forisfacturam de (Lagulris) ' De omnibus tainis qui terrain habent in wapentac hab(uit) S. Maria ii partes Welle wapentac habet S: Maria ii partes et soc(ae) et comes terciam. Nunc Rex. comes terciam. Similiter de heriete. Simi- Similiter de heriete. Et si terram liter si terram suam forisfecissent ii partes in suam forisfecissent S: Maria ii partes S: Maria et terciam partem in manu comitis habuisset et comes terciam.' hunc habet rex.' 6 The grammar of these passages is not above reproach, but we can see that only the king's two pennies, and not the earl's third penny, were in 1 Birch, Cartul. Sax., iii, 249 (not in Codex Diplomaticus). ' Domesday Book and Beyond, 213. 3 See the documents in Man. Angl. iii, under the heading of Eynsham Priory. * The text of the charter is preserved in the Eynsham Register, which will shortly be published by the Oxford Historical Society. 4Dom. Bk., f. 376. 220 DOMESDAY SURVEY the bishop's hand. On the other hand, we are told of Newark that : — ' Ad Newercke adiacent omnes consuetudines regis et comitis de ipso wapentac,' and this distinction is borne out by the statement on folio 280^, that the Countess Godeva had held (over Newark wapentake) not only the king's two pennies but the earl's third penny as well. From a charter of Henry I we learn in addition that Newark was only reckoned as a 'half wapentake, and, accordingly, that only two men were to be summoned from it to pleas of the crown and the shire court.1 This district is interesting for another reason. Nottinghamshire as a whole, was very far indeed from being a fully manorialized county ; and in Newark wapentake, or at least in that strip of it which lay between the Lincolnshire border and the Trent, the process which was always creating the villar-manorial economy seems scarcely to have begun before the Conquest. Wholly or in part seventeen vills are included in the soke of Newark, the population of which is given by Domesday as 174 sokemen and 14 bordars, not a single villein being mentioned, nor any hint given of the existence of demesne. The conclusion forces itself upon us that the predecessors of these sokemen had no immediate lord below the king and the earl, and we see also that the bishop's rights over them are essentially connected with his possession of the wapentake to which they belonged. Moreover, such powers as he possessed can hardly have been of such a nature as to affect very intimately the social organization of the group. Large as was the manor of Newark, it can hardly have called for any very onerous agricultural services from its appurtenant sokemen ; it had 42 villeins of its own. Probably these sokemen furnished to the bishop little more than their jurisdictional and fiscal profits, such as the ' heriot ' and ' forfeiture ' of which our Lincolnshire quotations speak. Something similar may doubtless be said of those sokemen of Oswardbeck wapentake who belonged to the king's manor of Mansfield. On the other hand, we shall shortly see an instance of soke- land united to its manor by much more definite and stringent ties. No argument could well be more unsafe than that which would represent the vague and obscure bonds which so often connected vill with vill in our county to have been even approximately the same in all cases. Even apart from the immediate soke of Newark, the vills of the wapen- take show traces of extreme subdivision before 1066. Clifton upon Trent, for instance, had been divided into five manors, Coddington into four manors and one carucate of sokeland, Hawton into sixteen manors and three dis- tinct parcels of sokeland. Most of the wapentake was held by the bishop, and had come to him from numerous small owners. One of the latter, the Agemund who had possessed i\ bovates as a manor in Clifton, con- tinued to hold the same under the bishop. The ' Arnegrim ' who was a joint tenant at Elston can safely be identified with the man of the same name who held part of Sibthorpe and Elston under Ilbert de Lacy. These two vills are connected in another way, for the ' Pilewin ' who had 1 Man. Angl. viii, 1272. Rushcliffe was also reckoned as a 'half wapentake.' Nomina Villarum, printed in Parly. Writs (Rec. Com.), iv, 401. 221 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE held aj bovates in Sibthorpe which had passed to Ilbert can hardly be other than the ' Pilewin ' who was one of the bishop's predecessors in Elston. Across the Trent in Bassetlaw wapentake we find Fledborough and Stokeham in the bishop's hands, the former certainly, and the latter in all probability, as the gift of the Countess Godeva, who is given as the former owner in each case, though Fledborough only is mentioned in the writ by which the Conqueror confirmed her grants. One other bishop appears among the tenants-in-chief in our county in the person of Odo of Bayeux, the brother of the count of Mortain, and half-brother of the Conqueror, but he held his lands in his lay capacity only, and in this county they do not call for special remark. The only religious house which held land in chief of the crown in Nottinghamshire was Peterborough Abbey, and its holding was restricted to the two manors of Collingham and North Muskham. The former is surveyed in the ' Liber Niger ' of the abbey,1 from which we gather that its population had risen in the fifty years which separates this document from Domesday, its sokemen increasing from thirty-seven to fifty, and its villeins from eight to twenty, while its bordars, sharing the general fate of their class, vanished altogether. Domesday records two churches as existing in the vill, which are still represented by the two parish churches of North and South Collingham. The abbey's share of North Muskham was one of the possessions which King William confirmed to Abbot Brand at the very beginning of his reign. We are enabled to recover a little of its early history through Hugh ' Candidus,' 2 who tells us that Abbot Brand and his brothers Askill, Siward, and Siric, gave a number of lands to the abbey, and at the head of his list stands ' Muskham on the other side the Trent.' This explains an otherwise mysterious passage in the Lincoln- shire ' clamores,' which runs : — Scira testatur quod Aschil habebat ea die qua rex Edwardus fuit vivus et mortuus et post haec tria maneria. Scotune, Scotre, et Ragenaltorp, in propria libertate de rege Edwardo. Similiter habebat Muscham in Snotinghamscire.3 Now, on a strict reading of these passages, if Askil held Muskham on the day of King Edward's death ' and afterwards,' while it was confirmed to Peterborough by the Conqueror at the time (probably) of his coronation, the grant must have taken place either in the reign of Harold, or during the interregnum which followed the battle of Hastings. We might even suggest that Askil gave the manor on the occasion of his brother Brand becoming abbot of Peterborough, and this supposition is confirmed by the wording of William's charter. He grants to the monastery ' at the request of Abbot Brand,' ' all the lands belonging to his brothers or kinsmen which they had under King Edward in hereditary right and 1 Chron. Petroburgense (Camden Soc.), 159. • Ed. Sparke, p. 43. Hugh states the donor of Collingham to have been one Turkill ' Hoche,' who also gave the abbey its moneyer in Stamford and its land in Stamford (Baron), Northamptonshire. 3 Dom. Bk., f. 3763. 222 DOMESDAY SURVEY freely.' ' From the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2 we know that Brand had to purchase this concession and his own recognition as abbot with 40 marks of gold, but for our purpose it is more important that the above charter confirms nine manors by name to the abbey, and that on turning back to Hugh Candidus we find that he states every one of them to have been given originally by Brand and his three brothers. It would seem, there- fore, to have been a main object of the abbot in obtaining this very im- portant charter to secure from the new king a detailed confirmation of all the grants which he and his family had made in the doubtful time between the death of Harold and William's own coronation. Incidentally we may note that all this is welcome as confirming the general accuracy of Hugh Candidus, whose twelfth-century narrative becomes important from the facts which he alone gives as to the revolt of Hereward in the summer of 1070." After describing the ecclesiastical estates with which we have been dealing, the survey at once proceeds to the possessions of the greatest of Nottinghamshire landowners, Roger de Busli. Powerful in many counties, he had no rival in the wide expanse of wild and largely forest country which lies between the Idle and the Don, a district which included his castle of Tickhill, Yorkshire, and the priory which he founded at Blyth (Notts.), within two years after Domesday. ' Famous in Domesday but nowhere else,' as Mr. Freeman said,* very little is known about him and his family. He seems to have derived his name from Bully-le-Vicompte, near Neufchatel (Seine Inferieure), where he appears some two years before the Conquest as selling his tithes to the abbey of Holy Trinity, Rouen.6 That he was infrequently in attendance on the king is proved by the extreme rarity of his attestation to the writs and charters of the reign. He died towards the close of the reign of William Rufus, and as Roger, his only son, predeceased him, his lands, which formed a group described indifferently in feudal documents as the honour of Blyth or of Tickhill, escheated to the crown. When found, in virtue of re-grants, in the hands of Robert of Belesme, in 1102, and of Earl John in 1191, they play an important part in Nottinghamshire, and, indeed, in general history, but one which lies too far from our present purpose for it to be described here. The Domesday map marks the general distribution of Roger de Busli's estates. They were scattered over the whole of the county with the exception of Broxtow wapentake, in which he did not hold a single manor. As might be expected, they became more and more compact as we approach the Yorkshire border ; indeed, the only exceptions to his tenure between the latter and the River Idle were some fragments of the king's sokeland of Bothamsall and Mansfield. Most of Roger's predecessors in this large territory had been quite undistinguished men. It is equally uncertain whether the ' Morcar ' 1 The charter is printed in the Monasticon, \, 383, and discussed by Mr. Round in the Commune of London, p. 29, where its date is determined. 1 Sub anno 1066. * See also Feudal England, 163. 4 English Towns and Districts, p. 363. 5 Round, Cal. Doc. France, 23. 223 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE who had held Gunthorpe was the earl of Northumbria, or whether the ' Tosti ' who had held part of Bingham was his dispossessed predecessor in that earldom. Elsi the son of Caschin, who is stated on folio 280^ to have held sac and soc over Worksop, duly appears on folio 285 as the former owner there, but this seems to be the limit of possible identifica- tions. On the other hand the fief supplies us with some extremely good examples of the division of vills, not into parcels of sokeland, but into distinct manors, the former owners of which are usually specified by name. When this is not the case they are invariably described collec- tively as ' thegns,' a fact which is important, for the majority of these people must have been of very lowly rank with little except their per- sonal status to mark them off from the larger class of sokemen around them. Moreover there are some valuable entries in which we read not only of the thegn but of his hall (aula). Thus we are told that at Eaton ten thegns, at Carlton in Lindrick six thegns, at Headon Godric and six other thegns had each his hall.1 Such cases are interesting, for it is to the hall that we must look if we wish to find the old English equivalent of the Anglo-Norman manerium ; 2 while on the other hand the estates on which these halls were seated might well be considered far too small to admit of anything resembling the later manorial organization. Thus Eaton and Carlton in Lindrick contained only 4 plough-lands each and Headon 53 ; at Normanton upon Trent ' five thegns, Justan, Durand, Elward, Ulmar, Aseloc, had each his hall and ii bovates of land each (assessed) to the geld,' and in the neighbouring vill of Weston, ' Elmar, Elwi, Osbern, Grim, Edric, Steinulf had each his hall and 6 bovates between them.' However faintly the fiscal responsibility of the manor may have reflected its real capacity, no allowance reasonably to be made for this will materially increase the size of their units ; Normanton had been worth 10 shillings as a whole, Carlton in Lindrick and Headon £4 each, and if Eaton was estimated at £6 before the Conquest this would only give an average value of 10 shillings for each of its manors. Other small but seemingly independent estates from the same quarter of the county occur at Rampton and Gringley on the Hill, where there had been seven manors, Misterton and Wheatley divided into five, Ordsall and Fenton into four. The account of the latter is important, for it shows us the existence of private jurisdiction on one of these small pre- Conquest manors. Three of the four manors in Fenton are surveyed together, but a separate entry is made of the fourth, which runs : — Ibidem habebat Speravoc ii bovatas terrae et ii partes unius bovatae ad geldum. Terra i carucae cum saca et soca sine aula. This may fairly be quoted as a counter instance to Professor Mait- land's Cheshire manor which is said to have its pleas in its lord's court;3 for if the latter passage suggests that it was an exceptional thing for a 1 At Epperstone and Woodborough in the fief of Ralf de Limesi, the scribe after giving the names of Ralf's two English predecessors has added the words ' non aulam ' over the second name. ' Domesday Book and Beyond, 109. 3 Domesday Book and BiyonJ, 91. 224 DOMESDAY SURVEY ' lord ' to hold his court in his hall we might certainly gather from the Fenton case that it was no less exceptional for a man to have jurisdiction over a manor without possessing a court in which it could be exercised. Also this particular manor, rated at 2§ bovates, and valued T.R.E. at ioj. 8*/., does not look like a promising field for private jurisdiction of any kind, though it is only fair to add that ' Speravoc ' seems to have been distinctly a more important man than his fellows. In the three other Fenton estates, indeed, the Nottinghamshire manor seems to reach its lowest point — the three together had only been rated at i J bovates, and valued at 5 shillings, but Sperhavoc had also held part of Sturton-le- Steeple and the whole of West Burton with its sokeland in Everton and Harwell. However, we have no need to make this qualification in the case of ' Ulmer ' of Clarborough, who in 1086 held as a king's thegn ij bovates in that vill, like Sperhavoc in Fenton 'with sac and soc with- out a hall.' Ulmer's manor was only worth 2s., and there is nothing known to connect him with any other vill, while ' Ulchil,' who had also held part of Clarborough and had like Ulmer survived the Conquest, though only as under-tenant to Roger de Busli, had exercised sac and soc over land assessed at half a bovate, and worth no more than i6d. We may suspect that these small manors seemed as great an anomaly to the compilers of Domesday as they seem to us, for a great and general con- solidation of the manorial system had taken place between 1066 and the date of the survey.1 The under-tenants whom Roger de Busli had enfeoffed on his estates are somewhat less shadowy persons than their English predecessors. The highly important charter which Roger granted to his new foundation of Blyth * was witnessed by a number of his ' men,' several of whom may be recognized in Domesday. The Fulk de Lisors (Lusoris] of the charter, for instance, appears with his full name at Breaston in Derbyshire, and as Fulco simply at Gotham, Eaton, Weston, Clayworth, Clarborough, and Harworth in our county. For two generations his manors descended in his male line and then passed to the constables of Chester, several donations to Blyth Priory marking the process of the descent. The charter also warns us of the confusion that may arise from the fact of two under-tenants bearing the same name, for it distinguishes ' Thorald,' brother of Fulk de Lusoris from Thorald de Chevercort, founder of an important early Nottinghamshire family, both of whom appear in the survey simply as ' Turold.' It was very possibly the former of these men who held at Hodsock ; at any rate the Lisors family and their tenants appear there very soon after Domesday, but the ' Turold ' who held the next vill of Carlton in Lindrick was undoubtedly Turold de Chevercort. Ralf de Chevercort, probably his son, gave land in Carlton to Worksop Priory, and his deed of gift was witnessed by Ernald the son of Claron,3 whom we may safely connect with the Claron of Roger de Busli's charter to 1 See VinogradofF, The Growth of the Manor, 299-300. 1 Mon. Angl. iv, 623. * Abstract in Thoroton, History of Nottinghamshire, ed. Throsby, iii, 408-9. I 225 29 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Blyth and the Domesday under-tenant at West Markham and Elkesley. The Ralf ' Novifori ' of Roger's charter bore a name which occurs fre- quently in the documents of Roche Abbey, but unless he was the Ralf who held at Elton, which is improbable, he does not appear in our portion of the survey. It is rather surprising that there is no evidence directly to connect the great family of ' Luvetot,' the lords of Sheffield and of Worksop and many other manors in this shire with any Domesday under-tenant in our county. But before 1 1 20, William de Luvetot had founded Worksop Priory, and granted to it ' all the churches of his demesne ' of the honour of Blyth, that is the churches of Gringley, Misterton, Walkeringham, Normanton (upon Trent), Car Colston, Willoughby on the Wolds, Wysall, and his part of the church of Treswell.1 Now on referring to Domesday we find that in six out of these eight places the under-tenant is given as Roger, Roger (de Busli)'s man, Misterton is said to be held by ' Roger,' which may, of course, stand either for the tenant or his overlord, and the holder of Willoughby is not stated. If we cannot argue directly from this as to the relationship of ' Roger ' and William de Luvetot, the com- pleteness with which the former's group of manors had passed to the latter is nevertheless very suggestive, especially in view of the probability that Roger the under-tenant may be identical with Roger de Luvetot, who is addressed in several writs belonging to the early years of Henry I and relating to South Yorkshire.2 Returning again to the foundation charter of Blyth Priory, we should certainly note one very exceptional and important feature which it contains. In making his gift to his monks Roger grants them ' the entire vill of Blyth with all its appurtenances and customs as the men of that vill used to perform them, that is, to plough (arare), to do carrying service (kariare) , to mow (falcare) , reap (bladum secare) , make hay (foenum facere), pay merchet (merchetum dare), and to make the mill pool (stagnum molendini facere}' He also grants 'all the dignities (dignitates) which I used to enjoy in that vill, that is soc and sac and toll and team and infangenethef, iron and ditch and gallows with the other liberties (libertates), which I then held from the king.' Now this charter is dated 1088, and it is probable that we do not possess another outline of the services done by the men of a vill to a lay tenant-in-chief, and of his rights over them, so nearly contemporary with Domesday. In fact we have here some of the most characteristic features of the later manorial labour system, and this although Blyth in Domesday is merely entered as sokeland of Hodsock, two miles distant, and contained no demesne of its own. At Blyth, the only population consisted of four villeins and four bordars, and it is precisely as to the services performed by men of these classes that Domesday is most silent, while such information as it does give relates almost entirely to the west of England. It is, of course, unfortunate though inevitable that our charter merely indicates the nature of these services and tells us nothing of their quantity ; but if the 1 Mm. Angl. v, 1 18. ! Ibid, viii, 1 179. 226 DOMESDAY SURVEY reaping, mowing, and hay-making were of necessity confined to one season of the year, the carrying service and the ploughing, to say nothing of the work on the mill-dam, were not so restricted. This early occur- rence of ' merchet,' the especial test of servile status at a later period, deserves particular notice.1 As to the lord's powers of jurisdiction the phrase ' sicut tune temporis tenebam de rege ' is noteworthy, for as Professor Maitland says, ' whether the Conqueror or either of his sons would have admitted that any justice could be done in England that was not his justice, we may fairly doubt.' 2 We could especially wish to know how many of these ' franchises ' had been possessed by ' Ulsi,' the pre-Conquest owner of Hodsock, to which, as we have seen, Blyth was appurtenant. The manner in which the survey is drawn up in Nottinghamshire implies that the relation between a manor and its soke had existed before 1066, but the whole question is too wide to be discussed here. In the case of Blyth it is complicated by the fact that that vill contained no sokemen in 1086, and in a case of this kind Professor Maitland would suspect that there has been some depression of the peasantry.3 Certainly, as might be expected, sokemen are charac- teristic of sokeland, but it would be easy to carry this argument too far. Roger de Busli's fief contains some instances to the point. He held widely in Oswardbeck wapentake, and we have seen that the king possessed much of this wapentake as ' sokeland ' belonging to his manor of Mansfield. If, therefore, we turn to those vills which are surveyed partly as royal sokeland and partly as manors on Roger de Busli's fief, we may arrange their population in the following table : Sokeland Manors Sokemen Villeins Honiara Sokemen Villeins BorJars Gringley on the Hill .6 i i 0106 561 085 • 13 2 3 415 6 i o 4 25 o . 24 II 7 2 22 12 i 18 3 o 3 211 O 8 I Misterton Walkeringham Wheatley Sturton-le-Steeple Clayworth Clarborough . These figures show that general distribution of sokemen which was to be expected; they constitute 55 per cent, of the population on the sokeland as against nearly 15 per cent, on the manors. On the other hand, the fact that 23 villeins appear in the former and 13 sokemen in the latter reminds us that these classes were too nearly related in economic position for them to be mutually exclusive ; they were rather differentiated by varieties of tenure and customary service than by any fundamental distinctions of origin or status. One of the four typical ' escheats ' mentioned in Magna Carta was the honour of Nottingham, which is represented in Domesday by the fief of William Peverell. The origin alike of the man and of his name is 1 This charter deserves re-editing. The Monasticm copy omits the witnesses, who have to be supplied from the abstract given by Thoroton, Hist of Notts, iii, 494. 1 Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 85. ' 'Ibid. 227 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE very obscure, but he occurs early in the history of the Conquest in connexion with our county, for it was to him that the Conqueror entrusted the castle which he built at Nottingham in 1068 when on his way to put down the first revolt of the north.1 William Peverel's lands form a compact group in the western half of the shire, covering all the roads leading from west and south to the county-town and its stronghold. He held nearly the whole of Broxtow wapentake, if we except the royal manors of Mansfield and Orston and some unimportant estates mostly belonging to ' king's thegns,' his possessions being continued across the Trent by the manor and soke of Clifton. This last is an interesting estate, for two lines were devoted to it at the end of the statement of the customs of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire to the effect that ' over the soke which belongs to Clifton the earl ought to have the third part of all customs and works.' * As there was no earl of Nottinghamshire at this time, these dues must have been in the king's hand unless he had made an unrecorded grant of them to anybody. Clifton had belonged to a former owner of comital rank, though one unconnected with any earldom in which Nottingham ever lay, in the Countess ' Code ' or Gytha who had preceded William Peverel in several counties, notably Buckingham- shire and Northamptonshire. She was the wife of Earl Ralf of Hereford and must be carefully distinguished from her namesake Gytha, the wife of Earl Godwine, and from the better known wife of Earl Leofric, the Countess Godeva (Godgifu) of Mercia.3 We may also recognize our countess in the ' Code ' whose manor of Edwalton, 3 miles from Clifton, had passed to Hugh de Grentemaisnil, the greatest landowner in Leicestershire. Although she is mentioned there without any mark of title we may be quite certain of the identification, for Edwalton is said to belong to Stockerston, Leicestershire, and on turning to that place in the Leicester Domesday * we find that it, like Wigston Magna, which had also passed to Hugh de Grentemaisnil, had belonged to Earl Ralf. Returning to the soke of Clifton we may notice that it lay along the right bank of the Trent opposite Nottingham, including Wilford, West Bridgford, Bassingfield, Gamston, and Adbolton with one or two outliers along the wolds, and that its value must be included in the figures given for Clifton itself, since £16 would be an impossible value for a Nottinghamshire manor rated at 2j carucates and reported to contain only five ploughlands. Like his rival Roger de Busli, William Peverel founded a priory on his Nottinghamshire estates. Early in the reign of Henry I he established a house of Cluniac monks at Lenton under the shadow of Nottingham Castle. His selection of a site for his priory is rather curious, for in 1086 he merely held Lenton in custodia, that is, probably, on the king's behalf as his bailiff or agent.6 He held the whole of the 1 Ordtrkus Vit*Rt (Soc. de la Hist, dc France), iv, 184. ' Dom. Bk. f. 280*. ^ See V. C. H. Northants, \, 289. « Dom. Bk. f. 232. 5 See for the meaning of custodia Appendix I in Round, Geoffrey de Mandevlllt, and for Peverel's tenure of the royal demesne in the Peak V. C. H. Derb. \, 303. 228 DOMESDAY SURVEY royal demesne in the Peak of Derbyshire on the same terms, as also Awsworth and Eastwood (Notts.), while we have seen that when he appears in 1068 in connexion with Nottingham Castle it is merely as the king's representative. It was Henry I who gave him definite possession of his lands in the Peak with which he richly endowed Lenton Priory, bestowing on it also besides Lenton itself the adjoining vills of Radford, Morton, and Kighton,1 with his portion of Newthorpe and Papplewick and Courteenhall in mid-Northamptonshire. His under- tenants followed their lord's example, and among the list of donors given in William's foundation charter2 we may notice several names which occur in the Nottingham survey. Thus the Saped who gave two-thirds of his demesne tithes in Empingham (Rutland) and Baseford may be identified with the Saped. who appears as William's tenant in the latter vills, and the ' Pagan ' who was Saped's co-tenant at Baseford must have been the father of ' Robertus filius Pagani,' who also gave tithes there to Lenton. A ' Goscelinus ' made a similar grant at Watnall to the priory, and we may recognize him in the Gozelinus who with Grinchel, an Englishman, held Watnall of William in Domesday. In the ' Thonethona ' of the charter, strange as is the form of the name, we have the modern Toton (near Long Eaton), and we discover the son of another Domesday tenant in Robert the son of Warner, who made a grant of tithes there. Whether the Domesday Warner, his father, was identical with the tenant of that name at Wollaton and Codnor and Shirland, Derbyshire, must be un- certain, but the name is not very common.8 Ambrose, who held under William in Strelley and Bilborough, has been identified in several other counties, notably Northamptonshire, as a Peverel under-tenant. But William Peverel's estate in this county is also noteworthy for the number of Englishmen who held of him in 1086. Their holdings may most conveniently be expressed in tabular form : — Name Held T. R. W. in :— Held T. R. E. in :— 'UnloP . . . Lenton . . . Lenton Godwin the Priest . Strelley . . . Adbolton . ., . f Greasley — Ailnc . . . • i r> • i (isnnsley — ir> j i-rr T fCostock 1-, , . [ Radclifie on Trent . „ Jbredgis. . . . IT-V,, •( Rempston (Tithby . . . I u j i-ff T ^Radclifte on Trent Ulviet .... Radcliffe on Trent /'Watnall \ Grinchitel 4 Newthorpe > . . Watnall (Kimberley ) 1 Already in Thoroton's time the two latter places were absorbed in Lenton. * Man. Angl. v, ill. 3 The tithes of Stapleford were given to the priory by Geoffrey (de) Heriz, the founder of a branch of this family which, according to the Newstead Register, died out early in the male line. The Domes- day under-tenant is given as Robert, who may have been Robert de Heriz, the head of the main line of the family. Tithes in Gonalston were given by ' Erbertus,' whom we may probably identify with the ' Herbert Peverel ' of a Lenton charter given in Round, Cat. Doc. France, 506, and with the Herbert styled by Wm. Peverel miles metis, who gave to the priory one of the four mills of Lenton. The tenant of Gonalston is not given in Domesday. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Here we see that even those Englishmen who continued to hold land after the Conquest suffered some disturbance and reduction of their tenure. We might perhaps add to the list but for the carelessness of the Domesday scribes in recording the names of Englishmen, an extra- ordinary instance of which occurs at Lenton. The former owner is given as ' Unlof,' but directly afterwards we read Ibi isdem Ulnod babet, etc. We certainly dare not have assumed Ulnod and Unlof to be the same man without this distinct statement to that effect, but in its light we may probably recognize him in the Ulnod who is said to hold at Radford (adjoining Lenton) ' i bovate in thegnland.' It is perhaps worth noting that in none of these seven cases is the Englishman described after the normal fashion as William Peverel's ' man ' ; the almost equi- valent formula (Fredgis) tenet sub or de Willelmo is used instead. Two and a half columns of our survey are assigned to Walter de Aincurt, the kinsman of Bishop Remigius of Lincoln and the lord of Granby, whose principal seat was at Braunstone, Lincolnshire. Although the fact is somewhat obscured by the plan of the survey, his estates formed a roughly continuous group extending from his west Lincolnshire possessions, through Staunton, Gotham, Granby, and Flintham, to a number of manors on the left bank of the Trent, comprising the whole of Thurgarton, Hoveringham, and Bulcote, with part of Fiskerton and Rolleston. One of his under-tenants, the Mager who held in Staunton, deserves notice as the ancestor of the Nottinghamshire family of Staunton, who, however, appear later as holding of the lords of Belvoir in virtue of a grant made by Oliver de Aincurt to William de Albini the younger.1 In each of his Nottinghamshire manors, except Granby, and in most of his Derby and Lincoln possessions, Walter de Aincurt had been preceded by one or both of two Englishmen, called Swegen and Tori, of whom nothing else is known ; but the case of Granby is peculiar. It was by far his most valuable manor in Derbyshire or Nottinghamshire, and he is said to have possessed sac and soc over it.8 Its former owner had been a certain Haminc who does not appear elsewhere in Nottinghamshire, but occurs in the list of those who had held sac and soc in Lincolnshire, and also as Walter's predecessor at Branston and Blankney in that county.8 A considerable amount of sokeland belonging to Granby was scattered over the neighbouring vills, over which Haminc had doubtless exercised powers of jurisdiction before the Conquest. Domesday reveals a church at Granby, and the register of St. Mary's Abbey, York, shows us Walter de Aincurt granting his tithes there and at Gotham, Knapthorpe, Hick- ling, and Thurgarton to that foundation.4 But the Aincurt fief, like all the greater fiefs in our county, afterwards supplied an endowment for a religious house of its own, for Ralph de Aincurt, Walter's son, founded an Augustinian priory at Thurgarton between 1114 and 1140. We may, in passing, note one curious detail concerning the Aincurt estates ; they had risen in value in face of a general depreciation throughout the 1 Thoroton, Hut. of Notts. \, 305. * Dom. Bk. f. 28o3. ' Ibid. £.361. < Mm. Angl. iii, 549. 230 DOMESDAY SURVEY shire. As the value of his lands in Derbyshire and Lincolnshire had also risen since the Conquest, Walter de Aincurt may have the credit of being a discreet and skilful landlord. The next fief entered in our survey was that of Geoffrey Alselin, whose chief manor in our county was Laxton, which afterwards became the head of the Everingham barony. Laxton, to which pertained nine pieces of sokeland, had belonged to Geoffrey's regular predecessor in this and other counties, ' Tochi ' (Toki) the son of Outi,1 who appears among those who had exercised sac and soc before the Conquest. It may be convenient to note here that all the more important groups of sokeland in our county, such as Laneham, Sutton, Newark, Clifton, Granby, and this of Laxton, are connected by their pre-Conquest owners with rights of jurisdiction existing in King Edward's time.2 If we include the king in our calculation, we can account for nearly four-fifths of the recorded sokeland of Nottinghamshire. This is important, for it makes it possible that the word ' sokeland ' may here at least have meant what by derivation it implies, and that in these cases we may find a fairly definite bond of union between manor and soke in jurisdictional rights centred in the former. It is necessary to keep this question well apart from the distinct problem, whether a thegn who possessed one or two manors had ' sac and soc ' over them where the fact is not directly stated ; and if we believe that such powers of jurisdiction must have taken their origin from a royal grant, we must make a very large allow- ance for our deficiency of information respecting the Anglo-Saxon thegnhood in estimating the prevalence of private justice before 1066. We may pass more rapidly over the tenants-in-chief who remain, for their Nottinghamshire estates were for the most part mere appen- dages of large possessions elsewhere. Thus Geoffrey de Wirce, Osbern fitz Richard, Durand and Robert Malet, and Hugh de Grentemaisnil only held one manor, and William the Usher, Robert the son of William, Henry de Ferrers and Hugh fitz Baldric, only two manors apiece in our county. Ralf fitz Hubert has been considered in the Victoria County History of Derbyshire, where he was lord of Crich. He held some nine manors in the west of Nottinghamshire, and here, as in Derbyshire, he had succeeded two Englishmen named Leofric and Leofnoth. Gilbert de Gand had come into possession of a compact estate in the centre of the county, most of which had belonged to the Ulf ' fenisc,' who had held 'the earl's third penny' in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. In the description of Gilbert's Nottinghamshire lands, Ulf is not assigned his distinguishing adjective, but in six cases out of eight a space is left vacant after his name, and the uniformity with which his possessions in other counties had passed to Gilbert leaves no room for doubt as to his 1 V. C. H. Nortkants, \, 292. ' It should be noted that the famous list on f. 280^ is not quite consistent as to date, for while the majority of names given in it are those of pre-Conquest owners, it also includes Walter de Aincurt and Henry de Ferrers. It is just possible, however, that the list may really refer, as a whole, not to the tempore regis Edwardi but to some time early in the Conqueror's reign, before the great confiscation of Englishmen's lands had been thoroughly carried out. 23I A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE identification. The most interesting of Gilbert's possessions are the two manors which he held in Eakring, for they probably represent the partition of one estate between co-heirs. Thus each of them was assessed at 6 bovates and 2 plough-lands, each contained 3 acres of meadow, and woodland 6 furlongs in length and 4 in breadth, and each had fallen in value from £i to i6j. Their former owners, however, had undergone different fates, for while one of them, ' Ingolf,' was replaced by ' William, Gilbert's man,' the other, ' Echebrand,' continued to hold his share as Gilbert's under-tenant. The small fief of Gilbert Tison was more directly connected with Nottinghamshire, for it appears later as the honour of Averham (Egrum).1 In addition to Averham and one or two adjoining vills, it included Finningley, the most northerly manor in the county, and had nearly all belonged to one Swegen. The description of it is noteworthy in one respect, for it incidentally mentions one of those mysterious ' senior thegns ' in whose functions in the local courts Professor Stubbs sought to discover the germs of the jury of presentments. The entry in question runs : — In Wicheburne [Winkburn], habuit Suain xii bovatas terrae ad geldum . . . Duas bovatas de hac terra tenuerunt v taini. Unus eorum erat senior aliorum, que (sic) non pertinuit ad suain.3 This passage unfortunately is by no means clear, but the que is probably a short and obscure expression for cujus terra. Without making conjectures as to the meaning of the ' seniority ' of this thegn, we may note that Swegen himself must have been an important man, for the entry seems to imply that the land of four of these five thegns had ' belonged ' to him. It is perhaps worth while making the guess (it is no more) that he may have been the Swen the son of Suave who appears on folio 280$ as a former possessor of sac and soc. The survey of Ralf de Limesi's land contains a reference to a unit of land-measurement sufficiently rare in the north of England to be worth a note. In the account of Epperstone we are told ' Ibi Radulfus habet in dominio iii carucas et xiiii sochmanni de vi bov' et ferding hujus terrae,' and over ' ferding ' the scribe has added the words ' i bov ' in explanation. The 'ferding' would seem to represent the 'fertinus ' or ' farthing ' which occurs frequently in the survey of the south-western counties, where it represented the quarter of a virgate,8 whereas at Epper- stone it was apparently the quarter of a bovate ; unless indeed the inter- lineation is not explanatory but intended to correct the ' ferthing ' into ' bovate.' A folio of our survey is assigned to Ilbert de Lacy the lord of Pontefract, and it also contains an entry which looks as if it would be 1 See the charter of Henry de Hose, the successor of the Tisons, to Thurgarton Priory, addressed 'Omnibus sanctae matris ecclesiae fidelibus et maxime hominibus honoris de Egrum.' Man. Angl. vi, 191. 1 Folio. 291, quoted by Maitland, DmesJay Book and Beyond, 165, and Vinogradoff, The Growth of the Manor, p. 287. 3 Domeiday Book and Beyond, 479. 232 DOMESDAY SURVEY interesting if it were only intelligible. Godric and Ulviet had held 4 bovates in Cropwell Butler which had passed to Ilbert, but when Roger of Poitou, who possessed a much larger manor in the same vill, received his land he appropriated Ilbert's share in addition to his own. The wapentake (of Bingham) bore witness that Ilbert had received seisin, and when Domesday was compiled the manor was in the king's hand ' praeter terciam partem et tainum qui est caput manerii, quem tenet Ilbertus.' It seems impossible to translate these last words so as to make sense, for one does not see how a thegn could be a ' capital messuage' (caput manerii)^ nor indeed how Ilbert could 'hold' him. Doubtless there is a mistake here, unless possibly ' tainum ' is used for ' tainagium,' the thegn and his thegnland being taken as equivalent ; but at any rate we have an illustration of the action of the wapentake court in suits as to the possession of land, and we also notice the importance attached even thus early to proof of actual possession or ' seisin.' Small as were the Nottinghamshire possessions of Henry de Ferrers and Osbern fitz Richard, the description of them involves a curious topographical difficulty in each case. It is rather surprising to find Osbern fitz Richard holding land so far east as Nottinghamshire, for the head of his barony was at Richard's Castle in Herefordshire. In our county he is assigned a manor in Granby which had formerly belonged to earl ./Elfgar, together with 3^ bovates in Wiverton and 6 in Salterford. But the difficulty in the case is occasioned by the statement that Osbern's holding in Wiverton was ' sokeland,' and his 6 bovates in Salterford formed a ' berewick ' in ' Coletone.' Now Osbern's manor in Granby was held of him by Robert de Oilly, the greatest lay tenant in Oxford- shire, and our difficulty arises from the fact that there seems to be no evidence later than Domesday to connect Granby with the honours either of Richard's Castle or Wallingford, which represent the fiefs of Osbern fitz Richard and Robert de Oilly respectively ; the whole vill belonging to the Aincurts. On the other hand the ' carta ' of Geoffrey Ridel in 1166 shows us the Bassets holding Colston Basset, which in all probability represents the ' Coletone ' above, of the honour of Walling- ford,1 and we also know that they had entered into possession there before 1 12 1.3 It would seem therefore that either the account of Colston Basset is altogether omitted from the survey, or else that we have its description in the entry which is above attributed to Granby, the name being a mistake on the part of the Domesday scribes, either alternative of course implying carelessness on the part of the latter.3 An even more inexplicable case occurs on the fief of Henry de Ferrers, who held one bovate in Willoughby on the Wolds, of which we read ' soca in Badeleie.' The only known name in the county which can represent the latter is Bathley, to the north-east of Newark, but this was merely a 1 Red Book of the Exch. (Rolls Ser.), 331. ' See the charters relating to the priory of Laund, Leicestershire (Man. Angl. vi, 1 8 8). 