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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
Vol. XXII., 1915.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

H Journal of XooIoqy

IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM.

EDITED BY

LORD EOTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXII., 1915.

(WITH SEVENTY-SIX PLATES.)
Issued at the Zoological Museum, Trino.

FEINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1915-1916.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXII. (1915).

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

PAGES

1. See subject "Aves," No. 4 61— G6

2. Obituary: William Warren. (K.J.) IGO— 16G

AVES.

1. The Birds of Dampier Islaucl. Walter Rothschild and Ernst Hartert 20 — 37

2. The Birds of Vulcan Island, Walter Rothschild and Ernst Hartert 38 — 45

3. Notes on Papuan Birds. Walter Rothschild and Ernst Hartert . 46 — 60

4. In Algeria, 1914: A Journey to the M'Zab Country and over the Central

High Plateaus (Plates I., II.). Ernst Hartert .... 61 — 79

5.' On the Genus Freyata. Walter Rothschild 145 — \\&

6. Notes on Falcons. Ernst Hakteet ........ 167 — 185

7. List of a Small Collection of Birds from Hausaland, Northern Nigeria.

Ernst Hartert 244 — 266

8. Dates of Publication of the sections of the " British Bird Book."

F. B. Kirkman 386

REPTILIA.

1. The Giant Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands in the Tring Museum

(Plates XXI.— XXXII). Lord Rothschild 403—417

2. On the Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Seychelles and Aldabra-Madagascar

Gioup, \vith some Notes on certain forms of the Mascarene Group

(Plates XXXIII.— LXXVL). Lord Rothschild .... 418—442

LEPIDOPTERA.

1. An Analysis of the species of the Genus Caretis, chiefly based on an

examination of the specimens in the Zoological Museum, Tring

(Plates III.— XIX.). T. A. Chapman 80—104

2. On Lepidoptera from the Islands of Ceram (Seran), Burn, Bali, and Misol

{and Continuation). Walter Rothschild .... 105 — 144, 209 — 227

3. New Palaearctic and Eastern N'octn.idae in the Tring Museum. W.Warren 147^153

4. Some new Orieut^il Cymntophm-idaa in the Tring Museum. W. Warren 154 — 159
6. A Preliminary Account of the Lepiilopterous Fauna of Guelt-es-Stel,

Central Algeria {Continuation). Lord Rothschild .... 186 — 191

( vi )

PACKS

6. On tlie Lepidoptera in the Tt-ing Museum sent by Mr. A. S. Meek from

the Adminilty Islands, Dampier, and Vulcan Islands (and Continiui-

fw7i.). Lord Rothschild 192—208, 387—402

7. Lepidoptera of the M'Zab Country, South Algeria, collected by Dr. Ern.st

Hartert and Carl Hilgert in 19H. Lord Rothschild . . . 228 — 243

8. On the two Algerian species of Cerocala, a genus of Noctuidue. (Illus-

trated.) K. Jordan 267—270

9. On Papilio dixoni Grose-Smith (1900) and Papilio knehni Honr. (1886)

from Celebes. (Illustrated.) K. Jordan 270—273

10. Some new or little-known Heterocera. (Illustrated.) K. Jordan . . 274 — 278

11. On the position of Mhietra nodrica Boisd. (1832), a Nymphaline Butterfly.

K. Jordan 279-280

12. Thirteen new Sphingidae. (Plate XX. and Te.xt-figure.s.) Lord Rothschild

and K. Jordan 281—291

13. Some new Sphingidae in the collection of the British Museum. (Plate XX.)

Lord Rothschild and K. Jordan 291 — 294

14. New Exotic Zygaevidae in the Tring Museum. K. Jordan . . . 295—301

15. New genera and species of African Geometridae. Louis B. Prout . . 311 — 385

SIPHONAPTERA.

1. Contribution to our knowledge of the Siphonaptera fracticipita. (Illus-

trated.) N. Charles Rothschild . 302 — 308

2. List of Siphonaptera collected in Algeria in the spring of 1914. (Illus-

trated.) K. Jordan and N. Charles Rothschild .... 308 — 310

VERMIDEA.

1. Expedition de MM. Walter Eothschild, E. Hartert, et C. Hilgert dans le
Sud Alg^rien (1914). Nematodes Parasites. (Illustrated.) L. G.
Seurat 1 — 25

INDEX 443—475

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME XXII.

^•1

r Photographs from Algeria. By E. Hartert.

III. — XIX. Wings, Genitalia, etc., of Curetis, from photographs by A. E.
Tonge and F. N. Clark.

XX. Sphingidae. Photograph by Payne & Son.

XXI. — XXXII. Giant Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands. Photographs by
Payne & Son.

XXXIII. Map of Aldabra Island. Photographic reproduction.

XXXIV. — LXXVI. Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Seychelles, Aldabra, Madagascar,
and Mascarene Islands. Photographs by Payne & Son.

The Parts of this Volume were issued as follows :

No. 1, containing pages 1 — 166 and Plates I. — XIX., issued February 12th, 1915.

No. 2, containing pages 167 — 386 and Plate XX., issued June 30th, 1915.

No. 3, containing pages 387—442 and Plates XXI.— LXXVI., issued December 29th,
1915.

No. 4, containing pages 443 — 475 and i-viii, issued February 29th, 1916.

ERRATA.

(See ako page 442.)

Page 135, No. 216, locality should read " Manitsela."

„ 191, line 3 from top, generic name should read " Piychopoda."

„ 206, line 7 from top, specific name .should read " iphigenia."

„ 261, No. 119, generic name should read " Pyromelana."

„ 428, line 22 from top, read " phantastica " instead of " phatitasticws."

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H 3ounial of Zooloo^-

.^•^^^

\^^^-

EDITED BY

The Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERXST HARTERT, and Du. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXII.

No. 1.

Pages 1—1 GO.
Plates I.— XIX.

Issued February 12th, at the Zooloqical Museum, Tbino.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1915.

Vor,. XXTI.

N0VITATE8 ZOOLOGICAE

EDITED BY

WALTER ROTHSCHILD. ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. I.

1. EXPEDITION DE MM. WALTER ROTH-
SCHILD, E. HARTERT, ET C. HILGERT
DANS LE SUD ALGERIEN (1914)
(Illustrated) L. G. Seurat

1—25

2. THE BIRDS OF DAMPIER ISLAND . Walter Rothschild and

Errtst Hartert . 26—37

3. THE BIRDS OF VULCAN ISLAND . . Wnlt&r Rothschild avd

Ernst Ha/rtert . 38—45

4. NOTES ON PAPUAN BIRDS . . . Walter Rothschild and

Ernst Hartert . 4G — 60

5. IN ALGERIA, 1914: A JOURNEY TO THE

M'ZAB COUNTRY AND OVER THE
CENTRAL HIGH PLATEAUS (Plates I.,
II.) Ernst Hartert . . 61—79

6. AN ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OF THE

GENUS CURETIS, CHIEFLY BASED ON
AN EXAMINATION OF THE SPECI-
MENS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM,
TRING (Plates III,— XIX.) . . . T. A. Chapman . . 80—104

7. ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE ISLANDS

OF CERAM (SERAN), BURU, BALI,

AND MISOL Walter Rothschild . . 105 — 144

8. ON THE GENUS FRE6ATA . . . Walter Rothschild . . 145—146

9. NEW PALAEARCTIC AND EASTERN

XOCTUIDAE IN THE TRING MUSEUM W. Warren . . . 147—153

10. SOME NEW ORIENTAL CYMATOPHO-

RIDAE IN THE TRING MUSEUM . W. Warren . . . 154—159

11. OBITUARY: WILLIAM WARREN . . K.Jordan . . . 160—166

x^\^

,.^-^

NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAB.

Vol XXII. FEBRUARY 1915. No. 1.

EXP]^DITION DE MM. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, E. HARTERT
ET C. HILGERT DANS LE SUD ALGERIEN (Mars-Mai 1914).

NEMATODES PARASITES.
Par L. G. SEURAT.

L'Hox. Waltkr Rothschild et M. E. Hartert out bien voulu nous coufier
I'litude des Nematodes recueillis lors de leiir deruiere exjiedition daus le Sud
Algerien.

La collection q^ui m'a ete remise comprend ti'ois formes nouvelles, dont I'une
constitue le type d'un genre nouveau de la grande famille des Spiruridce. Comme
on le verra par la lecture de ce travail, ce nouveau genre permet de relier les
Ilahroiiema, groupe central de la famille, aux formes les plus primitives pour
lesquelles nous avons cre'e recemment le genre Frotospirtira.

Les Filaires d'Oiseaux, representees par de nombreux sp(5cimens, se rangent
dans trois- especes dejii conuues. II nous a paru neanmoins necessaire de
reprendre entierement la description de ces formes, dont I'etude anatomique est
indispensable.

Fam. OXYURIDJE.
1. Oxyuris hilgerti n. sp.

Corps fusiforme, renfle vers le tiers ant(5rieur, att^nue aux extremitds, plus
particulierement vers I'arriere. Cuticule striec transversalement, k stries espac^es
de 14 /it. Fas d'ailes laterales. Cellules musculaires losangiques, de 800^ de
longueur.

Bouche limitee par trois levres, une dorsale et deux latero-ventrales ; trois
papilles sur le cadre buccal, correspondant a ohacune des Ifrvres. Cavitd buccale
tres courte ; rosopliage termine par un bulbe a appareil denticulaire, dont il est
separe par un leger etranglement. Intestin plus large, a son origiue, que le
bulbe. Ueux glandes rectales tres apparentes. L'auneau nerveux entoure
I'tusophage dans sa region tout-a-fait ant^rieure, au huitifeme de sa longueur.
Pore excreteur trfes petit, pea visible, s'ouvrant en arriere du bulbe oesophagien,
an milieu d'une aire allongee et etroite qui tranche par son asi^ect plus clair et
jilus brillant.

Femelle. — La longueur totale du corps oscille antra 5 mm. 1 (fernelle jeune,
a teufs non developpes, mais dejii fecondee) et 12 mm. 7 (femelle adulte a oeufs
arrives a maturite) ; epaisseur maxima, au tiers antdrieur de la longueur, GOO/z,.
Queue longue, effilee, atteignaut le quart de la longueur du corps. La longueur
de I'oesophage (y compris le bulbe) varie du sixieme (femelle immature) au
douzieme de la longueur totala (femelle adulte).

I

NoviTATES ZooiOGirAr XXII. 1915.

Fit;. A, B, C',— Orijuvia hiJgerti. n. sp.

A. Oiganes genitalis iVune jtuiie feniclle iiDinaUiie fie II'""'' 'A de longueur, r, vagin

extroverse; /, trompe ; ?/, uteru.s gaucbc ; r, irccptacle .'-emiual; o, oviducte.

B. Tete vue par la face ventrale. c, glande c6pbalique.

C. Extr^mit^ post^rieure du corps du male, vue par la face ventrale.

Vnlve situee an tiers ant^rieur de la longueur. Chez Tune des feinelles
examinees, elle est en rapport (fig. 2) avec nn vagin en tronc de c6ne, de 120 /x de
loDgnenr, tapisse d'une 6paisse cuticnle, an I'ond dmpiel s'ouvre, au soiumet d'nii

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

mamelou arroudi, Tovyjecteur. Celui-ci comprend tont d'abord nne partie retrecie
en line sorte de col, de 200 /i. de longueur, h assise musculaire mince, doublee d'une
^paisse cuticule, a, laquelle fait suite une partie cylindrique remarquable par
I'extreme developpement de I'assise musculaire et dilatee en ampoule a son
extremit(5 distale; au dela, la trompe, musciilo-epitheliale, se recourbe brusque-
ment vers rarriere et apres un trajet de plus d'un millimetre rejoiut les uterus.

Chez toutes les autres femelles examinees, la region iaitiale, tabulaiie de

S

Fig. 1 'k 3. — Oxynris hihjerti n. sp.
1. Inilividu femelle vii de profil. 2. Ov^jecteur.

o

3. CEaf.

Tov^jecteur est extroversee, saillante an dehors a la fafoii d'une verge, ce qui
rend I'emplacement de la vulva tres apparent (fig. A).

Uterus paralleles, remontant vers I'avant, de chaque cote de la trompe ;
chez les femelles immatures, les uterus ne renferment pas d'oeufs ; chez les
femelles adultes, an contraire, les uterus bourres d'ojnfs disposes sur quatre a
cinq rang(!'es se sont considerablement allonges et remplissent toute la cavity
gen^rale en arri'Te du bulbe oesophagien jusqu'au dela de Taiuis.

4 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

ffiufs fort uomlirenx, a coque epaisse, aigus anx deux poles, legerement
aplatis snr una face, mesnrant 75 a 80 /a de longueur sur 20 Ix 30 fj, de diamfetre
transversal ; ils sent rejetes a I'etat de morula.

Laree femelle da 4' stade. — Louguenr 2 mm. 2 ii 2 mm. ~ ; la longueur de
la quelle et celle de I'oesophage sont le sixieme de celle du corps. Corps orne de
deux ailes lateralcs, prenaut uaissance ii quelqne distance en arriere de la tete et
s'etendant jns(ju'ii la re'gion anale.

^,l,^lle, — Cette cspece est remarquable par la grande disproportion de taille
de la femelle et du male adultes. Tandis que la premiere atteint 12 mm., la
longueur du male oscille entre 3 mm. 8 et(imm.2; ces males a corps grele,
peuvent ecbapper lors d'un exameu pen attentif.

La r^o-ion posterieure du corps du male est le plus souveut enroulee en spirale
(deux tours). La longueur de I'cesopbage est Ic septit'me de celle du corps.

La queue est termiuee par uue longue pointe dorsale (200 yu, de longueur)
servant d'axe, dans sa rdgion initiale, a deux ailes caudales ; trois paires de
papilles, dont une i)reanale ; la premiere paire de papilles postanales (la plus
61olgnee du cloaque) est longuemeut pedoiiculee ; k la hauteur de la seconde paire
86 trouvent les orifices lateraux des glandes caudales. Spicule tres allonge (3U0/i),
legerement elargi a son extr^mite libre. Un gorgeret de 70 yu. de longueur (fig. C).

Habitat. — Ciecum du Gundi {Ctenodacti/lus guwli Pallas), Biskra, lo mars
1914.

Nous avons recemment trouve cette forme, en tres uombreux exemplaires des
deux sexes, cbez trois Gundis de la region de Bou Safi,da (septembre 1914).

Affinite's. — Cette espece est voisine de VOxyaris ecoluta Linst., avec laquelie
elle presente cette siuguliore disjiosition de I'extroversiou de la region initiale
de I'ovejecteur. La description absolument insuffisante de Linstow ne permet
d'indiquer, comme caractere differentiel, que la dimension plus grande de la
queue de la femelle (le quart de la longueur totale cbez YOxi/uns hil<jci-ti,
le '/j ; cbez VOxyuris evolida).

2. Oxyuris uromasticola (uom. emend.), Galeb 1889.*
[^Tlielatulros alatus Wedl. 1801.]

Nematode a corps massif, (-tant senlement buit a dix ibis plus long (jue large,
deponrvu d'ailes laterales ; cuticule striee trausversalemeut, a stries espacees
de 14 /L4. (Esopbage termine par un bulbe volumineux et relativemeut court; sa
longueur varie du quart au cinquieme de la longueur totale cbez le male, du
sixieme au septieme cbez la femelle. 11 est entoare dans sa region initiale, au
huitieme de sa longueur, par I'anneau uerveux. L'intestin, a son origine, est
beauconp plus large que le bulbe oesopbagien. Kectum avec deux glandes
iinicellulaires y deboncbant.

Pore excreteur situe sur la ligne mediane veutrale, en arriere du bulbe, au
quart de la longueur .du corps ; c'est un orifice circulaire tres petit, de 8 ^ de
diametre, en relation par un court canal cuticulaire (17 yx de longueur) avec une
grosse vesicule excretrice tres apparente sur le vivaut, a cause de la plus grande
rdfringence du liquide qui y est contenu ; a cette vesicule aboutissent quatre canaux
disposes en X, deux qui viennent de la region anterieure et deux provenant de
la region posterienre du corps.

* Galeb Ocrit, uvcu une double incorrection 0-i''J>'iis nromusticoUa,

NoVlTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXTf. 1915, 5

Bonche elliptiqne, iiUongeo dorso-veutralement, eiitonree de six papilles,
deux lati'ro-dorsales, denx latrro-ventrales et denx laterales. Cavite buccale
coiirte, elargie a la base.

Femelle. — Longnenr totale 5 a 9 mm. ; la largenr maxima, realis6e vers le
milien da corps, est le dixieme de la longnenr. Qnene conrte (300 ^), coniqne,
arrondie k rextremite.

Viilve sitn^e en aniere du milien du corps, anx trois cinqnit'mes de la
lougnenr; c'est una fente transversale de 130 yu. de largenr snr 18 /i de hantenr,
limit6e par des Ifevres ^paisses et, de ce fait, tr6s apparente. La vnlve est en
rapport avec nii vestibule eu forme de tronc de cOne, de 240 /t de longnenr, tapiss^

Fig. 4 et 5. — Oxyuris vromasticola Galeb.
4. KstrfmitS ant^rieure du corps. 5. Tete vue de face.

d'une epaisse cnticnle et an fond dnqnel s'onvre, an sommet d"nn maraelon, le
sphincter ; les rapjiorts dn sphincter et dn vestibule sont ainsi les meraes qne
chez VO.ri/tii-is liilyerti Senrat. Le vestibule renferme le pins sonvent un renf,
qui y s^journe qnelqne temps avant d'etre expnlse; quand le vestibule est vide,
la livre vnlvaire snperieure fait trfes fortement saillie i I'extirieur. L'ovejectenr,
dont nous avons donne preeedemment la description * est dirigu vers I'arri^re ;
il mesnre 3 mm. 5 de longueur et comprend un sphincter mnsculo-cnticnlaire de
300 /x de longnenr, auquel fait suite la trompe mnsculo-epithiliale dilat^e dans sa
region initiale en un reservoir de 1 mm. 5 de longnenr, occupy par 20 h. 50 ceufs.

♦ C. R. Sociiti de Biohgir, tome 73. p. 223, flg. 1, 2, 3.

6 KoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

La troinpe imp.aire, tnlniliforme, de 1 mm. 5 d'exteusion, se divise en denx branches
qui rejoignent les uterus.

Utdrns parallfeles, titroits, eutortilles le long de I'intestin ; ils atteignent
quatorze millimi'tres de longnenr (cliez un individn femelle de 9 mm. de longueur
totale) et renferment un nombre relativeiuent faible d'cenfs dispose's cute & cute en
serie lini^aire: nous en avons compte 119 dans I'nne des branches uterines, \21 dans
I'autre. Le receptacle seminal est une simple dilatation de la region ultime des
uterus, non d61imit^e de cenx-ci.

Ovidnctes et ovaires reprisentes par deux tubes de quatre millimetres de
longueur, dilatf^'S en massne dans leur region moyenne, rendus opaques par la masse
de vitellus dent ils sout charges ; ils sont situes cute !\ cute dans la rL'giun prevul-
vaire, replies dans I'espace compris entre la valve et le pore excretenr.

(Eufs ovoi'des, un pen aplatis sur une face, ;\ coque ^paisse, mesnrant 105/tt de
longueur sur 65 |U de largonr. Lenr nombre est pen elevt' : 268 dans une femelle,
dont 246 renfermes dans les uterus et 22 dans rovejecteur.

Le mode de ponte est assez particulier: les oeufs, accumules au nombre d'une
cinquantaine dans le reservoir forme par la trompe sont k I'^tat de morula et leur
coque est claire et transparente : ils passent un a un dans le vestibule oil ils
s6journent quelqne temps : la tunique exterue du vestibule prdsente des glandes
unicellnlaires dont I'activit^ secr^trice a pour effet de reconvrir la coque de Tceaf
d'un endnit protectenr qui la rend presque opaque et lui donne une coulear brun
clair complJtement diSerente de celle des ceufs contenus dans I'ov^'jecteur. L'ceuf
ayant ainsi acquis sa structure definitive est pondn et remplacd par un autre qui
subira la meme transformation.

Mdle. — Corps plus grele que celui de la femelle. Longneur totale 2 mm. 5 a
4 mm. ; ^'paissenr maxima 310 /x.

La conformation de la queue est assez compliquee et ne pent se compreudre
que par la comparaison avec celle des Oxynres k apjiendice caudal tr^s allong^,
YOxyuris spinicauda Dnj. notamraent : sur la face dorsale de la queue s'attache
nn appendice digitiforme, massif, de 65 /a de longueur, portant .'i la face interne deux
grosses papilles, appendice que nous considt?rons comme riiomologae de la longue
poiute candale de VOxi/uris spinicauda* La face ventrale porte, en avant du
cloaque, un appendice digitiforme plus petit; enfia les parties lat^rales donneut
insertion k nne lame divisee en deux lobes ])ar une ^chancrnre mediane, lame que
Ton pent considerer comme I'homologne d'une aile candale. (Spicule unicjue, long
de 90/i; pas de gorgeret.

Wedl signale deux ailes caudales lat6rales qui en realite n'existent pas, comme
nous I'avons v6rifi6 sur le vivant : sur les 6chantillons conserves en alcool, il se
produit freqnemment un decollement de la cuticule, que Wedl a interprets ii tort
comme uue aile.

Habitat. — Caecum de YUromastijc acanthinurus Bell., Biskra, 15 mars 1914.

Cette forme se trouve par centaines d'individus, associee k des milliers de
specimens d'un Oxyure beauconp plus petit, VO.Cf/uris vivipara (Wedl), dans le
volumineux c«cum, bourre de debris vegiHaux, du " Li^zard des Palmiers."

3. Oxyuris vivipara (Wedl).
Corps grele, transparent. Pas d'ailes latc'rales. Queue conrte. La bonche,
limit^e par trois petites Ifevres, s'ouvre dans une courte cavit(5 buccale (10 /i);

• C. R. SocUte de Swlogir, tome 7.3, p. 22.3, fig. 7, 8, 9, ct tome 74, p. 830, fig. 1, 2, 3.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 191S. 7

roesopliage, entour^ en son quart antSrienr par Tannean nervenx, se termine par
nn bnlbe arromli ; il est remarqnable par sa loiigaenr, qui atteiiit le tiers de la
loiiguenr totale du corps. lutestin jiliis etroit, a son origino, que le bulbe. Eectum
allong^, avec des glaiides annexes tr^s apparentes.

Pore excriteur sitne snr la ligne mediane ventrale, an dela du bullje
cBsophagien.

Feiiiellc. — Longnenr totale 2 mm. a 2 mm. 3 ; ej)aissenr maxima, an niveau
de la vnlve 24i»/t. Qnene courte (iilii ii 240 /u), coniqne, arrondie ft, rextremiti5.
Vulva situ6e anx deux tiers de la longueur du corps ; vestibule et sphincter non
d^limit^s, comme chez les formes pr^c^dentes, mais confondus en un tube cylindrique
muscnlo-cuticnlaire qui se continue par la trompe.

Uterus jiaralleles (ils sont divergents chez la larve). Les ovaires, trts
volnmineux et surcharges de vitellus, sont deux corps opaques, en forme de massne,
situ6s de chaqne cote de I'intestin, imm6diatement en arrifere du bulbe.

h'O.ci/un's ricipara, comme nous I'avons montre jjrec^demment,* est re-
marqnable par la coexistence de deux formes femelles vivant cote ii cdte dans le
cajcum de VUromastix, qui ne difft'rent que par le mode d'^volntion des neufs : une
forme ovipare chez laquelle on troave une vingtaine d'oeufs ^normes (190 /x de
longueur sur 03 /x de largeur) eu ^gard aux dimensions de I'animal, k coqne 6paisse,
entass^s dans les uterus fortement distendus et une forme larvipare, caract6risi5e
par la presence dans les uterus d"un petit nombre (jusqu'si 12) d'oeufs de meme
taille que les precedents, k coque mince, qui evoluent a I'int^rieur de I'uterus
maternel jusqu'au stade de larve eukystee, ces larves etant ensuite mises en liberte dans
le civcum oil elles devieuuent adultes, sans avoir ete mises eu libertt^ dans le milieu
exterieur. Cette forme larvipare assure la contamination excessive du Lezard par
le parasite ; les ceufs de la forme ovipare, au contraire, n'6voluent pas immiidiate-
ment : ils .sont rejettSs avec les ftces et ce sont eux qui assnrent la dissemination de
rOxyure et sa transmission dTromaxtix a Uromustix.

Mdle. — Corps tres grele : longueur totale 1 mm. OoO ; largeur maxima, 85 /i.
Pore excr<5teur situe en arri^re du bulbe oesophagien, ;'i 190 ^ au dela de celui-ci.

Partie posterieur du corps repliee en arc de cercle sur la face ventrale. Qnene
courte (20 /t), tronquee ii I'extremite et privee d'appendice digitiforme. Deux
grosses papilles sessiles eu avant de I'orifice du cloaque. Spicule unique, droit, de
00 /i de longueur. Au niveau de I'anus se trouve une piece cuticulaire en demi-
anneau, que nous consid^rons comme un gorgeret.

Habitat. — Ca?cum de VUromastix ueaiithinuriis ; Biskra, 15 mars 1914.

( 'ette petite forme fourmille dans le cjecum de TUromastix et se distingue
immediatement par sa petite taille et snrtout par sa gracilite. Galeb I'a prise ii tort
pour la forme larvaire de YOxytiris iiromasticota : elle se distingue cependant
immediatement des larves de meme taille de cet Oxynre.

Fam. SPIRIJRID^.
Genre Spirura E. Blanchard 1849.

Corps atteuue dans les denx tiers anterieurs, remarqnable par I'existence, k
une distance de 1 mm. 5 k 2 mm. de I'extremite cephalique, d'un repli cutane
ventral, en forme de bosse, servant ^ la fixation de Tanimal. Deux papilles
sensorielles situ'^es lat^ralement en avant de ranneau nervenx. Pas d'ailes lat^rales

* C. R. HM-ii-ti de biulugle. 1913, tome 74. \>. lusa.

8 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

(celles-ci existent chez la larve). Pore excrt'teur ventral, s"onvrant en arriere de
Tanuean nerveux.

Bouche limitee lateraleiuent par denx levres munies de dents sur lenr bord
interne et par une l^vre dorsale et nne levre veutrale, a bord libra forteruent
t'])aissi.

Vulve en arriere dii milien dn corps, aux trois cinqniemes de la longnenr.
Ovejectenr rectiligne reraarqnable par la disposition du sphincter muni de replis
caticulaires en forme de valvnles.

Ut6rus divergeuts. ffiafs a coque epaisse, larvSs a matnrite. Queue dn male
enroulee en spirale. Ailes caudales, sym6triqnes, 6talees, strit^es longitudinalement.
Quatre paires de papilles preanales pedoncnlees ; cinq paires de papilles postanales,
dont deux trfes volnmineuses. Spicnles dissemblables, le gauche epais, trJs large,
strie transversalement et aile, le droit arqu^, phis tHroit. Un gorgeret en see de
charrne.

Espece type : Spirura talpae (Gmel.).

1. Spirura rothschildi n. sp.

Nematode remarquable par ses formes greles. Papilles cervicales situt^es tr^s
en avant de I'anneau nerveux, au milieu de la distance de cehii-ci ii I'extremite
c^phalique.

Femelle. — Longueur totale 12mm.o (jeune fcmelle immature a oenfs non
larvSs) k 15 mm. 5; 6paissenr maxima, au niveau de la vulve, 500 /t. Queue
conique, r^gnlierement attenuee, relativement grande : sa longueur est le soixante-
sixifeme de celle dn corps. Orifices des glandes caudales subterminaux.

Cavite buccals infnndibuliforme 45 /t. ffisophage mnsculaire relativement
allong(!^: sa longueur est le septieme de celle de I'oesophage glandnlaire, la longueur
totale de I'oesophage etant le quart de celle dn corps.

Vulve sitnee en arriere du milieu du corps, aux deux tiers de la longueur :
c'est un orifice ovale, petit, non. en saillie snr le tegument. Ovi'jectcur couforme
comme celui des autres Spirura ; vestibule infandibnliforme, de 180 /it de longueur,
tapisse d'une (Epaisse cuticule, sphincter 70 /^, trompe impaire conrte. Les branches
paires de la trompe courent parallelement sur nne certaine distance, puis se separent.

Uterus divergents ; leur extremite distale est differenciee en un receptacle
seminal tres allonge, etrangle en son milien.

(Eufs a coque epaisse, larv^s & maturite, mesurant 4.") /i de longueur sur 35 fi
de largeur.

1/a/^.— Longueur totale G mm. :i 13 mm. S. La longueur de I'ffsophage varie
du quart au tiers de la longnenr dn corps.

Ailes caudales symetriques, marquees d'une striation longitndinale. Quatre
paires de papilles preanales, pi^doncnlees, regnlierement espac^es ; six paires de
papilles postanales, la sixiferae immediatement en arriere du cloaqne ; la cinquieme,
tres grosse et tres apparente, est en avant du milieu de la distance dn cloaqne
k la pointe caudale ; en dehors des deux premieres papilles se trouvent les
orifices de deux glandes caudales.

La distance de I'anus ii la pointe caudale est de 350 yu,.

Cloaque limits en avant par une I6vre pro/'minente sur la(|uelle se trouve
ins^r^e une grosse papille impaire; on n'observe pas, dans cette espece, le gros
fourreau si caracteristique dn Spirura gastropliila (Miiller) (fig. 8 et 9).

Spicules dissemblables: le gauche, large, strie transversalement et aile; le

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

o
o

o

o

Fig. (j et 7. — Spirura yastrophila (MUller).

6. E.'itr6mite posterieure du corps du mile, vue de profil.

7. La mSme, vue par la face ventrale.

(liC grossissement relatif a ces deux figures est indique par lV*chelle placee k gauclie.^

Fig. 8 et 9. — Sjnmra rothschildi n. sp.

8. Extrfimit^ candale du male, vue de profil.

9. La m^me, vue par la face ventrale.

(Le grossissement est indique par I'^chelle placee i^ droite.)

IQ ■ NOVITATES ZooLOniCAB XXlI. 1915.

droit, arcjiu'', t'tniit >'t (Irpoiirvii d'ailes, est d'niie lonj;nenr c(/i-ili' ou k peine
siiperieure ; les loiigueiirs observees soiit. les snivantes : si)icnlf"s ('-gaiix "250 /i,
id. 330 /A, ineganx ;!25 fi et 33{) /j..

Un gorgeret en forme de soc de charrne.

Habitat. — Estonian dn Macroscelide {Eli-phatitidiis deaerti Thomas), Biskra,
mars 1014.

Affinity's. — Ce parasite da Macroscelide ijni nons avait 6te pn'cedemmeut
envoy<:' des Matmata (Snd Tnnisien) par M. Weiss, preseiite beanconp de res-
semblances avec les antres Spirura et pins particnli^rement avec le Spirura
tulpae (Gmel.), de I'estoraac de la Taupe.

II s"eu rapprocbe par ses formes grfiles, la longnenr relative de Tcesopliage,
la (jneiie coniqne et allongee de la femelle, la vulve petite, noQ saillante, la
disposition des ailes et des papilles candales ; il en dift'tjre par la position pins
ant^rieure des papilles precervicales, par la disposition des papilles preanales
regnli&rement espac^es et par les dimensions relatives des spicules. Uhez le
Spirura rotliscliilcii, les spicules sont igaux ou subeganx, tandis que chez le
Spirura talpee (Taupe, C?orr^ze, France) le spicule gauche est beaucoup moins
allongd que le droit (rapport de longueurs 5/8).

Le Spirura talpix et le Spirura rothschihli pr^sentent des differences notables
avec line forme pins robuste et de plus grande taille, le Spirura gastrophila (Muller),
signal(^ comme parasite du Chat en Europe et a Madagascar, et que j'ai retrouve
dans le Nord Africain chez deux nonveanx botes, le Herisson {Erinaceus algirus
Dnv., Bou 8aada, Laghouat) et le Renard d'Alg^rie (Bon Saada). Le Spirura
gustrophila est caractt^ris^ par ses formes plus massives, une longnenr relative pins
grande de I'tesophage, la bri^vete de Tcesophage museulaire, la vulve enorme
(200 /i de largeur), tres apparente, limit(5e par des levres tr^s saillantes, la queue
de la femelle courte et obtuse, arroudie & I'extremite, Findgalite des spicules,
le spicule gauche, large et aile etant pins grand que le spicule droit (rapport de
longueurs 8/5), a I'inverse de ce qui est realise chez le Spirura talpte, la disposition
des papilles postanales, enfin et surtout par un fonrreau musculo-cutan^ trfes
pro^minent, de 200 /i de diametre, au centre duqnel s'onvre le cloaqne (fig. 0 et 7).

Le Spirura rotlisrliildi, par la disposition des papilles sensorielles precervi-
cales rappelle le Spirura gatstrojiliila, tandis que ses antres caracteres le rapprochent
dn Spirura talpee, dont 11 differe par les particularites signalees plus hant.

Les caracteres diiferentiels des trois esiieces connues de Spirura peuvent se
r^snmer dans le tableau suivant :

(a) Vulve enorme, proeminente. Qneue de la femelle courte, arrondie. Un
fonrrean cloacal tres saillant. Spicule gauche plus grand que le droit ;
les deux premieres papilles preanales contignes.

Spirura yastropliilu (Midler).

Papilles precervicales trfes anterienres ; spicules
egaux ou subeganx ; ])apilles preanales
e(|uidistantes. Spirura rothschiltii Senrat.

Papilles precervicales iramMiatement en avant

dn bord anterienr de I'anneau nervenx.

Spicule gauche plus petit que le droit.

Les deux premieres papilles preanales

J contignes. • Spirura tatpcf (Graelin).

{b) Vulve petite, non saillante.
Queue de la femelle al-
longee, coniqne, n'-gnliere-
ment att^nuee. Cloacjue
i\ Itjvrea pen saillantes,
spicule ganche plus petit
ou de mfirae taille que le
droit . . . .

KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 11115. 11

2. Hartertia obesa n. g., n. sp.
Hartertia n. g.

Nematode a3'ant I'apparence d'uue Ascai'ide, k corps massif, le pins sonvent
courb^ en arc a concavite dorsale ; cuticnie fipaisse, resistante, finement strie'e
trausversalement. Les ailes laterales, quand elles existent, sent limitees u la
region ant^rieiiie, cepLaliqae et cesophagieune.

Bonclie liraitee lateralement par deux grandes levres cnn^iformes & bord
interne profondement divise en trois lobes ou machoires. Papilles precervioales
trfes ant^rienres, sitii^es dans la ri^giou ct^phalique, en avant de rorigiiie de
I'cesophage.

Vulve s'cmvrant dans la region moyenne du corps. Ovejectenr dii type de
ce.lni des Ilahfonema d'Oiseaux, ii sphincter trfes allongi'. Uterus divergents.

Ailes caudales S3'metriques, etalees ; papilles longuement pMoncnlees, dont
quatre pr^anales. Spicales in^ganx, le gauche grele, tilif'orme. Un gorgeret.

Habitat. — Intestin des oiseanx.

Type : Hartertia obesa Senrat.

Hartertia obesa n. sp.

Corps courbe en arc, a concavite dorsale, remarquable par sa grande epaisseur,
plus particulierement cbez la femelle ; corps regulierement attt5nue aux deux
extr6mit6s. Tete tres petite, distincte.

Cuticule finement striee trausversalement, a stries regulierement espacees de
10/i. Aires lat^rales tr^s larges (155 /i), rendnes trfes apparentes par leur opacite,
masquaut le tube digestif sur I'animal vn de profil. Polymyaire Ji cellules
mnscnlaires tres etroites (6;C4), allongees et- parallt'les, dessinant une atriation
longitudinale.

La longueur de I'tesopUage est le sixieme chez le male, le dixieme chez la
femelle, de la longueur totale du corps.

Pas d'ailes laterales. Pore excreteur situe' snr la face ventrale convexe, nn
pen en arriere du niveau de Taiineau nerveiix. Bonche liinitt''e par deux levres
laterales cun^iformes s'affrontant par leur face interne ; le bord ant^rieur interne
est decoupe en trois lobes ^ganx ii bord tr6s t'-pais qui donnent aux levres, vnes de
profil, I'aspect d'une feuille de trefle ; les lobes marginaux se rattachent par leur
angle externe an cadre buccal. Chaque levre porte deux petites papilles.

Femelle. — Longnenr totale 4(1 mm. 8 ; t^paisseur maxima, au milieu du corps,
1mm. 6. Cavity buccale 180 /a; cesophage musculaire 660 /*, entonre un peu en
avant de la moitie par Panneau nerveux ; la longueur totale de Tresophage est le
dixieme de celle du corps. L'intestin est remarquable par son calibre qui est <^gal,
voire meme superieur a celui de I'cesophage.

Queue conique, arrondie a I'extrSmite, longne de 1 mm. 5. Vulve nou saillante,
difficilement perceptible, situ^e au tiers antSrienr de la longueur, en rapport avec
nn ov^jecteur dn type de celni des Habronema d'Oiseaux (fig. 1.5) : vestibule
piriforme, de 700^ de longueur, dirige vers I'avant, double d'une epaisse cuticule
et renfermant quelques ceufs (jusqu'S. sept) disposes en file lin^aire ; le sphincter,
tr&s allonge (1 mm. 5) prend naissance vers le milieu de la hauteur da vestibule et
88 recourbe ensuite. La trompe impaire, de 1 mm. 5 de longueur, ne renferme pas
d'oenfs : ceax-ci sout, au contraire, accumules eu grand nombre dans les branches

12

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

paires. Ces deniieres oonreiit parallMemeiit, pni.s se separeiif, Tniio allaiit rojoindre
ruterus aiiterieur, I'antre I'literas posterioiir.

UttTus divergeuts : TnttTiis anterienr s'avaiice jnsqii"iui luilien de la vrgion
cesophagienne, I'nterns posterienr 8'arrete k un millimtitre en avant de I'aaus.

Ij'extreiuitt' de cliaqae uterus est elargie en nn receptacle seminal non deliraite
de la portion nti'Tine voisine.

ja

Fig. in ft 13. I/artrrlia ohcsa n. sp.

10. Ri^gion ant^rieure du corps, vue par la face ventrale.

11. La meme, vue lat^ralenient. Z, aire laterale.

12. Tete vue de face.

13. (Euf mflr, l.arvt-.

(Le grossissement est le mi^mc pnur les figures 10, 11, 12 et repr^'sente par leclielle 21^0 ^.)

Les oenfs, larves ii inatnrite presentent na type de structure tout particniier :
lenr coque epaisse, mesnrant 50 /x de longueur sur 35 /x de largeur, est donblee
d'une membrane vitelline tres apparente, 6paissie k I'un des poles ; cette coque
pr^sente, dans nn plan m^ridien, un anncan mince de lU/i de largeur (fig. 13) se

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1313.

13

colorant pins fortement que IVpuf lui-meme par le picrocarmiii ; cette expansion
aliforme donne a I'oeuf I'aspect de la samare de I'orme.

=1-
O

o

Fig. 11 et 15. HarteHia obesa n. sp.
II. Queue du male vue par la face ventrale.
15. Ovejectcur ; f, branche impaire de la trompc.

Mull' — Longueur totale 23 mm. 5; epaissenr maxima, an niveau du tiers
anterieur, 1 mm. itTU.

Corps courlx' eu arc a concavite dorsale, ri-gulieremi-'nt atteuue aux deux

14 NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915

extre'mites. Tete tr^s petite, distincte, separee du tronc par un etrauglemeut tres
net. Papilles precervicales sitnees ii 145 fi de rextremite cephaliqiie. Cavite
bnccale 160 /j, ; la longueur de I'oesophage est le sixieme de celle du corps.
Qneue droite, non enronlee, u ailes caudales 6talees.

La face ventrale, dans la region voisine dn cloaipie, et !es ailes sont
couvertes de petits ecussons ciiticulaires n'gulierement disposes en rangees
loDgitndinales.

Distance du cloaijue a la poiote caudale 7oO /t. Ailes candales larges, longues
de 1 mm. 290, portant six paires de papilles longuement pwlonculee.s, dis])os6es
s^vmotriciuement, les deux extremes plus longues que les qnatre antres ; en outre,
quatre paires de petites papilles sessiles uu peu en avant de la pointe caudale
(fig. 14).

Cloaqne limite' par une levre superieure a peiue en saillie, occupant nn espace
triangulaire lisse, prive dVcussons cuticnlaires.

Spicules tres ine'gaux (rapport de longueur : 4), le droit court (500 fi), massif
a extremite libre mousse, arrondie, le gauche, grele, filiforme, trfes long (2 mm. 100)
termine par un crochet en hame<;on * dont la barbe mesnre 85 /j, ; la garde est
formee non par un crochet uniipie, mais par une hime sexdentee.
Un gorgeret, de L'oi.iju, de longueur.

Le testicule remonte vers I'avant jusqu'a la moitie de la longueur de Tcesophage ;
en ce point il se replie vers I'arriere.

JIabitat. — Intestin du Cuccuhis jief.rosa Sjiat.;i Kchw. ; T male.-;, >! femelles,
Oued N"za, 14 avril 1914.

Affinites. — Ce uouveau parasite de la I'erdrix du Sahara se rapproche, par la
disposition des ailes caudales et la forme des spicules, du Spiroptera pcmhamaUt.
Molin, trouve entre les tuniqnes de I'estomac de divers Stvix du Bresil. II en
diftere notablement par ses dimensions, phis particulierement j)ar son epaisseur
exageree et egalement par son habitat dans uu bote et nn organe differents.

La conformation de la region ci^phalique est identiipie ii celle du Filarin
rotnndald Litist., ([ue nous avons range recemment dans le genre Habroncm%.\ C'es
deux formes pn-sentcntd'antres similitudes : memo disposition des papilles caudales,
meme forme de I'ovejecteur ; nous les raugerons done dans le nouveau genre
Hartertia. \i Hartertia rotundata (Linst.) se caracterise d'ailleurs tres nettement
par les ailes laterales ijui ornent la region anterieure du corps. Le Spiroptera
pcniknmata Molin parait devoir etre rattacho aux genre Hartertia, ainsi que divers
autres Spiroptera, a. deux Ifevres dont I'organisation est encore mal coiinue, le
Spiroptera verrucosa Molin, par exemple.

Les Hartertia se rapprocheut, par leur organisation interne, des Hahroitema,
dnut ils different [lar Icur bouche a deux levres trilobees, les Hahroiiemn. avaut, au
contraire, une bouche ii 4 levres, dont deux laterales simples {Hahronema microstoma.
Schn.) on trilobees (//. muscae Dies., //. chevreuxi Seurat). D'un autre cote, hi
conformation de la bouche rapproche les Hartertia des Protospirura Seurat, ces
derniers etant d'ailleurs nettement caracterises par la conformation primitive de
I'ovejecteur.

Le nouveau genre Hartertia Seurat constitue par suite un lien entre les
Protospirura et les Hahronema les plus jjrimitifs.

* Cette conformation du spicule se retrouve chez plusieurs Nt'matodes, en parliciilier le Spiroptera
penihaviata Molin, le Spiroptera cratdcaxda Creplin et YAcwiria liamata (Linst.).
t BMet. Soc.Hitt. JKat. Afrir^.yord, 1914, No. 5, pp. 117-110, fig. 1.

XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 15

Genre Habronema Diesing 1861.

Corps ornc'' d'ailes laterales. Papilles seusorielles situees en avant de Tanneau
nerveux. Bouche limitee par qaatre levres, deux laterales entiferes ou trilobees et
deux dorsale et ventrale. Vulvc petite, situee en avant du milieu dn corps.
Ovejecteur a vestibule piriforme, en rapport avec un sphincter courbe en S- Uterus
divergents. Q']iifs k coque dpaisse, larves a maturite. Ailes caudales tres larges,
repliees snr la face ventrale. Quatre paires de papilles preauales ; papilles post-
anales asj'infitriqnes. Deux spicules inegaux et un gorgeret.

Habronema unilateralis (Molin iSo'..)) ( = Filaria tulostoma Schneider 1863).

Nous avous doune precedemment * la description de ce Spiroptere, remarquable
par I'existence d'une aile laterale unique, s'etendant sur la moitie anterieure gauche
du corps et I'avons rattache an genre Habronema.

Habitnf. — Gesier dn I'tvcxioiAkt&i^Xeoijhroit percnoplcrus L, ), eiitre les tuniques
de Testoiuac ; Hammani Meskoutine, province de Constautine, 30 avril I'.Ul.

Sept feraelles de 11 a 14 mm. de longueur, deux males de 8 mm.

Fam. ACUARIIDAE Seurat 11)13.

S.-Fam. Physalopterinae.

Genre Physaloptera Hud. I8l!».

Corps roliuste, massif. Cnticule epaisse, Hiiement striee traiisv.Tsalement,
detachee du corps dans la region cephaliipie oil elle forme une collerette annnlaire
qui scrt a la fixation dn parasite. Aires laterales tres larges [irivees d'expausions
cuticulaires aliformes. Deux papilles seusorielles dans la region tesophagienne,
inserees en arricre de Taniieau nerveux. Pore excreteur s'ouvrant sur la lio-ne
medians ventrale, en arriere des papilles et en ra[iport avec un canal cuticulairo
dirige oblii|nemcnt de bas en hant et d'arriere en avant.

Bouche limitee i)ar deux grosses levres laterales garnies de dents sur leur face
interne; le cadre buccal porte des papilles pres de leur base d'insertion. Cavite
buccale courte. (J]sophage mnsculaire entoure par Taunean nervenx, se
difterenciant nettement, par sa coulenr claire, de Tu'sophage glandnlaire, lequel
est oj)aque, de couleur foncee.

Vulve petite, non saillante, situee en avaut du milieu du corps, en rapport
avec un ovejecteur tubuliforme trfes allonge, le plus souvent dirige vers I'arritre.
Uterus paralleles. (Enfs a coque epaisse, larve's a maturite.

Ailes caudales amples, ctalces, a bord externe limite par un onrlet cnticulaire,
portant quatre a cinq papilles longuement pedonculees qui encadrent la region
cloacale. Deux spicules, le plus souveiit inegaux. Pas de gorgeret.

Physaloptera alata Hud. Isl9.

Papilles seusorielles uephaliques situees an dela de raiuieau nerveux, an niveau
de la region terminale de IVesoiihage mnsculaire ; pore excreteur s'ouvrant un peu
en arriere du niveau des papilles.

♦ Bull. S.Il. Xat. Afrhj. Nord, 11)11, No. K, pp. 149-15.3, Bg. I a. G.

16 KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

Denx Ic'vres laterales porLaut ime deut triaugulaire externe et trois dents plus
petites, internes ; trois i)apilles sur le cadre buccal, pris de I'insertion de chaqne
levre. ffisophage lunsciilaire allonge, eiitoure ])ar I'anneau nerveux un pen ea
arritre de sou milieu (aux 7; de sa longueur). La longueur de I'a'sopbage eatier
est le cinquieme de «elle du corps chez la femelle, le quart chez le male.

Femellc. —LongneuT totale 17 mm. 4 (femelle immature) a 27 mm. Queue
longue ('/-.-i de la longueur totale), coniqae, reguli^rement atteuuee, portant a
250 fi en arriere de I'anus, de chaque cote de la ligne mtnliane ventrale, les orifices
des denx glandes caudales.

Vulve sitnee a 250 /j, au dela de la termiuaisou de I'tesopliage, an cinquifeme
anterieur de la longneur du corj}s, en raiii)ort avec un ov6jecteur trfrs allong^, dirig6
vers I'arriere. L'ovcjecteiir comprend un vestibule tubuliforme, s'rtendant sur
1 mm. 5 de longueur, muscnlo-cuticulaire, a section etroite, juste sufHsante pour
laisser passer les ceufs un a uu. La trompe, muscuio-epitheliale, est dilatee dfes
son origine en un reservoir beancoup plus long que large, ou s'accumulent les oeufs ;
au delii, elle repreud le calibre du vestibule et apres un trajet de 300 /i se divise en
deux branches (jui rejoigneut les uterus. Uterus paralleles ; leur extremite est
dilf^renciee en un receptacle seminal non delimite de Tnterns. Oviductes et ovaires
entortilli's dans la region posterieure du corps, en avant de I'anus. ffiufs a coque
e|)aisse, larvos a maturite ; ils sont allonges et etroits, mesurant 52 a 55 fj, de grand
axe sur 25 /x de j)etit axe.

Male. — Longueur totale 20 mm. ; distance du cloaque a la pointe caudale 65i>/x.

Region circumcloacale coaverte de petits ecussons cuticulaires. Ailes caudales
etalees, tres allongees, a bord externe limite jiar uu ourlet cuticulaire ; elles portent
cinq paires de papilles longuement pedonculees i|ui encadreut la region cloacale :
deux paires de ces papilles sont en avant dn cloa(|ue, une paire se trouve au niveau
de celui-ci, les deux autres sont postanales. Trois papilles sur le bord anterieur du
cloaque, la mediane plus petite. Cinq paires de papilles postanales, sessiles en
courtemeiit pedonculees : la premiere est sitnee a peu pres au milieu de la distance
du cloaque ii la pointe caudale; la seconde est tres petite et peu apparente; les
quatrifeme et cinquifeme sout contignes et situees sur le bord posterieur memo du
cloaque.

Spicules subegaux, courts et greles, mesurant respectivemeut 280 et 265 /i.

Habitat. — Estomac et oesophage du Falco hiarinicus crlamjcri Kleinschm.,
Biskra, 1 avril 1014.

Les Rapaces de I'Afriqne du Nord nous ont presente plusieurs Physalopteres
ayant une grande similitude et en particnlier le meme nombre de papilles caudales ;
ces Nematodes ont certainement ete confondns et signales sous le nom de
Phi/saloptera (data Rud.

1". Les Eperviers {Accipiter nisus L.)dela region de B('ine nous ont doune un
Phi/saloptera alata qui ne ditiere de la forme ])rccedemment decrite que i)ar la
position plus reculee vers Farriere des papilles pustcervieales et du pore cxcreteur.

2". Dans I'oesophagc d'un jeune Epervier pris an nid, a Mascara et sacrifie uu
mois plus tard, nous avons trouve un Physaloptere caracterise jjar la jiosition
tres anterieurc des papilles postcervicales, situees au niveau du liord posterieur
do I'anneau nerveux ct du pore excrdteur, ce dernier, situii en avant de la
terminaison de I'a'sophage musculaire; ce Kematode que nous avons decrit
recemment sous le uom de Phi/saloptera crosi dill'ere du Fkijsaloplera alata

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

17

par les dimensions plus faibles de I'ov^jectear, en particnlier du ^estibnle qni
est tres court, par la Lrievete de la queue de la femelle et par la disposition des
papilles caudales ; celles-ci sont en meme nombre, mais elles sont plus eparpill^es
que chez le Fhi/saloptera aluta : la premifere paire de papilles postanales est plus
rapprochde de la pointe caudale et d'autre part, la premiere des cinq paires de
papilles longueraent pedoncnl^es qui encadrent la region cloacale est ^loignee des
suivantes, par consequent du cloaque.

3°. Le qnatri^me Physaloptere des Rapaces, que nous avons nommS Physa-
loptera galinieri,& 6t6 tronvd a Ain Oussera dans Festomac de I'Aigle (^Aquila rapax
helisamis Levaill.) ; il diflffere des pr5c6dents par la structure des Ifevres buccales :
la dent externe est tres petite, tandis que les trois dents internes trfes grandes,
fortement chitinises, font saillie an dehors et sont, de ce fait, tres apparentes. Les
papilles postcervicales et le pore excr6teur sont rejetes trfes loin en arri^re ;
I'cEsophage muscniaire est trfes court. La disposition des papilles caudales est
celle qui est realisee chez le PJujsaloptera crosi Seurat. La particularity la plus
appreciable de cette forme reside dans la position 61oignee de la vulve qui se trouve
k pen de distance en avant du milieu du corps, aiix -/a ^^ ^^ longueur et dans la
disposition de I'ovejecteur qui remonte vers I'avant.

Les Physaloptferes des Rapaces de I'Afrique mineure jjcuvent se distinguer de la
faQon suivante :

(!) Dent externe, conique, tres
grande ; 3 dents internes
petites, pen apparentes.
Vulve anterieure. .

(2) Dent externe tres petite ;
3 dents internes trfes
grandes et trfes appa-
rentes. Vulve rapprochee
du milieu du corps.

Les 5 papilles longnement p6doncnl6es
groupdes autour du cloaque.

Physaloptera alata.

Premifere papille tres 61oignee des sni-
. vantes et du cloaque. Physaloptera crosi.

Physaloptera galinieri Seurat.

Fam. FILARIID^ Clans 1885.
1. Diplotriaena tricuspis (Fedtschenko).

Corps C3-lindrique, tres allonge, arrondi aux extremit^s, allant en s'attennant
l^gferement d'avant en arri^re. Bouche petite et 6troite, fente allong6e dorso-
ventralement. A environ 100 /u. de la bouche le cadre buccal i)orte, k droite et
k gauche, trois grosses papilles. En dedans des papilles medio-laterales se tronvent
deux depressions en cul-de-sac au fond de chacune desquelles fait saillie une dent
k trois racines*; ces deux dents tricnspides, dont la longueur depasse 100 /i,
flanquent I'oesophage muscniaire a droite et a gauche. Au point de vue mor-
phologique, elles semblent correspondre aux Ifevres lat6rales des Physalopteres.

ffisophage muscniaire court, se diff^renciant par sa teinte plus claire de
I'oesophage glandnlaire ; il est eutonrS par I'anneau nerveux un pen en avant de son

* Ces dents sont parfois evaginees partiellement, ce qui donne a cette Filaire I'aspect da Filariih
nodulosa.
2

18

NOVITATES ZOOOOGIOAE XXII. 1915.

rfoot

Fig. \^-\f,.—Dlplotriana trieiispis (Feclts.)

16. Extrimiti ant^rienre vue par la face ventrale.

17. TSte voe de face.

(Le grossissement est le mSme pour ces deux figures et indiqu6 par rechelle 100 fi.)

18. ExUimM anWrieore vue lateralement ; d, oesophage glandulaire; o, ovaire ; p, pore excriteur ;
t, trompe ; v, limite du vestibule et de la trompe.

NOVITATES IZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

19

milieu. La longueur de roesojihage est le dixifeme de la loagaenr totale chez
le male, elle varie du vingt-deuxi6me aa treate-quatri^me de la longuenr chez la

o
o

20.

Fig. li), 20. Biplotrio'na tricuspis (Fedts.).

19. Estrt^mite caudale du male vue de profil.

20. La meme vae par la face ventrale.

femelle. Intestiu fortement colore, en noir-jais ou eu vert-sombre ; chez la
femelle, il constitne nn ase autour dnrjuel sont enroulees les branches de I'nti^rus

20 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1015.

Lignes latdrales trfes distinctes, de 400 fi de largeur, i\ nombrenx noyanx.

Pore excr^teur situ6 snr la face veutrale, a pen de distance de la boncbe,
an milien de la distance de la bonche a la vnlve cliez la femelle.

Femelle. — Longuenr totale 186 mm. 5; ^paissenr maxima 950 /i; oesophage
5 mm. 5.

Anus snbtcrmiual, sitii(5 a 80 w de I'extriSmite candale ; les glandes caudales
s'ouvrent de chaque cut(5 de la ligne mediane ventrale, ii I'extrSmite de la
queue.

Vnlve trt>s ant^rieure, situ(5e k uiie distance de 0 mm. 5 ii 0 mm. 8 de
I'extr^mite ceplialiqne. L'ovejectenr, d'une loiignenr totale de 4 mm. 2, comprend
un vestibule cylindriqne, de 1 mm. 5 de longuenr, ii pavois mnscnlaires tres epaisses
tapisstes d'une membrane cuticnlaire. La trompe impaire comprend denx parties :
la partie attenante an vestibule est caracti^risee par une assise musculaire tres
6paisse, stratifiee ; I'assise musculaire s'amincit, an contraire, considerablement dans
la seconde partie.

La trompe se divise en deux branches paralleles qui se dirigeut vers I'arriere
et vont rejoindre les uterus. Ces derniers conrent c6te a, cote sur une partie de
la longuenr dn corps, puis se s^parent, I'uterus anterieur remontant vers la region
cephaliqne taudis que Tuterns posterienr se dirige vers la region candale. Dans
la pins grande partie de la longueur du corps on trouve ainsi trois branches
ut^rines bourr6es d'oeufs, enronlees autour de I'intestin : uterus posterienr et
branches directe et refl^chie de Tut^rns anterieur.

L'extrtoite distale des uterus est differenciee en un rt^ceptacle seminal
piriforme tres volnmineux, de 660 fju de diametre maximum ; le receptacle seminal
anterieur est situe en arriere de I'oesophage, i\ 11mm. de I'extr^mite cephaliqne,
le receptacle seminal post^rieur k 12 mm. de la pointe candale. Oviducte grele
(100^), de 10mm.de longueur, ovaires entortilles aux denx extremit^s dn corps ;
les anses de Fovaire anterieur arrivent au contact des dents oesophagieunes. La
longuenr de chacun des ovaires est de 60 mm.

(Eufs a coque Spaisse, larv6s k maturity, mesnrant 60 /i de longueur sur 41^
de largeur. Ces oeufs eclosent dans le sang de I'Oisean ; le sang des L'orbeaux
porteurs de Filaires adultes renferme de nombreuses larves tres agiles, du premier
Btade.

l/(?fe.— Longueur totale o3 mm. ; epaisseur maxima TlU yu. ; aire laterale de
150 fjL, de largeur. CEsophage musculaire entour^ en son tiers antdrieur par Fanneau
nerveux ; la longueur totale de I'oesophage est de 4 mm. 950, celle de Tcesophage
musculaire 6tant de 540 /x.

Extr6mit6 caudale brusquement conpde, a peu de distance (130 /i) en arriere
de I'anus. Six paires de papilles conrtement pi5doncnlees, doat quatre
preanales.

Spicules iueganx, le gauche rectiligne mesure 1 mm. 4U0, le droit, siuuenx
800 /i, soit un i)eu plus de la moiti^.

Habitat. — (1°) Corvus corax tingitanus Irby, cavite thoracique, Biskra, 15 mars
1914.

Trois ¥ ? de 13U a 167 mm. de longueur et un <S de 35 mm. de longueur.

(2°) Garrulus glandarius certicalis Bp., Djebel Taza, 23 mai 1914.

(3°) Alaemon duponti, Ain Oussera, 15 mai 1914.

(4°) Motacillajiavajlava, Oned N'za, 19 avril 1914.

Nous avons souvent trouve cette Filaire k Bon Saada chez le Corbeau ; un de

NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 31

ces Oiseaux, capture en avril 1914, uons a donnd dis specimeus, 3 males et 7 femelles,
loges clans la cavitS thoraciqne ; la long-ueur des individus femelles variait de
100 mm. i 190 mm. Ella est egalement frdquente chez le Galerida theklae hilgerti
Hart, et Rotbsch., de la meme localite.

2. Filaria nodulosa Rnd.

Corps cylindrique, arrondi aux extr^mites, dimiuiiant legferement de calibre
d'avant en arrifere. Cuticnle finement striee, marquee en outre de petits bontons.
Cellules musculaires tres grandes (1200 /ti de longuenr), etroites, a limites nettes
dessinant une striation longitudiuale.

Bouche largement ouverte, allong^e dorso-ventralement, limitSe latdralement
par deux Ifevres chitinenses an centre de chacnne desqnelles s'ileve, en forme de
lamelle verticale, nne dent quadrangulaire de 10^ de largeur. Deux papilles
laterales pedoncnl^es nn pen en dehors de ces lamelles ; sur un cercle plus
ext^rieur soiit inser^es quatre paires de papilles, 2 paires latero-dorsales et 2 paires
latdro-ventrales.

Nous consid^rons les deux dents on lamelles laterales comme I'e'qnivalent
morphologique des tridents du Diplotriana trkuspis.

CEsophage musculaire ue se differenciant pas de I'oesophage glandulaire. La
longneur totale de I'cEsophage est le 73,4 cbez le male, le septifeme chez la femelle,
de la longueur totale. L'intestia est un tube trfes long et tr^s grele, de conleur
brune, qui court a la face ventrale du corps. Sur la face ventrale, au tiers de la
distance de la bonche k la vulve chez la femelle, s'ouvre I'orifice excreteur.

Femelle. — Longneur totale 68 mm. Anus subtermiual, trfes petit (15 ij, de
diamfetre), mais Dependant trfes distinct. Rectum allongi, oil s'ouvrent deux glandes
annexes voluminenses.

Vulve trfes rapprocli(5e de la bouche, a levres saillantes. Vestibule de 1 mm.
de longueur ; trompe impaire 1 mm. Uterus d'abord parall^les, se siiparant
ensuite en nn uterus anterieur et un uterus postfirieur ; ce dernier s'arrete a 1 mm. 8
de la pointe caudale.

CEuf mtir, k coqne ^paisse, larv6, mesurant 55 ^ de longueur sur 35 fjb de
diametre transversal. Coque Mgferement 6paissie, du c6t6 interne, k I'un des
poles.

Male. — Longuenr totale 24 mm. ; ^paissenr maxima 630 /x. CEsophage 7 mm.,
soit le '/a, 4 de la longueur totale. Queue arrondie ; la distance du cloaque a I'ex-
trtoit(!> est de 70 fju.

Ailes caudales trfes etroites (lOyit de largeur), de 175 /i de longueur. Papilles
peu apparentes : quatre paires de papilles preanales, disposees sur deux rangs, une
rangee plus externe et une rang^e plus rajiprochee de la ligne mediane ; deux paires
de papilles postanales.

Spicules tres 6pais, surtout le gauche, effiles k lenr pointe et tres in^gaux
(rapport de longuenr 6) ; le droit, faiblement arque, mesure 325 /i ; le gauche,
pourvu d'une aile tres large dans sa partie proximale est trfes long (1 mm. 950) et
arqu6 k I'extr^mit^ libre.

Habitat. — Lanius elegans Swains., Biskra, 14 mars 1914; 4 femelles, de 45 i\
57 mm. de longueur, et nn male de 24 mm.

Lanius excubitor elegam, sous la peau du criine, Oued N'za, 19 avril 1914;
12 femelles, pas de m&les.

22

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

OQl

■rfooj

Fig. 21, 22, 23. Filaria nodulota Eud.

21. Ertrtmit^ caudale du male vne par la face ventrale.

22. T6te viie lat^ralement.

23. La m&me, vue de face ; Z, aire lat^rale,

(Le grossissemeut pour les figures 22 et 23 est indiqu6 par I'eclielle 100 /u placee i-gauche de la fig. 23.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 23

3. Filaria attenuata Rnd. 1819 (= Filaria guttata Schneider 1866).

Corps filiforme, s'att^nnant r^gnliferement d'avant en arrifere, arrondi aax dens
extrdmites. Cuticule marquee de stries transversales r^gnlierement espacees de
10 II. Cellules musculaires allong^es, parallfeles, k noyau trfes apparent.

Bonclie limiti'je par deux li;vres lat.^rales, Ji bord externa arrondi, fortement
dpaissi et triloba ; 2 paires de papilles prfes de chaque base d'insertiou. Cavit6
bnccale presqne nnlle, en rapport avec nn oesophage musculaire 6troit et tres court.
(Esophage glandulaire 6pais, colorfi, tr^s allongii : I'cesophage eutier atteint le quart
de la longueur totale chez le mftle, le septifeme chez la femelle. Intestin de couleur
brnne, beancoup plus ^troit que I'cesopbage. Rectnm court, avec deux glandes
annexes.

Femelle. — Longueur totale 98 h 160 millimetres ; epaisseur an niveau de la
vulve TOO /x (chez une femelle de 145 mm.). Anus subterminal, a 30 /i de
I'extrdmite caudale ; queue arrondie.

La vulve, tres apparente, limitee par deux levres caticulaires trfes pro^minentes,
est une fente trans versale de 100 /i de largeur, situ^e k 700 n, de la tete.

Ovejecteur conform^ comme celni du Diplotrimna tricuspis : vestibule et
sphincter confondus en un tube cylindrique, a forte musculature circnlaire, de
600 /i de longueur, renfermeut qnelques rares oeufs ; la trompe impaire, qui fait
suite, d^passe un millimetre de longueur (1 mm. 080) ; uu certain nombre d'oeufs y
sont accumules. Les trompes paires conrent parallelement vers I'arriere et vont
rejoindre les uterus.

Uterus tres allonges : ils cheminent d'abord parallfelement, puis TutSrus
ant^riear se replie et remonte vers la tete, tandis que I'uterus posteriear se
d6veloppe vers I'arrifere. Leur extr6mit6 distale est differencide et dilat^e en un
receptacle seminal piriforme 6norme, de 750 /a de longueur snr 300 /i de largeur
maxima, bourre de spermatozoides qui lui donnent une couleur sombre. Oviducte
grSle (60 /a de largeur) de pres de 3 mm. de longueur ; ovaire long de 6 mm. 5.

Les oviductes et les ovaires entortillSs sur eux-memes occupent les regions
subterminales dn corps.

Q3ufs larves a maturite, a coque 6paisse, mesurant 50 jn de longueur sur 32 ix
de largeur.

Male. — Longueur totale 41mm. 5 a 45 mm.*; Epaisseur maxima 410//,;
I'epaisseur en avant des ailes candales n'est plus que de 155 /i.

(Esophage mnsculaire 6troit, de 240 /x de longueur ; la longueur de I'cesophage
entier est de 10 mm. 5.

Ailes candales etroites, courtes, arrondies, a surface lisse, ddpassant la pointe
caudale oti elles s'unissent.

La distance du cloaque a la pointe caudale est de 120 /i. Quatre paires de
papilles pr^anales, dout denx plus externes longnement pedonculees ; trois paires
de papilles postanales externes, longuement piSdonculees, et deux paires de papilles
plus rapprochees de la ligne mediane, soit an total cinq paires de papilles post-
anales. Cette disposition des papilles postanales est a pen pres celle que donne
Linstow (1899) ; elle differe de celle que donne Schneider (1866).

Spicules inegaux (rapport de longueurs : 2) ; le gauche, de 720 /u. de longueur,

* Cette longueur est inferieure i, celle que donnent divers auteurs : Dujardin indique 136 il 148
miUim^tres.

E

,2^,

Fig. 24-27. — Filaria attenuata Kud.

24. Extr6mit6s ant^rieure et posterieure de la femelle ; o\ ovaire.

25. Extr^miW caudale du mSle vue par la face ventrale.

26. TSte vue de face.

27. Eiceptacle seminal ; r, receptacle seminal ; i>, oviducte.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 25

est ponrvn d'ailes trfes larges, strides transversalement ; clans sa region moyenne, il
presente nne articulation k 220 /i de son origins. Spicnle droit long de 360 /x,
arqne ;\ rextremit(5 et dentel6 en scie snr son bord convexe. Pas de gorgeret.

Habitat. — Falco biarmicus erlangeri Kleinschin., Biskra, 1 avril 1914, deux
males ; Falco b. erlangeri et Circus pallidus, Hassi Rebib, Oued Ni;a, 17 avril 1914,
un male et nne femelle.

Affinitcs des Filaires d'Oiseaux. Les affinit^s de ces Filaires sout assez
difficiles a pri^ciser. La conformation de la bouche, plus particulierement celle du
IHplotricena tricuspis, celle de I'ovejecteur, I'absence d'un gorgeret chez le miile
montrent nne affinity avec les Pliysalopteres. Le genre Acanthockeilonema Cobbold
6tablit d'ailleurs la liaison entre les Filaires et les Physaloptferes.

26 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

THE BIRDS OF DAMPIER ISLAND.
By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D., and ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.

DAMPIER ISLAND, or Krakar, is one of the islands along the coast of north-
western New Guinea, stretching in a line from Umboi or Rook Island (see
Nov. Zool. 1914, p. 207) to Vulcan Island (vide infra). It lies about 16 or 17 km.
north of Cape Croisilles, is almost ronnd, and about 22 by 23 km. in area. It rises to
1500 m. in the form of a cone, and is inhabited on the coast.

No ornithological collector appears to have been at work on this island, except
Dahl, who has touched the coast and collected three species : Sterna anaetheta,
Orthoj-hampkus magnirostrh, and Gallinago megala (cf Reichenow, Vog. d. Bis-
marckinseln, pp. 2.3, 33, 37).

Mr. Meek, owing to bad health, was not able to go to Krakar in person, but he
sent his boat with its well-trained staff of collectors and crew there, who collected
on it from January to March 1914.

The island is named in honour of William Dampier, who, after perhaps the
most adventurous life known in history, discovered New Britain, this and many
other islands, in the year 1700. The native name is Krakar.

On account of the pro.ximity to the mainland of Papna, the oruis of Dampier
Island is chiefly that of north-western New Guinea, bnt there are some elements of
the insular fauna of the Bismarck Archipelago, sach as Mi/zomela sclateri and
Carpopkaga rhodinolaema, while Ht/pocharmosjfna rubrigularis krakari, a close
ally of a New Britain form, and Macroptjgia nifa krakari appear to be peculiar to
this isle.

1. Tringa hypoleuca L.

Tringa hypolcucns Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. x. 1, p. 149 (1758 — " Europa." Restricted typical
locality : Sweden).

2 " ? " Dampier Island, February 1914 (Nos. 6086, 6710).
2. Eulabeornis tricolor tricolor (Gray).

Rallina tricolor Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, p. 52 (Aru Islands).

? ad., Dampier I., 12.iii.l014 (No, 6803). "Iris brownish red or maroon ;
bill green and black ; feet dark olive green."

We cannot see how the New Guinea form can be separated from the Am bird,
as no series is at hand for comparison. It is impossible to separate such closely
allied races after comparison with one or two specimens ; we therefore do not
accept Mr. Mathews' name " E. tricolor grai/i," by which he calls the Papuan
birds (B. Australia i. p. 20.5). The skin from Dampier Isle agrees well with
Papuan ones. The abdomen is hardly barred, but the amount of barring varies a
good deal in our examples. We can, at present, only recognise three races :

E. tricolor tricolor : Arn, Papua (Dorey, Sattelberg), New Hanover, Dampier
Island.

E. tricolor robinsoni Math. : North Queensland.

E. tricolor victa (Hart.) : Tenimber, Koer, Dammer.

[Mr. Mathews {yov. Zool. 1911, p. 193) separates E. tricolor generically from

NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. .C i

" Rallina " and Eulabeornis, as Tomirdus tricolor, saying that he pointed out its
differences from Eulabeornis and Rallina in B. Australia i. p. 204.

We fail to understand this from Ids text, bnt find that he says, on the contrary,
that Rallina tricolor and its subspecies " agree quite well in structural features
with Eulabeornis, though they are admittedly not typical." Further on he proves,
with the help of " Rallina woodfordi " Grant, that " Rallina tricolor " and " Eula-
beornis " agree "in every structural character," and consequently he unites tricolor
with Eulabeornis. This decision seems to us to be quite wise and satisfactory, and
we accept it here, instead of the undefined genus " Tomirdus," the type of which
by original designation is tricolor. If one places side by side Eulabeornis castaneo-
ventris (the type of Eulabeornis), poecilopterus, wood/ordi, and tricolor, one cannot
draw a line between them, and must unite all under the name Eulabeornis. The
" weaker " " fasciata " might be kept separate, under the name Rallina, but even
this does not appear to be necessary.]

3. Gymnocrex plumbeiventris (Gray).

Rullws plumheieeiitris Gray, Proc. Zool. Sue. 1861, p. 432 (Morty Island).

? ad., Dampier I., 21. ii. 1914 (No. 6710). "Iris brown ; bill dark horn-
colour, greenisli yellow towards base ; feet red."

This bird had a nest on the ground between the roots of a large tree. It con-
tained eight eggs.

These have a smooth glossy shell of a light [pinkish cream-colour, with rufons-
brown spots and patches and underlying purplish grey markings. They measure
41-2 X 31-4, 41-3 X 31-3,4M x 30-8, 412 x 31-2,42 x 31-5, 41-8 x 30-4, 42 x 31-5,
41-6 X 31-4 mm.

4. Demigretta sacra (Gm.).

Ardea sacra Gmelin, Si/sl. Nat. i. 2. p. 640 (1789— Tahiti !)

? ad., slate-coloured, Dampier Island, 0. ii. 1914 (No. 6600).

5. Megapodius duperreyi duperreyi Less. & Garn.

Megapodius Duperreyi Lesson et Garnier, Bull. Soc. Nut. viii. p. 113 (1826 — Dorey).

6 (?c? (Nos. 6546, 6597, 6599, 6680, 6781, 6782) and 3 ? ? (Nos. 6543, 0550,
6770) Dampier Island, February and' March 1914. "Iris dark brown; bill dull
yellow, base brown ; feet black and dull greenish brown."

While we find M. d. eremita — or what we suppose to be eremita (of. Nov. Zool.
1914, p. 208 !) — on the chain of islands from the Echiquier to the Admiralty and
other islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, also the Solomon Islands, and certainly
on Rook Island, M. duperreyi duperreyi is the form of the mainland of Papua and
of the islands close to it, such as Dampier and Vulcan Islands.

The generally lighter colour, more brownish abdomen, slightly less bare fore-
head and longer crest serve to distinguish ^f. d. duperreyi from eremita.

0. Caloenas nicobarica nicobarica (L.).

See Nov. Zool. 1914, pp. 208, 28C.

3 ad. (Nos. 6681, 6688, 0737), 4 juv. (Nos. 6598, 6621, 6640, 6765), February
and March 1914, Dampier Island.

28 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

7. Chalcophaps stephani Puch. & Jacq.
See Nov. Zoo!. 1914, pp. 208, 286.

11 c??, Dampier Island, February 1914 (Nos. 6511, 6539, 6571, 6016, 6702,
6703, 6709, 6719, 6732, 6733, 6735).

8. Phlegoenas margarithae (D'Alb. & Salvad.).
See Nor. Zool. 1914, p. 208.

1 c? ad. (No. 6523), 2 ? ? ad. (Nos. 6788, 6805), and 9 jnv. (Nos. 6524, 6568,
6569, 6570, 6591, 6760, 6772, 6777, 6793).

The adult male has the throat and chest pure white, while in the adult female
there is a bufifish grey wash.

9. Phlegoenas beccarii johannae .Scl.

Phlogoeiias jokaiiiiae Solater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1877. p. 112, pi. xvi (exact locality not known,
but evidently Duke of York I., where Dahl collected it).

1 c? ad. (No. 6731), 2 ? ? ad. (Nos. 6657, 6730), 2 ? ? jnv. (Nos. 6667, 6792),
Dampier I., February 1914.

We take this to be the typical johannae, as the male aj)pears to agree in every
way with a male from New Hanover, and with the descriptions ; unfortunately,
however, we have no skins from the original locality.

" Iris dark brown ; bill black (in young birds jiartly brown) ; feet, cJ ? ad., dark
red (in the young birds dull brownish red)."

1 II. Macropygia rufa krakari subsp. nov.

In colour hardly different from M. ruja rujocastanea from the Solomon
Islands, though less bright, a shade lighter, and with a delicate " bloom " on the
underside.

Wings much longer: 147-150-5 mm., as compared with 138-146 mm. in
M. r. rufocastanea. Type, S ad., Dampier I., 4. ii. 1914 (No. 6565).

9cJ?,all apparently adult, Dampier (or Krakar) I., February 2 to 8, 1914
(Nos. 6538, 6545, 6565, 6578, 6579, 6586, 6593, 6617, 6641).

The iris is described as : " Reddish yellow, yellow, yellowish red, bright red ;
bill black ; feet bright red. crimson, cerise."

11. Myristicivora spilorrhoa (Gray).

Cari>ophaga spilorrhoa Gray, Proc. Zonl. Soc. London 1858. p. 186 (Aru Islands I).

(Of. Nov. Zool. viii. 1901. p. 116. — There is no proof, so far, that several forms of Mi/risticivora

hreed in the same localities, while all seem to be more or less migratory. Cf. Meyer & Wigles-

worth, B. Celebes ii. pp. 627-31.)

2cJf?, 2 ? ? ad., Dampier Island, February 1914 (Nos. 6558, 6572, 6633,
6704).

"Iris dark brown ; bill, tip dull yellow, base slaty blue ; feet slate-blue."

12. Carpophaga pinon astrolabiensis Meyer.

Carpophaga loestennanni astrolabiensis A. B. Meyer, Abh. tfc Ber. Mus. Dresden no. 4. p. 14 (1891 —
Astrolabe Bay, German New Guinea).

cJ ? ad., Dampier Island, 7. and 12. ii. 1914 (Nos. 6602, 6644).
" Iris dark red ; bill slate blue ; feet red."
Wing, cJ 282, ? 258 mm.

N0VITATE3 ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 29

The differences of the various forms of C. pinon (viz. piiion, rubiensis, salva-
dorii, loeMermanni, and astrolabiensis) have been explained in Nov. Zool. 1901,
pp. 114, 115.

13. Carpopha^a rhodinolaema Scl.

CarpopTiaga rhodinolaema Sclater, Proc. Zonl. Soc. London 1877, p. 555 (" Hab. Ins.

Admiralitatis ").
Anleii, p. 209.

(? ad., Dampier I., 31. i. 1914 (No. 6519).

14. Megaloprepia magnifica poliura Salvad.

Megalnj)repia polhira Salvadori, Ann. Mns. Civ. Gen. xii. pp. 4JG, 427 (1878 — S.E. New Guinea and

Jobi. Restricted terra typica, Mount Epa, S.E. New Guinea !).
Cf. Noi: Zool. 1901. p. 111.

8 (? ? ad., Dampier Island, February 1914 (Nos. 6537, 6555, 6564, 6577, 6591,
6613, 6628, 6649).

"Iris dark red; bill dull yellow, base greenish; feet yellowish-green,
pea-green."

15. Ptilinopus superbus (Temm.).

Columha Superha'VemiD.mck.iu'K.mf) & Tecaxa. Pigeons, p. 75. pi. 33 (1811 — " 0-taiti," errore !
Patria subst. Halmahera).

7 a, 3 ? ?, Dampier Island, January to March 1914 (Nos. c? 6510, 6547,
6592, 6619, 6647, 6654, 6807, ? 6646, 6726, 6787).

16. leracidea berigora novaeguineae A. B. Mey.

Hieracidea novaegiiineae A. B. Meyer, Joarn. f. Orn. 1894, p. 89 ("Nova Guinea orientali," tj'pes
from German New Guinea).

?, Dampier Island, 25. ii. 1914 (No. 6736).

"Iris dark brown ; bill slate-blue, tip black; feet pale slate-blue."

Wing 371 mm.

The only differences between typical H. berigora and these Papuan specimens
{i.e. one from Dampier, one from Vulcan, and others from the Sattelberg,
Owgarra on the Angabunga, and Avera on the Upper Aroa River) appear to be
the almost unspotted upper wing-coverts, which have only concealed lufous spots
on the basal portions, generally darker shoulders, crown and sides of the head
of the Papuan race. These differences, except the darker shoulders of the reddish
individuals, are, however, also seen in N.W. Australian specimens {leracidea
berigora melciUensis Mathews, Austral Avian Rec. i. p. 34, " Melville Island and
Northern Territory "). As it is, farther study will be required to prove the
distinctness of/, berigora berigora, occidentalis, noeaeguineae, and melciUensis; but
Mr. Mathews' diagnosis of his " melvillensis " — " larger size and black cheeks "—
is not a convincing one, and the larger size in any case appears to be not
constant.

17. Tyto alba meeki (Rothsch. & Hart.).

Strixflammea meeki RothachiM & Havteit, N'oc. Zool. 1907, p. 416 (CoUingwood Bay, north-east
coast of British New Guinea).

2 ? ? ad., Dampier Island, 2. ii. and 7. iii. 1914 (Nos. 6535, 6784).

These two specimens agree in every detail with the type specimens, and bear

30 ■ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

full}- ont the characters by which to distinguish T. a. imek't from its nearest
allies. The wings measure 284 mm.

18. Ninox connivens assimilis Salvad. & d'Alb.

Of. Nov. Zuol. 1907. p. 445.

? , Dampier Island, 25. ii. 1914 (No. 0739).

This specimen agrees very well with the one mentioned, I.e., and two others
from the Giriwu River in British New Guinea, collected by A. S. Meek iu 1907.
" Iris chrome yellow ; bill black ; feet darkish yellow."

19. Nasiterna pusio ?

Nasitenia j'lisio Sclater, Proc. Zuol. Soc. London, 18ii5. p. (5:20, pi. 35 (•' Solomon Islands," errore !
The type probably came from Duke of York Island).

We are not sure if these birds should be united with pusio, but rather think
that they should be separated as a new subspecies. We have accepted (y^oc. Zool.
1901, p. 81 and elsewhere) the view of Count Salvadqri, who allowed pusio to
range from " Duke of York Island, New Britain, St. Aignan's Island to S.E. New-
Guinea " {Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xx. p. 144), and have thus united with pusio our
specimens from St. Aigrian, Sudest Island, Fergusson, Milne Bay, and Konstantin-
hafen — while we called the examples from the Kumusi River S. pusio snlcadorii,
originally described (yoe. Zool. 1901, p. 81) from Takar, Humboldt Bay, and
Lower Ambernoh River. This distribution does not look very convincing, and we
are afraid that it will turn out to be partially wrong. The skin from Konstantin-
hafen, collected by Kubary, has a distinct wide yellow superciliary line, and
agrees much better with our salvadorii, but the sides of the head are not so yellow
as in the type specimen, and the same can be said of onr series from the Kumusi
River, north of the Owen Stanley range. On the other hand the specimens from
the Aroa River, Milne Bay, and Louisiades, are more rufous and hardly distinguish-
able from typii-al pusio, and among the latter we have also an example with a
distinct yellowish line.

It may be that we shall have to separate at least three subspecies :

iV. pusio pusio : New Britain, New Ireland, Dnke of York Island. — Super-
ciliary and sides of head yellowish rufous.

N. pusio subsp. nov. ? : Kumusi River, Milne Bay, D'Eutrecasteaux and
Louisiade Islands, mountains of British New Guinea (Aroa River).^There is a
yellowish superciliary line in most specimens, but see remarks above.

N. pusio salvadorii : Lower Ambernoh River, Takar, Humboldt Bay. —
Superciliary line and greater part of sides of head yellow.

Larger series, especially from the islands of the New Britain group and the
north coast east of Geelvink Bay, are required to confirm these doubtful races.

We have received two males, shot in February and March 1914, on Dampier
Island (Nos. 6740, 6797).

"Iris dark brown; bill black and slate-blue ; feet ashy blue."

20. Trichoglossus haematodus massena Bp.

TrichoglossuB massena Bonaparte, Ber. el Mug, Zool. 1854, p. 157 ("Mus. Paris e.\ Ins. Polynesia."
No exact locality known).

14 J ? ad. and juv., Dampier Island, February 1914 (Nos. 6522, 0548,
6554, 65.57, 6693, 6707, 6714, 0715, 6724, 0725, 0744-6747).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 31

" Iris yellowish red, reddish yellow, dark red, bright red ; bill red, tip orange
or yellow ; feet ashy blue."

Yonug birds have the bill brownish red, iris brownish red, the colours of the
head duller, cheeks and chin more greenish, the red of the breast a bit duller,
and the blackish fringes to the breast-feathers a little wider and less sharply
defined.

21. Hypocharmosyna rubrigularis krakari subsp. uov.

Comparing our fine series from Krakar or Dampier Island with one inferior
skin (unsexed) collected by Dr. Dahl at Ralum (New Britain), and with the
descriptions by Sclater, Salvadori, Reichenow, as well as with the figure in
Mivart's " Loriidae," fig. 1, plate L, we come to the conclusion that the race
from Dampier Island is different from //. rubrigularis. It differs as follows :

There is, instead of a red patch on the upper throat only, a large red patch
extending over the greater part of the throat, and this red patch appears to be of
a slightly brighter red ; moreover, it is bordered below by a yellow patch which is
absent or only indicated in H. r. rubrigularis. The fourth outer primary seems to
have red at base in all specimens of the latter, but this is entirely absent in three
of our examples, indicated iu one, distinctly present in three, while in one the
fourth outer primary is wanting. Moreover, our birds are slightly larger. Wing,
<? 9.5-.^-98, ? 94-95 ; tail cJ 98-101, S 96-.5-97; cnlmen from cere 11-5-12 mm.
■ Type: 3 Dampier Island, 16. ii. 1914. (No. 6678.)

"We have received six skins.

4 (?cJ (Nos. 6677, 6678, 6723, 6758) and 4 ? ? (Nos. 6679, 6756, 6757, 6809)
collected on Dampier or Krakar Island in February, and one in March 1914.

" Iris yellowish red or red ; bill the same ; feet yellowish red or reddish
yellow (once)."

22. Scythrops novaehollandiae Lath.

Si^throps novaehollaudiae Latham, Ind. Oni. i. p. 141 (1790 — ^'Nova HoUandia." Restricted terra
typica New South Wales, Mathews,1912, 1913).

5 (?), Dampier Island, lo.iii. 1014 (No. 6790).

" Iris dark red ; bill light horn-colour and black ; feet pale slaty blue."
It mnst be left for further research, whether Australian specimens reach larger
dimensions than those in the Papuan and Moluccan subregions, but as the size
varies considerably, even in Australia, in the same districts, this seems to be
•doubtful. Mr. Mathews has separated a smaller subspecies from the ''Northern
Territory " and N.W. Australia, but the wing-measurement (341) which he gives is
quite usual in females. His subspecies, therefore, requires further investigation.

23. Eudynamis orientalis rufiventer (Less.).

■Cuculus rufivettter Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zoo!, i. p. 623 (1828 — New Guinea. Restricted terra
typica : Dorey, where Lesson collected. Cf . Nov. Zool. 1903, p. 238, 1907, p. 440.

6 c?(?,5 ¥ ?, Dampier Island, February and March 14, 1914 (Nos. 6530, 6531,
6552, 6553, 6561, 6582, 6604, 6605, 6624, 6684, 6808).

" Iris dark red in both sexes ; bill slate blue (pale); feet slate blue." Wings
«f males, 190-200, of females 184-195 mm.

32 NOVITATES ZOOLOSICAE XXII. 1D15

24. Cuculus optatus Gould.

Ciiculiis optatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. xiii. 18-15, p. 18 (1845—" Port Essington,
Australia '').

3, Dampier Island, 12. ii. 1914 (No. 6653).
" Iris lemou yellow."

25. Cacomantis sepulcralis assimilis (Gray).

Cuculus assimilis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, pp. 184, 195 (Aru Is.) ; cf. Nov. Zool. 1007,
p. 434 ; 1912, p. 334 ; 1914, p. 212 (no. 21).

10 c? ? ad. and jav., Dampier Island, Feliruary 1914 (Nos. 6596, 6609, 6615,
6637, 6655, 6673, 6685, 6708, 6728, 6729).

26. Chrysococcyx malayanus poecilurns Gray.

Chrysococcyx poecilurus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 18i51, pp. 431, 437 (" Mysol and New

Guinea"). (Type from Mysol in Brit. Museum ; Nov. Zool. 1907, p. 438.)
Chrysococcy-c malayanus poecilurus Stresemann, Nov. Zool. 1914, p. 116.

2 c? c? ad., 1 ? ad., Dampier Island, 2., 11. ii., 3. iii. 1914 (Nos. 6526, 6631,
6764).

" Iris brownish red, brown, chocolate ; bill black, in the female slate at base
of lower mandible ; feet slate-blue, dark slate-bine black."

In Sov. Zool. 1907, p. 438, we mentioned that we had also specimens from
Cape York. Mathews, List. B. Austral/a, p. 157, separates the Cape York form as
russatus Gould, described from Cape York. Probably Mr. Mathews is perfectly
right in separating this form which we wonkl call C. malaijanus russatus Gould.

27. Tanysiptera hydrocharis meyeri Salvad.

[Tanysiptera hydrocharis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1858, pp. 172, 190 (Aru Islands).]
Tany.iiptera mei/eri Salvadori, Orn. Pop. e Molucc., Aggiunte, i. p. 54 (1889— Kafu ; north coast

of German New Guinea, opposite the Guilbert and Bertrand Islands).
(See also Nov. 1901, p. 161 ; about the name hydrocharis versus dea : Hartert, Nov. Zool.

1903, p. 48.)

10 cJ ? ad., Dampier Island, 2.-13. ii. 1914 (Nos. 6527, 6576, 6606, 6620,
6634, 6645, 6651, 6652, 6656, 6661).

" Iris dark brown ; bill bright red ; feet yellowish or greenish yellow."

We are unable to separate this series from 14 adult specimens from German
New Guinea and Takar. It is rather interesting to find that these birds are
indistinguishable from those of the opposite coast of New Guinea, while, on the
other hand, the series from Vulcau Island is sufficiently distinct to recognise it as
a different subspecies ; if the two scries are side by side on the table the difference
is obvious, even though the measurements do not make it very striking.

We wish here to correct our views of 1901, when (iVou. Zool. p. 101) we
expressed our opinion that 7\ microrhyncha was not separable from T. hijdrocharis
galatea. With a series from Milne Bay, CoUingwood Bay, Mambare River,
Knmusi River, Mount Cameron, Mount Victoria, Aroa River, Brown River, and
Port Moresby, we are bound to admit, that the form from South-eastern New
Guinea must be separated from that of North-western Papua ; its bill is generally
much smaller, although occasionally a specimen of T. h. microrhyncha may not be
separable from one of T. h. galatea ; the wing is also on the average shorter in the
former, measuring 102, 102, 102, 103, 103, 103, 103, 103, 103, lU4, 104, 104, 104,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1913. 33

104, 104, 104, 105, 105, 105, 106, 10(3, 106, 106, 106, 108, 109, 109, 110 mm., as
against 107-113 in T. h. galatea; a skin from Waigiu has the wing even 117 mm.
long, but another from the same island has it barely 110 mm. The crown and
shoulder-patch in microrhyncha is of the same darker, more bluish colour as in
galatea, not paler as in meyeri and vulcani. In one of our specimens of microrhyncha
the longest tail-feather has the enormons length of 362 mm.

28. Alcyone azurea lessonii Cass.

Alcyone Lessonii Cassia, Proc. Acail. Philadelphia, v. 1850-1851, p. 69 (1852 — Dorey, Dutch
New Guinea).

Most of the specimens from Darapier Island are rather pale on the underside.
The wings are in both sexes 72'6-76 mm., and there is no difference between the
sexes. Size and colour of underside very variable.

We have received 9 adult males and females, collected from February 1 to
March 3, 1914 (Nos. 6.520, 6549, 6691, 6692, 6712, 6713, 6743, 6762, 6766).

29. Ceyx solitaria solitaria Temm.

Ceyx solitaria Temminck, PI. Col. 595, fig. 2 (1836 — Lobo Bay, New Guinea, collected by
Salomo Miiller).

7 c? ?, Darapier Island, February 14 to March 11, 1914 (Nos. 666.5, 6699,
6706, 6761, 6798, 6785, 6799). "Iris dark brown; bill black (some, apparently
less aged, with a pale tip) ; feet reddish yellow."

These birds appear to be inseparable from the true solitaria. The wings
measure 55-59 mm.

It seems that there are two ill-defined races in New Guinea : one, a slightly
larger one, in the western parts and along the north coast to Simbang in German
New Guinea, with the wing 55, or generally 56 to 59'5 mm. ; another, slightly
smaller one, in British New Guinea and Fergusson Island, with the wing 52 to 54,
seldom 55, and once 56'5 mm. (See also Bull. B. 0. Cltih, xxxv. p. 24).

We should like to postpone the naming of the smaller race until we have still
better series, though many forms have been based on similar material and similar
diflerences in size only.

30. Halcyon sancta (Vig. & Horsf ).

Halcijoii .•iaiictus Vigors and HorsSeld, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xv. p. 206 (1827 — Australia ;
evidently New South Wales ; cf. Mathews, List B. Austr., p. 149).

2 t? <?, 2 ? ?, Dampier Island, end of February and March 1914 (Nos. 6748,
6759, 6763, 6804).

31. Eurystomus orientalis crassirostris Scl.

Eurystomus crassirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1869, p. 121 (Solomon Islands).

1 cJ, 2 ? ?, Dampier Island, February and March 1914 (Nos. 6697, 6734,
6778).

32. Caprimulgus macrourus Horsf.

Caprimulgus macrourus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Hoc. London, xiii. p. 142 (1821 — Java).

c? (moulting), Dampier Island, 5. iii. 1914 (No. 6779).

We have, so far, not been able to separate the Papuan birds from typical
maci-ouncs.

34 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE 5XII. 1916.

33. CoUocalia faciphaga hirundinacea Stres.

Collocalia fuciphaga hirundhiacea Stresemann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern xii. p. 7 (1914 — " Westl.
Neu-Guinea"; mistake for Eastern New Guinea! Type ; No. 4438, Upper Setekwa River,
28. vii. 1910, in Tring Museum).

? ad., Dampier Island, 20. ii. 1914. Wiug 117 mm. (No. 6705).
The differences of this very closely allied form have been well described by
its author, and they are confirmed by the specimen under consideration.

34. Collocalia esculenta esculenta (L.).

Hirundo enculeiita Linnaeus, Sysl. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 191 (1758 — "China," errore! The correct
locality is Amboina ! Ex Bumphius).

3 (?(?, Dampier Island, 7., 14. ii. 1914 (Nos. 6608, 6662, 6663).

35. Pitta atricapilla atricapilla Quoy & Gaim.
Cf. Nov. Zool. XX. 1913. p. 492.

8 cJ? ad., Dampier Island, February and March 1914 (Nos. 6618, 6700, 6701,
6738, 6789, 6800, 6801, 6802).

36. Cbelidon javanica (Sparrm.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. XX. 1913, p. 492.

10 S ? ad., Dampier Island, February and March 1914 (Nos. 6574, 6575, 6717,
6720, 6721, 6741, 6742, 6750, 6752, 6771).

37. Monarcha chalybeocephalus chalybeocephalus (Gam.).

Musioapa chuli/beocephalus Gamier, Voy. C'oquHle, Zool. Atlas, pi. xv, fig. 1 ( ? ), i. 2. p. 589 (1826,
1828— New Ireland) ; cf. Nov. Zool. 1903. p. 457, nos. 10 and 11.

5 (Jc? ad., 3 <? J juv., 2 ? ? , Dampier Island, .January and February 1914 (Nos.
6509, 6.525, 6541, 6.566, 6567, 6.587, 6603, 6610, 6611, 6612).

These specimens seem to agree in every way, i.e. in size of bill and wing, and
in the purplish gloss of their plumage, with typical ckali/beocejj/ialus, from New
Ireland, Rook, Manns (Admiralty Islands), and other localities.

With sufficient series on hand the birds from South-eastern New Guinea
might be separated, but not with satisfaction, as far as we can see at present.

38. Monarcha inornatus inornatus (Gam.).

Muscicapa inunuda Garnier, Voy. C'oquille, Zool., Atlas pi. xvi, fig. 2. i. 2. p. 591 (1826-1828 —
Dorey).

9 c?? ad., 2 juv., Dampier Island, February 1914 (Nos. 6.580, 6607, 6622,
6625, 6670, 6082, 6683, 6695, 6698, 6718, 6727).

" Iris dark brown ; bill blackish, light horn-colour at base : feet slate-blue."
It is peculiar that nearly every specimen has the base of the bill light-coloured,
while this is only occasionally seen, and apparently only in less adult individuals,
in our series of M. inornatus from other localities, iu which the bill is usually
bluish slate, with the distal portion of the cutting edges light-coloured. Our
specimens (except two) appear, however, to be in adult plumage. We cannot, at

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 35

present, explain these facts, bnt call the attention of collectors to it, in order
that they ma.y, one day, explain if this is seasonal, or a local character, as it does
not appear to be dne to age.

39. Myiagra nitida novaepomeraniae Rchw. (?)

Cf. Not: Zool. 1914. p. 215.

1 ? (or cJjnv.), Dampier Island, 7.iii. 1914. (No. 0780.)
This specimen does not bring ns any further in the question of the various
forms of iV. nitida, but we have to add that the adult male (No. .5897) from Rook
Island has the upperside, and especially the throat, more greenish glossy than it
is in the males from other localities.

40. Gerygone conspicillata ramuensis Rchw.

Geri/i/om rainueims Reichenow, Orn. Momilnber. 1897. p. 26 (Rami, German New Guinea).
Gerijgone compiciUaUi ramuensis, Nov. Zoul. 1903. p. 474.

We have only three mediocre skins from •' Friedrich Wilhelm's Hafen," and
one from C'ollingwood Bay, collected by Mr. Meek in 1907, to compare, and cannot
discover any essential differences between these and a series from Dampier Island ;
it is true that the majority of the Dampier (and Vulcan) skins are somewhat darker
in colour, bnt it must be remembered that they are very fresh and beautifully made
skins, and also that one of the three from Friedrich Wilhelm's Hafen is ciinally
dark.

We have received nine skins from Dampier, collected about the middle of
February 1914 (Nos. 6632, 6642, 6643, 6648, 6650, 6660, 6669, 6671, 6672).

" Iris dark red ; bill black ; feet slate-colour or slaty black."

Wings : males, 55-59 mm. ; females, 53-54-5 mm.

41. Cinnyris jugularis flavigastra (Gould).

Neclarinia flavigastra Gould, rmc. Zuul. Sue. Lojulun, 1843, p. 104 (New Ireland).
Citmyris jugularis flavigastra, Noo. Zool. 1914. p. 297.

6 (?c? ad., 5 ? ?, Dampier Island, 31. i.— 6. ii. 1914 (Nos. 6152, 6513, 6532, 6533,
6534, 6.551, 6562, 6563, 6585, 0589, 6590).

These specimens belong distinctly to the eastern more yellow form.

42. Cinnyris sericeus sericeus Less.

Cinnyris sericeus Lesson, Did. Sciences Natitr. i. p. 21 (1827 — " Dorery "= Dorey).
Cinnyris a'spasia aspasia Less., Rothsch. & Hart., Nov. Zool. 190.S. p. 211 ; cf. also Stresemaun,
Nov. Zool. 1914. p. 143.

5(?c?,5??, Dampier Island, January 31 to March 10, 1914 (Nos. 6517,
6529, 6536, 6560, 6583, 6584, 6596, 0780, 6783, 0791).

43. Myzomela sclateri Forbes.

Myzomela sclateri Forbes, Proc. Zuul. Sue. Londuii, 1879, p. 265, pi. xxv. 2— (Palakuru = Credner
Island, between New Britain and Duke of York Island).

3 c?c?, Dampier Island, 21,, 24., 28. ii. 1914 (Nos. 6711, 6722, 6751).

" Iris dark brown ; bill black ; feet slate-blue." Wings 62, 63, 65 mm.

These three skins agree perfectly with the original description and figure, and

36 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

also with a skin from the late GodefFroy Mnsenm, collected at " Naunka," 26. v. 1879,
by Th. Kleiuschmidt. The distribution of this very rare species is iuterestiag. It
is only known from the Credner Islands, Uatom (a small island to the north of the
Gazelle Peninsnla), and from " Nannka" : where this place is, we cannot find ; it is
not likely to be " Nanuk," inland in the Gazelle Peninsula, as M. sdatcri was not
found there by Dr. Dahl, nor anywhere else on the groat island of New Britain. It
appears to be a bird of outlying small islets, and it is most interesting to find it on
Damj)ier Island, far west of the New Britain group of islands.

44. Dicaeum geelvinkiamim rubrocoronatum Sharpe.

Dicaeiim mhrocoronalum Sharpe, Nature, 1876, p. 339 ("Port Sloresby ').

5 c?c?, 5 ¥ ?, Dampier Island, 4. ii.— 13. iii. 1914(Nos. 0559, 6573, 6588, 6614,
6623, 6626, 6627, 6794, 6795, 6806).

It is very curious that this bird, which we have hitherto only had from south-
eastern New Guinea and the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, occurs on Damijier and
Vulcan Islands.

45. Motacilla boarula melanope Pall.

Mokicilla ihlannpf P-iIlas, Reise (I. rerscli. Prov. d. Etiss. lieichs iii. p. G'JG (1770 — Dauria).

c?, Dampier Island, 11. iii. 1914 (No. 0796).
Part of body plumage and throat moulting.

46. Erythrura trichroa goodfellowi O.-Grant.

Erylhrura trichroa goodfellowi O.-Grant, Bull. B. 0. Clnli xxi.x. p. 29 (1911 — Moroka Mouutaias,
British New Guinea).

The races of E. trichroa have now reached the number of seven ! Five of them
have been discussed by one of us in Nov. Zool. 1900, pp. 6 and 7. Since then
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant described a bird from the Moroka Blonntains, British New
Guinea, and Stresemann one from Ceraui. Mr. Grant {Bull. B. 0. Club x.x:ix. p. 29)
compared his new race only with " E. trichroa Kittl.", instead of the two geo-
graphically nearer, E. trichroa papuana from Arfak and E. trichroa modesta from
the Northern Moluccas. From modesta his goodfellowi differs only in the less
yellowish tinge of the plumage and the deeper blue of the forehead and ear-coverts,
bnt some Moluccan skins are hardly separable ! The type oi E. t. papuana Hart,
differs by the great extent of the blue on the crown (see original description), and
has a huge bill. A similarly large bill and equally long wing is found in some
specimens from the mountains of British New Guinea, in the Tring Museum, but
not one of those before us has the blue equally far extended on the head. It seems,
therefore, that we have to distinguish seven races, as follows :

E. trichroa trichroa (Kittl.) — Caroline Islands.

E. trichroa modesta Wall. — Northern Moluccas.

E. trichroa pinaiae Stres.— Southern Moluccas (Cerani) : the differences stated
by Stresemann are obvious, but the new race has been rather daringly described
from only one adult and one semi-adult male !

E. trichroa papuana Hart. — Arfak, New Guinea.

E. trichroa goodJ'eUowi O.-Grant.— Mountains of British New Guinea, prob-
ably nearly the whole of Eastern New Guinea, as we have received a series from
Vulcan and Dampier Islands, which we cannot separate from those of British Papua.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXII. 1915. 37

We have now received of this E. t. good/ellowi (if dififereut from E. t. papuana)
2 S S ad., 4 ? ? ad., and 3 youDg aud semi-adnlts, collected on Dampier Island in
January and February 1914 (Nos. 6514, 6515, 6516, 6518, 6521, 6542, 6544, 6581,
6601).

The iris of all is described as dark brown, bill black, feet light horn-colonr.

The wings of the adult males measure 61 and 64 mm.

47. Lonchura tristissima (Wall.).

Mtniia tristissima Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Londiin, 180.'), p. 479 (N.W. Peninsula, New Guinea).

11 cJ?, Dampier Island, February and March 1914 (Nos. 6749, 6753, 6754,
6755, 6767, 6768, 6769, 6773, 6774, 6775, 6776J.
" Iris dark brown ; bill and feet slate-bine."

48. Aplonis cantoroides (Gray).

Calornis cantoroides G. R. Gray, Proc. Zonl. Soc. London, 18G1, pp. 431, 436 (Mysol).
(Cf. Nov. Zool. 1914, p. 218).

lie?? ad., about half moulting, chiefly on wings, body plumage, some on tails,
shot on Dampier Island from February 2 to 18, 1914 (Nos. 6540, 6556, 6630, 6036,
6658, 6674, 6675, 6687, 6689, 6690, 6694).

" Iris crimson, bright red, or yellowish red."

49. Aplonis metallica metallica (Temm.).

Lamprolornts metullicus Temminck, PI. Co/. 266 (1824 — "Timor," ''Celebes" — errore ! Corrected
terra typica Amboina !)

The Shining Starling from Dampier Island is quite typical " metallica."
Mr. Stresemann has written a very useful little article on the forms of Aplonis
(or Lamprocorax as he called it then) metallicits in JVov. Zool. xix. p. 311. We
cannot, however, agree with him in all points. First of all, we think that the
Australian form must be separated, because the j)urple area on the back encloses a
much larger and much more conspicuous dark green patch than in A. m. metallica.
The Australian form must be called Aplonis metalliciis pwpiirascen.s (Gray). (Cf.
Calornis purpurascens Gray, Uandl. Birds ii. p. 26, no. 6377, name based on
Gould's plate in B. Australia (sub nomine metallica), terra typica = Cape York.)
Secondly, we cannot see that the specimens from the Louisiade and D'Entreeasteaux
Islands are anything but typical metallica, and we cannot see in them an approach
towards A. met. nitidus, as Mr. Stresemann maintains.

We have received from Dampier Island 8 c? ? ad. (Nos. 6595, 6029, 6635, 6638,
6639, 6659, 6604, 6606) and 1 juv. (No. 6528), all collected in February 1914. It
is of course established beyond doubt that the sexes are alike, and that all the birds
with the underside white and striped with metallic^green are more or less young.
Two of the adult birds are moulting.

38 KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

THE BIEDS OF VULCAN ISLAND.

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Pn.D., and ERNST HARTERT, Pn.D.

VULCAN Island, or MauarDudar, is an immense cone with an active volcano,
covered with the richest and most beantiful vegetation, and rising to above
1300 m. It is not more than about 12 km. from the nearest point of New Guinea,
and about 15 by 8 km. in size. No collections have, to our knowledge, been made
on this island, but Meek's party has brought together, in December 1013 and
January 1914, a very fine lot of birds.

With regard to the character of the oruis of Vnlcan Island, almost the same
may be said as what we have said about Dampier or Krakar : it is mainly that of
the opposite coast of New Guinea, but even here we tind a trace of the insular fauna
of the Bismarck Archipelago, in Carpophaga rhodinnlaema \ and Macro)>>/qia
amboinensi.'s meeki, Tnni/siptera hydrocharis vulcani, and Monarcha chah/beo-
cepkalus manumudari are new forms, the latter deserving special attention,
as on Dampier Island, which is farther away from the mainland of Papua, the
wide-sjiread M. chalybeocephalus chah/beocephalas is found.

1. Tringa hypoleuca L.

Cf. antea, p. 26.

c? ? , Vulcan Island, 3. i. 1914. (Nos. 6.501, 0502.)

2. Tringa (Heteractitis) incana brevipes (Vieill.)

Tolaims hreripe^ Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. iVHist. Nat. vi. p. 410 (1816— terra typica Timor, cf.
Pucheran, Rev. and .Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 370).

t? ad., Vulcan Island, 24. xii. 1913. (No. 6484.)

3. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scop.).

Tantalus variegatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 92 (178G — Luzon).
d ad.. Vulcan Island, 3. i. 1014. (No. 6503.)

4. Megapodius duperreyi duperreyi Less. & Gam.

Antea, p. 27.

5 c?c? (Nos. 6292, 6343, 6387, 6479, 6491); 3 ? ? (Nos. 6388, 6446, 6462),
Vulcan Island, November and December 1913.

An egg of female No. 6388 is perfectly glossless and pale buff-pink (like
No. 20, pi. IV. of Ridgway's Xomencl. Col. 1886). It measures 82-2 x 46-5 mm.

5. Chalcophaps chrysoclilora chrysochlora (Wagl.).

Culumha i-Itrijsoehlora Wagler, Si/st. Ar., Cohiinha, sp. 79 (1827— " Ceylon, Java, Sumatra et
China," errore ! Substituted locality ; -Australia, because the description refers solely to the
Australian form. Cf. Hartert, Nor. Zool. 1904, p. 183).

8 c?c?, 3 ? ? , Vulcan Island, November and December 1913. (Nos. 6269, 6302,
6307, 6313, 6314, 6354, 6371, 6377, 6396, 6417, 6432.)

NOVITATHS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1913. 39

6. Phlegoenas margarithae (D'Alb. & iSalvacl).

A nfea, p. 28.

1 (? ad., 2 ? ? ad., 3 juv. from Vulcan Island, December 1913, January 1914.
(Nos. 6415, 6444, 6494, 6500, 6506.)

" Iris dark brown : bill black ; feet red." In the young birds the feet are " dull
reddish brown."

7. Reinwardtoena reinwardtsi griseotincta Hart.

Reimmrilloeiias rehmanjti giiseotineta Hartert, Nou. Zool. iii. p. 18 (1896 — New Guinea, type

Mts. of British Papua).
(Cf. Nov. Zoiil. viii. p. 127.)

(? ad., Vulcan Island, 5. xii. 1913. (No. 6306.)

" Iris dark red ; bill light and dark horn-colour with red base ; feet purplish
red."

8. Macropygia amboinensis meeki subsp. nov.

cJad.: nearest to J/, a, ma/orensis ISalvad. from the island of Mafor in the
Geelvink Bay, but the upperside is darker, almost without the slightest rufous
admi.xture, like a dark sepia or clove-brown (Ridgway's nomenclature), not dark
chestnut browu, as in M. a. maforcnsis. The feathers of the breast are more
vinous ; the abdomen appears to be slightly less rusty yellow. The tail-feathers are
also less rnfous, being dark brown, almost exactly the same as the colour of the
back. Wings <? ad., 164-165, tail 190-194, cnlmen 21 mm.

? . Top of head brown, with very little rusty spotting, feathers of hind-neck
with wide dark metallic-green or greenish purple tips and narrow buffy fringes, as
if powdered with buif at the utmost borders ; back dark brown, rump and upper
tail-coverts with ferruginous tips. Tail dark brown (clove-brown), outer rectrices
blackish at base, with an oblique black bar and a similar bright rnfous bar in the
middle, tip rufous, shaded with grey. Feathers of foreneck and chest sooty grey
with brownish buff fringes.

cj. " Iris red with slaty blue inner circle ; bill black ; feet bright red."

¥. "Bill dark brown ; feet ])urplish or brownish red."

Type : c? ad., Vulcan Island, 28. xi. 1913. (No. 6308.)

3 (?c? ad. (Nos. 6308, 6320, 6393) ; 1 c? fere ad. (No. 6317) ; 5 ? ¥ (Nos. 6275,
6295, 6297, 6303, 6356), Vulcan Island, November and December 1913.

9. Myristicivora spilorrlioa (Gray).

Anted, p. 28.

2Si,\ ? ad., Vulcan Island, November and December 1913. (Nos. 6325,
6397, 6398.)

10. Carpophaga pinon astrolabiensis Me3er.

Antei, p. 28.

2 c? c? ad., Vulcan Island, 3 and 21. xii. 1913. (Nos. 6344, 6472.)
Wing 286 mm. (one moulting).

11. Carpophaga rhodinolaema Scl.

Anted, p. 29.

(J ad., Vulcan Island, 3. i. 1914. (No. 6505.)

40 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXU. 1915.

12. Megaloprepia magnifica poliura Sulvad.
Aiiha, p. 29.

9cJ? ad., Vulcan Island, November and December 11(13. (Nos. 6293, 6294,
6323, 0333-6, 6369, 6412.)

13. Ptilinopus superbus (Temm.).

Aiitea, p. 29.

8c??, Vulcan Island, November and December 1013. (Nos. 6281, 6304, 6331,
6332, 0339, 0409, 6431, 0481.)

It is remarkable that the violet-jinrple bars in the middle of the feathers of the
chest are sometimes ill defined or even wanting.

14. Ptilinopus coronulatus quadrigeminus A. B. Meyer.

PtUnpus quadrifjeminus A. B. Meyer, Ibis 1890. p. 421 (Coastautine Harbour, German New

Guinea).
Nov. Zool. 1901. p. 102

3 (JcJ ad., 1 ? ad., Vulcan Island, December 1913. (Nos. 0445, 6458, 6473,
6477.)

" Iris yellow ; bill pea-green ; feet dark jnirple red or cherry-colour."

The difTerences of the varions forms of P. turonidatHS have been e.\}ilained by
ns in 1901, I.e.

The female is considerably smaller than the male. Wings of males 109-1 125,
females lOO mm. The middle of the throat of two of the males is sulphur yellow,
almost as bright as in P. c. geminus.

15. Ptilinopus iozonus jobiensis Schleg.

Ptilnpushuineralisjohip.iixis Sohlegel, .Mun. Pays Bas, Coluinbae, p. IG (1873 — .Jobi Island).
Cf. Nm. Zool. 1901, p. 104.

8 c??, 1 juv., Vulcan Island, November and December 1913. (Nos. 0270,
[juv.], 0287,6343, 6345, 0340, 6349, 6350, 6300, 0370.)

" Iris dull or cadmium yellow ; bill greenish, dull or pale yellow, base slate-
colour ; feet dark purplish red."

(In 1901 we tliought that Ftilopus bin'ii Madardsz, from Friedrich Wilhelms-
hafen. Term. Fuz. xx. pt. i. p. 47, pi. i., was the same as P. iozonus iozonus, but we
are now convinced that P. birui is a juvenile specimen of P. i. jobiensis. The very
little attenuated first primary and absence of the lilac-ashy lesser upper wing-
coverts prove that the type is a j'oung bird. The absence, when seen from above,
of the grey apical tail-band shows that biroi is not P. i. iozonus, but jobiensis.
It is interesting to find that one male (No. 0346) has narrow purple-red tips to
some of the grey lesser upper wing-coverts, thus approaching a step towards
P. i. humeralis. The same peculiarity was found by Madarilsz, I.e., in his " P.
humeralis jobiensis " from the same place where the type of P. biroi was found !)

16. leracidea berigora novaeguineae A. B. Mey.

Antea, p. 29.

(J ad. (not ? !), 28. xii. 1913, Vulcan Island. (No. 6488.)

" Iris dark brown ; bill black and chalky blue ; feet chalky blue."

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 4]

Wing 353 or 354 mm.

The sexes differ evidently in size, but it is a mistake to suppose that the
reddish individuals are females— in fact, the colorations seem to be merely indi-
vidual, and neither dependent on sex uor on age.

IT. Haliastur Indus gfirrenera Vieill.

Cf. Nov. Zunl. 1914, p. 210.

? , Vnlcau Island, 9. xii. 1913. (No. 6404.)

Interesting specimen in adult plumage with the exception of some quills which
are still of the juvenile brown plumage.

18. Tyto alba meeki (Rothsch. &, Hart.).

Antea, p. 29.

J' ad., Vulcan Island, 28. xii. 1913. (No. 6487.)

Entirely like the specimens from Dampier Island and Collingwood Bay.

19. Ninox connivens assimilis Salvad. & d'Alb.

Antea, p. 30.

<? ?, Vulcan Island, December 1913. (Nos. 6408, 6410.)

" Iris bright yellow ; bill black ; feet dull yellow."

These two birds have the upperside somewhat darker than those from the
Giriwu River and Dampier Island, and the longitudinal white spots on the under-
side stand ont in rather sharp contrast. Perhaps this is only due to their being
in very fresh plumage, but it would be interesting to compare larger series.

20. Nasiterna pusio?

Antea, p. 30.

12 c?c?, Vulcan Island, end of November and December 1913. (Nos. 6312, 6411,
6420, 6423, 6424, 6425, 6454, 6455, 6456, 6459, 6461, 6560.)

Two of these specimens are young and have a dark dull green, not blue,
crown.

21. Trichoglossus haematodus intermedius Rothsch. & Hart.

T richoglossus haematodus intermedius Rotlischild and Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1901. p. 70 (Kaiser
Wilhelm's Land, type from Stephansort).

10 c??, Vulcan Island, November and December 1913. (Nos. 6278, 6279, 6280,
6282, 6300, 6348, 6355, 0359, 6303, 6374.)

" Iris dull red, yellowish red (mostly), bright red ; bill bright red, once bright
red and yellow ; feet ashy blue."

It is very interesting to find this bird, hitherto only known from Stephans-
ort, Limbang, Bongu, and Sattelberg *) on Vulcan Island, while T. h. massena
lives on Dampier, which must have received it from the Bismarck Archipelago.

22. Scythrops novaehollandiae Latli.

Antea, p. 31.

3 ? ? ad., Vulcan Island, November and December 1913. (Nos. 6299, 6421,
6426.)

* See also Xov. Zuol. xxi. 1914. p. 10!

42 KOVITATES ZOOLOUICAE XXII. 1915.

23. Centropus bernsteinii Schleg.

Ceiitropus Bermleinii Schlegel, Ne,l Tijihch: v. Dkrkuiuk iii. p. 251 (1866 -uo locality ; id. oji. cit.
iv. p. 11 (1871— Sal watti!).

This appears to be a somewhat rare species generally. Schlegel stated that
Bernstein discovered it on Salwatti; this locality has so far not been corroborated,
though the late A. B. Meyer acquired a s])ecimen said to have come from Sal-
watti. The locality of Wallace's specimens is uncertain I We had specimens from
the Sattelberg, Stephausort, and from the Upper Setekwa River.

We received 9 adnlt males and females and a semi-adnlt male from Vulcan
Island, collected in December 1913. (Nos. 6289, 6381, 6391, C416, 6441, 6478, 6489,
649U, 6495, 6496.)

" Iris dark brown ; bill and feet black."

Wings, males and females, 180-201 mm.

Unless half our specimens are wrongly sexed, the sexes are perfectly alike,
females at least as large as males.

Four eggs, evidently all from incomplete clutches, found at various dates iu
December on Vulcan Island, are white, almost without any gloss, shining through
creamy white when held against the light. They measure 36-6 x 29, 38 x 27-6,
35-5 X 28-3, 33-1 X 27-4 mm. The last is even less glossy than the others, and
perhaps a badly developed, unfertile egg, being so much smaller than the rest.

24. Eudynamis orientalis rufiventer (Less.).

Anteu, p. 31.

6 c? c?, 0 ? ? , Vulcan Island, November and December 1913. (Nos. 6277, 6283,
6306, 6341, 6347, 6394, 6395, 6440, 6447, 0449, 6457.)

Wings of males 188-199, of females 187-193 mm.

25. Cuculus optatus Gould.

Anieu, p. 32.

A bright reddish female, Vulcan Island, 1. i. 1914. (No. 6497.) " Iris brownish
yellow."

26. Cacomantis sepulcralis assimilis (Gray).
AnteA, p. 32.

2 SS ad., 4 juv., Vulcan Island, December 1913, January 1914. (Nos. 6329,
6373, 6378, 6463, 6498, 6504.)

27. Chrysococcyx malayanus poecilurus Gray.

Antea, p. 32.

(? juv., Vnlcan Island, 14. xii. 1913. (No. 6433.) " Iris dark brown ; bill black ;
feet slate-blue."

28. Tanysiptera hydrocharis vulcani snbsp. nov.

(See aitleu, p. 32.)

A series from Vulcan Island is distinctly larger than eleven adult birds of
T. hydrocharis meyeri from German New Guinea and Takar (Konstantinhafen and

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. I'JIS. 43

Stephansort) and ten from Dampier Islaud. The wings of the Vulcan Island
specimens measure as follows :

109, Illo, 112, 112, 113, 114, 115,116, 116, 118 mm. ; i.e. 109-118!

Those from Stephansort, Konstantiuhafen and Takar measure :

1(12, 102, 102, 103, 103, 103, 104, 104, 104, 104-.5, 107, 1U9 mm., i.e. 102-109 I

The Dampier Island birds are exactly like those from north-eastern New
Gninea, viz. :

102, 103, 103-.5, 104, 104, 105-.5, 107, 108 mm. ; i.n. 102-108 !

The examjiles from Vulcan Island are also generally larger, as is especially
shown by their beaks, the bill reaching up to 33 mm. from nostril to tip, while in
the Dampier Island examples it goes as far as 30", but is generally less. In
coloration there is no difference at all. Both the Dampier and Vnlcan Island birds
have paler heads than T. In/drocharis galafea, and the central rectrices have a great
deal of white at the base, the basal third or nearly half being white with a blue
shaft-line, which often does not reach the base ; they thus agree with T. lujilvocharis
meijeri, except that T. hydrocharis milcani is larger.

The type of T. hydrocharis vulcani is an adult male shot on November 30
(No. 6324) ; in this the longest of the central rectrices is 312 mm. long, the other 298,
the base is white for about 11 cm., the white " flags " are about 38 mm. long.

We have received 10 adult males and females, and 3 young birds from
Vulcan Island, collected in November and December 1913. (Nos. 6262, 6276, 6284,
6285, G305, 6309, 031 6, 6324, 6327, 6330, 6338, 6480, 6507.)

29. Halcyon saurophaga Gould.

Halcyon saurophaga Gould, Pi-oc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843 p. 1U3 (New Guinea) ; Nov. Zool. 1901,
p. 156.

¥ ad., Vulcan Island, 15. xii. 1913. (No. 6437.)

This specimen is somewhat small, even for a female, the wing measuring only
123 mm., but we have two similarly small examples from other localities.

30. Caprimulgus macrourus Horsf.

Antea, p. 33.

(? ad., Vulcan Island, 27. xi. 1913. (No. 6294.)

31. Monarcha chalybeocephalus manumudari subsp. nov.

i. DiiFers from that of J/, ch, chalijbeoce.phalm in being larger, having a wider
and generally longer bill and a longer wing and tail, and in the somewhat more
greenish gloss of the plumage, which is chiefly noticeable in the crown and
breast.

Differs from that of M. ch. lucida (cf. Nov. Zool. 1903, p. 458) only in the larger
size of wings and tail, and in the generally more greenish gloss.

Looking at the series of Ijeantiful skins from Dampier and Vulcan Islands, side
by side, the larger size and more greenish sheen of the latter is at once obvious ; the
same can be said from comparison with the other males, though one of the Rook
Island examples is as greenish as manumudari, and the same may be said of two
of the Woodlark Island males, while four others are as pnrplish as typical chah/beo-
cephalus ; the large beak of the Woodlark examples has already been mentioned
in 1 903, but their wings are not a bit longer than in typical cJialybeocephalus.

44 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. lOlS.

The wings of the Dampier males measure 88-93-.3, and once 95 mm., those of
the Vuleau males 95-99, once 94, the tails of the former 75-80, of the latter 79-82
mm. The difference in size of the two forms is also obvious when comparing the
first primaries.

Type of jl/. ch. manumudan : $ ad. Vnlcan or Mannmudar Island, 4. .\ii. 191:^.
(Xo. 0358 in the Tring Museum.)

We have received 7 males and 3 females, collected on Vnlcan or Mannmadar
Island from the end of November to the end of December 1913. (Nos. 0315, 0358,
0372, 6401, 0429, 0404, 6482, 0485, 64S0, 0493.)

" Iris dark brown ; bill chalky blue with black tip ; feet black."

32. Monarcha inornatus iuornatus (Garn.).

Antfti, p. 34.

Five immature birds from Vulcan Island, collected end of November and in
December 1913. (Nos. 0304, 0326, 0307, 0400, 6450.)
All have the base of the bill largely light-coloured.

33. Myiagra nitida novaepomeraniae Rchw. (?)

Cf. Nov. Zoo}. 1914, p. 215, and antea, p. 35.

2 (?(? juv. (in the plumage of? ad.), 1 ?, Vnlcan Island, 15. xii. 1913 and
2.i. 1914. (Nos. 0438, 6439, 0499.)

34. Rhipidura setosa gularis Miill.

Rhipklura gularis S. Miiller, Vcrh. Nat. Gesch. Neil.-Iwl., Luml- en Vvlhenhuide, p. 185 (1843—
Lobo, Utanata).

. 10 (? ?, Vnlcan Island, 22. xi. to 7. xii. 1913. (Nos. 6263, 6264, 6268, 0310,
6311, 6340, 0351, 0357, 0379, 0380.)

There seems to be no difference from Papuan examples. The specimens from
Goodenough Island (cf. Nov. Zool. 1914, p. 5), have generally somewhat smaller
bills, but this character is variable.

35. Gerygone conspicillata ramuensis Kchw.

Anieii, p. 35.

11 ad. and juv., Vnlcan Island, November 20 to December 24, 1913. (Nos.
6291, 6298, 6365, 6375, 8376, 6382, 6386, 6392, 6418, 6419, 6483.)

Some of these specimens are quite as pale as our others from Friedrich
Wilhelm's Hafen, while others are indistinguishable from those of Dampier
Island. The young birds are pale yellow on the underside, their iris is brown,
base of lower mandible light brown.

36. Cinnyris jugularis flavigastra (Gonld).

Antea, p. 35.

5 <?(?, 3 ? ?, Vulcan Island, December 8, 1913, to January 3, 1914. (Nos.
6383, 0384, 6385, 6406, 0414, 6428, 6430, 6508.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 45

37. Cinnyris sericeus sericeus Less.

Aiilea, p. 35.

5 (?cJ, 5 ??, Vulcan Island, November 23 to December 12, 1913. (Nos.
6207, 0271, 6272, 6273, 6286, 6288, 6337, 6403, 6407, 6436.)

38. Dicaeum geelvinkianum rubrocoronatum Sharpe.

Anted, p. 3R.

5(?cJ ad., 2 S <S juv., 2 ?? ad., 1 ? jnv., Vnlcan Island, November and
December 1913, (Nos. 6265, 6266, 6290, 6328, 6304, 6413, 6422, 6427, 0474, 6448.)

39. Cisticola exilis (Vig. & Horsf.).

Malurus Exilis Vigors & Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Loudon, xv. p. 'JiriS (1827— Australia! Terra
typioa restricta — Mathews — New S. Wales.)

7 (Jcfin breeding plumage, 2 ??,1 juv., Vulcan Island, 4.-31. xii. 1913.
(Nos. 6352, 6353, 6361, 6362, 6430, 6434, 6435, 6442, 6443, 6492.)

For descriptions of the various plumages of C. exilis we refer to Gates,
B. Brit. Burma i. p. 117, 1883, and Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xx. p. 362, 1913 ; but
it is remarkable that the young bird (No. 6434) shot on December 15 has onl}^
the throat pale yellowish, the middle of breast and abdomen being white, not
yellow, as is usual in the young of C. exilis.

40. Erythrura trichroa goodfellowi O.-Grant.

Antcu, p. 36.

12 c? ? ad. and juv., Vulcan Island, December 1913. (Nos. 6451, 6452, 6453,
6465, 6400, 6467, 6408, 0409, 0470, 6471, 6475, 0476.)

The wings of the four adult males measure 61, 61, 63, 04 mm.

41. Loncliura castaneothorax sharpii (Mad.).

Dunacicola sliarpii Madardsz, Bull. B. 0. Club, iii. p. xlvii (Juue 1894 — Finisterre Mountains in
German New Guinea ; id., Aquila, i. p. 96, pi. i. fig. 1).

Of this hitherto rare, distinct, and interesting subspecies we have f> S S and
5 ? ? from Vulcan Island, collected in November and December 1913. (Nos. 0318,
6322, 6389, 0402, 6405 [males], 0274, 0319, 6321, 0390, 0399 [females].)

" Iris brown ; bill chalky blue ; feet slate bine."

The females are very much like the males, but the crown and nape are darker
and duller, more brownish grey, and the back is generally darker brown. Wings of
the males 50-51'!, of the female about 49-52 ram. ; but these.measnremeuts can only
be regarded as approximative, because the majority of our skins have the tips of the
wings slightly worn.

46 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE 5X11. 1915.

NOTES ON PAPUAN BIRDS.

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D., and
ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.

(Continued from Vol. XIV., p. 446.)

For most of the localities mentioned in these notes see " Introduction " to this
series in Nov. Zool. 1901, pp. 55-61, and the maps, plates II. and III. in the same
volume. The former portions of this series of articles have appeared as follows :
Vol. viii. pp. 55-88 (Introduction, nttidae, Psittaci), pp. 102-62 {C'olambae, Meyapodiidae,
liaUidae, Limicolae, Alcedinidae; vol. x. pp. 65-116 (Pancdiseidae, Cwvidae, Laniidae,
Dicruridae, Oriolidae, Artamidae, Stumidae), pp. 196-231 (Meropidae, Coraciidae, Podar-
gidae, Caprimulgidae, Ci/pselidae, Campephayidae, Keclariniidae, Dicaeidae, the genus
Mi/zomela, Motacillidae, Sylviidae, Timeliidae), pp. 435-80 (Meliphagidae, the genus
Zosterops, Hirimdinidue, Muscicapidae, additions to Dicaeidae, Laniidae, Timeliidae) ;
xiv. pp. 433-46 (Cuculidae, Striges).

XXXII.
ACCIFITKES.

1. Spizaetus gurneyi (Gray).

Aquilii (Flfleropii.i) gurneyi G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon 1860. p. 342. pi. clxix. (Batjaiil
Liintmctus rfurnei/i Guruey, Lint of Diurnal B. of Prei/, p. 49. note 5 (1884 — type of the species

from Batjan, collected by Wallace, io the Norwich Museum). Sharpe (Gil, B. Brit. Mus. i.

p. 274) was, of course, quite wrong in saying that a skin from Waigiu in the British Museum

is the type.

1 ad., " New Guinea " ; bought from A. Boncartl.

1 ? (?) ad., Goodenongh Island, 3. xii. 1896. No. 11, A. S. Meek coll.

" Iris dark yellow with irregular brown marks ; bill slate, tip black ; feet
pale dirty yellow."

1 juv., " achete d'un chasseur ijni avait chasse a Waigiu et a Salwatti." Ex
Bruiju coll.

1 juv., " New Guiuea " ; purchased from A. Boncard.

1 jnv. without indication. Ex Brnijn coll.

2. Hieraaetus weiskei (llchw.).

Eutohnaetus weiskei Eeiohenow, Orn. Monalsher. 1900. p. 185 (Astrolabe Mountains, 3U00 ft. Emil
Weiske coll.).

S, Avera, Aroa River, British New Guinea, 26. iil. 1903. No. A 462. A. S. Meek
coll. "Wing 308 mm.

" Iris grey ; bill black and bluish slate ; feet yellow-green."

This bird agrees perfectly with the type, which is now in the British Museum,
except that it is smaller ; the type is said to be a iemale.

More material of this very rare bird is perhaps required, in order to decide
whether it should be looked upon as a species or a subspecies of the Australian
//. morphnoules, but we think that the former is the best course at present. The
difference in size is very great, and as far as we can judge from the few specimens
we have examined, the colour appears to differ as well.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 47

3. Haliaetus leucogaster (Gm.).

Falco leucogaster Gmelin, S>/st. Nat. i. 1. p. 257 (1788— Australia ! Restricted terra typica New
S. Wales— Mathews, 1912).

¥ juv., Waigiu, ex Bi-nijii coll.

1 juv., Aroa River, December 1899 or January 1900. E. Weiske coll.

4. Pandion haliaetus cristatus (Vieill.).

Buteo cristalus Vieillot, Noiw. Did. d'HUt. Nat. iv. p. 481 (1816—" Nouvelle HoUaude '').
Pandion haliaetus leucocephalus of modern authors up to 1912.

1 ad., " acUet^ d'un chasseur qui avait chasse a Waigiu et Salwatti." Ex
Brnijn coll.

3 <?(?, Waigin. Ex Bruijti coll.

(?, Dorey, March 1874. Ex Bruijii coll. (Specimen a of Salvadori's list on
p. 12 of vol. i. of the Orn. Pap. e Molucche.)
?, Nicura, British New Guinea. Lis coll.
¥ , May 1887, Koustantinhafen, German New Guinea. J. Kubary coll.

2 ad., New Britain. Kleinschmidt coll.

1 ad., Uuke of York Island, October 1880. Kleinschmidt coll.

1, New Ireland. Collected by a missionary.

S ¥ , Egum group, S.E. of New Guinea, 25. vii. 1895. A. S. Meek coll.

5. Haliastur indus girrenera (Vieill.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. xxi. 1914. p. 210.

¥ ad., Nicura, British New Guinea, 21. vii. 1893. Lix coll.

cJ ad., Ynle Island, S. New Guinea, August 1875. D'Albertis coll.

(Specimen c, p. 17, Salvadori, Orn. Pap. e Molucche i.)

t?, in moult, Ynle Island, 26. v. 1875. D'Albertis coll.

(Specimen r, p. 18, Salvadori, Orn. Pap. c Molucche 1.)

Ad., Brown River, Brit. New Guinea, 1898. E. Weiske coll.

c? ad., Eergusson Island, 7. ix. 1894. A. S. Meek coll.

Ad., Dobbo, Aru Islands, 10. v. 1896. Cayley Webster coll.

S ad., Wokan, Aru Islands, 29. ix. 1900. H. Kiihn coll.

<? ad.. Rook Island, 5. viii. 1913. No. 5926, A. S. Meek coll.

Ad., New Hanover, 9. ii. 1897. Cay ley Webster coll.

0. Haliastur sphenurus (Vieill.).

Milvus sphenurus Vieillot, Nuuv. Did. d'llist. Nat. xx. p. ^jCA (1818 — Australia !).

cJ med., Kataw River, British New Guinea, October 1876. D'Albertis coll.
(Specimen d of Salvadori's list, Orn. Pap. e Mol. i. p. 20.)
1, Nicura, British New Guinea. Lix coll.

<S ad., Stephansort, German New Guinea, xii. 1899. E. Nyman coll.
(?, Kumusi River, 11. viii. 1907. No. 3402, A. S. Meek coll.

7. Milvus migrans affinis Gould.

Milvus Affinis Gould, Proc. Zool. Sue. London., " 1837," p. 140 (1838- Australia !) ; Si/n. B. Austr.
pt. iii. pi. 47 (1838- Australia. Type from New S. Wales, accordiog to Mathews).

¥ ad., Stephansort, German New Guinea, 13. xii. 1899. E. Nyman coll.
1 juv., Stephansort, 1901. Miiller coll. Purchased from Rolle.
Ad., Mt. Cameron, British New Guinea, 8. xii. 1897. Cole coll.

48 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII, 1915.

c?, Nicnra, British New Guinea, 23. vii. Lix coll.

1, Nicnni, Lix coll.

c? ad., Ynle Island, 12. v. 1875. D'Albertis. Specimen D of Salvadori's list.

(? ad., Fergusson Island, 21. xi. 1804. A. S. Meek coll.

8. Henicopernis longicauda (Garn.).

Falco loiigicaudus GuTDieT, Vmj. Coqti., Zool. i. p. 588. pi. 10 (1828 — Dorey).

(??,Dorey, Bruijn coll. (Specimens a and h of Salvadori's list, op. cit.
i. p. 23.)

2c?<:?,Andai. Bruijn coll.

?,Mansinam, iJ8. v. 1875. Bruijn coll. (Specimen/ of Salvadori's list,
loc. cit.).

], inland of Holuicote Bay, British New Guinea. Roliu coll.

? ad., foot of Snow Mountains, 2000 ft., Dutch New Guinea, 14. x. 1910. A. S.
Meek coll.

? ad., Avera, Aroa River, 6. iii. 1903. A. S. Meek coll.

1 ad.. Mountains of Kotoi, August 1898. A. S. Anthony coll.

1, Britisli New Guinea, 5. vi. 1896. A. S. Anthony coll.

1 ad., British New Guinea, 1901. A. S. Anthony coll.

? juv., Wokan, Aru Islands, 25. ix. 1900. Hch. Kiihn coll.

(Probably subsjiecies nova ? The specimen is very small, but being evidently
young, too much importance cannot be attached to its small size. Moreover,
//. longicauda varies in size individually, and some — probably females — are much
larger than others. But compare Salvadori's note, Orn. Pap. i. p. 24, where he says
that specimens from Aru and the Fly River are smaller !)

9. Machaerrhamphus alcinus ^Vesterm.

Machaerrhamjihus alcinus Westerm., Bijilr. tot de Dierhunde i. part 2. p. 29. pi. 12 (1848 — Malacca) :
Rothschild & Hartert, Noo. Zool. xix. p. 190 (1912— Kumusi River).

c? ad., Kumusi River, N.E. Brit. Now Guinea, 14. vii. 1907. No. 3312, A. S.
Meek coll.

10. Baza subcristata reinwardtii (Miill. & Schleg.)

FaJru (^Loplwtes) ReinwartUii MilUer & Schlegel, Viirli. Nt:iUrt. Orcrz. B'sflt.^ Ziiol. Are>i p. 35. pi. 5.

fig. 2 (18.W-44 — " Celebes, Borneo." Errore ! Patria substitnta ; Amboina).
Baza subcristata reinwardtii Rothsch. & Hart., Nor. Zool. 1913. p. 483 !

1, " Waigin Gulf," Oct. 1884. Collector unknown.

<S ?, Waigiu, 26. xii. 1902. From John Waterstradt's collectors.

S, Misol, 23. i. 1900. Hch. Kiihn coll.

?, Salawatti, 29. vi. 1875. Odoardo Beccari coll. (Specimen tn of Salvadori's
list, Orn. Pap. i. 28).

(J Salawatti, II. v. 1875. Brujiu coll. (Specimen t of Salvadori's list, /.f.)

S juv., Andai, 1879. Bruijn coll.

(?, Ron, July 1897. Will. Doherty coll.

1 (J, 2 ? ?, Kapaur, December 1896. Will. Doherty coll.

"Iris bright yellow; feet dirty or bluish whitish, joints of scales ferruginous,
claws blackish ; bill black, base of upper and lower mandible bluish or leaden
grey ; cere leaden or blue-grey."

1 ad.. Lower Ambernoh River. J. Dumas coll.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXU 11)15. 49

2 cJcJ, 2 ? ? ad., Upper Setekwa River, July to November 1910. A. S. Meek
coll. See Mv. Zool. xx., 1913, p. 483.

c? ?, Kamasi River, 4. vi., 14. viii. 1907. Nos. 3107, 3411, A. S. Meek coll.

? ad., Mt. Cameron, Owen Stanley Range, 13. ix. 1896. A. S. Anthony coll.

1 (?, 2 ? ? , Milne Bay, 11. iv., 25. x., 24. xi. 1898. A. S. Meek coll.

(? ad.. Fly River, 6. ix. 1877. D'Albertis coll. (Specimen z of Salvadori".-i
list, Orn. Pap. i. p. 29.)

1 ad., Mts. of Kotoi, British New Guinea, August 1898. A. S. Anthony coll.
(S ad., Dobbo, Am Islands, 7. xii. 1883. Guillemard coll.

Jan. Wannambai, Ara Islands, 28. vi. 1896. Cayley Webster coll.

11. Baza subcristata megala Stres.

Baza subcristata megala Stresemann, Not'. Zool. xx. p. 307 (1913 — Fergusson Island) ; cf. Nov.
Zool. xxi. p. 3 (Goodenough I.).

2 c?J, 1 ?, 1 sex undetermined, Fergusson Island, collected by A. S. Meek
in 1894 and 1897. (? no. 627 : type oi megala.)

S ad., Goodenough Island, l.iv. 1913. No. .5.530, A. S. Meek coll.
There is absolutely no difference between megala and reinwardtii except the
very slightly larger size of the former, which, however, cannot be denied.

12. Baza subcristata bismarcki Sharpe.

Baza bismarcki Sharpe, in Gould's B. New Guinea i. pi. 4 (1888 — Bismarck Archipelago).

2 ad. (apparently males). Expedition Bay, New Hanover, 24. iii. 1897.
Cayley Webster coll.

(J, Tobera, New Britain, October 1905. C. Wahnes coll.

For the differences of the various forms of B. stibcri.stata see Nor. Zool. 1901.
pp. 378, 379, and for measurements Stresemann, op. cit. 1913, p. 308.

13. Falco peregrinus calidus Lath.

Falco calidus Latham, Lid. Orn. i. p. 41 (1700 — India, Ex Latham, Supjd. Gen. Sipiops. p. 35.
no. 112).

" c? ? ," Sariba Island, British New Guinea, 23. xi. 1909, 17. iv. 1910. Receiveil
from A. S. Meek.

(For distribution see Hartert, Vog. iml. Fauna ii. p. 1047.) We have seen
no other record for New Guinea.

14. Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe.

Falco e.riiesli Sharpe, Ihis 1894. p. 545 (Borneo, collected by Mr. Ernest Hose).

? ad , Dutch New Guinea. From native hunters. Wing 319 mm.
? juv., Kiimusi River, British New Gainea, 15. vi. 190S. A. S. Meek coll.
S ad., Eafa district, between Mts. Alexander and Bellamy, October 1895.
A. S. Anthony coll. Wing 280 mm.

¥ fere ad., Woodlark Island, 3. viii. 1895. A. S. Meek coll.

15. Falco severus Horsf.

Falco severus Horsfield, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xiii. p. 135 (1821 — Java).

Messrs. Meyer & Wiglesworth, in their admirable work on the Birds of Celebes
(vol. i. p. 84), have separated three subspecies of Falco severus : F. severus severus,

4

50 N'OVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIT. 1915.

which they call aa intermediate race from the Snnda Islands, Celebes, and probably
other islands of the Archipelago ; F. severus indicus, the western extreme, which is to
be lighter in colour, and F. seMrus papuanus, the extreme eastern, darkest form.
As we have said before (Toi'. Zool. 190.5 pp. 251, 252), we cannot see the slightest
differences between Papuan and Sunda Islands specimens, while our examples from
British India are generally slightly paler, but our series from there is poor. We
must therefore call the Papuan birds F. severus severus, or simply F. severus, until
the value of the Indian race is better established.

Mr. Stresemann {Xov. Zool. 1914, p. 77), evidently following Salvadori, quotes
as a synonym of Falco longipennis : F. religiosus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i.
p. 397. This is evidently not quite correct, as Sharpe describes in the first instance
a bird (and probably the identical one) as figured in fig. 5 on plate 2 of Schlegel's
Voi/. j^ederl. Ind., Valkvogels, which is a F. ,'iemrus, and afterwards the melanistic
specimen, of which he says that it is marked as the type oireligiosus, '' but probably
in error." What that really means is not clear, as Sharpe was the first to publish
the name rdigiosus, and to give a description of it. Salvadori corrects {Orn. Pap.
i. p. 30) Sharpe's statements with regard to Schlegel's views, and, having examined
the dark bird, comes to the conclusion that it is a melanistic F. longipennis
(liumlatus). The name religiosus should therefore be quoted with " partim " in the
synonymy of both F. severus and F. longipennis.

We have the following skins of /'. sccerus from the Papuan Islands :

? ad., Waropcn, near Kurndu, April 1897. Bought by Will. Doherty.

<? ad.,Sattelberg, Huon Gulf. Bought from Prof. Forster.

(? juv., Owgarra, Angabunga River, 6000-8(JOO ft., 18. ii. 19U5. No. A 2112,
A. S. Meek coll.

2 ad., 1 juv. Mt. Victoria, Owen Stanley Range 500U-7000 ft. A. S. Anthony
coll.

(? ad., Mt. Cameron Ifi. viii. 1896. A. S. Anthony coll.

? ad., Moroka, Owen Stanley Mts., 3000-6000 ft. A. S. Anthony coll.

? juv., Milne Bay, 23. iii. 1890. A. S. Meek coll.

16. leracidea berigora novaeguineae A. B. Mey.

Hieracidea novaeguineae A. B. Meyer, Juur/i.f. Urn. 18'.I4 p. 8',i. (" Nova Guinea orientalis," types
from German New Guinea.) See antea, p. IG.

? Dampier Island, 25. ii. 1914. No. 6736, Meek coll.

S d., Vulcan Island, 28. xii. 1913. No. 6488, Meek coll.

2 cJ (?, 1 ? , Owgarra, Angabunga River, Oct. 1904— Jan. 1905. A. S. Meek coll.

? , Avera, Arha River, 3. vi. 1903. A. S. Meek coll.

1 juv., Sattelberg, German New Guinea, 17. xi. C. Wahnes coll.

? ad., Simbang, German New Guinea, 8. vii. 1899. E. Nyman coll.

17. Harpyopsis novaeguineae Salvad.

Harpyopsh novae guineae Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 682 (1875 — Andai !).

1, " New Guinea," bought from Gerrard. (Evidently a skin collected in British
New Guinea by Goldie.)

2 cJc?, Kabadi, British New Guinea, November 1899. Emil Weiske coll.

1, Sogeri district, British New Guinea, jjurchased from Messrs. Mcllwraith & Co.
S, Mt. Musgrave, 7. viii. 1898. Anthony coll.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915. 51

S, Avera, Aroa River, 5. xi. 1903. A. S. Meek coll. " Iris dark fawn ; bill
dark horn-colonr, lighter at tip ; feet pale dirty yellow."

18. Megatriorchis doriae Salvad. & d'Alb.

Mega trio rcli is iloriue Salvador! and d'Albertis, Ami. ilus. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 805 (1875— S.E.
New Guinea).

This genus was separated on account of its short ronnded wings, the very small
difference in length between primaries and secondaries, and the long tail (in the
original diagnosis is a misprint, " remigibas primaries paulo brevioribus " instead
of " panlo longioribus " ; this is evident from a look at the bird and from Salvador!,
Orn. Pap. i. p. 42).

Later on Sharpe united Megatriorchis with Erythrotriorcki.i, bnt we cannot
accept this alteration ; it was done on the strength of a bird which Sharpe wrongly
identified with M. doriae, and which we were obliged to describe as a new species.
In the typical Erythrotriorchis (type E. radiatus) the wings are much longer, the
distance between the longest primaries and secondaries considerable, viz. 11-13*5
cm., as against 25-35 mm. ! in Megatriorchis. The tail in Erythrotriorchis is
shorter and more even than in Megatriorchis, so that the bird has altogether a very
different appearance.

Of M. doriae we have so far the following skins :

1, Triton Bay, 25. vii. 1896. Cayley Webster coll.

1 jun., German New Guinea. Cotton and Webster coll.

1 ? ad., Mts. inland of Huon Gulf, German New Guinea. Purchased from
Schneider.

1 cj ad., Astrolabe Bay. C. Wahnes coll.

? Kumusi River, British New Guinea, 5. viii. 1907. A. S. Meek coll.

Needless to say, the females are larger than the males : wing ? 350, i 285-
92 mm.

19. Accipiter (Astur) eudiabolus Rothsch. & Hart.

Accipilcr eitdiahohis Rotlischild & Hartert, Bull. B. O. Club, xxxv. p. 8 (October 1914 —
Babooni, British New Guinea).

Ad., Babooni, 3000 ft., September 1903. H. C. Pratt coll. (type).
20. Accipiter novaehoUandiae leucosomus (Sharpe).

Astur norae-hoUandiae subsp. a. A. leucosomus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. ilus. i. p. 119 (1874 — "New
Guinea and adjacent islands).

Though the difference in size is enormous, there is no other difference between
the larger Australian white Goshawk and the smaller Papuan race. The whole
plumage is snow-white ; the iris and cere yellow ; bill horn-black ; feet yellow.
Wings of males 210-212, females 242-252 mm,, against 251-272 (males) and
293-308 (females) in A. novaehoUandiae novaehollMidiae.

? ad., Arfak Mts., June 1883. E. Mus. H. Guillemard. " Iris yellow."

?, Arfak — preparation.

cJ ? , " N. Guinea," probably Arfak region. Purchased from Boucard.

$, "Arfak," purchased from R. van Duivenbode.

i ?, Sariba Island, February 1909. Albert Eichhorn coll., ex A. S. Meek.

S , Collingwood Bay, 3. vi. 1899. No. 2551, A. S. Meek coll.

52 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

21. Accipiter poliocephalus Gray.

Acc'piler poliocephaltis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lnmhm, p. 170 (Aru Islands).

The yonug is slate-colonred on the upperside aud the under surface is white
with a more or less distinct creamy tinge and brownish black shaft-stripes. The
sexes differ only in size.

Sharpe described a hawk from Jobi Island in Geelviuk Bay as " Astur
Mei/erianus " {Journal Linn. Soc. London, Zool., xiii. p. 458, 1878). Salvadori
afterwards identified this new bird with A. albigularis from the Solomon Islands,
but doubtless erroneously. The wing of A. meijerianus is, according to Sharpe,
315 mm. long, but Salvadori measures it even 320. This measurement is far too
big for A. albigularis, the largest females of which have their wings not longer than
256 mm. Moreover, A. meyerianus being uniform black on the upperside, appears
to be an adult bird, and adult albigulaiis have as a rule no black markings
underneath. Even the distribution " Solomon Islands and Jobi " would have
been a very unlikely one.

Of A. poliocephalus we have now the following specimens :

? ad., Waigiu, 4. i. 1903. John Waterstradt coll.

S juv., Mysol, 20. i. 1900. H. Kiihn coll., No. 1908.

? ad., Kaririri, Jobi Island, May 1897. Purchased from natives by
W. Doherty.

S ad., Trangan, Am Islands, 18. ix. 1900. H. Kiihn coll., No. 2458.

? ad., Wammar, Aru Islands, 8. xii. 1883. Dr. Powell coll.

¥ juv., " Arfak." Bought from Boucard.

S (not ?) ad., Anday. E.\- Bruiju coll.

? ad., near Humboldt Bay, January 1899. J. Dumas coll.

? ad., Stephausort, 1899. E. Nyman coll.

? ad., Bihagi, head of Mambare River, 13. ii. 1906. A. S. Meek coll..
No. A 2404. " Iris brown ; bill black; feet dark yellow."

<? ad., Aroa River, December 1899 or January 1900. Emil Weiske coll.

? jnn., Sariba Island, British New Guinea, 18. iv. 1910. From A. S. Meek.
2 c? (?, 1 ? juv., Fergusson Island, xii. 1894, 18., 24. vi. 1897. A. S. Meek coll.

S juv., Milne Bay, 18. iii. 1899. A. S. Meek coll.. No. 2390.
2 tJ ad., St. Aignan, Louisiade group, 19. viii. 1897. A. S. Meek coll.,
Nos. 842, 843.

22. Accipitei' fasciatus polycryptus.

'■'■ Astur Jasciatus" was first described by Messrs. Vigors & Horsfield from
"Australia" in 1827, and this name, as pointed out by Hartert in 1905, stands
before A. approximans on the same page, which latter name has been arbitrarily
chosen for these hawks by Gould, Sharpe, and others. Mr. Mathews in his most
recent list of the Birds of Australia, pp. 103, 104, separates three races :

A. (or Urospiza, as he calls tham) fasciatus fasciatus (= approximans), from
the Eastern parts of Australia.

A. fasciatus cruentus, from Southern and Mid-west Australia.

A. fasciatus dii/imus,* from Melville Island and the Northern Territory.

We have nine adult females and one adult male (besides some young birds,
which are of uu use for distinguishing such closely allied subspecies) from Queens-

* I'robably misspelt for didijmus.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 101 "i. 53

land, an adult pair from the Alligator River in " Northern Territory," and an
adult pair from West Kimbevley and Point Cloates. These seem to confirm the
three races accepted by Mr. Mathews. The two birds from the Alligator River
are not so brownish, but more reddish underneath, and the white cross-bars in
the male an- narrower and more numerous. The female from Point Cloates and
the male from West Kimberley are somewhat larger, and the underside is more
cinnamon-rufous, less brownish ; the white bars are rather narrow.

The series from Qneensland would be A.fasciatus fasciatus, the pair from the
Northern Territory A. falciatus didimiis, the pair from Point Cloates and West
Kimberley A.f. cruentus.

In addition to these races, which require further confirmation by better series
from the northern and western parts of Australia, we have another from New
Guinea, at least a number of birds, undoubtedly of a race hitherto undescribed
and in our opinion a form of A.fasciatus. AVe name this race

Accipiter fasciatus polycryptus subsp. nov.

It differs from (the males oV) A. f. fasciatus very strikingly by the more
reddish colour of the underside with very narrow, in places obsolete, whitish bars,
and smaller size. It is therefore more similar to A.f. cruentus and didimus, but
still more and lighter reddish underneath and less sharply barred, also markedly
smaller. The colonr of the upporside is also slightly more bluish. None of our
females is adult ; the one showing a rufous underside with narrow white bars
has still some feathers of the juvenile plumage (white with brown stripes), and has
as yet only a few grey feathers on the upperside, which shows mostly still the
brown juvenile feathers.

W'e have the following specimens oiA.f.poli/cri/ptus :

(? ad., " Sogeri district," 2000-3500 ft., British New Guinea (evidently a
Weiske-skin). Purchased in London (type of subspecies). Wing 230 ram.

(? ad., Nicnra, British New Guinea, 24. vii. 1893. Li.^ coll. "Iris janne
orange, pattes janne orange." Wing 232 mm.

S ad., Kumusi River, British New Guinea, 6. vii. 1907. No. 3293, A. S. Meek
coll. " Iris golden yellow ; bill black and slate ; feet lemon yellow." Wing
(worn) about 230 mm.

? semi-ad. Stephansort, German New Guinea. Miiller coll., 1901 (pur-
chased from Rolle).

¥ juv., German New Guinea. Cotton & Webster coll.

¥ juv., " Sogeri district," 2000-3.500 ft. (evidently a skin made by Emil
Weiske). Purchased in London.

cJ juv., Owgarra, Angabunga River, 17. xi. 1904. No. A, 1865, A. S. Meek coll.

" Iris steel grey ; bill black and slate ; feet dull jjale yellow."

23. Accipiter hiogaster etorques (Salvad.).

[Falco hiof/aster S. Miiller, Vtrh. Xal. Gesch. Nederl. Incl, Land- en Volkmk. p. 110 (1841 —

Amboiua).]
Urospizias etorques Salvadori, Ann. Mas. Civ. Geit. vii. p. 901 (1875— New Guiaea and Salwatti).
Cf. Nov. Zool. xii. p. 251 ; xxi. pp. 72, 73.

(? ¥ ad., (? ¥ jnv., Waigiu, November and December 1902. John Waterstradt
coll.

? ad., Mafor, March 1897. W. Doherty coll.

54 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XSII. 1915.

? juv., " Arfak." Pnrchased from Boncard.

2 <SS ad., Takar, Dutch New Guinea, October and November 1896.
W. Doherty coll.

c? ad., Nicnra, British New Guinea, August 1893. Lix coll. (This specimen
has an nnnsnally great amount of grey on the throat and chest.)

?ad., Baw Boi, interior of British New Guinea, 6000 ft., August 1902.
A. C. Pratt coll.

¥ ad., Moroka, British New Guinea, 3000-6000 ft. A. S. Anthony coll.

(S ad.. Chads Bay, British New Gniuea. No. 2666, A. 8. Meek coll.

2 ? ? ad., Kumusi River, British New Guinea, 28. v., 16. viii. 1007. Nos. 3050,
3419. A. S. Meek coll.

2 (Jc? ad., 4 ? ? ad., 1 cf .juv., St. Aignan, Loaisiade Islands, August 1897.
A. S. Meek coll.

(This series shows how variable the underside of this bird can be ; while the
cross-barring is generally obsolete, or even absent, it is sometimes well developed,
and the cinnamon-rufous ground-colour varies also in shade.)

c? juv., Sudest Island, Louisiade Group, 26. iii. 1898. A. S. Meek coll.

c? ? ad., 2 ? juv., Fergnsson Island, June and October. A. S. Meek coll.

<?ad., Goodeuongh Island, 15. x. 1896. A. S. Meek coll. (This bird is very
pale underneath.)

S ? ad., Kiriwina Islands, S.E. of New Guinea, 4., 6. vii. 1895. A. S. Meek
coll.

2 ? ? ad., Trobriand Islands, S.E. of New Guinea, May and June 1895.
A. S. Meek coll.

2 ? ad., Woodlark Island, April and August. A. S. Meek coll. (These two
females are rather dark underneath, but they are approached by others from
other localities.)

Two specimens from British New Guinea, one shot by Mr. Meek at Milne Bay,
south-eastern British New Guinea, in February 1899, the other bought in London,
apparently skinned by E. Weiske, but said to come from the low country near Port
Moresby, have a peculiarly creamy underside with brown markings and rufous
thighs ; they are probably specimens of A. h. etorques in an intermediate plumage.

A female from Stephansort in German New Guinea, collected by a Mr. Bliiller,
is nnderneath rather more l)rownish and barred with well-defined narrow whitish
bars, much more distinct than usual ; the upperside is brownish, showing that this
bird is not fully adult ; it is apparently also A. h. etorques.

The skin of a bird shot by Heinrich Kiihn on Wokan, Aru Islands, 2. x. 1900,
belongs perhaps to a different subspecies ; the underside is paler ;iud not so reddish
as in our A. h. etovqm», and strongly barred with whitish. The upperside is rather
brownish, the tail somewhat widely barred. This specimen has the dimensions of
adult females of A. h. etorques, with a very strong beak, but it is sexed " c? " ;
should it really be a male, it would be a considerably larger bird than A. h. etor-jues,
but it may be wrongly " sexed." More material from the Aru Islands should be
examined.

24. Accipiter hiogaster dampieri (Gurn.).

Urosphias dampieri Gurney, Ibis, 1882. p. 45.S (New Britain).

? ad., Blanche Bay, New Britain, 30. V. 1901. Mencke Exhibition. (Exchanged
from the Berlin Museum.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 55

? ad., ? juv., Massawa, New Britain, October 1905. C. Wahues coll.
i fere adult, ? jnv., New Ireland. Collected by a missionarj-.
? (au siibsp. nov.) ? meJ., c^jiiv., New Hanover, 20. ii. 1897. Ca)'ley Web-
ster coll.

For specimens from Manns, Admiralty Islands, see Nov. Zool. x.^i. p. 288.

25. Accipiter hiogaster rooki Eothsch. k Hart.

Accipiter hiogaster rooki Rothschild aad Hartert, Xur. Znol, 1914. p. 288 (Rook Island).

2 cJc? ad, Rook Island, 24. vii., 2. viii. 1913. A. S. Meek coll. Nos. 5812,
6893.

26. Accipiter melanochlamys melanocMamys (Salvad.).

Urospizias vulanochlamijs Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 905 (1870 — Arfak).

(? ad., Arfak, New Guinea, .June 1S83. E museo H. Guiilemard ; boaght from
Brnijn's hunters in Arfak.

27. Accipiter melanochamys schistacinus Rothsch. & Hart.).

Astur melanochlamys schistacinu.-! Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool. xx. 1913. p. 482.

c? ad., Mt. Goliath, 2. ii. 1911. No. 5278, A. S. Meek coll. (type).

? ad., Owgarra, Angabnnga River, 13. xi. 1904. No. A 1842, A. S. Meek
coll.

Tliis female shows faint traces of bars on some of the feathers in the middle of
the abdomen.

28. Accipiter cirrhocephalus papuanus (Rothsch. & Hart.).

Astur cirrhocephalus papuannn Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool. xx. 1913. p. 482.

? ad,, foot-range of Snow Mountains, 3000 ft., 23. x. 1910. No. 4883, A. S.
Meek coll. (type).

c? ad., Avera, Aroa River, 31. iii. 1903. No. A 168, A. kS. Meek coll.

c? ad., Milne Bay, 14. ii. 1899. No. 2317, A. S. Meek coll.

S ad., Mt. Victoria, British New Guinea, A. S. Anthony coll.

? ad., Sattelberg, German New Guinea, 1. xii. Wahnes coll.

? jnv., N.W. New Guinea. W. Dohcrty coll.

¥ juv., Sariba Island, British New Guinea, 17. iv. 191U. A. S. Meek coll.

(? jnv., Aicora River, 21. ix. 1905. No. 9, A. S. Meek coll.

? juv., Rossel Island, 4. iii. 1898. No. 1537, A. S. Meek coll.

XXXIII.
FLOCEIDAE.

1. Lonchura monticola (De Vis).

ytunia monticola De Vis, Ibis. 1897. p. 387 (Mount Scratchley, 12,200 ft,).

1 ad., Mt. Scratchley. A. S. Anthony coll.

4 (? ? ad., Mt. Knutsford, 11,000 ft., August 1898. A. S. Anthony coll. •' Eye
dark brown ; bill bright blue ; feet black."

The sexes are alike. Wings, 61-64 mm. This rare Mania is evidently an
inhabitant of very high elevations. De Vis described it well enough, but we cannot
agree to his statement that it " approaches M. nigriceps^' with which it has nothing

56 NOVITATBS ZOOLOQICAB XXII. 1915.

to do. It is a much larger bird and has a softer plnmage ; the sides can hardly be
called " barred " with black, bnt with black rather longitndinal markings than
cross-bars.

In Sh&rpe's Handlist this species has been leftont.

2. Lonchura castaneothorax nigriceps (Rams.).

[Amatllna casUineoihorax Gould, St/nops. B. Austral, pt. ii. pi. 21. and text, 1837 — " Australia."]
DoiiamUi nigriceps Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Snc. N. S. Wales i. p. 393 (1876 — near Port Moresby, New
Guinea).

(We have come to the conclusion that " M. nigriceps " and " M. sharpei" are
best treated as subspecies of castaneothorax. The differences in colonr are not
very essential, bnt generally the crown is strikingly different. While the feathers
of the crown in castaneothorax are brown with wide brownish grey edges, they are
brownish black with narrower and smaller brownish grey tips in nigriceps, still
paler brown than those of castaneothorax, and with pale brownish grey borders all
round in sharpei, where they are often so wide that the crown appears to be
whitish grey altogether. The colonr of the rump and upper tail-coverts varies ;
although it is, as a rule, very diiferent in the three forms, one can, sometimes, hardly
find any difference.)

(The name Lonchura for this genus had been rejected on account of a prior
Lonchurus, and Munia was generally accepted instead. Modern nomenclators will
use Lonchura again, as has been done by Mathews, who separated also three new
subspecies in various parts of Australia, which we cannot discuss for want of
material, and without knowing on what material they were based, as the author
does not enlighten us on that point.)

We have of Lonckm-a castaneothorax nigriceps the following specimens :

3 ad., inland of Holnicote Bay, British New Guinea, llohu coll.

6 ad., without exact locality, British New Guinea. Purchased in London.

cJ ad., Milne Bay, 24. x. 1898. No. 2105, A. S. Meek coll.

3 c?d', 2 ? ? ad., Aroa River, January and February 1905. Nos. B 193, 194, 212,
213, 214, A. S. Meek coll.

4 <?(? ad., 2 ? ? ad., 1 jnv., Kumusi River, British New Guinea, July and
August 1907. Nos. 3337, 3350, 3371, 3386, 3445, 3446, 3447, A. S. Meek coll.

3. Lonchura castaneothorax sharpii (Mad.).

Doiiacicola sharpii JIadardsz, Bull. B.O. Club, iii. p. xlvii. (1894 — " Finisterre" Mountains, German
New Guinea) ; Aquila i. pi. i.

? ad., Astralobe Bay, German New Guinea. Kunzmann coll. (exchanged from
Berlin Museum).

(S ? ad,, Stephansort and Friedrich-Wilhelms-Hafen, October and December
1898. E. Nyman coll.

5 c?(?, 5 ? ?, Vulcan Island. See antea, p. 45.

4. Lonchura caniceps caniceps (Salvad.)

Munia caniceps Salvador!, Ann. .Mus. Civ. Gen. ix. p. 38 (1876— Naiabui, Hall Bay, S.E. New
Guinea).

1 "<J" 4 " ? " ad., Yule Island, September 1904. A. S. Meek coll.
1 c? ad., Aroa River, 11. ii. 1905. No. B 218, A. S. Meek coll.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXll, 1913. 57

?1 c? juv., Aroa River, 29. i. 1903. (No. A 149, A. S. Meek coll.) Feathers
of crown brown with pale brownish grey edges ; back rnfous brown ; upper tail-
coverts not brownish orange, as iu the adult birds, but with straw-colour ; underside
buff, more greyish and with glossy ashy silvery margins to the feathers on throat
and breast. The abdomen shows brownish black feathers coming, and we therefore
believe that this bird is a young L. caniceps.

? 9 (? ? , apparently mostly young, like the young male just mentioned, Owgarra,
on the Angabunga River, January and February 1905. A. S. Meek coll

Some of these birds are quite young, being cinnamon brown above and below,
lighter underneath, darkest on back.

We are not sure if these birds really are L. caniceps or another (unnamed)
species. There is, among the adult birds from Yule Island, a male with just one
feather on the back of the same colour as in those from Owgarra.

5. Lonchura caniceps kumusii (Hart.).

Munia caniceps kumusii Hartert, Bull. B. 0. Club xxvii. p. 47 (Uill — Kumusi River).

7 c?d" 4 ? ? ad., Kumusi River, June and July 1907. Nos. 3077, 3078, 3079,
3108, 3109, 3342, 3343, 3344, 3345, 3346, 3372, A. S. Meek coll.
" Iris brown ; feet slate : bill black."

6. Lonchura caniceps (?) subsp. nov.

1 ad., inland of Holnicote Bay. Rohu coll.

This bird is much paler underneath than even the palest kumusii, having sides
of head and throat creamy whitish grey, rest of under surface greyish brown, more
brownish towards the vent. It is probably another race of L. caniceps, but it would
be hazardous to name it from one single specimen without a very definite locality
and elevation where found.

7. Lonchura spectabilis (Scl.).

Donacicola spectabilis Solater, Proc. Zonl. Soc. London 1879. p. 449. pi. xxxvii (New Britain,
Brown coll.).

2 (?(? ad., 1 juv. (first plumage) Ralum, New Britain, January 1894 (Cayley
Webster coll.) (From spirits.)

t? juv.. New Britain, 13. v. 1880, Kleinschmidt coll. (From spirits.)
About a series of young birds see Xod. Zool. xxi. 1914, p. 217.

8. Lonchura melaena (Scl.).

Munia melaena Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1880. p. 66. pi. vii. 2 (Kabakadai, on the coast of
New Britain).

7 adult birds, Ralum, New Britain, 7. i. 1894. Cayley Webster coll. (From
spirits.)

9. Lonchura nigerrima (Rothsch. & Hart.).

Munia iiir/errinta Rothschild and Hartert, Orii. Monatsber. vii. p. 139 (1899— New Hanover).
1 (S ad., 1 juv., New Hanover, 1897. Cayley Webster coll.

58 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

hi Lonchura grandis (Sharpe).

Miiiiia graii'lis Sharpe, Jimrn. Liun. Snr. London, Zonl. xvi. p. 819 (1882 — Taburi in the Astrolabe
Mountains, collected by Goldie).

1 ad., " Port Moresby." Purchased from dealer.

(?? ad., Milne Bay, British New Guinea, 24. x. 1898, 17.1.1899. Nos. 2101,
2184, A. S. Meek coll.

5 c?? ad., Knmiisi River, in the northernmost part of north-eastern British
New Guinea, July and August 1907. Nos. 3298, 3<;99, 33u3, 3309, 3311, 3421,
A. S. Meek coll.

" Iris dark brown ; bill and feet slaty blue." Sexes alike.

1 ? fere ad. (some buff feathers on abdomen, brown ones on head and throat),
27. V. 1907. No. 303(5, A. S. Meek coll.

? ad., Stephausort,.13. i. 1899. E. Nyman coll. (?an snbsp. nov.) The edges
to the central tail-feathers are lighter and more yellow, the back is perhaps a little
more brown than in the specimens from British New Guinea. " Iris red."

11. Lonchura tristissima (Wall.).

Mnnia tristissima Wallace, Pros. Zool. Sos. Lonilmi, 1865. p 479 (X.W. Peninsula of New Guinea) ;
Rothsch. & Hart., Nov. Zool. 1913. p. 520.

cJ ?, Dorey, June 1897. W. Doherty coll. "Iris deep brown ; bill pale blue
or pale purplish blue ; feet blue-grey."

Ad. " Mt. Maori" near Humboldt Bay, January 1899. J. M. Dnmas coll.

7 (? ?, Upper Setekwa River ; of. JVoi;. Zool. 1913 p. 520.

5 c?? ad., Kumusi River, uorth-eastern British New Guinea, June to August
1907. Nos. 3202, 3338, 3339, 3359, 3385, A. S. Meek coll.

12. Oreostruthus faliginosus (de Vis).

OreosphafuUginosa De Tis, //-;,< 1897. p. 389 (Mt. Scratcbley, 12,200 ft.).

Oreostruthus fulifjinosiis: De Via, Rejiort on Nfio Guinea for 1897, Appendix AA, p. 88 (1898 —

Mt. Scratchiey at 12,200, Wharton Range at 11,100 ft.).
Oreostruthus fuHginosus Rothschild, Nor. Zool. 1899. p. 218. pi. ii. fig. 2.

2 (?(? ad., 1 S med., 1 c? juv., 1 ? ad., Mt. Knutsford, 11,000 ft., 20., 21. viii.
1898. A. S. Anthony coll.

1 c? jnv., 2 ? ?,Mt. Winter-height, 24., 20. viii. lS98. A. S. Anthony coll.
" Iris rufous ; bill red ; feet brown."

The copious and soft plumage of this mountain species is very characteristic.

13. Erythrura trichroa papuana Rothsch. & Hart.

Erijthrura trichroa papunna Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool. vii. 1900. p. 7 (Arfak Mts.).

1 (c? ad.) "Arfak Mts." Purchased from Gerrard in London.

14. Erythrura trichroa goodfellowi Grant.

Erythrura trichroa goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. B. 0. Chih xxix. p. 29 (1911— Moroka Moun-
tains, British New Guinea) ; Rothschild & Hartert, anteii, p. 45.

2 ad., 2 juv. Aroa River, 4000 and 5000 ft., August 1899. Emil Weiske coll.
2 (?<?, 1 ?, Mts. Kotoi district, British New Guinea. A. S. Anthony coll.

? ad., A vera, Aroa River, 26. i. 1903. No. A 106, A. >S. Meek coll.
<? ad., head of Aroa River, 6. v. 1905. No. A 17»2, A. -S. Meek coll.

KOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXII. 1915. 59

(? ad. Bihagi, head of Mambare River, 5. ii. 1906. No. A 234(3, A. S. Meek coll.
2 cJcJ, 4 ? ?, Owgarra, Augabaiiga River, Jauaary 1905. Xo. A 196S, 2u02,
2006, 2007, 2019, 20.36, A. S. Meek coll.

XXXIV.
TURDI

1. Turdus papuensis (tSeeb.).

Geocichla peqmensis Seebohm, Cut. B. Brit. .!/«.<. v. p. 158, pi. ix (1881 — S.E. New Guinea :
type, collected by A. Goldie, in the British Museum).

2 (?(?, 1 ¥ ad., Aroa River, 3500 and 4000 ft., August, 1890. Emil Weiske
coll. Wings 117'5-120 mm.

? ad., Snow Mountains, lower slopes, at 3000 ft., 18. x. 1910. No. 4849,
A. S. Meek coll. : of. ^^oe. Zool. 1913, p. 3u5. Wing 112 mm.

1 ad. (probably ?) with nest and fragments of eggs, Sattelberg, 11. viii. 1011.
Kaysser coll. Wing 112 mm.

As the two birds collected by Meek and Kaysser are so much smaller than
those from the Aroa River, the latter are probably all three males, unless there are
two subspecies.

S , Ohoiseul, Solomon Islands : of. Nov. Zool. 1905, p. 265. Wing 114'5 mm.

2. Turdus melanarius (Mad.).

Memla 2'('i"'^"^'-^ ^^ ^i^i Report on Brit. New Guinea for 1899, App. "Birds,'' p. 112 (4 of

separata) (1890 — Mount Victoria).
Mernla melanaria Madardsz, Orn. Monataher. 1900, p. 23 (Astrolabe Mountains).

(The na,me pripuensis cannot be used if the genera Turdus, Merida and Geocichla are united.)

3 ad., 1 jun., Mt. Scratchley, British New Guinea, 1897. A. S. Anthony coll.

2 ad., ait. Knutsford, ll,iJ00 ft., 18. viii. 1898. A. S. Anthony coll.

2 ad., 1 fere ad., 2 juv., Owen Stanley Mts., " 3000-5000 ft." 1897 (probably
higher). Native coll.

" c? ? ," Mt. Bnsu, 2600 m., inland of Huon Gulf, 23. .k. 1912. C. Kaysser coll.

The two birds from Mt. Bnsu appear to be smaller (wings 120 and 121 '0 mm.)
than those from British New Guinea, which have the wings 126-133 mm. If more
material corroborates this difference, the form from the north must get a new
name, as subsi:)ecies of T. melanarius.

XXXV.
BTTCEBOTES

1. Rhyticeros plicatus ruficollis (Vieill.).

[Buceros plicatus Pennant, S[jec. Faun. Iiid. p. 4G. (1781 — Ceram and New Guinea ; patr. restr.

Ceram).]*
Buceros ruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. iv. p. 600 (181G — Waigiu).

(? ad., Waigiu. Bought from H. Whiteley.

c? ? ad., Momos, Waigiu, 24., 25. x. 1883. Guillemard coll.

* Cf. Stresemann, Nor. Zool. xxi. 1914, pp. 99-100. The author says that his series was lost during
transit. Fortunately they have now turned up ; how many there actually were, we cannot at this moment
ascertain, but we have received 1 tj ad., Manusela, 1.'5. vi. 1911, 1 ^ juv., Manusela, 15. vi., $ ad., >^epa,
3. v. 1911, ? ari., M.akariki, 1. v. 1911. The dark chestnut head and neck o£ the male easily distinguishes
this race from R. p. ruficollis.

CO NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

S, Misol, 27. i. 1900. H. Kuliii coll. " Iris golden brown."

?i nearly ad. cJ, 7 jnv. and ? from Dutch New Guinea, bnt without definite
localities. E.\ Brnijn coll.

c? ad., Dorey, .Tnue 1874. Specimen c/ iu Salvadori's list in Or/i. Pap.

S ? ad., Ron, June 1897. W. Doherty coll.

S ad., c? jnn., Kapaur, December and February. W. Doherty coll.

?,Takar, October 1896. VV. Doherty coll. (tj iris red or orange; ? brown
with yellow outer ring.)

S ad., .Job!. Ex Brniju coll.

1 (J, 2 ? ?, Stephansort, 1899. E. Nyman coll. (? iris yellow).
? , Constantiuhafen. Knbary coll.

2 ? ?, Nicnra, (September 1803. Li.\ coll.

(? ? ad., Oriori district, Owen Stanley Mts. A. S. Anthony coll.

S ad., Fergusson Island, 3. ,\. 1894. A. S. Meek coll.

2 (? (J ad., I ? ad., 1 ? juv. New Ireland. Collected by a missionary.

Adihtions to yoc. Zool. l'Ji.13, ji. 99.
CoUuricincla brunnea tachycrypta subsp. nov.

The specimens of which we said that we conld not see any relial)ii' dilference
between them and Australian ones, differ from the latter by being smaller, l]y the
bill being slightly slenderer, and by the white of the lores extending in a narrow
line over the eyes and in a short streak or spot, more or less indicated, behind
the eye ; the chest is also darker, thus throwing up the whitish throat in distinct
contrast. Wings 121-127 mm.

Type : c? ad., Milne Bay, 19. iv. 1890. No. 2484, A. S. Meek coll.

Before Pinarolestes megarkyncka should be inserted :
Pinarolestes obscurus (Meyer).

Bectes ohscura A. E. Meyer, Sitzmigshcr. R. Al-ad. Wiss. Wien, Ixix. p. 390 (1874 — Jobi).

1 ad., Ex Brnijn coll. Probably from Jobi.

2 c? cJ ad., 1 ? Ansus, .Jobi, April 1897. W. Doherty coll. " Iris crimson-
brown."

c? ad., Tana Mera, October 1896. W. Doherty coll. " Iris rich chestnut ; bill
black ; feet blackish."

? ad., Takar, November 1896. W. Doherty coll. "Feet grey-blue; bill
blackish."

1, Ambernoh River. J. Dumas coll.

In the females the bill appears to be blackisli or slate, not really black.

N0VITATB3 ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 61

IN ALGERIA, 1914

A JOURNEY TO THE M'ZAB COUNTRY AND OVER THE CENTRAL

HIGH PLATEAUS.

By ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.

(Plates L, 11.)

I. NARRATIVE.

IN the mouth of March 1914 Mr. Rothschild and I set out for our sixth visit to
study the fauna of Algeria and the desert beyond. After a month's stay at dear
old Biskra, spent not unprofitably in collecting certain eggs, birds and Jepidoiitera,
I left Mr. Rothschild on April 8, wending my way once more southwards into the
eternal silent solitudes of the Sahara. I was again accompanied by our faithful
friend Carl Hilgert, whose name is well known to readers of this journal.

It was no longer necessary to make the long journey to Tuuggourt agaiu on
mules, as tlie railway to that large oasis was almost finished, and the train took us
as far as Djamaa. There we pitched tents, and next morning rode to Ghamra.
We passed the large, shallow salt lake which we had seen before in 1909 and 1912,
and it was full of ducks. There being no cover to approach them, we were unable
to shoot anything, but we distinctly recognised, besides innumerable Fulica atra, a
number of Anas querqmdula, a few Anas crecca, and hundreds of Sheld-dncks,
Tadonia ta.dorna.

At Ghamra we slejit, camping in a very picturesque place, near the extended
oasis, and next morning we proceeded to Touggonrt. It was Friday and market-
day, and a crowd of people in the town. We said good raorniug to Monsieur
Henry Chazelles, now in charge of the hotel, and saw one Sliman, the headman
of the camel-drivers who went with us to In-Salah, and who was eager to travel
with us once more. We then continued our march through the large oasis of
Temacin and Zaouia-Tamellath to Bledet-Ahmar. Thinking we knew the way,
we separated from the caravan and guide, but we both went wrong I I got
so deep into the Chott that it was impossible to proceed, and had to turn back,
nnneeessarily losing much time, while Hilgert found a safe, though very slippery
way through the swam23s, and reached the place where we had eamjjed in 1912;
but alas, there was no living soul — the houses were deserted, some beginning to
crumble to pieces. On account of the unhealthiness of the place Bledet-Ahmar had
been moved about 5 kilometres farther eastwards.

On April 11 we rode to the Hassi-Dinar, through low, rolling sand-hills,
generally with a good deal of vegetation. We passed a well with water of a
pleasant taste, though a rotten dead Jerboa floated in it — discovered after we
had indulged in the cooling draught. The walls of the well probably served the
Desert-sparrow, Fasser simplex saharae, as a nesting-place, for a pair flew round
it ; but the camels were ahead and we had no ropes, or other means at hand, to make
sure. The water in the well of Dinar is very brackish and supposed to be
unhealthy, though it might serve in the place of the famous " Hunyadi Janes "
water. Si/lcia nana deserti was seen occasionally, and we admired the tall

62 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. I!)15.

bnshes of Limoniastrum guyonianum. The next morniug was one of those
refreshing, thongh perfect])- dry aud qniet mornings one has in the .Sahara in
the winter, np to the beginning of May. The thermometer, at half-past five
in the morning, showed only 6°C. On the 12th we reached El-Alia, a promising
place, belonging to a wealthy marabu. Riding at the head of onr caravan,
we lost sight of it in a more or less slippery feebcha. We could distinctly see
the jialms of El-Alia in the distance, as they were visible between some rich
yellow sand-dunes. We therefore troubled little about the way, aud reached the
place safely enough, but we crossed the dunes where they were widest, instead of
where the belt was narrow, as we had done in 1912. Thus the crossing of the high
dunes, where the sand was often so loose that the mules could only get through
with great difficulty, took ns nearly an hour. Here, as elsewhere, one did not
realise the extent of the dunes, which appear as a yellow line on the horizon, until
one is right among them.

At El-Alia the water of some of the wells is beautiful ; the palms grow mostly
in deep holes, as in El-Oued (see A'or. Zool. xviii. p. 461, plates xxii, xxiii.), without
being artificially watered ; and the population — mostly dark-coloured, probably of
Berber origin and not Arab — is very hard-working. One sees little of them ; they
are generally at work, digging out holes, planting trees, or carrying sand out of the
gardens, and seem to have no time to talk and stare at strangers. The marabu
and his son (who had to do the honours of the place until his father returned)
invited us to dinner and tea, and would not fake a refusal. It was difficult to get
away in time to catch a few lepidoptera, and we did not get any larger species.
Here we began again to see the large Nenroptera of the family Myrmeleonides,
among which we had discovered so many new species two years before {Nov. Zool.
XX. p. 446). We saw two pairs of Oenanthe leucopyga aegra, vrfiich we had not
seen here before.

On the 13th we reached the sandy plain of El-Arich, which I described,
JSov. Zool. XX. p. 26, as an El-Dorado for ornithologists. It is no doubt a very
interesting place, but we were this time a little disappointed. The vegetation
appeared to be less rich than two years ago, and hundreds of camels were feeding
on it. We could not come across Caprimulgus aegyptitis at all, Ammomane.f
phoeiiicufus arenicolor was hardly seen near the place where we camped — -we were
unable to find our old camping-ground — Alaemon alaudipes was very rare,
Scotocerca did not interest ns any more, Galerida theklae deichleri, to our amaze-
ment, already had young. We were, however, not disapjiointed with Si/ln'a
nana fleserti. We took four nests with eggs, but one was, unfortunately, too hard
set for blowing; it was, however, some time before we accidentally, close to the
camp, came across the first nest. Formerly we had found them in bushes of
Traganum, Calligonum, and Ephedra. Onr search among these was this time in
vain, probably because these plants had suffered from drought and camels, and all
nests seemed to stand in the thick bunches of " Drin," Aristida pungens, a grass
characteristic of the desert sand. Unfortunately the weather was dull — no sun,
and windy ; it had been our intention to stay two days in the plain of El-Arich,
but having succeeded in finding the eggs of the Si/kia, and the weather being bad
for insects, we went on to the desolate hammada, in which is situated the well
Hassi-Sidi-Mahmud, with very brackish water. Of the rare and beautiful lizard
Agama tournevillei, on account of the absence of sun, only a single specimen
was seen.

JCOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 63

The chief object of this expedition was to collect eggs of some of the rarer
species of desert-birds, especially oi Ammomanes phoenicunis arenicolor, Eremophila
{Otoconjs) and others. It was therefore most discouraging when, soon after
El-Alia, we saw the young of the Ammomanes rnnning about ; but our spirits were
not long after revived by the finding of a clutch of fresh eggs 1 Another was
taken near the well of Sidi-Mahmud.

On April 15 we came to Guerrara, where tents were pitched outside the town,
near the tents of numerous Nomads. We were most kindly welcomed by the former
Khalifa,* Bassaid-ben-Hadj-Daoud, who invited us for dinner. We first had tea
with the post-master, and also met the Kaid Kaci, who was absent when we came
to Guerrara in 1912. We found him a pleasant gentleman, sixty years old, and
Kaid of Guerrara for the last forty years. At dinner we also met again Mohamed-
ben-Ahmed, the educated and well-informed teacher. We spent the evening very
pleasantly with these tactful Beni-Mzab, and next morning bade adieu to the
picturesquely situated town of Guerrara, which we are not likely to behold again.
After a long march we arrived at our destination, the bordj (rest-house) of Hassi-
Kebib, in the valley of the Oued Nca, which looked wonderful, filled as it was
with luxurious green, winding its course through the dusty brown hammada
(PL I.). Wide portions were covered with excellent fresh grass, and our mules
had a regular feast on it.

We now spent sixteen days at this place, devoting ourselves chiefly to the
collecting of eggs. We succeeded in getting beautiful series of identified eggs of
Ammomanes phoenicurus arenicolor, Ammomanes deserti algeriensis, Eremophila
alpestris bilopha, Galandrella hraohijdactyla rabiginosa, Corvus corax ruficollis,
Falco biarmicas erlangeri, Caccabis petrosa spatzi, and a few others, but we were
most unlucky with the eggs of the Orested Larks. In 1912 we only met with
Galerida t/ie/dae carolinae in this neighbourhood, and the same happened now
during the first days. Somehow, in contradiction to our unexpected luck with
the eggs of the other Alaudidae, we did not come across a nest with eggs of
a Crested Lark, but we had several brought in by boys, which were taken some
distance away. I was satisfied that they could only be the eggs of G. t. carolinae,
but soon after we found, to our dismay, that Galerida cristata macrorhijncha was
also quite common in the same district ! Therefore the eggs were useless, as the
Arabs do not distinguish the two species. Well-identified series of eggs of the
various forms of Crested Larks inhabiting the Sahara are still our desiderata.
Those in the British Museum are almost all worthless, as most of them were not
identified by the collector, and they cannot be named by localities alone, because
almost everywhere two species occur or may occur side by side. Probably the
eggs of each are most variable, and those of the two species indistinguishable
in most cases, but more definite information is wanted.

The time spent at the Hassi-Rebib was very pleasant and very fall of work,
though the small room which we occupied was hardly large enough for two men
to work, write, and sleep in (PI. I.). Moreover the weather was not favourable,
as we had no sun for more than half the time, and more or less heavy gales, filling
the air with brown dust and sand, and once we even had a short shower of
cold rain.

The river-bed was full of birds, nesting and on passage, but of residents nothing

* Khalifa means representative, substitute. In the Mzabite towns the Khalifa, who is elected by
the council for a few years, is the representative of the Kaid, when the latter is absent.

64 NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

but what was alread}* known or to be expected was found. The most interesting
mammal we obtained was a beantifnl old Wild Cat, Felis libijca margaritae Loche ;
it is of special valne because nearh" from the typical localit)'. Hares were not as
plentiful as in 1912 ; they were still mostly np in the hammada, coming to the
river-bed a month later, when the vegetation on the plateaus dries up. Small
mammals are scarce, probably on account of the periodical though apparently rare
floods. The valley was very beautiful (PI. II.). The Zizyphus bushes and huge
old Terebinth trees were green, many small plants covered the banks in places,
and a fair-sized bush, sometimes five or six and even seven feet high, was covered
with golden-yellow flowers with a mild, sweet smell. This bush is closely allied
to Retama raetam, and is Boelia sj^haerocarpa Webb ; it so much resembles the
Rctam that it is, apparently, often mistaken for it when not in flower, by non-
botanists. I have only seen it in the valley of the Oned Nra and at Arefidji, between
Touggourt and Onargla, but a twig from Arefidji was lost, so that it remained
unmentioned in the list of my plants of 1912.

The Arabs call the Boelia " Bachlul." The " Harmal," Peganum havmala L.,
was also in full flower, its smell being rather unpleasant.

The catch of moths was below our expectations, doubtless chiefly because it was
mostly too windy ; and hardly more than three nights were really good ones, being
quiet, fairly dark, and not too cold. Of butterflies only Pi/rameis cardtii was very
numerous ; they were partially worn, bnt many were just being hatched, and these
generally rather small. On some days thousands were seen. On the Zizyphus-
bnshes the " Blue " Tarucm teophrasttis was not rare, and twice a Swallow-tail was
seen.

Of Mi'litaeii dithpna harterti Rothsch. caterpillars were observed, but no butter-
flies were flying yet. Of other insects some nice things were caught, but less than
I had hoped for in a place so full of vegetation. One night we had an unpleasant
surprise : a perfect invasion of a richly coloured winged Earwig, Forficula lucasi
Dohrn. While attending the lamp we were already troubled by them, and when
we came home to the " bordj " our faithful Sliman said we would have no sleep,
for masses of little beasts with pincers filled the room. This was perfectly true :
our beds were full of them, they crept over and entered — or tried to enter — every-
thing, doing some damage to a few lepidoptera in papers, settling on our faces,
iustifyiug their name by creeping into nose and ear, and generally being a bother.

On the last of April we left the Oned Nf a and passed the night about 2G to 27
kilometres westwards on the hammada, apparently close to where we camped two
years before. The night was one of the grandest seen in Africa, though very far
from comfortable. The northern sky was absolutely blue-black, for hours continually
lit up by lightnings, often as many as four flashes at once, the thunder rolling incess-
antly, the sun setting and colouring the horizon to the west and south with blood-
red shades. While rain fell in masses in the north, we escaped — though I actually
felt three drops on my face — but the gale was strong and we were covered with
sand and brown dust.

The next morning we continued our march to Ghardaia, which we reached in
time for luncheon. The hotel was newly whitewashed and painted, and the laborious
hostess did all she could for ns, the husband spending his time in looking pleased,
serving out drinks, making np accounts — and last but not least enjoying his meals
and claret. The food was excellent ; all our old acquaintances were pleased to see us

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXtl. 191?. 66

The Eiwhloc were over, not a siiiirle one bein^i: seen, bnt Ti't-ucolus nouna was
common, and on tlie last day Melituea didi/ma liarterti appeared — possibly they
were there before, bnt not seen, because there had been hardly any sun. A few
Swallow-tails were canght, and Tarucu» teophrastus was very numerous aronnd some
large Zizijpkus bushes.

In the gardens only Lanius, Crateropus, Emheriza striolata sahari (nesting in
houses), and Sparrows (all grey-headed I) were observed ; once some Ravens and now
and then a Neophron were noticed flying overhead. The surrounding hammada is
rather poor in birds, vegetation being less luxurious than near the Oued N(;a.

On May 5 we motored to Laghouat, finding a convenient occasion. In the
terebinth trees of Tilrhempt Sturnus unicoloi- was feeding its young, Corvus corax
ruficollis (= umb/inus) wasdistinctly seen, and.the pretty little Scops-owl called m
the middle of the day.

In Laghouat we had to spend a few days. Again, as before, I was struck with
the height of the palm-trees, which surpassed those seen in Biskra and elsewhere.
What is said to bathe highest palm in Algeria, since the one in Sidi-Okba has been
blown down, stands in a garden close to the hotel.

Of birds evidently nesting in the gardens we observed, besides grey-headed
sparrows:

Chloris cliloris (mrantiiventris, feeding young ; only seen in the gardens in the
town, not farther out in the oasis ; probably recently attracted by the pine-trees in
the public garden.

Carduelis carduelis africcnuis, common.

Partis cueruleus til/ramariniis, not rare ; feeding young.

Lanius senator senator, a few here and there.

Otus scops scops, here and there.

Emberiza striolata sa/iari, a few observed.

Hirundo rustica and urbica, both species common, but apparently few nesting ;
some Martins at the hotel.

There are apparently no Turtle-doves, neither Streptopelia turtur nor
senegalensis nesting in Laghouat. Migratory birds were still fairly numerous.

From Laghouat we jiroceeded by automobile-omnibus to Djelfa. Our object
was to rediscover the " Garrulus minor " of Verreaux. So far nothing was known
of it but the description and figure. I had united with it the '^Garrulus oenops^^
of Whitaker, from the Great Atlas of Marocco, but it was desirable to compare
a series from the typical locality. There are forests with fairly large oaks not
very far from Djelfa, but they are not near enough to be conveniently reached.
Moreover it was windy and cold, and Jays are not easily obtained during the breeding
season ; so it happened that we only shot two specimens, but we also got a
clutch of eggs. ^Ve were fortunate to make the acquaintance of Mr. Saby, the
" garde general des forets " for the district, who is greatly interested in natural
history, and our thanks are due to him for kind help and pleasant hours.

From Djelfa we proceeded to Am-Onssera, where we collected Galerida
cristata randoni, the type of which was shot there half a century ago, and at last
we were right in the region of Cltersophilus jluponti, which we had e.xpected (cf.
Nov. Zool. xviii. p. 465).

From Ain-Oussera we continued our journey northwards to Boghari, thence by
train to Alger, and on May 17 we joined Mr. llothschild again at the beautiful,
idyllic Hammam Meskoutine, where we collected for nearly another fortnight. On

5

C6 ■ UoVlTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXlI. 1915.

the 2Cth we had a hailstorm of pieces of ice generally measuring up to 55 by 40 mm.
Fortunately they did not fall thick at Hammam Meskontine, while one of the
mountain forests consisting of oak bushes and wild olives was quite destroyed, and
the hailstones fell so thick up there that the hillside looked white from the
distance.

Early in June we returned to England, and thus ended our sixth journey to
Algeria — full of more or less pleasant reminiscences, and not without results.

II. NOTES ON SOME OF THE BIRDS AND THEIR NEST8 AND

EGGS.

1. Corvus corax ruficoUis Less.

Cf. Nui'. Zool. XX. p. 37.

This is the only kind of Raven found in the M'zab country. It nests on
terebinth trees in the large oueds and in the dayats between Laghouat and Ghardaia,
and also on rocks. We obtained two clutches, both from terebinth trees, one of
four and one of three eggs, both clutches partially incubated, on April 18 and 20.
The eggs are quite like those of C. corax tingitanus, but smaller, especially less
wide. Our two clutches measure 47 x 30-5, 45-4 x 303, and 43-3 x 29 5 ; 45x29,
44 X 28-6, 42-4 x 28-6, and 39-3 x 28 mm.

A clntch of C. corax tingitanus taken by Hilgert from a rock near Biskra on
April 4 measures 48-5 x 32, 44-9 x 33-1, and 44'2 x 32'7 mm.

In the Oned-N(ja we found also a nest in a terebinth tree with three young
birds. As these Ravens were very shy, and we saw no other way of getting a
pair, I built a sort of hut of branches of Zizyphus and Retam, with a seat of
Harmal, and waited until I had shot both birds, a beautiful pair of this desert
Raven. In order to save the young birds from a cruel death I sent a boy up
to bring them down ; he succeeded only in getting two — which he accepted for
eating with great pleasure — saying the third one could already fly and he was
unable to catch it. Passing the tree again a couple of days after, I was aston-
ished to see two old Ravens circling round, and afterwards disappearing into the
tree which contained the nest. So the improvised hut was again resorted to for
observation, and there remained no doubt that these two old Ravens had come
to feed and take care of the last young bird. I record this fact, as it is abso-
lutely established, and does not happen very frequently, I believe.

These Ravens do not only feed on offal, when animals have been killed for food,
and on carrion, but also to some extent on lizards, as one I shot had in its bill an
Agama inermis, and the same were found in their stomachs.

2. Garrulus glandarius minor Verr.

Garriihis minor Verreaux, Rer. and Mag. Zaal. 1857, p. 430, pi. xiv. (" Algerie ") ; Loche, Cat.
Mamm. et Ois. p. 52(1858 — "Djelfa"). Loche here mentions that he presented the type,
evidently the sole specimen which he had, to the " exposition permanente d'Alger " ; this
exhibition was by no means permanent, but was distributed some years after, and we
do not know where the specimen is now. The skin in the British Museum, which was
described as G. minor by Sharpe in Cat. B. Brit. Mits. iii. p. 9G, is G. glandarius whitakeri
Hart.— See Bull. B. 0. Club xxxiii. p. Ul, June 1914.

A nest was found on May 8, about 12 kilometres from Djelfa. It stood
4 metres hm\\ in a dense oak tree. The nest was rather small, looking from

KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. Bt

below not. larger than a Blackbird's nest ; it was bnilt ontside with dry twigs and
lined with very fine grasses, bnt without any roots whatever. The fonr eggs are
typical Jay's eggs. They are rather pale greenish with distinct spotting. The
eggs of G. g. cervicalis I have been able to compare are distinctly larger, but
probably nuusually small ones could be found to match those of G. g. minor. The
eggs of G. g. glundarias are also larger than those of minor, but exceptionally small
ones occur which are equally small. The four eggs, which are the full clutch,
being slightly incubated, measure: 30-9 x 22-3, 30-4 x 21-5, 29'8 x 21-8, and
301 X 22-2 mm.

3. Pica pica mauritanica Malh.

The African Magpie is not rare in the forests north, west, and north-west
of Djelfa. A number of old nests were found, and one containing young.

4. Sturnus unicolor Temm.

On May 5 we saw " Sardinian starlings " feeding j'oung in the terebinth trees
of Tilrhcmpt, between Ghardaia and Laghouat.

5. Oriolus oriolus oriolus (L.),

While I was somewhat doubtful as to the nesting of the Oriole in Alo-eria,
I have now sufficient jiroof of its breeding (if allowed to by men !) at Ain-
Oassera, in higii tamarisks, in the mountain woods of the Djebel Taya, and
doubtless elsewhere.

0. Loxia curvirostra poliogyna Whit.

Crossbills are common in the pine-woods of the Djebel Senalba, near Djelfa,
but they were in snch badly worn plumage when we were there (May 9) that we
did not make a large collection of them. The specimens we shot are rather pale,
no male was seen with much red, but Mr. Saby told me that bright red ones
were common in autumn. The Djelfa specimens agree well with Tunisian
poliogijna, while those from near Alger town are darker ; as the latter were
obtained much earlier in the year than any we have seen from Tunisia, Batna,
or Djelfa, the darker coloration may be due to the season when they were shot.

7. Erythrospiza githaginea zedlitzi Neum.

Not rare near Hassi-Rebib in the Oued-Nfa, where they used to come to the
wet places near the cistern, where animals had been watered or water spilt. Two
fresh eggs were found on April 25.

8. Petronia petronia barbara Erl.

On May 9 a nest containing seven quite fresh eggs was found on an empty
building on the M'zabite cemetery, close to Djelfa, deep inside a hole.

9. Passer hispaniolensis hispaniolensis (Temm.).

At least during the first week of our stay at Hassi-Kebib, and perhaps all the
time, a flock of over thirty red-headed and female Sparrows flew about in the

68 KoVlTATrS ZOOLOGICAE XXIt. 1915.

river-bed. Tliey were exceedinglj- shy, and we obtained only a single male, which
is a typical hispaniolensis. This is very interesting, because the M'zab country is,
as far as we have been able to observe, entirely inhabited by P. domesticns
tingitanus, more or less pnre ; at Ghardaia and Gnerrara no specimen with qnite
red crown or any stripes on the sides could be procured or observed. It is
evident, however, tliat flocks of .Sparrows immigrate occasionally ; thus, besides
this one at Hassi-llebib, where they did not nest and were not known to the Arabs,
a similar but smaller flock was observed at one of the lonely bordjs between
Tonggourt and El-Oiied, far away from any inhabited jilace, in April I'JOU.

I'l. Rhamphocoi-ys clot-bey Bp.

See Nov. Zuol .xxi, 1914, p. UK), pi. viii.

Near Biskra this magnificent Lark is very rare during the breeding season.
That it breeds there in small numbers is certain. On March 22, 1909, Hilgert
shot a pair two miles from Biskra, the female of which had strongly enlarged
eggs which would have been laid in about eight or ten days. On April 12, 1913,
Count Zedlitz shot a pair about ten or twelve kilometres from Biskra, and in
1912 Messrs. H. M. Wallis and C. E. Pearson found young ones, which had just
left the nest, on April 8, about six miles south of Biskra. This year Mr. Rothschild,
Hilgert and I went over the same spot where Count Zedlitz shot the birds,
and probably also to the place where Messrs. Wallis and Pearson discovered
the young birds, but we did not see or hear anything of the " tarsha," as it is
called by some Arabs (though only the nomads know this name, the townspeople
of Biskra being acquainted with hardly any names of birds).

We failed also to come across the " tarsha " east of Gnerrara, where we
found it in 1912; but west of that town, nearing the Oued-Nra, we saw it, and
it nested in the hammada all round Hassi-Rebib, though by no means in great
numbers.

Clutches of two, three, and four eggs were obtained on April 19, 22, and
23. All were fresh, but the clutches of two eggs were probably not complete.
The date of the young birds found by Messrs. Wallis and Pearson near Biskra
is an exceptionally early one, according to the experience of Professor Koenig and
of ourselves in AVest Algeria in 1913. According to our observations the second
half and end of Ajiril is the best time for finding the eggs.

The nests and eggs agree fully with those found near Ain-Sefra, but the
majority of nests stood under the bushes of Haloxj/lon articidatum, which here
almost entirely replace the Artemisia herba-alba of the Hants Plateaux. The
eggs are generally rather elongate and always much more pointed on the thin
end, only a few being considerably shorter. The markings apjiear either in small
dots, almost uniformly spread over the surface of the eggs, or in larger patches,
less thickly spread, and often forming a zone round the thick end. Sometimes
the reddish spots are darker, more brownish, and the ground-colour is purer white
and more evident. The following are the outside measurements :

Clutch of three, 23. iv. 1914: 29 x 184, 27-9 x 18-7, 25-7 x 188 mm.

Clutch of two, 27. iv. 1914: 28-7 x 19, 28-7 x 18-4 mm.

Clutch of four, 22. iv. 1914: 267 x 16-9, 2(5-.5 x 18-2, 26-2 x 17, 2.')-7 x
17'4 mm.

Clutch of two (third broken), 23. iv. 1914: 23-G x 18-4, 23G x 18-2 mm.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXII. 1915. d9'.

(Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes Desf.

The "Muka" does not breed iu the neighbourhood of the Hassi-Rebib, bnt
a pair or two occnr about halfway between the Oued N(;'a aud Ghardaia.

I must here correct an error in the account of the birds of the Western Sahara.
In Noo. Zool. XX. p. 46 1 described two supposed clutches of A. a. alaudipes.
One was found in the usual way, in a nest on top of a small bush, and the eggs
are typical " Muka " eggs. The other clutch was brought in by one of our men
in the nest; he said the nest had stood on the ground, near a stone, but that
it was nevertheless a " Muka." The nest resembled that found oa the bush, the
eggs also, except that they were much smaller. I remarked at the time (I.e.)
that the position of the nest was an unusual one, and that the eggs were unusually
small I I had then no eggs of Ammomanes phoen. arenicolor to compare, more-
over we had seen plenty o? Alaemon, but after many days the Ammomonanes phoen.
arenicolor only appeared again for the first time in that place — a single pair
being seen. There can now be no doubt whatever that the two small eggs,
measuring 20 x 16 and20'l x 1.5'9 mm., are eggs oi Ammomanea phoen. arenicolor,
and nests of Alaemon alaudipes are always placed on the top of small bushes I
Though we took no eggs in 1914, we saw again empty ndsts and one with young.)

11. "Alauda arvensis harterti Whit."

We have identified the Skylarks breeding near Batna and Lambfese and
those on Djebel Mahmel as Alauda arvensis harterti, because — like the type
of the latter — they differ from the Skylarks wintering in Algeria by a longer
bill aud browner coloration. With those birds from the Aur6s Mountains and
Batua agree those nesting on the Hauts Plateaux, near Ain-Oussera. They are
not rare on the clayey steppe and among the meagre cornfields.

It is desirable to compare a series from the breeding ground in North Tunisia.
Zedlitz's specimens from Lac Fetzara appear to be darker than ours from the
Plateaux and Anres Mountain district, but being very strongly worn comparison
is difficult.

12. Calandrella brachydactyla rubig^inosa Fromh.

Cf. Nin-. Zonl. xxi, I'.HI, p. I'j2.

I have already mentioned, JS''oi). Zool. xx. p. 42, that the country east aud
west of Guerrara is probably the southernmost breeding-place .of Short-toed Larks.

In April 1914 we found it not at all rare near the Oued-Nrja and between
the latter aud Guerrara. We obtained fresh eggs, two and three in a clutch,
on April 22nd, 23rd, 2.5th ; also a full clutch of four- near Ain-Oussera on May 12.
The eggs, as is well known, vary cousiilerably ; some are very elongate, others
shorter aud thicker, one clutch pyriform I They cannot be confounded with the
larger eggs of Ammomanes deserti algeriensis, nor with those of xi. phoen. arenicolor,
but some of the exceptionally small eggs of the Eremophila are sometimes almost
indistinguishable.

{Calandrella minor was not met with, although I was particularly on the
look-out for it. It is a bird of the northernmost Sahara and parts of the Hauts
Plateaux only.)

70 ■ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAB XXII. 1915.

13. Ammomanes deserti algeriensis 8harpe.

The Algerian Desert-lark is not at all rare near the Oned N^a, bat it is neither
found in tlie river-bed nor, as a rnle, on the endless monotonons jilain to the south,
but iohabits chiefly the nudnlated hill-couutry north of the cued, the slopes of
ravines or depressions — in short, those parts where the ground is more broken.

The second half of April is apparently the jjrincipal breeding season, though
it varies, and we found young birds already flying about on April 28, and a hard-set
clutch of eggs was found near Biskra on April 1. Formerly we have also found
fresh ones during the first half of May.

While clutches of four are usually not very rare, we have only seen clutches of
three from the M'zab country this year, but some of theai may not have been
completed.

The eggs of ^4. d. algeriensis are, as a rule, easily distinguishable from all
other eggs found in the Northern Sahara. They are thicker than those of the
Eremophila, and the ground-colour is, as a rule, creamy or with a reddish hue ;
the markings consist in most cases of larger spots and patches of a rufous-brown,
generally somewhat pale, sometimes darker, less frequently reddish. Between
these brownish spots the pale grey or pale violet-grey, deeper-lying spots are
distinctly visible. The markings frequently form a ring or zone round the thick
end. Such "typical" eggs cannot be mistaken for any others found in the same
country, but many varieties occur. The size — as usual in so many eggs — varies
a good deal, and the markings are often quite fine, small spots ; such eggs, if
unusually small, may closely resemble certain varieties of the eggs of Eremophila
(ilpestris bilopha. The ground-colour is occasionally quite white, and such eggs,
if unusually small, would hardly be distinguishable from eggs of Ammomanes
pkocnicurus arenicolor.

The Arab name " Bachliula " is doubtless meant to represent the peculiar
song of the male, which has the same number of syllables and the same
cadence.

14. Ammomanes phoenicurus arenicolor (Sund.).

Kear El-Alia with young flying about on April Vi. The same day, however,
clutches with fresh and about half-way incubated eggs were found, others from fresh
to hard-set from that day onwards to the end of April.

The clutch consists generally of two eggs only, though three are not very rare,
but more than three were not found. The nests stand usually by the side of
a small bush, mostly Haloxtjlon articulatiim, the " remeth " of the Arabs, a
salsolaceons plant which on the stony plains between El-Alia, Guerrara and
Ghardaia generally takes the place of the Artemisia lierba-alba of the Hants
Plateaux, which is not very common here. Sometimes the nest stands almost free,
by the side of a stone, and once it was found on the east side of a large flat stone
placed upright as a sign to indicate the " road." The nests are composed of small
twigs of desert plants and a few grasses, interwoven with plant-wool, sheep's wool,
and pieces of cloth. The nest is surrounded by a rampart of stones, sometimes
quite elaborately, less frequently obsolete or almost wanting. There is no doubt
that these ramparts of stones serve to keep the nest in its place, as a fortification
against the frequent gales of the desert. All nests we saw were placed on the east
or south-east side of the bushes or stones. The birds are quite tame and will come
back to the nest within ten to twenty minutes, if not before, if one waits at some

N0VITATE3 ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1H15. 71

distance and keeps q^niet. The nsnal call is a fine and short whistle, quite
characteristic, and the song is a shrill " e-hiht e-hiht e-hiht," as rendered by
Koenig, or " ve-eet ve-eet ve-eet," uttered while flying in short curves over the
ground.

The eggs are generally very easily distinguished from those of ^. d. alqeriensis,
being smaller and especially not so thick, and having a white ground-colour, often,
if held against the light, even with a faint light greenish hue. The markings are
usually very small, of a dark brown or greyish brown, and the deeper-lying greyish
spots are not very obvious ; the latter are, exceptionally, quite absent, and only
a few small spots of the deepest brown remain. Occasionally the markings are
bolder and of a rufescent brown, and such eggs are hardly distinguishable from
unusually small ones of A. deserti algeriensis.

The following are some measurements of the eggs o^A. phoenicurus arenicolor:
23-2 X 15-5, 23-7 X 15-1, 224 x KrS, 21-5 x 15-5, 22x15-6, 21-6 x 15-4,
21-3 X 15-3, 21-8 X 16-9, 225 x 14-9, 21 x 16, 22" x 14-4, 22-2 x 13-7,
21-7 X 15-7, 20 x 14'4, 19-6 x 14-9, 19-9 x 15, 21-7 x 14-5, 21-7 x 15-2,
22-2 X 15-1, 22 X 14-7, 21-5 x 15-7, 22 x 15-5, 21 x 15-9, 21-9 x 152, 22 x 15-5,
21-6 X 15-4, 21-7 X 15-2, 2M x 15-6, 21-4 x 15-5, 23-5 x 15-3, 20-8 x 15-1,
20-7 X 15-5, 21-8 x 15-5, 2M x 15-6, 21-6 x 14-5, 21 x 15-7, 21-5 x 15-4,
21-4 X 15, 19-5 X 15-5, 19-9 x 14-6, 19-9 x 149, 19-3 x 14-4, 194 x 14-7,
19-6 X 15, 20-4 X 14-9, 20-6 x 14-1, 20 x 147, 19-9 x 14-9, 19-8 x 15-5,
20 X 14-8, 20 X 14-5, 20-8 x 15-5 mm.

Koenig, Jouni. f. Or/i. 1895, pp. 451, 452, describes three clutches which
he found in 1893. His measurements are 19 x 14, 20 x 14, 19 x 15, 19 x 14,
20 X 14, 20 X 14 mm. They give thus a very wrong idea of the average size of
these eggs ; if correctly measured his three clutches had unusually small eggs,
though it Is strange that we, among 100 eggs, should not have come across one as
small as 19 x 14 mm. ; but Koenig mentioned only full millimetres, so that
probably his measures are only approximate, or at least more so than mine. The
parent birds we found by no means shy near their nests.

15. Eremophila alpestris bilopha (Temm.)

This exceedingly pretty little bird is quite common on the stony plateau
where Ammomancs phoenicurus arenicolor and Rhamphocorys are found.

The call-note is a short whistle, but more drawn out and a little deeper than
that of A. ph. arenicolor ; these differences are hard to describe, but once one
has heard them can be well distinguished. The song is a very fine warbling note,
not at all loud, and almost impossible to describe. As a rule the birds are
very tame.

There is no doubt that the second half of April is the chief breeding-time, as
many fresh, little, and hard-set eggs were found from April 19 to 30. The nest
is built like that of A. ph. arenicolor and not distinguishable from the latter.
It stands also under small bushes of Haloxtjlon articulatum, thistles, close to a
Concolmihis supimts (once), or, rarely, by the side of a stone. Koenig found
several nests under Helianthemum sessiliflorum, with a beantifnl golden-yellow
flower, bnt we did not see a nest under that plant, though it is generally common
on the hammada where Eremophila breeds. The nest is generally surrounded
with a rampart of stones on the outside and, as a rule, on the east or south-east

72 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

side of the protecting bush or .stone. The clutches consist of two or three eggs,
hut two are mnch more frequent than three. The eggs are remarkable for their
elongate shape, the thin end being nsnally rather well pointed. The colour is
variable, the ground-colour being cream-colour, greyish white, pale stoue-grey, or
dull pale reddish. The markings are generally fine tips and dots, equally spread
over the surface of the egg, or the egg is clouded all over, thus appearing almost
uniform. Sometimes the brownish markings are larger and the pale violet-grey
deeper-lying spots are obvious between them. The markings sometimes form a
well-marked ring round the thick end. Very rarely a greenish tinge is apparetit in
these eggs. The shell is stronger and thicker than in eggs of Ammomancs, so that
an egg of this Ereviophila will, as a rule, weigh as much as a larger egg of
Ammomanes dese7'ti algeriensis, some varieties of which are not with certainty
distinguishable from heavy-spotted and large eggs of the Eremnphila. The
following are some measurements :

21 X 15-4, 21-4 X 15-4, 21-4 x 15-2, 21-8 x 15-6, 21-5 x 15-1,22-ox 15-2, 21.5
X lo-7, 21-7 X 15-8, 23-2 X 15,24 x 15-1,24 x 16,24- x 15, 22 x 10-1, 23-2 x 15-5,
21-2 X 16-4, 23 X 15, 22 x 15-7, 22 x 15, 228 x IS'O, 22-2 x 15, 22-8 x 14-9, 221
X 15-7, 22 X 15-2, 21-6 x 148, 22-6 x 156, 227 x 15-5 mm. One egg measuns
only 19-7 x 14-8 mm. I should have taken it for an egg of Cnlandrella if it had
not been verified, but I found the nest myself on April 30 on the way from the
Hassi-Rebib to Ghardaia ; both Hilgert and I saw the bird on the nest. The other
egg of the clutch was rather elongated and larger, but it was unfortunately broken
by the Arab who handed it to me, while I was sitting on my mehari. Both eggs
were very hard set, almost hatching.

The eggs of the Ercmophila — though generally quite characteristic — run
sometimes to extremes which are indistinguishable from certain eggs of Ammoinam's
ih\st'rti algei-iensis and Calandrella bracl/i/dncfi/hi nihiiiiiiom, but they are more
finely grained and their shell is thicker— peculiarities which are, however, not easily
detected in dried empty shells.

10. Chersophilus diiponti dupouti (V'ieill.)

In yov. Zool. xvii. p. 4(35 we said that we expected this interesting Lark to
inhabit the Hants Plateaux of Algeria. Our expectation was justified and realised.
On May 10, travelling in a motor-omnibus from Djelfa to Ain-Oussera, the vehicle
stopped for three or four minutes a few kilometres north of Guelt-es-Stel ; there
suddenly a cnrious song like " tssii dida diii " struck my ear, and knowing the
song of every other bird which could be found on a desolate plain like the [ilace
where we stojiped, I knew it could only be that of the coveted Clu'.rsophihis,
a conclusion which was at once confirmed by Hilgert, who was acquainted with
this Lark from Tunisia. I was rather sorry we could not stay at Guelt-es-Stel, but
onr arrangements were made for Ain-Qussera, and so we had to proceed onwards
over the dusty plain to that caravanserai, and the very same afternoon we had
shot two Cliersnpliilus.

The country round Ain-Oussera is a clayey plain with innumerable single
bushes of Artemisia herba-alba, halfa-grass and other plants, and here and there
meagre corn-fields. It had been a dry year here on the plateau, while, on the
other hand, the northern Sahara had been blessed with unusually much rain, so that
the surroundings of Biskra looked greener than I had ever seen them — more so even

KOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 73

than in 1912. Some distance from Ain-Oassera Chersophilas was not qnite rave,
bnt these little brown birds rnn very swiftly over the gronnd, and harmonise so
wonderfully with the soil that they are easily overlooked. They are generally
shier than other larks, and it takes qnite a time to get a series. The song by which
their presence is easily detected is either as described above, or " tsii didla didla
diii," the last note almost like the call-note of Ammomanes plioenicura arenicolor.
A male coming to the nest once uttered a churring " terrrrrrrr." The song is
uttered while the male soars skywards until it is almost lost to sight, often higher
than skylarks.

On Blay 13, at the same time when full-grown young were running about,
a nest with three fresh eggs was found. Though fresh, the clutch was completed,
as we left it undisturbed for twenty-four hours, until the morning of our departure.
The parents were rather shy, and it took a long time before they came back
to the nest.

The nest stood rather deep and well hidden under a bush of Artemisia herba-
alba and consisted almost entirely of rootlets, fibres and twigs, with one small bunch
of hair. Another empty nest stood under a halfa bush, very well hidden, and without
any hairs, feathers, or vegetable wool ; both also qnite without a rampart of stones.
The eggs resemble some varieties of the Skylark ; their ground-colour is a very pale
brown and the markings are of a darker brown, bold on one, very fine on another,
and intermediate on the third ; one egg has fine black hair-lines. The eggs are
thick, the thin end rather pointed, and measure 2-lr-6 x IT'?, 23-8 x 17'0, and
24-4 X 18 mm.

The Chersojjhihis of the Hants Plateaux is undoubtedly the typical dark form
Ck. duponti duponti. The young birds have the npperside more rnfous, most of the
feathers have creamy white tips, and the deep brown centres are less developed than
in the adult birds. The narrow white nuchal collar is very conspicuous. The
feathers of the chest have roundish (not longitudinal) brown tips and creamy white
fringes.

We have not seen a sign of Ckersophilus on the Oued Ncja, nor anywhere in the
south. Tristram {Ibis, 1859, p. 427) says he shot the bird on the Oued Nna, where,
he says, Loche also collected it. In the catalogue of his collection, Tristram
mentions specimens from Ouargla and " near Mzab," which would probably mean
Ghardaia. Loche says " Ras-Nili," a place which I cannot find, unless it is near
the caravanserai of Nili between Laghouat and Ghardaia. The specimens in the
Tristram collection, kindly sent me from Liverpool by the authorities of the Museum,
are: two labelled Ouargla ("Waregla") December 1856, and one received from
Loche, " Sahara, near Mzab." I doubt the full correctness of these statements.
First of all, the statements do not agree, as Ouargla, Oued Nra and Mzab are not
the same, and " Ras Nili " is apparently still another place. Moreover so far south
one would surely expect the South Tunisian Chersophilm duponti margaritae, and
nobody has since come across Ckersophilus near Ouargla, on the Oned N(;a, or at
Ghardaia — neither we, nor Koenig, Spatz, Fromholz, or Geyr von Schweppenburg.
I doubt, therefore, if Chersophilas duponti duponti is found near Onargla and on
the Oued Nga, and its occurrence in Algeria south of the Saharan or Southern Atlas
has still to be verified. It may occur in the region of the Dayats, but we have there
searched for it in vain in 1911. The neighbourhood of Ouargla appears to be quite
unsuited for it, and if a Ckersophilus should live there, it would not be C. d. duponti,
but either margaritae or another subspecies.

74 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. IDItl.

IT. Galerida cristata macrorhyncha Tristr.

While during our short stay in 1912 we had only come across G. tkeklae
carolinae in the Oued N^a, we found this year the long-billed Crested Lark almost as
common. The two species were found close together, thongh generally the carolinae
kept more to hammada bordering the river-bed of the Oued Nf a, while macrorhjncha,
was met with, as a rule, in the tributary little oneds on its southern side, where
the ground was less stony and where much small vegetation had sprung up. Out on
the open hammada skylarks were never seen. In habits no marked difference was
noticed, though carolinae was seen soaring skywards when singing, macrorhyncha
only attempting to do so.

From G. c. arenicola the G. c. macrorhyncha only differs in its generally darker
npperside (e.«pecially the crown) ; while the larger dimensions are only noticeable on
an average, when series are measured.

18. Galerida cristata randonii Loche.

(See Nov. Zool. xviii. pp. 488, 493.)

As Mr. Rothschild and I have said before, G. c. ramlonii, if different, must be
restricted to the great plains of the Hants Plateaux. When rushing over them in
1911 we did not come across any form of G. cristata. In 1914 I decided to go to
Ain-Oussera, a wayside caravanserai where, according to Loche's Catalogue of 1858,
the type of randonii had been shot. It was there still, but very rare, and we only
managed to shoot two males. These, however, together with the old specimen from
the Riocour collection marked as randoni, show that this form has the bill stronger
and apparently, as a rule, longer, the chest more heavily spotted, the crown (and
l)erhaps the whole upperside as a rule) slightly darker. A larger series would also
probably show that the wings are a little longer. Our <? from the Coll. Riocour
has the wing 116, our two from Ain-Onssera llu'o and 117 mm.

G. c. randonii was only seen on the clayey steppe, where some corn was trying
to grow, while G. theklae hilgerti was not rare along the roads.

19. Anthus cervinus Pall.

During the second half of April Anthus pratensis was often, A. trivialis some-
times, seen. On April 18 I saw two A. cervinus together, at once recognised by
their reddish throats. They were somewhat shy, and after shooting one the other
disappeared and was not seen again.

20. Motacilla flava flava L.

Flocks of Yellow Wagtails, apparently all M. f.jiam, were noticed almost daily
during our stay in the Oued Noa, also on May 5 at Tilrhempt.

21. MotaciUa flava melanogrisea (Horn.)

On April 18 a black-headed Wagtail was seen among many M. f. flara.
When shot it proved to be a female oi M.f. melanogrisea, with the throat and chest
pale whitish yellow.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 75

22. Lanius excubitor elegans Swaius.

Common in the Oiied-N(;a. All uests, old and new, were placed in Zixyphas
bushes. Clutches were taken from April 17 to 3U.

23. Muscicapa coUaris Bechst.
An adnlt male shot at Biskra on April 5.

24. Hippolals pallida opaca Cab.

Undoubtedly nesting at Ain-Oussera and Hammam Meskoutine, but at Ain-
Oussera at least we were too early, as an unfinished nest was seen.

25. Hippolais polyg^lotta (Vieill.).

Fresh and full clutches of four eggs each were found at Hammam Meskoutine
on May 18, 27, and 28. The nests were placed in Zizijphus bushes from one to two
metres high.

26. Sylvia nana deserti (Loche).

This beautiful little Warbler is, as we saw in 1912, by no means rare in the
sand-district of El-Arich, between El- Alia and Guerrara. On April 1:3 and 14 we
found three nests with fresh eggs, one with hard-set ones, several with naked
young, and some others quite finished but as yet empty. The clutches consisted
here mostly of four, sometimes of five eggs.

The nests stood this year all in the thick bunches of the Drin, Ai-iistida
pungens. All are deep for Warblers' nests, but some mnch more so than others,
the depth varying from 6 to 10 cm. They were here all built of grey, dry grasses
and fine stems, here and there interwoven and lined with woolly particles of flowers
and seeds and with insect cocoons, especially those of the various Myrmeleonides
which are so numerous in these districts, and of which I discovered so many new
species in l',(I2.

The eggs agree with those described by Koenig and those fouud in 1909
and 1912.

27. Sylvia deserticola Tristr.

Quite commonly breeding in the mountain-woods of the Hants Plateaux
near Djelfa. On May 9 they had apparently not yet any eggs, and I saw a jiair
busy building a nest in a Rosemary bush.

28. Sylvia conspicillata conspicillata Temm.
A few pairs appeared to be nesting in the bushes of the Oned Nga.

29. Agrobates galactotes galactotes (Temm.).

By no means rare in the Oued N^a, but only during the last days of Ai)ril
they began to come into full song, and they had no nests yet at that time.

"6 KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

30. Crateropus fulvus fulvus (Desf.).

It is cnrions how very few nests were fonud in the Oned N^a, where the bird
is common enough, and those we saw were empty. Only once, on the 25th, a boy
brought us three eggs, of which one got broken.

31. Monticola solitarius solitarius (L.).
Evidently nesting near Hammam Meskontine.

32. Oenanthe deserti homochroa (Tristr.).

Nesting in small numbers near the Oaed N^a. Hard-set eggs (three oul.v)
were found on April 22, others (three and four) quite fresh on April 25. The eggs
are not distinguishable from those of Oenanthe hispanicn. Measurements have
been given, JS^ov. Zool. xxi. 1914, p. 198, under No. 65! By some unexplainable
error these measurements, as well as the two lines at the top of p. 199, were
misplaced under No. 65, while they belong of course to No. 63 !

33. Chelidon rustica (L.).
(Ilirunr/o rustica.)

34. Hirundo urbica meridionalis Hart.

Both Vheliihn rustica and Hirundo urbica meridionalis nest in Laghouat,
but farther south we have no evidence. In Laghouat //. urbica meridionalis
breeds in fair numbers under certain colonnades — several streets, the hotel, and
other buildings being colonnaded. C. rustica. breeds in small numbers.

Both species of Swallows nest also at Sidi Maklonf and in other caravanserais
between Laghonat and Boghari, H. u)-bica sometimes in hundreds, C. rustica
always in a few pairs only.

35. Apus melba melba (L.).

On May 21 we received five fresh eggs, taken from nests under the tiles of
some building in Constantine, together with the female taken on a nest. The
five eggs were probably from three nests, but as to this no certainty conld be
gained. The bird is very pale {"tuneti" Tschusi), but I still doubt whether a
North African race can be separated.

30. Apus apus apus (L.).

In April a few were seen on the Hiissi-Kobib, but on the 22iid they were
quite numerous.

37. Caprimulgus aegyptius saharae Erl.

Ou April 24 a pair was found near Gamash, about fifteen kilometres from
Biskra.

We were disappointed not to see a single specimen among the sands of
El-Arich nor near Hassi-Kebib, though we had seen and shot young birds in both
places in June 1912. In vain were we searching for them and waiting in the

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. II

evenings, until on April 25 they appeared in numbers — at least ten or twelve
hawking about close to the bordj. We thought this was the arrival, but never
again was a single specimen seen. Now what is the meaning of this ? Are they
migratory to some extent ? Not really, I should say, because nowhere have
they been found farther southwards. I am inclined to think that they move
about in small flocks out of the breeding season, and possibly a number of pairs
nest close together in suitable places, and these places are perhaps uncertain
and variable.

38. Cuculus canorus minor Brehm.

While on Blarch 30 C. canorus canorus (cJ, wing 220 mm.) was still met with
on migration near Biskra, the small North African race was by no means rare
near Hammam Meskoutine from the end of Ajiril to the end of May. (Wings
measure : ? 199, ¥ 205, ? 210, ? ? 197 mm.) A specimen (not sexed) obtained by
Mr. Rothschild at Hammam Meskoutine on April 26, with a wing of 219 mm.,
belongs to the large race, and must have been still on passage. An egg found in
the forsaken nest of Si/icia melanocephala in May is of a pale pinkish cream with
rufous markings and some deeper-lying greyish patches. It measures 20-5 x 16 mm.,
and is thus small compared with the eggs of C. canorus canorus. It closely
resembles the two eggs found near Alger, and described in Nov. Zool. xviii.
pp. 526, 527, in size and coloration.

39. Merops persicus chrysocercus Cab. & Heine.

and

4(1. Merops apiaster L.

Both species nest in small numbers on the banks of the Oued Nga, but neither
of them had eggs up to the end of April. Eggs of M. apiaster were plentiful
near Hammam Meskoutine on May 26 and 27.

41. Falco biarmicus erlangeri Kleinschm.

Nesting from the Hants Plateaux to the Central Sahara. The nesting-site
is more variable than I used to think. Formerly I only knew of nests on cliffs
in small cavities or under ledges, partly high and almost inaccessible, sometimes
quite low and easy to reach. This year a nest was found in a large cave,
another on a clifi' not far from Biskra in a Raven's nest {Corcus corax tingi-
?««««), another in the nest of Corous corax ruJicoUis in a Betoum {Terebintkus)
tree in the Oued N^a, on the same tree where Circaetus gallicus nested in 1912.
Also the food is more variable than I was aware of Birds will doubtless be the
chief food, especially during the migration period, when they are numerous. In
the gizzards and stomachs we found Emberiza calandra (twice), Anthus or Motacilla
(once), Calandrella brachydactijla (once), an unrecognisable bird (once). One female
shot in the Oued N^a had gizzard and stomach full of remains of the Spine-tail
Lizard, Uromastix acanthiiiurus, and once I found the jaw of a small hedgehog.
The wings of adult birds measure in females 346, 353, and about 350 (worn), those
of males about 309, 310 mm.

A clutch of four, slightly incubated, was found near Biskra on March 23,
■another hard-set one of four, and one of three in and near the Oued Nva on
April 17 and 20.

T8 KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915

The pggs nif.asnro : r)ii-l x 40-8, 51-0 x 40-7, 51-5 x 41-4, and Tils x 40-7 ;
52-6 X 30-4, 50-5 x 380, 52 x 38-7, and 49-5 x 37-8 ; 50-8 x 37-7, »0-8 x 39-5,
and 50-8 x 40-2 mm.

The clutch of slightly incubated eggs is beautifully red, the hard-set eggs
are brown.

42. Circus aeruginosus aeruginosus (L).

Marsh Harriers were imt rare near Biskra in March. In the gizzards and
stomachs of two wliich we shot were found parts of a (julUimht cidoropus and a
number of frogs.

43. Circus macrurus (Gm.).

Harriers were common near Biskra in March and early April, and one or two
were seen every day in the Oued N(;a, also at Djamaa, Bledet-Alimar, and Guerrara.
The majority were undoubtedly C. macrourus, and those which we shot proved to
belong to this species. In the stomachs were found only remains of birds, Pipits,
CalandreUa, and other Larks.

44. Comatibis eremita (L.).

It is, of course, possible that other breeding-places have existed or may
still exist in out-of-the-way places in Algeria, but it seems to be very unlikely,
and up to now we are only acquainted with the one nesting-place on the rocks
south of Boghari (cf Xoi\ Zool. 1912, p. 540). At Boghari I inquired of the
gentleman who sent us a male in 1911, but was told that the birds no longer
nested in the old places, which had become much more noisy thau before, as the
railway had been built right through these ranges of rocks, and much blasting
had taken place ; single birds were seen rarely at intervals, but it would pro-
bably be next to impossible to obtain any further specimens. Supposing that
these accounts are correct — and I have no reason to doubt them — this would
be another instance where civilisation has been instrumental in destroying an
old and, to ornithologists, historical breeding-ground of a most interesting and
beautiful bird.

45. Tadoma tadorna (L.).

Hundreds were observed on April 9 on a salt lake north of Tamerna, between
Touggourt and Djamaa.

46. Anas querquedula L.

A number were frequenting the Oued Djeddi, near Biskra, during the last
days of March. Several observed north of Tamerna, April 9 ; a large flock near
Ain-Oassera, May 12.

47. Erolia ferruginea (Brnnn.),

48. Erolia minuta minuta (Leisl.),

and

49. Erolia temminckii (Leisl.).

A flock of Sandpipers frequented the little lake near Ain-Oussera on May 11
and 12, and out of it I brought down with one shot two E. fen-ugiiiea (= siib-
arquata), one E. minuta, and one E. temimnckii. There were only a few small ones
{minuta and temminckii), the majority being E. ferniginea.

NOVITATES ZoolOgtcAe XXU. 191o. 79

50. Glareola pratincola pratincola (L.).

A few were observed aud shot on the lake not far from Aia-Oussera oa
May 11 and 12. They had evidently no eggs, and there was no sign of their
nesting there.

51. Columba livia livia Gm.

Wild Eock-doves are found on the rocks near the Hassi-Rebib, and several
were shot flying overhead or sitting in sheltered places on the cliiTs in a gale.

52. Sterna nilotica Gm.

A flock of these tine Terns frequented a small shallow lake on the Hants
Plateaux near Ain-Oassera about the middle of May. They were sometimes very
noisy.

53. Hydrochelidon nigra (L.)

and

54. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temm.).

Single specimens of each of these two Terns were seen on the lake near
Ain-Oussera, middle of May.

55. Caccabis petrosa petrosa (Gm.)

and

56. Caccabis petrosa spatzi Rchw.

We collected a nnmber of eggs of both forms ; of C. p. petrosa near Hammam
Meskoutine (very hard set on May 22) and of C. p. spatzi near El-Outaya, Biskra,
and in the Oned-N(;a, March 25, April 1 and 20. The eggs of the two subspecies
are indistinguishable.

S(J NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

AN ANALYSIS OE THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS CURETIS,

CHIEFLY BASED ON AN EXAMINATION OF THE SPECIMENS

IN THE ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM, TRING.

By T. a. chapman, M.D.

(Plates III.— XIX.)

A FEW species of this genns having come into my possession, I fonml
myself considerably puzzled by them. I made some additions to my
material and mounted some of the male appendages. The result was to
demonstrate that the accepted views (if there are any accepteil views) as to species
within the genns were in need of being revised.

I obtained the loan, with permission to examine them, of specimens from
Mr. Bethnne-Baker, and especially from the Tring Museum and from other
collections. I herewith present the resnlts.

The Tring material especially is rich enough to have afforded a solution to
most of the difficulties that were met with : it especially possesses the Felder types.
I bad also access, of course, to the types in the British Museum, and was able to
verify other specimens with them, so that I did not feel it necessary to desire
to dissect any of these.

De NicSville (1890) regards the Indian species as being only two, and
Bingham (1907) accepts this as correct and says, "until extensive breeding
experiments are undertaken it will be impossible to attain any certainty as to
whether there are two or a dozen distinct forms."

Both authors find the females to afford quite an insoluble problem, even within
the Indian area, and de Niceville says, " The females of both groups " {bulls and
thetis) "appear to be dimorphic, some being white, others ochroous." I think
I may say that in the Indian region there are no dimorphic females. Nevertheless
I raise a very similar question as regards species in the Pacific region : thetis has
a white female, yet in the Solomon Islands, a race that is otherwise tkelis has au
ochreous female, with markings different in form to typical thetis : are these races
of thetis, or are they specifically distinct ? Again, tagalica has an ochreous female,
yet in the island of Palawan a form palawanica Stand, has a white female, and so
was considered a form of thetis : are these one or two species ? It is to be noticed
that the dimorphism (if properly so called) does not occur within any one race,
but only as between allied races— a somewhat different problem to that which
de Niceville felt.

Fruhstorfer has a survey of the known species of Cnretis in the Stettiner
Ent. Zeituny for 1908, p. 49, which may perchance be of some use in naming
specimens. As a discussion of the actual specific value of the various forms very
little can be said for it. He quotes de Nic^ville's Butterflies of India, and says
he makes no less than thirteen species from only Nortli India and Burma, and
that Distant makes five from the Malay Peninsula.

This misrepresents de Niceville, who distinctly asserts his belief that he is

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915. 81

dealing with only two species, though he records thirteen described forms.
Fruhstorfer himself makes five species in all. He is nearly correct as to biilis and
acuta, but his account of the other species is such a remarkable jumble that it
seems useless to discuss it.

Though he appears to have a keen scent for local races and varieties, which
one sometimes fears is merely a prejudice that every locality has a local race which
wants naming, the arrangement of the forms of Curetis he recognises under the five
species he accejits leaves everything to be desired.

In Moore's (Swinhoe) Lepidoptera Indica, vol. viii. p. 239, thetis and phaedru»
are placed as one species, though they are not (the males at any rate) very difficult
to distinguish apart from the examination of the appendages. The others are
difficult or impossible without such examination : e.g. gloriosa and saronis are
treated as distinct, and stigmata, dentata, angtdata and malayica are also regarded
as distinct species.

The species as decided by the structure of the male appendages fall distinctly
into two sections, which correspond with de Nicfiville's First group A and
Second group B. There is one species, insularis, that is in some degree
intermediate.

A. The thetis section.

All the species in this section agree in having a harpe apparently soft and
clothed with hairs. The aedeagns, besides the eversible vesica, with its rows of
cornnti, possesses an apparently separate piece, articulated and movable, close to
the extremity. Its movements are, however, restricted, and it is not eversible.
For convenience I call it the " shuttle " piece. They generally have beneath a
lunnlated postdiscal line, never apparently pointing to the apex, nor have they
the dark margin of the forewing encroaching on the inner margin.

1. thetis. This form ranges from the plains of India to the Solomon

Islands (and farther ?), and has many forms ; opinions may easily
vary as to which forms, if any, are " good " species.

a. barsine.

b. egena.

c. rihhei.

d. solita.

e. menestratus.

f. fergussoni.

g. bougaincillei and a good many others named or nameable.
h. lucifuga (?).

2. 2)haedrus ( ? = aesopus Fabr.).

a. arcuata.

3. celebensis.

a. eos(J).

4. saronis.

a. gloriosa.

b. nicobarica.

5. nesoplnla.
6

82

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

G. tagalica.

a. palaivainca.

b. obsoleta ,{ah. ?)

c. talautensis.

7. ? salei/erensis ( ? only).

Section A may be tabulated by tlie S appendages :

1. Harpe with lateral (or rather ventral) process, shuttle piece serrated

at side of extremity . . . . . . . . 1 . tlietis.

2. Harpe as with a terminal cap, shuttle piece serrated across end

2. cclebensis.

3. Harpe simple :

a. Valves very long (3'2 mm. against 2'0 mm. or less), aedeagns

very short ....... 3. tagalica.

b. Valves very broad lint short (beyond harpe) . . 4. mronis.

c. Harpe very short, aedeagns curved, very large shuttle piece

5. nesophila.

d. Extremity of aedeagns highly chitinised, almost bulbous, and

ending in a sharp point ..... 6. phaedrus.

To tabulate Section A by general aspect, etc., is more than difficult. I make
the following attempt :

1. Habitat confined to Southern India and Ceylon, copper of pale tint,

border very narrow . . . . . . .1. phaedrus.

2. <S with a very distinct discal line on upperside forewing 2. celebensis.

3. Underside markings generally filled in with much dark shading

3. tagalica.

4. Hardly distinguishable from tagalica ; the shading beneath is usually

less heavy and the Innules between veins 5 and 7 of forewing beneath
project less beyond the others. The margin of copper of forewing has
a very regular circular curvature .... 4. nesophila.

5. Postdiscal line always distinct, though it may be faint, Innules between

6 and 7 hardly project beyond others .... 5. saroni.H.

6. Postdiscal line, when present, has Innules .5 and 7 of forewing well

bej-ond others, border upjicrside broad e.xcept in S.E. distribution

C. thetis.

I am not prepared to tabulate the females. Of most forms the corresponding
males and females are fairly well recognised; to this knowledge I only add the
recognition of the males oi celebensis and of egena, of which the types are females
and hitherto no males belonging to them have been described.

The species insularis, which is rather intermediate between the two sections,
has the general facies of Section A. The harpe is soft and clothed with hairs as
in A, except that the tip is chitinous as in B, and as in B there is no shuttle to
the aedeagns. In its general aspect the species has one distinctive mark : the
postdiscal line beneath, following the general direction as in Section A. can hardly
be said to be at all lunulated, but rather follows one continuous curve, though curved,
one may say a straight Hue rather than one broken into a succession of Innules,

NOVITATER ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

83

In the apjiendages it is also distinct from all the other species in the dorsal
hooks being short and sqnare-ended.

B. The bulls section.

Characterised by having the harjie smooth and iiard.

The black border nsnally retnrns along the inner margin (except in forms
felderi and santaim) of forewing.

The underside markings, instead of being parallel to hindmargin, are diagonal,
pointing to apex of forewing (except in sperthis).

This is the Section B of de Niceville. It may be tabulated :

1. Aedeagus about or over 26 mm. to 2'9 ram. in length,

bulls, with races

a. felderi.

b. santana.

2. Aedeagns about 2-0 mm. in length,

a. with square end, acuta.

b. with pointed end, .ipertkis.

The species as decided by the <S appendages appear to be as follows :

1. iidis with various named subspecies.

a. cliscalis.

b. stigmata.

c. a race occurring with angulata and hardly separable except by

appendages.

d. malayica.

e. felderi.

f. santana.

2. acuta.

a. dentata.

b. truncata.
0. angulata.

d. paracuta.

e. ,, brunnea.

3. sperthis.

a. minima.

The underside of sperthis brings it into relation rather with the thetis
than the bulis section, but the upperside and the S appendages indicate that its
proper position is rather with bulis.

The underside markings of bulis and acuta differ as shown in figs. 1 and 2, but
there are specimens that it would be difificnlt to place by this character.

Another very distinctive character is that the pale patches in the female are
brown in bulis, white (nr faintly bluish) in acuta ; one item no doubt leading
de Nic(5ville to consider the females in this genus were dimorphic in this respect.
Another, to be referred to later, was no doubt the brown female oi gloriosa (saronis),
supposed to be a form of thetis.

How far the conclnsions thus summarised are sound must be judged from the

84 ' NOVITATES ZoOLOniCAE XXII. 1915

detailed facts on which I have reached tliem, and which are given under each
species.

In most cases I have no doubt that they are correct, the genitalia of the males
being in each species very definite and easily recognised from those of other species.
Nor do I myself entertain mnch donbt in the remaining cases, involving for the
most part the diflicnlt qnestions as to snbspecies and geographical races, but I fully
recognise that a considerably wider research is necessary to arrive at any result that
may be accepted as founded not on some definite facts but on a sufficient number
and variety of them, of which the breeding experiments that de Niceville desired
would be a very important section.

Such doubts as I have refer in some degree to the forms of bulis, and more
particularly to those oitketis. Especially in the case of C. thetis, the general facies
and the genitalia vary together, giving local forms that may be regarded as distinct
or as geographical races. There is just sufficient gradation in the forms as one
leaves India with typical thetis and goes southward and eastward, though the
gradation is not very regular, to make one feel satisfied that there is only one species,
though of course on the other hand there may be a score or possibly a hundred
or more.

The belief that there is only one species commends itself most to me. Such
questions must always arise in cases of closely allied forms, and one must recognise
that until abundant breeding experiments with the allied forms are made, one's
conclusions are, so far as they are crisp and definite, more a matter of faith and
prejudice than of sound scientific appreciation.

1. Curetis thetis Drury.

Figs. 8, 9, Bornean example, under- and upperside.
„ 14, 15, var. bougaini-illei <J upper- and underside.
,, 1 /, 18, ,, ,, ¥ ,, „ „

„ 20, 21, „ egena S, upper- and underside.
„' 22, 25, „ fergussoni S , upper- and underside.
Appendages fig. 53. Indian form.

„ „ 54. Ceram „

„ „ 55. British New Guinea.

„ „ 56. var. barsine.

„ „ 57. „ menestratus.

„ „ 58. „ fergussoni.

„ „ 59. ,, bougainvillei.

„ „ 60. ,, egena.

„ „ 61. ,, ribbei.

thetis Drury, ]ll. Ex. Eiit. ii. (1773) p. 16, pi. ix. figs. 3 and 4, ? .

I am not prepared to assert that Drury's figures represent the species we
accept as thetis, or whether they may not be phaedrus ; the locality (Bombay)
almost points to the latter, but it is probable that Bombay is rather the place
of exportation than the locality of capture.

However, it has been agreed, apparently nemine contradicente, even by those
who regard them as forms of one species, that the broad-bordered Indian form shall
be thetis and the narrow-bordered one phuednis, though it is quite jwssible that
Drury's insect was really /jhaedrus.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIl. 1915. 85

I accept as thetis all those forms whose male appendages are, if iKit quite
identical, still very nearly so, and differ abundantly from those of the forms I
regard as distinct species.

With this definition, thetis has a very wide range, and a good deal of variety
in several respects; and until the evidence of the genitalia appears, these forms
seem in some cases to be more entitled to be accepted as distinct species than
others that really are so, but have been by various authorities lumped with
tlietis.

C. thetis has usually a fairly broad dark border and large dark tip, whilst
phaeclrus has usually a comparatively very narrow border and tip, and the red
colour is paler and yellower, or if not so in the field more readily becomes so in
the cabinet.

On the underside both are given to be pure white with so little black marking
that not much can be made of it. In better-marked specimens, however, there
is a very marked distinction : in phaedrm the postdiscal line on both wings is
fairly straight and regular, whilst in thetis it has a separate curve in each space,
and varies in distance from the base, as it does in many other species ; for
comparison with phaeclrus it may be sufficient to note that the line on each side of
vein 5 of hindwing is markedly advanced to the margin.

In Iris xii. p. 247 (1899), Ribbe has some remarks on solita of Butler and
thetis generally, that one must agree with. He says he has a specimen from
Neu Pommern and one from Bongainvillo wliich he believes to be solita. He says
the Curetis from the neighbouring regions are so much alike, that it is extremely
difficult to distinguish between them. Dr. Pagenstecher, he says, desires to lump,
but he would rather separate them ; as for instance thetis Drury has females
with white patches, barsine Felder with golden, and solita with nearly obsolete
golden patches.

When one has examined the appendages of a number of these forms, much
the same considerations hold. All these species (that is all I regard as being
in this group), which I have examined, have appendages that agree very closely
with those of thetis.

They all have the shuttle piece in the aedeagus of much the same form.
The chief differences are in the harpes. lu what I assume to be thetis (Drury)
the harpe has at about 0i5 mm. from its extremity a projection or flap on the
margin next the valve, giving it in fact two extremities, one direct, one lateral.
In the forms of thetis from these islands, there seems to be considerable variation
in these two extremities, which gradually approach each other, culminating in
a broad and thickened end such as characterises ribhei.

It must be largely a matter of personal equation how many of these forms
are held distinct and how many are geographical races of one species. Whilst the
data are in so many directions defective we cannot answer the question which
are distinct species ? but only the more vague one, which shall we assume to be
distinct species? In the Solomon Islands we have the females with brown, not
white patches ; we may assume this to be a good specific character, or minimise it
as a kind of dimorphism. In ribbei, that seems distinct, the ? ? have all the
appearance of fine large thetis. I should incline myself to call them all
geographical races, and to expect to find a slightly different race on fairly
separated islands or groups of islands, and with a sufficient series of such races
to find a large amount of grading between the different forms. No doubt each

86 - NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

separate form might receive a varietal name. C. xolif/i of Butler wonkl be one of
these. The form from Fergnssoii Island is very distinct, so that I venture to give
it a name, and that from Bongainville Island is a very marked form with a very
distinct female, and shonld be named ; the others of this group have not come before
me in more than odd specimens, which it is nnsatisfactory to deal with, beyond
]ilacing them as representing races of tkefi.^.

In dealing with thetis I speak of "forms of thetis." In doing so it is
necessary to explain that I use the phrase in what may be called a new sense
in this connection, but in reality in its ordinary and proper acceptance.

I begin by clearing the conception of flicfis of all the species that used to
be included in such a phrase as " forms oi thetis" but which are all very distinct
and definite species, such as pkaedrus, gloriosa, palawanica, etc., and include
only such forms as occur in various of the insular portions of its range, and as
to which questions may be raised both on the superficial appearance and on the
structure of the genitalia whether they are sirajily thetis, or are geographical races
deserving of a name, or even have diverged far enough to be established species.
barsirie is perhaps as good an example of such a " form of thetis " as can be
quoted, as it has for long had a recognised name. The Tring collection afFmds
several marked exam])les of such forms, and also others probably equally definite
were there more material. It is highly probable that no small proportion of
the Pacific islands, from Sumatra to the Solomon Islands or even farther, have
each a race of thetis, more or less possible to diiferentiate from others. I propose
to deal only with those that are adequately represented in the Tring collection.

The males vary, especially in the width and proportions of the black border
and of the invasion of the copper by dark shading. The appendages difi'er in
the variations of the harpe elsewhere referred to. In the Solomon Islands, the
? S have not white but brown (yellow ?) patches, yet these forms have the more
ordinary form of harpe. A Borneau form, on the other hand, has an extremely
condensed one.

harsine Fclder, Silzungsher. Kals. Akad. Wish. Wien, xl. (ISGO) p. 451 ; id., Reise Nncara, Lep.
p. 220 (1865) tab. xxviii. fig. 10. 17 (Amboina).

Has some claim to be regarded as a " good" species, but it may perhaps equally
justly be held to be a geographical race of thetis.

The genitalia are almost identical with Indian thetis.

The type and other Felderian specimens are in the Tring collection.
egeiia Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 222 (1865) (no figure).

The type specimen, a ? , of this species is in the Tring collection from Halma-
hera (Gilolo). There are identical specimens from Batchian (= Batjan) collected
by Doherty. One of these has a trace of white patches. These Batchian ? ? are
almost certainly those corresponding to some males with identical locality labels.
These males are very remarkable ; they are, both on the uj)per- and undersides,
very similar indeed to tagalica from Celebes. There are thus in Celebes and
Batchian, taken together (probably also in other Muluccan Islands) three very
distinct species of Curctis — viz. egena {thetis), taf/alica, and celehensis — that have,
in the males at least, a nearly identical facies which is not the usual one of tagalica,
(in other districts) or of thetis.

I may say that till I examined the appendages of these insects, I was a
good deal puzzled by them, and was inclined to regard them all as celehensis,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 191.'i. 87

and that probably as a variety of tayaUca. I may add tliat iiesopltila is also very
close to these three species iu appearance, but by the appendages is very
distinct.

C. thetis (? is characterised by having the underside markings obsolete, or
nearly so, though occasional specimens and some races show them in some degree.
C. egena has these markings nearly as pronounced as in nesophlla or celebensis,Yf\Vo.
some trace of the dark shading of tagalica. In the postdiscal line the curve across
vein 1 of the forewing is much more prominent towards the hind-margin than in
the other species. One curious point that makes these specimens approach celebensis
and leads them right away from the usual form of thetis,* is that towards the apex
of the forewing the copper colour is divided by the veins as in that species ; the
black border is reduced all round more like phnedrus than thetis, really like
celebensis.

The appendages are nearly as iu ordinary thetis, but the branches of the harpe
are a little ajiproximated.

There is a specimen from Little Key that is apparently identical with egena ;
this is no doubt the form called eberaldahj Fruhstorfer.

Two examples from Waigeu, possibly the geli>tt/iiaso( Fruhstorfer, have slightly
wider borders, the apical portion of copper distinctly notched, almost divided, the
underside markings almost faint ; appendages as egena.

ferr/ussoni nov. var.

There are two specimens from Fergusson Island (eastern end of New Guinea)
that have a remarkable form hardly suggesting thetis, but the appendages are
almost identical with those of the (continental ?) New Guinea form menestratus,
in the two branches of the harpe almost coalescing. Yet on close comparison
it really agrees to a great extent with menestratus. The dark shading of the
bases of the wings and of the inner side of the hindwing is rather greater
and has a greater intensity and different character given it by the veins,
especially of the hindwings, being much more outlined iu black ; indeed this
feature is trifling in menestratus. The underside markings are the same ; the
ground colour is pure white.

soUta Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (5). x. p. 149 (1882) (New Britain).

A d specimen from Herbertshohe, Neu Pommern (New Britain), is probably
the (S of this species (the type is a ? ). It has all the appearance of thetis ; it
differs from bougainvillei in possessing a definite (though small) discal mark, and
no detached pear-shaped marks. In a series it is very possible that i( would jirove
that the two forms are more identical than they at present appear to be.

The appendages are nearly normal thetis.

bougainvillei nov. var.

Very close to a i supposed to be solita (from Neu Pommern), but is
without the discal mark of that insect, and has, which sotita (?) wants, the pear-
shaped costal detached portions of copper as in celebensis ; the lateral process of
the harpe is rather smaller than in solita, but both are very close to typical thetis.
Expanse 46 mm. The females are large (44 mm.), very dark in colour, with

* Found also in var. mejie^tratus and a few other forms.

88 ■ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

a moderate-sized rather pale brown ]iatch on f'orcwing; none ou himlwing, except
a trace in one specimen. Bongainville Island, 12 cf J', 5 ? ¥ , in Tring collectioa.

menestratus Fruhst., Strtl. Ent. Zeit. 1908, p. 50.

This seems to be the form in Dntch New Guinea. It has very broad black
borders of fairly nniforiu width (except, of conrse, at apex), the pattern almost
snggesting Col/as etfusa <?, and there is considerable dark shading basally. The
$ is very mnch like typical thetis, the appendages showing the branches of the
harpe nearly fnsed (as in ribbei).

In British New Gninea the females are mnch the same, bnt in the males the
borders are narrower, and in the appendages the branches of the harpe are separate,
nearly as in typical thetis. The undersides are well marked in both forms, and
are sometimes white, sometimes creamy — the former more frequent in the Dutch
section, the yellowish in the British.

ribbei Ebber, Iris i. p. 70. pi. v, figs. 2 and 3 (1886).

Well figured, though without colour. This form has perhaps diverged
sufficiently from typical t/tet/s to be a " good " species. It is small, very pale,
and with a very narrow margin. The ? is exceedingly like that of thetis; it is
larger than the c?. Both sexes have the pure white underside of thetis; the chief
difference from thetis in the cj appendages is in a tendency to approximation
and fusion of the two branches of the harpe, in which it is very close to the
New Gninea forms, though the superficial appearance is so different ; the harpes
are rather long and straight as compared with typical thetis ; the aedeagus is
almost typical thetis. Aru Islands.

liicifaga Fruhst., Soc. Ent. 1909, p. 121.

" lucifuga is probably the thetis form of the island." Formosa.
No figure.

I have not seen this.

2. Curetis phaedrus Fabr.

Fig. 7. Underside.

Appendages. Figs. 62, 63, 64, 78.

phaedrus Fabr., Spec. Ins. ii. p. 125. n. 566 (1781) ; Hubn., Ex. Schin. pi. 237. fig. 263, 264, under-
side (poor) ; Cramer, iii. pi. ccxxxviii. fig. c.

The aedeagus in phaedrus is very characteristic, and is distinguishable from
that of any other species at first glance. The extremity is a conspicuous black
mass, a little pear-shaped, and with a projecting jjoint carrying a small siiine
or two.

The harpe is soft, clothed with hairs much like the valve, from which it is
separate for only a short way.

msopus Fabr., Spec. Ins. p. 12.5. n. 565 (1781) ; Distant, Rlmp. .V,il. Tab. xx'iv. fig. 12 ^. xliv.
fig. 14 ?.

The type specimen is a ? , and Mr. Distant's comparison of his specimens with
this may or may not be accepted.

My own examination of the type sjiecimen leads me strongly to believe that
they (there are two of them) are ? ? of phaedrus ; so far as their collocation in the

N0VITATE3 ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 89

Bauksiau collection goes, Fabricius' treatment of them and the assignment to them
of the same locality, vague as it is, all go to suggest that the specimen oi phaedrus,
placed close to them in the Banksian collection and described by Fabricius under
the following number, really came from the same place, and are S and ? of the
same species. Fabricius quotes Drtiry's figure of thctis as being the same insect.
He quotes it, by the way, as theti/s, a circumstance tliat accounts for the confused
variation in the spelling of the name, which is common ; Drury, however, says
thetis.

The ? ? of thetis and phaedrus are so much alike that neither de Niceville nor
Bingham attempt to discriminate between them ; they both, in fact, accept the two
species in both sexes to be identical. They are, however, quite distinct ; but,
omitting this fact for the moment, I fully accept Bingham's conclusion as to
aesopus, that it " falls as a synonym of G. thetis* as acknowledged by Fabricius
himself. The type, a ? , is in the Banksian collection now in the British Museum,
and is undoubtedly a ? of ordinary C. thetis, Drury."

I have examined a good many specimens claiming to be aesopus, and nearly all
of these prove to be bulis, but I have two specimens whose S appendages agree
precisely with those of C. sperthis {q.i\).

arcuata Moore, Proc. ZooL Sue. Land. 1883. p. 52.3. PI. xlviii. fig. 3 (Malabar).

The iignre and description agree with a specimen labelled " Curetis arcuata
Moore," " Malabar," from the Moore collection, and apparently in Moore's writing.
This specimen is phaedrus.

Unauthenticated specimens sent me as arcuata from Nias are forms of bulis.

C. phaedrus seems to have a comparatively restricted range, the extreme South
of India, Balai, "Malabar," Ceylon, Bombay, Barrackpore. So far as I know,
phaedrus is the only Curetis occurring in Ceylon ; but it is surely highly probable
that thetis occurs there also.

What any particular records mean is of course donbtfnl, so long as phaedrus
and thetis are more or less confounded. On the other hand, the thetis of Moore's
Lepidoptera of Ceylon is no doubt phaedrus.

3. Curetis celebensis Felder.

Figs. 23 and 24. Male, upper- and underside.

Appendages. Fig. 68.

celebensis Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 220. Tab. xxviii. fig. 14, 1.5 (1865).

The figures are of the ? upper- and undersides, and agree exactly with the
specimens. The reduction of the rusty marks on upperside to somewhat linear
marks on the forewing, and tendency to divide that on hindwing into two portions,
is characteristic.

There seems to be no figure of the male, and this sex does not appear to
have been known to Felder. There are, however, in the Tring collection several
males, collected by Doherty in South Celebes in August and September 1891.

The South Celebes specimens in the Tring Museum belonging to this species
and to C. tagalica form a remarkable group. The two species are so much alike
that in both sexes the distinction is at first sight diflftcult. Both seem to have
been taken by Doherty at the same time and place. In the males in both species

* M^?!> and ^^(2p(?r;/^ being in Bingham's ^^ew synonyms.

90 ■ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

the veins run some little way into the wing as black lines from the black border.
This black border and the outline of the wings is fairly identical in the two species,
and it is to be remarked that in both, the dark veins cut off two or three small
pear-shaj)ed portions opposite the middle of the costa. Opposite the middle of the
hindmargin of the forewing the sections of copper between tbe veins are rounded
or convex in celebeiisis and somewhat concave in tagalica. In celebensis there is
also a dark (discal) line down the discocellular nervure. I have called this form of
tagalica var. doherti/i.

On the underside the specimens of tagalicah&ve a good deal of the dark clouding
that so often characterises that species. This is almost absent in celcbensis. In
celebensis the sections of the postdiscal line are more conve.K than in tagalica, in one
specimen only the one descending to vein iv on both wings, instead of curving inwards
as in other specimens and as in fagalica, continues obliquely outwards and meets
vein IV much nearer the hindmargin than when the line continues on the other
side of the vein.

The Appendages. The aedeagns is just over 2 mm. long. It much resembles
that of thetis ; the loose terminal plate is very large ; there is an ordinary-looking
series of corunti. The hooks of the tetrnmen have their tips bent sharply round
into a hook. The harjie is largely free from the valve, is clothed sparsely with
hairs, and has the appearance of having a chitinous cap, overhanging towards
the valve.

C. thetis var. egrna {q.v.) is also a member of this mimetic group.

eos Eober, Iris i. p. 1S8. pi. vii. 6g. 9 (1887).

I have not seen a specimen of this variety. The description and figure are of
a ? specimen, and I have not met with any account of the male. The figure seems
to be a very good one, except that, being photographic, the rusty areas are not shown.
The nnderside markings leave little doubt that it is identical with celebensis Felder.
The only difference is that it is a very small specimen — 32 mm. against 40 mm. and
upwards.

4. Curetis saronis Moore.

Fig. 19. Male, nnderside.

Appendages. Fig. 65. saronis (Andamans).

,, „ 66. „ var. nicobarica (Nicobars).

,, „ 67. „ „ gloriosa (Rangoon).

saronis Moore, Proc. Zool. Sue. Loud. 1877. p. 587 (S. Andamans).
gloriosa Moore, I.e. 1883. p. 522. pi. xlviii. fig. 1. ^ .
nicobarica Swinhoe, Ann. ]tftig. N. II. (6). v. p. 451 (1890).

These three forms are one species : gloriosa is a continental race of large size,
saronis is a smaller insular form. Of nicobarica I have not yet been able to obtain
a specimen that did not prove on dissection to be saronis.

Referring to Col. Swinhoe a question as to a sjiecimen I had as nicobarica, he
informed me that the sj)ecimen came from tlie Andamans and was saronis, and that
at one time specimens in his collection were marked nicobarica = saronis. He
now differentiates nicobarica from saronis by the females — " the female of nicobarica
is a brown insect, the female of this insect has white patches in the middle of the
wings." To this I may say, however, that I have an Andaman female that has no
white patches, and that. ? nicobarica in the Tring and in my collection have the

\OVITATES ZOOLOOICAK XXII. 1015. 91

outer corner of the pale patch of the hiudwing white. These differences are very
short of possessing- specific vahie ; the i S are indistinguishable either by wings or
genitalia.

I had not noticed till after I had decided that gloriosa was a form of saronis,
that Moore describes the female as having " forewing with broad golden yellow
discal area, hindwing with a narrow curved discal streak." This confirms, had it
been necessary, its relationship to saronis, and shows it to be unrelated to Indian
thetis.

I have a specimen of gloriosa from the Moore collection that is interesting
in two ])oiuts : in the first place (labelled Sylhet) it is only 42 mm. in expanse
against 52 mm. gloriosa, thus showing the difference in size between gloriosa and
saronis to be of no specific value. It has the postdiscal lines beneath arched as
in typical gloriosa ; in saronis they are much straightcr, but certainly variable, as
I have a nicoharica almost identical in this (and other) respects with this small
gloriosa. The other point of interest abont this s])ecimen is that it has attached
to it a memorandum by Moore. " Anops. Sylhet x — near to insularis (Java),
smaller, fw. shorter, the red area smaller, rounded opposite the apex, the
brown border of exterior margin much broader at the posterior end ; h.w. with
comparatively broader brown marginal border, the red area suffused with brown
on abdominal border ; underside greyish white, with bluish grey discal Innular
band and submargiual luuular line. The discocellular streak, basal spots and inner
margin of the luuular bands dark speckled. Hab. Sylhet. Coll. F. M."

The appendages of saronis are very distinct ; the aedeagus is TO mm. long.
of thetcs type, with movable accessory smaller than in thetis, the extremity less
strongly chitinised than in thetis ; the cornuti are very abundant, small, and very
regularly arranged in ribbon form.

The most characteristic feature is the short, very broad valves, with a short
harpe, conjoined to them more closely, or rather free from them for a much
shorter distance than in any other species except nesophila, in which the outline
both of val ve and harpe is very different.

The distribution of the species would seem to be from Sylhet, by Rangoon,
and the chain of Nicobars and Andamans to Sumatra, avoiding the Malay
Peninsula.

5. Curetis nesophila Felder.

Fig. 10. Male, upperside.

,, 28. „ underside.

Appendages. Figs. 71, 72.

msophila Felder, Wien. Enl. Moiials. 1862. p. 289. Figured in Semper's Philippinen, pi. xx.xi.
fig. 28, 29, p. 158.

I find it very difficult to define this species by the general facies. Nor, indeed,
am 1 quite confident that the species I am dealing with is the one described as
nesophila. Nevertheless, by a process of exclusion, I conclude I am right, as the
specimens accord with no other species, nor are there other specimens that can
possibly be nesophila.

Semper's description of the black margin of the forewing having its inner
margin circularly curved, is the best and most easily seized character I can find to
distinguish it from other species and especially from tagalica.

92 NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXII. 1915.

The species is ven- ranch like tfu/nlica, differiug chiefly in being less clouded
and by the dark shading on the underside.

The appendages are easily recognised; the aedeagns is short (TT mm.), and
has a marked curvature, the only species with this character ; the loose shuttle
piece is very long (0-65 mm.), bnt is possibly attached at its near extremity ; the
cornnti are small, and not very numerous. The valves have beyond the harpes
parallel sides (for 1-3 mm.) and ronnded ends. The harpes are free for a very
short distance, and are so short that their free portion is triangular.

Fruhstorfer calls this species insularis : see remarks under that species.

There are specimens of nesopkila from Penang and from Borneo.

6. Curetis tagalica Felder.

Figs. 26, 27, var. dokerti/i (S. Celebes).

„ 11, 12, 13, 16, var. talautensis.
Appendages. Fig. 73. (Kalim Bungo).

„ „ 74. Sent me as insularis.

,, „ 75.

„ „ 76. var. pala/c/mica.

J, „ 77. ,, talautensis.

lagalirn Felder. Wieii. Enl. Monat^. vi. p. 289 (18G2) (Luzon) ; id., Rcise Nnoara, Lep. p. 22!.

tab. xxviii. fig. 19, 20 (1«65).
thetys \a.T. pnlawanica Stand., Irh 1889. p. 121.
obsoleta Felder, Wien. Enl. .Urmala. 1862. p. 289.

C. tagalica appears to be a rather widespread species and lias many varieties,
some of very large size, some very small, some with very wide black borders, some
with them very reduced, some in which the copper colour is very coppery, almost
red, others in which it is pale, almost golden. The species with which it is most
likely to be confounded are celebensis, nesophila, and egena. It may generally be
recognised, at least in the S, by the large amount of dark shading on the underside,
especially along the basal side of the jiostdiscal line.

The cJ appendages are most characteristic, and are recognisable without a lens ;
they have the longest valves and the smallest aedeagns of any species. The
remarkable circumstance that the males of tagalica and the form palnwanica are
indistinguishable both in facies and as to the appendages, whilst the ? ? have brown
patches in tagalica and white in palawanica,, shows that this colour variation has
not such specific value in this genus as has been supposed, and in this case repre-
sents a dimorphism of the ? similar to that which occurs in other Lepidoptera.

There is another similar case in the genus : C. tJietis has a ? with white
patches, but the form of tketis from Bougainville, in the Solomon Islands, and
from other localities in its south-eastern distribution, has a very different ¥ with
brown patches, and these are of a diiferent outline — so that, though the cj has not
diverged from thetis more than would amount to a geographical race, the ? has
diverged beyond what that aspect usually covers.

In the case of palawanica the divergence has not gone so far, and may
be covered under some hypothesis suggestive of dimorphism, such as I have
referred to.

palatvanica is a variety not of tht'tis bnt of tagalica ; that Staudinger placed it
as a variety of thetis was possibly due to his regarding tagalica as a variety of

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 93

thetis, but more probabl}' to the fact (bat palaivanica has a ? with white patches,
whilst they are brown in tagalica. I have seen no white females of any other
race.

palawanica S is smaller than the largest tagalica, is of a rather paler copper,
and has very narrow black borders ; the underside is not often as dark as in
tagalica, and may be quite pale ; the markings are identical.

In the absence of specimens of the female it is impossible to say whether
males more like palawanica than like typical tagalica belong to one form or the
other.

In the Tring collection there are specimens (4) from Snla Mongola, which on
personal appearance one would call palaivanica without doubt, but which, looking
to the habitat, are almost certainly tagalica.

The Felder specimens of tagalica include the type (Manilla) and eleven other
specimens — 4 cJcJ, 7 ¥ ? — from Celebes, Luzon, and Borneo. From Sumatra there
are 3 (? c? of a rather small form with the black border wide, with 3 ? ? ajiparently
belonging to them, though not collected at same time and place. From South Celebes
are 4 cJ cj and one very large (50 mm.) ?, and 2 iS from Dongola. From Mindoro
4 c?(?, 3 ? ? (46 mm.) of average appearance ; there is a fifth <S from Mindoro that
differs from the others only in being small (37 mm.), and which agrees very closely
with a specimen in the Felder collection that I take to be the type of obsoleta,
though it is not so marked. This Felder specimen is labelled, however, Luzon,
and obsoleta is said to come from Mindanao. All these localities are Philippine,
but of course the labelling of the supposed type of obsoleta is rather against its
being so. On the other hand, if this is not the type, where is it ? It agrees well
enough with the description, and is a very small specimen (36 mm.). Felder notes
that obsoleta is the smallest species of the genus that he knows, and that it is very
close to tagalica. The specimen is in poor condition, and is one of the most mended
of the Felder examples. Bnngao provides two rather small (42 mm.) c?c? of some-
what Palawanic facies ; 2 cJ c? from Bnngnran have rather wider borders to the
hiudwing than usual, and 1 ?. There is 1 c? from Manilla (much smaller than type
specimen), 6 tj J and 2 ? ? from Nias, 1 c? and 1 ? from Borneo.

doherlyi nov. var., South Celebes, mimics celehensis.

This form is referred to under celebensis and thetis, var. egena {q.v.).

obsoleta Felder, Wieii. Ent. Moiials. 1862. p. 289 (Mindanao).

Specimen (much mended) in Tring collection seems to agree with description.
It has all the appearance of being a very dwarf specimen of tagalica. Though it
has no label to that eifect, it is with the highest probability the type specimen of
C. obsoleta Felder.

talautensis nov. var.

There are four specimens from the Talant Islands, which I refer to tagalica as
a variety, though they might claim specific rank.

They look very different from any other form of tagalica known to me, and
only on examining the appendages are they seen to be very close to, if not identical
with, that species.

The iS has a black border very wide at the apex of the upper wing, and it
maintains its width down the hiudmargin much more than in tagalica, but the width
of the border of the hindwiug is much as in tagalica. From these margins the

'*■* KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1916.

veins are marked inwards by black lines in a way that there is sometimes a trace
of in tagtdica, bat is here very marked, and between these lines the copper is
dnsted with dark scales so as to give a heavy dark rich appearance, assisted by the
darkness and brilliance of the copper and by dark shading from the base; in this
respect there is no form of tagalica that approaches it. There is further a definite
difference of wing-form : the apex of the forewing and the anal angle of the hind-
wing are both produced, so as to be obviously in contrast with tagalica. The
underside has much the same lines as tagalica, bnt the appearance is very different,
as the whole underside has the silvery whiteness of tlietis with no dark shading,
only the fine lines and marginal dots.

In the ? the npperside rusty markings are more reduced than any specimen (?)
of tagalica, though one approaches it; the underside presents no appreciable
difference.

The appendages are but slightly different ; the aedeagas is 21 mm. long (in
tagalica 1-8 mm.), and the harpes are distinctly narrower.

7. Curetis saleyerensis nov. spec. ?

Fig. 29. Upper surface, ¥.
„ 30. Underside, ?.

There are two f ? specimens from Saleyer Island (just south of Celebes),
unfortunately unaccompanied by males; these are very unlike any other species
I have seen, but belong, judging from the underside markings, to the tagalica
section. It seems desirable to give them a name, provisionally, saleyerensis.

8. Curetis insularis Horsf.
Appendages. Figs. 69, 70 (N.E. Sumatra).

imiilaris, Horsf. Cat. Lej>. E./.C. p. 125. n. 52 (1829) ; id. and Moore, Cat. Lep. ilus. E.I.C. vol. i.
p. 53. t. 1 a. fig. 14 (upperside) ; Distant, Rhop. .\fiihii/. Tab. xli. fig. G, 7, J ? (upper- and
underside).

This is a very well-defined species, not likely to be confounded with any other.

The figure of the underside in Distant's J^/top. Malay, is very good. The
distinguishing character is that the postdiscal line beneath is very smooth and
regular, with hardly any or very slight undulations. There seems to be nothing
in the assertion that the ground colour is of a creamy tint : some specimens are
so, but some are quite white. The statement probably arises from the circumstance
XhsX'saronis has some resemblance beneath to insularis, and is usually very white
but the real distinction is that suroni.-i is less distinctly marked and the post-
discal__^line is undulated.

The male appendages are equally distinctive : the dorsal hooks have the
appearance of being broken off instead of being long, sweejiing and pointed ; thev
are rather short, taper very little if at all, and end in a square blunt tip.

The harpes have a lateral process very much like thetis, and the extreme end of
the straight piece is smooth and chitinous ; this, together with the sjiertliis-\\ke
aedeagus, in which the shuttle piece does not seem detached from the rest of
the tube, indicates au alliance with the Imlis section.

The specimens in the Tring Museum came from Sumatra, Java, Malay
Peninsula, Banka, etc.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXlI. 1915. §§

Frnhstorfer {Stett. Eiit. Zeit. 1908, p. 53) calls this species "a ? forma
pseudinsularis nova (= insalaris Dist. nee Horsfield)," and I received from
Staudinger, apparently in accordance with this, specimens of insulans labelled
"pseudinsularis," and of msophila labelled " insularis."

How this cnrions assertion arises I do not know ; Staudinger's pseudinsularis
is certainly identical with the Horsfield type in the British Museum, as it is
identical with specimens I have compared with the type, and I accept Distant's
figures as fairly good of the species, which is so distinct in its underside markings
that it can hardly be confused with anything else.

Frnhstorfer makes this statement so categorically that one supposes he has
examined Horsfield's type ; if so, some mistake must have arisen in the notes
taken, or in some other way. I have not studied Fruhstorfer's paper closely
enough to say that there are no other faulty identifications, but that is my
impression.

The localities of the specimens at Tring are N.E. Sumatra, 7 <?(?, 3 ? ? ;
W. Sumatra, 2 c?c? ; Sumatra, 2 S S ; Mt. Tahau (Mai. Pen.), 2 S i \ Selangor,
1 ? ; Banka, 5 (?(^, 5 ¥ ¥ ; Java (Felder coll.), 1 S ; Borneo, 1 cT.

9. Curetis bulls Doubleday and Westwood.

Fig. 5. Underside, S.
Appendages. Fig. 31. Clasps.

„ „ 32. Aedeagus.

„ „ 33. var. malayica.

„ „ 34. from Borneo.

), „ 35. labelled angulata.

,, „ 36. from Sikkim.

,1 „ 37. var. santana (N. Borneo).

„ „ 38. „ „ (Pahang).

» „ 39. ,, felderi (Borneo).

.. „ 40. „ „ (Coll. Bethnne-Baker).

bulls Doubleday and Westwood, Genera Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 47.3, pi. 75, fig. 5 (1852).

This species has had attributed to it portions, and indeed the whole of the
following species, acuta.

The $ appendages at once distinguish them ; the size and form of the aedeagus
differ so as to be at once recognisable, and appear to be quite constant in the very
considerable number of specimens that I have examined of each species ; that is, the
extreme variations in each species still leave a marked gap between them at their
nearest approach to each other.

There are various named forms of bulis, such as discalis Moore, stigmata
Moore, malayica Felder, to which I add santana Horsf. & Moore, and felderi
Distant, though these require a little more discussion.

angulata Moore is no doubt a form of acuta, but it so happens that there
is a very similar form of bulis, and these two (both of which occur in collections
under the name angulata) come from the same region (N.W. Himalayas), whether
from the same localities or not I do not know, but this area is the extreme northern
range of bulis and the extreme western of acuta.

&6 iJoVlTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII 1915.

Ill this, as ill tlic other species aiul forms, I depend rather on the photographs
than on description to convey the characters of the appendages ; in bidis I note that
the corunti are very numerous and rattier small, the aedoagns 2'0-3'U mm. long,
with a terminal form and armament that is very distinctive. The harpe is smooth,
solid, sometimes rather pointed, more often ronnded at the tip, rarely in some races
inclined to broaden out. The valve is rather long and narrow, as iu the species of
this B section.

Unauthenticated specimens labelled arcuata Moore from Nias, but really balis,
have the harpes rather more blnnt.

A specimen labelled malai/ica (in Moore's writing) from Burmah has the harpe
rather sharp.

muUni'ica Felder, Rcixp. Norani, Lejj. p. 221. Tub. xxviii. fig. 18 (18tJi) ; Distant, Rlmji. Miilii/i^
p. '202. Tab. xxii. fig. 28 J' (1884).

The type specimen of malayica agrees with specimens I have examined,
obtained from various quarters ; these all prove to be forms of bulls.

Specimens of bulls from Penang and Province Wellesley have a very close
resemblance on the upper surface to acuta ; they are nevertheless bulis.

sanlana Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. p. 54. n. 97. 1857. refer to Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep. 1.
Tab. 23. fig. 1. (183(5).

This name has puzzled me a good deal : two examples so named from the Moore
collection proved both by wing markings and genitalia to be sperthis; they both
hailed from Java, and are no doubt the same as Staudinger's javana (see sperthis).
Boisduval's ligure is of the male upper surface, and might be thetis or various other
species.

There is, however, in the Tring collection a specimen labelled santana that
probably represents the name correctly ; it is from the Felder collection, and has
labels " Java ell. de Capellen." " Santana, Moore, Java, v. d. Cap."

1 happen to possess a similar specimen, but from Borneo, at least as labelled.
On the upper surface these are not at all unlike titetis, but there are one or two
points, such as the produced anal angle of the hindwing, that receive their explana-
tion when it is seen that the underside is that of bulis. Both these specimens have
appendages the same as those of bulis.

It appears, then, that santana is a Javan race of C. bulis, iu which the black
border is not returned along the inner margin, a feature that characterises bulis almost
everywhere else, but the extent of which is so variable that snch a form as santana
only carries this variation a trifle farther than usual. If my specimen is correctly
labelled, which 1 doubt (it is from the Moore collection), this form also occurs in
Borneo.

There are two specimens, one (No. 4) from the Straits Settlements, that has a
certain amount of black along inner margin, and one (No. 20), purely santana in
marking, from N. Borneo, that both show the enlarged harpe oi santana.

felderi Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 203. Tab. xxiv. fig. 3. ^ xxii. fig. 20 ? (1884).

Mr. Distant writes me that he believes the type specimen is in the Zoological
Museum at Tring. I have seen only one specimen, not labelled " type," bat
" Felderi, Dist." apparently in Mr. Distant's writing, and a locality label " Sing

XOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 97

Kea " or something like that. This specimen belongs to the species I have
called and believe to be " nesophila." The underside of nesophila is quite
unlike that figured in Rhop. Malay, as felderi, so that if this is the type speci-
men it is Incky it is not so labelled ; the upperside agrees well enough with the
figure oi felderi.

The underside figure of the male is clearly of the bulls group, a little blurred
or rubbed, that of the female is highly suggestive of nesophila.

There is in Mr. Bethune-Baker's collection a specimen labelled " Felderi " that
agrees well enough with the figure ((?) iu Rhop. Malay. This specimen, however,
is not Malayan, but comes from Sandakan, Borneo ; this is not, of course, decisive
against its being felderi.

My information, then, allows me (1) to leave the species alone, (2) to sink ■
it as a synon3-m of nesophila {nesophila in the Tring collection is Blalayau and
Bornean), (3) to accept provisionally the Bakerian specimen as authentic. I
adopt the latter course as more likely to advance knowledge, even if itself an
error — as it proposes a,s felderi a form with strong claim to be a "good" species,
but more especially because I believe it more nearly represents the fact.
This same locality prodnces ordinary btdis and also sperthis.
I conclude, in fact, that Mr. Distant had what I accept &s, felderi — namely, that
of which he fignres the male underside, and which is represented in Mr. Bethune-
Baker's collection under the name felderi ; he had also, and mixed with them,
specimens of what I accept as nesophila. Of these he figured a female, and
labelled ^% felderi the male in the Tring Museum.

felderi on this assumption is a subspecies (or distinct species) of C. bulis,
differing from tlie usual form in having the black margins as in santana or
thetis — i.e. narrowing to anal angle of forewing, and not extending at all along
the inner margin. In this respect it does not differ from the form santana,
of which I have a Bornean specimen.

The genitalia, however, of this specimen i)i felderi differ from ordinary (and
usual Bornean) specimens of bulis by the dorsal hooks being shorter and blunter,
and by the harpes being expanded to a tdnnt square tip. A variation of this
sort is common in C. acuta, but the only specimen of bulis in which I have found
it is another Borueau specimen — and in a minor degree a bulis (from Sikkim) and
a discalis. This difference in the genitalia might give this felderi some claim to
be a " good " species.

My numerous preparations of the c? appendages of bulis do not present a
complete series iu this matter of the harpe, from one extreme form to the other,
but in view of the considerable variation iu specimens from each locality, and
that I have some localities poorly and many not represented, I conclude that
a sufficient number of specimens would show the range of variation to be
continuous.

Some few specimens present the discal mark that is more characteristic of the
dentata form of acuta, but the range of variation on the upper surface covers nearly
all the ground that de Niceville assigns to the whole group, and it must be agreed
that the upper surface at least gives no certain characters by which to separate bulis
from the other species of the section.

C. bulis has a rather wide range : N. W. Himalayas (where it imitates the form
angulata of acuta), Sikkim, S. Barmah, Malacca, Beuang, Banka, Sumatra,
Nias, N. Borneo.

98 NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

10. Curetis acuta Moore.

Fig. 6. Underside, cJ .

Appendages. Fig. 41. var. angulata (Bnsar).
„ 42. „ „ (Kangra).

43.

44.

Bnrmah.

4.5.

„ dentata.

46.

» !)

47.

„ paraeuta (Formosa).

48.

„ paraeuta brunnea.

acuta Moore, Ami. Mag. N. H. (4) xx. 50-51 (1877) (Shanghai) ; Pryer, Rhip. Nihon., pi. iv.

fig. 1 and 2. {J and $ (both surfaces).
ikntaki Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1879, p. 1.37 ; 1882, p. 244.
truncata Moore, Ann. Mag. N. IJ. (4) xx. 50-51, $ (1877). [This seems to be a form of acuta.

I have had no ^ to examine.]
paraeuta Nic^v. = acuta Pryer nee Moore, Journ. Bomh, N. II. Soc. xiv. p. 248 (1902).

Ue Nic^ville says acuta Moore = truncata Moore = angulata Moore. Bnt
paraeuta, though it looks very dilFerent from acuta, agrees with that species as to
the appendages, and must be regarded as the geographical race of that species
inhabiting China, Formosa and Japan rather than as a distinct species.

angulata Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loml. 1883, p. 522 pi. xlviii. fig. 2 (an angulated form of buVs
much resembles and passes for angulata).

My own specimens of "a>iffulata" from several sources all prove to be bulis ; they
were named no doubt from the form of the wings, and these angulated specimens
of bulls are very similar indeed to true angulata, which, from its habitat (N.W.
Himalayas) and its having a ? with white patches, is no doubt a form not of
huUs, but of acuta.

acuta var. brunnea Wileman, Annnl. Zool. Jap. vii. p. 88 (1909).

I do not know whether this is a distinct race of paraeuta, or is aberrational.
In the preparation (and photograph) the aedeagus has unfortunately got
crushed towards the extrcmit}'.
I should define

acuta: 1. Stigmatal mark distinct.

2. Harpe expanded at tip.

paraeuta : 1. Stigmatal mark lost in the black area beyond it.

2. Harpe pointed at tip.

I see no objection to any one regarding these as good species, though I think
it seems better to consider them geographical races of one species.

C. acuta differs from bulis in being usually provided with the dark tooth
{dentata, stigmata) or stigma projecting from the costal dark border into the copper
area. The angulata form of bulis is as angulated as any acuta, but acuta is
usually angulated, bulis round-winged. On the underside, the oblicpie postdiscal
line, which in these two species is more or less straight, in the t/ietis section
Innulated, is comparatively, at its lower termination, decidedly farther from the

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1913. 99

hind-margin (figs. 5 and 6) than in bulis. The varied intensity of the markings and
the great range in wing form do not make this always self-evident.

The appendages difier from those of bulis chiefly in the aedeagus, which is
2'0 to 2-2 mm. long (bulis, 30 mm.), straight, and somewhat expanded towards its
distal extremity. The actual extremity is much narrower than in bulis, almost
pointed, and therefore carries only a few spines, which are more numerous down
the margin.

The harpe varies as in bulis ; in the paracuta form it is generally rather
sharp ; in the Indian forms it is blnnt, and may be broad and tending to duplica-
tion at the end.

This is the only definite character in the appendages by which I could define
paracuta from acuta, and the variation in acuta in this matter is so considerable
that it does not seem to be a satisfactory character for the purpose.

The distribution of acuta seems to be North-West India, Nepal, Darjeeling,
Bnrmah, Hainan, Upper Meku, Tenasserim ; oi paracuta, Japan, Formosa, China.

The pale patches in ? acuta are white, with a bluish aspect most pronounced
in paracuta ; in bulis ¥ they are brown.

11. Curetis sperthis Felder.

Fig. 1. Underside S.

„ 2. Upperside c?.

,, 3. var. ininima.

Upperside.

11 4. „ ,,

Underside.

Appendages. Fig. 49.

Sent me as santana.

» ), 50.

„ „ javana.

» 51.

„ „ santana. (Sandakan, Borneo).

„ 52.

var. minima.

sjieHhis, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 222 (18G5).

aesopus, auct. pars, nee Fabr, (see discussion nnier phaedrua).

Ou-retis mhiiina, Distant and Pryer, Amt. Mag. N, H, (5). xix. p. 265 (1887). Description agrees

with specimen in Tring collection labelled " inhiima D. and P." " North Borneo " — which is

either a type or a paratype.

Comparing these specimens with the type of sperthis, and accejiting a specimen
in the Tring collection which agrees absolutely with the type specimen for the
examination of the appendages, shows all these named forms to be one species.

The figure of a male in Distaut's lihop. Mala;/, pi. .xxiv. fig. 12 (called aesopus)
is ajjparently the species under review, presenting — what is a characteristic of the
species— the abundant irroration of the underside with black jioints, though the
fasciae are rather too much in the bulis pattern.

The ? of aesopus is possibly that species (viz. phaedrus), but has nothing in
that case to do with sperthis {I.e. pi. xxiv. fig. 12), nor probably does pi. xxii.
fig. 27 represent the ? of sperthis, though so named.