3 An additional complication is caused by the fact that the only ' Salterford ' in the county lies near Calverton north of the Trent, and is 13 miles distant from Colston Basset. I 233 30 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE hamlet of North Muskham, and was chiefly in the hands of the chapter of Southwell. In connexion with Henry de Ferrers we may safely identify the Siward who preceded him at East and West Leake and Bonnington with the Siward 'barn,' who in 1070 joined Hereward and his fellow malcontents in the Isle of Ely.1 The last two folios of the Nottinghamshire survey are devoted to those Englishmen who had survived the Conquest and form the class of ' king's thegns.' They are interesting people, for they seem to be holding their lands in 1086 on conditions of tenure very similar to those which had prevailed generally over the county in the time of King Edward, and in Nottinghamshire their number is unusually great. On analysis, however, it turns out to be not quite so great as might be supposed at first sight, for two or three thegns stand out prominently above their fellows. By far the most interesting of this class was one Alden or Healfdene, who held as much land of the king in Nottingham- shire as did Roger of Poitou or Ralf fitz Hubert. As a king's thegn he held manors in Cromwell, Carlton upon Trent, Knapthorpe, Lambley, Woodborough, Trowell, Awsworth, Lambcote, Kelham, and Widmer- pool, and he was probably the Alden who held part of Normanton upon Soar of the count of Mortain. But his peculiar importance arises from the fact that he was the ancestor of the mediaeval lords Cromwell, who without attaining the highest regions of statesmanship played a creditable part in English history before the extinction of their male line in the time of Henry VI. If it should be found possible to connect the great Protector with this family, the interest attaching to our ' Aldene ' as his earliest recorded ancestor would of course be greatly increased. It is worth noting that in eight of his manors ' Aldene ' had been preceded by an Englishman styled in different entries Ulchel, Ulchet, and Ulchete. Eight manors, Normanton upon Trent, Elkesley, Clarborough, Ordsall, Chilwell, Trowell, Gonalston, and Misson, were held by a certain Ernui, sometimes, but it seems indifferently, styled ' presbiter ' in an interlinea- tion.2 Unlike Aldene, he had held land in this shire before the Conquest, and he appears prominently in the Domesday account of Lincoln, where he held a messuage which had belonged to Earl Morcar. He also held ij bovates in Flintham of Roger de Busli.3 It is curious that at some period after 1070 the county had possessed a sheriff of this name, for an Earnwi or Earnwig is addressed as such in two of the Conqueror's writs relating to Nottinghamshire affairs.* A third thegn, holding a smaller but more compact estate, was the ' Sawin ' who possessed part of Gotham, Kingston and Barton in Fabis with the whole of Ratcliffe upon Soar. It will be evident that the subtraction of these three estates from the total possessions of the king's thegns in Nottinghamshire will materially reduce the number of the . i, 282. ' For a notice of Ernui the priest see V. C. H. Lanes. \, 275. * Man. Angl. iii, 20. 4 Writs, in Anglo-Saxon, in the Eynsham Chartulary, shortly to be published by the Oxford Hist. Soc. 234 \ <. DOMESDAY SURVEY latter who were independent landholders, and will to that extent invali- date the conclusions which Professor Freeman based upon their presence in our county. The professor made the presence or absence of king's thegns the test by which to determine whether a county had submitted peaceably or the reverse to the Conqueror, and he argued that the presence of the class in such considerable numbers in Nottinghamshire showed that the king's favour had been bought by an early submission on the part of the shire to his rule.1 But apart from the question of mere numbers it has been shown in other volumes of this series that the king's thegns were considered to be of inferior status to the tenants in chief by military service, and even in this county the number of Englishmen holding land in 1086 bears a very small proportion to the great crowd of the disinherited.3 The position of the borough of Nottingham in the survey deserves notice, for it reflects one of the most important facts in the history of the shire. Until the reign of Elizabeth Nottinghamshire was united with Derbyshire under one sheriff, and from a chance reference in the Domesday account of Derby borough to ' the witness of the two shire courts ' we know that this arrangement must already have prevailed in 1086.* The association of the counties is implied in the order in which their surveys are entered in Domesday, for the account of Derbyshire comes first, followed on folio 280 by the descriptions of Nottingham and Derby, to each of which a column is assigned ; the next folio, which is devoted to certain customs relating to the two counties jointly, being succeeded by the survey of Nottinghamshire. It is rather important to follow carefully the structure of the account which is given of Nottingham itself. First comes the description of the borough as it stood in the Confessor's time, with special reference to its agricultural condition, and to the king's fiscal rights there. Next we have an account of some changes which took place in the borough between the Conquest and 1086, and then comes the usual description of the state of things existing at the date of the survey, with a specification of those who held houses in the borough. This is followed by the account of a small agricultural estate which the king possessed in Nottingham, and then in reality begins the statement of general customs with which the reverse of the folio is occupied. Like the great majority of English boroughs Nottingham was ' farmed ' or set to rent as a single whole, and as generally was the case its 'ferm' had been largely increased by the Conqueror.* In King 1 Norman Conquest, iv, 197. 1 This point has been considered in the V. C. H. Northants, \, 294 ; and Derb. i, 307. * On this ground Mr. Round has suggested (Geoffrey de Mandeviilt, 193) that the Ferrers earldom consisted of the joint shrievalty of Notts, and Derby, and that this was the reason why Nottingham never became a separate earldom before Richard II conferred the title on Thomas Mowbray. If we can trust the copy given in the Mart, (vi, 97) the connexion of the two counties is proved by the foundation charter of Bredon Priory, Leicestershire, where Earl Robert de Ferrers appears as ' Robertas comes de Notingham.' 4 On the payments made by boroughs in 1086 see Mr. Round's paper on Domesday finance in Domesday Studies. 235 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Edward's time it had paid £18, but in 1086 it is found debited with £30, and an additional payment of £10 from tne mint. The 'ferm' of Derby had likewise been brought up to £30 from £24, while that of Lincoln and Leicester had stood at the former amount before the Con- quest, but had been much increased. The pre-Conquest ' ferm ' of Nottingham most probably included the proceeds of the mint, for follow- ing the rent of the borough lands we read of a payment of £2 ' from two moneyers.' This statement is interesting, for in the twelfth-century pipe rolls we find that when one of the moneyers of a borough ceased to work, a remission of £i was made from the 'ferm' of the borough on this account, and the above passage carries this allowance of £1 to a moneyer beyond the Conquest. Moreover the increase in the render of the mint from £2 to £10 may fairly be taken to imply that a corres- ponding increase in the trade of the borough had taken place since 1066. The mint at Lincoln, however, rendered £75, and a proportionately greater number of actual coins struck there have come down to us. But in addition to its ' ferm ' a borough was usually assessed to the geld in the same fashion as a rural manor, its assessment being repar- titioned among the burgesses. The case of Nottingham is not quite simple. To begin with, the amount of geld cast upon the borough is very small, being only 6 carucates ; it was only 1 2 carucates at Derby, the case of which is parallel in several points with that of Nottingham.1 Then the wording of the survey deserves attention : ' To this borough there belong six carucates of land (assessed) to the king's geld, and one meadow and underwood 6 furlongs in length and 5 in breadth. This land was divided among 38 burgesses, and from the rent of the land and the works of the burgesses rendered 75 shillings and sevenpence.' Now this entry does not read like a statement of assessment of the borough as a whole, but has rather the form of a description of an agricultural estate ' belonging ' indeed to the borough, but held in fact by only a relatively small number of its burgesses. As the total number of the latter had been 173 we see clearly enough the presence of a landholding class within the urban community, and we seem entitled to ask the question whether the fiscal responsibility of the borough had not been borne in practice by those burgesses only who possessed a share in the borough lands, especially in view of the reappearance of a precisely similar phenomenon at Derby. For the gulf is wide between the assessment of Nottingham and Derby at 6 and 12 carucates, and that of Cambridge at 100 hides, of Bedford and Huntingdon at 50 each, and (to return to the Danelaw) of Stamford at 150 carucates. Lastly, later in the same column, there occurs an entry which, to all appearance, relates to the geldable land of the borough — ' Burgenses habent vi carucatas terra ad arandum et xx bordarios et xiii carucas.' Here, then, we see the above 6 fiscal carucates represented by an equal number of field carucates actually cultivated by the burgesses and their dependents. 1 V. C. H. Derb. \, 308. 236 DOMESDAY SURVEY The account of the borough land of Nottingham opens up another interesting subject. One of these 6 carucates had been held by Earl Tostig ' of the soke of whose land the king had two pennies and the earl himself the third.' This entry has a definite bearing on the difficult question of the earldom to which Nottinghamshire had belonged in the time of Edward the Confessor. Professor Freeman, who had noticed this passage, remarked that Tostig ' is not distinctly spoken of as earl of the shire.'1 This no doubt is true, but when an earl is found in possession of the third penny of land in a county town the fact affords a reasonable presumption that he was the earl of the shire to which the town belonged. Tostig's possession of Bothamsall, an im- portant manor with much sokeland appurtenant, is also suggestive ; such estates were not very common in Nottinghamshire, and the Con- queror's retention of it in his own hand agrees well with the plan, which we know him to have followed in other counties, of keeping for himself the forfeited estates of the local earl. At any rate Earl Tostig's land in Nottingham is of importance in another connexion. At some uncertain date before 1086, Hugh fitz Baldric was sheriff of this shire,2 and he established thirteen houses on the land in question, although the population had fallen from 173 to 136. An interlineation describes these houses as in novo burgo, a phrase which gives us our first evidence for the existence of the ' French borough ' in Nottingham. Similar ' new boroughs' had been founded in other towns, as at Exeter and Northampton.3 The peculiarity of the Nottingham case is that it accidentally affected our legal phraseology. The ' old borough ' of Nottingham, so early as the beginning of the reign of Henry I, had come to be described in contradistinction to the new borough as the Anglicus burgus^ and in it the old English customs as to the inheritance of land continued to prevail. In particular, that form of succession according to which the youngest son succeeded to his father's land was found there, and there seems to be no deeper reason for the name, Borough English, which ever since the twelfth century has attached to this kind of tenure. Although five Nottinghamshire tenants in chief held houses in the county town, we do not see any of that attribution of town houses to country manors which was such a prominent feature of the survey of Leicester. There is, therefore, no direct evidence in favour of the ' garrison theory ' of the borough to be gathered from Nottingham.* On the other hand the survey of Nottingham contains one very characteristic feature in the domus equitum, which appear in two entries. The word eques is very rare in Domesday, and it seems as if it can have had no other Anglo-Saxon equivalent but cnibt, a word which, by the eleventh 1 Norman Conquest, ii, 580. * He figures as sheriff (of Yorkshire) before 1069 in the foundation legend of Selby Abbey. Freeman, Norman Conquest, iv, 794. ' V. C. H. Northants, i, 276. * See the section on ' the Borough ' in Domesday Book and Beyond, where particular reference is made to Nottingham in 1200. 237 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE century at any rate, was undergoing a military specialization. When, therefore, we read that ' Ralf de Burun has twelve knights' houses, in one of which a merchant dwells,' we may be disposed to see a concrete instance of the process, as a result of which, in Professor Maitland's phrase, ' houses which should have been occupied by knights were occu- pied by chapmen.'1 Twenty-five knights' houses are recorded, twelve of which belonged to William Peverel, who, we may remark, had been at least formerly in charge of Nottingham Castle, and thirteen, as we have seen, to Ralf de Burun. The one church which Domesday records in Nottingham was hand- somely endowed. It possessed three ' messuages ' (mansiones) and 5 bovates of borough land ' with sac and soc,' as well as 5 j acres, over which the king exercised these rights, which also belonged to him in relation to sixty-five houses situated ' in the priest's croft,' the total value of all these possessions being £5 yearly. The foundation charter of Lenton Priory carries the history of this church a stage further, for William Peverel gives to his monks 'the church of St. Mary, of the English borough of Nottingham, with all its appurtenances, by the grant of (his) lord King Henry. >s These last words are explained by the statement in Domesday that the church was situated in the king's demesne, and we may safely identify it as the Norman predecessor of the present church of St. Mary. Of more general interest is the statement that ' In Nottingham the water of Trent and the Foss way (fossa), and the road towards York were so guarded that if any one should hinder the passage of ships, or should plough or make a ditch within two perches of the king's way, he should pay a fine (emendare] of £8.' Nottingham stood in later times at the head of the navigation of the Trent, and the commercial importance of the river is illustrated by the permission which Henry I gave to Alex- ander, bishop of Lincoln, of making a bridge over the Trent at his castle of Newark, ' so that it may not hurt my city of Lincoln nor my borough of Nottingham,'3 and also by the clause in Henry II's charter to the burgesses of Nottingham, granting them rights of toll over all people passing along the Trent from Thrumpton to Newark.4 The Lincolnshire Domesday shows us other than mercantile travellers passing down the river, for it was the duty of the men of Torksey to conduct the king's messengers in their boats from the latter place to York.6 Much of the trade of Nottingham was no doubt due to its situation at the point where the Trent at or near its navigable limit was crossed by one of the great highways running from north to south, the via versus Eboracum of Domesday. There seem to have been two main ' through routes ' from London to York, both of which intersected Nottinghamshire. The one 1 Domes Jay Book and Beyond, 1 96. * Man. Angl. v, in. In 1538 the value of the tithes accruing to the priory from Nottingham amounted to £3 5 1 8/. 8 j \ S \ A \ i j i i Sr-^ /- V.- j \ i 1 i W \ x-' V r* *' D E R NOTES TO DOMESDAY MAP (Compiled by F. M. STENTON, B.A.) 4_A_ IN this map those manors in which the king had an interest have a red line under them ; those in which the greatest ecclesiastical tenant, the Archbishop of York held land, are distinguished by a blue line (broken), and V •a Z 1 ^"2 '£ c S c at U 0 V -o ,c c 1 C4 -o _5 2 "5 c § bo 1) Ifi 3 1) S E 0 ID "S U O. •4-1 O 2; boundaries of the Wapentakes. The rubri- c D "E. 5 u | en V 5 1 respect throughout the county, and is occa- sionally inaccurate ; while the great estates of the Archbishop of York interrupted the continuity of the northern Wapentakes, and by preserving their own unity as a ' Liberty ' distinct from the shire organisation, they render it impossible to reconstruct the Domesday Wapentakes from later evidence. 3' -3 to V a Q 1 g i 0 1 u •r. the Wapentakes were so disposed that their boundaries in every case extended for some V -C a 5 H a 0 "3 '"'" ""'O I...!' 'Mltftfr;''/, 'Fox Wood V. SCALE OF FEET too too WOODBOROUGH CAMP At present the remains are somewhat oval in form. The strongest position, approaching a square, has three sides of a vallum and fosse ; but on the eastern side they begin to curve outwards into an- other court, which possibly provided a well-defended entrance into this innermost area. On the north is an- other court with the fosse remaining on the north and west sides ; at the north- east the defence changes into a vallum which ap- parently, by the progress of its line, joined the northern entrenchments of the inner court ; but the eastern side is lost. From the middle of the northern side a strong vallum, embracing all the inner works, passes around the western and southern sides, at the extremity of which latter it is destroyed ; this entrenchment is probably older than the interior works. At the middle- north point is an entrance, difficult of access ; the agger is here incurved, while another rampart, taking the same curve outwardly, forms a sunken approach, which for iBoft. — even in its mutilated state — could be covered by a cross- fire from both sides. On the western side the intervening ground between the inner fosse and outer vallum widens into a broad platform. The position of this stronghold is the centre of many surrounding camps, and communication could easily be made with those at Lambley on the south ; Lowdham and Thurgarton on the east ; Epperstone and Oxton on the north ; and the two in the parish of Arnold on the west. RECTANGULAR CAMPS, ETC. [CLASS C] ARNOLD. — Nearly 2 miles north of Arnold, and 5 miles north of Nottingham, is the site of a camp on Hollinwood Hill alias Cockpit Hill, on a point 521 ft. above sea-level. This camp dominates the ancient road from Nottingham to Bawtry and the north, which passes this elevated site three-quarters of a mile to the west. It is a point where the roads, or ridgeways, and three parishes meet, viz., those of Arnold, Calverton, and Woodborough. 299 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Major Rooke thus speaks of the camp : ' These works appear to have continued east- ward beyond the hedge into an enclosed field, where there is hardly any trace of the ditch ; an old native remembered it extending a long way in that direction. It has had a double ditch and vallum ; but the plough has destroyed a great part of it.' l The portion then re- maining showed a rectangular plan 1,251 ft. long and 720 ft. CASTLE HILL, CAR COLSTON 300 HILL, ARNOLD. wide, its long axis lying due north- east by south-west. Beyond the sur- rounding vallum and fosse, on the south-east side, was a platform and the remains of an outer vallum and fosse. Two entrances were visible, almost opposite each other, one in each of the long sides. Near the north-western works, and presum- ably about the cen- tre of the original length, was an en- closure 5 1 ft. square. Several Roman coins have been found here. CAR COLSTON. —On Castle Hill, ij miles north of Bingham, is a large 1 Arch, x, 378. ANCIENT EARTHWORKS camp through which runs the great Fosse Way towards Newark ; this being the boundary between two parishes, part of the camp is in Car Colston and part in East Bridgford. It is an irregular camp with a single vallum, depending to a slight extent on the natural slope, which is steepest on the south and south-east, decreasing as it proceeds northwards. On the north-west side of the Fosse Way the northern defences are said to have been in two tiers, this being the most accessible side for an enemy approaching from the direction of Newark. The inner defence curved round the north and turned into the central area, forming a defended entrance to the interior. The whole of the western defence has been obliterated by the plough. Just beyond the fort to the west is a spring of water. Many Roman coins and fragments of pottery have been found within the circumvallation, and it is generally supposed to have been the site of the Roman station of Margidunum. DARLTON : CAMP AT KINGSHAUGH. — Two and a half miles north-east of Tuxford is a system of earthworks embracing an area of about 7 acres. The northern boundary is a small stream flowing eastward towards the River Trent, about three miles distant. The inner work is a broad ditch which originally appears to have enclosed an ir- regular circle, the extant half being on the east. On the same side is an outer vallum and ditch, the latter broadening and again narrowing towards the entrance, the widest part con- taining a mound for the additional defence of the narrow passage by which access was gained to the interior. In mediaeval times these defences were adapted to the old Kingshaugh House, which formed part of the manor of Dunham. EAST BRIDGFORD. — Part of the camp mentioned under Car Colston is in this parish. EPPERSTONE. — In Epperstone Park, 6 miles north-east from Nottingham, on ' Solly Hill,' Mr. Dickinson mentions the presence of a Roman camp ' very little obliterated.' l It is also noticed by Dr. Gale, who considered it to be the Causennae of the Itinerary. A number of Roman coins were found here in 1776. 1 Exploratory Observations, p. 17. . 301 6CALC OF FEET O IOO 200 30O KINGSHAUGH CAMP, DARLTON. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE HARWORTH. — In the extreme north-west of the county, at Martin, about a mile north-north-west of Bawtry, where the ancient road provides the only thoroughfare out of Nottinghamshire in the direction of Doncaster, is a square camp with double vallum and fosse, which is thus described by Mr. W. Peck, writing in 1815: * This camp is now covered with trees and underwood, which have contributed to preserve it to the present time ; the ditches are nearly grown up, though they evidently have been deep. This place most probably was a station to defend the Roman road that passed near to it : several smaller stations are adjoining ; but of late years the ditches have been filled up. A little to the north-east are traces of a Roman pottery, many broken vessels of various forms are now found, several pieces I have seen are made of blue clay and slightly baked. At the time of the enclosure of the adjoining parish of Austerfield several curious remains of arms were found near the site of the great camp, such as parts of swords and heads of battle-axes.' l Francis White, writing in 1864, says : 'Here is the site of a Roman station where, in 1828, three silver coins of Antonius, Adrianus, and Faustina were found, together with part of a Roman vase, and numerous pieces of Roman pottery. The form of the fort or station may still be distinctly traced, and even when the field is covered with full-grown wheat an octagon figure is slightly perceptible, from the stems being shorter on the site of the building than in other places.' s We give this quotation as a contribution to the state of the camp at that date ; but it is of questionable assistance : the writer's conception of an earthwork was his own, and the 'octagon figure' can only be explained by the two four- sided ramparts. The outer vallum was 215 ft. on either side, with rounded corners, and the inner defence, leaving a court 50 ft. wide between the two entrenchments, had its two opposite angles at the north-west and south-east considerably rounded. HAWTON. — In this parish immediately south-west of Newark is ' Sconce Hill,' the largest earthwork of the Civil War in the county. It was the work of the royalist engineers and remains in a well-preserved condition. This mound, called the ' Queen's Sconce,' is rectangular in form with projecting bastions at the angles, capped with an earthen breastwork, the centre being depressed. It is surrounded by a deep moat and artificially escarped ground stretches away a considerable distance. It formed the north-west end of the defensive earthworks that consti- tuted a cincture round the town of Newark, the north-east termination having a similar work on a smaller scale, of which some remains may be seen. They each occupied the south-east or right bank of the river. A view of the entire works is furnished in Dickinson's History of NeivarA. A plan is given in the Guide to Newark by T. M. Blagg, F.S.A., who also refers to a somewhat similar earthwork on the east bank of the river which was raised by Cromwell's army. KIRKBY IN ASHFIELD : CASTLE HILL CAMP. — This village lies 5^ miles south-west from Mansfield ; and although the name would appear to demand its classification under B, the natural features of the site do not justify so doing. 1 Tofog. Account of the Isle of Axholme, p. 6. * Hiit. ett. of the County o/Notti. p. 680. 302 kirkby in Ash fie Id N. SCALE or recr too *oo soo CASTLE HILL CAMP, KIRKBY IN ASHFIELD. ANCIENT EARTHWORKS The camp immediately south of the church is a small rectangular area surrounded by a vallum, with the remains of a fosse on the southern side. At the south-west angle the entrance is guarded by a projecting platform at the extremity of the western agger, which counterbalances the rampart and ditch on the other side of the entry. Another entrance is at the north-west angle, between two ramparts ; and within the area is an agger 60 ft. long lying parallel to the east boundary. Due east of this camp, 220 ft. distant, are the remains of a work, pear-shaped in plan, consisting of a vallum which possibly joined the south-east angle of the camp. LITTLEBOROUGH. — Traces of a fosse are perceptible, in- dicating probably part of the original defences of this Roman station of Segclocum. NEWARK. — In the valley of the Trent, on the Fosse Way from Leicester to Lincoln, was a strong military post to control both land and water communi- cation. That it was a very ancient stronghold is seen in the Roman remains discovered. OXTON : CAMP AT LONELY GRANGE. — About half a mile east of the Oxton camp called Oldox is a field named ' Lonely Grange,' in which, situated on the side of a hill within 200 yds. of the top, was an elongated rectangular camp. In 1790 Major Rooke 1 de- scribed the rampart and fosse on the north-east and north-west sides as plainly distinguished ; but with very y,,t slight traces on the other two sides. '''%•', * The length of the long axis was '&. 942 ft., the short one 201 ft. Its f ''%>. high position provided an extensive '**$//,,, view, whence signals could be seen from other camps. The site of this camp may now be recognized as ' Grangefield Farm,' \\ miles north-east from ^ Oxton and 3^ miles west of Southwell. 1 1 • SCAFTWORTH. — Until recently an earthwork similar to that at Martin, in the parish of Harworth, was situated about half a mile to the east of Bawtry ; it is figured in some of the old county maps.8 1 Arch, r, 349. ' County Map in Pigot's Directory, 1841. W. Peck, A Topographical History of Bawtry. 3°3 CAMP AT LONELY GRANGE, OXTON. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE During the enclosure of the common several specimens of Roman antiquities were found. This discovery seems to confirm the opinion that the vestiges of some fortifica- tions near the village are the remains of a Roman fort or station, through which passed the Roman road between Doncaster and Littleborough.1 SOUTHWELL : CAMP ON BURGAGE HILL. — On a hill to the north-east of the River Greet and north of the town of Southwell was an oval camp, the plan of which is figured in Dickinson's History of Southwell, published in 1 80 1. The site was then largely built upon and in $» part enclosed. It is a f7 ft >,-2J *'% tl £?/ ^ CAMP ON BURGAGB HILL, SOUTHWELL. matter for regret that, as in the parallel case of the Hexgreve Camp, he gave no measurements. The site was inter- sected by two roads, A, the route to Hockerton on the north and a minor branch connecting it with another road in the bottom of the fosse. At B the fosse has been utilized as a public road, which mutilated the line of SCALE or rccr M .•> -S Park ftnneiley ^' CASTLE HILL, ANNESLEY. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE archbishop of Canterbury, but the and are probably the remains of a SCALE OF FEET IOO 20O 30O SKETCH SECTION earthworks date from an earlier period late Norman stronghold. Two rectangular courts on the south-east are slightly raised and appear to be surrounded by fosses, in a large measure filled up. The moat proper to the mount is still well sup- plied with water on the south and west. EGMANTON. — Near the Great North Road i J miles south of Tux- ford stood one of the best examples of the mount and bailey type of defences in the EARTHWORKS AT ASLOCKTON. county, still striking attention by the altitude of the mount. This artificial mount, called ' Gaddick Hill,' is 460 ft. in circumference at the base and 198 ft. at the top, with an escarpment of 50 ft. slope at its highest ; but it has been mutilated by the local games upon it on every recurring Shrove Tuesday. The terrace on the south-east of the summit may be the result of modern vandalism, but is more likely an original feature, pro- viding a landing place for the draw- ladder by which the keep was approached. In the construction of the farm house and yard a large portion of the vallum and fosse of the bailey has been destroyed. This was provided with an entrance in the middle of the arc, and from the extant fragments it appears to have been of some strength. LAXTON, formerly Lexington. — Half a mile north of Laxton and 2 \ miles south-west of Tuxford is the largest and best preserved work of this class in the county ; it is situated fully a mile south-west of the last-mentioned fortification in Egmanton, and stands on higher ground than its neighbour. 306 Church \\ farm Buildings \ i < SCALEOFFEET'109 IOO too 300 GADDICC HILL, EGMANTON. ANCIENT EARTHWORKS The great mount, with its fosse nearly perfect, has a stage or terrace on its upper part ; the cap surmounting it appears like a tumulus on the mound proper. At the base it is 816 ft. in circumference, and 426 ft. at the top of an escarpment of 71 ft. ; this is sur- mounted by a ditch •^'•'•Vvlll '/''/ ''''*'•• and ring of earth --/S\^ '%'-:'-• \\ and the small mount, which latter is 147 ft. in cir- cumference at the base and 8 ft. per- // ||%| SCALE OF FEET pendicular height. \~^ II % ° '°° *°° 30° The fosse around the great mount branches off on the east into a sunk road passing into the bailey, and on the same side a pro- jecting platform = = protects this June- ^& tion ; on the west H : side also is a frag- \\ ment of a similar §| defence. ^^ On the south access to the mount Was gained from LAXTON CASTLB. the inner court, which occupies this side, and is rectangular with an exceedingly strong vallum and fosse on the south, the rampart being strengthened by rough stone walling. At either end of this defence was an entrance ; that on the east into an outer court, that on the west to the exterior of the fortress ; the latter, needing greater protection, has the western fosse around a circular platform, by which the approach is well covered. The works on the east of the court have been mutilated, but appear to have been arranged to command the entrance to the sunk road into the fosse and the entrances to the bailey. The outer and larger court encloses a considerable area. The vallum and fosse are fairly perfect on the eastern side ; on the west the vallum has been levelled and the fosse partly choked with earth ; evidence of an oblique entrance is at the middle of this side defended by overlapping entrenchments. On the south portions of the rampart remain, but the works were originally far more extensive on this side ; a paved causeway leads to an ancient well, and yet further south a small circular mount and ditch may be traced. On the high land a few yards east of these works is a small circular mount ; it is well defined and girt round with a shallow ditch. On the north of these ancient defences the ground falls rapidly, the mount standing on the brow of the hill. 3°7 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE NOTTINGHAM. — The castle of Nottingham has been included in Class A on account of its natural position and the deep fosse which cuts off a rocky promontory, otherwise it would have been recorded in this section, as in mediaeval days its main features were those of a mount and bailey stronghold. HOMESTEAD MOATS [CLASS F] These earthworks occur in considerable numbers throughout the length and breadth of the county. In nearly every case they appear to be rect- angular in form, and composed of raised areas with a fosse or ditch strengthened by water. They appear to mark the original sites of the lords' residences in their agricultural centres. In some instances, as at Hodsock, etc., they are still occupied, the moats being spanned by bridges and defended by gate-houses ; in others, as at Wiverton and Colwick, they were abandoned centuries ago, and the manor houses or halls rebuilt on the open land adjoining. In other instances, as at Clifton near Nottingham, and Holme Pierrepont, the line of the earthworks has been destroyed, the manor houses or halls and the adjacent churches remaining as their record ; or, as at Whatton, Norwell, and Weston, they remain as landmarks in the grass fields adjoining the churches. They constitute a subject upon which careful study would meet with ample reward. At Stanton on the Wolds, situate in an ancient territory called Seggeswold, from which Sixhills, of old Seggeshill, in the neighbouring county of Leicester, drew its name, the area enclosed is about four acres. An enclosure at Gams- ton, on the right bank of the River Idle, is equally large. An enclosure suggestive of ancient origin occurs at Wilford, near Nottingham, in which the village itself is situate, the centre of its river bank being the site of the ancient ford, opposite to which on the Nottingham side a pre-historic dwelling site or settlement was found when sinking the shaft of the Clifton Colliery. A fine enclosure occurs on the right bank of the River Ryton at Scrooby, in which the old archbishops of York had one of their Nottingham palaces.1 Leland describes it as ' The great manor place standing within a moat, longing to the archbishops of York.' It had a bridge and a gate-house, and was walled round in the middle ages. The fosse is silted up, and the rough area is a pasture field containing a farmstead. At Rolleston, near Southwell, are extensive moated areas, occupied down to the seventeenth century by the Neville family, now a pasture field near the church. At Sibthorpe, near the Fosse Way, there is a considerable area enclosed by a moat, now forming a swampy depression. At Coddington, two miles east of Newark, in a slight depression on the Beacon Hill, is a well-preserved moated site ; two of its four sides are somewhat elongated. At Granby, or Sutton, hard by, in the vale of Belvoir, a great manor temp, Edward the Confessor, a moated site remains, the interior of which is 1 Bygone Notts, p. 248. 308 ANCIENT EARTHWORKS uneven in its surface, two of the four corners being raised into small mounds, one of which until lately was occupied by a windmill ; this was the caput or chief residence of the Norman d'Eyncourts. At Norwell Woodhouse and at Belle Vue Park near Kirklington, and about a mile west of Egmanton church and mound, are moated sites occupied by farmsteads. The Fosse Way in passing through the county forms with slight exception a clear manorial line ; the village sites, a number of them with their moated manors, are set back as agricultural centres from the road, on an average of a mile or more, clearly with the view of cultivation being conducted round them. AVERH AM. — Two miles west of Newark, on the west of St. Michael's church. BECKINGHAM. — On the eastern boundary of the county and the west of the River Trent, west of Gainsborough, is a moat surrounding an area called « Dog Island.' BILSTHORPE. — Five miles north-west from Southwell. BURTON JOYCE. — Five miles north-east by east from Nottingham, on the north bank of the Trent, is the Eertune of the Domesday Survey. In the time of Henry II it belonged to the family of Joez, from whom it derived the adjunct to its name. A moat remains at Burton Lodge. CAR COLSTON. — Nine miles south-west by south from Newark the re- mains of a moat lie to the south-east of Car Colston Manor House, CARLTON ON TRENT. — Six and three-quarter miles north from Newark. A moat lies f of a mile south-west of the village. CAUNTON. — Five and a half miles north-west by north from Newark. A moat is on Earlshaw Hall Farm, south-west of the village. CLIFTON. — Four and a half miles south-west from Nottingham ; now destroyed. CODDINGTON. — Two and a quarter miles east by north from Newark, and north of Coddington Windmill, is a moat with two of its sides elongated. COLWICK. — Two and a half miles east of Nottingham. CUCKNEY or NoRTON-CucKNEY. — Five and a half miles south-south-west from Worksop. DARLTON. — Three and a quarter miles north-east by east from Tuxford is a moat on the site of Kingshaugh Hall. GAMSTON. — South of East Retford, on the River Idle ; area enclosed is about 4 acres. GONALSTON. — Four and three-quarter miles south-south-west from Southwell. GOTHAM. — Seven and a half miles south-south-west from Nottingham. ' Rushcliffe Moat ' Water House, to the north of Crow Wood Hill, near the boundary of the parishes of Gotham and West Leake. GRANBY. — Four miles south-east from Bingham is the moated site of a manor of the time of Edward the Confessor. At two of the angles are mounds. GREASLEY. — Seven miles north-west from Nottingham. Beauvale Priory to the west of Callis Hagg. HODSOCK. — Two miles south-west from Blyth. The site is still occupied. HOLME PIERREPONT. — South-east of Nottingham. The moat is now destroyed. 309 \- -> A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE KINOULTON. — Nine miles south-east from Nottingham. A moat is near the boundary of this parish and that of Hickling, to the south-west of Kemps Spinney. The Fosse Way forms the western boundary of the parish. KIRKLINGTON. — Three and a half miles north-west from Southwell. The site is occupied by a farmstead. LINDHURST. — Three miles south-east from Mansfield is a moat to the west of Friar Tuck's Well, where Rainworth Water divides Mansfield and Lindhurst parishes. LOWDHAM. — Seven and three-quarter miles north-east from Nottingham is an old manor house — now a farm — where the defences of an earlier fortified house may be traced. NORWELL. — Six miles north by west from Newark. One moat is to the south-east of the village, near the Hall and St. Lawrence's church ; and another close to the Black Horse Inn. NORWELL WOODHOUSE. — Seven miles north-north-west from Newark. A moat is to the south of the township. OWTHORPE. — Eight and a half miles south-east by east from Notting- ham, at Nanney's Plantation. The Fosse Way bounds the parish on the west. ROLLESTON. — Two and a half miles south-east from Southwell are a moat and fragments of earthworks. SCROOBY. — One and three quarter miles south of Bawtry. On the right bank of the Ry- ton is the site of an archie- piscopal manor of the prelates of York. SlBTHORPE. — Nearly 7 miles south- south-west from Newark. A moat 620 ft. long runs in a line north to south on the east side of the manor house, with a branch at right angles 1 60 ft. in length. A number of small dykes are in the neigh- bourhood of the Dovecote south- east of the church. To the south-east of the park two quadrangular areas about 1 20 ft. square are surrounded by a moat, which extends to the north, and appears to have originally surrounded a third and larger area. 310 SlBTHORPE. ANCIENT EARTHWORKS STANTON ON THE WOLDS. — Seven and a half miles south-east from Nottingham. The moat encloses 4 acres. STRELLEY. — Four and a half miles west-north-west from Nottingham. In the park of Strelley Hall is an extensive area surrounded by a moat. WEST LEAKE. — Three miles east from Kegworth, to the south and east of Pithouse Lane. WESTON. — Three miles south-east from Tuxford. A moat is in the Hall Yard. WHATTON. — Two and three-quarter miles east from Bingham. A moat is to the west of the village, just above Whatton Bridge. WIVERTON HALL. — Two miles south of Bingham. The moat of Wiverton Hall is on the west side of the River Smite, and south-east of Wiverton Farm. WORKSOP. — Two miles north of Worksop is the moat of Gateford Hall. MANORIAL STRONGHOLD [CLASS G] GREASLEY. — Seven miles north-west from Nottingham are the ruins of Greasley Castle, built amid earthen defences. A length of vallum on the A. Modern House B. Castle Walls C. Banks cut through ^.Traces of former Watercourse GREASLEY CASTLE. 