I have not with certainty recognised the ¥ of sperthis. C. sperthis is a smaller
nsect than hulls or acuta, and in the form minima is the smallest form of Curetis.
It may be distinguished from bulis and acuta by the underside band being rather of
the lunulated thetis type, than of that of bulis, and by the underside being more
frequently thickly irrorated with fine black points.* These are seen in the

* The black irroration beneath is a character of the B. (hiilis) section ; it is more frequently present
in sjierthis than in the other species, but it may be absent in sperthis, and is often present in hulls and still
more in some forms of acuta.

iOO NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXII. 1915.

photographs, figs. 4 and 5. Fig. 2, acuta, has a very similar appearance, bnt here
the Jots are damages to the specimens, mnch more visible to the camera than to
the nnaided eye.

The extent to which the black border invades the inner margin of the wing
varies a good deal.

The appendages are on the same type as bulis ; they may be at once distin-
guished by the aedeagus being much shorter (2'0 mm.) ; the extremity, instead of
being square, has a pointed trowel-shaped form, and so looks much narrower ; and
instead of the long compound double row of very numerous small coruuti, it has
only a few of comparatively very large size.

There are specimens of spertkis from Malacca, N.E. Sumatra, Java, and
Borneo.

In mounting the abdomina of S specimens of Curetis my attention was at once
attracted by the existence of a fan on the basal abdominal segment, which I found
in all the examples of the genus in which I looked for it. It is very similar to the
fan that exists in Sphinges, and still more like that found in some Noctuae. I
am not aware that a similar abdominal fan has hitherto been described in any
butterfly. The fan consists of a large pencil of hairs arising from a special area on
the lower posterior angle of the dorsal plate of the second abdominal segment.
The hairs are rather more than 2-0 mm. long. No doubt, in use, they are spread
and displayed and probably diffuse a scent, but I have not met with any record of
their having been observed. At rest, they lie closely together in a special pocket,
which crosses obliquely the steruite of the third abdominal segment and encroaches
on the fourth. The precise disx'osition of the pockets will jierhaps be better
gathered from figs. 78 ( x 8), 79 and 80 ( x 15). In fig. 80, though all the hairs are
in the pocket, a number have been torn away from their point of origin. Fig. S3
shows the hairs and their origin ( x 25). Fig. 82 is similar, a number of the hairs
have been lost, but one side of the pocket separated from its attachments is seen.

The scale sockets of the area about the pocket present the usual vase-like or
dumb-bell outline (fig. 84, x 300) ; passing from these to the pocket, they gradually
change their form, until in the pocket itself they have a flask-like, nearly globular
form, and give rise not to scales, but to short tapering hairs (fig. 85, x 300).

It would seem that the sockets have been modified into scent glands, with a
certain capacity to accommodate an accumulation of the scent material, and that the
fine hairs served to conduct it to the hairs of the fan when about to be expanded.

The hairs of the fan have no spicules, but are very straight and simple, yet
when highly magnified, have a spongy, corky look, not the smooth, polished
surface of most insect hairs, so that one supposes them to be somewhat spongy in
order to absorb a supply of scent.

The well-known scent-fans of Sphinges much resemble these fans of Curetis,
but their disposition diff'ers somewhat; the fan or pencil of hairs in Sphinges arises
from the same segment, the second abdominal, not however from the tergite, but
from the middle of the dorsal margin of the sternitc ; the pocket in which it rests
is merely the fold of membrane between the dorsal and ventral plates.

In a Koctna (an American Acontian is figured) the fan arises from the first
abdominal sternite, and occupies a pocket almost identical in appearance with that
in Curetis; the difference from Curetis is in the point of origin of the fan and in
the pocket being longitudinal instead of oblique; a photograph of a portion of this
preparation is shown in fig. 81.

KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 101

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES IIL— XIX.

Figures 1 to 30 are the npper- and undersides of certain species, to show points
of resemblance or distinction between them which are not well or not at all illus-
trated by figures alreadj- published.

They are enlarged something less than two diameters, generally as about
11, 12, or 13 to 7 ; and are from photographs by A. E. Tonge.

Figures 31 to 77 are photographs of c? genitalia, also by Mr. Tonge, and are
magnified by 25 diameters.

Figures 78 to 85 illustrate the scent fans or pencils ; these are by BIr. F. N.
Clark.

I do not present any figures of the female genitalia. These appear to present
items for specific characters in the structures of the eighth abdominal sternite, but
the preparations I have made and had photographed refer to species whose distinc-
tive characters are otherwise adequate, or to specimens whose determinations I am
not sufficiently sure of to rely on them ; these remain therefore for some future
occasion, and I expect for some other observer.

Imagines.

Figs. 1 and 2. sperthis c?, under- and upperside.

„ 3 and 4. ,, var. minima, upper- and underside.

Note the numerous minute black dots on the underside, which are character-
istic of the species. Fig. 6 appears to show similar dots, but in this figure these
are blemishes of the specimen hardly visible to the naked eye, but picked up, as
the figure shows, by the camera; iu figs. 1 and 4 they are actual markings.

Fig. 5. bulis S underside.
,, 6. acuta S „

These show the different position of the oblique postdiscal line in the two
species, especially how much nearer the base of the wing it is on the inner
margin in acuta. Unfortunately both species vary so much in wing outline that it
is often difficult to verify this difierence.

Fig. 7. pkae(/rus cJ, underside, shows the postdiscal line faintly.

Figs. 8 and 0. t/tetis S under- and uppersides. British North Borneo form.

A comparison of 7 and 8 shows that the advance towards the hlnd-margia of
the lunulated line forward of vein 4, which obtains in various species, is absent
in pkaedrun, but marked in thetis. C. thetis from India is usually too devoid of
markings to illustrate this.

Fig. lu. iiesophila, upperside, shows the regular arch-like curve of the outer
margin of the copper area, which is approached, but not so definite in other forms of
Cicretis, fig. 28, underside.

Figs. 11 and 12. tagalica var. talautensis c?, upper- and undersides differ from
the type form in the outline of the copper area and in the paleness of the
underside.

Figs. 13 and 16. tagalica var. talautensis ?, under- and uppersides ; this differs
less than the S from the tyjncal form.

Figs. 14 and 15. thetis var. hougaincillei S , under- and upperside.

„ 17 and 18. „ „ „ ?, upper- and undersides. The figures

sufficiently show the difl'erences from typical (Indian) thetis.

102 . NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

Fig. 16. talautensis. See fig. 13.

Fig. 19. Aa;'o««.s (?, underside; beneath the npper wing the postdiscal line
approaches the straightness that it has in phaedrus.

Figs. 2U and 21. tketis var. e<jena S , upper- and underside.

Note the mimetism between figs. 20, 23, and 26 ; 20 does not resemble typical
tketis, nor 26 typical tagalica, as regards the uppersides, bat beneath they agree
well with those species, which the genitalia show them to belong to.

Figs. 22, 2.5. thetis y&v.fergussoiii S , upper- and underside.

This has the wedge-shaped portions on the costal margin of the copper of
upper wing, characteristic of other South-Eastern races of tketis, and found in
celebensis and tagalica var. clohertyi.

Figs. 23, 24. celebensis cj, upper- and underside.
„ 26, 27. tagalica. var. clohertyi S , upper- and underside.
„ 28. nesophila i, underside (and fig. 10).
„ 29, 30. salegerensis ? , upper- and underside.

Appendages.

Fig. 31. hiilis, clasps.

These can be exhibited in this way only by separating them from the other
parts ; this gives a better idea of their structure than the other photographs, from
specimens mounted to show (so far as may be) all the parts, and demonstrate
specific differences.

Fig. 32. bulis, aedeagus.

Its characteristic form is equally evident in the four following figures.
Fig. 33. bulis var. malayica.
„ 34. „ (Borneo).
This is from the same specimen as fig. 5 ; on the npperside the black margin
returning along the inner margin is little more than a line along vein 1, a close
approach to var. santana.

Fig. 35. bulis (labelled angulata).
„ 36. ,, a Sikkim specimen, shows thickening of ends of harpe approaching
var. santana.

Fig. 37. bulis var. santana (North Borneo).

), 38. ,, „ ,, (Fahang, Malay Pen.).

These show expansion of the end of the harpe unlike typical bulis ; but fig 3S
is not very different from fig. 36, and I have other similar specimens. The curve in
the aedeagus in fig. 37 is due to a bend (in preijaration) of which an indentation
on its left side may be seen.

Fig. 39. bulis var. fcldcvi (Borneo).

„ 40. ,, „ „ (coll. Bethnne-Baker).
Hardly differ from 37 and 38 ; in fig. 40 undue jjarsimouy in amputating the
abdominal extremity left behind portions of the aedeagus and saccus.
Fig. 41. acuta var. angulata (Buxar).
,) 42. „ (Kangra).

» 43. „

J, 44. „ (Burmah).

Attempts to mount the whole appendages in figs. 42 and 43 (as in fig. 31) are
not very successful.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAB XXII. 1915. . 1()3

These figures show well the short, wide, urceolate aedeagus and the
variabilit}' of the harpes.

Figs. 45 and 46. acuta var. dentata.
Fig. 47. acuta var. paracuta (Formosa).

„ 48. ,, ,, ,, ab. hrunnea (coll. Bethnue-Baker).

In the last preparation, the aedeagus has unfortunately been crushed (in pre-
paring, probably).

All these are within the limits of variation shown in a number of preparations
of acuta, of which figs. 41-44 are a sample ; in fig. 48 the dorsal hooks are longer
and more slender than usual, and 47 and 48 are altogether larger, especially in
the tegumen.

Fig. 49. spertkis sent me as santana.
„ 50. „ „ „ javana.

,, .51. „ „ „ santana (Sandakan, Borneo).

„ 52. „ var. mimnia.
The aedeagus is shorter than in acuta, narrower, and has a characteristic pointed
extremity.

Fig. 53. thetis India.
„ 54. „ Ceram (sent me as phaedrus).
„ 55. „ British New CTuinea.
„ 56. „ var. barsine (coll. Bethune-Baker).
All these show the " shuttle " piece fairly well, 53 and 55 especially show the
position of the serrations it carries.

Fiff. 57. tkctis var. menestratusYvnh&i.

„ 58. ,, „ fe.i-giissoni.
Both these show the tendency to fusion of the two lobes of the harpe, giving
some resemblance to the peculiar caplike end in celebensis.
Fig. 59. thetis var. bougainvillei.

„ 6U. „ „ egena.
These two are more like typical thetis ; in one harpe of 59, and both of 60, the
lateral lobe is folded over so as to be not so easily seen.
Fig. 61. thetis var. ribbei.

The aedeagus is typical of thetis, the harpes are rather lengthened for thetis, but
the differences can hardly be said to be beyond those of geographical races.
Fig. 62. phaedrus.
„ 63. ,, (Balai, India).
„ 64. „
These show (as compared with thetis) the much broader valve, the shorter
simple harpe and the heavy extremity of the aedeagus.
Fig. 65. saroids, type form from Andamans.
„ 66. ,, var. nicobarica from Nicobars.
„ 67. „ ,, gloriosa (Rangoon).
These have a very broad valve, a short harpe, and a rather long shuttle.
Fig. 68. celebensis.

Differs from thetis in the caplike end of the harpe, and the serrations being
at the end of the shuttle, and in minor points, such as the hooked extremity of the
dorsal hooks, which are less suddenly curved at the end in thetis.
Fig. 69. insularis. N.E. Sumatra.

104 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

The abrnpt end of the dorsal hooks is not met with in any other species, the
valves are shorter than in tketis, the harpes have a side-process very similar to but
not identical with those in thetis. The shuttle is very weakly chitinised.

Figs. 71 and 72. nesopkila.

The base of the barpe is wide and cylindrical, the end short, the free portion
of the valve straight apd cylindrical, the cormiti are few, the shuttle is long ;
and the most noticeable character, because not occurring in other species, is
the curvature of the aedeagns.

Fig. 73. tagalica (Kalim Bnngo).
,, 74. „ sent me as insularis.

„ '5. ,.
These are conspicuous at once from their large size (the insect itself is not
especially large), and the actually as well as comparatively short and slender
aedeagus.

Fig. 76. tagalica var. palawanica,
„ 77. „ „ talautensis.

„ 78. Abdomen of C. phaedrus $ , x 8, shows positions of origin of fan and

of pockets.
„ 79. Shows position of fan and pocket on 2nd, 3rd, and 4th abdominal

segments, x 15.
„ 80. Another specimen, x 15.
„ 81. A very similar fan and pocket in a Noctna (Acontian), but with

quite a different point of origin for the fan. x 20.
„ 82. Fan and portion of pocket, x 25.
„ 83. Fan. x 25.

„ 84. Scale sockets close to pocket, x 300.

„ 85. Modified scale sockets (glands ?) and hairs in the pocket, x 300.
These (84 and 85) merge into each other at the margins of the pocket.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXII. 1915. 105

ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE ISLANDS OF CERAM
(SERAN), BURU, BALI, AND MISOL.

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Pn.D.

THE material I am describing was collected during the " II. Freibnrger
Molukken Expedition," by Herr Erwin Stresemann, and, after the Expe-
dition had split up, by Dr. Tauern. The fact that Herr Stresemann was an
ornithologist and Dr. Tauern a geologist accounts for the disproportionately small
number of species of lepidoptera compared with the fine collections of birds described
in the preceding volumes of Novitates Zoologicae. That a large number of the
specimens are defective is surely due to the season and the inexperience of their
native hunters.

The most remarkable discovery faunlstically was undoubtedly the capture on
Ceram of Papilio ( Troides) procus and Papilio weiskei stresemanni, both belonging
to types hitherto considered exclusively Papuan.

I have arranged the Rhopalocera and Gnjpocera approximately according to
" Seitz," and the Heterocera according to Sir George Hampson. There are of
Rhopalocera and irri/pocera from Ceram 140 species and subspecies, from Burn 17,
and from Bali 87, all collected by Herr Stresemann, while from Misol there are 48,
collected by Dr. Tauern. The total number of species of Rhopalocera and Gnjpocera
is only 286, owing to several being common to two or more islands. It is curious
that — in spite of the fact that Amboina and Ceram have furnished large quantities
of species from the time of Linnaeus, and even Seba, for more than 180 years —
there should still be large and conspicuous novelties on the latter island.

RHOPALOCERA
F A F I L I O N I D A E

Fapilionuiae

L Papilio (Troides) procus (-Rothsch.).

Troides procus Rothschild, Nov.Zool. vol. xxi. p. 262 (1914) (Interior of Ceram).

The specimen had slipped sideways in the box, so that we could not decide for
certain which of the three localities in Ceram it came from ; but I have no doubt
that, like P. weiskei stresemanni, it came from above 1000 metres in Central Ceram.

1 ?, Interior of Ceram.

It is a great pity no c? of this remarkable species was obtained.

2. Papilio (Troides) tithonus tithonus (De Haan).

Ornithoptera tithonus De Haan, Verh. Nat. Gescli. Ned. overs, bes. p. 18. t. 1. f. 1 ((J) (1840) (New
Guinea).

The single ? here enumerated agrees exactly with the S ? collected by Doherty
at Kapaur and those collected by the Pratts at Fak Fak and in the Ninay Valley.
Whether, as in the case of other species of this group, the c? will prove very different
remains for future collectors to discover.

1 ? , Blisol.

106 . NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

3. Papilio (Troides) hypolitus hypolitus Cram.

Papilio Eques Trojanushi/polltiis Cramer, Paj). E.mt. vol. i. part 1, p. 14, t. 10. ff. A, B ( J ) t 1 1 ff
A. B. ( ? ) (1775) (Amboina).

2<?c?, 1 ?, Wabai, North Ceram ; 1 <?, 1?, Mansnela, Central Ceram, 650
metres = 2113 ft., 1912.

4. Papilio (Troides) helena oblongomaculatus Goeze.

Pajj/lio Equen Trnjanus obliingomaculatus Goeze, Enlom. Beijti: vol. iii. p. 44. No. 22 (1779) (ex
Colonia Surinamensi ! !).

Siogl}' in open conntry. — E. S.

10 Si, 11 ¥ ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

5. Papilio (Troides) helena mannus (Frnhst.).

Troides helena mannus Pruhstorfer, Intern. Enlom. Zpil.<clir. Guhen, p. 238 (1908) (Bali).
1 (?, Bali, 1912 ; 1 ?, Kintamani, Bali, 4O0o ft., February— March 1911.

0. Papilio polydorus polydorus Linu.

Papilio j)o!y<lijriiK Linnaeus, Aiiioi-n. Acad. vi. p. 401. No. 50 (1763) (" India").

4 c?c?, 2 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 05() metres ; 1 cJ, 2 ? ?, Wahai, North
Ceram.

T. Papilio aristolochiae balinus Frnhst.

Papilio aristolochiae balinus Fruhstorfer, Eiitom. Ziil^rhr. Slultijart, p. 72 (1908) (Bali).

1 c?, 1 ?, Biileleng, North Bali, January— April 1911 ; 4 ? ?, Bali, 1012.

8. Papilio euchenor misolensis Rothsch.

Papilio euchenor misolensis Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. .\v. p. 169. No. 23 (1908) (Misol).
1 cJ, Misol.

9. Papilio demolion demolion Cram.

Papilio Eques Achivus demolion Cramer, Paii. Exnt. vol. i. pt. viii. p. 140. t. 89. ff. A. B. (1771',)
(Java).

1 c?, Gitgit, Bali, 1500—2000 ft.

10. Papilio helenus enganins Doh.

Papilio {Chnrnx) helenus var. emjanius Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Beug. 1891. p. 31. No. 50 (Engano).

4 (?(?, 1 ?, Danau B;-atan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911 ; 2 cJcJ, Kintamani,
Bali, 4000 ft., February— March 1911.

11. Papilio fuscus fuscus Goeze.

Papilio Eques Achivus fuscus Goeze, Entom. Bei/tr. vol. iii. p. 87. n. 71 (1779) (Seba tab. 43 ff. 1. 2).

Seba's iignres, though poor,are evidently the same insect as Cramer's F. secene-t
from Amboina, which therefore becomes the typical locality. Ceram and Burn
examples cannot be separated. Four aberrational forms occur : —

NOVIIATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1015. 107

(1) ab. cinereo-maculatus Goeze, with white spots beyond the cell of forewiug ;

(2) ab. madanas Frnhst., with a more or less complete postmedian white band

on forewing ;

(3) &h. fuscus Goeze, no white on forewing, band of hiudwing long, becoming

pointed towards the abdominal margin ;

(4) ab. castarteits Goeze, white band on hiudwing short, consisting only of

four spots.
~i <?(?, 3 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 050 metres, 1912 {IS, ab. cinereo-
maculatus ; 1 (J, 3 ? ?, z!o.fuscus) ; 1 S, "Wahai, North Ceram ; 1 i (ab. madam(s),
Mgesawain, Central Burn, 800 metres = 2600 ft.

12. Papilio polytes javauus Feld.

Papilhi pohjtes vnr.Japamts Felder, VerJi. zool. hutan. GeseJl. Wieii (1862) p. 48lj. No. 127 (Java).

The polytex form of ? form jut-anus appears to be much rarer than the
ojrus form of ? form virilis ROb., for out of 7 ¥ ? sent by Herr Stresemann,
only one is iorm javanus.

0 t?c?, 3 ? ?, Bali, 1912 (2 ? ? form ci/rus, 1 ? form javanus) ; 2 c?c?, 1 ?,
Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft, February— March 1911 ; 1 J, 1 ? , Gitgit, Bali, 1500—
2000 ft.; 1 cJ, 1 ?, Danau Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911; 1 tj, (Juimng
Bratan, Bali, 4000— 4500 ft., January— February 1911 ;7 cjcj, 1 ¥, Buleleng, North
Bali, January— April 1911.

13. Papilio polytes alphenor Cram.

Papilio Eques TnyamiK aljihenov Cramer, Pap. E.rot. vol. i. pt. viii. p. 141. t. SO. f. B. (177tj)
(" China " !).

3 <?<?, 2 ??, Wahai, North Ceram; 1 S, Sukaradja, North-west Ceram;
3 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres.

14. Papilio ambrax ambrax Boisd.

Papilio iimbrax Boisduval, Voij. Astrolabe Eutom. p. 40. No. 5 (1832) (New Guinea).
2 c? c? (ab. ambrax) Misol.

15. Papilio gambrisius gambrisius Cram.

Papilio Eqiies Achivus gambrisius Cramer, Pap. E.i-at. vol. ii. pt. xiv. p. 95. t. 157. ff. A. B. (1779)
(Amboina).

1 c?, Ceram; 3 cJc?, 2 ¥ ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 050 metres.

16. Papilio aegeus ormenus Gndr.

Papilio nrmotus Guerin, Voy. C'oqnille, t. 14. f. J (I82'J) (uo locality).

1 c? (ah. pandion Wall.) Misol.

17. Papilio memnon memnon Linn.

Papilio Equcs Trujanus memnon Linnaeus, Sijst. Xal. edit. x. p. 400. No. 12 (1758) (Asia).

5 cJcJ, Buleleng, North Bali, January- April 1911 ; 1 ¥ (form laomedon
Cram.), Bali, 1912.

108 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

18. Papilio deiphobus deiphobus Linn.

PapiUii Equex Trnjamts (hiphohua Linnaeus, Sysl. Xat. edit. x. p. 459. Nos. 6 (1758) (Asia).
5 <?c?, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres.

10. Papilio ulysses ulysses Linn.

Papilio Eques Acinous tili/sses Linnaeus, .%.■.■<. Nut. edit. x. p. 4(V2. No. 20 (1758) (Asia).

9 c?c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres.

20. Papilio aristeus aristeus Cram.

Papilio Eqiies Achiviis aristeus Cramer, Piij). Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxvii. p. GO. t. .SIS. ff. E. F. (1780)
(Amboina).

1 (?, Ceram ; 1 cJ, Wahai, North Ceram.

21. Papilio weiskei stresemanni Rothsch.

Papilio weiskei stresemanni Rothschild, Lepid. Brit, Ornifh. & Woll. Exps. p. 4 (1015) (Ceram).

This most surprising discovery proves once more how arbitrary our ideas of
fanual limits nsnally are, for if any butterflies could be considered solely oceano-
papnan in distribution, it was the Papilio maclea >ianiis group (P. gclon, weiskei,
and macleai/anus), and now it turns up suddenly in the South Moluccas.

Only observed in the Central Mountains of Middle Ceram above 1000
metres = 3250 ft. It frequents light forest, and is found there on the flowers of
an Euf/enia species. — E. S.

8 c?(?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, above 32.50 ft., 1912.

22. Papilio codrus codrus Cram.

Papilio Eques Trojanus codrus Cramer, Pap. E.i-fit. vol. ii. pt. xv. p. 127. t. 170. iT. A. B. (1777)
(Amboina).

1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres; 1 <J, Mgesawain, Central Burn,
800 metres.

23. Papilio sarpedon sarpedon Linn.

Papilio Eques Trojanus sarpedon Linnaeus, Sysl. Nat. edit. x. p. 4G1. No. 14 (1758) (Asia).

2 (?(?, Danan Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., .January 1911.

24. Papilio sarpedon anthedon Feld.

Papilio anthedon Felder, Verh. zaol. hot. Gesell. Wien (18G4) p. 305. No. 217 and p. 350. No. 124
(Amboina).

3 c?c?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres.

25. Papilio doson evemonides Hour.

Papdio jason var. eremonidcs Honrath, Ucrl. Enlum. Zeils'li. Bd. xxviii. p. 306. t. 10. f. 2 (1884)
(Malacca ; S.E. Borneo).

1 cJ, Bali, 1912.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 109

26. Papilio eurypylus eurypylus Linn.

PapiUn Eqiies AcJilvus emypyhis Linnaens, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 464. No. 37 (1758) (" in Indiis ").

1 i, C'eram ; 1 t?, Wahai, North Ceram ; 3 cJcJ, Blannsela, Central Cerani,
650 metres.

27. Papilio macfarlanei cestius Fruhst.

Papilio macfarhiiiei cestius Fruhstorfer, Soc. KiUoin. VMi. p. 49 (locality unknown).
1 c? , 3 ? ? , Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres.

28. Papilio agamemnon plisthenes Feld.

Papilio jiJisthenes Felder, Verh. sool. hot. Gesell. Wieii (18G4) p. 30G. No. 232 ; id Reise Nomra Lep
Tol. i. p. 70. No. 53. (1865) (Amboina). ' '

1 (J, 3 ? ?, Wahai, North Ceram; 3 c?(?, 3 ¥ ?, Maunsela, Central Ceram,
650 metres.

29. Papilio agamemnon meton Fruhst.

Papilin ttijaiiieiiinon melon Fruhstorfer, Ins. Borne 1904. p. 181 (Lombok).

1 6, Bali, 1912.

Fieriuae

30. Leptosia xiphia chlorographa Hftbn.

Leptosia chlnrographa HUbner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. ff. 47. 48. (1818) (Java).
1 c?, Danau Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911.

31. Delias dorimene dorimene (Cram.).

Papilin dorimene Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. x.Kxiii. pi. 387. ff. C. D. (1782) (Amboina).

1 c?, 1 ? , Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres.

32. Delias periboea wallacei Rothsch.

Delias periboea var. toallacei Rothschild, Iris, vol. v, p. 441. t. 5. f. 2. (1892) (S. Celebes ! !).

4 c?c?, 1 ?, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911.

Herr Fruhstorfer assumes that my type from S. Celebes was erroneously
labelled and really came from Bali ; it certainly is strange that it has never
turned up in Celebes again, but just the same as large Papilios have only been got
on Celebes in single e.xamples, so much more likely would a dirty, dingy Pierid
be overlooked.

33. Delias mysis cruentata (Butl.).

Pieris cruentata Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1865. p. 455. t.' 26. f . 2. (Misol).

1 ¥ , Misol.

34. Delias caeneus caeneus (Linn.).

Papilio caeneus Linnaeus, Mus. Ludov. Dlr. p. 271 (1764) (Amboina).
1 <?, 2 ¥ ¥, Blanusela, Central Ceram, 65i» metres, 1912.

110 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

35. Delias duns duris (Hew.).
Pkris duris Hewitson, Exot. Biitl. vol. ii. Pier. t. h. f. 34 (1861) (Ceram).
1 (?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

36. Delias funerea buruana Rothsch.

Delias funcrca buruana Rothsch. Nov. Zool. vol. vi. p. 68 (1899) (Mt. Mada, Buru).

?. Above differs from S in the whole costa of forewiug and the whole wing
obliquely from termeu above vein 4 to costa across upper half of eud of cell being
black, and in the hindwing being grey with the outer two-thirds between veins 4
and 7 black.

Below 6 and ? are identical.

1 ? , Wahai, North Ceram.

37. Delias isse (('ram.).

PajjUio isse Cramer, Paji. Exot. vol. i. pt. v. t. 55. ff. E. F. (1775) (Amboina).

2 c?c?, I ?, Manusela*, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

38. Delias belisama balina Frnhst.

Delias belisama balina Fruhstorfer, Intern. Entom. Zeitschr. Guben, 1908. p. 238 (Bali).
1 c?, Buleleng, North Bali, January — April 1911.

39. Delias rothschildi Holl.

Delias rothschildi Holland, Nor. Zoul. vol. vii. p. 81 (1900) (Buru),

Herr Fruhstorfer was quite wrong in placing this species as a form of dorimene,
though from no fault of his own ; it is nearer echidna Hew.

The S not being recorded, I describe it below, and also re-describe the ? ,
the single ¥ type being in poor condition.

(J. Above. Forewing greyish white, apical half of wing obliquely across cell to
tornns black. Hindwing white with broad black border ; the yellow of underside
shining through. — Below. Forewing black, five spots at apex and wing below
vein 1 white. Hindwing golden yellow, a large irregular area at, around, and
beyond tornns fiery orange, a broad black margin (one-sixth of wing) black with
five large, almost coalesceut golden and orange patches in it.

? . Above. Forewing black with greyish white streak above inner margin.
Hindwing base grey, rest of wing white, outer one-third of wing black. —
Below. Forewing black, base greyish, a quadrate white spot beyond cell, five
yellow patches at apex. Hindwing golden yellow, nervures broadly white,
outer black border with slightly smaller yellow patches than in S .

1 c?, Bara, N.W. Buru. [3 (?c7, 1 ?, Mt. Blada, Burn, 3U(iO ft., September
1898 (Dumas)].

40. Delias stresemanni sp. nov.

(J. Above. Forewing cream- white, apex broadly black running down in
diminishing width along termen to vein 2, costa black. Hindwing cream-white
narrowly edged with black. — Below. Forewing black-brown with strong metallic

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. Ill

bronzy glaze, a white dot at end of cell, three yellow spots in apex and three
whitish small spots along teruien. Hindwiug black-brown strongly glazed with
metallic bronze, an orange costal band and a terminal line of orange streaks,
a white spot at apex of cell and a broad clond-like whitish postmedian band.

?. Above. Forewing, basal three-fifths obliqnely pale grey, outer two-fifths
obliquely black-brown with a curved snbterminal row of grey streaks. Hind-
wing, basal two-thirds pale grey, outer one-third black-brown. — Below. Fore-
wing black-brown glossed with metallic bronze basal and cellular areas slightly
powdered with yellow scales, a snbterminal curved band of white oblong spots.
Hindwing black-brown strongly glossed with metallic bronze, a white spot at end
of cell, basal streak and row of snbterminal spots goldea yellow.

Length of forewing : S 30 mm., ? 27 mm. ; expanse, c? *54 mm., ? .58 mm.

1 c?, 1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1012.

41. Anaphaeis Java Java (Sparrm.)

PaplUo Java Sparrman, Amoeii. Aaid. vol. vii. p. 504. note. 1 (17C7) (Java).

1 (?, Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft., February— March 1911 ; 9 (?c?, 8 9 ? , Buleleug,
North Bali, .January— April 1911 ; 1 6,2 ? ? , Bali, 1912 ; 1 ¥ , ?.

1912.

42. Huphina nerissa corva (Wall.).

3)!s. Eiitom. Soe. Loiul, ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 3
1 c?, 1 ?, Buleleug, North Bali, .January— April 1911 ; 3 (?<?, 1 ?, Bali,

Pieris corra Wallace, Tram. Eiitom. Soc. Loiitl. ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 339. No. 32 (1867) (Java,
Bali).

43. Huphina aspasia aspasia (Stoll).

Papilio aspasia Stoll, Siippl. Cramer's Pap. E.r.ot. pt. v. p. 148. pi. xxxiii. ff. 3, 3 c. (1790)
(Amboina).

2 c?(?, Wahai, North Ceram ; 19 cJc?, 2 ? ?, Sukaradja, N.W. Ceram ; 2 c?c?,
Mansuela, Central Ceram, 6.50 metres, 1912.

44. Huphina aspasia jael (Wall.).

Pierisjael Wallace, Trans. Eiilom. Soc. Loud. ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 335. No. 20 (1867) (Buru).

2 c?(?, Mgesawaiu, Central Burn, 800 metres.

45. Huphina perimale rachel (Boisd.).

Pieris rachel Boisduval, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. G<'n. Lepid. vol. i. p. 469. No. 46 (1836) (Java !).

There is some doubt about this form, as since Boisduval's time it has not been
received from Java. Fruhstorfer in " Seitz " quite omits all mention of a form of
H. perimale from the Molnccas. I, however, in addition to the 4 cj (J enumerated
below, possess 'Z H from Burn, 1 ? from Ceram, 2 cJcJ from Batjan, and 2 c?c?
from Ceram Laut ; a 6 from Obi is slightly different. As all these specimens agree
with Boisduval's description of rachel in possessing the very large yellow subapical
patch, which is less developed in all the other forms oi perimale, I have come to the
conclusion that the locality of Boisduval's type was wrong, and that/*, rachel is the
South Muluccan race.

112 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915.

2 cJc?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, ]ltl2 ; 1 (?, Sukaradja, N.W.
Ceram; 1 <?, Ceram.

40. Appias lyncida lyncida (Cram.).

Papilio lyncida Cramer, Pcq). E.cid. vol. ii. pt. xi. p. 5,^. t 131. f. B. (1777) (Java).

1 i, Bali, 1912.

4T. Appias ada ada (Cram.).

Pupilio luh Cramer, PajJ. Exol. vol. iv. pt. x.\xi. p. 14:>. t. 303. ff. C. D. (1781) (Amboina).

1 c?, Sukaradja, N.W. Ceram; 7 6 6, 1 ?, Maunsela, Central Ceram, 650
metres, 1912.

48. Appias melania antoniae Frnhst.

Appias melania antoniae Fruhstorfer, Seitz Gnmschm. der Erde, vol. ix. p. 150 (1910) (East Ceram,
Saparua).

1 (?, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 050 metres, 1912 ; 2 c^c?, Wahai, North
Ceram.

49. Appias placidia (Stoll.).

Popilio placidia Stoll, Stipp>l. Cramer's Pap. E.rot. pt. iv. p. 133. pi. xxviii. ff. 4. 4 C. (1790)
(Amboina).

Dr. Standinger separated the Batjau specimens as a subspecies under the name
var. macuhttii, and Herr Fruhstorfer in " Seitz " followed him, adding the localities
Halmaheira and Obi. I cannot agree to this, for out of seventeen ? ? sent by
Herr Stresemann from Ceram, nine are like the c? unspotted above, seven are
normal or like Standinger's maculata, while the other one has a band of large
distinct yellow patches much stronger developed than in any of Standinger's
maculata. I consider, therefore, at the most the yellow-spotted ? ? can only be
treated as aberrations and must stand as ab. maculata Stand.

25 (?c?, 15 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 2 (JcJ, Kanike,
North Ceram, 000 metres = 1950 ft., 1912 ; 1 c?, 3 ? ?, Wahai, North Ceram.

in large numbers on the ground where covered with leaves in high primeval
forest with little undergrowth. In the coast region and Central Mountain Range.
Never found in open country. — E. 8.

50. Appias celestina celestina (Boisd.).

Pierix celestina Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe Lipid, p. 46. No. 1 (1832) (Waigiou).

When a good series of both the yellow and white forms of ? is available, the
Misol form of celestina will have to be separated, but the three white ? ¥ obtained
by H. Kiihu are not sufficient for this purpose.

15??, Misol [2 c?(J, 3 ? ? (white form), Misol, January 1899 (Heinrich
Kiihu)].

51. Catopsilia pyranthe evangelina (Butl.).

Callidryoi evangelina Butler, Trans. Entom. Soc. Land. 1870. p. 11. No. 6 (Flores).

1 J, 1 ?, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1011 ; 3 (J J, 2 ¥ ?, Bali,
1912.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 113

52. Catopsilia crocale crocale (Cram.).

Papilio crocale Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. i. pt. v. p. 87, t. 55. ff. C. D. (1775) (East Indies).

This insect is very variable, but in spite of its great range has developed into
only fonr subspecies. The S 3 have two chief forms : a yellow one, S forma
Jiavescens Fruhst., and a form with the outer half of wings white, c? forma alcmene
Fabr. In the more western portions of its range three principal ? forms occur:
? forma jagurtha Cram, with narrow margins to the wings and more or less white
hindwings ; ? forma crocale Cram, with yellow hindwings and wider margins ;
and ? forma latilimbata Fruhst. with a lot of sooty black on the wings.

2 c?(? (c? forma alcmene), 1 c? (c? forma Jiavescens), Buleleng, North Bali,
January— April 1911 ; 2 ? ¥ ($ ioTms.jugurtha), Bali, 1912.

53. Catopsilia crocale rivalis Fruhst.

Catopsilia crocale /lava J forma rivalis Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grosssclim. Ercle, vol. ix. p. 163. t. 68.
f. d. 4 and fE. d. 2-4 and e. 1-5 (1910) (Moluccas and Papua).

Herr Fruhstorfer applied the name Jlava Butler to the subspecies of crocale
reaching from the Koluccas to the Solomons, and named the Celebes race celebica.
He had evidently never looked up Butler's original description, or he wonld have
seen that Butler's name flava was given to specimens obtained by A. R. Wallace
in Celebes in 1858. I find that no other names have been given to the Molncco-
Papuan race except the three ? ? forms riealis, crocalina, and jugiirthina Fruhst.
As I do not wish to create a new name, I apply the name rivalis to the whole
subspecies as it stands first on the page.

3 (?(?, 1 ? (? forma rivalis), Wahai, North Ceram ; 4 c?t?, 4 ? ?, Mannsela,
Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 1 S, Misol.

54. Catopsilia scylla scylla (Linn.).

Pajnlin scylla Linnaeus, Mus. Loude. Ulr. p. 242 (1764) (Java).

1 ¥, Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft., February— March 1911.

55. Catopsilia scylla moluccarum Frahst.

Catopsilia scylla moluccarum Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grosssclim. Erdc, vol. ix. p. 165. t. 68. c. fit. 4. 5
(1910) (Moluccas).

2S(5, 2??, Wahai, North Ceram; 1 c?, 1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram,
650 metres, 1912.

56. Terias hecabe sankapura Frahst.

Terias hecabe sankapura Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 167 (1910) (Bawean, Java,
Bali, and Lombok).

Terias hecabe is the most puzzling and variable insect. It varies locally, it
has three seasonal forms which, however, all iutergrade, it varies individnally, and
it varies both in colour and shape, and in some cases is sexually dimorphic and in
others not. I have four local races to enumerate in this paper, but I shall only
treat of them under their sub.specific entities, as it would carry too far to split them
up under the host of aberrational and formal names they possess.

ScJcJ, 8??, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911; 1?, Dauaa

114 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911 ; 1 cJ, 1 ? , Gnnung Bratan, Bali, 4000—6500 ft,
January — February 1911 (this pair is quite unlike the other Bali specimens, for
the ground colour of the c? is pale lemon-yellow and of the ? creamy white) ;
2 cJcJ, 2 ? ?, Bali, 1912.

57. Terias hecabe diversa Wall.

Terias diversa Wallace, Trans. Entom. Soc. Lorul. ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 324. No. 20 (1867) (Buru).

2 (?c?, Bara, N.W. Burn.

58. Terias hecabe biformis Butl.

Terias biformis Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. t. vol. xiii. p. 19G (1884) (Amboina).

The colour of the d type is exactly that of the Gnnung Bratan <J of
k. sankapura, while none of the series mentioned below is of that colour. The
females vary in colour, some being pure white, while others are decidedly washed
with lemon-yellow. Two males are paler yellow and have a broader black margin
to hindwings.

13 (?(?, 14 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 5 (?(?, 1 ?,
Wahia, North Ceram.

59. Terias hecabe oeta Frnhst.
Terias hecabe oeta Frnhstorfer, Seitz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 168 (1910) (New Guinea).

1 c?, Misol.

60. Terias blanda blanda Boisd.

Terias blanda Boisduval, Hist. Nat. /«.?. Spec. Gen. Lipid, vol. i. p. 672. No. 32 (1836) (Batavia).

4 c?c?, 1 ?, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911 ; 2 ? ?, Bali, 1912.

61. Terias blanda cungata Fruhst.

Terias blanda cungata P'ruhstorfer, Seitz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 169 (1910) (Amboina).
11 <S(S,5 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 050 metres, 1912.

62. Terias libythea drona Horsf.

Terias drona Horsfield, Cat. Lepid. Mas. E.I.C. p. 137. t. 1. f. 13 (1829) (Java).

This subspecies has two seasonal forms : (1) seas. f. drona is the wet-season
form, and (2) seas. f. herlina is the dry-season form.

2 SS (seas. f. drona), Danau Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911 ; 1 ? (seas.
f. drona), Gitgit, Bali, 1500—2000 ft. ; 1 c?, 1 ? (seas, f drona), 13 <?(?, 2 ? ?
(seas. f. herlina), Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres.

63. Terias laeta stigmatica subsp. nov.

5 ? . Differs from I. laeta in the yellow underside and in the distinct black
discocellnlar stigma.

1 cJ, 1 ? , Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft., February- March 1911.

NOVITATEa ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 115

64. Terias tilaha tilaha Horsf.

Teiias tilaha Horsfield, Cat. Lepid. Mus. E.I.C. p. 136. No. 62 (1829) (Java).

a cJc?, 1 ?, Danau Bratan, Bali, January 1911; 1 ?,Gunnng Bratan, Bali,
4000-650U ft., January— February 1911.

65. Terias norbana depicta Fruhst.

Terias norhana depicta Fruhstorfer, Seitz Gvonsschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 172 (1910) (Amboiaa).
1 cJ, 2 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

66. Terias Candida Candida (Cram.).

PapiUo Candida Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxviii. p. 8.3. pi. 331 (1780) (Amboiaa).

15 cJcJ, 13 ? ?, Manusela, Central (Jeram, 650 ft., 1912; 1 <S, Sukaradja,
N.W. Ceram ; 1 ?, Kanike, North Ceram, 600 metres, 1912 ; 4 cJc?, 7 ? ?, Wahai,
Nortb Ceram. Abundant in open places!! — E. S. [Hagen says always only in
forest lands.]

67. Terias Candida papuana Butl.

Terias paptiatia Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hixt. ser. vii. vol. i. p. 60. No. 9 (1898) (Misol).

I (?, 9 ¥ ?, Misol.

68. Gandaca harina aiguina Fruhst.

Gandaca harina aiguina Fruhstorfer, Seits Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 173 (1910) (Obi, Moluccas,
to New Guinea ! !).

The bulk of the New Guinea specimens have a much wider black apex to
the forewing in the males, but I have specimens even more exaggerated from
India, the Malay Islands, and the Philippines, so that before I venture to describe
the Papuan race I require a better series from the Moluccas, for the eleven specimens
enumerated below are all I have from there.

II (?c?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 1 S, Misol.

69. Hebomoia glaucippe javanensis (Wall.).

Iphias glaucippe loc. var. {3) javanensis Wallace, Journ. Entom. ii. p. 3 (1863).
1 (?, 1 ?, Bnleleng, North Bali, January — April 1911.

70. Hebomoia leucippe leucippe (Cram.).

PapiUo leucippe Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. i. pt. iii. p. 57. t. 36. ff. A. B. C. (1775) (Amboina).

Fruhstorfer has separated the Ceram leucippe as a distinct subspecies under
the name of leucippe daemonis. He gives as the differences the great reduction
of orange above in the forewing and the whitish not yellowish underside of hind-
wing. This does not hold good : out of my seven Amboina females five have more
black and less orange than Frnhstorfer's figure of his daemonis female, while six
of them have the hindwing below white. Of my two Ceram females one has
more orange in forewing than the figure shows.

1 t?, Ceram ; 1 c?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

Rather rare in river valleys in open country. — E. S.

llg . NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1015.

71. Pareronia jobaea elsa (Frnhst.).

Nepheronia jobam eha Fruhatorfer, Berl. Entom. Zellschr. vol. xlviii. p. 98 (l'J03) (Ceram).

b S 3, Snkaradja, N.W. Ceram.

72. Saletara liberia liberia (Cram.).

Papilio ZjJeWa Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iii. pt. xviii. p. 31. t. 210. fi. G. H. (1779)(Amboina).

6 SS, 2 ? ?, Mansnela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 2 SS, 2 ? ?,
Wahai, North Ceram ; 1 c?, Kanike, North Ceram, 600 metres, 1912.

In hitch virgia forest with little undergrowth on the ground where covered with
leaves. — E. S.

73. Saletara cycinna cycinna (Hew.).

Pieris cycinna Hewitson, Exot. Bull. vol. ii. Pier. t. 4. ft'. ".^3. "iC (1861) (Aru).

1 (5', Misol.

SAITAIDAE

Sanainae
74. Danaida chrysippus bataviana (Moore).

Limnas bataviana Moore, Pro:: Zool. Soc. Land. 1883. p. 238. No. 5 (Java).

1 c?, 1 ?, Bnleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911 ; 3 ??, Kintamani,
Bali, 4000 ft. ; 4 c?(J, Bali, 1912.

75. Danaida chrysippus petilia (Stoll).

Papilio petilia Stoll, Suppl. Cramer's Pap. E.r.ut. pt. iv. p. 132. pi. xxviii. f. 3. (1790) (Coast of
Coromandel).

3 tJt?, 2 ¥ ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 cf, Wahai, North
Ceram ; 2 cJcJ, Bara, N.W. Barn.

76. Danaida plexippus intensa (Moore).

Salatura inten.ia Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1883. p. 240. No. 3 (Java).

4 cJcJ, 5 ¥ ?, Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft., Febrnary— March 1911 ; 1 c?, Gitgit,
Bali, 15U0— 2000 ft. ; 2 cJc?, 3 ? ¥, Danau Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911 ;
1 t?, 1 ¥, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911.

77. Danaida philene philene (Cram.).

Papilio philene Cramer, Pap. Exut. vol. iv. pt. xxxii. p. Iij8. t. 375. S. A. B. (1781) (Amboina).

This form varies much in the intensity of the brown colonr, and Fruhstorfer
has named the extreme pale individuals forma lu.mrians, and he states that this
form has more often white marks on the upperside of hindwings. Out of the fifty
specimens sent by Herr Stresemaun, twenty-two are forma luxurians and twenty-
seven forma philene, while one S has almost entirely black hindwings. Now, of
these tifty specimens only two have white on the hindwings above, one a i forma
luxurians, and the other the <S with almost black hindwings {i.e. the brown on
hindwiug having almost disappeared).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 117

4 c?c?, 3 ? ?,Wahai, North Ceram ; 30 cJcJ, 13 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram,
650 metres, 1912.

Very abundant in open country in the Coast region and Central Mountain
Ranges. — E. S.

78. Danaida philene mysolica (Moore).

Salatura mysolica Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1883. p. 24'2. No. 13 (Misol).

One 6 has, as in the preceding form, an almost black hind wing, but in this case
it is more extreme.

4 c?c?, 1 ?, Misol.

79. Danaida ismare ismare (Cram.).

Papilio ismare Cramer, Paj}. Exol. vol. iii. pt xxiv. p. 156. pi. '279. fli. E. F. (1780) (Amboina).

7 c?c?, 3 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 ?, Wahai, North
Ceram.

80. Danaida melissa melissa (Cram.).

Papilio melissa Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxxii. p. 17-2. t. 377. if. C. D. (1781) (Java).

There are two well-marked forms of this insect found on Java — a large wet-
season form, " forma" m>/rsilos Fruhst., with all the lines and spots much reduced,
and a smaller drj'-season form, " forma " rnelissa, with the lines and spots large and
broad. On Bali the dry-season form is identical with that on Java, but the wet-
season form has the narrow lines and small spots of tw/rsilos, but is if anything
smaller than " forma " mdiasa.

I propose to call this " form. loc. melissiaa form, nov."

1 ? (forma melissa), Buleleng, North Bali, January — April 1911 ; 1 ?
(forma loc. melissina), Bali, 1912; 1 ? (forma loc. melissina), Kintamani, Bali,
4000 ft., February— March 1911.

81. Danaida melissa nigra (Mart.).

Danais (Tirumala) melissa nigra Martin, Iris, vol. xxiv. p. 24 (1910) (Ceram).

2 cJcJ, 3 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

82. Danaida aspasia philomela (Ziuk.-Somm.).

Euploea philomela Zinken-Sommer, Nova Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xv. p. 184. t. 10. f. 17 (1831)
(Java).

1 (J, Danau Bratan, Bali, 2.500 ft, January 1911; 3c?rf, Gitgit, Bali,
1500—2000 ft.; 1 c?, Bali, 1912 ; 1 <^, 2 ? ?, Buleleng, North Bali, January-
April 1911.

83. Danaida cleona cleona (Cram.).

Papilio cleona Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxxii. p. 173. t. 377. f. F. (1781) (Amboina).

16 c?c?, 8 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 2 SS, 1 ?,
Wahai, North Ceram.

Common in open country on the coast, and in the Central Mountain Range.

118 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

84. Danaida cleona lutescens (Butl.).

Da/iais lutescens Butler, Proc. Zuol. Soc. Land. 1866, p. 172. No. 5 ; p. 173. f. 3. (Buru).

2 ? ¥ , Mgesawaia, Central Bnru, 800 metres.

85. Danaida albata gilva Frnhst.

Danaida albata gilva Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 209 (1910) (East Java).

5 c?c?, 5 S ?, Gunnng Bratan, 7020 ft, January— February 1911.
Only found ou summit of Gnnung Bratau — E. S.

86. Danaida juventa juventa (Cram.).

Papilio jiwenta Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. ii. pt. xvi. p. 139. t. 188. f. B. (1777) (Java, Amboini, and
Coast of Coromandel).

4 SS, 2 ? ?, Bali, 1912; 1 3, 1 ? , Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft., February-
March 1911 ; 1 ?, Guuung Bratan, Bali, 4000—6500 ft., Jaunary— February 1911 ;
2 SS,2 ? ?, Buleleng, Bali, Jaunary— April 1911.

87. Danaida juventa meganira (Godt.).

Danais meganira Godart, Encycl. Method, vol. ix. p. 102. No. 51. (1819) (Java).

12 iS, 10 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 7 <^c?, 2 ? ?,
Wahai, North Ceram.

Eestiinae
88. Ideopsis stresemanni sp. nov.

(?. Antennae black, club very large ; palpi wliite outside, black inside, tip
of last segment black ; head black-brown, two spots on frons and two on vertex
white ; thorax black-brown, white dots on tegulae and patagia ; abdomen seal-
brown above. Forewing long and narrow, seal-brown ; a broad central baud
below vein 1, a large patch above it, patches between veins 2 and 3, 4 and 5, 5 and
6, a spot above vein 0, two spots (one above and one behind) apex of cell, and a row
of six submarginal spots bright canary-yellow with a slight olive tinge. Ilindioing,
basal two-fifths bright olivaceous canary-yellow divided into patches by the seal-
brown nervnres ; outer three-fifths seal-brown, streaks along abdominal folds, a
postdiscal band of seven large spots and three or four indistinct submarginal dots.

? . Larger wings, much broader and rounder ; on forewing between vein 4
and tornns the submarginal row of spots is double, and on hindwing there is
a complete row of twin submarginal spots.

Expanse: S, 94 mm.; ?, 109 mm. Length of forewing: S, 45 mm.;
?, 52 mm.

20 c^cJ, 10 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

Abundant in light forest and in open spots above 500 metres = 1650 ft., and
singly even as high as the summit of Gunung Pinaia, 2500 metres = 8150 ft. ;
below 500 metres rarelv to be seen. — E. S.

NOVITATBB ZOOLOQICAK XXII. 1915. 119

89. Hestia idea (Clerck).

Papilio idea Clerck, Icones Insect. Ear. sect, seounda, t. 38. f. 1 (1764).

Hestia idea novella Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 224. pi. 75b. No. 1 (1910)
(Banda, Goram, and Ceram).

Fruhstorfer has separated the Banda, Goram, and Ceram specimens as a
subspecies, chiefly on the greater amount of black in the cell of Amboina specimens,
but the distinction breaks down in a series.

6 (?(?, 6 ??, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 10 c?(?,8 ? ?,
Wahai, North Ceram; 1 ?, Kanike, North Ceram, 600 metres, 1912.

Solitary in tall virgin forest having scanty undergrowth. Native Molnccan
name " Kupu Kupu Swangi " (Malayan name, " Kupu Knpn Hantn ") = Ghost
butterfly.— E. S.

Euploeinae

90. Euploea -climena climena (Cram.).

Papilio climena Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxxiii. p. 207. t. 389. ff. E. F. (1782) (Amboina).

6(?c?, 7 ??, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 5c?c?, 5??,
Wahai, North Ceram.

91. Euploea climena elwesiana (Nic^v.).

Euploea (Vadebra) elwesiana Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 66. pt. ii. No. iii. p. 543. No. 1
(1897) (Bali Lombok, Sambawa).

1 c?, Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft., February— March 1911.
92. Euploea confiisa confusa Bntl.

Euploea confusa Butler, Proc. Znol. Soc. Lund. 18G6, p. 285. No. 52. p. 283. f. 3 (Waigiou).
3cJ(?, 1 ?,Misol.

93. Euploea alecto Butl.

Euploea alecto Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 275. No. 21 (Ceram).

3 c? (J, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 2??, Wahai, North
Ceram.

94. Euploea duponcheli duponcheli Boisd.

Euploea duponcheli Boisduval, Voi/. Astrolabe Lep. p. 97. No. 6 (1832) (Burn).
1 ? , Bara, North-west Burn.

95. Euploea duponcheli anthracina Butl.

Euploea anthracina Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, pp. 280. 281. Nos; 39. 39a. f. 1 (Ceram).

15 c?c?, 5 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 c?, 1 ?, Wahai,
North Ceram.

96. Euploea melanopa cissia Fmhst.

Euploea melanopa cissia Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grossschm. Erdr, vol. ix. p. 243 (1910) (Misol).

7 cJ<J, 1 ¥, Misol.

120 NOVITATES ZOOLOUICAE XXII. 1915.

97. Euploea picina inaequalis Batl.

Eupluea inaeqttalis Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Land. 1878, p. 302 (Ceram).
2 (?c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 6.50 metres, 1912.

98. Euploea mulciber basilissa (Cram.).

Papilio basilissa Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. ii. pt. xi. p. 45. t. 127. ff. C. D. (1777) (Java).

Fruhstorfer has named the ? ? with no bhie in apical one-third of wing forma
donada.

4 c?c?, 1 ?, 1 ? f donada, Baleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911; 1 c?,
1 ?, Gitgit, Bali, 1500—2000 ft. ; IcJ, 1 ? f. donada, Bali, 1912 ; Ic?, 1 S, Danau
Bratan, January 1911 ; 1 ? f. donada, Gnnnng Bratan, Bali, 4000 — 6500 ft.,
January— February 1911 ; 1 S, Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft., February — March 1911.

99. Euploea salabanda cledonia (Fruhst.).

Calliploea adyte? cledonia Fruhstorfer, Soc. Entom. vol. 19. p. 68 (1904) (Ceram).

2SS, 1?, Maausela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 1?, Wahai,
North Ceram.

100. Euploea mazares mazares Horsf. & Moore.

lorsfi
1 ?, Bali, 1912.

Euploea mazares Horsfield & Moore, Cat Lep. Ins. .Ua.i. E.I.C. ed. ii. p. 127. No. 25.3 (1857)
(Java).

101. Euploea corus defiguratus (Fruhst.).

Macroploea corus defiguratus Fruhstorfer, liitrrn. Kninm. Zcitschr. Giihen, ii. p. 238 (1908) (Bali).

3 c?c?, 1 ?, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911 ; 2 ? ?, Gitgit, Bali,
1500—2000 ft.

102. Euploea phaenareta phaenareta (Schall.).

Papilio phaenareta Schaller, Natiirf. vol. x.xi. p. 177. t. 5. f. 1. 2 (1785) (Amboina).
13 (SS, 4 ? ¥, Mannsela, Central (Jeram, 650 metres, 1912.

103. Euploea phaenareta hoUandi Fruhst.

Euploea phaenareta hollandi Fruhstorfer, /)■(», vol. xvi. p. 303 (1003) (Buru).

1 ? , Burn.

104. Euploea nemertes nemertes (Hubn.).

Lemttas mutabilis Tieniertes Hiibner, Samml. E.rot. Schmett., i. t. 26 (1806 — 1816).

9 (i(S, 0 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 6.50 metres, 1912 ; 1 J', 1 ?, Wahai,
North Ceram.

105. Euploea nemertes bouruana (Moore).

Salpinx bouruana Moore, Proc. Zaul. Soc. Land. 1883, p. 302. No. 9 (Buru).

1 ?, Mgesawain, Central Buru, 800 metres.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 121

106. Euploea dentiplaga sp. uov.

? . Head, thorax, and abdomen velvety black, a row of white dots along edge
of eye and a whitish band on sides of anal half of abdomen. Forewing pale
coflfee-brown, disc black-brown ; a white spot in cell, a postmedian and postdiscal
row of four white spots each, an indistinct white dot between veins 11 and 12.
Hindwing black-brown, paler beyond vein 0 to costa, a jiostmedian band of large
white blotches which are strongly dentate externally and less strongly internally.

Underside similar but much paler, postmedian band of spots on forewing
bluish ; a median band of spots and spot in cell on hindwiug blnish white.

Expanse, 120 mm. ; length of forewing, 57 mm.

This species is unlike anything I know, but its nearest allies are leachi leachi
and leachi coracina.

4 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 ?, Ceram.

Exclusively a mountain species, affects specially flowering Eugenia trees.
Observed even at 260U metres = 8450 feet on Guunng Pinaia. — E. S.

107. Euploea crameri singaradha Fruhst.

Euploea crameri singaradha Fruhstorfer, Intern. Eiitom. ZeitS'-Jir. Gubcn, p. 238 (1908) (Bali).

1 <J, Gitgit, Bali, 1500—2000 ft.

108. Euploea deione wallengrenii Feld.

Euploea wallengrenii Felder, Reise Nomra, Lepid. vol. ii. p. 336. No. 465 (1867) (Java).
1 cJ, 1 ? (ab. demaculata Fruhst.), Bali, 1912.

Falaeotropinae

109. Tellervo assarica assarica (Cram.).

Papilio assarica Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxxi. p. 142. t. 3tj3. ff. A. B. (1781) (Amboina).
7 c?c?, 10 ¥ ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

110. Tellervo zoilus coalescens subsp. nov.

S. Diifers from z.fallax in the cell patch of forewing being much larger and
almost coalescent with the subapical patch.

? . Differs in the still larger subapical patch, which quite coalesces with the
very large cellular patch.

3 (?c?, 1 ?, Misol.

SATTSIDAE

Satyrinae
111. Ypthima pandocus pandocus Horsf. & Moore.

Tpthima pandocus Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 235. No. 506 (1857)
(Java).

1 (?, Buleleng, North Bali, January — April 1911 ; 3 (?(?, Kintamani, Bali,
4000 ft., February— March 1911 ; 2 SS, Danau Bratan, 2500 ft., January 1911.

122 KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

112. Ypthima philomela philomela (Joli.).

Papilio philomela Johansson, Amoeu. Acad. vol. vi. p. 404. No. 60 (1763) (Java).

2 c?<?, Gitgit, Bali, 1500—2000 ft. ; 1 ? , Kiatamaai, Bali, 4000 ft., February-
March 1911.

113. Hypocysta osyris (Boisd.).

Satj/rus os!^)-/s Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 154. No. 17 (1832) (Offak).

2 ¥ ? , Misol.

114. Lethe arete arete (Cram.).

Papilio arete Cramer, Pap. Exol. vol. iv. pt. xxvii. p. 50. t. 313. fE. E. F. (1780) (Amboina).

2 SS, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

115. Lethe europa europa (Fabr.).

Papilio europa Fabricius, Syst. Entom, p. 60i1. No. '247 (1775) (America ! !).
1 ?, Danaa Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft, Jauaary 1911.

116. Mycalesis sirius manipa (Boisd.).

Satyms manipa Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 150, No. 10 (1832) (Amboina).

1 (?, 2 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 1 ?, Wahai, North
Ceram.

117. Mycalesis terminus nemulia (Cram.).

Papilio nemulia Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iii. pt. xx. p. 76. t. 237. fe. F. G. (1779) (Amboina).

21 t?c?, 5 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; Si <S 3 , 3 ? ?,
Wahai, North Ceram.

118. Mycalesis terminus wakolo Frnhst.

Mycalesis terminus wakolo Fruhstorfer, Verhand. zool. bot. Gese Is. Wien (1908), p. 164 (Burn).

2 (?<?, Mgesawain, Central Barn, 800 metres.

119. Mycalesis phidon phidon Hew.

Mycalesis phidon Hewitson, Exot. Bait. vol. iii. Myad. t. 3. £. 16 (18G2) (Aru).

1 (J, Misol.

120. Mycalesis mehadeva mehadeva (Boisd.).

Satyms mehadeva Boisduval, Vny. .lutrolahe, Lep. p. 151. No. 12 (1832) (Dorei).

2 (?cJ, 2 ? ?, Misol.

121. Mycalesis duponcheli umbonia Frnhst.

Mycalesis duponcheli umbonia Fruhstorfer, Soc. Entom. vol. xxi. p. 91 (1900) (Waigiou).
1 ? , Misol.

NOVITATBS ZOOLOOICAE XXU. 1915. 12S

122. Mycalesis janardana janardana Horsf. & Moore.

Mycalesis janardana Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. E.I.C. p. 234. No. 502 (1857)
(Java).

2 c?(?, 1 ?, Baleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911.
123. Mycalesis sudra taunis Frnhst.

Mycalesis sudra taiiuis Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grosssf/im. Erde, vol. ix. p. 355 (1910) (Bali).

10 cJc?, 3 ? ?, Danau Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911.
124. Orsotriaena medus zipoetina Pruhst.

Orsotriaena medus zipoetina Fruhstorfer, Verhand. zool. hot. Gesells. Wien 1908, p. 214 (Sumatra).

Fruhstorfer treats tbis as a form. loc. only ; but as it aj^pear.s to be the only
form on Bali, I consider it must rank as a subspecies.

2c?c^, 3 ??, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911; 2 3<S, 2 ??,
Bali, 1912.

125. Melanitis leda leda (Linn.).

Papilio leda Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. vol. i. pt. 2. p. 773. No. 151 (1707) (" Asia").

1 c?, 3 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 1 ?, Wahai, North
Ceram.

126. Melanitis leda simessa Fruhst.

Melanitis simessa Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 362 (1910) (Java).

2 (?J, 3 ? ?, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911 ; 1 c?, Bali, 1912.
(Both the wet-season form lacrima Fruhst. and the dry-season form ismenides
Frnhst. are represented.)

127. Melanitis leda buruana Holl.

Melanitis leda buruana Holland, Nov. Zool. vol. vii. p. 61. No. 18 (1900) (Burn).
1 (J, Bara, North-west Burn.

128. Melanitis constantia constantia (Cram.).

Papilio constantia Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. ii. pt. xii. p. 57. t. 133. ff. A. B. (1777) (Amboina).

The males and females appear in two extreme forms and an intermediate
third form. The c? form with barely any transverse band on forewing is d f.
depicta Fruhst, and for the ? form without ocelli in forewing above I propose
the name of ? f. inocnlata form, nov., and for the intermediate ? form with
only one ocellus the name ? f. semioculata, form. nov. If it is considered worthy of
a name, the i intermediate form conkl be called 3 f intermedia form. nov.

3 cJc?, 7 ¥ ? (1 c? f. depicta, 2 cj c? f . intermedia, 1 ? f. iiiocidata), Mannsela,
Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 ? (f. semioculata), Kanike, North Ceram,
600 metres, 1912 ; 1 S, Wahai, North Ceram.

129. Melanitis amabilis crameri (Batl).

Cyllo crameri Butler, Entom. Moii. Mag. vol. iii. p. 77. No. 4 (18G6) (Oceania 1 !).

1 (J, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 ? , Ceram. (I have followed
Fruhstorfer temporarily in applying Butler's name to the Ceram race.)

124 " NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

130. Melanitis amabilis kajelana Frnhst.

Melanitis amabilis kajelatia Fruhstorfer, Entom. Zeitschr. Stuttgart, vol. xxii. p. 83 (1908) (Bum).

I tJ, Bara, North-west Baru.

Elymniinae
131. Elymnias hypermnestra baliensis Frahst.

Elymnias protogenia baliensis Fruhstorfer, Soe. Entom. vol. xl. No. 18. p. 147 (1896) (Bali).

II c?c?, 3 ? ?, Bali, 1912 ; 29 <?c?, 5 ? ?, Biileleng, North Bali, Jannary—
April 1911 ; 1 r^, Kiutamani, Bali, 4000 ft., February— March 1911.

132. Elymnias nigrescens bulelenga subsp, nov.

?. Differs from 7iiq. sumbawana Frubst. iu the submarginal spots of the fore-
wiug being smaller and much whiter, and iu there being a submarginal line of
whitish streaks on Jiindwing.

1 ?, Buleleng, North Bali, January — April 1911.

133. Elymnias vitellia ceramensis Mart.

Elymnias vitellia ceramensis Martin, Iris, vol. xxii. p. 65. No. 2 (1909) (Ceram).

This is rather a poor subspecies, as specimens occur with two, three, and four
snbapical spots. Fruhstorfer's ab. suaciiim I have not seen, but one of the Kanike
specimens has a blue spot on hindwing al)ove.

T cJcJ, Mauusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 2SS, Kanike, North
Ceram, 600 metres, 1912.

134. Elymnias agendas agendas (Boisd.).

Dychis agoiulas Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 13.S. t. ,3. f. 5 (1832) (Vanikoro ? ! !).

2 c?c7, 1 ? (?/ bloculams Donbld. & Hew.), Misol.

AMATHUSIIDAB

Amathnsiinae
135. Faunis arcesilans canens Hiibn.

Faunis canens Htibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett, vol. ii. pi. 82. £E. 3. 4 (1820-1826).

3 ??, Danau Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft, January 1911; 1 c?, Gunung Bratan,
Bali, 4000—6500 ft., January— February 1911.

136. Taenaris urania pandemos Frnhst.

Taenaris urania jmndemos Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 411 (1911) (Ceram).

11 c?c?,4 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 8 cJc?, Wahai,
North Ceram.

137. Taenaris selene gigas (Stand.).

Tenaris macrops gigas Staudinger, E.rot. Tarif. vol. i. p. 194 (1888) (Ceram).

Among the series sent by Herr Stresemaun are two specimens ( cJ ? ) which
struck me at once as very strange : the c? has the forewing very ranch paler than

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. X25

the remaining 15 (Sd, fawn-grey or greyish fawn instead of sooty brown, and
the hindwing, except the outer quarter obliquely from vein 3 to costa, which is
fawn-grey, pure white, the ocellus having a narrow outer fawn ring ; the ? has
the whole forewing brownish grey with an oblique dirty white band from subcostal
nervure beyond cell to termen between veins 3 and 4, broad nearest costa, narrowing
sharply to termen, the hindwing has basal two-thirds white. This form I pro-
pose to call forma pseadomacrops form. nov.

On the ground in light forest occasionally abundant. — E. S.

16 c?t?, 6 ? ? (1 (?, 1 ?, f. pseudomacrops), Manusela, Central (.'eram, 650
metres, 1912.

138. Taenaris myops praxedes Fruhst.

Taenaris myops /)raa:afe.5 Fruhstorfer, Entum. Zeitsdir., vol. xviii. p. 119 (1904) (Salwatti?).
A poor subspecies.
13c?d~, 1 ?, Kisol.

139. Taenaris artemis ziada (Fruhst.).

Tenarls artemis ziada Fruhstorfer, Insekteii-Borse, vol. xxi. p. 389 (1904) (Misol).

4 (?(?, 3 ? ?, Misol.

140. Taenaris dimona ofiFaka Fruhst.

Taenaris dimona offaka Fruhstorfer, Wien. Entom. Zeil. vol. xxiv. p. 82 (1905) (Waigiou).

1 <?, Misol.

141. Taenaris dimona desdemona (Stand.).

Tenaris dimotui (ksdemona Staudinger, Exot. Tagf. vol. i. p. 201 (1888) (Ceram).
1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

142. Taenaris catops fulvida (Butl.).

Termris fulvida Butler, Tram. Entom. Soo. Land. 1870. p. 487. No. 2 (Misol).

5 (?^, 2 ? ?, Misol.

I9rTiaFHAI,IDAE

ITymphalinae

143. Ergolis ariadne ariadne (Joh.).

Papilio ariadne Johansson, Anweii. Acadeiii. vol. vi. p. 407. No. 71 (1764) (Java).

1 c?, 1 ?, Bali, 1912 ; 1 c?, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911.

144. Cupha erymanthis synnara Fruhst.

Cupha erymanthis synnara Fruhstorfer, Seilz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 467 (1912) (Java).

2 cJc?, 1 ?, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911 ; 1 d, Gitgit, Bali,
1500— 200U ft.

126 , NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXII. 1915.

145. Cupha crameri crameri (Feld.).

Messaraa crameri Felder, Silzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wiea. Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 449. No. 5 (1860)
(Amboina).

1 (J, 1 ?, Wahai, North Ceram.

146. Cupha lampetia lampetia (Linn.).

Papilio lampetia Lianaeus, Mus. Liidov. Ulr. p. 286 (1764) (Amboina).

3 c?c?, 3 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 2 ? ?, Waliai,
North Ceram.

147. Cupha madestes turneri (Bntl.).

Messaras turneri Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. vol. xviii. p. 244. No. 17 (1876) (Misol).

2 (?(?, 1 ?, Misol.

148. Atella phalanta phalanta (Drnry).

Papilio phalanta Drury, IHuslr. Exot. Entom. vol. i. p. 41. t. xxi. fE. 1. 2. (177.3) (China).

1 S, Bnleleng, North Bali, January — April 1911.

149. Atella alcippe alcippe (Cram.).

Papilio alcippe Cramer, Pap. Exnt. vol. iv. pt. xxxiii. p. 207. t. 389. ff. G. H. (1782) (Amboina).

2 (?(?, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912,

150. Issoria egista egista (Cram.).

Papilio egista Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iii. pt. xxiv. p. 158. t. 281. ff. C. D. (1780) (Amboina).

3 c?(?, 5 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 19"12; 1 ?, Wahai, North
Ceram.

151. Cynthia arsinoe arsinoe (Cram.).

Papiliu arsinoe Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. ii. pt. xiv. p. 100. t. 160. ff. B. C. (1777) (Amboina).

Frnhstorfer has separated arsinoe from Ceram as arsinoe ardea on the ground
that the ? ? have the forewing tinged with cream-yellow, the green of the onter
portion of the hindwing paler, and that also below they are paler and show less
white on onter portions of wings. I cannot accept this as fact, for the ? enumerated
below is much darker than most of my Amboina ? ? , and has uo cream-yellow
above but a lot of white below, while several of my Amboina ¥ ? have all the
characters Fruhstorfer gives for his arsinoe ardea.

Abundant in the Central Mountain chain on river banks. It often comes in
large masses to fresh excrement. — E. S.

45 c?(?, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

152. Cynthia arsinoe rebeli Frnlist.

Cynthia arsinoS rebeli Fruhstorfer, Entom. Zeitschr. vol. xix. p. 215 (190G) (New Guinea).

4 cJc?, Misol.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 127

153. Cynthia arsinoe buruana Frnhst.

Cynthia arsinoe hunmna Fruhstorfer, Iris, vol. xiv. p. 329 (1901) (Buru).

Described from three S S.

? . Differs from ? a. arsinoe above in the forewing being mnch darker grey
with a dark olive-green sheen and no snffasion of brown on rnfotis ; the post-
median bands of white markings are absent, having been entirely suffused with
dark scales ; a median white band bordered outside with a greyish black crennlated
line. Hindwing entirely grey with green sheen, the outer two-thirds suffnsed with
dnll orange ; a median white band with crennlated line on outside followed by an
indistinct greenish bine band ; ocelli smaller than in a. arsinoe and the pale ring
is deep orange, not pale yellow. Below there is a median white band on both
wings not found in a. arsinoe, and on forewing there is a postdiscal red line not
in the nametypical form. It has also an anal ocellus on hindwing above and
below; in fact it almost agrees with ? C. erota albotaeniata except being
darker grey.

6 c?t?, 1 ?, Mgesawain, Central Bnru, 800 metres.

154. Cirrochroa regina ducalis Wall.

Cirrochroa ducalis Wallace, Trans. Entom. Soc. Land. 1869, p. 340 (New Guinea).
1 cJ, Misol.

155. Cethosia biblis narmadoides Nicdv.

Cethosia narmadoides de Nic(5ville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 60. pt. ii. No. iv. p. 683. No. 85
(1898) (Bali).

1 c?, Gitgit, Bali, 1500-2000 ft.; 1 S, Kintamaui, 4000 ft., Febrnary—
March 1911.

(The list of original references in Seitz Grosssckmetterlinge der Erde is most
carelessly and inefficiently prepared ; not only omissions bat absolutely wrong
quotations occnr continually.)

150. Cethosia biblis ceramensis Frnhst.

Cethosia biblis ceramensis Fruhstorfer, Stettin. Entom. Zeit. vol. 63. p. 349 (1902) (Ceram).
10 (?(?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

157. Cethosia cydippe cydippe (Job.).

Papilio cydippe Johansson, Amoenit. Academ. vol. vi. p. 409 (1763) (India).

The question of authorship of this insect and the dates of publication are rather
puzzling ; however, it is quite certain that those many authors who attribute
cydippe to Linnaeus are entirely wrong, as he only described it in 1767. It
merely remains a question between Johansson and Clerck, who are both quoted as
1764.

Now Clerck's [cones Tnsectorum Rarioram, pt. ii. is dated " Holmiae 1764,"
and it is on plate 36, f. 1 that ojdippe is figured.

Johansson's " Genturia Insectorum " forms article cxxi. of the periodical
issued by Linnaeus entitled Amoenitates Academicae, and is the twenty-first article

128 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

of the twenty-four composing vol. G, and is dated " Upsaliae 1763, Junii 23,"
on p. 409 of which c>/dippe is described. It would at first sight be obvious that
1763 is earlier than 1764; but Johansson quotes Clerck, giving the plate 36 f. 1
correctly. I think, however, this may be explained by supposing that Clerck
showed Johansson an advance proof of his work. It is a fact that the Icones
of Clerck were never distributed through the booksellers, but only under the
direct aegis of Queen Louisa Ulrica of Sweden.

I therefore consider Johansson to be the author of cijdippe.

7 cJc?, 3 ? ¥, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 c?, 2 ? ?, Wahai,
North (!eram ; 2 c?c?, Sukaradja, North-west Ceram ; 1 ?, Ceram.

158. Cethosia cydippe claudilla Fruhst.

Cethosia cydippe claudilla Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grusxsclini. Erde, vol. ix. p. 509 (1912) (Dutch New
Guinea).

1 have adopted Fruhstorfer's name to save the coining of a new one ; for in
reality, as he says it is impossible to tell from the description whether Felder's
name damasippe is founded on the N.W. or S.W. Dutch New Guinea form
and proposes claudilla at random for the form which turns out not to be
damasippe, the name cannot stand. Moreover, the type of Felder's damasippe
is an aberration with the marginal dark portion of the hindwing much wider and
the light part much darker than in any other specimen from the Papuan region
which I have, so that it is impossible to say which form of the two it is. I there-
fore fix the type locality of Fruhstorfer's name as Misol.

7cJc?,6"? ¥, Misol.

159. Argynnis hyperbius javanica Oberth.

Argijnnis niphe jaoanica Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Eiitoni. Fraw/e, 1889, p. 236 (Java).

3 (^S, 1 ¥, Kintamani, Bali, 4000 fr., February— March 1911 ; 1 S , Gunung
Bratan, Bali, 4000— 6500 ft., January— February 1911 ; 1 c?, Bali, 1912.

160. Precis ipMta horsfieldi (Moore).

Junonia hontfitldi Moore, Lepid. Ind. vol. iv. p. 82 (1899) (Java).

2 c?(J, 1 ?, Buleleng, North Bali, January — April 1911 ; 2 ¥ ?, Danau Bratan,
Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911 ; 1 ¥, Gitgit, Bali, 1500—2000 ft, ; 3 S3, 1 ¥, Bali,
1912.

161. Precis hedonia hedonia (Linn.).

Papilio hedonia Linnaaus, Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 279 (17G4) (Amboina).

4 c?t?, 5 ¥¥, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 4 cJJ, 1 ¥,
Wahai, North Ceram.

162. Precis hedonia ida (Cram.).

Papilio ida Cramer, Pap. Exol. vol. i. pt. iv. p. Gfi. t. 42. ff. C. D. (1775) (Java).

2 cJc?, 3 ¥ ¥, Buleleng, North Bali, January — April 1911 ; 1 ?, Kintamani,
Bali, 4000 ft., February- March 1911 ; 4 <?t?, 5 ¥ ?, Bali, 1912.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. l29

163. Precis hedonia zelima (Fabr.).

Papilio zelima Fabricius, System. Entom. p. 492. No. 212 (1775) (New Holland).
2 (?cJ, 1 ?,Misol.

164. Precis atlites atlites (Job.).

Papilio atlites Johan.'ison, Ainoen. Academ. vol. vi. p. 407. No. 72 (17G.^) (Asia).

1 S, Buleleng, North Bali, Jannar} — April 1911 ; 1 ?, Bali, 1912.

165. Precis atlites acera Frnbst.

Precis atlites acera Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grosssclim. Erde, vol. ix. p. 510 (1912) (Celebes).

2 (? (?, 2 ¥ ¥ , Mansnela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 2 c? c?, 3 ¥ ¥ , Wahai,
North Ceram.

160. Precis erigone erigone (Cram.).

Papilio erigone Cramer, Pap. E.eot. vol. i. pt. vi. p. 07. t. Ixii. ff. E. F. (1775) (Java).

2 JcJ, Bali, 1912.

167. Precis orithya minagara (Fruhst.).

Junonla orithya minagara Fruhstorfer, Iiisekten-BUrse, vol. xxi. nr. 41. p. 325 (1904) (Java).

2 (?c?, Buleleng, North Bali January— April 1911 ; 1 <?, Kintamani, Bali,
4000 ft., February— March 1911 ; 3 <S <S , Bali, 1912.

168. Precis orithya orthosia (Godt.).

Vanessa orthosia Godart, Encyclop. Method, vol. ix. suppl. p. 821 (1823) (Amboina).
10 c?c?, 4 ¥ ¥, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

169. Precis almana javana (Feld.).

Jnnonia asteriae var. javana Felder, Verhand. zool. bolan. Geselln, Wien, vol. xii. p. 487. No. 13G
(1862) (Java).

4 33, 3 ?¥, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911; 2 33, Danan
Bratan, Bali, 2.500 ft., January 1911 ; 9 JJ, 4 ¥ ¥, Bali, 1912.

170. Pyrameis dejeani sambaluna Fruhst.

Pyramels dejeani sambaluna Fruhstorfer, Iris, vol. xi. p. 150 (1898) (Lombok).

The Bali form of dejeani is certainly identical with Lombok specimens ; the
diiferences from Java examples are very slight, but appear to be constant.

1 3, Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft., February— March 1911; 'i 3 3 , 1 ¥, Danau
Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911.

171. Symbrenthia hypselis optatus Fruhst.

Symbrenthia hypselis optatus Fruhstorfer, Scit- Grossschin. Erde, vol. ix. p. 533 (1912) (Bali).

1 cJ, 1 ¥, Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft., February— March 1911; 2 33,
Bali, 1912.
9

130 NoVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

172. Symbrenthia hippoclus hippoclus (Cram.).
Papilio hippoclus Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iii. pt. six. p. 46. t. 220. £P. 0. D. (1779) (Amboina).
3 c?c?, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, G50 metres, 1912.

173. Symbrenthia hippoclus balinus Fnihst.

Symhrenthki hij)podus balinus Fruhstorfer, Seilz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 531 (1912) (Bali).

The wet-season form has narrow falvous bands on hindwing, and the dry-
season form very broad, but there is one narrow banded S among the Danaii
Bratan January specimens. ? is white.

14 (?cJ, 2 ? ?, Dauau Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911 (1 6 wet-season
coloration) ; 1 (?, Bali, 1912 (wet-season form).

174. Mynes doubledaii doubledaii Wall.

Mynea duuhledaii Wallace, Tram. Entom. Soc. Land. 1869. p. 79. No. 3 (Ceram).

1 c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 ? Ceram.

Y oma sabina (Cram.).

Papilio sahina Cramer, Pap. E.vot. vol. iv. pt. xxv. p. 1. t. 289. ff. A. B. C, D. (1780) (Amboina).

2 ? ? , "VVahai, North Ceram.

176. Hypolimnas antilope antilope (Cram.).

Papilio antilope Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. ii. pt. .\vi. p. 132. t. 183. ff. E. F. (1777) (Amboina).

5 t?c?, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

177. Hypolimnas alimena alimena (Linn.).

Papilio alimena Linnaeus, Mus. Ludov. Ulric. p. 291 (1764) (Amboina).

4 <?c?, 1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 1 cJ, 1 9,Wahai,
North Ceram.

178. Hypolimnas misippus (Linn.).

Papilio misippus Linnaeus, Mus. Ludov. Ulric. p. 264 (1764) (In Indiis).

1 c?, Gitgit, Bali, 1500—2000 ft.

179. Hypolimnas bolina (Linn.).
Papilio bolina Linnaeus, Mus. Ludov. Ulric. p. 295 (1764) (In Indiis).

This insect, with its gigantic range from Socotra to the farthest Paciiic
Islands, is so extremely variable and inconstant that I do not venture to separate
as yet the various subspecies. It is the ? ? which are so extremely variable ; the
number of S forms is not large. Herr Stresemanu has collected on Ceram and
Burn two very different forms, a small one whose tJ cJ have white ocelli edged with
blue (violet), true bolina Linn., and the ? ? with broad white bands and white
centres to hiadwings = aitffe Cram. ; then a very large form with violet ocelli in
the c? <J broadly surrounded with deep hlne = lisianassa Cram., and the $ ? as

NOVITATES 2oOLOGiICAE XXlI. 191S. l3l

large as the largest //. pandarus ? ? with no wliite bands or white on hindwing
= manilia Cram. Of these there are —

8 (?c? bolina, 9 cJc? lisianassa, 2 ? ? auge, and 2 ¥ ? ?n«w?7/«, Mannsela, Central
Ceram, 050 metres, 1912; 2 SS bolina and 1 i lisianassa, Wahai, North Ceram ;

3 cJc? bolina, 1 c? lisianassa, and 2 ? ? aage, Mgesawain, Central Bnrn,80U metres ;

4 c?c? bolina and 2 ? ? auge, Bara, N.W. Burn ; 1 3 lisianassa ?, 2 c? c? bolina, Bali,
1912; 1 ^ auge, Bnleleng, North Bali, January — April 1911; 1 ? intermediate
between euryanthe Fruhst. and kezia Butl., Buleleng, North Bali, January —
April 1911. '

180. Hypolimnas pandarus pandarus (Linn.).

Papilio pandarm Linnaeus, ilus. Ludovic. Ulric. p. 198 (1764) (Amboina).

" Rather abnndant in shady places in open country ; often about midday they
enter the cool honses, or settle on the clothes of human beings on the side away
from the sun. The odour of sweat appears to attract this species, and often when
on the march one is pursued and surrounded for considerable intervals of time by
these insects." — E. S.

22 <SS, 6 ? ?, Manusela, (Central Ceram, G.50 metres, 1912.

181. Hypolimnas pandarus pandora (Wall.).

Diadema pandora Wallace, Trans. Eidoiii. Sor. Lnnd. 1809, p. 281. No. C (Burn).

"iSS, Mgesawain, Central Burn, 800 metres; 1 c?, Bara, N.W. Burn;
1 <?, Burn.

182. Doleschallia melana sinis (Gr. Smith).

Doleschallia sinis Grose Smith, Rhnpa/orera Erotica, vol. ii. Doleschallia, p. 2. pi. 1. ff. 2, 3
(1893) (Ceram).

3 ? ?, Mann.sela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.
183. Cyrestis paulinus Feld.

Cyrestis paulinus Felder, Wien. Entom. Monais. vol. iv. p. 247. No. xcv (18G0) (Moluccas).

2 a, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 cJ, 4 ¥ ?, Wahai, North
Ceram ; 1 cJ, 2 ¥ ¥, Snkaradja, N.W. Ceram.

184. Cyrestis telamon telamon (Linn.).

Papilio telamon Linnaeus, Mus. Lndovic. Ulric, p. 316 (1764) (Amboina).

& S3, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 3, Wahai, N. Ceram.
" Mostly in open places in the Central Mountain Range, but occasionally also
on the coast." — E. S.

185. Cyrestis lutea doliones Frulist.

Cyrestis lutea doliones Frubstorfer, Sfitz Grvssschni. Erde, vol. ix. p. 585 (1912) (Bali).

lOcfc?, Danau Bratau, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911; 1 c?, Gnnnng Bratan,
Bali, 4000—6500 ft., January— February 1911 ; 1 3, Buleleng, North Bali, January
—April 1911.

132 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

186. Cyrestis thyonneus tbyonneus (Cram.).

Pupilio ihyniineus Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iii. pt. xix. p. 4G. t, 220. £E. E. F. (1779) (Amboina).

1 cJ, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Cevaiu, G5U metres, 1912; 1 c?, 1 ?, Wahai,
North Ceram.

187. Cyrestis thyonneus buruanus Mart.

Cyrestis thyotmeus Imiiamis Martin, Iris, vol. xvi. p. 121. no. 22f( (1903) (Bum).

1 c?, Bara, North-west Burn.

188. Cyrestis acilia misolensis Mart.

Cyrestis acilia misolensis Martin, Iris, vol. xvi. p. 131. no. 27a (1903) (Misol).

1 ? , Misol.

189. Acca venilia venilia (Linn.).

Papilio venilia Linnaeus, Mus. Ludovic. Ulric. p. 290 (1764) (Amboina).

T c?(?, 2 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 3 ? ?, Wahai, North
Ceram ; 1 ?, Kanike, North Ceram, 600 metres, 1912; 1 <?, Snkaradja, North-
west Ceram.

190. Acca venilia mysolensis subsp. nov.

c?. Above. Foreiving diflers from all other forms of venilia in the complete
absence of any bine edging to white median band by the large white elongated
patch below vein 1, in the presence of a few dots of a second snbmarginal row of
white spots, in the absence of the small white cellular and postcellular spots, and
in the reduction to four spots and one dot of the normal submarginal row which in
ven. venilia consists of eight spots. Hindwing has no snbmarginal spots and no
blue edging to white band. Below it differs in the complete two rows of sub-
marginal pale spots on both wings, in the absence of the two postcellular spots and
the very large cellular patches on forewing.

1 $, Misol.

191. Neptis satina damarete Fruhst.

Neptis satiiia (hmarete Fruhstorfer, Eiit. Zeit. Stett. vol. 69. p. 357 (1908) (German New Guinea).
1 ? , Misol.

192. Neptis amphion amphion (Linn.).

Papilio amphion Linnaeus, Sysl. Nat. ed. x. vol. i. p. 486. No. 177 (1758) (Amboina).

8 (?(?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 2 S'i, Kanike, North
Ceram, 600 metres, 1912 ; 2 (?c?, Wahai, North Ceram.

193. Neptis hylas satellitica Fruhst.

Neptis hi/las salelliiica Fruhstorfer, Seilz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 603 (1912) (Bali).

1 c?, Buleleng, North Bah, .January— April 1911 ; 1 cJ, 2 ? ?, Danau Bratan,
North Bali, 2500 ft, January 191 1.

NoVITATEa ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. -133

194. Neptis columella bataviana (Moore).

Andrapana bataviana Moore, Lejikl. hid. vol. iii. p. 225 (1808) (Java).

5<?(?, 5??, Baleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911; 1 J, -1 ??,
Danan Bratan, 2500 ft., North Bali, January 1911 ; 1 c?, Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft.,
February— March 1911; 3(?(?,5??, Bali, 1912.

195. Neptis vikasi fuscescens subsp. nov.

t?. Differs from v. vikasi in the paler bands being much obscured (more so
than in any other form).
1 cJ, Bali, 1912.

196. Pantoporia perius perinus (Fruhst.).

Athyma j>erius per'mus Fruhstorfer, Berl, Eiitom. Zeitsck. vol. 48. p. 95 (1903) (Java).

1 <J, Bali, 1912.

197. Pantoporia nefte nefte (Cram.).

Papilio nefte Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iii. pt. xxii. p. 111. t. 25G ff. E. F. (1779) (Java).

1 (?, Bali, 1912.

198. Pantoporia eulimene eulimene (Godt.).

Xt/nipJialis eulimene Godart, Encijdop. Method. Hist. Nat. Entom. vol. ix. p. 429. No. 250 (1819 —
1824 ?) (Moluccas ?).

I <?, Wahai, North Ceram.

199. Parthenos sylvia brunnea Stdgr.

Parthenos sylcia var. hrunnea Staudinger, Exot. Tagf. vol. i. p. 141 (1888) (Amboina).

II c?c?, 1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 3, Kanike, North
Ceram, 600 metres, 1912.

" In open spots, particularly in river valleys of the coast region and Central
Mountain Range. A very bold flier." — E. S.

200. Parthenos tigrina mysolica subsp. nov.

cf . Differs from all the other forms of tigrina in the very bright foxy red of
the basal third of wings, the very large pure white semivitreons patches of the
forewing, and the intense uniform black outer third of fore- and outer two-thirds
of hindwing.

3 (?<?, Misol.

201. Tanaecia palguna balina Fruhst.

TanaScia palguna balina Fruhstorfer, Intern. Entom. Zeitsch. Guben, vol. ii. p. 238 (1908) (Bali).

1 S,l ?, Buleleng, North Bali, January — April 1911.

134 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

202. Euthalia aeropus aeropus (Linu.).

Papilio aeropus Linnaeus, Mus. Ludoi: Ulric. p. 251) (1764) (Amboiua).

14 c?c?, 4 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1913 ; \'> S 3 , Waliai,
Xorth Ceram; 2 S3, Kanike, North Ceram, 600 metres, 1912; 2 3 3, 1 ?,
Sukaradja, North-west Ceram.

203. Dichorragia ninus ninus (Feld.).

Adolias ninus Felder, Wieii. Enloin. Monat. vol. iii. p. 185. No. 9 (1859) (Amboina).

6 33, 2 ??, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 1 3, Kanike,
North Ceram, 500 metres, 1912 ; 1 3, Ceram.

" In open country not common."— E. S.

204. Apaturina erminea (('ram.).

Papilio erminea Cramer, Pup. E.cot. vol. iii. pt. xvii. p. 5. t. 196. ff. A. B. (1779) (Amboina).

1 3, Wahai, North Ceram; 1 3, Sukaradja, North-west Ceram.
205. Prothoe australis australis (Guer.).

Nymplialis australis Guc'rin, Vo<j. Coq. t. U bis. f. 14 (1829) (Waigiou).

1 3, Misol.

206. Eulepis athamas attains (Feld.).

Charaxes attains Felder, Reise Novara, Lrp. vol. iii. p. 438. No. 714 (1867) (Java).
1 3, Bnleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911.

207. Eulepis pyrrhus pyrrhus (Linn.).

Papilio piirrhiis Linnaeus, Si/sl. .Vnf. ed. x. vol. i. p. 462. No. 24 (1758) (lu Indiis).

" In open country, rare." — E. S.

8 33,1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

208. Eulepis pyrrhus buruanus Rothsch. & Jord.

Eulepis pyrrhus bnruamis Rothschild & Jordan, Noc. Zool. v. p. 582. No. 5. ff. 26 (1898) (Baru).
1 ? , Bara, North-west Buru.

209. Charaxes eurialus (Cram.).

Ptipih'i euriiihis Cramer, Pap. Exul. vol. i. pt. vii. p. 116. t. 74. ff. A. B. (1775) (Amboina).

1 3, f. eurialus, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

Acraeinae
210. Acraea moluccana buruensis Rothsch.

Aa-aca buruensis Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. vi. p. 68 (1899) (Buru).

1 3, Mgesawain, Central Born, 800 metres.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 135

211. Acraea vesta vestoides (Moore).

Pareba vestoides Moore, Lepkloptera Indica, vol. v. p. 35 (1901) (West .Java).

7 <?(?, 2 ? ?, Danau Bratau, Bali, 2500 ft, January 1911.

LEMOXIIDAi:

Libythaeinae

212. Libythea myrrha myrrha Godt.

Lihythea myrrha Godart, Encycl. Method. Hist. Nat. Eiilom. vol. ix. No. 4 (1819) (Java).

1 (?, Kintamani, Bali, 4000 ft., February— March 1911.

Nemeobiinae
213. Dicallaneura decorata sangha Fruhst.

Dicallaneura decorata sangha Fruhstorfer, Seitz Grossschm. Erde, vol. ix. p. 787 (1914) (Misol).
1 c?, 1 ?, Misol.

LYCAENIDAi:

214. Gerydus leos (Giu^r.).

Simaethus leos Guerin, Vny. Coquille, t. 18. f. 8. (1829) (Buru).

This species in both sexes is very variable in the amonnt of white on the fore-
wing ; some also have the nervnres of hindwing picked out in dirty white.

13 (?c?, 16 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 3 ? ?, Wahai,
North Ceram.

215. Gerydus symethus (Cram.).

Papilio symethus Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. ii. pt. 1.3. p. 84. t. 149. fE. B. C. (1777) (lades
Occidentales ! !).

1 c?, Bdeleng, North Bali, January— April 1911 ; 1 ?, Bali, 1012.
216. Gerydus stygianus Butl.

Gerydus stygianus Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) xiii. p. 194. No. 30 (1884) (Ternate).
1 ?, Mansnela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

217. Lycaenopsis akasa (Horsf.).

Polyommatus alcasa Horsfield, Cut. Lepid. E.I.C. p. 67. t. 1. ff. 1, la (1828) (Java).

3 ? ?, Gunung Bratan, Bali, 4000—6.500 ft., January- February 1911 ; 1 ?,
Danau Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911.

218. Lycaenopsis coalita (Nic^v.).

Cyaniris coalita Nic^ville, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. vi, p. 363. No. 14. pi. F. figs. 12 cJ, 13 ?
(1891) (Java).

1 <?, Gunung Bratan, Bali, 4000—6500 ft., January— February 1911,

136 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

219. Lycaenopsis subcoalita sji. nov.

Very close to coalita but smaller, and above luiicb paler ami more Iradeu ;
below whiter and the pattern much obliterated.

Length of forewing, coalita <S, 19 mm. ; subcoalita cj ? , 17 mra.

E.xpanse, coalita i, 42 mm.; subcoalita S, 37 mm., ? 38 mm.

3 c?c?, Danan Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911 ; 1 ?, Gitgit, Bali, loOO—
2000 ft.

220. Lycaenopsis nedda (Gr. Sm.).

Cijanirh nedda Grose Smith, JVor. Zool. i. p. 572. No. 197 (1894) (Humboldt Bay, Batjati, Amboina.
etc.).

10 c?(?, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

221. Lycaenopsis coalitoides sp. nov.

Resembles subcoalita above in its more leaden bine colour ; below it differs
from coalita in the postdiscal line of coalescent Innules on both wiugs being farther
away from the sabmarginal spots, and on the hindwing in the antemedian band of
spots being joined into a complete line and there being two instead of one median
spot above vein .5.

Length of forewing : 14-17 mm. Expanse 31-38 mm.

5 (JcJ, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

222. Lycaenopsis? cupidoides sp. nov.

c?. Above. Foreiring pearl-bhie, outer quarter dull brown. Himhcing costal
one-third brown, rest jjearl-blue, marginal line black-brown. Below brownish grey
snfFused with dirty white ; forewing with two antemedian black-brown spots below
median vein, a brownish cellular stigma, a row of four dark brown postmedian
spots below vein 5, and a double snbterminal row of brownish spots ; hindwing
with three dark brown subcostal spots, two similar antemedian spots below median
vein, a row of five similar postmedian sjiots below vein 0 ; cellular stigma and
double row of subterminal spots brownish.

Length of forewing : 12 mm. Expanse : 27 mm.

1 S, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

223. Pithecops hylax (Fab.).
Papilio hylax Fabricius, Si/stem. Entom. p. 526. No. 351 (1775) (India Orient.).
3 (?c?, Danau Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911.

224. Eupsychellus dionisius (Boisd.).

Lycaena dioniiius Boisduval, Voi/. Astrolabe, Lrjmlojt. p. 82. No. 11 (1832) (New Guinea).

10 c?t?, 7 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 3 c?c?, 3 ? ?,
Wahai, North Ceram; 2 tjrj, Misol.

225. Castalius angustior Stand.

Li/ciiena (Castalius) rnxits God. var, aiir/iustior Staudinger, Iris, ii. p. 95 (1889) (Palawan).
1 ?, Bali, 1912.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXII. 1015. .137

226. Jamides astraptes (Feld.).

Lycwna aMmptes Felder, SiUb. Akcul. Wiss. Wkn Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 4515. No. 31 (1860)
(Amboina).

1 (?, 1 ?, Maiiusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.
227. Catachrysops strabo (Fabr.).

Pajiilio strabo Fabriciu.s, Eiitom. Si/stem. vol. iii. pt. i. p. 287. No. 101 (1793) (ladia Orient.),

1 S, Wahai, North Ceram.

228. Catachrysops lithargyria (Moore).

Lampides Uthargyrla Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hid. ser. 4. vol. 20. p. 340 (1877) (Ceylon).

This species has been united with C. strabo (Fabr.) by some later authors,
bnt it is quite erroneous, as lithargi/ria is always distinguishable by the white mealy
suffusion of the upperside, and on the underside by the whitish ground-colour and
the much darker and stronger markings which stand out in bold relief ; whereas
the markings in strabo are scarcely darker than the ground-colour and not very
apparent at first sight.

'iii, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

229. Euchrysops cnejus (Fabr.).

Hesperia cnejus Fabricius, Entom. System. Supptem. p. 430. N03. 100. 101 (1798) (India Orient.).

1 c?, 1 ¥, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

230. Euchrysops suffusus sp. nov.

c?. Near luzonica Rob.

Above brown suffused with pale violet-blue decreasing in density distally ;
a black spot at base of tail and a smaller one at tornus. Below differs from
cnejus (Fabr.) in the whiter ground-colour and less distinct and reduced
markings.

Length of forewing : 14 mm. Expanse: 31 mm.

1 S, Bali, 1912.

231. Lampides masu Doh.

Lampides masu Doherty, Joimi. As. Soc. Beng. Ix. 2. p. 184. No. 86. pi. 2. fig. 11 (1891)
(Sumba-Sumbawa).

21 (?(?, 6 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 2 ii, Wahai,
North Ceram ; 1 ?, Kanike, North Ceram, 600 metres, 1912.

232. Lampides stresemanni sp. nov.

t?. Differs at first sight from weasM by the fore- and hindwings being of
a different colour. Above, forewing bright blue metallic, hindwing silvery bine
washed slightly with darker blue. Below, differs from masu on forewing in
having the second postdiscal white line, not the first, and the antemedian instead of
the median complete. On hindwing the white Hues on basal two-thirds of wiug
narrower and less distinct, the black triangles edged with white more acute and
only one yellow patch above tail.

138 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

?. A6oi-e more lavender-grey-blue, the onter brown baud inncli broader,
occupying onter one-third of forcwiug, the bauds on hindwiug less distinct, and all
above vein 6 in onter two-thirds of hindwiug brown. Below differs from ?nasu ? as
does (?, but almost all yellow is absent.

1 (?, 1 ?, Wahai, North Ceram.

233. Lampides tertius sp. nov.

?. Abope pale lavender-bine, not blnish silver as in ? masu ; black-brown
border of forewing narrower and of even width from apex to above tornns ; on
hindwiug submarginal band complete from costa to black ocellus above tail not
broken into spots, postdiscal line in form of a slightly crennlate unbroken band,
not a line of coalescent Innulate marks. Below the ground-colour is purer grey
and on forewing there are two curved oblique median white bands from vein 1 to
middle of cell and two similar ones beyond middle from vein 3 to costa ; on
hindwing the metallic spots at base of tail and at tornos are wanting, and the
large orange patch is replaced by a yellow half-moon above black spot at base
of tail.

Length of forewing: 19 mm. Expanse: 42 mm.

1 ¥, Manusela, Central Ceram, 600 metres, 1912.

234. Lampides pseiidosias sp. nov.

Similar to osias Rober, but much deeper blue above. Below it is dark uniform
mouse-grey, and the white bauds much more distinct.
1 cf, Misol.

235. Lampides butleri sp. nov.

cJ. Allied to evanescens Butl., but rounder winged.

Forewing dark, margin narrower. Hindwing without marginal spots. Below
the white bands are much broader and very distinct.

? . Above beautiful opalescent blue, and below the orange zone is very large.
1 t?, 2 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

236. Polyommatus boeticus (Linn.).
Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xil vol. 1. pt. 2. p. 789. No. 226 (1767) (Barbaria).
1 S, Gitgit, Bali, 1900—2000 ft. ; 1 ?, Bali, 1912.

237. Pepliphonis hylas (Cram.) = euchylas (Hiibn.).

Papilio hylas Cramer, Pap. Exut. vol. iv. pt. xxxi. p. 142. t. 303. £f. E. F. (1781) (Amboina).
Peplijjhoriis euchylas Hiibner, Fcrsc'c/i. bek. Schmeti. p. 71. n. 698 (1816) (nom. nov. hyla-i praeocc).

One cJ has the brilliant blue replaced by a leaden lavender hue ; this I name
ab. plnmbens ab. nov.

9 6 6,1 ? , 1 c? ab. plumbeus, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ;
1 S , iSnkaradja, North-west Ceram.

238. Pepliphorus paralectus (Gr. Smith).

! G

. iii.

1 6, Misol.

Lampides paralectus Grose Smith, Rhopal. Exot. vol. ii. Oriental Lycnenidae, p. 7. pi. xi. f. 17
? (1897), vol. iii. Oriental Lycacnidae, pi. xii. ff. 1. 2. 6 (1897) (New Ireland).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 139

239. Pepliphorus epilectus (Gr. Smith).

Lamjiides epilectus Grose Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. (Ij) lix. p. 179 (1897) ; Rhnpal. E.nit. vol. iii.
Oriental Lijcaenidae, p. 9. pi. xii. ff. 4. b. G (1897) (Ferguason Island).

2 c? cf , 1 ? , Misol.

240. Nacaduba berenice major snbsp. nov.

c?. Differs from b. berenice iu being mucli larger aud deeper purple above.
Below all the white lines and spots are broader and more conspicuous.
1 c?, Wabai, North Ceram.

241. Nacaduba gerydomaculata sp. nov.

3. At once distinguished from all other Nacaduba by the bands and spots
below resembling those of a Geri/dus. Above, uniform deep purple, edged narrowly
with black, and the edge of fringe brownish. Below wood-browu ; forewing a
deeper coloured ipiadrate spot edged with whitish in cell and a similar one at end
of cell, a postmedian band of coalescent quadrate spots edged with whitish, a
subterminal band of irregular spots coalescent above vein 3 ; hindimmj with a
sub-basal, an interrupted median, and an irregular postmedian band of somewhat
quadrate coalescent spots edged with whitish, an irregular sinuate postdiscal band,
a large black ocellus at base of tail ringed with orange, a white marginal line from
tornus to vein 2.

Length of forewing: 1(3 mm. Expanse : 36 mm.

1 (J, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

242. Nacaduba dion (Godt.).

Polyommalus dion Godart, Encydop. Method. Hist. Nat. Entoin. vol. ix. p. 679. No. 191 (1819)
(Australia).

1 c?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

243. Nacaduba nora (Feld.).

Lycaena nora Felder, Sitzungsh. Ahud. Wissensch. Wien Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 4.58. No. 37 (1860)
(Amboina).

8 (?c?, 4 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

244. Nacaduba felderi sp. nov.

(?. Differs from nora Feld. in the underside being paler and more uniform
grey and in the white lines being wider and more pronounced, while the interspaces
between the white lines are uniform with rest of the ground-colour, not darker.

1 3 , Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

245. Philiris ilias (Feld.).

ikad. Wissensch. Wien Math. Na

Ic?, 1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

Thecla ilias Felder, Sitztingsk A/cad. Wissensch. Wien Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 454. No. 22 (1860)
(Amboina).

140 NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

^40. Waigeum makrikii Ribbe.

Waigeum makrikii Ribbe, Iris, xiii. p. 336. pi. G. fig. 4 (1900) (Ceram).

2 ? ? , Wabai, North Ceram.

, 247. Thysonotis cyanea (Cram.).

Pai>ilio cyanea Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. i. pt. vii. p. 120. t. 7G. ff. C. D. (1775) (Indea Occident ! !).

The ? is figured erroneonslj by Grose Smith as the ? of smaragdus B. Baker
& Drnce.

1 cf , 3 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

248. Thysonotis karpaia Druce & B. Baker.

Thysonotis danis var. karpaia Druce and Bethune Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1893, p. 540.
pi. xlv. ff. 3. 4.

I have treated this as a species, and not as a subspecies of danis, because of the
two collected on Ceram by Wallace, which are trne dams, and no two subspecies can
occur together. I have also one c? true danis from Ceram.

4 c? (J, 2??, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 7cJc?, 8??,
Wahai, North Ceram. (In high virgin forest. — E. S.)

249. Thysonotis danis (Cram.).

Papilio danis Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. i. pt. vi. p. 111. t. 70 ff. E. F. (1775) (Indes Occident. ! !).

The (S has the blue above replaced by leaden lilac and the green below by
leaden grey. I propose for this the name ab. plumbeus ab. nov.

1 ^, 3 ? ¥, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 1 ?, Wahai, North
Ceram.

250. Thysonotis apollonius (Feld.).

Lycaena apollonius Felder, Eeise Novara, Lepid. vol. ii. p. 205. No. 317. t. 33. f. 3 (1865) (New
Guinea).

One (? has the blue above replaced by leaden lavender and the green below by
leaden grey. This I call ab. plumbeus ab. nov.
13 (JdT, 5 ? ?, 1 (? ab. plumbeus, Misol.

251. Thysonotis wallacei (Feld.).

Lycaena vcallacei Felder, Reise Norara, Lepid. vol. ii. p. 265. No. 318. t. 33. ff. 8, 9, 10 (1865)
(Waigiou).

1 S, Misol.

252. Thysonotis hymetus Feld.

Thysonotis hymelus Felder, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wissmsch. Wirn Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 459. No. 44
(1860) (Amboina).

1 c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1012.

253. Thysonotis albomarginata sj\ nov.

?. Above. Forewing sooty grey-brown, darker in outer third, a large irregular
white patch occupies the disc of wing narrowest at inner margin and spreading
npwards and outwards obliquely. Hindwing, base brown-grey, basal five-twelfths

I

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 141

white, rest brownish sooty black. A narrow white margin round both pairs of
wings. — Below. Forewing white, a broad sooty-black band from base round apex
to vein 3 enclosing a narrow metallic-bine line and broadly bordered with white.
Hindwing, outer half black with five large blue rings and a broad white border,
inuer half white, a wide basal black band with blue streak in it.

Length of forewing : 18-5 mm. Expanse: 41mm.

1 ? , Misol.

254. Hypolycaena sipylus Feld.

Hypolycaena sipylus Felder, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wisseiisch. Wiai Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 451. No. 12
(1860) (Amboina).

1 (?, 1 ? , Blanusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912; 1 ?, Wahai, North
Ceram.

255. Miletus polycletus (Linn.).

Papilio polycletus Linnaeus, Mus. Luclov. Ulric. p. iiSG (1764) (Amboina).

30 c?c?, 5 ? ? , Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 S, Wahai, North
Ceram.

256. Miletus anacletus (Fekl).

Thecla anaclelus Felder, Sitzungsb. AJcad. Wissejiseli. Wieii Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 454. No. 25 (1860)
(Amboina).

1 ? , Kanike, North Ceram, 600 metres, 1912.

257. Amblypodia annetta anna Stand.

Amblypodia annetta var. anna Staudinger, Exot. Tagf. vol. i. p. 282 (1888) (Amboina, Saparua).

The ¥ has the underside paler and more rufous.

5 c?c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 ?, Wahai, North Ceram.

258. Arhopala admete (Hew.).

Amblypodia admete Hewitson, Cat. Lycaen. Brit. Mas. p. 7. No. 24. t. 3. if. 18, 19 (1863) (Ceram).

1 ? , Kanike, North Ceram, 600 metres, 1912.

259. Arhopala pseudocentaurus (Doubl.).

Amblypodia pseudocentaurus Doubleday, List Lepid. Lis. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 24 (1847) (Java).

1 ? , Gitgit, Bali, 1500—2000 ft.

260. Arhopala hercules herculina Staud.

Arhopala hercules var. hercidina Staudinger, Exot. Tagf. vol. i. p. 280 (1888) (Waigeu).
6c?c?, 2 ? ?, Misol.

261. Arhopala leo Druce.

Arhopala leo Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. aer. 6. vol. 13. p. 254 (1894) (Humboldt Bay).

I cannot agree with Mr. Bethnne Baker that this is a form of hercules, as I have
it from Misol together with hcrculhia. It is much greener below and always
distinguishable by the narrower bauds.

1 <?, Misol.

142 " KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XSII. 1915.

2(52. Arhopala araxes Feld.

Arhopala araxes Felder, IteixeKovara, Lepitl. vol. ii. p. '2i\. t. 29. ff. 3, 4, 5 (1865) (Celebes).

1 c?, Danan Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft, January 1911.

263. Arhopala nobilis (Feld.).

AmliljijmJia tiobilis Felder, Sitzungsh. Ahail. Wisxeiisrh. Wien Jfath. Nat. CI. xl. p. 453. No. 18
(1800) (Amboina).

1 (S, Mamisela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

264. Arhopala helius anthelius (Stand.).

Ambljipodia lielius var. (intJieHns Staiidinger. I^cnt, Tuijf. vol. i, p. 281 (1888) (Waigioii).
9 cJt?, ] ?, Misol.

265. Arhopala amytis (Flew.).

AmhIyjmUa amytis Hewitson, Cat. Lycaen. Brit. ilus. p. 4. No. 16. pi. ii. ff. 7-9, J (18C2) (Aru).

1 ? , Misol.

266. Arhopala axiothea (Hew.).

Ambli///odia a.riothea Hewitson, Illust. Diurn. LejiiJ. Lycaen. p. 7, No. 21. pi. ii. ff. 10, 11. jj (1865)
(New Guinea).

1 (J, Misol.

GRYPOCERA
HESFERIIDAE

Hesperiinae

267. Casyapa corvus (Feld.).

Chaeloaieme corvus Felder, Sitzung.il. Akad. Wisscnscli. Wien Math. Xat. CI. xl. p. 4C0. No. 46
(1860) (Amboina).

1 S, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

2G8. Celaenorrhinus klossi Rothsch.
Celaenorrhinus klossi Rothschild, Lepid. B.O. V. and Wall. Exjieds. p. 37. no. 182 (1915) (Snow Mts.).
1 S, Misol.

269. Celaenorrhinus unipuncta sp. nov.

cJ. Similar to /dossi, but white obli.jue median band does not reach subcostal
nervure and only just reaches vein 1. There is a single white dot above vein 4 in
outer area of wing.

1 cJ, Kanike, North Ceram, 600 metres, 1912.

270. Tagiades neira metanga Ribbe.

Tagiades nelra Plotz, var. metanga Ribbe, Iris, ii. p. 265. No. 143. pi. v. f. 8 (1889) (Ceram).

2 cJcJ, 2 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII, 1915. 143

271. Tagiades japetus (Cram.).

Papilio japelus Cramer, Fap. Emt. vol. iv. pt. xxxi. p. 145. t. 365. ff. E. F. (1781) (Amboina).

6 tJcf,5 5 5, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

272. Tagiades bubasa Swinh.

Tagiades hubasa Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (7). xiv. p. 418 (1904) (Humboldt Bay, Dutch New-
Guinea).

2 (?c?, Misol.

Ismeninae

273. Hasora discolor (Feld.).

Goniloba discolor Felder, Wiener Entom. Monatschr. vol. iii. p. 405. No. 50 (1859) (Brazil! !).

3 <?c?, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

274. Hasora doleschalii (Feld.).

Ismene doleschalii Felder, Silzungsh. Akad. Wissensch. Wien Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 4G0. No. 48
(1860)(Amboina).

9 cf c?, 2 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.
275. Hasora amboinensis Swinh.

Hasora amboinensis Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8). iii. p. 91 (1909) (Amboina).

1 (?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.

276. Hasora hurama (Bntl.).

Hesperia hurama Butler, Trans. Enlom. Soc. Loud. p. 498. No. 2 (1870) (Cape York).

1 cj, Wahai, North Ceram.

277. Hasora celaenus (Cram.).
Papilio celaenus Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxxiii. p. 214. t. 393. S. A.B. (1782) (Amboina).
1 cJ, Misol.

FamphiHnae

278. Erionota thrax (Linn.).

Papilio thrax Linnaeus, Sysl. Nat. ed. xii. vol. i, pt. ii. p. 794. No. 260 (1767) (Java).

1 <?, Bali, 1912.

279. Padraona sunias (Feld.).

Pamphila sunias Felder, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wi.ssensch. Wien Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 462. No. 54 (1860)
(Amboina).

1 cJ, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912.
280. Padraona dara (KolL).

Hesperia dara KoUar, Iliigel's Kaschmir, vol. iv. pt. ii. p. 455 (1848) (Himalaya).
1 ?, Danau Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911.

144 XOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 19l5.

281. Padraona subfasciata sp. nov.

S ? . Similar to P. fasciata Rothsch. bat smaller, and differs below iu the
postdiscal Hue on hindwing being much closer to margin, and consisting of a
line of spots, not a zigzag continuous line.

Length of forewing, subfasciata, 1 1 mm.
„ „ „ fasciata, 15 mm.

1 S, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 05ii metres, 1912 ; 1 ?, "Wabai, North Ceram.

282. Ocybadistes marnas (Feld.).

Pamphila manias Felder, Sihungsb. AJ.ail. WUxeiu^cli. Wieii Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 462. No. 53 (1860)
(Amboina).

2 cJcJ, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 ?, Wahai, North Ceram.

283. Telicota affinis Rothsch.

Telicota affinis Rothschild, Lepl^I. B.O.U. d- Wull. Expeds. p. 40. no. 198 (1915) (Snow Mts.).
1 (?, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 metres, 1912 ; 1 ?, Misol.

284. Chapra brunnea (Snell.).

Pamphila hninnea Snellen, Tijd.irhr. Enlom. vol. xix. p. 164. No. 75. t. 7. f. 4 (187C) (Java).
1 cJ, Danan Bratau, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911.

285. Notocr5rpta restricta (Moore).

Plesioneura restricta Moore, Lepid. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 178 (1881).

1 ¥, Danau Bratan, Bali, 2.500 ft, Jannary 1911.

286. Udaspes folus (Cram.).
Papiliofulus Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. i. pt. vii. p. 118. t. 74. f. F. (1775) (Surinam ! !).
1 ¥, Gitgit, Bali, 1500—2000 ft.

{To he coiitimied.)

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCiE XXII. 191j. 145

ON THE GENUS FREGATA.

By THE Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

IN the Austral Acian Record, vol. ii. No. 6, Mr. Mathews gives a synopsis of
the genns Fregata.

There are several points in this synopsis which need revision. As Mr.
Mathews has stated, in the catalogue of birds only two species of the genus
are recognised under the names of F. aqiiila and F. ariel. It is therefore of
great importance to science that Blr. Blathews, by his careful study of the group,
was enabled to show that there are a number of other species and several sub-
species that have been overlooked. I regret much, however, that Mr. Mathews
has fallen into a fundamental error in regard to the species which must bear
the name minor Gmel. As he quite correctly states, the type of this name is
the bird figured on plate 309 of Edwards' Gleanings ; but he has failed to assign
this plate correctly, for by only taking note of the fact that Edwards' bird was
of unknown origin, he arbitrarily fixed the type locality as Jamaica. If he had
studied the plate and read the description carefully he could not have failed
to see that in Edwards' bird the throat and foreneck are white, while in all the
West Indian birds it is blackish. There is considerable internal evidence in the
text, besides the fact of the white throat, which proves the bird received by
Edwards to have come from the eastern half of the Indian Ocean, so I must
fix as the typical Fregata minor of Gmelin the birds of that area.

A second error of Mr. Mathews is his placing the larger species found on
the Galapagos Islands as a subspecies of F. minor under the name of F. minor
" magnijicens." This bird does not differ from the West Indian Frigate Bird except
that luy unique ? has the largest beak of any recorded Frigate Bird ; my three
males do not differ at all from birds killed by Dr. Ernst Hartert in the West
Indies. This bird, which appears to occur on both sides of the American con-
tinent south of Florida, is quite a distinct species ; the S has entirely black wing-
coverts and the ? a black throat and foreneck.

Mr. Mathews has made two subspecies of F. ariel Gould to occur in Australia ;
as he founds his F. ariel tunnyi on size alone, and it resolves itself into about
'I mm. difference in the bill and 15 mm. in the wing, this form is untenable.

Below I give a key to the species and subspecies of Fregata of which the
following is a list :

F. aqiiila Linn., Ascension Island.

F. undrewsi Math., Christmas Island.

F. ma.gniflcens Math., Coasts and Islands of America.

F. minor minor Gmelin, Eastern Indian Ocean.

F. minor aldabrensis Math., Western Indian Ocean.

F. minor palmerstoni Gmelin, Laysan, Fanning and other West Pacific Island

groups.
F. minor ridgwaiji Math., Galapagos Islands.
F. minor nicolli Math., South Trinidad.
F. ariel ariel Gould, Australia.
F. ariel iredalei Math., Western Indian Ocean.
ID

14C

Males.
/Large white patch on sides of abdomen
INo white patch on sides of abdomen
/Wings black .
IWings with brown band
fBack metallic green
[Back metallic purple
/Abdomen and vent black
lAbdomen and vent white
/Breast black .
1 Breast brown
fWiug band very broad and pale, breast greyis

hb
6. -! Wing baud narrower and darker brown, breast dar

/Wing band pale greyish brown
\Wiug band very dark brown .
/Smaller, wing 530-550 mm. .
(Larger, wing 580-600 mm. .
/Bill larger, 80 mm.
iBill smaller, 68-70 mm.

Females

j-Eutirely dark below
-,' Breast white .

IWith distinct white nuchal band .

{Breast white, abdomen dark .
Breast and abdomen white

/Throat and foreneck black

(Throat and foreneck greyish white

rBack black -brown . . . .

- Back paler brown . . . .

I Back metallic . . . .
Wing baud pale and broad
\Ving Ijand darker and narrower .
Wing band very dark .

/Bill larger, 95 mm.

'-Bill smaller, 80 mm.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XSIL 1915.

. 9.
. 2.
. 3.

. 4.
. F. cKjuila.
i . magnificens.
. 5.
F. uiuln'wsi.

6.

F. minor nicolli.
umber brown

F. minor palmerstotn.
F. minor ridgwayi.

. F. tninor minor.

F. minor aldabrensis.

F. ariel arid.

F. ariel iredalei.

F. aquila.
. 2.

F. andrewsi.

. F. magnificens.

. 4.

F. minor ridgwayi.

. 5.

F. minor aldabrensis.

. F. tninor nicolli.

F. minor palmerstoni.

. F. minor minor.

F. ariel ariel.

F. ariel iredalei.

with black throat and foreneck
ripe Verd Islands, in the British

In addition to these I have examined a female
and a huge bill from the Gambia, and a male from
Museum, the latter with black wings, but tlie back is steel black, not metallic green
or purple. Further material will probably prove these to belong to a new sub-
species of magnificens.

There is also in the British Museum a i Frigate Bird from the Hume
collection, which is labelled as coming from the Malay Peninsula. This specimen
IS indistinguishable from the Ascension Island males. It is either a stray bird blown
out of its course or the label has been erroneously transferred.

Mr. Mathews' contention that Fregata minor ridgwayi breeds only on Culpepper
and Wonmaa Island, while magnificens occurs only on the other islands, is disproved
by Beck's photographs (California Academy), which show both species breeding on
Hood Island.

NOVITATEe ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 14*

NEW PALAEARCTIC AND EASTERN NOCTUIDAE IN THE

TRING MUSEUM.*

By W. warren, M.A., F.E.S.

1. Batracharta albistrigosata spec nov.

Forewing : gre3--brown, thickly sprinkled with coarse black dots and traversed
by white interlacing strigae ; basal area blackish, its outer edge oblique but diiFuse,
preceded and followed in cell by dull red-brown patches, the veins through it from
base dotted with snow-white, the costa marked with white oblique strigae ;
subterminal line pale, difl'use, brownish ochreous, lunulate-dentate, the veins
before it reddish ; terminal area beyond it narrow, blackish fuscous, swollen on
each fold ; fringe pinkish olive.

Ilindwing : pale brownish grey, with a difl'use dark terminal line ; the costal
area white, except at apex ; fringe yellowish white.

Underside greyish ochreous ; in the forewing suffused with fuscous, leaving
the inner margin for two-thirds white below submedian fold ; the costa ochreous
striated with brownish grey ; a round difl'use dark cellspot ; hindwing ochreous
with a faint brownish flush in parts ; a large, round black cellspot.

Face, pectus, and legs black ; the tarsi white-dotted ; tegnlae and patagia dark
brown mixed with reddish ; dorsum like hindwing ; palpi brown with blackish
shades, the terminal segment pale ochreous ; venter ochreous, tinged with brown
on anal half; with a white dot at middle of hinder edge of each segment.

Expanse of wings : 44 mm.

2 (J (J from the Khasia Hills, Assam, taken by native collector in May and
June 189G.

2. Batracharta ochreipennis spec. nov.

Foretving : like irrorata Hmps., but rather paler and brighter ; the dark
terminal area preceded by a difl'use pale wavy band as in the preceding species ;
the upper jsrojectiou of outer line above median vein more prominent ; the white
dotting stronger.

Ilindwing : pale ochreous, with the veins dark and thickened towards termen ;
the dark cellspot showing through.

Underside ochreous ; in the forewing fuscous grey between subcostal vein and
submedian fold, below which the inner margin is white throughout ; the outer line
grey and dentate at costa ; termen ochreous, with a line of dark lunules ; fringe
brown at tips ; hindwing pure ochreous ; cellspot oval, large and black.

Head, thorax, pectus, and forelegs black ; palpi black-brown, the third
segment ochreous ; dorsum and venter ochreous, flushed with brown.

Expanse of wings : 40 mm.

1 S from the Ninay Valley, Central Arfak Mts., Dutch New Guinea, 3500 ft.,
February and March 1909.

* The manuscript of this article was among the papers left by the late Mr. W. Warren. — K. J.

148 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

3. Sypna nocturna spec. nov.

Differs from S. tenebrosa Wlk. ia beiug deep dark brown with a purplish
tinge and traversed by wavy purplish lines ; the snbmarginal line thicker and
blacker thronghont; reniform stigma slightly marked with ochreous ; outer line
donblo, regularly lunulate, distinct throughout ; snbtermiual spots black dotted
■with pale.

Ilimlwing : deep brown to base, the costa alone paler ; the lines obscured ; the
pale yellow mottling of the fringe in apical half more strildng.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown.

Underside as in tenebrosa.

Expanse of wings : 65 mm.

4 (?(?, 3 ? ? from Kinabalu, N. Borneo (Waterstradt) (type) ; 1 S from the
Penrisen Mts., Sarawak, June 1892 (Everett); 1 ? from Pengalengan, Preanger,
Java. From Gunung Ijau, Perak, a bine-scaled form has been received — ab.
decorata ab. nov. — in which not only the inner and outer edges of the antemedian
band, but the band itself, except along costa and inner margin, are suffused with
bluish scales ; but there is no blue visible in the hindwing, nor along the rows of
snbterminal spots, though these are externally much yellower and more distinct
than in the type form.

4. Perigramma triangulifera spec. nov.

Forewing : ochreous grey, dusted with darker ; inner line pale, edged on both
sides with dark, waved and more oblifjue outwards than that of circumducta Led.,
to which it is most nearly allied ; stigmata grey-white ; the orbicular wider, especially
above, both sides ontcurved, not oblique ; reniform smaller, not projecting below
vein 4 ; a black triangle in cell before the orbicular, and a dark hourglass-shaped
blotch between the two stigmata ; the pale blotch below the white median vein
reduced to a very shallow semi-elliptical mark ; a black triangle with the apex
touching vein 1 below submediau fold at base ; the fold and space above it at
base white ; outer line very indistinct ; the median area only slightly blackish,
not well defined between the two lines, as in circumducta ; subterminal line pale,
inwardly edged with blackish at costa and beyond cell.

lUndwimj : grey with diffuse dark grey cellspot and obscurely marked
subterminal shade.

Head, thorax, and abdomen grey, the face and vertex browner.

1 t? from Tjutju-ho, 400 kilometres north of Wladiwostock, 1009 (W. Man) ;
somewhat wasted and with the fringes worn ; sent along with a typical i of
circumducta ; in the new sjiecies the basal and costal areas of forewing are both
much paler.

5. Sideridis sericea spec. nov.

Forewing: silky pale greyish ochreous, slightly tinged with pale brown; the
veins pale ; the costal streak pale ochreous thinning to a point at apex ; a black
snbbasal costal dot and one at base of cell; inner line obliijue from costa to sub-
median fold, then inwardly oblicjue, marked by a black dot on costa, in cell, and
on the fold, and one on vein 1 nearer base ; outer line excurved beyond cell, marked
by black dots on veins, which are really the teeth of a lunulate-dentate line;
black terminal dots between the veins ; a fine white dash at end of mediaa

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. |49

vein, with a black point above it at lower end of cell ; the S has a faint brown
shade from base below cell, forming a small brown clond beyond lower end of
cell ; fringe silk)' ochreous.

Himhving : greN'-brown, the base and inner margin paler, especiall}' iu the
c? ; cellspot clondy, dark; fringe whitish ochreous.

Underside pale ochreons ; the costa in botli wings speckled with black ; disc
of forewing fuscons ; a black spot on costa beyond middle ; hindwing with cellspot
and outer line of dots ; both wings with black terminal points.

Head, thorax, and abdomen brownish ochreous ; the patagia paler with a few
scattered black scales.

Expanse of wings : c? 44 mm. ; ? 48 mm.

1 (?, 2 ? ? from Mt. Goliath, Dutch New Guinea, 3000—7000 ft., January
1911 (A. S. Meek). Very much like Hijphilare psemlargyrea Beth.-Baker, but
not quite so dark.

6. Sideridis subrubrescens spec. nov.

Foreioing : yellowish white, dusted and suffused in places with brown ; the
veins white interlined with brown ; the intervals with brown streaks ; median
vein with a thick white dash at extremity, slightly hooked, containing a black
dot at lower end of cell ; inner line black, dentate, sharply angled outwards on
submediau fold and inwards on vein 1 ; outer line black, lunnlate-dentate, indented
on submedian fold and angled outwards on vein 1 ; an oblique pale streak of
ground-colour from apex to middle of inner margin and a shorter one beyond
outer line from vein 4 to inner margin, the terminal area browner; dark terminal
dots between veins ; the fringe brown.

Hindwing : reddish ochreous, with an outer curved line of dark vein-dots,
beyond which the terminal area is browner ; fringe pale with a brown line.

Underside ochreous, sprinkled with brown along costal areas ; disc of forewing
deep pink; a dark spot on costa beyond middle; hindwing with dark cellspot
and outer line, beyond which the terminal area is tinged with pinkish.

Head and thorax pinkish ochreous mixed with brown, abdomen ochreous.

Expanse of wings : S, 40 mm.

A series of males from Mt. Goliath, Dutch New Guinea, .5000—7000 ft.,
February 1911 (A. S. Meek).

7. Tiracola rufimargo ab. derufata ab. nov.

Differs from typical rufimargo Warr. iu the forewing being entirely pale olive-
grey brown, with no red tinge whatever ; in one example only the terminal area,
except at apex, is filled up with chocolate brown ; the red tints of the hindwing are
at the same time duller in colour and more restricted in extent.

5 (?<?, two from Upper Setekwa River, the other three from Mt. Goliath,
Central Dutch New Guinea, January 1911 (A. S. B'leek).

8. Tiracola rufimargo ab. albifusca ab. nov.

Forewing : whitish grey, striated with darker grey or pale brownish ; tlie
median area between the inner and outer lines and the terminal area, except
at apex, filled np with fuscous brown ; subterminal line yellow, with slight dark
scaling before it ; an isolated dark spot above vein 7.

Hindwing : with the red tints duller and more restricted.

150 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

Head and thorax grey or brownish according to the gronnd colour of the
forewing.

2 ? ? from Mount Goliath, Central Dutch New Guinea, January 1011
(A. S. Meek).

9. Tiracola plagiata ab. nigriclathrata ab. nov.

Resembles the ordinary form of the ? of phifiiata Wlk., but the space below
and beyond the reniform stigma filled up with blackish between the veins, which
are marked with yellow scales across the black.

1 ? from the Khasia Hills, Assam.

10. Perigea semirubra ab. semibrunnea ab. nov.

Along with 1 S and 2 ? ? of the ordinary form of P. semirubra Warr. received
from Mr. A. S. Meek there came 1 ? , rather larger than the rest, with the forewing
deep brown and the powdering and lines white ; the inner and outer lines marked
with oblique white streaks at each extremity : the dark blotch beyond the reniform
hardly visible ; head and thorax brown like the forewings ; this form I propose to
call ab. semibrunnea. ab. nov. The fonr specimens were taken on Mount Goliath.

11. Conservula indica malayana subsp. nov.

Differs from the type form indica Moore in the median brown area being
scarcely darker than the rest of wing, so that the general coloration appears more
uniform ; the inner and outer lines of forewing are more broadly pale.

3 ? ? from Padang Rengas and 1 ? from Gunung Ijan, in the Tring Museum ;
all agree in this respect.

12. Colobochyla similis spec. nov.

Closely resembling C. bilineulis Leech from Japan, but smaller ; the inner line
waved below the angulation instead of straight ; the outer not simply ontcnrved
beyond cell, but bluntly angled on vein 6, tiien irregularly sinuous ; the discal mark
darker and angulated ; hindwing paler fuscous, with the fringe concolorous instead
of yellowish.

1 c? from Foochau, China, April 1886.

13. Serrodes caesia spec. nov.

Forewing : rufous grey in median area, leaden slate-colour in basal and post-
median fields ; inner line pale oblique outwards, angled below median vein, and
incurved to vein 1, then excnrved to a black dot on inner margin ; followed by a
velvety black band, which swells out into a ronnded blotch below costa and above
vein 1 ; median line scarcely visible itself, but the area beyond it above middle
more rnfous ; at the end of cell and in the intervals between the bases of veins 2, 3,
4, 5 are some small spots of greenish ochreons scales partly edged with black ; in
middle of cell a small pale dot; outer line black, lunate-sinuate, bluntly projecting
below middle, then sinuate to inner margin, followed by a brown line, along which
the slate-coloured postmedian area is edged with a brown shade ; terminal area
beyond the indefinite subterminal line dark olive fuscous, including the fringe.

Hindwing : olive fuscous tinged with brown, darker with a slaty flush in outer
half beyond a brown pale-edged median line ; a pale wavy subterminal line from
anal angle, and a small patch of bluish white scales on termen below vein 2 ; fringe
dark brown.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 151

Underside pale grey-brown with deep brown fringes ; median and onter lines
darker ; the outer line of forewiug marked with a pale spot on costa ; all the veins
marked with sparse pale scales.

Head and thorax brown speckled with pale ; patagia with a slight ahdy gloss ;
abdomen olive brown ; tips of the anal scales pale ochreous ; pectns and legs dark
brown ; the tarsi with pale joints ; the spurs with pale tips.

Expanse of wings : 66 mm.

1 <S from the Upper Setekwa River, August 1910, and 1 ? from near the
Oetakwa River, Snow Mts., Dutch New Guinea, October to December 1910
(A. S. Meek).

In the ab. perfasa ab. nov. the median area also is pnrplish slate-colour, its
outer costal half the darkest. Of this form there are 1 c? and 2 ? ? in the Tring
Musenm, taken along with the type J', on the Upper Setekwa River in August
1910, and 1 ? from the Upper Setekwa River, taken with a typical ?. The
examples of the aberration are all slightly smaller than those of the tyjje form in
both sexes.

14. Ophiusa dentilinea Beth.- Baker
ab. albifusa ab. nov. and ab. rectilimes ab. nov.

The ab. albifusa differs from typical dentilinea in having the oblique ante-
median space between inner and median lines filled up witli white in place of
brown, its inner half dusted with brown ; the inner line is more strongly marked,
and the whole basal area within it filled up with dark fuscous ; the black markings
which go to form the prae-snbmarginal shade are all larger and more decided, and
the space between them and the outer line is brown. In the ab. rectilimes the
oblique median line, which in the type form and in albifusa is bisinnate, is fine and
straight, and the whole wing is tinged with reddish brown, the ground colour
appearing darker throughout.

The type of the ab. albifusa is a ? from the Oetakwa River, Snow Mts.,
Dutch New Guinea, taken from October to December 1910, by A. S. Meek ; that
of rectilimes, which may probably prove a sejiarate species, also a ?, is from Welsch
River, British New Guinea (Weiske).

15. Ophiusa conspicua spec. nov.

Forewing : bright whitish grey tinged with lilac and dusted with blackish
atoms ; subbasal and inner lines brown edged with pale, the former straight,
reaching median vein, the latter oblique, slightly concave outwards and parallel to
the median line ; the basal area is filled up with grey-brown, and the inner half
of the antemedian belt is dusted with blackish ; outer line obliquely concave out-
wards to vein 6, there angled, then straight and oblique to inner margin, before
which it is shortly curved outwards, meeting median line at a point ; space included
very broad, deep chocolate brown ; the outer line is edged by a bright white line,
followed above angle by a space of pale gronnd colour, and below it by a narrow
brown shade, limited by the dentate-lunnlate sabterminal line, and widened to
tornus ; a deep black-brown narrow apical blotch, inwardly edged by a short
white line ; outwardly indented, its lower end inbent to touch the angle of outer
line; terminal area and fringe of the pale ground colour, with a row ot dark
terminal dots.

Hindwing : blackish, the basal area paler before a slight pale oblique median

l-i2 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. lillo.

band ; a white snbterminal streak at anal angle to vein 2 ; the tcrmen above
vein 2 shortly whitish grey; IViuge wliitish grey with paler basal line, above vein
6 blackish.

Underside grey-brown, with the termen and fringe lilac-grey; tiie cellspots
and lines darker ; the snbterminal preceded by a brown shade, and edged with
pale grey at anal angle of hindwing.

Head, thorax, and abdomen brownish ; venter and ]iectus jialer ; tarsi brown
with pale joints ; the fringe of mid-tibiae white.

Expanse of wings : 58 mm.

1 c? from the Ninay Valley, Central Arfak Mts., Dutch New Guinea, November
10U8 to January 1909. Superficially resembling (>. copidophora Hmps., also from
New Guinea, but the dark postmedian area is three times as wide.

16. Ophiusa aviceps spec. nov.

Foreiring : grey-brown, flushed with fuscous along costa; subbasul and inner
lines parallel, obliijue outwards, chestnut brown with paler edges ; antemedian
band jialer towards inner margin, reddish grey, the veins across it paler; a white
dot on discocellnlar ; median line strongly curved, towards costa pale edged,
coalescing with outer line below costa ; this obliquely sinuous outwards to vein 0,
there angled and incurved evenly to inner margin close to median line ; it is edged
by a tine, pale line followed by a dark one ; the space between median and outer
lines deep brown ; a dark grey shade before subtermiual line, which is obscurely
dentate-lunulate, the teeth marked on vein by black white-tipped dashes, with a
spot of white scales at inner margin ; a triangular brown blotch at apex, nearly
reaching the angle of outer line ; minute black snbterminal dots ; fringe iron-grev.

Hindwing : dark shining olive fuscous, with a spot of white scales at anal
angle ; the fringe blackish grey, with pale basal line.

Underside dull greyish fuscous ; the lines darker ; the snbterminal edged with
paler ; a pale grey cloud at apex of forewing.

Head and thorax brown ; the abdomen fuscous ; spurs of middle- and hiudlegs
black dotted with snow-white.

Expanse of wings : 58 mm.

1 S from Biagi, Mambare River, British New Guinea, April 1906 (A. S. Meek).

17. Ophiusa curvilimes spec nov.

Foreioing : with the basal area grey-brown with some darker spots anW
striae, edged by the vertical, straight, pale, inner line, with a dark line before it ;
space beyond to median line pinkish ochreons, shaded with grey-brown in its
inner half, more broadly towards costa; median line strongly arched, from before
middle of inner margin to middle of costa ; outer line outwardly oblique and curved
to vein 6, where it is acutely angled outwards, then evenly incurved, followed by
a tine pale line with darker line beyond, and a broad diffuse brown shade ; space
between median and outer lines deep olive-brown ; terminal area lilac-grey ; the
apex with a large dark brown curved blotch, edged on inner and outer sides by
a yellowish line, the latter curved to meet angle of outer line ; a row of black
subtermiual spots ; fringe pinkish grey with a pale basal line.

Hindwing ; olive fuscous, the terminal half darker ; the termen itself from
vein 6 to 2 narrowly grey ; fringe grey, fuscous at apex..

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. lOlo. 153

UnilersiJe dull groy-lirown, wiHi darker cellspots, median, and outer lines ; the
snbterminal lines, termen, and fringe lilac-grey.

Head and thorax brown, the abdomen fuscous grey.

Expanse of wings : 60 mm.

1 c? from Palaboehan Ratoe, Wynkoopsbaai, Java (Fnihstorfer). Belongs to
the group including acuta, Moore, maturata Moore, duplexa Moore, etc., from
all which it is distinguished by the pinkish ochreous antemedian belt.

18. Ophiusa flexilinea spec. nov.

Forcwing : brownish fuscous to outer line, crossed before middle by an oblique
whitish belt, broader at each extremity, where it is slightly discoloured by pinkish
brown suffusion, and containing a small dark dot in cell ; the outer line, limiting the
brown area, narrowly white, obliquely curved outwards from costa to below vein Ti,
incurved to 4, then vertical to 3, and sinnous to inner margin, above which it is
shortly again outcurved ; terminal area whitish grey tinged with brown, which
forms a shade parallel to outer line, widening to tornus and containing two dark
blotches on veins 3 and 4 ; a dark brown triangular apical blotch, its apex reaching
vein 6 and bent inwards to outer line ; terminal line blackish, preceded by a row of
black dots ; fringe grey with a pale base.

Ilindwing: blackish fuscous, with a faint pale median curved band; a short
whitish subterminal striga above anal angle ; the termen irregularly yellowish white
from middle to below vein 2.

Underside dull fuscous grey, with outer and subterminal lines dark in each
wing, and dark discal spots.

Head, thorax, and dorsum fuscous brown; palpi externally, the fore- and mid-
tibiae and femora also fuscous ; pectus and venter greyer.

Expanse of wings: 50 mm.

A series from the Solomon Islands ; Vella Lavella (type). New Georgia,
Bougainville, Choiseul, Florida, and Guadalcanar.

19. Ophiusa cuneilineata spec. nov.

Forewing : grey-brown, sutlused with fuscous and black-speckled in basal half
of wing and beyond outer line ; subbasal and inner lines brown edged with paler,
slightly inwardly obliijue; median line also brown and parallel, without pale
edging ; outer line brown, externally edged with yellow, excurved below costa and
oblique to vein 6, outwardly toothed on 6, 5, and 4 and inwardly between the veins,
highly excurved from the tooth below vein 4 to submodian fold, on which it is
angled inwards, followed by a dark grey diffuse fascia ; a brownish apical mark
becoming deep black between veins 0 and T, outwardly edged by a yellow line bent
inwards along vein 6 ; terminal area be3'ond the obscurely marked subterminal line,
paler ; subterminal spots black ; fringe dark grey with yellowish basal line.

Hindwing : dark fuscous, darker subterminally ; the termen dull grey.

Underside pale grey-brown with indistinct darker lines and cellspots.

Head and thorax brownish ; the abdomen pale fuscous.

Expanse of wings : 42 mm.

1 ? from Lifu, Loyalty Islands. The outer line much resembles that of
dentiliiiea Beth.-Baker, but the other lines are altogether different.

154 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915.

SOME NEW OEIENTAL CY3IAT0FH0BIBAE IN THE
TRING MUSEUM.*

By W. warren, M.A., F.E.S.

1. Gaurena marmorata spec. uov.

Forewing : brownish ochreons suffused with darker brown ; two black spots
outwardly margined with white in a line beneath median vein at base ; inner line
white, oblique, blotchy to submedian fold, below it forrain;^ a crescent externally and
angled basewards on vein 1 ; three oblique crinkly dark brown lines, forming a sort
of inner band ; four blackish brown lines, all angled outwards in the middle of wing,
forming an outer band ; on the costa, the median vein and veinlets, and vein 1, the
pale spaces between all these lines become white and the dark lines themselves
blacker ; the outer band is limited, as the inner is, preceded by a blotchy white line,
which is continuous only at costa and inner margin, followed here by a velvety black
block at anal angle, and on costa by a brown triangle ; subterminal line a row of
white vein-spots, tiiat on vein 2 larger and yellowish, emitting an angled line
beyond the black anal blotch ; towards costa it becomes continnnns, and is met by
an oblique white streak from below apex, above which is a whitish brown-sprinkled
apical blotch ; a row of large white lunate spots before termen ; fringe pale brown ;
orbicular stigma a large wbite spot ; reuiform two small white dots placed obliquely
on the discocellidar.

Hindwing : ochreons with a diffuse grey subterminal band and greyish
snffnsion ; the fringe and termen paler.

Underside uniform glossy ochreons.

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreons, the thorax spotted with brown ; palpi
externally and front of pectus dark brown ; forelegs brown-spotted.

Expanse of wings : 42 mm.

The S S nearly always darker than the ? ? .

2 ¥ ? from the Angabanga River; 1 c? from Biagi, Mambare River ; 6 Jc?,
2 ? ? from Mt. Goliath, Central Dutch New Guinea, 50U0— TOGO ft, January I'Jll
(A. S. Meek) (type).