3" A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE south of the building, a fosse at right angles, and two other ramparts appar- ently formed the boundaries of two courts. South-west of the castle is a long length of rampart ; at the west end it returns north for a distance of 300 ft., and at its eastern extremity is a similar return, the angle thus formed is moated and contains a series of parallel hollows. This was no doubt the manorial fish stew, and though high and dry on the sloping hill-side there is evidence that water once flowed from this spring-fed stew-pond. The rampart of earth south-east is high enough to have held back the water to fill the four stews, though the base of them is 5 ft. higher than that of the moat. UNCLASSIFIED EARTHWORKS [CLASS X] ANNESLEY. — Fragments of earthworks remain on the west and south-west of Annesley Hall, near the Derby and Mansfield road. ARNOLD. — Indications of entrenchments are visible to the north-east of the village. They run north and south, between Killisick Lane and Spout Lane. BARTON IN FABIS. — Brent's, or Brand's Hill, 4 miles south-west of Nottingham, is above a small tributary of the Trent, and about half a mile south of the latter. Upon the side of this hill are certain lines of entrench- ments, of which Camden says : ' On the side of the hill there appeared to be terraces like waves, or ploughed lands, one above another, in number fourteen or fifteen, and about a mile long. The works cross from the bottom of the hill.' These lines of entrenchment run north-east and south-west in an almost straight line, curving slightly with the hill on the south-western extremity. Seven lines only are now well defined, the lowest extending barely half the whole distance, and the uppermost has been destroyed with the exception of 550 ft. They are possibly examples of prehistoric terrace ploughing. BESTWOOD PARK. — Remains of some earthworks are observable to the south of Bestwood Park, ij miles north-west of Arnold. BLYTH. — An entrenchment is on the west side of Toad Holes Wood, not quite a mile to the north-west of the village. CAR COLSTON. — The remains of an entrenchment lie to the south-east of Car Colston Manor House. EGMANTON. — To the north of the great works at Laxton, in the valley beneath the mount and bailey, is a quadrangular moat and -portion of an outer fosse, surrounding three depressions, which it has been suggested were for water storage or fish ponds, possibly of mediaeval date. EVERTON. — Three miles south-east from Bawtry are some vestiges of fortifications which have been supposed to be Roman from their proximity to the ancient road and the discovery of some Roman coins. GAMSTON. — Four miles north of Tuxford are indications of some earth- works to the south-west of the rectory. HARWORTH. — A so-called ' Roman bank ' forms the. east boundary of Serlby Park. 313 ANCIENT EARTHWORKS KNEETON. — The remains of an entrenchment lie to the west of the village. The Fosse Way also passes the south-east boundary of the parish. LAXTON. — On the common are a series of mounds of low elevation, rising from two to two and a half feet from shallow ditches. They form a group of five, with indications of extending further towards the west ; while a similar bank occurs at a considerable distance to the south-east. Tradition is silent respecting these mounds, and so far no satisfactory explanation has been forthcoming. LOWDHAM. — Fragments of works remain to the west of the village. MARNHAM. — Indications of earthworks, probably flood banks, lie around Low Marnham. MISSON. — Remains of earthworks are on the east side of the village. MISTERTON. — Bykersdyke. In the extreme north-east of the county is an ancient dyke, rampart, or waterway, which, for over four miles, constitutes the boundary between Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire. Its object was to connect the River Trent with the Idle, which at this point was only about four miles distant to the west, and to make the site of Bawtry, on the Roman road from Lincoln to York, an inland port ; and as such it continued throughout the middle ages, and with varying fortunes until the introduction of railways. This dyke is alluded to in the Domesday Survey, and mentioned in a charter of John, earl of Mortain, about the year iiSg.1 At some date before the publication of Saxton's map in 1580 the dyke was duplicated through higher ground about a mile further south, and designated the 'New Bykersdyke.' The ancient dyke was straightened, and the county boundary modified by the draining operations of Cornelius Vermuiden, under a patent of Charles I, since which time it has lost its identity, and is replaced in its west part by the comparatively modern ' Tindale bank,' while at its eastern end the name has been altered to 'Heckdyke' or 'Hocdyke.' NOTTINGHAM. — Connecting the camp of the Old Borough of Notting- ham on the east and Nottingham Castle on the west, a strong vallum and fosse enclosed the intervening ground — the New Borough of Domesday — on its northern boundary, a distance of 1,690 ft. The eastern end was supported by the entrenchments at the north-east corner of the old town, and making a huge arc was supported on the west by the cliff at the northern extremity of the prehistoric enclosure. When the Great Central Railway track was made across this site in 1898 the fosse was found to have been hewn out of the solid rock ; it was over 30 ft. in width and 20 ft. in depth. RANSKILL. — A strong rampart and ditch, which is also in the parish of Scrooby, and described under that name. SCROOBY. — Between Blyth and Scrooby, in the north of the county, some three miles north of East Retford, is an important rampart and fosse, trending nearly south to north. It is nearly one and a half miles in length, and the fosse is used as a sunken road between the above villages. Its bank on the west side is enclosed in Serlby Park, to which it forms the manor boundary ; the east side is fairly evenly divided between the parishes of Scrooby and Ranskill ; the lands in the latter parish belonged to the Saxon 1 Records of the Borough of Nottingham, vol. i. i 3J3 40 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE archbishops of York. The vallum is locally called ' The Roman Bank,' and the fosse ' Roman Bank Lane ' and ' Long Bank Lane.' Its origin is unknown, though possibly it is referred to in the following : 'Matilda de Mules, 10 Ric. I, ought one mark for licence to make a ditch between the wood of Serleby and the fields.' l SOUTH CLIFTON. — Indications of earthworks lie to the west and south- west of the village. SOUTH MUSKHAM. — At Little Carlton, two miles north from Newark, and on the north side of the Trent, are the remains of an earthwork called ' The Mount ' ; it is described as ' an ancient place in the form of a cross, shaded by some ancient sycamore, mulberry, and walnut trees.' * WELLOW. — Gorge Dyke, possibly the eastern rampart and fosse of a rectangular village enclosure. WISETON. — Drakeholes lie to the north-west of Wiseton, where the road from Bawtry to Gainsborough meets the Chesterfield Canal. BARROWS AND TUMULI ASLOCKTON. — A tumulus is figured in the Ordnance map near Bingham, but it has the appearance of a military mound. Another mound has been destroyed here. BLIDWORTH. — Several tumuli are in the neighbourhood. Two of them on the brow of a hill measure respectively 728 ft. and 159 ft. in circum- ference. The latter was explored by Major Rooke, who describes it as 53 ft. in diameter, containing an urn made of iron filled with calcined bones and ashes ; also a large sword in a wooden scabbard broken in several pieces, two daggers, and fifteen glass beads — blue, yellow, and green. Two other tumuli are situated on the side of Blidworth Camp, both of which were opened by Major Rooke, who thus describes them: 'Close to the vallum are two tumuli, thirty-five yards asunder. The diameter of the most northern one was near eight yards, the more southern one being only seven yards. These two I opened to the depth of near six feet from the top and about one foot and a half from the level of the natural soil. Here I perceived a thin body of smooth clay near 9 ft. 5 in. in length and 2 ft. 4 in. in breadth ; on this lay ashes and burnt bones. On the edge of these clay beds the ashes were very black, owing, I imagine, to their not having been mixed with the burnt bones. At the end of one of these beds I found three teeth. There were no urns in these tumuli.' BLYTH. — In this parish are two tumuli ; one of them stands a con- spicuous object by the roadside two miles south-east of the village, from which point the ancient road from Nottingham to Bawtry and the north makes a detour westward. It was formerly known as 'Emmeslaw,' and was the site of the manor gallows, but is now called 'Blyth Law Hill.' The other is in the middle of the highway in Blyth, the road dividing at its base. It is a well-defined mound of easy gradient, upon which a fourteenth-century building is placed. It is certainly an unrecorded cemetery, and evidence of very early interments have been found in delving below the surface. 1 Thoroton, Hist. e/Nettt. 475. ' Ibid. 488. ANCIENT EARTHWORKS BOTHAMSALL. — Five miles south-south-west from Retford and one mile and a quarter east of the ancient road is Castle Hill, which is called a tumulus on the Ordnance map. GOTHAM. — At ' Court Hill,' a central spot on high land, is a well-defined tumulus called the Cuckoo Bush, surrounded by a shallow ditch. HAYWOOD OAK. — A large tumulus lies a quarter of a mile east of the village on the brow of a hill. NOTTINGHAM. — 'Deny Mount,' outside the northern fosse of the castle, where the General Hospital now stands, was levelled in 1777, when five skeletons and a dagger were found. Throsby mentions three or four barrows, in one of which a quantity of human bones were found at Nottingham Hill, about a mile from Nottingham.1 OXTON. — On the west side of the camp at Oxton is a tumulus thus noticed by Major Rooke : ' About one hundred yards west of this camp a hill rises in a conical shape ; the top appears to be a large tumulus, from whence there is a very extensive view over the forest towards Mansfield.' RANSKILL. — East of the village, extending to the River Idle, are several barrows, also a tumulus called 'Blakow Hill.' SOUTH COLLINGHAM. — ' Potter's Hill,' at a point where the Fosse Way leaves the county for Lincoln city, is said to be a tumulus ; it was probably connected with the Roman station of Crococalana. WILLOUGHBY ON THE WOLDS. — A tumulus called 'Crossbill,' by Stukeley, is close to the Red Cow Farm, to the east of the village. The following is a list of parishes in which earthworks exist, with the class to which they belong : — Classes Annesley EX Arnold C X Aslockton £ Averham F Barton in Fabis X Beckingham F Bestwood Park X Bilsthorpe F Blidworth B Blyth X Bothamsall D Bridgford, East, see East Bridgford Burton Joyce F Car Colston C F X Carlton on Trent F Caunton F Clifton F Coddington F Colwick F Cuckney F Darlton C F East Bridgford C East Retford B Egmanton E Epperstone C Everton X Farnsfield . A B Classes Gamston F X Gonalston F Gotham F Granby F Greasley F G Gringley on the Hill B Grove B Harworth C X Hawton C Hodsock F Holme Pierrepont F Kinoulton F Kirby in Ashfield C Kirklington F Kneeton X Lambley D Laxton EX Leake, West, see West Leake Lindhurst F Littleborough C Lowdham DFX Mansfield Woodhouse B Marnham X Misson X Misterton X Muskham, South, see South Muskham Newark C Throsby, Hist, of Notts. (1795), 16. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Classes Norwell F Norwell Woodhouse F Nottingham ABEX Owthorpe F Oxton B C Ranskill X Retford, East, see East Retford Rolleston F Scaftworth C Scrooby F X Sibthorpe F South Clifton X South Muskham . X Classes Southwell C Stanton on the Wolds F Strelley F Thurgarton B Wellow C X West Leake . Weston Whatton . . Wiseton Wiverton Hall F F F X F Woodborough B Worksop A F POLITICAL HISTORY IN the making of the counties of England, as part of the making of England itself, the effect of geographical and physical conditions can hardly be overestimated. On these depended the lines of the Roman roads marking the way for Saxon settlements, the grouping of the Saxon kingdoms, and the grouping of the counties within the kingdoms. The district which was to become Nottinghamshire, being traversed by the Trent, invited Roman and Saxon along its waterway as a passage north and south. As a further development this passage had to be guarded, and round a fortified centre the county originated. The reasons which thus brought the county into existence gave it in later days its strategical impor- tance, brought it actively into every insurrectionary movement of Scotland and the north of England, and made it of so much moment in the history of the Civil War. There is little or no definite evidence to mark the progress of the Angle tribes who by the end of the sixth century had settled in the country round the Trent. At their coming the Trent valley, in spite of Roman roads and settlements,1 was undoubtedly a wild tract of unreclaimed country hedged round by hills and stretches of forest. It was only along the Fosse road that they could slowly push on to the Trent and gradually people the territory which was to become Nottinghamshire, on their way to further conquests under the name of Middle English in Leicestershire and further west. Hence when, by a gradual series of annexations, the kingdom of Mercia had come into being by the end of the sixth century 2 Nottinghamshire evidently existed as a territorial district until the break-up of Mercia into shires under Edward the Elder in the ninth century.3 However, the earliest mention of the county is not until 1016, when, during the final struggle between Cnut and Edmund Ironside, Cnut marched north and harried Nottinghamshire.4 No further mention of the county comes until 1064 or 1065, when Earl Morkere, whom the thanes of Yorkshire and Northumberland had chosen to be their earl after they had renounced and outlawed Earl Tostig, went south to meet his brother Edwin with all the shire (i.e. Yorkshire), and with Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire, and Lincolnshire until he came to North- amptonshire.6 The first definite outline of the bounds of the county and of the wapentakes composing it, comes, of course, in the Domesday Survey, and 1 See section on ' Roman Remains,' for full account of the Roman occupation of the district. 1 Hen. of Hunt. Hist. Angl. (Rolls Ser.), 53. The original kingdom of Mercia evidently comprised quite a small part of the later kingdom. Probably it included only the greater part of Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire, with parts of Warwickshire and Leicestershire. See Chadwick, Studies in Angl.-Sax. Institutions, 215. 3 Stubbs, Const. Hi;t. \, 104-11. 4 The spurious charter purporting to be made by King Wulfhere of Mercia in 664 granting Colingham ' in Notinghamscira ' to the monastery of Peterborough is of necessity no proof that the shire existed so early. Rather the mention of the shire at that date is further evidence of the spuriousness of the charter. Kemble, Cod. Dipl. v, 4-8. 4 Angl.-Sax. Chrm. (Rolls Ser.), i, 331. 317 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE from that time, at least, possibly from the time of Edward the Elder, the general outline of the county has altered very little, and the wapentakes l have remained almost the same on their outer lines. They were then eight in number, Bassetlaw, Broxtow, Bingham, Thurgarton, Newark, Rushcliffe, ' Wardebec ' or ' Oswardebec ' (now with Rampton and Treswell forming the North Clay division of Bassetlaw) and ' Lide ' (now the north division of Thurgarton). The numbers remained the same until the seventeenth century, when John Speed, writing in about 1610, stated that 'for the taxe to the crown' Nottinghamshire was divided into eight wapentakes or hundreds.8 By 1719" however the number had dwindled to the present number, six, since Bassetlaw had absorbed the wapentake of Oswardebec, and Thurgarton that of Lide. Bassetlaw, on account of its size, is now divided into North Clay, South Clay, and Hatfield. It is inevitable that the early history and political importance of the county of Nottingham, as of so many others, must be gathered rather from the history of its chief town than from any direct evidence concerning the county in general. Evidently by the ninth century, if not before, the town of Nottingham had become of importance strategically. Although Roman soldiers had pushed their way along the banks of the Trent from Newark to the site of Nottingham, they came there either too late or too few in numbers to have left any lasting trace of their visit. Yet they had prepared the way for the Angle to find and utilize the natural fortification presented by the hill on which the castle of Nottingham was built in later days. During the eighth century, in the struggle for supremacy between the three great kingdoms, Nottingham must have often played a very important part for Mercia, since from its situation it formed both a point of contact with and a bulwark against the northern enemy. Again, at the end of the century, when under the consolidating rule of Offa Mercia was supreme, though her supremacy was unclaimed, the development of the town must have kept pace with the development of the kingdom. Hence it was that when the Danes under Hubba had struck at York and had defeated the two rival claimants of the Northumbrian crown, they turned in 868 to Nottingham and settled there for the winter in preparation for an attack on Mercia. Once there they could defy the united forces of Burhred of Mercia and Ethelred of Wessex,* and, although Mercia was probably saved from devastation by the refusal of the Danes to fight, it remained submissive under the terms of the forced peace. With Mercia submissive to the Northmen, Nottingham under the Peace of Wedmore became one of the chief centres of the Danish settlement in England, and one of the five boroughs. The reduction of the Danelaw and the regaining of the five boroughs was the work of Edward the Elder and his sister Ethelflaed, lady of the Mercians, and the conquest of Nottingham in 922 marked the climax of his successes. In the words of the chronicler ' he reduced the burgh and ordered it to be repaired, 1 See section on the Dom. Surv. for evidence of Danish influence in division of the county into 'wapentakes,' not hundreds. 1 Speed, A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World, under Great Britain, bk. i, p. 56. ' See Overton's map of the county. 4 Angl.-Sax. Chron. (Rolls Ser.), i, 132. Matt. Paris, Chron. Maj. (Rolls Ser.), i. 391. Burhred sent to Ethelred for help, and he, gathering a large force, came to Nottingham. ' Cumque pagan!, arcis tuitione muniti, praelium conserere denegarent et Christian! muros confringere non sufficerent pace inter Mercios et paganos ad tempus composita singuli ad propria sunt reversi.' POLITICAL HISTORY and peopled both with Englishmen and with Danish.' Then it was that 'all the people who were settled in the Mercian's land submitted to him, both Danish and English. 'l Two years later Edward again visited Nottingham and secured his conquest by a second ' burgh ' stationed on the south side of the river opposite the other fortification, and connected with the other by a bridge ' built and manned there in the immediate neighbourhood.'8 A mixed population of Danish and English seems to have inhabited the town and possibly the county of Nottingham until the reign of Edmund, a younger son of Edward the Elder. He, in the year 940 or 941, seems to have entirely repeopled the five boroughs with Englishmen.8 If this statement is true it may be that Edmund's idea was to draw closer the union between Wessex and Mercia, and clench his father's policy. But Danish influence still remained strong in the county,* and all hope of continuing Edward's policy of concen- tration was frustrated by the weakness of the monarchy and the unhappy rivalry between the incapable Edwy and his brother Edgar, when the Danelaw, with English Mercia, chose Edgar for their king, while Wessex remained true to Edwy. When Edwy was dead and Edgar was sole king, Nottingham, both town and county, must have grown prosperous again under the just and peaceful rule of Edgar and his wise adviser St. Dunstan. But after Edgar's death, when England, prepared for subjugation by the unstable rule of Ethel- red the Unready, was being forced into submission by the Danish Cnut, Mercia and the Danelaw had to be reduced, as the entrance to the north, and Nottinghamshire, as one of the most important keys to that position, suffered with the rest.6 Yet there is little definite information concerning the part taken by the county in the desperate struggle which followed Cnut's death, and finally resulted in the battle of Hastings. The break up of Mercia under Harthacnut had meant the formation of a new earldom of the middle English, over which Earl Godwin set his nephew Beorn, brother of Swein Estrithson, and of which Nottingham formed part. After the treacherous murder of Beorn by Swein, son of Godwin, in 1049-50,' the earldom seems to have again become part of Leofric's earldom of Mercia, and so to have come to his grandsons Edwin and Morkere. Jealousy of the house of Godwin led these two Mercian earls to forsake Harold,7 as jealousy of William's success led them later to rebel against him, and the men of Nottingham were of necessity drawn into their treachery. It was to Nottingham that William went with his whole army 8 in 1068, when he heard that ' the people of the north had gathered themselves together and would stand against him if he came." The burghs which Edward the Elder had raised were undoubtedly guarded against him, but it would almost seem as though the town was half- hearted in its defence, since the number of king's thegns retaining their land in the county at the time of the Domesday Survey would seem to suggest that it made an easy submission. 1 Jng/.-Sax. Chron. (Rolls Ser.), i, 195 ; ii, 84. Matt. Paris, op. cit. i, 445. Ric. de Clrencatria (Rolls Ser.), ii, 57. * jfngl.-Sax. Chron. (Rolls Ser.), i, 196 ; ii, 84. 8 Ibid, ii, 89. Thus also Robert of Gloucester records that Edmund drove away ' the Saracens ' that were yet remaining in Lincoln, Leicester, Derby, Stafford, and Nottingham, and ' brought back Christian men in their stead.' Rob. ofGIouc. (Rolls Ser.), i, 409. 4 See Introd. to Dom. Surv. * See former reference to the harrying of the county by Cnut. 6 Angl.-Sax. Chron. (Rolls Ser.), i, 307 ; ii, 140. ' Ibid. 8 Flor. Wlgprn (Eng. Hist. Soc.), ' Rex Willelmus cum exercitu suo Snottingaham venit.' * Angl.-Sax. Chron. (Rolls Ser.), i, 342 ; ii, 172. 3'9 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE The success of the Norman brought a fresh era of life for Nottingham. William, like Edward the Elder, secured his possession by making up a new castle,1 not with Edward's idea of protecting the borough on either bank of the river, but on the highest point of the rock overhanging the town, where it would serve both to protect the town and keep the burghers submissive.' The importance with which Nottingham was regarded is perhaps nowhere better shown than in the Domesday entry reciting the duty of the burghers : ' In Snotingeham the water of Trent and the Fosse (Way) and the road towards York were so guarded that if any one should hinder the passage of boats, or if any one should plough or make a ditch within two perches of the king's road he should be compelled to amend it with 8 pounds.' s Although the existence of this castle must have added much to the political status of Nottingham, its existence is ignored by the Domesday Survey, and there is little or nothing known about its history during the reign of William except that it was committed to the custody of William Peverel, to whom nine manors in the county belonged.4 The reign of William Rufus, though it could hardly have been a time of prosperity,6 seems to have brought little history for the county. Indirectly there comes almost the first mention6 of the local levy, since Nottinghamshire evidently furnished its quota of men and money, when in 1094, by Ralph Flambard's connivance, 20,000 men were summoned from the English coun- ties for service in Normandy, and dismissed at Hastings after their service money had been taken from them.7 Again, the reign of Henry I brings very little history. The years of plague and famine, the heavy taxes caused by the constant petty warfare between the king and his vassals, must have fallen heavily on Nottinghamshire, as on all England. Doubtless, too, a time of prosperity seemed to be again beginning under the reforms which Henry inaugurated, only to be again ended, as the county was plunged into the dis- orders of Stephen's reign. Into these disorders Nottingham was of necessity drawn. Thus, when David of Scotland advanced into England against Stephen in 1138, the militia of Nottinghamshire, under William Peverel, fought for Stephen at the Battle of the Standard.8 And now for the first time the castle of Newark comes definitely into history. Theories are rife that Newark was a Roman city, and that the site of the castle was occupied by a large granary like Colchester or London Tower.9 Egbert, king of Wessex, is moreover said to have raised the first fortification, which fell into 1 ' He went to Nottingham and there wrought a castle.' Angl.-Sax. Ckron. (Rolls Ser.), i, 342. Thus Camden states that the castle was built ' to bridle the English, and was so strong by nature and art (according to William of Newburgh) that if properly defended it seemed as if nothing but famine could force it.' Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough), ii, 283. 3 See section on Dom. Surv. * Ibid. 6 See Chron. Angl. Petrib. (Caxton Soc.), 65. Flor. Wigorn (Engl. Hist. Soc.), iv, 35. 6 The first mention would be that implied in 1053, when Earl Morkere went south 'with Nottingham- shire.' See supra. 1 Sax. Chron. (ed. Earle), 230. 'Da sende cyng hider to lande et het abeodan at xx }>usenda Engliscra manna him to fultume to Normandig. ac )?a hi to sae coman. pa het hi man cyrran and f feoh syllan to Saes cynges behofe \z hi genumen hacfdon. pet wass asle man healf punda, and hi swa dydon.' Flor. Wigprn (Engl. Hist. Soc.), ii, 3 5. ' Quibus ut mare transirent Heastingae congregatis pecuniam quae data fuerat eis ad victum Rannulphus Passeflambardus praecepto regis abstulit, scilicet, unicuitjue decem solidos et cos domum repedare mandavit ; pecuniam vero regi transmisit.' 8 Symeonis mmacki opera ornma (Rolls Ser.), ii, 294. ' Affluit etiam cum suis copiis de Nottingham scira Willelmus Peverel.' ' Cornelius Brown, Ann. ofNctcark-on-Trent; Mackenzie, Castles of England, i, 449, quoting Stukeley. 320 POLITICAL HISTORY the hands of the Danes,1 but was recovered and rebuilt by Earl Leofric of Mercia, who held the manor of Newark.8 The omission of any entry con- cerning it in Domesday is, of course, no evidence for its non-existence, and possibly some such fortifications as those built by Edward the Elder at Not- tingham may have been raised for the defence of the town. However, the first actual fortress was built in 1 123 by ' Alexander the Magnificent,' bishop of Lincoln, and brother of the famous Roger, bishop of Salisbury,8 under the plea that such fortifications were absolutely necessary in his diocese in those times of lawlessness, ad tutamen et dignitatem episcopi* Although Alexander had sworn allegiance to Maud as ' lady of England and Normandy,' he immediately transferred his allegiance to Stephen on Henry's death. How- ever, in the anarchy which followed, both Alexander and his uncle, Nigel of Ely, fell under Stephen's suspicion, and in 1139 were thrown into prison until they should surrender their castles.6 Alexander, kept sub vili tugurio, was hurried across England with Stephen and his army to Newark, and kept with- out food until the garrison surrendered. With Newark in Stephen's possession, and Nottingham in the hands of William Peverel,8 one of his most trusted adherents, the county was inevitably drawn into alliance with Stephen's cause. In 1 140, a few months before the siege of Lincoln was begun, Robert earl of Gloucester, one of Maud's adherents, by the prompting of Ralph Painel, who was evidently a private enemy of William Peverel, advanced on Nottingham and took the city. Some of the citizens fled, others were slain, and many burnt as they sought sanctuary in houses and churches ; for when one citizen who seemed richer than the others was led to his house and forced to dis- cover his treasure to the enemy, he led them into a cellar where his riches were kept, and while they were gloating over the spoil slipped out, shut and bolted the door behind him, and, setting fire to the house and cellars, burnt the spoilers with the spoil. But the fire spread over the whole city, and Nottingham, that noble city which, according to the chronicler, had remained peaceful, rich, and populous from the time of the Conquest, was utterly destroyed.7 It seems evident, however, that even if the town was burnt so completely the castle must have escaped, as in the next year the Empress Maud, after her success at Lincoln, is said to have forced the castle from William Peverel, and to have given it into the custody of William Painel, who was probably some connexion of the Ralph before mentioned.8 Early in 1142, when Maud's cause seemed to be hopeless, Stephen's adherents in the county seemed to have taken courage, and garrisoned themselves in an offensive position at Southwell. Thus William Painel went out from Not- tingham with a body of troops to raze the fortifications that had been made in the precincts of the church of St. Mary, Southwell, and whither a * Cornelius Brown, op. cit. 6. ' Ibid. 8, 9. 1 Ann. Man. (Rolls Ser.), iv, 1 8. Gtrvase of Cant. (Rolls Ser.), vii. 4 Will, of Malmes. Geit. Reg. Angl. sub Hist. Novell, ii, 547. 5 Ibid. 548-55. The account of the seizure of the castles, and the later discussion of the case before the papal legate is here given in full. * A descendant of the William Peverel, of Domesday, probably a great great grandson. r Gervase of Cant. (Rolls Ser.), i, 112. Flor. ffigorn (Engl. Hist. Soc.), ii, 128, 129. ' Itaque destructa est Snottingaham, urbs nobilissima, cum, ex quo Normanni Angliam sibi subjugaverunt, usque ad hoc tempus, in summa pace et quiete, populosa multitudine et opulentia rerum omnium referta fuisset.' 8 Symeonis monachi opera omnia (Rolls Ser.), ii, 309. ' Castrum de Notingham imperatrix Adela exegit a Willelmo Peverel, et imposuit custodem in eo Willelmum Painel cum militibus suis.' I 321 41 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE multitudo provinciae had gathered. Being unable to cope with them with the forces at his disposal, he marched out to meet the empress and gain reinforce- ments. Meantime, however, William Peverel was plotting to regain the castle during Painel's absence, and having succeeded in gaining the confidence of two youths who had charge of the mills under the castle, managed by their connivance to scale the castle rock with his followers and seize the castle. Thereupon all the partizans of the empress were driven out of Nottingham.1 The result of this was presumably a union of the forces at Southwell with those of Nottingham, and it is little likely that William Painel returned from York with his reinforcements. The deliberate stand which Nottingham town and county had made for Stephen brought it early under the notice of Maud's son, Henry II, and brought the governor of Nottingham Castle under his disfavour. In 1152, as duke of Normandy, Henry granted the fee of William Peverel to Ranulf, earl of Chester, unless William should be able to clear himself of his crime and treason in his court (' nisi poterit se dirationare in mea curia de scelere et traditione.') ' When he invaded England in the next year Henry realized the advisability of securing a hold on Nottingham, and having stormed Stamford and Ipswich he advanced to Nottingham and besieged the town. However, the garrison of the castle came out with great force and managed to break up the siege by setting fire to the town.8 Then, since the town was destroyed, and the natural defence offered by the castle rock was so strong, being un- willing to waste his energies, Henry evidently abandoned all attempt to seize the fortress.4 When Stephen died in October, 1154,' and Henry, according to the Treaty of Winchester, peacefully succeeded, he began at once to establish order by compelling the surrender of all adulterine castles,' among which was possibly the castle of Cuckney, in Nottinghamshire, built in Stephen's reign by Thomas de Cuckney.7 In Nottingham itself he completed the humiliation of William Peverel (who had in the meantime contrived to poison his rival, Ranulf, earl of Chester) by depriving him of the castle and all his estates. William, on Henry's accession, had fled to a monastery and received the tonsure, and assumed the monastic habit.8 When, in February, 1155, Henry advanced to Nottinghamshire, he again fled, leaving his castle and possessions in the king's hands.9 Nottingham was thus secured as a royal station, and was held by the king until granted by him to Prince John in 1 174 in the treaty which followed the great insurrection of that critical year.10 During the next year Henry himself was at Notting- ham, and while there sued the landowners of the county for breach of the forest laws, presumably in the forest of Sherwood, 'et posuit omnes in misericordia sua pro capta vensione.' In many cases they were bound to the king for more than their estates were worth, but he refused to yield them 1 Symemts monachl opera omnia (Rolls Ser.), ii, 3 1 i-i 2. * Rymer, Feed, i, 4. 1 Rob. o/Glouc. (Rolls. Ser.), ii, 864. « Trivet, Annah, 29. * Chron. of the Reigns ef Stephen, Hen, II, etc. (Rolls Sen), iv, 181. ' Ibid. 183. Gervaie of Cant. (Rolls Ser.), i, 1 6 1 . ' Mackenzie, Castles tf England, i, 447. ' Gervaie of Cant. (Rolls Ser.), i, 1 6 1 . » Ibid. 10 Gervase of Cant. (Rolls Ser.), i, 78. Henry, since he had been completely successful in quelling the insurrection of his sons, allied with France and Scotland, against their father, could afford to be merciful. Thus he granted two castles in Poitou to Richard, others in Brittany to Geoffrey, and those of Nottingham and Marlborough to his favourite, John. 322 POLITICAL HISTORY mercy, although Richard de Lucy, the justiciar, pleaded their cause, stating that the forest laws had been broken during the late hostilities by a special mandate given him by the king when in Normandy.1 Henry again visited Nottingham in 1 179, when he spent Christmas there, attended by William of Scotland and all the nobles of the realm,8 and in 1 181, when he held a council there.' After a period of comparative peace under Henry II, the county was to see troublous times during the reigns of Richard and John, and again the chief scenes of its history were centred round the castles of Nottingham and Newark. Richard, on his arrival in England after his father's death in 1 189, took possession of the royal treasure at Winchester, and proceeded to win his brother's favour by granting him many honours, among them the earldom of Nottingham.4 The utter failure of all Richard's attempts to keep John faithful to him during his absence resulted in the open quarrel between John and Longchamp in 1191, the consequent seizure by John of the castles of Nottingham and Tickhill, probably in April 1191,' and his threat to the chancellor if he refused to give up the castle of Lincoln.8 A compromise was effected by the queen-mother, and John surrendered Nottingham Castle to William Marshall, and Tickhill to William de Wendeval,7 with special reservation that if Richard before his return should refuse the terms of the peace between John and the chancellor both the castles should be restored to John.8 It seems unlikely that either William Marshall or William de Wen- deval ever actively fulfilled the office of governor of the two castles.9 Both, however, were granted to Roger de Lacy, constable of Chester, by Longchamp presumably about this date, and he, judging from the easy surrender that had been made to John how little the garrisons could be relied on to support Richard's cause, urged that Robert de Crokstone, governor of Nottingham, together with the governor of Tickhill, should be hanged for treachery. Being unable to accomplish this, since they refused to stand on trial, he seized and hung a certain Alan de Leek, or Lee, who had been in the castle with Robert, together with one of the officers of Tickhill. John interceded, but in vain, and in revenge seized the estates of the constable, and harried his lands. 10 From this time Nottingham evidently embraced John's cause, and the castle held out for him after all others he had seized had surrendered to Richard on his return from captivity in 1194. Hence Richard quickly marched to storm Nottingham, 25 March, 1194, but the garrison surrendered, and placed themselves at his mercy. Some he im- prisoned, others he compelled to ransom themselves, since he was in great 1 Chron. of Hen. II and Rich. I (Rolls Ser.), i, 94. Roger of Hoveden (Rolls Ser.), ii, 79. 1 Chron. of Hen. 11 and Ric. I (Rolls Ser.), i, 244. * Ibid. 280. 4 Ibid, ii, 78. Roger of Hoveden (Rolls Ser.), iii. 6. Matt. Paris, Chron. Maj. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 347-8. Matthew Paris says he granted the 'Castella de Notingeham ' to John, but this hardly seems possible, since the castle was evidently held by a royal garrison in 1191. 6 L'Histoire de Guillaume k Marechal (Soc. de 1'histoire de France), iii, 130, ». l. ' Chron. of Hen. II and Ric. I (Rolls Ser.), ii, 207. * The accounts of the two chroniclers Roger of Hoveden and Richard of Devizes differ. In the latter Nottingham is given to William de Wendeval, and that of Tickhill to Reginald de Wassevile. ' Roger of Hoveden (Rolls Ser.), iii, 136, 137. 9 In the case of William Marshall this seems undoubtedly proved by the fact that the con- temporary author of his life in the Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal makes no mention even of the grant of the office. 10 Chron. of Hen. II and Ric. I (Rolls Ser.), ii, 232-4. 323 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE need of money.1 For a short time Richard remained at Nottingham, and Walter of Coventry and Roger of Hoveden tell how he made an expedition on 28 March to Clipstone and to Sherwood Forest, which he had never seen before, and they pleased him much (et plac ue runt el multuni) . s During the next few days a council was held at Nottingham at which Richard ' prayed that justice should be done him,' on John and his chief ally, Hugh, bishop of Coventry. As a result both were cited to appear within forty days or forfeit the one his claims to the kingdom, the other his offices in church and state, as well as all their possessions. From Nottingham Richard advanced to Clip- stone to meet the king of Scots, spent Palm Sunday there, and reached Southwell on 4 April. Hence he went to Winchester for his second corona- tion on 17 April.8 Early in John's reign Nottingham was the scene of one of his character- istic acts of impetuous cruelty. Enraged at the Welsh rising of r 2 1 2, he revenged himself by marching to Nottingham, and there, before he had eaten (antequam cibum sumeret), he caused the eight Welsh hostages in the castle to be hung. Then, as he sat down to eat, messengers came from the king of Scots and from the Welsh queen, John's natural daughter, telling him of the disaffection of the northern barons.4 In this year the discontent which had been brewing under John's misrule came to a crisis, but John's clever move in submitting to the pope warded off the danger for a time. A second clever move, the calling of the council of St. Albans in 1213, was followed by a visit to Nottingham, whither went also Archbishop Langton, who, unsuccessful in his attempts at peace, left Nottingham, and a few days later6 produced Henry II's coronation charter, and gave the baronial party their watchword. John's submission at Runnymede was followed in 1215 by preparations against the barons, and an order to Philip Marc, constable of Nottingham, to fortify the castle as for a siege.8 Evidently Nottingham was one of the king's chief stations, and when hostilities had begun, after his northern march in the same year, he retired cum satellitibus suis nefandissimis to Nottingham, and spent the following Christmas there.7 The unsettled state of the county generally is implied by the order of Louis of France to Gilbert of Ghent in 1 2 1 6 to repress the irruptions of the garrisons of Nottingham and Newark, since they were creating great devastations by spreading fire and slaughter in all the country round.8 But all attempts made to overwhelm the garrisons were unsuccessful. Both Nottingham and Newark remained true to John, and it was to Newark that he went after his disastrous march of 1216, and at Newark that he died.9 On the death of John, William Marshall, earl of Pembroke, and Gualo, the papal legate, immediately proclaimed Prince Henry king, but as yet the 1 Ralph de Coggeshall, Chnn. Angl. (Rolls Ser.), 63. Matt. Paris, Cbron. Maj. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 404. Robert of Gloucester tells the story thus: — ' )?o king richard com to engelond J>er was joy e inou. Mid joye & procession . J>at fole a Jen him drou. He pleyede nywe king at ome. ]>o he hom. com. Verst ];e castel of notingham. vpe is broker he nom. & su)?)>e is oj?cr londes, & deseritede him al clene.' Rob. of Glouc. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 697-8. A full account of the siege is given in L'Histoire de Gutllaume le Marccbal, iii, 1 34-6, together with the details of the events of the day following, when Richard demanded homage from Walter de Lacy and William Marshall for their lands in Ireland. ' Walter tf Coventry (Rolls Ser.), ii, 54. » Roger of Hoveden (Rolls Ser.), iii, 240-3. 4 Matt. Paris, Chron. Maj. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 534. s Ibid. 551-2. 1 ' Ut castra sua victualibus munirent fossatis ambirent, serventibus stipendiariis roborarent, balistas et machinas pararent, spicula fabricarent." Ibid. 612. ' Ibid. 637-8. • Ibid. 663. ' Ibid. 667-8. 