2. Gaurena papuata spec nov.

Forewing : pale olive, suffused in parts with dark olive fuscous ; inner line
white, fine and mixed with olive above middle, projecting and twice bent below,
broadly white, then inbent, dentate inwards on vein 1 and above inner margin, jn-e-
ceded bflow median by dark suffusion ; outer line outcurved, lunulate-dentate,
marked with white from costa to vein 6 and again from vein 2 to inner margin,
where it is followed by a black triangular mark ; from costa to vein 4 it is followed
by a pale olive curved band with darker centre ; median area, except on inner
margin below vein 1, suffused with dark fuscous, the dark waved cross lines alter-
nated with olive lines; orbicular stigma a white dot ; a large white apical blotch,
narrowing to a point at vein 6, connected; by three white dots on veins 3, 4, 5 with

* The manuscript of this article was among the papers left by the late Mr. W. Warren. — K. J.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 155

an angnlated white mark on inner margin beyond the black triangle ; a row of white
black-edged spots before termen ; fringe pale olive.

lUndwinq : dull greyish ochreons with darker snbterminal shade.

Underside ochreons, the costa of forewing browner ; tips of fringe of forewing
black.

Face, terminal segment of palpi, and thorax yellowish; tegulae, rest of palpi,
pectns, and legs fascons.

Expanse of wings : 36 mm.

1 S from Mt. Goliath, Central Dntch New Gninea, 5000— TOGO ft., January
1911, 1 $ Biagi, Mambare River (A. S. Meek) (type).

3. Habrona concinna spec. nov.

Forewing : black-brown, inner and outer lines slender, ochreons ; the inner
obliquely curved outwards and roundly bent on submedian fold, iuangled on vein 1 ;
the median vein ochreons from base to inner line, which is slightly inbent at the
point ; outer line bluntly rounded in midwiug ; orbicular stigma obsolete ; reniform
black with a snow-white or yellowish dot at centre ; on each side of it a pair of
waved black lines, sometimes united below middle, where the inner margin is some-
times paler brown ; veins at termen forming pale brownish ochreons sjiikes, that
on vein 2 reaching outer line, finely white-edged, and with a white angled line
below it to vein 1 ; a paler apical blotch and snbmarginal shade scarcely visible ;
terminal area pale brown beyond a tine white line interrupted by the veins ; fringe
brown, paler in outer half and rayed with darker.

Hindu'ing : fuscons, paler at base ; the veins at termen and the fringe
ochreons.

Underside greyish fuscous ; the inner margins of both wings ochreons ; tips of
fringe of forewing dark.

Head and thorax black-brown ; abdomen greyish ochreons ; pectns whitish ;
forelegs dark with tlie joints ochreons.

Expanse of wings : 48-52 mm.

3 c? cf , 3 ? ? from Mt. Goliath, Central Dutch New Guinea, 5000—7000 ft.,
.January 1911 (type) ; 1 c?, 1 S from Biagi, Mambare River, 5000 ft., British New
Gninea, April 1E06 (A. S. Meek).

4. Habrona caerulescens spec. nov.

Forewing : dark olive-fuscous ; the median area crossed by five blackish waved
lines angled at middle, of which the median is thickest ; other lines bluish white ;
snbbasal line indicated by difi'use scales in basal area; inner line waved, oblique to
submedian fold, then inbent, more difi'use and partially double above middle ; outer
obscurely lunulate-dentate, outwardly obli(iue, bent below vein 4 and inangled on
veins 1 and 2, more distinctly double above middle ; snbterminal line zigzag from
costa to vein 6, forming inner edge of a slightly paler apical blotch, then inter-
rupted, and again forming a slight angnlar mark on vein 2 be}'ond outer line;
stigmata marked by bluish-white dots ; a row of bluish-white dashes before termen ;
fringe concolorous.

Hindwing : fuscous ; the base and inner margin ochreons.

Underside grey ; the inner margins ochreons.

Head, tiiorax, pectus, and forelegs fuscous ; abdomen greyish ochreons.

156 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915

Expanse of wings : 50 mm.

8c?c?, 1 ? from Mt. Goliath, Central Dutch New Guinea, 5000— 7000 ft,
February 1911 (type), and 1 S from Biagi, Mambarc River (A. S. Meek).

5. Palimpsestes semiobsoleta spec. nov.

Foreiriny : pearl grey; snbbasal line angled outwards below costa and forming
an obliriue black dash near base of submedian fold, with a reddish tinge around and
below it ; inner line bigeminate, forming a dark band ; the innermost line divergent
and marked vpith a black spot on vein 1 ; the outermost, blackest, oblique and
excurved below middle, then indented ; the space beyond grey with the lines
subobsolete ; outer line treble, marked on costa mainly, followed at a distance by
another equally obscnre, and preceded by the crenulate median line, which passes
between the stigmata ; these are small, pale grey, the orbicula round, the reniform
long and narrow ; subterminal line indicated by some black marks bej'ond it,
ending above in a curved black streak to apex ; close before termen a row of black
dashes between veins; fringe white, cut with dark grey beyond veins.

Hindwing : pale dull grey, with broad fuscous terminal border and indistinct
dark outer band ; fringe white.

Underside glossy pale grey ; terminal borders darker ; costa of forewing
htriped with dark grey.

Head, thorax, and abdomen mixed dark and light grey; underside and legs
pale grey ; the tarsi dotted with black.

1 $ from Pengalengan, Preanger, Java. Nearest to orbicularis Moore,
anguligera Hmps., etc.

6. Polyploca curvicosta spec. nov.
Forewing : dull grey tinged with brownish ; the inner line fine and black, at
one-third, curved, bent on submedian fold ; preceded by two dark lines at costa,
which become divergent and double towards inner margin, more or less filled in
with dark, forming a band ; a black spot near base of submedian fold, followed by
a tuft of pale scales ; onter line fine and black, with another parallel close beyond
it, outcurved above, bent inwards at vein 4, and indented on submedian fold, where
it approaches inner line ; followed by two dark-grey outcurved strongly lunnlate-
deutate lines ; subterminal line pale, Innnlate, followed by dark Innulate marks,
and met by a strong black streak from apex ; a fine black terminal festoon ;
fringe grey, with a fine pale line at base : stigmata plumbeous, outlined with
yellow ; the orbicular rounded, placed above the cell-fold; the reniform somewhat
pyriform, broad below and curved beneath orbicular ; a small round plumbeous
spot ringed with yellowish above vein 6 beyond the outer line.

Uindwlng : fuscous brown, darker along termen ; the fringe pale brown.

Underside glossy grey, the termen darker in both wings ; costa of forewing
beyond middle whitish grey, swollen into a small triangular blotch just
below apex.

Head, thorax, and abdomen rufous grey ; palpi pale, with the upper edge
broadly and two narrow lateral lines externally, dark olive.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

1 cJfrom the Khasia Hills, Assam, November 1896 (native collector). Dis-
tinguished by the shorter forewing with strongly curved costa.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 157

7. Polyploca nigripunctata spec. nov.

Foretving : bluish white speckled with pale grey ; the inner and outer bands
and the terminal area tinged with brownish ; inner line black, waved, from two-
fifths of costa to near middle of inner margin, as in renalis Moore, preceded by
three thick waved dark lines filled in witli brown ; a dark spot near base of
submedian fold, followed by a black pointed dash ; the basal area limited by a
curved dark line ; outer line black, double, vertical at costa, then excurved to vein
2 and again to vein 1, approaching inner line on inner margin; a pale and dark
grey dentate line beyond ; snbterminal line white, defined by the dark terminal
area beyond, and an oblique black streak from apex ; a black terminal festoon ; the
fringe dark grey; orbicular stigma round, formed by a tuft of black scales;
reniform elongate, white with some raised scales, outlined with black ; a fine
dentate-lunulate median grey line.

Hindioing : dull fuscous.

Underside glossy whitish grey, with a paler outer band in both wings ; costa
of forewing white, with two black patches beyond middle, and three black spots
before apex.

Head and thorax dark and light grey mixed ; tips of tegulae and upper edge of
palpi blackish ; abdomen wanting.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

1 S from Sikkim, September 1889 (Col. Pilcher).

8. Polyploca griseata spec. nov.

Forewing: dull cinereous, speckled with blackish, most thickly in terminal
area; a blackish spot at base on submedian fold: inner line black, before one-
third, evenly outcnrved and insinuate on vein 1 ; preceded by two indistinct dark
parallel lines ; the basal area limited by a thicker curved wavy line ; outer line
black, concave outwards from costa to vein 4, on which it is bent, then oblique
inwards to submedian fold, and vertically sinuous to inner margin, followed
immediately by a dark parallel line and at a distance by a dark wavy line ;
subterminal line pale grey between blackish shades, met by a curved black
streak from apex ; a black terminal festoon ; fringe dark grey with thick middle
line and bright pale basal line ; stigmata pale with black outlines ; the orbicular
large, rounded ; the reniform narrow, inwardly oblique, with a dark linear centre ;
the orbicular is filled up with dull yellowish, showing glossy in certain lights.

Hindwing : fuscous, the veins darker ; the fringe whitish with a grey line.
Underside shining pale brownish grey, with a faint outer band in both wings
between slightly darker lines ; costa of forewing whitish, more broadly in apical
half, where it is marked by two short dark streaks and three black strigae.

Head, thorax, and abdomen pale and dark grey mixed ; tarsi grey dotted with
black.

Expanse of wings : 42 mm.

1 6 from Kangra (Hocking) from the Elwes collection.

Nearest to orbicularis Moore, but certainly distinct.

9. Polyploca castaneata spec. nov.
Forewing : fawn-colonr, shaded on each side of the narrow central area and
along inner margin in basal half with dull chestnut-brown ; an oblique black

158

XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. lUlS

Streak near base on subniedian fold ; inner line just liefore middle black, slightly
curved, and indented on each fold, preceded by two curved brown shades, the
inner strongly outcurved at middle ; median fascia extremely narrow, towards
inner margin whitish ; the outer line blackish, slender, crennlate, and slightly
jirojecting on vein 4, followed by two thick brown shades with deeper centres,
and then by a black Innulate-dentate line, angled above vein 5; subterminal line
jiale fawn between darker shades, met at vein 6 by a thick somewhat inter-
rupted streak from apes ; a row of fine black lunules before termen ; orbicular
and reuiform stigmata represented by linear black marks of raised scales, with
some paler scales on their inner edge, lying on the inner and outer lines respec-
tively ; fringe pale fawn, rayed with darker, with a dark broad middle line and
bright pale basal line.

Hindwing : brownish fuscous ; the fringe pale, with thick dark middle line.

Underside dull cinereous ; each wing with three dark curved lines in outer
half, the middle one dentate on the veins ; costa of forewing fawn-colonr.

Head, thorax, and abdomen fawn-colonr; the tegulae with two ill-defined lines
and their tips blackish ; tarsi with the joints blackish ; foretibiae in front with
three black dots.

Expanse of wings : 34 mm.

1 S from Sikkim, August 1889 (Col. Pilcher).

10. Polyploca nigrifasciata spec. nov.

Foreioing : whitish sufl'used with brown and fuscous, the whiter scaling only
showing in the terminal third of wing; a short white streak at base below
median vein, and often the base of costa white ; median area brown, traversed
by four or five irregularly crennlate black lines ; the inner most escurved above
middle and indented below on submedian fold, partially edged with whitish
scales ; the outer followed by a whitish band with a black crennlate line at
middle ; a dark fuscous band before subterminal line, mixed with whitish grey
scales at costa and below middle ; a white costal patch at apex above the black
oblique apical streak ; terminal line black, lunulate ; fringe pale grey mottled with
black beyond veins ; reniform stigma a strong black linear mark of raised scales ;
the whitish areas are generally more developed in the 5, and the black fascia and
outer band stronger ; the white basal scaling is also edged with black.

In another form, ab. semifascia ab. nov., the whole ground colour is dull chalky
white, with the dark median fascia cut off at median vein, its edges only indicated
on inner margin ; some slight dark shading at base round the white scaling ; the
black apical streak present, and a grey spot on inner margin before subterminal
line; the grey markings rather better defined in the S. A third form, ab.
nigrilineata ab. nov., mimics the form of orbicularis Moore called bifasciata Hmps.,
only the black edgings of the median fascia being shown, the inner of two black
lines, the outer of one only except at costa; in both of these aberrations the
orbicular stigma, as well as the reniform, is represented by a linear black mark.

Hindwing : fuscous, the fringe paler.

Underside dark fuscous, paler in the ? ; the costa of the forewing white with
black strigae.

Head, thorax, and abdomen mixed black and white, the white predominating
in the pale aberrations ; tarsi thickly spotted with black.

Expanse of wings : cj, 3G mm. ; ? , 38 mm.

NovitAtes ZoologIcae XXII. 1915. 159

2 6<S from Sikkim (0. Moller) ; 2 ? ? , Sikkim, September 1889 (Col. Pilcher) ;
2 c?<?, 1 ¥ of n,b. semi/asdia, Sikkim, September 1889 (Col. Pilcher); 1 ? of the
ab. nigrilineata, Sikkim (0. Moller).

11. Polyploca bilineata spec. nov.

Forewiiig : dark grey slightly reddish-tinged ; inner line thick, black, a little
before middle, nearly vertical, incurved to costa ; outer line just beyond middle,
more slenderly black, oblique outwards to vein 4, there acutely angled and oblique
inwards ; snbterminal pale, very obscure ; an oblique black streak from apex ;
a row of black terminal spots ; a tuft of blackish scales just beyond inner line
represents the orbicular stigma, and a smaller tuft at lower end of discocellular,
just before the angle of outer line, the reniform.

Hindiving : blackish fuscous.

Underside dull cinereous ; the costa of forewing paler.

Head, thorax, abdomen, venter, and legs reddish grey.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

1 S from Darjiling (Col. Pilcher).

A small species of dull appearance, somewhat resembling fiificollis of Europe.

12. Polyploca acutangula spec. nov.

Forewing : whitish, suffused with ochreous yellow, especially towards costa,
where it is also somewhat browner ; tlie veins finely darker ; lines finely brown ;
inner line double, carved in costal half, the outer arm touching the oblique black
orbicular stigma ; outer line also double, acutely angled outwards on vein 4,
marked by brown teeth on the veins, followed at a distance by another browu line,
which is acutely angled outwards below vein 6, and then runs inwards close to the
outer line, also marked by dark teeth on the veins ; and followed by another line
more bluntly angled or only bent ; a dark oblique streak from apex ; a line of dark
marks along termen ; fringe yellow.

Hindwing : pale grey.

Underside grey ; the costa of forewing yellowish.

Head and thorax ochreous yellow ; abdomen grey ; pectus whitish.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

1 ? from Sikkim, August 1889 (Col. Pilcher).

A narrow-winged small species, wliich otherwise much resembles the ab.
ockracea of polychromata Hmps. ; the unique example is slightly worn towards
base and inner margin.

l60 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXH. 1915.

OBITUARY.

WILLIAM WARREN, M.A.

Died Ocioher 18, 1914, (ujed 75.

FOR a number of years W. Warren had suifered from an internal complaint,
which was now and again intensely painful, and compelled him at times
to take a rest for a few days. But in spite of this intermittent illness he was
wonderfully well, and, considering his advanced age, one could but admire the
energy with which he still devoted himself to his work. Early in October last
the trouble became acute, and after a week's struggle Warren had to give in and
remain at home. During the intervals between the attacks of pain he was as
cheerful as usual, and we all expected a speedy recovery. The doctor proposed
an operation, which might bring relief, but at first the patient would not hear of it.
However, when passing the house on Saturday, 17th, at noon, I saw Warren standing
dressed at the open window of his room, and we talked together for some time
about his illness and his affairs. He told me that he was going to the infirmary
at Hemel Hempstead, where, if it was thought necessary, he would undergo an
operation. He appeared pale, but was otherwise much the same as usual. Next
morning a telegram from the infirmary announced his death. He had fainted in
an attack of pain, and passed away without recovering consciousness.

William Warren was born January 20, 1839, as the eldest son of the late
Wm. AVarreu, J. P., of Cambridge. He was educated at Oakham School, which
he left in 1857, entering the University of Cambridge in 1808. He took a great
interest in cricket and boating, being a very good bowler and rowing in the Lady
Somerset boat. But the pursuit of sport did not collide with his studies. He was
a scholar, prizeman, and exhibitioner at St. John's College, and in 1861 took first-
class honours in classics. Choosing the scholastic career as his vocation, Warren,
on leaving the University, accepted an appointment as master at Sedbergh School,
becoming subsequently tutor to the present Lord Shuttleworth. From 1860 to 1877
he was second master at Doncaster Grammar School, and in 1880 went as master
to Stubbiugtou House School for army and navy cadets at Fareham, his application
for a headmastership at some other school being unsuccessful.

The testimonials given to Warren — and which are before me — speak in very
favourable terms of him as a teacher ; private reasons, however, compelled him to
give up the scholastic profession about 1882, since when he has devoted his time to
his favourite pursuit of entomology.

A very keen and competent collector and an untiring walker, Warren was
indefatigable in the field. He was the first to draw attention to the entomological
treasures of the Feus, and his earlier publications consisted of notes on his discoveries
in that district. The Microlepidoptera were his chief subject of study, and although
he was iu later years obliged to work almost exclusively at other groups of

KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. lOlo. l6l

Lepidoptera, he preserved to bis last days a tender love for the smallest of
moths.

When he had relinquished his career as a schoolmaster, he remained without
a regular salaried emploj-meut, living on the rather considerable fortune left him
by his father. The inheritance, hovcever, soon dwindled awa}', and the means of
subsistence became more and more precarious. But his outlook on life was opti-
mistic, and the frequent embarrassments in which he found himself up to the last
five or si,\ years of his life could not daunt his spirits ; they were forgotten as soon
as circumstances appeared to assume a brighter aspect. He was separated from his
wife, but remained in communication with his only sou to the end.

In 1888 Warren began work at the British Museum as an outside assistant,
being engaged to arrange the Pyrals and Geometers. He i)ublished some papers
on the former family in 1890, 1891, and 1892 ; but nearly all the names that he
gave to the numerous new species of Geometridae contained in the British Museum
collection remained unpublished for the time. Through the kind intermediation
of Dr. Giinther, Warren oflered his services to Mr. Rothschild, and in 1892 came
to Tring in order to name and arrange the Geometridae and a few other families,
such as the Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, and Uraniidae. He lived at Tring for
a couple of years, but subsequently removed to London. Although his principal
work consisted in the naming of specimens in the Tring Museum and in describing
the new genera and species found among our material, Warren was at liberty
to assist other entomologists with his rapidly increasing knowledge of the families
at which he was working, and many of the new exotic species published by others
during the last twenty years had previously been submitted to him.

When Dr. Seitz asked me if I knew of some one who could undertake to
describe the Koctuidae for his work, Die Grosssckmettei-linge der Erde, I mentioned
Warren, who at that time was living in London and had very little to do. The
Geometridae having already been assigned by Dr. Seitz to a very competent
specialist, Warren agreed to come to Tring and devote himself to the Noctuids,
and from that time until his death he was happy in having continuous employment
without being strictly bound to official hours.

The number of new species and genera published by Warren is very large,
and he will remain known to posterity as the chief specialist in Geometridae
of the last two decades. He was assisted in his work by a catalogue he had
compiled, containing a description of each species and variety, and, if a specimen
had been accessible to him, a carefully executed pencil-drawing. This enormous
work, amounting to several cubic feet of manuscript, cannot be published for
various reasons, but it will nevertheless remain accessible at the Tring Museum.
Some manuscripts on British Microlepidoptera were also found among Warren's
papers, but are antiquated by more recent discoveries, and must unfortunately remain
unpublished. Several small manuscripts on new species were ready for publication,
while some others require arranging and revising before they can go to press.

Although Warren was essentially an entomologist of the older school, he
paid more careful attention to the structure of the wings, antennae, and legs,
as far as these organs can be studied with an ordinary lens, than did (and do)
some of his contemporaries, and for this reason his work will be more highly
appreciated by the specialist than by the general collector. — K. Jordan.

U

1(52 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS BY W. BARREN.

1878. 1. Economy of the larva of Ephippiphoi'a nigricostana. — Ent. ilo. Affiff.

XV. p. 15.

2. Elachista stabilella bred. — L.c. xv. p. 16.

3. Food-plant of Elachista stabilella. — L.c. xv. p. 09.

1879. 4. Bri/ophila glandifera (var. pari). — L.c. xvi. p. 110.

5. Larva of Coleophora deauratella in Cambridgeshire. — i.e. xvi. ji. 113.

1880. C). Bryophila par. — L.c. xvii. p. 115.

7. Addition of Brijophila par to the British Fanua. — Entoni. xiii. pp.

225-226.

8. Zelleria insignipennella bred. — Ent. Mo. Mag. xvi. p. 116.

9. Captures of Lepidoptera in the vicinity of London. — L.c. xvi. ]>. 137.

1881. 10. Occurrence oi Nepticula sericopeza near Cambridge. — L.c. xviii. p. 142.

1883. 11. On the probable identity of the species known as Agrotis tritici,

aquilina, obelisca, and nigricans. — L.c. xix. p. 278.

12. On the habits of the larva of Eupoecilia rupicola. — L.c. xx. p. 17.

13. On the hibernation as full-fed larvae of some species of Nepticula. —

L.c. XX. p. 17.

14. The young larva of Coleophoi-a lixella. — L.c. xx. p. 18.

15. The larva of Plusia orichalcea. — L.c. xx. p. 116.

16. Some further remarks on Nepticula. — L.c. xx. p. 186.

1884. 17. Bryophila impar, n. sp., distinct from B. glandifera. — Ij.c. xxi. p. 22.

1885. 18. Note on Dichrorhampha tanaceti. — L.c. xxi. p. 190.

19. The NepticHlae of the Mountain Ash. — L.c. xxii. j). 131.

1886. 20. Gelechia tilella bred fifteen years ago. — L.c. xxii. p. 212.

21. Some captures of Ijejiidoptera in 1885, with remarks. — L.c. xxii.

p. 254.

22. Queries concerning the habits of certain British Tortrices. — i.e. xxii.

p. 279.

23. Description of the larva of Gelechia vilella, Zell. — T..c. xxiii. p. 89.

1887. 24. Occurrence of Stigmonota pallij'rontana, Z., in England. — L.c. xxiii.

p. 232.

25. The generic position of Qrapholitha (?) caecana. — Entom. xx. p. 38-39.

26. Occurrence of another British example of Euzophera oblitella, Z. —

L.c. XX. p. 233.

27. Occurrence of both Steganoptycha pygmaeana, Hb., and S. obiegana,

Dup., in England, and the latter species identified as the Tortrix
subsequana of Haworth. — Ent. Mo. Mag. xxiv. p. 6-8.

28. Ualonota obscurana, Stph. (Ls34) versus ramdana, H.-S. (1849). —

L.C. xxiv. p. 8.

29. Description of the larva of Eupoecilia Jlaxiciliuna. — L.c. xxiv. p. 88-89.

30. Description of the larva of Stigmonota j)allifrontana, Z. — Ij.c. xxiv.

p. 89.

31. On a species of the family Gelechidae, hitherto unrecognised in

Enghmd. — L.r. xxiv. p. 104.

32. Occurrence of Lozotaenia {Cacoecia, Hb.) decretaua, Tr., in Nori'olk. —

L.c. xxiv. p. 125-120.

33. Description of the larva of Eupoecilia degregana. — L.c. xxiv. p. 134.

NoviTATES Zoological XXII. 1915. 163

34. Notes oa the species of Heineruann's family' C'hauliodidae that occur in
England. — Eid. J/o. Mag. x.\iv. p. 141-147.

1888. 35. Notes on the larva of Olindia ulmana, Wh.—L.c. xxiv. p. 230.

30. On Lepidoptera collected by Major Yerbury in Western India, in 1886
and 1887.— 7^7W. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 292-338.

37. Concerning some of Haworth's types of British Micro-Lepidoptera. —

Ent. Mo. Mag. xxv. p. 5-8.

38. The habits of Oj'ostega salaciella, Tr., etc. — L.c. xxv. p. 145-140.

39. Retinin paticana, Zett., a new British Tortrix. — L.c. xxv. p. 140-147.

40. Notes on the larva of Gehchia peliella, Tr. — L.c. xxv. p. 161.

1889. 41. On the habits, etc., of certain British Micro-Lepidoptera.— /^.c. xxv.

p. 171-175.

42. A Rejoinder on Mctinia posticana, Zett. — L.c. xxv. p. 100-109.

43. Ketirda j^osticaiia, Zett., bred. — L.c. xxv. p. 307.

44. On the Pi/rnlidina collected in 1874 and 1875 by Dr. J. ^V. H. Trail, in

the Basin of the Amazons. — Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 227-295.

1890. 45. Descriptions of some new genera of Py/'a^;V/ae. — Ann. Mag. N. H. (0) vi.

p. 474-470.
40. Entomological papers in Continental periodicals. — Eiilom. xxiii. p. 310-

318.
47. Some descriptions in Swinhoe, "The Moths of Burma." — Trans. Ent.

Soc. Lond. p. 292-293.

1891. 48. Descriptions of new genera and species of I'l/ralidae contained in tlie

British Museum collection. — Ann. Mag. N. IL (0) vii. p. 423-437,
494-600, and viii. p. 01-70.

49. Notes on British Lepidoptera ; extracted from Continental journals. —

Entom. xxiv. p. 33-37.

50. Synonymic notes ; Pyralidac. — Z.r. xxiv. p. 180-18.5.

1892. 51. Descriptions of new genera and species of Pgralidae, contained in the

British Museum collection. — A)in. Mag. N. H. (6) ix. ji. 172-179,
294-302, 389-397, 429-442.

1893. 52. On new genera and species of Moths of the family Geometridae from

India, in the collection of H. J. Elwes. — Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p. 341-434, pi. 30-32.

1894. 53. New genera and species of Geometridae. — Nov. Zool. i. p. 300- 400.
54. New species of Indian Geometridae. — L.c. i. p. 678-682.

1895. 55. New genera and species of Pyralidae, T/iyrididae, and Epiplemidae. —

Ann. Mag. N. LL. (0) xvi. p. 400-477.
56. New species and genera of Geometridae in the Tring Museum. — Nov.
Zool. ii. p. 82-159.

1896. 57. New genera and species oi Pyralidae, Thi/rididae, ^wA. Epiplemidae. —

Ann. Mag. N. LL. (0) xvii. p. 94-106, 131-150, 202-216.

58. New species oi Pgralidae from the Khasia Hills. — L.c. xvii. p. 452-406,

and viii. p. 107-119, 163-177, 214-231.

59. New Geometridae in the Tring Museum. — Nov. Zool. iii. p. 99-148.

60. New s])ecies o( Lirejmnulidae, Uraniidae, Epiplemidae, &n^ Geometridae

from the Papuan region, collected by Mr. Albert S. Meek.— L.t;. iii.
p. 272-306.

61. New Indian Epiplemidae and Geometridae, — L.c, iii. p. 307-321,

164 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

(yj. New sjiecies of Drepaimlidae, T/n/rididae, L'laitiidae, Epiplemidae, and
Geometridae in tlie Tring Mnseuni. — JS'oc. Zool. iii. p. 335-419.
lS97. 03. New genera and species of moths from the Old-AVorld regions in tlie
Tring Mnsenm.— i.e. iv. p. 12-130.

64. New genera and species of DrepaiiuUdnc, Thijrididae, Epiplemidae,

Uraniidae, and Geometridae in the Tring Museum. — L.c. iv. p. 195-
202, pi. 5.

65. New genera and species of motlis from the Old- World region, in the

Tring Museum. — L.c. iv. p. 378-402.

66. New genera and species of Thijrididae, Epiplemidae, and Geometridae

from South and Central America and the A\'est Indies, in the Tring
Museum. — L.c. iv. p. 408-507.

1898. 67. New species and genera of the families Thyrididae, Uraniidae,

Epiplemidae, and Geometridae from the Old-World regions. —
L.c. V. p. 5-41.

68. New species and genera of the families Drepaiinlidne, Thijriilidae,

Uraididae, Epiplemidae, and Geometridae from the Old-Woi'ld
regions.— i.e. v. p. 221-258.

69. List of the Geometridae, Epiplemidae, Drepanulidae, and Thyrididae

collected on the Key Islands by Mr. H. Kiihn. — L.c. v. p. 421-432.

1899. "0. New species and geuera of the families IJrepanulidae, Thyrididae,

Uraniidae, Epiplemidae, and Geometridae from the Old-World
regions. — L.c. vi. p. 1-06.

71. New Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, and Geometridae from the Aethiopiau

region. — L.c. vi. p. 287-312.

72. New Drepanulidae, Thijrididae, Epiplenddae, Uraniidae, and Geome-

tridae from the Oriental and Palaearctic regions. — L.c. vi. p.
313-3.58.

1900. 73. New genera and species of Thyrididae Suud Geometridae from Africa. —

L.c. vii. p. 90-98.

74. New genera and species of Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, F-.piplenudae

and Geometridae from the Indo-Australian and Palaearctic regions.
—L.c. vii. p. 98-116.

75. New genera and species of American Drepanulidae, Thyrididae,

Epiplemidae, and Geometridae. — L.c. vii. p. 118-225.

1901. 70. New Thyrididae, Epiplemidae, and Geometridae from the Aethiopiau

region. — L.c. viii. p. 6-20.

77. New Uraniidae, Epiplemidae, and Geometridae from the Oriental and

Palaearctic regions. — i.e. viii. ji. 21-37.

78. Drepanulidae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae from the Palaearctic and

Indo-Australian regions. — L.c. viii. p. 190-201.

79. Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, Epiplemidae, and Geometridae from the

Aethiopiau region. — i.e. viii. p. 202-217.

80. New American moths. — L.c. viii. p. 435-492.

1902. 81. Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae from the

Oriental region. — L.<'. ix. p. 340-372.
82. New African I>repanulidae, Thyrididae, Epiplemidae, and Geometridae
in the Tring Museum. — L.c. ix. p. 487-536.

1903. 83. New moths from British New Guinea.— i.e. x. p. 120-126.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 165

S4. New Drepaindidae, Th'/ridid'ie, Uraniidae, and Geometridae from the

Oriental region. — Soc. Zool. x. p. 255-270.
So. New African Thyrididae and Geometridae in the Tring Museum.—

L.c. X. p. 271-278.
80. New Umniidae, Drepamdidae, and Geometridae from British New

Guinea. — L.c. x. p. 343-414.
87. Two new species of Lepidoptem from the Wady-el-Natron, Egypt. —

Eiitom. xxxvi. p. 225, 226, pi. 4 (in collab. with N. C. Rothschild).
19(J4. 88. New American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae. — Nov. Zool.

xi. p. 1-173.

89. New Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geom'itrid'ie from the

Aethiopian region. — L.c. xi. p. 461-482.

90. New Thyrididae and Geometridae from the Oriental regions. — L.c. xi.

p. 48"3-492.

91. New American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae. — L.c. xi.

p. 493-582.
1905. 92. Some new South American moths. — Proc. U.S. Nation. Mas. xxix.
p. 347-352.

93. New species of Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geomitridxe from the

Oriental region. — Noo. Zool. xii. p. 6-15.

94. New species of Geometridae from the Aethiopian region. — L.c. xii.

p. 34-40.

95. New Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae from South and Central

America. — T^.c. xii. p. 41-72.

96. New American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae. — L.c. xii.

p. 307-379.

97. New African Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae. — L.c. xii.

p. 380-409.

98. New species of Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae from the

Oriental region. — L.c. xii. p. 410-438.

99. Lepidoptera collected by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on the Azores and

Madeira in 1903.— L.c. xii. p. 439-447.
loo. Lepidoptera from the Sudan.— T^.e. xii. p. 21-23, pi. 4 (in collab.
with N. C. Rothschild).

1906. lOl. Descriptions of new genera and species of South American Geometrid

moths.— P/'uc. U.S. Nation. Mus. xxx. p. 399-557.
102. New Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae from
British New Guinea.— iVoB. Zool. xiii. p. 61-160.

1907. 103. New Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, Uraniidae a.nd Geometridae from British

New Guinea. — L.c. xiv. p. 97-186.-
104. American Thyrididae, Uraniidae a,nd Geometridae in the Tring Museum. —
L.c. xiv. p. 187-323.

1908. 105. New Thyrididae in the Tring Museum.— L.e. xv. p. 325-351.

106. Descriptions of new species of South American Geometrid moths. —
Proc. U.S. Nation. Mus. xxxiv. p. 91-110.

1909. 107. New American Uraniidae and Geometridae in the Tring Museum. —

Nov. Zool. xvi. p. 69-109.
108. New species of Uraniidae and Geometridae from the Aethiopian region.^
L.c. xvi. p. 110-122.

1*5«J N0VITATB8 ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1916.

109. New species of ThyriHidae, Uraniie/ae and Geometridae from the Oriental

region. — Nov. Zool. xvi. p. 123-128.
1 jii V, /— V//V in Seitz, Miicrolepidoptera of the World iii.
1910. HI. • (coutinaation) in Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the World iii.

1011. 112. Doscrijitious of some new Geometridae and Pyralididae from South
Africa.— /l««. 8. Afr. Mm. x. p. 19-30.

1 1 3. Noctuidae (continnation) in Seitz, Mofirolepidoptera of the World iii.

114. Descriptions of some new Noctuidae in the Triog Museum. — Noe. Zool.

xviii. p. 140-148.

1912. 115. Noctuidae in fieitz, Macrolepidoptera 0/ the World, xi.

116. Ci/matophoridae, ibid. n.

117. Noctuidae (continuation), ibid. iii.

118. "Hen Noctnidae in the Triog Mnseiim, mainly from the Indo-Orientul

region. — Nvc. Zool. xix. p. I-.")?.

119. New Geometridae in the Triug Mnsenm from New Guinea. — L.c. xix.

p. 08-83.

1913. 120. Noctuidae (coaiinnf^lioii) in ^viiz, Macrolepidoptera 0/ the World iii. ■
121. Noctuid'M (continuation), ibid. xi.

1914. 122. New species of E'l'elinii'i,', in fh« Triri',' Museum. — Non. Zool. xxi.

p. 270-280.

123. Uescriptions of new sp'ciy- ot ijfpiaoptLTa U'-terocera in the South

Africiiii Mnsenm. — .l?i«. 5'. Afr. Mii.i. \ p 4'''7-.51iV pi. 40, 41.

124. Noctuidfie (^contii\n&\\nn) iu Suitz, /l/iwri)/. V World xi.
!■.'•'>. New species ol Jfrepi/iulidae, Noctuidut., u.,.. >,....„..., ,.:<'ae in the Tiii/g

Mn.senm.— iV'w. Zool. xxi. p. 401-425.
I'Jl.j. izij. New I'alaearclic and Eastern Noctuidae in the Tring Museum. — Nov.
Zool. xxii. p, 147-1.')3.
127. Spme New Oriental CymtUophoridae ii\ the Tring Museum. — L.c. xxii.
p. 154-159.

In press : 128. Drepanulidie, in Suiiz, .UacrolepiUopteru 0/ the World s.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. I.

V**7'

-■Jr'/SL^ at"^'

t 9WH

B- ■•?-

EOBDJ AT IIas^i ];euib.

Stony deskrt (hammada) neae Hassi Kebiu.

NOVITATRS ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

Tl. II.

Large terebinth trek with Eaven's nest in the Oued NgA.

*yki^z,f-

I.KSEIIAI. VIEW <|E Tin; IIEI) r)F THE llEEl) NiA.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. III.

T. A. Chapman on Cujibtis.

'^SM H\»y

> NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 19T5.

PL. IV.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. IDl.^i

Pt,. V.

T. A. Chapman on Cusetjs.

^

"^^*uHj<^

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 191.':

\'L. VI.

T. A. Chapman on Cursiis.

^"^^^^

NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. VII.

T. A. Chapman ox C'uretis.

i

i

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. VIII.

.■ =m^^^^Sg^JSfljiPt?yr^. '■

•■^w

y

ra- *

y

T. A. Chapman q'a- Cuketis.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. IX.

47

48

T. A. Chapman on Cureiis.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1913.

Pi.. X.

49

51

T. A. Chapman on Ci/JtST/a.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. ISlfi.

Pr.. XI.

T. A. Chapman on Curetis.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XII.

T. A. Chapman on L'uretis.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1015.

PL. XIII.

'^

<iL'

■>V^-'»-

T. A. Chapman on CujtSTiSt

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XIV.

T. A. CUAPJIAS OK CURBTIS.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XV.

S.

k:

w

ik

T. A. Chapman on CansTls,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XVI.

T. A. Chapman on Coretis.

<i;v

^vTmus?^

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XVII.

T. A. Chapman on Curbtis.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XVIII.

7's

f^h^p-^

79

/i^V

V s.^

\'

T. A. Chapman on Corbtis.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XIX.

T. A. t'HAl'MAN ON CVItETIS.

Advertisements of Zoological Objects and Zoological Books only accepted.
A REVISION OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAMILY

SPH I NGI DAE.

BY TnE

Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

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JUST ISSUED: TEXT.

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H ^ouniTll of ZooioQ^.

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST' HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXII.

No. 2.

Pages 167—380.
Plate XX.

Issued June 30th, at the Zoological Museum, Thing.

FEINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON k VDJEY, La, LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1915.

Vol. XXII.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,

EDITED BY

LOBB ROTHSCHILD, EKNST HARTERX, and KARL JORDAN.
CONTENTS OF NO. II.

1. NOTES ON FALCONS Eriist Hartert

2. A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF THE

LEPIDOPTEROUS FAUNA OF GUELT-
ES-STEL, CENTRAL ALGERIA (Continua-
tion) ........

3. ON THE LEPIDOPTERA IN THE TRING

MUSEUM SENT BY MR. A. S. MEEK
FROM THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS,
DAMPIER, AND VULCAN ISLANDS

4. ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE ISLANDS

OF CERAM (SERAN), BURU, BALI,
AND MISOL (Continuation)

5. LEPIDOPTERA OF THE M'ZAB COUNTRY,

SOUTH ALGERIA, COLLECTED BY DR.
ERNST HARTERT AND CARL HILGERT
IN 1914

6. LIST OF A SMALL COLLECTION OF

BIRDS FROM HAUSALAND, NORTHERN
NIGERIA

PAOES

167—185

Lord Rothschild . . 186—191

7.

10.

ON THE TWO ALGERIAN SPECIES OF
CE ROC A LA, A GENUS OF NOCTUIDAE
(Illustrated) .......

ON PAPILIODIXONI GROSE-SMITH (1900)
AND PAPILIO KUEHNI HONR. (1886)
FROM CELEBES (Illustrated) .

SOME NEW OR LITTLE-KNOWN HETERO-
CERA (Illustrated)

ON THE POSITION OF MINETRA NODRICA
BOISD. (1832), A NYMPH ALINE
BUTTERFLY

Lord Rothschild
Lord Rothschild

Lord Rothschild
Ernst Hartert
K. Jordan

K. Jordan
K. Jwdan

K. Jordan

11. THIRTEEN NEW SPHINGIDAE (Plate XX.

AND Illustrated) ......

12. SOME NEW SPHINGIDAE IN THE COL-

LECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(Plate XX.)

13.

14.

15.

16

NEW EXOTIC ZYGAENIDAE IN THE
TRING MUSEUM

CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE
OF THE SIPHONAPTERA FRACTICIPITA
(Illustrated) .

LIST OF SIPHON APTERA COLLECTED IN
ALGERIA IN THE SPRING OF 1914
(Illustrated) .......

Lord Rothschild
K. Jordan

Lord Rothschild
K. Jordan

K. Jordan

. 192—208
. 209—227

. 228—243
. 244—266
. 267—270

. 270—273

. 274—278

. 279—280

and

and

281—291

291—294
295—301

N. Charles Rothschild . 302—308

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF AFRICAN

GEOMETRIDAE

17. DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE SEC-
TIONS OF THE "BRITISH BIRD BOOK"

K. Jordan and N.

Charles Rothschild . 308—310

Louis B. Prout . .311—385
F. B. Kirkman . . 386

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

Vol. XXn. .-> „ • JUNE 1915. No. 2.

\ -

NOTES ON FALCONS.

By ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.

YEARS ago, when Professor Oscar Neniuaiin worked at, the Tring Musenm,
he and I met each other in our deep interest in the Falcons. Ever since
when a boy in Breslau I saw a Peregrine chase pigeons round an ancient church
tower, and when, a few years after, I saw them chasing their prey on the shores
of the Baltic and the Masurian Lakes, and climl)cd the tall pine-trees in the forests
of Rominten, took the lieautiful red eggs and shot the adult birds, the Falcons
have been my favourite birds ; while Neumann was deeply interested in them, since
he collected most interesting specimens in East Africa and Abyssinia. We went
together to Norwich and made notes there on the wonderful series in the Bluseuni,
but the chief object of that trip of pleasant memories was the comparison of the
type of " Tiiuvmctdiis arthtirl,'' which had, until then, been quite wrongly inter-
preted.

We then made extensive notes, and intended to publish together a series of
" Falkennotizen " in the Journal filr Ornithologie, but the diificulty of solving
certain questions, other pressing work, and, most of all, the distance apart of our
residences, made us postpone, and at last forget altogether, our plans. Since then
I had occasion to go through the palaearctic forms of Falcons and many of their
allies, and to review them in Part VIII. of my VOgel der paliiurktiHclicn Fimmt.
Many new facts have come to light, but, looking over the MS. notes made by
US six to eight years ago, I find that much of it might still be published with
advantage, as it supplements what I wrote in my book, or refers to forms not
mentioned there, and other notes seem to be of some interest, as they go more into
detail than it has been possible in my book, or have become necessary from new
facts known to me since the publication of Heft VIII. of the book, in August 1913.

Though I know better than others that the mere seeing and handling of
material does not prevent an author from making mistakes, I may as well state
that 1 have doubtless examined, and more or less minutely compared and studied,
more Falcons than any one else. Apart from the magnificent series in the Tring
Museum, I have spent many an hour over those in the British Musenm, I have
visited the Norwich and Leyden Museums and handled many Falcons there, liave
seen and partially studied the Falcons in the Museums at Berlin, Milan, Turin,
Florence, Paris, Havre, and Marseilles, have had in my hands most of the specimens
in the Koenig, Erlanger, and Kleinschmidt collections in Germany, the Tristram
and Dresser collections in Liverpool and Manchester, and some skins have been
Bent to me froni Sjirajevo and Budapest, by Witherby and "(her friends.

12

268 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

TfNNryCLL US AR TIU'RI.

In his List of lliKrnnl Birrh of Prey, Appendix L, ]i. 15(), Gnrney sen.
described as a new species a Kestrel, which he named Tinnunculus artliiiri.
Sharpe, in his Hand-list of Birds, i. p. 277, enumerated it as a species, ])hicing;
it between the European Kestrel and its Indian representative saturatus. Thns he
appears to have had the same idea as Hcichenow and Erlanger, who used the name
arthuri for the richly colonred, dark Abyssinian form of onr Kestrel. In his
description of T. arthuri, however, Gnrney compared it with T. rupicoloides from
Sonth Africa, saying that it is nearest to the latter, but differs from it by its much
inferior size and certain differences in coloration. Wlien we came to the Norwich
Museum, we asked first of all to be shown TiniiHiicKlus artloiri, and as soon as we
saw it we exclaimed simultaneously " That is nothing but a diminutive rupicoloides,
and should be a subspecies of the latter." A closer examination proved our first
impression to be correct. It is not clear how Sharpe (who might have compared
the type), Heichenow, and Erlanger came to consider T. art/iari to be a dark form
pf tinnunculus, as not a word in its original description, nor the locality (Mombassa),
justify this point of view.

As it is, arthuri differs from rupicoloides only by its generally jialcr coloration,
the closer barring of the npperside, and darker light spaces on the tail, as well
as inferior size. The beautiful T. Jicldi (Elliot, Field Columbian Mus., No. 2,
Or/i., p. 58, 1897) from Somaliland is i)aler, lighter, and larger again. T. rupi-
roloides, art/iuri,a.iu\ Jieldi nre, therefore, not species which might be placed here
or there and in various places in the genus to wliich they belong, as Sharpe did
{Hand-list, i. p. 277), but geographical representatives, subspecies of one species :

Falco rupicoloides,
though not difficult to distinguish. Their nomenclature and distribution is as
follows :

Falco rupicoloides rupicoloides Smith — South Africa.

Falco rupicoloides arthuri (Gurney)— East Africa ; probably only the steppe
districts ; known to us from Mombassa and Machakos.

Falco rupicoloides fieldi (Elliot) — Somaliland.

In these birds the sexes do not differ, except in size ; both males and females
have the sides marked with dark cross-bars.

The bird which was erroneously called arthuri by Sharpe, Heichenow, and
Erlanger, has been named by Neumann and myselt Falco (Ca-ckneis) tinnunculus
carlo {Journ. f. Orn. 11)U7. p. 592).

II.

THE SUBSPECIES OF FALCO PEREGRINLS.

Just as in Cormis cora.r— Kleinschmidt and I were the first to jioint out clearly
the striking differences between the Spanish and Sardinian Ravens— ornithologists
have, until (jnite recently, almost universally recognised only one form of Peregrine
in Europe, or, if they had noticed that certain South-European birds differed from
the "typical" Peregrine, they united it with the one inhabiting the whole of
Africa Minor, which they called either punicus or barbarus— though Sharpe

NOVITATKS ZoOLOGICAE XXI T. 1913. J (39

{Hand-list, i. p. 274) admitted two species under those two names, both as
occurring in the " Mediterranean countries " (tlins in the same area !), and
separating these two " species " by Australian and South American (brnis !

The distribution and nomenchiture of the various forms of F<dco j/rreyriiuis are,
according to m}' views, at present as follows :

1. Falco peregrinus peregrinus Tunst.

FnU-n Pereiiriiiu.-i Tuiistall, Ont. Brit. p. 1 (1771 — The name is based solely on " B. Z. 13(5," i.e. on
the " Peregrine Falcon " on p. ISi?. vol. i. of the octavo edition of 17()8 of Pennant's British
Zimloijtj. There is no doubt that the bird described there is an adult Peregrine ; the terra
typioa for the name pcrei/rinns is therefore Northamptonshire in England).

Fitirn abiftinus Bechstein, 1^(15,

Falco coriiiriin Brehm, 18.31,

and Falco griscirentris Brehm, 1833, refer to German Peregrines ; if any one should separate German
Peregrines from the Briti.sh race, the name ahictinns would have to be used, but I cannot,
after having e.xamined a good many specimens, a number of which were shot from nests in
western, central, and eastern Germany, see any pos.sibility of separating them. (For full
references see Viiij. i>al. Fauna, ii. p. 1043.)

Falco barharu.i subsp. rjcrmatiiciis Erlanger, Journ. f. Orii. 1!)03, p. 204 (Heldra, near TrelTurt. I
have compared the type in the Erlanger Collection, and there can be no doubt whatever — as
already pointed out by Kleinscbmidt, Fulcn i. p. 4 — that this bird is an ordinary German
Peregrine with a rufous nape-patch, which occurs occasionally, though rarely, either indicated
or distinctly developed).

FalcojicreijriiMS rlicnaims Kleinscbmidt, Berajah 1913, "Falco jicrogriHus," pi. ix. (Kleinschmidt was
oE opinion that birds from the Rhine formed a separate subspecies, but I cannot confirm his
views).

Falco pcreijrinu.i lirittanirns Erlanger, Jonrii. .f. Ont. 1!)03, p. 29G (Great Britain. Type: Isle of
Man, in Tring Museum. Erlanger had not understood or not looked up the original description
of Falco peregrinus and thus created a clear synonym ot peregrinua).

This form inhabits Europe from North Sweden and North Russia at least to
the Pyrenees, Alps, and Italy, Bulgaria, Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Rumania.
(For farther details see Vog. pal. Fauna, ii. p. 1045.)

Mr. Rud. von Thanner informs me, in litt., that he shot a specimen on
Fuertaventura (Canary Islands), the first knowu to have occurred there. It would
be interesting to compare it, as it might possibly belong to calidtis.

2. Falco peregrinus calidus Lath.

Falco calidus Latham, Iiid. Orn. i. p. 41 (1790 — India. This appears to be the first description of

the eastern race, and there is no doubt that it is that of a Peregrine).
Falco liimiliitns Daudin, 1800, is a " better " name for calidus ; Falco leucoijemjs Brehm, 1854, was

given to German and Egyptian migrants.

Buturlin has described two other races : F. p. ussiiriensis from Ussuriland and Japan and

F.p. harterti from the Lower Lena to Anadyr, common on the Kolyma. I have seen his types,

but in my opinion there is no ground on which to separate several Siberian races.

I have to add nothing to the characters which distinguish this race from
F. p. peregrinus, as described on p. 1U4C), nor can I state with absolute certainty
how far westwards it extends, but it seems as if it begins in West Siberia and
perhaps even in the Kirghize steppes (where in any case it occurs as a migrant), and
reaches eastwards to Anadyr and Kamtschatka. Its migrations are enormous, as is
to be expected from a bird inhabiting conntries with a very severe winter ; while
those of the North European race are very limited, since it remains in most of its
habitats, and is only known, as a rule, to go south to the Mediterranean islands
(Sardinia) jtj winter, F. p- caluhis migrates regularly to India, the Lakkadive

170 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

Islands, Ceylon, Andamaus, Greater and Lesser Siinda Islands, the Molnccas
and New Guinea, Japan and China as far sonth as Hainan and Formosa. It
occurs also in small nnmbers in Africa Minor : there is a fine specimen from
Tunisia in Koenig's Collection in Bonn, and F. W. Riggenbach shot another in
the district of Halia, sonth of Mogador in West Marocco, on November 20, 1905,
where it is said to be known as a rare and precious bird to the falconers.

3. Falco peregrinus anatum Bp.

Falco anatum Bonaparte, Gengr. & Comp. List, p. 4 (lS:i8— Now Jersey).

North America from Alaska and Greenland to South Carolina ; in winter the
West Indian Islands, Panama, and South America. Twice in England.

It is, however, not quite certain that all North American Peregrines belong to
one and the same race. I wish to call attention to the possible occurrence of a
smaller and lighter race in the southern states, because an adult ? from Texas does
not well agree with others, and migrants from South America differ perhaps more
in size than we find to be the case in Enrope and Asia.

4. Falco peregrinus brookei Sharpe.

Fako Brii'ikei Sharpe, Ann. it May. Nat. Hist. (4) .\i. p. 21 (1873— Sardinia. Type collected by

A. B. Brooke, in Brit. Mus.)
Falco caiicasir.ns Kleinschmidt, Fako iii. p. 62 (KI07— N.E. Caucasus).

(This is the Falai jinnicns of various authors. It is most beautifully figured in Irby's Orn.

Strait.^ iif (ribraltiir, pi. opposite p. 191, under the name "Mediterranean Falcon.")

This is a small Peregrine with dark and bright underside. The amount of slat}'
black barring varies a good deal, as in all Peregrines ; sometimes tlie male is closely
barred from the under tail-coverts to the crop-region, which itself is spotted with
black ; the sides and thighs are very light though distinctly grey, and the middle of
the under-surface with a reddish or creamy-red tinge. Sometimes the barring is
scarce, and in that case the reddish colour of the underside is very dark and bright,
while the sides are rather paler greyish. From F. p. pdeyrinoidcs this bird is
distinguished at a glance by the darker upperside, greyish sides, heavier barred
and spotted under-surface and slightly larger size.

This bird inhabits Spain (how far north I am unable to say), the northern
peninsnla of Marocco, Corsica, Sardinia, doubtless the Balearic Isles ; and most
probably the Falcons nesting on Elba, Monte Christo and other Mediterranean
islands belong to brookei, probably also the birds nesting on Sardinia and in parts
of South Italy. It also occurs in South France, for there is at least one very
tine adnlt male from the neighbourhood in the museum at Marseilles, but whether
it. nests there or occurs only as a straggler, I am unable to saj'. It has been
obtained in North Tunisia, as there is a tine example in Koenig's collection, and
Giglioli and Whitaker mention Tunisian specimens, the latter, however, only
immature ones. As F. p. pelegriiwides appears to nest in Algeria and Tunisia
up to the Northern Atlas range (at least on the Djebel Taya and elsewhere in
Eastern Algeria) our F. p. brookei can, in my opinion, only be a somewhat
rare straggler in the country. Eastwards brookei ranges through Malta, Greece,
I'yprns, Rliodes, and Asia Minor to the Caucasus. The type of F. caucasicus
Kleuischm. agrees perfectly with Spanish and Sardinian examples. The Asia Minor
birds were considered by Dresser to belong to " F, m'lioi;" but later on he

IJOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXTI. 1915. . 171

discovered his error and united tlieiu with " pi//t/r/fs," to which lie assigned the
distribution " North Africa, Rhodes, Asia Minor rarely." This was correct,
but not half enough, and involuntarily misleading. " North Africa " extends from
Marocco to Egypt, but onr bird is only known to breed in the Northern Peninsula
of Marocco, near Tangier; moreover Southern Spain is not mentioned, though
Mr. Dresser should have known tliat it nested there, if only from the beautiful
plate in Irby's Ormtholo(j>j of the Sti-atts of Gibraltar.

(It must be added tluit these birds, like F. p. pelegrinoides, get richer and darker
reddish underneath in captivity, at least in England. In former years F. p. pele-
grinoiiles used to be introduced into England from Mogador by tlie dealer Castang
of Leadenhall Market, and one was kept at Tring by Mr. Rothschild for a number
of years, and when it died it was very dark and bright rufescent underneath. The
same occurs in F. ]>. jieregrbms ; a ? wiiich lived in Sarajevo is i|nite rust-red
underneath ; see also figures in Berajah 1012 and 1013.)

Ti. Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides Temm.

Fako pelegrhiniiks Temininck, PL Col. 479 (October 1829 or January 1830 — Xubia ! Good plate
only spoiled by the bright yellow iris, which, of course, is brown).

Falfo punictis Levaillant jun., E.rjilnr. Ah/er. Uix. pi. i. (1850 — a much discussed plate, which,
however, cannot be meant for 7^. j). hroohci, but ouly ior /telegriiioitkn^nH ia specially clear from
the longitudinal rufous patches ou the sides of the hind-neck, which do not occur to that
extent in F. p. hroolcei. Loche and Kleinschmidt had correctly interpreted Levaillant's plate,
most authors between the two having misunderstood it.)

(This is the Fah'o barbariis of most authors. The name Falm harbarus can, however, not be
accepted for any Falcon. F. burhnnis Linnaeus, Syst. Xat. ed. x. i. p. 88, 1758, ia only a name
for Albin's " Barberry-Falcon " (Albin, pi. 2). Albin's figure is unrecognisable : it has no
black or blackish stripe on the sides of the head, and it has large white patches on the upper
wing-coverts. There is no Falcon of this group which lacks the dark stripe under the eye, or
which has white patches on tlie wing-coverts.)

One might be in doubt if tliis Falcon should be treated as a subspecies of
the Peregrine, or as a distinct species, but I have no doubt that — from my point
of view — the former course is the right one. I am glad to say I agree in this with
Neumann, Kleinschmidt, and many others.

This bird breeds on the eastern Canary Islands, in Middle and Southern
Marocco to the Southern Atlas Chain, Algeria as far south as the Aurfes Mountains
and El-Kantara, Tunisia north of the Atlas, Egypt and Nubia. Near Chartum,
according to Mr. A. L. Butler, it is not rare, at least in the winter, but we liave, as
far as I know, no record of its nesting so far south. How far east this bird ranges
is as yet uncertain. Birds of this group have been shot in South Arabia and in
Eritrea. Professor Neumann shot an adult bird at Lahej in South Arabia, where
also Dodson obtained it on August 25 (adult male in monlt I), and in September
(young). These birds were called " Falco barbaria urabicus" (Erlanger, Joiirn. j.
Orn. 1903, p. 293). Whether this form is separable from F. p. pelegrinoides cannot
at present be settled, as too few specimens are extant. These appear to be slightly
darker on the upperside, and are somewhat greyish laterally, but there is not
sufficient evidence to show that this supposed form can be separated. If that
should be the case, Abyssinian birds would belong to the same form. Mr. Schrader
shot an adult and a young bird in Eritrea in January, and the former is also rather
dark ou the upperside for typical pelegrinoides. Whether these birds nest in
Abyssinia or in South Arabia is uncertain. Erlanger's diagnosis of his F. b. arabicus
is not clear. He talks of differences fnjm " East- and South-African birds," where,

172 ISioviTATES ZooLonicAE XXII. 1916.

however, no allies lire fouutl, accordiiiji; to Erianger's own list, as lie (cf. ]). 3ft0)
placed " Falco minor" which he wrongly confused with Temmiuck'a jiclegrinoi(li>x,
iu another gronp.

The real discovery of this Falcon as a resident on the Canary Islands is dne to
(!ai)tain Polatzek. dabrera had one specimen, and therefore thought it was an
irregular straggler. Meade-Waldo mentioned it under the name of " Falco
hitrbiiriis,^'' but he had only seen it from a distance, and therefore his identification
was only guesswork. Polatzek has, with much loss of time and great perseverance,
collected several specimens, of which the Tring Museum possesses four, evidently
all which the collector obtained. A fine adult female was shot on Fuertaventura
on June 27, 1902, an adult male on June 22, ]St04, and a young female in much
worn jilumage on May 13 of the same year. An adult female was shot on
Lanzarote on November 12, 1904. Polatzek saw a nest on Lanzarote, and he
observed the species on Montana Clara, where, years after, it was seen by
Mr. Baunermann, who also procured a fine specimen on Lanzarote.

By some nnexplainable oversight I have, in Vot/. d. pal. Fauna, ii. p. 1053,
omitted the Canary Islands as a habitat of F. p. pelegrinoiJes, though specimens
and notes were lying before me on the table when I wrote.

The habits of this fine Falcon are in every way those of a Peregrine. In Algeria
I have seen it carrying a Wood-pigeon and chasing Rock-doves, and it is saiil
to be a great enemy of Cucrabis. On the eastern Canary Islands Polatzek saw it
chasing and striking, or otherwise ascertained as its food, wild and tame j)igeon8,
sandgronse, domestic fowl, and a kestrel.

I copy the following untranslated detailed note from one of Polatzek's labels of
the adult male : " Oberschnabel : 8pitze nnd Zahu schwiirzlichblan, nach riickwiirts
in Blau iibergehend, noch weiter nach hinten in gelb iibergehend ; Unterschnabel :
Spitze dunkelblau, nach riickwiirts lichter, seitlich gelblich, riickwiirts mattgelb.
Wachshaut orangegelb. Iris matt, sehr dnnkelbrann. Augenlid orange. Fiisse
orangegelb."

6. Falco peregrinus babylonicus Scl.

Fuko labt/hnilciis Sclater, Ibis 18G1, pp. iI.S-20, pi. \ ii. (Oudh, Babylonia, ? Abyssinia). (Types
in the Norwich Sluseum compared by Neumann and myself).

(Generally Gurney is quoted as the author of the n.ame hiihiiloniciin, but not correctly ; the
" author '' of a species is, of course, the person who " distinguished " it or gave a diagnosis of
it. In the article mentioned above (p. 218) Irby says : " Mr. Sclater kindly supplied me with
the following remarks on this hitherto undescribed bird." Then follows a description by
Sclater, in which he .says ; " Mr. Gurney proposes to use the name Falro hidit/l'tiiicu.t^ the tirst
specimen having been obtained in Babylonia by the Euphrates E.xploring Expedition.''
Farther on he says : " Besides Capt. Irby's specimen I am acquainted with the following
individuals." Sclater is, therefore, the author, notwithstanding that Gurney had suggested
to him the name htihyluniviix).

Sclater, (iurney, Irby, and ISharpe were perfectly right iu separating this form
from what they called " barharus" though it is the nearest ally to the latter, i.e.
om pelegrinoides. Blanford {Fauna Brit. India, Birds, iii. p. 417, 1895) and Dresser
{Man. Pal. B., p. 540, 1902) united it with their ^^ barbants," and Kleinschmidt
called it " schwer definierbar,'' and mentions of its characteristics only the greater
extent of red on the head. Iu fact, /''. p. babijlonicux differs also constantly and
strikingly by the narrower and less black streak on the sides of the head, and
generall}- — at least in freshly moulted birds — by the lighter bluish-grey colour of
the npperside ; this character is, however, not so distinct in females, which are

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAB XXII. 1915. 173

generally darker. The greater amount, of red on the head is also striking, but it
varies greatly ; sometimes the red extends almost over the whole crown, which has
merely a brown spot in the centre. Between this extreme and tyi'ical pelegrinoicles
all intergradations can be found, but every specimen of babijlonicus has more red
than any jjelcgrinoides. In all other points babylonicus agrees with pelegrinoides.
It is a mistake to associate bahjlonicus with the group of biarmicus and tanypterus ;
it is an ally of the Peregrines, and closely allied to pelegrinoides.

Tiiis bird is found from Turkestan to the desert of Gobi (teste Koslow), to
Mesopotamia, Persia and Baluchistau. In winter it is not very rare in North-West
India. A. E. Brehm shot a male at Luxor in Egypt on March 9, 1852 ; Koenig
a female at Oschematto, not far from Dongola, on February 19, 1903, which
Koenig and I consider to belong to babijlonicus. Though pdeqrinoides is the
bird nesting in Egypt, there is no reason why babi/lonicus should not stray there
in winter.

7. Falco peregrinus minor Schleg.

Falco mhinr Sehlegel, Ahfi. Geh. Zool. it- Vergl. A,iat. 2 Heft, iii. p. 20 (about 1844 -Cape of
Good Hope).

(For names which cannot be used for this form and further details about synonymy see
Voff. pill. Fiuiiui, ii. p. lO&n.)

Very closely allied to F. p. brookei, but diflers as follows : Head and upper back
are, as a rule, still darker, rump and upper tail-coverts generally more distinctly
barred with black. There is, in the specimens which we have been able to examine,
no reddish patch on the nape, though, when oue lifts the nape-feathers, a reddish hue
is often discernible. The underside is more or less pale reddish, the sides distinctly
grey. Generally smaller than brookei : d ad. Zanzibar (Tring Museum) : wing
274 mm. (not 173 as said by Erlanger) ; t? ad. Songea : wing 287 (not 187) ; Stanley
Pool, Congo : wing 282 ; " Uape of Good Hope," ex Verreaux, locality, therefore,
possibly inexact (in Norwich Museum) : wing 275 ; <S ad. breeding, Fazogli,
4. v. 1911, A. L. Butler coll.: wing 275 mm. iSchilliugs shot a young bird in
Masailand (Berlin Museum). Young birds appear to be lighter underneath than
those oi brookei. This form nests iu tropical Africa, north to Fazogli on the Bine
Nile (A. L. Butler), and in South Africa. Dresser and others formerly believed
that the Peregrines nesting in Asia Minor belonged to this form ; but that is not
the case : they are F. p. brookei, the Mediterranean race.

8. Falco peregrinus radama llartl.

Falcii raiJaina (ex Verreaux MS.), Bonaparte, Rei\ d- .Uaij. Znul. 1854, p. 535 * (Nomen nudum !) ;
Hartl., Jourii. f. Orii. 18'j1, p. \'i (Nomen nudum ! Madagascar) ; Hartlaub, Orn. Beitr. Fauna
Madagascars, p. 17 (18G1 — First description !).

This interesting form was first "described" by Hartlaub in 1861. He is
therefore the author of the name radama. although he did not recognise it as
different from minor, on p. lU of his work on the birds of Madagascar in 1877. Nor
was it separated by Messrs. Grandidier and Milne-Edwards in their great work on
Madagascar.

Erlanger, Joiirn. f. Orn. 1993, p. 300, characterised F. p. radama well,
stating how it differed from minor, which he erroneously called "■ peregrinoides
Smith." The head, nape and back are still deeper and purer black than in minor,

* Not 53G !

1 ' "1 NOVITATES ZoOLOClCiE XXIf. 1915.

and the black readies farther backwards. Uninp and upper tail-covert.s are still
more distinctly and more sharply barred with black. The sides of the head
are almost black, as in F. />. pereyrhuis. The young birds which I have examined
are underneath white, with a faint yellowish tinge, and with wide, sharjjly
defined black longitudinal streaks. An adult male from East Madagascar (Tring)
has the wings 2S9 and 285 mm. An adult male from West Madagascar,
Voeltzkow coll., 30. iv. 1891, in the Berlin Museum, has the wings, according
to Neumann, 2T0 mm. There are also young birds collected by Hildebrandt
and by the late Rev. Wills, in the Berlin and Tring Museums, and I have seen
others iu Paris.

9. Falco peregrinus peregriuator Sund.

Falcn pei-fgrinatoi- Suadevall, Plii/slogr. Siil/skapels TkUkr. Ltiml i. p. 177, pi. 4 (1837 caught

under (i° 20' north lat. at sea between Ceylon and Sumatra, 70 Swedish miles from the
Nicobar I<iliinds).

For synonyms see Vug. pal. Faumi ii. p. li);"il, where also a short description
is given.

Forests of India, east to South China.

10. Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe.

Falco ernesH Sharpe, Ihia 1894, p. 045 (Borneo, collected by Mr. Ernest Hose).

This is the darkest of all Peregrines. The top of the head, sides of head
and back are deep bluish-black, the underside of adult birds is closely barred
with black.

This beautiful race is found and appears to breed on the greater Sunda
Islands, the Philippines and New Guinea. Cf. anted, p. 49. Birds from Java
are either F. p. calidns in winter quarters, or ernesti, but certainly not " melano-
genys.'"

Peregrines have also been collected on the Fiji Islands, in New Caledonia,
and on the New Hebrides. If they were resident on those groups, a series of
adult birds would perhaps show them to difler from their allies, but thev are more
likely only stragglers of " inelanogeni/s," or maybe of ernesti ; young birds are
very dark. Dr. Sarasin did not come across Peregrines in New Caledonia, but
Layard obtained specimens on the east and west coast (Sarasin, Die Yijqel
^eu-Caledoniens luulder Loi/altg-fnseln, p. 9, 1913).

11. Falco peregrinus macropus Swains.

Falco macropus Swainson, Anim. in Menag. p. 341 (January 1838— Tasmania).

Falco nielatingenys Gould, Si/nojix. B. Austral, pt. iii. pi. 42 and text (April 1838 — ''Australia
generally." — Mathews, List B. Australia, p. Ill, says " Tasmania," but Gould says distinctly
"Australia generally," and also in the contemporary description in Proc. Zunl. Sue. Lumlon,
part V. 1837, p. 13'J, jiublished in December 1838, he saj's, '' Hab. per totam Australiam."
Mi\ Mathews can therefore not say " Tasmania." If, in some way, he has found out that
Gould's type — though he probably had a number of specimens from various parts of Australia —
came from Tasmania, he must quote " ' Australia generally,' which is erroneous, as Gould had
only one skin from Tasmania, as shown in such and such a way ").

This well-known form is not rare in several portions of Australia and
Tasmania. I must say that I am not thoronghly convinced that Swainson's
description is that of a Peregrine.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 191S. lid

It. runs as follon's : " Above, cinereous black, immaculate ; lieiieatli, fnlvons
white, striped with blackish ; wings as long as the tail ; feet very large ; middle
toe and claw much longer than the tarsus."

"Form and structure of F. cuctiUatus. Total length near 10 in. ; wings l'2i;
tail, base 7 ; tarsus l/^ : middle toe 2 ; the claw ^'u ! total ^xij. A perfectly adnlt
bird. The stripes beneath are dark and well defined ; and there is no detached
maxillary stripe. The ground of the under plumage is cream-colour ; the inner
covers with broad transverse bands, leaving cream-coloured spots between ; the
bill and feet are very large ; the tail short, and nearly even."

Is this undoubtedly the Australian Peregrine ? If so, the name macropus
must replace the well-knowu mdanogemjs, as Mr. Mathews discovered that
Swainson's work appeared three months before that of Gould I " Unfortunate
discovery " P. L. Sclater would have saitl.

Mr. Mathews {AuMrcd Ariau ReeorJ, i. p. 33) separated another Australian
Falcon under the name of Falco peregrinus submelanogenys. His diagnosis is:
" Differs from F. p. melanoffeio/x in its much more rufous nnder-snrface and larger
size." " Type, South-west Australia, No. 4489." Such a diagnosis is ne.\t to
useless ; nothing is said about the dimensions, nothing of the number of specimens
compared, whether they were adult or not. Had Mr. Mathews been acquainted
with the colour-variations of all forms of Peregrine Falcons he would probably
not have created this new name. We shonld have been thankful for fuller details,
which appear to be indispensable iu such a difficult case.

12. Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgw.

? Partim ; Falco nigriceps Oassin, 111. B. Californici, Texas, etc., " 1856," p. 87 (1853— California to

Chile).
Falco communiii var. jimlei Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst. v. p. 201 (December 1873 — Oregou).
? Falco rmlolfi Kleinschmidt, Falco v. p. 19 (1909— Hakodadi, North Japan).

Very much like /'. p. peregrinus and anatum, but the crown and nape are
not so blackish, more slate, the throat and breast have generally black shaft-lines
and often tear-shaped longitudinal marks, also frequently hidden basal cross-bars or
irregular cross-markings. Tail mostly very dark, rump widely barred. Young
birds are very dark ; the feathers of the npperside have no rusty-brown edges, even
when in fresh i)lumage ; the nnder-surface has very deep brown and wide stripes,
sometimes nearly black. The bill is, as a rule, very powerful.

The distribution is peculiar : according to the ^4. 0. U. Check-list it inhabits
the Pacific coast region of North America, from the Commander and Aleutian
Islands to Oregon, breeding throughout its range. According to Stejneger's careful
researches {Ties. Orn. Expl. Commander Ishttuls and Kamtscliutha, 1885, p. 200),
one of the birds which he collected on Bering Island agrees perfectly with the type
of /■'. p. pealei. In the Tring Museum are a jiair of adnlt birds, the female with bare
incubating-patches, shot on May 11 on Dionisio Island, Vulcan Group, south of
Hondo (Japan) ; these birds agree, I think, in every way with F. p. penlei. Their
beaks are very powerful, the sides of the head very black, the white indentation
behind the black cheek-stripes are very short, the crown is slate-coloured, sides
ashy grey (a little lighter iu the ? ). Wings: i 318, ? 307 mm. The type
ni Falco rudolji (knowing that it is a Peregrine our friend might have indicated this
in his name by trinomials) appears to agree perfectly with our female from Dionisio

1T6 NOVITATES !5oOLOniCAE XXII. li)15.

Island; its wing nioasnres, acconling to Klelnscluuiilt, in litt., ;500 mm. Stejneger
gives the wings of liis specimens from Bering Island as follows : c? ad. 324, ? ad.
382 and 3S.j mm. ; but Hidgway measnros his Ameiican specimens as 317-331
(males) and 300-375 (females). The yonng birds which Jlr. Stejneger described
are possibly specimens of F. p. calidus which were on passage. More material
of breeding birds is desired, to understand better tiie cliaracters and distribution of
this Falcon.

13. Falco peregrinus cassini Sharps

Falco Cassini Sharpo, Anmih d- Ma,i. Xal. llisl. (4) xi. p. 2J1 (lK7:i— " Straiti of Magellan and
Chili").

A form with extremely black sides to the head and generally very dark. It
appears to inhabit southern Soutii America, at least from Chile to the Falkland
Islands. I am inclined to think tliat all South American breediu" Peregrines must
belong to cassini, while iinafiiin is a winter visitor, and so might possibly be pealet.

14, Falco pevegrinus riphaeus But.

Falco ptregrinus ripliaens Buturlin, P«.n:tiij i Ru^heiiiniu OkJmlu .\iii. 7. p. 'Jit (UI07 — Southern Ural
Mountains. In Russian !).

Buturlin wrote to me that this form is " still darker than ty|iical F. peregrinus
from Western Europe, which Menzbier calks coruicum." Tliat is all we know
of this bird in Western Europe ! It is a great inconvenience that Russian
ornithologists treat us with descriptions of new species and subspecies in Russian
sporting magazines and in the Russian language. The object of describing new
forms ought to be to increase the knowledge of the scientific world, and not merely
to gain priority for a name by a description which is not available to and is
not understood by nearly all ornithologists out of Russia.

No specimens are known to me in any Museum outside of Russia.

Falco fasciimicha Rchw. & Neum.

Falco fasciiiuicha Reichenow & Neumann, Orn. Mnnalsber. 1893, p. 111-4 (Xilara, Teita, February
1895, collected by Oscar Neumann) ; Neumann, Jouni.f. Orn. 1899, p. tii, pi. 1.

I have seen the type and unique specimen — unfortunately not " sexed" — in the
Berlin Museum, but I must confess that I would not like to give a definite opinion
about it without comparing more specimens, and, if possible, unmounted (as skins)
and sexed. Neumann (./<?«;■«. /. Orn. 1899, p. 52) compared the bird with Falco
cuvieri, which is not an ally of the Peregrines, but I am inclined to share the opinion
of Kleinschmidt and Erlanger {Journ. f. Orn. 1903, p. 292) that it is a form of
Peregrine. It is to be hoped that one day more such birds may reach our European
musenms.

III.

THE LANNER FALCONS.

This group of Falcons rivals the Peregrines in beauty and interest. It is a
grand sight to see them from afar enthroned on the clift's of the bare mountain
ranges which extend across the Sahara in the clear atmosphere and grand desert
snn, or to see them dashing after their prey along the gour or the oneds of the
plateau of Tademait and its southern escarpment.

jJoVITATEa ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. It*

Uutil quite receiitl}' the varioii.s form.s have not general!}' lieen under.stoml.
Even ten years ago so great an ornithologist as Mr. Dresser did not separate the
obviously different form fehlei/i/i from tuin/jiteriis and erUingeri. One can easiij'
understand that erlanyeri was not separated from taiii/pterua, as they are hardly
Reparable, though the former is certainly a little smaller, but the lumping of /J'/f/w/;//
with tani/pterus is incomprehensible ; that it has been practised so often, is evidently
only because the irwe. feldeggi is, in collections, a somewhat rare bird.

If one examines a series of these various forms, it becomes evident that they
can only be regarded as subspecies of one species, though perhaps feldeqifi is the
most distinct of the five races, while hiannicus and eiiangeti are connected through
abgssinictis and tamjpterus. In all " Lanners " the first primary is abruptly scooped
out before the tip, and the second shows also a distinct, though not so sharp a
narrowing of the inner web, sometimes, especially in birds in imniaturc jiluinage,
quite indistinct.

1. Falco biarmicus biarmicus Temm.

Fidco bhirinicus Temmiiick, PI. Cul. 'iH, livr. 55 (1825— CafBraria and Cape Colony).

Undoubted synonyms are chiqutroiden Smith 1830, cenvcalis Schlegel 1844, and nipe/isis
Schlegel 1862 ; cf. I'oV/. il. pul. Fannn, ii. p. 1057.

Generally distinguished from its allies by the colorati(jn of the underside,
which is almost uniform and of a very rich hue, only the flanks showing a few black
spots or short bars.

Inhabits South Africa, in the west, north to Angola ; in East Africa it appears
to go as far north as the Victoria Nyanza aud Lake Kivu, but the specimens from
these countries are exceedingly puzzling. Rudolf Graner shot an adult female at
Kissenyi, on the shores of Lake Kivu, on September 2o, 1907, and an adult male
in the Rutschuru plain, between Lakes Albert Edward and Kivu, on January 14,
1908 (Nos. 1840 and 1127 of his collection). Both have a perfectly unspotted
breast aud middle abdomen, but are cross-barred and spotted on the flanks, a little
more than in South African typical biarmicus.

I should consider these two birds as belonging to F. biarmicus biarmicus, but
this form seems to merge into ahi/ssinicus in East Africa. At Irangi and on Lake
Victoria Nyanza specimens occur which, though perfectly adult, have black spots on
breast and abdomen, wliile others are like typical biarmicus (^enmanw, in litt., from
examinatiou of good series in Berlin Museum).

2. Falco biarmicus abyssinicus Neum.

Falco hianiurui (ihij>;^ttiicu>i Neumann, Juuni.f. Or/i. l'.M)4, p. i^GO (Abyssinia, Shoa, Galla countries).
Type, cJ ad. from Shoa (Turrabolonka in Kolla), 21. i.\. lOnO, collected by the author, in the
Tring Museum.

This form has been well characterised by Neumann, in the Journ. f. Orn. 1904,
pp. 309-371 and 405-406. Its underside is more and more largely spotted than in
F. b. biarmicus, and this is the only difference from the latter ; it is therefore strange
that it has been united with F. b. tamjpterus, and not with biarmicus, though
Professor Reichenow allows both forms to be found in Abyssinia. From F. b. tany-
pterus this form differs by its more intense coloration ; the black frontal band is
always wide and undivided, the crown dark rufous with a cinnamon tinge, the
blackish colour of the upperside is deeper, darker, the under-snrface more reddish
than in F. b. tamjpterus, though occasionally difficult to distinguish. Measurements :

178

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

(J ad. 320-340, ? ad. 303-375, according to Neumann, in lift., even SsS is a
specimen in the Berlin Mnseum.

This is the troiiical representative of 7-''. b. tani/ptenis and erlangeri in Africa.
It is fonnd in the monntains of Abyssinia, from Eritrea and Shoa to the GaUa
conntries ; it occurs on tlie Bine and White Nile, and probably thronghont the
Sndan, in suitable localities, to Nigeria, and j)robably also to Senegambia. There
are three specimens from Togo in the Berlin Mnseam ; one of these is an adnlt
female, and very pale ; though its colour is abont as pale as in some specimens of
F. b. eiiaiKjp.ri, there is no doubt that it must belong to (ibi/asi/iiotfi, because the
latter is not rare in Hausaland ; the other two examples are young birds and
therefore not very enlightening. That these birds are palaearctic erlangeri is not
to be supposed ; Reichenow's idea that /■'. b. tani/pterus—7\.t that time erlangeri was
not yet separated — strayed on migration from the Mediterranean conntries into
tropical Africa is unjustified, because all these Fah'ons are residents and not at all
migratory ; in fact, they seem generally to inliabit nitlier limited areas thronghont
the year, only F. b.feldeggi seems to stray about a little more, though it is not a
real migrant either.

Lorenzo Poggiolini sent us the following sjieciniens from Nigeria :

? ad. Zaria, Hausaland, 0. x. lOl'J ; in beautiful fresh jdnmage, outer primaries
not fully grown.

? ad. Zaria. 0. xi. 1912. In full plumage.

S ad. Kaduna Kiver, province of Zaria; no date ; wings and some of the body
feathers still growing.

These birds inhabit the isolated, steep, rocky hills which are fonnd here and
there in Northern Hausaland; it was doubtless these Falcons which I saw in 1883
on the rocks of Kotorkoshi, in the province of Samfara, and not " F. barbarus," as I
suspected then ; unfortunately I was then unable to shoot any of these birds, for
we were travelling and could not make unnecessary stops ; my ammunition, after
the loss of the bulk of it on the Niger, was scarce, and the malaria had so weakened
me that I was not good for long tramps and rock-climbing after a day's inarch.

3. Falco biarmicus tanypterus Schleg.

Falco tanyptenis Schlegel, Kril. Uehers. ii. p. 11 (1844 — "Nubien und Abys.sinien." Thus
"partim!"); id. Ahh. Gfb. ZnoJ. ii. rfrijl. Anal., 2. Heft, iii. pp. 8, IC, pi. xii, xiii. —
" Xubien."

Synonyms are Falco lannrius alplianel Schlegel, and Frtlm Imiariiia nuhictis Schlegel. Cf. Viig. jial.
Fauna, p. 1056.

Not so dark on the upperside as F. b. abgssinicus, also generally paler under-
neath. Dimensions similar. This form has been well described and figured by
Schlegel, though he changed its name afterwards.

The plate xii. (see above) is taken from the specimen no. 998 in the Berlin
Museum, plate xiii., either from a Leiden example or from no. 1002 in Berlin. Both
the Berlin specimens were collected by Hemprich and Ehreiiberg. Other specimens
from Upper Egypt and Nubia, collected by Brehm, Koeiiig, and others, agree fully
with the above.

This fine Falcon appears to be less widely spread than its allies, though it
ranges from Egypt and Nubia to Arabia, Palestine, and Fao on the Persian Gulf.
In collections it is therefore now probably the rarest, since so many collections have
been made in many parts of tropical Africa and in Africa Minor. In Brehm's

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXtl. 1913. 179

times it was probably more numerous in Eg3^pt and Nubia than it is nowadays.
The Triug Museum has, at i)rosent, the following specimens :

(1) '? ad. Manfalut, Middle Egypt, 20.x. 1851, A. E. Brehm coll. A magnifi-
cent specimen with the cheek-stripe very faintly marked ! Upperside pale, very
" typical "' tam/pterus.

(2) ? ad. Label lost ! A. E. Brehm coll. Upperside almost as dark as in
abyssinicus, underside paler.

(3) (? ad. from the Riocour collection. " D'figypte." This bird had an
interesting label on the stand. It is first called " Falco lanarius " ; then is added :
" Falco lanarius ffraecua" " identifie a Leide par M. Schlegel." Ou the side of the
label is, in P. L. Sclater's handwriting : " true lanarius (J.H.G.), eye ought to
be hazel." This last remark because the birJ-stufl'er had inserted e3'es with
a yellow iris !

The name lanarius Linne has lieen used sometimes for the Nubian Lanuer,
sometimes and more often for the Saker {F. cherru/j). (Schlegel himself was not
sure about his graecus, a name under which he seems to have assembled specimens
oi feldeggi and tani/pterus.

(4) ? ad. Jerusalem, 24. i. 1809. Bacher coll. Bought from Schliiter.

(5) ? ad., but ajiparently not very aged, Kais, near Tibonk, Palestine,
]3. iii. l'.)12. J. Aharoni coll. This bird is underneath exceptionally heavily
spotted, each feather having a dark brown shaft-stripe and a similarly coloured large
roundish sjiot near the tip ; there are liardly any cross-bars on tlic flanks.

(ti) ? juv. Kom Ombo in Nubia. A. E. Brelim coll. Original label lost, but
label in C L. Brehm's handwriting, who marked it " Falco Feldcggii, ? prima
hieme."

(7) S juv., El Tabbe, Nubia, 8. ix. 1851. A. E. Brelun coll. The collector had
called it " Falco lanarius" and this had been altered by his father into " cercicalis,'^
" tani/pterus," and " biarmicus."

(8) c? ad., Upper Egypt, 3. iii. 1852. A. E. Brehm coll. Original label hist.
Label by (J. L. Brehm, called "Falco biarmicus," and with the note that it was
killed with same shot with a paired female ; the latter is probably the specimen
niider (2) which has no laliel.

In the British Museum is a skin from Aden which both Neumann and I
considered to belong to this form, also one from Fao, Persian Gulf, collected by
Oumming.

The specimens in the British Museum said to be from Persia are probably
wrongly labelled. No collector's name is stated, and they were evidently bought
from a dealer by the late B. B. Sharpe.

There is, however, in the Triiig Museum a s])ocinieu from Sarepta, on which I
have commented in 1%. pal. Fauna, ii. p. 1U56. If the bird actually came from
Sarepta it must have been astray. The date (May) is probably wrong.

4. Falco biarmicus erlangeri Kleinschm.

Fako Ifici-o/alco erltiiii/eri Kleiaschmidt, Aqiiila viii, p. 33 (1901 — Tunisia and Tanger in North
Marocco). (Type : ? ad. Djebel Sidi-AIi-ben-Aoun, in Kleinschmidt's Collection, collected
by Carlo von Erianger).

Falco llut-nfuko txclvisii Kleinschmidt, Falco 1907, p. 103 (Tanger in North Marocco).

This form is so closely allied to F. b. tani/pterus that it will not be sciiarated
by many ornithologists, There is, however, no donbt that it is, on the whole,

180 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1015.

smaller, esj)ecially the females ; it is also more constantly very pale, both above and
below ; bnt this is not so confidently to be affirmed, because I have now been able
to examine ten times as many as of F. b. fani/ptcnis. The wings of fifteen adnlt
males measnre 308-324, generally 310-314 ; those of seventeen adnlt females
338-359, generally 340-350 mm. ; while in /•". b. tani/pterus the males range from
314-325, females 355-373 mm.

This beantifnl Falcon is the " Lanner" of Africa Minor. It nests near Tanger
(North Marocco), and ranges in Tunisia right np to the north, close to the Jlcditei-
rauean coasts. Koenig fonnd it breeding on the Djebel Batteria, Erlanger met with
it frequently in Central Tunisia, and the dealer Blanc, in the town of Tunis, is
freqncntly receiving freshly killed specimens from natives. At the same time
Mr. ^Vhitaker writes : " This fine species is a resident in Tunisia, and the commonest
of the large Falcons, particularly in the more southern regions." In Algeria we
have not with certainty seen or received this Falcon from the north ; the large
Falcons from North Algeria which we have e.xamincd were all /'. peregrintis pele-
griiwidcs. It nests, however, on the Hants Plateaux between Laghouat and Djelfa,
between El-Kautara and Batna, and southwards from the southern slopes of the
Atlas regions, far south into the Sahara, iit least to the sonthern slopes of
the j)latean of Tademait, where I have seen it dashing through the picturesque
gorge of Aiu-Guettara, the " dribbling well," as it is so justly called.

This Falcon is well known to the Arabs, who still use it for hunting hares and
also Bustards, probably also Caccabis and Sandgrouse. This sport, however, has
much declined, and apjiears now to be only known as far south as Biskra and
Laghouat, and not in the north of Algeria, where the Arab chiefs are too much
"civilised" or effeminated. It is, as it was of old iu Europe, of course only the
sport of noblemen, as it is essential to have good horses for falconry. It can,
therefore, not be practised in the more southern parts of the desert, where
horses, on account of the scarcity of water, are rare ; and hard-soiled plains, as on
the Hants Plateaux or near Biskra and Laghouat, are essential for fiist riding,
while it is impossible among the sand-dunes and in the slippery sebcha plains
as well as on the rough hammada. The Arabs call these Falcons " Tair " or
" Tail-el-hor," the latter meaning the "Noble Falcon"; they do not, however, seem
to distinguish between the Lanner and tiie " Bavbary Falcon," i.e. F. p. pele-
grtnoides. In former times falconry was a mnch more beloved and practised
sport in Algeria; it was a prerogative of the aristocracy, and, I believe it is still.
Certain tribes were particularly called the " hell-el-tair," i.e. falcon-people.
8nch were, in the middle of the nineteenth century, according to the late General
Margneritte, the Oulad-Mokhtar, Oulad-Chaid, Oulad-Nail, Oiilad-Aissa, and the
Bou-Aiche. The celebrated Emir Abd-el-Kader was a great friend of falconry
and had an intimate knowledge of the various kinds of falcons ; he distinguished
between five different kinds of falcons used for sport. Even then the " Lanner"
was the principal falcon used, and they were, among others, caught iu the dayats
near Tilrhempt. Hares were chiefly the victims, bnt sometimes even gazelles.
Eagles were not used, but the falconers were iu great fear of them, and tried
to call their birds back when eagles appeared. In the middle ages northern
falcons were introduced into Africa Minor from Scandinavia, as we are told by
JIargueritte, who hunted with Abd-el-Kader.

The nests of F. biarmicus erlamjeri stand chiefly in crevices and large holes
or caves on cliffs, sometimes very high, sometimes quite low and easily accessible.

KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 181

Near Biskra, however, we found a nest on a clifl' in an old raven's nest, and in the
Oned N^a in the Mzab country old nests of ravens on the terebinth trees are used,
and doubtless the same takes place in the dayats between Laghouat and Ghardaia,
where this Falcon still occurs.

The food consists chiefly of birds, but not entirely, for we found in one shot on
the Oued Nca the gizzard and stomach full of remains of the iSpine-tailcd Lizard,
Uromastij:. Doubtless Rodents and other small mammals are sometimes taken as
well, or else these falcons could not be nsed for hawking hares, and we found in
one the jaw of a hedgehog I

These birds are ajjparently not entirely confined to Africa Blinor, where they
are found from the west coast of Marocco to Tunisia, and doubtless also in Tripoli,
though no specimens have so far been obtained there. It appears that in southern
Spain falcons of the Lanner gronj) lireed on trees, in nests of other raptorial birds,
and they would probably belong to this subspecies. It is most desirable that
specimens should be procured in Spain during the spring and carefully compared.
(Cf. Irby, Orn. Straits Gibraltar, 2nd ed., p. 103, also Jourdain in litt.)

5. Falco biarmicus feldeggii Schleg.

Falcn FelddeygU. (doubtless error for feldeqrjii) Schlegel, under plate 8a in Vogel Europas von
Susemilil mit Tc.cl rnn Si'h Iri/rl (ahont 184.3 or 1814. The plate appeared doubtless later than
plates 8 and 9, as it is printed on different paper, and is not mentioned in the text to the first
forty-six plates. It must, however, have appeared before the description in the Ab/ni.nifl'iin/''>i,
because it i.s there quoted on p. rt).

FuUn Fcldr,/,/il Schlegel, Ab!i. (icb. Z.,„l. „. rrnjl. Anal. iii. pp. 2, 3. pi. 10, 11 (about 1844—,
Dalmatia, discovered by Feldegg).

(For .synonyms see VUij. pal. Fauna, pp. 1057, lOyS.)

Ad., crown dark, up])erside always distinctly barred with greyish pink (in
F. h. rrlaiigeri this barring is sometimes very distinct, more often absent) ; under-
side nearly always strongly spotted, though in a varying degree; thighs barred
across.

Breeds in Italy and Dalmatia to (ireece, Albania, Montenegro (common),
Bulgaria (not numerous), Herzegovina, South Italy, chiefly Calabria, Pnglie, north-
wards to Rome, north of the Etruscan mountains apparently only an irregular
visitor, but not nesting, Sicily.

We have, at jiresent, the following specimens in the Tring Jlnseuni :

1. S ad., Crna Zemlja, North Albania, lo. ii. I'.IOO. L. von Fiihrer coll.
Wing 344 mm.

2. ? ad., Crna Zemlja, 4. xi. 1001 1. L. von Fiihrer coll. Wing 374 mm.

3. ? ad., (!rna Zemlja, 7. ii. 10110. L. von Fiihrer coll. Wing 3.is mm.

4. i ad., near Foggia, Puglia, South Italy, 2^. v. lOOT. Wing 323 mm.
o. c? ad., Foggia, Puglie, May 1909. Wing 3U7 mm.

G. S ad., Aviano di Puglia, South Italy, 10. i. 1913. Wing 317 mm.

7. ? ad., Manfredonia, Puglie, 10. i. 1912. Wing 345 mm.

8. ¥ ad., Lecce, South Italy, October 1912. Wing 3(>0 ram.

9. ? ad., San Severo di Puglia, 12. xii. 1912. AViiig 357 mm. ; head, neck,
back, and outermost primaries in moult.

10. ? ad., Anguillara, Sabaria, near Rome, October 1912. Wing 3ii2 mm.

11. ? ad., Montetiascouc, near Lago di Bolsena, Middle Italy, 29. v. 1906.
Wing 358 mm,

182 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 11115.

1'2. ? ail, Moutefiascone, 15. V. lOiWi. Wing 356 mm.

I'i. ?, San 8evero di Pnglia, 11. viii. lull. This bird is ia adult plumage, but
a few brown feathers (juvenile) remain on wings and back. Wings in full moult.

14. ? ad., Foggia, 14. ix. 1912. Outermost wing-feathers still growing.

15. ? , San Nicandro di Pnglia, 4. i. 1910. Head and neck in fresh plumage of
adult ; on back and rump a few adult feathers in the juvenile plumage ; underside
with longitudinal marks.

16. S, Terracina, near Rome, 14. .\ii. 191(1. In full moult from juvenile to
adult plumage, except on tail and wing.

17. ?, Canepina, near Viterbo, Middle Italy, 14. iv. 1911. Moult from juvenile
to adult plumage beginning on upperside.

18. (S, Viterbo, November 1910. Like No. 17. Most advanced on head
and neck.

19. 6, Foggia, Puglie, lo. i. 1906. Upperside in moult from juvenile to adult
plumage.

20. (S, Viterbo, Middle Ital)-, 10. xi. 19(i7. Above and below moulting into
adult plumage, but less underneath.

21. ? juv., San Severo, Puglie, lO. iv. 1907. First sign of moult into adult
showing on neck and rump.

22. (S juv., Oriolo Romano, near Rome, In. x. iOOO.

23. ? juv., Foggia, Pnglie, 10. x. 1907. Moult into adult beginning on back.

24. ? juv., near Foggia, 14. v. 1908. Monlt on neck.

25. c? juv., Foggia, 5. v. 1911. Moult beginning on neck and mantle.

26. ? juv., Terracina, near Rome, lO.iii. 1911,

27. ? juv., Foggia, December 1910.

28. ¥ juv., Manfredino, Puglie, January 1911. Upperside moulting into adult.

29. ? juv., Terracino, near Rome, 11. xii. 1908. Like No. 28.

30. ? juv., Foggia, January 1913. Little moult on mantle.

31. ? juv., Apricena, Puglie, 7. viii. 1906.

32. ? juv., Foggia, Puglie, 2. xii. 1909.

IV.

FA LCD CHERRUG.

I have nothing to add to what I said in Vog. pal. Fatum, pp. 1050-1062, about
the " Saker" and its subsjiecies. I consider it to be a totally distinct species, and
1 have not been able to convince myself that it " intergrades " with any form of
Falco Liftr miens. I call special attention to what I said I.e., p. 1060.

V.

THE NORTHERN FALCONS.

These Falcons surpass the rest in beauty, but also in the difficulty of their
elucidation.

I now distinguish the following forms :

Falco rusticolus ru.Hficolus: N. Scandinavia to N'orfh Uussia,
Falco rusticolus idamlus : Iceland only,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 183

Falco rusticolus candicans : Greealand and Arctic America.
Falco rusticolus obsoletus : Labrador.
Falco rusticolus uralciisis : North Siberia.

I am afraid some lengthy explanations are nece.ssary — tlioagh partially given
in Viiig. pal. Fauna, ii. pp. 1064-1009 — to justify my view, and I shall compare it
with three other recent attempts to separate these Falcons into species and sub-
species : each different from mine as well as from each other !

First with regard to nomenclature :

In the most important point of this I agree, as usual, with the A. 0. U. Check-
list, as far as priority is concerned. I also accept the name rusticolus, which is the
oldest of all, dated from Linnaeus, 1758. Though its diagnosis in the Sijst. Nat.
Ed. X. i. p. 88, is very meagre, the fuller description in Fauna Suecica, 2nd ed., 1761,
enables us to understand, in my opinion, what Linnaeus meant with his rusticolus.
It is therefore advisable, because it simplifies matters, to accept the name rather
than let it stand with a query and threatening to be taken up afterwards by any
purifier of nomenclature. Thns Falco gijrfalco becomes a synonym of rusticolus.

The Greenland bird can only be called candicans, and in this we all agree. The
Iceland bird is, by general consent, called islandus, though Briinnich united the
Iceland and Greenland Falcons.

American ornithologists {A. 0. U. Check-list, 1910, p. 163) allow to occur
in North America :

1. Falco islandus.

2. Falco rusticolus rusticolus.

3. Falco rusticolus (jijrfalco.

4. Falco rusticolus obsoletus.

This is obviously wrong. First of all they seem not to have grasped the fact that
the Ifortherii Falcous vary individually like Buzzards. They evidently distinguish
their four forms by some colour-differences ; but how such closely allied forms as the
F. islandus and the Gyrfalcous can be more than subspecies, I do not understand,
and less, how two birds described from Sweden can be two different subspecies,
both breeding in North America.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant has shown me at least one evidently adult dark Falcon from
Labrador, which has convinced me that there is such a form as " obsoletus " ; this
is most fortunate, as otherwise, if it were based on dark young candicans, the name
obsoletus, being older than candicans, would have to be nsed for the Greenland
Falcon !

With regard to the American islandus, it is the Greenland form, our candicans,
■while their F. rusticolus rusticolus and gi/rfako are merely colour-variations of
candicans. Should a bird occur in North America which is indistinguishable from
the Scandinavian form, it would by me be regarded as either a stray bird, or
as a proof of the correctness of my view, that all Northern Falcons are but
subspecies, because sometimes indistinguishable.

In the Hand-list of Birds, vol. i. p. 276, Sharpe distinguished between :

\. Hierofalco* candicans: Arctic Regions, Greenland, N.E. America,

W. Europe (occasional).
2. Hierofalco islandus : Iceland.

• An unnecessary burden ! Moreover wrongly limited, because all the Lanner group belong lo the
same section, having absolutely the same structure of the feet and otherwise.

13

184 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAZ XXII. 1915.

3. Hierqfalco holboclli : S. Greenland.

4. Ilierofaloo rusticolus ; Arctic America.
6. Hierofalco obsoletus : Labrador.

6. Hierofalco gyrfalco : N. Europe.
There are some obvious errors in tbis classification.

1. With regard to No. 1 I agree, except that I should not have unhesitatingly
placed as a synonym Falco uralensis of Menzbier ; but I shall later on come back
to this question.

2. About islandus I agree.

3. There can, in my opinion, be no doubt, and 1 believe every ornithologist who
has studied these Falcons agrees with me, that hfharpo's holhoelU is based on dark
specimens of the Greenland Falcon, because there are obvious intergradations
between the two. Moreover, this variety is not restricted to South Greenland, but
found as far north as Falcons have been found.

4. Why rusticolus should be restricted to North America is incomprehensible,
as it was based on Swedish birds !

5 and 6. I agree with Sharpe's distribution and names.

Quite recently some Falcons have been discussed by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant in the
B. 0. U. List of British Birds, which appeared in February 1915. The author
admits two species : Falco (called Hierofalco) gyrfalco and islandus. The former
he makes to inhabit North Europe, Greenland, and Arctic America to Alaska, and
he mentions the Labrador Falcon as a snbspecies of (jijrfalco. The Iceland Falcon
he splits into //. islandus and //. islandus caiidicans. He says that //. islandus
(which he should have called H. islandus islandus) inhabits Iceland, Jan Mayen,
South Greenland, and Northern Siberia, and he considers Sharpe's holboelli to
be a synonym, as being based on dark Greenland birds, which are like Icelanders,
//. uralensis being another synonym, based on Siberian specimens of islandus.

The question of the Iceland and Greenland Falcons has always been a ve.xed
one. The fact is that many of the Greenland birds are indistinguishable from the
Iceland ones, while— as far as I can make out — on Iceland the darker race alone
nests, never the lightest one. It is, however, not true that the darker birds alone
breed in Southern Greenland, where white ones nest also, nor that the dark form is
restricted to the southern parts of Greenland, because it ranges as far north as any
Falcons have been shot, and that during the breeding season. There is therefore no
question of there being two subspecies, but the light and dark birds from Green-
land can only be either two species or one and the same. In the Tring Museum
and elsewhere are so many variations and intermediate varieties, that I cannot
jiossibly admit their specific distinctness. On the other hand, as white birds
do not nest on Iceland, I have tentatively kept seiiarate, as a subspecies, the
Iceland birds.

Another difficult question is the status of the so-called uralensis. It is not
yet possible to pass final judgment on the Siberian birds. " Hierofalco uralensis "
was first described by Sewertzoif and Menzbier, in Russian, from the Ural. There
is a French extract of the description in Joarn.f. Orn. 1883, p. 413. In 1885
Seweitzotf described another Falcon from Bering Island as Hierofalco Grebnitzkii.
Menzbier united uralensis and grebnitzkii, and supposed this Siberian Falcon to
range as far north as the Altai. I should certainly have hesitated to unite (jrebnilzldi
with uralensis, but it is significant that it was done by Menzbier, who had both
types in hand, and there is in the original description oi grebnitzkii a statement that

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 185

the length of the various primaries is different. This statement, however, seems to
be confused, and b}' some unfortunate accident it became differently confused and
(juite misleading in Vog. il. pal. Fauna ii. p. 1069. I there said that in two adult
and one young Falcon from West Siberia I found the first primary at least as long
as the third, which is perfect nonsense, as it should have read : Fourth not shorter,
but at least as long as first primary! In half a hundred Falcons from Greenland
and Iceland this character was not found once, while I found it in two adult females
and one young bird from West Siberia, though another young one does not show it.
This peculiarity forbids me to unite " uralensis " (.' including ifrebnitzkii) with the
Greenland or Iceland form. In colour the two adult females closely resemble adult
Icelanders and differ from Norwegian Gyrfalcons (rusticolas) in having whiter heads
and being cross-barred with whitish, not pale grey, on the upperside.

With regard to the Scandinavian race, Falco rusticolus niaticolus L., I cannot
understand why it should be treated as specifically, and not subspecifically, distinct
from the other northern Falcons. Some specimens, even sometimes fully adult
birds, are by colour not with certainty distinguishable from Icelanders or adult
Greenlanders ; but they are constantly smaller. As a rule the crown is darker, and
they are always darkish, never white.

I am therefore convinced that I am right in treating all northern Falcons as
subspecies of one species, as there is no proof that two forms nest in the same
country. But more material must be collected of the Siberian form or forms.

For further details see \'d<f. pal. Fauna p. 1064 ff. I have not included among
the races of F. rusticolus the Falco altaicus (Menzbier), as I am by no means sure
that it belongs there. Nothing definite can be said about it until more specimens
are available for study.

186 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXU. 1916.

A PRELIMTNAEY ACCOUNT OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS
EAUNA OF GUELT-ES-STEL, CENTRAL ALGERIA.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

(Continued from Vol. XXI. p. 357.)

PTBALIDAE

Crambiuae

333. Crambus saxonellus Ziuck.

Crrimbus saxonellus Zincken, Germ. <t Ziiick. Mug. d. Eiilom. iv. p. 255 (1821) (Europe).
1 (?, August 8, 1913 (Victor Faroult).

334. Ancylolomia hipponella Rag.

Anri/lohimia hipponella Ragonot, Aim. Soc. Euiom. France (6) viii. \i. 270. pi. (j. S. 11, 1.3 (1888)
(B6ne).

5 c?c?, 1 ? were sent iu by Victor Faroult from September 1913.

Phycitinae
335. Myelois fuscicostella Maun

Myelois fusciaistelhi M.Tun, Wicn. Eiiloin. Muiiiilmh. v. ]). 183. t. 2. f. 10 (1861) (Amasia).

1 6, April 2-Z, 1912, W. K. ami K. J.

336. Myelois cribrella Iliibn.

Myelois cribrella Hllbiier, Samm. Europ. Schmetl. Tin. f. tj7 (1827-41 ) (Europe).
•ZSS,'.l ? ?, May 1913 (Victor Faroult).

. 337. Pristarthria brephiella ((Stand.)

Sakbria brephiella Staudinger, Hor. Soc. Entoin. Ross. xv. pp. \%i, 1114 (1880) (Macutloui.-i).

1 S, W. 11. and K. J., April 22, 1912.

338. Myrlaea serratella Rag.

\lijrlaea sernilella Ragonot, Roman. Mem. Lipid, vii. p. 3'J'.). pi. xv. f. 23 (1893) (Mardin).

1 c?, April 22, 1912, W. R. and K. J.

339. Bazaria expallidella Rag.

Basaria crpalliilcllu Ragonot, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 1887. p. 234 (Turcomeuic).

1 S, April 17, 1912, AV. R. aud K. J.

340. Caina micrella Rag.

Caina mierella Ragonot, Roman. Mini. Lipid, vii. p. 41)5. pi. vi. f. 25 (18'J3) (India).
1 cJ, April 22, 1912, W. R. aud K. J.

NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXII. lOiri. 187

341. Epischnia prodromella Httbn.

Epiachnia proilromeUa Hiibner, Samin. Enruji. Sclimftl. Tin. p. 254 (1827-41) (Europe).

We captnred 4 (?<?, two on April 15 and two on April 22, 1912, and Victor
Faroult sent two c?c? from May 1913, 1 c? from November 1913, and 1 ? from
Angnst 1913.

342. Epischnia illotella Zell.

Episclinia illotella Zeller, Jsi.i, 1839. p. 178. No. ,'i (Sicily).
1 c?, April 21, 1912, W. R. and K. J.

343. Epischnia boisduvaliella Guen.

Episcliiiia boialnmliella Ouenee, //((/. MrlJi. Min-olep. Eiir. p. 81 (1815) (Europe).
1 ?, April 22, 1912, W. R. and K. J.

344. Epischnia ragonotella sp. nov.

?. Antennap dark brown ; liead, thorax, and abdomen dark brown variegated
with bnf]fi.sh wliite.

Forewiny : dark olive-brown ; costal area white from fonr-fifths of its length
from base, the distal half of this white portion being powdered irregularly with
olive-brown, basal I'onrth of inner margin white ; a white bar runs in from inner
margin towards cell one-third from base, a postdiscal white band from inner margin
to vein 8, a snbterminal white line from apex to vein 3.

Hindwing : semihyaline pale wood-grey, snbterminal area darker.

Length of forewing : 9'5 mm.

Expanse : 21 mm.

1 ?, April 21, 1912, W. R. and K. J.

Fyraliuae

345. Aglossa pinguinalis (Linn.)

Phulaena pinijniualis Linnaeua, Fmin. Suec. p. .351. No. 1.350 (17C1) (Sweden).
1 3, May 10, 1913 (Victor Faroult).

346. Aglossa dimidiata (Haw.)

Crambiis dimidiatus Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 372. No. I'.l (1810) (Britain).

1 S, October 18, 1912 (Victor Faronlt).

347. Ulotricha algerialis Hmpsn.

Olotricha ah/erinlis Hampson, TrniiH. Kidoin. Soc. Loud. 1900. p. 377. No. 2. pi, iii. f. 18
(Biskra).

1 i, June 2, 1913 (Victor Faronlt).

348. Constantia canifusalis Hmpsn.

Comtaniia canifusalis Hampson, Tran^. Eulum. So,: Loud. 1900. p. 381. pi. iii. t 16. No. 7b
(Biskra).

2 cJ<J, August 1913 (Victor Faronlt).

188 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915.

349. Constantia faroulti sp. nov.

?. Antennae white cJosely ringed with grey-brown; palpi, head, thorax, and
abdomen pale testaceous brown freckled with darker brown.

Forewing : testaceous brown, fawn-brown beyond postdiscal line ; a dark-brown
zigzag postbasal line, onter and npper part of disc with irregular white clonding,
a strongly sinnated and angled postdiscal line edged ontwardly with white.

JIi)uhri)ig : testaceons brown ; a whitish snbterminal line, fringes of both
wings irregularly chequered black and white.

Length of forewing : 13 mm.

Expanse : 3u mm.

2 ? ?, July 30 and August 1, 1913 (Victor Faroult).

350. Actenia brunnealis ocellata subsp. nov.

¥. Differs from b. bnmneuUs by having at the end of cell a large ocellate ring
instead of a dot.

1 ?, September 3-7, 1912 (Dr. Nissen).

351. Actenia gadesialis albolineata subsp. nov.

tj. Dift'ers from g. gadesialis in the pure white transverse lines of forewing.
1 S, May 13, 1913 (Victor Faroult).

352. Cledeobia biformis sp. nov.

i. Antennae, head, and thorax rusty or sandy buff; abdomen yellowish brown-
grey.

Foreiving : rusty sandy bnflf slightly washed with pale olive-brown ; four or
five brown spots on costa, a black-brown antemedian band becoming less distinct in
costal region, a postdiscal pale-brown line edged outwardly with yellow, a dark
terminal line.

Hinclwing : greyish testaceous brown with a pale ])ostdiscal hair line.

? . Antennae and head orange-buff ; thorax black-brown freckled with greyish ;
abdomen pale wood-grey brown freckled with darker brown.

Forewing : sooty black-brown ; a jiale grey-buff oblique antemedian band,
a sinuate grey-buff postmedian line.

Hiruhcing : basal half pale wood-grey, outer half dark wood-grey.

Length of forewing : (?,9mm. ; ?, 9-11-5 mm.

Expanse : i, 23 mm. ; ?, 23-27 mm.

1 (J, 4 ? ?, August— September 1913 (Victor Faroult), ? type.

353. Cledeobia testacealis sp. nov.

<?. Antennae pale whitish buff, pectinations brown ; palpi, head, and thorax
testaceous buff; abdomen buff.

Forewing : dark testaceous olive-buff; a shar])ly angled double antemedian
band inwardly white, ontwardly dark chocolate-brown, a postdiscal double band
inwardly black-brown, ontwardly white ; between this postdiscal band and the
point of the angle of the antemedian band is a white longitudinal bar along and
across vein 2.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 11115. 189

Hindwing : satiny whitish cream, edgeJ and snffnsed on onter one-fifth with
dark buff, a postdiscal olive-grey line from veins 2 to 5.
? . Darker, more grey.

Length of forewing : $ 14'r)-17 mm., ¥ 17 mm.
Expanse : $ 33-.38 mm,, ? 38 mm.
2 c?cJ, 1 ?, May 1013 (Victor Faronlt).

Fyraustinae

3.o4. Evergestis renatalis (Oberth.)

Orohena renatalis Oberthiir, Bull. Sue. Entuiii. France, 1887. p. xcix. (Bou Saada. etc).
2 cJ(?, 10 ? 9, April and May 1913 (Victor Faronlt).

355. Nomophila noctuella (Schiff.)

Boiys nocliiella SchiffermuUer, System. Vers. Sclnuetl. Wien. p. 130 (1776) (Vienna).

2(?(?, 2 ??, April 1912, W. R. and K. J.; 3(?c?, May 1913 (Victor
Faronlt).

35(5. Mecyna gilvata fFabr.)

Phalaena gilrata Fabricius, Enl. Si/st. iii. 2. p. L'08. No. 296 (1794) (India Or.)

2 c?c?, 2 ? ?, Jnly— August 1913 (Victor Faronlt).

357. Cynaeda dentalis (Schiff.)

Pyralis dentalis Schiffermiiller, System. Verz. Schmett. Wien, p. 120 (1776) (Vienna).

1 ?, Blay 30, 1913 (Victor Faronlt).

358. Metasia mzabi Rothsch.

Metasia msahi Rothschild, Nov. Zonl. xx. p. 141. No. 155 (1913) (Oued Nc;a).

3 ? ?, Jnne, July, Angnst 1913 (Victor Faronlt).

359. Pionea numeralis (Hiibn.)

Pyralis numeralis Hiibner, Samm. Europ. Schmett. Pyr. f. 89 (1827-41) (Europe).

3 <?(?, April 21, 1912, W. R. and K. J. ; 1 <?, 2 ? ? , May, 1 ?, October 1913
(Victor Faronlt).

360. Pyrausta arenicola Hmpan.

Pyrausta arenicola Hampson, Ann. iiag. N. H. (8) xii. p. 28 (191.3) (Algeria).

1 cf, May 25, 1913 (Victoi- Faronlt).

301. Pyrausta nubigena sp. nov.

?. Antennae brown; head and thorax wood-brown, collar bnffy brown;
abdomen greyish wood-brown.

Foretcing : pale cinnamon-brown ; basal two-thirds and outer one-fifth densely
clouded with olive-wood-brown.

100 KOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXII. 1915.

Ilindunnq: basal three-fonrtlis semiliyaliiip yellowisli wond-s^rcy, niifer nue-
fonrth olive-wood-brown.

Length of forewing : 12 mm.

Expanse : 28 mm.

1 ?, September 4, 1913 (Victor Faronlt).

362. Noctuelia simillella sp. nov.

cj. Nearly allied to N. aUorda/is Oboitli.

Differs on Jorewinq in the antemedian line being obliqne outwards from inner
margin, in the postcellnlar stigma being larger and more dilute and in the post-
discal band being obliqne from ape.x to inner margin, not cnrved round to costa well
before apex as in allardalis.

It also differs in the hindwiiig being bnfl', not wood-greJ^

Length of forewing : 14 mm.

Expanse : 31 mm.

1 S, October 31, 1913 (Victor Faronlt).

363. Noctuelia desertalis (Hiibn.)

Pi/ralis desertalis Hiibner, Samm. Eiirop. Schmdt. Fiji: i. 171 (18i7-41') (Europe).

1 ?, April 27, 1913 (Victor Faronlt).

The following is a list of the species of Heterocera taken by Dr. Nissen which
were not obtained by ns or by Victor Faronlt. I give the names as received from
Dr. Nissen.

ITOCTUIDAE

Eiixoa cos Hiibn., Jnly 1913.

Euxoa signifera improcera Ersch., October 1912.

Euxoa hastifera Donz., October 1913.

Polia di/sodea Schiff. {chrysozona Bkh.), Septerab?", October 1912, 1913.

Epia riisiis Germ., March, April 1913.

Oligia literosa subarcta Stand., September 1912.

Eumichtis solieri Boisd., September, October 1912.

Leucochlaena Iiispidus Hiibn,, October 1913.

Muryelana lenis Stand., October 1913.

Aporopldla auslralis ingeuiia Frr., October 1913.

Athetis quadripuncta Fabr., April 1913.

Athetis germainii Dup., September, October 1912, 1913.

Enargia ulicis Stand., October 1913.

Amat/ies pistacina ab. grisea Trt., October 1913. (I did not record this by an
oversight, as I have a number.)

Calophasia platyptera Esp., April 1912, 1914. (? Erroneous identification. I
have seen only one platyptera from Hammam Rhira ; all those from elsewhere in
Algeria are almoracida.)

Cucullia oherthari Rothsch., April, May 1912, 1914.

CItloridea armigera Hiibn., April 1913.

Eublemma 7nozalitica Rothsch., April 1913.

JIOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 191

GEOMETRIDAE

Rhodostrophia calabraria Zell., May, June 1912, 1913.

Psychopoda emutaria Hiibn., April 1913.

Lareiitia multipunctata Stand., November 1914.

Lnrentia haasi Hedem., October 1913.

Tt'phrocli/stia miiemosi/)uita Mill., October 1913.

Tepkroch/stia innotata tamariscata Frr., October 1912.

Tepkroclystia variostrigata Alph., October 1912.

Chemerina caligmearia Rmbr., November 1912, March 1913.

Nychiodes licidaria andalusiaria Mill., April 1913.

Hemerophila solieraria poivelli Oberth., April and October 1913.

Boarmia tenietaria Stand., April, Angnst, and October 1913.

Gnoplutrmia colchidaria Ld., September 1912.

Gnoplios oljscnraria Hb., October 1912.

G//op/ios d/nrieta/a daubearia Boisd., October 1912.

Selidosema erebaria Oberth., September 1912 and 1913.

Egea culminaria Ev., Ajjril and Maj' 1913.

Phasiane binaenita Mab., Octol)er and November 1913 and 1914.

Phasiane partituria Hiibn., October 1912.

MEGALOFTGIDAE

Somobrachys unicolor Oberth., September 1913.

ZYGAEiriDAE

Ino pruni Schiff. ? ! 1, Jane 1913. (? ! ! Ino cirtana Luc.)
Ino notata Zell., May 1913.

PSYCHIDAE

Amicta oberthuri Heyl., Angnst aud September 1912 and 1913.

ERRATA— A^ot). Zool. xxi.

p. 316: Sir George Hampson says that Nos. 01 ami 02 are not Centropodia,
bnt trne Euxoa. See Errata, vol. xxi. p. viii.

p. 322, No. 104: Polia (risagittdta is a very dark form of Epia silenes Hbn.,
and mnst stand as Epia silenes trisagittata Rothsch.

p. 338, No. 21.19 = Kublemma cirginalis (Obertliiir), Atud. Entom. vi. p. 90.
pi. xi. f. 1 (1881) (Sebdon).

192 XOVITATSS ZOOLOaiCAE XXII. 1915.

ON THE LEPIDOPTERA IN THE THING MUSEUM SENT
BY MR. A. S. MEEK PROM THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS,
DAMPIER, AND VULCAN ISLANDS.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

WHILE making his very sncces.sfnl collection on Rook Island, Mr. Meek iiad
the misfortune to contract a bad sunstroke, so that the three last collections
were made b}' his assistants during his convalescence. With the exception of a
few specimens got b}' the Challenger, and a very small lot of Rhopalocera received
quite recently by Herr Niepelt, no collections have ever been made on the Admiralty
Islands. Captain Webster collected a few butterflies on St. Gabriel, a small
satellite island of the Admiralty gronp. From Dampier a few insects were obtained
by Dr. Hagen, and Dr. Werner collected eight species on Vulcan Island. The
insects from the Admiralties were all procured at and around the trading station
established on the main island about January 1913 by the Germans. The ex-
pedition collected on the Admiralty Islands during September and October 1913,
on Vulcan Island during November and December 1913 and January 1914, and on
Damjiier Island in February and March 1914. Dampier Island is near the
Astrolabe Bay, and Vnlcan Island lies considerably to the west of it.

RHOPALOCERA
FAFU.ION'IDAE

Fapiliouinae
1. Papilio priamus poseidon (Dbl.)

Ornithoptera posciilim Doubleday, Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1) xix. p. 173 (1847) (Daroley Island).

The specimens from both Dampier and Vulcan Islands show no appreciable
difterence from those from the mainland of German New Guinea, though the ? ?
include a preponderance of individuals having the light spots reduced in size.
1 <S from Dampier has three black spots on tlie hindwing, but the rest have either
two or none at all (ab. pegasn.i Feld.).

T c?c?, 8 ? ?, Vulcan Island ; 4 t?c?, 5 ? ?, Dampier Island.

2. Papilio priamus admiralitatis snbsp. nov.

This form is nearest to P. p. bornemaiuti, but very distinct.

i. Above. Differs from bornemaiini in the entire absence of green scaling on
the veins in disc of forewing. On the hindwing it differs by having a golden
yellow patch in the costal area, in the much denser green scaling, and in the much
larger and more distinct black spots.

Below. On forewing there is more green scaling between veins 8 and 9. On
hindwing the yellow subcostal patch is also present, the black patches are very
large, yellow tornal patch is smaller, and the black dot in it much enlarged.

?. Above. Differs from bornemanni in its shorter rounder wings and more
blackish-grey brighter ground colour. On the hindwing the pale patches run up

MOVITATES KOOLOOICAE SXII. 1915. 193

closer to the cell and fonr of the eight ? ? have a white spot in the cell ; the margin
is mnch more deeply scalloped.

Below. On the hindwing the dark spot.s in the light patches are very much
larger.

1 cJ, S ? ? , Manns, Admiralty Islands.

3. Papilio helena papuensis (Wall.)

Ornithoptera helena local form papuensis Wallace, Trans, Linn. Soc. Land. xxv. p. 38. Rub. No. 7
(1865) (New Guinea, Salwatty).

Indistingnishable from specimens from mainland of New Gninea.

5 (?(? and 6 ? ? (9 -f. papuensis), Vnlcan Island ; 1 S, Dampier Island.

4. Papilio polydorus dampierensis Hag.

Papilio pnli/dnrus dampierensis Hagen, Jahrb. Nnss. Ver. Nal. L. p. 50. No. 6 (1897) (Dampier
Island).

5 (Jc?, 6 ? ¥, Dampier Island.

5. Papilio polydorus vulcanicus snbsp. nov.

(??. Above. Differ in the white patches l)e3'ond cell, and the white spot in
the cell being larger and less snfi'nsed with black scales.

Below. The band of red spots on hindwing is generally smaller, and the red
smear below vein 2 is much reduced. On the forewing the white is more
extended.

5 (J cJ, 8 ??, Vnlcan Island.

6. Papilio polydorus utuanensis Ribbe

Papilio pnlydoms utuanensis Eibbe, Iris, 1898. p. C8 (New Ireland and Duke of York Island).

I cannot separate the Admiralty specimens from utuanensis.
T c?c?, 0 ? ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

7. Papilio euchenor euchenor GnSr.

Papilio euchenor Gui?rin, Voy. Coquille, t. 13. f. 3 (1829) (New Guinea).
4 (?c?,4 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

8. Papilio euchenor subcoerulea snbsp. nov.

c? ?. Differ from P. e. ffoda/ii on the underside by the longer streaks emitted
by the uppermost of the snbapical spots on the forewing, and in the much greater
extent of the blue subterminal markings on the hindwings.

7 S(S,4 ? ?, Dampier Island.

9. Papilio phestus reductus subsp. nov.

(?. Abozv. Nearest to P. ph. parhiiisoni, bnt differs from all the three
described races in having no indication whatever of any light spot in cell of
hindwing.

Beloiv. It resembles most P. ph. phestus.

?. Above. At once distinguishable from all three described races on the

194 KOVITATES ZOOI.OOICAE XXII. Ittl.').

liinrlwing in the absence of any white spot in the cell and in the strong rednction
in size and nnmher of the discal white spots, there being only two small ones in
two specimens, and in the remaining two an indication of a third.
1 <J, 2 ? ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands. (? Type).

10. Papilio aegeus ormenus Gner.

Pnpilio nrmemis Ouerin, Voy. CoquiUe, t. 14. f. 3 (1829) (New Guinea).

The d from Vnlcan is c?-f. patx/io// Wall., an extreme example witli no trace
of a subapical band on the forewing either above or below. The S from Dnnipier
Island is c?-f. ormenus Gn^r. with a well-developed snbapical band.

1 c?, Vnlcan Island ; 1 t?, Dampier Island.

11- Papilio weymeri Niep.

Papilio uvymeri Xiepelt, Lepidop. Niep. part i. p. (i?i (1914) (Admiralty I.slands).

This is a most distinct species, of which the cJ is described below for the tirst
time.

cJ. s{bore. Nearest to P. hridi/ei, bnt band on forewing cnrves inwards
gradnally from vein 2. On hindwing the band is broader bnt does not rini in
more than half the distance to base of wing above vein 7.

Beloic. It is nnlike any of this gronp as it has a cream-colonred band of
broad patches traversing both fore- and hindwing with imperfect bine moons beyond
on hindwing and a large anal red blotch.

C (?(?, 6 ? ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

12. Papilio ulysses autolycus Feld.

Papilio autolycus Felder, Verhand. zool.-bnt. Ges. Wieii, 1864. p. 321. No. 428 (New Guinea) (Xom.
nud.) ; id. Heine Novam II. Lejiid. p. 114. No. 86 (1865) (New Guinea).

2 S(S, "Vnlcan Island.

13. Papilio ulysses melanotica Hag.

Papilio nlysnes autolycus ab. melaniAica Hagen, Jahrb. A'^uss. Ver. Nat. j,. p. 5G (1897) (Moluccas).

The (S is tindescribed.

(?. Above. Differs from P. u. autoli/cus in the blue being darker and less
metallic ; on forewing above median nervnre it barely reaches ape.x of cell and is
absent in costal area ; below median nervnre the patches are cut short exactly in
a straight line with apex of cell. On hindwing the bine is much reduced and
sharply cut off rectangularly.

Belotv. The whole colour is much darker.

7 (JcJ, 5 ? ?, Dampier Island.

14. Papilio ulysses gabrielis Rothsch.

Papilio ulysses gabrielis Rothschild, Nov. Zool. v. p. 217 (1898) (St. Gabriel).

9 Jo, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

15. Papilio codrus auratus Rothsch.

Papilio codrus auratus Rothschild, Nov. Zool. y, p. 218 (1898) (St. Gabriel).

The (J has the golden colour of the median band very distinct and brilliant.
2 <Jc?, 2 ? ?, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAB XXII. 1915. 195

J 6. Papilio codrus medon Feld.

Papilio medon Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, 186-1. p. 30i). No. "2.38. and p. 351. No. 136
(New Guinea) (Nom. nov. for P. codrus De Haan).

Wliile the sijecimens from Vulcan Islands are ty[>ical medon, several of the
Damjjier Island ones have the median band ignite as narrow as in true codrus.
1 (?, 3 ? ?, Vulcan Island ; 4 SS,~ ? ?, Damiiier Island (1 ? bred).

IT. Papilio sarpedon messogis Fruhst.

Pajntio sarpalnn nicasngis Fruhstorfer, Eiitom. Zuit. (^Slutli/art), xxi. p. 183 (1907) (Key, Aru).

4 cJ<?, 4 ? ¥, Vulcan Island.

18. Papilio eurypylus lycaonides Rothsch.

Papilio etirypijlus li/caonides Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 430 (C.) (1895) (New Guinea).

1 ? , Vulcan Island.

V.K Papilio macfarlanei admiralia subsii. nov.

?. Above. Differs from F. in. cesthi.'s Fruhst. {Amboina fixed Jordan) in the
smaller green spots iu cell, in the much wider and more apple green median band
of the forewing, and the almost obsolete small subterminal spots. On hindwiug it
differs in the larger green and whitish costal and cellular markings, and the
reduction of the suljtermiual band of spots to two dots.

Below. Differs in the smaller cell spots and almost obsolete subterminal dots
on forewing, and on hindwing in having only two small subterminal green dots, and
an extra red spot above tornns.

7 ? ?, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

2it. Papilio agamemnoa admiralis subsp. nov.

(? ?. Nearest to P. a. salonioni.^ Rothsch.

Aboce. Differs in the subterminal line of spots on forewing being much
smaller.

Below. Ditl'ers on hindwing in the smaller red spots at anal angle and on each
bide of vein 7, also in the absence of any postmedian or tornal red spots.

3 <?(?, 3 ? ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

Fierinae

21. Catopsilia crocale rivalis Fruhst.

Caiopsilia croade JUtva $ -f. rivalis Fruhstorfer, l^eitr. Grussschin. Erdc, ix. p. 163. pi. &^. f. d. 4
(1910) (Moluccas, New Guinea, etc.).

Fruhstorfer applied the name given by Butler to the New Guinea race, and
renamed the Celebes form, so I have unfortunately had to apply an aberrational
name to the New Guinea race.

3 (JcJ, 6 ? ?, Vulcan Island; 1 ?, Dampier Island.

22. Terias Candida diotima Fruhst.

Terias Candida diotima Fruhstorfer, Scit-^ Grosisclnii. Erdc, w. p. 172 (1910) (German New Guinea
and Vulcan).

4 dc?, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

196 NOVITATES ZOOLOSICAE XXU. 1915.

23. Terias Candida papuana Butl.

Tcrias pajntaiia Butler, Ann. Mag. Xat. Uist. (7) i. p. 60. No. 9 (1898) (Misol, etc.).

5 (?(?, 3 ¥ ? Dampier Island.

24. Terias hecabe oeta Frnhst.

Terias hembe oeta Frahstorfer, Seitz Grossschm. Erilf, ix.. p. 1(38 (1910) (New Guinea Region).

6 6S, 3 ? ?, Vulcan Island; 3 SS, 3 ? ?, Dampier Island; 5 (?J, 1 ?,
Manns, Admiralty Islands.

DANAIDAi:

Danainae

25. Danaida philene bonguensis (Frahst.)

SaUtlura mylilene bonguensis Fruhstorfer, Berl. Enlom. Zcitschr. 1899. p. 68 (German New Guinea).
4 c?<?, 6 ? ?, Vulcan Island ; 4 cJc?, 4 ? ? , Dampier Island.

26. Danaida mytilene decipientis Strand

Danaida. mytilene decipientis Strand, Lepid. Nii'/i. pt. i. p. 25 (1914) (Admiralty Islands).
6 (?c?, 2 ? ¥, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

27. Danaida melissa leucoptera (Bull.)

Danais leucoptera Butler, Ejtt. Mon. Mag. xi. p. 163 (1874) (Dorey).

4 (JcJ, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island ; 1 <?, 1 ?, Dampier Island.

28. Danaida juventa ribbei (Frnhst.)

Radena juventa ribbei Fruhstorfer, Iris, xix. p. 163 (1906) (New Ireland).

5 (? c?, 3 ? ? , Manus, Admiralty Islands.

29. Danaida juventa eugenia (Fruhst.)

Datvais juventa eugenia Fruhstorfer, Iris, xix. p. 161 (1906) (German New Guinea).

4 cJc?, 4 ? ?, Dampier Island.

Euploeinae
30. Euploea alecto misagenes Frnhst.

Euploea alecto niisayenes Fruhstorfer, Seiti. Grossschm. Erde, ix. p. 233 (1910) (Dampier Island).

?. Undescribed, is similar to c^, but white spots in postdiscal bands of both
wings larger.

The type from Dr. Hageu's collection, now iu the Tring Musenm, is rather
worn, so that it is much paler in colour than those mentioned below.

4 cf c?, 4 ? ?, Dampier Island.

31. Euploea aethiops coffea Fruhst.

ruhsto

2 <J<J, Dampier Island.

Euploea aethiops eofea Fruhstorfer, iSeitz Grossschm. Erde, ix. p. 234 (1910) (German New
Guinea).

NOYITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXII. 1915. 197

32. Euploea werneri Frnhst.

Eupluea werneri Fruhstorfer, Eiitom. Zed. (Stuttgart) 1909. p. 277 (Vulcan Island).
5c?c?, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

33. Euploea nobilis Strand

Eupluea iiohiUs Strand, Lepidop. Niep. pt. i. p. 27. pi. viii. ff. 6. 7 (ab. simplicior f. 10) (1914)
(Admiralty Islands).

5 c?(^, 1 ? nobilis, 'Z 6 S ab. simpUciov, Manas, Admiralty Islands.
34. Euploea subnobilis Strand

Euploea subnobilis Strand, Lepiihp. Niep. pt. i. p. 27. pi. viii. f. 9 (1914) (Admiralty Islands).
2 (SJ, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

3.5. Euploea insulicola Strand

Eupluea insulicola Strand, Lepidop. Niep. pt. i. p. 28. pi. viii. ff. 4. 5 (1914) (Admiralty Islands).
1 (?, 5 ? ?, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

30. Euploea nemertes aflSnita Strand

Eupluea nemertes offinita Strand, Lepiidop. Niep. pt. i. p. 28. pi. viii. f. 11 (1914) (Admiralty
Islands).

S difl'ers from E. n. erima by being darker and by having a mnch larger mauve
patch below vein 2.

1 cJ, 3 ? ?, Mauus, Admiralty Islands.

37. Euploea nemertes quintia Fruhst.

Euploea nemertes quintia Fruhstorfur, Seil^ Grossschin. Erde, ix. p. 266. pi. 81a 2 (1910) (British
New Guinea).

The subtcrminal bands of s2iots vary much in size, but in none are absent as
in the ab. rhodia.

5 (J (J, 6 ¥ ? , Dampier Island.

38. Euploea nemertoides sp. uov.

This species occurs side .by side with nemertes affinata.

S . Above. Forewing deep black-brown, a white median spot below subcostal
nervure, a pale mauve square spot below vein 2, and a curved subterminal band of
four to six white sjwts ringed with mauve. Hindwing costal half slate-grey
glossed with deep brown, audroconia pale cinnamon ; lower half deep chocolate
suffused with chestnut, three postdiscal white dots.

Below. All wings deeper brown ; area of forewing below vein 2 basal two-
thirds clothed with pale cinnamon androconia, apical third grey-brown ; hindwing
with complete band of postdiscal white spots and four or five subterminal blue dots.

?. Differs in having on hindwing, also above, a postdiscal band of white spots.

Length of forewing : S 44 mm., ¥ 48 mm.

Expanse: tJ 93 mm., ¥ 103 mm.

7 c? J', 3 ¥ ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

^^° NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. VMS.

39. Euploea nemertes erima (Fruhst.)

Salpinx iinci-xlrae ab, erinui Friihstorfer, Bcrl. Entom. Zeitschr. xUv. p. 284 (1899) (German New
Guinea).

4c?c?,4 ? ¥, Vnlcan Ishxiul.

40. Euploea pumila salpinxoides (Frnhst.)

Calliploea salpbixoides Fruhstorfer, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. .xlv. p. 9 (1900) (Finschhafen).

3 c?c?,4 ? ? salpinxoides, 1 ¥ ab. sublucinda, Vulcau Island; 1 S salpiiuoidcs,
Dauipier Island.

41. Euploea pumila jamesi (Butl.)

C'dVplom jamesi Butler, Proc. Zuol. Soc. Limtl. 18713. p. 766 (British New Guinea ; Fergusson
Island).

5 (^cT, 3 ? ?, Dampier Island.

42. Euploea pumila bismarckiaua (Frnhst.)

Calliploea eiii/ramiitclli bLsiimnkiaiia Frulistorfer, Bcrl. Entom. Zcitichr. xlv. p. 7 (19(lO) (New
Britain).

9 (Sd, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

43. Euploea vulcanica sp. nov.

(?. Resembles some forms of pumild, bnt the lappet below vein 1 of forewin"
is much smaller, and the patch of androconia on hindwing is less extensive.

Above. Forewing chocolate brown, more riifons towards termeu, and strongly
glossed with deep pnrple ; a curved row of graduated violet subterminal spots.
Hindwing basal half chocolate below cell, costal area and cell grey with i)ale
cinnamon androconia ; outer half reddish wood-brown.

Below. Pale chocolate brown ; a spot above vein 2 and basal two-thirds of
area above and below vein 1 of forewing grey ; a minute grey dot on vein 7.

?. Aboce. Pale chocolate brown fading into fawn on outer one-third of
wings ; a series of pale violet subterminal spots on forewing, and costal area of
hindwing manve-grey.

Below. Similar, bnt on forewing a spot above vein 2 and basal two-fifths
of area above vein 1 pale mauve, and four white postdiscal dots on hind win".

Length of forewing : c? 35 mm., ? 36-.5 mm.

Expanse : S 74 mm., ? 77 mm.

1 (J, 1 ?, Vnlcan Island.

44. Euploea callithoe hansemanni Hour.

Euploea hansemanni Honrath, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. xxxii. p. 248 (1887) (German New Guinea).

7 cfc?,3 ¥ ?, Vnlcan Island.

45. Euploea callithoe admiralia Strand

Euploea callithoe admiralia Strand, Lepidoi,. Nicp. part i. p. 2lj. pi. viii. f. 1 (1914) (Admiralty
Islands).

The <S shows similar diiferences to 6 callithoe as tlio ? docs to the ¥ of ti.e
typical form.

3 cJ c?, 5 ¥ ¥ , Manns, Admiralty Islands,

NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1015. ^99

46. Euploea treitschkei eugenia Fruhsf,.

Eupluea Ireitschkri eugenia Fruhstorfer, Iris, xxiv. p. 55 (1910) (Vulcan Island).

5cfc?,4 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

47. Euploea treitschkei intermedia snbsp. nov.

S ?. E.xactly intermediatL' between E. t. olimcea and E. t. eugenia.
5 (JJ,:.! ? ?, Dampier Island.

48. Euploea treitschkei Ursula (Butl.)

Saphara Ursula Butler, Ami. May. ^\ll. His/. (5) xi. p. 407 (1883) (D'Entrecasteaux Island,
Admiralty Group).

Herr Fruhstorfer in Seitz has applied the iiaiae Ursula to Fergusson Island
specimens, mistaking D'Entrecasteanx Island for the D'Entrecasteaux group.
The specimens from the D'Entrecasteaux group must bear the name vii-idis
Bntler, originally described from Thursday Island.

4 J'c?, 4 ? ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

Falaeotropinae
4'J. Tellervo zoilus hiempsal Fruhst.

Tellervo soilus hiempsal Fruhstorfer, Seilz Grossschm. Erdc, ix. p. 273. pi 78. e. 4 (1910) (German
New Guinea).

5 d' c?, 3 ? ? , Dampier Island.

SATTRIDAE

Satyrinae
50. Melanitis constantia dampierensis subsp. nov.

(J. Differs from M. c. geluna Fruhst. in the subapical pale band on forewing,
being narrower and containing two ocelli.

? . Resembles M. c. dictatrix Fruhst., but is larger, and the pale snbmarginal
band on forewing is wider. .

3 cf (J, 1 ?, Dampier Island.

51. Melanitis amabilis insulicola subsp. nov.

Differs from M. a. valentina Fruhst. in the broader pale subapical band in
the i and the deep maroon red of the ?. Dampier specimens appear slightly
larger.

6 (Jt?, 3 ? ?, Dampier Island ; 6 (JcJ, 3 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

52. Melanitis leda destitans Fruhst.

Melanitis leda destitans Fruhstorfer, Entom. Zeitschr. (Stuttgart) xxii. p. 87 (1908) (Gorman New
Guinea).

4 cJc?, 5 ? ?, Vulcan Island; 3 ? ?, Dampier Island.
14

QAA NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXll. 1915.

53. Melanitis leda dominans Fruhst.

Mdamlis leda domnmns Frulistorfer, Eutonu ZelUclu: (SluWjarl), xxii. p. 87 (19U8) (Bismarck
Islands).
4 (?c?, 2 ? ?, Mamis, Admiralty Islands.

54. Mycalesis terminus matho Gr. Sni.

M;,caksis matho Grose Smith, Ann. Ma,j. Xat. Wd. (G) xiii. p. 501 (1804) (New Britain).

2 cJ cJ , Dampier Island.

00. Mycalesis phidon phidonides I'nihst.

MycaUsh phulon phidomdes Fruhstorfer, !>,■/,. ,ool.-bol. G^.^ell. W,e,,, 1908. p. 204 iGerman
N. Guinea).

8 6 6, Dampier Island.

of3. Mycalesis sirius antecanis Finhst.

^fy,■alesis siriu., autecams Fruhstorfer, Vcrh. ^o,d.-bot. &«;/?. U7<.«, 1308. p. 200 (German Xew
Guinea).
4 cJc?, 4 ? ?; Vulcau Island.

ftT. Mycalesis nerida theophila Frubst.

Xyralesis nerida fheo-phda Fruhstorfer, Verk. zool.-hot. Ge^M. Wien, 1908. p. 199 (German New
Guinea).

7 6 6, '.I ¥ ?, Vidcan Island.

58. Mycalesis meeki sp. nov.

Allied to nerida.

S. Abor,'. Antennae olive black above, below grey with cinb orange rnfous ;
head, thora.x, and abdomen dark olive brown. Forewing dark olive brown, cell and
basal half paler; two small subapical ocelli ; in outer half of wing below vein 4 is a
large quadrate fulvous orange patch angled on inside, reach almost to inner margin
and jiroduced towards base of wing below vein 2 ; in this patch between veins 2 and
3 is a very large ocellus. Hindwiug dark olive brown, basal half clothed with long
paler olive hair ; two large ocelli ringed with fulvous.

Below. Fnlvous olive, not fulvous as in nerida, ocelli much larger than
in nerida, and second from costa on hindwing flattened and shuttle shape, not
round.

¥. Similar but larger and paler (four have four ocelli on hindwing above and
two have three).

Length of forewing, i 24 mm. ; ? 2<") mm.

Expanse, $ 52 mm. ; ? 58 mm.

3 cJ J, 4 ? ? , Vulcan Island ; 0 c? cJ, 3 ¥ ? , Dampier Island. (Type i , Dampier
Island.)

59. Mycalesis subpersa sp. nov.
i. Allied to perseus, but the hiudwings are longer and narrower and costa of
forewing less arched.

Above. Sooty brown, a small iblack ocellus with white centre on forewing

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 201

above vein 2 on forewiiig ; a sooty grey marginal band to liinchving with a black
snbmarginal line.

Below. Same colonr with pnrplisb gloss ; a donble postmediau line innerside
black, outer whitish, a band of orange-ringed ocelli with white dots.

? . Similar, but larger and paler.

Length of forewing : S 21 mm. ; ? 24 mm.

Expanse : 6 4.50 mm. ; ? 51-5 mm.

5 cJJ, 5 ? ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

Gil. Mycalesis subpersa vulcanica subsp. nov.

5. Above. Differs from s. subpersa in being paler, and the ocellus is almost
obsolete.

Below. Differs in the ocelli being much smaller and the white outer part of
double line more indistinct.
4 cJc?, Vulcan Island.

61. Elymnias agendas dampierensis subsp. nov.

6 . Difiers from all other forms of aqondrM in having on both wings above a
series of whitish blue submarginal spots.

Abow. Velvety green-black with a metallic blue-green marginal baud some
seven millimetres wide, ou the inner edge of which is the line of whitish-bine spots
as in hcwit.'ioni.

Below. Blackish chocolate glossed with [lurplish blue-green and the sub-
marginal band of spots larger.

?. Similar, but band of spots on upperside of forewing much larger.

8 c^(J, 2 ¥ ?, Dampier Island.

AIKEATHUSIIDAi:

Amathusiiuae
62. Taenaris phorcas uranus (Stdgr.)

TenarU anubleps uranus Staudinger, Eiot. Schinclt. i. p. 200 (1888) (New Britain. e.c errore
New Ireland).

3 cJc?, 5 ? ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

03. Taenaris catops vulcanica subsp. nov.

(?. Nearly resembles cJ of mi/laec/wide.s, but the dark grey on forewing almost
to vein 6 and on hindwing to vein 4 is much wider.

?. Resembles adrinna, but sooty black on forewing only reaches to a fold
between veins 3 and 4 instead of to beyond vein 2.

2 ? ¥ have lost the large black apical patches on forewing and the sooty black
on hindwing is reduced to a narrow margin. This form I propose to call ab.
submylaecha ab. nov.

0 dc?,3 ¥ ¥ vulcanica, 2 ¥ ¥ ab. submylaecha, Vulcan Island.