324 POLITICAL HISTORY whole county was in a state of disorder. Louis of France had received reinforcements, and with the insurgent barons he besieged the castle of Mountsorrel in Leicestershire. A plundering expedition into the surround- ing country was made by the besiegers early in 1217, but some knights, reconnoitring (exploratores milites] from Nottingham, learning of their coming, set out to meet them, and succeeded in killing three of the enemy, and capturing ten knights and twenty-four squires.1 Raising the siege of Mountsorrel, Louis and his allies turned to besiege Lincoln Castle, which held out for the king, although the town had surrendered. William Marshall hastened to gather an army, and ordered all governors of castles and their soldiers to come together at Newark, to proceed thence to Lincoln and break up the siege. And they came joyfully, being eager to fight with the Frenchmen.' After the fall of Lincoln and the defeat of the French fleet by Hubert de Burgh, Louis realized that his cause was hopeless, and, making peace with William Marshall, retired to France. But even after peace was made there were many who could not keep their hands from pillage (' nunc post pacem denuntiatam et omnibus concessam non potuerunt manus a praeda cohibere'). Thus Robert de Gaugi, even after several remonstrances from the king, refused to deliver up the castle and town of Newark to Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, to whom it properly belonged by right of its foundation by Alexander (see supra). Therefore the Earl-Marshal, by the king's orders, raised a large army, and, accompanied by the king, attacked the castle. The siege lasted for nearly eight days, during which time the friends of Robert treated for peace with the bishop, and a final agreement was made that the castle should be delivered to the bishop on payment of >Tioo sterling. And thus the siege being raised, every one returned to his home.8 From this time the reign of Henry III seems to have been one of material prosperity for Nottinghamshire. The frequent visits that Henry paid to the county are shown by the number of letters patent dated from Southwell, Newark, and Nottingham.4 Moreover, he confirmed John's charter of 1200 to the burgesses of Nottingham, and granted them many fresh rights and privi- leges.1 In 1264 the county was for the first time actively concerned in the Barons' War. The failure of the Provisions of Oxford to bring about any lasting settlement had resulted in the siege and capture of Northampton by the royal forces. Thence the army marched through Leicester into Nottingham. The castle was then held for the barons by William Bardolf, who, on the advance of the royal troops, immediately came out and surrendered to the king. While the army was quartered at Nottingham several Scotch nobles came to the king's help, among them John de Balliol, Robert Bruce, and Peter Bruce, with a strong fighting force.8 From Nottingham the king sent out Prince Edward to harry the neighbouring counties of Derby and Stafford, and to seize on the lands of Robert de Ferrers, earl of Derby, who was among the hostile barons. When this was done, the king, hearing that Simon de 1 Matt. Paris, Chron. Maj. (Rolls Sen), iii, 1 1 ; Roger of Wendover, Florti Hist. (Rolls Scr.), ii, 208. ' Roger of Wendover, floret Hist. (Rolls Ser.), ii, ±12. 3 Et sic, obsidione soluta, unusquisque ad propria remeavit. Ibid. 226-8. 4 See various entries in the Calendars of Patent and Close Rolls. 4 Robt. Chart, in Tun: Lond. (Rec. Com.), 39. 6 Matthew of Westminster, Fkres Hist. ( Rolls Ser.), ii, 488. 325 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Montfort was besieging Rochester, left Nottingham and marched south, but De Montfort, hearing of his coming, raised the siege and retreated to London to prepare his forces before the fateful battle of Lewes.1 With the com- pletion of peace, after the battle of Evesham in 1265, an order was sent to John de Grey, governor of Nottingham Castle, bidding him see that the king's peace was observed, on pain of loss of lands and estates, and that the prisoners remaining in the castle were sent to London. * The regime of law and order under the strong rule of Edward I resulted, in Nottinghamshire, as elsewhere, in a repression of the strength of local jurisdiction and privilege. Hence, under the commission of 1275, the returns known as the Hundred Rolls were made, to search out and recover royal rights and jurisdiction. Edward saw that supreme influence in the state must ulti- mately belong to the power which controlled the law courts, and thus he determined to limit the jurisdiction of manorial lords and define the causes they might and might not try. The returns show how needful from the royal point of view such a policy was in Nottinghamshire as elsewhere. Suits had been withdrawn from the hundred courts ; thus the honour of Tickhill and the fee of Peverel were accustomed to send six suitors to the hundred court of Rush- cliffe, but now two of the suitors had withdrawn, one of them paid suit instead to the court of Tickhill, the other to that of William Peverel.8 The lords of the county claimed power of life and death and right to exclude the sheriff from their demesne ; thus the bishop of Lincoln claimed the right of namium -vetitum, and the right to have gallows, pillory, tumbrel, and assize of bread and ale within half the wapentake of Newark* ; the bailiffs of the honour of Leicester refused to allow the king's ministers to fulfil their duties in their bailiwicks, and at the same time refused to put the king's mandates into execution themselves.5 Again the Hundred Rolls show a state of oppression and extortion in every grade. In the wapentakes of Thurgarton and Lye, the sheriffs after the battle of Evesham had given up their baili- wicks to extortioners who forced all the free tenants to pay suit at the hundred court, or pay a fine on refusal.6 An assize of 1287 shows the same system of oppression at work among small manorial lords. Henry de Pierrepoint and Alice his wife were called to answer concerning services other than customary exacted from their men of the manor of Sneynton. The tenants claimed that their services were defined by the Domesday entry concerning ' Notinton,' which was identical with Sneynton, but a complaisant jury was found to say that the ' Notinton ' of Domesday was not Sneynton but a part of Notting- ham, so that the case against Henry and Alice fell through.7 The reign of Edward I brought more than a regime of law and order to Nottinghamshire, for it brought the beginning of its parliamentary history. The first extant return of knights of the shire is for the Parliament of 1295,* for although writs were issued for those of 1282, 1283, 1290, and 1294, the returns are missing.' Writs were also issued to the burgesses of Nottingham for the Parliament of I283,10 but again there is no extant return until 1295." Two members for the county and two members for the borough represented 1 Matthew of Westminster, Flores Hist. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 488. ' Rymer, Foed. i, pt. 2, 88. ' Rot. HunJ. (Rec. Com.), ii, 28. 4 Ibid. 29. • Ibid. 28. ' Ibid. 29. ' Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. Com.), 209. 8 Par/. Writt (Rec. Com.), i, 40. • Ibid, i, 10, 16, 21, 26. 10 Ibid, i, 1 6. "Ibid. 1,40. 326 POLITICAL HISTORY Nottinghamshire until 1572, when East Retford was made a parliamentary borough and sent two members. It was not until 1672-3 that Newark upon Trent was incorporated and entitled to send two members. In the natural course of events Nottinghamshire played its part in the Welsh and Scotch wars of Edward I, both in contributing its share in money and victuals and in furnishing its quota of men. Thus in 1282, on the occasion of the second rising in Wales, the bailiffs of Nottingham were ordered to obey the commands of William Wyther, commissioner of array for the county, who was empowered to raise 300 foot soldiers in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire.1 Fresh disturbances in Wales during Edward's absence in 1287 brought a fresh demand for seventeen-score foot soldiers from the two counties.3 The strained relations between Scotland and England, coincident with the attack of Philip IV on Gascony and a fresh insurrection in Wales, made warlike preparations an immediate necessity in 1 294. Hence the com- mission in that year to Nottinghamshire, among the other counties north of the Trent, to provide its quota of footmen and send them to meet the king at Chester and march against the Welsh.3 Footmen were also summoned from the county for each of the Scotch expeditions. For example, in 1299 a quota of 500 foot soldiers was ordered from Nottinghamshire,4 and a writ was addressed to the commissioner of array for the county, with a command that if the men were unwilling to march to Newcastle because of the bad money current in the kingdom or the inclemency of the weather, they should be induced by promise of a bounty from the king beyond their regular pay.6 In the next year a commission was issued to John Byron and Richard de Havering to make inquiry concerning and punish the bailiffs, bedels and others who lately took reward from the footmen of the county of Nottingham, when they came to Blyth, and gave them licence to return home.6 In the June of the same year Richard Bingham and Robert Joyce, the commissioners appointed to select 1,500 footmen from Nottinghamshire for the Scotch war, were ordered also to select a proportionate number of constables in the county, well equipped with horses and arms, to come with the footmen to Carlisle.7 A similar mandate in the next year, 1301, shows the quota required that year as 1,000 footmen.8 Evidently the constant service was found to be very irksome, and thus there is another mandate for the punishment of the bailiffs and bedels who had received bribes from the 1,000 footmen selected in the county of Nottingham. All those who had stayed at home were to come without delay to the army at their own expense, and the bribed ministers were to be imprisoned and kept in gaol until further orders.9 But, in Nottinghamshire, as in most of the counties, the chief burden of the wars fell on the gentry of the county. In 1276, all who held in chief and were able to bear arms were ordered to muster at Worcester or provide substitutes.10 A comparison of the names of those who held knights' fees in the county at the time of the Testa de Nevill,11 and of those summoned at various times by parliamentary writs to perform military service,19 shows how thoroughly the system was worked, and how every baronial lord was forced 1 Part. Writs (Rec. Com.), i, 245. s Ibid. * Ibid. 4 Ibid, i, 326. * Ibid. 6 Cal. efPat. 1292-1301, 489. 7 Ibid. 519. ' Ibid. 596. • Ibid. 60 1. 10 Par/. Writs. (Rec. Com.), i, 196. " Testa de Nevitt (Rec. Com.). " Par!. Writs (Rec. Com.), i, under ' Writs for Military Service.' 327 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE to pay his service to the full. The representatives of the landed interest were also forced to take up arms. Thus, in 1282, a writ was directed to the sheriff of Nottingham, among others, ordering that, ' Since Lewelin son of Griffin and his accomplices had destroyed the peace of the realm,' all those who had more than £20 worth of land, and were not then with the king in Wales, were ordered to serve or purchase exemption.1 The military system which the wars of Edward I had developed was well tested in the reign of his son, when Edward II, estranged from his barons by his zealous attachment to Piers Gaveston, was forced to rely mainly on the militia in order to carry on the war with Scotland, which had been his father's glory but was to be his own disgrace. In July, 1308, came a commission for the levy of 500 footmen from the counties of Nottingham and Derby,3 followed in the October of the next year by a commission for 400." In 1311 a general order was sent to the sheriff of each county for the provision of one foot soldier from each town for the hosting of the war against the Scots,* and the sheriff of the counties was ordered to give 64*. for sixteen days to Richard Daniel and Thomas Folejaumbe, who were to lead the footmen of Nottingham and Derby to Roxburgh.6 The levies of 1314 were evidently a longer time than usual in coming together, for in that year an order was sent to the sheriffs of several counties, including Nottingham and Derby, bidding them hasten in the gathering of the levies since Stirling was in great danger.' During the next year Thomas de Crecy was commissioned to choose sixty able footmen from the wapentake of Broxton, in Nottingham- shire, and lead them to Scotland for service. He, however, seems to have turned his office into a means of making money, since after the sixty men had been raised to be led to Scotland, he received various gifts from them to allow them to return home. An order to the sheriff to inquire into his conduct and punish the offence was accordingly made in the December of the same year.7 The war still dragged on, since Edward refused all idea of making peace with Robert Bruce, and year after year, in spite of the disease and famine of 1315 and 1316, fresh demands for infantry were made from the counties. Thus, in 1316, came a demand for 1,000 footmen from Notting- ham and Derby, of whom 200 were to be woodcutters (/mgatores) ; in 1317, for 2,000 footmen, 200 of whom were to be slingers (fundatores).* From the town of Nottingham forty footmen were demanded in the next year, and ten from Newark.9 These demands, like those from the other northern counties, were distinctly heavy, and show how the king's policy was to make the brunt of the war fall on the counties it most vitally affected. During the reign of Edward II several entries on the Patent Rolls give a glimpse of town-life in Nottingham during the fourteenth century. There seems to have been a general feud between town and castle, and John Segrave, who was constable of the castle, was evidently on exceptionally bad terms with the townsmen. The mayor who was elected for the year 1313 sided with the constable. Hence the townsmen banded themselves together, slew the mayor and assaulted the royal officers and servants who were in charge of the castle. They went further, and when the murderer of the 1 Part. Writs. (Rec. Com.), i, 10. * Cal. of Pat. 1307-13, 82. ' Par/. Writs (Rec. Com.), ii, pt. 2, 383. 4 Ibid. 408. "Ibid. 410. 'Ibid. 427. ' Ibid. 460. " Ibid. " Ibid. 506. 328 POLITICAL HISTORY mayor was being led to the castle prison, bells were rung and a band of townsmen rushed forward to rescue the prisoner, while others secretly entered the castle, caused the crown of the murderer's head to be shaved, and com- mitted other outrages. A commission of inquiry into the case was ordered to be made in the October of the same year.1 In the April of 1315 John Segrave made a further complaint against the inhabitants of Nottingham concerning what seems to have been another riot. Robert Ingram and others having summoned the commonalty by the ringing of the common bell, ' with force and arms and banners displayed ' attacked the castle, broke the gates, and besieged it for eight days, ' not allowing the constable or any of his men to go out thence to obtain necessary provisions, and assaulting such of his followers as they found without the castle in the town.' * The unpopularity of the constable extended to the county as well as to the town. He was justice of the forest beyond Trent as well as keeper of Nottingham Castle, and in February, 1315, the ' good men ' of the county of Nottingham united with those of the other northern counties in a petition against Segrave and his ministers of the said forest and county that they had committed many acts of extortion and oppression by the exaction of prises, carriages, and divers sums of money, both from the men of his bailiwick and custody and from the men of the county of Leicester.8 This seems, indeed, to have been a favourite complaint against the constables of Nottingham. Another instance occurs at a later date, when in 1395 the Commons petitioned against the ministers of Stephen Rumbilows, the constable of Nottingham Castle, that they extorted 4^. from each cartload of charcoal passing along the high-road through Sherwood Forest for the sole use of the people of the surrounding district, and persisted in so doing, although the judgement had been passed against them in the court of the King's Bench.* After the murder of Edward II Nottingham was brought actively into the history of the times, since Mortimer and Isabel, having aroused opposition on all sides, were fearful of the results of the meeting of the Parliament of 1330 at Nottingham, and fortified themselves in Nottingham Castle. Edward III, at last roused to a determination to throw off the domination of Mortimer, knowing himself secure in the support of the majority of the barons, who were the natural enemies of the earl, won over the aid of William Eland, constable of the castle, and made his well-known attack on the castle and on Mortimer and the queen. The subterranean passage through which he and his followers crept up into the castle still exists, and the whole scene is not difficult to picture.' From this time Edward was freed from tutelage, and was able to carry out his ambitious policy of war, involving the glory of victory overshadowed by the inevitable spectre of heavy taxation and a merciless drain on the nation's strength in money and men. In the Scotch wars of Edward III, as in those of Edward I and II, the county of Nottingham was forced to play an active part. The king himself was frequently in the county, and used Nottingham as a station 1 Cal. of Pat. 1313-17, p. 63. * Ibid. p. 314. 5 Ibid. p. 311. ' Rolls of Par!. (Rec. Com.), iii, 330*7. 4 See account in Rob. de Avesbury, Hut. EJw. tercit (ed. Hearne), p. 8. I 329 42 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE from whence to advance into Scotland.'1 In 1335 Thomas Lungvillers and John de Mountenay were relieved from furnishing forty light horsemen (hobelers) by a levy of £40 in ^e county, Newark excepted.2 During the same year the inhabitants of the town of Nottingham made complaint that they had been overburdened by an order to provide ten light horsemen, and their quota was accordingly reduced to six.8 In 1336 William de Shareshull and others were ordered to take an inquisition in the county, and to punish according to their crime certain light horsemen, archers, and others, chosen and arrayed to serve in the company of Thomas earl of Warwick, leader and captain of the army, ' who did not set out, or after coming to those parts stealthily withdrew and went home again, so that through their default the enemy again carried fire and sword into the realm.' * Each year while the war lasted came fresh demands and frequent attempts to evade the same.6 For instance, in 1346, John Fitz William and others were sentenced to lose their lands and possessions because 'contemptibiliter detractaverant electionem hominum pro bello Scotiae.' ' The disasters both at home and abroad which marked the reign of Richard II were but the necessary outcome of the absorption of Edward III in continental warfare. His grandson had to carry on the French war, the character of which was changed by the fact that Crecy and Poitiers had taught the French a lesson in generalship. He had also to face the social upheaval which times of famine and plague, coming with times of heavy taxation and disarrangement of labour, made inevitable. For ' Richard the Redeless ' both these tasks were impossible. He caught at the theories of absolutism which were occupying the minds of the great jurists of the time, and for him the king was to be solutus legibus in practice as in theory, whereas in the Middle Ages theory and practice could never agree. It was the battle between this absolutist theory and the counter-development of Wiclifs ideas into the Lollard theory of the sovereignty of the people that was the far- reaching cause of the Peasants' Revolt. Although the county of Notting- ham was hardly affected directly by Lollardy, and thus took no active part in the Peasants' Revolt, it suffered under the general causes of the social discontent, and was moreover involved in Richard's absolutist schemes. It was at Nottingham Castle that, having forced the judges to uphold the prerogative of the crown, he prepared in 1387 for a coup d'etat against the ' over-mighty subject,' which, had it been successful, might have seriously changed not only the course of Richard's reign, but the development of the constitution.7 The * Wonderful or Merciless Parliament ' swept aside his schemes, and, baffled for a time, he resorted to a policy of constitutional government. But in 1397 came a second attempt to set up his royal prerogative. The duke of Gloucester and the earls of Arundel and Warwick, three of the lords appellant, were seized and sent to different castles. A council was called at Nottingham, and there they were appealed of treason.8 By the end of the year Arundel was beheaded, Warwick banished, and ' Hence the majority of the great councils of the reign were held there, and many letters patent are dated thence. * Cal. of Pat. 1334-8, p. 131. *Rot. Scot. (Rec. Com.), i, 339$. 4 Cal. of Pat. 1 334-8, p. 575. • See the frequent levies throughout the Rolls of Scotland. 'Rot. Scot. (Rec. Com.), i, 68 jb. * Walsingham, Hut. Angl. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 161, 174. 8 Ibid. p. 223. 33° POLITICAL HISTORY Gloucester suffocated, and Parliament was as a catspaw in the king's hands.1 Early in the next year Hereford and Norfolk, the last of the lords appellant, were banished, ' the king was rid of Parliament and began to rule more fiercely than before,'8 until by his arbitrary rule he prepared the way for the Lancastrian. Apart from the military service performed by the county, the reigns of the two first Lancastrians seem to have furnished little towards the political history of Nottinghamshire. Even the rebellion of 1450 seems hardly to have affected the county, the only connexion being that in 1451 the mayor of Nottingham let to farm a meadow in the common meadow of Nottingham to raise money to furnish men to march with the king to Blackheath to suppress Cade's rebellion.3 In the Wars of the Roses, although the strength of the Lancastrian party lay in the north of England, the county of Nottingham seems on the whole to have favoured the Yorkists, although the Lancastrians could reckon among their number many of the county nobles.* The castle seems to have been generally in Yorkist hands, and to have been one of the most useful stations of Edward IV. After his victory at the second battle of St. Albans, and his subsequent proclamation as king in London, the news that the queen was gathering her northern forces called Edward north to prepare for the victorious day at Towton. A commission was issued to Richard earl of Warwick to array all the able-bodied men in Nottinghamshire and the surrounding counties 'for defence against Henry VI and his adherents' ;6 and Edward gathered his forces as he went, hoping that ' in the conflict of one day he might perfect all his travailes and victoreyes.' * At Nottingham he is said to have held a court ' to afford an opportunity to the nobility and gentlemen of the district to render him their honour and support.'7 His next recorded visit to the county seems to be in 1469 on his way northward to suppress Robert of Redesdale's rebellion. 8 Closely following on this came his visit early in 1470, when, hearing that the earl of Warwick, now supporting Henry, had landed in England with help from France, he marched to Nottingham, and there proclaimed Warwick and his adherents to be traitors.' In September, 1470, he was again at Nottingham, where he awaited the arrival of Thomas, Lord Montague, with a strong force of 6,000 men ; but when Lord Montague, ' whom the king loved entirely,' 10 but whose loyalty he had rewarded by giving him a marquisate with ' a pye's nest to maintain it withal,'11 had arrived near Nottingham, he suddenly declared for King Henry, and made a retrograde movement to meet Warwick and Clarence and attack the king. But Alexander Carlisle, ' that was sarjeant of the minstrels,' came to the king in great haste and told him of the treason of Montague. Whereupon Edward fled ' from his host beside Nottingham ' to Bishop's Lynn in Norfolk, and thence to Holland.12 On his return to 1 Walsingham, Hist. Angl. (Rolls Ser.), ii, 224. et seq. 'Froissart (ed. Bcrner), iv, chap. 78. s Stevenson, Rec. of the Son. ofNott. iii, 409. 4 For example, Thomas Lord Roos, Lord of Orston, in Notts, was one of the lords deprived of their estates by attainder for allegiance to Henry, Cal. of Pat. 1461—7, 30. 4 Cal. of Pat. 1461-7, 31. • Polydore Virgil, Hilt, of Hen. VI, etc. (Camd. Soc.), 1 10. 7 Thomas Bailey, Annals of Notts, i, 329. 8 Paston Letters (ed. Gairdner), ii, 361. ' Chron. of the White Rose (ed. Giles), 229. 10 Ibid. 29. " Stow, Annals, 422. " Chron. of the White Rose, 29 ; Cant. Hist. Croyland, 554. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE England in March, 1471, he landed at Ravenspur in Yorkshire, and came south to Nottingham, where, according to Stow, ' Sir William Stanley, Sir William Norris, and divers others brought him men, so that hee had then 4,000 or more.'1 Other chroniclers mention also Sir William Parr and Sir James Harington, who came ' with two good bands of men, well arrayed and habled for warr, the nombarof VIC (600) men,'8 and Sir Thomas Burgh and Sir Thomas Montgomerie, with their aids, ' which caused him at their first comming to make proclamation in his owne name, to wit, of King Edward the fourth, boldlie affirming to him that they would serve no man but a king.' s While he was at Nottingham Edward ' sent the scorers alabowte the contries adioynynge to aspie and serche yf any gadyeryngs were in any place agaynst hym.' These scouts reported that the duke of Exeter, the earl of Oxford* and others, with a body of 4,000 men, were garrisoned against him at Newark. But the duke and the earl, ' havynge knowledge that the sayde forrydars of the kyng's had bene aforne the towne in the evenynge,' and thinking that the whole army was coming upon them, determined on flight, and ' erly, abowte two of the cloke in the mornynge, they flede out of the towne, and ther they lost parte of the people that they had gathered and brought with them thethar.'1 The king, however, directly he heard of the gathering at Newark, had set out thither, but learning, when he was within three miles of the town, that the leaders had fled, he returned to Nottingham, wishing ' to kepe the next and right way towards his sayde great Rebell, th' Erie of Warwick.' " From Nottingham the royal forces marched to Leicester, and thence to London, whence they rode to Barnet, where, ' under a hedge-side, were ready assembled a great people in array of the Earl of Warwick's.' Thus the scene of action was changed from north to south, and Nottinghamshire had no local part in the decisive battles of 1471. During the few unsettled years of his reign Richard III was often at Nottingham, and seems to have done much to repair the damage done to the castle during the late wars. While he was there, in 1484, the town was the scene of an important gathering, when ambassadors came from James III of Scotland, bringing a commission ' for the abstines of were be twyen England and Scotland,' and ' for maryage by tweyne the Prince of Scottis, and one of the kynges blood.' 7 It was when Richard was ' kepyng his howse in the castell of Notyngham "in 1485 that the news of Henry of Richmond's landing with a small force in Wales was brought to him. 8 Determined to provide against any unexpected strength of the enemy, he sent commissions to John duke of Norfolk, and other of his supporters, ' wyllynge theim to mustre and viewe all their servauntes and tenentes, and to elect and choose the moost courageous and active persones of the whole nomber, and with them repaire to his presence with all spede and diligence.' ' Hearing, however, 1 Stow, Annals, 423. * Hiit. of the Arrival of Edw. IV (Camd. Soc.), 7 ; Cbnn. of the White Rose (ed. Giles), 45-6. 1 Holinshed, Ctron. iii, 680. This was contrary to the promise of allegiance to Henry that Edward had made to the citizens of York, which ' cast a great shame and dolor into the hartcs of the citizens.' Hall's Cbron. 292. ' See Fenn'i Letters, ii, 59. The earl of Oxford, on hearing of Edward's arrival, had called upon the gentry of his county bidding them meet him at Lynn in full array to proceed to Newark to meet the enemy. " Hut. of the arrival ofEdw. IV (Camd. Soc.), 8. • Ibid. Chron. of the White Rose, 62. 1 Letters, etc. Ric. Ill and Hen. Vll (Rolls Ser.), i, 60-65. • HalTs Chnn. (ed. Ellis), 412. • Ibid. 332 POLITICAL HISTORY that Henry had reached Shrewsbury unchecked, he determined to advance, and having marshalled his forces outside Nottingham, ' with a frownynge countenaunce and truculente aspect, mounted on a great white courser," rode with them to Leicester and to the field of Bosworth.1 Nottinghamshire, thus actively concerned in the events which made Henry VII king, was once more brought into the faction fight with the attempt of Lambert Simnel as the tool of Irish and Yorkist party to depose the king in 1489. Aroused like the rest of England to fight against an army composed of Irish and German forces, Nottinghamshire was wholly with Henry, and welcomed him on his march from Leicester to meet the rebel forces as they advanced from Masham, in Yorkshire. At Nottingham, ' by a lytle wood called Bowres, he pytched his feelde,' and to him came George Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, and many other ' valeaunt capitaynes ' and ' noble and expert men of warre,' for he had ordered that ' all the persons of the counties adjoyning that were hable and of strength to cary weapon should be ready in an houres warnynge in case that any nede should requyre.'2 On the night of 15 June 'the king's hooste lay under the end of that hill towarde Nottingham Lentonwarde, and his forward before him to Nottingham bridge, and the Erie of Derby's hooste on the king's left hand to the meadows beside Lenton.' A council of war was held in Nottingham Castle, and in the morning the king set out with the army for Newark, accompanied by ' six goode and trewe men of the village of Ratcliffe, which showed his grace the best waye for to conduct his hooste.'3 Tarrying a little while at Newark, Henry marched three miles farther on, so placing himself between the enemy and Newark, ' being loth that their army should get the commodity of that town.' * The earl of Lincoln with the rebel force ' passed softly on his journey,' and advancing probably through Mansfield and Southwell, forded the Trent, and planted his camp ' at a lytle village called Stoke, nygh to the king and his armye.' On the next day Henry divided his army into three battalions, and approached Stoke, ' where was an equall and playne place for both parties to darreigne the battaille.'6 The armies joined and fought ' earnestly and sharply,' and ' for a space so sore and so egrely of both partes that no man could well judge to whom the victory was lyke to enclyne.' But at last the king's vanguard entered the fray with such force and violence that the enemy fled, leaving their leaders and about 4,000 men slain on the field.'8 When the beginnings of reform under Henry VIII took shape in the dissolution of the lesser monasteries, and aroused the conservatism of the north, Nottinghamshire came once more into history as marking the southern range of the 'Pilgrimage of Grace.' Early in October, 1536, rebellion was known to be brewing in the county and the districts round, and the rebels were gathering force at Newark. Thus in answer to a royal command ' to repress all evil-disposed persons lately assembled in those parts, and apprehend the ringleaders and examine them of the grounds of the insur- rection,' the earl of Shrewsbury wrote from his 'poor cot at Herdewyche 1 Hall's Chron. (ed. Ellis), 412. ' Ibid. 433. 1 Account of herald quoted in full by Bailey, Annals of Notts. i, 347-8. 4 Bacon, Hist, of Hen. Vll (ed. Murray), 286. ''Hairs Chron. (ed. Ellis), 434. ' Ibid. 333 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE in the forest of Shrywood ' that he was inclined to gather all the forces he could at Nottingham on the following Sunday.1 Four days later he reported that the scouts whom he had sent out to Newark had taken a messenger from the enemy, who declared that his only object in bearing the missive was to escape from Newark.* The news that the rebels of Lincolnshire had retired on the duke of Suffolk's arrival quieted the king's fears, and thinking that the Yorkshire rebels would be as quickly subdued he wrote to Shrews- bury to advance upon them ' with my lords of Rutland and Huntingdon and all the forces of Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire,' and when all things were appeased in Lincolnshire and Holderness to dissolve the whole army and come home, sending the ordnance to Nottingham Castle.3 However, the strength and the disciplined advance of the rebels showed that stronger measures were necessary, and later in the month the king wrote to the duke of Norfolk, who had been sent to crush the insurrection, suggesting that considering the diversity between these and the Lincolnshire rebels they should first be tempered by means of a letter, and if this would not serve, then by force. Meanwhile special care was to be taken to fortify the bridges of Nottingham and Newark and all other passages so that the rebels should have ' nowhere any passage out of Yorkshire.' 4 Wriothesley reported this command to Cromwell, remarking that Norfolk only had 2,000 men with him, ' which he thought enough,' the lord marquis had no more, and with ' the Gloucestershire men ' the force would only number 5,ooo.6 The king evidently realized how weak the forces were, and how important it was to keep the passages over the Trent and Don safe. Thus he wrote to Suffolk, stationed at Lincoln, concerning the fortifying of the passages. Shrewsbury was near Doncaster," and had sent 1,200 men and six pieces to Doncaster and Rushington Bridge to keep the passages. In case Shrewsbury should be pressed by the rebels, or should be forced to attack them and be worsted, the passages over the Trent must be kept, and Suffolk on receiving notice from Norfolk of any such chance was to leave a sufficient force at Lincoln, but was himself to repair to ' such places as shall be thought fit for the keeping of the passages.' 7 A similar letter went to Norfolk, ordering him to with- draw with Shrewsbury to the passages of Nottingham and Newark, if the rebels seemed too strong, or any of Shrewbury's company should be ill- disposed, and fortify the same ' until we can repair to you with our royal army, having even more regard to the defence of us and of your natural country than to any dishonour that might be spoken of such retirement, for we assure you we would not expose our cousins of Norfolk or Shrewsbury 1 L. and P. Hen. fill, xi, 223. John Babyngton wrote to Cromwell that he and his cousin Hersy were doing their best in the county for the king's service. (Ibid. p. 245.) Sir John Markham wrote in answer to Cromwell's inquiry as to ' what men he could have within the forest of Sherwood by his office of chief justice of the same, no man offended,' that he thought he might have twenty of the retinue of the town of Notting- ham and four who filled offices granted by the king's patent. He also stated that he had given orders to the tenants of the suppressed monasteries in Nottingham to retain themselves to no man, but be ready to serve the king in Cromwell's retinue. (Ibid. p. 222). ' Ibid, xi, 254. » Ibid. Ibid, xi, 315. 'Ibid, xi, 329. ' It was by this speedy march over the Yorkshire border to Doncaster that Shrewsbury saved Nottingham- shire from being overrun by the rebels. L. and P. Hen. Pill, xi, 339. In another letter dated 14 Nov. 1536, in which the king granted pardon to the Lincolnshire rebels, he begged Suffolk « remember his former letter touching the fortification of Newark and the passages there and the withdrawing of victual.' Ibid, p. 427. 334 POLITICAL HISTORY or others with you to peril for any dominion we have on this side of Trent.' l Concerning any promises Norfolk might make to the rebels to stay them until his force was strengthened Henry bade him ' have such temperance as our honour shall remain untouched by any certain grant of what you cannot cer- tainly promise.' Under such orders as these a Norfolk could do little to satisfy Aske's conditions of peace, and the rebel forces which had been disbanded were called back to the standard in the middle of November and again advanced to the Don.5 However, in the meantime all royal forces had been kept in readiness. Thus early in November Nottingham and Newark Castles were reported to be fortified as if for siege.* Nottingham Castle, held by Thomas earl of Rutland,' and the knights of the county with between 400 and 500 men, was laid round with guns and stocked with provisions ; grain was ordered to be brought in by the county. There was a new draw- bridge at the entry to the castle, although the country round was for the king. Like provision for grain was made at Newark, and the captains there had decided to make a blockhouse at the bridge end and a drawbridge at Muskham. The ' commons ' were on the king's side, but feared to be spoiled like the men of Lincolnshire.8 The castle had three ' chesse ' of guns, and was kept with 700 men. But Norfolk, who probably had much sympathy with the rebels, wrote to the king on the news of the fresh gathering at Doncaster,7 begging him to grant a general pardon. The king's answer showed a non-relenting attitude. If the enemy was as strong and Norfolk's position as weak as he represented it was because he had not been * so circumspect as he should have been.' First he had desired that Shrews- bury should not pass the Trent till he himself had joined him, taking upon himself ' such knowledge of the county as though he had been able to stay the passage of the rebels and thereby defeat them,' yet if Shrewsbury had not advanced early to Doncaster ' the country had been clearly overrun and a great number of our subjects spoiled who are now ready to serve us against the rebels.' Then again, after promises not to consider binding any terms he might make with the rebels, he soon ' fell to a point with them,' and dissolved the army 'without any exploit, leaving them in force.' Now he writes that if the king ' trust to treat or do he shall be deceived, adding beside the report of sixty gentlemen declaring other parties not to be trusted to.' 8 A second letter addressed to Norfolk and others runs : * We wonder you all unite in such desperate sort as though the world would be turned upside down if we do not agree to the petitions of the rebels especially for a free pardon and a parliament ... if the rebels be as cankeredly disposed and in 1L. and P. Hen. VIII, xi, p. 353. * The uncertainty of the king's conduct towards the rebels is seen in two letters from Richard Cromwell to his father. One recounts orders to march on the morrow to Newark ; the other tells how that day they were countermanded, then renewed one night and the next day discharged. 'Thus the Council do and undo, for they know not what determination the king has taken with them in the north." Ibid. pp. 412, 416. 1 Ibid, xi, 450. ' Ibid, pp. 415, 465. 'Thomas earl of Rutland in a letter to Cromwell dated 10 November, 1536, states that 'lying at Nottingham Castle is very chargeable.' At Doncaster his own money, and that he had of his friends, was almost spent, and the duke of Norfolk sent him £500, which he delivered part to Peter Mewtes for conveying up gunners, part to the masters of the ordnance here for gunners, part to posts about Nottingham and Newark, and to divers gentlemen for fortifying fords beside Doncaster, so that he has little over .£300 left. He has daily to lay out money on the castle, and doubts whether he will receive his rents in Yorkshire — a great part of his living — this year or not. He therefore begs Cromwell move the king for money. 6 Lord Burght and the captains of Lincolnshire had seized the people's harness in the country round. ' L. and P. Hen. Vlll, xi, 494. " Ibid. 335 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE as good a readiness as you write we marvel that neither you our cousin of Shrewsbury have been so diligent in viewing and fortifying the fords of the Don as we desired in former letters, nor that you our cousin of Norfolk and our admiral have devised upon the same since your arrival, knowing that we had the doing thereof so much at heart. . . If by your negligence the rebels should . . . cross the Don we should think ourselves ill served.'1 Finally, however, the king agreed to Norfolk's request, pardon was promised, and the rebel forces disbanded. During the next year the earl of Shrewsbury was rewarded for his prompt measures to quell the rebellion by a grant of the lands and site of the lately suppressed monastery of Ruffbrd in the county.* The reigns of Edward VI and Mary seem to have furnished little towards the political history of the county which, on the whole, con- formed to the religious changes and thus had small share in the religious rebellions that were rife during these years for religion's sake. In Eliza- beth's reign, when the north was disaffected, Nottingham seems to have remained loyal. Thus in 1569 the sheriff reported to the council that Nottingham was quiet, and that many in the county had subscribed to the observance of the Statute of Uniformity.* In 1562 Lord Robert Dudley was ordered to make preparations for a meeting at Nottingham between Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary of Scots. Tilts were to be set and warning given to all lusty young knights to show feats of arms.* A letter was also directed in July to the sheriff of Nottinghamshire ordering him, since the queen had determined to meet the queen of Scots at Nottingham on 3 September next, ' bothe whose traines will amount to 4,000 personnes,' to repair * to Nottingham, calling unto him as well the most experte and skilfull gentlemen of that shire as of the confynes of the shires adjoining,' and there prepare for the victualling of the train of the queen of Scots.' There still exists a scheme of devices ' to be shewed before the Queen's Majesty by way of maskinge at Nottingham Castell after the meeting of the Queen of Scots,' but these devices were set aside 8 since the meeting was eventually postponed.7 As a contrast to this suggestion of pageantry comes a tale of ' most lewd and foule parties and disorders committed in that county ' in the years 1592 and 1593. The riots seem to have been caused by the erection of weirs upon the River Trent, and the rioters among other things defaced the coach of Sir Thomas Stanhope, and set up ' vile pictures ' of the earl of Shrewsbury, the owners of the weirs.8 Orders came from the council to the sheriff and justices of the county to seize and examine all suspected persons and imprison them without bail. A few months later came a censure from the council because the justices, in spite of the late commands, by their ' wilful negligence and partiality,' had shown contempt of justice and Her Majesty's commands rather than ' yealded any show of care ' in the performance of their duties.* But for Nottinghamshire, as for many other counties, the history of Elizabeth's reign with its intricate foreign policy resolves itself for the most 1 L. and P. Hen. viit, xi, 494 'Ibid, xii, pt. ii, 350. ' Cal. S. P. Dom. 1547-80, pp. 346, 350. « Ibid. p. 202. * Jcti of P. C. vii, 1 10. • Lansd. MS. v, No. 38. Camden, Annals for 1562, p. 60. ' 4cti of P. C. vii, 1 14. 8 Ibid, xxiv, 77. • Ibid. 267. 336 POLITICAL HISTORY part into a long list of muster rolls. In the critical years before the Spanish Armada, when England's safety seemed to rest on such slender defences, English forces had to be sent to give Elizabeth's half-hearted aid to the Lords of the Congregation against the French faction in Scotland, to the Nether- landers against the French, and to the French against the Spaniards. In 1559 a levy of 200 men was ordered from Nottinghamshire to march to Berwick to help in the siege of Leith.1 From Nottingham itself went forty-two able men, of whom ten were archers and thirty-one bill men, the latter having twelve 'harnesses' between them.3 Again, in 1573, when the massacre of St. Bartholomew made definite action on Elizabeth's part a necessity, fresh musters were ordered from the town of Nottingham to advance to Edinburgh for the help of the king's party.3 The failure of her shifting policy and the events of 1576 drove the queen into negotiations with the Low Countries, and in accordance with her promise of help fresh musters were ordered throughout the country in 1577.* In April of that year the council wrote to the commissioner of trustees for Nottinghamshire concerning the training of the number of men appointed, and ' signefieing Her Majestie's pleasure that fiftie shalbe rebated.' 5 Further commissions were issued in 1580 and 1581, when 100 men from Nottingham- shire were ordered to help in the suppression of the rebels in Ireland.' From this time until the Spanish Armada had become a thing of the past all energies were concentrated on preparations for defence against the threatened attack of Spain. Thus in 1580 musters were taken ' not to charge men in any foreign service,' but to ascertain the strength of the realm in case of any rebellion or invasion.7 A change seems to have been made in the list of horsemen to be maintained by the county of Nottingham. The rate of assessment for the subsidy of that year was two light horse from land worth ^Tio, a lance and a light horse from land worth £20, a lance and two light horse from land worth £30, and two lances and two light horse from land worth £40. 8 The gentlemen of the county were required to attend a muster at Newark in January, 1581, and those 'expected to show horses' were sixty-four in number.9 Several pleas for exemption were put forward. Sir John Byron wrote to the lord-lieutenant that as he was now sheriff of Lancashire he trusted he would not be ' charged in Nottinghamshire.' 10 Sir Francis Willoughby stated that he could not provide the lances and horsemen and their furniture by the time appointed ' because the county yields not the same upon the sudden,' but would send two lances and two light horse.11 Edward Stanhope petitioned that ' being a younger brother and having no residence in Nottinghamshire,' he should be excused from providing a demi- lance and a light horse.13 In January, 1588, the beginning of the critical year, the earl of Rutland, with the consent of the gentlemen of Nottingham- shire, decided that the county should furnish 1,400 footmen of whom 400 were to be selected at once.13 The quota originally required from the county Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. xii, pt. iv. vol. i, 71. Ibid. p. 70. * Acts of P. C. viii, 107. Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. xii, pt. iv, vol. i, 1 12. * Acts of P. C. ix, 335. Ibid, xiii, 45. Hut. MSS. Com. Rep. xii, pt. iv. vol. i, 1 19. 7 Ibid. p. 125. Ibid. p.. 123. ' Ibid. p. 124. 10 Ibid. p. 125. " Ibid. " Ibid. 13 The numbers for Nottinghamshire according to the musters of 1574 and 1575 are omitted in Peck's Desiderata Curiosa. See vol. i, liber ii, 75. i 337 43 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE was 2,000, but since the earl had abated 600 from this number the gentlemen of the shire promised ' to persuade all persons able to do so, over and above their contributions, to provide themselves with private armour and weapons for their own furniture.' The earl was to be informed of all persons who were of the ability, and refused to furnish themselves as aforesaid.1 Fresh orders were issued in May, 1589, 'for musters and getting in readiness of horsemen, footmen, pioneers, powder, matches, and such like, and for the maintenance of the beacons.' Also ' to maintain the peace in those parts and to suppress all riots and rebellion.'8 The earl of Shrewsbury wrote to his brother-in-law Sir John Manners concerning these musters that there might be ' default in the selected bands of footmen ' and thus he hoped that Sir John and some of the justices would view them before the day originally fixed. The greatest want he thought would be of powder and match.3 After the success of 1588 England turned to give help to France since Henry of Navarre was now king. In June, 1591, an army of 3,000 men was to be sent to Normandy * for the succour of the French kinge,' and of these a contingent of 150 was ordered from Nottingham to be shipped at Hull.4 In July an order was sent to the mayor of Nottingham that the town of Nottingham should contribute ' towards the furnishing of the armour and weapon and other necessary and incident thinges and charges for those nombers now to be leavied in that countie.' 5 Recruits to the number of fifty were required from the county in August of the next year for the ' aid of the French kinge in Britaigni.' 6 Five of these recruits seem to have been unwilling to serve abroad and to have ' runn away from their generall at the place where they should have embarked.' They with others who had deserted from various counties were to be committed to prison and punished as ' shalbe thought agreable with the qualitie of their offence. ' 7 Levies were again ordered for service in Ireland in June, 1 594, and forty foot and two horse were required from Nottinghamshire.8 Concerning these it was reported that Nicholas Hamerton and John Elvas had shown themselves ' back- ward and undutyfull ' in service and were ordered accordingly to appear before the council.9 In March, 1595, the forty footmen were ordered to be sent to Ireland, ' sorted with their armor, weapons, and other furniture as before prescribed, that is one half of the whole to be shott, whereof one-fourthe parte to be muskettes, the other half of the whole to be armed with corselettes and pikes savinge some few halbertes.' Besides these fourteen, others were to be kept in readiness for future service.10 A new levy of 100 men was ordered from the county for service in Ireland in 1598," and a further levy of £120 for ' the provyding of fower light horse.' Concerning the raising of the latter the council wrote to the high sheriff and commissioners censuring ' the back- ward and obstinacy of them whose abilities are known to be of suche as they have no cause to pretend any excuse (for refusing payment) but of a perverse disposition.'1 In June, 1600, came a new requirement of fifty foot from the county for Ireland. The choice of 'serviceable and sufficient' men was emphasized and a special warning given against the ' evill choise ' of ' lewd and dissolute persons,' such as those who ' contynewallie either runne awaie before 1 Hist. MSS. Cam. Rep. xii, pt. iv. vol. i, 235. ' Ibid. p. 272. ' Ibid. 4 Acts of P. C. xxi, 221. 5 Ibid. • Ibid, xxiii, 135. ' Ibid. p. 214. o Ibid, xxv, 6. ' Ibid. 10 Ibid. 48, 263. " Ibid, xxviii, 609. " Ibid, xxx, 67. 338 POLITICAL HISTORY they come to embarque or abandon their service very soone after comming into Ireland.' Special conditions were also made as to the arming and apparelling of the soldiers.1 Later in the same year came a fresh demand for fifteen men from the county to proceed from Chester to Lough Foyle in the north of Ireland. As there had been moderation used in the number demanded so Her Majesty had like regard in the ' arming and apparrelling ' of the men ' to deminishe the charge of the county,' and therefore it should suffice that they were furnished with ' harquebuses, murrions, bandolyers, and Turkey swords with especiall good baskett hiltes,' while for their apparel they must have ' well lyned cassockes,' and must be provided with ' hose and shooes,' while for their coats there should be the ordinary government allowance of 4^. the piece.3 Meanwhile the government was also occupied in seeing that the home forces of the country were properly mustered and equipped. Thus, early in 1595, a letter was addressed to the mayor and burgesses of Nottingham, requiring that the commissioners for musters for that shire should ' take view of soch able men and souldiers as that towne hath heretofore enrolled and prepared, and see them trayned with the rest of the shire.' s This, the letter expressly stated, was not meant to be an infringement on the liberties of the burgesses, but in order that a true certificate might be sent to the council of the state of all the forces in the county.* Special care was advised in 1596 that the leadership of the Nottingham trained bands should not be committed to any ' Recusant in any sort.' 6 Certificates of the musters were sent to the council in June, i 596, and were acknowledged by a letter thanking the sheriff and commissioners for their pains and ' prayeinge and requiringe ' them that as they had taken ' good order with the footbandes for change of their armes 6 .... and for supplie of their defectes,' so they would ' take a better view of the horses .... the nomber whereof we are sorie to fynde decayed.' 7 Concerning the provision of powder, match, and bullets to remain ' in stoare ' in the county, the council advised of powder, 1,600 Ib. weight ; of match, 400 Ib. weight ; of bullets, i,6oolb. or thereabouts.8 A general order to increase all stores of powder, match, and bullet came in November, 1596, on account of ' the great preparacions the king of Spain doth make,' together with another command that all the inrolled numbers of the county, both of horse and foot, should be again viewed and mustered.9 Although Notting- hamshire is not included in the great list of musters of Elizabeth's reign,10 a paper, compiled about 1607—8, gives the total number of ' able men ' available from the county at 4,000. Of these 1,500 were armed men, 100 were pioneers, 18 were demi-lances, and 100 light horse.11 The reign of James I, and the early years of Charles I carry on the long list of musters.1* In 1621 the commissioners reported that the Nottinghamshire I Acts ofP.C. xxviii, 412-6. ' Ibid. 790, 796-?. 3 The proportion furnished by the town seems to have been sixteen trained soldiers and twenty-four bowyers, maintained by private individuals. Rec. of Bora. ofNott. 4 Acts ofP.C. xxv, 9. > Ibid. p. 41 1. * A general attempt was being made to convert ' the bowes . . . unto callyvers and muskettes.' See ibid. 27. 'Ibid. p. 462. 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid. 292-5. 10 See Peck, Desiderata Curiosa, vol. i, liber ii, 75 ; and Ordinances of the Royal Household (Soc. Antiq.). II Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. on MSS. of Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, 8 1. " Levies were constantly needed for foreign service, as in 1625, when 150 men were raised in the county. Cal. S.P. Dom, 1625-6, 46) ; and again in 1627, when 100 soldiers were required for the service of the king of Denmark (ibid. 284). 339 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE bands, both trained and untrained, were in good condition, except that the horse were lessened by the creation of some barons who claimed exemption, as did some of the king's servants.1 In 1622 the bands were ordered to be ready for instant service, and to suppress riots if any should occur.3 Three years later the store of powder in the county was considered insufficient,8 and in 1626 William, Viscount Mansfield, wrote to Secretary Conway that in Nottinghamshire, although the ' Muscatires ' were reasonably well ' for pikes and corslets, there were not above six in the whole shire right as they should be.' * He also reported that he had ' taken his own credit ' to supply the deficiencies of the county musters, and promised to do his utmost to procure a benevolence from the county, but feared they would be governed by * ill precedents and factions, the dregs of the last Parliament.' 6 Already, indeed, the county as a whole was beginning to revolt against the illegal schemes fashioned to meet the financial difficulties of the Stuarts. In January, 1626, Sir Gervase Clifton had reported concerning the forty-five loans demanded under the Privy Seal that he had received amounts to £500 from thirty-four persons. Five persons (assessed together at £100) had been silent or refused, and six others (assessed together at £90) had sent excuses.6 Again, in September, 1626, the forced loan was met by a refusal of 'the people in general, save a few whose offer amounted to £70 .... to give to His Majesty otherwise than by Parliament, which they alleged to be the ordinary way.'7 However, in February, 1627, the commissioner for the loan reported that, though the country at first was ' not a little perplexed at the height of the demand, and the manner of it as not being included in Parliament,' it had ultimately been persuaded to submit ' on allowance of certain exceptions and the giving of time.' e Moreover, the gentlemen and others of the town of Nottingham ' willingly assented to the loan,' and pro- mised 'to pay down half at once (i.e. .£129),' and the residue in three months.' 10 Yet, though the county had yielded, there was a general simmering of discontent,11 and this, added to the ravages of the plague, in 1630 and 1 Cal. S.P. Dom. 1619-23, 262. ' Ibid. 427. 'Ibid. 1625-6, 377. 4 Cal. S.P. Dom. 1625-6, 406. * Ibid. 6 S.P. Dom. Chas. I, xix, No. 21. Of the latter George J.iques petitioned that he had no land but a poor cottage worth 4O/. a year ; that he lived upon a farm which, with a high rent, was scarcely worth £30 per annum, yet was the cheapest of his means, as for the estate and goods inherited from his uncle, brother, and mother there were at the most but £1,000, and of this he had not a sixth. Added to this slender- ness of estate he was £200 in debt, to be paid by Candlemas next. Gabriel Armestreye made the quaint excuse, ' not forged to avoid it (the loan), but most true,' that he had great expenses since he had ' twelve children living, and more than one hundred children and children's children alive and dead.' George Abell had too little money for himself and family since he had no land, having lately sold it, no house of his own, and many children. Alexander Stowe was already overwhelmed with many debts he could not pay, and his lands, 'not being above £15 per annum,' he had a year ago conferred on his son in marriage, half in possession, half in reversion. Thomas Grantham wrote, ' I presume by this time you take notice that Mrs. Sacheverill hath changed her name, so as wee must both entreate you to make a faire excuse on our behalfe. And in so doing I shalbe reddye to performe the like kindness to any of yor freindes in Lincolnshire.' Richard Welshe wrote that about four years ago he had bestowed most of his estate on his eldest son in marriage, and had since had losses, ' the vallew of two hundred pounds in cattle and other sheepe, beinge by trade a butcher, by reason whereof I am greatly impoverished in my estate.' ' Ibid. p. 434. ' Cal. S.P. Dom. 1627-8, 65. • Ibid. 338. I0 Ibid. 53. " This is seen in connexion with the muster levies of 1 63 3. The earl of Newcastle reported many defects and many refractory persons in the county. Thomas Flower, of Askham, was especially censured since he had refused to ' show his arms ' with ' such sauciness ' that if some course ' were not taken to reform him his Majesty's service would much suffer.' He had also ' denied to compound for knighthood,' and when threatened with a summons before the council had answered that ' he knew his way well enough thither, and it was but buying a new pair of shoes more' (ibid. 1633-4, 28')- BX APril> l634» tnis same Thomas had been brought to conformity by the council (ibid. p. 561). 340 POLITICAL HISTORY 1 63 1,1 made it in little humour to meet the fresh burden of ship-money. By the levy of 1635 the county was assessed at £3,509, of which £200 was due from Nottingham, >T 1 20 from Newark, and £30 from Retford.* At the assess- ment no one seems to have been refractory except Gervase Markham,3 who wrote to the sheriff taxing him with favouritism in the assessment, and com- plaining of the great and intolerable oppression, and stating that ' if he had been commanded to present to him his head he would as willingly have done it.' * However, when the sheriff came to gather in the money there were few that would pay without distraint, yet though it was ' much to his trouble,' he got the money at last.6 In March, 1636, £3,200 of the £3, 500 charged on the county was paid over by the sheriff,* and the remainder, it was thought, would be paid by the end of September.7 However, in January, 1637, the under-sheriff wrote that the late sheriff was 'fourscore years of age, and little able to go through such a weighty business as ship-money.' Only £30 then remained in arrear, and of this, Newark, he stated, was 'behind £20, whereof the earl of Berkshire, as the late mayor telleth me, should pay £10, and the town is poor.'8 In the assessment of 1637 the hundreds of Newark, Hatfield, South Clay and North Clay were more heavily assessed than those of the north division, and complained that the sheriff, Sir Francis Thornhaugh, had favoured the part of the county in which he lived. This he disclaimed, contending that if, as the complainants asserted, the king's service should suffer in this matter it would be by their unjust interruption, and not by his assess- ment.9 In March, 1638, he wrote to Secretary Nicholas that £650 had been sent to the treasurer of the Navy, and that he hoped to send more about May or Whitsuntide, but ' money is scarce in the county, and you know how I have [been] troubled about the assessment. I have neither spared care nor pains since I came down into the country. There is nobody denies, but only desires a little more time.'10 Arrears for 1637 were still not paid by 1639. In the May of that year Sir Francis reported that Ambrose Wade, one of the chief constables of the hundred of Broxton, had retained £39 i6s., part of the £250 6j. $d. charged on that hundred, and that the town of Newark was in arrear £i I, being part of the £80 charged on the town. The mayor of Newark and Ambrose Wade were therefore ordered to pay the said sums within eight days or appear before the council.11 For the levy of 1638 the sheriff Lord Chaworth reported the payment of £700 towards the full sum required from the county, and begged that the council should suggest some mode of procedure in cases where he had been bidden to get the ship-money 1 Thus in December, 1630, many parts of the county were 'so extremely visited in the plague' that the musters could not be taken with safety (Cal. S.P. Dom. 1629-31, 414). 1 Cal. S.P. Dom. 1635-6, 253. 1 The Markham family seems to have been generally recalcitrant. Thus in July, 1635, Thomas Markham, a cousin of Gervase, was accused of being in the company of a John Bensford and others the day after a training of the horses of the county at Newark, when certain disloyal words, overheard and reported by a beggar woman, had been spoken concerning the king. Markham was examined by the bishop of York, but denied that such words were spoken, protesting that he himself was ready to spend his life in His Majesty's defence (Ibid. 1635, 272). A further letter of February, 1536, states that Mr. Gervase Markham was the only person in the county who was refractory (Ibid. 216). In the next month he was suing for pardon ' in humblest manner that his heart can devise or a delinquent poor prisoner . . . express himself.' (Ibid. 1635—6, 290). 4 Cal. S.P. Dom. 1635-6, II. 6 Ibid. p. 190. ' Ibid. 268. 7 Ibid. 1636, 92. ' ' Ibid. p. 1 86. 9 Ibid. 1637-8, 43, 159, 184. 10 Ibid. 327. " Ibid. 1639, 241. However, in 1640, the sheriff for that year signified that Ambrose Wade was 'dead intestate and of small estate.' Ibid. 1640,244. 341 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE if he could, while the men who bade him get it kept their gates and fences so well maintained that ' no distress could be drawn out but by force.' l Earlier in the year he sent to the council a petition presented by the poor inhabitants of Newark, complaining of ' being overrated towards the business of shipping.' They pleaded that because of the smallness of their trade, the poorness of the people, and the removal of ' gentlemen and able men who formerly dwelt there and contributed to the taxes,' the levy of £45 towards ship-money was more than the weak estate of the town could support.* The council required the sheriff to examine the allegations, and if the town were overcharged then the proportion was to be ' eased,' but what was taken off was to be levied in the county elsewhere, ' which is either too easily rated, or may better bear it.' * As a result Newark was eased of £4.0, which was imposed on the rest of the county.4 Sir Thomas Williamson, sheriff for the next year, was able to collect £600 or £700 towards the charge on the county, but spent it at a later date in raising a garrison for the king at Newark.' Meanwhile the attention of the king was being directed to Scotch affairs, and already in December, 1638, and January, 1639, the lord- lieutenants of the northern counties, Nottingham among them, had been notified that by reason of ' the extraordinary and unexpected occasion ' at hand they should prepare the forces and strength of their counties to prevent such disorders as might otherwise fall on the kingdom.' An order also went out that, owing to the great want of armourers, gunsmiths, swordmakers, and bandoleer-makers those skilled in these trades should be allowed to set up and exercise any of the said trades as freemen of the corporation of any of the Nottinghamshire towns, as of all the counties of the north.7 In February, 1639, Captain Roger Bradshaw reported to Windebank concerning the Nottinghamshire horse and foot. The footmen numbered 1,033 besides officers, the arms of the pikemen were ' passable,' but for ' musketeers ' he had ' defected a great number by reason of the weight and length, some weighing 18 or 20 Ibs., for no man is able to do service with them.' The horse numbered sixty-one, and both horse and arms were good, except a few pistols which he had ' defected.' The magazine was 2 1 lasts of powder, 2j tons of match, and 2§ tons of lead.8 In 1640, 300 foot soldiers, fifty horses, and seventeen carters were required from the county, * • and the lord-lieutenant promised they should be in readiness at time and place appointed. The numbers actually sent were 300 men and three drummers.10 Although the war with Scotland was nominally ended by the Treaty of Ripon, the strain it had involved on the revenue made the Long Parliament a necessity, and with the Long Parliament came the Civil War. The period of the Civil War was one of the most eventful in the history of Nottinghamshire. There was a strong royalist element in the county, and 1 Cal. S.P. Dam. 1639, '5°- ' Ibid. 1638-9, 234, and 1639, '34- Ibid. 1639, '34- 4 Ibid. 1639-40, 465. 4 Pror. of Committee for Advance of Money, i, 90. In March, 1 662, Sir Thomas was ' discharged £500 ship- money levied in co. Notts, during his shrievalty, and by him paid in 1 648 for the use of the garrison of Newark.' Col. S.P. Dam. 1661-2, 312. •Ibid. 1638-9, pp. 155, 307. 'Ibid. p. 373. •Ibid. 444. 'Ibid. 1640, p. 272. "Ibid. p. 544. 342 POLITICAL HISTORY thus Mrs. Hutchinson writes that whereas ' some counties were in the begin- ning so wholly for the Parliament that the king's interest appeared not in them ; some were so wholly for the king that the godly, for those generally were the Parliament's friends, were forced to forsake their habitations and seek other shelters : of this sort was Nottinghamshire.' l All the nobility and gentry and their dependents were generally for the king, and among them were the earl of Newcastle, the earl of Kingston, who ' a few months stood neuter,' until at length ' his fate drew him to declare himself absolutely on the king's side,' Lord Chesterfield, Lord Chaworth, the earl of Clare, who was ' very often of both parties, and . . . never advantaged either,' Sir John Byron, and Sir John Savill. Of the 'parliament men ' Mr. Sutton, afterwards Lord Lexington and Sir Gervase Clifton ' forsook the Parliament, went to the king and executed his commission of array.' Others who were firm to the Parliament were Mr. Hutchinson and Mr. Henry Ireton.2 Knowing the strength of his party in the county the king was quick to visit first Newark and then Nottingham and gather his forces. In July, 1642, he convened a meeting at Newark of all the principal gentry and landowners of the county, and declared that whereas he went to other places 'to confirm and undeceive' his subjects, he had come there only to ' thank and encourage ' them.3 A few days later he went on to Nottingham, where he held a similar meeting and summoned the trained bands which were arrayed under Sir Gervase Clifton.4 The mayor, Alderman James, a parliament man — ' a very honest bold man with no more but a burgher's discretion ' 6 — had refused twice to go to York at the king's command, and had not published the king's proclamations, and the king, though he accepted the mace, ' gave him no hand to kiss.' 8 By 1 2 August the king was again at York, where he published his proclamation requiring the aid and assistance of all his ' well- affected subjects north of the Trent . . . for the suppression of the rebellion and the protection of his subjects from that slavery and insolvency which threatened them.'7 By 17 August he was at Newark, the next day at Southwell, and the next at Nottingham, where he reviewed the cavalry. On Monday, 22 August, came the formal declaration of war with the setting up of the royal standard at Nottingham. A letter printed in Remarkable Passages from Nottingham gives the graphic account of an eye- witness : ' His Majesty came into the castle yard accompanied with the prince-duke Prince Robert (Rupert) and Maurice his brother, the duke of Richmond, and divers others, courtiers and cavaliers, and finding out the highest pointed hill in the yard from whence it might be perspicuous the standard was brought in and there erected. At which time all the courtiers and spectators flung up their caps and whooped crying : " God save King Charles and hang up the Roundheads " ! and so whooped the king to his lodgings. After which the standard was removed to the highest tower of the castle, where it hangs blowing, and so must till the king advanceth his 1 Mrs. Hutchinson, Memoirs of Col. Hutchinson (Bohn ed.), p. 116. ' Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit, pp. 117-8. 5 Rushworth, Hist. Coll. iii, vol. i, 653. 4 Truths from Nott. and Leic. (B.M. Pamphlets, 669, fol. 657). 'Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 13*. * Truths from Natt. and Leic. April, 1642 (B.M. Pamphlets, 669, fol. 657). 'Clarendon, Hist, of Great Rebellion, ii, 275. 343 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE camp forward ; then it removes with him.' l Drums were beating about Nottingham for volunteers for the king, troops of horse were coming to be billeted on the county, and already rapine and spoil was being committed about Nottingham ; gentlemen's nouses were ransacked, and ' one Master Needham's oune cart ' was made to ' bring away to Nottingham bedding, linen, pewter, butter, cheese, and other things out of his house,' because he was ' accounted a Roundhead.' * Three days after the setting up of the standard, the king by the advice of his council sent a message to both Houses of Parliament hoping to find * some remedy to prevent the miseries which are ready to overwhelm the whole nation by a civil war,' and proposing a treaty between himself and Parliament. 8 The Houses answered that the king by his proclamations and declarations against Parliament and by setting up his standard had put ' the two Houses of Parliament and in them the whole kingdom ' out of his protection, and until His Majesty should recall the proclamation and take down the standard the Houses for ' the good and safety of the kingdom ' could give him no answer. The king answered that he never had declared the Houses traitor, nor set up the standard against them, and if they would revoke all their proclamations made against his party he would do the same and would take down the standard.4 The Parliament unmoved returned the same answer as before, and declared that the arms they had been forced to take up should not be laid down until His Majesty should withdraw his protection from such persons as had been voted delinquents by both Houses.' Meanwhile on 30 August the men of Nottinghamshire presented a petition to the king, ' humbly imploring his sacred Majesty to returne and joyne with both his Houses of Parliament,' and to take down the standard. There- upon His Majesty ' struck with clemency immediately caused his standard to be taken downe . . . but the Cavalliers were not a little moved at the happy success this Petition found, wherefore some certain of them being ful of gall and spleen, and withall taking a cloak for their wicked intention, saying that the Petitioners were rather traytors than subjects . . . alleadging that his Prerogative was dipt, and ere they would suffer it their lives (as for their fortunes they had none) should be sacrificed to redeem his wrongs, in such , like passions sought out for the Petitioners . . . and would have fallen upon them, but they . . . sent to the mayor . . . intreating that some of the 1 (B.M. Pamphlets, 669, fol. 675). Remarkable Passages from Nott. Letter from a Gentleman neere Nctt. to a Friend in London. The writer goes on to describe the standard as ' a long pole like a maypole, painted red on the upper end, whereof hangs a large silk flag (in form of a scutcheon) with a red crosse and two lyons passant upon two crownes.' He also tells how ' Prince Robert ' (Rupert) was next day made general of the horse and how the king declared that whoso would go that afternoon with the prince against Coventry and Warwick ' it should be acceptable service.' A rather different account of the event is given in another description. There the writer says that the standard was ' taken out of the castle and carried into a field a little on the back side of the castle wall.' Of the standard he says that ' the likeness of the standard is much of the fashion of the City streamers used at the Lord Mayor's Show, having about twenty supporters, and is to be carried the same way ; on the top of it hangs a bloody flag, the king's arms quartered, with a hand pointing to the crowne which stands above, with this motto : " Give to Caesar his due." ' A True and Exact Relation of the Manner of Hit Majesty's Setting uf his Standard at Nottingham. ' This account is, of course, written from a partial point of view. The writer of the letter has been thought to be Col. Hutchinson, who was certainly in Nottingham at the time. See Mrs. Hutchinson's Memoirs of Col. Hutchinson. ' His Majesty's Gracious Message . . . sent from Nottingham, etc. (B.M. Pamphlets, E. 1 1 6, No. 2). 4 B.M. Pamphlets, E. 116, No. 2. ' Clarendon, Hist, of Great Rebellion, ii, 308. 344 POLITICAL HISTORY Trained Bands should be in a readinesse to quell all uproars if it chanced that the Cavalliers should bee over busy.' l There was thus another side to the history of the king's cause in Nottinghamshire. Though the gentry of the shire were on his side, Nottingham townsmen and the freeholders were against him,3 and Clarendon reports how the king ' found the place much emptier than he thought the fame of his standard would have suffered it to be,' for ' at Nottingham (besides some few of the train-bands which Sir John Digby, the active shrieve of that county, drew into the old ruinous castle there) there were not of foot levied for the service yet 300 men.'8 All the strength on which the king could depend was his horse, about 800 in number, now at Leicester with Prince Rupert, and Essex, with the parliamentary forces, was at Northampton, ready, it seemed, to march on Nottingham. But ' God blinded his enemies so that they made not the least advance towards Nottingham.' * By the end of August recruits were coming in from Yorkshire, Staffordshire, Lincolnshire, Shropshire, and Cheshire, and the hopes of the royal party were rising. Yet Nottingham ' seemed not a good post for His Majesty to stay in,' and on 13 September he marched from Nottingham to Derby. Thus Sir Edward Nicholas wrote to Sir Thomas Roe that the king was on that day ' setting forth with his army ... to join with 5,000 foot and 400 horse, which are raised for the king in Wales and the borders. The king's army is much increased within these eight days, and near 2,000 arms have been hither brought in from this and the adjacent counties.' 5 Meanwhile musters were gathering under the parliamentary commission of array. Three colonels had been nominated : Sir Francis Thornhaugh, Sir Francis Molyneux, and Francis Pierrepoint. Of these Sir Francis Molyneux utterly refused service : Sir Francis Thornhaugh raised a regiment of horse, and Colonel Pierrepoint a regiment of foot, of which Mr. John Hutchinson became lieutenant-colonel. Colonel Pierrepoint seems to have been very half-hearted, for Mrs. Hutchinson tells how he was six weeks before he could be persuaded ' to put on a sword or to enlist any men, which at length he did of substantial honest townsmen.' 8 With the beginning of the association of the counties after the battle of Edgehill, Nottinghamshire was placed with Leicestershire and other counties under Lord Grey, of Groby. Then the royalist gentry, headed by Lord Chaworth, ' finding an opposition they expected not,' seem to have made some vain effort to come to terms with the 'parliament men.'7 In December, 1642, a meeting of the corpora- tion of Nottingham and ten gentlemen of the county was held at the guildhall, and an agreement was made to invite the gentlemen of the county 1 B.M. Pamphlets, E. 1 16, No. 3. Nott. Pet. to the King. ' Mrs. Hutchinson says : ' Although the town was generally more malignant (i.e. Royalist) than wcll- affected, yet they cared not to have the cavalier soldiers quarter with them, and, therefore, agreed to defend themselves against any force which should come against them ; and being called hastily together as the exigence required, about 700 listed themselves, and chose Mr. George Hutchinson for their Captain ' (Memoirs of Col. HutMnion,ed. Bohn, 132). The ill effects on the king's cause of the unscrupulous billeting of the soldiers in the town is shown by the petition of 1642, presented to Parliament by the townsmen. William, earl of Newcastle, the lord-lieutenant, had ' withdrawn himself, with mischievous accomplices, to his own house in Nottingham, billeting his cavaliers and Papistical soldiers in the houses of the most substantial persons of that county,' who were forced to quit their houses and goods, or suffer the indignities imposed on them by ' those enemies of God and the Commonwealth in the ferocity of their barbarous dispositions' (B.M. Pamphlets, E. 84, No. 17). ' Clarendon, Hist, of Great Rebellion, ii, 293. 4 Ibid. p. 299. 6 Cal. 5. P. Dom. 1642-3, 389. ' Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 139. * Ibid. p. 140. 1 345 44 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE to join the townspeople for the defence of the town of Nottingham. l Those who would not threw themselves into Newark, where preparations for a strong defence were being made. Works were also begun round Notting- ham, and from this time the progress of the Civil War in the county was to resolve itself into a struggle between the two rival garrisons of Nottingham and Newark. Nottingham was as important to Parliament as ' a considerable pass to the north ' as Newark was to the king, yet early in 1 643 the ' coldness ' of Colonel Pierrepoint, and the growing ' disaffection ' of the town, made it seem as though it could only with difficulty be preserved for Parliament. However, in February, 1642—3, the garrison decided to join with Lincoln and Derby and attack Newark, since ' it would be easier to prevent Newark from being made a fortified garrison than to take it when it was so.' * The forces from Nottingham and Derby were to advance on one side, those of Lincoln on the other. According to the parliamentary version Newark would have been forced to surrender had it not been for the treachery of the Lincolnshire commander, John Ballard, who, ' decayed in his family,' and owing his education to many of the royalist gentry within Newark, determined to cast aside the Parliament cause ' rather than ruin his old benefactors.' 8 He refused to attack the town at the right time, and probably betrayed the enemy's movements to the Newarkers, so that they prepared an ambuscade to intercept them. When the forces of Nottingham and Derby had come, being 1,000 strong, horse, foot, and dragoons, they attacked the town on one side, beat the Newarkers from the works, and entrenched themselves. Captain King, of the Lincolnshire forces, attacked the other side of the town, and had ' taken a street, cut up a chain, and placed a " drake " in a house,' when Ballard ordered him to retreat, and thereupon the whole force of Newark fell on the entrenched Nottingham and Derby forces. The latter fought bravely until a Lincolnshire trooper, sent by Ballard, came and bade them fly for their lives, or else they were lost men.'* The royalist version tells how the Nottingham and Derby regiments ' discharged against the towne from eleven of the clocke at noone untill six at night, but with more courage than successe.' The attack on the other side of the works failed completely, and the enemy retired, whereupon the governor attacked the Nottingham and Derby forces, and dislodged the enemy. * There were killed of the king's side in this brave repulse but one man onely, a common souldier of the garrison, and not many hurt. But of the rebels were slaine no fewer than 200 men and many wounded, whereof the chiefe was Colonel Ballard, and no meane one neither.' 6 For the next few months Nottingham seems to have felt the effect of the general royalist victories throughout the north and west. Sir Richard Byron, the new governor of Newark, brought all the zealous loyalty of his family to the help of the Newark garrison ; Lord Chaworth, the earl of Chesterfield, and others had left Newark, and fortified their several houses in the royalist cause. The forces at Nottingham only numbered about 1,000 men, 'but at Whitsuntide they were reinforced, and the numbers 1 Rec. of the Bora. ofNott. v, 207. * Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 143. * Ibid. p. 144. 4 Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 143—5. ' A Brief Relation of the Remarkable Occurrences In the Northern Parts (B.M. Pamphlets, E. 73). * The queen wrote to Charles from Newark that ' all the force Parliament had in those parts was only 1 ,000 men in Nottingham.' 346 POLITICAL HISTORY raised to about 5,000 or 6,000 by the gathering at Nottingham of the forces of the northern midlands for the rescue of the Fairfaxes from Newcastle's ' Popish army.' l Owing chiefly to the conduct of the younger Hotham, who was found to be in correspondence with the Newark garrison, there seems to have been much disorder in the town, and finally, probably by Cromwell's influence, Lord Grey was superseded by Sir John Meldrum a in the command of the associated forces. Sir John Meldrum being called off with the bulk of the Nottinghamshire forces to the relief of Gainsborough in July, 1643, t^ie town was again in a desperate state, since only a few townsmen remained to guard both town and castle. These Colonel Hutchinson, who had been made governor of the castle the month before, ordered into the castle, since they were not sufficient in number to guard the works round the town, and ordered the fourteen guns upon the works to be brought up also. This action seems to have aroused much opposition, for the townsmen, since ' their houses, families, and estates were exposed, began to envy, then to hate the castle, as grieved that anything should be preserved when all could not.' Finally, out of the whole town and the four companies that remained under Colonel Pierrepoint only about 300 men were found to garrison the castle.' The defenceless state of the town naturally gave an oppor- tunity to the garrison at Newark. They issued out in various parties, and swept the county round up to the very walls of Nottingham. On 1 8 September, 1643, Sir Richard Byron effected an entry into the town, and for five days was garrisoned in the old church of St. Nicholas. Failing to make any impression on the castle, he prepared to evacuate, but was attacked by a sally party from the castle. He thereupon retreated to the Trent bridge, and remained entrenched there until, hearing that re- inforcements were on the way to Nottingham, he silently marched back to Newark.