64. Taenaris catops dampierensis subsp. nov.
$ ¥ . Nearest to T. c. appina Fruhst., but the dark colour above much more
extended ; on hindwing of ¥ it occupies more than three-fifths of wing; the ocellus

202 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXII. 1915.

near apical angle of liindwing shows tlirongli above more than in any other race, in
fact resembling most T. nrania Linn, i'rom Amboina in this resjJecL One cJ has a
ninch narrower border, is very white, ami the ocellns does not appear on upperside.
This form I name ab. sublnna ab. nov.

5 (?(?, 1 ?, dampierensis, 1 cj, ab. mbluna, Dampier Island.

65. Taenaris rothschildi reducta snbsp. nov.

S. Aboce. The grey is confined on forewing to costal edge and apex and
a somewhat obsolescent band below vein 2. On hindwing the grey forms a smear
over apical ocellns to vein 5 ; anal ocellns small and pale.

Below. The grey is confined in forewing to ape.K and costa, and on hindwing
is reduced to a slight smear beyond ajiical ocellns.

?. (Similar, but grey below vein 2, widening more distinct with a reddish wash.

1 (?, 1 ?, Vnlcan Island.

NYMFHALIDAE

6(i. Issoria sinha admiralia snbsp. nov.

(J. DiH'ers from 1. s. qffaka in the lunch narrower black borders to the wings
and almost complete absence of black markings on disc of wings.
?. Paler.
4 cJ(?, 1 ?, ManuB, Admiralty Islands.

67. Cynthia arsinoe rebeli Frnhst.

Cynthia arsinoe rebeli Fruhstorfer, Enlom. Zeitschr. xix. p. 215 (1905) (German New Guinea).

6 (?(?,2 ? ?, Vnlcan Island.

68. Cynthia arsinoe dampierensis snbsp. nov.

(J. Differs from C. a. rebeli in the mnch more distinct dark margin to
both wings and the larger row of postdiscal spots.

?. Differs in being much larger, forewing mnch blacker, hindwing much
deeper rufous, and the dark bands of both wings wider and more distinct.

Below. Basal half of the wings of ? are washed with pale greenish olive, not
rosy mauve, and all lines and spots more distinct.

Length of forewing : rebeli 52 mm., dampierensis b9 mm.

Expanse : ?-ebeli 109 mm., dampierensis 123 mm.

4 (?(?, 4 ? ? , Dampier Island.

61). Cethosia obscura manusi snbsp. nov.

S . Very similar to C. o. gabrielis Rothsch.
Above. Differs in the white spots being smaller on forewing.
Beloiv. The black bands in cell of forewing are mnch broader and white
subterminal spots smaller.

? . Has smaller white spots on forewing above and below.

5 <?<?, 4 ? ?, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

NoVITATEB ZOOLOGISAE XXtl. 19)5. 203

70. Precis hedonia zelima (Fabr.)

Pupilio zelima Fabricius, System. Entom. p. 492. No. >V2 {nib) (Nova HoUaudia).

4 (^c?, 3 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

Tl. Precis hedonia admiralitatis subsp. nov.

(J ¥ . Above. Differ from P. h. zelima in the more grey less rufons wasli and
the mnch more strongly developed ocelli on forewiug.

Below. Differ in the more pnrplish mauve wash and bands.

3 cTcJ, 5 ? ¥, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

72. Precis erigone tristis (Misk.)

Junniiia tristis Miekin, Bl. Book H. M. Cnl. Pass. 1891. p. 117 (British New Guinea).

4 Jcf,4 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

73. Precis vellida astrolabiensis (Hag.)

Jumnia vellida var. astrulabieiisis Hagen, Ja/irb. Nass. Ver. Nat. L. p. 85 (1897) (Astrolab* Bay).

4 c?c?, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

74. Precis orithya novaeguineae (Hag.)

Junonia orithyia var. nomeguineae Hagen, Jakrh. Nass. Ver. Nat. L. p. 85 (1897) (German New
Guinea).

7 (?c?,2 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

75. Yoma algiua parvifascia subsp. nov.

c?. Above. Very large, and ground colonr brilliant velvety black, in size equal
to the largest }'. a. odilia Fruhst., but subapical spots almost obsolete and median
band much narrower.

Below. Resembles a. odilia, but basal two-fifths darker more olive grey;
median band only half the width, and powdered with black scales, outer half mucli
more snffnsed with black, and ocelli much more filled with bright blue.

?. Unlike any other ? Yoma except ? of the following form (a. B«fca«;e«).
Aboce. Forewing dark sooty olive-brown, costal terminal areas strongly
glossed with blue, two pale mauve subapical dots ; median band one-third the
width of that of any other form, dark fulvous orange freckled with black. Hind-
wing dark sooty olive-brown; median band double as wide as on forewing from
tornus to vein 6, and as wide as on forewing between veins 6 and 7, outer half dark
bright rufous, inner half fulvous orange, ocelli deep black.

Below. Dark olive-grey, median band bright mauve. A second ? above has
outer one-quarter of both wings strongly glossed with blue, three postdiscal white
spots on forewing, the median band on forewiug much more suffused with dark
scales, and the median band on hindwing having outer half (rufous) absent.

0 cJJ, 2 ? ? , Dampier Island. (Type ? ).

204 is'oVlTATBB ZonLOGICAH XXII. 1915.

76. Yoma algina vulcanica siibs|). nov.

c?. Smaller than jireceding form and outer half below much ilarljcr : moilian
Land below yellowish, not pure white.

? . The three ? ? are qnite different inter se. The first ? resembles ? of ))re-
ceding form, bnt duller in ground colour, and median band on hindwing almost
obsolete, a row of jwstdisral white spots on forewing, below uniform olive-gre^'
median band almost obsolete showing as a dull mauve cloud.

The second ? is paler olive-brown with pale yellowish wood-grey median baud,
a postdiscal row of white spots and a snliterminal row of mauve spots. Hindwing
has wood-grey median band, a snbtorniinal row of white marks, and the ocelli have
distinct dull orange rings. Below median mauve band more distinct.

The third ? has the median band of both wings pale mauve, and on hindwing
an orange baud beyond band of ocelli. Below mauve median band is distinct.

5 c?c?, 3 ? ? , Vulcan Islnnd. (Type ?).

77. Yoma algina manusi snbsp. nov.

?. Differs from a. kokopoiiu and a. helisson in the gigantic ocelli on hindwing
above and on both wings below.

A/jorr. The ground colour is much deejier, more black, and the bands are
brigliter and more distinct.

JJeloiv. The colours are brighter, all markings more distinct, and the sub-
terminal and terminal areas and Hues manve-purple.

1 ¥ , Manus, Admiralty Islands.

78. Hypolimnas antilope antilope (Cram.)

PajiHin aiitllojie Cr.amer, Paji. Eml. ii. t. 183. fF. E. F. (1771)) (Aml)nina).

This insect is so scarce, and we have so few specimens from New Guinea, that
1 cannot say if this is a distinct race or not. It agrees fairly well with Dr.
Wollaston's three cjc? from the Snow Mountains, and is the exact counterpart of a
<S from Amboina, but my solitary specimen from British New Guinea is very
different. There appears to have been confusion between this and the more common
//. pithoeku forms in the Papuan region.

1 ? , Vulcau Island.

79. Hypolimnas pithoeka dampierensis subsp. nov.

i. Above. Differs from //. p. pithoeka Kirsch and //. p. uniformis Salv.
Godm. in its intense velvety black colour and broader wings. There is a subapical
white patch, and a i)ostdiscal row of white dots more or less obsolete on forewing,
and a complete row of subdiscal white spots on hindwing, as well as intranervnlar
terminal white spots. The postdiscal spots have no black rings as in p. pithoehi.

Below. Paler brown-black, outer one-third of hindwing strongly glossed with
purple ; along basal half of subcostal a series of small patches of white scales, costa
to white subapical patch fawn-brown ; a postdiscal row of pale-blue spots on both
wings, and on hindwing a subterminal band of blue suffused markings.

?. Above. Paler olive slaty black, and on forewing a subterminal band of
indistinct ill-defined whitish markiners.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 20.")

Below. The spots are bluish white and the blue snbterminal spots and purple
gloss are absent from iiindwing.
4cfcJ, 4 ? ?, Dampier Island.

80. Hypolimnas pithoeka vulcanica snbsp. nov.

? . Ahovp and Below. Diflers from ? p. riamjiierensis in its olive-blaek-brown
polonr, in its rnfons-brown postcellnlar patch between costa and vein 5, and in the
mnch larger postdiscal white spots. The second ? shows the rnfons patch above
less distinctl}-.

2 ? ? , Vulcan Island.

81. Hypolimnas euploeoides sp. nov.

This magnificent new species exactly resembles a large black, white-spotted
Euploea.

S Above. Antennae black, club rnfons ; head, thorax, and abdomen black ;
a white spot at liase of antennae, and two indistinct similar ones on collar.
Forewiug velvety brown-black ; a white spot with a few bine scales above vein 2,
and a minute white dot above vein T). Hindwing sooty olive-brown, blackish
towards base ; a minute pale-blue dot above each of veins 2, 5, 6, and 7.

Beloic. Uniform chocolate-olive-brown, a series of white spots and marks
below basal half of subcostal ; an incurved jiostmedian band of pale-blue spots on
forewing, and an outwardly curved similar sinuate band on hindwing.

? . Above. Larger, forewing chocolate-olive-brown, a small whitish-blue dot,
and beyond it a large oval spot below subcostal in cell ; an incurved postmedian
band of bluish-white spots. Hindwing paler olive-brown, an outwardly curved
postmedian band of bluish-white spots.

Below. Similar to 3 , but all white markings larger.

Length of forewiug: cJ 47 mm., ? illl mm.

E.'cpause: S 1000 mm., ? 112-5 mm.

1 cJ, 1 ¥ , Manus, Admiralty Islands.

82. Hypolimnas alimena eremita Butl.

Hji/inlltniias eremita Butler, Ent. ^fnii. Miiq. xx. p. 6C (188.3) (Dorey).

4 c?(J, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island ; 6 cJcJ, 2 ? ?, Dampier Island.

83. Hypolimnas alimena manusi snbsp. nov.

<?. Differs from H. a. eremita in the bright maroon-crimson suffusion of the
whole underside.

4 (JcJ, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

84. Hypolimnas misippus (Linn.)

PiipiHo misippus Linnaeus, .l/"/;.*. Lmlov. Ulric. p. 264 (1764) (In Indiis).

3 ? ? , f. diocippus, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

f;Qg N0V1TATE8 ZOOLOGICAE XXII. ISIE.

85. Hypolimnas bolina (Linn.)

PajiUio boUmi Linnaeus, Mus. Ludov. Ulric. p. 2'Jo (17G4) (In Indiis).

Until all the chief varieties from every locality have been dissected, and the
genitalia studied, I believe it is impossible to divide up this extraordinarily
variable and widespread insect into subspecies. The SS ennmerated below agree
on the npperside almost exactly with true bolina Linn., while the ¥ ? are all the
?-f iphegenia Cram. The Admiralty Si have less white iu the discal spot of
the hindwing.

5cJc?, 5??, Manus, Admiralty Islands; bSS, 3??, Vulcan Island;
'i S S , Dampier Island.

86. Hypolimnas deois deois Hew.

Hypolimnas deois Hewitson, Proc. Zool. .So.-. Loml. 1858. p. 4iU (Aiu Islands).
6 c?(?, 2 ? ?, Dampier Island.

87. Hypolimnas deois panopion Gr. Sm.

Hypolimnas ■panopion Grose Smith, Nov. Zuul. i. p. 305 (1894) (Humboldt Bay).

1 ? , Vulcan Island.

88. Doleschallia browni Salv, & Godm.

Dolescludlia broimi Salvin & Godman, Pi-oc. Zoul. Soc. Land. 1877. p. 145, pi. xxii. ff. 3, 4 (Duke
of York Island).

4 (Jc?, 3 ? ?, Dampier Island.

89. Doleschallia liexophthalmos ardys Frnbst.

Doleschallia hexophthalmos ardys Fruhstorfer, Seih Grosssclnn. Erde. \x. p. 561, pi. 113 a 1, L' (I'.ll'J
(German New Guinea).

2 a, Dampier Island; 1 ?, Vulcan Island.

90. Doleschallia rickardi Gr. Sm.

Doleschallia rickardi Grose Smith Ami. Mufj. X.II. (C) v. p. 171 (18911); id., lihop. Exol. ii.
Doleschallia, p. 1, pi. i. f. 1 (1893) (New Ireland).

?. The female, till now undescribed, only differs from the male in the
transverse band across apex of cell being almost white.
1 c?,2 ? ?, Dampier Island.

yi. Cyrestis acilia (God.)

Nymphalis acilia Godart, Enc. MHh. ix. p. 378. No. 94 (1819) (Waigiou).
7 c?c?, 2 ? ?, Dampier Island.

92. Cyrestes achates achates Butl.

Cyrestes achates Butler, Proc. Zuol. Hoc. Loml. 1865. p. 481. No. 2 (Misol).
6 c?(?, 3 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XX[I. 19ir>, 207

93. Acca consimilis stenopa (Fruhst.)

Rahimla consintilis sleitopa Fruhatorfer, Slett. Eiilnni. Zeil. Ixix. p. 267 (I'JOS) (German New
Guinea).

7 c?(?, 1 ?, Viilcau Islaiul.

94. Acca consimilis melanotica subsp. nov.

cJ. This form is a most remarkable melanistic race of consimilis, hut miicli
larger than stenopa.

Above. Deep brown-black ; the oblique subapical patch is reduced to two dark
rufous-brown semi-coalescent spots, and the band between vein 3 and inner margin
is reduced to less than one-half its size, and is dark rufous-orange suffused with
dark brown ; the band on the bindwing is less than one-half as wide, and dark
orange-brown. Another 6 has the whole upjur surface In-own-black with only a
faint indication of the band on the hindwiiig, an J that below vein 3 on forewing.

Below. The angnlated broad baud of sttnojja ou forewing is rednced to two
small dark-orange patches, and on hindwing the outer dark one-third of wing of
stenopa is increased to one-half, and there is a median and subcostal rusty brown
band in the orange basal one-half The underside of the extreme $ described
above has the entire forewing black e.\cept a brownish fulvous patch above inner
margin, and on hindwing narrow basal median orange bands.

\ $i, Dampier Island.

95. Acca venilia dampierensis subsp. nov.

S ? . Differ from A. i\ anceps in the much narrower entirely blue bands and
almost obsolete subterminal dots on hindwing ; in the blue band above inner
margin of forewing is a white spot.

8 c?c?, 3 (?c?, Dampier Island.

96. Neptis shepherdi damia Frahst.

Neplis shepherdi dainia Fruhstorfe'r, Eniom. Zeit. Giibeii. 1905. p. 101 (German New Guinea).
1 S , Vulcan Island.

97. Neptis shepherdi reducta subsp. nov.

c7. Very large, intense black, white markings in and beyond cell of forewing
absent, five discal and four subterminal spots much reduced. On hindwiug median
band much narrower and broken, consisting of two or three separate spots.

? . Differs from ¥ damia in bauds and spots being smaller and narrower.

3 <J(J, 1 ? , Dampier Islands.

98. Parthenos sylvia admiralia subsp. nov.

S ?. Differ from P. s. couppei Ribbe in the semihyaline band of patches on
forewing being pure white and much more extensive, in the olive colour of forewing
above vein 2 being strongly suffused with pale nile blue, and in the olive ou
hindwing being brighter and also tinged with nile blue. Below the semihyaline
patches are much larger, the subtornal black jjatch ou forewing is very much larger
and the whole underside is nile blue.

4 cJtJ, 4 ? ?, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

208 N'OVITATES ZoOLOOICAK XXII. 1915.

00. Parthenos aspila aspila Hour.

Paiihenns aspila Honrath, DfiL Eiil. Zeilsrli. xxxii. p. 24S. pi. v, f. 2 (1888) (German New
Ouinea).

Two specimens of this form were sent ; as Vulcan Island is not far from the
mainland they were probably blown across.
2 cJc?, Vnlcan Island.

liiii. Parthenos aspila tenebrosa snbsp. nov.

S ?. Differ fiora P. a. axjiiln by being much larger and very mnch darker, the
rufons basal ])ortions being snffnsed with green-black scales. The underside is
strongly suffused with black.

Expanse : aspila S 92 mm., ? 106 mm.
„ tenebrosa r? 114 ram., ? 122 mm.

4 cJ(?, 6 ? ?, Pampier Island.

mi. Partheuos aspila vulcanica snbsp. nov.

(??. Differ from P.'a. aspi/n in the basal area of wings being pale orange-
rafous suffused with olive-green, a whitish patch at end of cell of forewing and
below it, the outer three-quarters of wings .strongly banded and barred and suffused
with yellowish olive-green ; two specimens lack the white in and below cell.

0 fJc?, IJ ? ?, Vulcan Island.

102. Eulepis pyrrhus jupiter (Butl.)

Chararesjupiler Butler, Lep'id. Exol. i. p. 14. pi. v. ff. 4 & 7 (1H69) (Dorey).
4c?c?,3 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

103. Eulepis pyrrhus admiralitatis subsj). nov.

c? ? . Resemble 7?. p. attila Gr. Sra. above, and E. p. scitzi Rothsch. below.

Above. Differ from attila on hindwing in the diseal white band being much
narrower and edged mnch more distinctly with blue, there are also three large blue
lunnles beyond the band not present in attila. On the forewing the two post-
cellnlar cream spots are larger, and there is on hindwing an orange patch at tornus
wanting in attila.

Below. Differ from seitzi in the more rufous less olive ground-colour, in
the absence of the large white patch in cell of forewing, and in the larger white
marks beyond the cell and above veins 3 and 4. On hindwing they differ in the
much wider black bands on basal half of wing and in the more uniform deep
maroon of postdiscal band.

1 (?, 5 ? ?, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

{To he pontinuril.)

S'OVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1015. 209

ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE ISLANDS OF CERAM
(SERAN), BURU, BALI, AND MISOL.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Pn.D.

(Conliniied from Vol. XXII. p. 144.)

HETEROCERA

There are lu4 species of Ileteiocera from Ceram, 2 from Burn, 8 from Bali,
and 18 from Misol ; 2 species are common to Ceram and Bnrn, and 2 to Ceram and
Misol, so that the total iinml)er of species of Heterocera in the collection is 128.

AMATIDAE

287. Ceryx evar (Pag.)

Synlomis evar Pagenstecher, .Takrb. Nass. Ver. Niil. xxxi.\. p. 119 (1886) (Amboina).

1 (?, Kanike, North Ceram, COO m., 1912 ; 1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram,
650 m., 1912.

ARCTIADAE

Lithosianae
288. Caprimima quadripuncta sp. nov.

?. Antennae, head, and thorax sootj- black ; abdomen above black, laterall}'
blackish chocolate, anal tnft white.

Forewiiu) : soot}- black ; a large white (jnadrate patch begins one-qnarter from
base, and from inner margin to cell occnpies nearl}' one-half of wing, it is sharply
and angnlarlj- constricted distally two-fifths of its breadth and stops short at
subcostal nervure ; a jjostcellnlar white spot, a jiostmedian maroon-chestnut patch
from subcostal to above vein 1, a white snbterminal spot from vein 4 to just under
vein 0.

Hindwing : basal three-fifths semihyaline white, outer two-fifths sooty black.

Length of forewing : 10 mm.

Expanse : 22 mm.

1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

289. Caprimima rufobasalis sp. nov.

?. Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen sooty black.

Forewing : costa black except where white median band reaches it, basal
one-quarter chocolate red, broadly edged with black distally, and an irregularly
excised pure white median band 5 mm. wide in widest part above vein 1, and
2 mm. wide at costa, outer half irregularly obliquely chocolate-red bordered with
sooty black.

Hindwing : base and outer two-fifths sooty black, rest semihyaline white.

Length of forewing : 12 mm.

Expanse : 27 mm.

1 ?, Manusela, Central (!eram, 050 ra., 1912.

210 KOVITATBS ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915.

290. Miltochrista apuncta sp. uov.

¥. Antennae basal one-fifth scarlet, rest bnffy yellow; head aiul thoi-ax scarlet;
abdomen bnff tinged here and there with scarlet.

Forewing : scarlet iutranervular spaces more or less yellow.

Hindwing : semivitreous buff suffused with pale scarlet.

Length of forewing : 13 mm.

Expanse : 30 mm.

1 ?, Mannsela, Central ('eram, 65U m., 1912.

Arctianae

291. Diacrisia niceta niceta (Stull)

Phuhiniii nirela StoU, Pap. Exot. iv. pt. xxxi. p. 151. pi. cccl.wiii. f. C. (1781) (Amboina).
1 ¥, Mannsela, t Vntral Ceram, (JotJ ni., 1912.

292. Diacrisia niceta mysolica subsp. nov.

?. Differs from //, niceta in the absolute absence of black spots from, and
the cinnamon-bnff colour of, the forewing.
1 ¥ , Misol.

AGABISTIDAE

293. Immetalia saturata doleschallii (Feld. )

Ayarisla doleschallii Felder, Reise Xovai-a, pi. 107, ff. 2, 3 (1874) (Amboina).

1 S, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

294. Ophthalmis lincea lincea (Cram.)

Phahieiia lincea Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pt. xix. p. Gl, pi. ccxxviii. f. B. (1779) (Amboina).

2 c?cJ, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 0.50 m., 1912.

295. Ophthalmis privata (Walk.)

Agarista prirata Walker, List Lepid. his, Brit, Miis. xxxi. p. 48 (1864) (Ceram).

3 (?<?, 3 ? 9 , Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

NOCTUIDAE

Hadeninae
296. Cirphis decisissima (Walk.)

Leucania decisissima Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Uiit. Miis. xxxii. p. G24 (ISG,")) (Sikkim).
2S(S, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

297. Cirphis metarg^yria sp. nov.

d. Differs from cri/ptargi/ria 15. -Baker in the darker abdomen, in having
costal area of forewing to just before apex cinnamon-buff, in having the disco-
terminal portion of wing cinnamon-bnff, not whiiisii, and the pale band from apex

NoviTATES ZooLoaiCAB XXII. 1915. 211

imich straigliter. Underside ofhiiidwing entirely metallic pale gold ; terminal and
basal one-fiftli of forewing and costa ciiuiamoii-brown, rest golden.

Length of forewing : 21 mm.

Expanse : 48 mm.

1 (J, Manusela, Central Ceram, 66U m., 1912.

Acronytinae
298. Sesamia grisescens Warr.

Saamia grisescens Warren, Nov. Zonl. xviii. p. 148. No. 22 (1011) (New Guinea).
1 cJ, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

Catocalinae
299. Erebus leucotaenia (Guen.)

Nyctipao leucotaenia Guenee, Hisl. Xat. Ins. 8p. Gen. Lip. vii. Noel. iii. p. 184 (1852) (Java ! ?).

One ? has almost lost all the white, i.e. the entire median band. Specimens
with no white at all are ab. obscura B. Baker, so I propose for the present sjiecimen
the name ab. subobscura ab. nov.

3 tJd", and 1 c? and 1 ? in cop., Manusela, Central Ceram, 6.50 m., 1912 ; 2 6 S ,
Wahai, North Ceram ; 1 ? , Sukaradja, North Ceram ; 1 ? , Ceram.

300. Speiredonia remota (Feld.)

Spirania remota Felder, Silzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xliii. p. 43 (1861) (Amljoina).
3 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 6.50 m., 1912.

30 1. Dermoleipa juno (Dalm.)

Nocluajuno Dalman, Anal. Entom. p. 52 (182.'?) (hab. ?).

2 (JcJ, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

302. Chalciope cephise (Cram.)

Phalaena eephise Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. part xix. p. 5'.l. t. ccxxvii. f. C. (177fl) (India Or.).

3 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

303. Mods undata (Fabr.)

Noclua undata Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 6U(J (1775) (India Or.).

1 ? , AVahai, North C!eram.

304. Pterocyclophora hampsoni .Scmji.

Ptcroryclophora hampsoni Semper, Relsr Phil. Schmett. ii. p. 541. pi. 60 f. IG (190U) (Luzuu).

1 ?, Manusela, North Ceram, 6.50 m., 1912.

305. Anisoneura zeuzeroides Guen.

Anisoncura zeuzeroides Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Sp. Gen. Lip. vii. Noel. iii. p. 162 (1852) (hab. ?).

1 cJ, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1913.

'^I'i NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 191j.

Ifoctninae

3(i(i. Claterna cydonia (Cram.)

PhaUnnii ri/dnHtu Cniiuer, I'uji. Exut. i. part ii. p. 34. pi. x.\ii. f. F. (1776) (.Sui-imim).
1 J, Ceram.

3UT. Azazia bolinoides (Gncn.)

Hypospila hiUnoides Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Sp. Giu. IJi>. vii. Nuct. iii. p. 358 (1852) (Java).
1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, G5U m., 191,;.

308. Oglasa rufoaurantia up. nov.

?. Antennae amber-brown, liead cream-buff; thorax, tegulae cream-lmlF,
patagia and rest of thora.x cinnamon-mauve-browu ; abdomen dark wuod-gre)--
brown.

Foreicing : ciunamon-orauge-brown, washed on basal half with manve ; an
antemedian zigzag band of brown almost resolved into a band of spots, a black dot
in cell just beyond this line ; a large postcellular sooty patch from which proceeds
a brown and pale-cinnamon double line to inner margin, a curved brown line of
spots runs from costa round edge of postcellular patch and joins double line below
it ; a subapical spot, a subterminal patch and fringe sooty black.

UiiidwiiHj : dark wood-grey; costa whitish, terminal line bnff.

Length of fore wing : lo mm.

Expanse : 8-4 mm.

1 ?, Blanusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1U1~.

309. Catephia leucomelas (Linn.)

Phdlaena leucomelas Limiaous, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 518 (1758) (Europe).
1 <?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

310. Hulodes caranea (Cram.)

Phrdacm raranca Cramer, Pap. F.xul. iii. pt. .\xili. p. 140, pi. cclxi.x. ff. E. F. (1780) (Batavia).

1 S, Manusela, Central Ceram, 660 m., lUl-J.

311. Ischyja manlia (Cram.)?

Phalaciia maiilia Cramer, Pap. Kol. i. pt. viii. p. 144. pi. xcii. f. A. (177<i) (Cote do Coromaiidcl).

Hitherto at least three species have been confused under this name, viz. the
Indian and Palaearctic trne manlia, the Sumatra species recently separated, and
the form which reaches in varying phases from the Moluccas to the Bismarck
Archipelago. Whether the latter is divisible into several species or subspecies 1
have not yet been able to make out, but I hope iu the second part of my article on
the Lepidoptera from the Admiralty, Vulcan, and Dampier Islands to settle the
matter definitely. I therefore at present place the pair sent by Herr Stresemann
under the collective name manlia Cram.

1 S, Kanike, North Ceram, 6iJ0 m. ; 1 ¥, Manusela, Central Ceram, 6oO m.,
1 91 2.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAB XXII. 1915. 213

Hypeniuae
312. Hypena stygiana Bntl.

Hi/pcna styijiaiia Butler, lllKst. Leji. Iht. Brit, ^^ux. ii. p. .oo. pi. xxxviii. f. 6 (1878) (Yokohama).
1 <?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1012.

313. Hypena caerulealis Walk.

Hypetia caerulealis Walker, List Lrpid. Ins. Brit. Miis. xx.xiv. p. 1142 (1865) (Moreton Bay, .Swan
Rivei).

1 ?, Danau Bratan, Bali, 25U0 ft., January 1911.

314. Hypena obstupidalis Swinh.

Hlipena obstupidalis Swinhoe, Proc. Zool, Sor. Loud. 1885, p. 471. pi. xxviji. f. 7 (India).

1 (?, Kiiitamani, Bali, 4000 ft., February— March 1911.

31.1. Hypena stresemanni sp. nov.

(? ? . Antennae yellowish grey; palpi dark grey; head white; thorax and
abdomen yellowish grey. Both win^s pale greyish buflf gradually deepening into
ash-grey on outer third of wings ; costa of forewing brownish grey.

Length of forewing : J 17 mm., ? IS mm.

Expanse : c? 38 mm., ? 40 mm.

1 (J, 1 ?, Kintamani, Bali, 4(lOO ft., Februury— March 1911 (c? type); 3d'(?,
Danau Bratan, Bali, 25iliJ ft., .January 1911.

310. Hypena cirphoides sp. nov.

¥. The forewing is strigillated and coloured exactly like several species of
Cirphis. Antennae greyish brown; head and thorax dark wood-brown; abdomen
paler wood-brown.

Forewiiitj : wood bmwn nervures and some striae jialer ; basal third lielow cell,
a median baud through cell to outer quarter of wing, and outer quarter of wing
sooty wood-brown.

HindwiiKj : greyish wood-brown.

Length of forewing : 17 mm.

Expanse : 39 mm.

1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, <j.^)<t lu., lUlL'.

LYMANTBIIDAi:

317. Redoa submarginata Walk.

Rcdua subuiitrrjinata Walkor, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 826 (IH.io) (.Syllut).

1 (?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 6-50 m., 1912.

318. Euproctis ateralbus sji. nov.

?. Antennae sooty black; head buffy orange; thora.x and abdomen sooty
black, anal tuft greenish buff.

214 NOVITATES ZooLoaicAE XXII. I'.Uri.

Forewing : deep sooty Mack; a very large apical patcli pure white, a i)iiro
white spot above vein 2, and some wliite scaling above vein 3.

Himlicinf) : deep sooty black, three larger and one very small while sub-
marginal spots between veins 2 and 6.

Length of forewing : 26 mm.

Expanse : 57 mm.

3 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

310, Lymantria luuata (Cram.)

Fhalarna lunula Cramer, Pup. Kxnt. iv. pt. xxxi p. 164. pi. ccclxix. f. C. (1781) (Amboina).

1 6, Wahai, North Ceram ; 1 (?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 ni., 1912.
3211. Lymantria curvifera (Walk.)

regeUa curvifera Walker, List Lepid. bis. Brit. Mus. xxxv. p. 1022 (1866) (Philippines).

1 S, Misol.

HYFSIDAE

321. Azota heliconia heliconia (Linn.)

Phalaena heliconia hinn&ens, Si/st. Nal. ed. x. p. ."ill (1758) (Amboina).

1 (J, Wahai, North Ceram ; 1 c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

322. Azota heliconia doryca (Boisd.)

Aganuis doryca Boisduval, Voi/. Astrolabe Lepid. p. 251. No. 4 (1832) (New Guinea, Dorey).
2c?cJ, Misol.

323. Azota orbona significans (Walk.)

Hypsa siijnijieaus Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mas. xxxi. p. 815(1864) (Aru).

1 ?, Misol.

324. Deilemera aeres (Boisd.)

Lcptosoma aeres Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe Lipid, p. 198. No. 2 (1832) (Buru).

1 c?, Mgesawain, Central Barn, 800 m., 1 J, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram,
600 m., 1912.

325. Deilemera stresemanni sp. nov.

S. Antennae heavily pectinated, white, pectinations black ; head and thorax
orange-golden sjiotted with black ; abdomen orange-golden ringed with black.

Forewing: semihyaline cinnamon-ash-grey ; a white streak from base two-fifths
of distance to termen along fold above vein 1, an obliqne white median band.

Hindwing : semihyaline basal two-thirds white, onter one-third and costal area
above veins 6 and 7 cinnamon-ash-grey.

Length of forewing : 23 mm.

Expanse : 50 mm.

1 t?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 ra., 1912

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1913. 215

32(3. Deilemera coleta (Cram.)

Phalaena coleta Cramer, Pap. Exol. iv. part xx.xi. p. 153. pi. ccclxviii. f. H. (1781) (Amboiiia).

5 c?cJ, 17 ¥ ?, M<anusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.
327. Deilemera mundipicta (Walk.)

Ntjcteniern miindijik-ta Walker, Juiirn. Linn. Soc. Loml Zool. iii. p. 184 (1859) (Singapore).

4 (?£?, 8 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.
["Common on the ground in tall virgin forest." — E. S.]

328. Deilemera luctuosa (Voll.)

Leptosoma luctmmm Vollenhofen, Tijds. Dicrk. i. p. 42. No. 8 (1863) (Batchian).
1 c?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

329. Deilemera pellex (Linn.)

Phalaena jiellej; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 6111. Xo. 75. (1758) (in Indiis).

1 S, Wahai, North Ceram ; I ? , Manusela, Central Ceram.

330. Deilemera nonapicalis sji. nov.

?. Very similar to semperi, but differs in not having white apex to hindwing.
Length of forewing : 26-28 mm.
Expanse : 57-61 mm.

2 ? ? , Wahai, North (Jeram.

331. Deilemera absurdum (Swinh.)

Leptosoma absurdum Swinhoe, Cat. East. Lipid. Or./, part i. p. 143. No. 665 (1892) (Salawatti).
1 <J, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

332. Deilemera absurdum latimargo Rothsch.

Deilemera absurdum latimargo Rothschild, Lepid. Brit. Orn. Union and Woll. Exped. p. 78.
No. 408 (1915) (Snow Mts.).

The single S sent by Dr. Tanern from Misol has the dark distal portion of the
hindwing a fraction narrower than the narrowest among Dr. Wollaston's 7 ? ¥ ; but
as these vary between 4-5 and 6 mm., while the c? in question has this border 4 mm.,
I do not think that it could be separated.

1 6, Misol.

333. Deilemera absurdum strictifascia subsp. nov.

¥. Differs from a. absurdum in the absence of the orange head, and in the
oblique white fascia on the forewing being only half as wide.
1 ¥, Danau Bratan, Bali, 2500 ft., January 1911.

334. Deilemera immitans sp. nov.

(? ¥ . Very much like a small example of absurdum, but much darker, and
anal tuft alrqost black,
15

216 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

Foreiving : blackish sooty brown; only vein 1 marked in white, no white
streak in cell, white oblique patch mnch smaller and snffnsed with brown.
Dark border of hindwincj mnch blacker and very sharply defined.
Length of forewing : ivimitarts, S ? 20 mm.
Expanse : 44 mm.

Length of forewing: absurdiim, ? 23o mm.
Expanse : 51 mm.
7 SS, 2 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1012.

SFHINGIDAE

Acherontiinae
335. Herse luctifera fWalk.)

Macroeila luctifera Walker, List Lepiil. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p. 35(1864) (Moluccas).
1 (J, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

336. Meganoton rufescens thielei Huwe

MegfinotOH thielei Huwe, Berl. Entom. Zeilschr. 1. p. 316. No. 1. t. 6. f. 1 (19UG) (Sumatra).

1 cJ, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

Fhilampelinae
337. Macroglossum ungues Rothsch. & Jord.

.I/n,Toi7/os.5»)rt "»!/Kfs Rothschild & Jordan, Iter. Sj,/iii,yidae p. 643. No. 581. t. 3. f.7 (1903) (Burn,
Amboina, Java, etc.).

1 J, Mannsela, Central Ceram, GoQ m., 1912.

338. Macroglossum corythus pylene FeKl.

Macroglossa pijlene Felder, Sitz.-Bcr. Akad. fKis.s. Wieii, xliii. p. 29 (1861) (.Vmboina).
1 ? , Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

EUPTEROTIDAE

339. Tagora pallida asclepiades (Feld.)

Sphiiigngnatha asclejiiades Feldur, Reise Norara, Lepid. t. 94. f. 1 (1874) (Sumatra).
1 (?, Danan Bratan, Bali, 2.500 ft., Jannary 1911.

GEOMETRIDAE

Geometrinae
340. Ectropis boarmiodes sp. nov.

?. Antennae dark brown, head dirty cream; thorax, tegnlae basal portion
pale yellowish brown, rest white ; rest of thorax and abdomen whitish grey
freckled with pale brown.

Fofcicing : greyish white strigillated witli brownish wood-grey ; two black-
brown spots on basal and two pale-brown spots on outer half of costa, two

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 217

iaterrnpted anteniedian irregular bands pale brown, two postmedian pale-brown
bands of coalescent sagittate spots.

Hhulwing : gre3-ish white, freckled and strigillated with brownish wood-grey ;
antemedian, median, and jjostmedian bands zigzag and pale brown, a blackish
median stigma.

Length of forewing : 14 mm.

Expanse : 32 mm.

1 ?, Manusela, Central ('eraiu, (350 m., 1912.

341. Cypra delicatula Boisd.

Cypra dclicaiula Boisduval, I'j//. Astmlaljc, Lip. p. 2Ul. pi. 1. f. 3 (1832) (New Guinea).

1 ? , Misol ; 5 c? (^, 8 ? ? , Wahai, North Ceram ; 1 c?, 4 ? ? , Manusela, Central
Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

342. Abraxas albiquadrata (Warr.)

Potcra albiqiiadmlaWa.nen, ym'. Znol. iv. p. 89 (1897) (Batchian).
1 S, Mannsela, ('entral Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

343. Abraxas stresemanni sp. nov.

cJ. Antennae sooty brown-black ; head black, a minnte orange point on
vertex; thorax black, collar, margins of. tegnlae, and patagia and hinder edge of
thorax orange ; abdomen black, sides of abdomen variegated with orange, sides
and nndersnrface of anal tnft orange.

Forewinfj : white ; basal one-fifth sooty black, with white dot on costa and
orange marks in the black area ; costal area, costal quarter of cell, and outer one-
fifth of wing sooty black, a black discocellular stigma, a subterminal band of
white patches.

HiiidiciiHi : white ; basal one-sixth sooty black with two white spots, outer one-
sixth sooty black with subterminal band of white patches.

Length of forewing : 29 mm.

Expanse : 63 mm.

1 (J, Mannsela, Central (Jeram, 650 m., 1912.

344. Craspedosis sobria (Walk.)

Celcnna sobria Walker, Lid Lrpid. /«.?. Brit. Hits. xxxi. p. 164 (1864) (Aru).

1 (?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912 ; I ?, Kanike, North Ceram,
600 m., 1912.

345. Bursada tricinctaria (Linn.)

Phalncna tricinetaria Linnaeus, Sijst. Nat. ed. x. p. .523 (1758) (Amboina).
1 cJ, 1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

346. Bursadopsis basalis abasalis subsp. nov.

? . Differs from h. liasal/.-> Warr. in lacking the yellow on the thorax and in
the absence of the orange subbasal patch on the forewing,
1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912,

218 NOVITAIBB ZOOLOOICAB XXII. 1915.

347. Milionia glauca (Craiu.)

Phalaena glauca Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pt. .x.xxi. p. 162. pi. ccoLwiii. £. D. (I781)(Amb(>ina).

IcJ, 1 ?, Wahai, North Geram ; 1 S , Mauusela, Central Ceram, 65u m., 1912.

348. Ascotis margarita Warr.

Ascolis margarita Warren, Nor. Znul. i. p. 43.'i (18'J4) (West Java).

1 (J, Maunsela, Central Ceram, OoO m., 1912.

349. Elphos hymenaria pallida Biibsji. nov.

?. Diifers from h. hymenaria Guen. iu being larger, in the basal two-thirds of
forewing being much whiter, and in the whole hindwiug having fewer dark
markings.

1 ? , Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

350. Noreia albifimbria Warn

Noreia albifimbria Warren, Nov. Zool. iv. p. 200 (1897) (Celabes).

1 S, Wahai, North Ceram.

351. Gonaphaga cinnamomaria sp. nov.

c?, Antennae pale cinnamon, pectinations ash-grey ; head, thorax, and abdomen
pale cinnamon.

Forewing: pale cinnamon, very sparingly freckled with rusty brown; a
ntmiber of brown striae on costa, a widely interrupted antemediau row of brown
spots, a median band rusty brown, a postniedian band of round blackish brown
dots, a subterminal larger and two terminal smaller brown sjwts below apex.

Ilindwiny : pale cinnamon ; antemediau rusty brown band, and a median band
of blackish-brown dots.

Length of forewing : 21 mm.

Expanse : 46 mm.

1 <?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

352. Tephrina normata Walk.

Trphrimi. normata Walker, Lid Lepid. liia. Brit. Mas. xxiii. p. 1)66 (1861) (Moretoa Bay).

2 ? ? , Kiutamani, Bali, 4000 feet, February— March 1911.

353. Dysphania militaris abrupta (Walk.)

Euschema abrupta Walker, Trans. Entom. Soc. Land. (3) i. p. 70 (185'J) (Assam).

1 <S, Buleleng, North Bali, January— April 1911 ; 1 ?, Bali, 1912.
354. Dysphania numana (Cram.)

Phalaena numana Cramer, Pap. Ernt. iii. pt. xix. p. 59. pi. ccxxvii. f. A. (1779) (Amboina),

1 cJ, Wahai, North Ceram.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 19l£ 219

355. Dysphania cyane (Cram.)

Phalrteim ri/ane Cramer, Pup. E.rut. iii. pt. xxiii. p. 13". pi. cclxvii. f. D. (1780) (Amboina).

1 <?, 2 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912 ; 1 ?, Kanike, North
Ceram, 600 m., 1912 ; 1 ? , Wahai, North Ceram.

Lareutiinae
35C. Sauris ceramica sji. nov.

? . Antennae grej'-brown : head and thorax ash-grey freckled with wliite ;
abdomen huffish grej'.

Forewirig : dirty white ; a posthasal dark mouse-grey baud preceded by a spot
on vein 1, beyond this band a number of paler grey slightly sinuate lines, a median
dark mouse-grey band widening below cell to three times its width in and above
cell, from the wide portion of median band branch off three almo.st contiguous
narrow bands to costa, beyond which are a number of alternate light and darker
grey transverse sinuate lines, a terminal row of quadrate black spots.

Hinrluirig : wood-grey.

Length of forewiug : 17 mm.

Expanse : 37 mm.

1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

Hemitheinae
357. Acolachroma suffusa (Warr.)

Artniocliromri prasliia ab. suffusa Warren, Nov. Zool. iii. p. 283 (1896) (Fergusson Isl.).
1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

358. Anisozyga absona (Warr.)

Aiiisogamia ahsoiia Warren, Nov. Zool. iii. p. 287 (1896) (Fergu.S9on Isl.)-
1 c?,Misol.

359. Ornithospila submonstrans (Walk.)

Geomeira suhiiwiistiaiis Walker, List Lepiil. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxii. p. 526 (1861) (Sarawak).

1 S, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

360. Comibaena subornataria sj). nov.

c?. This species comes close to ornataria Leech. Antennae white, jjectinations
pale olive-green ; head white, thorax white, tegnlae and four spots on hinder part
of thorax apple-green ; abdomen white, last three segments buff.

Foi-ewiny : apple-green ; apical three-fourths of costa white, a curved and bent
while antemedian line from the upper angle of which runs a short white streak to
a black stigma and from the lower angle of which runs a longer white bar above
vein 1 to postmedian line, a postraedian white line which widens suddenly from
vein 2 to iimer margin into a quadrate white patcli reaching termen and tornns ; in
the middle of this patch is a black-brown irregular patch, an angled white snbterminal

220 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 19l5.

liue from costa to half-waj' between veins 3 and 4, toncliing termen at apex and
half-way between veins 3 and 4.

llhxhcing : apple-green, somewliat strigillated with white; a postdiscal zigzag
white liue widening out suddenly to termen as a large blotch between vein 4
and costa ; in tliis white blotch is an irregnhir mauve-brown patch.

Length of ibrewing : 1 0 ram.

Expanse ; 36 mm.

1 S , Mannsela, Central Cerara, 650 m., IK 12.

Oeaochrominae
361. Derambila melagonata (Walk.)

Zmulitpieryx melagonata Walker, Lkl Lepnl. Ins. Bril. Mus. xxvi. p. 1619 (1802) (Ceram).
1 cJ, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

362. Derxena nivea nivea (Kirsch)

Acidalia nivea Kirsch, ilitlh. Mus. Dresil. p. 134. pi. vii. f. 10 (1877) (New Guinea).

1 (?, Misol.

363. Celerena lerne (Boisd.)

Callimnrpha hrnn Boisduval, Vni/. AstroJahe Lep. p. 207. pi. v. f. 2 (1832) (New Guinea).
4 c?c?, 4 ? S, Misol.

364. Celerena mutata Walk.

Celerena mvtata Walker, List Lrjiitl. Jns, Brit. Mim. xxxi. p. Ill" (18C4) (MiRol).

2 (?(?, Misol.

365. Celerena connexa Walk.

Celeremi connera Walker, I.e. p. 108 (Amboiua).

11 c?J, 6 ? ?, Manusela, Central Coram, 650 m., 1912.
366. Eumelia rosalia rosalia (Cram.)

Plmlaena rusalia Cramer, Pajt. Exot. ix. pt. xxxi. p. 152. pi. ccclviii. f, F. (1781) (Amboina).
1 tS, Manusela, Ceutral Ceram, 650 m., 1912 ; 1 (?, 1 ?, Ceram.

367. Eumelia aureliata (juen.

Eumelia aureliata Guenee, Hist. A\it. Ins. Sji. Gen. Lep. ix. Ur. it- Phal. i. p. ,394. No. 031. pi. 22.
f. C (1857) (Ceylon).

1 cJ, Wahai. North Ceram ; 1 ?, Misol.

UBANIIDAi:

368. Alcidis orontes (.lohan.)

Papiliu orontes Johan.ssuu, Antoen. Acad. vi. p. 402. No. 51 (1703) (in Indiis).

4 (?<?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 6.50 m., 1912; 1 ?, Wahai, North Ceram;
1 (?, 1 ?, Cerara ; 1 cJ, Bara, N.W. Burn.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQIOAE XXII. 1915. 22l

369. Alcidis aruus Feld.

Alculis anum Felder, lieise Nuvam ii. pt. ii. pi. 121. f. 1 (1875) (Aru Islds.).

The type of A. aruus Feld. is a ? collected by Lorqniii, and agrees well with
tlie (S and smaller ? collected by Dr. Tanern. The large ? sent by Dr. Tauern is
very distinct, and might even be considered a good species if I had not received
some cJ c? among Dr. Wollaston's Snow Mts. collection, one of which is identical
with this Misol 5 , while others are more or less intermediate between the latter
and a/'iii/s. A ? without locality in the. Felder collection agrees entirely with this
larger Misol ? .

This ? differs from typical ? aruus in its much larger size, in the blue-black,
not green-black, ground colour, and in the faseii of the forewing and disc of hind-
wing being clear tunjuoisc-blue, not strongly suffused with golden-green. I propose
for this insect the name ab coerulea a1). nov.

1 J, 1 ? and 1 ¥ ab. cocrulm, Misol.

3T<». Nyctalenion patroclus (Linn.)

PLipiUo patrodux Linnaeus, Mux. Lmlor. Uh-ir. p. 204 (1704) (Amboina).

2 SS, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 050 m., 1912.

371. Acropteris striataria (Clerck)

Phalaeun slriaturki Clerck, Icunes Iiis. liar. t. 55. f. 4 (1759) (Amboina?).

3 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, G50 m., 1912 ; 1 <S, Waliai, North Ceram.

372. Acropteris inchoata (Walk.)

Micrnnia hichoata Walker, iw? Leji}il. /««. Brit. .Uus. xxvi. p. 1(524 (1802) (Misol).

1 <?, Misol.

373. Acropteris obliquaria (Moore)

Micron'ia ohliquaria Moore, Proc. Zool. Sue. Lond. 1877. p. 022. pi. 1.x. f. 17 (S. An(3amans).

2 (?cj, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

374. Micronia fuscifimbria major subsp. nov.

cT. Differs from f. fuscifimbria Warr., in being much larger, and in the
markings being less distinct.

Length of forewing : 28 mm.

Expanse : 60 mm.

1 cJ, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

375. Micronia aculeata responsaria Walk.

Miuronia respotisaria Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxiii. p. 823 (1801) (Celebes).
1 (?, 3 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

222 XOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE SXII. 1916.

COSSIDAE

Zeuzerinae
376. Duomitus hyphinoe (Cram.)

Plialaena hyphinoe Cramer, Pap. Exol. ii. pt. xiii. p. 91. pi. cliv. f. B. (1777) (Amboina).
1 <?, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central CV'vam, CGO m., in 12.

LASIOCAUFIDAE

377. Taragama castanea pallida snbsp. nov.

?. Mnch paler than c. castanea Swinli.
1 ¥, Bali, 1912.

CALLrCULIDAi:

378. Cleis evander (Cram.)

PapiUo ecander Cramer, Pap. Exnt. iv. pt. .xxviii. p. 83. pi. cccxxxi. ff. F. G. (1780) (Cute de
Guin^e! !)

A most variable species.

6 (?c?, 12 ? ?, Maiiusela, Central Cerara, 050 m., 1912 ; 1 ?, Wahai, North
Ceram ; I 6, Kanike, North Ceram, OOU m., 1912.

379. Cleis dichroa (Boisd.)

Damins dichroa Boisduval, Vini. Astrolabe Lepid. p. '2ti0 (1832) (New GiiiQea).

1 ¥ , Misol.

380. Tyndaris erycinata (Walk.)

Cdliduhi erycinata Walker, List Lfjilil. Ins. Brit. Miis. .xxxi. p. C,0. (18G4) (Dorey).
4 Jc?, Misol.

THTBIDIDAE

Thyridiuae
381. Rhodoneura fallax (Warr.)

PUarnniharafallax Warren, Ann. Mnrj. Nat. Hist, (fi) xviii. p. 229 (189G) (New Guinea).
9 (J(J, 10 ? ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1012.

382. Rhodoneura myrtea plagifera (Bntl.)

Micriisca plagifera Butler, Tram. Entom. Soc. Loud., 18G6, p. 420 (Tonga Island).
1 ?, Misdi.

Hyblaeinae
383. Hyblaea vasa Swinli.

flyldaea vana Swinhoe, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi. p. 50l! (1903) (Fergusson).
1 (?, Mannsela, Central C^eram, 65o m., 1912.

IJOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 191o. 223

PYRALIDAE

Crambinae

384. Chilo parramattellus Meyr.

Chdo pairamatiellus Meynck, Proc. Linn. Snc. N.S.W. iii. p. 178 (1878) (New South Wales).

2 c7c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 050 m., 1912.

385. Chilo suppressalis (Walk.)

Crainbiis sii/ipressciUn WalUer, Lis/ Lepkl. In«. Bnt. Mua. xxvii. p. 106 (1863) (Shanghai).
1 <S, Mannsela, f'eutral Ceram, GoO m., 1912.

Endotrichinae

386. Cotachena histricalis orientalis Rotlisch.

C'ltarhemi hhtriculis orientals Rothschild, Lepiil. B.O.V. & Wall. Exped. p. 11", No. 644 (1915)
(Snow Mts.).

1 c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

Fyralinae

387. Vitessa zemire (Cram.)

PJiahuiin -emire Cramer, Pap. E.tol. iv. pt. x.xxi. p. 149. pi. .S(>7. f. I. (1781) (Amhoina).
1 c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

Hydrocampiuae
388. Nymphula foedalis scitalis (Led.)

Hydroeampa srilalix Lederer, Wieii. Eiilom. .\[oii. vii. p. 4.'51 (1863) (Amboina).
1 c?, Misol.

389. Aulacodes stresemauni sp. nov.

c? ? . Antennae amber-lirown, closely ringed with white; head bnffisli cream;
thora.N white, tips of patai^ia Imffish ; abdomen white, anal tnft bnffish.

Foreicimj : basal half, with exeeijtion of costal area, obliquely silvery white,
a broad oblique band running basad from cell orange edged with dark chocolate
ontwardly ; apical half and costal area orange, a large somewhat triangnlar patcli
in this half, white edged with a chocolate hair line, a silver snbterrainal band edged
with chocolate, terminal line black.

Ilindwing : white; onter two-ninths orange edged inwardly with black, a
subterminal silver band edged for the greater part with black, five terminal black
.spots.

Length of forewing : S lU mm., ? 11-5 mm.

Expanse : t? 22 mm., ? 25 mm.

3 cJcJ, 3 ? ?, Mannsela, Central (ieram, 6.5il m,, 1912.

224 NoviTATKa ZooLOGirAE XXII. I'Jlo-

390. Aulacodes fuscicostalis sp. nov.

?. Antennae amlier-yellow, base white; head ami thorax bnft"; abdomen
above buff, sides wliite.

Foreiring : deep orange; costal area sooty black, nppcr part of cell and across
discocellnlars sooty black, rest of cell and an obliciue patch beyond diseocelliilars
white, a white snbterminal l)anil, widely edged witli sooty black, a terminal lino of
black dots.

Hindicing : white ; base, abdominal area, and outer one-third orange, a black
line inside the orange border, and a row of dimble biaitk sjxits along ternien, the two
upper enclosing white spots.

Length of forewing : in mm.

Expanse : 22 mm.

1 ?, Manusela, Central (Vram, Ii5i) m., I'.il2.

391. Bradina modestalis (Led.)

EriUla mmhstalis Lederer, Wien. Entom. Mnn. vii, p. 4-26. pi. 16. f. 3 (1863) (Amboina).
I cJ, Mannsela, Central Ceram, liriij m., 1912.

392. Bradina ceramica sji. nov.

S . Antennae amber-yellow : head, thorax, and abdomen whitish mixed with
buff.

Forewing : golden brownish bron/.e ; a large patch occupying almost the whole
centre of basal half and a patch in basad portion of outer half below subcostal
semihyaline pale yellow.

Hi/i(//ii»g : basal two-thirds semihyaline pale yellow, outer one-third golden
brownish bronze.

Length of forewing : 13 mm.

Expanse: 28'5 mm.

1 cJ, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 050 m., 1912.

393. Piletocera violalis Led.

PiUlucera riuluth Lederer, lt'(>», Entum. ilun. vii. p. 431 (18G3) (Amboina).

1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

Fyraustiuae
394. Entephria jaguaralis (Guen.)

Spilomela jagiiamlis Guen^e, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lip. viii. Dell, it Pyr. p. 283 (18."j4) (?).

1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, fiiJO m., 1912.

395. Zinckenia fascialis (Cram.)

I'ladueiia fii^rialis Cr.imer, Paj). Emt, iv. part xxxiv. p. "230. pi. cccxcvii. f. 0. (1782) (Japan).
1 c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 050 m., 1912.

NoVITATES ZOOLOQIOAE XXII. IHlS. " 225

396. Marasmia sordidalis sp. nov.

cJ?. Antcmiao amlier-brown ; head and tliorax dull woixl-lirowa ; abdorafn
basal half whitish, cmter half dark wnod-brown.

Forewhig : wood-browu ; basal two-thirds below cell paler inoro whitish wood-
brown, an antemedian and postmedian line (huker wood-brown, as is a stigma
in ci'l].

Hituhriiiy: basal three-fifths whitish, outer two-tifths wood-brown, a stigma and
])ostinedian line darker wood-brown.

Length of forewing : S 9 mm., ? 11 mm.

Expanse: c? L'l mm. ; ? 25 mm.

1 (?, 1 ?, Manusela, Central ('eram, CpU ram., 1912.

397. Syngamia floridalis (Zell.)

Slenia floridalis Zeller, Lepid. Micr. Caff. -p. GO (1852) (Natal).

2 33, Mannsela, Central Cerara, 650 m., 1912.

398. Samea trimaculalis extensalis snlisp. nov.

S- Differs from tr. ti iimicidnlis Kenr. in the snbbasal white spots being larger
and more elongated.

1 d", Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

399. Bocchoris mannselalis sp. nov.

<S. Antennae yellowish brown ; head bafiT, a black spot on vertex ; thorax and
abdomen butt".

Forewing : hnW ; basal two-thirds with two yellow bands and numerous trans-
verso lines, spots, and rings of deep umber-brown, outer one-third with two very
broad bands and portions of termen deep nmber-brown.

Jliiii/wiiig : buff ; two inoomjjlete curved bands on disc, a subterminal very
liroad band and fringe deep umber-brown.

Length of forewing : 9'5 mm.

Expanse : 22 mm.

1 c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

400. Bocchoris onychinalis (Gnen.)

Asopia fiiiych/nalix Guenee, Ilisl. Nal. Jiis. Spec. Gen. Lip. viii. Dell, el Pin: p. 205. No. 158.
(1854) (Cote de Coromandel).

4 cJc?, Manusela, C!entral Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

401. Filodes fulvidorsalis (Hiibn.)

Pinnr'iiiftih'Ulor sails Hilbner, Znlniffp E.cut. Si'Iimett. \v. p. 15. ff. G4.S, 644 (1832) (Java). '

1 cJ, 2 ? ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 ra., 1912.
402. Nevrina procopia (Cram.)

Phahwiia procopia Cramer, Pap. E.nit. iv. part xxxi. p. 152. pi. ccclx%'iii. f. E. (1781) (Amboina).
1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

226 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII, lalo.

403. Dichocrocis nigrilinealis (Walk.)

Bntya 7iigrili!ipfilis Walker, Lisl Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mii.i. xxxiv. p. 1410 (1865) (Sula Islands).

1 J, 1 ?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

4114. Dichocrocis clioalis (Walk.)

Asltim (.') rlwriti.i Walker, List Lrphl. Ins. Brit. Miis, xviii. p. 549 (1859) (Sarawak).
1 cJ, Mannsela, Central f!erara, 650 in., Ill 12.

405. Glyphodes indica (Sannd.)

EudiopUs inilira Saunders, Trans. Knlnm. Sor. Lnnil. 1851. p. IG.'i. pi. 12. ff. 5, li. 7 (Java).

1 c?, Mannsela, (Vntnil ('cram, 050 ni., 1012.

40(1. Glyphodes suralis (Led.)

Chloauges suralis Lederer, Wien. Enlnm. M,,ii. vii. p. 4n5. pi. 14. f. 9. fl8i3;ii ( Amboina).

1 ?,Misol.

407. Glyphodes glauculalis (Gnen.)

Maryarochs glauculalis Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Sjiec. Gen. Lfp. viii. Dell, et Pyr. p. 300. No. 325
(1854) (?).

1 (?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

408. Glyphodes conjunctalis Walk.

Gli/jihndes conjiinrlnUs Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxiv. p. 1357 (Sula Islands).
1 (?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

409. Glyphodes conclusalis Walk.

Olyplindes ronclusali.i Walker, List Lepid. In.<:. Brit. Afus. xxxiv. p. 1354 (1805) (India).

1 cJ, Mannsela, Central (!eram, 650 m., 1912.

410. Glyphodes analagoalis sji. nov.

S. Very similar to caesalis and assi/uil/s, but larger than caesalis, and the
onter two-fifths of hoth wings mnch darker.

Differs from assimilis in having the first three orange transverse bands of
Jore/iriiiij brfiadcr and with mnch narrower black edges ; the amalgamated post-
mediati and postdiscal bands are sooty fiilvons, not orange, and more clouded with
sooty black-brown. On hindwiiuj median band is broad and distinct, and onter
one-third of wing strongly clouded and suffused with black-brown.

Length of forewing : 15 mm.

Expanse : 34 mm.

1 c?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

411. Polythlipta globulipedalis (\V'alk.)

Ghiphidts ghihidiprdalis Walker. List Le/iid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxiv. p. 1359 (1865) (New Guinea).

2 c?(?, Mannsela, Central Ceram, (i50 m., 1912.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 227

412. Psara licarsilalis immundalis (AVulk.)

Biitijs iiiimiiiitlalis Walker, Lint Lepid. I/is. Brit. Miis. xxxiv. p. 1448 (18(Jo) (Java).

1 S, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

413. Noorda subrufalis sp. nov.

? . Antennae amber-yellow, head and thorax uiunamon-amber-browu varie-
gated with white ; abdomen cinnamon-amber-brown ringed on basal half with
white.

Forewing : basal three-fifths pale mouse-grey, outer three-fifths of costal area
and below it sooty black-brown ; a double black and white baud borders the mouse-
grey from inner margin to vein 3, a large wedge-shaped brick-red patch from
inner margin to vein 7, outside this from vein 4 to subccstal is a double zigzag
line, inside yellow, outside brick-red ; a broad snbterminal baud of bright mauve,
a terminal line of alternate buff" and rufous spots.

Hiiifhcing : three-quarters of costal, one-third of wing buft', two-thirds of rest
pale mouse-grey followed by a curved and angled bnfl'y yellow line ; a large brick-
red patch from vein 1-6, a subterminal broad band bright mauve, a terminal line
of alternate buff and rufous spots; fringe of both wings golden-yellow.

Length of forewing : S mm.

Exjjanse : 18 mm.

1 ?, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 in., 1'J12.

414. Pyrausta cajelalis fortioralis subsp. nov.

d. Differs from c. cajtilnlis Holl. in being larger and darker, and the bauds
of spots are stronger and more pronounced.

1 <J, Manusela, Central Ceram, 650 m., 1912.

228 NOVITAIES ZOOLOUICAE XXII. 1915.

LEPIDOPTERA OF THE M'ZAB COUNTRY, SOUTH ALGERIA,
COLLECTED BY DR. ERNST HARTERT AND CARL
HILGERT IN 1914.*

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Pii.D.

RHOPALOCEllA
FAFILIONIDAE

Fapilioninae

L Papilio machaoii saharae Oberth.

Paptlio marhaon var. naharae Oberthiir, Etud. d'Enton. iv. p. 68. sub. No. 192 (1879) (Laghouat).

1 ?, Chied N^a, April 16-3U (1914) ; 2 c?cj, 1 ?, Ghiirdaia, Blay 1-3 (I'JU).

Fierinae

2. Teracolus daira nouua (Luc.)

Anlhocltaris nuumt Lucas, E.ijjl(.ir. Scieid. d'Alijerie, Zrnil. iii. p. 'AM. No. 14. t. 1. f. 2 (1819)
(Algeria).

17 (?(?, 4 ? ?, Ghardaia, May 1-3 (11114).

3. Pieris daplidice albidice Uberlli.

Pierh dajilidice var. albidice Oberthur, Kind. d'Enluiu. vi. p. 47 (1881) (.\lgeria).

2 6S, Ghardaia, May 1-3 (1914).

N7MFHALINAE

4. Pyrameis cardui cardui (Liun.)

Papilio cardui Linnaeus, Fauna Succica, p. 276. No. 1054 (1761) (Sweden).

This species was as usual very abnudant, but the bulk of the specimens were
small.

2 6 6, Oued Nca, April 1(5-30 (1914),

6. Melitaea didyma harterti Kothsch.

Meliiaea didyma harlrrti Rothschild, A^uv. Zuid. x.x. p. 115. No. 13 (1913) (EI Hadadra).

4 Jc?, 1 ?, Ghardaia, May 1-3 (1914).

LTCAENTIDAE

6. Tarucus theophrastus theophrastus (Fabr.)

Hesperin Ihenphrastus Fabricius, Entom. S;/iilem. iii. p. 281. No. 82 (17',13) (Morocco).
13 c?J, S ? ?, Ghardaia, May 1-3 (1914).

* For particulars of localities see antea, pp. (!1— J.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 229

HETEROCERA
SFHIITGISAi:

Choerocampinae
7. Celerio euphorbias deserticola (Bartel)

Dcilejjhila mauretaiiica ab. deserticola Bartel, ia Jiiilil, Pulaearkl. Grossschmelt. ii. p. 79 (1899)
(Mauretania).

Only the one specimen seen.

1 ? , Oaed Nga, April 16-30 (1914).

8. Celerio lineata livornica (Esp.)

Sphinx livornica Esper, Schmett. ii. p. 196 (1779) (Europe).

Very abundant but mostly worn.

1.^, 1 ?, Oued Nta, April 16-30 (1914).

LYMANTRIIDAE

9. Albarracina warionis warionis (Oberth.)

Boinbijx warionis Oberthiir, Etiul. d'Kntom. vi. p. 75. t. ii. f. 6 (1881) (Orau).

1 ?, El Alia, between Touggonrt and Guerrara, April 12 (1914).

KOCTUIDAE

Agrotinae
I". Chloridea nubigera (Herr.-8ch.)

Helinthis nubigera Herrich-Schaffer, Syst. B&irh. Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 366 (1846) (Europe).
4 c? J, 4? ?, Oned N^va, April 16-30 ; 1 <?, Ghardaia, Blay 1-3 (1914).

II. Timora albida Hmpsn.

Timora albida Hampson, Ann. ilarj. Nat. Hist. (7) xv. p. 450. No. I97a (1905) (Hammam-es-
Salahin).

2 ? ?, Hassi Dinar, south of Touggonrt, April 11 ; 4 6S, 4 ? ?, El Alia,
between Touggourt and Guerrara, Ajiril 12 ; 3 cJJ', El Aricb, east of Guerrara,
April 13 ; IS, Hassi Sidi Mahmud, between El Aricb and the Oued N(;a, April 14 ;
1 cT, Oued N?a, April 16-30 (1914).

The late Mr. Warren and others have confused this very distinct species with
Oria {Argi/rospila) striata Stand.

12. Euxoa oranaria (Bang-Haas)

Agrotis oranaria Bang-Haas, Iris, xi.x. p. 133. pi. v. f. 9 (19o6) (Sud Oranais).
12 cJcJ, 11 ? ?, Oued N(,'a, April 16-30 (1914).

13. Euxoa mauretanica (Bang-Haas)

Agrotis niaiireUinica Bang-Haas, Iris, x,\iv. p. 36. pi. 3. f. 4 (1910) (Siid-Oran).

12 J c?, 28 ? ?, Oued Nfa, April 16-30 (1914).

230 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

14. Euxoa radius (Haw.) {—puta Hiibn. et anct.)

Bombi/x radius Ilawoi'th, Lrjiid. Brit. p. 11 '.I (ISOO) (England).

2 cf cJ, Oued Nva, April 16-3U (l'J14).

15. Agrotis ypsilon (Uott.)

Noctua yiisiliiH Uottenbui-g, Xalurfurscher, i.\. p. 41 (177l'i) (Europe).

22 66, I'J ? ?, Oued Noa, April 16-3U (1'J14).

I'l Lycophotia photophila ignipeta (Oberth.)

Agrolis ignipcln. Obertbur, Ehal. d' Enlnin. i. p. 45. I. iv. f. 4 (1876) (Oran).

Differs from typical jjhotopldla in its paler hiudwings and more distinct
yellowisii transverse bands on forewings.

i 66, Oned Nna, April 16-30 ; 1 ?, Gbardaia, May 1-3 (1014).

(25 66 and ? ?, May 1-15 (1913), Ain Sefra, Sud Oranais, W. K. & E. H.)

Hadeninae
IT. Scotogramma trifolii farkasii (Treitsch.)

Noctuafarkasii Treitschkc, ^chmcll. Earup. x. pt. 2. p. 74 (IHil.'i) (Europe).

6 66, 9 ? ?, Oued N^a, April 16-30 (l'.)14).

18. Scotogramma treitschkei (Boisd.)

Hadeiui trcitsrhkti. Boisduval, A/tii. Sue. Linn. Parin, 1827, p. 111. pi. 6. f. 2 (South France).
5 66, 3 ? ?, Oued Nf-a, April 16-3U (19J4).

10. Odontelia griseola Hotbscb.

Odontelia tjriseola Rothschild, Jfor. Zuol. xx.. p. 121. No. 37 (1913) (Mraier).

1 6, Hassi Dinar, S. of Touggoart, April 11 (1914).

Cucullianae

20. Copiphana gafsana (Blacbicr)

CUojihana ijofouna Blachier, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 11)05. p. 53 (Gafsa, Tunis).
^ 66,'A ? ?, ab. albina, Oued Nna, April 16-30 (1914).

21. Cleophana vaulogeri Stand.

Cleophana vanlor/cri Staudinger, Iris, xii. p. 378. pi. v. f. 9 (1899) (Biskra).

2 6 6,2 ? ?, Oued Nfa, April 16-3U (1914).

22. Cleophana fatima Bang-Haas

Cleophana fati ma Bang-Haas, /ns, xx. p. 73. t. iii. f. 14 (1907) (Gafsa, Tunis).
1 ?, Oued N^a, April 16-30 (1914).

NOVITAIES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 231

23. Cleophana chabordis UbertL.

Cteophana chahonlis Oberthiir, Elud. d'Eutoin. i. p. 47. pi. ii. f. 2 (1876) (Bou Saada).

About half this huge series is ab. albicans and intermediates.

1 <S, El Alia, between Touggourt and Guerrava, April 12; 1 ?, El Arich, E. of
Guerrara, April 13 ; 24 cJc? and ¥ ?, Hassi Sidi Mahmud, between El Arich and
Oiied Nca, April 14 ; 306 <S S and ? ?, Oued Nea, April 16-30 (1914).

x!4. Metapoceras omar (Oberth.)

Cleophana omar Oberthiir, Bull. Sor. Entuiu. France^ 1887, p. 57 (Oued Leber, Tuais).
1 (?, 1 ?, Oued Nca, April 16-30 (1914).

25. Harpagophana picturata (Rothsch.)

Cleophaiui picturata Rothschild, Entoni. ZeiUch. xxiii. p. 142 (1009) (Mraier).

The present specimen is the fourth recorded in five years, so that the species
must be very rare.

1 ?, Oued N^a, April 16-30 (1914).

26. Criophasia albolineata (Blachier)

Calophaiia albuliiu:ala Blachier, Bull. Sue. Entum. France, 1905, p. 63 (Gafsa, Tunis).
1 ?, Oued Nga, April 16-30 (1914).

27. Calophasia kraussi Rebel

Calophasia kraussi Rebel, Verli. suul. lot. Geaell. Wlen, 1895. p. 348 (Ouargla).

All intergradatious, except ab. brunnea, occur in this series between typical
kraussi and ab. albo-ockracea, and one is entirely white.

1 S,\ ? , El Alia, between Touggourt and Guerrara, April 12 ; 3 ? ? , El Arich,
E. of Guerrara, April 13 ; 25 cJ tj and ? ? , Oued N^a, April 16-3U (1914).

Acronyctinae
28. lambiodes incerta (Rothsch.)

Brjjophila incerta Rothschild, Nov. Zuol. xx. p. 125. No. 51 (1913) (Oued Nja).

3 (?c?, 2 ? ?, Oued Nca, April 16-30 (1914).

29. Laphigma exigua jimceti (Zcll.)

Curaclrina junveti Zeller, Iris, 1847, p. 445 (Sp;iiii).

4 Jc^, 9 ? ?, Oued Nfa, April 16-30 (1914).

3u. Rabinopteryx subtilis (Mab.)

Epiinecia subtilis Mabille, Bull. Soc. Entoni. France, 1888. p. 51 (Gabcs, Tuuis).
3 ? ?, Oued N^a, April 16-30 (1914).

31. Athetis clavipalpis (Scop.)

Phalaena claoipalpis Scopoli, Entoni.. Cam. p. 213 (1763) (Carniola).

I <J, Oued N9a, April 16-30 (1914).
16

232 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

32. Athetis oberthuri Rothsch.

Athetis nhcrthuri Rothschild, Nov. Zonl. xx. p. 126. No. 57 (1913) (South Oued Mya).

1 (?, 1 ? , Oued Ni'a, April 16-30 (1914).

33. Athetis approximans Rothsch.

Athetis apjiroxlmaiis Rothschild, Nov. Zi/ol. xxi. p. 3,34. No. 187 (1014) (Guelt-es-Stel).

The capture of tliis in.sect in April finally settles any donbt that may have
been felt that it conkl be the autumn brood oi'J/ara Oberth.
3 <?(?, Oued Nca, April 16-30 (IDU).

Erastrianae

34. Eublemma mozabitica Rothsch.

Eublemma mozabitica Rothschild, Nov. Zool. xix. p. 126. No. 5 (1912) (Ghardaia).
3 ? ? , Oned N(,a, April 16-30 (1914).

35. Eublemma albivestalis Hmpsn.

EiihleiiniHi. iilliinxtalis Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. Mux. x. p. 191. No. 592. pi. cliv. f. 25 (1910)
(Palestine, Dead Sea) = Talpocho res vestalis Staudinger, Iris, xii. p. 385 (1809) (Nom. praeoc.).

2 ? ?, Oued Nca, Ajml 16-30 (1914).

36. Eublemma wollastoni N. C. Rothsch.

Eublemma wollastoni N. C. Rothschild, Nov. Zool. viii. p. 430. No. 27 (1901) (Shcndi).

3 ? ?, Oued N^a, April 16-30 (1914).

37. Eublemma lacteola Rothsch.

Eublemma lacteola Rothschild, Nor. Zool. xxi. p. 339. No. 210 (1914) (Guelt-es-Stel).

1 cJ, 3 ? ?, Oued N(;a, April 16-30 (1914).

38. Eublemma ernesti sp. nov.

i ?. Antennae above white, below amber-browu ; head, thura.x, and abdomen
white.

Fori'Acing : white ; a grey spot at end of cell, a submarjrinal row of minute
black dots.

Hiridiving : creamy white.

Length of forewiug : 1 1-12-5 mm.

E.xpanse : 25-5-28-5 mm.

2 c?c?, 4 ? ?, Oued Nga, April 16-30 (1914) ( ? Type).

39. Eublemma conistrota Hmp.sn.

Eublemma conistrnin Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. ilus. x. p. 102. No. 5296. pi. cliv. f. 29
(1010) (Quetta, Beluchistan).

1 ?, Hassi Dinar, South of Touggourt, A]iril 11 ; 2 ? ?, El Alia, between
Touggourt and Gucrrara, April 12 ; 1 ?, El Arich, east of Guerrara, April 13 ;
1 cJ, 2 ? ?, Hassi Hiili Mahnind, between El Arich and the Oued Nc,a, April 14 ;
3 c?(?, 2 ? ?, Oned N(;a, April 16-30 (1914).

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1913. 233

40. Tarache biskrensis (Oberth.)

Acrmtia biskrensis Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1887, p. 58 (Biskra).

This species is almost as variable in the amonnt of white on wings and body as
T. lucida (Hnf'n.).

1 (?, 3 ? ?, El Alia, between Tonggourt and Gnerrara, April 12 ; 2 c?cJ, 6 ? ?,
Hassi Sidi Mahmnd, between El Arich and the Oned Nfa, Ajiril 14 ; 2 cJc?, 12 ? ?,
Oned N?a, April 16-30 (1914).

41. Tarache lucida (Hnfn.)

Noctua lucida Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 302 (1776) (Berlin).

2 cJc?, Oned Nca, April 10-30 (1914).

Catocalinae
42. Anydrophila sabourodi (Lnc.)

Palpangtila sabourodi Lucas, Bull. Soc. Enloin. France, 1907, p. 180 (Zarcine, Tunisia).

These two specimens are the first to be recorded from Algeria, and, together
with the type and a c? from Aseksen, north of the Hoggar Mountains, collected by
Herr Cieyr von Schweppenburg (also in the Tring Museum) are the only specimens
recorded of this species.

2SS, Oued Nga, April 16-30 (1914).

43. Cerocala algiriae Oberth.

Cerocala scapulosa var. alcjiriae Oberthiir, Etiid. d'Entnm. i. p. 55. pi. iv. f. 7 (187(5) (Bou
Saada).

Both the late Mr. W. Warren and Sir George Hampson have retained scapulosa,
insana, and sana as three distinct species, while in the Staudinger-Rebel Catalogue
they are treated as three forms of one species. Dr. Jordan has examined the
Algerian forms for me and found that insana Herr.-Sch., and sana Stand, are
certainly distinct species both from scapulnsa and each other — diftering in their
antennae and genitalia as well as in marking. Now both Warren and Hampson
have identified algiriae Oberth. with insana Herr.-Sch. I, however, have not adopted
this view because (1) the pattern of the forewing is different and the hindwing is
much whiter, and (2) the locality Cape of Good Hope must bo taken into account.
Althongh there is, as Hampson says, every probability that this locality is erroneous,
yet at the same time we must remember that few if any Lej)idoptera came from
Algeria in Herrich-Schiifier's time. I therefore prefer to call this form algiriae
Oberth. and put insana Herr.-Sch. under it with a ?.

1 ? , Hassi Sidi Mahmud, between El Arich and the Oned N^a, April 14 ; 'Z i 6 ,
Oued N^a, April 16-30 (1914).

44. Cerocala sana Stand.

Cerocala scapulosa var. sa.na Staudinger, Cat. Lepid. Palacarkt. Faun. p. 241. No. 2o04<j (1001)
(Syria).

1 ? , El Alia, between Tonggourt and Gnerrara, April 12; 1 S, El Arich, E. of
Gnerrara, ApriJ 13; 2 c? cT, 2 ? ? , Oued Nr^a, April 16-30 (1914).

234 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXll, 1915.

Phytometriuae

45. Phytometra ni deserticola (Rotliscb.)

Plus'it ni deserticola Rotlischild, Noo. Zunl. xx. p. 120 (rjl.'5) (El Golua).
'J ? ?, Oned Nfa, Aju-il 16-13 (l'.tl4).

IToctuinae

4ij. Anumeta cestis (M^n.)

Catephia cestis Menetries, Man. Acad, liiipcr. St. Pitcrsb. vi. p. '29U (7-4) (1840) (Xariin,
Ross. Mer. Or.).

2 ? ?, Oued Nfa, April 16-30 (1914).

[In Noritates Zoologicae xx. p. 129 I identified the Algerian subspecies of
A. i^pilota (Ersch.) as Anumeta he iikei (iii&ni). On p. 469 of the same volume 1
described this form as A. henkei harterti. I now find that I have referred this form
to the wrong species, and it must stand as Anumeta spilota harterti, or, as some
writers conclude (I disagree), as Anumeta atro.signata harterti. Sir George Hampson
has united my harterti with spilota as identical, but this is certainly not the case ;
harterti is paler, much more sandy yellow, and the markings are much sharper;
it is a good local subspecies. The late Mr. W. Warren in Seitz, iii. p. 388 has
mixed uj) my ^4. h. harterti with my ^1. major {Nov. Zool. xx. p. ]3u. No. 79 (1!)13)
(N. of El Golea) ). He figures harterti and describes major, and calls tiiis combination
harterti. The facts are that A. major is a perfectly distinct species, the ? of which
is the largest of the genus. I have lately received from Herr Geyr von 8chwe{)-
peuburg 19 6S and .5 ? ? from the country round the Hoggar ^Mountains.]

47. Aleucanitis philippina (Aust.)

Ltiicanilis jihilijjpina Austaut, Le Naturaliste, 1880, p. 237 (Oran).

Mr. Warren has quite failed to understand the description of Austant and also
the Staudinger-Rebel Catalogue. Dr. Hartert's collection contains a S and a ?
which clearly have the black bar running in from the outer band to the base.
^1. philippina is quite a distinct species and not a form of ^4. cailino.

1 <?, 1 ?, Oued Nga, April 16-30 (1914).

48. Aleucanitis cailino (Lef.)

IlcUothis cailino Lefebvre, Ann. Hoc. Linn. Paris, 1827, p. 94, t. 6. f. 1 (Sicily).

1 S, 1 ?, Oued Nra, April 16-30 (1914).

49. Armada panaceorum distincta subsp. nov.

cJ. Much paler than p. panaceorum, and the markings on the forewiug much
more sharply defined. The white patch in the black band of hindwing is also
much larger.

1 (J, Hassi Sidi Mahmud, between El Arich and the Oued N(ja, April 14 ;
3 <?(?, Oued N^a, April 16-30 (1914).

50. Apopestes cataphanes roseata (Rothsch.)

Spinlherops roseata Rothschild, Noc. Zool. xix. p. 126 (1912) (Ghardaia).
4 66, 1 ?, Oued Nfa, April 16-30 (1914).

KOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

235

51. Apopestes dihicida rosea (Stand.)

Spinthernps dilucUla var. rosea Staudinger, SMI. Kntum. Zelt. xlix. p. 63 (1888) (Biskra).
9 (?c?, 11 ? ?, Oned Nca, April 1(3-30 (1914).

GEOMETBIDAE

Acidaliinae

SS. Glossotrophia romauarioides (Rothsfili.)

Acklullii rumamu-ioahs R.itliseliild, Nor. Xn„l. xx. j,. 131. Xo. 8LI (i;il3) (South Oued Mya).

2 c?(?, 4 ? ?, Uiied Nca, April lG-30 (1014).

53. Acidalia luteofasciata Rothsch.

Ackkdiii liiteafaschita Rothschild, Nor. Zoo}, xx. p. 13i. Xo. 90 (1913) (Oued Nca).
2 ??, Oned Nea, April 16^3(1 (1014).

Larentiinae

•'>4. Rhodometra anthophilaria cousecraria (Ramb.)

Slmha consemiria Ramliur, Cal. Si/.il. Le/,. And. t. xx. ff. 5. (1 (1858) (Andalusia).

1 ?, Oued Nca, April 10-30 (1914).

55. Lithostege fissurata Mab.

Lithoslege Jlosnrala Mabille, Bull. Sue. Enlo,,,. Frann; 1888, p. 58 (Gab($s, Tuni.sia).

1 t?, El Alia, between Tonggonrt and finerrara, April 12 ; 1 ?, El Arich, east
of Gnerrara, April 13 (1914).

56. Lithostege? marmorata Bang-Haas

Lithoslege marmorata Bang-Haas, Iri.i, xx. p. ,s:j. t. iii. f. 15 (1907) (Gafsa, Tunisia).

2 ? ?, El Alia, between Tonggonrt and Gnerrara, April 12 (1914).

57. Tephroclystia breviculata (Donz.)

Melanlhia hrei'iculala Donzel, Ami. Snc. Enlom. France., vi. p. 478. t. 18. f. 7 (1837) (Hy^res).
1 ?, Oned N?a, April 16-30 (1914).

58. Gymnoscelis harterti sp. nov.

c?. Antennae black-brown, ciliae greyish ; head and body cinnamon-wood-
brown.

Forewing: pale cinnamon buff, costal area with seven or eight cinnamon-rnfons
patches, rest of wing with numerous sinuate ciunamon-rnfons transverse lines,
suffused and splashed witli cinnamon-rufous.

Hindwing : cinnamon-buff almost completely ov(M'laid with cinnamon-rnfons
patches and lines.

? . Mnch larger, creamy whitish grey densely overlaid with pale cinnamon
grey lines and patches.

Length of forewing : cT 7 mm., ? 0 mm.

Expanse: J 16 mm., ? 20 mm.

1 (?, 1 ?, Oned N(.'H, April lG-30 (1914).

236 NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

Boarmianae

59. Zuleika nobiliaria (Bang-Haas)
Scoiliuiiii iHihiliaria Bang-Haas, /Ws, xix. p. 141. t. v. f. 13(UtOG)(Gourine, Tuni3(J,SudOraDaisy )
1 ?, Oned Nra, April 16-30 (1914).

Cossidae

60. Cossus aries Piing.

Cossus aries Pungler, Iris, xv. p. 145. t. vi. f. -^i (1902) (Palestine).
1 c?, 1 ?, Oned Nna, April 16-30 (1914).

01. Dyspessa? suavis (Stand.)

Eiidagria jnrdana Tar. suaris Staudinger, Iris. xii. p. .S55. t. v. f. 7 (1900) (Algeria).

This is quite distinct hom jordana, and must stand as a good species.

1 ?, El A rich, east of Gnerrara, April 13 (1914).

[Dr. 0. Staudiuger described and figured a cossid {Iris, x, p. 1S5. t. v. f. 13,
189T) under the name of Hypopta? vauloyeri from Chellala, Algeria. In 1913
Dr. Hartert, Herr Carl Hilgert, and 1 succeeded in capturing 7 J J and 16 ? ? of
this e.xceedingly rare insect at Ain Sefra, Sud Oranais, in Ma}'. I consider that
although it is much more hair}' than D. jordana and D. siwvis it nevertheless
belongs in the same genus. I believe, however, that eventually all three will,
together with asema Piing,, have to be put in a new genus.]

PTRALIDAE

Galleriauae

62. Lamoria anella (Schiffi)

Tiiieii anella SchifEermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schiiiett. ]\'ieii, p. 135 (1770) (Vienna).
4 ? ¥, Oned Nya, April 16-30 (1914).

63. Arenipsis sabella Hmpsn.

Arenipais sabella Hampson, Mem. Lepidop. viii. p. 501. No. 9.3. pi. xxiv. f. 1 (1901) (F.io).

2 ? ?, El Alia, between Touggourt and Gnerrara, April 12 (1914).

Anerastianae
64. Pectinigera hilgerti sp. nov.

6. Antennae brownish buflf ; head, thorax, and abdomen creamy buff.

Foreiving : huffish straw-colonr, costal area paler.

liindwing : semivitreous cream-white.

¥ . Foreiving : darker straw-colour, costal area whiter.

Length of forewing : tj 15 mm., ? 18-5 mm.

Expanse : c? 34 mm , ? 42 mm.

1 (J, 5 ? ?, El Alia, between Tonggourt and Gnerrara, April 12 (1914).

N0VITATB3 ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915, 237

65. Lymire albicostalis (Rothsch.)

Enoioma albicostalis Rothschild, Nm\ Zoo!, xx. p. 138. No. 1.'54 (191.S) (S. of El Golea).

Sir George Hampson declared that lU}- Enosoma albicostalis and my Lymire
hicteulis were c? and ? , and the inseot I jiiit as ? of lacti'alis was a Pliycid.
In the present collection are true ? ? of lartealis as well as (?c? of albicostalis, and
they are two quite distinct species.

2 ? ?, Hassi Dinar, Sonth of Tonggourt, April 11 ; 9 cJc?, El Alia, between
Touggonrt and Guerrara, April 12 ; 1 i, El Arich, east of Guerrara, April 13 ;
1 ?, Hassi Sidi Mahmnd, between El Arich and Oued N^a, April 14 ; 4 JcJ, 2 ? ?,
Oucd N?a, Ajiril 16-30 (If) 14).

60. Lymire strictipennis sp. nov.

cJ. Antennae, head, and thorax wood-grey suffused with bnff ; alilomen dark
butt.

Foreiviiiy : wood-brown, costal area pale buff.

Hindwiny : semivitreous cream-white.

Length of forewing : 1 1 mm.

Expanse : 2.5 mm.

1 ci, El Alia, between Tonggourt and Gnerrara, April 12 (1914).

67. Lymire lactealis Rothsch.

Lijiiure lactealis Rothschild, Nov. Zool. xx, p. 138. No. 130 (1913) (IgostenJ.

1 ?, Hassi Dinar, sonth of Tonggourt, April 11 ; 4 ? ?, El Alia, between
Tonggourt and Guerrara, April 12 ; 1 c?, 1 ?, Oued Nca, April 1G-3U (1914).

68. Anerastia ablutella Zell.

Anernstla ablutella Zeller, his, 1839, p. 178 (Sicily).
4 ? ?, Oued Nca, April 16-30 (1914).

Crambiuae

69. Eromene ocellea (Haw.)

Palfariu ocellea Haworth, Lejiid. Brit. p. 486. No. ■>! (1812) (Nr. London).

2 (?<?, Oued Nca, April 10-30 (1914).

Phycitinae

70. Myelois nivosella Rag.

Myelois nivosella Ragonot, Bull. Sue. Enlom. France, 1890, p. cix. (Lamb^ae).
2 ? ?, Oued Nca, April 16-30 (1914).

71. Myelois osseella Rag.

iljiehiis ossp lla Rigonot, Ann. Sor. Enlom. France, 1887, p. 226 (Beyrout).

1 cJ, Oned Ncu, April 10-30 (1914).

238 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

T2. Myelois unipunctella Chret.

yfyelois uniinincteUa Chretien, Ann. Soc. Eiiloin. France, l.\xix. p. 617 (1911) (Algeria).
] c?, Oned Nna, April 10-30 (1914).

73. Rhodophaea semistrigella Mah.

Rhodophaea semistrigella Mabille, Bull. Soc. Eutom. France, 1908, p. 68 (Tunis).
1 cJ, Oned N9a, April lC-30 (1014).

74. Nephopteryx cleopatrella Rug.

Xephpjjtfryx cleopatrella Ragonot, Ann. Sue. Enl. Fnince, 1H87, p,. :!31 (Gabe's, Tunisia).
4 cJc?, 2 ? ?, Oned N(;a, April 1(5-30 (1914).

75. Nephopteryx genistella (Dnp.)

Phycis geni.'!tel!a Duponchel, Hi.'it. Xcil. Le/jiil. France, x. p. 178. pi. 278. f. 4 (183G) (Corsica).
1 c?, Oned Nca, April 16-3o (1914).

76. Nephopteryx albovariegata sp. nov.

? . Antennae whitish brown ; head and thorax yellowish white ; abdomen
cinnamon-bufT.

Forewing : cinnamon-brown, suffused and variegated with white ; an obliqne
antemedian band of orange-cinnamon edged outwardly with white; disc with
broad orange-cinnamon longitudinal bands joined to a postdiscal transverse band of
the same colour ; fringe fuscous-grey.

Hindwing : semivitreous yellowish white, an ill-defined, cloudy terminal band
of orange-cinnamon. The El Alia ¥ has the orange-cinnamon colour replaced by
olive-brown.

Length of forewing : 12 mm.

Expanse : 27 mm.

1 ¥, Hassi Dinar, south of Tonggourt, A\m\ 11 (type); 1 ?, Ei-Alia, between
Touggourt and Guerrara, April 12 (1914).

77. Nephopteryx griseola sp. nov.

cJ. Antennae white, closely ringed witli dark brown, a blackish comb near
base; head and thorax creamy white irrorated witli dark grey; thorax bnft',
variegated with grey and white.

Forewing ; white, suffused with butf and densely striated and powdered with
sooty slate-grey, an obliqne black band from before apex to vein 5.

Hindwing : wood-grey, washed with brown fringe, whitish.

? . Paler, less striated.

Length of forewing : c? 12 mm., ? 10 mm.

Expanse : S 27 mm., ? 23 mm.

2 c?cf, 2 ? ¥, Oned Nfa, April 16-30 (1914).

78. Nephopteryx ardesiifascia sj). nov.

?. Antennae whitish, closely ringed with sooty brown ; head and thorax
greyish white, suffused with sooty Ijlack; abdomen pale ash-grey.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 2iJ9.

Foreioing : greyish white, ilensel)- powdered with sooty slate-grey; a broad
oblii[ne antemedian band dark slate-grey ; two oblique zigzag dark-slate lines ; a
l)road terminal area brown irrorated with dark slate.

Ilindwinx/ : seraihyaliue white, a brown-grey terminal line from wliioli a few
smears of same colour run into wing.

Length of forewing : 13 mm.

Expanse : 2fl mm.

1 ?, Hassi Dinar, south of Touggourt, April II ; 1 ?, El Alia, between Toug-
gourt and Guerrara, April 12 (1914).

70. Pristarthria brephiella (Stand.)

Nephopieryx hrephiella Staudinger, Hor, Sor. Enlom. Runs, xv. pp. 19,3, 194 (ISfS) (Macedonia).
19 <?<?, 19 ? ?, Oned N(,'a, April 16-30 (1914).

Sii. Metalosticha cinnamomea sp. nov.

cJ. Antennae, head, and thorax dark einnamun ; abdomen slightly paler.

Forewing : dark cinnamon ; a postmedian black X with the arms partly filled
in by a dnsting of Vdaekish scales ; a l>rown-blark terminal band.

Hindiciiiq : semihyaline cinnamon-l)ntr.

¥ . Similar, but larger, and the postmedian X replaced by an irregular patch
due to partial suppression of two of the arms of tlie X.

Length of forewing : c? 6'5 mm., ? 8 mm.

Exjianse : i 15 mm., ? 18 mm.

2 JcJ, 1 ?, Oued Nea, April 16-30 (1914).

81. Staudingeria calcariellina Rothsch.

Staudhigeria calcariellina Rothschild, Nor. Zuol. xx. p. 13C. No. 118 (191.3) (Hassi-el-IIadjar).
2 c?(J, 2 ? ?, Oued Nca, April 16-30 (1914).

82. Staudingeria calcariella Rag.

Stamli/igerin cah-arielhi Ragonot, ^[em. Lcpiil. Bom. viii. p. 1.35. No. 180. pi. xxviii. f. 13 (1901)
(Gabes, Tunisia).

12 c?(J, 6 ? ?, Oued Nca, April 16-30 (1914).

83. Staudingeria griseolella sp. nov.

(??. Antennae brown; head and thorax white, powdered with dark grey;
abdomen greyish buff, powdered with grey.

Forewing: white, finely powdered with chocolate-brown, somewhat massed
into stripes or bands.

IJindwing: semihyaline bnflfy white ; a brownish terminal line suffused inwards
into the wing.

Length of forewing : S 10 mm., ? 8 mm.

Expanse : c? 22 mm., ? 18 mm.

12 c?c?, 2 ? ¥, Oned N^a, April 16-30 (1914).

84. Staudingeria albinotella Rag.

Slaiiiliiigeria albinotella Ragonot, Ann. Sir. Enlom. France. 1887, p. 249 (Sharud. Per3ia).
1 cJ, Oned Nca, April 16-30 (1914).

240 NOVITATEB ZOOLOGICAK SXII. Itflo.

85. Staudingeria lacteella sp. nov.

? . Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen cream-white.

Fore>ving : greyish cream-white ; a spot before apex, one at apex of and one in
cell, a line on vein 1 and a slightl}' broken terminal line black-brown.
Hinilicing : semiliyaline greyish, white-terminal line darker.
Length of forewing : 8-5 mm.
Expanse : 19 mm.
1 ¥, Oaed N?a, April 16-30 (1914).

8G. Heterographia deserticola (Stand.)

Myeloh deserticola Staudinger, Ber!. Eiiloin. Zeit. xiv. p. 2(11. No. 3'.) (1870) (Sarepta).

3 (Jc?, 2 ? ?, El Alia, between Tonggunrt and Gnerrara, April 12 ; 1 tj, Hassi
Sidi Mahmnd, between El Aricb and Oned Nia, April U; 1 J, 1 ?, Oued NQa,
April 1(3-3U (1914).

87. Heterographis convexella Led.

ffeterographis convexella Lederer, Verh. zool.-liol, Gcsell. Wieii. 1855, p. 222. t. 4 f. 9 (Syria).

1 (?, Oued Nva, April 16-30 (1914).

88. Heterographis cinnamomeifascia sp. nov.

c?. Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen cinnamon.

Foi-ewing : deep brown ; costal area, an oblique antemedian band, subterminal
band, fringe, a line above vein 1, and outer two-thirds of inner margin cinnamon.
Hhul icing : semihyaline white outer two-fifths marked with pale cinnamon.
Length of forewing : 8'o mm.
Expanse : 19 mm.
1 (J, Hassi Dinar, south of Touggourt, April 11 (1914).

89. Ancylosis ustella Rag.

Aiici/losisustellu Ragonot, An/i. Soc. Eiilom. Fnuire, 1887, p. 252. No. 141 (Seliilou).

1 (?, 1 ?, Hassi Dinar, south of Touggourt, April 11; 1 cj, Oned Nva,
April 10-30 (1914).

90. Ephestia kuehniella Zell.

Ei^heslia l-uehniella Zeller, Slett. Eiitoiii. Zeit. xl. p. 4uG (1879) (Germany).

1 ?, Hassi Dinar, south of Touggourt, April 11 (1914).

91. Syria arenosella (Staud.)'

Aiierastia arenosella Staudinger, Stett. Eiitom. Zeit. xx. p. 227. No. 40 (1859) (Chiclana).
1 3, Oned Nca, April 10-30 (1914).

92. Diviana pallidimarginalis sp. nov.
(??, Antennae whitish brown with slightly darker rings; tliora.\ brownisli
buff; abdomen pale buffy brown.

Forewing: brownisli buff with a creamy baud occupying costal area for basal

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 191/;. 24l

half of wing, from whence it widens t<i third of breadth of wing just before apex ;
a few scattered dark scales on disc and an incomplete dark snbterminal band.

Ilindwhig : semivitreous cream-ljuff.

Length of fore wing : 10-5 mm.

Expanse : 23 mm.

1 <S, Oued Noa, April 10-3(1; 1 (?, 1 ?,Hassi Dinar, sonth of Tonggourt,
April 11 (1914).

93. Homeosoma uimbella (Zcll.)

Anerastia nimhella Zeller, 7sis, 1839, p. 178 (filogan).

(?. Forewiiig : huffish cream; two antemedian dark-grey spots and a post-
discal dark-grey band, rest of wing sliglitly sprinkled with grey scales.
Hiiiiliving : semivitreous grey paler towards base, fringe white.
Length of forewing : 10 mm.
Expanse : 22 mm.
1 (?, Oued Nca, April 16-30 (1914).

Fyralinae

94. Aglossa rhodalis Hmpsn.

Aglossa rhodalis Hampaon, Ann. Mac/. Nal. Hist. (7) xvii. p. 218 (1906) (Cape Colony).

1 ?, El Alia, between Touggonrt and Gnerrara, April 12; G cjc?, 2 ? ?, Oned
Nea, April 16-30 (1914).

95. Aglossa rubralis Hmpsn.

Aijhissa rubralis Hampson, Tran. Enioin. Soc. Loml. I'JOO, p. .378. No. (la) (Syria).

2 c?<J, 1 ? , Oned Nea, April 16-30 (1914).

96. Aglossa tenebrosalis sp. nov.

cJ. Antennae buff ringed closely with hlack-brown and with very long pectina-
tions diminishing sharply on distal third ; head and thorax chocolate-brown
powdered with buft"; abdomen brownish buff very sparsely freckled with brown.

Forewing: buff; eight chocolate patches in costal region; rest of wing
densely sntFnsed with patches of chocolate scales almost obliterating buff ground-
colour and prodncing an effect of heavy clouding.

Hindwing : greyish buff costal and terminal areas clonded with brown.

Length of forewing : 15 mm.

Expanse : 34 mm. •

1 (?, Oued Nfa, April 16-30 (1914).

97. Aglossa harterti sp. nov.

t?. Antennae pale cinnamon ; head, thorax, and abdomen rusty cinnamon.

Forewing : rusty cinnamon ; a row of bnff spots along basal three-quarters of
costa, a strongly curved antemedian band bufi' with some patches of deep ruf'ons
along its edges, a deep rufous stigma near apex of cell, a postmedian bnff liaud
edged inwardly and somewhat ill-definedlv with dark rnfons.

242 NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXlI. 1915.

Hindwing : gre3'ish bnff indistinctl}' banded with a darker shade.

?. Similar, but thorax dark rnfous-oinnamoii and ahdoiueii ]iale cinnamon.

Foreu'ivq : deep rnfons-cinnamun with markings less sharply defined.

Length of forewing : cJ 1-5-15 mm.,? 11-14 mm.

Expanse : i 29-33 mm., ? 25-31 mm.

3 (JcJ, 8 ¥ ?, Oned Nca, April 16-30 (1914).

98. Ulotricha algerialis Ilmpsn.

Ulotricha tih/erhilh Hampson, Tmiix. Enlmn. Snr. Lmnl. 1900, p. .",77. Xo. (-2) pi. iii. f. 18 (liiskra).

1 ?, El Alia, between Tonggonrt and Gnerrara, April 12; 3(Jc?, Oned Nea,
April 16-30(1914).

99. Constantia canifusalis Hmpsn.

Consiaittin miiifusahs Hampson, Trans. Eatmn. Sue. Loiitl. lyOO, p. 381. pi. iii. f. 16 (Biskra).

1 ? , Hassi Dinar, .sonth of Tonggonrt, April 11; 1 ? , El Alia, between Tong-
gonrt and Gnerrara, April 12 ; 2 JeJ, 1 ?, Oned Ni/a, April 16-30 (1914).

100. Cledeobia chellalalis Hrai>sn.

Cledeoh'ia rhiUalalh ITampson, Trans. EnUrm. Snr. Lnnil. 1900, p. ,S83 (Algeria).

T c?c?, 3 ? ?, Oned Nca, April 16-30 (1914).

Hydrocampinae
101. Nymphula bleusei (Oberth.)

Synchra bhiisfi Oberthiir, BnU. Soc. Entom. Eranre, 1887, p. l.xxxii. (Biskra).
7 c? c?, Oned Nc.a, April 16-30 (1914).

Fyraustiuae

102. Nomophila noctuella (Sehiff.)

Pi/ralis nnctiifHa SchiffermiiUer, Si/sl. Verz. Schmett. Wien, p. l,3(j (1770) (Vienna).
6 (?c?, 5 ? ?, Oned Noa, April 16-30 (1914).

103. Evergestes renatalis (Oberth.)

Orobena remilalis Oberthiir, Bull. .S'<«\ F.ntnni. France^ 1887, p. xcix. (Hon Saada, etc.).

1 i, Oned Nt;a, April 16-30 (1914).

104. Metasia pseudobotys Rothsch.

Metasiapseialub'iti/s Rothschild, Nor. Xnnl. xx. p. 141. Xo. l.')4 (I'.US) (,'iouth Oned Mya).

1 ?, Oned Nva, April 10-30 (1914).

105. Cornifi-ons ulceratalis Led.

Coniifrnna uUfraUilis Lederer, Wien. Enlnm. .\lnnahrlir. IHfy.s, p. 147. t. 4. f. 1 (Syria).

1 (J, Ha.ssi Dinar, sonth of Tonggonrt, April 11 ; 2 ? ?, El Alia, between
Touggoart and Gnerrara, April 12 ; 3 J',^, 5 ? ?, Oned N^'a, April 16-30 (1914).

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915. * 243

106. Noctuelia floralis (liiibu.)

Pymlisjliiralis Hiibner, Samm. Etimp. Srhmclt, Pi/r. i. 142 (1793-1827) (Europe).
I J, 1 ?, Ghardaia, May 1-3 (1UI4).

107. Noctuelia anaemicalis Hmpsn.

Noctuelia aiianiiicalis Hampson, Trans. Entom. Sue. Lund. 191)0, p. 400. t. 'A. f. 28 (Biskra).

1 <?, 1 ?, El Alia between Tonggourt aad Giierrara, April 11; idS,! ?,
El Aricb, east of Guerrara, April 13; 1 cJ, 1 ?, Hassi Sidi Mahmnd between,
Guerrara and Oued Nfa, April 14 (1914).

108. Noctuelia desertalis (Hubu.)

Pi/ralis desertalis Hiibner, fSamm. Etirop. Schinett., Pyr. f. 171 (179.3-1827) (Europe).
oSS,' ? ?, pned Nf;a, April 16-3U (1914).

1119. Noctuelia allardalis fObertli.)

Or'Aicna allardalis ObBtthiir, Bull. Sue. Entaiii. France, 1887, p. 99 (Ain Sefra).

3 (Jc?, ^ ? ?, Oued Nva, April 16-30 (1914).

lli>. Noctuelia hilgerti sp. nov.

? . Antennae brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen bnffy wliite.

Forewing : sandy bnfF, somewhat sufFnsed with white in central one-third ; au
antemediau somewhat indistinct cnrved brown baud, a discocellular black stigma,
a postmedian sinuate baud of coalescent black spots, a broken black terminal line,
fringe whitish.

Ilindwing : buff, an obsolescent brown postmedian band and a black-brown
terminal line.

Length of forewing : 8-10 mm.

Expanse : 19-23 mm.

2 ? ¥, Hassi Dinar, south of Tonggourt, April 11 (1914).

111. Noctuelia affinis sp. nov.

$. Nearest to anaemicalis Hmpsn. Antennae dark grey ; head, thora.x, and
abdomen cream-white, thorax freckled with grey.

Forewing : basal three-quarters cream-colour densely j)Owdered with olive-
brown, outer one-quarter pale blue-grey, a subterminal line black.

IJindwing : yellowish wood-grey.

Length of forewing : 7 mm.

Expanse : 16 mm.

1 6, Oued Nfa, April 16-3U (1914).

244 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

LIST OF A SMALL COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM
HAUSALAND, NORTHERN NIGERIA.

By De. ERNST HARTERT.

OF the many parts of Africa, the ornis of which is still insnfficiently known,
Northern Nigeria, and especially the interior of Hansaland, is still one of
the least explored.

W. A. F'orbes, who fell a victim to the climate of the conntry and died at
Shonga, ou the Niger, only touched the boundaries of Hausaland, along the Niger
and the lower Benne (see Ibis 1883, pp. 494-.5(i2).

In 188.5 and 188(i I traversed Hausaland from Loko on the Beune to Sokoto
and Kano and back ; but this journey was made under many difficulties, with
little ammnnitiou — most of which had been lost on the Niger, — without experience,
and, last but not least, in bad health, suffering as 1 was severely from malaria,
and also with other primary objects to attend to. Therefore my collections of birds
were not large. What I was able to observe and to collect is recorded in Jouni.
f. Orn. 1886, and in Toi\ Zool. 1901.

The late Boyd Alexander travelled through Hausaland at the beginning of
his great expedition from the Niger to the Nile ; but he traversed only the more
eastern parts, as his journey passed from Ibi to Banchi, and thence eastwards to
Lake Chad. He collected many species of birds and described some novelties, but
no list of them has as yet been published.

It was, therefore, with pleasure that Mr. Rothschild purchased some birds
collected by Mr. Lorenzo Poggiolini, an Italian in the service of Mr. Montagu
Porch in Nigeria. Though the collection is a very poor and incomplete one, the
collector having had but little leisure and no knowledge of birds, I think it will
be worth while to i)ublish a list and a few notes on them.

Most of the specimens are from Zaria and the province of that name, but
a few — unfortunately very few only — were collected on a journey from Sokoto to
Timbuktu and thence to the Senegal.

1. Phalacrocorax africanus (Gm.)

$ ad., Zaria, 2. x. 1912.
" Iris rufous."

2. Anhinga rufa rufa (Lacqi.)
i ad., province of Zaria, without date.

3. Nyroca nyroca nyroca (Giildenst.)

2 ? ?, province of Zaria. Undoubtedly a winter visitor.— This appears to be
the first record for Western Africa. In 188.") I saw ilucks near Sokoto which I
suggested might have been this species {Jourit.f. Orn. l88(i, p. t)12).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 245

4. Spatula clypeata (L.)

Two apparently youager female.s from the province of Zaria, unfortunately
without dates. — There are, apparently, no records of Shovellers in West Africa,
except Verreau.x's statement that it was found on the Casamanze.

5. Anas querquedula L.

Two males and two females from Zaria, one with the date 15. xi. 1912.
I am not aware of any other record of Garganey from this part of Africa,
except my own, as I saw very large flocks on the lakes of the province of Sokoto.

6. Anas crecca crecca L.

?, Zaria, 17. xi. 1912.

1 saw the Teal in flock.s of hundreds near Kokoto.

7. Anas acuta L.
A moulting male from Zaria, without date.

s. Dendrocygna viduata (L.)

U, S 6 ad., Zaria, 7. xi. 1912.

This bird, as is well known, occurs in South America as well as in Africa.
I have long believed that there were ditferences between the American and African
binls, but I must admit that they are indistinguishable, and the same is the case
with Dendrocygna fulva !

9. Nettapus auritus (Bodd.)

2 c?(?, 1 ?, October and November, Zaria.
Also from Niamei on the Upper Niger.

M. Sarkidiornis melanotus (Penn.)

6 ad., i juv., and ?, Zaria, November. 1 saw this goose in great ijnantities
on the lakes near Sokoto.

11. Hydrochelidon leucopareia (Temm.)
1, winter, Niamei, Upper Niger.

12. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Meisner & Schinz)
1, winter, Niamei, Upper Niger.

13. Pluvianus aegyptius (L.)
One specimen, Zaria.

14. Cursorius temmincki Sw.

S, Zaria, 9. xi. 1912.

Reichenow (17/^. Afr. i. p. loO) separated a form from Damaraland as
" f/awi7re«.s«," because the red-brown colour of the crown "seemed to be paler."
This supposed subspecies retjuires confirmation.

246 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE SXII. 1913.

lo. Glareola pratincola limbata?

An adult liird iVom Niamei on the Upper Niger. This bird is decidedly darker
on the up{)ei-side than G. p. pratincola ; the wings measnre only 189 and I'JU mm.
The Pratincoles of Africa require further study. The European race migrates to
Tropical Africa in winter, while in East and South Africa a darker and smaller
form occurs and breeds — G. p. fulkhond Neum. (See Oni. Monatsber. 1910. p. 10.)
Neumann separates also a G. p. limbata from Abyssinia, which appears to stand
between G. p. pratincola and/iUleborni. It is quite conceivable that limbata ranges
from N.E. Africa to the Western .Sudan, aud that the Niger specimen belongs to
this race, but our material is insutficient to settle this question.

10. Lobivanellus senegallus senegallus (L.)

Two without label, one ?, Zaria, 5. x. 1912. The latter specimen has a white
throat without black. This is supposed to be a character of young birds, but this
sjiecimen appears to be adult. It cannot be a j)eculiarity of the female, because
other adult females have black throats like males. The wings measure 213 —
229 mm., tlius remaining far below the X.E. African race, L. s. inajor Neumann
{Urn. Mouatsber. 1914. p. S = mountains of N.E. Africa).

IT. Hoplopterus spinosus (L.)

? ad., Zaria, 9. xi. 1912.

Ad., Cuzanar, on the line from the Niger to the Senegal.

IfS. Sarciophorus siiperciliosus (Rchw.)

? ad., Zaria, 14. iv. 1913. The chestnut chest-patch is not so bright and deep
chestnut as in other adult siiecimeus, which are apparently males.

Dr. van Soraereu obtained this bird on Kikorougo Lake in Toro, Uganda
Protectorate, 10. xii. 1910.

19. Himantopiis himantopus (L.)
One sjiecimen from Zaria without date.

20. Tringa ochropus L.
(J, Zaria, 22. xi. 1912.

21. Tringa erythropus (Pall.)
(" Totanus/uscus " auct.)
Scohipiuc cri/lhri'jiiiii Pallas, Vroeg's Cat. Cult., Aduiiibratiuiwiilti, \i. 6 (176-1 — Holland).

Three without dates, Zaria. One is moulting all the primaries at once. Is that
an exception ? The wings of the other two are fully grown.

22. Machetes puguax i,L.)
?, Zaria, 15. xi. 1912.

23. Erolia minuta minuta (Leisl.)
?, Zaria, 18. xi. 1912.

NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXII. 1915. 247

24. Otis (Neotis) caffra denhami Children

c? ? ad., province of Zaria, 29. x., (i. xi. 1912.

This magnificent pair of Bustards is of great interest. The wings of the male
measure (with tape measure) 63, those of the female 54 cm. The birds appear to
be typical denhami, agreeing with the type, which was collected during Denhara
and Clapperton's famous expedition to the Western Sudan, probably near Lake
Chad, and with specimens from Kordofan. 0. caffra caffra seems to be very close,
but to differ by having a white patch on the nape, while in denhami the rust-red of
the hind-neck reaches right up to the grey and black colour of the crown. In size
the South African form is similar or exceeding denhami, the wing of a male from
the Transvaal measuring about (io cm.

Between the so closely allied northern and southern races appears to live
another of smaller dimensions. We have a female from Benguella (Langassim on
the road to Lobango, 17. i. 1906, Dr. W. J. Ansorge coll.). The wings measure
only .about 4.i-5 cm.

Mr. Ku<lolf Grauer shot two males in Central Africa, 1 Kyiowa in Karagwe
(Bukoba), German East Africa, 2. vi. 1907. The wing measures barely 61 cm.
Anotlier male, shot 120 km. west of Lake Tang.anyka, 20. vii. 1908, is in moult, and
the wing cannot be measured with good results, but it appears to be still shorter.

25. Otis (Trachelotis) seuegalensis senegalensis Vieill.

2(J(?, 1 ?,Zaria, 2.x. 1912.

Tiiere can be no doubt that Otis ( Trachelofia) barrorii is a more richly and
darker coloured subspecies of 0. scnei/aknsis. The wings of the Hausaland skins
measure : t? 271, 276, ? 274 mm. (measured on ruler).

About other subspecies see Neumann, Journ.f. Orn. 1907. p. 307, who treats
as forms of O. senegalensis : 0. s. senegalensis, 0. s. somaliensis, 0. s. canicollis
and 0. s. barrorii.

Riippell {Mas. Scnchenbcrg. ii. p. 230, pi. 15) and other ornithologists have
employed the name rhaad for this species. Gmelin and Latham based their rhaad,
entirely on the Rhaad of Shaw, Trav.and Observ.in Barhanj and Levant. The bird
figured by Shaw appears to me to be an Otis tetra,x, and his description refers to
the latter and another larger species, either the Great Bustard or Otis arahs, while
0. .senegalensis does not occur in Algeria. Latham said that Shaw's Rhaad in-
habited Arabia, but he described it from Algeria.

26. Otis (Lissotis) melanogaster Riipp.

c? ? , Zaria, without date.

These specimens appear to be very small, compared with South African
specimens. A female, collected by Riggenbach in Northern Senegambia, is also
rather small. Probably there exists a smaller race in N.W. Africa.

27. Balearica pavonina pavonina (L.)

Ardea prnmnhm Linnaeus, Sijxt. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 141 (1758—" Habitat in Africa." Restricted teixa
typica : Capo Verdo Islands— ex Aldrovandus, Oru. liber 20, cap. 6, and Willoughby, Orn.
p. 201).

Of. Journ.f. Orn. IBSC, p. 608 ; Blaauw, Mon. Cntwa, pp. .'i8, 59.

Two adult birds of equal size, province of Zaria, witliout date. Also the skin
of a head and neck of a very young bird, with remains of down. The head,
17

248 NOVITATEa ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

including the crown, which consists of real long, narrow feathers, not webless and
wire-like as iu the adult bird, is deep ochraceous buff ; the feathers of the neck are
dull slate-black with pale ochraceous buff edges. These remains show that the
bird, which is very nniuerons, and occurs in great flocks, breeds in Hausaland.

In the Cat. B. xxiii., in Reichenow's Vog. Afr. i. p. 204, and in Mr. Blaauw's
" Monograph of the (!ranes," good descriptions are given, but no mention is made
of the difference in size of the sexes. The females are apparently very considerablv
smaller than the males.

I may say that I doubt Tristram's ^statement that he saw a Uraue of this
species iu Algeria ; mistakes are so easily made when seeing a bird from a great
distance, that the occurrence of a tropical bird in countries north of the Sahara
cannot be accejited from the evidence of a bird believed to have been seen once.
Of course nobody believes nowadays that the species ever occurred on the
Balearic Isles.

28. Threskiornis aethiopicus aethiopicus fLath.)
One without date, Zaria. The Ibis is common in Hausaland.

29. Anastomus lamelligerus lamelligerus (Temm.)

Two fine adult birds from Zaria.

In the Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 309 Sharpe dismissed .1. lamelligerus
tnnr/agascarie/isis Milne-Edwards as indistinguishable ; Reichenow, Vog. Afr. i.
p. 336, placed the latter as a synonym without discussion. It seems to me that
what Milne-Edwards said is true — viz. that the Madagascar race, when adult, has
wider, more regular striations on the sides of the beak, and that it is generally
larger, though this apjiears not to be absolutely constant. Therefore ^1. lamelligerus
maclagascariensis must not be dismissed without further investigations.

1 ad., Zaria.

ad., Zaria.

30. Leptoptilus crumenifer (Less.)
31. Ciconia ciconia ciconia (L.)

32. Nycticorax uycticorax nycticorax (L.)

1 6 ad., Zaria, 22. iv. 1913.

33. Butorides striatus atricapillus (Afzol.)

2 ? ? ad., Zaria, 8., 9. x. 1912. " Eyes yellow."

34. Ardea purpurea purpurea (L.)
1 juv., Zaria.

35. Ardea melanocephala (Vig. and Children)
lad., Zaria.

36. Ardea goliath (Cretzschm.)
One fine adnlt bird, Zaria.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 249

37. Bubulcus ibis ibis (L.)
S ?, Zaria, November 1912, where the}- are very common.

3s. Treron waalia (Gm.)

Kadana River, Zaria.

Neumann's "Vinago waalia cinereiceps" {.Tourn.f. Orn., I'JIU, p. 341) appears
to me to be extremely doubtful. It is, in my opinion, a female, wrongly sexed as
male. Specimens from Togoland and Senegambia seem to be indistinguishable
from typical Abyssinian ones.

39. Oena capensis (L.)
1 ad., Zaria.

I do not think that 0. c. ononi/ma Oberh. is separable. The supposed differ-
ences appear to be merely individual.

4<i. Ptilopachus fuscus fuscus (Vieill.)

1 ad., province of Zaria.

P. f. keniensis Mearns is evidently a synonym of the very distinct P. f.
Horentiaa O.-Grant. P.f. major Neumann is also very distinct, and so is apparently
P.f. brehmi ; but the distribution of the latter is as yet uncertain, as darker birds
occur also in parts of Kordofan.— Cf. Bull. B. 0. Club xxi. p. 68, Ibis 1915, p. 22.

41. Prancolinus bicalcaratus (L.)

2 c?c?, Zaria, 1 River Niger, below Timbuktu.

These three birds are rather pale, like all from the Senegal colony, while
specimens from Sierra Leone and Adamaua are darker; there is, however, much
individual variation, even in the same localities.

42. Serpentarius serpentarius gambiensis (Ogilby)

Gjipoije.ramts Gambiensis Ogilby, Proc. Zonl. Soc. London, 1835, p. 105 (Gambia).
Serpentarius orientalis Verreaux, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, p. 352 (East Africa).

Two adult birds, province of Zaria.

These birds agree with others from Eritrea and N.E. Kordofan, west of Omdur-
man, in being slightly paler on the upperside, and especially on the wing-coverts.
The under-surface is white, while in South African specimens there is generally
a distinct, though very pale greyish tinge. It seems also that the crest-feathers
are wider in S. s. gambien.si.s, but this is to be confirmed, as, apparently, they are
wider in the male than in the female.

Erlanger {.Tourn.f. Orn. 1904, p. 1.56) and Zedlitz {op. cit. 1910, p. 366) used
for this form the name orientalis, but I think that gambiensis must be accepted,
though the diagnosis is not correct, e.'ccept, perhaps, for the broader feathers of
the crest. Erlanger's plate {.Journ. f. Orn. 1904, pi. IV.) by Kleinschmidt is
exaggerated ; at least the South African serpentarius which I have seen are not
as dark as on the plate.

Ogilby (/.('.) described also a Philippine species, after Sonnerat's figure in the
Voi/agc a la Souvdle Guince, but needless to say the figure is somewhat incorrect

250 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXTI. 1915.

and 110 such bird has ever occnrred on the Philippine Islands ! It is iilwaj-s a bad
cnstom to name a species from a figure, though it was regnlarl}' done in former
times, and, unfortunately, even now.

43. Circus macrourus (Gm.)
<??,Zaria, 21. xi. 1912.

44. Melierax canorus neumanni Hart.

Melierax canoriis mil mniDii Huriert, Vog. pal. Faumi u. ^i. 1165 (Xubia to Xorthern Hausaland—
type (J ad., near Merowe, Nubia.)

4 c?? ad., 2 juv., Zaria, September and October 1012.

The adnlt birds vary considerably. Tliree have the secondaries and greater
npper wing-coverts white, heavily mottled with ash-grey mottlings, while in a third
they are much greyer, being grey with white mottlings.

4.5. Polyboroides typicus typicus .Smith

f? ? ad., Zaria (November).

Both specimens — the S smaller, otherwise like the ? — have the underside,
from tbe chest downwards, barred. It is still, I think, a mystery what the meaning
is of the fact that sometimes adnlt birds have the underside, with the e.xception of
the vent, uniform grey, without white bars. We have in the Tring Museum two
such examples, both marked males, but other males are barred.

46. Kaupifalco monogrammicus monogrammicus (Temm.)

5 ad., Kaduna River, province of Zaria.

This specimen belongs distinctly to the lighter form, while the darker
K. m. meridionalis is a more southern subspecies. The latter ranges in the west to
Angola, while the distribution in the east is not exactly known. I am inclined to
think that .specimens from Usegua and Tauga (Neumann coll.) agree better with
meridionalis than with typical monograminicus.

47. Accipiter badius sphenurus (Riipp.)

S ? ad., Zaria, September 1912.

Juv., Kadsena, Zaria.

Tiie amount of barring on the underside varies considerably, and I am inclined
to think that A. riggenbachi Neumann {Bull. B. 0. C. xxi. p. 69) is based on
exceptionally dark specimens of ^l. l>. sjilienarKs, typical specimens of which are
common in the Senegal colony, in the same place where the supposed " riggenbachi "
was collected,

48. Circaetus gallicus (Gm.)

2 ad., Zaria, November 1912.

This is about the southernmost place from where this species is known. It is,
of course, only a winter visitor in tropical Africa.

NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 251

49. Circaetus cinerascens Blilll.

1 ad., Zaria.

1 juv., Kadnna River, province of Zaria.

This bird, as well as another collected on the Amambara (ireek, River
Niger, by Brahaui, agrees with the description by Reichenow {Vdt/. A/r. i. pp.
573, 574).

50. Lophoaetus occipitalis (Daud.)

¥ ad., Zaria, 1. x. 191L'.

1 ad., Kaduna River, province of Zaria.

;">]. Aquila rapax albicans Riipp.

One, province of Zaria.

1 suppose this Eagle must belong to the N.E. African race, A. r. albicans. It
is a pale buffish-brown bird, evidently juvenile, and agrees fairly well with some
Abyssinian examples. As so many forms range across the Sudan from N.E.
Africa to Senegambia, there would be nothing strauge in the occurrence of
A. r. albicans in Hausaland. On the other hand, ^1. r. belisarius, the insufBciently
known subsjiecies from Africa Minor, does not reach across the )Sahara.

52. Aquila (Hieraaetus) wahlbergi Suud.

¥, Zaria, 24. xi. 1912.

Moulting from the pale creamy brown plumage into that of the adult, which is
dark brown. Pale specimens are not old, but on the contrary in juvenile dress.

53. Milvus migrans parasitus (Daud.)

1 med., province of Zaria.

The bill is beginning to get yellow, thus showing that it is parasitus and not
M. m. miyrans. Another specimen in first plumage has the bill quite black, and
might possibly belong to M. m. miyrans.

54. Elanus caeruleus caeruleus (Desf.)

1 ad., province of Zaria.

00. Nauclerus riocouri (Vieill.)

3 ad., province of Zaria.

One of these bas the wings 253, the tail 216 mm.; the other two wings 242 and
244, tails 178 and 200 mm. These differences are probably sexual, but nothing
definite about this appears to be known. In 1885 I found this graceful bird, which
is very beautiful on the wing, not rare in North Hausaland ; its food was then
Orthoptera.

56. Falco biarmicus abyssinicus Nenm.

Cf. A'tit'. Zool. mitea, p. 177.

2 ¥ ¥ ad., Zaria, 6. x., 9. xi. 1912.

1 ad., in moult, Kaduna River, province of Zaria.

252 l^OVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. llUr..

57. Falco chicquera nificollis Swains.

1 cJ in the second j^ear's plumage, Zaria.

This intermediate plumage appears not to have been described. The first
juvenile plumage has the underside ferrnginous biift', paler on the throat, jugulum
with brown shaft-stripes, abdomen with blackish brown straight or angular cross-
markings, nape rufous, crown chestnut-rnfous with black lines, feathers of back,
scapulars and wing-coverts with rufous margins. In the intermediate (second year's)
plumage the underside is cream-coloured, the crop region with brown shaft-lines,
breast and abdomen with narrow dark brown cross-bars ; back light grey with slate-
black cross-bars, crown dull rufous brown with black shaft-lines, najie reddish-buft".
The plumage of the adnlt bird, with its bright chestnut-red crown and nape, white
throat, vinous crop-region and the abdomen barred black and white, has been well
described by Sharpe, Reichenow, W. L. Sclater, and others.

58. Falco naiimanni naumanni Fleisch.
Ad. and juv., province of Zaria, without dates.

59, Falco tinnuuculus tinnunculus L.
cJ ad,, Zaria, 18. xi. 1912. The " typical "' tinnnncidiis winters in Nigeria.

00. Falco tinnunculus carlo (Hart. & Neum.)

5 ad., Zaria, 20.x. 1912.

01. Falco ardosiaceus Vieill.

6 ad. (in moult), province of Zaria ; uo date.
¥ ad., Zaria, 21.x. 1912.

<J ad., Niger, below Timbuktu,

62. Asio leucotis leucotis (Temm.)

3 ad., province of Zaria.

These beautiful little Owls are the same in Senegambia, Hansaland, and
N.E. Africa. Erlanger called the N.E. -African form Asio leucotis nigrovertex
(Journ. f. Orn. 1904, p. 233), restricting the name leiwotis to the South African
birds ; this, however, cannot be accepted, because the name leucotis had been given
to Senegal birds ; therefore Mr. Ogilvie-Grant correctly named the southern form
Asio leucotis erlangei-i, though placing it in the genus Scops (= Otus Pennant),
{Ibis, 1906, p. 660), la which case the name must be altered to granti Koll. — It
seems to me, that this species is rather an Asio than an Otus {Scops auct.), but
I have not examined a specimen in the flesh, so as to be sure of this.

03. Otus scops scops (L.)
1 ad,, Timbuktu.

04, Otus capensis senegalensis Swains.

Cf. Vljg. d pal. Fauna, ii, p, 982,
1 ad., province of Zaria.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 253

65. Tyto alba affinis (Lay.)

Cf. rsg. il.pal Fauna, ii. p. lO.'JS ; Ibis, I9ir,, p. 258 !

S ? ad., November 1912, Zaria.
S wing 295, ? 287 mm.

60. Bubo afiicanus cinerascens Gaer.

Of. Jonrn.f. Orn. UI14, p. 37 ; Ihh, 191o. p. 252.
1 ad., proviiu'e of Zaria.

67. Chizaerhis africana (Lath.)
1 ad., Kadsena, Hansaland.

68. Musophag-a violacea Isert.
1 ad., province of Zaria.

69. Centropus .senegalensis senegalensis (L.l

(??, Zaria, September and No voralier 1912.

Also met with along the line from the Niger to the Benegal

70. Clamator glandarius (L.)
One, province of Zaria.

71. Clamator jacobinus
? an potins
Clamator jacobinus pica (Hempr. & Ehr.)
? ad., Zaria, 3.xi. 1912. Wing 163 mm.

The forms of the " Pied Crested Cuckoo " are as yet insufficiently known ; the
fact of its very wide distribution over nearly the whole of Africa south of the
Sahara and India is interesting in itself, and should have called forth a careful
study. Comparing these birds, I cannot lind any difference in colour, nor could
any one else, but it is evident that in Africa larger dimensions are frequently
reached than in India. I measure the wings of Indian specimens in the Tring
Museum as 146, 140, 147, 149, 150, 153, 153, 153, those of African e.^amples
141-5, 147, 147, 150, 151, 1.51-.5, 1.52, 1.52, 153, 154, 154, 154, 154-.5, 1.55, 1.58, 1.59,
159, 163, 163, 103; thus we have an average in India of 149-25, against one of
153 mm. in Africa.

In the British Museum, according to the Cat. B. Brit. Mas. xix. p. 218, the
largest specimen from Africa e.xceeds the largest Indian one by 8 mm., but the
difference in size is not much noticed in that series. Cf. Norman, Ibis 1888,
pp. 404-406.

Are we under these circumstances justified in separating the two doubtful
races nominally ? Undoubtedly, though hitherto nearly all ornithologists, with
the exception of Cabanis and Heine (cf. Mas. Hein. iv. p. 40 !), have united them,
Oberholser, Stresemann and others would separate them, and I am inclined to
think that they should not be united without further research.

This, however, does not end the question of the subspecies of C, jacobinus.
There are C. jacobinus hi/popinarus in South Africa, and " C. caroli " from Gabun !

254 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. U»l5,

The former closely resembles C.jacohiiiiis ]iica, but the throat and sides of the neck
show some duskv streaks, aud the underside a more or less distinct grey shade.
This form replaces C. Jacobiniis pica in Cape Colony and Natal, and occnrs in the
Transvaal and Portuguese East Africa (Zomba). A good series from Bengnella is
api)arently intermediate between pica and /ii/popiiwrus, having very conspicuous
dusky streaks on the throat, while there is generally not the distinct greyish tinge
on the abdomen and breast. If it should be desirable — and 1 should say it would —
to distinguish this form by a special name, perhaps the name caroli would be
available, though the type would then be an exceptionally large specimen.

The Indian C. jacobiiuis jacobiuiis presents also some other features of interest.
First of all it ranges northwards to Persian Baluchistan, where, according to
Zarnduy, it propagates. There is a fine adult male from the liiver Bampur in the
Tring Museum, shot by Zarnduy on July 4, 1S08.

Then this bird ranges to Ceylon, where, like so many other (!eylonese birds,
its dimensions are less. In the Cut. B. Brit. Mas. xi.\. p. 'J18, the smaller size of
('eylonese examples has already been commented on, and I find that the wings
of three adult birds are only 138, 140, aud 141 mm. long. There is not one before
me with a wing so short as even 141, except from Ceylon. In his article on the
birds he collected in Ceylon Madanlsz {Tenm'szrtriij:i Fdzetek, \x. ]>. 'i'i'S) gives
the wings also only 138, 137, and 141) mm. I cannot help, under these circum-
stances, naming the Ceylon form, and I propose for it the name

Clamator jacobinus taprobanus, subsp. nov.

Type <? ad., N.W. Ceylon, 26. xi. 1869, E. Holdsworth coll., in the Tring
Museum.

The nomenclature of the possibly separable forms would thus be as follows :

1. Clamator jacobinus jacobinus Bodd.

Cnucou hupe ile la cote de C'oroinaiiM, Daubenton, PI. Eiil. 872.

Ciieulii.'! jacobinus Boddaert, Tablf PI. Eiil. p. 53 (1783— based on Daubentoa's pi. 872 !)
Cucula.^ melaiiuleiiciix Gmelin, Si/sl. Nal. i. 1. p. 410 (1788— Coi'omandel ; also b.ased on Daiibenton's
pi. 872, and the text of " BufEon," or rather Montbeillard).
India, north to Baluchistan (cf. Blanford, B. India).

2. Clamator jacobinus pica (Hempr. & Ehr.).

Cumlus Pica Hemprich & Ehrenberg, Si/mb. J'/u/s. fol. v (1828— Ambukol in Dongola).
Cvccyzus Uucumehs Brehm, All'j. D. nuturli. Zeit. 18j0 p. 4o9 (" Bei Chartum oder doch in
Sennaar ").

Tropical Africa generally (cf. Reichenow, B. Afr. ii. p. 78).

3. Clamator jacobinus caroli Norman.
Coccystes caroli Norman, Ibis, 1888, p. 407 (Gabun).

? Bengnella to Gabun (see above).

4. Clamator jacobinus ki/popinarus Cab. k Heine.
Coccystes hyjMjiiiiarus Cabania & Heine, Mas. Hein. iv. p. 47 (1802 — Cape),

South Africa, where, however, C.j. pica occurs also occasionally.

5. Clamator jacobinus taprobanus Hart.
Ceylon (see above).

(" Cocojstes brazzae " Oustalet appears to be Pachijcoccijx valii/iis of Reichenow.
Cf. Cat. Brit. Mas. xix. p. 22i3.)

NOVITATBS ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915. 255

72. Clamator cafer (Liilit.).
1 juv., iiroviuce of Zarin.

7;?. Cuculus gularis Sti'iili.

? ad, Zaria, 20. x. 1U12.

1 believe that C. gularis is the same all over Africa, south of tlie Sahara, Imt
the question of the existence of various races has perhaps not received sufficient
attention. In 1802 {Mas. Hein. iv. p. 34) Cabanis & Heine separated a C. leptodetiis,
under the impression that tlie northern race had narrower bars on the underside.
This character is not constant, though there is in the Tring Museum a preponderance
of specimens with wider bars in the south, while northern birds have often soiuewliat
narrower liars.

74. Pogfonorhynchus diibius (Gm.).

S ad., province of Zaria.

Judging from our specimens, the female is generally smaller and has the long
silky white feathers "on the sides finely spotted with black. The iris is clirome-
yellow, the feet are " rotgelb " (Riggenliacli, on labels).

75. Lybius vieilloti rubescens (Temra).

4 c?? ad., Zaria, September and November 191:i,

The recognition of au eastern {L. v. cieilloti) and western form is almost too
tine for me. There is, in fact, no difference on the underside. I cannot find that
the western birds are more widely tijiped on the feathers of the underside, as
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant said ; and Count Zedlitz's statement, that the red spots on the
throat and foreneck are finer in L. v. xieilloti, wider and more running into each
other in L. t. rubescens, is not correct, but the appearance is mnch altered by
preparation. The only difference that can be found is the slightly greater extent
of the white spots to the feathers of the back in L. v. vieilloti (as restricted by
Grant and Zedlitz), while these spots are not quite as large in L. v. rubescens.

About the nomenclature, etc., see O.-Grant, Ibis 1902, p. 420, Zedlitz, Jouni.
f. Oni. 1910, p. 740.

76. Lybius leucocephalus (Fil.).

Two specimens, probably both females, Zaria. The wings measure only 85-5
and SO mm., the white patches to the greater upper wing-coverts are somewhat
smaller than in specimens from the Upper White Nile and Uganda (Torn) ; whether
these slight differences are individual or peculiar to birds from Nigeria, cannot be
decided from two specimens.

(A female from Toudola in Uganda, collected by Dr. van Someren, has the
tail black with the exception of one of the middle rectrices, which is white.)

77. Mesopicos goertae centralis Rchw.

Zaria, Kadnna River, and Uorin. I collected the same form at Loko, on the
Benne.

No doubt J/, q. goertac (Senegal), M. g. centralis (Gambia to Lake Victoria),
M. g. koenigi (Nubia), aud M. g. ubyssinicus are good subspecies. I agree in this

256 KOVITATES ZOOI.OGICAE XXII, 191G.

with Neumann {Journ.f. Or/i. 1904, p. 396) and Zedlitz (op. cit. 1010, p. :.j4). I
also agree with the latter that it will be better to use Reicheuow's name centralis
than the uncertain name poicephulus, because Swainson failed to give an exact
locality.

78. Dendromus punctatus (Valenc.)

? ad., Sokoto.

The spots on the throat and chest are rather large, and specimens from the
( 'asamanze as well as one from Gambaga (Giffard coll.) agree with it, while a series
from Tliies (Riggenbach coll.) have generallj' tiuer spots ; but there is so much
variation, that one conld not separate two forms without farther evidence.

79. Colius macrourus (L.) (?sul>si>.)

Niamei, Ujiper Niger.

I cannot here discnss the various races of this species, but from the material
at hand cannot confirm the distinctness of " sfn/'f/d/i'/isis" and '■^ jjidc/ier." Cf.
Reichenow, Voi/. A/r. ii. ii. 210, Sclater, Gt-nera Aciiim, part 6, Coliidae, p. 4.

80. Eurystomus afer afer (Lath.)

c? ? , Zaria, 25. x. 1912.

Neumann, Journ. J. Orn. 1905, pp. 184-186, has given an excellent review
of the various forms of this Roller, with which I entirely agree.

81. Lophoceros erythrorhynchus erythrorhynchus (Temm.)
Cnzanar, on the line from the Niger to the Senegal.

82. Lophoceros nasutus nasutus (L.)

? ad., Zaria.

83. Ceryle maxima (Pall.) (?)

An immature male was obtained at Zaria on April 17, 1913. It is rather
largely spotted above, and thus appears to belong to maxima and not to " sharpei."
For the latter Swainson's name yii/antea will have to be adopted, if we suppose that
the locality " Senegal," given in the original description (Swainson, B. Afr. ii.
p. 93, pi. xi.), is erroneous. The question, whether C. maxima and sharpei (or
gigantea) are representative subspecies or two species found locally in the same
places has been raised, but there might be another solution of the supposed
occurrence of the same form in the same places — /.(■. that young C. sharpei are
spotted, and only adult birds are uniform on the back : I suggest the possibility of
this, because young birds of C. maxima are heavier spotted than old ones ; in that
case they would be subspecies, and they can hardly be anything else, being so
closely allieil, and Sharpe's view would be correct that " sharpei " extends from the
forest-region of the Congo to Gabun, to which should be added Kamerun and Niger
to Benne, where I shot typical sharpei at Loko. On the other hand, the spotted
maxima would occur from the Senegal to Zaria, and in the greater part of tropical
Africa, south to Cape Colony.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915. SSt

84. Ceryle rudis rudis (L.)

(About the subspecies of. Vuy.jml. Fauna, ii. pp. 877-879).

A serai-albinistic male, witli most of the primaries (more on the left wing than
on the right), and most of the rectrices white, was shot at Zaria, 22. x. 1912.

85. Corythornis cristata cyanostigma (Kiipp.)
(? ad., ? and jiiv., province of Zaria. (( U'. C II. B. Grant, T/i/'s, IHI;"), p. 263.)

86. Halcyon senegalensis senegalensis (L.)

(J? ad., jav., Zaria, October and Noveraher l'J12.

These specimens agree perfectly with a large series collected by Riggeiibaeli
in the Western Senegal ( 'olony. The same applies to those collected in the Galla
conntries by Erianger and Zaphiro, whije //. senegalensis cyanoleiim from Angola
and South Africa is a very distinct, much larger snbspecies. PJrlanger {.loiirn. f.
Oni. 100."), p. 450) never grasped the real differences, and eannot have made a
carefnl comparison, as he only mentioned tlie colour, not the measurements.

There is apparently another form: Jlalei/oii se/iegalensis/uscojnleus {Reichenow,
On/. Moiuttsber. 1906, p. 171) from Kamerun, with a dark brown crown of the head,
but we have not enough material to discuss its distribution ; 0. H. B. Grant {Ibis,
1915, p. 268) considers yascojoz7e«s to be a synonym oi senegalensis.

87. Halcyon chelicuti chelicuti (Stanley)

Alaiulo (err. typ.) chelicuti Stanley, Salt's Abij.isinia, p. Ivi (1814 — Chelicut in Abyssinia).

One skin from the province of Zaria.

South African birds are markedly larger, and mnst be called //. chelicidi
(lamarensia Strickl. In Conti: Orn. 1852, p. 153, Strickland described this race
as being larger than H. chelicuti. Alcedo rariegatu Vieillot ami striolata Lichten-
stein refer to the Senegal form which is the same as the Abyssinian one, while
pi/gmaea Cretzschmar, which seems also to be the same, was described from
Kordofan and Eastern Abyssinia.

88. Merops nubicus nubicus Gm.

Zaria, November.

Specimens from Hausaland and Senegambia agree perfectly with others from
N.E. Africa. Merojis nuhicoides agrees in everything so closely with M. nubicus,
except in the blue throat and cheeks and somewhat larger size, that I should treat
it as a subspecies of the latter. The young in first plumage has even a pale
bluish throat, and the two forms represent each other geographically. This was
also Parrot's view {Genera Aii/im, Meropidae, p. 8). See also Ibis, 191.5, p. 300.

89. Melittophagus bullocki bullocki (Vieill.).

Cf. Neumann, Juurii.f. Orn. I'JOo. p. 191 (not " 18G " !), Zedlitz, oji. cit. 1910. p. 771.

Zaria, November.

Neumann and Zedlitz have clearly shown that M. b. frenalus is the eastern
subspecies of the western M. b. bullocki, and there can be no doubt whatever that
their view is thoroughly correct. See also Ibi.i, 1915, p. 298.

858 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

9(1. Melittophagus pusillus pusillus (?)

1 ad., province of Zaria.

Unfortnnatel)' the ocular region is not very well prepared. The specimen is
quite as small as Seuegambian specimens, i.e. typical pusillus, but over the right
eye a few bluisli feathers are visible. VX. Neumann, ./o///«. /. Orn. lOUo, p. I'Jl,
Zedlitz, op. cit. 1010, p. 771, C. H. B. Graut, Ihis, llUT), p. L'1.4.

91. Merops (Aerops) albicoUis albicollis (Vieill.)

cJjuv., Zaria, 5. xi. 1912.

This species appears to be rare in central and northern Hausaland, but I saw
it in great numliers on the Beune in 18S0. J/, albicollis major Parrot is a very
distinct large subspecies. Cf. Parrot, <>rti. Moiiutsb. xv., liilU, p. 12, Genera
Avium, Meropidne, p. 9.

92. Irrisor erythrorhynchos senegalensis (Vieill.)

Of. Reichenow, T'.ij/. Afr. ii. p. 3^0. Neumann, ./nuni. f. Oni. 1905, p. 195, Zedlitz, oji. cit. 1910,
p. 778.

1 ad., province of Zaria. The bill is red.

Mr. (!. H. 15. Graut (see Ibis, lOlT), p. 284) appears tome to have correctly
united Reicheuow's " (/uineensis " with senegalensis, which sometimes assumes a
bright red bill. The differences supposed to exist by Zedlitz are not borne out by
our series.

93. Apus affinis affinis (Gray & Hardw.)

4 ad., Zaria, November 1912.

I cannot distinguish West African and Indian Apus affinis, and must tlierefore
unite them as above. On the other liand the Palestine birds as well as those from
Africa Minor form a paler race. The November specimens are moulting primaries
and body plumage.

94. Bradornis modestus Shell.

? juv., province of Zaria.

This specimen belongs probably to the bird called moilesUis by Shelley.
Reicheuow ( Vihj. Afr. ii. p. 437) treats it as a subspecies of pallidus, Ogilvie-
Graut (^Ibis, 1913, p. 035) as a subspecies of mtirinus.

95. Muscicapa striata striata Pall.
Two without dates, province of Zaria.

96. Platysteira cyanea cyanea (P. L. S. Mull.)

5 ad., Kadnna River, j)rovince of Zaria.

97. Tchitrea viridis (P. L. S. Miill.) (?)

A specimen from the Kadnna River, with a rnfoas tail, just beginning to show
some white.

It seems that Nigerian specimens always assume a white tail, while — judging

NOVITATBS ZOOLOGIOAE XXII. 1913. 250

from a good series collected by Riggenbacli — tliose from the Western Senegal
Colony never do so. Professor Neumann lias studied these questions, bnt has,
unfortunately, not yet published his observations.

08. Campephaga phoenicea (Lath.)
1 ? ad. from the Kaduna River.

99. Prionops plumata (Shaw).

Ad., Zaria, November 1912, and Kadnna River.

The amount of grey on the occiput varies considerabl)'. Sometimes the occiput
is slaty grey, sometimes white, with just a bufFy grey tinge. In a series of skins
collected by Riggenbach in the \Vestern Senegal Colony not one has the occiput so
light, and few have such a long crest as the Zaria specimens, but this cannot
be a local character, as specimens from the Niger are like the Senegal ones. A
specimen of unknown locality in the Tring Museum has the occiput almost entirely
pure white ; it is labelled " Sudan, von Jliiller," and was bonght from Schneider
sen. in Basel; it came apiiarently from I ho collection of Schiitt in Freiburg, and
was certainly not obtained in the Eastern Sudan by Baron von Miiller. Nenmatm
mentioned it in Jouni. f. Orn. 1005, p. 219.

liHi. Corvinella corvina corvina (Shaw).
Zaria and Kaduna River, province of Zaria.

lul. Nilaus afer afer (Lath.)
Si, Zaria, 12. iv. 1913, and Kaduna River.

102. Laniarius barbarus (L.)

Kaduna, Kaduna River, Zaria, 6, 17. i.x., V, 27. ix. 1912. The S (17. ix.) is
moulting wings, tail and body plumage.

103. Dryoscopus gambensis gambensis (Licht.)
S ad., Zaria.

104. Harpolestes senegalus pallidus (Neum.)

Telophnnm seiie(jalus pnllldus Neumann, Jmini. f. Oni. 1907, p. 37.5 (" Ober-Guinea von der
Goldkiiste bis zuni Niger. Exemplare von tier KUste, Accra, sind die typisclisten. Excmplaro
aus dem Innern um ein geringes dunkler gefiirbt. Typus ; (J Accra, 4. .\i. 1807, C. W. Nartcy
coll., in Tring Museum.")

iSS ad., jirovince of Zaria, August 29 ; also Kadnna, on the Kadnna River.

Neumann se2iarated this form on account of its j)aler coloration and smaller
size from T. senegalus senegalus. As far as the material in the Tring Museum
goes, this separation was justified. Our three Zaria skins are certainly lighter on
the upperside than T. senegalus senegalus from the Senegal colony, but not smaller.
Wings 88, 90, 92-5 mm.

There has been some discnssion about the generic name of these Shrikes.
Reichenow called them Pomatorhyiichus, but 1 have elsewhere explained that 1
cannot share his view. I accepted Telophonus of 1837, but I had then overlooked

260 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXI I. HIS.

Telophorus of 1831, with a totally differeut bird as type of tlie geuiis. Telophoiias
of 1837 is clearly only a different spelling of Telophorus, and the genotype mnst be
the same. The same objection as to I'omatorhjnchus therefore hokls good against
Telophonus, and Harpolestes ( 'abanis mnst be accepted as the name of the genus.

luo. Lanius senator senator L.
S ad., ? ad., <?jiiv., province of Zaria.

luij. Lanius excubitor leucopygos llempr. k Ehreub.

((Jf. VUij. pal. Fauna, i. p. 42S.)

1 ad., Timbuktu.

It is very interesting to find this bird, the Nubian and Sudanese representative
of the Great Grey Shrike, inhabiting also the Western Sudan.

No doubt a careful e.xploration of the district of Timbuktu would be most
interesting, and it woukl probably show more forms which have hitherto only been
known from the Eastern Sudan, to extend to the western parts of the countries
immediately south of the Sahara.

107. Corvus coi"ax ruficollis Less.

Corviis uiiibrhms auct., of. Xoc. Zonl. l[H'3, p. 38.

1 ad., Sokoto ! — This Raven was not known to occur south of the Western
Sahara, though in the Eastern Sudan it extends to Sennaar and Kordofan.

lOS. Corvus albus P. L. S. Jliill.

Corvus albus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursijstem, Suppl. p. 85 (1770— Seuegal. E.\ Buffou !).

Corvus scapulattis auct.

(Jf. Kleinschmidt, Jom-n.f. Orii. 1(106, p. ;iO, Zedlilz, op. ,-il. 1011, p. 1.

Several adult birds from Zaria.

A male taken 11. .\i. 1912 has freshly moulted plumage, though the body
plumage is still partially moulting.

109. Cryptorhina afra (L.)

Kaduua, Kaduna River, and Zaria.
? , 2. X. 1912 : body plumage in moult.

IM. Dicrurus ater divaricatus (Licht.)

ilvsck-apa clivaricalii Lichtonsteiu, Verz. Dunbl. .Mux. Berlin, i. p. .52 (Senegambia).

Province of Zaria and Kauo.

It seems to me impossible to separate the eastern luguhris from the western
dimricatm. The birds collected by I'oggioliui agree perfectly with Senegambian
ones, and do not belong to Oberholser's atactus. Cf. U.S. JS'at. Mas. xxviii. p. 920.

111. Oriolus auratus Vieill.
S ad. and jnv., Kaduna River and Zaria.

112. Buphagus africanus I-.

66 ad. Zaria, 29. x. and 13. xi. 1912,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 261

113. Spreo pulcher pulcher (P. L. 8. Miill.)

Ad., Niaraei, Upper Niger.

1 agree entirely with Zedlitz {Journ. f. Orn. 1011, p. 0) that the birds from
Eritrea, and as far as I can see from Abyssinia generally, are easily separable from
Senegambian S. p. pulcher if series are compared, the former being richer, the
hitter paler in colour. I cannot, however, follow the Count in separating a third
subspecies, '' S. p. intermedins,^' to inhabit the Sudan from Nubia and Dongola
to Adamaua I The specimens from Nubia (Shendy) and Sennaar are Inseparable
from Abyssinian ones.

The example from Niamei appears to me to belong to the Senegambian
8. p. pulcher, but this is not very easy to say, though a series would be easily
recognisable.

114. Cinnyricinclus leucogaster leucogastei- (Gm.)
S ? juv., province of Zaria.

115. Lamprocolius purpureas purpureas (P. L. S. Miill.)
S ad., Zaria, 9. x. 1912. (Tail and inner secondaries moulting.)

116. Lamprocolius caudatus caudatus (P. L. S. Jliill.)

2 ad., province of Zaria.

One has the upperside green, the other purplish blue ; these are nut subspecitic
ditferences, but individual ones. There may, however, be other local races.

117. Sporopipes frontalis frontalis (Daud.)

(?? ad., Zaria, 11, 12. xi. 1912.

Though rather pale on the neck, these two bird.s appear to agree with Senegal
exam])les, collected by Riggenbach. Abyssinian specimens (Adarte, Mareb River,
collected by Schrader) ajjpear to agree in every way with the Senegal form, though
Mearns has separated a form " abyssinicus." — About other jjossible forms I hope to
give notes shortly.

118. Ploceus cucuUatus cucullatus (P. L. S. Miill.)
(S ad., Zaria, August 1913.

119. Pyrenielaua franciscana franciscana (Isert)

(?c? ad. in nuptial i)Iuiuage, without date, c? in brown, non-nuptial plumage,
12. ix. 1912, Zaria.

I quite agree with what 0. Neumann said in Joum. f. Orn. 1905, pp. 345, 340.
The birds from Hausaland agree perfectly with those from the Senegal and Niger
countries, while all the specimens collected by Zapphiro in the Galla countries
(Harar, etc.) belong to my F. f. pimlln, or possibly to a race intermediate between
the latter and P. /.franciscana.

120. Pyromelana afra (Gm.)
S ad., province of Zaria,

262 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

121. Coliuspasser macrourus macrourus (Gm.)

Liu-iii marroiira Gmelin, Si/sl. X'll. i. 2, p. 845 ( 1 789— " Habitat in Africa, in regno Whidah, ct ad
Huvium Senegal." Ex Buffon, Latham, etc.)

(?(??. Zaria.

I find that the birds from Angola are larger than tlio.se from Sierra Leone,
Liberia, the Gold Coast and Zaria : the wing.s of a serie.s of adult birds from Angola
ranging from 80-85'5 mm., while the others measure T6-Sr5 mm. I therefore
suggest that the two forms should be separated, and that the name "J^avojjfera "
(sic) might be used for the southern form :

Friiigilla Jiavoptera Vioillot, Ilist. yat. Ois. ( 'haitt., Zone torridc, \>. (V.t,

pi. xli. (IS05 — no definite locality).
FringiUa chr>/soptera Vieillot, Tabl. Eitc. Mi'tk. Orn. iii. p. 061 (1823 — New,

corrected name for Jlaroptera. " On trouve cette espece sur la cnte

occidentale de TAfriipie, partienlicTemeut dans le royanme de ('ongo et de

C'acongo").

The distribution of C. macrourus macrourus and ('. mncroiirus flacopferus h
not yet certain, and possibly more than two forms might one day be separated. A
male from Iloriu, Southern Nigeria, collected by E. C Bryant, is too large for
C. m. macrourus, having a wing of nearly 84 ram., while the specimens from Zaria
have wings of 79 and 80, and others from Amambara 77-80 mm. Sierra Leone
birds do not exceed 8U mm., except one male with a wing of 82. Males from
Baraka, near the N.W. shore of Lake Tanganyika, in the Congo State, vary from
79 to 83 mm. Specimens from the P'atiko, Upper Wiiite Nile, belmig to the small
form, but an immature male from Igaga in Kavirondo (Ausorge coll.) has a wing of
83 mm. !

122. Aidemosyne cantans cantans (Gm.)
1, province of Zaria.

123. Estrilda cinei-ea (Vicill.)

1 ad., jirovince of Zaria.

Our material is a very poor one and does not allow any discussion about
possible subspecies.

124. Vidua sereua (L.)
Common about Zaria. In September males in full plumage.

125. Steganura paradisea aucupum Neum.

Stegatinra pnntd'sca tuiciipnni Neumann, Bull. B.O. Clah xxi. p. 4.'i (1908 — "Upper Guinea,
especially Senegambia." Type Djoufbel, east of Dakar, Riggenbach coll.)

2 (? (? ad., near Sokoto.

Kor the majority of specimens Neumann's diagnosis fits beautifully, as all our
specimens from the Senegal Colony have darker, more golden-brown hind-necks than
our birds from Angola, South and North-East Africa. A male from Gambaga, how-
ever, is not so dark on the neck as the Senegal ones. Very curious is a male from
Gambos in Mossamedes : its chest-patch is deej) chestnut, darker than in any other
specimen I have seen, and the liind-neck chestnut-rufous, at least as dark and even

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XX:I. 191B. 263

darker than in Neumann's aucupum. On the other hand a male from Humbe in
Mossamedes has the hind-neck of as light a straw-yellow as we find in any N.E.
African examples.

12(i. Pyrenestes ostrinus ostrinus (Vieill.)

(Cf. Neumann, Joimt. f. Om. 1910, p. 527, where an admirable revision of the interesting genus

Pi/rmestex is given. )

(? ad., Kadnna, Kaduna River, province of Zaria.
Bill from nostril 13, wing 76 mm.

127. Hypochaera neumanni Alex.

or

Hypochaera ultramarina (Gm.)

All adult male from Zaria (17.x. 1912), like one which I shot at Loko on the
Benue, July 23, 1885, appear to me to belong to //. ultramarinu, though they
are slightly more steel-blue ; this applies still more to a male collected in Dongola
by Bohndorff. If the Nigerian birds are separable from ultramarina, they would
have to be called //. neumanni (Alexander, Bull. B. 0. Club xxiii. p. 33, described
from Yo, near Lake Chad), though the types are still a slight shade more greenish,
but hardly different from the one Dongolan bird, mentioned above. Other Nubian
birds agree absolutely with those from Abyssinia, Lado, etc. I am therefore
inclined to think that the more or less greenish gloss, to the extent in which it
is seen in these birds, is merely individual, and that therefore the specimens of
this bird from Nubia to Nigeria belong to the same form. Nigeria is an interesting
country for Hypochaera ; on the Niger (Borgn, Rabba, Amambara !) we find
H. inlsoni Hart. {Nov. Zool. 1901, p. 342 — named in memory of my unfortunate
friend Captain Malcolm Wilson, who fell in a fight with natives on the Upper
Niger). It is most interesting that this form, or at least a very close ally, also
ranges to North-East Africa, as Mr. A. L. Butler of Khartum shot a male at Sheikh
Tomb(5 in the summer of 1909.

Then there is the bird from the Gongola River, which Boyd Alexander called
II. nigeriae {Bull. B. 0. Club xxiii. p. 15). It is a brown-winged bird and quite
glossy green, totally different from //. aenea {=■ " ckalybeata"). In the original
description it is not said that the wings are browu, and with regard to "//. neumanni"
it must be said that its comparison with " chabjbeata " is misleading ; it should
have been compared with ultramarina, but perhaps Alexander meant the latter
by what he called " chabjbeata" as on p. 15 he called the Senegambian bird aenea.
The latter appears to occur west of Sokoto !

128. Hypochaera aenea aenea (= chalybeata).

A male in moult from the brown plumage, shot at Dosso, west of Sokoto,
appears to belong to the Senegal form.

129. Ortygospiza atricollis atricoUis (Vieill.)

Friiigilla olrimllh Vieillot, Nniir. Diet. d'Hixt. i\af. (nouv. ed.) xii. p. 183 (Senegal).

1 ¥ , province of Zaria.

This specimen undoubtedly belongs to the uniformly brown-backed " typical "
Senegal form. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant descril)ed a darker form from Gunnal in
18

264 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1916'

Portngnese Guinea as 0. ansorgei (Bui/. B. (>. Club xxv. p. 84). This form,
judging by the material in the British Museum, is very distinct, but it requires
further study. An adult male from Freetown, Sierra Leone, collected by Major
Kelsall, agrees perfectly with the type of 0. ansorgei, but it has a distinct white
chiu-spot, and this is even more jironounced in a female from the same locality ; in
the female from Zaria there is hardly an indication of the white chin-spot, and it
appears to be usually absent in specimens from Senegambia and Nigeria.

Captain Lynes {Bull. B. 0. Club xsxiii. p. 131) described the Galiun form as
0. gnbonensis ; this form is very distinct, having a largely spotted npper surface.
Specimens from Bihi5 (Angola), collected by N. Ansorge, appear also to belong to
gabonensin, though they are not quite so brownish. A female shot by Dr. van
Someren at Butiti, Uganda, seems also to be indistinguishable from the latter, while
a male from Entebbe appears to be the same as 0. ansorge/ with a distinct white
chiu-spot ! At Nairobe 0. polyzona is not rare. Better series are required to
understand the various species and subspecies of this genus.

130. Passer griseus griseus (Vieill.)

A couple from Zaria and two from Dosso, west of Sokoto, seem to belong to
this form, though the latter are paler on back and shoulders. — About the races and
nomenclature of this sparrow see Nov. Zool. 1900, p. 44, Jouni. /". Oni. 1905, p. 352,
1911, p. 36.

131. Passer luteus (Licht.)

An adult male from Dosso, west of Sokoto.

It is most interesting to find this north-eastern species in the Western Sudan.
It is another instance of the distribution of so many birds from N.E. Africa to
Nigeria and Senegambia — in short, of a Sudan fanna extending south of the Sahara,
right across Africa. The single specimen is a " mummy," and one can, of course,
not say whether a series of skins would show any differences between the eastern and
western birds, bnt the bird from Dosso is apparently not different.

132. Eremopterix * leucotis melanocephala (Licht.).

(J ? ad. and juv.. Province of Zaria.

Unfortunately no exact locality or dates given. I only observed this bird near
Sokoto and Wnrno, a good deal north of Zaria.

The specimens sent by Poggiolini are typical melanocephala (Alauda melano-
cephala Lichtenstein, \'erz. Doubl. zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 28, 1823, "e Nubia et
Senegambia." Synonym : otoleuca Temminck), the lesser upper wing-coverts being
all white. This is also the case in every specimen which Riggenbach collected at
Kirtaona and Nguiek, near Thies, in the Western Senegal (Jolonj-. In Nubia
(Atbara, Shendy, Khartum, etc.) many, nay the majority of males, have a large
black-brown patch in the middle of the lesser upper wing-coverts, while others
are indistinguishable from the western birds.

E. leurotis leucotis has the black patch still larger, occupying practically the
whole of the lesser upper wing-coverts, and the back is much darker, chestnut-

• Eremopteri. t (sio.) Kaup, Thierreioh ii. 1, p. 139 (183G— Types : A', otoleuca and crucigera). This
name has priority over Pyrrhulauda. It was overlooked \mtil 1902, when Richmond (Proc. U. S. JVat.
3Iut. xxiv. p. 682) pointed it out. Sharpe (Haiidl. v. y. 1H6) erroneously credits Bianclii with this
discovery.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXU. 1915. 265

colour, without or with only a few whitish edges to the feathers of the back.
E. I. leucotis was collected by A. L. Butler at Gedaref, while Emiu Pasha shot
E. I. tnelanocephala at Kudurma.

133. Galerida cristata alexanderi Neum.

GulerUla crislala alp.mmleri Neumann, Bull. B. (). Club, .v.xiii. p. 45 (1908 — " Haussa Countries,
between Lake Chad and the Benue River." Type from Bautchi, collected by Boyd Alexander ;
(J, 11. i.x, 1904, in the Tring Mu.seum).

3 c? ¥ ad., Zaria, August and September 1912. Ad., Dosso, west of Sokoto.

The specimens from Zaria agree very well with the types of G. c. alexanderi.
Their wings measure 94'5-103 mm. The one with the wing of 94'5 is a female,
the 103 a male. The third specimen has the wing 100'5; it is marked ? , but
is undoubtedly a male. The specimen from Dosso is not a skin, but a carbolised
mummy. It is a slight shade darker (perhaps due to the mode of preservation),
and its wing measures 105 mm.

134. Macronyx croceus (Vieill.)
3 ad. and juv., Province of Zaria.

135. Pycnonotus barbatus inornatus (Fras.)

Ixrnt inornatus Fraser, Prof. Zool, Soc. London, 1843, p. "27 (" Cape Coast" in West Africa, Gold

Coast).
Pi/cnonotus barhatax inornatnn Hartert, Vijij. pal. Fauna, i. p. 460.

Kaduna on the Kadnna River, province of Zaria, and Cuzanar, between the
Niger and Senegal.

Wings 95-104-5 mm. I

13(5. Hedydipna platura platura (Vieill.)

(?, Zaria, 10. xi., ?, 20. xi. 1912.

Wings 89'5 mm.

Zedlitz {Orn. Monatsber. 1910, p. 59, Joiirn. f. Oni. 1911, p. 61) separated
specimens from the Adiabo Steppe in N. W. Abyssinia under the name of H. platura
adiabonensis, which are much smaller. An adnlt male obtained by L. M. Seth-
Smith at Fatiko, on the Upper White Nile, is inseparable from the W. African
form, its wings measuring 89'7 mm.

137. Cinnyris cupreus cupreus (Shaw)
i imm. in full moult, Zaria, 14. xi. 1912.

138. Parus niger guiueensis Shell. (?)

An adult bird from the Province of Zaria agrees with specimens of P. n.
guineensis ia having the lesser as well as the median and greater upper wing-
coverts pure white, but its wing measures 84-5 mm. ; while in yidneensis the wing
remains usually much under 80 mm., measuring as a rule about 70-77 mm.

Some specimens supposed to belong to this race, however, have longer wings :
(?, Upper Gasamanze, 79-5 : c? ad., Kirtaonda, near Thies, Western Senegal Colony,
collected by F. W. Riggenbach, 81 mm. Other specimens from near Thifes are
small.

266 NoviTATEs Zooloq:cae XXII. 191S.

p. n. insignis has the lesser upper wiug-coverts partially black like leucomelas,
but the outer edges of the lateral rectrices are narrowly white.

139. Heliolais erythroptera erythroptera (Jard.)

Drymoim e.rythrnplem Jardine, Contr. Oni. 1849, p. U'l (W, Africa).

S ad., Zaria, 12. ix. 1912.

Wing 53 mm. •

140. Prinia mystacea subsp. ?

1 ad. Kano, c? ad. Zaria, 13. ix. 1012.

There appear to be some separable subspecies of P. mystacea, but I cannot,
at this moment, attempt to elucidate them.

141. Cisticola strangei strangei (Fras.)
c? ad., Zaria, August.

142. Thamnolaea coronata Rchw.

Thamiiolaea coronata Reichenow, Orii. ilomtsher. 190:i, p. 157 ; Viig. A/i: iii. p. 703, Alias, pi. x.wi.

fig. 2 (Tapong in Togolaad).
Thamnolaea claudi Alexander, Bull. B. 0. Club, xvi. p. l-'4 (1900— Pettia).

One fine adult male, province of Zaria, no date I

Some of the feathers of the crown of this freshly moulted bird have blackish
tips, which would soon wear off. The wings measure 110 5 mm.

I am not aware that anything is known of this rare species, except the type
in the Berlin Museum, from the interior of Togoland, aud the specimens collected
by Boyd Alexander in Nigeria. " T. claudi " is the female, which has the crown
slate-grey, not white.

143. Cossypha albicapilla giffardi Hart.
Cossypha giffardi Hartert, Bull. B. 0. Club x. p. .'') (Gambaga, collected by Capt. Giffard).

One adult bird from Kaduna, on the Kadnna River, province of Zaria, 1912.

Cossypha albicapilla omoeitsis Sharpe {Bull. P.O. Club xi. p. 28, 1900) is
closely allied to C. a. giffardi, but the back is darker blackish, the underside darker
rufous. The dusky markings on the outer tail-feathers, however, though somewhat
variable, are the same in both subspecies. The wings of C. a. omoensis are shorter.
Wings in C. a. giffardi : 137, 134, 126, 123-5; in C. a. omoensis: 119, 125, 116,
123, 126'5mm.; the males much larger than the females, but some specimens
apparently incorrectly sexed.

144. Saxicola rubetra (L.)

?, Zaria, 22. X. 1912.

(? freshly moulted, without date, province of Zaria.

The male is very pale and wonld appear to be S. ntbetra spatzi (Erl.), while
the female is darker and might pass as a S. r. rubetra ; but these forms
require further investigation.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

267

ON THE TWO ALGERIAN^ SPECIES OF CEROOALA,
A GENUS OF NOCTUIDAE.

By Dh. K. JORDAN.

(With 10 text-figures.)

IN vol. xiii. of the Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaeiiae p. 27i) (1913),
Sir George Hampson records one species of Gerocala from Algeria. The
nnmerous specimens from that country contained in the Tring Museum, however,
belong to the two species described by Hampson as insana H.-S. (1850) and nana
Stand. (1901) respectively. According to Rothschild (Nov. Zool. xxi. p. 233) the
name insana doubtfully applies to the Algerian insect, and therefore should be
replaced by algiriae Oberth. (1870).

The species which Lucas describes and figures as scapidosa Hiibn. in Ann.
Soc. Ent. France, 1850, p. 103, tab. 2, fig. 3, from Algeria, and which Hampson
(;.e.) refers to insana = algiriae, is really sana. Hampson's synonymy should be
corrected accordingly.

The two species are outwardly so much alike that they are easily mistaken

Figs. 1 ami 2. — /'i-nmiln suhh.
„ 3 „ 4. — ,, algiriae.

one for the other. Size and markings are very variable in both. C. sana is on an
average the larger species, but many specimens are much smaller than an average
example of algiriae. In sana (text-figs. 1 and 2) the creamy or bnlfish discal
band which extends from below the costa obliquely towards the snbmarginal line
usually reaches this line, and has a straight outer edge below the costa ; whereas
in alr/iriae (text-figs. 3 and 4) the band is shorter posteriorly, and its outer edge is
mostly convex near the costa. But these differences do not hold good, nor can I
find anything else in the markings of the upperside of the forewing which can
be relied upon for separating the two species. The black spots, however, which
are found on the upper surface of the hindwing and on the underside of both

268 NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1315.

wings, are more strongly marked in saua than iu algiriae, the diffuse brownish
discal band of the bindwing above also being more pronounced in sana than in
algiriae. This distinction is near!)- constant, very few specimens of both species
being intermediate.

The true differences between sana and algiriae do not appear to have ever
been described. They are very striking, and are found in the neuration and legs
of both sexes and iu the antennae of the males.

In Hampson's Key to the Genera of Catocalinac the relative length of the
cell of the bindwing is employed as one of the distinguishing characters. If the
Key were strictly adhered to, Cerocala algiriae and C. sana would be located in
separate groups of genera ; for the difference in the lengths of the cells of the
bindwing is very marked in the two species. The proportion between the length
of the cell measured from the base of the wing to the lower cell-angle and the
length of the lower radial vein (= vein 4) is 4 : 5 in algiriae, and 4 : 7 in sana.
These proportions place algiriae into the neighbourhood of Euclidimera mi and

Figs. 5 and Q.—Ccrncnla algiriae,
„ 7 „ 8. — ., Sana.

Caenurgia fortnlitium, while sana has the shorter cell of the other (all ?) species
of Cerocala. However, it would be a very unnatural classification, if algiriae
were placed far apart from sana.

The second distinction refers to the claw-segment of the tarsi. In .^ana the
pulvillus or flap situated iu between the claws has a very distinct black apical lobe
(text-figs. 7 and 8, P), which can readily be seen with a fairly strong lens. This
pulvillus is absent in algiriae (text-figs. 5 and 6). The majority of the other species
of Cerocala, if not all, agree with sana in the possession of a distinct pulvillus.
This character, in conjunction with the previous, renders it easy to separate both
sexes of Sana from algiriae.

While these are all the distinctions I have found between the females of the
two species, the males exhibit farther differences. If the antennae are compared
side by side, the filamentous apical portion appears much longer in .<tana than in
algiriae, which is due to a number of distal segments being simple or dentate
in sana, while all the segments are pectinated iu algiriae, with the exception of
the last one or two. The difference in the shape of the segments and the length

N0V1TATK3 ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

269

of the branches is illnstrated by text-figs. 9 (saiia) and 10 (algiriae). The
segments are so long and slender in algiriae that the dorsal scaling is plainly
visible in a view from the underside, which is not the case in saiia.

In the specimen from which text-fig. iO is taken, the last two seghients are
fused together, and only one side-branch of the pennltimate segment is developed,
which often happens in antennae pectinated to the apex. The number of distal
segments which are without long pectinations varies in sana to some extent, bnt

Fig. 9. — Cerocala sana.
., 10. — „ algiriuc.

there are always at least six segments which have no side-branches or in which the
branches are shorter than the segments.

I mention incidentallv an interesting morphological fact observed in Cerocala
(and elsewhere). The ventral sensory cone (Cj placed at the apices of the segments
I.-* central on the simple antennae of the females, and on the penultimate (simple)
segment of the male of sana (text-fig. 9). From this central, normal position it
wanders on to one of the branches of the antenna, having a nearly apical position
on the pectinations of one side. The antennae figured are left ones ; on the right
antennae the cones are on the branches of the other side. The branches bearing
the cones, therefore, are those nearest the forewing — i.e. the branches of the
outer row.

270 NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII, igi?!.

The genitalia of the males of algiriae and «a«a.are less different than one
would expect. The distinctions are microscopical and so very slight that they can
hardly be employed for identification purposes. The clasper (or valve, = plenrnm of
ninth segment) is somewhat broader apieally and more ronnded in algiriae than
in Sana. The armature of the clasper consists of a long ventral process which
extends to the apex of the clasper, and two short, concave dorsal processes
wliich are jilaced close together. This armatnre is the same in the two species,
except that the dorsal processes are a little slenderer and slightly less curved in
algiriae.

The great similarity, almost amounting to identity, in the male genitalia of the
two Algerian Cerocala is of special interest from the point of view of systematics
and phylogeny. The similarity is weighty evidence that algiriae and .mna are
closely related, in spite of the difference in the lengths of the cells of the hindwing,
in the tarsal claw-segments and the male antennae ; and, on the other hand, shows
that the apjiarent absence of olivions distinctions in the genitalia mnst not fo ipso
be taken as proving specific identity. There are a large nnmber of distinct species
of Lepidoptera which we cannot separate by the genitalia, and there are also
Lepidoptera which we can identify with certainty only by the genitalia.

Both species of Cerocala are common in the dry districts of the High Central
Plateaux of Algeria, as well as in the desert. The larvae are not vet known.

ON FAFILIO DIA'OXI Grose-Smith (1900) AND FAPILIO
KUEIINI HoNR. (1886) FROM CELEBES.

By Dr. K. .JORDAN.

(With 4 text-figures).

THE most interesting collection of Rhopnlocero which our friend Dr. L. Martin
made during his stay at Paloe, Central Celebes, in lOI'i and 1913, contains
a long series of a Papilio which Dr. ^lartin identifies as P. kuehni in Iris, 1914,
p. 68 ff. We have drawn his attention to this error, the species not being huehni,
but dixoni. But Dr. Martin, in litt, expresses the opinion that dixoni and kuehni
are the same species, since his series shows all intergradations between specimens
with a red discal baud and red snbmarginal lunules on the hindwing (= di.roni)
aud specimens which have only the red band (= kuehni'). The series oi $ S which
Dr. Martin has been good enongh to cede to the Tring Museum certainly contains

these intergradations, but the extreme individuals which lack the snbmarginal

spots, and which Dr. Martin believes to be kuehni, are nevertheless dixoni, not
kuehni. There is no kuehni in the series.

The differences between dixoni and huehni are very marked. We have one S
and two ? ? of kuehni and fourteen S S of dixoni. The ? of dixoni has been
figured by Grose-Smith in l\ho/i. Exot. iii., Papilio, pi. 21. fig. 3. 4 (1901).

The wings are mnch narrower in kuehni than in dixoni, particularly in the
male, as shown in our text-figs. 1 and 2. The upperside of both wings of the male
oi kuehni is much more uniformly purplish blue than in dixoni, the pale stripes of

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

271

the forewing are missing above and mncii fainter beneath than in dixoni. The
hindwing above is pnrplisii bhie to the distal margin in kuekni, whereas in lU.voni
the distal marginal area is velvety lilack in certain aspects. The abdominal ponch

Fig. 1. — Papilio kuelini.
,, 2. — „ di-vani.

of kuchni contains a large, white, sharply defined patch, and the dark brown
colouring around this patch is so much shaded with juirplish bine that it scarcely
contrasts with the coloiirin"; of the rest of the wins. In dixoni. on the contrarv,

■ii" NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

tlie whole abdominal area is pale brown up to the cell and sharply deKiied, the
colouring contrasting very strongly with the wing. Moreover, the scaling inside
the abdominal fold is not wliite, but only slightly paler brown than the scaling
between the rell and the jiouch. Li\ the specimen of kneliDi here figured, the ponch
is entirely unfolded; in that of f//ro«/ the scent-organ is only unfolded once, the
pouch itself being still closed.

The red discal band on the underside of the hindwing is much broader in
kuehni than in diaoni, and also extends somewhat farther towards the abdominal
margin, the diameter of the band being at the iipjier median nervnle about the
same as the distance ot the band from the distal margin. There is no trace of
snbmarginal spots in hitehin.

The red lateral sjiot at the base of the abdomen appears to be smaller in kuehni

Fig. 3. — Qcnitaliii of Papilio kuehni.
., 4. — ,, ., dij-imi.

than in dixfliii, and the eiaspers are less extended red. In some specimens of
dixord there are scattered red scales on the sides of the segments preceding the
eiaspers.

The distinctions in colour and wing-contour are abundantly snjjported by
differences in structure.

The neuration exhibits in both wings some noteworthy characteristics easily
recognised and sufficiently prominent for separating the species. Apart from the
cell being, in both wings, somewhat narrower in kuehni than in dixoni, which
difference stands in connection with the lesser width of the kuehni-wiags, we find
the following distinctions : The distance between the points of origin of the second
and third snbcostals is in kuehni longer than tiie combined lengths of the two
transverse discocellulars, in dixoni shorter than or as long as these veins. The

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAB XXII. 1915. -l I O

stalk of the fourth and fifth subcostals is mach shorter in dixoni than in kiiehni,
being in kn.ehni longer and in dixoni shorter than the transverse discocellnlars. In
the hindwing the lower median vein has a more distal position than the upper
radial in kiiehni, while in dixoni the inverse is the case. The first and second
radials being closer together and the cell at the same time broader in dixoni, the
apical portion of the cell is more abruptly narrowed in that species than in kiiehni.

The genitalia of the S also differ in the two species. The armature is very
similar, but the proximal tooth (Pj of the harpe is in- kuekni longer and more dorsal
than in dixoni, and the lower one of the two apical teeth of the harpe is directed
distad in dixoni, while in kuehni it is in a plane with the upper tooth (cf. te.xt-figs.
3 and 4). Moreover, the penis-funnel, i.e. the triangular sclerite supporting
the penis-sheath on the ventral side and forming part of the ninth sternite, is more
produced iu dixoni than in kuekni. The individual variation in the genitalia
shown by the specimens of dixoni which I have examined does not affect these
distinctions.

The hindtibia of the S of kuehni is more swollen than in dixoni, and the fringe
of hairs at the extreme edge of the abdominal fold of the hindwing is very much
longer and denser iu dixoni than in kuehni.

The female of dixoni is paler than that of kachni, particularly the basal areas
of both wings, on the upperside. The submargiual spots of the hindwing are
strongly marked below and distinctly indicated above by pale crescents. The red
discal band of the underside is very broad in kuehni. The neuration of the females
is as in the respective males, except that the lower median nervule in the hindwing
of kuehni is on a level with the upper radial instead of originating more distally
than this vein.

The relationship of dixoni and kuehni is not so close as would appear at first
sight. Now I have examined males of both species I have come to the conclusion
that kuehni represents on Celebes the series priapus, si/corax, hageni, aidoneus,
semperi, whereas dixoni belongs to the series zaleucus, varuna, nox.

O-J NOVTTATES ZoOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

SOME NEW OR LITTLE-KNOWN HETEROCERA.

By Dk. K. JORDAN.

(With 3 text-figures.)

Family AGARISTIDAE

1. Hespagarista caudata eburnea subsp. nov. (text-tig. 1, 6)

(?. Colore eburneo magis extenso distingnemla.

Hab. Manow, German East Africa, 1 S, received from Messrs. Standinger and

Bang-Haas.

The forewing is slightly narrower than in IJ. c. caudata Dew. (IST'J), from
Angola, and the posterior antemediau and the snbmarginal spots are larger. The

creamy-white area of the hindwiug almost reaches to the base, and the black
marijina] band is narrower than in true caudata ; moreover, there is no discocellular
spot on the hindwing, and only the subcostal vein is distinctly black, the others
bein" black at the marginal band, and the median uervure also at the base.

■-'. Damias amoena rookensis subsp. nov. (text-tig. 'i, i)
In Seitz, Grossschm. xi. p. 1:5 (1U12), I treated chalybeata Roths. (1896) and
amoena Roths. (1896) as the sexes of one species, because we only had eft? of the
one and ? ? of the other. Meek has now sent ns from Rook Island two S S and

one ¥ which are practically alike, agreeing almost exactly with the S named
amoena Roths. (1896). As it is not probable that the $ is dimorphic, I must
reverse my opinion and consider amoena and chaUjheata\ distinct in spite ot the
absence of any tangible structural differences.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 275

The Rook specimens are distinguished from D. a. amoemi horn New Britain,
of which we have three ? ? , in the baud-like patch of the forewing being somewhat
broader, particalarly in extending to the cell before the lower median vein.

>

Family GEOMETRIDAE

3. Eubordeta concinna nom. .nov.

Eiihordeta flannnea Jordan {necjiuminriis B.-Baker, I'JIO), Nuv. Zool. xviii. p. 698. no. 3 (1911).

I propose the above name for the species called by uis flammea. When
publishing that name I entirely overlooked that there was already & flammeiis in the
genus, though mentioned by me on p. 597, I.e.

4. Milionia lepida spec. nov.

i. Nigra, cyanescens, alis anticis fascia recta obliqua mediana macnlaqne
parva basali caeruleis, posticis a basi ad medium usque caeruleo-bistriatis.

Al. ant. long. : 21 mm.

Hab. Near Oetakwa R., Dutch South New Guinea, up to 3000 ft., October —
December 191U (A. S. Meek), 'Z S S .

Velvety black ; body cyaneous, glossy, with a greenish tint in certain lights.

Wings, uppeiside : forewing with a small glossy-blue diffuse basal patch,
widest before hiudmargin, and a greenish blue straight oblique median band from
below costa to hiudmargin close to angle, 3";') mm. wide, the outer edge of band

incurved below BP. Hindwing with a cyaneous tone, with two gloss3--blue

streaks, one on the median vein and the other on the subraedian ; fringe of both
wings with grey tips.

Unc/erside : band of forewing enlarged to a broad jiatch, which is rounded on
the outer side and strongly tapers before hind angle, cross-veins about in centre of
patch, while on the upperside they are nearer the outer edge of the band, basal

patch almost joining the median one, interspace deep blue. Hindwing : cell

bordered with a broad glossy-blue streak anteriorly and posteriorly, a thin streak
also at abdominal margin. No patch of modified scales near apex as in 3f. callitmi
R. & J. (1005).

5. Milionia paradisea beata subsp. nov.

? . Alis posticis ad apicem aurantiaco marginatis distinguenda.

Hab. Goodenough, d'Entvecasteaux Islands, 2500— 4U00 ft., April 11(13 (A. S.
Meek), 2 ? ? .

Band of forewing appreciably broader than in M. p. paradisea. Red band of
hindwing, on the contrary, somewhat reduced, being shorter and euding anteriorly
in a point ; apical margin narrowly bordered with orange, this border a little longer
below.

Family LIMACODIDAE
6. Casphalia nigerrima Holl. (1893)

Casphalia nigerrima Holland, Psi/i-hr vi. p. 397 (1893) (Ogowe R.).

Dr. Holland described the species from a d. The British Museum has a
coloured figure of this c?, and we have a sjiecimen of both sexes. Onr S agrees

276 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

with the figure in the mesotborax bearing two ronnd black dots on each side in
front, as, for instance, in C. extranea Walk. (1869). The head is orange in front
of the antennae, and the base of the third abdominal tergite is rather broadly orange
and the bases of the following segments narrowly so. In both sexes the base of
the costal margin of the forewing is creamy white like the anterior portion of the
mesonotnm.

In the ? the head is black ; the base of the antenna bears some orange scaling;
abdomen orange, with a broad dnli black diffuse median stripe, which widens
posteriorly, but is here much mixed with orange ; legs deeper black than in <S , and
the femora less extended orange.

Onr specimens came from Bopoto, Congo (Oram coll.).

7. Casphalia citrimaculata Aariv. (1905)

The species was described from a single ? from Victoria, Clameroons. The
Oxford Museum contains a c? which agrees well with the description, except in
some points which may be due to difference of sex. This d was caught by
Dr. W. A. Lamborn near Oni, 70 miles east of Lagos, east shore of Lekki Lagoon,
Nigeria, 0-100 ft., in a forest with paths and natural clearings.

Forewing 14 mm. long; hindwing small, with the anal angle produced and
the apex subacuminate. About fourteen segments of the antenna with long pecti-
nations, scale-hairs at base of antenna orange-ferrnginous. Foretarsus from apex
of first segment pale yellow, mixed with some black scaling, particularly on fifth
segment ; the other tarsi less extended yellow beyond centre. A rather large
orange-yellow lateral spot at base of abdomen extends on to metathorax. Marginal
band of hindwing nearly as broad at anal angle as at apex, narrower in between,
centre of hindwing slightly transparent.

Cell of hindwing truncate, stalk of subcostal and first radial half as long as the
cell is broad.

8. Casphalia elong-ata spec. nov.

?. C. citrimacidatae Auriv. (1005) colore similis, sed pectore abdomineqne
nigris unicoloribus.

Al. ant. long. 20 mm., lat. 7 mm.

ll((h. Mombasa, British East Africa, October 1905 (F. J. Jackson), 1 ?.

Body black, collar anteriorly orange, a few orange hairs at the base of the
antenna, on palpus, forecoxa, and on the soles of the tarsi.

Forewing very long and narrow, without traces of hind angle, black like body,
with a faint olive-brown tint ; just oatside cell an ovate lemon-yellow patch, which
is pointed behind and extends from near costa to beyond R'. Hindwing lemon-
yellow, small ; abdominal margin half the length of distal one ; anal angle obtuse,
roundedoff, not produced; apex subacuminate ; black marginal band widest at apex,
measuring here 3 mm. and only 1 mm. in its jmsterior half; co.stal margin very
narrowly black ; a distinct black discocellular spot.

Netiration : Forewing, subcostals 2 to 5 stalked together, 2 more proximal

than 5. Hindwing : subcostal and radial 1 in right wing on a very short stalk,

in left wing separate ; cross-vein between radials 1 and 2 very oblique, the upper
cell-angle being much more produced than the lower ; cross-vein D' between
radials 2 and 3 angulate ; radial 3 and median 1 near together from lower cell-
angle ; median 2 from oiiddle of cell.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 277

9. Casphalia elegans spec. nov.

(J ? . Nigra ; prothorace ferrngiueo ; mesothorace macula magna ntrimqne ante
alam sita snlphnrea notato ; abdomiae et pectore anrantiacis ; alis antiois piincto
minnto basali et fascia macnlari subapicali pallida snlpbureis ; posticis aurantiaco-
sulfnreis («?) vel anrantiacis (?), nigro-limbatis, pnneto medio nigro.

Al. ant. long. S 13 mm., lat. 5 mm.
? 18 „ „ 7"5 „

Ihb. Gambaga, Gold Coast Hinterland (Dr. Bury), 1 S and 1 ?.

Head, palpi, antennae, iipperside of thorax, tibiae, tarsi, and upperside of
femora, in S also base of abdomen black, a few yellow hair-scales on frons and at
base of antennae, and pale orange scaling on upperside of palpi ; collar ferruginous
orange ; abdomen and breast orange, a large spot on each pataginm in front of wing
sulphur-yellow. Hair-scales on sole of hiudtarsus partly clayish buff. In ? tip of
abdomen black.

Wings, upperm/e : forewiug in shape similar to that of C.Jiancollis Walk.
(1856), dull brownish black, a small spot at extreme base, a macular subapical band
sulphur-yellow, the band close to cell from radial 1 to below median 1, consisting of
five spots, the upper two spots a little more proximal than the others and 2 to

3 mm. long, the next two somewhat smaller, the fifth small, in ¥ vestigial.

Hindwing in cJ pale yellow shaded with orange, in ? orange ; anal angle distinct,
in c? projecting ; a narrow black marginal band, in S extending along abdominal
margin to base ; width of distal border at apex 1 mm. in <S and nearly 2 mm. in ? ,
below centre ^ mm. in S and very little more in ? ; abdominal border of c? a little
over 1 mm., absent in ? ; a discocellnlar spot also black, joined to the diffuse black
costal border in c?, isolated in ¥, the costa not being black in ?.

Underside similar to upper, sulphur-yellow basal spot of forewing absent,
subapical band slightly wider, the last sjiot of it larger and better defined ; black
costal border of hindwing of S somewhat broader.

Neuration essentially as in C. extranea Walk. (1869).

Genitalia of <S: Tenth tergite and sternite longer and slenderer than in
C. extranea, the apex of the tergite less abruptly bent downwards. Claspers much
shorter, not produced into a long apical process, as is the case in extranea Walk.
(1869), nigridorsa Auriv. (190.5), and mgerrima Holl. (1893).

Zarachella gen. nov.

?. Prope Casphaliam Walk. (1866). Alarum anticarum costae subcostales
1° et 2^" liberae, S'", 4", .5" petiolatae, radialis P ab cellulae angnlo snperiore foi-titer
producto emissa, medianae Pet 2" petiolatae; alae posticae rotundati-ovatae, cellula
inter costas radiales P'" et 2""" operta, radiali P cum subcostali longissime petiolata.

Genotypns : X. specidaris spec. nov.

The genus is a most interesting one as regards its neuration. On forewing
subcostal 1 very little more distal than stalk of medians ; upper angle of cell much
produced ; subcostal 2 from near upper angle, 3, 4, and .5 stalked, 4 halfway between
5 and apex of 3 ; radial 1 from very close to stalk of subcostals ; cross-vein D'-
angulate, upper arm of angle long, lower short ; radials 2 and 3 close together,
3 from above cell-iingle ; medians on a short stalk, which is longer in the left wing
than in the right one. Hindwing with the costal and distal margins completely

278 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

ronnded, ovate, small, without angles ; costal and subcostal fused from base to
oue-fourth, then diverging, the costa following the strong curve of the costal
margin, the subcostal throwing otf radial 1 not fiir from margin ; no cross-vein
between radials 1 and 2, which are widel)' separated, the cell being bounded in
front by the cell-fold ; radials 2 and 3 and median 1 near together, median 2 much
more pro.ximal.

Otherwise agreeing with L'nuphilm. Longer spur of hindtibia about as long
as the tibia is broad.

10. Zarachella specularis spec. nov. (text-fig. 3)

?. Nigra, paululo jiurpurascens, fronte. pronoto at(iue metanoto albo-guttatis,
alis anticis macula bipartita sub celliilae angulnm iuferiorem sita et posticis altera
magna centrali ovata albis subhyalinis oruatis.

Long. al. ant. 14.5 mm., lat. ;")•;") mm.
)> ?) post, i ,, ,, o ,,

Hah. Malvern, near Durban, Natal, 700—800 ft., November IS, 1903 (Cecil N.
Barker) ; 1 S in the Hope Department at Oxford.

The small size of the hindwing gives the specimens the appearance of a c?; but
it is a ?, as proved by the antenna, genitalia, frenulam, and retiuacnlnm.

Dull black with a slight i)urple tone. Scaling on apical fourth of antenna
wliite. A central sj)ot on the IVons, a transverse one ou each side of the collar, a
lateral tuft on the metanotnm, a small costal spot each on the forewing above and
on the hindwing below, as well as a semitransparent patch on each wing white ;
the patch of the forewing consisting of two sjMts R- — M', with an indication of a
tliird, minute spot below M', the patch a little over 2 mm. long ; the patch of
hindwing central, ovate, a little nearer to the distal than to the costal and abdominal
margins, the black border being narrowest at the lower median vein.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1013. 279

ON THE POSITION OF MINETRA NODRIOA Eoisd. (1832),
A NYMPHALINE BUTTERFLY.

By Dr. K. JORDAN.

T AESC'RIPTION.S of species are frequently so short ami superficial that
-L-^ ideutificatiou from the description aloue is very uncertain. It is a common
complaint, particularly as regards some of the older authors. On the other hand,
the determining of species from books often involves much greater labour than the
investigator of the literature on the subject is inclined to bestow upon his task.
He looks to the cataloguer as the saviour of trouble, investigation being cut short
and remaining superficial. This also is a common complaint, well balancing the
former.

My attention was drawn to Minctra nodrica Boisd. (1832) by Professor E. J.
Giilet, of Nivelles, who has been helping for a short time in the arranging of the
Lepidoptera in the Tring Museum. When classifying the genus Partheiws according
to Fruhstorfer (in Seitz, Grossschm. vol. ix.) Professor Giilet, finding iwdrica Boisd.
described as a subspecies oi Partheiws sijlciakVi well as of P. tigiina in Fruhstorfer's
synopsis of the genus, appealed to me for a solution of this, for him extraordinary,
])uzzle. As the Professor was not satisfied with my general statement that the
introduction of hustling into science must inevitably lead to such oversights, I had
to investigate the matter, nolens volens.

In Voij. Astrolabe, Lcp. p. 126 (1832) Boisduval placed in his new indescript
genus Minetra two species, the new nodrica (from Burn and New Guinea) and sijUia
Cr. (1775). The subsequent career of nodrica Boisd. has been, until recently, a
fairly smooth one.

Doubleday (1850) enumerates nodrica as a distinct species under Minetra
Vollenhoven (1866) refers to nodrica as a species distinct from his Minetra tigrina
Kirby (1871) has it under Parthenos along with grambrHsius, Sylvia and tigrina.,
Minetra being correctly sunk as a synonym of Parthenos.

Oberthiir (1880) expresses the opinion that nodrica and tigrina are respectively
the melanotic and albinotic forms of one species, and mentions a Waigeu specimen
almost identical with Boisduval's type of nodrica.

Pagenstecher (1884) refers without comment to Oberthiir with regard to
nodrica, and Niceville (1898) records it from New Guinea, adding that he believes
its occurrence on Barn to be more than doubtful. On the other hand, Holland
(1900) identifies the Burn specimens oi Parthenos obtained by Doherty as nodrica.

In his various articles on Parthenos (Ent. Zeit. Stettin lix. p. 249. 1898, issued
1899), Iris xvii. p. 137 (1904), and in Seitz, Grossschm. ix. pp. 646 and 647 (1913) )
Fruhstorfer treats nodrica as a subspecies of tigrina or of sgleia, or of both. In
1899 he identifies the dark Parthenos from the Berou Peninsula as nodrica ; in
1913 he says, under sglvia, that he does not know nodrica, but that Doherty found
it in numbers on Burn, and under P . tigrina he states that nodrica is a dark form
of tigrina from Audai and Dorey.

The authors referred to took it for granted that Boisduval's nodrica of 1832 was
a form of Parthenos. The only anthor, as far as I know, who has been more careful

19

280 NOTITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

was Staudinger, who (juotes part of 15oisduvars original description as proving that
nodrica could not be the same as Staudinger's immictdata. In this Staudinger was
certainly right; bat it is nevertheless astonishing that after the perusal of the
original description he states that he does not know nodrica. He knew it well
enough, and even figured the male of it. The weight of Boisduval's name, apparently,
was at that time still so great that nobody doubted nodrica being a I'arthenos
(= Minetra).

What is nodrica Boisd. (1832)? Those who are acquainted with Papuan
bntterflies will recognise the species at once from the original description, of which
we quote here the French portion :

" Ailes arrondies, d'un brnn noiratre, avec uue bande blauchatre commune ; les
sup^rienres ayant pres de la cote un point, et trois pres du sommet, blauchatres ; leur
des.sons brunatre, avec quelques trait.s basilaires bleus, et uu anneau costal noir a
prunelle bleue ; dessons des infdrieures roussatre, avec la base verdatre tach^e de
bleu, et una rangee posterieure de gros points noirs."

There is only one Papuan Nymphaline known with a white band across both
wings and a blue-pupilled costal eye-spot on the underside of the forewing : the
white-banded ? oi S>/mphaedra aeropa\j. {\~b^).

I restrict the name oi nodrica Boisd. (1832) to " New Guinea" specimens, no
white-banded ? ? of aeropa being known from Burn.

An e.xcuse can be found for every error. The confusion was started by
Boisduval himself in the .4.s?/'fl/«4fc' by describing acroyy^, L. as T.exias neropiis on
p. 12.5, and a ? of it as Minetra nodrica on p. 126, and this is a kind of e.xcuse for
the continuation of the mistake.

The type of «0(//vW< mentioned by Oberthiir (1880) is certainly not tlie type,
but a specimen subsei|uently placed by Boisduval in his collection as nodrica. The
type of true nodrica may possibly be preserved in the Paris Museum.

The Parthenos from the north side of the Beron Peninsula is /'. si/lsia
immaculata Stand. (1886), a name which is not mentioned in Seitz.

P. ti<jrina Vollenh. (1866) is not specifically dill'erent from sijlcia.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK XXII. lOl.'i. 281

THIRTEEN NEW SPHINGIDAE.

Bx LORD ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D., F.R.S., and K. JORDAN, Ph.D.

(With Plate XX. and 7 text-figures.)
The types are iu the Tring Miiaenm if not otherwise stated.

L Coelonia brevis sp. nov. (te.\t-figs. 1, 2, 3, and Pi. XX. fig. 2).

S . C. fiilriiiotatae similis, sed minor, pal))orara articiilo secundo basi lato, deinde
couico glabro ; alarum posticarum basi supra flava, subtus alba.

Hah. Miariraarivo, Madagascar, 1 <?, received from Monsieur E. Le Monlt.

Antenna thicker than iu C. J'ulvinotata Butl. (1875). Palpus (text-fig. 3) quite
different, the second segment being ventrally rongli-scaled at the base and then
abruptly smooth-sealed ; this smooth portion comprises more than half the segment
and is conical. Third segment small. Scent-organ of forecoxa not visible, probably
as small as in solani Boisd. (1833) or smaller. Foretibia much less rough-scaled
than iu fulcinotata, foretarsus without tufts. Outer spurs of mid- and hindtibiae
more than half the length of the inner spurs. Pulvillus (juite small.

In colouring intermediate between solani and Julvinotata. Face and anterior
portion and sides of thorax (upperside) blackish brown irrorated with buff and grey
hair-scales (centre of mesonotum rubbed, grey) ; metanotum on each side with black
tuft edged with grey in front and buff behind, no pink tint as in fulriiwtata. First
abdominal tergite for the greater part black, the other tergites dirty grey with
indistinct blackish median line, second, third, and fourth segments with a yellow
side-patch edged with black above and behind, the black subdorsal marking also
present on the three following segments. Underside inclusive of first palpal
segment white, base of second palpal segment bnflish white, along eye a black line
on first segment, continued on to second. Forecoxae with slight buff transverse
band, legs brown, irrorated with white, the spurs, underside of the tarsi, and the
apex of the hindtibia greyish white.

Forewing broader than m fulcinotata ; markings of upperside similar, but the

ground-colour much more grey. Hindwing blackish brown, with two indistinct

blackish bands, anal area shaded with grey, basal area and four-fifths of the costal
margin yellow, the yellow area not enclosing a black jiatch as vn Julvinotata.

Umlerside : Forewing washed with yellow along costal and inner margins, in
outer half two indistinct deeper brown bands, the proximal one touching ajjcx of

cell. Hindwing white at extreme base, almost white from base to anal angle,

withont a distinct yellow tone, a narrow deep brown median band outside cell more
strongly marked than the discal band, which is very faint.

Genitalia: Anal tergite (tenth) in dorsal aspect (text-fig. 2, X. t.) eliiptically
widened before the apex, the latter narrow, truncate ; in lateral aspect (text-tig. 1)
the apex but slightly narrowed, curved downwards, truncate, with the upper angle
produced as a small sharp tooth. Anal sternite (X. st.) truncate, with the angles

282

NOVITATHS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

very strougly rounded aud the apical marj^iii not incurved. Clasper on outer
surface with a patch of large, yellowish, multideutate, strongly striated scales ;
harpe (text-fig. I, H) with two processes, wliich are both curved upwards, thorn-
lil<e, sharply pointed, the upper one being longer than the lower one; the inner

<--;'ir'-">,

FiGe, 1 .*?. — Coeloniu breris. — IX. t. ninth tergitfi, X. t. tenth tergitc, X. st. tenth sternite, A anus,

CI clasper, H harpe.

surface of the clasper bears a patch of short spines distally to the harpe, and in
the apical area numerous long bristles pointing obliquely frontad.

Length of forewing : 39 mm.

Breadth of forewing : 17 mm.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

283

2. Poliana leucomelas sp. nov. (text-figs. 4, 5, 6 and PI. 20. fiu;. 1 ).

(?. Corpore snpra brnnneo, albo-macnlato, infra pro maxima parte albo,
thorace sine linea nigra dorsali laterali. Alis anticis nigro- et albo-varicgatis, area
mediana costali nigrina in medio ad raarginem exteriorem extensa ; posticis uigro-
brunneis, ad angalnm analem et marginein abdomiiialem albo-sigiiatis.

Long. al. ant. (56 mm.

Hnb. Pnom Penh, Cambodia, 1 <J a dom. FT. Donckier rec.

Nearest to P. huchholn Pl5tz (1880), from W. Africa, larger, forewing more
elongate, with the white area placed proximally to the black apical costal area
larger and extended ontward to the snbmarginal spots ; behind this white patch the
blackish median area, in which the white stigma is sitnated, is likewise produced to
the onter-marginal black spots ; the hindmarginal area of the forewing, moreover.

Figs. i-fj. —Pt'liaiKi JeK('otiieI<is, genitalia.
is more extended white than in hnchhol^i. The genitalia are especially different in
the harpe.

Scaling of antenna dark brown, grey at the base. Upperside of body dark
brown, variegated with dispersed paler hair-scales ; a white spot extends from
before the antenna on each side of the head on to the pronotnm ; mesonotnm
without black lateral line, metanotnm with a black doable tnft edged with white
and ochraceons ; abdomen (rather worn) appears to bear two dorsal rows of white
dots and at the sides a row of blackish patches partly edged with white. First
segment of palpns and base of second greyish white. Breast white, brown near the
wings, femora nearly quite white, also tlie liindtibia, midtibia brown with white ring
in centre and at apex, tarsi brown, the segments tipped with white (forelegs
missing, with the exception of one forefemur), tibial spur and underside of first
hindtarsal segment white.

For pattern of forewing, above, cf figure. Hindwing brown, fringe spotted

0S4 KoVrTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

with wliite, costal margin ImS' as far as covered by forcwiug, abdominal margin iur
the larger part white, at anal angle a white patch divided by two blackish bars, at,
vein M'' a white snbraarginal ditiuse spot.

The M«f/tVA'«/t' paler brown than the ui)per, witli a slight pnrplish tint, while
fringe-spots conspicnons, otherwise no distinct markings ; forewing in onter half
with tbree diffnse and very obsenre darker lirown bands, whicl), apparently, also rnn
across the hindwing (this wing mnch abraded in onr specimen).

Tenth tergite not divided longitndinally, ending in a slender pointed hook
(text-fig. S, X. t.) ; tenth sternite broader than the apical portion of the tergite,
ronnded at the tip (text-fig. 4, X.st, dorsal aspect), the sides being bent npwards,
so tliat the sternite forms a channel. Clasper on the onter snrface with a crest
of elongate erect friction-scales which lean distad ; harpe (text-tig. 6, H) very
character! siic, being produced into two processes, one process being ventral and
bearing some minute teeth at the ti[>, the other jirocess directed upwards, being
curved in sickle-shape and gradually narrowing to a sharp point. The penis-sheath,
as in P. buclilwliii has no definite ajiical process as in P. natalensis Butl. (1875).

We received this interesting species from M. H. Donckier de Donzell, together
with some Papilios and other true Oriental species, and have no reason to doubt that
the specimen came from Cambodia.

3. Libyoclanis major sp. nov.

? . Clanh blcohv; Rothschild & Jord., No,: Zunl. ix. Suppl. p. 2111. no. 181 (190.3) (partim).

c??. Major qnam L.. bicolor Roths. (1894) et L. })unctum Roths. (19i,)T) ; alls
latioribus, auticis ut in L. pimcto macula nigra subapicali costali uotatis, margino
exteriore convexo, posticis cinnamomeo-rufis.

Al. ant. long. : J 50 mm., ? 01 mm.
„ „ hit. : 3 10 mm., ? 23 ram.

Hub. Sierra Leone, 1 c? in Mns. Oxon. (typns), 1 ? in Mns. Tring.

In the Revision of the Sphiiigidae, I.e., we placed the ? with bicolor Roths.
(1894). The forewings of this specimen are rather worn, and do not well show
the black subajiical spot by which mn/or and the two species mentioned below
are distinguished from bicolor.

Head and thorax tawny olive, being slightly jialer Ijchiw than above; aVidomen
]iale ochraceous buff.

Antennae slender and short, lateral and ventral outlines in c? almost straight,
the segments being bnt very slightly dilated laterally above the side-groove and
ventrally not incurved. One pair of spurs to hindtibia.

S. Wings, upperside : Forewing clay-colour, j)aler than the thorax, shaded with
purplish grey, in ])roximal half two parallel lines, the anterior one crossing cell
at point of origin of lower median vein, the lines more obliqne than in bicolor,
in outer half an apical streak running into the disc as far as lower radial (vein 4),
a diffuse double line from outside lower angle of cell to hindmargin and another
farther distal, blackish brown like antemedian lines, continued to costal margin
by diffuse clayish lines ; marginal area shaded with purplish grey, except the
posterior portion, which is cinnamon-colour ; black subaj>icaUjspot very distinct,
with a cloud of pnrplish grey scales at its proximal side; cell measured from
liase to lower angle as long as upper median vein ; distal margin concave below
apex, then very distinctly convex. Hindwing bright cinnamon-rufous, jialer

NOVITATES ZOOLTJQICAE XXII. 1915. 285

distally, abdominal margin linff, distal margin somewhat convex in centre, cell
shorter than lower radial.

Underside pale ochraceous bull', more buff than ochraceous, proximal half of
forewing and abdominal margin of hindwing cinnamon-rnfous, distal marginal
area of forewini; sliaded with gre}' and fnscons, bordered by tlie very distinct
obliqne apical streak, apex with a fnscons costal clnnd, both wings with two discal
abbreviated lines.

? similar to c?, markings of forewing above less distinct, probably owing to
the inferior state of preservation of the specimen, outer margins of wings more
convex, npperside of hindwing and the red colouring of the underside brighter
rnfous ; rest of underside duller than in S, hindwing dirty pinkish bnfl', like
underside of abdomen, the two discal linos nearly straight instead of being curved
costally as in (?.

(jenitalia similar to those of bicolor. In c? the lobes of tenth tergite with
the tip truncate, tenth stcrnite almost evenly rounded, lieing longest in the centre.
Outline and armature of clasper as in hieolor, except that the apex of the harpe

is less curved. In ? both processes of the seventh sternite sharply pointed,

the left process much broader than the one of the right side, but of about the
same length.

4. Libyoclanis vicina spec nov.

c??. /^. /Ji(W('to Roths. (1907) similis, sed alis angustioribus, posticis margine
exteriore parum coucavo, antennis tenuioribus, segmento anali ventrali maris
angusto rectangulatim truncate distingnenda.

Al. ant. long. : S 35 mm., ? 39 mm.
„ ,, lat. : S 12 mm., ? 13'5 mm.

Hab. Cross R., Lower Niger (F. C. Martell), 1 i (type), and Luluabnrg,
Congo, 1 ? .

Antennae as in L. major, whereas in the S of punctum (the ? is not yet
known) each segment is laterally widened above the groove and ventrally incurved
in the centre, the antennae of punctum being also longer and thicker. The shajie
of the wings is different, the wings of vicina being much narrower ; cell in fore-
wing distinctly, in hindwing a little longer than lower radial vein ; distal margin
of forewing longer and less convex than in punctum, the forewing also obviously
narrower ; distal margin of hindwing slightly but visibly incurved from apex to
anal angle, not convex as in jiunctum.

Head, thorax, and base of abdomen above tawny in S, tawny-olive in ?, tlie
colouring in punctum being more huffish clay. Forewing rufescent claj'-colonr,
with transverse Hues similar to tliose of L. major, a double one in proximal half
and three in outer half, the lines much darker and much more distinct in S than
in ?, oblique apical streak to below second radial, marginal area shaded with
fuscous and grey, subapical black-brown spot larger than in punctum. Hind-
wing bright cinnamon-rnfous, abdominal margin buff, as in the other species a
diffuse fuscous marginal cloud in front of anal angle.

On underside the proximal half of forewing and abdominal margin of hind-
wing bright cinnamon-rnfous, less pink than in punctum, rest of wings buffisli
clay, two abbreviated discal lines on both wings and a prominent apical ob!i(]ue
streak on forewing.

Genitalia : S, lobes of tenth tergite much narrower than in punctum, rotundate-

286 NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

acuminate at tlie tijis. Tenth sternitc somewhat longer than it is bro:ul apiftally,
Bides of the free portion jiarallel and the apex truncate, the angles being a little
ronnded off. Ontline and armature of clasper as in major, tlie tip of the harpe

slightly less sjmtuliform. ? : seventh sternite with two slender pointed lobes

which are about equal in size.

S. Isognathus rimosa molitor subsji. nov.

Iso</)ia!!iiis rimosa rimosa Rothschild & Jord., Nor. Zool. ix. Snppl. p. 358 (1903) (partim).

Corpore alisqne anticis olarius griseo-albis et pronae faciei areis anrantiacis
melius expressis ab /. r. rimosa facile distingnendus.

Ilab. Haiti, type (?) from Cape Haitien.

In size equalling or surpassing large specimens of rimosa from Cuba. The
npperside of the body and forewing purer greyish white. The mesothoracic patagia
at most with a slight trace of a black longitudinal line. Forewing as in the
palest ? ? of rimosa, in cJ with the usual black discal streak. On vridfrside the
yellow areas of both the fore- and hindwiiig as distinct as in /. rimosa inclitas Edw.
(1877), but slightly smaller, that of hindwing sharply defined, being distally
bounded by a black band ; rest of wings much more whitish grey than in Cuban
specimens.

The (? and ? which we recorded {I.e.) from Cuba ns rimosa came undoubtedly
also from Haiti.

6. Ampelophag'a khasiana malayana subsp. nov.

?. Ab ^. /fhnsiana fascia postmediana brnnnca alae anticae .5 mm. lata postice
valde angustata distingueuda.

Al. ant. long.: 49 mm., lat. 20 mm.

Uab. Batang Padang valley, Perak, 1250 mm., Seiitember — October lOlU
(E. Stresemann), 1 ? .

The general tone of colouring as in A. k. hhasiarai Roths. (1894) ; upperside
of abdomen paler from the third segment (discoloured ?). AVings broader than in
khasiana ; forewing with the same number of chestnnt bands, but the antemedian
band perceptibly broader at the costal margin, and the jiostmedian one much
broader from the costal margin to below the rather strong elbow, thence gradually
narrowed, the fourth band thinner than in khasiana, undulated, its posterior
two-thirds less distinct than the costal third, which gives the wing the appearance
of having the obliqne apical line continued straight to hindmargin.

7. Maassenia heydeni comorana subsp. nov.

S. Minor quam M. k. heydeni, macula argentea interiore gnttiformi majore.

Al. ant. long. : 30 mm.

Hub. Grande Comoro, September 1911 (C. F. Leigh), 1 S.

The dark chestnnt band which runs on the forewing, above, from the costal
margin to the hind-angle better defined than in the specimens from Madagascar,
the silvery dot which is placed proximally to the lower cell-angle larger, and the
proximal three-fourths of the hindwing slightly more greyish. Genitalia as in
^r. h. heydeni, but the apex of the penis-sheath truncate, not triangularly produced
as in the only i of heydeni examined.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 287

8. Panacra busiris marina subsp. nov.

6 ?. Regione mediana alarnm antiearnm luiaus extensa et miiiiis clare viridi
ab P. h. biisiri distingnenda.

Long. al. ant. : 30-32 mm.

Hah. Andaman Is., 2 c? c? and 2 ? ? .

Similar in size to small spei^iraeus of P. h. hiisiris Walk. (lS.5(i), the fovewing
less strongly angiilate at the distal margin and the npperside of head and thorax,
as well as the median area of the forewing dnller green, the median area also
smaller, especially the narrow posterior portion, the broad costal portion mnch
sliaded with olive-black at the donble line which bonnds the green area distally;
onter half of forewing also mnch more fnseons than in P. b. busiris. On the under-
side the basal area of the hindwing is less distinctly green than in P. b. busiris and
contrasts less with the disc.

We also place here a mnch-damaged specimen which we have from the
Nicobars.

0. Temnora leighi spec. nov.

S. T. fumosae similis, magis grisescens ; snl.itns pallida, ala postira raacnla
nigra jione cellnlam sita notata.

Ilah. (.!omoro Lslands : larva fonnd on Jlayotte, emerged July In, 1011, and
Anjonan (type) Jnly 15, 1911 (G. F. Leigh); 2 SS.

Drab grey shaded with a clayish tone, centre of occiput and of thorax brown ;
below somewhat paler than above, palpi and anterior surface of foretibia whitish
grey, a narrow line along eye on first paljial segment brown, widening into a patch
on second segment.

Antenna slightly thicker than in T. fumosn Walk. (1856), scaling clayish grey
mixed with brown, entirely brown on hook.

Wings as broad as in 7". fumosa peckorcri Bntl. (1S77). apex of the forewing
more jiroduced, onter margin less convex below sinus ; markings as in fumosa
jieckoieri S, but both wings paler, forewing greyer, antemedian band more curved,
marginal and submarginal markings below apex less distinct.

Underside pale clayish shaded with drab grey, especially at distal margin ;
forewing black, or blackish brown, from base to disc ; hindwing particularly more
grey than in the forms oi fumosa, the median band terminating below apex of cell
with a black prominent spot, submarginal black dots small but distinct.

Clasper with three large friction-scales; harpe broader than in T. fumosa,
truncate, not acicnlate. Penis-sheath as in T. fumosa inside with a dense bundle
of long stiff bristles. Tenth segment similar to that of T. fumosa.

10. Macroglossum lepidum sp. nov. (PI. XX. fig. 5).

S. .1/. fruhstorferi Huvve (L^O.")) statura et colore snbsimilis. Abdomine
lateribns albo-penicillato, palpis subtus, sternis atqne segraentorum dnorum
anticoruni Jibdominalinm macnla mediana albo-griseis. Ala antica supra lineola
discocellulari et linca margini exterior! parallela postice rectangnlatim fracta
albo-griseis notata; ala postica flava, basi extrema et fascia lata marginal!
brunneis.

Long. al. ant. : If) mm.

Hub. Nias, 1 $ .

288 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 191S.

Bod}' olivaconns mnmmv-lirnwn iihore, shaileil in ])liices witli wiilnnt-brown,
the hair-scales on head and thorax tipped with grey, mesonotum with grey oblique
stripe on the sides, abdomen with a double row of dark brown dorsal patches, on
segments ii, iii and iv an orange-yellow side-patch, the first and third patch
being smaller than the second and more transverse, the lateral tufts tipped with
white, anal fan entirely brown. On the iniderside the palpi, central area of breast
and a large patch on the first three abdominal sternites grey, an indication of
a grey spot also at base of the next sternites, rest of abdomen mnmmy-brown with
a tint of walnut, mnch less brightly coloured than in ^[. frulistorferi ; fore- and
midtibiae and -tarsi huffish grey, hindleg brown, tuft of hindtibia hazel.

^^'i^gs, iipperside : Forewing sepia-brown, an autemedian black band partly
filled in with sepia-colour, widest at hindmargin, reaching costa proximally to
apex of cell, basal area below cell with a streak of grey-tipped long scales from
base to antemedian band; a grey discoeellnlar transverse spot followed at hind-
margin by a grey triangular sput, outside this interrupted band two black lines,
incurved in centre, excurved below costa, parallel up to M', then diverging and
from R' converging, the outer line more strongly excnrved at R' than the inner
and in front of this vein exteriorly bordered with grey, between these lines and
ilistal margin, and almost parallel with them, a grey line wliicli is slightly broken
(not interrupted) at 11' and forms a right angle between the median veins, reaching
the hindmargin lA mm. from distal edge, and costal margin 4i mm. from apex,
outside this grey line and partly fused with it another grey line comiuencing at
R' and disappearing before reaching hindmargin, costally to this line, i.e. in front
of R', a deep brown patch preceded in front of SC° by a diffase chestnut patch, at
apex the usual dark angle slightly outlined in grey, veins R' and SC^ partly streaked

with grey. Hindwing orange-yellow, the extreme base and a sharply defined

marginal band deep chestnut-brown, the band 4 mm. broad in centre, from below
costal margin to below M- of nearly even width, then suddenly narrowed, being
only li mm. broad at anal angle, fringe of abdominal margin brown.

I'mhfsiJe : Ground-colour a pale dnil chestnut, shaded over with tawn3'-olive,
much less bright than in M. fnihstoifcri, distal marginal band deeper brown,
extreme base of wings pale yellow, hind wing with orange-yellow elongate patch
before hindmargin, extending to base, but not to margins.

Tenth abdominal (= anal) tergite gradually narrowed distally, with the tip
trnncate-rotundate ; sternite spatulate, broader than the tergite, slightly acuminate,
with the edges minutely serrate. Clasper without friction-scales ; harpe very
slender, almost cylindrical from near base to near apex, the tip deeper brown,
narrower, curved upwards, slightly s|>atulate, no teeth, but before the curved-up
apical ]iortiou a slight ventral hump bearing some bristles. Penis-sheath uearly
as in M. calescens Butl. (1882), the apical process horizontal, very long, ending
in a long thin whip; this process, which encircles three-fourths of the penis-sheath,
bears some teeth at the ventral edge of the wide basal half, and there is a patch
of teeth on the jienis-sheatli pniximally to the base of the process ; apical edge of
sheath not produced into a lobe opposite the base of the process ; inside the sheath
one (?) rod only, which is obtuse.

The specimen also resembles M. calescens Butl. (1882), and M. cualancum
1{. & J. (1903), but is easily recognised by the more prominent grey markings
on the upperside of the forewing and the grey patches on the underside of the
abdomen.

N'OVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

289

11. Gurelca montana sp. nov. (text-fig. 7).

(?. G. masuriensi similis, corporo grise.scente, alis anticis angnstioribiis, apiccm
versus linea transversa a margirie costali ad ramiiin primnin meiliannm usqne e.^tensa
recta nigra atque qninque macnlis inargiiialibns nigris acnte triangnlarihns notatis,
alis posticis subtus luteo-grisciw, niavgiiie externo late Ihsco.

Long. al. ant. : 10-5 mm. ; lat. 73 mm.

Huh. Til)et, withont move definite locality, received from Monsienr E. Le
Mnnlf.

Bod)' much worn, ajiparently without any tawny and golden markings, but
beneath with traces ordayish spots (faded?); the scaling which is left is grey, much
mixed with black, palpi also withont tawny.

Wings longer and narrower than in M. maxuriensis But). (1875) ; npperside :
ground-colour of forewing darker brown than in nvtsiir. mnsurieiisis, bnt the grey
shading more extended, giving the wing a more silky appearance, the grey scales
remain dark in the centre, only the tips, or the tips and lateral edges, being grey ;
the grey discocellnlar bar accompanied on both sides by a black spot, the proximal

Fif.'.

irureJcd mt'lliana.

one of these black spots bordered by a grey half-moon, of which the horns join
the grey discocellnlar bar, no tawny tone, about at two-thirds from apex of cell to
outer margin a straight black line runs from costal margin to beyond M' at right
angles to the veins, at margin from apex to M" tine blackish brown, elongate,
acnte.ly triangular spots edged with black and accompanied by a grey zigzag line,
the upper spot small, apex of wing less pointed than in tnasiirif/is/s, margin dentate

also at M-. Hindwing almost as in masuriensi^, greyish at abdominal margin ;

proximally to marginal band, jiosteriorly, traces of a separate black line.

Underside black-brown, with an obscure chocolate tint on forewing, a costal
snbapical spot and a straight but irregularly defined line before hind-angle up to

M' creamy-gre}'. Hindwing creamy grey, outer area purplish black, broad

anteriorly, narrow posteriorly, accompanied by short transverse black striae, costal
lobe black, a line of the same colour runs from this lobe across lower angle of cell
to submedian fold.

Genitalia similar to those of G. imisuriensis ; tbe tenth tergite and sternite
narrower, particularly the sternite, the sides of which are almost parallel. Upper
edge of hari)e as in masuriensis excised at the apex, the apical tooth slightly
longer than in masuriensis. Penis-sheath (text-iig. 7) different ; the apical process

290 KoVITATES !5f)0L00ICAE XXII. WIT).

compressed, nseending in a si)iral makiiit; tliroo-finarters of a coil, the base of
the process triangularly dilated proximad, then tliin to two-fifths, rest broad and
denticulate at botli edges, the apex narrowing again.

12. Celerio calida hawaiiensis subsp. nov.

Deihjihita caViih Rotliscliild (nee Butler, l«i^l, err. tleterm.), N,tr. Znul. ii. tab. 9, fig. 1, ? (1895) ;
id. & .lord., I.e., ix. Suppl. p. 715, no. C72 (100.3) (partim ; Hawaii).

Alis posticis rnfis dnabns fasciis una media alilireviata altera niarginali coiu-
pleta nigris ornatis.

Uab. Hawaii, Sandwich Islands, 1 c? and 1 ? (tyjie) in the Tring Mnsenin, the
? from Jlanna Kca, and 1 ? in tlie British Mnsenm, bred l)y R. ('. L. Perkins
at Kan.

Whereas in trne ccdida, from the islands of Oalui and Molokai, the npperside
of the hindwing is black with a rnfons discal band which does not quite reach the
abdominal edge of the wing, the specimens from Hawaii have the hindwing for
the greater part rnfons, the extreme base, an abbreviated median band, and the
distal border being black. This black median band is variable in width, and
anteriorly more or less extended basad ; the black scaling at the base is also
variable in extent, being much more obvious in the type tlian in the specimen
bred by Mr. Perkins.

The two specimens in the Tring Museum are not very well preserved ; the body
is somewhat worn, which accounts for the nnderside of the abdomen being for the
greater part blackisli instead of nearly uniformly rufous.

13. Hippotion commatum spec. nov. (PI. XX. iig. 3).

<?. //. veloci simillimum, abdominis linea geminata dorsali magis distincta et
lineolis lateralibus griseo-albis baud obliquis, alis anticis pallide cinnamomeo snf-
fusis, linea griseo-alba valde conspicua basin versus longiore ; pnnctis marginalibns
mnlto minoribns.

Al. ant. long. : S 37-38 mm.

Hab. Rook Island, near New Guinea, July 1912 (A. S. Meek), ASS.

Head, thorax above and below, underside of botli wings, and npperside of
forewing and abdomen, suffused with pale cinnamon. Tlio lines on the body and
forewing more sharply defined than in //. telox F. (1793). Abdomen above and at
the sides longitudinally pencilled with olivaceons black, with a single lateral line of
greyish white elongate spots which are parallel to the dorsal line, not oblique.

Wings, iippersicle. Forewing : distal margin less angulate at second radial vein
than in rclojc, the fringe-dots quite small, the greyish white line which divides the
wing into a larger and darker costal area and a smaller and paler distal and posterior
area more oblique and, on the distal side, more sharply defined ; the line does not
reach the hindmargin, but ends in front of it 4 mm. from base at an olivaceous
black basal patcli ; the costal area similarly marked as in velox, subbasal black
streak in cell prominent, farther distad another streak placed below the cell, disco-
cellular dot very small. In distal area the following olive-black lines : a double
line along main greyish white line, thin, but continuous ; farther distally a much
more prominent line, thicker, also continuous : these three lines parallel with the
greyish white one and extending like this much nearer to the base than in velox,
the proximal portion of tlie lines being almost parallel to tlie hindmargin. The

KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 201

snbmarginul line, which is accentuated by vein-dots iti celox, is continuous and
not accentuated ; between it and tlie preceding line a Ijroad dilTnso line widened

jiostcriorly into a black spot or triangular patch. Hindwing olive-black, with

a very faint pale snbmarginal band, fringe pale, slightly darkened at the vein-ends.

Underside similar to that of i-elox, apart from the more yellowish colour of the
ground ; both wings with two lines in outer half, the distal line consisting of vein-
dots, which are either separated or joined together.

Genitalia (only the type examined) : Tenth tergite as in oelox, but tenth sternite
less pointed ; harpe shorter than in velox, the free distal portion triangular ; penis-
sheath with four teeth on one side and one on the other.

SOME NEW SFHINGIBuiE IN THE COLLECTION OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D., F.R.8., and K. JORDAN, Ph.D.

(Plate XX. figs. 4, 6).

1. Amplypterus gannascus jamaicensis snbsp. nov.

?. Ab. A. (/. gannasco maculis nigris paginae inferioris plus minus obso-
lescentibua distinguendus.

Long. al. ant. : 62 mm.

Hab. Jamaica (Dr. Jackson), 1 ?.

A large broad-winged specimen ; upperside of body and forewing a greyish
vinaceous cinnamon ; subbasal band of forewiug broad. The black bands of the
hindwing narrow, the proximal one 6 mm. distant from the apex of the cell, i.e. more
distal than in A.g. gannascus Stoll (1790), being partly shaded with red, 2 ram.
broad in centre and slightly narrowed at both ends, second band a continuous
separate line, subdentate on the veins, third band represented by spots on the veins,
first three spots arrowhead-shaped, pointing proximad, and not quite isolated from
one another, fourth spot a small dash on the vein, fringe of distal margin paler
than in gannascus.

Underside : tawny ochraceous with a slight vinaceous tint ; the black spots of
the forewing obsolescent, the rounded discoccllular spot being more distinct than
the others ; the grey marginal area broader in centre than in gannascus ; the
markings in the outer half of both wings vestigial, no distinct anal spot.

2. Isognathus rimosa jamaicensis subsp. nov.

¥. Alls anticis snpra griseis sparsim nigro irroratis et macnlatis, limbo nigro
alarum posticarum lato, macula anali grisea fere abs({ue lineolis trans versis nigris.
Alis subtus cum corpore fnsco-brunueis, sparsim grisescentibus, posticarum macula
aurantiaca magna bene expressa.

Long. al. ant. : 51 ram.

Hab. Jamaica (Dr. Jackson), 1 ?.

Upperside of body and forewing grey, with a faint pinkish tint which is
particularly obvious if the specimen is held side by side with a specimen of
/. r. molitor R. & J. (1915) from Haiti ;* pronotum, the central stripe on the

♦ Cf. p. 286 of the present volume.

292 NOVITATE? ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

mesonotiim and a short line ou the patai,'ia lilack ; abiloraen black, the middle
stripe and the edges of the segments grey, sharply defined and not broader than in
/. /'. rimosa, from Cnba, ou last segment the black more extended than the grey
colouring ; underside of abdomen greyish ochraceous buff.

Forewiiig, ahorc, with only the costal jiortion of the lines distinct, the lines in
outer half of wing indicated by dots on the veins, in between the veins more or less
distinct thin black streaks which do not quite reach the fringe-spots, the extremities
being the most distinct portion of the streaks, below the apex a blackish marginal
spot followed by a larger submarginal spot, on the proximal side of which an

angle-f^luipcd sptit is placed. The border of the liindwing 81 mm. broad in centre,

bearing a large grey anal spot in which the usual two black bars are but fitintly
indicated, the black edge of anal margin very distinct, the orange colour of both the
upperside and under uf a deeper tint than in the other /7'/«o.s«-forms.

Undersidii drab, much darker than in 1. r. rimosa, inclitnx and molitor, without
transverse lines ; on forewing two costal spots in outer half, a terraced oblique
band from apex to upper radial, consisting of three contiguous spots, and a diifuse
submarginal baud from hiudmargin some distance forward brownish black, basal

area below cell orange. Hindwiiig orange from centre of cell to abdominal

margin, this area well defined, rest of wing like forewing slightly shaded with grey.

Nearest to /. /•. molifor It. A; J. (1915), from Haiti, but the latter is much more
greyish white, particularly beneath, lias more extended markings on the forewing
above, and a distinct double bar in the grey anal patch of the hindwiiig ; moreover,
the yellow colour of the hindwing is paler in molifor, and, on the underside, just
enters the cell instead of occujiying more than lialf of it.

3. Panacra busiris atima subsp. nov.

?. Magis fnscata quam /'. i. i'/*'/;v'A- Walk. (1856), partibus viridibiis sordidi-
oribns ac in ala antica minoribns, alls jwsticis subtns ferrugineo marginatis.

Long. al. ant. : 31 mm.

Jiab. Karwar, South India, rainy season, ISOiJ (T. R. Bell), 1 ? .

Agrees best with the sj)ccimens from the Andamans, P. b. marina 11. it J.
(1915). The thorax and median area of the forewing are much less green than
in P. b. busiris, the median area, moreover, is smaller and exteriorly much shaded
with black-brown, the two oblique lines which bound this area on the outer side are
farther apart, and the lines placed in busiris before the hindmargiu outside that
double line are represented by irregular black speckles, submarginal line slightly
crenate.

On underside the outer area of the forewing ferruginous, brighter and more
unicolorous than in busiris, also butter defined and slightly narrower, the pale streak
situated at the costal edge of this area proximally to the line of blackish dots very
small. Distal marginal area of hindwing deep ferruginous, with a conspicuous grey
submarginal band from near costal margin to near middle, continued by a greyish
line, disc and abdominal area marked with ferruginons.

4. Macroglossum oceanicum spec. nov.

? . M. corytho colore subsimilis, alarum anticarum apice obtusiorc atque margine
externo convexiore, posticis subtus aurantiaco suffnsis, palpis subtns albo-griseis,
abdomineaurantiaco-trimacnlato, subtus luteo-griseo, versus latera plus minus I'usco-
brunneo, peaicillo anali unicolore apice inseusim pallidiore.

N'OVITATES ZOOLOUICAE XXII. 1915. 293

Long. al. ant. : 2U et 2S mm.

Hab. He Anglaise, Cbagos I., Halomou Islands, Indian Ocean, June 2!', 1905
(T. B. Fletcher), 1 ? (type), and Cliago-s Is. (J. S. Gardiner), 1 ?.

Upperside of body and forewing Front's brown (Ridgway, Nomencl. Colours,
j)l. 3. no. 11) shaded with drab, tail slightly darker, nearly burnt umber colour like
the marginal band of the hiudwing ; abdomen with three moderately large orange-
yellow side-jiatches, lateral tufts of segments .3 and 4 tipped with white, the white
pencil of the fourth segment particularly distinct. Palpus below greyish white,
breast and centre of abdominal segments grey, sides of venter diflPusely dark brown,
in large specimen the venter somewhat worn, creamy-bufF shaded with tawny.

The generaj coluralion of the iippermde of the wings similar to that of
M. conjthiis Walk. (lSo6), but the shape of the forewing differs, the ape.\ being
more obtuse and the distal margin more conve.x ; moreover, the drab shading is not
quite the same in the outer half of the wing : the brown submarginal band con-
tinuous from costal to hinder margin, broadest costally and gradually narrowing,
being posteriorly scarcely half as wide as costally, ontside this band the marginal
area shaded with drab continuously from ajiex to hinder angle ; none of the markings

prominent. On hiudwing the yellow band sharply defined, continued to base in

costal half and to apex at costal margin, in ceutre two-thirds the width of the
marginal border.

Underside paler than in M. cortjtkus ; forewing Mars brown (Ridgway, Xoinenel.
Colours, pi. 3. no. 13) shaded with drab, cell and area surrounding it slightly darker,

extreme base yellowish, on disc a vestige of a line. Hiudwing somewhat brighter

brown than forewing, suffused with orange-yellow except outer margin, abdominal
area pure orange-yellow with the exception of a narrow abdominal edge and a
broader anal border, this orange-yellow patch not strongly contrasting witli the rest
of the wing on account of the orange-yellow suffusion of the latter.

The .small specimen (type) collected by T. B. Fletcher has the appearance of
being bred, which would account for its small size as compared with the large and
somewhat worn specimen obtained by J. S. Gardiner.

5. Hippotion aurora gloriosana subsp. nov. (PI. XX. fig. 4).

S. Minor quam //. a. aurora R. k J. (1903), alarum auticarnm margine
externo brcviore et linea submarginali magis conspicua.

Long. al. ant. 31-32 mm., marg. ext. 154-16 mm., lat. 11|-12 mm.

Hab. Gloriosa Island, N.W. of Madagascar, March 10, 1906 (Meade-AValdo),
2 6S.

The oblique double line which joins the black basal patch is rather less promi-
nent than in H. a. aurora from Madagascar, while the subbasal line is deeper
olivaceous black. The hiudwing is a trifle paler red, and the black submarginal
band a little narrower. On the underside both wings have a row of vein-dots in the
clayish butt' area, but no lines.

The outer margin of the forewing is appreciably shorter than in //. a. aurora,
and slightly more angulate before the centre at R-.

0. Hippotion aurora delicata subsp. nov.
S. Praecedenti similis, pallidior, alarum auticarnm lineis una submarginali
altera abbreviata obliqua apicali conspicuis, fascia rosacea submarginali alarum
posticarum ad marginem oostalem usque continuata.

294 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. I'JIS.

Hah. Faniuhar Islaud, N.B. of Madagascar, October IT, 1905 (T. B. Fletcher),

1 <?.

Tlie body is clayish buff on the ujiperside iuid creamy bnff beneath ; the
central line on the patagia not very prominent. Forewing, aboce, paler than in the
other two races of aurora, the oblique double line which reaches hindmargin 4 mm.
from base less conspicuous; the oblique, abbreviated, apical line on the contrary very

conspicuous, being as prominent as the submarginal line. The black colouring of

the hindwing more restricted, the red submarginal band continued to subcostal vein,
and the pale marginal baud reaching ape.x, only becoming narrower just below
apex.

Underside pale ochraceous buff with a slight pink tone. The pro.ximal half of
forewing slightly shaded with fnscons, the marginal band quite indistinct, paler
than the disc, anteriorly bordered by a brownish oblique line extending from the
apex.~Hindwiug uniform in colour, paler at abdominal margin, with hardly
a trace of a marginal band.

The specimen is much injured, but the scaling of the body and what is left of
the wings does not appear to have suffered.

7. Theretra orpheus scotinus subsp. nov. (PI. XX. fig. (i).

S. Alis supra et subtus multo magis fuscescentibus quam in Tli. o. ori/hco,
fascia pallida alannn auticarum (iblii|ua postice solum albescente.

Hah. llesha, hSouth Nigeria (Capt. L. E. H. Hnmfrey), 3 cJcJ.

The whole insect, with the exception of the underside of the body, of a mnch
darker, blackish tint than the other known African races, agreeing on the npperside
in facies best with intensa R. & J. (19U;3), from Grande Comoro. The pale band
of the forewing which runs from the middle of the hindmargin towards the apex
is posteriorly whitish grey for about 3 mm., but otherwise smoke-colour, like
the greater portion of the area outside this band ; the median costal area shows
a very slight tawny tint.

The lines on the underside less prominent than in o. orphfiis on account of
the dark general colouring, the outer line of the forewing accompanied ou outer
side by a creamy bnff band from hindmargin' to centre, costal margin narrowly

ochraceous buff, turning into grey at apex. Hindwing blackish, costal margin

huffish grey, abdominal area and an anteriorly abbreviated submarginal line grey.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 295 ,

NEW EXOTIC ZYGAENIBAE IN THE TEING MUSEUM.

Bv De. K. JORDAN.

1. Eusphalera satisbonensis spec. nov.

c? ?. Variabilis, E. semiflacae Jord. (1904) vicina, abdomine supra flavo, capite
et tiiorace et ventre nigro-C3'aneis.

Al. ant. long. : 20-24 mm.

Hub. Goodenongh I., d'Entrecasteanx Islands, March— May 1913, 2500-4000 ft.
(A. S. Meek), a series of both sexes.

Agrees in the yellow tipper surface of the abdomen most nearly with E. lutescens
B.-Bak. (1908), but in the latter species the nnderside of the abdomen is creamy
or pale straw-colour.

The species is very variable, both sexually and within each sex.

c?. Body black, with a cyaneous gloss, upper surface of abdomen yellow with
the exception of segments 1 and 8, the former often having a yellow spot at the
apex. Sometimes the yellow area of the abdomen suffused with black. According
to the wiug-markings we group the specimens as follows :

(a) f. satisbonensis. — Forewing, above, basal two-thirds orange-yellow or
yellow, extreme base, costal edge, hindmargin and apical third dull black, with a
faint purplish sheen on the veins and the fringe in certain lights, and sometimes
traces of metallic subapical spots. Hindwing somewhat paler yellow or orange than
forewing, costal and distal margins broadly bordered with black, the distal border

slightly dentate at the veins, extreme base likewise black. Underside : the

yellow areas paler than above, base of forewing suffused with black in front of
hindmargin almost to outer edge of yellow patch. Marginal border of hindwing
with more or less distinct blue submarginal spots.

The yellow area of the forewing aboce sometimes invaded by black from the
hindmargin. On underside the hindwing in some specimens with black longitudinal
streak.

(h) f. plagiata nov. — Forewing, above, with bi- or tripartite orange subbasal
spot and orange-yellow patch at end of cell more or less distinctly invading the disc
proximally to lower angle of cell, the tint variable, but the basal spot deeper coloured

thau the patch. Hindwing as before. Underside : patch of forewing replaced by

a more or less abbreviated and strongly tapering band. Hindwing as before.

In one of the specimens the basal spot is enlarged and, moreover, connected
below costa with the median patch ; the latter is continued by some spots
forming a narrow diffuse band directed towards hind angle. Transition towards
form {a).

(c) f. fasciata nov. — Like {b), but the median patch replaced by a well-defined
oblique band, which does not quite reach hind angle and is broadest anteriorly.

The genitalia of these three forms are alike. They are characterised by the
clasper bearing a large tooth as in E. semijiava, and having the tip of the long
slender apical process somewhat broadened, recurved and excavated.

?. This sex appears in two forms, which are not connected by intergradations.
The metallic markings are more conspicuous than in the S , at least below, the first

20

rynf. KOVITATBS ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915.

abdominal tergite and the sides of the second are velvety black, the extreme tip of

the last tergite also black.

((/) f. satisbonensis.— Forewing as in t? above and bt'low, but proximal black
area of uiukMsidc less extended. Hindwing black, with a central and au abdominal
diffuse yellow patch ; on wn/er.v,/,' the central patch less and the abdominal one

more distinct. .

(e) f. fesciata.— Forewing withont snbbasal spot, baud orange red, reaching
hind angle, jiostcriorly at least as broad as at costa, nsnally somewhat widened at
both ends Hindwint; black, with broad vellow or orange-yellow central band from
abdominal margin to beyond central fold of cell. This form bears some resemblance
to several species oi Mi/ioiiia (Georaetridae), f.i. .1/. caUimorpha Oberth. (1880) and
the ? oiyraiic/is Drace (1882).

2. Eusphalera casta spec. nov.

?. Nigro-cyanea, abdomine macula apicali sulphurea notato ; alls nigns, anticis
fascia alba mediana cyaneo margiuata et altera angusta submarginali cyanea oruatis ;
posticis a basi ad anguhim aualem usque pnrpureo-cyaneis, macula submargmah
luniformi aurantiaca. Subtus magis cyanea, alis posticis macula aurantiaca minoro,
fascia cyanea admargiuali antice pnucto grosso albo signata.

Al. ant. long : 24 mm.

flab. Mt. Goliath, Dutch South New Guinea, 5000 ft., March 1011 (A. S. Meek),

1 ?.

Near Ensphalem splcmhuis B.-Bak. (1908), of which also only the ? is known.
But in spkudms the abdomen is pale grey above, and the hindwing, which has a
large white i)atch, lacks the orange patch of casta. Possibly E. splendens is the ?
of E. bicolom B.-Bak. (1008), which has a white band on the forewing and a large
white patch on the hindwing.

Body and wings of casta velvety black. Body with a cyaneous gloss, on
posterior" half of abdomen the metallic colour less prominent and more green,
seventh tergite with a sulphur-yellow patch. Frons anteriorly grey at each side.

Upperside of wings : forewing with white band proximally to ajjex of cell,
3 mm. broad in front, slightly narrower behind, crossing cell proximally to apex,
the point of origin of lower median vein being situated in centre of band, outer edge
of band 2i mm. from extremity of second snbmedian vein, base, costal margin,
edges of band and a narrow, submacular, submargiual band cyaneous. Hind-
wing glossy bine from base to anal angle and to base of upper median vein (vein 3),
somewhat purple, an orange, curved, comma-shaped spot from apex of cell towards
extremity of lower median, widest anteriorly (about 1^ mm.), gradually fading
away posteriorly.

Underside ; forewing nearly as above, basal area shaded with purplish blue, and

blue submargiual band more prominent. Hindwing purplish blue, a large curved

discal patch black, extending from costal vein across apex of cell to tip of second
snbmedian, and bearing a small, diffuse, oblique, orange patch outside lower angle of
cell and just entering apex of cell, close to distal margin a cyaneous line connected
at costa with proximal blue area, in this line a white spot at apex of wing followed
by vestiges of two smaller white spots.

This species recalls to some extent the species of Eaconna, particularly
E. intercisa Walk. (1854), from Java, apart from the band on the forewing being
white in casta and orange in E. intercisa.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 297

Clematoessa gen. nov.

?. Lingna brevis debili.s ; antenna apice acuta, ramis brevibns, fere uon
clavatis ; alarum anticarum subcostales 3'"-5" et radialis P pebiolatae, radiales 2*

et 3'" separatae ; posticarum radiales 2" et 3'" inter se valde distantes. Geno-

tj'pus : CI. xutliomelas spec. nov.

Near Eusplialera Jord. (1907) and Ilerpolasia Jord. (1907), but easily recog-
nised by the neuration.

Tongue quite weak and short. Palpus small. Antenna pointed, the branches
about twice as long as the shaft is thick, their tips very slightly incrassate, branches
of distal segments gradually shorter. Spines of tarsi short and few in number,
sole of fifth tarsal segment at the most with a pair of weak apical spines, but with
numerous curved, obtuse, sensory bristles.

Ne.uration : In forewing subcostal 1 anastomosing with costa, 2 free, 3 and 4
on a long stalk ; from this stalk 5 and radial 1 branch otf near cell either from a
point or very shortly stalked, radials 2 and 3 separate, the cross-vein between them
transverse, forming right angles with the veins, more than half the length of next
cross-vein, which appears as a prolongation of the median nervure. In hindwing
subcostal and radial 1 near together from upper angle of cell, but separate ; radial 2
much nearer to radial 1 than to 3, cross-vein between radials 2 and 3 weak and
about twice as long as the cross- vein between radial 3 and median 1.

3. Clematoessa xuthomelas spec. nov.

?. Nigra, capite thoracwjue cyaneo, alls anticis signatura anguliformi a basi
ultra apicem cellulae atque inde in forma fasciae ad angulnm posticum continnata,
in cellula macula transversa parva nigra notata ornatis ; posticis macula sul-
fnrea subanali marginali siguatis.

Al. ant. long. : 25 mm.

„ „ lat. : 13 ,,

Hab. Near Oetakwa R., Dutch South New Guinea, 3.500 ft., October — December
1910 (A. S. Meek), 1 ? .

Dull black, head, thorax, breast and some scaling on the femora more or less
glossy cyaneous, edges of abdominal segments slightly glossy green, especially on
the underside.

Wings, upperside : forewing with an orange band which runs from close to
base to be)'ond apex of cell, occupying the whole cell and extending close to costal
margin, and thence to hind angle, thus separating a large black hindmarginal area
from the black apex, the distal edge of the orange band oblique, almost at right
angles to costa, slightly irregular, the band a little widened at hind angle, in cell
about 4 mm. from apex a black bar, extreme base of wing black, with blue scaling,

apex of wing obtuse. Hindwing with apex and distal margin strongly

rounded, before anal angle a sulphur-yellow, somewhat diffuse, marginal patch, the
fringe remaining black.

Underside similar to upper ; forewing with blue scales on black cell-spot, and
a subcostal patch of blue scales outside orange band, the latter paler than above,

almost ochreous at hind angle. Hindwing with a few blue scales in cell and

near apex, snbanal patch as above.

298 NOTITATES ZOOLOGIOAB XXII. 1916.

4. Arniocera guttulosa spec. nov.

(??. A. auriguUatae Hopff. (1857) similis, alis anticis 12-14 gnttis pallide
anreis notatis diversa.

Hab. Harar, Abyssinia (E. Kristensen), 1 S and 2 ? ? .

In coloration of body and legs closely agreeing with A. auriguttata HopflF.
(1857). The spots of the forewiug more nnmerous and paler, distributed as follows :
two in cell, two or three between cell and apex, one between third radial and first
median veins, two between the median veins, four in front of snbmedian vein, and
two or three at hindmargin ; tlie proximal spots pale metallic golden, the distal
ones cream-colonr. In cJ the hindwing with a creamy tear-shaped spot below
the cell (type).

5. Arniocera elata spec. nov.

c??. Viridi-cyanea, capite, palpis, coxis anticis atqne omnibns tibiis rnbris ;
mnlto major qnam A. auriguttata Hopff. (1n57); alis anticis nigris viridi-cyaneo
signatis, qnatuor macnlis anreis ornatis (1, 2, 1), qnarnm prima et qnarta magnae ;
posticis cyaneis.

AI ant. long : i 18 mm., ? 2U mm.

Hab. Manow, German East Africa, 1 S and 2 ? ? , received from Messrs.
Staudinger & Bang-Haas.

Much larger than A. auriguttata Hopff. (1857), with which it agrees in the
general style of colouring. Head, palpi, forecoxae, all the tibiae and in S also
the tip of the abdomen (tip of 8th segment), in ? a trace of a red anal spot a
brilliant carmine, a spot on the frons, the third segment of the palpi, and the bases
and apices of the tibiae black.

Wings, upperside : forewing narrower in proportion to its length than in
A. auriguttata, with four glossy golden spots, all edged with metallic blue, two of
them placed before the hindmargin, the first large, connected with costa by a
metallic blue bar, another metallic blue costal spot close to base large ; second
golden spot beyond middle, rounded, much smaller than the first; in one of our
two ? ? the two connected on the left wing ; third golden spot in cell proximally to
apex, its metallic edging extended to costa, between this spot and the first a
metallic blue costal spot ; fourth golden spot 1-2 mm. outside apex of cell,
transverse, extending from below costa to below R' (in S) or M' (in ? ?) ; distal

marginal area more or less shaded with metallic blue. Hindwing glossy blue, in

<? marked with blue-black in proximal half and on disc, a metallic band from anal
angle forward and a subapical spot being more glossy in S than rest of hindwing.

Underside pnrplisii-bhie in cJ, the forewing particularly dark purple, in ?
greenish bine ; forewing with the cell-spot and discal one as above, but not glossy.

Subcostals 4 and 5 of forewing on a long stalk, which is longer than the branches.

In S the radiating hairs of the hindtibia dark brown, not creamy-white as in
A. auriguttata. Anal claspers of S pale yellow.

6. Arniocera elegans borotsana snbsp. nov.

(?. Ut in .4. e. septentrionali Auriv. (1905) thorax unicolor, sed gutta sub-
marginalis posterior alae anticae adest.

Hab. Mpeta, Loangwa li., Barotseland, November — December 1895, beginning
of rainy season (C. T. Coryndon), 1 (J.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 299

Connects septentrionaUs witli true eleyans, the thorax beiug devoid of the red
streaks of eleyans, aad the forewiug having the posterior submargiaal spot which
is absent in septentrionaUs.

7. Amiocera cyanoxantha Mab. (1893)

Zygaena cyanoxantha Mabille, Ann. Soc. Eni. Belij. p. 57 (1893) (Abyssinia) ; id. & Vuill., Nov.
Lepid. xii. p. 151. tab. 21. fig. 6 (1895).

The specimen described and figured by Mabille is said to be a cj from
Abyssinia. Mabille describes the tibiae as being red on the outer surface, which
points to a ? rather than a c?, judging from the specimens of Amiocera which I
described in 1907 a,s poecila, in which only the midtibia has nearly the whole outer
surface red. The abdomen has no red scaling. The forewing is blue according to the
description, but has a decidedly green tint in the fignre. We have a small number
of specimens with blue forewing from Fort Crampel, French Congo, towards the
Bahr-el-Ghazal. These may be true cyanoxantha. They are, moreover, distinguished
from poecila by the black borders of the orange spots of the forewing being broad.
The abdomen of one of the five S i and of the only ? has the tergites 3 to 7 red
with diffusely black centre ; in a second specimen very few red scales are present,
while the three other S S are intermediate.

In the specimens from Uganda which I described as poecila Jord. (1907), the
abdominal tergites 3 to 7 are bright red in both sexes, without black central spots.
We now, however, have two cJc? from Eutebbe, Uganda, ia which the abdomen has
only a few red scales, and the British Museum has others without any red scaling
on the abdomen. The dark-bodied and red-bodied specimens do not appear to
differ in any other way. The body and forewing have a decidedly green tint in all
these specimens, and the black borders of the orange spots are narrower than in
the above-mentioned examples of cyanoxantha. This bluish green form is for the
present best treated as a geographical dimorphic race : A. ci/anoxantha poecila
Jord. (1907), from Uganda and Toro.

Our only two examples from the Wemi R., Toro, obtained by Dr. J. W. Ansorge
on April 21, 1899, have a peculiar pattern : ab. angulifera ab. nov. The posterior
spot of the constricted median band joined to the posterior submarglnal spot. In
one of the two specimens the short lower arm of this angle-shaped marking is
connected with the subapical spot on the right wing, whereas on the left wing
only the black borders of the spots merge together. The abdomen red as in true
poecila.

A. eleyans Weym. (1903'), from British and German East Africa, in which
neither sex has red scaling on the abdomen, while the spots of the forewing are red,
is perhaps a geographical race of cyanoxantha.

8. Amiocera amoena Jord. (1907)

In Entom. Rundschau, 1909, p. 108, Herr E. Strand describes two specimens
oi Amiocera from German East Africa as A. imperialis Butl. var. taborensis Strand
and ab. lonyimaculata Strand. The two names are given to the same specimen. I
doubt whether the examples belong to imperialis Butl. (1898). What Strand calls
■ imperialis is probably amoena Jord. (1907). The two species are easily distinguished
by the colouring of the head and thorax, amoena having a red head and red pro-
notnm, imperialis a green head and pronotum and red shoulder-stripes.

800 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

We have two new geographical forms :

8a. A. amoena virgata snbsp. uov.

(J ? . Alae anticae trivirgatae.

Hah. Luitpokl Mts., near Ikntha, British East Africa, 4 <J c? and 1 ?.

The spots of the forewing form three hands, the first and second bands more
regular than in those specimens of true amoena, from German East Africa, in which
the subbasal and median spots are joined together as two bands. The third
band of rirgata more or less constricted, on the right wing of the ? specimen
separated into two spots. Tlie green-black discal spot of the hindwing small,
either isolated (type) or joined to the marginal band.

8^. A. amoena angolana snlisp. nov.

?. Alarum anticarnm maculae cxteriores triangulares, superior apicem npproxi-
mata; posticarnm fascia marginalis ad costam medianam inferiorem in dentem
angustam vel brevem prodncto.

Hab. Angola: Loanda, Februar)- 8, 1875 (Swart, ex coll. Horaeyer), 1 ?
(type), and " Angola littoralis " (Welwitsch, ex coll. Felder), 1 ?.

The subbasal and median spots of the forewing form two bands ; the subapical

spot triangular, pointed distally and posteriorly, nearer the apex than in trne

amoena ; the snbmarginal spot also triangnlar ; its costal side shortest, its

proximal edge about parallel with the median band, but straight, slightly longer

than the outer edge. The marginal band of the hindwing on the whole narrower

than in trne amoena, with a short blunt tooth at 5P reaching halfway to cell ; in

second sj)ccimen (type) the tooth replaced by a narrow band which reaches apex of

cell, but is more or less diffuse, being on the nnderside represented by a few scales

only.

Neoprocris gen. nov.

S. Alarum anticarnm costae subcostales T', 2", 3"' liberae, 4' et .5" cnm ramo
1" radiali petiolatae; posticarnm costa V radialis absens.

Genotypus : N. saltuaria spec. nov.

Tongue well developed. Frons more than twice as broad as the eye is wide in a
frontal aspect, not obviously projecting. Antenna very slender, bipectinate, last ten
to twelve segments dentate, the pectinations about twice as long as the shaft is
broad. Foretibia with broad spur, which reaches a little beyond tip of tibia ;
hindtibia with one pair of spars.

Neuration : forewing with twelve veins, subcostals 1, 2, 3 free into costal
margin, 4 and 5 on a long stalk, which throws off near cell radial I, radial 3 from
lower cell-angle halfway between radial 2 and median I, median 2 as far ])roximal

as first subcostal. Hindwing with seven veins distributed as in Acoloitlius basalts

Edw. (1887), cross-vein between costal and subcostal long, longitudinal, slightly
oblique.

Differs from all the other known American Zygaenidae in subcostals 4 and 5
and radial 1 being stalked. To be placed before Seryda Walk. (1850).

9. Neoprocris saltuaria spec. nov.
f?. Viridis, nitens; alls anticis viridibns hebetibus angustissime cyaneo cir-
cnmdatis, posticis nigris parum olivaceo-virescentibus ; infra posticis et anticarnm
regione anteriore viridi-nitentibus.

NOVITATES ZOOLOalCAE XXII. 1915. 301

Al. ant. long. 14'5 mm., lat. 5'8 mm., marg. ext. 6 mm.

llab. Mapiri, Bolivia, 1 <? received from Messrs. Staudinger and Bang-Haas.

Body glossy green, with cyaneous reflections in certain lights. Upperside of
antenna deep blue in proximal half, then bright glossy green-bine, apex l)lack in
onr specimen. Tongae brown-black with pale apex.

Wings nearly shaped as in Seri/da constans Edw. (1881), but distal margin of
forewing somewhat less obliijue, i.e. shorter, and that of hindwing rather longer.

Upperside : forewing dull green, densely scaled, distal margin and fringe blue-
black, extreme costal and hind edges blue-green, costa proximally glossy, distally

cyaneous. Hindwing uniformly brown-black, with very slight green and blue

reflections in certain liglits.

Underside of forewing greenish blue, slightly glossy, proximal half more green

and more glos.s)' at costa and in cell. Hindwing uniformly bluish green, more

glossy than outer half or two-thirds of forewing.

The reddish purple tint on body and wings of our specimen is due to discoloration.

10. Urodopsis dryas spec. nov.

? . U. pnsillae similis, parum major, nitidior, antennis alisqne aijticis cyaneis,
alarum posticarum costa mediana inferiore basin magis approximata.

Al. ant. long. : 7"3 mm.

llab. Rio Grande do Sul, S.E. Brazil, 1 ?, received from Messrs. Staudinger
and Bang-Haas.

The two original specimens of pusilla in the British Museum are very worn,
but there is a third, fresh, example presented by Mr. Kaye. All these agree in
neuration, diifering from dnjas in the two median veins of the hindwing being more
distal and the distance one from the other more than twice as large at the outer
margin as at the cell. The colouring of the fresh specimen oi pusilla, moreover, is
much duller than in dryas, there being hardly any gloss on the forewing.

In dri/as the antenna, head, pronotum and patagia are purplish blue, while the
rest of the body has a somewhat greenish blue metallic tint. Hindwiug semi-
transparent, somewhat iridescent in certain aspects, the scaling purplish blue.

Tongue and naked tip of abdomen pale yellow.

Neuration : Distance between median veins of hindwing less than twice as long
at the distal margin as at the cell, that between upper median and lower radial
about one-fourth shorter at the cell than at the margin.

Antenna ( ? ) strong, nearly reaching to apex of cell, with short pectinations on
the outer side (towards the wing) and teeth on the inner side, both as densely scaled
as the shaft, the teeth lying so close together that the antenna appears to have a
deep channel along the under surface.

302 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
SIPSONAPTEBA FRACTICIPITA.

By the Hon. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD, M.A.

(With 6 text-figares.)

1. Leptopsylla lauta sp. nov. (text-figs. 1 and 2)

S ? . Similar to /.. pectiniceps Wagn. (1893), but differs in the modified
abdominal .segments and some other details.

Bead.— The frons is slightly shorter than in pectiniceps. The cinb of the
antenna is longer and narrower than in the only specimen (a ?) of pectiniceps
which we have.

Thorax. — The pronotum bears only one row of bristles, not two as in pec-
tiniceps.

Abdomen. — There are on each side three antepygidial bristles in the cj, the
middle one being long ; the ? bears three long and two short antepygidial bristles.
The sternites of segments III-VI have on each side three bristles in the ej and
three or four in the ? .

Modified segments.— 6. The eighth tergite is produced into a rounded lobe
below the stigma, the dorsal margin of this widened portion being horizontal and
the distal margin strongly receding. There are six or seven bristles on this portion
of the segment, two of them being placed below the apes of the lobe. The eighth
sternite (text-fig. 1, VIIL st.) consists of a proximal vertical portion and a narrow
horizontal distal portion. The latter is moderately curved, and bears a ventral row
of five or six long bristles and some short ones. The process P of the clasper is
very narrow and long, gradually narrowing. The movable " finger " F is widest
proximally, being here produced downwards into a tooth-like prominence. From
this tooth to the apex the " finger " gradually narrows, not being widened before
the tip as is the case in pectiniceps. Proximally to the apex there are two long
bristles. The horizontal arm of the ninth sternite is narrow, especially in the
centre. It is rounded-widened ventrally in the distal half, and bears here a ventral
row of bristles ; above this row there is an irregular lateral row which extends to
the tip of the segment, one of the apical bristles being stout.

?. The seventh abdominal sternite (text-fig. 2, VII. st.) has on each side a
row of seven or eight bristles and one or two smaller bristles in front of the row;
the segment is ventrally deeply sinuate, the remaining lateral portion forming a
broad, rounded lobe, of which the upper margin is strongly slanting. The eighth
sternite bears two long bristles below the stigma and about twelve farther down on
the sides and at the margin. The stylet is but .slightly narrowed at the apex, and
bears one long and two shorter bristles. The head of the receptaculum seminis is
more regularly elliptical than \n pectiniceps, and the tail somewhat shorter.

A series of both sexes from Djarkent, Semiretschenskoi, East Turkestan,
March — April 1913, off Cricetulus fulms and Apodemus tscherga.

2. Leptopsylla pectiniceps Wagn. (1893) (text-fig. 3)
We take the opportunity of figuring the seventh abdominal sternite of the
female of pectiniceps. The characteristic feature of this sternite has not been

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXII. 1915.

303

mentioned in the descriptions given by Wagner of pectiniceps. The segment is
deeply sinuate, the upper lobe being very narrow and sharply pointed. In the
specimen kindly given me in exchange by Dr. Wagner there are nine bristles on

Fig. 1. — Le2}topsylla lauta, ^.
„ 2.- „ „ ?.

„ 3. — ,, pectiniceps, J .

this sternite (on the two sides together), and one small bristle. The stylet of this
specimen is strongly narrowed from the base to the apex, and bears only one lateral
bristle, besides the long apical one. .

3U4 NoVITATEa ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915.

3. Leptopsylla hesperomys Baker (19U4)

We have a 3 from Ithaca, New York, which appears to belong to this species.
/.. hesperomys was originally described from the female sex only, and we have a
paratype from Dr. Baker's collection. The <? being as yet nndescribed, the iollowing
notes may be found useful :

L. hesperomijs is closely allied to L. selenis Roths. (1906), but differs in the
modified abdominal segments and in the spatulate genal process. Moreover, the
frons of the head usually bears in selenis one lateral bristle more than in hesperomi/s.

(S. The eighth abdominal sternite is excised at the apex, the lobe situated above
this sinus being rounded and bearing three long bristles and a small one. The
movable process of the clasper is larger than in selenis, and its bristles somewhat
smaller. The ninth sternite is pointed and bears a row of ventral bristles, the
longest bristles of this row also being shorter than the longest bristles of the ninth
sternite of selenis.

The above-mentioned paratype ( ? ) agrees with Baker's description, except for
some statements which are obviously erroneous— the me.sonotum, e.(/., not being
twice as long as the metanotum, as stated in the description. The stylet, which is
said to be less than twice as long as it is broad and to bear several small bristles
on the lower margin, is really but slightly longer than broad, and has only one
lateral bristle. The seventh sternite, the shape of which was not noted by Baker,
is deeply sinuated, the lobe placed above the sinus being triangnlar with the tip
rounded" off ; the lower lobe is much broader, but we cannot state its length, as the
lobe is much torn in our specimen on both sides of the body. The segment bears
six long bristles on one side and eight on the other. The receptaculum seminis has
an elliptical head which almost gradually merges into the tail.

4. Leptopsylla adelpha sp. nov. (text-fig. 4)

? . Very close to L. selenis and hesperomys, but differs as follows :

The genal process is spatulate, but is less widened at the ai)ex than in Ij.

Fig i.—Lejitoptijlla adrlpha.

hesperomys. The seventh abdominal sternite bears a sinus somewhat deeper than
in /.. selenis— i.e. much less deep than in L. hesperomys. The lobe placed above

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 305

tliis sinns is triangnlar and snbacnminate, being much narrower and longer than in
selenis, and mncli shorter than in hesperomi/s ; the lower lobe projects a little more
than the upper. There are four antepygidial bristles, of which the upper one is
short. The narrow apical portion of the stylet is shorter than in the two species
mentioned, the lateral bristle therefore being closer to the apical one than in those
species. The long bristles of the tibiae and tarsi are shorter, as is also the ease
with the fourth hindtarsal segment, particularly than in selenis. The receptaculuni
seminis is longer than in hcsperomi/s and selenis.

One ? from Paradise, Arizona, taken on Mus spec, on November 21, 1913, by
0. C. Duffner.

5. Leptopsylla himalaica sp. nov. (text-figs. 5 and 6)

c? ? . Belongs to the gronp with two genal spines.

Head. — Frons angulate as in L. viusculi, with an anterior row of eight strong
bristles, all of which are drawu out into a long thin point ; in front of the vestigial
eye there are two long bristles, and between them and the anterior row another row
of four, all these bristles being strong. Occiput with four rows of bristles and one
or two additional bristles indicating a fifth row. Upper genal spine slightly curved
upwards, completely concealing the genal process and being slightly longer than
the lower, which is a little curved downwards. The genal edge does not project as
a triangnlar lobe below the genal spines. The labial palpus reaches beyond the
centre of the forecoxa. The bristles of the second segment of the antenna are
short in both sexes.

T//ora:r. — The pronotum bears a comb of twenty long spines and a row of
twelve bristles, on the two sides together. The mesonotum has altogether five or
six rows of bristles, the anterior rows being irregular, the mesopleura bearing about
ten bristles and the metanotum three rows. The metanotum, moreover, has four
short apical spines on each side.

Abdomen. — The tergites bear two rows of bristles ; the short apical spines on
segments I-V are as follows (on the two sides together) : 6, 5, 4 or 5, 4, 1 or 2.
The sternites of segments IlI-VI have on the two sides together eight bristles in
the ? and four to six in the S. Three antepygidial bristles, of which the upper and
lower ones are much shorter than the middle one in the S, whereas in the ? the
lower bristle is nearly as long as the central one. In the ? , moreover, this lower
bristle is placed at a considerable distance from the others.

Legs. — Similar to those of L. musculi.

Modified segments.— S. The eighth tergite (text-fig. .5, VIII. st.) bears four or
five bristles below the stigma. The eighth sternite is abruptly narrowed in the
centre into a somewhat tongue-shaped lobe ; proximally to this lobe there are two
or three long bristles, whereas the lobe itself bears three long bristles, two or three
short ones proximally to these, and some very slender bristles at the ronnded apex.
C'lasper longer than in L. musculi. The finger (F) is evenly curved at the base and
of nearly the same width throughout ; it bears three long bristles placed at almost
equal distances from one another, there being a shorter bristle between the first and
second, and another between the third long one and the apex. The horizontal arm
of the ninth sternite is slender ; and its apex is rather strongly curved upwards, and

there is a row of thin bristles at the bend, as shown in the figure. ? . The seventh

sternite (text-fig. 6) is deeply sinuate, the upper lobe being narrow and long, and
the upper margin of the large lower lobe strongly slanting. There are two rows of

306

NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 19lr..

bristles on this sternite, wbicb exhibits twelve bristles altogether on each side. The
eighth tergite has abont a dozen large bristles and several small ones. The stylet

P

Fig. 5. — Lejitopsylla himalaiea, g.
„ 6.- „ ,. ?.

is three times as long as it is broad near the base. The head ol' the receptaculum
semiuis is shorter than the tail, being widest near the apex.

N0VITATE8 ZooLoaicAE XXII. 1915. 307:

4 (? (? and 2 ? ? from Simla, N.W. India, found in November and December
1911 on Epim>/s decumantis by P, T. Dods worth.

The species of LeptopsyUa can be grouped as follows, according to the number
of spines in the genal comb :

a. Genal comb of numerous spines : pectiniceps Wagn. (1893), lauta sp. nov.

b. Genal comb of four spines : musculi Dugfes (1832).

c. Genal comb of three spines : aethiopicm Roths. (1908), aZ^iVa Jord. & Roths.

(1912), amitina Jord. & Roths. (1914), tmckenhergi Wagn. (1898).

d. Genal comb of two spines : spectabilis Roths. (1898), silmtica Mein. (1896),

fallax Roths. (1909), bidentatus Kolen. (1863) = soJn«?<s Roths. (1909),
kimalaica sp. nov., selenis Roths. (1906), kesperomys Baker (1904),
adelpha sp. nov., hamifer Roths. (1906).

Stenistomera gen. uov.

Allied to Leptopsijlla Jord. & Roths. (1911).

Frons strongly angulate, with tubercle at the angle ; a row of spiniform bristles
parallel with margin of frons from oral corner to base of antennal groove ; oral
edge rounded-dilated. No genal spines. Vestige of eye exceedingly slight, without
pigment. Antennal groove open. Second segment of antenna widened apically into
a broad ronnded lobe which bears a row of long bristles at the edge and covers in
<S one-third of the club, and in ? one-half; club of S long and projecting on to the
propleurum. Rostrum reaching beyond apex of coxa, consisting of four segments.
Tergites of thorax and abdomen with one row of bristles, apart from the mesonotum,
which bears in addition short spiniform bristles at the base. Episternnm of
metathorax completely fused with the sternum, and the epimerum incompletely
separated from the metanotum ; ventral angle of metasternum very strongly rounded.
Hindcoxa very narrow. First hindtarsal segment as long as the hindtibia ; the
greatest width of the hindfemur nearer the centre than in Leptopsijlla ; tibiae with
pseudocomb. Stylet of ? long, with five or six small bristles, besides the apical
one, which is shorter than the stylet. Genitalia of S recalling those of the African
genus Dinopsi/llus Roths. (1913).

Type : S. alpina Baker (1895, as Typhlopsylla).

Nearctopsylla gen. nov.

$ ? . Nearly related to Palaeopsylla Wagn. (1902).

Genal comb vertical, consisting of five spines, of which the most dorsal one is
short, broad and triangular, and the next three are lanceolate, the fourth spine
(second from below) being the longest. Frons without tubercle. The labial palpus
has five segments. The pronotal comb curves frontad ventrally, the most ventral
spines being shorter and more frontal in position than the lateral and dorsal spines.
One long antepygidial bristle in the c? and two in the ? , not accompanied by short
ones. Hindcoxa with a row of short spines on the inside. Fifth segment of all
tarsi with five (more rarely four) pairs of lateral bristles, there being no bristles in
between the first pair on the ventral surface.

Type : iV. brooksi Roths. (1904, as Ctenopsylltis).

Besides the genotype the following species belong here ; hygini Roths. (1904)
and hyrtaci Roths. (1904).

3U8 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

Chiliopsylla gen. nov.

c?. Agrees with JVenrcfopsi/lli' in tlie frons being without a tubercle and in the
genal comb consisting of five spines, but difTers in the hindmargiu of the pronotniu
being much less rounded laterally, the autepygidial bristle being short and accora-
panied by one small one, in the stigma of the eighth tergite being very large, the
hindcoxa without spines on the inside, the first hindtarsal segment very little
shorter than the fonr other segments together, and in the fifth segment bearing in
all tarsi four lateral pairs of bristles and one ventral pair iu between the first
lateral pair.

Type : C. allophylus Roths. (10U8, as Ctenopsyllus).

LIST OF SIPHONAFTERA COLLECTED IN ALGERIA IX
THE SPRING OF 1911.

By K. JORDAN, Ph.D., and the Hon. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD, M.A.

(With 2 test-figures.)

DURING April and May of last year the present Lord Rothschild and the
senior author visited several places in Eastern Algeria for the purpose of
collecting Lepidoptera and incidentally other insects. Their stay at Souk-Ahras
and Hammam-Meskoutine was long enough to allow them also to devote some
time to the trapping of small mammals. The fauna of these places is that of
the northern Atlas district, the mammals obtained being the same species as
those which were collected on a former occasion at Alger and Hammam-Rirba.
Although individuals were ftiirly numerous, little variety as to species was obtained
as regards hosts as well as parasites.

By far the commonest flea was Ceratophyllus barbarus, which occurred on
nearly every sort of host found.

The most interesting species in the collection is Leptopsylla amitina, which
was described by us in 1914 from a single S, but of which a small series of
both sexes has been procured at Hammam-Meskoutine.

Hen-houses, and a large number of nests of Martins and Sparrows, as well as
some other bird-nests, were examined, but only one flea found. The very numerous
bats taken at Hammam-Meskoutine yielded no fleas.

1. Pulex irritans L. (1758)
At Hammam-Meskoutine.

2. Archaeopsylla erinacei maura Jord. & Roths. (I91I)*
10 ? ?, Hammam-Meskoutine, May (3, o'S Erinaceus.

3. Ceratophyllus barbarus Jord. & Roths. (1912)
Common at Hammam-Meskoutine, found on Amicanthis barbarus, Mus algirus,
Mils musculiis, Apodemus sylcaticxs kayi, Di podiUiis campestris, Crociilara russula ;
also at Souk-Ahras on Articantkis barbarus and Apodemus sylmticus Itayi.

* Ctenoeephalus canis Curtis (1826) was obtained for us at Alger by our friend Dr. Nissen,

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

S6^

■i. Ceratophyllus henleyi mauretanicus Jord. & Roths. (1912).
3 J (J, 1 ? , Hammam-Meskoutine, May 4, off Dipodillus campestris.

5. Ctenophthalmus russulae Jord. & Roths. (1912)
Only 5 Si, Sonk-Ahras, April 12 and l(j, off Crocklura russula maurctanica.

6. Ceratophyllus numidus spec, no v. (text-fig. 1)

¥. Similar to C. hirtindinis {imih (1832), bat at once distinguished by the
much smaller number of bristles on the abdominal sternites and on the hindferaur
and hindtibia.

Labial palpus (in the only example obtained) consisting of four instead of five
segments, the third and fourth segments being merged together. The pronotal

Fig. 1. — CeratojihyUus 7tumidys.

comb contains twenty-seven spines, besides a small spine on each side. The apical
portion of the metanotum is reduced as in hirumlinis, and bears no apical sjiines.
The metepimerum has four bristles, the subapical bristle being absent on one side
and small on the other.

The abdominal sternites III, IV, and V have a row of three bristles on each
side, VI bearing a row of four ; there are no additional bristles in front of
this row.

The hindfemur has, on the inside, a lateral row of five or seven bristles, the
subapical ventral bristle not being counted. The hindtibia only bears four or five
lateral bristles on the outer surface, the lateral row of the inner surface containing
five or six bristles.

The seventh steruite (text-fig. 1) strongly rounded, the bristles less numerous
than in C. hirundinis. The eighth tergite bears five bristles below the stigma and

310

NOVITATBS ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

about twenty on the widened lower portion of the segment. The stylet is longer
than in C. hirundinis. The pygidinm is shorter than its distance from the base of
the stylet. The tail of the receptaculum seminis is longer and somewhat broader
than in C. hirundinis.

1 ? from Hammam-Meskoutine, found in nest of Ckelidon urbica, May 17, 1914.

7. Leptopsylla amitina Jord. & Roths. (1912) (text-fig. 2)
A small series of both sexes from Hammam-Meskoutine, oft' Apodemus

iylvaticus hayi.

Originally described from a single S obtained by Mr. Ruddle on the same

host at Bon-Medine, Oran.

In the ? the two lower antepygidial bristles are equal in length, being

Fie. 2. — Lepioptylla amitina, J .

somewhat shorter than the third bristle, whereas the fourth (or most dorsal) is
very much shorter. The apical edge of the seventh abdominal sternite bears a short
narrow lateral lobe, which is sometimes barely indicated ; below this lobe the
segment is somewhat incurved and then excurved, as shown in the figure
(text-fig. 2). The head of the receptaculum seminis is somewhat shorter than in
L. algira Jord. & Roths. (1912).

8. Stenoponia tripectinata Tirab. (1902)
A series from Hammam-Meskoutine, off' Mas muaculus, Mm algirus, Apodemus

sylvaticus hayi, and Arvicanthis barbarus.

On one individual of Mus musculus no less than twenty specimens of this large

flea were found.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 311

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF AFRICAN
GE03IETBIDAE.

By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.

Subfamily OENOCHROMINAE
Derambila Walk.

Derambila Walk., List Lep. Ins. xxvi. 1630 (1862).
Chionopteryr. Suell., Tijd. Eiil. xvi. 72 (1873).
Ramhara Moore, Lep. Cei/l. iii. 458 (1887).
Corium Prout, Gen. Ins. 104, p. 75 (1910).

I find the veuatioiial diflfereaces on which I founded my genus Corium are
not perfectly constant, and the name must sink in the synonymy of Derambila,
although the venation will usually be helpful in determining the species. Even in
the jjue/ la group, SC oftener arises from the cell than from the stalk of the other
subcostals. I have not yet found among the Indo-Australian species of Derambila
a single exception to the given venation (SO' running into C), bnt in the African
D. syriecdema Front I have one example in which SC again separates from C near
the costal margin, while on the other hand I liave before me a D. iridoptera (Prout,
jS'ot'. Zool. XX. 304, as ('oriiuii) iu which they remain coincident. Moreover, a
specimen from Uganda which AV'arreu has labelled punctisignata Walk., and which
(pending fresh study of Walker's type) I am inclined to accept as a large form
thereof, has the Corium venation, as has also the closely allied hyperphijes (Front,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) viii. 704, as Corium).

1. Derambila delostigma sp. no v.

S, 2(1-3(1 mm. Head mostly white, palpus marked with brown at ends of
joints. Antcunal ciliatiou very short. Thorax white. Abdomen long and slender ;
white, with large light-brown dorsal spots. Hindtibia moderately dilated, with
light-brown hair-pencil.

Foreu'iiiij with apex acnte and slightly produced ; SC from cell, anastomosing
with C and with SC'~' ; pure white, costal edge light ochreous brown, a rather strong
irroration of the same extending to SC ; lines light ochreous brown, formed of spots
on veins and folds ; antemedian series small, forming a curve from SC at one-third
to SM- before one-third, the spot on SC mixed with black scales ; postmedian series
larger, from SC^ at 2 mm. from apex, rather nearer termen at SC*, R' and R',
slightly receding at R- and M', forming a strong proximal curve behind, falling
vertically on hindmargin before two-thirds; a strong black discal dot; small black

terminal dots between the veins. Flindwing with costa concolorous ; lirst line

wanting ; cell-spot larger, snbtriangular ; postmedian spots rather smaller than on
forewing, similarly arranged.

Underside white with small black cell-dots.

Mlanje, Nyassaland, March — May 1913 (S. A. Neave). Type in coll.
Rothschild,* others in coll. Brit. Mus. A worn example from Fammbira, Lake
Nyassa, November (>, 1893 (Dr. Ansorge) in coll. Rothschild.

* = Tring Museum throughout this article.

21

312 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

The ratlior strong anastomosis of SC with SC'~* (quite e.xceptional in material
heretofore studied in this genns) is constant in the ten examples known to me.

2. Derambila jacksoni sp. nov.

?, 28 mm. Face ochreons-whitc. Palpns white, first and second joints with
brown spot at end. Vertex white. Collar with one or two blackish spots. Thorax
and abdomen white, the latter with a row of blackish dorsal spots.

Wings rather narrow. — Forewing with SC anastomosing with C : strongly
iridescent ; white, costal margin as far as SC mixed with light brown ; lines light
brown, formed of vein-dots ; antemedian from SO at abont two-fifths, oblique
inwards, the dot on M placed at origin of M-, that on SM- at abont one-third of the
wing-length, preceded nearer base b}- one or two other vague brown dots on SM' ;
postmedian nearly as in the preceding species, the dots not quite so large, the curves
not quite so strong ; a further series of spots, confluent into a line (narrow bar), at
1 mm. from termen : discal black dot minute, terminals proportionally rather large,
conspicuous. Hindwing the same, except costa and first line.

Underside white, with weak discal dots.

Nairobi, British East Africa, August 1005 (F. J. Jackson). Type in coll.
Rothschild.

Distinguished from the preceding by its rather narrower wings, forewing with
S(J' not anastomosing with SC-, by its minute discal dots, rather less ochreons
markings, absence of black antemedian dot on SO, smaller but much darker
abdominal spots, etc.

Subfamily HEMITHEINAE
3. Victoria triplaga sp. nov.

? , 39 mm. Face and vertex reddish. Palpus reddish, paler beneath. Antenna
without tuft at base; strongly bipectinate ; reddish. Abdomen dorsally purplish
brown, with a whiter admixture, particularly in the crests.

Forewing with termen not markedly crenate, the bend at R' not strong ; green
with purplish markings : a large, circular, somewhat paler centred discal spot ; a
small spot at two-fifths hindmargin ; two dark-edged spots at termen, namely a large
one between SC and R' and obliquely crossing SC'' close to termen, a smaller from

M'' to tornns. Hind wing with termen only slightly prominent at R' and R^ ;

concolorons with forewing and with the same markings, but with the spot on bind-
(inner-) margin much more elongate, the anterior terminal much smaller, reaching
from R' to midway between R- and Rl

Underside similarly but more weakly marked.

Mhonda, Ngnrn, German East Africa. Type in coll. Rothscliild.

As both hindlegs are lost, the generic position is not absolutely certain ; if
it prove to lack the proximal spurs it should be regarded as a Cheroscelis with
obsolete tongue. The coloration is that of C. paUinta ab. ustipennis Warr., but it
cannot possibly be confused with any form of that variable species. The antenna
is pectinated to nearly two-thirds of its length (in palliata to scarcely beyond one-
half), and the branches are longer than in even the male of palliata ; the hindwing
has the costa relatively longer, the inner margin relatively shorter; the cell-spots
are smaller and the number and position of the dark blotches are quite distinctive.

NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXII. 1915. 313

4. Comibaena rhodolopha sp. nov.

?, 34 mm. Face green. Palpus long (over two-and-a-half times diameter of
eye), white, strongly spotted with crimson. Antenna serrate, the shaft white,
dotted with crimson. Thorax green above, white beneath. Legs white, femora with
pnrple-brown spots, foretibia dotted with red, its tuft red. Abdomen red ahove,
spotted with green on first segments, white beneath; white dorsal spots on first to
fourth abdominal segments. Wings rather bright green, but more irrorated with
whitish than in esmcra.kia Warr. (iVoi'. Zool. v. 1.5).

Vorewing with SC free, SC^ arising a little before SC', R' scarcely stalked,
UC gently curved, W scarcely before middle, M' almost connate with R' ; costal
margin white, at apex crimson for about 1 mm. : no lines ; discal dot larire,
crimson, with some blackish scales in the middle; terminal line thick, crimson,
interrupted by white dots, at vein-ends and very finely and interruptedly white-edged

on extreme termen ; fringe white, mixed with crimson (defective). Flindiring

similar, except costa, the cell-mark vagnely prolonged nearly to anterior end of D( 1'.

Underside similar but paler.

Selnkwe, IS. Rhodesia, March V.)VZ (F. W. Short). Type in coll. L. B. Front.

Near esmeralda Warr., abdomen with white spots, forefcibial tuft red (in
csmcralda fuscous), green ground-colour less smooth, discal spots larger. Can
scarcely be a remarkable form of the variable leucospilota Walk., with the lines
entirely obsolete, etc.

5. Metaciueta semialbifrons sp. nov.

(J, 25 mm. Face red in upjier half, white in lower. Palpus red above, white
beneath. Vertex white ; occiput green. Thorax above green. Abdomen on
segments 2-6 each with a slightly raised white dorsal spot, partly surrounded with
red, on segment 1, with a small posterior red mark, edged with black on each side,
on segments 7-8 each with a very small red spot.

Forewiiig with termen slightly less convex than in the other species; bright
green, with tlie usual whitish strigulation ; a moderate red discal dot ; a red terminal
line, swelling slightly between the veins and here with minute, inconspicuon.s

whitish dots ; fringe pinkish white, with red spots opposite the veins. Hindwing

with termen scarcely at all bent at R' ; like fore wing.

Both wings beneatli whitish green, without markings ; slight suggestions of
the terminal line and fringe-spots of upperside.

French Congo : Fort Crampel. Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

Nearest ternicoma Prout, but smaller, more strongly strigulated, etc., and
especially distinguished by the particoloured face.

6. Cheroscelis palliata (Warr.)

Rhomborlsta palliata Warr., Nov. Zool. v. 16 (1898); viii. 200 (1901).
Ehomborista ustipeimis Warr., Noe. Zool. v. 230 (1898).

Warren's type of palliata is a cj, not " ? " as published, and the variation is
neither sexual nor (apparently) seasonal ; both colour-forms occur also in the ? and
either with restricted or extended inner-marginal patch on hindwing. Of 3 ¥ ?
from Degama (Niger) in coll. Rothschild, one (dated May 7, 1902) is of the palliata
form, the other two (February' 3 and April 29) of the ab, ustipennis.

314 NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAB XXII. 1915.

7. Bathycolpodes holochroa sp. nov.

? , 37 mm. Face blackish. Palptis, vertex and antenna mixeil rufous and
Mackish. Thorax above green. Abdomen pale brownish, with rufons dorsal
admixtniT, tending to form spots on the first segments.

Foreicing with termen strongly excised between apex and W ; uniform green,
about as in Omphax ■plantaria Gnen., only the costal margin reddish-brown with
coarse dark irroration or strignlation ; a red-brown terminal line, this colour
extending on to the fringe posteriorly ; fringe pale ochreous, with dark spots
opposite the veins. Hindwing with costal margin rather broadly whitish straw-
colour, otherwise like forcwing.

Both wings beneath infnscated, leaving only a pale (whitish straw-coloured)
submarginal band, that of forewing tapering strongly to costa, that of hindwing
slightly tapering posteriorly.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 20u0 ft., October — November 1910, 2 ? ? in coll.
Rothschild.

8. Prasinocyma nigrimacula sp. nov.

i, 30 mm. Face dull red. Palpus little longer than diameter of eye, third
joint quite short; reddish above, whitish beneath. Vertex green, narrowly white
in front. Antennal pectinations moderately long. Body dorsally green, becoming
whitish towards anus ; some fuscous dots on abdomen.

Foretving broad, shaped about as in doherti/i Warr. ; SC anastomosing with C,
R' not or scarcely stalked, M' connate with R' ; green, nearly as in i:ermicularia
Guen. (very slightly deeper), similarly strigulated, costal edge very narrowly
ochreous ; discal dot black ; a small black spot on hindmargin at about three-fifths ;

inconspicuous dark green dots at vein-ends ; fringe green. Hindwing with

termen very slightly bent at R^ ; SC- and M' both moderately stalked; like forewing
but without hindmarginal spot and ochreous costa.

Underside whitish green, costa of forewing narrowly ochreous, discal dots
slightly showing through, dots at vein-ends black.

Entebbe, Uganda, February 1902 (Capt. Rattray). Type in coll. Rothschild.
Also one from Nairobi (F. J. Jackson). Both have lost hindlegs.

9. Prasinocyma gemmatimargo sp. nov.

c?, 29 mm. Face dull reddish. Palpus with third joint quite short ; reddish
above, pale beneath. Vertex and antennal shaft white ; pectinations rather long.
Thorax and abdomen green above, white beneath. Femora and tibiae reddish ;
Hindtibia in c? with strong white hair-pencil and short terminal process; hind-
tarsus short.

Wings shaped about as in congriia Walk. ; blue-green with sjjarse white dots

and small strigulae. Forewing with costal edge ochreous ; a small white spot

on hindmargin at nearly three-fifths ; a conspicuous row of white vein-dots at

termen ; fringe green proximally, grey distally. Hindwing without the ochreous

costa and white hindmarginal spot ; terminal dots only well-developed from R^
to tornus.

Underside whitish green, unmarked ; costal margin of forewing ochreous, more
liroadly and suffusedly at base.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., April— May 1911. Type in coil.
h. 13. Prout.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915. 315

I believe I have seen other examples from the Cameroons and Nigeria, bnt
generally in poor condition. The conspicuons white terminal dots are distinctive.
In albisticta Warr. the}- are more elongate and are dark-edged proximally ; hatlrala
Feld. is less strignlated, the hindwing more angled, the fringe with red-brown s|)ots ;
both have long third joint of palpus. In tandi B.-Baker {^Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
(8) xi. 570) the white spots — -not mentioned in the description — are at the l)ase
of the fringes, and it lacks the white hindmarginal spot of the forewing.

10. Prasinocyma trifilifimbria sp. nov.

c? ?, 35 mm. Face dull red. Palpus in both sexes with third joint relatively
short ; red above, white beneath. Vertex green, between the antennae white.
Antenna in S with rather long, close pectinations, decreasing rather rapidly in
length, ceasing at about the thirty-second joint, a longish apical part merely
ciliated. Thorax and abdomen green above, whitish beneath ; foreleg mostly red on
npper and inner sides (hindlegs in S lost).

Forewing broad, apex moderate, termen curved ; SC free, R' very shortly
stalked, M' just separate ; green, about as in vermicuMria Guen., the white
irroration and strignlation scarcely so strong ; costal edge narrowly ochreous ; a
black discal dot ; a small white spot on middle of hindmargin, accompanied distally
by a few dark scales ; fringe proximally green, in middle white, distally reddish

grey. Hindwing ample, inner margin long, hindmargin more strongly angled at

E^ than in most of the genus (resembling Thalassodes) ; C shortly approximated
to SC near base, DC^ oblique, DC^ somewhat curved, M' very shortly stalked ;
concolorous with forewing ; a black discal dot ; fringe as on forewing.