* The next month brought the reinstatement of Parliament in the north with the defeat of Lord Newcastle by Fairfax, and the taking of Gainsborough by the earl of Manchester.6 Royalist hopes in the north were failing, the treachery of the Hothams had been unavailing, ' and much about this time (i.e. December, 1563) there fell out another remarkable passage much to His Majesty's dishonour,' since the marquis of Newcastle ' plotted and contrived by one Colonel Dacre to have corrupted and undermined the valiant and most loyal governor of Nottingham Castle.' Colonel Hutchinson himself wrote to Mr. Millington, a member of the House of Commons, that he had three times been tempted to betray the castle, by Sir Richard Byron, by Mr. Sutton, and by the earl of Newcastle. Ten thousand pounds and 'to be made best 1 Mercurius jiutuus, B.M. Pamphlets, E. 55, 14. Certain Informations, B.M. Pamphlets, E. 55, 4. ' Carlyle, Cromwell's Letters, i, Letter ix. Lord Grey's conduct in failing to meet with the united forces at the appointed rendezvous is here censured by Cromwell. 3 Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 155, et seq. The records of the borough for 1643 show the special provisions made for night guard : ' Those wattchmen that are appoynted to wattche the toun nightly for the flanckinge and strengthinge the Gentries and inner gards shalbe sworn to keepe their wattche until fower of the clocke in the morninge, and thatt whoesoever shall depart from his garde or wattche . . . shall pay for his fyne iis or ells in defalte thereof ... be ymprisoned . . . and xxxtie (are) to be appoynted everie nighte to wattche oute of the severall wardes ' (Rec. of Bora. ofNott. v, 209). 4 Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. pp. 176-180. Captain White and his horse returning from Lincolnshire to Leicester came to the rescue of the governor. * B.M. Pamphlets, E. 212. God's Arke overtopping the World's Waves, p. 7 347 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE lord in Nottinghamshire ' was the reward offered him.1 Of Lord Newcastle's share in these transactions it is difficult to judge. Certainly if Nottingham could have been gained before the parliamentary forces under Sir John Meldrum and Lord Willoughby could march south the county would have formed a royalist wedge between north and east. Since Colonel Hutchinson could not be won over the garrison at Newark made a desperate effort to take both town and castle by storm in January, 1643-4. Fifteen hundred horse and foot from the garrison joined with royalist forces from the surrounding country, and about six o'clock in the morning of 1 6 January drew near the town from either side and forced an entry, driving back the governor and two foot companies into the castle. They then possessed themselves of St. Peter's Church and the houses and ' street ends ' to prevent the garrison from sallying out. The ordnance from the castle, however, ' made a lane among them,' and the Parliamentary horse, seeing they could do no service mounted, took their muskets, and served on foot, and so succeeded in beating back the enemy.8 ' In all this day's service,' Colonel Hutchinson wrote, ' we had not any assistance from the townsmen besides those which have all this year been in the castle with me, though I had twice summoned them to receive arms for the defence of the town . . . but now I am in some hopes that they will by this be brought to concur more cheerfully with me for their own defence and that the cavaliers (though they have no cause to bray of this) will more dearly buy their next entrance.'8 In February, 1643—4, came an account, again from the parliamentary side, of the most ' admirable and marvellous deliverance ' of the town and castle from a plot of the king's ' base cormorants.' Horses laden with straw were driven by thirty cavaliers, some ' in the habits of plain country men, others of them like unto homely country women,' from Newcastle towards Nottingham as though going to the market ; but the ' supposed women ' were suspected, and the ' cousening cormorants ' being detected were examined and tortured until they confessed a plot to suddenly attack and kill the guard, and prepare the way for the horse and foot that were following. Thus warned the Nottingham garrison issued out and put the enemy to rout and retreat.* Meanwhile Sir John Meldrum and Lord Willoughby had marched \ south, and by the middle of February the siege of Newark was begun.6 By f the middle of March the garrison was nearly starved out,' and so sure was i Parliament of a speedy end to the siege that an order went from the Com- mittee of Both Kingdoms to the earl of Manchester on 20 March that the Nottingham and Derby forces were to return from Yorkshire to secure their own counties, that the footmen of Lord Willoughby, then at Newark, should go with Sir John Meldrum to Yorkshire, and his horse to the earl of Denbigh.7 On the next day, 21 March, Prince Rupert, who when at Chester had received orders from the king on 1 2 March to march to the relief of Newark, B. M. Pamphlets, E. p. 104. An interesting personal note comes into this letter since Mr. Hutchinson tells his friend 'your sonnes are both well here in the castle, and I heare your wife is so in the country : only I hear your goods and corne are plundered.' B. M. Pamphlets, £312. Gods' Ark overtopping the World's Waves, p. 163. * Ibid. p. 163. 4 Ibid. Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. pp. 214-5. 5 See Cai. S. P. Dom. 1644, 23. ' Yet Sir Edward Nicholas reported on 1 5 March that ' the rebels assaulted Newark in several places, but were repulsed with loss of about 500 dead on the place, besides some of their ordnance, particularly the great wars piece they took at Hull from my lord of Newcastle.' Ibid. p. C4-. » ft • 1 yp- * * J\ 7 Ibid. p. 63. 348 POLITICAL HISTORY having joined Lord Loughborough at Bingham, marched to Newark early in the morning, attacked Meldrum's forces, and relieved the town.1 On 22 March the Committee of Both Kingdoms wrote to the earl of Man- chester bidding him send what force he could to the help of the forces before Newark. ' We conceive if your forces come timely Prince Rupert's army may be in the straits yours is now conceived to be.'8 A further account of the ' unhappy condition of affairs at Newark ' was sent to Sir William Waller,8 and Lord Denbigh and Commissary General Belire with the Nottingham and Derby forces, as well as those of the earl of Manchester, were reported to be marching towards those parts to hinder the royalist forces there from ' that fruit of their victory they might hope to reap by arming the country with those arms they had taken from our men.' * Lord Denbigh, in a letter written 27 March, feared that the enemy would ' follow their fortune' in the vicinity of Newark, but had the earl of Manchester's march been swifter, and had the Nottingham forces joined with his own, this might have been prevented.' However, letters from Prince Rupert having been intercepted, the Committee learnt that he was ' not of such strength as he thinks it safe to continue where he is.' ' During the summer of 1644 all the efforts of Parliament were directed to affairs in Yorkshire, and all the strength of the associated forces was sum- moned to the north. Newark and Nottingham were left once more to their old antagonism, and the Nottingham garrison fared badly. Thus in June, 1644, ' divers gentlemen in Nottingham well affected to the Parliament ' sent intelligence to the Committee of Both Kingdoms of the strength of the enemy's garrison, while they themselves had but few horses left, and could ' neither defend their county nor gain contributions for the necessary maintenance of their garrison ' without the aid of the horse then with Lord Denbigh, which for the most part had been ' raised at the charge of par- ticular men.' The Committee therefore, ' being sensible of the great loss like to come speedily on Nottingham for want of horses,' wrote to Lord Denbigh ordering him to dismiss 100 of the Nottingham horse then with him and the others as soon as he could spare them.7 The governor of Nottingham had other difficulties to meet besides the attacks of the Newark garrison. Although old rivalry between the town and castle was somewhat abated 8 it had given way to a rivalry between the governor and the Committee, and this of necessity gave an added weakness to his plans for defence.9 In July, 1644, Mr. Millington was sent by the Committee of Both Kingdoms to give the committees both of town and castle and the honest inhabitants of the garrison thanks for ' their undaunted courage and unwearied diligence in the maintenance of the same,' and to ' endeavour to compose all differences between the garrisons of the castle and town, and between the members of the committees.'10 By November the quarrel between the governor and the committee of Nottingham had come before the Committee of Both 1 Mercurius Aulicus, B.M. Pamphlets, £.55. * Cal. S. P. Dam. 1644, p. 66. * Ibid. pp. 70, 75. 4 Ibid. p. 75. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. pp. 77, 78. ' Ibid. p. 277. 8 The townsmen had at last determined to join in their own defence, and 400 were enlisted under ' one Mr. Coates, a minister, an honest and Godly man, and Mr. Mason, an attorney, a great cavalier, but a reverend and silent man who, for an austere knit in his brow and a grave, severe countenance, had the reputation of a wise man.' Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 208. 9 Ibid. pp. 208-14. 10 Cal. S. P.Dom. 1644, p. 368. 349 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Kingdoms for settlement, and by its decision all the affairs of town and castle were to be in the hands of a general committee of which Colonel Hutchinson, Colonel Thornhaugh, the mayor of Nottingham, and others specially named were to be members. Without the consent of the majority in this committee no forces should be sent out, or being sent out recalled, and no works or fortifications should be made in or about the garrison. Especially the committee were requested to take care that money was provided for the garrison, so that it might not suffer from want of pay.1 Meanwhile Cromwell's victory at Marston Moor had secured thenorth,and the parliamentary forces were available elsewhere, but it was not until the end of the year that Fairfax suggested that some of the Scottish horse should be sent from the northern counties to Newark, the only considerable garrison of the enemy and the ' receptacle of all (their) flying forces.'8 During November Fairfax received orders from the committee ' to straiten the enemy at Newark,'3 and in December he wrote that he had ordered some regiments to march to Newark, but the place was strong and well manned and provided for some months, and he could not spare enough forces to effect much.* By January Newark was not taken, but some of the forces of the counties of Nottingham, Derby, and York, that had been rendering good service in the siege under Sir John Cell, had been withdrawn. The committee, being ' sensible of the loss and danger ' this withdrawal entailed on Nottingham, ordered Fairfax to send 1,000 horse out of Yorkshire, and ordered Sir John Cell to send back the 1,000 he had withdrawn.5 The garrison, however, still held out, and periodi- cally made desperate sallies, but was ' reduced to an exceeding strait for want of provisions.'6 In March, 1645, Prince Rupert determined to relieve the town, and sent a party of 1,500 horse under Sir Marmaduke Langdale for that purpose.7 On the way from Leicester to Newark the relief party was attacked by Colonel Rossiter with about 3,000 men, but succeeded in repulsing the enemy, and marching on to Newark, was able to relieve the town.8 Once again, therefore, Parliament was obliged to leave Newark to the royalists, and Colonel Rossiter was ordered to march after Sir Marmaduke \ Langdale, who, when he had relieved the town, had started to meet Prince Maurice in Cheshire, but to leave enough forces before Newark as ' may preserve the country from spoil by the Newark garrison.' 9 A few days after this order was countermanded, and Colonel Rossiter was ordered to take special care of the country round Newark that none of the garrison should ' be suffered to march towards any part of the Eastern Association to disquiet and alarm them.' 10 The march of the royal forces from Worcester across to Leicester in April, 1645, presumably against the Eastern Association, aroused the fears of Parliament, and early in May an order was sent to the deputy-lieutenants of Nottingham to send 200 horse and 200 foot to join with Lincoln forces c in case the Newark garrison should attempt to march towards the king.' u On 1 Cal. S. P.Dom. 1644-5, p. m. ' Ibid. p. 104. ' Ibid. p. 119. 4 Ibid. p. 172. * Ibid. p. 235. 6 MS. of a gentleman of the relief party, printed in 1782, quoted in Shilton, Hut. of Newark, pp. 81-91. 7 Cal. S. P. Dom. 1644-5, P- 334- * MS. above quoted. ' Cal. S. P. Dom. 1644-5, P- 34°. lo Ibid. p. 355. " Ibid. p. 478. 35° POLITICAL HISTORY 20 May Lord Fairfax wrote to the earl of Leven that ' the Newark forces get all horses they can possibly for a speedy march either towards the king's forces or to raise the siege of Pontefract.' l Later in the month a rendezvous of all the Associated Counties was appointed at Nottingham, and ' in case the king should draw out the garrison of Newark,' Colonel Rossiter was ordered to advance with 600 horse of Lincolnshire.3 The king's success at Leicester, early in June, brought orders to Fairfax to pursue the royal forces, since the king was thought to be ' able to attempt either Nottingham, Derby, or any other garrison.' s The decisive victory of Fairfax at Naseby crushed all the royalist hopes. The king's broken forces threw themselves into Newark, now the only strong royalist centre, near which some of the Scotch forces were stationed for the next three months to defend the country round against the garrison.* After the defeat of Goring in the west, in July, Charles advanced across England to Newark, with about 3,000 horse and dragoons, to join with the Newark garrison.6 In August the Committee of Both Kingdoms ordered Major-General Poyntz to gather all the forces formerly appointed from Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and Lincolnshire, and from the Eastern Association, and taking them under his charge ' take all advantage against the Newark garrison.' ' Further, he was ordered to follow the king with his Yorkshire horse, while the Committee for War at York was ordered to reinforce him so as to enable him to besiege Newark. This they had neglected, and Poyntz had been forced, for want of horse, to relieve Notting- ham, so that Newark was left ' to infest the adjacent parts and to trouble and alarm the quiet ' of the north unless horse and dragoons were sent quickly.7 Throughout September the country round Newark was the scene of numerous skirmishes, but the Association forces were drawing together, and there was great hope ' that the countrymen would come in likewise, with their muskets.' During October news came to London that Newark was blocked up by horse ' as well as for the present it can be.' Major-General Poyntz was in the north with his own and the London horse, Colonel Rossiter on the other side with his horse. The king was in the garrison with ' the two German princes and many gentlemen of note, and not above 700 or 800 horse, and not so many foot as there had lately been : If our brethren of Scotland were there now they might do England and themselves good service, but God will work his own work by what hand he pleases.' 8 In the same month was reported ' a pretty design against Newark ; the business well carried had not the enemy too soon gotten the alarm ; our men tugged hard for the bridge, slew divers of the enemy, and the next day Sir Thomas Williams was suspected to hold confederacy and dismissed the garrison.' 9 Charles was 1 Cal. S.P. Dom. 1644-5, p. 505. ' Ibid. pp. 530, 542. ' Ibid. p. 551. ' Ibid. p. 622. * News of great disorder ' among the rebels' forces in Yorkshire decided the course of the king's march. The gentlemen of the five northern counties expressed a wonderful alacrity and resolution to engage in the king's service, even more frankly than . . . when he was most prosperous.' Letter from Lord Digby to Prince Rupert. Cal. S. P. Dom, 1645-7, p. 70. 6 Ibid. p. 63. Already letters had been sent to the Committees of Derby, Notts, Stafford, Lincoln, Cam- bridge, and Rutland, informing them that the royalist garrison was grown to greater strength at Newark by access of force from several other reduced garrisons, and bidding them send what force they could to help in its reduction. Ibid. pp. 35, 44. ' Ibid. B.M. Pamphlets, E. 302. Moderate Intelligencer and Mercurius Veredicus ; also Mercurius Ciricus and The Scottish Dove (Ibid. E. 303). 8 B.M. Pamphlets, E. 307, The Scottish Dove. * Ibid. E. 303, Continuation of Divert Remarkable Passages. 351 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE anxious to get away from Newark to join Montrose,1 being unwilling, according to his enemies, ' to be blockt up there, and the rather the sickness was in it' and taking advantage of the absence of General Poyntz at the siege of Shelford House, and the withdrawal of many of the Derby and Warwick horse to Chester,' marched out secretly with all the supplies the garrison could afford, ' who have so extremely drained themselves to pleasure him that the adjacent countries will now be in great quiet, and Colonel Rossiter be the better spared to pursue him.'8 The coming of General Leslie with the Scotch forces, to the number of 2,000 horse and 3,000 foot,4 ' to visit that cage and catch these foul birds,' was finally planned in November, and at this news there came daily out of Newark ' great store of men of quality who have passes and goe home to their houses.' There were those who had ' fled to Newark and received rents from their tenants,' and now, fearing a siege, came out, ' that the provisions within might last longer.' 6 It was not until December' that the Scottish forces arrived, and their commanders and the parliamentarian officers held a council of war and agreed to storm the bridge a mile from the town where the enemy kept guard. The attack seems to have been successful and many royalists were killed.7 On 10 December the Newarkers designed to blow up a bridge over the Dee, and prepared five boats for this purpose, but one caught fire before it reached the bridge, and warned the enemy, so that the rest were stopped.8 For the next few weeks the Newarkers made desperate sallies but, seemingly, with indifferent success. Thus, on 19 December, about 600 of the garrison attacked the enemy, who caused them to retreat, but pursuing them too eagerly fell into a royalist ambush near the town works and lost about 20 of their men.' On another occasion the royalists fared less well. About 200 or 300 made a sally on Colonel Rossiter's quarters, but were compelled to retreat with the loss of many men.10 By the end of December Skipton Castle had surrendered to Parliament, and 2,000 were sent thence to ' help the business of Newark,' u as well as a ' great mortar piece,' which it was hoped would ' doe good execution.' 12 In January also the Committee of Both Kingdoms wrote to the Committee at Nottingham that, all the garrisons in Yorkshire being reduced, horse and foot could be spared for Newark,13 and the committee of the militia of London was desired to provide 60 dragoons, to be ready at I Cal. S. P. Dam, 1645-7, P- l6°- * B-M- Pamphlets, E. 309, The Kingdom's Weekly IntelRgencer. * B.M. Pamphlets, E. 304, The Kingdom's Weekly Post. During Colonel Rossiter's absence in pursuit of the king, the earl of Warwick was ordered to send Major Gibb and 800 horse of the Association to Newark (Cal. S. P. Dem. 1645-7, p. 98). The Weekly Account for 8-15 October describes a council of war in Newark, and how the commanders with the king ' made high propositions to the towne for horse, ammuni- tion, arms, etc., and that what was not entirely necessary for the defence of the garrison was to be carried away with his Majesty.' B.M. Pamphlets, E. 304. 4 Ibid. E. 313, A Diary or Exact Journal, 1 8 Dec. 1645. 4 Ibid. E. 310, The Weekly Account, Nov. 4-11, 1645. 6 The Scots had been severely censured by Parliament for the delay in their advance to Newark, ' whereby not only the northern parts have lain all the while under an insupportable burden, but also the fairest oppor- tunity ... for putting an end to our miseries is already slipped out of our hand.' Cal. 5. P. Dam. 1645-7, p. 256. B.M. Pamphlets, E. 311, The Weekly Account, 26 Nov.-2 Dec. 1645. * Ibid. Diary or Exact Journal, 10 Dec. 1645. * Ibid. E. 313, Diary or Exact Journal, 19 Dec. 1645. " Ibid. The Weekly Account, 16-30 Dec. 1645. II Ibid. E. 314, The Scottish Dove, 24 Dec.-i Jan. 1645-6. " Ibid. E. 313, The Weekly Account, 16-30 Dec. 1645. 11 Cal. S. P. Dm, 1645-7, 306. 352 POLITICAL HISTORY Goldsmiths' Hall to convoy the arms, clothes, and ammunition to be sent to the Scots army at Newark.1 But Newark Castle now protected by two new fortifications, the ' King's Sconce ' and the ' Queen's Sconce,' seemed invulnerable, and the county began to weary under the burden of victualling the besieging forces. In January, 1645—6, the inhabitants ' of that part of the county of Nottingham lying on the north side of the Trent ' petitioned the Committee of Lords and Commons, complaining of the hardships they suffered at the hands of the Scotch army.2 A complaint was therefore made to General Leslie, but in February he wrote back to the committee enclosing a letter signed by 47 gentlemen of Nottingham giving ' a good character of the Scotch army.' Though the burden was great, they wrote, 'in this small, barren, and exhausted north part of our country, we cannot but cheerfully acknowledge our great thankfulness for your favour. . . We are sorry that our poverty and weaknesse cannot answer your merits and noblenesse.' Parliament ordered £15,000 per mensem for the maintenance of the forces before Newark, and the general ordered that the least wrong or violence done by his soldiers to any whatsoever in persons or goods should merit death.3 Throughout the disasters of February and March, 1646, Newark still held out under Bellasis, but already before the end of March Montreuil had been sent with a message to the Scots promising that the king would come to the Scotch army on assurance of security in conscience and honour and would surrender Newark into their hands. On 28 March the besiegers summoned the garrison to surrender, stating that Parliament had 16,000 horse and foot before the town, ' soldiers of experience, united and in health and courage.' Bellasis replied, knowing nothing of Charles's overtures to the Scots, that he must follow the king's commands, and 'though honour and conscience might permit the delivery of the garrison, yet civility would retard it, lest His Majesty's Act of Grace should be frustrated.' * However, at the end of April, Charles left Oxford, and advancing to Southwell delivered himself into the hands of the Scots. And 'immediately upon his coming General Leven had some treaty with His Majesty about the surrender of Newark' ; not to the Scots themselves, but, to 'remove all jealousy,' to the Parliament.5 The result was the character- istic order sent by Charles to Lord Bellasis, who much against his own will and that of his garrison, although by now the plague was raging in the town, was forced to surrender on 6 May. By the articles of surrender the garrison with all its ordnance and arms was to be delivered over to Parliament, and Colonel Hutchinson with his regiment was appointed to receive the town and the arms, and to quarter in it.8 Lord Bellasis and his officers were allowed to march out either to one of the royal garrisons not besieged, or to their own houses ; the soldiers were allowed to ' make peace with Parliament,' or go beyond the seas.7 After the surrender of Newark the active participation of the county in the Civil War was practically over. Nottingham town and castle ' was continued a garrison for some time,'8 until in August, 1647, when 1 Cal. S. P. Dam, 1645-7, 326. ' Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. vi, 93. 1 Two letters from Lieut.-Gen. David Lesley. 1 Rushworth, Hist. Coll. pt. iv, vol. v, 250-2. 5 Ibid. p. 269. 6 Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 291. 7 See Articles given in full in Rushworth, Hist. Coll. pt. iv, vol. i, 265. 8 Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 297. i 353 45 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE the Parliament, submissive to the army, ' was by the General restored to their seats', the garrison was reduced only to the castle guard. The works at the town and the bridges were also slighted, and since all but two of the companies of the governor's regiment were disbanded, he gave the command, ' not worthy of himself or his brother,' to his kinsman Captain Poulton.1 But with the new danger rising from the king's intrigues with the Scots early in 1 648 Colonel Hutchinson was again commissioned to garrison the castle.3 An attempt by Colonel Gilbert Byron to win over the governor to betray the castle failed, but Byron managed to gather about 500 horse from Notting- hamshire and Lincolnshire, and with these marched to join the royalist party in the north. They were met and defeated by Colonel Rossiter, and Colonel Byron himself was carried prisoner to Belvoir Castle.3 In April Cromwell was at Nottingham on his way into Lancashire, and when he left, Colonel Thorn- haugh and the Nottinghamshire horse marched with him and fought bravely at Preston, where the colonel was killed.* With the renewal of royalist activity on the alliance of Charles II with the Scots, a regiment of horse was com- missioned from the county to go to Cromwell into Scotland.6 With the entry of Charles into England early in 1651 it seemed probable that he would gather his forces in the north. Thus in March the Council of State sent notice to the Militia Commissioners for Nottinghamshire that Major-General Harrison was sent into those parts with some forces and with directions ' to give order to such horse, foot, and dragoons of the Militia of the county as he should find necessary.'8 In April a further command came that 'considering the state of affairs in the country, and the designs of the enemy in those parts,' the troop of horse in arms in the county should be kept on foot fourteen days longer, ' so as to be ready to prevent any insurrections or other distempers.'7 But Charles 'chose another way and went to Worcester,' and in May, 1651, the castle of Nottingham was ordered to be demolished,8 and the two com- panies of foot then in the castle were to march to Major-General Harrison.' The Council of State wrote in June to Major Poulton, governor of the castle, that they left it to him to see the demolition effectually done within 14 days, so that the castle and all outworks and fortifications should be altogether demolished before 10 November.10 A few days later they wrote ordering that to prevent the great quantity of brass and iron, ordnance and arms in the castle from being embezzled, it should be sent by water to Hull and thence to the Tower of London.11 They were not sent by October of that year ' for want of money, as is alleged,' and the council ordered that the needful sums of money should ' be imprested to Mr. Collin, late master gunner, on account,' and a bill of exchange for the amount should be drawn upon the council at six days' sight.13 During the next few years the royalist faction in the county seems to have been entirely subdued even when royalist hopes were rising in 1655, and in 1656 Whalley, who was major-general of the 1 Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 306. 1 Ibid. p. 308. 3 Ibid. p. 312-3. ' Ibid. p. 317-24. 1 Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. 355. 6 Cat. S. P. Dam, 1651, p. 97. ' Ibid. p. 132. Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 357 ; this was by her husband's influence, since he was convinced that Cromwell and the army were ' carrying on designs of private ambition,' and ' he would not that what he had preserved for the liberty of his country should be a curb upon them.' ' Cal. S. P. Dom. 165 I, pp. 187-8. 10 Ibid. p. 242. 11 Ibid. p. 245. "Ibid. p. 48 1. 354 POLITICAL HISTORY district, boasted that under his own stern rule one might ' ride all over Notting- hamshire and not see a beggar or wandering rogue.'1 In the meantime, after the surrender of Newark, various delinquents of the county made their submission, and compounded for their estates under the articles of surrender. Among these were Henry Bellasis, son of the governor, Sir Richard Byron, Lord Chaworth, Lord Lexington (formerly Robert Sutton), Sir Thomas Williamson, late sheriff, Sir Christopher Athar, and Thomas Harrington.2 They admitted their complicity in gathering forces for the garrison, and in collecting subsidies for service against Parlia- ment. The inhabitants of Newark in general also compounded in June, 1 646, but because ' the plague raged very much there ' they could not per- sonally attend to prosecute their suit.8 Lady Lexington also certified that by reason of the plague she could not go to Newark in person nor send her servants there to ascertain the value of her husband's estates.4 John Nichol- son, alderman of Newark, excused himself from appearing to compound since he must remain in Newark ' to assist in its government during the pesti- lence.'6 Gervase Lee begged mitigation of his assessment in 1647, stating that he was captain of a train band, and being aged and infirm was forced into Newark by the sheriff.8 In October, 1650, the county committee for Nottinghamshire informed the Committee for Compounding that from the March sequestrations in the county they had advanced £1,293 I4-r- l^-> ' a large sum considering the ruinous state of this county, long the seat of the war, so that many estates were untenantable.' 7 They also stated that through the power of the enemy and the indigency of the country the late Committee for Sequestration received not one-fortieth of the sequestrations, and had to borrow money to carry on the parliamentary service ; and when Newark was reduced most of the sequestrations were discharged.8 In December, 1659, the County Commissioners for Derbyshire reported to the Committee for Seques- tration concerning commotions in these parts, and that one of their number with his troop had gone into Nottinghamshire to appease distempers there.9 Edward Heming reported from Nottingham that he had spent fourteen days in the county, and ' had done what he could,' but ' the commissioners here have been disturbed by papers set on the forts, intimating that it would be good service to knock us on the head, so that I can get none to act.' 10 Already Monk had entered England, and had been well received as he passed through the county on his way to London.11 His coming was followed by a cry for a free Parliament, resulting in the final dissolution of the Rump in March, 1660. And ' some time before the writs for the new elections came, the town of Nottingham, as almost all the rest of the island, began to grow mad, and to declare themselves so in their desires of the king.' 12 The townsmen, now that they no longer needed protection, quarrelled with the soldiers quartered there, until at length permission came from Monk to 'let loose the fury of the regiment on the town,' but by Colonel Hutchinson's 1 Gardiner, Hist, of Commonwealth and Protectorate, iii, 242. s Cal. of Com. for Compounding, and Cal. of Com. for Adv. of Money. 3 Cal. of Com. for Compounding, 1,335. 4 Ibid. 1,336. 6 Ibid. 1,371. ° Cal. of Com. for. Adv. of Money, 538. 7 Cal. of Com. for Compounding, i, 342-3. 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid. p. 771. 10 Ibid. " Bailey, Annals ofNott. iii, 865. " Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 399. 355 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE intervention the order was countermanded. Counted as the deliverer of the town, Colonel Hutchinson was therefore chosen as one of its representatives in the new Parliament. The other member elected was Mr. Arthur Stan- hope, also a ' Parliament man.' l But the elections generally went in favour of the king's party, and when in May, 1660, Charles was welcomed back, the gentry of Nottinghamshire sent an address of ' laudation and congratulation to the king on his restoration.' 2 Of the four Nottinghamshire men who had sat as judges in the High Court of Commission held on Charles I,3 Ireton was dead ; Whalley had refused to obey the proclamation for surrender, and was excluded from the Act of Indemnity and forced to flee to America for his life ;4 Millington abjectly ' confessed himself guilty every way,' and his death sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life ; 6 Hutchinson pleaded that his share in the king's execution had been the result of ' the inexperience of his age and the defect of his judgment, and not the malice of his heart,' and by the connivance of his friends was included in the Act of Amnesty or Oblivion. 6 Although Nottinghamshire, like the rest of England, had accepted Charles so gladly, before three years were over it was engaged with the rest of the north of England with the Yorkshire plot.7 In October, 1663, Colonel Hutchinson was in consequence apprehended with his papers and writings and conveyed to the Tower ' for treasonable designs and practices.'8 He stated that he had been at his own house twelve months without stirring except to pay the benevolence ; that he had never heard of the rising in the north till he came to Newark, nor was asked to concur in it ; that he had not heard of a secret council to manage public disturbances ; that he did not keep a horse, saddle, nor arms, except birding pieces allowed his sons by Lord Newcastle ; that none of his children had had any correspondence about any public design.9 He was, however, confined to the Tower, whence he wrote in March, 1664,10 Secretary Bennett, complaining that he had been close prisoner twenty weeks without accusation, and begging a copy of the warrant of his commitment, which Sir John Robinson refused him.10 This was allowed him, but he still seems to have suffered much ill usage at the hands of Sir John Robinson.11 Finally in May, 1664, he was transferred to Sandown Castle, in Kent, where he died of fever four months later.12 In August, 1663, when ' one hundred of the chief designers ' of the Yorkshire plot had been seized, one Thomas Calton, of Leicester, was examined, and stated that his master, Captain Lockier, had said that ' Thomas Palmer, of Nottingham, would raise a troop of horse, and they would meet at Notting- ham on October 12.' ls After the renewal of the plot in October, 1663, and the seizure of conspirators, Sir Thomas Gower wrote to Secretary Bennett in October, 1664, that a certain schoolmaster of Newcastle, for whom search 1 Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. p. 399. * Cal. S.P. Dam. 1660, i, 5. » Nalson, Trial of Charles I, p. 21. 4 Noble, Lives of the Regicides, 328. * Ibid. 82-4. 6 Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. pp. 403-8. 7 See Sir Thomas Gower's papers concerning the ' intended rising in England.' The design of the con- spirators is here said to be to fall on Whitehall, seize the dukes of York and Albemarle, the head treasurer and the Lord Chancellor, and to take several towns. S.P. Dom. Chas. II, Ixxxi, 77. 8 Cal. S.P. Dam. 1663-4, P- 3H- 9 Ibid. p. 329. Ibid. p. 526. " S.P. Dom. Chas. II, xcv, 103. " For account of imprisonment and death, see Mrs. Hutchinson, op. cit. 13 Cal. S.P. Dom. 1663-4, P- 663. 356 POLITICAL HISTORY was now being made, had spoken of ' great assistance for the plot from the county of Nottinghamshire, also of great preparations in the middle of England, and of a great number of persons of quality engaged.' * In the following March a certain Philip Wild was examined concerning his know- ledge of the plot. It was proved that he knew that Lockier would raise 500 men at Nottingham, that he ' often spoke of the plot, offered press money to enlist persons, and said there would soon be an alteration.' The prisoner's defence was that he remembered nothing of this, but that ' his head was once hurt and a piece of his skull taken out, that his brain was somewhat distem- pered, and that he had been drinking.' 2 He was therefore pardoned in June, 1665, since the 'jury were satisfied that he was drunk when he tried to enlist soldiers, and that he is distracted on the changes of the moon.'3 Plots such as this were naturally the result of a strong anti-Papist element in the county, and the strength of the feeling in Nottingham itself seems to be proved by the joy with which the proclamation against Papists was received in the town in March, 1673. 'It was received with so much joy that bells and bonfires rang and flamed as they never did since the restoration. The Fanatics contended with the Conformists who should show most zeal in expressing their joy for his Majesty's great grace.' * It was, indeed, the ecclesiastical policy of the later Stuarts that gave colour to the political events of their reigns, since it alienated both Cavalier and Roundhead, ' Conformist ' and ' Fanatic.' Hence Nottinghamshire was ready with the rest of England to welcome the Prince of Orange as it had welcomed Charles Stuart.5 On 24 November, 1688, William Cavendish, duke of Devonshire, wrote to the earl of Derby concerning the supporters of the Prince of Orange in the Midland shires, that there were now at Notting- ham, Lord Cholmondeley, Sir Scrope How, Sir William Russell, Mr. Charleton, Mr. Harvey, Mr. Hartop, Mr. Palmer and others. That morning before Lord Delamere left a public declaration was made by his supporters in the Nottingham market-place, ' where there was a great concourse of people,' to stand by the Prince of Orange with their lives and fortunes.6 Four days later the duke wrote from Mansfield to the Yorkshire supporters, that since the prince needed a considerable addition of horse the Yorkshire horse, num- bering 240, should join with the contingents from Nottinghamshire and Northamptonshire, and march together to him a thousand strong. ' For we' shall march to-morrow from hence (i.e. Mansfield) to Nottingham about 300, and I am assured to have near 100 more sent me in there.'7 A similar account of the part played by the county comes in a contem- porary record of William's progress through England : — ' Que les my lords de Devonshire de Derby Lumley et plusieurs autres avoi't assemble de la 1 Cal. S.P. Dom. 1664-5, P- 32- This is rather different from what was reported in July, 1663, that 'no considerable men ' would join the rebels. Ibid. 1663—4, p. 216. * Ibid. 1664-5, pp. 262-3. * Ibid. pp. 263, 449. * Ibid. 1672-3, p. 49. 5 Early in November, 1688, Lord Delamere 'having a mind to try the disposition of the populace, on a sudden ordered the trumpets to sound to arms, giving out that the king's forces were within four miles of Nottingham.' Immediately both horse and foot were in readiness, ' some appeared with firelocks, some with swords, some with other weapons, even pitchforks not excepted,' and ' My Lord Delamere and his party were well pleased with the readiness of the people to give their assistance.' Sutton, Nott. Date Book. 6 Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. ix, 460^. This meeting was according to an arrangement made by Lord Danby (Ibid. Ref. xi, pt. vii, 30). 7 Ibid. Rep. ix, 460^. 357 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE cavallerie composed des Gentilshom'es du pays une partie a York et 1'autre a Nottingham qu'ils alloi't marcher aussez vers Glocester pour se joindre a n're armee.' l On 4 December Princess Anne came to Nottingham, whither she had arrived ' safe out of their hands by your lordship's (the bishop of London) prudent conduct.' As a result of her presence the duke of Devon- shire wrote that ' great numbers came in every day,' and on 8 December he wrote further that the forces gathered at Nottingham then numbered 1,500 horse and two companies of foot.8 The flight of James three days later avoided recourse to arms, and by the Declaration of Right William and Mary became legal sovereigns. The lord-lieutenant of Nottinghamshire reported in June, 1689, how well the county was affected to the king,3 and it remained loyal to him throughout his reign, having little part in Jacobite plots. With the death of Anne and the beginning of the Hanoverian Dynasty the aggressive policy of the Whigs roused the High Tory party into action, and resulted in the Jacobite plot of 1715. As a result Lord Newcastle, lord-lieutenant of Nottinghamshire, wrote to the deputy -lieutenants in September, 1715, that they must have 'immediate care to regulate the militia of the county,' for since ' the Pretender is resolved to try his fate at last by flinging himself into the hands of his friends either here or in Scotland it is absolutely necessary that the militia of Nottingham should be rendered useful as soon as possible, it being a passage into Scotland, and so capable of doing great service.' Account was to be taken of the number of men, both horse and foot, that the county was lawfully bound to furnish, and the horse especially were to be in readiness.4 ' The county cannot be disobliged if upon this extraordinary occasion where our religion and liberty are so nearly concerned their safety be considered more than their ease.' 6 The deputy- lieutenants wrote back in October that good progress had been made, but ' fixing the horses of the Peers, especially such as were not rated formerly . . . ought to be judged by the Council.' They reported a need of arms, and stated that all the officers of the horse and foot were ' entirely unacquainted to discipline their men,' so that it would be well if some person were sent to instruct them.6 Another letter from the deputy- lieutenants stated that the inhabitants of Nottingham and Worksop had offered to arm themselves at their own charge and ' gather together with other hearty friends of the government, to be commanded by such officer or officers as shall be agreed upon to command them.' This offer they thought it ' very proper to countenance ... at this critical juncture.' They also suggested that a regiment of regulars should be sent to Nottingham, since the Trent was seldom fordable at that season of the year, and the few bridges over it might easily be broken down, so that ' should any insurrection be in these parts it would be difficult to get any troops over the river to suppress them.7 The lord- lieutenant approved of the proposed association, and 1 Hist. AfSS. Com. Rep. zz'a ' Ibid, si, pt. vii, 27. » Cal. S.P. Dem. 1689-90, p. 137. 