Underside paler, unmarked.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., .September — November 1911. Type and
paratype in coll. L. B. Front.

Differs from congrua Walk, in the shorter palpus and the tricoloured fringes.
The only Frasinocgma known to me which shares with it this coloration of the
fringe is the East African pupillata Warr., of which it is not absolutely impossible
it may be a local race in spite of its red face, less acute apex, and lack of the pale
circumscription to the dLscal dots.

11. Prasinocyma rugistrigula ab. albinotata nov.

Differs from name-typical rugistiigala Front {Gen. Ins. 129. p. 157) in
having the blackish discal marks entirely obsolete or reduced to minute specks,
and in developing a white spot at the middle of the hindmargin of forewing.

Bibianaha, 70 miles N.W. of Dimkwa, Gold Coast, 700 ft., October 20, 1909,
S type, November 19, 1910, ? (H. G. F. Spurrell), in coll. Brit. Mus. ; Bitye,
Ja River, Cameroons, c? in coll. L. B. Front ; Bopoto. Upper Congo (Rev. Kenred
Smith), cJ in coll. Rothschild.

Of name-typical rugisirigtda I know only, besides the type from Coomassie,
a c? in coll. Rothschild from AVassaw district, forty-five miles inland from
Sekondi, Gold Coast, so that the new form would appear to be by far the more
widely distributed. I suspect the two will prove to be racially distinct, but the
occurrence of both in the Gold Coast and my lack of extensive material and of
topographical information render it precarious so to treat them.

316 KOVITATES ZOOI.OQICAE XXII, 1!)15.

12. Prasinocyma oculata sp. nov.

{?, 38 mm. Face greeu. Palpus with tliird joiut long; reddish brown above,
white beneath. Vertex green. Antennal shaft white proximally (one-third or
less), reddish distally ; {)ectinations of moderate length. Thorax and abdomen
blue-green dorsall)', white ventrallj' and anally ; foreleg red above and on inner
side ; middle and hindlegs largely duller and paler reddish ; hindtibia dilated,
witb short terminal process and ratiier strong white hair-pencil.

Fovewing of moderate width, apex less acute than in pupillata ^V'arr., not
at all produced ; termen oblique, slightly curved ; SC free, R' just stalked, II'
about connate ; light blue-green, not very opaquely scaled, covered with fine
white irroration and strigulation ; costal edge very narrowly ochreous , discal sjiot
rather large, red, very finely and somewhat incompletely white-ringed and in its
centre overlaid with black ; fringe concolorous, only with feeble suggestions of

paler spots. Hindwlng with termen rather strongly bent at R^ faintly waved

in posterior half ; DC- as oblique as in Thalassodes, DO' less so, M' well stalked ;
coloured and marked like forewing.

Under-surface paler, the costal margin of forewing rather brighter, more
reddish ochreous ; discal marks faintly showing through.

Daro Forest, Toro, Uganda, 4000— 4500 ft., October 20, 1011 (S. A. Neave).
Type in coll. Brit. Mns. A ? from Kumasi, W. Africa (J. D. G. i^aunder.s), al.s<i in
coll. Brit. ]\Ius., is possibly referable here, agreeing except in having the face
reddish, mixed with green, the wings broader, with rather more rounded termen,
the white strigulation less developed, a small white spot on middle of hiudmargin
of forewing. The third joint of the palpus — as would be expected in the ¥ of this
species — is extremely long.

Very like pupillata Warr., from British East Africa, bnt differing in much
longer palpus, less acute apex, mach blner-green colour, and absence of a white line
in fringe.

13. Prasinocyma centralis sp. nov.

?, 31-34 mm. Still closer to pupillata Warr., agreeing in the abbreviated
third joint of palpus, bnt showing sufficient differences to prevent its being treated
as a subspecies. Face dull red, very narrowly white below.

Forewing with costa somewhat more arched, apex less acute, termen much
more curved ; slightly bluer green (though much less so than in oculata), the dark
distal edging of the white hindmarginal spot better developed ; fringe green, only

slightly paler distally. ■Ilindwing with apex more rounded, termen less straight

anteriorly and posteriorly to the bend at R' ; fringe as on forewing.

lluwenzori, 6000 ft., Febrnary 24, 1906 (type), January 13, 1900 (paratype) ;
Entebbe, Uganda, 1905, 1 ? (E. A. Minchiu) ; all in coll. Brit. Mus.

14. Prasinocyma niveisticta adornata subsp. nov.

Differs from name-typical niceisticta Front {Gen. Ins. 129. p. 150) in having
both tornal blotches considerably enlarged (about as in Comibaena pustulata Hufn.),
and in addition on the hindwing an apical blotch, rather larger than the tornal
ones, and a dark discal dot.

Ashanti (Mrs. D. Hoaston). Type in coll. Rothschild.

Possibly a separate species, as the cells are rather shorter, DO more oblique,
R' of forewing stalked, M' of forewing shortly, of hindwing longer stalked.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1916. 317

Gelasmodes gen. nov.

Face smooth. Palpus rather loug and slender, with appressed scales ; third
joint in c? moderate, in ? rather loug. Tongue developed. AnteUna in both sexes
bipectinate nearly to apex with long branches. Femora glabrous. Hindtibia in
S not dilated, in both sexes with all spnrs. Abdomen scarcely crested. Frenulum
in <S developed, from before a moderate basal expansion ; in ? wanting. Forewing
with costa gently arched, apex moderate, termen slightly carved, obli(iae, tornus
moderate ; cell less than one-half, DC curved, becoming rather strongly oblique ;
SC shortly stalked, arising just before R', anastomosing at a point or moderately
with C, SC- before HC'% R- from well before middle of DC, M' connate or separate.
Hindwing sliaped about as in Thalasaodes, the angle at R^ well developed; cell
rather short, DU rather strongly oblique ; C approximated to SC rather shortly
near base (sometimes with anastomosis at a point), then rapidly diverging ; SC*
stalked, R- normal, M' connate or closely approximated.

Type of the genns : Gelasmodes fasciata (Warr.) = Leacogbjpliica fasciata
Warr.

1 have now seen, in addition to Warren's type, both sexes from Abanga River
(Gaboon), Bitye, Ja River (Cameroons) and Aburi (Gold Coast). Distinct from
Thalassodex in the strongly pectinate ? antenna, subcostal venation of forewing
and non-stalking of M' of hindwing.

15. Chlorodrepana allevata sp. nov.

S, 32 mm. Face deep red. Vertex and antenna pale, mixed with reddish.
Thorax and abdomen whitish ochreous, the hitter with a tinge of red dorsally, the
crests small, white.

Forewiny rather deep, bright opaque green, costal and distal margins narrowly
whitish ochreons, the former with the extreme edge red, a reddish admixture from
base to beyond one-half and a few fascous dots, the latter with a fine red terminal

line; fringe whitish ochreons, with a purple-red dividing-line. Hindiviiig vf\t\\

ground-colour, termen and fringe as on forewing, the costal margin broadly whitish
ochreons, to the same extent as the salmon-colour of C. cri/piochroma Front {Nov.
Zool. XX. 417).

Underside very much paler, the hindwing uniform, the forewing with costal
border ochreons, in proximal part mixed with red ; both wings with fringe nearly
as above.

Entebbe, Uganda, November 1902. Type in coll. Rothschild.

A very distinct species, the distal borders more than twice as narrow as in
angustimargo, costal area of hindwing whiter, underside quite different. Forewing
with SC anastomosing rather strongly with C, R' separate ; both wings with DC
curved, becoming extremely oblique, R^ arising quite near R', M' well separate. A
manifest link between Chlorodrepana and Ompkax.

1 6. Metallochlora melanopis sp. nov.

c??, 36-37 mm. Face black, with a few red scales. Palpus blackish above,
reddish on side, pale beneath. Antennal ciliation, even in the c?, minute. Vertex
and upperside of thorax and abdomen green ; abdominal crests rather glossy, mixed
brown and black. Legs tinged in places with rufous.

Wings shaped almost as in Antharmostes interalbicans Warr. (tail of hindwing

318 NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. I9lS.

scarcely so long), nearly of the same green, only slightly deeper or more blnish.

Foretoing with costal edge narrowly oc.hreons, slightly dark-dotted ; anteniedian
line white, obsolete in anterior half, forming a white spot on M at one-third the
wing-length, fine and excurved between M and SM', thick and slightly obliijne out-
ward from SM- to hiiidmargiu scarcely before middle ; postniedian broken into
ill-defined wLite vein-dots, that on R' 5 mm. from termen, that on M- 3 mm. or less
from termen, that at SM^ close to tornns, prolonged to hindmargin ; a fine red-brown
terminal line, scarcely interrupted at the veins ; fringe ochreous-whitish, with
brown spots opposite the veins. Ilindiciiig withont first line.

Underside whitish green, palest at hindmargin of forewing and on hind wing ;
costal and distal margins and fringes as above.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., October— November, 1910 (J, type),
September — November, 1911 (?, paratype). Both in coll. Rothschild.

Large and deeply coloured for the gcnns.

17. Metallochlora (?) grisea sp. nov.

?, 23 mm. Face red. Palpus red above, whitish beneath. Crown olivaceous,
narrowly whitish between antennae. Antennal shaft whitish proximally, red
distally. Thorax and 1st segment of abdomen dorsally olivaceous; 2nd and 3rd
segments of abdomen dorsally orange, with a few reddish dots on sides, the 3rd
segment also marked with red beside the base of the crest, posterior segments light
greyish olive ; 2nd and 4th segments with strong but not metallic crests, slightly
paler than the surfaces on which they stand. Foreleg red ou upper and inner
sides. (Other legs lost.)

Forewing grey, at base tinged with green, costal edge orange ochreous dotted
with black ; no difl:erentiated discal spot ; both lines white, mostly broken up into
vein-dots, the postmedian continuous from before M- to hindmargin ; accompanied
on their aj)proximated sides by narrow olive-green shades ; antemedian line irregular,
best marked in posterior part, bending outwards on fold and inwards on SM-, the
green band which accompanies it reaching the discocellulars ; postmedian from
three-fonrths costa, somewhat incurved between the radials and between M- and
SM-, then excurved, reaching liindmargia close to tornus ; termen with white dots at
the vein-ends, the posterior two or three elongate ; fringe grey, narrowly olive-green

at base. Ilindwiiig shaped as in typical Ilemitliea : coloured like forewing, except

the costa ; inner margin narrowly green for some distance from base ; antemedian
line replaced by an elongate green cell-mark, postmedian corresponding to that of
forewing.

Under-surface dirty white, forewing slightly tinged with ochreous in cell and
costal region, costal edge deeper ochreous, dotted with black.

Congella, Durban, September 4, 1905 (G. F. Leigh). Type in coll.
Rothschild.

In the absence of the hindleg the exact position is conjectural, but it is
apparently very close to M. glacialis Btlr., from Madagascar ; abdomen and crests
quite differently colonred, postmedian line of forewing running nearer tornus, tail of
hindwing stronger.

IS. Neromia impostura sp. nov.

cJ, 27 mm. Curiously similar to Lophostola utriclisca Warr., the antenna and
some other points of structure enhancing the similarity, yet the frenulum, venation

M^OVITATES ZOOLOCICAB XXI[. 191S. 3l9

ami absence of definite crests refer it to Neromia. Palpus still shorter than in the
species named, reddish-ochreons (not whitish) beneath. Abdomen dorsally mixed
with black on the segments which bear the crests in atridisca.

Wings slightly bluish green. Forewing rather more pointed, hindwing less
elongate, discal dots mnch smaller, postmedian line somewhat more visible between
the veins (lunnlate-dentate), terminal line and fringe almost as in L. annnUgera
Swinh., the former brown, the latter white, spotted with brown at vein-ends.

Congella, Durban, November 18, 1904 (G. F. Leigb). Type in coll. Rothschild.
Umkomaas, January 27, 1914, a c? in coll. A. J. T. Janse.

Very distinct in coloration, etc., from all other Neromia.

19. Neromia clavicornis sp. nov.

c?, 29-33 ram. ; ¥,38 mm. Superficially like ruhripunctilla Front, but larger,
rather bluer green, more strongly irrorated with whitish, the red discal dots rather
less minnte, foreleg more strongly red ; quite distinct in the c? antenna. Structurally
like phoerdcosticta Front, forewing with apex slightly more pointed, the termeu
being straighter and rather more oblique, postmedian line rather thicker, not
crenulate, further (4-4'U mm.) from ternien, discal spots much smaller. The
variation is also as in phoenicosticta — SC of forewing free or anastomosing with
(J, R' of forewing and M' of both wings short-stalked or just separate, dor.sal ridge
of abdomen and tips of fringe sometimes (1 S) crimson, sometimes (1 cj, 1?)
wliitish.

Selukwe, S. Rhodesia, August 1913, 2 c?c? (type and another), April 1913, 1 ?,
all collected by F. W. Short and presented to my collection.

I have long hesitated whether this might be a constant aberration or form of
phoenicosticta, and even now do not think the possibility absolutely precluded,
though the ? palpus seems to have slightly longer third joint ; the difference of
wing-shape is quite appreciable, and I have seen no intermediates. In both, the
antenna is reddish rather than (as given in the description of phoenicosticta)
" ochreous " ; in phoenicosticta, so far as I yet know it (2 c? (?, 3 ? ? ), the colour-
difference in dorsal ridge and fringe is sexual.

20. Lathochlora perversa sp. nov.

? , 20-2C mm. Face dull olivaceous, somewhat mixed with reddish above.
Palpus rather short and slender, second joint smooth, third joint small ; tongue
developed ; antenna pubescent ; vertex pale greenish : thorax and base of abdomen
concolorous with wings ; abdomen dorsally with dull red spots on segments 2-4,
slightly mixed with fuscous at the posterior extremities of the segments.

Forewing with termen not prominent at R^ ; M' well stalked ; grey-green ;
costal edge dull ochreous, spotted and strignlated with black ; a large discal spot
and two lines ochreous, probably discoloured from green, chiefly indicated by spots
on the veins and the antemedian at posterior margin ; postmedian from two-thirds
costa, strongly incurved between radials and again between M' and SM'' ; terminal
line not darkened, slight indications of pale dots at vein-ends ; fringe concolorous

proximally, less green distally. Hindwing with pronounced angle at R^ but not

at R', only the slightest suggestion of sinuosity between ; discal spot, postmedian
line, termen and fringe as on forewing.

Under-surfiice dirty whitish, least pure in basal and costal region of forewing,
costal edge of forewing nearly as above, the black marking somewhat reduced.

320 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915.

Bondoukoii, Ivor}' Coast, February 22, 1903 (H. Pemberton). Type in coll.
Eothschild. A second ? (much larger, badly worn, identity therefore not absolutely
certain), from Mjianga Forest, Toro, Uganda, 4800 ft., November 10, 1911
(S. A. Neave), in coll. Brit. Mus.

Superficially bears a remarkable resemblance to some of the less iridescent
lodis species or to the neotropical Chloropienjx — particularly C. hemithearia Warr. —
or most of all to Metallochlora grisea, described above. Tiie venation is that of
Lathochloru, the shape different, the third joint of the palpus shorter. The S S are
still unknown both nf typical Lathochlora (^hiornata Warr.) and ot percersa.

21. Heterorachis fuscoterminata sp. no v.

?, 31 mm. Face deep red. Palpus reddish, jiale beneath and on inner side.
Vertex and anteunal shaft white ; pectinations short. Occiput green. Thorax
green above, white beneath. Foreleg red above and on inner side. Abdomen above
green at base, then whitish with dense red-brown dusting ; crests concolorons, not
strong.

Foreicing with apex acute; M' well separate from R^ ; green, as in Heterorachis
simplex Warr.,* the costal edge very narrowly white ; a very slender but uninter-
rupted fuscous terminal line ; fringe white, with small fuscous basal dots at vein-
ends. Hindwing with termen very faintly waved; S(!- only very shortly stalked,

M' widely separate ; as forewing.

Underside paler green, otherwise as above.

Congella, Durban (G. F. Leigh). Type in coll. Rothschild.

Certainly related to simplex, but smaller, costa of forewing straighter towards
apex, apex sharper, hindwing less regularly rounded, abdomen, termen and fringe
different.

22. Heterorachis dichorda sp. nov.

c?, 32 mm. Face brownish, pale below. Vertex and antennal shaft whitish ;
occiput green. Thorax green above, whitisli beneath. Femora and tibiae mostly
red-brown ; tarsi pale. Abdomen dorsally pale ochreous, somewhat mixed with
fuscons ; glossy red-brown crests on the second and third and a smaller one on the
fourth segment.

Foreiving with SC free, M' well separate from R' ; opaque green, as in Omphax,
costal margin whitish, the extreme edge narrowly ochreous ; two distinct, straight,
whitish-ochreous lines, the antemedian from one-third hindmargin, not quite
reaching the whitish costal shade, postmedian nearly 5 mm. from and almost
parallel with termen, becoming slender anteriorly ; fringe pale ochreous, narrowly

greenish basally. Hindwing with termen smooth, well rounded ; DC and M' as

in Omphax ; concolorons with forewing ; a single straight line from costa at well
beyond one-half to inner margin at about three-fourths.

Underside whitish green, costal margin of forewing whitish ochreous, both
wings with whitish postmedian faintly showing through.

Mbale, German East Africa, 2 c?c? in coll. L. B. Prout.

Since preparing the above description I have found in coll. Rothschild a pair

• Hemistola haploa Prout, Gen. Ins. 120, p. 227. In the type ^ tlie frenulum was entirely concealed,
and I left the species in the genus to which Warren assigned it. pending further study ; and changed tlie
name to avoiil homonymy. I have now seen other males and find the frenulum present ; my simplicU$ima
{I.e., p. 228) will probably sink.

NOVIIATES ZOOLOQIOAE XXII. 1915. S2\

from Mt. Elgoii, Uganda, the ? much hirger. //. prouti B.-Baker {Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hut. (8) xi. 571) shows similar size-variation, and is not unlike dichorda in shape
and markings, but very much paler, the abdominal crests white, rather sliglit,
forming au almost continuous ridge, recalling that of some Neromia species, M'
stalked, etc.

23. Heterorachis (?) carpenter! sp. nov.

?, 20-24 mm. Marvellously like a miniature //. hinatimargo Front, but with
third joint of palpus long.

Foreiviiig ai)jiears slightly narrower, the distal margin curving rather more
strongly in middle so as to become more oblique posteriorly. The brown line
which proximally bounds the ornate border is on both wings more strongly Granu-
late, being curved or almost angled inwards on the veins and outwards between ;
the dark terminal spots opi>osite its inward projections are rather more marked (in
the Lagos specimen partly black).

Lutoboka (Fort Stanley), Bngalla Island, 0-25 ft., Sesse Archipelago, Victoria
Nyanza, larva, forest edge, spun September 1-1, emerged October 1, 1912 (Dr.
D. G. Hale Carpenter), type in coll. Oxford Mns. ; Lagos, July 30, 1906
(G. L. Boag), 1 ¥ in coll. Brit. Mus.

24. Celidomphax prolougata sp. nov.

cj, 31 mm. Face pale green, a band on upper part, together with vertex and
proximal part of antennal shaft, deep maroon brown. Thorax and first abdominal
segment green above, the rest of the body ochreons, crests of the second and third
segments blackish, that of the fourth less dark, redder. Legs (especially the
tibiae) marked with dark red-brown.

Forewing with costal and distal margins relatively rather long, the latter
scarcely convex ; SC free, R' free ; smoothly scaled, bright green, with slight white
strigulation ; costal margin ochreons, deeper at extreme edge, basally deep maroon-
brown ; a few reddish-fuscous scales near tornus, a slight indication of a small
reddish-fuscouB spot near termen between R' and R- ; fringe pale ochreons proxi-
mally, more reddish distally, especially opposite the anterior veins, where ill-defined

reddish sjjots are formed. Hindiuing with termen and inner margin relatively

long, the former bent at R^ (shape of genus Thalassodes) ; concolorons with fore-
wing, except costally ; the reddish-fuscous spot between R' and R- slightly better
expressed, the tornal obsolete.

Underside whitish green.

Kojokaji, Lado Enclave, June 1912. Type in coll. Rothschild.

Distinguished from the other species especially by its shape.

25. Lasiochlora bicolor maculosa subsp. nov.

Differs from name-typical bicolor Th.-Mieg, from Durban, in having the
jiostmedian row of minute dark dots of forewing enlarged into spots on the radial
and median veins, those on R' and M' the largest, containing some pale scales ;
hiudwing without discal dot. Further distinctions, which perhaps betoken a
separate species, are that the row of spots is rather more obliquely placed than the
dots of bicolor bicolor, and that R- of both wings is much less approximated at its
origin to R', R' of forewing close to SC-~^

Nairobi to Mt. Kenya. Type ? in coll. Rothschild.

'6'22 NOVITATBS ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1913.

2fi. EucUoris undulilinea (Wair.)

Eucrosiea uiulnlilinea Warr., Anr. Zuul. xii. ^84 (I'.lOo).
Comostolopsh (?) undulilinea Prout, Gen. Ins. 129, p. 238 (1912).

This distinct and jiretty little species — of which, in addition to Warren's type,
1 have now seen a second example from Abiiri, Gold Coast, is certainly a derivative
of Comibaena with the <? frennlnm obsolete — i.i'. taxonomically a Euchlon.i,
though some minor differences in structure and its geographical isolation suggest
that it is rather a collateral development. The palpus and foreleg unmistakably
reveal its relationship.

27. Acollesis inimetica sp. nov.

<??, 29-34 mm. Face pale green. Palpus jiale green, uiarked with red on
outer side. Vertex and antenna white. Occiput pale green. Thorax and abdomen
pale green above, white beneath.

Forewhig with costa more arched than in the type species ; SC' connected by
short bar with f!, well separate from SO^ ; R' not stalked with snbcostals ; colour
and markings of Colle.fi.-i mimicu Warr., the postmedian line rather farther from

termen (3-3-5 mm. at hindmargin), almost entirely obsolete anteriorly to R'.

Ilitidwiitg also as in C. miniica, the line crossing the middle of the wing (in mimicu
rather beyond).

Underside whitish green, with tlie postmedian line faintly discernible ; costal
margin of forewing slightly greener.

Mount Mlanje, Nyassaland, February 17 (type), March 18, November 19 and 29,
1913 (S. A. Neave), all in coll. Brit. Mus.

Marvellously like Colle.vs mimica (which occurred in the same locality in
January and April 1913), except in venation. From A. terminata Prout it differs
in its green face, absence of olivaceous terminal line, non-anastomosis of SO' of
the forewing with 0, non-stalking of R' and rather less extreme position of R'-'.

28. Acollesis umbrata densisquamata snbsp nov.

c?, 32-36 mm. Both wings more densely and evenly scaled with grey-
greenish than in name-typical umbrata, recalling the scaling of Nothoterpna ; the
white jiostmedian line of both wings rather more slender, not accompanied
proximally by a green line or band; a strongly excurved whitish antemedian line
faintly traceable on the forewing ; discal dots slightly enlarged.

Caiala, Bihe, Angola, 2i S, December 19U4 (Dr. Ansorge).

As I have only seen one example (the type) of name-typieal umbi-at<t, and that
is rather worn, it is possible that densisquamata may prove to be a mere aberration.

Ctenoberta gen. nov.

Akin to Berta Walk., differing as follows : Antenna in S bipectinate nearly to
apex, in ¥ also strongly bipectinate.* Forewing with base of SC obsolete, leaving
it to arise out of C and anastomose strongly with SO-, which arises just before SC.
Hindwing not excised between radials, the tail at R^ not very long ; M' connate
with R^ Discocellulars of both wings oidy slightly indicating the Jierta form.
The palpus is not extremely long in either sex, though, as usual, with third joint
longer in the ? . The hindlegs are lost in the only known S.
* liroken in tlie only known example.

KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 323

Type of the genus : Ctenoberta ahanqa, sp. nov.

The only known African Berta {persimilis Warr.) agrees with Ctenoberta in
the pectinate ? antenna, bnt cannot be removed here, on account of the rest of the
characters.

29. Ctenoberta abanga sp. nov.

S ? , 23-24 mm. Face olive-green. Palpus reddish above, pale beneath.
Vertex and antennal shaft white, the latter becoming less pure white distally.
Thorax and abdomen dorsal ly olivaceous mixed with white.

Wings coloured quite as in Bcrta — white, marked with dirty olive-green.

Forewing in the basal area olive-green costally and with some green snffusions
posteriorly (here somewhat rubbed) ; traces of a thick green line from about
one-fifth costa to one-fourth hindmargin ; median area not very broad (occupying
about middle third of costa, narrowing much posteriorly), bounded on each side by
two or three zigzag, partly confluent green lines, and containing interrupted green
suffusions ; darker green markings on and proximally to DC- form a very irregular
discal ocellus ; distal area green along both costal and posterior margin, and
containing a narrow green band and a green subterminul line, the former dentate-
edged (esiiecially distally), the latter dentate, both parallel with the termen, the
white areas which intervene slightly intersected with green at the veins; terminal
line green, slightly interrupted ; fringe white, spotted with green opposite the

veins. Iliiidwing similarly but rather more clearly marked, the basal area

whiter, the discal mark oblong, almost entirely filled in with green.

Underside white, unmarked ; costal edge of forewing olivaceous, more broadly
towards base.

Abanga River, Gaboon, October 19U7 (Dr. Ansorge). Type in coll. Rothschild.

30. Comostolopsis sladeni sp. nov.

C'linioslnla laesaria Fryer, Trans. Liim. Sue. Zool. xv (1) 16 (1912) (neo Walk.) (iudcscr.).
Comostolopsis simpler part. Prout, Lep. Cat. xiv. lljl (1913) (nee Warr.) (iiidescr.).

S, 14 mm.; ?, 10-17 mm. Smaller than simplex Warr., c? antennal pectina-
tions coarser, deeper reddish. Forewing with apex less pointed, costal edge more

reddish, postmedian line apparently more deeply sinuous, but almost obsolete, the
red dot which accompanies it proximally between R^ and M' larger and brighter ;

fringe green, distally whitish. Hindwing with corresponding differences, an

additional, but minute, red dot sometimes present at R' proximally to the
postmedian. Forewing beneath with costal margin and suffusions redder.

Seychelles (Fryer, I.e.). Type in coll. Brit. Mus.

31. Comostolopsis intensa sp. nov.

?, 17 mm. Face narrowly deep red at upper extremity, then narrowly orange,
then green, fading off below. Palpus orange above, the second joint strongly
marked with deep red, pale beneath. Vertex green, a narrow white fillet between
the antennae. Antenna white at base, becoming reddish distally. Thorax and
abdomen green above, white beneath.

Foretcing full green, about as in lUpparehii papiUonariii L. ; a black discal
dot, slightly tinged with red ; an indistinct sinuous whitish jiostmedian line about
2 mm. from termen ; terminal line red. Hindwing the same.

324 NOVITATES ZOOLOC.ICAE XXII. 1915.

Under-snrface whitish green, tlie forewiiig, except towards posterior and distal
margins, somewhat suffused with reddish.

Grande Comoro, September 23, 1911 (G. F. Leigh). Type in coll. Rothschild.

Almost equally distinct in colour from the blue stillata Feld. and the yellow-
green simplex Warr., etc. No trace of red spots accompanying the postraedian line.

SuBFAinLY ACIDALIINAE
Tanaotrichia "Warr.

This genns was erected by Warren {Proc. Zoo!. Son. T.onrl. 18113, p. 3(>0) for
prasoDiria Swinh. = trilincata Warr., and snbseipiently merged by Hampson in
Enjtkrolopkus and by its author {Xov. Zool. ii. 98) in Rlwihstrophia. Unless it be
made a section of the latter, with essentially different S hindleg, I think it must
be resnscitated. Typically it would contain only a few Indian and (Uiinese .'jpecies
(p)y(.ion((ria Swinh. ; bisaiiMfa ^Varr., yoi\ Zool. ii. 98 = orientis Pront, Seitz,
Macrolep. iv. 44; cureata Warr., Noi:. Zool. ii. 98, erroneously sunk by Hampson
te Rhodostrophia vinacearia Moore), but it has various outliers, in part African and
including the new genns about fo be described. Hampson would probably regard
them as subgenera of Tanaotrichia, as it seems impossible, in the present state of
our knowledge, to assign them distinctive characters which are at the same time
constant and shared by both se.xes. AVhether as sections or genera, the following
rough key may help to show the jiresent position. Before introducing the new
genus, I point out that Eriphrolophu-i differs from it in the long palpus, Somatina,
yobilia, and Discoghjpha in the stalking of SC- of the forewiug, etc.*

The group has in common the rather short but strong palpus, less hairy pectus
than the Somatina group, generally smooth scaling, double areole, with SC- arising
from cell (rarely even connate with SC'~'', never stalked), H- of forewiug about
central, rather short cell of hindwing, SC- usually connate or short-stalked, but
never long-stalked.

1. Ilindtibia in both sexes with two sj)urs

Dithecodc.s AVari'. (= Mnesithetis Swinh. f).
Hindtibia in ? witli more than two spurs ...... 2.

2. Antenua in c? not pectinate ..... Ditkalami Meyr.
Antenna in <S bipectiuate ......... 3.

3. Antenna in c? with two pairs of branches to eacli joint Tanaotrichia \Varr.
Antenna in tj with one pair of branches to each joint . . . .4.

4. S antennal pectinations short ........ 5.

<S antennal pectinations long ........ 6.

o. c? antenna with fascicles of long cilia; ? hiudtibia usually

with three spurs ...... ] >iscomiosis nov.

c? antenna without fascicles of long cilia ; ? hindtibia

always with four spurs - . . . . . Lissohlemma Warr.

0. ? antenna bipectinate ...... Isoplenia Warr.

? antenna not bipectinate 7.

T. S hindtibia without spnrs ...... Anacosymhia Front.

(? hiudtibia with spurs ...... Epicos'/mbia Wiirr.

* Bitcoglypha has, however, much in common with the Tanaotrichia gronp, and tbc point of origin
of SC may not here be of much significance. Cf. Somatina ajncij/nncta, infra,
t Sect. U. only. Cf. £nt. xliv. 292.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915. 325

Discomiosis gen. nov.

Face smooth. Palpii.s short, shortl\- rough-scaled. Tongue pre.sent. Antenna
in c? with short, veiy slender pectinations, which are well ciliated and surmounted
witli fascicles of long cilia. Femora glabrous. Hindleg with femur, tibia, and
tarsus about equal in length ; hindtibia of tj with strong hair-pencil and a pair of
terminal spurs ; near to them a rather larger, compact, spur-like tuft ; in ¥ with a
pair of terminal spurs and one proximal (in crescentifera both). Forewing with
termen smooth, oblique, gently curved ; areole double, >SC^ arising from cell ; SC'
from posterior wall of distal areole, seldom near its apex ; \i" from very slightly
before middle of DC! ; M' sejiarate. Hindwing with termen typically somewhat
sinuous and snbcrenulate ; SC^ very shortly stalked with R', sometimes connate ;
M' separate.

Type of the genus : Dis''oi?>iosis anfrnrtiUiKfi .';p. n(jv.

32. Discomiosis anfractilinea sp. nov.

$ ? , 23-26 mm. Face and palpus black, the latter pale beneath. Vertex and
antennal shaft pale ochreous brownish. Thorax and abdomen concoloroas with
wing.s, the abdomen dorsally with two or three blackish belts on the anterior
segments.

Forewing pale ochreous brownish, sometimes with a slight olivaceous tinge,
sometimes more pinkish ; scattered fuscous irroration ; lines blackish fuscous,
thickened at costa, deeply (the postmedian nnusnally deeply) inangled behind C,
strongly and acutely projecting distad behind SC and more or less strongly zigzag
throughout their course, at costa and hindmargiii ajiproximately equidistant ; ante-
median and postmedian generally fine and sharp, the latter with some long proximal
teeth between the veins ; median shade weaker and broader, outbent so as to pass
far distally to the discal dot, which is minute but sharji; subterminal dark dashes
and strong terminal black dots, both between the veins ; fringe dark-spotted opposite

the veins. Hindwing with discal dot surrounded by a slightly raised oval white

ring, of which the posterior part is sometimes almost obsolete (as in Acidalia
cxiguaria AValk. xxi. p. 368, nee Swinh. Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 560) ; a
median dark line closely following this ; postmedian line, distal area and fringe
about as on forewing.

Under-surface very weakly marked, but scarcely glossy ; forewing slightly
snffnsed, hindwing paler, both with discal and terminal dots and traces of post-
median line ; fringe weakly spotted.

Nairobi, 2 (Jc?,Aprir29 (at light) and May 28, 1911 (T. J. Anderson), the
latter the type ; both in coll. Brit. Mus. Escarpment, British East Africa, 6500 —
9000 ft., <??, December 1900— January 1901 (Doherty), in coll. Rothschild.

33. Discomiosis synnephes sp. nov.

(? ?, 19-21 mm. Face and palpus blackish fnscons, the latter somewhat paler
beneath. Vertex and antenna pale. Body and legs concolorons with wings ; fore-
coxa and femur partly infuscated.

Forewinq rather glossy, light brown, variable in colour (the type $ much more
ochreous, the ? duller, more greyish), the distal area throughout shaded with blue-
grey ; antemedian line almost entirely obsolete, sometimes discernible at costa;

326 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1015.

discal dot rather sharp ; median shade indicated by a sli<;ht darkening of the
•,'ronnd-colonr, rather broad but ill-defined, excnrved round the cell-dot ; postmediau
Hue from almost three-fourths costa, here well marked, but mostly indicated only by
dots or small distally-directed teeth on the veins (where discernible between,
lunnlate); oblique outwards from SC to R', slightly incurved between radials and
between M' and SftP ; termen with black dots or very short strokes between the

veins. Uindwing witb termen rounded ; antemedian and median shade wanting,

the rest as on forewing.

Underside paler, almost marliingless ; postmedian dots faintly indicated in
anterior part of forewing ; terminal dots present on both wings, weaker than
above.

Taveta, British East Africa, type c?, December 20, lOiLj, and a ?, January 4,
1006 (K. St. A. Rogers), both in coll. Brit. Mus.

Jlore glossy and L)ithecodes-\\kc than the preceding, which rather recalls
an AcidaUa.

34. Discomiosis (?j crescentifera (Warr.)

Skrrha crescentifera Warr., Nov. Zool. ix. p. nOi (1902).

Mr. "Warren overlooked the double areole of this species, which was founded
on a single S from Barotse. I suspect it is a dark aberration, but await further
material from the same district. Lighter ? ? from Sarnia (Natal) and Pretoria,
which 1 believe to be referable to it, have the coloration and aspect of AcidaUa
sagittilinfa Warr. (J\'oi'. Zool. iv. p. 219) or of less zigzag-lined Discomiosis
aiifractilinea, and agree with the latter in structure except that the hindtibia has
all spurs present.

35. Somatina syneorus sp. nov.

5 J 40-45 mm. Face black. Palpus black above, pale beneath. Vertex
blackish. Collar ochreous brown. Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Forewiiiij with distal areole very small ; brownish white, with a tinge of pink,
whiter costally and distally, very sparingly sprinkled with blackish; lines brown ;
antemedian weak at costa, from abont one-third, irregularly dentate, the deepest
tooth being in cell, where it approaches the discal dot, the second deepest on SM-
(also pointing outwards) ; space between antemedian and median dark-shaded ;
discal dot small but sharp ; median line thick, obsolete at costa, angled outwards at
K', fairly straight to M', then incurved, reaching hindmargin at scarcely beyond
one-half, near the antemedian ; postmedian from costa at about two-thirds, very
oblique outwards to behind SC'' (with a slight indentation on SC''), forming a small
lobe before and behind U' (indented on the vein), then incurved, then forming
a second (M-shaped) projection before and behind M' (larger than that at R') ;
a few blackish scales on this line ; a thicker but rather less sharply defined line
following it distally, with the projections rather more rounded, the median one
more heavily dusted with blackish scales ; a furtlier line close to termen, thickening
and slightly receding therefrom anteriorly ; terminal interneural dots in anterior"

j)art of wing only. Uindwing similar, without first line ; cell-mark more elongate,

median shade close to it, not angled.

Under-snrface whitish, almost unmarked ; a dark terminal line, thickening into
dots between the veins.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 327

Anda, Lake Azingo, Gaboon, December 4, 1907 (type); Abanga River, Gaboon,
October 1907 ; both in coll. Rothschild (from Dr. Ansorge). Bitje, Ja River,
Cameroons, one in coll. L. B. Prout.

Evidently near chah/beata Walk. (2V. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasg. i. p. 375), as
is shown by the form of the postmedian lines, bnt broader-winged, less dark-
marked, and with median line qnite diiferently-shaped distally ; shape and coloration
strongly suggest anthophilata Guen.

36. Somatina lia sp. nov.

? , 32 mm. Head and upperside of palpas dnll dark red, palpus beneath
pale. Antennal shaft pale flesh-colour, at base dark red. Collar ochreous.
Front of thorax paler ochreous, then whitish, then flesh-colour. Abdomen flesh-
colour.

Forewing with apex acute, very minutely produced ; R- from scarcely before
middle of DC ; flesh-colour, with costal margin whitish ochreous, the extreme
edge less whitish; lines slender, yellowish white, nearly straight; first from
bej^oud one-third eosta to three-eighths hindmargin ; second from before two-
thirds costa to five-eighths hindmargin ; third from eosta midway between second
and termen, almost inappreciably curved outward in the middle, virtually parallel
with second throughout; an indistinct, acutely dentate subterminal, its points
nearly reaching third line at the veins and termen between them ; a black dot
behind SC^ close to termen ; discal mark scarcely difterentiated, appearing slightly

raised ; terminal line fine, scarcely darkened. Hindwing similar, without first

line, the third slightly more excurved ia middle, no subapical black dot.

Underside paler, with the lines slightly indicated.

Anjonan Island, Comoro Islands, June 27, 1911 (G. F. Leigh). Type in
coll. Rothschild.

Rather rubbed, but so strikingly distinct from all known species as to be quite
unmistakable.

37. Somatina apicipuncta sp. nov.

? , 33 mm Face blackish in upper half, white in lower. Palpus dark above,
white beneath. Vertex and base of antenna blackish. Collar ochreous. Thorax
and abdomen dirty white.

Forewing dirty white (white with very fine fuscescent irroration), costal edge
narrowly ochreous ; lines greyish, extremely faint ; no antemedian ; median from
just beyond middle of hindmargin, straight, obsolete anteriorly ; postmedian and
two subterminal slightly thicker, faintly wavy, scarcely defined ; a conspicuous
black dot behind SC* close to termen ; terminal line fine, ochreous, continued

round apex. Hindwing similar, without ochreous costal edge or black

apical dot.

Both wings beneath dirty white, unmarked.

Gambaga, Gold Coast (Dr. Bury). Type in coll. Rothschild.

Closely related to accraria Swinh. {Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. 1904, p. 564); fore-
wing with DC shorter, SC^ arising from cell (exceptional in this genus ; in accraria
normal), termen of both wings smoother, with less dark shading, forewing with only
two black terminal dots (before and behind SC*), the anterior, on the other hand,
enlarged, median line of both wings fine and straight.

22

328 XOVI'TATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. IHIS.

38. Somatina ctenophora sj). nov.

(J, 37 mm. Face white, uarrowlj purple-brown above. Palpus white, dark
pnr])le-brown on outer side. Vertex and base of antenna white ; antenna of d
bipectinate except apically, the pectinations increasing gradually in length to about
the eighth joint, longish (over three times diameter of shaft) from here to about the
twentieth, then decreasing; each surmounted by fascicle of cilia. Thorax and
abdomen white. Legs white, foreleg in part infnscated ; hindleg in J' rather slender,
without spurs, tarsus as long as tibia.

Forewing more elongate than in typical Somatina, termen strongly oblique,
smooth, little curved ; glossy cream-white, not very opatpie ; lines very feeble,
rather broad, greyish ; antemediau not or scarcely discernible; median far beyond
cell, slightly lunulate, dentate outwards on the veins, somewhat curved anteriorly ;
postmedian more deeply lunulate ; subtermiuals both present, lunulate in the
reverse direction to the other lines, the proximal inclined to be thickened into
interneural spots ; terminal line complete, but fine and inconspicuous ; fringe white.
Hindwing with termen smooth, scarcely convex, except anteriorly, tornns pro-
nounced ; coloured and marked as forewing, the median line scarcely aj)preciably
lunulate.

Underside white, unmarked.

Nairobi (T. J. Anderson), April 20, 1911 (typej, April 25, 1011 ; both in coll.
Brit. Mus.

A ¥ from the Johannesburg district (E. A. Bacot), which has for many years
stood unnamed in my collection, certainly belongs here. Larger (43 mm.), abdomen
very robust, face inappreciably browned above.

This species and the following, together with stibolridata Warr. (iVot>. Zool.
viii. 10), should form a new section of Somatina, sharing with the section Somati-
?i0jjsis Warr. the non-aborted c? hindleg, with section (? genus) Qrthoserica the
pectinate S antenna ; forewing with R- arising well before middle of discocellulars,
DC incurved, hindwing with SC separate, aspect nearly of Problepsis. The
African species show various intergrades between Somatina (areole double) and
Problepsis (areole single) in a way that is very interesting to the evolutionist but
very troublesome to the systematist. Thus figurata Warr. {Nov. Zool. iv. 61) —
which, except in the <J antenna, perhaps comes rather near ctenophora — and vestalis
Btlr. {Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvi. 419), both have the distal areole showing
various grades of reduction and sometimes vanishing, occasionally not even
symmetrical in this respect on both wings of a single specimen. I believe, however,
that the genus Somatina remains tenable in that SO"' in these cases arises from the
areole, or at latest close beyond its apex, while in Problepsis it is long-stalked
with SC"''. S. omicrata F. ( = cana Hmpsn.), the Indian ally oi vestalis, may show
similar variation ; compare Hampson, Faun. Iml. Moths iii. 463 (with which my
experience agrees) with Turner, Proc. Linn. Soc. New S. Wales, xxxii. 675.

39. Somatina centrophora sp. nov.

(J, 35 mm. Near the preceding, but the forewing slightly narrower, hindwing
slightly more convex from SC to W, 3 hindtibia with a pair of terminal spurs, the
venation and wing-markings showing more manifest signs of the transition towards
Problepsis. On the right forewing of the unique example a minute distal areole
persists and SC^ is barely stalked beyond it ; on the left the distal areole has

N'OVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 329

vanished and SC' is ap|)reciably stalked, thoiigli still i|nite otherwise placed tlian in
trne Froblepsis.

Forcwiiitj with the grey lines less feeble than in ctenophora, an anteiuedian
present from M to hindmargin, the median rather more curved posteriorly ; a nearly
reniform discal ring placed beyond the middle of the wing, its colour partly light
ochreous brown, partly fuscous overlaid with silvery scales, a minute black streak

I)rojecting distally from it on II- ; fringe tinged with grey in distal half Ilimliciny

with the discal mark subobsolete, indicated only by a slight ochreous tinge on

DC-~^ and the irregular silvery element. Forewing beneath with costal margin

more infuscated.

Grahamstown. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. received from the Albany Museum.

40. Aiititrygodes dysmorpha sji. nov.

(3, 31 mm. Face and palpus bright Ijrown above, white below. Vertex and
base of antennal shaft white ; fascicles of cilia moderate, arising from minute teeth.
Collar ochreous-tinged. Thorax and abdomen white. Foreleg reddish on inner
side. Hiudtibia with the hair-peucil dark-coloured ; tarsus short and slender.

Forewing with termen waved, appreciably sinuate between SC* and R^ and
between M' and SM-, small rounded projections consequently indicated at R^ and M^ ;
white, with a few scattered black scales, especially costally and about the lines;
costal margin tinged with red-browu ; antemedian line light brown, dotted with
black scales, much interrupted and irregular, strongly oblique outward from costa,
then oblique inward and strongly sinuous ; a light olivaceous central shade, shaped
nearly as in Somatina vestalis Btlr., but with a stronger distal projection between
the radials ; containing a double discocellular mark formed of blackish dots against
R' and R' ; the costal commencement of a dark median line distally to this shade ;
postmedian line arising from a dark spot at about three-fourth costa, indistinct, but
marked by dark vein-dots in anterior jiart ; followed distally by an irregular band
of light olivaceous blotches, interrupted between the radials ; terminal blackish line
continuous, thickened between the veins, especially in each sinus of the wing-margin ;

fringe mostly white pro.ximally, with Smoky cloudings distally. Hindwing with

termen waved, roundly toothed at R' and R', sinuate between ; without costal
markings or antemedian line, otherwise similar to forewing.

Under-snrface white, virtually without markings.

Northern Nigeria ; Kano (F. G. Brown), type in coll. Brit. Mus. ; a worn ?
from Zungeru (G. B. Simpson), rather larger, above strongly irrorated throughout
with reddish, may be the same or a closely allied species.

Perhaps nearest to caneiUnea\^aXk. {List Lep. Ins. xxvi. 1752), agreeing in
venation, etc., but very distinct ; intermediate in shape between that species and the
typical group. Lacks the lateral abdominal tufts by which Turner {Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales xxxii. 637) distinguishes this genus from Froblepsis, but they fail also
in cuneilinea and I think in some other cases. Hampson's differentiation {Faun.
Ind. Moths iii. 425) by wing-form gives results which coincide better with the
general habitus and pattern of the totality of the known species. Both the authors
named fail to distinguish Antitri/godes Warr. from the Neotropical Tri/godes
H.-Sch.

41. Acidalia (Pylarge) anoista sp. nov.

(?, 21 mm. Face and palitus black. Vertex and antenna bone-colour ; foreleg
partly darkened on inner side ; hiudtibia not dilated, the pair of spurs well developed.

330

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1916.

Foreioing rather broad, with costa slightly and terraen moderately curved ;
bone-colour, with a very few scattered black scales (somewhat more copious towards
costa) ; first Hue almost obsolete ; median shade very feeble, oblique outwards from
middle of hindmargin, finer and parallel with postmedian in anterior half; post-
median fine, olive-grey, weak and broken into spots, becoming rufous and distinct
posteriorly to fold; some slight rufous shading between these lines posteriorly,
producing the effect of a subtoriial spot ; some slight olive-grey terminal shading ;
terminal dots small, black, in posterior half less well developed ; fringe long,

in proximal half slightly more ochreous, at tornus rafesceut. Hindtving with

termen scarcely bent at W ; lines of forewing continued, not rufous posteriorly ;
terminal dots present; fringe ochreous proximally.

Forewing beneath somewhat smoky from base to median shade, a darker
antemedian line faintly indicated; a dark discal dot; postmedian line darker than
above, followed distally by a weaker parallel line ; terminal area clear, the termen
itself with the dots almost connected into a dark line, Hindwing beneath
unmarked, except for the terminal dots.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroous. Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

42. Acidalia subpectinata sp. nov.

cJ,29mm. Face blackish. Palpus blackish, in part pale beneath. Vertex
and antenna pale fleshy ; antenna with fascicles of long cilia, arising (except on
first few segments and "in distal part) from rudimentary pectinations, the longest
of which do not quite equal the diameter of the shaft. Collar darker. Thorax
fleshy. Hindtibia dilated, spurless, with hair-pencil, tarsus about as long as tibia.
Abdomen fleshy, with large fuscous dorsal spots.

Forewing flesh-colour, in places paler in middle of wing ; lines more ochreous,
ill-defined ; antemedian from hindmargin before one-fifth, losing itself towards SU ;
median double (1 mm. apart), parallel, oblique, waved, slightly sinuate inwards
about IP, the proximal reaching hindmargin at middle, both obsolete at costa; a
small black discal dot ; postmedian fine, at 2-3 mm. from termen, incurved at
radials and more slightly at fold, marked with blackish daslies in the radial
cellules and with minute dots in most of the others ; subterminal line indicated
by very feeble shading proximally and distally ; termen with small interueural

blackish dots. Hinduing with termen bent at R' ; antemedian line w.inting ;

the two median lines somewhat darkened, especially the proximal ; a large black
cell-dot interrupting the distal ; postmedian with the radial dashes smaller ; sub-
terminal and terminal as on forewing.

Forewing beneath with the lines (except the postmedian) weaker, the first
obsolete ; discal dot present, terminals nearly obsolete, a feeble olivaceous terminal
line, interrnpted at the veins. Hindwing beneath paler, the discal dot and post-
median line well developed, a terminal line as on forewing.

Uganda, probably Entebbe district (Jackson). Type in coll. Rothschild.

43. Acidalia megalostigma sp. nov.

?, 20 mm. Face and palpus black. Vertex and base of antenna bright
golden ochreous. Thorax paler ochreous. Abdomen coucolorons with wings.

Forewing rather broad ; whitish ochreous, inclining to yellowish, with slight
darker admixture and faint traces of a sinuous ochreous postmedian line ; discal

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII, 1915. 331

spot roundish, black, abnormally large for the genus, its diameter nearly 1 mm. ;

fringe concolorous. Hindwing with termen entire, not appreciably bent at R^ ;

like forewing.

Uiider-snrface similar, costal edge of forewing deeper ochreous, cell-marks
narrower.

Abanga River, Gaboon, October 1907 (Dr. Ansorge). Type in coll. Rothschild.

44. Acidalia macrocelis sp. nov.

cJ?, 21 mm. Face and npperside of palpus black; vertex black. Antenna
with joints projecting, ciliation in S rather long, in ? very short ; ochreous, proxi-
mally dark-marked above. Collar deep yellow. Thorax and abdomen bright
yellow above, duller and more ochreous beneath. Hindtibia in <? thickened, with
hair-pencil and with fringe of projecting scales on upper side ; tarsus about
one-half length of tibia.

Forewing rather broad, apex not very acute ; bright yellow, slightly mixed at
base with purple-fuscous ; lines obsolete e.xcept at hindmargin, where they are
represented by purple-fuscous spots ; antemedian at one-third or rather before, in $
slight, ending about at fold, in ? stronger, nearly reaching M ; postmedian at
two-thirds or rather beyond, forming a large roundish or oval blotch which crosses
JP and reappears as a small dot (in the ? larger) on M' ; discal dot small, purple-
fuscous ; costal edge distally and fringe deeper yellow, the latter becoming more

rufescent at tips. Hindwing with termen appreciably bent (rather roundly) at

R' ; concolorous with forewing ; a small purple-fuscous spot (or thick line) from
inner margin before two-thirds to M^ ; discal dot and fringe as on forewing.

Both wings beneath slightly paler yellow, unmarked.

Bitye, Ja River, Camerooas, type and another c? ; Fort Crampel, French
Congo, a ? ; all in coll. L. B. Front.

Advocates of " emendation " are asked to note that this species is named from
the blotch on the forewing, not from the thickened tibia.

45. Acidalia omnisona sp. nov.

c?, 17 mm. Face and jjalpus red. Vertex grey. Antennal shaft grey, dotted
with red ; joints slightly projecting, ciliation rather long (a little damaged).
Thorax and abdomen pinkish grey, abdomen with a row of deep black dorsal spots.
Legs grey, foreleg partly reddish on upper and inner sides ; hindtibia rather long
and dilated, with hair-pencil, tarsus about half as long.

Forewing with apex acute, termen oblique, rather straight, with the faintest
concavity in anterior part and conve.xity in middle ; pale pinkish grey (or violet-
grey), with a few scattered black scales, extreme costal edge dark red-brown ; lines
fine, brownish, accentuated by black dots on costa and (except the median line) on
veins ; first at about one-fourth, nearly parallel with termen, slightly sinuous ;
median beyond middle, slightly sinuous, in posterior half forming a deep sinus
inwards and becoming thick and black and bounded distally by a large reddish
brown spot ; postmedian from almost four-fifths costa to hindmargin close to tornns,
twice sinuate inwards, followed at toruus by a small blackish spot ; a small black
cell-dot ; terminal line somewhat crenulate, blue-grey, almost entirely covered with
dense, deep black irroration ; proximal half of fringe tinged with glossy blue-grey
and bearing black dots opposite the veins, distal half ochreous-brownish.

332 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIl. 1915.

Ilindwing with termen slightly bent in middle; colonred like forewing, first line
wanting, both the others weak, marked with fine black vein-dots and ending in
larger dots at inner margin ; no cell-dot; termen and fringe as on forewing.

Forewing beneath whitish at hindraargin (more broadly distally) and very
narrowly along termen, otherwise snffnsed with red ; postmedian line present
thongh not sharp; cell-dot obsolete; a dark reddish terminal line. Hindwing
beneath whitish, without markings ; a weak, interrnpted reddish terminal line.

Madagascar, Antananarivo (Chnlliat). Type in coll. L. B. Front, received
through Le Moult.

46. Acidalia ludibunda sp. nov.

S. Exceedingly similar to A. miiiorata Bdv. (Fauue Ent. Mailmj. 115) = con-
sentanea Walk. {List Lep. Ins. xsii. 745), agreeing in size, shape, markings, the
black face and npperside of palpus, etc.

Differs as follows : Antennal ciliation fully twice as long as diameter of shaft
(in minorata scarcely longer than diameter), hindtarsns rather longer (over two-
thirds tibia, in minorata little over one-half), ground-colour with a decided tone
of yellow (in minorata whitish bone-colour to fleshy, or, when the irroration is
strong, greyish), dark irromtion very slight, discal dots generally smaller, terminal
dots very minute (sometimes obsolescent posteriorly). The postmedian line does
not show the darkened denticulations which are frequent in the minorata series.

Selnkwe, S. Rhodesia; type, March 1912 and another May 1013 (F. W. Short);
Transkei, 2 (?c?(F. Barrett); all in coll. L. B. Front. New Hanover, Natal, April
1013, 1 c? in coll. A.J. T. Janse.

Hitherto mixed among minorata Bdv., which perhaps includes several closely
allied and very difticnlt species, but from which the present one must certainly be
disentangled.

47. Acidalia elegans sp. nov.

c?, 22 mm. Face and palpus blackish. Antennal ciliation moderate. Vertex
white. Collar ochreous. Thorax and abdomen white, the latter with a fuscous,
black-mixed dorsal spot at the beginning of each segment from the second to the
seventh. Foreleg fuscous above. Hindtarsus quite short.

Forewinf) pure white, with a very few black atoms ; extreme costal edge
marked with dark fiiscons near base ; lines fuscous; antemedian somewhat curved,
much interrupted, chiefly showing at the veins (where it is slightly dusted with
black) and as a black dot on costa ; median shade thick and rather ill-defined,
starting from a blackish spot just beyond middle of costa, forming a complete ring
round (not touching) the large black discal dot, thick on distal side of the same,
somewhat sinuous and deeply lunnlate-dentate (the teeth outwards) in posterior
half; postmedian line marked by black dots at costa and hindmargin and smaller
ones on .some of the other veins, entirely interrujited between the radials and
between M- and fold ; accompanied distally by a band of fuscous shading, which is
broken up into three patches by the interruptions at the places indicated ; no

terminal line ; base of fringe dotted with fuscous at vein-ends. Ilindwing shaped

as in ornata Scop. ; no antemedian line : median shade obsolete on the distal side
of the cell-dot; postmedian line less completely interrupted than on forewing, the
shades distally to it more broken into spots ; a thick, curved snbterminal line from

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 333

near apex to R^ theu faint and bending to terraeu, which it reaches at M' ; fringe
as on forewing.

Underside white, unmarked, co.stal edge slightly infiiscated.

Entebbe, 1905 (E. A. Minchin). Type in coll. Brit. Mns. Near Lagos : in
forest half a mile from Oni camp, December 4, 1010 (dry season), 1 c? ; in forest
about a mile east of Oni, August 18, 1911 (wet season), 1 ? ; both in coll. Oxford
Mus., collected by Dr. W. A. Lamborn.

48. Acidalia beccarii sp. nov.

?,27 mm. Face and palpus black, the latter pale-mixed beneath. Vertex
white ; occiput narrowly blackish ; collar also darkened. Antenna slender. Thorax
and abdomen dirty white, irrorated, especially above, with fuscous, the abdomen
showing the same weakly banded appearance as in the allies.

Forewing dirty white with a slight tinge of ochreous-brownish and with fine
blackish-fuscous irroration ; markings as in marginepunctatt, Goeze, the median
shade rather less thickened than is usual in that species, the pale subterminal
rather less expanded between the radials, its dark proximal spots strong and
well differentiated, that nearest the costa not weaker than the succeeding one,

the terminal dark dashes longer. Hindwing with termen almost entire and

not very strongly convex ; marked as forewing, without the first line.

Underside weakly marked, about as mfihulata Guen,

Eritrea: Asmara, October 17 and 28, 190.5 (N. Beccari), 2 ? ?, the latter the
type, in coll. Rothschild.

This is probably the " Craspcdia fibulatii " which de Joaunis {Bull. Soc. Ent.
Ital. xliv. p. 136) records from the same country. Very similar to large examples
of that species or its closest allies, but especially to mar gine punctata Goeze ; differs
from all in the slightly narrower forewing, with rather more oblique termen,
less convex hindwing (less crenulate than in nigrinotata Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. p. 52),
less thick median shade, less expanded radial spot of subterminal, longer terminal
dashes, etc. ; from the hitherto described Indian and Aethiopiau species in having
the median shade less bent anteriorly, reaching the costa distally to, not opposite,
the cell-dot. The lines do not spring from enlarged costal spots, the discal dots are
on an average smaller than in the allies ; the forewing beneath is not (as in
7narginepunctata, etc.) suffused with glossy fuscescent.

49. Glossotrophia natalensis sp. nov.

(?, 26 mm. Face and upperside of palpus black. Antennal joints projecting,
the fascicles of cilia rather long. Vertex dirty whitish with a tinge of ochreons.
( 'ollar dark fuscous. Thorax and abdomen dirty whitish, coarsely irrorated above
with dark fuscous ; abdomen with one or two dark dorsal spots near base. Legs
l)ale. Hindtibia long and slender, with both terminal spurs present, the outer the
longer ; tarsus well developed, nearly two-thirds tibia.

Forewing relatively rather narrow, the termen being strongly oblique ; dirty
whitish, thickly and coarsely irrorated with fuscous ; line fuscous, distinct ; ante-
median from a slightly enlarged spot at costa, strongly angled outwards in and
again behind cell (the points of the angles somewhat thickened), inwards at
M, oblique inwards from second outward angle, but again, though more sliglitly,
angled close to hindmargin, which it reaches at rather beyond one-fourth ; discal

334 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915.

mark strong, somewhat strigiform ; median line arising from a spot beyond middle
of costa, dentate thronghont, incurved so as to touch discal mark, but here vague,
deep]}' incnrved in snbmedian area, angled outwards at SftP, reaching hindmargin
midwa_v between the others ; postmedian line rather dcepl)' dentate, perpendicular
from before three-fourths costa to R', deepl.y incurved between radials and
moderately deeply in submedian area ; snbterminal line little thickened except
at the radial bend and to a less extent at the subtornal one ; its lunules
anteriorly and on each side of M' accompanied proximally by indications of dark
spots ; terminal marks thick and elongate, the intervals somewhat shorter than

the marks ; fringe dark-mottled. Hinclwing with termen somewhat irregularly

waved (less irregular, especially near tornns, than in Acidalia nigrinotata Warr.,
Nov. Zool. iv. p. 62). an appreciable though very shallow sinus between the
radials ; SC---Ii' very shortly stalked ; concolorous with forewing ; discal mark
more roundish ; first line wanting; median forming a deep bay (fully as deep as
the width of its month) proximally to the discal mark, thence about as in the
allies ; postmedian also with the inward bend between the radials deeper than
on forewing, a marked subcostal indentation also present ; distal area nearly as
on forewing.

Undersurface glossy and very weakly marked, the discal spot and post-
median line of forewing the most noticeable.

Mooi River, Natal. Type in coll. Rothschild.

Doubtfully referred to the Palaearctic genus Olossotropkia. The tongue is
long, but not more extreme than in some Acidalia of the marginepunctata Goeze
group. Colour of Pti/ehopoda hispidata Warr. {Nov. Zool. xi. p. 469) from Angola,
of which only the ? is known, but which is shorter-winged and with the normal
hindwing venation and shape of Ptijchopoda, etc. Both this and one of the
examples of Discomiosis anfractilinea (described above) have been labelled by
Warren " dentigerata Walk. ? " ; but Walker's type at Oxford {List Lep. Ins. xxvi.
p. 1603) is an Acidalia, identical with the species which passes (I think correctly)
as rudisaria Walk. {op. cit. xxiii. p. 790) ; the type of the last-named is lost.

SO. Ptychopoda ascepta sp. nov.

S ? , 19-20 mm. Aspect of the Indian P. actiosaria Walk., both wings slightly
narrower, with costal margin relatively rather longer, termen of forewing more
oblique, of hindwing less convex, face and upperside of palpus perhaps rather more
blackish fuscous. Hindleg of S short, more slender, without the strong hair-tufts
of actiosaria.

Forewing sometimes coloured quite as in actiosaria, sometimes rather more
reddish, markings about as in that species, variable in intensity, median shade
sometimes stronger and thicker, postmedian line line, rather nearer the termen, the
proximal of the snbterminal i)air sometimes almost equally strongly expressed,
placed near and parallel to the postmedian ; fringe not, or only extremely weakly,

dark dusted at base. Hindwing marked about as in actiosaria, sometimes rather

l)aler ; fringe as on forewing.

Underside rather paler than in actiosaria, the discal dot and fine (often rather
sharp) postmedian line alone developed.

Cape (probably Annshaw), type <S in coll. L. B. Front ; Annshaw, 3 ? ? (coll.
L. B. Front et coll. Brit. Mus.). All collected by Miss F. Barrett, mixed in coll.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 335

C. G. Barrett with Acidalia minorata Bdv. A smaller (16 mm.) ?, rather more
strongly marked, from Deelfoutein, March 14, 1902 (Col. Sloggett), in coll. Brit.
Mus., may also be referred here.

Epicleta gen. nov.

Face flat. Eye rather small. Palpns short, with rather long projecting scales
from base beneath. Tongue rudimentary, concealed in cavity between palpi.
Antenna in S ciliated in fascicles. Pectus somewhat hairy. Femora glabrous.
Hindleg of S aborted, without spurs. Wings shaped and scaled as in Cleta Dnp.
Forewing with SC free, not approaching the stalk of the other subcostals ;
SC''"' coincident ; SC^"' coincident, stalked with 80--' ; M^ separate. Hiudwing
with C anastomosing at a point near base ; SG^ — R> long-stalked ; M' separate.

Type of the genus : Epicleta calidaria sp. nov.

Almost unique in the subfamily in the reduction of the number of the subcostal
veins, a peculiarity shared only by the North American Goniacidalia Pack. ; other-
wise combining the structure of certain Ptijckopoda with the facies of Cleta.

51. Epicleta calidaria sp. nov.

S, 10-11 mm. Head and body, with palpus, antenna and legs, brownish
ochreons. Antennal joints somewhat triangularly projecting, with rather long,
slender fascicles of cilia. Hindleg quite short, tibia slightly thickened, tarsus very
short, slender, pointed.

Forewing with costa slightly arched at base and near apex, straight between,
apex acute, termen sinuous ; bright ochreous ; costal area, especially at base, with
more or less reddish-brown dusting ; lines reddish-brown, slightly darkened and
thickened at costa ; antemedian, from about oue-fourth costa, somewhat sinuous,
less sharply expressed than the others ; median line nearly straight, from raidcosta
(or just proximally thereto) to middle of hindmargin ; postmedian at about three-
fourths, rather less oblique than the termen, very slightly sinuous, accompanied
distally by an irregular ill-defined band of red-brown shading ; terminal line red-
brown ; fringe proximally ochreous mixed with red-brown, distally with the red-
brown prevailing. Hindwing with termen sinuous, roundly prominent about R';

concolorous with forewing, the median and postmedian lines continued, more sinuous
than on forewing ; distal area and fringe as on forewing.

Under-surface similar, but not quite so bright.

Transkei (Miss F. Barrett). Type in coll. L. B. Prout. Topotypes (2) in coll.
Brit. Mus.

Strikingly like a miniature Cleta ramosaria transiens Prout (Seitz, Macrolep.
iv. 88).

52. Traminda drepanodes sp. nov.

c?, 33 mm. Head pale reddish. Palpus ochreons. Thorax pale ochreous;
abdomen paler. Foreleg ochreons, tinged with red.

Forewing rather broad, with costa arched, apex minutely falcate, tornus pro-
nounced; pale stramineous ochreous, with costal edge narrowly reddish ; cell-spot
large, irregularly shaped (more diamond-shaped than round or oval), violaceous or
slightly rosy, mixed (except in centre) with blackish scales ; a brown line (proxi--
mally greyer, distally warmer) from middle of hindmargin almost to apex, then

33fi NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAF, XXII. 191.").

somewhat ditfiiso, bending rectangularly so as to run to costa, here accompanied
distallj' by a small dull reddish spot ; a dark dot in the apical hook ; fringe mostly

fnscons. Ilimlwing with apex prononnced, termen scarcely bent at R' ; concolor-

ous with forewing, the line continued as antemedian (obsolete at costal extremity) ;
fringe as on forewing.

Under-surface brighter ochreous ; cell-spot of forewing obsolete ; line scarcely
discernible ; fringe as above.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., September — November 1911. Type in
coll. Rothschild.

Very distinct from all the liitlierto known species, superficially suggesting a
Drepanodcs.

Subfamily L.4RENTIINAE
53. Conchylia gamma sji. nov.

c?, 28 mm. Head, body and legs dirty whitish, with a decided tinge of
brown.

Foicwiufi shining white, costal margin with a bright brown streak from
towards middle to near apex, pointed at both ends, widening gradually between ;
markings brown, forming narrow bars, slightly darker edged ; antemedian from
hiudmargiu at 3 mm. from base, ratlior obli([ne to origin of M-, then more curved
to cell-fold, along which it runs to join the postmedian, throwing out projections
anteriorly and (smaller) posteriorly where it crosses the discocellulars ; postmedian
from apex to hindmargin near tornus, forming an inward curve throughout its
length, very slightly sinuous ; a thick brown terminal line ; fringe paler
(damaged). Hindiciiuj dirty brownish white.

Forewing beneath smoky, hindwing white.

Cape : Bushman Land, 1896 (G. Alston). Type in coll. Brit. Mus.

Distinguishable at a glance by the form of the brown bars, which represent
together, when viewed from the apex of the right wing, a rough Greek gamma.

54. Conchylia Irene sji. nov.

(f , 28-29 mm. Face white, mixed with light brown. Palpus predominantly
brown, the tip (more extended above) remaining white. Vertex and antenna white.
Collar mixed with brown. Thorax white ; abdomen more brownish.

Forewing pure white, less glossy than in the type species ; markings fuscous,
consisting of two very slender bars, slightly darker at their edges ; antemedian from
SM- at nearly 3 ram. from base, strongly oblii[U(^ and very sliglitly curved, termi-
nating at cell-fold near end of cell ; j^stmedian from SM- close to tornus, straight
in the direction of ajiex, ending just in front of SC', tapering gradually at posterior

end and more abrui)tly at anterior; termen and fringe concolorous. Hindwing

whitish brown, with a not sharj)ly defined fleshy brown border about 3 mm. wide,
narrowing towards tornus.

Both wings beneath smoky brownish, forewing darkened at costa, the lines
indistinctly marked in dark grey.

Foot of Nienwveld Mountains, 5 miles N.W. of Beaufort West (Mrs. -Bntt).
4 cJcJ in coll. Rothschild.

Near Inpskolumna Front {Ann. Transr. ^fl'S., in the press), the lines more
slender, not reaching the wing-margins, etc.

NOVITATES ZOOLOUICAB XXII. 1915 337

55. Hydrelia unipecten sp. nov.

(? ? , 29-35 mm. Extraordiu.arily like large specimens of //. flnriroma Warr.
(yov. Zool. vi. 296, section Asfheiwtricha) and H. inutilis AVarr. (ibid. viii. 2U0),
sometimes hard to distinguish except that the male antenna bears very long,
slender, curved, nniseriate pectinations, on which acconnt it will constitute a new
section of the genns.* From flan'coma the <? also differs in lacking the secondary
se.xnal hair-pencil. Such further distinctions as I have been able to discover
depend upon small points not brought out in Warren's diagnoses, so that it is
necessary to include them here. Face darker fuscous (only so in fuscous-winged
aberrations of fiavicoma, such as are unknown in unipecten). Abdomen nearly
always with distinct jiaired dark dorsal spots on the anterior segments. Coloration
on an average redder, varying from light fleshy brownish to strong, deep rufescent
(in the allies from fleshy brownish to brown and fuscous) ; discal dots always
strong, on an average (especially on the hindwing) larger than in the allies ;
median area generally (in them very rarely) much narrowed at hindmargin, liere as
a rnle darkened ; postmedian line more lunnlate-dentate and not (as mjlaiyconm)
incurved between the radials ; ill-defined, not being followed (as in it) by a fine
pale yellowish or whitish line; terminal line stronger (usually obsolescent in
ffaKicomn, and inutilis), markedly thickened between the veins or forming rather
conspicuous dots. Hindwing slightly more elongate costally.

Underside rather less pale.

British East Africa : E. slopes of Aberdare Mountains, 7000^8500 ft.,
February 24-26, 1911, 26 SS, including the type ; VV. slopes of Mount Kenya,
5000—8500 ft., February 26, 1911, 2 6 S ; S. and E. slopes of Mount Kenya,
5000—7000 ft., February 8, 1911 ; all in coll. Brit. Mus., collected by
S. A. Neave.

The ? must be sluggish or retiring, and the remarkably modified <S antenna
is probably connected with the matrimonial ipiest.

56. Epirrhog achatina sp. nov.

S , 28 mm. Face with loose tuft of projecting scales on lower part. Palpus
moderate, stout. Antenna closely lamellate, pubescent. Head and body con-
colorous with forewing.

Forewing normally shaped (or somewhat narrower than in tlio tyjjical —
alternafa Miill. — European group), glossy ; whitish ochreons, slightly irrorated
with ferruginous ; basal area slightly darkened costally and marked by a red-brown
spot at base and three excurved and crennlate red-brown lines, the outermost the
thickest and placed at about 2 mm. from base ; succeeding area traversed by three
crenulate ferruginous lines, the first rudimentary, the third very slender ; median
area 5-6 mm. wide at costa, 3 mm. at hindmargin, bounded by fine white lines, its
edges crenulate, the distal shaped about as in XaiUhorhoi'. apadicearin, Schiff. ; its
proximal and distal i)arts sliglitly darkened, the former with three approximated
brown lines (the middle one the weakest), the latter with four (the third somewhat
blurred, inclining to coalesce with the fourth), its central part delicate pinkish,

* Kovwnin Pears., Can. Ent. xx.\vu. 12(5, lias tlie discoceUulars of both wings biangulate; moreover
the pectinations are scarcelv more than nniseriate teeth — more recaUing those o£ Ilijdrdia dcntntlssima
Warr. (^Nov. Xmtl, vi. 34). If not, as I believe, a valid genus, it would tall into Vmiisia.

338 NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXII. 191S.

recalliug Loxofidonia explanata Walk. (^List Lep. Ins. xsiv. 1190") or Epirrhoe
thermochroa Hmpsn. {Tr. Zool. Soc. Land. xix. (2) 129, t. 4, f. 63~) ; discal dot
minute ; area heyoud median baud again traversed by ferrnginons lines ; snb-
terminal line whitish, obsolescent ; distal-marginal area somewhat clonded with
brown, with a not very strong, oblique whitish streak from apex ; terminal line
black, slightly interrnpted ; fringe brownish in proximal half, whitish in distal,

ill-defined black spots opposite the veins. Hindtcinc/ rather narrow, with costal

margin long (about Oiiholitlia shape), termeu slightly waved ; whitish, sometimes
with an ochreons tinge, proximal part somewhat shaded with jiale grey, a sinuous
dark grey postmedian line, least distinct at costa, oblique outwards from M- to
hindmargin, which it reaches near toruus ; slight beginnings of two proximal lines
at hindmargin ; some very feeble greyish shading indicating position of subterminal
line ; a dark terminal line ; fringe proxiraally much paler than on forewing, traces
of dark spots and of a dark central dividing-line.

Both wings beneath pinkish, somewhat darker as far as postmedian line,
whitish just beyond this, discal dots and postmedian line well expressed, some
feeble lines between them, faint traces of grey-reddish lines in distal area; terminal
line and fringe marked nearly as above, but weaker.

Basutoland : Pithaneng River Valley, January 29, 1902 (type); Masite,
December 8, 1902 (paratype) ; both in coll. Brit. Mus., collected by R. Crawshay.

57. Eupithecia (?) dryas sp. nov.

S ? , 27-28 mm. Face greeu. Palpus fuscous, nearly twice as long as
diameter of eye, strong, heavily scaled beneath. Vertex green. Antenna fuscous,
in S with even ciliation of not quite the length of diameter of shaft. Collar
fuscous. Thorax and abdomen dorsally green, the latter banded or blotched with
fuscous ; metathorax with small paired crests ; abdominal crests slight, consisting
of small whitish scale-patches at ends of segments ; anal tuft of c? fuscous, not
large.

Forewing with costa slightly arched proximally and distally, straight between,
apex round-pointed, termen curved, oblique ; green, the colour formed of a rippling
of dentate green lines on a whitish greeu ground, the markings fuscous ; basal
area somewhat irrorated with fuscous, bounded by an irregular, double, anteriorly
outbent line ; median fascia indicated by two pairs of dentate lines and accumulated
fuscous central irroration, especially from discal mark to fold ; breadth of the
fascia at costa about 4 mm., at hindmargin nearly 3 mm., its proximal edge rather
oblique outwards from costa to cell-fold and rather projecting inwards behind
submedian fold, its distal edge rather oblique outwards to before R', with a pair
of small teeth separated by R' and a second pair (blunter) by M', slightly inbent
at R^; cell-mark blackish, rather elongate; a pair of spots proximal to the
(obsolete) subterminal line, before and behind R^, a row of smaller intemenral spots
or dashes distally to the same ; terminal line marked by elongate spots at vein-
ends ; fringe pale, spotted with fuscous opposite the veins. Hindwing long for

the genus, smooth-scaled, fuscous, with a slightly paler band beyond middle,
bounded proximally by a vague dark line.

Both wings beneath similar to hindwing above.

Transkei (Miss F. Barrett), in coll. Rothschild, coll. Brit. Mus. et coll.
L. B. Prout ; type in the first-named collection.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 11115. 339

Similar to cidariata Giieti. {Spec. Gen. Lep. x. 357), but according to the
description and figure the median band is so different in shape that it is
impossible to unite it therewith, especially as the hind wing also appears to differ.

Subfamily GEOMETRINAE
Anoectomychus gen. no v.

Face with appressed scales. Palpus moderate, second joint with projecting
scales above and beneath, third joint moderate, rather slender, conico-cyliudrical.
Tongue developed. Antenna in S bipectinate, in ? nearly simple, minntely
ciliated. Pectus slightly hairy. Femora glabrous. Hindtibia in S slightly
thickened, in both sexes with all spurs.

Forewiiig with costa arched at base and beyond middle, straighter between,
apex moderately sharp, termen smooth, rather oblique, very little curved, tornus
well expressed ; cell about two-fifths ; SC'~^ coincident, anastomosing or connected
with C, sometimes anastomosing at a point with SC'~* ; M' from close to end of

cell. Hindwing with apex nearly rectangular, termen curved, especially towards

middle, faintly waved, tornus prominent ; cell open (DO^-' wanting), C in ?
approximated to SC near base, in c? later (at the forward curve of SC), SC' and
R' in S separating near base, the former making a strong forward curve, the latter
straight, in ? separating at about one-third, normally formed, R^ wanting, M in cj
very near SC, M^ in ? branching off not far before the separation of R^ from M',
in (J quite near base.

Type of the genus: Anoectomi/chus pudem (Swinh.) = Luxiaria pudens Swinh.,
Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 504.

No doubt related to Luxiaria Walk, and Cassyma Gaen. Similar to Pigiopsis
Warr. {Nov. Zool. vi. 300), but distinguished by the shorter, open cells of the
hindwing, the very curious S venation, and other characters.

58. Pigiopsis scotoides sp. nov.

cJ, 23 mm. Face and palpus very deep ferruginous, the latter with first joint
pale. Vertex and antenna purple-grey. Thorax pnrple-grey above, pale beneath.
Forecoxa and inner side of all legs pale violet-grey ; legs otherwise more or less
strongly infuscated. Abdomen purple-grey, with slight tinge of brown.

Forewing with termen less obliqne than in convergens Warr. (Xob. Zool. vi.
301); a fovea present ; SC'~^ coincident, free or anastomosing at a point with C;
purple-grey (light, almost entirely obscured with dark cloudings) ; costal margin
infuscated to beyond middle, distal part whitish with three long, narrow blackish
spots, that nearest apex the shortest ; a bright ferruginous spot close behind apex ;
an ill-defined whitish streak from this spot basewards (between SC' and R'),
fading out before reaching middle of wing ; lines dark brown, with a slight olive
tinge, placed about as in convergens Warr., but rather thicker, the median not quite

so extremely oblique ; fringe divided by a brown line, tips paler. Hindwing

browner than forewing, proximal part paler, especially between median and post-
median lines ' a dark brown spot at base continuing the antemedian line of forewing ;
all the other lines continued, parallel with termen or rather straighter.

Forewing beneath with costal and hindmargin very pale violaceous grey, the
rest almost entirely dark-clouded, with the lines only feebly indicated. Hindwing

340 NOVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1H15.

beneath pale, with weak fuscous irroration ; all the lines strongly expressed, those in
distal half thick.

Bit3'e, Ja River, Cameroous, 2000 ft., September — November 1911. Type in
coll. Rothschild ; a second, not ipiite so dark, in coll. L. B. Front.

Smaller and much darker than concenjens Warr., differing further in subcostal
venation and presence of fovea. The coloration recalls Aiioectonvjchnx pudem
Swiuh.

59. Pigiopsis hjrposcotia sp. nov.

(?, 24 mm. Face mostly fuscous. Palpus short, deep ochreous, third joint
fuscous. Vertex and autenna blackish fuscous, dollar ochreons. Thorax and
abdomen deep ochreous, the latter dorsal ly iufuscated except at base.

Forewing with fovea ; SC'~^ coincident, free ; ochreous, clouded throughout,
except at costal margin and middle of costal area, with deeper, more ferruginous
ochreous ; extreme costal edge black to beyond two-thirds, then with a sub-
triangular black spot, nearer the apex a second, flatter black mark ; between the
black edging and SO, the ochreons ground-colour is dotted with black ; no other
definite markings, only a paler obliijue line from before two-thirds hindmargiu,
running in direction of apex, very faintly indicated and di.stally to the same some

slight purple-fuscous shading from hindmargin to middle of wing. Hindwiny

with the same ground-colour, but almost entirely clouded over, excepting the
extreme base and an ill-defined line across the middle of the wing, with deep
purjile-fuscous (almost black) ; fringe remaining ochreous.

Forewing beneath ochreons, with slight dark mottlings in cell, a distinct discal
dot and a slightly curved snbterminal baud from tornus to near apex, tapering
anteriorly. Hindwing slightly paler ochreous, with dark discal dot and terminal
band, its proximal part corresponding to the subterminal band of forewing.

Bitye, Ja River, S. Cameroons, April to June 1910, lesser rains (G. L. Bates).
Type in coll. Rothschild.

Near the preceding.

00. Heterostegane monilifera sp. nov.

(? ? , 17-19 mm. Structure of typical lleterostegane, the wings perhaps
slightly less broad. Head, body and legs concolorous with wings. Abdomen with
ill-defined pale dorsal spots.

Forewiny pale ochreous, coarsely irrorated with ferruginous brown, some of the
ferruginous scales finely tipped with dark fuscous ; a slight sprinkling of silver)',
especially noticeable about the lines ; costal edge deeper ochreous, with some fuscous
spots; first line ferruginous, sometimes mixed with fuscous, strongly excurved in
cell, so as to approach median line; median line dark purple-fuscous, firm, almost or
quite straight, from two-fifths costa, crossing DC, to about middle of hindmargiu ;
postmedian line ferruginous, weak ; lunulate inward and with irregular projecting
teeth outward on the veins, between which stand roundish pale spots ; subterminal
line fuscous, moderately thick, formed as in most of the genus ; terminal line

fuscous, uninterrupted ; fringe with fuscous spots opposite the veins. Ihndioing

the same, without first line.

Underside similar, with the irroration dark purple-fuscous.

Gold Coast: Bibianaha, October 23— November 2, 1911 (H. G. F. Spurrell),
type S and a ? ; Coomassie (II. Wiiitesido), a ? ; all in coll. Brit. Mus. Oubaugui
— Chari— Tcliud, a ? in coll. L. B. Prout.

JJOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 341

Nearest the dark-marked aberratious of urbica Swiiih., from India, difteriug in
the fuscous irroratiou beneath, etc.. From pleniiiotuta Warr. {Nov. Zool. viii. 15),
the nearest West Afiicau species, it differs in the dark markings and the form of the
median and postmedian lines.

01. Heterostegane circumrubrata sp. nov.

(J, 22 mm. Head and body concolorous with wings, the face, palpus, antennal
sliaft and foreco.xa mi.xed with rufous.

Forewing without fovea ; ape.K acute ; pale ochreous, rather sparsely irrorated
with rufous ; costal margin, especially from base to near middle, rufous ; terminal

line rather thick, deep rufous. Hindwiny with C anastomosing with SO at

S(^arcely more than a point ; concolorons with forewing ; terminal line as on
forewing.

Forewing beneath suffused with rnfons, rather more dusky towards base,
paling off towards posterior margin, behind fold entirely pale. Hindwing beneath
nearly as above.

Madagascar : Antananarivo. Type in coll. L. B. Front, received through
Le Monlt.

62. Heterostegane incognita sp. nov.

¥, 22 mm. Face pale straw-colour, with a large ochreous spot on each side.
Palpus pale straw-colour, mixed with ochreous. Vertex, thorax and abdomen pale
straw-colour, the collar and front of thorax tinged with ochreous.

Forewing whitish straw-colour, inconspicuously irrorated with more ochreous
scales, the costal edge more ochreous; Hues faintly darker, quite inconspicuous;
antemedian at about one-fourth, curved ; median slightly more distinct, straight,
from one-half costa to beyond one-half hindmargin ; postmedian at three-fourths,
slightly more wavy, parallel with termen except for a very faint proximal curve
anteriorly ; snbterminal straight, midway between postmedian and termen ; a faint

terminal line. Hindwing with C anastomosing with SO to near middle of cell ;

costal region slightly paler ; antemedian line obsolete ; median obsolete at costa ;
postmedian slightly thickened, markedly wavy, incurved between radials ; snb-
terminal almost parallel with termen, slightly approaching it at tornus.

Forewing beneath more suffused proximally and costally, whitish posteriorly
and distally, antemedian line obsolete, median scarcely tracealde ; a distinct dark
cell-spot, postmedian and snbterminal lines slightly smoky, more distinct than
above, e-wept at hindmargin. Hindwing beneath mostly whitish, with distinct cell-
spot, postmedian and snbterminal line.

Madagascar : Antananarivo (Chulliat). Type in coll. L. B. Front, received
through Le Moult.

An inconspicuous species, superficially recalling Acidalia. Much paler than
rectistriga. Front {Ann. Transo. Mus. iii. 213), the lines quite differently placed, the
underside with strong cell-spots.

63. Xenostega irrorata sp. nov.

c?, 18 mm. Similar to X. diagramma Hmpsn. {Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1910,
p. 466, t. 39, f. 13) but smaller, the rufous irroratiou somewhat more dense,
especially in distal area of forewing, the postmedian line and the longitudinal line
from it to the termen thicker, the postmedian iu addition rather straighter, first line

342 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

of hindwing crossing the cell-dot, not proximal, outer line rnnning along termen.
R^ of forewing connate with R', not merel}' approximated as in Hampson's nnique
type.

Lutoboka (Fort Stanley), Bagalla, Sesse Archipelago, Victoria Nyanza (Dr.
G. D. Hale Carpenter, D.M.), larva spun October 1, 191:i, moth emerged
October 15. Type in coll. Oxford Museum.

Superficially very like Heterostegane hijriaria Warr. {Nov. Zool. i. 406) =
irroraria Leech {Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xix. 203).

64. Zamarada labifera sp. nov.

c?, 36 mm. Face ochreons brown, more ferruginous above. Palpus ocbreous
brown, strongly mixed with ferruginous. Vertex and antennal shaft light brown ;
pectinations long. Body and legs light brown ; hindtibia not shortened and
thickened.

Forewing rather broad ; palest translucent green (almost colourless), anterior
and posterior margins light brown, with sparse dark dots and strigulae ; base some-
what mixed with brown ; cell-mark rather large, light brown with a diamond-
shaped ferruginous circumscription ; postmedian line ferruginous, less slender than
in most of the genus, from SG at 6 mm. before apex, the outward curve between R'
and ]VP not deep ; accompanied distally (after a fine line of silvery scaling) by a
paler ferrngiuous band of nearly 2 mm. width, on which stand scattered blackish
strigulae ; subterminal line thick, deeply dentate, pale, marked with silvery scales
but almost interrupted on two blackish blotches, one of which runs from the
ferruginous band along R^ to near termen, the other (much larger) from the band to
termen and about from M' to hindmargin, interrupted by an oblique mark from
tornns ; terminal area otherwise light brown, slightly mixed with pale ferruginous ;
terminal line present opposite the blotches, otherwise reduced to interneural

dots ; fringe with strong dark interneural spots. Hindwing ample, with termen

appreciably crennlate and at R' very slightly bent ; a fuscons line bounding the
base of SC in cell ; cell-mark almost as large as on forewing, blackish fuscous with
some silvery scales in centre ; postmedian line as on forewing ; the band distally to
it scarcely indicated ; subterminal line uninterrupted, no blackish blotches ; terminal
line reduced to a few dots ; fringe without the dark spots.

Both wings beneath with the cell-mark dark fuscous and with a broad dark
fuscous band from postmedian line to near termen, on forewing reaching the termen
at R^ and again from fold to tornus.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., smaller rains, April — May 1907 (G. L.
Bates). Type in coll. Rothschild.

65. Zamarada hemimeres sp. nov.

?, 25 mm. Face pale ochrcous, the upper half almost entirely covered with
red, the lower with some red dots. Palpus pale ochreons. Vertex and base of
antenna mostly red. Collar ochreons. Tliorax and abdomen ocbreous, dorsally
mostly covered with red and with some violaceous admixture.

Forewing with apex not sharp, termen rounded ; pale greenish yellow, hyaline,
in posterior ])art with violaceous reflections ; costal margin (to SC) bright golden
yellow much mixed with red and slightly with violaceous and silvery scales ;
discal dot the same ; hindmargin more weakly so ; postmedian line deep yellow

NoVn'ATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 343

proximally, mi.xed with dark red distally, running from three-fifths costa to about
middle of hindmargiu, moderately excurved between R' and M^ ; distal area reddish,
mixed (especially in proximal half) with violaceous, the veins in distal half remaining
clearer rufous; a sprinkling of silvery scales, especially in vicinity of postmedian
line; a row of large, ill-defined black spots through the middle of this area,

separated by the veins ; some weak black interneural dots on distal margin.

Hindwing similar, without yellow costa and cell-dot ; the postmedian line abont the
middle of the wing.

Underside with costa and cell-spot of forewing duller; both wings with the
distill area dull dark ])urple-fuscous (in the middle blackish), the distal margin
itself remaining yellowish.

Nyassaland : Mount Mlanje, February 6, 1913 (S. A. Neave). Type in coll.
Brit. Mus.

Distinguished by the broad, black-spotted distal area.

<5(3. Zamarada vigilans sp. nov.

S, 30 mm. Head and palpus ochreous, strongly mixed with purple-brown,
the face much more so than the vertex. Antennal shaft ochreous, dotted with
fuscous. Thorax and abdomen dorsally dark glossy fnscous. (Hiudlegs lost.)

Forewiiu/ rather broad, but with the termen oblique and anteriorly rather
straight, apex moderately sharp ; costal margin ochreous, irregularly spotted with
fuscous and metallic scales ; ground-colour palest iridescent greenish (almost
colourless), with violet reflections, especially in front of median vein and in sub-
median area ; basal patch irrorated with olivaceous grey ; a very broad median area
of dense olive-grey irroration and strigulatiou in posterior half of wing ; a large
blackish cell-spot (diameter fully 15 mm), marked on DO with a line of silvery
scales ; a broad (4 mm.) dark fuscous marginal band, bounded proximally by
a nearly straight line and traversed close to this boundary by an interrupted silvery
one ; subterminal line indicated by some interrupted V-shaped silvery marks ;

fringe pale at tips. Ilindwiiif) with discal dot minute, the rest nearly as on

forewing, the broad median shade traversing the whole wing ; basal patch very
small, edged distally by a narrow fuscons band.

Bibianaha, Gold Coast, 700 ft., January 28, 1012 (H. G. F. Spurrell). 2, S i in
coll. Brit. Mns.

A very distinct species. The only other Zamarada known to me with the
very large blackish cell-spot is perlepidata Walk. {List Lep. Ind. xxvi. 1565) =
exquisita Warr. {Nov. Zool. xvi. 115) nov. syn. = terpsichore Ob. {Et. Lep. vi. 258,
f. 1461) nov. syn., which is white, the borders almost black, margined proximally
by a less straight, crcnulate line, etc.

67. Zamarada medianata sp. nov.

? , 28 mm. Face and palpus whitish brown, darker spotted. Vertex, thorax
and abdomen light brown, base of abdomen dorsally with slight dark admixtnre.

Wings with the hyaline parts brown-whitish with scattered fuscons dots.

Forewinq with costal margin very light ochreous brown, strigulated with fuscons,
especially at origin of lines, the strigulatiou at origin of median shade condensed
and extending 2 mm. along the costa ; hindmargin also tinged with brown ;
antemedjan }ine fnscous, somewhat interrupted, angled subcostally ; cell-spot small,

23

344 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

blackish ; a curved median line or shade well beyond it, fuscous bnt vague anteriorly,
light brown and distinct (rather broad) posteriorly ; accompanied proximally in the
middle of the wing by a patch of strong brown and fuscous irroration which extends
nearly to the antemedian line ; postmedian line fuscous, but weak and interrupted,
from nearly three-fourths costa to two-thirds hindmargin, the distad curve between
W and M" moderate, not at all abrupt ; distal area light brown with a tinge of
ochreons and faint traces of pale dentate subterminal line ; proximally to the
subterminal a rather darker brown spot on costa, proximally and distally to it
l)airs of wedge-shaped fuscous marks between the radials ; termen scarcely dark-
dotted except in anterior half ; fringe pale, more greyish, scarcely dark-dotted, a

whitish line at its base. Jlinfliviiic/ without antemedian line; diseal dot minute;

median shade obsolete anteriorly, more fuscous posteriorly ; postmedian with the
outward curve weaker ; terminal brown shade more uniform, but with a single
fuscous mark on radial fold ; terminal dark marks best developed in posterior half
of wing and especially at end of radial fold.

Underside more feebly marked, distal area (especially of forewing) slightly
more mixed with fuscous in anterior half

Selukwe, S. Rhodesia, July or beginning of August 1914 (F. W. Short). Type
in coll. L. B. Prout.

68. Zamarada amicta sji. nov.

S, 22-23 mm. Closely related to the preceding, possibly a S variety of it.
Smaller, rather shorter-winged, third joint of paljjus marked with blackish, thorax
and base of abdomen dorsally blackish.

Forewing with base darkened, marginal shade rather brighter brown, postmedian
line more sharply expressed anteriorly and posteriorly, marked with minute proximal
teeth, very weak in the middle, making a slightly deeper distad bend, terminal shade
darkened, especially in proximal part, which is more ferruginous brown, the distal

being more purplish brown. Hiiuhrinr/ with median shade shorter, postmedian

line as deeply bent as on forewing, terminal shade showing nearly the same
distinctions as on forewing.

Underside with the distal border also strengthened, at least the anterior
half on both wings, where in the tyi)e it forms fnscescent patches ; termen with
stronger dark dots (dashes).

llala, Maramas Dist., Kavirondo, British East Africa, 4500 ft., June 20, 1911
(S. A. Neave). 2 c?cj in coll. Brit. Mus.

09. Zamarada eroessa sji. nov.

?, 26 mm. Head and palpus wliitc, with a few black spots. Antenna spotted
with blackish. Thorax above light violet-grey, beneath white ; abdomen the same,
but the first four or five segments occupied dorsally liy a large black blotch which
leaves only small spots of the ground-colour.

Forewing whitish, hyaline, with sparse blackish irroration, costal margin tinged
with light brown (towards base more violaceous), more heavily doited and strigulated
with black ; base pale violet-grey, black mixed ; cell-spot black, of moderate size,
not ocellated, a vague black spot opposite to it on costa; postmedian line black,
slightly lunulatc, and with minute, thickened proximal teeth ; arising on costa at
nearly three-fourths, the distad curve between R^ and M- moderate, a slight

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 345

pro.N imad curve beliiud M-; distal area very pale, delicate violet-grey, in its proximal
half mostly covered by a black band or series of thick, proximally confluent, wedge-
shaped markings, which are small and weak opposite the projection of postmedian
line, strong again posteriorly, touching the postmedian line behind M^, but otherwise
very narrowly separated from it ; terminal dark line fine, interrupted at the veins ;

fringe brownish white, very feebly dark-spotted opposite the veins. Hindioing

similar except at costa, the discal dot smaller.

Underside with base and costa of forewing more weakly marked, cell-spot
nearly as above, postmedian line wanting, the area distally thereto much more
uniformly infuscated, becoming paler towards termen of hindwing, especially
posteriorly.

Selukwe, S. Rhodesia, February 1913 (F. W. Short). Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

A very elegant and distinct species.

70. Zamarada euryscaphes sp. nov.

?, 31 mm. Similar to Z. batln/scaphes Prout {Eiit. xlv. 196), from Rhodesia,
but larger, the antennal pectinations relatively longer, and showing further the
following differences :

Forewing with the discal spot larger and blacker, diamond-shaped ; red areas
duller, the distal not traversed by dentate pale subterminal ; distal projection of
the ground-colour still deeper and broader, the hinder edge of the anterior red
patch not reaching vein R' until the termen, the red at termen reduced to a
thick line between R' and M' and a very shallow projection between M' and M-.

Hindwing with corresponding distinctions, though the cell-dot is not as large

as on forewing.

Eritrea : Asmara, October ^(l, 1905 (N. Beccari). Type in coll. Rothschild.

71. Zamarada ignicosta pyrilampes subsp. nov.

$ ?, 24-2(3 mm. Ground-colour somewhat less strigulated than in Z. ignicosta
ignicosta (Prout, Entom. xlv. 198), from Rhodesia, distal borders qnite different in
colour, bright red scales almost entirely suppressing the purple. Thorax also more
mixed with bright red above. Costal margin of forewing generally more yellow.

Marimba, Angola, September 30, 19U3 (Dr. Ansorge). 3 c?(?, 2 ¥ ? in coll.
Rothschild.

This is the " Z. pgi-ocinctn ab. 1 " of Hampson {Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1910,
p. 470), who overlooked the simple i hindleg ; in true pgrocincla the hindtibia is
greatly dilated, with strong hair-tuft, almost as in melpomene Ob. {Et. Lip. vi.
t, clii. f. 1401) and others.

72. Scardamia perobliqua sp. nov.

c?, 23 mm. General effect of coloration as in metallaria Guen., abdomen with
a chain of four or live metallic dorsal crests. Forewing orange, with extremely fine
and close reddish (in places purple) transverse strigulation, leaving free clear bright
orange bands proximally to the antemedian line, distally to the postmedian and
proximally to the terminal ; lines purple, mixed with shining silvery ; ante-
median gently curved and exceedingly obliiiue, from costa at 3-5 mm. to hind-
margin at 5-5 or 6 mm. ; postmedian commencing still more oblique, rounded

346 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XSII. 1016.

towards the radials, then straight and nearly jjarallel with termen, its beginning
and ending thus at right angles ; terminal line slightly interrupted by the veins ;

cell-dot quite small. Hindtving without antemcdian line; postmedian much

straighter than on tbrewing ; terminal inappreciably interrupted ; small cell-dot
present.

Underside clear yellow, with small dark cell-dots and cousjiicuons [link
borders.

Mombasa, 14 miles N.W. of liabai, c. 701} (St. A. Rogers). Type in coll.
Oxford Mus. A second example, duller (chiefly because worn), from between
Luwumbu and Slwailesia Rivers, Upper Luanga River, N.E. Rhodesia, August 7,
1910 (S. A. Neave) in coll. Brit. Mus.

73. Anonychia prolucens sp. nov,

? , 35 mm. Head and palpus rufous. Antenna whitish. Thorax and abdomen
rnfous, the former and parts of the latter darker above.

Forewinq orange-reddish, rather sparsely irrorated with dark purple-grey and
with more or less broad streaks of the same between the veins, that along the
fold almost reaching M and M^ ; veins partly marked with whitish ; a pure white
subbasal streak along (SU ; lines pure white, finely dark-edged on their obverse
sides ; antemedian slightly sinuous, from one-third hindmargin nearly to SO,
'■I mm. proximally to discal dot ; postmedian straight, obli(|ne, from two-thirds
hindmargin to SO'' at Vh mm. from termen, then faintly traceable parallel with
termen ; discal dot minute, black ; a row of very small black terminal dots between

the veins; fringe concolorous proximally, white at tij)s. Hiiidiciiii) jialer, more

pink, with minute dark grey discal dot and with wliite [lostmedian less firm than on
forewing, less straight, more strongly angled subcostally, not dark-edged ])roximally ;
terminal dots very weak ; fringe as on forewing.

Forewing beneath rather paler than above, the markings reproduced, the
antemedian indistinct, terminal dots sharper. Hiudwing beneath whitish violaceous,
with dark irroration ; discal dot enlarged ; postmedian line dark-edged proximally,
curved rather than angled subcostally ; terminal dots well expressed.

Ambinanindrauo, 50 km. W. of Mohonoro, Madagascar, September 1912
(G. K. Kestell-Oornish), 2 ? ? in coll. Rothschild.

Olosely related to A. Jh'xilinia Warr. {Noc. Zool. v. 34), which also inhabits
Madagascar, but larger, brighter, more sharply marked and distinguishable at a
glance by the straight lines ; palpus fully (in fiexiliiiea not quite) twice the length
of diameter of eye. Pending revision, I follow Warren in the generic reference, but
it should be pointed out that in true Aiwiujchki (exclusively Oriental) SO' and SO-
arise separate and anastomose, whereas in the African representatives they are
long-stalked.

74. Obolcola perconspersa sp. nov.

cJ, 20-21 mm. Olosely related to J'errorubrata Walk. (jAst Lep. Ins. xxvi.
1670), from the Oape, agreeing in structure, except that 0 of the hindwing is
closely approximated to SO for a rather longer distance, which may prove inconstant
in larger material. Rather smaller. Further diti'ers as follows :

Forewing less elongate anteriorly, the termen being considerably less oblique ;
colour less rufous, being coarsely and closely irrorated throughout with dark fuscous ;

KOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXII. 1915. 34*

lines ilnrk fiiscons, more sinnons, median in partienlar mnch more deeply incurved
between M and SM^ ; costal margin darkly spotted almost thronghont ; a large

blackish discal dot. Hindwing slightly darker than in ferroruhmtu. -Under-

snrface similarly more infnscated.

Angola: Muyendi River, April 1900 (Penrice). 2 <Jc? in coll. Rothschild.

This species KaiS. ferroruhrata will require to be separated from Obolcola, in
which "Warren (MS.) placed the latter ; SC of the forewing is free ; SC^ (like the
coincident RC'"- of Obolcola) is connected by a bar with RC^-'.

75. Oxyiidonia pallidisecta sp. nov.

c?, 2G ram. Head red-brown, narrowly pale at npper extremity of face and
across middle of crown ; antennal sliaft pale. Thorax and abdomen concolorons
with wings.

Forewing with termen waved, shallowly eraarginate Ijetween S(!° and R^ ;
fovea strong ; light ochreons brown, coarsely and irregularly irrorated (especially
in proximal and distal areas) with dark fnscons ; veins in distal area broadly pale ;
lines pale ; antemedian from about one-fourth eosta, oblique outward, angled in cell,
then sinnons to one-fourth hindmargin; cell-mark black, elongate ; postmedian line
from five-sevenths costa, curved or bent about W, oblique inwards from R^ to near
hindmargin, slightly sinnons, oblique outwards again at hindmargin ; subterminal
line firm, except where cut by the veins, faintly sinuous, slightly receding from
termen about the middle, then running to tornns ; terminal line dark fnscons,
crennliite, rather thick between the veins; fringe pale, with dark spots opposite the

veins, especially at apex. Hindwing with termen somewhat crenulate, bent or

bluntly angled at R^ ; pattern similar to that of forewing.

Underside pale ochreons brown, with weak darker irroration or dappling ; cell-
marks distinct ; pale subterminal line present ; forewing further with three,
hindwing with two, indistinct lines or rows of spots, the median of both wings
proximal to the cell-mark.

Lolanga, Upper Congo. T3'pe in coll. L. B. Front.

Mnch less rufous than fidrida Warr. {Xoi\ Zool. xii. 400) and quite differently
marked, both wings with the angle at R'' rather less strong. The fine sharp lines
recall insolita Warr. {Nor. Zool. xii. 39), which must also doubtless be referred to
Oxyfolonia, though its c? is unknown.

76. Oxyfidonia monoderctes sp. nov.

<?, 19 mm. Head, body and wings deep fuscous, almost black, slightly relieved
here and there with ochreons scales.

Forewing with the excision in anterior half of termen deep ; SC'"" arising
beyond SC*, as in Neostega ; costal margin in distal half with two or three small
ochreons spots ; a large irregularly roundish one distally to the cell, reaching from
costa to just across R^; fringe slightly spotted with ochreons between the veins,
especially in anterior part. Hindiving unmarked.

Underside similar, the ochreons markings rather brighter, both wings with
one or two additional dots near the base, the forewing also with a small costal
spot proximally to the large spot and with the first spot distally to the same
prolonged into a line, which almost reaches R' and is succeeded by a dot between
R' and R^.

348 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 191.').

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 200U ft., September — November 1911. Type in
coll. Rothschild.

A good deal like Neostega jlavigutta Warr. {Noc. Zool. k. 27G) except in shape
and antennal structure. Whether these should override the noteworthy venatioual
approach to that genus remains somewhat doubtful.

77. Peridela amica sp. iiov.

c?, 29 mm. Face deep fuscous, narrowly ochreous below. Palpns deep fuscous,
mixed with ochreous beneath. Vertex and antennal shaft bright ochreons, spotted
with fuscous ; pectinations very long, recalling Oxijfidonia or Obolcoln. Thorax
deep fuscous, mixed with ochreous in front. Legs fuscous, the foreleg darkest bnt
with the femur spotted with ochreons, and boMi femur and tibia becoming ochreons
on outer side ; hindtibia not dilated. Abdomen fuscous.

Forewing with apex minutely produced, terraen bent at R^ ; 80'"^ stalked,
separating opposite base of SC ; fovea present ; violet-grey, irrorated with fnscous ;
costal margin ochreons spotted with fuscous, underlined with ferruginous along SC ;
the other veins tinged in places with ochreous or ferruginous ; lines slender, whitish
yellow ; antemedian vertical from hindmargin beyond one-third, obsolescent
anteriorly to M ; edged proximally with ferruginous ; postmedian almost straight,
from beyond three-fonrths costa to beyond two-thirds liindmargiu, edged distally
with ferruginous ; discal dot small, black ; terminal line fine, ochreous ; fringe
blackish in proximal half, ochreous in distal, with blackish spots opposite the veins.

Ilindwing snbcrenulate anteriorly, a tooth (about rectangular) at R^; concolorons

with forewing, except costal margin ; antemedian line represented only by a vague
ferruginous shade; postmedian as on forewing (much farther from termen in
middle, on account of the wing-shape) ; discal dot, terminal line and fringe as
on forewing.

Underside without antemedian line, the ferruginous shading distally to the
postmedian weaker bnt more diffused.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., September — November 1911. Type in
coll. Rothschild.

A closely similar species (or, as I am inclined to believe, a highly remarkable
aberration) is also represented by a single cf with the same data, unfortunately
rather rubbed. Pale ochraceous instead of violet-grey, the fnscous irroration coarser
but more irregular, especially on hindwiug, where almost clear bands are left
between cell-dot and postmedian line and again at termen, while the proximal
part of hindwing is heavily marked ; antemedian shade of hindwing thickened and
darkened, crossing the cell-dot ; postmedian line of both wings nearer termen, on
forewing slightly excurved behind middle and incurved posteriorly, on hindwing
nearly parallel with termen, more inbent between radials.

78. Osteodes procidata eritreensis subsp. nov.

Forewing above with the dark border strong, rather broader than in most
forms of procidata G\\Qi\.{Spec. G(fn. Lcp. x. 177), very sharply defined proximally,
the pale suba])ical streak widened in its proximal part, so as to occupy more than
half the width between R' and SC'' ; a well-marked costal spot (rarely noticeable
in the other forms) proximally to the dark border. Ilindwing with rather

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 349

strongly expressed transverse band from apex to toriins, broadest at apex, the area
distally to this band again becoming pale, especially at the veins.

Both wings beneath with the dark band and termen more nearly as on hind-
wing above, the enlarged subapical ])atch of the forewing conspicnons ; the white
ray and veins of the hindwing about as in procidata procidata and ab. iurhalfiitata
Gaen. ; discal marks strong, generally elongate.

Eritrea : Asmara, 1 c?, 2 ? ¥, October 17-18, 1005 (N. Beccari). Type in coll.
Rothschild.

Although Gnende founded this species on a number of examples from
" Abyssinia," it is quite certain that his form was not the same as this ; procidata
is a very variable species, and individual aberrations sometimes nearly ap])roach
the Eritrean race, bnt it is so extreme and so constant as to merit a separate name.

79. Osteodes warreni nom. nov.

Osteodes exumbrata Warr., Not-. Zool. ix. 529 (1902) (nee Walk.)

Mr. Warren {he. cit.) carefully differentiated this species (from the Kiknyu
Escarpment) from procidata Guen. and turbulentata Gnen., bnt misidentified it
as exumbrata Walk. {List Lep. Ins. xxvi. 1860), which was described from Cape
Town and is certainly — according to the type at the British Museum — a very worn
example of the ordinary South African Osteodes, which I regard, until I can get
access to Abyssinian material farther elucidating Gnen^e's, as procidata turbulentata
Guen. (subsp.). warreni has the palpus rather longer and less stoutly scaled than
in the allied forms, the ground-colour above more pallid (less tinged with ochreons),
the band of the underside quite differently formed from that oi procidata eritrecnsis,
on the forewing slightly curved inwards at costa, on the hindwing placed proximally
to the apex and toruus and distinctly outbeut or, angled at the radical fold. It also
differs from all other forms of Osteodes known to me in the markingless hindwing
above; but this is said to be found in Guenee's procidata, so that it is just possible
toarreni will prove to be a subspecies of procidata and turbulentata a separate species,
with eritreensis as subsj)ecies.

80. Macaria albivia sp. nov.

<?, 37 mm. Face and palpus brown, mixed with deep fuscous, especially on
the upper part of the face and outer side of palpus ; frontal tuft developed ; palpus
about one and a half times as long as diameter of eye. Antennal ciliation not very
dense, scarcely a3 long as diameter of shaft. Head, body and legs brown, more or
less mixed with fuscous, especially on the crown and the dorsal surface ; hindtibia
moderately strongly dilated, the hairs of the pencil partly brown, partly deep
fuscous.

Forewing with termen not appreciably sinuate, less bowed than in elvirata
Guen. ; SC arising from C, not touching SO- ; fovea developed ; dull white or
brown-whitish, densely irrorated (except iu band between median shade and post-
median) with dark fuscous, the distal area purplish fuscous, much more sparsely
and hnely irrorated ; costal edge more yellowish, fuscous spotted; antemedian line
deep fuscous (sometimes indistinct), oblique outwards from one-fifth costa, acutely
bent in cell, then slightly sinuous to one-fifth or one-fourth hindmargin ; median
shade broad, somewhat diffuse, formed of conglomerated fuscous irroratioii ; the
whitish band beyond containing some patches of fuscous irroration ; cell-mark

350 NOVITATEfl ZOOLOCICAE XXTl. 191"..

eloncate, rnnning from median shade into the i)ale band ; postmedian line dark
fnscous, fine anterior!}-, maldug a deep curve distad between SO'' and R", thicker
and fairl)' straight (rather wavy) from radial fold to hindraargin ; a pale line
distally to the postmedian, interrupted at its bend ; a dark costal spot between post-
median and termcn, confluent with a second beliind SC^ this again almost confluent
with an obliijue dash in the anterior part of the bend of tlie jiostraedian ; variable
dark clouding distally to the thickened part of the postmedian, narrowing about M",
then widening to tornns, marked between R- and M- by three elongate blackish-
fuscons spots, the middle one the largest (in the Ilesha example this one alone
developed) ; a conspicuous white snbmarginal spot between SC"' and R', some white
dots anteriorly to it ; terminal line strong, more or less interrnj)ted at the veins,
thickening between ; fringe with a pale line at base, fnscons spots or clouds at the

vein-ends. Hhiclwing ample, termen gently crenulate, more markedly from SC

to R^, bent at R^ ; the markings of forewing continued, except the antemedian ; no
anterior bend in the postmedian ; the dark and white discal markings of the costal
rei^ion wanting, on the other hand an ill-defined, approximately triangular, pale
distal patch developed between W and M-, narrowing to a point at termen just
beyond the latter vein ; discal spot free in the pale band, fairly large but not
elongate ; fringe whiter than on forewing.

Forewing beneath with the costal margin more broadly yellowish, the veins
and a decided tinge in proximal part of wing also yellowish ; ground-colour white
(as in the palest specimens above), similarly marked to upperside, bnt with the
distal area uniformly fnscons except for the conspicuous white subapical spot.
Hindwing beneath whitish, the fuscous irroration or strignlation densest in basal
area and along costa, the distal fnscous band broad, bnt leaving free a vagne whitish
subapical patch or scattered spots, a triangular whitish terminal patch as above, and
another behind the postmedian line from abdominal margin about to M-.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., November 1907— March 1908 (dry
season). Type in coll. L. B. Pront, with a second from the same locality. Bibianaha,
Gold Coast, 70 miles N.W. of Dimkwa, 700 ft., October 12, 1910 (H. G. F. Spurrell);
Ilesha, S. Nigeria (L. E. H. Hnmfrey) ; both in coll. Brit, Mus.

Similar to ostei/tosarhi Miischl. {AM. Sencltenb. Ges. xv. 94) = sii'nnata\^-Axv.,
{Nov. Zool. vii. 95), bnt without the sienna bands, with the pale central band more
conspicuous, etc. From fuscataria Mijschl. {Abh. Senclt. Ges. xv. 94 ; ? —feraliata
Guen., sine loc ; = commixta Warr., J!\ov. Zool. iv. 100) it differs in being much
more sharply marked, median shade much thicker, postmedian line of forewing
more deeply bent snbcostally, cell-spots and white subapical spot larger.

81. Macaria percnoptera sji. nov.

(?, 37 mm. Face mixed ochreous-grey and dark fuscous, frontaltuft developed.
Palpus moderate, stout, third joint quite small ; dark fuscous, first and part of
second joint pale beneath and at extremities. Antennal joints not projecting,
ciliation even, not as long as diameter of shaft. Thorax and abdomen above fuscous,
beneath (with legs) pale, with dark irroration. Hindtibia dilated, with hair-pencil.

Forewing with fovea developed ; SC out of C, closely approaching S(J=, con-
nected by a minute, slender bar ; apex not very sharp, termen slightly waved,
oblique, especially in its posterior half; the entire surface covered with dark purple-
fuscons clouding and striation, leaving only slight traces of the whitish ground-

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK XXII. 191:". 35l

rolonr; extreme oostal edge in ])l.icos lilaclc, in jilaee.s oclivenna witli black (iota:
markings deep fnscons, little darker than the rest of tlie wing ; antemedian line
bent in tlie cell ; median shade bent ronnd (bnt touching) the moderately large
blackish cell-dot ; postmedian line moderatel)' strongly bent subcostally, closely
followed distally by an obscnre dark band (not bent subcostally), which is mixed
with ferruirinons anteriorly, is weak Ijotween the radials, contains a patch of
ochreoas scales between W and M', widens posteriorly and is distally bounded by a
very indistinct, somewhat glancescent, crennlated line ; fringe concolorons, with a

slender pale line at base. Hindicing with inner margin relatively long, costa

rather short, ajtex almost rounded off, termen snbcrennlate, strongly bent in middle,
but with the tooth at li' not very strongly produced ; concolorons with forewing ;
median shade fairly distinct, forming a baseward cnrve in cell, thus proximal to the
strong black discal dot ; postmedian line crossing middle of wing, crennlate, faint,
accompanied by a fine, faint glancescent line ; the ochreons mark beyond longer and
narrower than on forewing, extending from R- to M', jilaced ju'oximally to, rather
than on, the vagne dark band; the glancescent snbterminal line from R^ to toruus
rather thick and distinct ; a faint pale terminal patch about the medians ; fringe
here somewhat pale, with dark spots at vein-ends.

Forewing beneath in basal part shaded with ochreons anteriorly, spotted and
dotted with fnscons ; proximal half otherwise strongly striated with bluish white
except on the fuscous median band and a large blackish cell-dot ; the boundary of
this area is sliglitly oblique, nearly straight, but fiiintly curved outwards at costal
and hindmargin ; distal area almost uniformly dark fuscous, with faintest indica-
tions of pale snbterminal line. Hind wing beneath bluish white, with dark dots and
strigulae, large cell-dot, broad median shade as above, curved snbterminal baud from
costa to inner margin near tornus, a fuscous area distally to this band, parting from
it before R' and ending midway between R^ and M', only a fainter bar running
from it (parallel with the snbterminal band) to termen near tornns.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons. Type in coll. L. B. Front; a second example,
rather rubbed, in coll. W. F. H. Rosenberg, the latter showing on the hindwing a
sinuous postmedian line beneath in addition to the median and snbterminal dark
bands.

The nnderside and some of the shadings of the upper recall M. suhcretata Warr.
(2\ov. Zool. xii. 37), but I do not think percnoptera can possibly be a giant form of
that species, which occurs also in the locality ; termen of forewing more oblicpie,
less convex, upper surface with less strong dark bands, nnder surface with less white
than in S suhcretata, etc. Larger even than ficscataria Muschl., which is rather
less varied above with whitish and ochreons, has the median line of the hindwing
crossing or passing almost distally to the cell-spot, more white at base of fringes
(especially beneath), a pale apical mark and a small white subapical spot on
forewing beneath.

82. Macaria semialbida sp. nov.
?, 2.^-26 mm. Similar to a small acstimaria Hb., abdomen more slender,
forewing rather narrower, hindwing rather less crennlate, but projecting rather
more strongly at R', gronnd-colour white, antemedian line slightly more oblique,
postmedian of both wings more thickened in middle, that of hindwing rather
farther from cell-spot, triangular blackisli mark proximally to snbterminal line on
both wings rather large and conspicaons, under-surface sharply marked.

3S2 NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

British East Africa : Taveta, December 29, 1905 (K. St. A. Rogers) ; between
Voi and Ndimii, Jnne 4, 1897 (('. S. Betton) ; both in coll. Brit. Mas., the former
the ty[)e.

83. Macaria natalensis coronoleucas snbsp. ncjv.

?, 2(5 mm. Slightly smaller than mdulensis natalensis Warr. {Nov. Zool. xi.
4T9), forewing above and beneath with a white apical patch between SC^ and SO',
nearly twice as long as broad, and a smaller one behind it, snbmavginal, between
SC and It' ; terminal line rather weak and interrupted, the bhick marks before
and behind R' not very strong. Both wings rather more strongly angled at R^,
the lines of forewing slightly more oblique at costa, postraedian sometimes more
incurved between M- and SM-. Hindwing beneath more mixed with white.

Madagascar: Ambinanindrauo, 5o km. W. of Mahanoro, November 1911
(G. K. Kestell-L'ornish). Type in coll. Rotiiscliild, coloured like the most ochreous
natalensin natalensis. A greyer ? in coll. Brit. Mus. from Ankafana, Betsileo
(Rev. Deans Cowan). Perhaps a separate species.

84. Macaria orthostates sp. nov.

cJ, 28 mm. Face fuscous. Head, body and legs for the most part concolorous
with wings. Palitus about one-and-a-half times as long as diameter of eye. Antenual
ciliatiou almost as long as diameter of shaft.

Forewing not very broad, apex round-pointed, termen almost inappreciably
concave in anterior and convex in posterior half; SO' wanting ; fovea not strong ;
pale violet-grey, with sparse fuscous irroratiou ; lines deep fuscous ; antemedian
oblique, from one-fifth costa to scarcely beyond one-fifth hindmargin, somewhat
sinuous, difl'use anteriorly ; median line moderately thick, from before one-half
costa, somewhat diffuse anteriorly and a little excnrved so as to reach the cell-spot,
straighter posteriorly, fiilling about vertically on hindmargin at scarcely beyond
two-fifths; cell-spot strong, black; postmedian line strong, almost as thick as
median, very slightly excnrved, from beyond two-thirds costa to before two-thirds
hindmargin ; a black mark, as thick as the postmedian, starting on the same
between R' and M' and running distad as far as the subterminal ; subterminal line
whitish grey, of medium thickness, nearly parallel with termen, slightly inbent
between radials ; termen with slight oblique-edged fuscous cloud ending in a point
near the apex, which remains of the ground-colour ; fringe weakly dark-chequered.

Hindwing with termen waved, an appreciable but not conspicuous prominence

at R'; pale violet-grey with slight fuscous irroratiou; the median line very
indistinct, straightish, the postmedian rather more distinct, very slightly curved,
both much finer thau on forewing; discal dot small; subterminal line weakly
indicated ; no distal dark clouding ; terminal dots and fringe as on forewing.

Forewing beneath much snifused with ferruginous brown, leaving comparatively
free the bands between the lines and an interrupted whitish subterminal ; lines
represented by diffuse shades, the antemedian and median broader thau above ; cell-
spot present, Hindwing somewhat paler thau forewing, the rust-brown suffusion
chiefly expressed on the median shade and a band extending from the postmedian
to the subterminal ; cell-spot obsolete.

Madagascar : Antananarivo (ex coll. (Jhnlliat). Type in coll. L. B. Front.

Less brown thau obliquilineata Warr. (A'of. Zool. vi. 307), median shade less

N+0VITATE8 ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 19l5. " 363

oblique, proximal to the cell-spot, postmedian less straight, hindwiiig with termeii
less bent in middle, mnch more weakl}' marked, etc. Very distinct from all species
known to me : intermediate between Macaria and Discahna (= Tep/irhwps/s).

85. Macaria majestica tropica snbsp. nov.

On an average rather smaller than name-t3'pical myest/ca Warr. (iVbr. Zool.
viii. 213), ground-colour of rather a warmer tone, darker-shaded distallj' and usuall}'
with some blackish spots or dots distally to the postmedian line, one before R' of
the forewing constant. Underside with a ferruginous-brown baml accompanying
the postmedian line distally, projecting short distal rays on the veins, forewing in
addition with a dark patch connecting this band with the dark terminal mark round
the sinus (SC" R=).

Gambaga, Gold Coast (Dr. Bury), a long series in coll. Rothschild, including
type. Zungern, >S. Nigeria, a series in coll. Brit. Mus. Fort Crampel, French
Congo, in coll. L. B. Front.

M. majestica majestica was described from Angola, but occurs in virtually the
same form (perhaps on an average somewhat lighter) in Rhodesia and British East
Africa. On the other hand a form from Mt. Mlanje, Nyassaiand (S. A. Neave), in
coll. Brit. Mas., is intermediate, having the under-surface of majesticn tropica but
without the distal dark markings of the upper, and will probably prove to represent
a third race.

86. Macaria fuscorufa sp. nov.

S ? , 32-3(5 mm. Face red-brown, upper extremity black ; a small, pointed
cone of projecting scales at lower extremity, above black, beneath ochreous. Palpus
ochreons, the second joint mi.^ed with red-brown on upper and outer sides. Crown
red-brown, a pale ochreous fillet between antennae. Antennal shaft ochreons,
somewhat dotted with rufous ; ciliation in d fully as long as diameter of shaft.
Thorax and abdomen red-brown above, ochreons beneath. Hindtibia in c? dilated,
with hair-pencil.

Forewing not very broad, termen in S scarcely, in ? markedly excised between
apex and R^ ; fovea in <S present ; SC arising from C, sometimes anastomosing
with SC!^ ; ochreous, densely irrorated, or sometimes covered (almost as in perfusaria
Walk.) with rufous ; proximal area more or less irrorated with dark purple-grey,
the curved anteraedian line scarcely traceable ; median shade purple-grey, ill-defined,
bent round an ill-defined dark cell-mark, then sliglitly oblique and nearly straight
to hindmargin just before middle ; postmedian line sometimes firmer, deep brown,
rather thick or consisting of two confluent lines ; arising at about two-thirds costa,
strongly outbent, then slightly sinuate inwards ; distal area strongly suftused with
dark pnrple-grey; terminal line weak. Hi ndicint/ relatively ample, termen some-
what crennlate, rather more so in ¥ , a moderate bend at R'; coloured like forewing,
the median and postmedian lines continued, the former nearly straight except for a
slight proximal bend round the small discal dot, the postmedian gently curved,
reaching inner-margin at two-thirds.

Both wings beneath pale ochreons to the postmedian line, with rather coarse
but (especially on the hindwiug) sparse fuscous dots and strigulae ; median shade
rather broader and much stronger than above ; postmedian line on forewing only
slightly curved anteriorly ; distal area mostly rufous ; with strong purple-grey

354

NOVITATF.g ZOOLOQICAE XXIf. 1915

cliimling ; forewing with a small pale subapical spot',; hiiiilwing partly pale at
termeii, pspeoially botwceii W anil iM'.

Mlaiijc, Nvassalaiid, Jfarcli — Ajiril 1913 (S. A. Neave), in coll. Ri)tliseliild et
(.oil. Brit. Jfiis. Type in coll. Rothschild, March 15.

Examjiles with the jmstmedian line obsolete ])resent altogether a very blnrred
and indefinite appearance.

87. Boarmia cyrtogramma sp. nov.

<?, 43 mm. Face lijrht brown, mixed with dark fnscons. Palpus rather long,
mostly dark fnscons. Vertex and antennal shaft light lirown, irrorated witli
fnscons ; pectinations long. Thorax concolorons with forewing, abdomen with
bindwing, a narrow pale ochreons belt at base of abdomen. Hindtiliia dilated,
with bair-pencil.

Fort-niiig moderately broad, termen almost smootli, faintly sinnona ; SC'~''
coincident, free ; fovea well developed ; pale oclireous brown, with sparse fnscons
irroration, posteriorly rather deeper ochreons ; costal edge marked in places with
fnscons, especially proximally; a pnrplish fnscons antemedian line from hindmargin
jnst beyond the fovea, strongly oblii|ne ontwards to 8C, then bending to reach costa
at one-third, also with a slight projection in front of SM^ ; the beginning of a
very obliqne median line at two-sevenths hindmargin; a moderate discal dot;
postmedian dark fnscons, rather fine, from costa 3 ram. before apex, very strongly
cnrved, so as to rnn prnximad from R' to the base of R' and along DC''', then less
clearly defined, nearly vertical to SM- and curving ontwards to nearly two-thirds
hindmargin ; almost the entire area distally to this line pnrple-fuscons of varying
intensity, somewhat dusted with ferruginons, especially on the veins and as a
proximal suffusion between the radials ; only the apex (obliquely edged posteriorly)
and an oval spot from before R' to behind M' remaining of the ground-colour; a
•iubapical fnscons spot in the pale apical patch ; slight indications of an interrupted

whitish snbterminal line. Ilindwing with termen scarcely at all crennlate, only

a little more noticeably so between the radials ; purplish fnscons, at the extreme
biise concolorons with forewing, this shade bounded by a straight snbbasal line in
continuation of the median of forewing ; discal dot present ; some ferruginous
dnsting on veins (except C), between discal dot and postmedian line and to some
extent towards inner margin ; postmedian line from nearly three-fourths costa,
deeply incurved between C and SC-, slightly so between SC- and R', then obsolete
except as dots on the veins; slight indications of a whitish, interrupted snbterminal
line, accompanied proximally by some faint dark internenral spots.

Under-surface with the markings similar but more blurred ; forewing posteriorly
with more fuscous suffusion ; hindwing with less fuscous suffusion except towards
termen, thus concolorons with forewing above.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., January — March 1907, dry (G. L. Bates).
Type in coll. Rothschild.

Evidently related to the species described by Warren as Ili/posidrn smithi
{Nov. Zool. xi. 480), but with different subcostal venation, smoother termen, much
more cnrved postmedian line, more variegated colouring, etc. Generic position
doubtful, as the scaling is scarcely so hairy as in true Boarmia and the aspect
diflerent ; in any case no Hypomlni. Perhaps a new genus in the (ieoii/ces —
Miantochora group.

s

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 355

88. Boarmia barretti sp. nov.

cJ, 38 mm. Face not at all protuberaut ; concolorons with wings. Palpus
shortish ; fuscous, except at tip. Tongue slender. Antenna with the pectinations
long, darkly coloured. Vertex, thorax, and abdomen concolorons with wings, the
breast fuscous, the abdomen dorsall}' narrowly dark at the ends of the segments.
Femora and tibiae fuscous, light spotted ; tarsi light, fuscous spotted ; hindtibia
not dilated.

Forewiiirj not very broad, termen scarcely subcrenulate, rather strongly oblique ;
fovea slight ; SC'~- coincident, not anastomosing with C ; light greyish brown with
a slight olive tint, clearer brown along hindmargin and along the veins distally;
costal, median, apical, and distal areas with fuscous strigulatiou ; lines black ;
antemedian from a vertical costal spot at nearly one-third, acutely angled outwards
in cell, then oblique inwards, straight to fold, curving more strongly basewards
from here to hindmargin ; median obsolescent, suggested by stronger dark shading
near the postmedian ; postmedian from a vague costal s[iot at beyond two-thirds,
inbent at >SC\ acutely angled at R', parallel with termen to R', then forming a
long but very shallow inward curve, reaching hindmargin little beyond middle ;
distal area with a white spot between R' and M' ; terminal line fine, black, forming
a series of very shallow lunules, meeting in internervular black dots ; fringe weakly

mottled with fuscous. ■ll'uidwiiKj with termen moderately crenulate ; costal

region pale, the rest concolorons with forewing ; a blackish spot at base ; traces
of antemedian line in inner-marginal part ; an elongate discal mark ; postmedian
fine at costa, otherwise thick and black ; accompanied distally by a band of fuscous
shading, then by a clear pale band, this again by a narrow brown shade proximally
to the almost obsolete subtermiual line ; terminal line and fringe as on forewing.

Underside paler, with the principal markings reproduced, forewing with discal
spot more a])parent than above.

Transkei (Miss F. Barrett). Type in coll. L. B. Front; a second in coll.
Brit. Mus.

Recalls rujijjlaya Warr., Soc. Zool. ix. o24 {Calascia), but smaller, rather
niirrower winged, more olive ; antemedian line of hindwing far proximal to cell-
mark, postmedian of forewing differently formed, etc. Perhaps still nearer con-
temjitan'a Walk. (List Lep. his. xxi. 3G7), costa of forewing less arched, termen of
hindwing less deeply crenulate, colour less brown, discal marks not ocellated.

8i>. Boarmia complacita sji. nov.

? , 28 mm. Face and jialpus ochreous brown dotted with blackish ; palpus with
rather long-projecting scales beneath. Tongue developed. Head and body con-
colorons with wings, the abdomen above slightly darkened at the ends of the
segments. Foreleg darkened, with pale spots at the ends of the joints.

Forewing with costa almost straight, apex rather pronounced, termen oblique,
little convex, gently crenulate ; SG'~- coincident ; violet-whitish, somewhat shaded
with brown and tolerably strongly irrorated with fuscous ; lines black, not very
slender ; antemedian from costa at 3'5 mm. to hindmargin at 2 mm., rather
strongly curved ; postmedian from just beyond two-thirds costa (here not strong)
somewhat oblique inward, suddenly bent outward before reaching R', here angled
and from this point strong, formed as in barretti, the posterior curve rather deep;

356 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 101.".

median shade weaker, starting midway between the lines, strongly excurved, fmm
K- slender, parallel with (and near) the postmedian, the intervening space from M-
to hindmargin infnscated ; snbterminal only expressed by a white spot between W
and W and narrowly crossing the former, accompanied proximally and anteriorly
by some dark shading ; terminal line black, somewhat interrnpted, strongly
thickened (anteriorly forming definite black dots) between the veins ; fringe
somewhat irrorated or chequered, especially in distal part, and traversed by a dark

dividing-line. Hitidwiny with termen rather strongly creuulate ; median shade

thick, nearly straight, continuing the median and jiostmedian of forewing ; post-
median starting midway between this and apex and rnnning almost parallel with
termen ; the white subterminal spot obsolete.

Underside strongly irrorated, costal margin of forewing alternately pale and
dark ; all the lines reproduced, though mostly less sharp than above; both wings
with a cell-spot and with the distal area somewhat darkened, containing conspicuous
white spot correspondiug to that uf forewing above.

Foot of Nienwveld Mountains, 5 miles N.W. of Beaufort West (Mrs. Butt).

Probably near " Omphaliicha (?) " rufliuibes Warr. {^oi\ Zool. xii. 398), agreeing
in structure; of both the cJ is unknown.

90. Boarmia intrusilinea sp. nov.

c?,42 mm. Face with tolerably appressed scales; red-brown. Palpus rather
short and stout ; ochreous, 1st and 2nd joint marked with red-brown on outer
side. Vertex and antennal shaft pale ochreous ; pectinations darker, very long,
decreasing very suddenly from about middle, a rather long distal part nearly simple.
Thorax pale ochreous, with dark transverse bands anteriorly and posteriorly ;
abdomen pale ochreous, dorsally shaded (especially on 2nd-3rd and 6th-7tii
segments) with red-brown and with very narrow dark fuscous transverse marks
at the ends of the segments. Legs ochreous, more or less irrorated and banded
with fuscous; hindtibia dilated, with hair-pencil.

Foreicing with termen scarcely crenulate ; fovea developed ; SC'-- coincident ;
pale ochreous brown, with irregular darker, slightly more olivaceous brown irrora-
tion ; lines fine, fuscescent, starting from small blackish costal spots ; antemedian
from one-fourth costa, strongly excurved in anterior half, then oblique inwards to
before one-fourth hindmargin, accompanied proximally in posterior half by a dark
shade; median line from middle of costa, still more strongly excurved anteriorly,
but here almost obsolete, incurved behind cell, slightly ontbent about submedian
fold ; a vague costal spot just proximally to three-fourths ; postmedian from midway
between this and apex, finely denticulate on veins, slightly oblique outwards, some-
what incurveil al)out R', forming a long shallow inward curve between R- and fold,
here angled, then strongly oblique to middle <if hindmargin ; a slight grey line close
distally and parallel to the postmedian ; subterminal line dentate, indistinct and
interrupted, with some slight dark shading jiroximally, a tinge of pinkish in the
ground-colour at the interruption behind R' ; discal mark slender, slightly elongate ;
an oblicjue dark line from aj)ex, crossing the postmedian and continuing in front of
R' to tiie median line, on which it ends slightly thickened ; a creuulate marginal
line, only touching the termen at the vein-ends. Ilindwing with termen crenu-
late ; concolorous with forewing, first line from inner margin before one-third,
Btraightish; discal mark slightly lunulate ; postmedian denticulate, slightly sinuous,

NoviTATES ZooLonicAE XXII. ini5. 357

from two-tliirils inner margin to apex ; suliterminal line nearly as on fovewing, with
a stronger dark proximal shade at inner margin and crossed b\' an obliiine dark line
which rnns from tcrmen at !S(I- to K' near postmedian line; a crennlate terminal
line.

Underside paler, the lines scarcely traceable : both wings with the discal mark ;
forewing also with three dark costal spots, minute costal strignlae and very faint
brownish terminal suft'nsion between SC!'' and R-.

Lagos. Type in coll. Rothschild.

91. Boarmia sabinei sp. nov.

? , 48 mm. Face blackish fnscous. Palpus shortish, concolorous with face.
Vertex, thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings, the abdomen dorsally in
places rather heavily irrorated, tending to form broad belts.

Wings shaped nearly as in jxincfinnlig Hcop. (= coiiisorfaria F.), the hindwing

scarcely so elongate costally and with the terminal crennhition even slighter.

Forewing with S0'~° coincident, connected by slender bar with C ; pale violet-grey,
with moderately strong fnscous irroration or minute strigulation, resulting in a
tone rather lighter and less glossy than Cleora rhomhoidaria perfumriria Newm. ;
antemedian line scarcely discernible, apparently placed and formed nearly as in
C. rhomboidavia, a dark dot at its origin on costa ; median line strong, from
midcosta, very slightly oblique outwards to behind R^, then angled and running
almost straight to four-ninths hindmargin ; a long-oval discal ocellus placed in the
angle of this line ; postmedian from two-thirds costa, very slightly incurved at first,
straighter from R' to R^, then bent proximally, approaching and proceeding near
to the median, almost as in rhomhoidaria ; this line marked on all the veins with
minute dark distal teeth, blackened and thickened on W, where there is an additional
slight tooth jiroximally ;. subterminal line Innulate-dentate, only indicated by
sparser brown irroration and by some slight brown shades which accompany it
proximally at costa, proximally and distally between the radials and very feebly in
the posterior part ; terminal line thickened between the veins, very slender and
tending to obsolescence in their vicinity ; fringe grey, faintly spotted with brownish

opposite the veins. Hindwing with a thick dark line continuing the median of

forewing and running straight to inner-margin at about two-fiftlis ; an oval or
slightly lunular discal ocellus ; a sinuous, minutely denticulate postmedian,
obsolescent at costa, formed analogously to that of forewing but well distal to tiie
cell-mark ; subterminal line as on forewing ; terminal slightly stronger.

Under-surface whitish, with very feeble dark irroration, proximal half of costal
area more strongly marked ; both wings with large black cell-mark, median and
postmedian lines faintly traceable, a dark distal border, that of forewing widest
(about 4 mm.) and darkest apically, feeble in posterior half, that of hindwing more
uniform, only becoming evanescent close to tornus.

Victoria Falls, Rhodesia, May VI, 1911 (L. A. Sabine). Type in coll. L. B.
Prout. N'Gami Country (F. U. Lugard), a S in coll. Brit. Mus., rather browner
and sharper marked, fovea well developed, hindtibia witii hair-pencil. Zungcru,
Nigeria (G. B. Simpson), a small worn S in coll. Brit. Mns., ajiparently more
infuscated, rather recalling CliogadafaneMa Warr. {Noo. Zool. xii. 398).

In the last-mentioned example, S0'-= of forewing anastomoses strongly
with C,

358 XOVITATES ZOOLOfilCAE XXII. 1013.

y~'. Boarmia cataimena sji. iiov.

rf, 44 mm. Very similar to the preceding-, diileriiig as follows :

Hiiidtiliia not dilateil. Forewiny with S(.;'-= long-stalked, the stalk con-
nected by short bars with C and with SG^-* ; fovea rather smaller ; grouud-colonr
less violet-grey, more inclining to ochreous, the costal margin and veins strongly
tinged with ochreous ; fnscons irroration strong ; median and postmedian lines more
pro.\imally placed, the latter almost touching the posterior angle of cell, a black
mark tilling the space at the origin of veins R^-M' ; aa ill-defiued whitish terminal

patch between R' and M'-. llindiviiKj with corresponding distinctions, except

costa.

Underside with the dark marginal markings restricted to small hubapical
patches on costa and on termen between SC^ and R-, a cjuadrate apical spot of
2 mm. diameter remaining white.

Durban, February 19,07 (G. F. Leigh). Type in coll. Rothschild.

93. Boarmia bipandata sp. nov.

i, 47 mm. Face with tolerably appressed scales. Palpu.s rather short,
fuscous. Antennal pectinations long, shortening rather suddenly, apical two-fifths
almost simple. Head and body concolorous with wings. (Hiudlegs lost, tibia
presumably not dilated, as the abdominal spine is wanting.)

Wings shaped nearly as in Clcora rejiandnta L., the hindwing still more

weakly creuulate. Forcwing with fovea ; 8t;'"- long-stalked, connected by short

bar with C ; reddish grey-brown, with fine, sparse blackish irroration ; dark costal
spots at commencement of the lines, first at one-fourth, rather oblitpie outwards,
median at before one-half, postmedian at two-thirds, rather oblique inwards ; first
line somewhat excurved in cell, incurved between M and !SM-', then extremely
oblique baseward and thickened ; median forming a deep angle distally to the oval,
open cell-mark, then dentate, meeting postmedian in a roundish black spot at hind-
margin ; postmedian formed as in C. repaiulata L., but with deeper outward bend
anteriorly, a rather marked thickening about W ; subterminal line rather deeply
lunulate-deutate, chiefly indicated by dark fiUing-in jiro.ximally ; termen with

elongate dark spots between the veins. Ilindwiiiy with dentate median line

continued (antemedian) ; oval discal ocellus strong ; postmedian strongly bent out-
ward distally to cell-mark, then fairly straight to inner margin, marked with black
teeth on the veins ; subterminal and terminal as on forewing.

Underside paler, the discal ocelli almost entirely dark, postmedian line weakly
reproduced, subterminal dark shading indicated, on forewing almost confined to
costal end, here rather strong; forewing with a paler quadrate apical patch,
bounded by the subterminal shade and a slight dark shade between SO' and It'.

Near iJaringa, Lulongo River, Congo, hit. 0, long. 'Zi ¥j. (Rev. E. I'artwriglit).
Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

Very similar to contortilima Warr. {Noc. '/.ool. iv. 245), the type of the new
genus Zeuctoboarmia (infra), but with the forewing more elongate, SC'-- arising well
back from cell and not coincident throughout.

Zeuctoboarmia gen. nov.

Face not protuberant, with appressed scales. Palpus rather short, moderately
stout. Tongue present. Antenna in tS bipectiuate with long branches, which do

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 359

not reach its apes ; in ? (as far as known) also bipectinate, with shorter branches.
Pectus hairy. Femora glabrous. Hindtibia in (? sometimes dilated, with hair-
pencil ; all spurs present.

Fore/ri /Iff with termen smooth; cell rather less than one-half ; SC'-' coincident,
from stalk of SC'-'^, anastomosing or connected by short bar with C, SO- commonly

connected by short bar with SO^"' ; radials normal ; M' separate. Iliiidwinq

with termen waved or subcrenulate ; coll rather less than one-half; C and SC"
normal ; 11- wanting ; M' separate.

Type of the genus: Zeuctoboarmia contortUinea (Warr.) = Aids contort Hi neci
Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. 245.

Here belong, in addition to the species about to be described, the following :
simplex Warr., Noe. Zool. v. 247 ; pectinata Warr., op. cit. iv. 97 ; smithi Warr.,
op. cit. ix. 519 ; possibly also coinoraria Ob., Et. Lep. vii. 292, f. 1715, unknown to
me. A sijecialised development of Boarmia, apparently confined to tropical Africa.

94. Zeuctoboarmia translata sp. nov.

c?, 42-50 mm. Face dark brown, lower one-third ochreous whitish. Paipns
rather short, with very short terminal joint ; ochreous whitish, 2nd-3rd joint dark
brown on outer side. Antennal shaft spotted with brown ; pectinations very long,
rather weak and slender, curled, a very short apical part simple. Thorax and
abdomen concolorous with wings. Hindtiliia not dilated.

Forewing rather broad, termen oblique, curved, slightly waved ; fovea rather
small ; colour and markings nearly as in Z. smithi Warr., but less ochracoous, the
irroration somewhat denser and darker, postmedian line with longer teeth distally,

terminal spots more elongate. Hindwlng ample, termen convex, moderately

crenulate ; marked as in smithi, with corresponding modifications to those of fore-
wing, the discal Innule more heavily dark-margined.

Underside dirty whitish, with dark discal spot and terminal dashes ; forewing
with costa more ochreous, dark-spotted, also with some dark dusting in anterior
part (especially in cell), a weak postmedian line in anterior part, and a dark costal
spot near the apex.

Nairobi to Mount Kenia ; type in coll. liothschild. Nairobi Forest, Kikuyu,
5400 ft., April 5, 1900 (R. Grawshay), in coll. Brit. Mus. Ran, Nandi Country,
February 23, 1899 (Dr. Ansorge), in coll. Itothschild.

Very near smithi Warr., from the (Jongo, venation the same (SU'~- connected
with C, sometimes also with S(J^~'), palpus rather less short, pectinations still
longer, wings rather broader.

95. Cleora cnephaea sp. nov.

c?, 42-50 mm. Build robust. Face with appressed scales ; blackish fuscous.
Palpus moderate, rather stout, closely scaled, third joint quite small, deflexed ;
fuscous, darkest above and on outer side. Antenna with long pectinations, a short
aj)ical portion nearly simple, ciliated. Vertex and thorax concolorous with wings,
tegulae blackened; abdomen dorsally blackened, first segment and anal tuft re-
maining ochreous. Hindtibia dilated, with hair-pencil.

Forewing not very broad, termen not crennhite ; fovea present ; SC'~- from cell,
stalked for about one-half their length ; ochreous with a tinge of reddish, irrorated
with dark purple-fuscous, almost entirely clouded over therewith in the posterior

24

360 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAB XXII. l'J15.

part ; in tlie type specimen tliere is no sliarp demarcation to the cloaded area, in a
paratype it occnpies about the posterior half of the wing from base to median line,
broadens a little between this and postmedian, again distally to the postmedian and
still again distally to the snbterminal, rnuniug to termen near apex ; blackish costal
spots at the beginnings of the three lines ; antemedian strongly oblique from SG to
hindmargin near base ; median and postmedian sharply bent ontwards behind SC,
then dentate, the median about parallel with termen, the jiostmedian more obliqne
and sinnons, approaching it at hindmargin ; cell-mark inconspicuous, proximal to the
median line ; snbterminal line ochreons, Innulate-dentate, not conspicuous (in dark
specimens mostly covered by the fascous clouding) ; termen and fringe fuscous,

interrupted by the ground-colour at vein-ends. Hindwing not very broad, termen

moderately crenulate ; coucolorous with forewiug, mostly, though confusedly, with
a pale band remaining proximally to the crenulate postmedian line, also (especially
in type) a pale subterminal, thickened at hindmargin.

Underside similar, the fuscons parts less deep (more shadowy).

Vivet, S. Nigeria, May 1906 (C. G. Dudgeon), type in coll. Brit. Mus. Para-
types, merely labelled Nigeria, in coll. Rothschild.

Except in shape, very similar to another Nigerian insect which I take to be the
S of " Therapis " (? Geoli/ces) sordida Warr., Nov. Zool. xii. 40.

9(1. Cleora spuria sp. nov.

(J, 40 mm. Face with somewhat projecting scales in lower part. Palpus
short, rough-scaled below. Tongue short. Antenna scarcely one-half as long as
forewing, with very long pectinations to about the 27th joint (little beyond one-
half), apical part nearly simple. Pectus strongly hairy. Femora and tibiae
hairy. Abdomen beneath slightly hairy. Head and body tawuy brown mixed
with rnst-red, base of abdomen with some whitish admixture abuve. Antennal
pectinations black.

Forewing fairly broad, costa slightly sinuous, termen rather strongly oblique,
slightly curved about 11^ straighter anteriorly ; fovea well developed ; SC and
SC- free ; dirty white with rather sparse fuscous irroration ; basal area as far as
antemedian line, costal to SC and apical to across R' snflfused with tawny and rust-
red ; veins also reddened, at least distally ; lines fuscous, not very strong ; ante-
median from one-fourth costa to rather beyoud one-fourth hindmargin, very slightly
curved, preceded on the rnfoas area by a vague, still less oblique, dark band ; cell-
mark black, elongate, slender, angulated ; median shade from costa opposite cell-
mark, oblique outward, rather thick, sharply bent behind R', then incurved,
becoming fine and indistinct and near jjostmedian ; postmedian from nearly two-
thirds costa, slightly sinnons to R-, here bent, then incurved, reaching hindmargin
at about three-eighths ; some vague fnscous shading distally to this line about the
radials and M', more or less extended to termen about R- ; subterminal white line
ill-deiined, irregularly crenulate and sinuous, interrupted from behind R- to M' by

a large white snbterminal spot ; a terminal line of rather thick black dashes.

Ilindwing with inner margin long, costa relatively short, termen weakly snb-
crenulate ; without the rufous cloudings, except on and contiguous to the veins
distally ; antemedian line wanting : a sinuous line at one-tliird, thickened in coll
and not reaching either margin ; the rest corresponding to forewing, the subterminal
white patch less conspicuous.

Underside ochreous whitish, almost markingless, the forewing becoming more

I

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 361

ochreous anteriorly, the snbmargiual spot rather whiter than the rest, very slight
dark snffnsion about the radials ; terminal line weak, brownish, not black, on hind-
wing obsolete.

Ilesha, S. Nigeria (Capt. Hnmfrey). Type in coll. Rothschild.

No doubt near dimscu-ia Walk. {List Lep. Ins. sxi. 366), but the very
differently shaped wings, non-stalking of SC and SC- of forewing, much less
oblique first line, black discal mark and rnfous costal shades are distinctive. The
two should perhaps form a new genus, on account of the hairy tibiae, short palpus,
etc., which suggest some affinity with the Biston group ; similar tibiae are found in
Miantochora gumppenbergi Moschl., but are very exceptional in the Geometridae.

97. Cleora proximaria albescens snbsp. nov.

Considerably whiter than name-typical proximaria Walk. {fJst Lep. Ins. xxi.
365), from S. Africa, lacking the grey cloudings which give to the latter its
characteristic aspect. On an average smaller.

British East Africa, only a few examples seen, but these constant. Mga,na,
September 4, 1896 (tyiie) ; Mombasa, October 1906 (Dr. Ansorge) ; in coll.
Rothschild.

98. Cleora indigna sp. nov.

(?, 26 mm. Face broad, scarcely rough-scaled, grey, tinged with ochreous and
dotted with fuscous. Palpus very short and slender. Tongue developed. Antenna
pectinate with moderate branches. Head, body and legs concolorous with wings.
Hiudtibiae not dilated.

Wings shaped nearly as in Ectropis delosaria AValk. {List Lep. Ins. xxvi.
1541) = crassa Warr. {Nov. Zool. vi. 305), only with the termen of forewing

slightly more oblique. Forewing with fovea well developed ; SC'~^ very shortly

stalked; dirty whitish, tinged (especially about the veins and margins) with
ochreous brown and rather strongly (though not quite evenly) irrorated with
fuscous ; basal area somewhat clouded with fuscous ; lines blackish ; antemedian
from before one-third costa, curved and strongly oblique, rather thick, reaching
hindmargin near base ; jwstmedian slender, creunlate, strongest at the vein-teeth,
recalling that of Ectropis delosaria but vertical from costa, curved about the
radials and with the proximal curve behind M^ very shallow ; discal mark long and
thick, a vagae dark median shade bending closely round it distally and then
running from its posterior extremity to hindmargin, parallel with postmedian line ;
snbterminal almost obsolete, its position indicated by a slight brownish shade

proximally ; terminal line thickened between the veins. Hindwing similar,

without first line, cell-mark smaller, the median shade touching its proximal side.

Under-surface paler, costal edge of forewing somewhat ochreous, dark-strign-
lated ; markings weak, almost confined to cell-mark and [-.ostmedian ; both wings
witli rather stronger dark dusting proximally to the postmedian than distally.

Cambo Caquenje, Bih6, Angola, November 3, 1904 (Dr. Ansorge). Type in
coll. Rothschild.

99. Hemerophila dnophera sp. nov.
(J, 34 mm. Rather larger than //. uborta Warr. {Noc. Zool. v. 247), from
Uganda, palpus longer (about IJ), antennal pectinations slightly shorter (barely
four times as long as diameter of shaft) ; very much darker, the warm brown

3(52 NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXII. IP15.

gronnd-colonr both above and beucath being strongly snffnsed almost thronghont
with deep fiiscons, on the forewing above with a few spots at costa, and an ill-defined
patch in distal area from the radials to near tornns, on the hindwing above
with the beginning at inuer-margin of a narrow band between median and post-
median lines remaining less suffused.

Forewiiig marked nearly as in aborta, the lines deeper black, both thickened at
costa; postmedian rather less oblique, its acnte angle in front of R' not approaching
so near the termen; median shade vague, but connected with postmedian line by

some black shading in middle of wing ; cell-spot perhaps less enlarged. Ilind-

iciiiq with median shade and postmedian line almost as in aborta but blacker,
rather near together. — Underside with postmedian line rather sharper than in
aborta.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 200U ft., September— November 1911. Type in
coll. Rothschild.

The venation, if constant, affords a further distinction : in //. aborta SC arises
from the cell, well away from SC- ; in dnophcra it is shortly stalked with SC'- ; in
both it anastomoses with 0. They agree in having the forewing more shortened
and ronnded than in typical Hemerophila ; H. serrataria Walk. {List Lep. Ins.
xxi. 412 ; = denticulata Warr., Bat. Zool. xi. 473 = curta Warr., op. cit. xvi. 119),
from Natal, has a rather similarly shaped i, but has SC'"- coincident, generally
well separated from C.

100. Hemerophila rotifera sp. nov.

?, 35 mm. Head grey-brown with some darker irroration. Palpus rather
short. Antenna with single bristles almost as long as diameter of shaft. Thorax
and abdomen grey mixed with brown.

Forewing rather broad, apex almost rectangular, termen crenulate, obliquely
curved in posterior part ; SC anastomisiug slightly with U, S('^ free ; proximal
and distal areas brown, slightly mixed with grey and clouded with deep fuscous ;
central area grey, with slight and sparse brown irroration (stronger costally) ; lines
fine, brown ; antemedian from about two-fifths costa to one-fourth hindmargin,
sinuous, strongly oblique inwards in posterior half; postmedian angled inwards
subcostally, acutely bent outwards before R' (the tip of the projection obsole.scent),
oblique inwards and somewhat sinuous to three-fifths hindmargin ; a round brown
cell-spot fully 1 mm. in diameter ; a very ill-defined median shade traversing the
grey area between cell-spot and postmedian, less angled outwards than the latter ;
dark clouding in terminal area weaker distally than proximally, but without A\a.v\)

demarcation ; terminal line interrupted, expanded into spots between the veins.

Ilindwing with termen strongly crenulate ; mostly brown, somewhat greyer near
base, a grey, slightly browu-irrorated patch distally to subterminal line from
tornns to middle ; discal spot small, not sharp ; a feeble, nearly straight, rather
thick postmedian line from three-fifths hindmargin, bent near costa but becoming
almost obsolete ; subterminal pale line somewhat crenulate, almost obsolete, carved
from tornns to radial fold, where it again ajiproaches termen ; a narrow dark band
jiroximally to the subterminal, obsolete towards costa ; interrupted terminal lino
and spots strong anteriorly, weak posteriorly.

Both wings beneath duller and more uniform, with fuscous irroration and
vague fuscous subterminal baud ; forewing with rather large, hindwing with
slightly smaller cell-spot.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 3g3

Masindi, June 1897 (Dr. Ausorge). Type in coll. Rothschild.
The coloration rather recalls //. emaria Brem.

101. Hemerophila contenta sp. nov.

<S, 39 mm. Face pale ochreons brown, mixed, especially in middle, with
red-brown. Palpus of moderate length, pale ochreons brown, mixed on upper and
outer sides with red-brown. Tongue short. Vertex, thorax and abdomen con-
colorous with wings. Antennal pectinations long, ceasing rather abruptly at about
three-fourths. Abdomen rather long.

Forewing rather narrow, termen waved, not crenulate, rather strongly oblique
in posterior part; SC'-^ short-stalked, SC- connected by bar with SC^-'; dirty
whitish, irrorated with ochreons brown and marked with red-brown, tending in
places to dark fnscons ; some indefinite suflFiision at base ; first line sinuous, very
oblique from one-fourth hindmargiu in the direction of cell-spot, ceasing abont at
M, nowhere well distinguishable from a dark shade which accompanies it proximally
and which is merged at M into some dark clouding posteriorly to the cell-spot;
cell-spot moderate ; median line from five-ninths costa, irregularly lunulate, not
shari)ly defined, oblique outwards to behind R', oblique inwards from R^ to middle
of hindmargiu, accompanied proximally (except from fold to hindmargiu) by dark
shading ; postmedian line obsolete anteriorly, except as an elongate spot along
costa ; developed from R', imrallel with termen to R', then more oblique, throughout
minutely dentate inwards on the veins, at hindmargiu accompanied distally by a
large dark spot ; termen between apex and R' with some dark shading nearly as in
//. abruptaria Thnb., bnt continued across the postmedian line so as to join the
shading behind cell-spot ; some weaker dark shading between R' and hindmargiu,
forming distal boundary to the obsolescent, lunulate whitish subterminal line ;
termen with somewhat triangular (posteriorly more elongate) fuscons spots between

the veins : fringe dark-spotted opposite the veins. Hindwlng with termen

waved, not toothed at SC-, crenulate between SC- and R^ then rather straight ;
median line continued, accompanied distally by a narrow dark shade, which reaches
the moderate cell-spot ; postmedian from costa near apex nearly straight (very
slightly sinuous) to beyond two-thirds inner margin ; subterminal broad but very
ill-defined, followed distally by a slightly carved dark line from termen near SC- to

inner margin close to tornus, and this again by a dark terminal shade. Underside

with the markings reproduced, not very sharply defined.

Ganyoro, Ivory Coast, May 2-7, 1903 (Pemberton). Type in coll. Rothschild.
Also in coll. Rothschild a S from Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., September —
November 1911, more uniformly greyish, forewing with the postmedian line double
and the subterminal rather better expressed by dark edgings. Not Inconceivably a
S form of penumbrata Warr. {Nov. Zool. xii. 395), notwithstanding the extra-
ordinarily different shape, shorter stalking of SC'-^ etc.

102. Nychiodes tyttha sj). nov.

<?, 23 mm.; ?, 28 mm. Antennal pectinations in both sexes relatively
somewhat longer than in the type species. Head and body concolorous with wings,
face a little more infuscated, abdomen slightly dark-belted at the ends of the
segments.

Forewing with termen entire ; SC'~- coincident, sometimes (the ? paratype)

304 NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

auastomosing at a poiut with SC'"*; i)ale ochreons brown, closely irroiated with
reJ-brown and more sparsely and irregnlarly with fiiscoas ; base of costa spotted
with dark i'uscous ; lines blackish ; antemedian from before one-third costa,
strongly excnrved in cell, less carved (nearly parallel with termen) from M to
SM-, then oblique basewards ; preceded by a reddish brown shade, at least
posteriorly; median shade ill-defined, from a costal spot between the lines, lunulate-
dentate, in posterior half nearer to postmedian than to antemedian ; postmedian
thickened into spots or dashes on the veins ; from towards three-fourths costa,
oblique inwards at origin, excurved from SC*, strongly incurved from R^ to M^,
then nearly vertical to hindmargin ; accompanied distally by red-brown shading,
especially in posterior half ; a red-brown shade between the radials, reaching
termen ; terminal line black, thickened between and more or less interrupted at the

veins. Hindwing with termen much less deeply crennlate than iu the type ;

concolorons with forewing, rather more mixed with fuscous from base to the weakly
defined median shade than beyond ; a postmedian line formed almost as in Synopsia
sociara Hbn., but rather slighter ; an ill-defined red-brown subterminal shade ;
terminal line as on forewing.

Under-surface dnll whitish ochreons, the forewing more or less strongly
irrorated or clouded as far as the postmedian line, tlio distal area and the whole of
hindwing with only very slight irroration ; discal dots present— at least on hind-
wing ; postmedian line represented by vein-dots or small dashes ; terminal line
much weaker than above.

Eritrea: Caraiai, November 21, 1905 (N. Beccari). Type i and a more weakly
marked ? in coll. Rothschild ; the latter with the lines of the forewing less deeply
curved.

Differs from both the Palaearctic species in its mnch smaller size, brighter
colour, etc. ; and slightly in the venation.

103. Ectropis anisa sp. nov.

c?, 34 mm. Face with appressed scales. Palpus rather short. Anteunal
ciliation about as long as diameter of shaft. Head, body and legs whitish ochreous-
brown ; foreleg with femur and tibia infuscated on inner side, tarsns more slightly
so, with pale spots. Hindtibia not dilated.

Forewing with termen rather strongly bowed, not crennlate, SC'~' coincident,
arising from stalk of SC^~', anastomosing strongly with C ; white, tinged with pale
ochreous-brownish, with rather sparse irroration; lines brownish, crennlate; a pair
of antemedian rather near base, rather obliqne outward from costa, angled behind
SO ; median line weak, arising on costa opposite the discal spot, very strongly
oblique outward anteriorly, angled about R', thence parallel with and not very far
from the postmedian ; postmedian double, somewhat bent about R', thence parallel
with termen, at a distance of about 4 mm. ; subterminal line marked with dark
interneural spots, interrupted between W and M', the spots between the radials and
behind M' the largest ; discal spot large, roand, blackish, cut by a pale, somewhat

bracket-shaped mark on DC ; termen with large black dots between the veins.

Hindwing with termen only very feebly snbcrenulate, a scarcely appreciably stronger
tooth at R'; white, on the inner-margin with'cnrved beginnings of postmedian and
subterminal line ; the latter sometimes interruptedly traceable throughout ; terminal
dots present, strongest posteriorly.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXII. 1915. 365

Underside dirty white, almost marldngless.

Ran, Nandi Country, February 1899 (Dr. Aasorge), 6 c?c? iu coll. Rotlischild,
incladiug the type. Daro Forest, Toro, Uganda, 4000-4500 ft., October 29, 1911
(S. A. Neave), a well-marked e.xamjile in coll. Brit. Mus.

Recognisable at a glance by the poorly marked hindwing.

1 04. Gnophos rubricimixta sp. nov.

(? ?, 24-27 mm. Face rounded, not appreciably protuberant; fuscous.
Palpus rather short, pointed, with tolerably appressed scales ; fuscous. Crown
somewhat paler, with some reddish admixture. Antennal shaft mixed fuscous and
rufous ; in <? with moderate pectinations, not reaching tip ; in ? subserrate. Thorax
and abdomen concolorous with wings ; the abdomen with dark dorsal belts occupying
the greater part. Hiudtibia in S scarcely dilated ; tarsus long.

Forewing elongate, with termen almost smooth, curved, strongly oblique ;
SC anastomosing with C, SC^ from stalk of SC^ ", anastomosing with SC and with
SC^' ; blackish fuscous, very strongly irrorated with orange red, the scaling with
a peculiar longitudinal arrangement, very noticeable with the lens ; a rather large,
feebly ocellated blackish cell-spot ; lines blackish, very indistinct except as costal
sjjots, rather approximated, chiefly discernible through a slight diminution of the
red irroration in the median area and accentuation of the same at each edge thereof
(especially the distal) ; postmediau line strongly excurved round the cell-spot and
incurved in submedian area ; termeu with very ill-defined row of spots or interrupted

line. Hindwing with termen rather strongly crennlate, slightly prominent in

posterior part; coloured like forewing, the proximal half (except extreme base)
predominantly blackish, distal half more irrorated, especially a narrow postmediau
band bounding the jiroximal area and in places almost clear orange-red ; discal dot
small and inconspicuous, or even obsolete.

Underside uniform glossy pale grey, with very slight rufescent tinge.

Cape Colony : Deelfontein, February — March 1902 (Colonel Sloggett), type c?
and a ? in coll. Brit. Mus.; foot of Nienwveld Mountains, 5 miles N.W. of
Beaufort West (Mrs. Butt), a worn ? in coll. Rothschild.

105. Gnophos delagardei sp. nov.

<?, 28 mm. Face and palpus as in the preceding. Vertex pale ochreous grey.
Antenna ochreous, rather strongly lamellate. Thorax and abdomen pale ochreous
grey, the latter dorsally indistinctly darkened, except at extremity of segments.
Hindtibia slender.

Foretuing with termen faintly waved, posteriorly curved, moderately oblique;
SC connected by bar with C, SC- from cell, anastomosing shortly with SC and
with SC' ; pale ochreous grey with slight darker suffusions and with sparse fuscous
irroration ; costal edge with dark strigulation ; lines fuscous, not very sharp, slightly
thickened at costa ; antemedian from one-third costa, strongly bicurved outward,
on Mand on SM^ dentate inward; feeble indications of one or two lines i)roximally
to this ; postmediau from costa just before two-thirds, oblique outward, strongly
angled on R", dentate outward on the succeeding veins, incurved between M' and
SM-; a large discal annulus ; subterminal pale line indicated by some vague dark
proximal shading ; termen with blackish interneural dots.— Hindwing with termen
crenulate, the deepest sinus between the radials ; as forewing, but without ante-
median line.

366 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 19ir..

Under-surface more gloss}-, almost markingless, the postmedian line feebly
tmcealile.

Cape Colony: Simon's Town, October 1904 (P. de la Garde). Type in coll.
Brit. Mns.

Facies cnriously Palaearctic, snggestiug a diminutive pale obscurata Scliill.
with the angled postmedian line oi ambiguata Dap. or variegata Dnp.

106. Elophos barbarica sp. no v.

<?, 32 mm. Best comparable with E. caelibaria spurcaria Lab., with the
most heavily irrorated, most weakly marked e.xamples of which it shares the
scaling and general effect, e.xcept for its smaller size and differently shaped
hindwing. Face rather less protuberant, dark fuscons. Palpus dark fuscous.
Antenna rather short, the pectinations stouter and even shorter than in caelibaria,
equally clavate. Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Forewing with termen slightly less oblique than in caelibaria, DO more
incurved (cell-spot at just one-half wing-length), SO' free, SO- anastomosing rather
strongly with S0^~*; costal edge finely yellowish, the ground-colour otherwise
fleshy, not yellowish ; lines e.xtremely indistinct, except at the veins, the costal
spots at their origin not large ; antemedian more curved anteriorly than in
caelibaria ; a median shade indicated by a costal mark opposite tbe cell-spot ;
postmedian much nearer the termen than in any Palaearctic species, arising at costa
4 mm. from ape\- ; cell-spot smaller than in most caelibaria, roundish ; no terminal

line. Himlwing with termen strongly convex, especially in posterior part ;

cell ratber short ; postmedian line midway between cell-spot and termen.

Underside with cell-spots and faint traces of postmedian line.

Foot of Nieuwveld Mountains, 5 miles N.W. of Beaufort West (Mrs. Butt).
Type and a second, very worn, examjjle in coll. Rothschild.

The genus Giiojjhos Tr. (sens, lat.), as is well known on biological grounds, is
heterogeneous and in need of revision, I use Elophos Bdv. (with type operario,
Hbn.) for the small group with smooth wing-margins, shortly pectinate S antenna
and apterous or semiajjterous ? . The few Aethiopian species of " Gnophos " yet
described have been referred to Catascia (wing-margins crenulate) ; but in part, at
least, do not belong to the group at all. barbarica shows superficially an aspect
which seems rather prevalent in South Africa, appearing in the five or six species
described as Dijscia (= Scodiona), in " Idiot ephra " simplex Warr. {Ann. S. A/r.
Mus. X. 490) * and even in Ectropis delosaria Walk. ; the auteuual structure will
distinguish it at a glance,

107. Buzura potaenia sp. nov.

(?, 07 mm. Face rather rough-scaled ; whitish above, dark fuscous iu middle,
fading off below. Vertex and auteuual shaft whitish ; pectinations long, dark.
Thorax and abdomen whitish, mixed with fuscons except front of thorax ; abdomen
not very robust. Legs whitish ; foreleg dark fuscons above except at extremities
of joints; hindtibia not bilated, but furnished on upperside proximally with a tuft
of projecting scales.

* I am at a loss to imagine how this species can have been compared with 7. ciirvhrna Warr., to
which I cannot see the remotest resemblance. It should be adiled that the ^ antenna in simjilex bears
slender, well-ciliated pectinations, two pairs to each joint.

NOVITATES ZoOLOIilOAE XXII. 1915. 367

Forewing with SC'~- loug-stalked ; dirty whitish, irregnhxrly irrorated with
very fine dark dots and strignlae and weakly stained ia phxces with ferruginous
brown, especially at base, in a large patch between postmedian and subterminal
lines from hindmargin about to R^, and a smaller, slighter patch anteriorly to the
same; lines fnscons, mostly weak and interrupted except at costa, where they
form conspicuous dark spots, the median the broadest ; first line at one-fifth,
angulated step-wise, obsolescent at the first two inward bends (in cell and before
submedian fold) ; median shade nearly obsolete in cell, where it curves strongly
proximad, mostly well developed from M to hindmargin, bending inward to sub-
median fold, then outward ; postmedian from two-thirds costa, oblique outward,
broken basewards behind SO', obsolete from 11' to fold except as blackisli dots
(minute dashes) on the veins, slightly more oblinue than termen ; obli([ue outwards
from fold to SM^, then carving inwards, in this part of its course accompanied
distally by a second, parallel line ; subterminal line dirty white, dentate, not sharp,
accompanied proximally from costa to SO^ by a dark spot, its dark shading other-
wise very slight ; discal mark very weak, crescentic, white, feebly dark-edged ;

terminal line broken into small dashes. Hindwiiig with the brown stains still

less noticeable, the median line continued as a zigzag antemedian, postmedian little
beyond the cell, formed nearly as on forewing ; subterminal little dentate anteriorly ;
no dark costal spots, on the other hand one at inner margin proximal to the sub-
terminal line.

Forewing beneath with rather large, round dark cell-spot, small median costal
spot, beginning of postmedian line, very large subterminal spot and faint snbterminal
shading between radials. Hindwing beneath with median and jwstmedian costal
spots.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons. Type in coll. L. B. Front.

Much larger than analiplaga Warr. {Nov. Zool. iv. 244), rather less robust,
browner, pectinations still longer and more slender, hindwing less shortened
anteriorly, etc.

Nothofidonia gen. nov.

Akin to Notkabraxas Warr. {Nov. Zool. iv. 88), but with the eye smaller, face
and palpns strongly hairy, hindtibia with terminal spurs only.* ? apterous.

Type of the genus : Nothofidonia bicolor sp. nov.

Here belongs also the closely related ansorgei Warr. {Nov. Zool. viii. 10, as
Fidonia), of which only the c? is yet known.

108. Nothofidonia bicolor sp. nov.

Notkabraxas hicolor Warr. MS.

(S, 37-40 mm. Face yellow, upper part black. Palpns black. Vertex and
antenna black. Thorax black, mixed (less so on pectus) with yellow ; abdomen
with more yellow.

Forewing yellowish white, pretty uniformly marked with copious coarse black
dots, in places confluent into short transverse streaks ; fringe yellow, irregularly

cut with black chequering. Hindwing ochreous yellow, more sparingly dotted,

fringe also with fewer black marks.

Underside similar, but with both wings yellow.

* Warren, in erecting Nuthahraioi, says, "Hindtibia witli a pair of spurs," but botli pairs are
developed in that genus.

368 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. TOIS.

British East Africa: Kiknyn Escarpment, 6500—9000 ft., March lOul
(W. Doherty), type in coll. Rothschild; Nakntn, May 8, 1911 (H. A. Bodeker),

2 (^J in coll. Brit. Mns.

100. Nothofidonia bicolor irregularis snbsp. nov.

c?. Diffors from name-typical N. bicolor, as described above, in having the
bhuk markings mnch more irregularly distributed, especially on the hindwing.

Forewing sometimes purer white ; more or less entirely clear areas in the
region of M and the pro.\imal part of M' and between SC= and R' towards termen ;
tlie black more or less condensed about SG and anterior part of cell and especially

in apical region, where one or two solid black patches are sometimes formed.

Ilinihcing black at extreme base and usnally for a considerable distance between
SM- and SM^ also densely black-spotted along distal margin for a width of abont

3 mm. ; a few dots and spots at costa and sometimes one or two on M and in cell ;
otherwise clear yellow.

? with the wings reduced to minute black vestiges. Coloration nearly as in c?,
abdomen mainly black, with narrow yellow belts and yellow anal end.

Nyassaland: Mlauje Plateau, 6500 ft., November 10-11, 1913 (S. A. Neave),
a good series of both sexes in coll. Brit. Mns. The males were flying in abundance,
the females were found by searching the grass.

Variable and often asymmetrical, but the general tendencies constant.

110. Nothabraxas anamesa sp. nov.

(J 5^ 43-47 mm. Face yellow. Palpus whitish grey at base, becoming black
(variable in extent of the colours). Vertex mostly yellow. Antennal shaft whitish
grey, spotted with black. Thorax above and abdomen mostly yellow, the abdomen
witli black spots, more or less confluent into belts. Legs whitish grey, spotted
with black.

Forewinif with termen strongly oblique ; whitish, with a slight tinge of
ochreous and with two broad, but not strong, streaks of dull ochreons suffusion, one
along the cell and radial area, becoming faint and cleft distally, the other along the
fold ; a still fainter sufFusiou between the median veins, the surface irregularly
covered with large but rarely confluent black dots ; fringe with only a few black

(lots. Hindwing without the ochreous suffusions, the black dots wanting or

sparse in proximal part, well developed in distal (variable). Both wings beneath
similar, the suff'usions duller and slighter.

Usanga district, German East Africa, 3500—4500 ft., November 30 and
December 4, 1910 (S. A. Neave), 3 <?<?, 1 ? in coll. Brit. Mus.

Perhaps nearest castas Warr. {Nov. Zool. xi. 471), which has the antennal
jiectiuations, as well as shaft, black-spotted, the wings rather less strong and more
glossy, whiter, with fine strigulae instead of coarse dots. The longitudinal shades
rather recall (except in colonr) roseovittata Bntl. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1895,
p. 741).

111. Rhodophthitus myriostictus sp. nov.
$ ? , 48-60 mm. Head bright ochreous. Palpus (luite short ; ochreous, second
joint black on outer side. Antenna black, with extreme base ochreous ; i with
pectinations very short (scarcely as long as diameter of shaft), ending in fascicles of

NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 369

cilia ; ? serrate. Thorax pale ochreoas, mixed with bright oohreous and with a
few dark grey dots above. Fore and middle legs mostly infuscated, hiudfemnr and
tibia ocbreons, hindtarsus fuscous-spotted ; hindtibia iu <$ strongly dilated, with
hair-pencil, spurs very short. Abdomen pale ochreous, with a narrow blackish belt
above at the end of each segment, a few of them slightly continued ventrally ; anal
tuft well develoi)ed, bright ochreous.

Foreiving elongate, costa gently curved ; Sf !'"^ stalked to about opposite origin
of 8C^; dirty white, with a slight yellowish tinge, nnevenly marked throughout
with olive-fuscous dots, mostly rather coarse, here and there somewhat confluent;

a cell-spot of the same colour. Ilindwing rounded ; similar, but with the dots

rather sparser except in distal region ; one of the dots occupies middle of DC.

Underside the same.

Uesha, S. Nigeria (Capt. Humfrey), 3 <? cj, 1 ? in coll. Rothschild.

Similar to the preceding except in structure, more rounded wings and whiter
colour. Like most of the African genera of Geometrinae, Tthodophthitus is in need
of revision. The only species with similar antennal structure which has been
referred to it is tricoloraria Mab. {Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1890, p. ^0)=imperialis
Bastelb. (Intern. Ent. Zeit. i. 109), a large, handsome, broad-winged species with
slightly different venation. These two species have less hairy clothing than castas
Warr., etc., which I refer to Nothabraxas.

112. Callioratis apicisecta sp. nov.

c?, 70 mm. Face ochraceons rufous, becoming paler below. Crown and
antenna black. Thorax and abdomen oehraceous rufous, a narrow black baud down
middle of thorax, extending on to base of abdomen. Legs black, the coxae, femora
and tibiae whitened on outer side.

Forewing ochraceons rufons, becoming redder at hindmargin and paler towards
costal margin and apex ; markings black ; a small patch at base ; a narrow,
oblique, tapering fascia from one-fonrth costa (here 3 mm. wide) to across fold, its
distal edge touching the origin of M^ ; a spot on SM- as continuation of this fascia ;
a broader but shorter fascia (also tapering) from midcosta, along DC-~^, to just across
DC' ; a third fascia before three-fourths, slightly curved, 4 mm. wide at costa,
tapering little, furcate on R', one branch very short, ending on R^ near termeu, the
other longer, confluent with the black border at M' and again at M-, tapering to a
point behind fold ; a small black apical patch, continuous as a very narrow distal
border, succeeded at tornus by a black spot on SM- (anteriorly pointed) ; fringe

black. Hindwing concolorons, with slightly deeper discal spot, narrow black

border (a little wider at apex) and a narrow black band from nearly three-fourths
costa to mid-termen, thickening where it joins the distal border.

Underside the same.

Kojokaji, Lado Enclave, May 6, 1912. Type iu coll. Rothschild.

All the black parts are tinged or shot with glossy deep blue.

113. Mimaletis reducta sp. nov.

3 ? , 34-40 mm. Very similar to Immilis Warr. {Nov. Zool. i. 378), differing
as follows :

Antennal pectinations shorter iu the ? . Smaller, but with the wings relatively
a trifle broader ; less bright reddish, the black border of forewing broader at costa,
its edge being more oblique ; no white at apex ; first white spot relatively shorter,

370 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

not pointed behind, second smaller (scarcely larger than third) ; border of hiadwing
narrower, the white spots smaller (only four or five present, the first — between SC-
and R' — sometimes obsolete above, always minute).

Uganda : Semliki Valley, Buamba Forest, 2300—2800 fr,., November 4, 1911,
type S ; Unyoro, Badongo Forest, 3400 ft., December 13-14, 1011, 3 ? ?. All in
coll. Brit. Mus., collected by S. A. Neave.

114. Ereunetea orientalis sp. nov.

(J, 28-3(J mm. Face and palpus orange, the latter tipped with black. Head
purplish, mi-xed with orange. Thorax purplish. Abdomen orange, with purplish
lateral stripe ; anal tuft partly fuscous.

Foreioinq bright orange to beyond one-half, bhick distally, the black area
reaching at least as far as the cell, at times to the origin of SC'~- ; costal edge

black, a pnrplish fuscous suiFasion between this and SC. Hindwing with the

black border narrowing off posteriorly, only reaching the fold ; a black cell-spot.

Forewing beneath with the costal and distal areas mostly dull purple, only a
restricted black band (angled outwards and broadening towards tornus) separating
the orange-yellow from the purple. Hindwing dull purple, with black cell-spot,
orange-yellow from the inner margin to the fold.

Mombasa: Rabai, type and 3 other $$, March 16, 1912 (S. A. Neave), in
coll. Brit. Mus. One from the same district, May 27, 1911 (St. A. Rogers), in
coll. O.xford Mus.

Probably an eastern race of ftdgida Warr. {Nov. Zool. vi. 303), which is
generally rather more reddish, lacks the costal suffusion of forewing, and has the
border of hindwing extended to SM^ Both species (or races) vary in the breadth
and shape of the black borders.

115. Ereunetea nesiotes sp. nov.

?, 33 mm. Face and underside of palpus ochreous. Crown of head rosy.
Antennal shaft fuscous. Thorax above orange-ochreous, beneath rosy ; patagia and
tegulae mixed with rosy. Legs mostly greyish. Abdomen above orange-ochreous,
on side partly rosy, beneath more greyish.

Foreicing relatively rather long ; orange, the extreme costal edge blackish, a
rosy tinge between C! and SC near base; a large blackish cell-mark, fully 1 mm.
in width and extending the entire length of DC-"^ and on to the base of R-^M' ;
a dark grey, slightly purple-tinged distal border, extending at least 5 mm. at costa,
narrowing to a point at tornus, its proximal edge bent in middle, somewhat ragged

ill anterior half, some dark irroration extending into the orange ground.

Hindwing with a discal dot and an extremely narrow dark distal border, becoming
a mere thread from M' and disappearing about at the fold.

Forewing beneath orange, the cell-mark as above, the border dull rufescent,
the costal margin broadly (to SC) of the same tone. Hindwing beneath almost
wholly dull rufescent, onl}- orange at inner margin ; a black cell-spot.

Pemba Island (E. Morland). Type in coll. Rothschild.

110. Ereunetea horitropha sp. nov.
?, 38 mm. Near the preceding, larger, tlie wings slightly narrower still,
head and palpus orange, the latter with the third juint black, crown of head

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 371

scarcely reddened, shaft of anteuna darker, jiatagia and tegiilae not mixed with
red, legs darkened.

Forewing orange ; cell-mark large, but not extending bej'ond hinder angle of
cell; distal border at costa more extended (60 mm.), in the type almost immediately
narrowed, thongh still wider than in ncsiotes, in a second example touching the
cell-mark. Hindwing with the dark border confined to anterior half and consist-
ing only of minute dots (type) or larger, confluent spots (paratype).

Forewing beneath with the purplish border more or less broadly edged
proximally witli blackish from the cell-mark almost to tornus. Hindwing scarcely
less orange than forewing.

Nyassaland : Mount Mlanje, January 20 (type) and February 15, 1911
(S. A. Neave) in coll. Brit. Mns.

Not impossibly a local race of the preceding.

IIT. Geodena venata sp. nov.

?, 40 mm. Head somewhat damaged, apparently black, palpus black.
Antenna black, pectinations of moderate length. Collar orange. Thorax partly
black. Tegula dirty white. Abdomen white dorsally, at least in anterior part
(partly discoloured), mostly orange ventrally.

AVings dirty white, the veins strong, darkened with grey. Forewing with base
narrowly blackish, costal area blackish, the entire distal area dull black, excepting
an irregularly quadrate white spot, with a diameter of about 2 mm., placed between
(and just crossing) SC^ and R' at a distance of 5-7 mm. from apex ; proximal
boundary of the black area commencing at C about the middle of the wing, obliqae
outward to just behind M' near its origin, here pointed, again (though less sharply)

on M-, then again obliipie outward, reaching termen near tornns. -Hindwing with

base narrowly blackish, a moderately large blackish cell-spot and a not very broad
black border, averaging about 3 mm. in breadth from apex to radial fold, here
angled and becoming narrower, widening again somewhat from M' to beyond
submedian fold, then abruptly vei'y narrow. Fringe black.

Underside the same.

Near (half a mile east of) Oni camp, 70 miles east of Lagos (W. A. Lamboru),
pupa found freely exposed on leaf in forest, February 1, 1912, emerged February 6,
3 p.m. Type in coll. Oxford Mus.

Rather distinct in facies, on account of the darkened veins and the large discal
spot of the hindwing. The shape of the black border of the forewing is perhaps
nearest that of spkingifacies Hmpsn. {Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. (8) v. 454). This group
of the genus is characterised by the shape of the cell of the forewing, which is
much longer posteriorly than anteriorly, DC- curving and becoming extremely
obli(|ue, R-, R', and M' all arising near together from the posterior arm.

118. Terina rogersi sp. nov.

¥ , 3(5 mm. Face black, crossed below the middle by a white band (or two
large, more or less confluent white spots) and with a slight admixture of metallic
blue scales, especially in the lower part. Palpus black, with a white band at end
of first joint. Head and body black with some wiiite spots, dorsal, lateral, and
ventral rows equally conspicuous. Legs black, femora whitish on underside.

Forewing bright golden yellow ; extreme base black, with a white spot, a

372

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

broad black banrl (abont 3-5 mm.) from just proximall}' to midcosta to tornns, its
pro.ximal edge irregularly indented, in the middle very slightly e.^cavated, its
distal edge slightly obliqne outwards at costa and at tornal end, and very slightly
indented on R', R', and M' ; apex rather broadly and termen narrowly black ;

fringe black. Hindwing red-orauge, from fold to inner margin concolorons with

forewing ; a black border from costa near apes, broad at first, narrowed from R^ to
behind M', then forming a rather large (2 mm.) torual blotch, with dentate anterior
edge ; inner margin narrowly black in distal half

Under-snrface the same, but both wing.s orange, only the costal margin of the
forewing slightly yellower.

British East Africa : 15 miles W. of Fort Hall, Kikayu Co., Weithaga, about
0000 ft. elevation, February 24, 1909 (K. St. A. Rogers), type in coll. Oxford
Mns. ; Mount Kenya, N. slopes, 4500—5000 ft., February 13, 1911, 1 S, 8. and
E. slope, 5000— 7000 ft., February 11-12, 1911, 4 ? ? (S. A. Neave), all in coll.
Brit. Mns.

119. Terina fulvibasis sp. nov.

? , 38 mm. Face white, with blackish mark below base of antenna. Palpus
black above, white beneath. Vertex black, with a white spot between antennae.
Antenna black, extreme base beneath white. Thorax above grey (mixed black and
white), beneath dirty white. Legs darkened on upperside. Abdomen dirty white.

Forewing with costa gently arched, apex rather rounded, termen not very long,
rather oblique, curved in anterior part, tornns rather rounded ; white, with costal
edge at base and vein SU blackened, the space between fulvous ; a broad black
border, its proximal edge arising from the black costa at about 4 mm. from base, at
first extremely oblique, not crossing SC till 7 mm. from base, then obliquely curved
to a point behind M" within 4 mm. of termen, finally oblique inwards to three-fifths
hindmargin ; slight proximal projections from this border along M and M- ; fringe

black. Hindwing with costa long, apex and anterior part of termen rounded ;

white, with a black apical patch from costa to across R\ at its widest about 3 mm. ;
fringe blackened along most of this patch.

Forewing beneath nearly as above, the fulvous basal patch suffusedly extended,

SC not blackened. Hindwing beneath also with fulvous basal suft'usion ; the

black apical patch not produced.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, April — June 1910, lesser rains (G. L. Bates).
Type in coll. Rothschild.

Related to doleris PlOtz (Stctt. Ent. Zeit. xli. 82) = aec/rt Swinli. {Tr. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 149), but very distinct. It is quite exceptional in this group to
find any part of the black borders of the uj)perside not reproduced beneath.

120. Terina meliorata sp. nov.

?, 38 mm. Face dark grey, whitish at edges. Palpus light grey with third
joint dark. Vertex and antenna blackish. Collar and patagia mixed with grey.
Thorax and abdomen yellowish white.

Wings shaped as in octogesa Druce.- — Forewing yellowish white, slightly
yellower proximally than distally, costal edge narrowly black ; a bright orange
anterior patch at base, extending about 5 mm. along costa and bounded posteriorly
by SC, but with some slighter orange shading also in base of cell ; apical black
patch about 10 mm. long at costa, its proximal edge forming alternate shallow

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK XXII. 1915. 373

concavities and convexities (the latter at origin of M' and neav end of M'), and
final!)' running very narrowly along hindmargin for a very short distance beyond

tornns ; the contained spot of the gronnd-colonr moderately large. Hindwin.g

uniform yellowish white, with a continuons black distal border from costa near apex
to tornns, 1'5 mm. broad at first, broadening a little at apex and again between M'
and the fold, narrow and sinuoas-edged between, and suddenly exceedingly narrow
behind fold.

Under-surface the same.

Lake Azingo, Gaboon, December 1907 (Dr. Ansorge). Type in coll. Rothschild.

Druce treated the S of this (from the Congo) as the S of his octogesa ; it may
possibly be a striking aberration or geographical form of that species, but both
forms certainly occur in both sexes, and they demand provisional separation.

As ab. insnlata ab. nov. I describe a ? form iu which the black apical patch
of the forewing is obsolete proximally to the spot of the ground-colour, with the
exception of an isolated round discal spot. Two examples from Bitye, Ja River,
Camcroons, in coll. Rothschild.

121. Terina circumcincta sp. nov.

<S ? , 34-40 mm. Akin to doler/s Plotz, of which it may prove a local race.
On an average smaller, and differing markedly as follows :

Thorax and abdomen black dorsal 1}'.

Forewing with the black apical portion less obliquely edged proximally,

consequently crossing M^ much nearer to its origin. Hindwing with the black

apical patch somewhat broader and coutinning as a moderate (circ 2 mm.) border
round entire distal margin and more narrowly along inner margin to about
halfway.

N5'assaland : Mount Mlanje, November 20, 1912 (type cJ), and several otiier
examples, November 15-23, 1912, and February 4, 1913 (S. A. Neave) ; Mlanje,
Boma, 2400 ft., April 26, 1910, a pair (S. A. Neave). All in coll. Brit. Mus.

T. doleris is common from the Gold Coast to the Cameroons and in Uganda,
and is everywhere very constant.

Warren {Nod. Zool. xvi. .116) proposed sinking T'erina — in which he was
evidently correct in merging Amnemo psyche, Ilglemera and Agirpa — to the following
genus. I consider the latter as provisionally distinct on account of its more robust
build, more hairy clothing (rongh face, etc.), and other details.

122. Pitthea cyanomeris sp. nov.

d", 37-43 mm. Face white, with narrow oblique black bars from base of
antennae, almost meeting below. Palpus black, mixed with orange at base.
Vertex and antenna black. Postorbital rim white. Collar orange mixed with red.
Thorax and abdomen above dark grey with slight i)luish admixture; pectus mixed
with orange; abdominal cavity narrowly edged with orange; an orange ventral
band, narrowing posteriorly, anal extremity not orange.

Wings shaped almost as in famula Drury. Forewing black, less deep

proximally, where there is a slight admixture of bluish ; a large white patch on
hindmargin from near base to about three-fifths ; anteriorly somewhat rounded,
reaching SC ; an oblique distal fascia from SC to M' or just beyond. — —Hindwing

374 NoVlTATtS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1916.

with an extended white patch occupying a great part of the wing, leaving a grey
area, very strongly mixed with bright blue, along inner margin, a black distal
border and ajucal region ; this white patcli is broad at costa (about 5 mm.), still
broader at first in cell, somewhat rounded and narrowed off distally, ending about
2 mm. from termen.

Both wings beneath with the same white patches, base mixed with orange, the
black of forewing anteriorly and of both wings apically mixed with brown, the blue
of hindwing reduced to a very feeble, dull suffusion.

Uganda: S.E. Budda, Tero Forest, 38U0 ft., September 29-30, 1911 (S. A.
Neave). Type in coll. Brit. Mus.

Intermediate between trifasciata Dewitz &m\/amula Drury.

123. Pitthea neavei sp. no v.

d ?, 37-43 mm. Face white, the upper part with a black tuft on each side.
Palpus black. Head and antenna black, postorbital rim with a white dot. Thorax
black, mixed with orange beneath. Abdomen black, venter orange.

Forewim/ black, with very slight bluish gloss ; two oblique bands as in
continua Walk, but of a light orange colour, not yellow, the postmedian very pale
and washed-out, but becoming deep orange at each end, slightly variable in length but

never quite reaching the wing-margins. Hindwhiy black, with a single band of a

bright orange-red to vermilion colour, broad at costa (occupying middle one-third or
more), narrowing somewhat posteriorly, its hinder end rounded, from R' to behind
M', never quite reaching the distal margin.

Forewing beneath nearly as above, the antemedian band sometimes widened.
Hindwing beneath with the red band more orange, its distal boundary as above, but
proximally extended to the base and posteriorly (i.e. towards inner margin) to the
fold, except in distal one-fourth, where the black ground-colonr encroaches so as to
reduce the band to the same width as on upperside.

Nyassaland : Mount Mlanje, November 1912, February and May 1913 (S. A.
Neave), G in coll. Brit. Mus.

Hylemeridia gen. no\?.

Head rather small. Face smooth, rounded. Palpus shortish, with moderately
appressed scales ; third joint small. Tongne slender. Antenna short, in both sexes
bipectiuate nearly to apex, with very long branches. Thorax and abdomen slender,
glabrous. Hindtibia not dilated ; all spurs developed. Forewing rather broad,
costa slightly arched, apex rather rounded, termen little curved ; fovea present in cJ;
cell slightly over one-half ; SC'~- coincident, rather remote from 0, usually stalked
with SC'~^, M' rather remote from R'. Hindwing with apex rounded, termen
convex, inner margin ratlier long ; cell about one-half, narrowing at end ; C
approximated to SC rather shortly near base, SO- well separate from R', R^ wanting,
31' rather remote from R'.

Type of the genus : Hylemeridia, euri/melanotcs sp. nov.

Differs from Terina in shape, but especially in venation. As I have not seen
the types of eiirema Plotz {Stctt. Ent. Zeit. xli. 83) and its synonym (fide Warr. MS.)
dexithea Drnce, I make euri/melanotes the type, thougli I consider the accepted
determinations correct and the relationship very close.

XOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 375

124. Hylemeridia majuscula sp. nov.

? , 36 mm. Exceedingly like eurema Plotz, from Gold Coast and Cameroons,
bnt larger.

Forewing witii broader black border ; ia eurema, against a wing expanse of
15 mm., this measures at its broadest (apex to median vein) 4-5 to 5 mm. ; in
niajmcula, against an expanse of 17 mm., it measures 7 to 7-5 mm. Apical fringe
in both these species white. Hindwing also with the apical spot broader.

Oni, Lagos (VV. A. Laraborn), 2 ? ? in coll. Oxford Mns. The type was
captured flying at 4 p.m. on October 14, 1910 (near the end of the wet season), in
forest half a mile from Oni.

Antennal pectinations very long bnt very slender. In one example, SC'~^ arises
from the cell, though near SC^~^ in the other from the base of the stalk ; in the
other species of the genus, so far as I have observed, the stalking is constant.

125. Hylemeridia eurymelanotes sp. nov.

<? ? , 27-32 mm. Near eurema Plotz, legs less darkened, hindwing slightly
more elongate costally.

Forewing with the black border very much broader, at costa occupying almost
three-fifths of the wing, its proximal edge slightly sinnous, running somewhat
obliquely in tlie direction of tornus as far as the fold, then recurved so as to reach
liindmargin at 2 or 3 mm. before tornus ; costal edge narrowly blackened to base.

Hindwing with apical spot triangular, rather larger than in eurema, its proximal

edge reaching costal margin before the end of C (in eurema reaching termen behind
C, with an extremely narrow extension along the margin as far as C).

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., January — March 1907 (G. L. Bates),
type i in coll. Kothschild ; April — May 1913, a c? in coll. L. B. Prout ; others in
coll. Rothschild are merely labelled " Cameroons." Congo Forest, February 6, 1907
(A. F. R. Wollaston), a ? in coll. Brit. Mus.

Smaller than the preceding, the black border considerably broader still, its
boundary more oblique from costa to fold, so that the white ground-colour appears
to project more at the fold.

126. Hylemeridia nigricosta sp. nov.

$ , 28-29 mm. Head and antenna black, palpus mostly pale ochreous. Thorax
pale ochreous. Abdomen still paler, especially on upperside. Fore and middle legs
and hindtarsus partly darkened.

Forewing with termen rather more oblique than in eurema Plotz, to which it is
otherwise nearly akin ; white, with extensive black border ; this commences in a
point at base of costa, widens rapidly so as to bound the cell anteriorly, crosses the
cell a little beyond its middle to M just before the origin of M', runs for a short
distance nearly parallel with the medians, then again cnrves or bends, finally
forming a border of about 3 mm. breadth along posterior part of termen ; fringe

black. Hindwing with the black limited to a patch at apex which reaches, or

just crosses, R'.

Underside the same.

Uganda: Uuyoro, Budongo Forest, 3400 ft., December II, 1911 (type);
W. Aukole, 4500-5000 ft., October 12, 1911 ; both in coll, Brit. Mus., collected by
S. A. Neave.

37(5 MOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

Crambometra geu. nov.

Face with slight projecting cone of scales. Palpus rather long, heavily scaled
above and beneath, third joint concealed. Antenna in S bipectinate almost to apex,
with very long branches. Thorax and abdomen slender, not crested. Pectus hairy.
Femora glabrous ; hindtibia of c? not dilated, all spurs developed. Forewing long
and narrow, costa nearly straight, termen short, curved, oblique ; cell over one-half,
rather narrow ; SC free, SC--^ stalked, SC^ approaching SC but not anastomosing,
SO*-* stalked from before end of cell, radials normal, M' almost connate with R'.
Hindwing ample, apex moderately rounded, termen very feebly concave between the
radials ; cell oue-half, DC inbent ; C approximated to cell to beyond one-half, SC-
separate from R', R- vestigial, from middle of DC, M' approximated to R^ SM^
long, running to distal margin.

Type of the genus : Crambometra derelicta sp. nov.

AfiSnities very obscure, apparently rather a primitive form, perhaps verging on
the Oenochromi iiae ; as there seem to be traces of SM' in the hindwing and the fore-
wing venation is almost unique in the Geometridae (if we except Perusiopsis AVarr.
and the problematical Debos Swinh.) it may possibly even demand ftimily separation.
The narrow forewing and very ample, much folded hindwing jwint to a probable
position of rest at least as much folded as in Alsophila, while the colouring indi-
cates some similarity of habit to Leucania, the Crambiis group, etc.

127. Crambometra derelicta sp. nov.

c?, 34 mm. Head, body and legs very pale wainscot brown ; a fuscous line
from upper extremity of face across vertex, collar and front of thorax ; some dark
shading and spotting on foreleg.

Forewinq very pale glossy wainscot brown, with sparse but coarse fuscous
atoms ; a dark discal dot ; a very slight suggestion of darkening along the fold from
base to about one-third and along the radial fold just proximally and distally to the
discal dot (chiefly an optical illusion due to the depth of the folds themselves) ;

fringe long, pale, its proximal half with large blackish dots at the vein-ends.

Hindwing glossy white, absolutely unmarked ; fringe with weak dark dots.

Forewing beneath with slight smoky suffusion (strongest at base of costa),
fading out at about three-fourths, distal region whitish, fringe nearly as above.

Hindwing beneath white, some slight suffusion and irroration in anterior

part.

S. Africa : Tongaat, 1900 (H. C. Burnup). Type in coll. L. B. Prout, sent by
the Natal Museum, which I understand possesses tojwtypes.

128. Hebdomophruda diploschema sp. nov.

?, 31-32 mm. Head and palpus grey, mixed with brown ; face more brown.
Antenna with slender pectinations about twice as long as diameter of shaft. Thorax
grey, above mixed with brown. Abdomen grey, mixed with brown and blackish, a
rather conspicuous dark dorsal belt on 2nd— 3rd segment, an ill-defined dark stripe
on side of venter.

AVinga very narrow, more so than in apicata AVarr. {Nob. Zool. iv. 101) ; other-
wise similarly shaped and scaled. Foreiving with SC^ connected by very short

bar with SC"', ISC' present (as doubtless in the ? of the other species) ; anterior
part light brown, darkening distally, along costa more or less strongly dark-spotted

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. . 377

(especially proximally) ; posterior part grey, merging gradually into the brown,
tornus and adjaoent part of liindmargin slightly hoary, SM- brown ; a small black
discil dot, slightly pale-snrromided ; a tine black (towards costa brown) line from
scarcely beyond one-third costa, extremely oblirpie outward almost to cell-dot, then
equally oblique inward to behind M, longitudinal outward (almost parallel with
fold) for 2"5 mm., then subcrennlate back to costa, parallel with termea ; another
fine black line from hindmargin near base, very obliqne outward, curving after
crossing SM-, then almost parallel with fold, very acutely angled at 3 mm. from
termen, running back obliquely inward to before middle of hindmargin ; a narrow
grey distal-marginal shade ; a fine, slightly interrupted black terminal line ; fringe
rather lung, with a slight dark line in centre, followed distally by a tine pale line.

H'uulwiiKj with C approximated to SC to near middle of cell, SC- stalked ; pale

brown, with slight- grey sutTusion, the inner-marginal region predominantly grey,
somewhat mixed with hoary ; discal dot obsolescent ; a very fine, somewhat waved
blackish postmedian line from abont two-thirds inner margin, nearly parallel with
termen to across M-, then curved, thence nearly 3 mm. from termen, becoming
weaker.

Forewing beneath with the lines and terminal grey shade obsolete. Hindwing
beneath more uniformly brownish than above ; discal dot rather better expressed ;
postmedian line present, though not strong.

Foot of Nieuwveld Mountains, 5 miles N.W, of Beaufort West (Mrs. Batt).
2 ? ? in coll. Rothschild.

129. Axiodes tripartita sp. no v.

cJ, 3U-3.5 mm. Head, body and legs grey, somewhat mixed with brown.

Forewimj with termen pretty regularly and not deeply crenulate ; grey with
scattered blackish irroration, the median area strongly clouded with brown (least so
in the cell), proximal area with some black shading at costa ; terminal area with
some vague brown shading in its distal half, except at apex and between R- and M' ;
lines strong ; antemedian from costa at about one-fourth, oblique outwards to M, then
nearly vertical, a small outward tooth at SM-, finally somewhat oblique inwards ;
postmedian from costa at somewhat beyond three-fourths, nearly straight to behind
R', then right-angled, running basewards parallel with costa to M', then more
curved to M^, a small outward lobe between this and SM-, reaching hindmargin
rather near antemedian line ; discal dot strong ; fringe spotted with brown at the

vein-ends, tips whitish. Hindwing more uniformly shaded with brown ; discal

dot less strong; a not very strong sinuous postmedian line, vaguely pale-shaded
distally ; fringe also brownish, with browner spots at vein-ends, tips white.

Forewing beneath almost uniform brown-grey, costal edge more ochrcous,
spotted with fuscous. Hindwing beneath grey, with strong, coarser brown irroration.
Fringes nearly as above.

Annshaw, Cape Colony (Miss F. Barrett). Type in coll. Rothschild ; topotype
in coll. Brit. Mus.

130. Axiodes inaequalis sp. nov.

(?, 30 mm. Face and palpus grey, mixed with red-brown. Head and thorax
grey, somewhat mixed with brown, a brown line across patagia. Abdomen grey,
mixed with brown.

378 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

Forewing shaped as iu the preceding species ; grey, with dark dots aud longi-
tudinal striatiou, the ground-colour, except in the narrow distal and hiudmarginal
area, almost entirely obscured by rust-brown cloudings, only remaining clearer in
cell, in a streak behind SC"' and more slightly about the origin of the medians ; a
fine dark line from costa within 1 mm. of apex, waved and slightly more oblique
than termen to behind M- (here 1 '5 mm. from termeu), then very strongly bent,
running parallel with hindraargin to middle of wing, where it crosses SM- and runs
oblicpely to hindmargin at about one-third ; veins in distal area somewhat brown,

especially SM^ ; a tine brown terminal lino ; a pale line at base of fringe.

Hindwing grey, slightly tinged with brown ; an ill-defined, anteriorly obsolete

postmedian line rather near termen. Both wings beneath grey, irrorated with

brown, especially in anterior half.

Deelfontein, Cape Colony, August 21, 1902 (Colonel Sloggett). Type in coll.
Brit. Mus.

131. Drepanogynis incogitata sp. nov.

c?$, 26-28 mm. Face ochreous grey, dotted with reddish fulvous. Palpus
more reddish. Head and body concolorous with wings, a more reddish-fulvous
baud across front of thorax. Wings shaped nearly as in admimnda Warr. {2\oi\
Zool. xii. 4UB) but with the costal margin of forewing normal, lacking the slight
sinuosity of that species.

Forewing pale ochreous grey, in the i slightly clouded with yellowish, in
the ? strongly irrorated (or strigulated) with fulvous ; lines in c? brown with
an olivaceous tinge, iu ? reddish fulvous ; first from costa at 4 or 5 mm. to
hindmargin at 2 mm., acutely bent at 80 ; postmedian from costa close to apex,
oblique to beyond middle of hindmargin, very slightly curved iu posterior
part; accompanied distally by a slight pale violaceous tinge; distally to this
line a blackish-fuscous mark from apex to 11' and some similar, rather variable
interneural sjiots between R' aud M', and again faintly at hindmargin ; discal
dot obsolete ; terminal line fine, coloured as the others. Hindwing con-
colorous ; postmedian and terminal lines reproduced, the postmedian slightly
curved anteriorly, reaching costa a little before apex ; discal dot sometimes {S)
indicated.

Underside coarsely strigulated with fuscous, Hues iu both sexes fuscous,
.sometimes thickened, both wings with slight fuscous discal mark ; cJ somewhat
more yellowish than above.

Cubal River, Angola, February aud April 18'Jt) (Peurice), type 3 and paratype
? , both in coll. Rothschild.

Near admiranda Warr. but smaller, the lino of hindwing much nearer termen, etc.

Euexia gen. nov.

Face rounded, rather prominent, densely scaled. Eye hairy. Palpus rather
short, second joint with moderately appressed scales, third joint very small.
Tongue obsolete. Antenna of cj bipectinate to apex. Pectus and femora densely
hairy. Hindtibia of <? not dilated ; all spurs present. Abdomeu robust with a pair
of anal tufts, though less long than those of Thenojja.

Forewing with apex very minutely produced, termen curved at radials, strongly
oblique posteriorly ; cell one-half, DC strongly incurved ; SC'~- coincident, well free

NoviTATES ZooLor.iCAE XXII. Wir,. 379

tVoiu C, connected by a short bar with SC he) ond SC*, SC'-^ very long-stalked,
SC'* wanting, R' long-stalked with SC^-', R^ from close to apex of cell, M' well
or widely separate from R^ Hindwing with angles moderate, termen rounded,
scarcely waved ; DC curved or strongly inbent, 0 approximated to cell to Iteyond
one-lialf, SC- just separate, R' wanting, M' separate.

Type of the genus : Euexia percnopus sp. nov.

Belongs to the Plegapteryx group ; the only other genus thereof witli V. of the
forewing free is Yu'ena Walk. (= Lysopten/x Bryk.), which is certainly related to
Euexia, bnt ditl'crs so essentially in shape, besides its flatter face and more oblique
DC ; of forewing, that a new genus is called for.

132. Euexia percnopus sp. nov.

cJ, 36-40 mm. Face red (in dark examples mixed wirh black). Paipns deej)
fulvous mixed with red (terminal joint sometimes with black). Vertex and
autennal shaft white, strongly mi.xed with purplish and sometimes with reddish,
iimer edge of antennal shaft remaining white proximally. Thorax, abdomen,
femora and tibiae concolorons with wings ; tarsi dark pnrple-fuseons.

Forewinff variable in colour, in the type bright deep fulvous, strongly mixed in
proximal and distal areas with purplish, in an aberration dull olive-green in the
median area, of a more nondescript shade (due to the admixture of the olive with
purplish) in the proximal and distal ; cell-dot small, black ; lines fine, separating
the colour areas ; antemedian at nearly one-third, with angles outward near both
margins and an outward curve in middle ; postmedian from four-fifths costa, very
oblique outwards, strongly recurved at SC*, then nearly straight to two-thirds
hindmargin ; a whitish costal mark distally to postmedian ; a pale spot at apex ;

fringe concolorons with median area. Ilindtving with the median area greatly

narrowed, sometimes further constricted on fold, typically light green, sometimes
.scarcely differentiated in colour ; sometimes faint traces of a narrow dark shade
distally to the postmedian.

Underside bright fulvous, with sparse but coarse purplish irroration, distal
area of forewing strongly, of hindwing more mixed with purplish ; lines dull dark
purplish, the antemedian placed much nearer the base than above, obsolete at costa ;
forewing with the apical spot white.

Congella, Durban, January 1905, December 30, 1904, December 22, 1908
(G. F. Leigh), type and two darker in coll. Rothschild. AVhite River, Transvaal,
December 9, 1909 (A. T. Cooke), a S in coll. Brit. Mus., intermediate in colour.
Mambora, German East Africa (Dr. Baxter), a <? in coll. Rothschild quite agreeing
with type.

133. Sphingomima viriosa sp. nov.

(?, 44 mm. Face strongly protuberant, sloping. Paipns about one-and-a-half
times diameter of eye, not relatively very stout. Antennal pectinations long. Face,
jjalpus, thorax and abdomen concolorons with wings. Vertex and antennal shaft
pinkish white, marked with darker reddish. Legs marked witii jjurple-fuscous,
the tarsi almost wholly of this colour.

Forewing with the excision in termen less deep than in S. cinereomarginata
HoU. {Ent. News iv. 175) ; R' only very shortly stalked witii SC^-^ ; warm, bright
brown with a tinge of olivaceous, posterior half of distal area more mixed with

380 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915.

violaceous scales ; jiroximal area, and meflian area as far as a vagae, straight,
median shade wliich crosses the discal dot, sligiitly darker than distal area ; discal
dot round, blacic, not minnte ; two fine dark lines ; antemedian ver)' sinnons, from
nne-tliird costa to beyond two-fifths hiudmargin, the deepest sinns being inwards
Iietween fold and M' ; postmedian obli(ine, from nearly two-thirds hindmargin,
nearly straight till after crossing R', then gently recurved to costal margin ; fringe

paler proximally than distally. Ilindwiny with termen more convex than in

the other species, waved, slightly bent at R^ ; C anastomosing shortly with SO ;
postmedian line of forewing continued across centre, becoming rather indistinct and
difl'nse, and passing distally to tlie hyaline, black-edged cell-mark, which is rather
small and narrow, but with slight distal tooth at radial fold and proximal one
behind it in cell.

Underside yellower, especially the hindwing, both wings with olive-brown
strignlations and clondings ; costal and hind-margins of iorewing in part paler ;
discal marks and postmedian line present : forewing in addition with an elongate
whitish subterminal patch from before R' to near R^ hindwing with a dark snli-
apical patch at termen from near (' to R'.

Njoro, British East Africa (A. J. Oholmley). Type in coll. Brit. Mus.

134. Psilocladia loxostignia sp. nov.

c?, 29 mm. Face fascous, becoming grey above. Palpus fnscons, rather
paler beneath. Vertex and antenna grey. Thorax grey, with a brown band across
front. Foreleg grey, on upper and outer sides brown. Abdomen grey, dorsally
mixed with brown.

Forewing grey, irrorated with brown and with a few dark fuscous scales,
costal area to middle and entire distal area predominantly brown ; a fine antemedian
line from beyond one-fourth costa, vertical to hindmargin, slightly sinuate inward
behind M ; a very oblique fuscous cell-mark ; median shade obsolete except at
hindmargin, where it forms a vague brown spot near the antemedian ; postmedian
forming a straight line of small brown, fuscous-centred vein-spots from two-thirds
costa to beyond two-thirds hindmargin; a white snbapical dot between SC^ and R' ;
fringe brown, with dark spots. Hindwing similarly coloured; without ante-
median line ; median shade complete, but thin and not sharp ; a small black discal
dot ; postmedian, terminal area and fringe nearly as on forewing, without
subapical dot.

Underside similar, forewing without first line, its discal mark thick and black,
median shade rather better developed.

Nola, French Congo. Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

Considerably broader winged than the type species, termen of both wings
sinuate in anterior half ; the antennae are damaged, but appear to have been dentate
or subpectinate, with fascicles of cilia — in this respect a transition between
Psilocladia and Xenimpia.

135. Xenimpia angusta sp. nov.

? , 31-32 mm. Related to con/ormis Warr. {Nor. Zool. v. 39), antenna with
similar short pectinations, both wings slightly narrower, forewing with termen
smoother, hindmargin not appreciably concave. Hea<l and body concoloroas
with wings.

MOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIt. 1915. 381

Forewiny wliitisli ochreous, almost, entirely covered with purple-fnscons
ill-orations and clondings, the gronnd-colour onl}' noticeable in places, as in basal
area, distally to the postmedian line and especially in a spot or patch between
median and postmedian behind middle of wing ; lines rather well expressed ;
antemedian from one-third costa, oblique outward, acutely angled behind SO, then
almost parallel with termen ; postmedian from two-thirds costa or rather less,
acutely angled behind 11", then slightly more oblique inwards than antemedian ;
median shade thicker, tonchiug jjostraediau on hindmargin, less oblique, vanishing
about at R', just distally to DC; a subtermiiial line or shade about parallel with
postmedian but more or less incomplete, chiefly expressed as a thick, oblique costal
spot, three spots (sometimes confluent) between SC^ and R^ and a cloudy shade
between M- and hindmargin ; discal dot scarcely noticeable ; termen with an

interrupted dark line. Hindw'tny similar, the antemedian and subterminal lines

nearly obsolete, a narrow blackish distal border.

Uuder-surface with the markings reproduced, rather thick and indefinite, a
more ochreous band between postmedian and subterminal, especially in anterior
jiart of both wings (less extended on hiudwing) ; both wings sometimes with dark
shading proximally to the subterminal, at least in posterior part ; hiudwing without
the dark border.

British East Africa : N. Kavirondo, Maramas dist., Ilala, 45U0 ft., June 20,
1911 (S. A. Neave). Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Two rather worn specimens in coll.
Rothschild, one from Masindi, June 1S07, the other from Labonga, Uuyoro, July 0,
1897, both collected by Dr. Ausorge, not differentiated by Mr. Warren from
A^ conformis.

136. Xenimpia chalepa sp. nov.

?, 30 mm. Palpus rather long. Antenna minutely snbserrate, with single
bristles at the end of the serrations. Head, body, and legs light ochreous brown,
irrorated with dark purple-fuscous.

Forewiny with termen somewhat dentate, rather shallowly emarginate between
SC' and R-, strongly oblique from R' to toruus, torual lobe rather more triangular
(less rounded) than in erona Warr. ? ; basal and costal areas and a baud between
postmedian and subterminal lines light ochreous brown irrorated with ])nrple-
fn icons, the band becoming posteriorly more rufous aud more fuscous-clouded ;
the rest of the wing clouded with dull purple-fuscous so as to leave only slight
remnants (chiefly along the veins distally and along the lines posteriorly) of the
ochraceous ground-colour ; lines purple-fuscous ; antemedian from nearly one-third
costa, rather sharply angulated subcostally, then straight and very oblique to
one-fourth hindmargin ; postmedian from about middle of costa, oblique outward,
very acutely angled at R', then oblique inward fairly straight to middle of hind-
margin ; subterminal indicated by slight whitish dots, with blackish-fuscous

edging or clouding proximally. Hind winy with apes cut away as in erase,

termen dentate, but scarcely excised between SC- and R^ no special projection at
the latter ; similarly coloured to forewiug, the fuscous cloudings more restricted,
appearing chiefly at the two lines (which are less angulated than on forewing) and
narrowly along termen; a blackish terminal line; a thick pale line on base of
fringe.

Underside with the markings somewhat similar, but more variegated ; forewing
with an additional (but ill-defined, non-angnlate) median line, followed by an

382

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAF. XXII. lOlS,

ill-ilofinoil ]mlo streak, lintli wings with the hand between postmedian anil snh-
tei-minal bright ochreons, strongly mixed with bright ferruginous, and with a pale
violet-grey baud distally to the subterrainal, that of the hiudwing reaching the
termen ; hindwing without black terminal line or light line at base of fringe.
Bitye, .Ta River, Cameroons. Type in eoll. L. B. Front.

137. Xenimpia repudiosa sp. nov.
c?, 'JO mm. Face red-brown. Pali)ns pale ochreons, deep red-brown above
antl on outer side, third joint spotted with red-brown. Vertex and antennal shaft
pale ochreons, the latter dark-spotted. Thorax and abdomen pale ochreons, strongly
irrorated with red-brown.

Forewinq with termen only feebly sinnate in anterior half; S(J'~- long-stalked ;
pale ochreons, irrorated with red-brown, especially proximally, apieally, tornally,
and along costa ; markings deep pnrple-fnscons, almost black, consisting of some
irroration at base, a thick straight line a little proximally to middle of wing, arising
from a costal spot ; a slightly sinnons postmedian row of large vein-dots, arising
also from a costal spot, and a large, amorphons tornal blotch ; a vagne band of
less deep pnrple-fnscons proximally to the antemedian line ; a ronnd pale spot
near termen, placed between Sf)-' and R' ; a terminal line of thick blackish
internenral dashes ; fringe bisected by a weak red-brown line and with strong

blackish spots opposite the veins. Eimhving with apex truncate but not or

scarcely emarginate, termen scarcely sinnate in anterior half, slightly prominent
at R'-M" ; antemedian line and band, tornal blotch and snbmarginal pale spot
wanting ; on the other hand with blackish-fuscous subapical spot.

Underside similarly marked, the antemedian line diffuse and not sharp, the
fuscous shade proximally to it strong except at costa and continued as a line on
hindwing.

? 30 mm. Antenna snbserrate.

Forewing more clouded with light purple-fnscous, especially distally to post-
median line, leaving a large ronnd pale spot between R= and M-. lUmhnng

with termen rather more scalloped ; more nniformly snffused with light pnrple-
fuscous, especially in distal half.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, type S and others in coll. L. B. Front ; both
sexes in coll. Rothschild. A worn S, three days from Fort Beni, Congo Free
State, May 7, 18'J9 (Dr. Ansorge), in coll. Rothschild.

Not a typical Xenimpia, the palpus and foreleg showing less long projecting
scaling and a fovea being present. A cJ in coll. W. F. H. Rosenberg is a sport
in venation, SC^ being obsolete on left forewing and its distal end obsolete
on right.

138. Hypochrosis euphyes sp. nov.
?, 60 mm. Face and palpus reddish orange. Vertex and antennal shaft
pale; pectinations longisb. Occipnt red-orange. Thorax above olive-green,
beneath ochreons. Legs ochreons, mixed (especially foreleg) with red-orange.
Abdomen ochreons, tinged with olive dorsally.

Foreifiiig ample, with apex somewhat falcate ; SC= arising from stalk of
St;'-', anastomosing with SC, which (as nsual) arises from C; glossy olive-green,
mixed (except at base and on the lines) with shining bine-grey scales ; lines
thick, indicated l)y absence of blue-grey admixture ; antemedian at nearly two-

JCOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915, 383

fifths, straight; postmeiliau at aliout f! mm. from tenueii, forming a very slight
inward curve ; vague inJications of a subtermiual (esi)ecially as a strong inward

curve between R- and tornus) and of olive distal border. Him/wing shaped

nearly as in //. banakaria Plotz (Steit. E/it. Zeit. xli. 3(J2 ; = toHuosa Warr., Nov.
Zool. iv. 258), rather more produced tornally ; coucolorous with forewing, but
even more vaguely marked (except the antemedian, which reaches inner margin
beyond middle), costal margin pale.

Both wings beneath reddish orange, the forewing somewhat shaded in and
behind the cell, and in a streak from cell to apex with blue-grey.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., lesser rains, April— May 1007 (G. L.
Bates). Type in coll. Rothschild.

Probably related to the banakaria group, but much larger and aberrant in the
stalking of SC^ of forewing.

Dysnymphus gen. nov.

Face with appressed scales. Palpus very short. Tongue short. Antenna in
both sexes bij)ectinate, with long branches, last few segments nearly simple (as in
Osicerda). Pectus slightly hairy. Femora glabrous. Hindtibia with all spnrs. Abdo-
men rather robust ; in S more or less tufted beneath. Forewing with costa arched ;
termen with a deep, rounded excision between SC^ and R^, very strongly oblique
posteriorly ; cell long (about three-fifths), D(;' extremely long, oblique ; SC
arising from C, SC^ from stalk of hiC'~\ anastomising slightly with SC, SC^~''
very long-stalked, R- from middle of DC, M' well separate. Hindwing with
termen oblique to SC'-*, straight from SO^ to R', somewhat bent behind R' ; in 6
folded at inner margin, forming a kind of hair-fringed pocket beneath ; cell over
one-half, DC very long, D(J-~^ iubent, becoming strongly oblique ; C approximated
to SC rather shortly near base, R" wanting, M' widely separate from R\

Type of the genus : Di/SHymphus monostigma sp. nov.

No doubt a very specialised development of Osicerda "Walk. (= Prionia Gueu.,
nee Hb.). Here evidently belongs JJrepana (?) bioculata lloil. (^Ent. News,
iv. 177).

139. Dysnymphus monostigma sp. nov.

<?, 27 mm. Head and thorax olivaceous ; abdomen whitish with an olivaceous
tinge, dorsally mixed with pink.

Forewing unicolorous dirty olivaceous, with a black sjiot on fijld opposite the
origin of M- ; fringe rather paler. Hindwiiu/ white.

Forewing beneath dirty whitish, becoming olivaceous costally and distally.
Hindwing beneath whitish.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons, 2000 ft., September — November lull. Type in
coll. Rothschild.

140. Eurythecodes prolixa sp. nov.

? , 34 mm. Palpus about as long as diameter of eye. Tongue slight.
Antennal pectinations rather long. Head, body, and legs concolorous with wings,

Forewing very broad, termen shaped about as in Epigijnoptenjx jiuredinaria
Gu(5u. ; pale grey, the median area weakly irrorated with olivaceous brown, the
basal and distal areas olivaceous, shaded with pinkish brown ; lines dark olivaceous

3S4 NOVITATES ZooLOlilCAE XXII. 1915.

lii'iiwii ; aiitciiiediaii ratlier tliick Imt not distinct, arisins; at one-third costa, bont
outward at JI, then vertical to liiudmarj^^in at fnlly two-tif'ths ; tlie pale median area
consc(|ueutly narrow in its posterior half; discal dot ver}' small ; postmedian line
from costa 3 mm. before apex, acutely angled behind SC!'^, then oblique inwards,
more strongly incurved from R^ to SM-; a bright rust-brown shade distally to this
line in its posterior part, reaching nearly to tornus at hindmargin, but narrowing
almost to a point about R- (here ill-defined), and with a very shallow distal

excavation between the medians ; fringe coiicolorons. Hindiciiig with termen

very feebly crennlate, the tooth at R' scarcely appreciably stronger than the
others ; proximal area concolorous with median area of forewing or very slightly
more irrorated (whiter costally) ; a minute discal dot ; postmedian line about as
in Epi(jijnopterij.c Jiamdlimria; distaLarea strongly irrorated with pinkish brown,
the rnst-brown shade slight and narrow.

Under-surface similarly bnt rather more weakly marked, the pale areas more
irrorated, the discal dots more sharply black.

Bladagascar ; Antananarivo (coll. C'huUiat), type in coll. L. B. I'rout, received
through Le Moult; Ambinauindrano, 5iJ km. W. of Mahanoro, October 1011
(G. K. Kestell-Cornish), a slightly worn, less variegated example in coll. Rothschild
(dark shade distally to postmedian almost obsolete).

Acrostatheusis gen. nov.

Face with appressed scales. Palpus rather short, shortly rough-scaled, third
joint small bnt distinct. Antenna in t? bipectinate with rather long branches.
Pectus strongly hairy. Femora hairy. Hindtibia in S scarcely dilated, all spurs
developed. Forewing broad, costa arched, apex snbfalcate (especially in ? ), termen
smooth, nearly straight, tornus squared ; SC out of G, well free from 80", SO- from
cell, sometimes connected with SC^^*, M' separate from Rl Hindwing ample,
apex fairly prominent, termen bent or angled at R^, almost straight before and
behind, tornus pronounced ; cell less than oac-half, D(^ curved, becoming strongly
oblique ; V. normal, SG- separate from R', R- wanting, 31' separate from W'.

Type of the genus : Acrostathemis apicitincta sp. nov.

Here belongs also " Aeschropter;/x " atomaria Warr. {Nov. Zool. viii. 216).

141. Acrostatheusis apicitincta sp. nov.

c?, 54-56 mm. Face red-brown. Palpus red-brown, paler beneath. Antenna
red-brown, the shaft whitish oclireous j'roximally. Vertex whitish ochrcous.
Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Forewinq very pale ochreons, without dark irroration, only in the distal area with
indistinct ochreous or brownish strigulae ; first line faint (sometimes obsolete), bent
outward in cell and sharply angled outward at fold ; discal dot minnte ; postmedian
line brown, from hindmargin at nearly three-fiftlis, oblique and slightly curved
(or nearly straight) to SC° near termen, here acutely bent, running inwards to a
red-brown costal spot 5-fi mm. from apex ; a rather less sharply defined brown line
distally to the i)Ostmedian, at 1 mm. distance, disappearing at SG% the space
between postmedian line and apex being here almost entirely suffused with
red-brown, with a slight admixture of blackish scales ; fringe browned in anterior

half. Hindwing with the double postmedian line continued, except at costal

margin, its proximal element crossing the base of SC" and R' and cutting the

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 385

projecting hineler corner of the icell, reaching inner margin about the middle;
distal strignlatiou even weaker than on forewings.

Underside with the same markings, bnt fainter.

Old Calabar (S. D. Crompton), type ; Gold Coast : between coast and Kumasi
(C. H. McDowall), Bibianaha, 70 miles N.W. of Dimkwa, 700 ft., November 17,
1910 (H. G. F. Sparrell) ; all in coll. Brit. Mns.

ADDENDA
The following should have been placed umler the Oenochrormnae :

142. Conolophia melanothrix sp. nov.

c??, 56-62 mm. Face black. Palpus with first joint whitish ochreons, the
rest black. Vertex and front of thorax above brown, rest of body paler.

Forewincf with apex minutely produced, termen more oblique than in the
allies ; whitish ochreous or whitish brown, irrorated with blackish grey ; costal
margin somewhat darkened ; antemedian line almost entirely obsolete, a distinct
dark dot sometimes remaining on SM- : cell-dot small, sometimes obsolete ; post-
median line blackish, shaded at edges with ferruginous, from costa close to apex,
oblique to hindmargin little beyond middle, at costa somewhat thickened, accom-
panied by slight, dark apical shading ; a row of terminal dark dots ; distal part

of fringe darkened from apex aliout to M-. Ilindwing with termen bent at W ;

the S sexual tuft on inner margin well developed, black ; coloration as on forewing,
only the costal area whiter ; postmedian line continued as antemedian, but obsolete
anteriorly to SC'' ; a row of ill-defined blackish-grey spots sometimes developed in
distal area, parallel with termen ; terminal dots as on forewing ; fringe all light.

Underside similar, the line without ferruginous shade, costal area of hindwing
not pale, the costal margin itself, on the contrary, rather heavily dark-spotted.

Uganda: S.E. Budda, Tero Forest, 3800 ft., September 29-30, 1911 (S. A.
Neave), type and two others in coll. Brit. Mus. Congo Free State : 2-18 days
from Fort Beni, May 6-22, 1899 (Dr. Ansorge), 2 <?(?, 4 ? ? in coll. Rothschild.
British East Africa : S. Kakumega Forest, Yala River, 4800-5300 ft., May 25-26,
1911 (S. A. Neave), 2 ? ? in coll. Brit. Mus.

Very distinct in its large size, elongate forewing, bent hindwing, black sexual
cone, incomplete line of hindwing. etc. As in all the genus, a frequent aberration
occurs (six out of the eleven known examples), with a large black outer spot
between M- and SM^ of the forewing.

To No. 1 12 :

Belongs to Section H. of Callioratis (Hampson, Ann. S. Afr. Mits. iii. 417),
bnt SC^ of the forewing has migrated, being stalked with SC^ instead of with SO*.

386

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE SECTIONS OF THE
"BHITISH BIRD BOOK."

4 vols., 1910—191:5. 2u0 Coloured Plates.

Editor: F. B. Kirkman, B.A. Contributors: J. L. Bonhote, M.A., T. A.
Coward, F. C. R. Jourdain, M.A., W. Farreu, E. J. 0. Hartert, Ph.D.,
W. P. Pycraft, E. B. Lodge, E. Selous, E. L. Tniuer (Miss), A. L. Thomson,
and the Editor. Artists : H. Gronvold, G. E. Lodge, A. W. Seab.v, Winifred
Austen, and others. Publishers : Messrs. T. C. and E. C. Jack, Edinburgh and
London.

By F. B. kirkman, B.A.

THE following is a list of the dates of issue, with particnlars of contents of
the various sections, of the British Bird Booh :

otion.

Date.

Pages.

Plates (coloured).

1

May 1910

XX, 1-156

1-18

2

October 1910

157-296

18A-32

3

January 1911

297-449

33-46

4

April 1911

1-170

47-61

5

June 1911

171-378

62-79

G

November 1911

379-540

80-93

7

February 1912

1-194

94-108

8

April 1912

195-412

109-122

9

July 1912

413-609

123-135

10

December 1912

1-188

136-155

11

June 1913

189-404

156-174

12

November 1913

405-692

175-178

Egg plates

(20) A to W at end of

vol.

iv..

except Plate E (Cuckoo),

vol.

ii. p

1. 494.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 191o.

PL. XX.

Fig. 1. — PoUana leiicomelas.
., 2. — Coelonia brei'is.
„ 3. — IIij)jfotlon commatnm.

FiGr. 4. — IIij/potw7i aurora glorwsana.
„ 5. — Macroylossum lejnduvi.
„ G. — Therctra orpficus scotinus.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H Jouvnal of ZooloQ^.

EDITED BY

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Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

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Vol. XXII.

N0VITATE8 ZOOLOGICAK

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERKST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. III.

1. ON THE LEPIDOPTEKA IN THE TRING
MUSEUM SENT BY MK. A. S. MEEK
FROM THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS,
DAM PIER, AND VULCAN ISLANDS
(Continuation) Lord Rothschild

2. THE GIANT LAND TORTOISES OF THE
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS IN THE TRING
MUSEUM (Plates XXL— XXXII.) .

Lord Roihfchild

57—403

403—417

3. ON THE GIGANTIC LAND TORTOISES OP
THE SEYCHELLES AND ALDABRA-
MADAGASCAR GROUP WITH SOME
NOTES ON CERTAIN FORMS OF THE
MASCARENE GROUP (Plates XXXIII.—
LXXVI.) . Lm-d Rotltschild

ERRATA IN PLATES

418—442
442

..''■"*

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. XXII. DECEMBER 1915. Wo. 3.

ON THE LEPIDOPTERA IN THE TRING MUSEUM SENT
BY MR. A. S. MEEK FROM THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS,
DAMPIER, AND VULCAN ISLANDS.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

(Continiied from p. 208.)

LEMONIIDAE

Ijibythaeinae
104. Libythea geofiroyi geofiroyi God.

Libythea geeffrnyi Godart, Enc. MHh, ix. Suppl. p. 813 (182.3) (Java).

I have been unable from the material in the Tring Masenm to decide which
forms are local races aud which are iadividnal aberrations, so I treat here the
specimens from Vulcan Island under the head of the typical form.

4 c?c?, 1 ¥ brown form, 4 ? ¥ bine form, Vulcan Island.

LYCAEiriDAE

105. Malais meeki sp. nov.

(J. Abode. Entirely sooty brown-black.

Below. Forewing deep umber brown, irrorated with mouse-grey, inner margin
broadly mouse-grey, terminal area broadly chocolate-brown. Hindwing similar,
but with three discal transverse bands of somewhat indistinct brown-black spots.

¥ . Abote. Paler sooty brown-black ; basal two-thirds of forewing between
subcostal nervnre and vein 1 white dusted with brown-black at base.

Below. Similar to S but much paler.

Length of forewing : S 14 mm., ¥ 12 mm.

Expanse : 6 31 mm., ¥ 26-5 mm.

1 c?, 4 ¥ ¥, Dampier Island.

loo. Lycaena boetica (Linu.)

Papilio boeticus Linnaius, Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. I. '2. p. 789. No. 226 (1767) (Barbaria).

This widespread species varies much in size. 1 ¥ from Vulcan is almost
entirely silvery blue above.

3 c? c?, 6 ¥ ¥ , Vulcan Island ; 3 ¥ ¥ , Dampier Island,
26

388 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

107. Everes pulchra sp. uov.

cJ. Above. Autennae black ringed with white, chib black tipped with white ;
head, thorax and abdomen black-browa washed with blue and with long whitish
hairs. Forewing purple blue, broad terminal border soot)' black. Hindwing
purple blue, costal and terminal borders broadl}' sooty black, the latter with
obsolete greyish white rings and a white line ; a black terminal patch with a broad
reddish orange patch above it between veins 2 and 3 and veins 3 and 4.

Below. Silver grey ; on forewing a discocellular stigma, a transverse post-
discal band of streaks between veins 1 and 6, and a double subterminal band of
coalescent spots darker grey ; on hindwing similar to above, but in addition two
post-basal spots, a black postmedian spot above vein 7 and a similar dot in middle
of abdominal area, and a very large snbmarginal patch of fiery orange enclosing
two black and metallic green ocelli.

?. Above. vSimilar in marking, but forewing sooty black-brown, basal three-
quarters below median fold lavender-grey. Hindwing as in cJ, but bine replaced by
lavender-grey.

Below as in c?.

Length of forewing : c? ? , 10 mm.

Expanse : 225 mm.

3 c?c?, 5 ? ?, Vnlcau Island; 2SS,l ?, Uampier Island (Type c? Dampier).

108. Lycaenopsis insulicola sp. nov.

cj. Above. Sooty brown-black. Autennae black ringed with white ; forewing
with an obliqne median white patch betsveen veins 1 and 4 ; hindwing has a median
white patch between costa and just beyond vein 6.

Below. Forewing white, a number of black-brown spots along basal two-
thirds of costa, an antemedian spot followed by a streak on median nervnre cinnamon-
brown, a postmedian band of irregular streaks cinnamon-brown ; terminal area
broadly cinnamon-brown, a snbmarginal zigzag line and a marginal hair-line white.
Hindwing white, an antemedian and a postmedian large spot above vein 7 black,
three smaller subbasal black spots below median nervnre, a submediau narrow line
and a jwstmedian irregular chain of spots cinuamou-browu ; terminal area as on
forewing but broader, and a black patch below vein 2.

?. Above. Differs from S in the white oblique patch beiug smaller on
forewing, and absent on hindwing.

Below. The cinnamon-brown is replaced by cinnamon-grey, and the terminal
dark areas of both wings are broader.

Length of forewing : <? 11 mm., ? 12 mm.

Expanse : <S 24 mm., ? 26 mm.

1 (?, 1 ?, Dampier Island; 2 ? ¥, Vulcan Island. (Type cJ).

109. Lycaenopsis vulcanica sp. nov.

(J. Above. Antennae black ringed with white, tip of club butt' ; head, thorax,
and abdomen black, thorax and abdomen clothed with lavender hairs. Forewing
violet bine, costa and terminal area sooty black. Hindwing violet blue, terminal

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. I9I5. 3g9

area broadly soot}' black, the portion between tornns and vein 4 broken np
into spots.

Beloiv. Whity grey ; forewing a discocellular streak, a postmedian band of
streaks, a postdiscal band of confluent half-moons, and a subterminal row of spots
cinnamon-brown ; hindwing with three black antemedian spots, a median black
spot above vein 7 and two broken discal bands of cinnamon-brown streaks ; a post-
discal baud of confluent half-moons cinnamon-brown ; a submarginal row of seven
large spots, the four nearest tornns black, the rest cinnamon-brown.

Length of forewing : \'i mm.

Expanse : 26 mm.

1 c?, Vnlcan Island.

110. Eupsychellus dionysius (Boisd.)

Lycaena dionysius Boisduval, Voy. Astrol. Lip. p. 82. No. 11 (1832) (New Guinea).

1 ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands ; 4 iS, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island; 4 Si, 4 ? ?,
Dampier Island.

111. Castalius evena (Hew.)

Lycaena evena Hewitson, Exot. Butt. v. t. 1. £f. 2, 3 (1876) (New Guinea).

5 tS<S, Dampier Island.

112. Zizera gaika (Trim.)

Lycaena gaika Trimen, Trans. Entom. Soc. Loml (3) I. p. 403 (1862) (South Africa).
8 cJ(?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

113. Zizera labradus (God.)

Polyommatus labrailus Godart, Etic. Meth. ix. p. 680. No. 197 (1823) (Australia).

This species varies enormously in size.

Length of forewing : S lU-1.5 mm., ? 9-14 mm.

6 cJcJ, 3 ? ?, Dampier Island ; 2 cJcJ, 5 ? ?, Vulcan Island; 1 S<S, Manus,
Admiralty Islands.

114. Zizera dampierensis sp. no v.

S. In size and shape nearest to gaika Trim., but still smaller.

Above. Difl:ers at first sight by the much broader brown-black terminal area,
which occupies two-fifths of the whole wing. Hindwing also has wider brown-
black margins.

Below. Difi'ers in the brownish grey, not silvery whitish grey, ground colour,
in the much larger and deeper-coloured spots, and in the distinct postdiscal and
subterminal bauds of both wings.

? . SimOar, but whole upper surface brown-black, the basal two-thirds more
or less sutiused with laveuder-grey.

390 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

Length of forewing : <? 7 mm., ? 9 mm.

Expanse : i 16 mm., ? 20 mm.

ti t?c?, 2 ? ?, Dampier Island; 1 cJ, 1 ?, Vulcan Island. (Type i Uampier).

1 15. Zizera lulu (Math.)

Lycaena lulu Mathew, Trans. Entom. Soc. Loud. 1889. p. 312 (Tongatabu).
4 c?(?, Vnlcan Island.

116. Lycaenesthes violacea Bntl.

Lycaemsthes riolacea Butler, A}ui. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iv. p. 343 (189'j) (Louisiades).
r cJc?, 1 S, Dampier Island ; 4 i<S,4 ? ?, Vnlcan Island.

117. Lycaenesthes rufimargo sp. nuv.

S. Above. Very similar to violacea Butl., bnt has somewhat broader and
much more distinct black margins to the wings.

Beloiv. Much paler than violacea ; on the forewing the darker white-edged
bands are much shorter, straighter, and wider apart, not reaching beyond vein 4,
while there is a third shorter antemediau band reaching to median vein ; a black
patch on snbmedian line at vein 2 is also absent in violacea. Hindwing differs
conspicnonsly in having a submarginal band of coalescent triangular rufous orange
spots, and the large spot between veins 1 and 2 is orange outwardly and black
inwardly, while in violacea these colours are reversed.

Length of forewing : 16 mm.

Expanse : 35 mm.

1 S , Vulcan Island.

118. Syntarucus manusi sp. nov.

cj. Above. Violet-blae with a leaden gloss ; fore- and hindwings with aii
even sooty-black margin ; a minute tail and a submarginal black dot between veins
1 and 2 on hindwing

Below. Forewing wood-grey ; two incurved oblique white subbasal bands
reaching from inner margin to subcostal nervnre, where they join in a point, the
outer one enclosing a wood-grey band, an inwardly turned oblique median band from
vein 2 to costa and a similar postmedian one from vein 4 to subcostal white with
central wood-grey band; between these two bands, and joined to the inner one, is a
round white patch between veins 3 and 4 with grey centre ; a broad white submarginal
band with a narrower central wood-grey band within it and a marginal row of wooJ-
grey spots. Hindwing white; six subbasal i)atches of wood-grey, an antemedian
curved band of wood-grey expanding from the centre to the costa and the abdominal
margin ; a broken median band from costa to vein 4, a postmedian broad band from
abdominal margin to vein 6, a subterminal tesselated band, and a marginal row
of dots and hairline wood-grey, an orange, green and black ocellus on each side of
vein 2 at termen.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXI[. 1915. 391

Length of fore wing : 11 mm.

Expanse : 24 mm.

1 cJ, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

119. Jamides saemias Druce

Jamides saemias Druce, P.Z. S. 1891. p. ,WT. pi. xxxii. S. 4, 5 (Alu).

3 cJJ, 2 ? ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

120. Jamides timon Gr. Smith

Jamides tiinon Grose Smith, Nov. Zool. ii. p. 510. No. 271 (18'J5) (New Britain).
T (Jc?, 0 ? ?, Dampier Island ; 1 c?, 3 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

121. Jamides uniformis sp. nov.

cJ. Abone. Deep dnll violet with a hairline margin of black.

Below. Slate-grey with the only slightly darker bands strongly defined by
white edges, ocellus above tail large.

? . Above. Basal three-quarters of forewing below subcostal nervnre bright
blue, rest of wing sooty black. Hindwing : basal three-quarters bright bine, outer
quarter sooty black with central crenulate pale blue band.

Below. Similar to S .

Length of forewing : S lU mm., ? 11 mm.

Expanse : <S 22 mm, ? 25 mm.

I cJ, 1 ?, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

122. Catachrysops lithargyria (Moore)

Lampides lithargyria Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 340 (1877) (Ceylon).

4 <?(?, 1 ?, Dampier Island; 3 SS, 1 ?, Vulcan Island.

123. Catachrysops strabo (Fabr.)

Pajulio straho Fabricius, Entom. System, iii. pt. i. p. 287. Xo. 101 (1793) (India Orient.).
3 (?c?, 2 ¥ ?, Dampier Island; 1 c?, 1 ?, Vulcan Island.

124. Euchrysops cnejus (Fabr.)

Hesjieria cnejus Fabricius, Entvm. System. Supiilem. p. 430. Xos. 100. 101 (1798) (India Orient.).

This species varies greatly in size, and also in size of ocelli above tail.
Length of forewing : t? 12-17 mm., ? 13-17 mm.
Expanse : 6 26-37 mm., ? 28-37 mm.

II c?c?, 4 ¥ ?, Dampier Island ; .5 cJc?, 2 ¥ ?, Vulcan Island.

12.5. Lampides batjanensis (Hober)

Plebejus snelleni var. batjanensis Robcr, Iris i. p. 54. t. iv. f. 10 (188G) (Batchian).

5 c?c?, 3 ¥ ¥, Dampier Island.

392 KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

126. Lampides celeno (Cram.)

Papilio celeno Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pt. iii. p. 51. t. 31. ff. C. D (1775) (Surinam!).
4 tJtJ, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island; 5 c^<^, 2 ? ?, Dampier Island.

127. Nacaduba berenice (Herr.-Schaeff.')

Lycaena berenice Herrich-Schaeffer, Stett. Enloiu. Zeil. 1869. p. 74. No. .S.Sl (Rockhampton).

1 (J, Manns, Admiralty Islands; 2 <?(?, 8 ? ¥, Dampier Island; 7 cJcJ, 2 ? ?,
Vulcan Island.

128. Nacaduba meiranganus (Ruber)

Plehejus meiranganus Rbber, Iris i. p. 65. t. v. ft. 23 and 25 (1886) (Aru).

3 (JJ, 1 $, Manus, Admiralty Islands; It?, 1 ?, Dampier Island; 1 S,
Vulcan Island.

129. Nacaduba ancyra (Feld.)

Lycaena ancyra Felder, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 457. No. 36 (1860)
(Amboina).

2 cJc?, 2 ? ?, Vnlcau Island ; 2 cJc?, 2 ? ?, Dampier Island.

130. Nacaduba korene Druce

Nacaduba korene Druce, P.Z.S. 1891. p. 361. pi. x.xxi. f. 8 (Guadalcanar).
1 cj, Vulcan Island ; 2 ? ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

131. Nacaduba dubiosa (Semper)

Lampides dubiosa Semper, Journal Mas. Goileffroy xiv. p. 159 (1879) (Cooktown).
1 (?, Vulcan Island.

132. Nacaduba nora (Feld.)

Lycaena nora Felder, Sitzb. Akad. Wi«s. Wien, Math. Nat. CI. xl. p. 458. No. 37 (1860) (Amboina).
1 (J, 2 ? ?, Manns, Admiralty Islands ; 3 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

133. Nacaduba subvariegata sp. nov.

(?. Above. Antennae black very faintly ringed with white ; head sooty black-
brown ; thora.x and abdomen brown-black, clothed with whitish blue hairs. Fore-
wing grey-bine ; costal area, termen, and large apical area sooty black. Hindwing
grey-blue, a subterminal sooty brown somewhat faint band, two tornal black ocelli ;
margin narrowly black. Fringes of both wings che(|nered white and black.

Below. Dark sooty brown ; forewing, two autemediau white bands, a large
darker discocellular band with lighter central streak, a broad darker postmedian
band outlined with white ; outer quarter of wing white, apical spot and two broken

NoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915. 393

irregular submarginal lines sooty brown. Hindwing sooty brown with a number of
irregular darker bands outlined partially with white ; outer quarter of wing white
with irregular broken grey band and two brilliant ocelli.

Length of forewing : 14 mm.

Expanse : 31 mm.

1 c?, Vnlcan Island.

134. Nacaduba hermus (Feld.)

Lycaeiia hermus Felder, Sitzb. Akad. Wise. Wien, Math. Nat. CI. si. p. 457. No. 33 (1860)
(Amboina).

1 c?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

13.5. Nacaduba saturatior sp. nov.

<?. Above. Antennae black ringed with white ; head, thorax, and abdomen
sooty black clothed with whitish blue hairs. Wings deep purple washed with
brown, costa and terminal margins sooty black.

Below. Forewing brownish wood-grey ; a short band in cell, one at apex of
cell, and a transverse postmedian band to vein 1 darker and outlined in whitish ;
two dark grey snbterminal bands. Hindwing brownish wood-grey with numerous
irregular darker bands outlined in white : a large ocellus between veins 1 and 2.

Length of forewing : 10'.5 mm.

Expanse : 23 mm.

1 S, Dampier Island.

136. Candalides parvifascia sp. nov.

c?. Above. Differs from dubitata Gr. Sm. in its broader, rounder wings and
much narrower black margin.

Below. Purer grey, not grey-brown.

? . Above. Sooty brown-black ; a large patch of pale blue on basal two-thirds
of forewing between vein 1 and middle of cell. On hindwing there is a subbasal
patch of pale blue occupying three-quarters of cell.

Beloiv. Similar to c?.

Length of forewing : S 1" mm., ? 16 mm.

Expanse : <S 37 mm., ? 35 mm.

1 (?, 1 ?, Vulcan Island; 1 cJ, 1 ?, Dampier Island. (Type c? Vulcan).

137. Candalides zadne (Gr. Smith)

Holochila mdne Grose Smith, Nov. Zool. v. p. 107 (1898) (Mailu).

4 c?<?, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island ; 1 cJ, 6 ? ?, Dampier Island.

138. Candalides moira (Gr. Smith)

Holochila moira Grose Smith, Rhoj). Exot. iii. Oriental Lycaenidae p. 14. No. xxii. PI. xviii. ff. 9. 10.
11 (1899) (Ferguson Island).

1 (J, Vulcan Island ; 1 <?, 2 ¥ ?, Dampier Island.

394 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

139. Epimastidia dampierensis sp. nov.

Closely allied to inops Feld.

cf . Above. Differs in the purer and mnch Vjrighter bine, not so ranch snffnsed
with violet, and in the wider black margins ; on the hindwings l)etweeu veins 2
and 3 and 3 and 4 the black margin projects into the blue in a cone-shaped
excrescence, a character not or hardly perceivable in inops.

Beloio. The dark outer and marginal portions of both wings are broader and
much more sharply defined, of a blackish slate-colour, while in the type of inops
these dark portions are dirty chocolate brown : this may however be due to age and
fading. The inner of the two submarginal rows of spots on forewing is very broad,
entirely coalescent, and deep black. On the hindwing this inner band consists of
a wide coalescent row of large black arrowhead-like marks, while the outer consists
of rounded spots edged with blue; the white bauds are very much narrower and
fainter.

?. Above. Entirely sooty black; on the forewing the base is suifused with
blue and a discal white patch reaches from vein .'i to vein 1. On hindwing basal
third obliquely white suffused at base with grey and metallic blue.

Length of forewing : $ 17-21 mm., ? 17-19 mm.

Expanse: $ 37-45 mm., ? 37-41 mm.

5 (?c?, 3 ? ?, Dampier Island.

140. Thysonotis epicoritus (Boisd.)

Damis epicoritus Boisduval, Votj. Astr. Lep. p. 67 (1832) (New Guinea).

1 cJ, 1 ?, Vulcan Island ; 1 ?, Dampier Island.

141. Thysonotis hymetus manusi subsp. nov.

cJ. Differs from hjmetus hi/metus Feld. in the much broader black margins to
the wings.

? . Differs from h. hymetm by the large metallic blue area in the basal third
of both wings above.

4 (?(?, 2 ¥ ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands.

142. Thysonotis hamilcar Gr. Smith

Thyionoth hamilcar Grose Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiv. p. 25 (1894) (New Britain).

2 cJc?, 7 ? ?, Mauus, Admiralty Islands.

143. Thysonotis hanno Gr. Smith

Thysonotis hanno Grose Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hid. (G) xiv. p. 25 (1894) (New Britain).

4 <?<?, 3 ? ?, Dampier Island; ?4 (JtJ, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

144. Thysonotis dispar latifascia subsp. nov.

S. Above. Differs from (/. dispar Gr. Smith in the mnch wider white band
on hindwing.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXII. 1915. 395

? . Above. Diifers from d. dispar in the much wider and whiter band in
both wings.

Below. Both sexes show no differences beyond wider white areas.

This form varies enormously in size.

Length of forewing : S 13-21 mm., ? 13-20 mm.

Expanse : <? 29-46 mm., ? 29-44 mm.

8 (J J, 8 ? ?, Maaus, Admiralty Islands.

145. Virochala aflBnis sp. nov.

<j . Above. Differs from perse Hew. in the less defined black jjatch below
subcostal in basal half of forewing and the larger white patch beyond.

Below. Differs in the ground colour being dirty white with the bands
cinnamon-grey edged with white.

Length of forewing : 23 mm.

Expanse : 50 mm.

1 ? , Dampier Island.

146. Hypochlorosis ancharia tenebrosa snbsp. nov.

cJ. Differs from a. ancharia Hew. in its much deeper colour, purple not
sky bine.

? . Above and below darker.
6 (? cJ, 3 ? ? , Dampier Island.

147. Hypochlorosis danisoides (Nic^v.)

Hypolycaena danisoides De Nice'ville, Juurn. As. Soc. Be/ig. l.xvi. 2. p. 558, No. 13, pi. iii. fig. 21
(1897) (Key).

1 ?, Dampier Island.

148. Deudorix woodfordi Druce
Deudorix woodfordi Druce, P.Z.S. 1891. p. 371. pi. xxxii. ff. 13, 14 (Guadalcanar).

2 tJcJ, Vulcan Island ; 1 6, Dampier Island.

149. Hypolycaena phorbas (Fabr.)

Hesperia phorbas Fabricius, Entom. System, iii. 1. p. 277. No. G8 (1793) (India Orient.).
4 (?(?, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island; 6 SS, 1 ?, Dampier Island.

150. Prosotas caliginosa Druce
Prosotas caliginosa Druce, P.Z.S. 1891. p. 366. pi. xxxi. f. 15 (Alu).
1 ? , Dampier Island.

396 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

151. Miletus theophanes (Gr. Smith)

Hypochrytops theophanes Grose Smith, Nov. Zml. i. p. 550. No. 188 (189i) (Humboldt Bay).

1 c?, Vnlcan Island.

152. Miletus heros (Gr. Smith)

Hypochrysops heron Grose Smith, Nov. Zool. i. p. 550. No. 189 (1894) (Humboldt Bay).
3 c? (?, 5 ? ? , Dampier Island.

153. Miletus dryope (Gr. Smith)

Hypochrysops dryope Grose Smith, Rhopal Exot. ii. Oriental Lymenklae p. 15. pi. ill. ff. 1. i. (1895)
(Constantinhafen).

4c?cJ,4 ? ?, Vnlcan Island.

154. Miletus chrysargyra (Gr. Smith)

Hypochrysops rhrysargyra Gross Smith, Rhopal. Exot. ii. Oriental Lycaenidae p. 16. pi. iii. ff. 4. 5
(1895) (New Guinea).

2 ? ? , Vnlcan Island.

155. Liphyra brassolis robusta (Feld.)

Sterosis robusta Felder, Reise Nor. Lep. ii. p. 219. No. 237. t. 27. ff. 10. 11 (1865) (Halmaheira).

This extraordinary insect is very variable both individually and locally. It
has been divided into four subspecies, viz. :

brassolis brassolis Westw., N. India, Malacca, etc.

b. robusta Feld., Molnccas, etc.

b. major Rothsch., Queensland, and

b. abbreviata Strand, Sumatra.

In addition to these four forms of L. brassolis., Herr Em. Strand has
described as a distinct species Liphyra castnia from German and Dutch New
Guinea. This form at first si^ht looks very different from brassolis, being above
entirely black, with an olilique postmediau orange baud on forewing from costa
to vein 2. However, if he examine.s a large series, the student is at once struck
by the enormons variability in this insect, which owes its extreme rarity in
collections to its parasitic habits in the nests of tree ants.

The Tring Museum possesses the following specimens :

1 ? , Malacca (coll. Biggs fig. by Distant).

1 c?, Penang Hill (coll. Adams).

1 ?, Perak (bought Doncaster).

1 ? , Borneo (Micholitz coll.)

1 6, Halmaheira (Waterstradt).

1 ? , Dodinga, Halmaheira (Lorquin) (Type of robusta Feld.)

1 ?, Kossell Island, Lonisiade Islaud.s (Feb. 1898, A. S. Meek).

1 c?, British New Guinea (Dr. Heath).

1 6, Humboldt Bay (Sept., Oct. 1892, W. Doherty).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 397

1 (J, Bougainville, Solomon Islands (April 1904, A. S. Meek).
1 ¥, Reudova, Solomon Islands (Feb. 1904, A. S. Meek).
1 ? , Cedar Bay, Cooktowu (Meek) (Type of b. major Rothsch.)
1 ? , North Queensland.

1 3 S,'i ? ¥ ; 1 cripple, 3 pupa cases, 1 larva, 1 larval skin and series of
eggs (Townsville, Queensland, F. P. Dodd. Bred 1901).

Of these the Bongainville <? is almost blacks. e., where in Strand's castnia
the orange band is situated, there is only a very small orange spot, and on the
hindwing and basal quarter of forewing are only some faint splashes of deep rufous.
The British New Guinea cJ has rather more rufous marks, while the Humboldt Bay
and Halmaheira c? <S have basal third of both wings orange. The Rendova ? is
identical with, though slightly larger than, the type of robusta Feld. ; while the
Rossell Island ? is indistinguishable from some of the bred Queensland specimens.
The Perak ? is similar to the Bornean ? .

From this evidence I am forced, for the present, to consider that only three
races can be separated, and that castnia Strand is only a melanistic aberration of
b. robusta ; the forms would thus be as follows :

L. brassolis hrassolis Westw., India, Malacca and Snnda Islands.

L. brassolis robusta Feld. Moluccas, N. Guinea and Solomon's Island.

L. brassolis major Rothsch., Queensland and adjacent islands.

1 (?, Vulcan Island.

156. Arhopala helius (Cram.)

Papilio helius Cramer, Pap. E.cot. iii. pt. xvii. p. 15. pi. cci. ff. i' a (1779) (Surinam !).

8 c?c?, 2 ? ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands ; .5 cJc?, 3 ? ?, Dampier Island ;
2 ? ? , Vulcan Island.

157. Arhopala aexone (Hew.)

Amhlypodia aexone Hewitson, Illust. Diiirn. Lep. p. 5. No. 15. pi. iii. ff. 20, 24 (18(5.3j (Waigiou).
1 (?, Vulcan Island.

158. Arhopala periander Gr. Smith

Arhopala periantkr Grose Smith, Nov. Zool. i. p. 582. No. 263 (1894) (Jobie).

1 cannot agree with Mr. Bethune-Baker that this is the same species as
philander Feld. That insect has no saturated purple gloss on the underside, being
of a particularly soft woolly appearance ; while the present insect, on the underside,
looks as if saturated with a satiny purple grease. As, however, the type of
periander has unaccountably vanished, I cannot with absolute certainty declare
the Jobie insect and these two Dampier Island ones to be identical.

2 cJcJ, Dampier Island.

159. Arhopala meander Boisd.

Arhopala meander Boisduval, Voy. Astrol. Lep. p. 76. (18ii'2) (Aru).

5 c?(?, 3 ? ?, Dampier Island; 4 c?<?, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island.

398

K0VITATE3 ZOOLOCICAE XXII. 1915.

GRYPOCERA
HESFEBIIDAE

Hesperiinae

160. Casyapa naevifera JIab.

Cut'japa naevifera Mabille, £e Naturaliste p. 77 (1888) (New Guinea).

3 JcJ, 2 ? ?, Dampier Island; A SS,\ ?, Vnlean Island.

101. Celaenorrhinus trimaculatus i^p. nov.

?. Antennae dark brown, basal half of club above dirty baft"; head pale wood-
grey ; thorax dark brownish grey ; abdomen deep brown.

Above. Wings deep umber brown, basal area clothed with greyish hairs ; on
forewing a large white patch in cell, a larger one placed obliquely below it, and a
dot below vein 2 also white ; a white oblong oblique spot half way between cell
and apex.

Below. Forewing similar, but with a large mauve-grey snbterminal patch
between apex and vein 3. Hindwing, costal and abdominal quarters deep brown ;
median half, basal two-thirds manve-grey with a broad postmedian rusty brown
band and two spots of same colour nearer base ; outer third deep brown clouded
with manve-grey.

Length of forewing : about 23 mm.

1 ? , Dampier Island.

162. Tagiades sivoa Swinh.

Tagiades livoa Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nal. Hht. (7) xiv. p. 419. No. .0 (1904) (Humboldt Bay).
1 c?, 1 ?, Vulcan Island; 3(J<J, 1 ?, Dampier Island.

163. Tagiades suflFasus sp. nov.

cJ. Very close to skoa Swinh., but —

Above. 'White on hindwing almost obliterated, except on abdominal area.

Below. Differs in the white area of hindwing being much reduced in size.

Length of forewing : 19 mm.

Expanse : 42 mm.

1 c?, Vulcan Island.

164. Tagiades kowaia Ploetz

Tagiades kowaia Ploetz, Berl. Entom. Zeitsch. xxix. p. 231. No. 30 (1885) (New Guinea).
3 c?^, 2 ? ?, Vulcan Island ; 3 cJ J, 1 ?, Dampier Island.

16.5. Tagiades inconspicua sp. nov.

3. Move. Antennae black, curved hook deep rufous ; head, thorax, and
abdomen sooty black-brown. Forewing sooty black-brown, a white semivitreoas

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 399

spot in cell, two similar one.s one on each side of vein 8 and one above vein 6 ;
two smaller ones on each side of vein 5. Hindwing sooty black-brown ; outer
fifth of wing from abdominal margin to below vein 4 white.

Below. Thorax and abdomen greyish white. Forewing as above, but with
two pale greyish sjjots below vein 2. Hindwing above vein 0 sooty black-brown ;
below vein 6 greyish white, a black dot on each side of vein 4.

Length of forewing : 25 mm.

Expanse : 55 mm.

~ 6 <i , Manns, Admiralty Islands.

Ismeninae
166. Hasora hurama (Batl.)

Ismene hurama Butler, Trans. Enloin. Soc. Lond. p. 498. 1870 (North Australia).
1 (?, Vidcan Island ; 4 c?(J, 1 ?, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

167. Hasora dampierensis sp. nov.

cJ. Allied to hurama Butl., but much larger.

Above. Antennae black ; head and thorax bronze green ; abdomen deep
chocolate black-brown. Fore- and hindwing velvety chocolate black-brown ; basal
third clothed with bronze-green hairs.

BeAow. Similar to hurama, but white band on hindwing narrower and much
more obli(jue.

Length of forewing : 27 mm.

Expanse : 63 mm.

1 (?, Dampier Island.

168. Hasora haslia Swinh.

Hasora haslia Swinhoe, Ann. Matj. Nat. Hist. (7). iii. p. 107. No. 11 (1899) (Brisbane).
1 (S , Dampier Island.

Famphilinae
169. Parnara hasaroides Elwes & Edw.

Parnara hasarukks Elwes & Edwards, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. -xiv. p. 284. pi. xxi. f. 11 (1897)
(Batchian, Halmaheira).

4 c?c?, Manns, Admiralty Islands.

170. Parnara parvimacula sp. nov.

S. Differs from mathias Fabr. above in all the spots on forewing having
disappeared except the one above vein 3 and the tliree above veins 6, 7 and 8, which
are reduced to minute dots. On hindwing below there is a single dot below vein 6.

S . Differs from mathias in the absence on forewing above of spots on each side
of median fold witliiu the postmedian line of spots, aud in having, like the S, only
one spot on hindwing below.

Length of forewing : S 15 mm. ; ? 14-19 mm.

400 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXIF. 1915.

Expanse : cJ 35 mm. ; ? 33-43 mm.

9 ? ?, Manns, Admiralty Islands; 2 <?c^, 5 ? ?, Dampier Island ; 5 ? ?,
Vnlcan Island. (Type c? Dampier.)

171. Parnara lyelli sp. nov.

Parmra mathias Waterhouse & Lyell (nee Fabr.), Butt. AhHi: p. 212. No. 314. ff. 711-71.3 (1914)
(Australia).

S. Antennae brownish rufous ; head, thorax and abdomen Ijrownish olive.

Above. Forewiug brownish olive, rather darker in centre of disc ; a white
median dot below sabcostal and one smaller and less distinct in cell ; a curved post-
median band of whitish spots, those above veins 6, 8, 9 and 10 being very small,
and the ones on each side of vein 3 larger; sexual streak equally black and white
obliquely from vein 2 to vein 4. Hiudwing brownish olive, costal area deep brown.

Below. Uniform satiny wood -brown ; a large patch of dark brown scales
occupying half the disc of forewing and spots as above ; on hindwing a white dot
above veins 3, 4, 5 and 6.

?. Above. Differs on forewing by having two white spots above vein 1, and
one each above veins 2 and 3, while all spots are much larger.

Beloiv. Has a subbasal white spot on hiudwing in addition to the four post-
discal ones.

Length of forewing : c? 20 mm., ? 21 mm.

Expanse : <? 46 mm., ? 48 mm.

P. mathias Fabr. is much smaller and = agim Moore. Queensland examples
in British Museum agree with mine from Dampier and Vulcan.

1 cj, 1 ¥, Dampier Island; 1 ?, Vulcan Island. (Type S Dampier).

172. Baoris laraca (Swinh.)

Caltoris laraca Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Eist. (7) xx. p. 434 (1907) (Woodlark).

2 <? (J, Dampier Island ; iSS,2 ? ? , Vnlcan Island.

173. Padi-aona tanus (Ploetz)

Apaustus laiius Ploetz, Berl. Entnm. Zeitsckr. xxi.x. p. 228 (1885) (New Guinea).

1 (?, 1 ?, Vulcan Island.

174. Padraona ardea sp. nov.

cJ?. Above. Differ from tanus F\oetz in the larger subapical yellow spot on
forewiug and absence of basal streak on hindwing.
Beloiv. All bands are broader. Size the same.

2 c?<J, 1 ?, Dampier Island ; 1 9, Vulcan Island. (Type c? Dampier).

175. Padraona flavoguttata (Ploetz)

Hesj)eriaJiavoguUata Ploetz, Slett. Entom. Zeit. xliv. p. 231. pi. 696 (1883) (Manilla !).
1 cJ, 4 ? ?, Vnlcan Island; 4 <JcJ, Dampier Island.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXIF. 1015. 401

176. Ocybadistes mamas (Feld.)

Pamphila marnasFelder, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wie7i, Math. Nat. Cl.x\. p.462. No.53(1860)(Amboiiia).

This insect is very variable in size and extent of the orange markings. Vulcan
and Dampier have a number of much larger individuals than any from Blanns,
though many of the others are as small as any from the latter place. There is,
moreover, only one damaged ? from Manns.

10 (J(?, 3 ? ?, Dampier Island; 1 d S , 1 ?, Manus, Admiralty Islands ; 3 cjcj,
Vnlcau Island.

177. Telicota megathymoides sp. nov.

The ? resembles the American genus me(/at/i'/mus.

cJ. Above. Antennae black with very faint indications of orange rings ; head,
frons orange mixed with olive and with black transverse bars, vertex olive mixed
with orange hairs ; thorax and first two abdominal segments deep brown densely
clothed with orange olivaceous hairs, rest of abdomen deep brown ringed with
orange. Forewing blackish chocolate-brown, basal third of costal area, cell and
basal third below median vein orange streaked with brown, and with nervnres
brown; basal half below vein 1, three large postmedian patches above veins 1, 2,
3, and five smaller spots between vein 4 and costa orange. Fringe from apex to
vein 3 deep brown, orange from vein 3 to toruus. Hindwing blackish chocolate-
brown, basal and abdominal areas clothed with orange hairs ; an oblique postmedian
band from vein 1 to vein 0 orange ; fringe orange.

Below. Antennae black, with segmental wings and basal half of club orange ;
head and palpi golden buff; pectus orange ; abdomen ringed dark brown and
orange. Forewing sooty black, costal and cellular area, and apical third dull
orange, bands and spots as above bright orange. Hindwing dull orange with dark
brown nervures, a spot in cell and postmedian band brighter orange, edged with
dark brown.

¥. Above. Similar, but with less orange in cell and basal third of forewing
above.

Below. Dull orange of forewing ;iiuch suffused with rufous. Hindwing has
dull orange replaced by purplish rusty rufous.

Length of forewing : (5' 21 mm., ? 24 mm.

Expanse : <? 48 mm., ? 55 mm.

3 c?c?, 4 ? ?, Vulcan Island ; 2, 3 3 , Dampier Island (Type S Vulcan).

178. Telicota moseleyi (Butl.)

Pamph/la moseleyi Butler, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist, (o) xiii. p. 108, No. 50 (1884) (K^ Dulan).

? . Above. Differs from megathymoides on forewing in the orange-yellow of
cell and the wide yellow costal area which reaches almost to the upper spots
of postmedian band and in all spots and bands being paler and wider. On hind-
wing the basal area is clothed with yellow hairs and the postmedian band is much
paler and wider.

Below. Much paler dull orange and golden yellow, and the bands are wider
and a sooty patch above tornus of hindwing.

402 XOVITAIES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

S. Similar to ? but smaller, and with a very strongly marked sexual brand
on forewing.

Length of forewing : ? 16-22 mm., d 14-19 mm.

Expanse : ? 38-51 mm., c? 32-43 mm.

3 (J tJ, 2 ? ? , Dampier Island ; ~ S 6, Vulcan Island.

179. Telicota augias (Johans.)

Papilio augias Johansson, Amoeit. Acad. vi. p. 410. No. 80 (1763) (Java, China).

1 <?, 1 ? , Vnlcan Island ; 1 S, Dampier Island.

180. Telicota silativa (Swinh.)

Padraona silativa Swinhoe, Aim. .Wag. Nal. Hist. (7) xvi. p. G17 (1905) (Humboldt Bay).

2 (?<?, 3 S ?, Dampier Island ; 3 Jc?, 1 ?, Vnlcan Island.

181. Telicota aruana (Ploetz)

Hesperia aruana Ploetz, Stelt. Eiilom. Zeit. xlvii. p. 103 (1880) (Aru).
1 <J, 1 ?, Vnlcan Island.

182. Mimas melie Nice v.

Mimas melie De Niceville, Jonni. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Sue. ix. p. 3>14. pi. 2. f. 55 (1895) (Humboldt
Bay).

5 (?c?, 1 ?, Dampier Island; o cJcJ, 1 ?, Vulcan Island.

183. Notocrypta wokana (Ploetz)
Plesioneura wokana Ploetz, Berl. Eutom. Zeitschr. xxix. p. 225. No. 4 (1885) (Aru).
5 <? c?, 3 ? ? , Vnlcan Island ; 2 t? t?, 4 ? ? , Dampier Island.

(To he conti lined.)

^

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1H15. 403

THE GIANT LAND TORTOISES OF THE GALAPAGOS
ISLANDS IN THE TRING MUSEUM.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.
(Plates XXI.—XXXII.)

DR. VAN DENBURGH'S monogra,ph on these tortoises, in the Proceedings
of the California Acachmjj of Sciences, vol. ii. 1914, is so exhaustive that
in enumerating the series in the Tring Museum it woald be only reiteration to
write long descriptive accounts. Therefore I am contenting myself with giving
the measurements of each specimen and a few notes to supplement Dr. Van
Denburgh's work. The measurements given are in inches and decimals, and are
those employed by Dr. Van Denbnrgh ; viz. the " straight length," taken between
two uprights at the nuchal notch and the end of the supracaudal plate respectively ;
the " straight width," taken between uprights on each side between the second and
third costal plates ; the " length over curve," taken with a tape measure from
nuchal notch over centre of vertebral scntes to end of supracaudal plate ; the
" width over curve," taken with a tape measure from bend of marginals above
centre of ])]astral bridge over third vertebral scute to opposite bend of marginals ;
"width between second and third marginals"; the "straight width" between
verticals placed at the suture between second and third marginal plates on each
side of nuchal notch ; the " middle height," being vertical distance between table
or board and the centre of third vertebral plate, taken with a sliding square and
a spirit level ; the "front height" is taken at nuchal notch in the same manner ;
the " height to marginals " is from the table to lower edge of marginals taken with
a pair of compasses ; and the " length of plastron " is measured straight from
fore to hind notch with a tape measure. In addition to the tortoises mentioned
in this enumeration, the Tring Museum possesses alive one Testudo ephippian,
collected by Captain Noyes ; one Testudo galapagoensis which was procured on the
Sandwich Islands, and one Testudo ? nigrita also from the Sandwich Islands. These
latter are said to have been taken there by Captain Meek, of the Boston Eagle,
about 1812. The Tring Museum also possesses the casts of the Scarborough
Testudo galapagoensis, and casts of the <S types and ? ? of Testudo hoodensis and
Testudo chathamensis, of the S type and ? of Testudo darwini, and S type Testudo
pkantastica, and of a <? identified as Testudo wallacei ; and of a ? Testudo ?
from Cowley Mountain ; the originals of these latter being in the museum of the
California Academy of Sciences. The cast of the type specimen of Testudo nigrita
is also at Tring, the original being in the Royal College of Surgeons Hunterian
Museum. The collection contains in all 138 dead and 3 living specimens of 11
species or races ont of the 14 known from entire specimens ; the Barrington race
is known only from a few bones.

Testudo abingdonii Giinth.
(Plates XXI., XXII.)

Testudn ah'mgdonii GUnther, Proc, Znol: Soc. Loud. 1877, p. Olj (Abingdon Island).

The (J and ? were obtained on Abingdon Island by R. H. Beck in the first
half of 1901.

The S is a very old individual, with front three pairs of marginal plates much
worn and chipped.

The ?, which is the only ? known, is a much younger animal, though fully

91

404 ' NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

adult. It shows traces of growth between the scutes, but this must not be taken
as a sign of immaturity, as my very large c? Testiido clarwini, which is at least
a hundred years old, was growing between the scutes to the day of his deatli. This
? can at once be distinguished from ? S of ephippitim by the much more com-
pressed front third of carapace and the more strongly everted secimd and third
pairs of marginals. From my ? of Testudo becki it differs much, as that, uidike
the ? of becki in the California Academy of Sciences' Museum, is of the broader,
more dome-shaped tj'pe of which there is one S at Triug and one at San Francisco.

Testudo becki Rothsch.

Testudo becki Rothschild, Xov. Zool. viii. p. 372 (1901) (Cape Berkeley).

The type was taken by R. H. Beck early in 1901 at (Jape Berkeley, North
Albemarle, and, though large, is a fairly young individual.

The four other S S and the ? were taken at Banks Bay, North Albemarle,
early in 1902 by Beck. The fifth c? obtained on that occasion is now in the Peabody
Museum, Salem, Mass.

The ? is the least saddle-backed of any of the fourteen known specimens of
this race, and resembles much T. galapagoensis. The five c^cj in the Tring
Mnseam are mounted, but the ? is not.

Testudo ephippium Giinth.

Testudo ephippium Gunther, Trans. Roy. Sue. Lnml, clxv. p. 271, pis. 34, .35f. B, 37 f. c, 381 c,
39 f . c, 42 f . B, 44 f. B, 45 f . B. (1875) (?).

Of the twenty-six specimens in the Tring Museum, Nos. 92 and 96 were
collected by Dr. Banr, and the rest by the Webster-Harris expedition, the Leland
Stanford (Heller and Snodgrass) expedition, the Johnson-Green expedition, the
Captain Noyes second expedition, and by Mr. R. H. Beck. Of the twenty-nine
original ones got by the Webster-Harris expedition, two are in the Britisii Museum,
two in the Vienna Museum, and several were exchanged with other museums and
institutions. Of the eight collected by Ur. Baur, four only came to the Tring
Mnseum, and of these two are now in the British Museum. The small 2:?-inch cJ,
which is still living, was one of the fonr collected by ("aptain Noyes in 1900, and
therefore has lived fifteen years in England — a record, I believe, for any Giant
Tortoise.

Nos. 11 to 23 are unmounted, the rest mounted. One S is mounted on plaster
carapace, and the skeleton mounted comjileto.

Testudo galapagoensis Baur
(Plates XXIII. — XXVIII.)
Testudo galripagoensis Baur, Amer. Nat. xxiii. p. 1044 (1889 [1890]) (Charles Liland).

The two specimens in the Tring Museum were formerly the property of the
Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass., and were lent to me for study. They were deposited
in the British Museum, and were in the care of Charles Barlow, mason. Owing to
his long illness and death, together witli the retirement of Dr. Gllnther, tliey got
mislaid, and could not be found when the Peabody Mnseum Trustees requested
their return. I replaced them by mounted specimens of Test/tr/o becki tj, and
T.microphyes <S. Subsequently, on going through some old packing-cases. Barlow's
son fonud the two tortoises. No. 39 is a complete carajiace of an old J ; No. 40
has the plastron and portions of the plastral-bridges wanting. Tlie large living

NOVITATES ZOOLOBICAE XXII. 1915. 405

tortoise, which I have provisioually identified as of this race, was taken to the
Sandwich Ishinds by Captain Meek of the Boston Eagle about 1812.

Dr. Van Denbnrgh has identified this race with Testudo elephantopus of
Harlan (for reasons of. Free. Cal. Acad. &■/., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. i., p. 247 [1014]);
his reasons, however, do not quite convince me, aud I prefer, as the type of Harlan's
elephantopus no longer exists, to call this form Testudo galapagoetisis Baur, which
is a name certainly given to the Charles Island race, and place elephantopus under
it with a ?. Both the late Dr. Giinther and I were agreed that the type of Testudo
nigra Qnoy & Gaimard was much too young to be certain as to which species it
belonged to, and Dr. Van Denbnrgh, agreeing with our decision, quotes it here with
a ?. Now, however, slightly more light is thrown on the question by my large
living (?. This was brought, as stated above, to the Sandwich Islands by Captain
Meek in 1812, and Messrs. Quoy & Gaimard state that the type of their
Testudo nigra was presented to M. de Freyciuet by Captain Meek while the Uranie
and Pkysicien were in the Sandwich Islands. Now one is at once tempted to say
that " if they both came from Captain Meek, they must have come from one place,
and as the large living one is a Charles Island Tortoise, the type of nigra is one
too." But unfortunately there were until May 1915 five Galapagos tortoises on
the Sandwich Islands, all said to have been brought there by Captain Meek. In
May 1915, through the good offices of Mr. Thomas Gerrard, the large c? above cited
was presented to the Triug Museum by the ex-Queen of the Sandwich Islands, and
one of the ? ? by Messrs. G. N. & A. S. Wilcox. Now this ? is certainly not
a saddle-backed tortoise, and can only have come from Indefatigable Island, or
Central or South Albemarle. It is certainly not quite so strongly dome-shelled as
two of my three adult ? ¥ of the Indefatigable race, but it agrees fairly well with
the third ; so for the present, as it is not possible to take correct measurements of
living tortoises, I think it safest to treat it as an example of Testudo nigritn.
Thus, if Captain Meek really brought all five of these tortoises to the Hawaiian
Islands, they represent at least two if not three races ; and so we get no further
in our search for indirect evidence as to the identity of Testudo nigra.

Testudo darwini Van Denb.

Testudo darw'ud Van Denburgh, Proo. Cul. Acad, Set. (4) i. p. 4 (1907) (James Island).

The large c? was one of a number of tortoises turned down on " Rotnmah "
or Madison Island, Marquesas Islands, by Captain David Porter in 1813, when
he went there from the Galapagos Islands in the U.S.A. frigate Essex. It
remained there till the second half of the nineteenth century, when it was brought
to Tonga. It was presented by King George of Tonga to Mr. Alexander Macdonakl,
who brought it to Sydney in 1860, and deposited it in the Hospital grounds at
Gladesville, where it lived till 1896, when it was procured for the Tring Museum by
Mr. Ogilvie of the Alliance Marine Insurance Company, and brought to London.
It died in Regent's Park in July 1898, and has been mounted, the skin and scutes
on a cast carapace, and the bones aud bony carapace as a complete skeleton.
Mr. Waite {liec. Austr. Mas. iii. p. 97), who calls it T. nigrita, states that it was
brought, according to Captain Howard of the schooner Ida, to Rotumah by an
"American whaler" from the Galapagos, but this is evidently an error for
"American frigate." The skull is enormously thick and heavy, and almost all
sutures are completely ancylosed. It measures 8'u inches from the front edge above
nasal opening to the end of the occipital spine, aud weighs 13 ounces ; while the

406 NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXll. 11115.

sknll of a Testiulo vicina from Old Cobos Settlement (No. 61), measuring 8-25 inches
from front edge above nasal opening to end of occipital spine, only weighs 9 onnces.
The ? was exchanged with the California Academ}- of Sciences, and is the
No. 8105 of Dr. Van Denbnrgh's monograph.

Testudo chathamensis Van Denb.
(Plates XXIX., xxx.)
Testudo chat!iameiis!s Van Denburgh, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sri. (4) i. p. 4 (l'J07) (Chatham Island).

The ? (?) was purchased, along with the type of Testudo wallacei Rothsch.,
at the dispersal of Mr. Wallace's museum at Distington, Cumberland. It was
bought in Callao Bay off a whaler by Mr. Wallace in 1833, together with two very
yonng T. nigrita (see infra). It consists of a complete carapace with scutes, and
some bones of three legs and the neck. The male, a stnffed specimen, was
received in exchange from the Florence Museum for a 40-inch Testudo vicina. It
was obtained in March 1884 on Chatham Island, during the voyage of the Italian
vessel Vetta Pisani, and bears the Florence Museum Register No. M2454, (.'oil. 25.
1896. One costal scnte is missing.

Testudo microphyes Giinth.

Testudo niirnijihijes Giinther, Trans. Ruij. Sor. Loud. clxv. p. 275, pis. .30, 37 f. B, 38 f. B, 39 f. li,
(1875) (Tagus Cove). (Type ? , locality unknown) ( J (J ? ? Tagus Cove, Com. Cookson).

Of the six specimens in the Tring Museum, No. 48 was procured by R. H.
Beck early in 1901, and Nos. 49 and 50 in 1902, together with a third 6 now in
the Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass. The two Nos. 51 and 52 were obtained
between Vilamil and Cape Rose on the Johnson-Green expedition. All five are
mounted. The ? was brought alive to London by R. H. Beck.

The two Cape Rose specimens are mounted on plaster carapaces and the
skeletons mounted complete.

Testudo guntheri Baur.

Testudo giintheri Baur, Amer. Nat. .xxii. p. 1044 (18KU [1890]) (Type. ? Locality. Oxford Museum)
(Vilamil Mountain).

All the twenty-three specimmis of this species, excejit No. 126, were obtained
by R. H. Beck on Vilamil Mountain early in 1902. Nos. 30-35 inclusive are
unmounted, the rest are mounted. No. 126 is from La Tortuga, and is at first sight
as much saddle-backed as any 2\ hecki ; but the first pair of marginal scutes are not
modified, as in all the saddle-backed races, but remain thin, and being large, project
as in nigrita. I therefore do not separate it from giintheri at present. Seeing,.
however, that the Cape Rose tortoises are inseparable from Testudo microphtjes of
Tagus Cove, I expect we shall have to add this to T. hecki eventually ; but I do
not do so now owing to the different first pair -of marginals. Nos. 99 and 98 are
also abnormal, being less in width over curve than in length, but are a2i2)arently
true giintheri and not vicina.

Testudo vicina Giinth.

Te-itudo cicina Giinther, Trans. Roy. Sor. Loud. clxv. p. 277, pis. 36 f. a, 40 f. B, 41 fs. a and c,.
45f3. candi). (1875.) (Type origin ?) (Iguana Cove.)

Nos. 37, 38, and 03-89 are unmounted, the rest mounted. Nos. Ill, 128, and
60 were collected by Dr. Baur, and Nos. 01 and 100 at Old Cobos Settlement by

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII, 1915. 407

the Johnsou-Green expedition. The rest were got by the Webster Harris, Leland
Stanford, and Captain Noyes second e.Kpeditiou, and by R. H. Beck. Three SS
and one ? are mounted on plaster caraj)aces, and the skeletons mounted complete.
There are fifty-eight specimens of this race in the Tring Museum.

Testudo species ?
Nos. 91 and 138 are two saddle-backed tortoises of uncertain origin, though
both collected by R. H. Beck. No. 138 is indistinguishable from ephippium, and
was got in the first half of 1902 and is labelled in Beck's handwriting "South
Albemarle."' No. 91 is a saddle-backed tortoise with strongly everted marginals ;
it was collected by R. H. Beck, and labelled bj' him " Indefatigable Island.
Feb. 16th, 1901." It has a very depressed carapace and much resembles Testudo
chathamensis.

Testudo wallacei Rothsch.
(Plates XXXI., xxxii.)

Testudo xoallacei Rothschild, Noik Zool. ix. p. G19 (1902.) (Type Distington Museum.
Locality ?)

The type specimen consists of a complete carapace with scutes, and was
purchased when Mr. Wallace's museum at Distington, Camberland, was dispersed,
together with a small ? ? Testudo chathamensis, two very small Testudo nigrita,
a specimen of the extinct Nestor productus, the also extinct Carpophaga spadicea,
and other rarities. This carapace was bought by Mr. Wallace at the sale of the
famous Bullock Museum. The scutes are absolutely smooth, with no trace of
striation, and the shape is much more oblong than any specimen I have yet seen
of Galapagos tortoises. There is a specimen in San Francisco obtained on Jervis
Island by Beck and Slevin which Dr. Van Denburgh refers to this species. Until
the cast of this Jervis S is ready for comparison, I feel unwilling to express a
definite opinion ; but from the monograph it is clear that while being larger (more
than four inches longer in a straight line), this Jervis Island specimen has the
scutes strongly and deeply striated.

Testudo nigrita Dam. & Bibr.

Testudo nigrita Dameril & Bibron, Erpet. Gener. ii. p. 80 (1835). (Type Huiiterian Museum.

Locality ?).
Testudo porteri Kothsohild, Nov. Zool. x. p. 119 (1903) (Indefatigable Island).

Dr. Van Denburgh (of. Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. ii, pt. i. pp. 249-51)
gives reasons — and good reasons — for making use of my name of porteri for the
Indefatigable tortoise, and only quoting nigrita under it with a query.

I, however, in this case, am in favour of using the older name, as I think it
can be proved to belong to this race.

The type of Dnmeril & Bibron's description is the specimen in the Hunterian
Museum. This consists of a complete carapace with scntes. I have carefnlly
compared it with the Indefatigable Tortoise brought home by Mr. Gerrard from
San Francisco, and, although the latter is slightly larger, the two agree in every
character most exactly.

I therefore reluctantly feel obliged to sink my own name porteri as a synonym
and reinstate nigrita Dum. & Bibr. for the tortoise of Indefatigable Island. The
type of nigrita is certainly a ?. Nos. 103 and 104 were bought in 1833 from a
whaling boat in Callao Bay by Mr. AVallace, of Distington, at the dispersal of
whose museum I obtained them.

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418

NOVITATFS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

ON THE GIGANTIC LAND TORTOISES OF THE SEYCHELLES
AND ALDABRA-MADAGASCAR GROUP WITH SOME
NOTES ON CERTAIN FORMS OF THE MASCARENE
GROUP.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R S., Ph.D.

(Plates XXXIII.— LXXVI.)

INTBODUCTIOIT

"\T7 HEN Dr. Gunther wrote his great work on the Gigantic Land Tortoises in
' » the Collection of the British Museum he was able to divide the species
or races into three well-characterised sections, which, in spite of certain donbts
raised by the snbseqnently described Testudo sumeirei Sanz., will, I believe, be
perfectly maintainable. These three groups were diagnosed as follows :

Nuchal plate present; third cervical vertebra biconvex ; golar donble.

Aldabra races

Nuchal i>late absent ; fonrth cervical vertebra biconve.x ; gnlar donlile.

Galapagos races

Nnchal plate absent ; I'onrth cervical vertebra biconvex ; guhir single.

Mascarene races •

At that time Dr. Gunther was able to distinguish amongst the available
material 4 Aldabra races, 0 Galapagos races, and 5 Mascarene races ; 15 in all.
Owing to the great interest shown in these creatures and the exhaustive investiga-
tions of many students subsequent to the issue of his book, a considerable number
of species or races have been added to our knowledge, and while one species has
had to be .sunk another has been re-established, so that now we know T well-
established and 'Z doubtful races of Giiuther's Aldabra Group, 13 well-defined
and 2 doubtful races of the Galapagos Group, and 8 well-established and 2
doubtful races of the Mascarene Group. As later researches have demonstrated
that Gunther's Aldabra Group was originally spread over Madagascar, the
>SeychelIes and most of tlie islands between and around, in addition to Aldabra
itself, I am calling this grouji here and for the future the SEYCHELIiES AXD
AIiDABBA-MADAGASCAR GROUP. As they now stand the groups work out
as follows :

Seychelles and Aldabra-Madagascar Group.

Testudo elephantina Dum. and JBibr.
Testudo daudinii Dum. and Bibr. .
Testudo gigantea Schwcigg. .
Testudo gouffei Rothsch.
Testudo sumeirei Sauz. .
Testudo grandidieri NmW.
Testudo ahrupla Graiulid.
Testudo species ....
Testudo Hjjecie.t . . . .

North Aldabra
8onth Aldabra

Various islands of
the Seychelles

Madagascar
Madagascar

?

?

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

419

Galapagos Group

Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo
Testudo

abingdonii Giinth.
phantastica Van Denb.
ephippium Giinth.
becki Rothsch. .