4 In accordance with the Act of March, 1659, f°r settling the militia, the landowners of Nottinghamshire were bound to furnish ' one troope horse furnished with sufficient furniture as saddle, bridle, brest plate, and crupper,' mounted with ' such a rider on him as the commissioners shall approve of, sufficiently armed with sword, pistolls, with holsters, carbine, backe, brest and head piece.' The trooper was to have 2/. a day ' for soe many days as hee shalbe absent from his dwelling and calling by occasion of muster or exercise.' Add. MS. 34,769, fol. 58. 4 Add. MS. 33,060, fol. 34. 6 Ibid. fol. 38. 7 Ibid. fol. 40. 358 POLITICAL HISTORY declared himself willing to do all in his power to encourage his countrymen ' to distinguish themselves upon this extraordinary occasion that it may appear to the world that the county of Nottingham still have that regard for their religion and liberty which was so remarkable in their ancestors.' He had spoken to the duke of Marlborough concerning half-pay officers to instruct the militia, but they could only be removed from their present stations if the town would bear their travelling expenses.1 In November he wrote his satisfaction to hear of ' the good appearance their horse militia made at the review, which was beyond expectation.' The arms they needed should be sent as soon as possible, except bayonets and swords ; they should have been sent sooner but for ' the great scarcity of arms and the great call there is for them.'2 However, 'on receiving the glorious news of the entire defeat of the northern rebels' at Preston on 1 1 November, and at Sheriffmuir two days later, the musters were delayed for some days in hope that the peers' horses would then be ready and the others more complete in their mounting and arms. At Mansfield many honest men had entered into ' a particular association for a troop of horse.' At Southwell many of the ' good men thereabouts ' were drawn into the association, but some were seized on suspicion of being disaffected. The volunteer companies at Nottingham and Worksop had received their commissions and would soon muster, and the deputy-lieutenants were hopeful of bringing ' the same good design . . . to some perfection ' before they left Newark.3 But in spite of the loyalty of the county to the Hanoverian house a spirit of Jacobitism lingered in Nottingham. Thus Mr. Alderman Hawksley, who was mayor of Notting- ham in 1715, ' gave an entertainment to a party of his political friends, when probably from a state of inebriety ... he went down on his bare knees before the company, and from a large silver tankard . . . drank — " Success to the House of Stuart." He was accordingly committed by a brother magistrate, and while in prison was visited by vast numbers of his brother Jacobites, more especially those of the higher classes in society, for many miles round.'* Again in 1745, when the Young Pretender reached Derby, Nottinghamshire shared in the general panic, but there seem to be few or no details as to preparations made in the county for defence or as to any move- ment in favour of the Jacobite cause. The reorganization of the militia in 1757, and the attempt to raise it by ballot, met with much opposition in Nottinghamshire.6 At Mansfield, on 5 September, a mob of about 500 persons broke into the room where the ballot was to be taken, took all the papers by force, and after carrying them 1 Add. MS. 33,060, fol. 42 ; and Hist. AfSS. Com. Rep. xi, pt. vii, 126. 'Add. MS. 33,060, fol. 54. A bill for 'Tropheys' for the county gives the full complement of arms and equipment for the militia : ' 2 Blew damask standards imbroidered with His Grace the Duke of Newcastle's coat of arms in silver fringe, £13; 1 8 Halberts I is. per piece, £<) l8/. ; 2 Standards staffes with Belts and Springs, £$; 2 Tassells, £3; 2 Red Leather cases lined, 12s.; for a box to pack them in, $s. ; 6 colors and makeing, £10 ; 6 color staffs with gilt heads, £2 8/. ; 6 pr. of blew color tassclls and strings, £3 6s.; for painting of 6 colors, £12 ; 12 Drummes, £12 ; painting 12 Drummes, £ 9 ; 5 cases to pack them in, £l 3/. lod.; for Bayes to line case for colors, 4/.; carriage to the carryer, 2s. 6d.; 50 carabines at 2$s. per piece, ^62 los. ; 50 carabine Belts at 6s. per piece, £15 ; 50 Buckets and Straps, £3 I?'-; for 3 chests for the carabines, £i 4*.; 44 long muskets at 22/., ^48 8/.; loo muskets at 22/., £110; 106 muskets at l8/., £95 8/.; 250 Bionets at 2s. 6J., £31 j/.; 210 Swords at 5/., £$z ios.; 10 large chests at us., £$ los.; for 3 boxes for Swords and Bionets, £ l 2s.' (Ibid. fol. 77). Mr. Round points out that these figures imply a regiment of six companies each with a ' colour,' three sergeants armed with halberts, and two drummers. * Add. MS. 33,060, fol. 61. 4 Sutton, op. cit. p. 15. 'The number demanded from the county was 480. Gent. Mag. 1757, p. 301. 359 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE in triumph through the streets, finally burned them.1 In 1759, when there was a threatened descent of the French on England, another attempt was made to mobilize the Nottinghamshire militia, but so keen was the feeling of the county against the ballot system that many of the local gentry refused commissions and preferred to pay a fine instead.8 From this date until 1775 Nottinghamshire seems to have paid heavy levies in default of raising militia, but in August of that year, at a meeting held by the deputy-lieutenants at the Swan Inn, Mansfield, all disputes were adjusted and the number of men settled as follows: — Nottingham town, 80; Bassetlaw hundred, 123 ; Broxton, 93 ; Thurgarton, 70 ; Rushcliffe, 34 ; Bingham, 37 ; Newark, 46." The regiment was entitled the ' Forty-second or Nottinghamshire Regi- ment of Militia,' and consisted of a grenadier and a light infantry company and the six ordinary companies with their three sergeants and two drummers each. On 20 May, 1776, they assembled for twenty-eight days' training in Nottingham, and a parade-ground was formed on the north of the town.4 In 1778, when England was involved in the American War and France had united with America, the militia of each county was called upon to undertake home defence. Inducements were held out to recruits for the Nottinghamshire militia, ' good English ordinary of roast beef and plum pudding, and a ticket for the play at night and a handsome bounty.' Moreover they were to be quartered ' in the delightful and plentiful town of Kingston upon Hull, where excellent ale is sold at only threepence the full quart, fish of the best quality at one penny per pound, and shambles meat at a lower rate than in most towns of the kingdom.'6 In June the militia, now reduced to 320 privates, since so many men had volunteered for the line into the 45th,6 left Nottingham for Hull in two divisions ; the first the grenadier company with three others under the command of Lord George Sutton, the second the light infantry with the other three companies under Major Cartwright.7 At Hull the militia gave good proof of their fitness by their ready defence of the town against an intended attack by the French in November, 1778." In June, 1779, they were ordered into camp on Southsea Common near Portsmouth ; in December the camp was broken up, and they went into winter quarters at Gosport.9 From 1780 until disembodied in 1783 the numbers of the militia remained about the same, the privates of the eight companies numbering about 370: drummers, 16; corporals, 21; sergeants, 21 ; surgeon, i ; quarter- master, i; chaplain, i; ensigns, 5; lieutenants, 10; captains, 5; lieutenant- colonel, i; colonel, I.10 1 Sutton, Nott. Date Book, p. 42 ; Gent. Mag. 1757, p. 430. ' Lord Robert S(a)v(i)le was near being stifled by the mob, but by civility and kind entreaty he at last prevailed on them to let him have a little air that he might recover himself. Several of the mob collar'd Sir George S(avile) and threatened to strike him ; in short, none of the gentlemen who were present escaped without receiving marks of their resentment. The cause of these outrages is said to be this : at the time when recruits were raising in that county for Col. N.'s regiment the men who were inlisted were promised that not one of them should be sent abroad, since which it is said that all or most of these men . . . have been sent abroad and many of them killed by the enemy.' 'Ibid. 1759, p. 304. The number demanded was again 480, but the return nil. See Add. MSS. 33,060, ff. 144-6. 3 Sutton, op. cit. p. 112. In 1774 £4° hid been levied on Nottingham town as fine of £5 per man for the twenty-eight men that should have been furnished in the last year. Ibid. p. 103. 4 On 14 June a ball was given at the castle to celebrate the formation of the regiment. Sutton, op. cit. p. 115. 5 Ibid. pp. 1 19-20. 6 See infra. 'Sutton, op. cit. p. 121. "A. E. Lawson Lowe, Royal Sherwood Foresters, p. 1 6. 9 Sutton, op cit. p 132 10 Muster Rolls, P.R.O. 360 POLITICAL HISTORY From 1783 to 1788 the regiment was not assembled for training, but from this date until embodied for coast defence in 1793 it seems to have met annually. In 1797, when the militia was at Hull, since there was great fear of a French attack, the Leicestershire militia was sent to relieve the Notting- hamshire, and the latter was divided into several detachments, which were stationed at Bridlington, Hornsea, and other coast towns.1 With the Peace of Amiens in April, 1802, came the disembodiment of the whole of the militia, each non-commissioned officer and private receiving one month's pay as a gratuity. The Militia Act of the same year fixed the number of the Nottinghamshire militia at 564, this including the quota from the county and from Nottingham town and county.3 By this Act men between eighteen and forty-five were to be raised by ballot or to pay a fine of ^Tio to be exempt for five years. In the critical years of 1803 and 1804, when France was engaged in vast preparations against England, the Nottingham militia was ordered to the south coast, and the actual strength of the regiment soon reached more than 1,000 of all ranks. Later in the year it was stationed at Margate and then at Ramsgate, detachments being posted about the Isle of Thanet.3 In 1811 and 1812 the militia was on service in Ireland. In November, 1813, by reason of its good service a detachment of the regiment was ordered to undertake the duties of royal guard for two nights and two days,4 and in December it was further honoured by royal permission to be styled ' the Royal Sherwood Foresters,' 5 and the present regimental badge was adopted. With the battle of Waterloo came the end of the period of war, and the consequent disembodiment of the militia. The strength of the Royal Sher- wood Foresters was reduced to one colonel, one lieut. -colonel, i major, 8 captains, 10 lieutenants, 6 ensigns, I adjutant, i surgeon, i quartermaster, i paymaster, i sergeant-major, 18 sergeants, 19 corporals, I drum major, 10 drummers, and 564 privates.6 From this date the disembodied regiments were only assembled for training at irregular intervals until the beginning of the Crimean War. In 1854 they were again embodied and encamped at Aldershot in i855.7 In the summer of 1856 they were disembodied.8 The militia at the present day (1906) forms the 4th Battalion of the Royal Sherwood Foresters. As such it did good service in South Africa in 1900 and 1 90 1.9 The first battalion of the Royal Sherwood Foresters represents the nucleus of the old 45th Regiment of Foot incorporated with the volunteer forces from Nottinghamshire. In 1779 the nobility, gentry, and clergy of the county met in Nottingham for the purpose of raising a large county subscrip- tion ' to be applied for the public service of this kingdom in the present critical state of affairs.' As a result they petitioned the king that some par- ticular regiment might be recruited in the county with the assistance of subscription ... to be henceforward distinguished by the name of the county.' Their petition was answered by a letter from the Secretary of War 1 A. E. Lawson Lowe, op. cit. p. 27. * Stat. 42 Geo. Ill, c. 90, Art. xix. * A. E. Lawson Lowe, op. cit. 31-2. The patriotism of the county was shown both by the number of volunteers for the line, and by the raising of 472 yeomanry cavalry and 3,635 volunteer infantry, besides the ordinary militia. 4 Nott. Gaz. Nov. 1813. ' Ibid. Dec. 1813. 6 Ibid. 1815. 7 Nott. Rev. 1854 and 1855. 8 Ibid. 1856. ' 4rmy List (1905). I 361 46 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE desiring the nobility and gentry to exercise their personal influence to promote the levy of men in the speediest and most effectual manner, and when 300 men should be raised they should be incorporated with the 45th Regi- ment of Foot to be thenceforward called the Nottinghamshire Regiment.1 The remains of the ' 45th ' which had then been returned from service in America numbering less than 100 men, was therefore ordered on recruiting service into Nottinghamshire, an extra bounty of six guineas was paid to each recruit out of the county subscription, and the '45th ' became incorporated with the county.3 Its services in the West Indies, in the attack on Buenos Ayres, and in the Peninsular War, at Roleia, Vimiero, and Talavera, and at Busaco earned for it the title of the ' Old Stubborns ' and won Wellington's praise for steadiness and discipline.3 It also saw service in South Africa from 1899 to 1902, and was at Vlakfontein in 1901.* By statute of 1808 a local militia was established,6 and in 1809 the various volunteer corps in Nottinghamshire were disbanded, and in most cases the men transferred their services to the local militia in accordance with clause xix of the statute.6 Their services were at first confined to their own counties, but in 1813 the crown was authorized to accept from the local militia voluntary offers of service out of their counties for under forty days in the year, and limited by the duration of the Act to 25 March i8i5.7 In February, 1814, the men and officers of the Nottinghamshire local militia were assembled for the purpose of extending their services to forty-two days. Those who agreed to do so were not to be called out for training or exercising for the rest of the year.8 The battle of Waterloo however gave a death blow to the local militia, and in May, 1816, the ballot was suspended, and the office of agent-general for local militia and volunteers was abolished.9 When the aggressive policy of Napoleon III brought the possibility of a French invasion the national need of a volunteer defence, voiced in a pamphlet of i846,10 was slowly realized by the nation at large, and led to the volunteer movement of 1859 and to General Peel's circulars of that year. The volun- teers of Nottinghamshire formed into battalions according to the general regulations of 1891 are the 'Robin Hood' or, ist Nottinghamshire Rifle Volunteers, with their headquarters at Nottingham, and the Nottinghamshire volunteer battalions of the Sherwood Foresters, with the headquarters of their B and C companies at Newark, and of their A company at East Retford. The Southern Nottinghamshire Hussars (Imperial Yeomanry) have their head- quarters in Nottingham, and the Sherwood Rangers (Imperial Yeomanry) at East Retford. Apart from the development of the militia the history of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries wrapped itself round the system of party government, and all that party government involved. As early as 1696 bribery and corruption were evident, and the town of Nottingham petitioned that measures might be adopted to abate or remove the evil, that the election of members might be free.11 Again, in 1699, on the return of Robert ' Sutton, op. cit. p. 134. ' Ibid. p. 135. 3 R. de M. Rudolph, Hist, of Territorial Regiments. ^id. • Stat. 48 Geo. Ill, c. 1 1 1. • Ibid. Stat. 54 Geo. Ill, c. 19, extended by 56 Geo. Ill, c. 76. ' Nott. Gaz. Feb. 1814. • Ibid. M ,8,6_ Gen. Sir Chas. Napier, Defence of England by Volunteer Corps and Militia. 1 Bailey, Ann. of Notts, iii, 1,052. 362 POLITICAL HISTORY Sacheverell as member for Nottingham, George Gregory presented a petition to the House complaining of many illegal practices adopted by the successful candidate.1 In the same year John Raynor, candidate for Newark, petitioned that he himself was the duly chosen burgess, but the mayor and others had used many illegal practices in favour of his rival Sir Francis Molyneux who had been returned.2 In January, 1700, the House resolved that Sir Francis Molyneux was not duly elected, and the mayor was taken into custody for his conduct at the election.3 In the same year George Gregory and Robert Sacheverell were again rival candidates for Nottingham. Gregory was returned, and thereupon Sacheverell petitioned that he had been returned by means of many corrupt and illegal practices by the sheriff, the mayor, and many others.4 At the end of the session Parliament resolved that Gregory was not duly elected, and the return was ordered to be amended.6 Similar petitions were sent to the House of Commons year after year, but the system of representation was anything but satisfactory.6 In May, 1783, John Cartwright wrote to the ' gentry, clergy, and freeholders of co. Notting- ham who have a vain shadow of representation in Parliament, but more particularly to the rest of the inhabitants who have no representation at all ' that something further must be done, the unrepresented must petition as well as the badly represented, so ' to bring the House of Commons back to its ancient purity and dependence on the people.' Such a reform would create no ascendancy of any one political party, ' it would not favour a Shelburne more than a Fox, a Bute more than a Portland.' 7 A petition of the inhabitants of Nottingham not possessed of the necessary qualification of freehold of 40^. was accordingly prepared, but seems to have effected little.8 In 1812 and 1813, when the question of peace or war with Napoleon played so great a part in the elections, seventy burgesses met at Nottingham Guildhall to draw up a petition in the interests of peace. The speaker of the evening exhibited two loaves 'of war and peace ; the first, the big loaf of 1791, and the second, the small loaf of i8i3.'9 But in the minds of many the cause of the distress of those years lay deeper. Thus Major Cartwright wrote : ' I hear you are petitioning about peace in your town. I would to God you would get to work on reform, without which peace is of no value.' No temporary expedient or temporary peace could avail ; ' to save the state is to restore the constitution.'10 The Reform Bill of 1832 accomplished much, but did not satisfy the extremists, whose organ in Nottinghamshire was the Nottingham Review. Leading articles in October, 1838, called for universal suffrage, for the sovereignty of the people, asking how long Whigs would act Tories in denying such.11 In November, 1838, when the Chartist movement was gaining head, a Radical demonstration was made on the borders of Sher- wood Forest since the mayor forbade a meeting in the town. A long pro- cession made its way to the meeting-place from the surrounding towns, and in 1 Bailey, Ann. of Notts, iii, 1,055. * Ibid. 1,056. * Joum. of House of Commons, Jan. 1700. 4 Bailey, op. cit. iii, 1,061. 5 Journ. of House of Commons, June, 1700. However Sacheverell's triumph was but short-lived. The return was ordered to bs amended on 10 June, Parliament was prorogued on 24 June and never met again. 6 In 1741 the burgesses and freeholders of Nottingham gave instructions to their representatives to bring forward a Bill for ousting placemen from Parliament ; to reduce so dangerous an influence both for now and futurity. Add. MS. 33,060, fol. 219. ' Nott. Journ. May, 1783. « Ibid. ' Nott. Gaz. Jan. 1813. 10 Ibid. " Nott. Ret>. Oct. 1838. 363 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE its ranks were the members of the Female Political Association lately formed in the county.1 On 12, 13, and 14 August of the next year the Chartists kept their notable ' three days' holiday.' Those of Mansfield united with those of Button and the villages round, and marched in procession along a lane outside Mansfield. Special constables were ordered to seize the ring- leaders, and a detachment of the 5th Dragoons was ordered to be in readiness to overwhelm the rebels.8 They seem, however, to have been perfectly passive, and even the Nottingham Mercury confessed that the extreme pro- ceedings taken against them were quite uncalled for.8 However, the next year, in anticipation of an insurrectionary movement, special measures were taken to secure Nottingham. From 10 to 17 August the mayor was in constant attendance at the police office, troops were under arms every evening, and the Rifle Brigade was in constant readiness. But the year passed by quietly with no attempt at an organized meeting.4 The spirit of progress and reform which marked Nottinghamshire in the early nineteenth century has grown strong in its old centres in this early twentieth century. Newark, the royalist centre of the Civil War, still maintains its old-time reputation, and as in 1833 it was the first constituency of Gladstone, then ' the rising hope of the stern and unbending Tories,' so now as ever it represents the Conservative element in the county. 1 Nott. Rev. Nov. 1838. * Ibid. Aug. 1839. * Nott. Mercury, Aug. 1839. * Bailey, op. cit. iv, 415. 364 FORESTRY I central and western parts of Nottinghamshire were thickly wooded from the earliest times. The place-name terminal ' field ' — always spelt ' feld ' in old English — meaning a place where trees have been felled, or as we now say a clearing, is to be found exclusively in the western half of the shire, as in Ashfield, Balkfield, Basingfield, Eastfield, Farnsfield, Haggonsfield, Highfield, and Mansfield. This well-wooded portion of Nottinghamshire became a great hunting district or forest for the early Norman kings. The Domesday Survey seldom makes any reference to a forest, but the Nottinghamshire portion of the Great Survey shows that a considerable number of the places within the woodland district were terra regis, so that the amount of royal demesne made its conversion by the Conqueror or his immediate successor into a large forest a comparatively easy matter.1 It is, perhaps, scarcely necessary to say that the term forest did not originally, either in its etymological or customary signification, imply a wood, but rather a great waste reserved for royal hunting purposes, and necessarily including certain woods and underwoods as coverts for the deer and other game. The forest of Nottingham or Sherwood, though including various open tracts of country, was far more thickly and generally wooded than many of the old forests, and afforded a notable contrast to the forest of the High Peak in the adjoining county of Derby, where the proportion of woodland was very small.2 In early days this great tract of country, which then embraced at least a fourth of the whole county, was known in various documents as the forest of Nottingham,3 but the equivalent term of Sherwood 4 soon became the more usual expression. The first exact notice of this forest occurs in the year 1 1 54, when William Peverel the younger answered to the forest pleas. He controlled the forest and held the profits under the crown. On the forfeiture of the Peverel estates, early in the reign of Henry II, the forest lapsed to the king, and was for some time administered by the successive sheriffs of the joint counties of Nottingham and Derby. In the lifetime of Richard I the forest of Sherwood was held by his brother John, earl of Morton. The earl, by charter, granted to Ralph FitzStephen and Maud de Caux his wife, all liberties and custody of the forest of Sherwood, including permission to hunt hare, fox, cat, and squirrel with dogs and hounds ; 5 all windfallen wood ; the valuable inner bark or bast of the lime trees ; a skep out of every cartload of salt passing through the forest, and half a skep from a half load ; the after pannage (retro-pannagiuni) for pigs ; all pleas of unlawed dogs ; together with all goods and chattels belonging to thieves or ' brybours,' 6 taken by them within the forest. The same charter sanctioned the holding of a park at Lexington (Laxton) 7 by Ralph and Maud, wherein they might hunt deer as they pleased without molestation, and also granted them seventy acres of assart or inclosure at Lexington and Gedling free of view of the forest ministers.8 This definite mention of robbers and thieves in Sherwood Forest in the time of Richard I, which has not, we believe, been previously cited, causes a short digression to be made from the dry sequence of historic facts. The very name of Sherwood at once brings to the mind the early tales 1 Royal hunting grounds (slha regis) as distinct from the king's lands or royal demesnes (terra regis) pro- bably existed here long before the Conquest. Cox, Royal Forests of England, 4. 1 V.C.H.Derb. 397-413. 3 Anct. Forest Proc. Chan. No. 3, A.D. 1218 ; No. 24, A.D. 1232. 4 The earlier form was almost invariably ShirewoJe or ShineoJe ; the name probably came from a considerable length of the forest bound being also the bound between the two shires of Derby and Nottingham. 5 There were roedeer in Sherwood Forest, but they were probably never numerous, and died out at a comparatively early date. There was a single presentment for killing a roebuck at the eyre of 1 5 Edw. I. Sherwood was so intersected with roads and by-roads, included so many fairly populous places within its limits or on its fringes, and was so destitute of great heights, ravines, or gorges, that it could at no time be com- pared with such wild districts as the Peak Forest, or certain parts of the royal forests of Lancashire and Yorkshire. As Sir Robert Plumpton held a bovate of land in Sherwood, called Wolfhunt land, as late as 1433, by the service of scaring the wolves by winding a horn, it has sometimes been supposed that wolves remained in Sherwood as late as the reign of Henry VI. But such a surmise is altogether untenable ; the survival or repetition of an old manorial service proves nothing. 6 Bribour was a mid-English term for a robber or pickpocket. 7 Laxton was outside the forest when the bounds were lessened by the forest charter of Henry III. 8 Exch. K. R. Acct. Forests, &^-, 6, 7. This is a paper book of 152 pages, written in English, temp. James I. It is a sort of directory of proceedings as to the laws and customs of Sherwood Forest. It contains the charter of the forest of Henry III, and various local charters and regulations, with the bounds and metes of the different hays of the king and of the abbot of RufFord, the chapters of the ' regard ' temp. Edw. Ill, together with the oaths of the forest ministers, as well as highly interesting definitions of the courts and customs of the forest. 365 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE of Robin Hood, with Little John, Friar Tuck, Will Scarlet, and his other lawless associates, and more particularly their various delightful adventures with the sheriff of Nottingham, and with purse-proud travellers. Outlaw and robber that he was, the whole garland of Robin Hood ballads, from the earliest to the latest, always represents him as an advocate of humane though levelling principles, and a protector of the oppressed. From wealthy abbots' chests and churches' abundant store What oftentimes he took he shared among the poor ; No lordly bishop came in lusty Robin's way, To him, before he went, but for his pass must pay ; The widows in distress he graciously relieved And remedied the wrongs of many a virgin grieved.1 So dear were the stories of Robin Hood to our forefathers, that in the earliest days of English printing a sheaf of ballads was issued from the press of Wynken de Worde, at the end of the fifteenth century, under the title 'A Lytell Geste of Robyn Hode.' No earlier mention of this character has been found than that contained in the ' Vision of Piers Ploughman,' written about 1377, wherein the character of Sloth is introduced saying : — I can noughte perfidy my paternoster, as the prest it syngeth ; But I can rymes of Robyn hood and Randolf erle of Chestre. The references to this ballad hero are not infrequent in the following century. The most interesting of these is a petition to Parliament of the year 1439, complaining that one Piers Venables of Derbyshire rescued a prisoner, ' and after that tyme the same Piers, havynge no liflode ne sufficeante of goodes, gaderied and assembled unto him many misdoers .... and in manere of insurrection, weinte into the wodcs in that countrie, like as it hadde be Robyn Hode and his meyne.' 2 The popularity of the ballads of Robin Hood, which mainly associate him with Sherwood Forest, long before the age of printing, can be abundantly testified. It is difficult to believe that the gallant outlaw and the leading men of the earlier ballads were mere characters of fiction. Some have supposed that he was one of the proscribed followers of Simon de Montfort ; 3 Scott, in his inimitable Ivanboey has followed others who assign the time of Richard I to the hero, when, as we have seen, there were certainly robbers in this forest ; whilst a third, the least possible but perhaps the most plausible theory, is that Robin Hood was an adherent of the earl of Lancaster in the ill-fated insurrection of 1322* The identity of Robin Hood with a pretended earl of Huntington, who died in 1274, has no kind of substantial basis, and is a mere fond imagining of comparatively late date. 5 The attempts to turn Robin Hood into a mere mythical hero — an ingenious German even considering that Hood is but a corruption of Woden — find no favour at the hands of the American scholar who has devoted so much pains and learning to his edition of the ballads of the great forest outlaw.6 At the same time there are doubtless mythical elements in the traditions ; a genuine character became the centre round which certain old popular legends and tales accumulated. Randle, earl of Chester, with whom Langland associates the name of Robin Hood, did not lose his identity as a real nobleman who flourished in the reigns of Richard I, John, and early in the time of Henry III, because the common folk made half-fictitious rhymes about him.7 Robin Hood, like the third Randle, earl of Chester, was, it may be safely assumed, a real in- dividual. Possibly Sir Walter Scott was right in regarding him as a Saxon holding out against the Norman conquerors so late as the end of the twelfth century.8 At any rate the time of Richard I is the best authenticated period for the hero's existence. It is the time assigned to him by Major in his history of Great Britain, which appeared in 1521, wherein he gives a brief but vivid account of Robin and his lieutenant,9 about whose deeds he states that all Britain rang with songs. This date 1 Drayton, Polyolbion, song xxvi. * Parl. R. v, 1 1 6. s Land, and West. Review (1840), xxxiii, 424. 1 This is Hunter's theory in The Ballad-Hero, Robin Hood (1854). Mr. Hunter's arguments are based on finding the name Robin Hood as a porter of Nottingham Castle, temp. Edward II, but the name was of common occurrence. 5 Dr. Stukeley in his Paleographia Britanniae, invented for him a most elaborate pedigree as a descendant of Judith, countess of Huntington, the Conqueror's niece ; it is given in Throsby's Thornton, ii, 165. 6 English and Scotch Popular Ballads, 5 vols., edited by F. J. Child. The Robin Hood section is in vol. iii (1888), pp. 39-237. Mr. Sidney Lee has a learned article in the Diet. Nat. Biog., wherein he strongly argues in favour of Robin Hood being a ' mythical forest elf.' 8 This is also the view accepted by Thierry in his Norman Conquest. A correspondent of Notes and Queries (Ser. 7) ix, 226 suggested that Robertus Hod, who killed one Ralf in the abbot of Cencester's garden in the days of King John, and was in consequence outlawed, was identical with Robin Hood ; but this is highly improbable. • ' Robertus Hudus et Parvus Joannes latrones famatissimi.' 366 FORESTRY has been followed by Grafton, Stow, and Camden. Had these men actually flourished in Sherwood at a later date, in the thirteenth century, or in the fourteenth century, there could scarcely fail to be definite references to their marauding habits in the presentments at the forest pleas held at Notting- ham, of which full particulars are extant. It was near the close of Maud de Caux's tenure of the office of keeper of this forest that the great storm of the winter of 1222 occurred, when England was swept from end to end with winds of extraordinary vehemence. Trees were everywhere overthrown in such vast numbers that the old forest customs, whereby windfallen boughs, or rootfallen trees, were the perquisites of forest ministers were suspended, and special writs were issued by the crown to the authorities throughout England directing the sale of all such timber with a return of the proceeds. These special instruc- tions were forwarded inter a/ia, to the (i) verderers and foresters of the forest of Sherwood, (2) to the verderers and forester of the enclosures or hays of Sherwood (de haiis de Shirewood), (3) to Maud de Caux, widow, keeper of the forest of Sherwood and of Clay, and (4) to Philip Marc, keeper of the hays of Sherwood.1 The hays or parks within a forest usually had a separate set of ministers ; the two chief hays at this period were those of Clipston and Bestwood. 2 Maud de Caux obtaining in 1222 the title of keeper of Sherwood and Clay was a survival of the time when the districts placed under the then rigid forest laws had been much extended by Henry II and John, including in Nottinghamshire a considerable part of the Clay 3 division in the north-east of the county, as well as the northern part of Hatfield or Heathfield, above Warsop. In 1215 John, by one of the articles of Magna Charta, was compelled to agree to the disafforesting of all the great tracts put under forest law during his reign, and in 1217 the child-king, Henry III, was made to issue in return for certain grants, the Charter of the Forest, whereby good men and true were to view forests in every shire, and all that had been added since the coronation of Henry II was to be disafforested. We are not aware that there is any perambulation of this forest extant of earlier date than 1232, but in that year the Clay and Hatfield districts were declared outside the forest, and the true bounds set forth in definite fashion.4 This perambulation is identical in its main lines with one taken in the year 1300, though the phraseology is not quite so clear. In both cases the perambula- tion, or setting forth of the bounds, began at the king's ford (Conyngeswath), which was a ford over the stream of Rainworth Water between Edwinstowe and Wellow at the north-east corner of the forest, proceeding thence in both directions. The perambulation of 17 June, 1300, was made in the presence of the forester and verderers and of the attorney of the justice of the forests, on the oath of Sir Gervais Clifton, Sir John Lecke, and six other knights and four Serjeants.6 They declared that the lord king's forest of Sherwood begins at the ford of Conyngeswath, along the road which leads as far as the town of Wellow towards Nottingham, so that the close of the town of Wellow is outside the forest, and so by the road which goes between Wellow and Nottingham to a certain parcel of wood called Littlehawe ; and so ascending by a certain way towards the west between the said wood and the wood of the abbot of Rufford, which is called Brown, and extends so far as Rainworthford ; and thence turning aside by a certain road towards the east between the aforesaid wood of Littlehaw and the wood of Blidworth as far as the aforesaid great road, which leads from Wellow towards Nottingham as far as Bakestanehowe on that same great road ; and so by the same road as far as the place where the rivulet of Dover Beck crosses the aforesaid road ; and thence as the aforesaid rivulet of Dover Beck descends into the water which is called the Trent ; and so along the same water of the Trent to Nottingham bridge. The aforesaid perambulation also begins in the same county of Nottingham at the aforesaid ford of Conyngeswath, ascending towards the west by the water which is called Meden as far as the town which is called Warsop, and from that town ascending by the same water as far as Pleasley Park ; and thence ascending by the same water as far as Haytrebridge ; and thence turning aside along the high road of Nottingham as far as the bridge of Milneford, and thence ascending as far as Mameshead ; and thence between the fields of Hardwick and Kirkby and the moor Kirkby as far as the corner which is called Nonneker ; and thence through the assart of Ywayn le Breton as far as Tarlesty ; and thence as far as Stolegate ; and thence along the high road as far as beneath 1 Pat. 7 Hen. Ill, m. 6. As to the instructions of this period, De Cabkiclo, i.e. the cablish or windfallen timber, on the Patent and Close Rolls, see Cox, Royal Forests, 6, J. ' Beskwood was the old form of spelling, and generally maintained until the beginning of last century. * Called Clay from the nature of the soil, which differed from the usually sandy soil of Sherwood. 4 Exch. Misc. Bk., No. 76. This is a small parchment book of thirteenth-century date, consisting of 115 folios, lettered on back 'Sherwood Forest Perambulation and other Proceedings,' Hen. Ill — Edw. III. It opens with a transcript of the Charter of the Forest ; this is followed by perambulations of Sherwood, 16 Hen. Ill and 28 Edw. I. 4 There are three early MSS. of this perambulation at the Record Office, For. Proc. (Ancient) Chancery, No. 102, m. 10; ibid. No. 44, and in Misc. Bk. 76, just cited. This English version is taken from Turner, Pleas of the Forest (Selden Soc.) 1 18, 119. A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE the old castle of Annesley ; and from the same castle along the high road as far as the town of Linby ; and thence through the middle of the town of Linby as far as the mill of the same town on the water of the Leen ; and from thence descending by the same water as far as the town of Lenton ; and thence as that water was anciently wont to run as far as the water which is called the Trent, and so descending by the same water of the Trent as far as Nottingham bridge aforesaid1. These bounds, which were exactly maintained until Sherwood began to be broken up at the close of the sixteenth century, embraced a district of country about twenty miles long by eight broad, and containing some 100,000 acres, or about a fifth of the whole shire.2 Reverting to the chief ruler of this forest, Maud de Caux died in 1223, and as the office by the charter of the earl of Morton had been made hereditary, she was succeeded as chief forester- of-fee by her son, John de Birkin. In 1231 this hereditary office came to Robert de Everingham, in right of his wife Isabel, daughter and heiress of Thomas de Birkin. Adam de Everingham was chief forester at the beginning of the reign of Edward I, and he was succeeded by his son Robert. Soon after his accession, Robert de Everingham incurred the king's displeasure, and the office was claimed by the crown as forfeited.3 It is clear from the Close Rolls of 1286 that the offence which brought about the downfall of the last hereditary keeper of Sherwood Forest was the grievous abuse of his position as guardian of the king's deer. In November of that year the crown interfered to release from Nottingham gaol Robert de Everingham, John de Everingham, and 'nine others, who were there imprisoned for venison trespass in Sherwood ; bail was accepted from twelve sureties, who were bound to produce the offenders at the next eyre.4 After the disgrace of Robert de Everingham, the position of chief forester or keeper (custos) of Sherwood was granted by the crown to various persons of high position as a mark of royal favour. It was a post not only of dignity, but of privilege and emolument. The forest pleas for Sherwood were held at Nottingham in July, 1251, before Geoffrey Langley, forest justice, when the duties as well as the privileges of Robert de Everingham as keeper were defined. It was then reported that there were within the forest three keepings, namely, the first between the streams of the Leen and Dover Beck, the second the High Forest, and the third Rumewood. The chief keeper was bound to have a sworn chief servant, who was to go through all the forest at his own cost, to attach transgressors, and to present them before the verderers at the attachment courts. In the first keeping the chief keeper was to find a riding forester with a servant, two foot foresters, two verderers, and two agisters ; in this keeping were three parks or hays, namely, Bestwood, Linby, and Welby. In the second keeping there were to be two riding foresters with their servants, two foot-foresters, two verderers, and two agisters; the hays of Birkland, with Bilhagh and Clipston, were in this keeping, and to them pertained two other verderers as well as two agisters. The third keeping of Rumewood had a foot-forester, two verderers, and two agisters ; and also two woodwards, one for Carburton, and one for Budby. It was also declared that Robert de Everingham ought to provide a servant, bearing his bow,6 to gather cheminage or wayleave through the forest.6 There are certain particulars extant with regard to the forest pleas of Sherwood which were held in 1267. Several hundred vert offenders were brought before the court. The heaviest presentment under this head was that against the abbot of Rufford for having felled 483 oaks for building purposes since the last eyre ; the abbot was, however, able to plead successfully a charter of Henry II in justification of his action.7 A striking illustration of the occasionally rebellious conduct of the forest tenants of Sherwood against the officials who guarded the king's game occurred in 1276. On 3 July John de Lasceles, steward (senacallui) of the forest, caught two men, Robert Martham and Robert Afferton, with bows and 1 Edward I broke the Forest Charter in several cases throughout the kingdom under legal quibbles, but as a rule the bounds as settled in his father's time were maintained. In 1281 the king ordered an inquisition relative to the Sherwood perambulation, with the result that the bounds of 1 6 Hen. Ill were held good ; save that the wood of Rumewood and the townships of Carburton, Budby, and half the townships of Thoresby and Skegby and the townships of Sutton in Ashfield and Bulwell, with certain other parts, were to be held forest, as being part of the whole demesne of the crown, and therefore, wrongly disafforested temp. Hen. III. (For. Proc. Chan. No. 72.) There are also somewhat contradictory memoranda attached to some versions of the ancient 1300 perambulation, wherefrom it would appear that the king's wood of Wellow and the archbishop's wood of Littlehagh were again afforested. At the beginning of the seventeenth century the following townships were declared ' ould demesne not geldable ': —Arnold, Bulwell (half), Carburton, Clipston, Darlton, Linby, Mansfield, Mansfield Wbodhouse, Roynton, Skegby, and Sutton in Ashfield. Exch. K. R. Accts. &££-, f. 66. ' See perambulation of Sherwood 30 Hen. VIII., Fourteenth Rep. of Woods and Forests (1793) App. ii. ' See the two Sherwood Forest Chartularies already cited, passim. 4 Close, 14 Edw. I, m i. 6 This was the officer who was afterwards termed the Bow-bearer or Ranger. ' Exch. K. R. Accts. £|5, pp. 7, 8. ' Exch. Misc. Bk. Ixxvi. 368 FORESTRY arrows, and took them to Blidworth, intending to keep them till the morrow, when doubtless they were to be delivered to the sheriff at Nottingham Castle. But during the night twenty men, armed with swords and bows and arrows, broke open the doors of the place where they were confined, released the prisoners, and severely beat one Gilbert, a young servant of the steward. Then the men proceeded to the residence of the steward, insulted him, and broke his doors and windows. When an inquest was held by the verderers, regarders, and other ministers of the forest, it was found that two or three of the marauders had fled into Yorkshire, and one was dead, but sixteen names are set forth.1 The next forest pleas of Sherwood were held at Nottingham on I January, 1287, before Sir William de Vescy, Thomas de Normanville, and Richard de Creping, justices in eyre of the lord king.2 The verderers were six in number, namely, Richard de Fort, William de Colwick, John de Annesley, Henry de Tinsley, William de Bevercotes, and Ralph clerk of Mansfield. Robert de Everingham was the forester-of-fee, and under him were eight sworn foresters. Sir William de Vescy and his fellow justices, finding that the king had sustained many losses since the last eyre held by Robert de Neville and others, arising in many instances from the general assize of the forest not being sufficiently observed, laid down certain special injunctions to the following effect : — That all verderers, in accordance with the charter of the forest, were to assemble every forty days to hold attachments for vert and venison and small pleas. That they were to present a single roll of vert and venison to the justices in eyre, and not each one a separate roll for his own bailiwick. That anyone dwelling in the forest found felling a green oak be attached for the next attachment court, there to find pledges till the next eyre, and to pay the price to the verderers ; a second offence to be dealt with in like manner ; but for a third offence to be imprisoned at Nottingham, and there kept till he be delivered by the king or justice of the forest. That anyone dwelling outside the forest committing any trespass against the vert, his body is to be committed to prison till he be delivered by the king or justice ; for a third offence he is also to lose his horses and cart, or his oxen and wagon, or their price, and that price is to be paid at the next attachment to the verderers for the king's use. That those dwelling in the forest caught cutting saplings, branches, or drywood from oaks or hazels, or thorns, or limes, or alders, or hollies, or such-like trees, without warrant, are to be attached by two good pledges to come to the next attachment court, there to be amerced for the king ; but if it be for a sapling which is of greater price than ^d. or any higher sum, to be attached until the next eyre. That escapes of beasts of the plough into the forest be pleaded in attachments, and amends taken for the use of the king. That no man carry bows or arrows in the forest outside the king's highway save a sworn forester, and on the king's highway only in accordance with the assize of the forest. That no man save a sworn forester or other sworn officer attach anyone in the future. That any dweller outside the forest agisting his animals therein is to have such animals taken before the verderers and the price paid, and to make answer before the justices in eyre. That the great burden of so many regarders is no longer to be endured, but that in this forest the number be limited to twelve. And that those taken by night or in the fence month* within the forest be dealt with as before. The very large number of 350 head of deer (both red and fallow) had died of murrain in the one year preceding the holding of this eyre, and were entered on the venison presentments. In another year ten harts, three hinds, sixty-one bucks, and twelve deer had perished from disease. The Attachment, or Forty-day Court as it was sometimes called from the period at which it was summoned, was held by the verderers with much regularity in Sherwood for a long time after the pronouncement of the forest justices at Nottingham in 1287. These courts were held at four different centres, namely at Edwinstowe, Mansfield, Linby, and Calverton, on successive days of the same week. There are a large number of the Sherwood Attachment Court Rolls at the Public Record Office, from Edward I to Henry IV, with a few of later date.4 The Attachment Roll of 1292—3, which is in an imperfect state, gives lists of the presentments for vert offences and the fines imposed. A green oak was usually valued at 6d., and a dry or leafless oak at 4^. ; a sapling 1 Exch. Misc. Bk. Ixxvi, f. 55^. ' For. Proc. Tr. of Rec. No. 27. * The fence month (mends vetitus) of the forest lasted from fifteen days before Midsummer Day to fifteen days after ; it was the special time when the deer required quiet and protection just after fawning. Cheminage of a special character was often levied during the month. See Cox, Royal Forests, 59-61. 4 Exch. K. R. Accts. Forests, ^ (20-2 1 Edw. I), ^ (3 Edw. Ill), John de Crumbwell, keeper ; ^- to !-§£ (20 to 40 Edw. Ill), Ralph de Neville, keeper ; one each of John de Neville (41-42 Edw. Ill) and John atte Lee (42-3 Edw. Ill) ; l£5 to -'T3^ (42-3 Edw. Ill to 4-5 Ric. II), William Latimer ; ^/- (5-6 Ric. II), Walter de Neville; and J^5 (1—5 Hen. IV), Ralph earl of Westmoreland. As to attachment and swainmote courts and their powers, see Cox, Royal Forests, 13-16. 1 369 47 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE (blectruni) varied from id. to 3^., and a stubb or dry trunk of a pollarded tree at id. The roll for 1317 shows that twenty-two attachment courts were held that year, namely six each at Mansfield and Edwinstowe, and five each at Linby and Calverton. Amongst those presented in 1318 were Nicholas de Nottingham, rector of Clipston, and Robert de Kirkby, rector of Kirkby in Ashfield. In 1330, each of the four courts was held eight times. The full number of nine courts at each centre was held in 1347 ; on some rolls it is clear that the court was not entered when there were no presentments. The roll for this year, as well as some others, shows a higher rate of fines (such as I2 rePeated adjournments carried on the proceedings up to 1676. The first claim made was that of the archbishop of York, who appeared by proxy in the person of John Rolleston. A long array of ancient chartered privileges, from the days of Richard I onwards, was put in on his grace's behalf, and their force acknowledged by a specially sworn jury. The next in order was Sir George Savile, bart., of RufFord, who also appeared by proxy, claiming the privileges formerly held by the Cistercian Abbey. Other claims were those of Arthur Capel, earl of Essex ; George duke of Buckingham, the president of the court ; Patrick Viscount Chaworth, Richard Lord Byron (the second lord of that name claiming for Newstead Priory rights), John Lord Clare, the earl and countess of Devonshire, Sir William Dalston, Sir Tamworth Reresby, and Sir Humphrey Molineux. There were also a vast number of minor claimants, who came from all parts of the forest and its surroundings ; these humbler folk appeared in person, or through the attorneys they had clubbed together to pay. Some of them seem to have been unable to resist the attractions of the game, as they made their way through the forest glades. Thomas Cotton, of Edwinstowe, blacksmith, was convicted of shooting a hart whilst journeying to attend the court. He was fined 40*., and had to find a mainpernour or bondsman (in the person of Francis Biggs, innkeeper of RufFord), who entered into a recognizance of £20 for Thomas's good behaviour towards His Majesty's game for the twelvemonth next ensuing. In 1675 the marquis of Newcastle issued the following warrant : — Forasmuch as I am informed there are many disorderly persons dwelling in or neare who have and keep greyhounds, setting dogs, lurchers, gunns, nettes, and other ingins for the destruction of the deer, fowl, fish, hares, rabbits, partridges, peasants, powtes, and other moor game, whereby the game in the forest is much destroyed and disturbed. For the preservation thereof these are to authorise and require the Rt. Honble. John Viscount Rochford, headkeeper and forester of the walk called Blidworth Walk, by all means to inhibit all such persons as shall thus enter the said forest. The people of Blidworth came out strongly for Charles I, and Charles II, with unusual gratitude, gave them the 'small wode' within their walk. They put, however, too generous an interpretation on the word ' small," and as this grant also led to poaching it was cancelled. 1 Exch. K.R. Accts. s^-. A damaged paper book, consisting now of seven folios. ' Ibid. App. 24. * Roy. MS. A. xviii, f. 24. 4 Cal. o/S.P. Dom. Chas. II, xliv, 43, 103. 5 Ibid. vol. Ivi, 122. s The official story of this last Forest Court is told in detail in a large contemporary MS. book, now in possession of Captain Sherbrooke, R.N. of Oxton Hall, near Blidworth. The contents are of much value and interest, but space can only be found for a few short abstracts and extracts. 375 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE One destructive practice occupied much of the attention of this court. Forest officers were paid in kind, and each had an annual ' fee tree ' ; but as each officer possessed the right, or had acquired the custom, of selecting his own, every year saw the depletion of the finest timber. The two following documents, one an order, the other an attestation, pertain to this question. ' Ordered that Richard Grammar, woodward of the Blidworth Office, belonging to his grace the archbishop of York, shall have licence to fell and take away one tree in any of his grace's woods in the forest of Sherwood, for his fee tree in the execution of his office.' Lord Byron had to make the following assurance : ' These are to certify whom it may concerne that I had fee tree allowed me out of the Forest of Sherwood every yere whilst I was bowbearer of the saide forest.' It would be an error altogether inadmissible to suppose that this Sherwood Forest Court, as well as those of earlier date, concerned themselves only with feudal lords and owners. It was also the great and legally organized engine for the protection of the poorer sort in their common rights. In the parish of Blidworth an intense forestal spirit prevailed, even the humblest inhabitant having all kinds of privileges, such as gathering windfallen wood, housebote, haybote, and the keep of so many animals. One great duty of the court was to preserve the privilege of water, a claim of much value in the sandy soil of Sherwood. The wells and sykes were open ' omnibus animalibus, omnibus temporibus anni, omnimodo, porcis, anseribus, capris l duntaxat exceptis.' There was a distinction almost ethnological between the true sylvico/a or forest-dweller and the mere ' purley man ' — a distinction not wholly obliterated — that is between him who enjoyed the pleasure and restrictions of Sherwood, and the inferior being whose hard luck it was to be born and pass his life en pur lieu in the void and open space around.2 To a certain extent the court concerned itself with the system of agriculture known as bricks, which was pursued in some of the more fertile spots. Inhabitants of Blidworth, etc., banded together to obtain a lease from some of the forest dignitaries, with the consent of the superior lord, under which farming might be carried on after a fashion inadmissible in the stricter days of forest law. These enclosures called ' brecks,' or portions ' broken up,' were let at small rentals, one reason being the necessity of high and strong hedges, for which haybote was allowed, to prevent incursions of forest animals, restraint of which in their semi-wild condition was very difficult. An illustration lies at hand in a petition conceded and signed by Toby Mathew, archbishop of York. Certain parishioners ask him, as lord of the manor, permission to make a breck of 20O acres. If he will grant the prayer they ' promise, of their thankfulness unto your grace for this yore grete bountie and good favour, they will be redie at your grace's resydynge at Southwell to help with their droghtes to furnish yore provision, by leadynge of wood and lynge as you shall make them liable. And they, and all theires (as otherwise they have), shall prayse and pray God for the long contynewance of yre Grace to the good of hys church and this commonwealth.' Under the Commonwealth, and subsequently, a large number of Sherwood oaks were felled for the navy; but various grants were made for exceptional purposes during that period and immediately after the Restoration. About 1680, the inhabitants of Edwinstowe petitioned the crown for permission to fell 200 oaks of the value of £200, out of the hays of Birkland and Bilhagh for the repair of their parish church, then in a ruinous condition. The petition was entertained, and on a survey for that purpose it was found that ' although there were standing many thousand trees, few of which there were but what were decaying, and very few useful for the navy.' 3 It should not be forgotten that the largest and most substantial of the beams used by Sir Christopher Wren in the construction of St. Paul's came from Sherwood Forest. Among the papers at Welbeck Abbey is a letter from the great architect to the steward of the duke of Newcastle, dated 4 April, 1695, referring to 'the noble benefaction' promised by the duke in 1693, and sending the measurements of the 'great Beames ' then required. They were to be '47 ft. long, 13 inches and 14 inches at the small end, .... and of growing timber, and as near as can be without sap.' 4 In 1708 a representative meeting of the gentlemen of the north of the county was held at Rufford, at which a strongly-worded petition was adopted, addressed to the crown, complaining of ' the grievous and almost intolerable burden we labour under by reason of the numerous increase of the red deer in the forest of Sherwood these late years.' They complained that so many of the The keeping of goats was prohibited throughout the forest, as they were so offensive to the deer. The purlieus of a forest were, as a rule, those outbounds of a forest which had been disafforested in the time of John or Hen. Ill ; these districts were not under regular forest law, but nevertheless their tenants had to submit without any redress to the ravages of deer and game in general. As a rule, too, the privileges of purlieu men were quite trivial as compared with the forest tenants ; consequently their position was generally regarded as most undesirable. Particularly was this the case on the eastern confines of Sherwood Forest. To call a man 'a purley' is yet a term of some opprobrium in the district. Blidworth was forestal, but Farnsfield was purlieu, and a native of the former will still occasionally speak contemptuously of the latter as a ' mere purley,' or ' youre nobbut purley,' though ignorant of its signification. 1 Cox, Royal Forest!, 218. < White, Worksop and Sherwood. Forest, 149-50. 376 FORESTRY woods had been granted or given away by the queen's predecessors that there was but little harbour left for the deer in the forest, and the deer in consequence were distributed all over the county, eating up the corn and grass ; that their tenants had often to watch all night to keep the deer off ; that their servants were terrified by several new keepers made by the present deputy-warder, who 'threaten them if so much as they do set a little dog at the deer though in the corn'; that not only had they to watch their cornfields, where the deer often lay nine or ten brace together, but they so destroy private woods as to injure them to the extent of from £10 to £50 a year. At the same time another petition was addressed to the House of Commons with about 400 signatures, wherein it was stated that the number of red deer in the forest, 'till very lately, had never or seldom exceeded three hundred, which was a great number, considering the barrenness of the soil and the great destruction of the woods, as the forest could maintain.' In the light of other evidence this estimate, used for the sake of strengthening the petitioners' arguments, was probably much below the mark. The petitioners proceeded to state that these deer now numbered more than 900 ; that they roamed over the country to find sustenance, but more particularly that these depredations were chiefly carried on in ' the division called Hatfield and the whole district of the Clay ; and that these parts of the county were outside the forest limits according to the perambulation and inquisition of Edward I.' This petition met with no favour, for it was argued, though incorrectly, that the owners had never before been asked to stint the number of deer, and that it was a request to Parliament to take away the queen's liberty and right without her consent. On a copy of this petition still extant is endorsed : — 'Tis no doubt but that if there were no more than fifty deer in the whole forest, and if it should happen that they were on any one particular man's two or three acres of corn or turnips, they would be sure to lessen his crops ; yet he bought the land with the encumbrance, and it is past all dispute that the queen has as much right to it as any man has to his own coat.' The forest was no source of profit in Anne's reign. Contrariwise ^1,000 a year was granted to maintain the deer and the new park at Clumber, and to hunt with two horsemen, forty couple of hounds, eleven horses, and four grooms. There were four ' forest keepers,' and four ' deputy purlieu rangers ' ; the winter hay for the deer averaged £100 a year. In the eighteenth century the open forest area was continuously decreasing, partly by grants in the northern part for parks, but still more by the enclosure acts of the latter part of the century. Between 1789 and 1796 inclusive acts were passed for the enclosure of Arnold Forest, Sutton in Ashfield, Kirkby in Ashfield, and Lenton and Radford, whereby 8,248 acres were brought into cultivation. Earlier in the reign of George III, enclosure acts of Blidworth (1,800 acres), Carlton (220), Epperstone (70), Ollerton (500), and several others of smaller extent had enclosed yet more of the open forest tracts.2 In 1793 the Commissioners of Woods and Forests and Land Revenues of the Crown issued their fourteenth report (70 folio pages) which dealt exclusively with Sherwood. They describe it as the only forest remaining under the superintendence of the chief justice in eyre north of Trent, or belonging to the crown in that part of England. The chief officials were the lord- warden, the duke of Newcastle, by letters patent ; the bowbearer or ranger, Lord Byron, by the lord-warden ; four verderers, elected by the freeholders ; and steward, John Gladwin, appointed during pleasure by lord chief justice. There were also nine keepers of nine walks, appointed by the verderers, each receiving a salary of 2OS. from the lord-warden. Two woodwards were annually sworn for Sutton and Carlton. Each verderer and the steward received an annual fee tree out of the hays of Birkland and Bilhagh. There were no deer in the forest save in Thorney Woods, of which Lord Chesterfield (as hereditary successor to John Stanhope of Elizabeth's days) was keeper ; but evidence was given of there having been a great many red deer in Birkland and Bilhagh until about 1770, when they were killed ofF by the keepers of the dukes of Newcastle and Kingston, assisted by the inhabitants, since which time the forest farms had proved much more valuable, and the wheatfields no longer wanted guarding by horns in the daytime and by fires at night. The four verderers at that time each demanded and obtained a fee buck and a fee doe annually from Lord Chesterfield. The accounts of particular ancient trees, or of special groups, as at Haywood, near Blidworth, or in the beautiful glades of Birkland and Bilhagh, together with the recording of other forest survivals, will be more appropriately discussed under their respective parishes in the topographical section. Though there was so much grievous destruction of timber in Sherwood Forest in the 1 White, Worktop and Sherwood Forest, 218—9. Cited chiefly from Bailey, Annals. ' General Rep. on Enclosures (1808). Nottingham had 88 enclosure acts in the first forty years of George III, and was only surpassed in the acreage enclosed by Lincoln, Leicester, and Northampton. According to the Agricultural Report of 1794 (App. v) there had been in that century 10,666 acres of private enclosures from the forest and its borders. 377 48 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE seventeenth and following centuries, l there were some considerable compensations made in the second half of the last of these centuries. In the elaborate report on the county of Nottingham issued by the Board of Agriculture in 1 794, there is a good deal of information as to the woods and plantations of the shire. It is there stated that a spirit of planting had prevailed throughout much of the old Sherwood district for the last forty years. Though at first fir trees were chiefly planted, it was found that the sandy soil seemed well adapted for almost every kind of forest tree in the sheltered places. The duke of Newcastle had recently planted 1848 acres in Clumber Park. Considerable particulars are given in appendices as to the plantations on the VVelbeck and Ruffbrd estates, together with descriptions of the methods adopted. There was but little wood save hedgerow, and but little recent planting on the level lands of the county that flank the Trent, save occasional ash growing. Thirty-one acres had been planted with ash in 1771-2 on thecliff opposite Washford Ferry, in Flintham ; it had been cut in 1791-2 and had been sold standing for £1,300. In another instance six acres of ash that had been planted for seventeen years sold for £70. In the Clay district 3,664 acres had been planted in comparatively recent enclosures. There was very little timber in the Vale of Belvoir district ; but mention is made of Bunny Wood, which contained seventy acres. 2 In Major Rooke's Sketch of Sherwood Forest, printed in 1799, much praise is given to ' the many respectable persons, whose mansions and parks border on the forest, who have made and continue to make large plantations in honour of the splendid victories gained by our gallant admirals.' Such were the twenty-five acres of forest trees and firs planted by Lord Newark, and called Howe Grove, in honour of Earl Howe and his victory, as well as fifteen to the east of Thornley Park, called after Lord St. Vincent, and twelve acres on the north called after Lord Duncan. He also particularly mentions the extensive plantations of the duke of Portland in the neighbourhood of Welbeck; the fine plantations at Ruffbrd by the Hon. R. Lumley Savile ; as well as the Howe, Spencer, Nelson, St. Vincent, Warren, and Duncan groves planted by the Hon. F. Montague. Mr. Foljambe, of Osberton, was one of several other Nottinghamshire gentlemen who were busily engaged in tree planting towards the close of the eighteenth century. The marquis of Titchfield had sown up- wards of a hundred acres in parts of the old forest, between Mansfield and Nottingham, with acorns. Though the glories of Sherwood as a royal open forest have long since passed, various noble parks occupy some of its choicest portions. They not only include much of the ancient timber, but several are well stocked with red and fallow deer, which in some instances rightfully claim to be the descendants of those that used to roam at will the forests and glades in mediaeval days. The present deer parks in Nottingham only number five, all of which are in the old Sherwood Forest district.3 Thoresby Park (Earl Manvers), one of the finest in the kingdom, has a circuit of upwards of ten miles and an acreage of 2,000. In 1683 the crown sold 1,270 acres out of the hays of Bilhagh and the White Lodge to be added to his own land to make the park of Thoresby. It is grandly timbered in parts, particularly at the Buck Gate entrance, where there are many noble oaks. The park is also noted for its Spanish chestnuts, and there are large picturesque stretches thickly dotted with old thorns. The fallow deer number about 630 and the red deer 25. Welbeck (duke of Portland) was the only one of the duke of Newcastle's eight parks that escaped destruction at the time of the great Civil War. It has an acreage of 1640; the timber is chiefly oak. Many of the trees are of great age, the oldest being the Greendale Oak .4 Two fine oaks, standing one each side of the roadway, are known as the Porters. Of the once celebrated Seven Sisters, which had seven stems growing from a single root, only one stem is now standing. There are about 500 fallow deer, including a herd of white ones, and 150 red deer. Rufford Park (Lord Savile) extends over 500 acres ; it is well wooded, and contains some particularly fine beech trees. The fallow deer number about 350. Wollaton Park (Lord Middleton) covers 750 acres, and is well wooded with fine clumps of forest trees. Its principal feature is the avenue of limes from the chief lodge to the hall. The fallow deer number about three hundred. This park used to harbour a herd of wild white cattle, of the polled or hornless breed, with black noses and ears. They died out in the first quarter of last century. Annesley Park (J. P. Chaworth-Musters, esq.) contains about 600 acres, and has a good deal of large timber, though there are many bracken-covered stretches. There are about 200 head of In Cox's Magna Britannia, issued in 1827, reference is made to ' the abominable destruction of the wood made by the connivance or negligence of the woodwards (vol. iv. p. 171). ' Robert Low, General View of Agriculture of the County of Nottingham (1794), passim. 'he brief notes on these parks are taken from Whitaker, Deer Parks of England (1892) ; Shirley, Deer and Deer Parks (1867); White, Worktop and Sherwood Forest (1875), and from personal observation. 1 The story of this ' Methusaleh of the Forest ' was told at length in Country Life (30 Dec. 1905) by Dr. Cox. 378 FORESTRY fallow deer of the small black breed, supposed to be the original wild forest stock. There was a herd of wild white cattle in this park at the time of Charles II. The two most ancient parks of Sherwood, those of Clipston and Bestwood, are now no more. Clipston, where was the ancient royal lodge visited, as is known, repeatedly by King John and also by the first three Edwards, possessed a park which enclosed an area of 1,583 acres in 1609, and seven miles in compass ; it was utterly destroyed in the Civil Wars. It had a pleasant river running through it full of fish, was well stocked with deer, and so abounding in fine trees, ' the tallest in the county,' that their value was estimated at £20,000. When 'the loyal duke' visited Clipston after the Restoration there was not a single tree left standing in the park.1 The fate of Bestwood Park, a few miles north of Nottingham, between Papplewick and Arnold, was somewhat similar, though not so severely treated. This ' mighty great park,' as Leland termed it, comprised 3,672 acres, and 'before the troubles was well stocked with red deer,' but when Thoroton wrote in 1677 much of it was ploughed up and divided into closes.2 The park that now surrounds Bestwood Lodge is of very limited area. Clumber Park (duke of Newcastle), the largest, and in some respects the most beautiful, of the Nottinghamshire parks, which lies immediately to the north of Thoresby Park, is of comparatively modern date, and used to be known as the New Park. The earl of Clare (afterwards created duke of Newcastle) received the crown licence in 1707 to enclose and impark 3,000 acres at Clumber. Low, writing in 1794, says of this park, then so luxuriant with its new plantation, that 'thirty years ago it was a black heath full of rabbits.' But this only refers to the newly enclosed parts, for he elsewhere states that Clumber Park included the remains of two woods of venerable oaks, known as Clumber Wood and Hardwick Wood.3 The park now contains above 4,000 acres. By the side of the large lake, cedars, pines, and various other coniferous trees grow to a great size. The hays of Birkland and Bilhagh, the last remaining portion of the crown lands in Sherwood, were sold to the duke of Portland about 1800, who subsequently parted with them to Earl Manvers. Low, writing in 1794, describes these hays as an 'open wood of large oak, but mostly decayed or stagheaded.'4 Newstead Park, formed after the dissolution of the religious houses, was beautifully wooded and well stocked with fallow deer ; but it was broken up into farms, and most of this side of the Sherwood district was very much denuded of trees during the concluding period of the Byron regime. Towards the close of the eighteenth century, the Lord Byron of the day cut down the oaks wholesale to the value of £60,000, and the bleak treeless aspect of the surroundings of the abbey in 1814 are mentioned in the memoirs of John Murray. The poet Byron planted some sparse copse-like spinneys such as Poet's Wood ; Castle Wood and Abbey Wood are somewhat similar, and consist largely of beech. There are a few conifers (pinus sy/vestris and larch) on the estate, which appear to have been planted before Colonel Wildman's time. The woods, copses, spinneys, and clumps, when he took over the Newstead estate, were of small extent, and could have been of little value as timber, actual or prospective. Colonel Wildman was an enthusiastic arboriculturist, and did a great deal of planting, but it was not done on economical lines, and was chiefly for aesthetic purposes. The fact of his keeping an enormous stock of rabbits absolutely precluded any rational or scientific system of tree-growing. One wood planted by him north of the Mansfield and Nottingham road was originally very well laid out ; but, owing to the fallacies and defects inherent in the old British theories of sylviculture of the past century, it has been so treated as to be of little actual value. The late Mr. Webb planted a very considerable acreage, mainly of conifers. The woods were well designed and laid out ; but the technical planting was badly done, and the young trees were not scientifically looked after during their early growth. The ignorance, incompetence, and prejudices of woodmen and so-called foresters frustrated the well-schemed projects and designs of Mr. Webb, whose knowledge in these matters was in advance of the general knowledge and practice in England. A considerable portion of the Newstead estate consists of arable land of the annual value of 5*. per acre downwards, much of which should never have been reclaimed from forest for tillage. This was due, here as elsewhere, to the economic conditions preceding the repeal of the Corn Laws. Sir H. E. and Lady Chermside have of late years given much attention to the systems of forestry in Germany and other countries. Their objective is to reconstitute the existing depleted woodlands by the employment of 'jardinage' and other recognized methods of planting, and to add to them by tree-culture on lands obviously better suited to such a purpose than to cereals or pasture. One of the chief impediments to progress in this direction is found to be the very inefficient British legislation concerning rabbits. The aggregate area of woodland, heath, and rough land on the property is some 1,200 acres.5 1 Collins, Noble Families of Cavendish (1752), 42. * Thoroton, Notts. 258. 3 Gen. View of Agiic. of Notts. 9, 20. * Ibid. 19. 5 From the information of Sir H. E. Chermside, G.C.M.G., C.B. 379 A HISTORY OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE Considerable areas were planted in Welbeck Park and its environs, to clothe the landscape, about the year 1726. At that time oak, Spanish chestnut, and beech were used for forming mixed plantations, with, no doubt, firs and larch to act as nurses, as in some instances a few of these are found among the hardwoods. At a later date oak was, probably from the high price of bark and also from the demand of oak timber for ship-building, given the preference, with the view of forming pure oak plantations. Unfortunately there is now a limited demand for bark, and timber must be of excellent quality to find a sale. Even the casual observer will notice the superiority of trees grown in the mixed woods, being more apparent when sufficient beech has been left to shade the oak and chestnut ; under such conditions are the long clean stems grown which realize the highest prices. Only in sheltered situations is the oak, when grown in pure forest, found attaining similar dimensions in this neighbourhood. Good oak is grown with coppice on the clay lands, but coppice can only pay in localities where there is a local demand for it. The tendency to-day is in favour of plantations which will serve as suitable game coverts, and thus a crop which will grow and mature quickly is often in request ; consequently firs and larch are more generally planted as a crop than merely as nurses. The age of the old oaks in Birklands which have at some time been pollarded, from a careful count of the annual layers of growth, places the trees at 387 years of age, and owing to their being pollards decay has set in from the top downwards, and in many cases they are badly affected with the ring and star shake.1 There has been steady planting on the Duke of Newcastle's Clumber estates since 1889, averaging about 26 acres a year, exclusive of the renewal of old woodland. This fresh land planting of some 425 acres has chiefly been of a mixed character, larch and Scotch fir being mingled with oak, beech, and sycamore. A certain small amount has been planted with Corsican pine, and another plot with poplars. Six acres of bog land were planted with birch in 1895. A plantation of 24 j acres of mixed larch, Scotch fir, oak, beech, and pine, laid out in 1902, was appropriately named Coronation Plantation. This year (1906) three acres of old woodland at Hardwick Wood Round have been planted with Japanese larch.8 During the last thirty years there have been planted on Earl Manvers's property in South Nottinghamshire, 33 acres in the parish of Clipston-on-the-Wolds, and 1 8£ in the parish of Cotgrave. The planting on the earl's North Nottinghamshire estate, in the like period, has been much more considerable, namely, 194 acres in Edwinstowe, 204 in Budby-cum-Perlethorpe, 30 in Eakring, 26 in Kneesall, and 41 in Kersall. This gives a total on these estates of 646^ acres.3 On Lord Savile's Rufford Abbey estates there are now 1,700 acres of woods and plantations, showing an increase of about 700 acres since the beginning of the nineteenth century.4 Particulars have been kindly supplied by Mr. Thomas W. Huskinson, F.S.I., land agent of Epperstone, as to the planting on various smaller estates of the county under his agency, which show considerable progress in arboriculture.5 1 From the information of Mr. Mitchie, the Duke of Portland's wood-steward. 1 From the information of Mr. Arthur V. Elliott, agent of the Duke of Newcastle. * From the information of Mr. R. W. Wordsworth, agent of Earl Manvers. 4 From the information of Mr. J. A. Bell, agent of Lord Savile. 6 ' In my agency the following estates in Notts, have extensive woodlands : The Oxton estate, Captain Sherbrooke, R.N., owner, four miles from Southwell. Old wood- lands, 338 acres; oak and ash ; ash underwood ; thin timber. Plantation last fifty years 54 acres. Total 392 acres, nearly all on the clays. The Sherwood Lodge estate, Sir Charles Seely, bart., seven miles from Nottingham. Old woodlands, 157 acres ; oak, chestnut, beech, and larch ; no underwood. Plantation, 365 acres ; of this 1 50 acres only prepared for planting — not yet planted. Total 522 acres, all on sands. Ossington estate, W. E. Denison, esq., eight miles from Newark. Old woodlands, 214 acres ; ash underwood, oak and ash. Plantations, 67 acres. Total 281 acres, all on clays. Winkburn estate, Colonel Burnell, eight miles from Newark. Old woodlands, 405 acres ; well looked after ; oak with ash underwood. Widmerpool estate, Major Robertson, nine miles south of Nottingham, on the wolds. Oak and ash with hazel underwood. Old woodlands, 108 acres. Plantations, 60 acres, mostly larch and spruce for game. Total 168 acres, all on clay. The other estates in our management in this district all agricultural with only small coppices or shelter plantations. The estate duties on woodlands appear to me to be a mistake, as it is taxing a growing crop. A tax on timber sales would be more equitable. As it is many people will be taxed for a property in young woods that they never can enjoy. Planting is generally done with trees transplanted from nurseries. This I consider an expensive method, and doubt whether there is any industrial profit. If planting were to be done on a large scale on the clays I would advocate sowing the seed of oak, ash, and sycamore on the ground reserved for the wood just like a corn crop, and singling out each few years as the seedlings settle 380 FORESTRY As to the Wold district of this county, south-east of the forest, on the five estates belonging to Earl Manvers, Lord Helper, and Messrs. Robertson, Warner, and W. P. Paget, in the parishes of Cotgrave, West Leake, Widmerpool, Wysall, and Normanton upon. Soar, at least 1,000 acres have been tree-planted in the last thirty years. It is thought that the thinnings of these plantations, after expenses of felling and sale are paid, amount annually to double the rent of a good deal of land in Gotham, Bunny, and some other parishes that have not been planted.1 Official statistics are strongly confirmatory of the considerable growth of the wooded area of Nottinghamshire in the last quarter of a century. In 1891 the woods of the county, exclusive of plantations, covered 25,819 acres ; and the plantations — that is, those that have been planted during the last fifteen years — covered an additional area of 2,027 acres. The total, therefore, in 1891 was 27, 846 acres. A great stride was made between that year and 1888, for in the latter year the total was only 24,254. The agricultural returns for 1895 give the area of wood, excepting plantations, as 27,269, whilst the area of recent planting brought the full total up to 28,517. The returns for the last decade, as estimated in June, 1905, show a further gain in Notting- hamshire woodland of nearly 2,000 acres. It is there set forth as coppice 489 acres, plantations 1,404, and other woods 28,540, giving a total under woodland of 30,433 acres. From all this varied information, Nottinghamshire may be safely placed among the compara- tively few counties in which the woodlands have largely increased during the past hundred years. But this increase is almost entirely due (save to a limited extent on the wolds) to what may be termed the luxurious value of forest trees and coverts, that is to say, to the beauty of woodland land- scape, and to its assistance in the maintaining of game. The initial difficulty in tree-planting on private property, from a commercial standpoint, is the sinking of capital for such a distant and somewhat problematical return, for most people live in the present. It is, therefore, generally thought by those competent to form an opinion that a commercial return from arboriculture (save in exceptional circumstances) can only be expected, under existing legislation, on suitable crown lands or on those of such corporations as the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. between themselves which is to be the best tree. I believe this method on a large enough scale would pay a very good profit at the end of the century. There should be no rating or taxation of woodlands till the crop is felled, when this burden falls on the proper person alone able to bear it. I advocate very strongly shelter plantations and trees on pasture lands, especially upland pastures as a shelter for stock. I know from experience such pastures will carry stock two or three months longer than more exposed fields in the immediate vicinity.' 1 From the information of the Hon. F. Strutt, to whom we are otherwise particularly indebted. 381 DA 670 N9V6 v.l The Victoria history of the county of Nottingham PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY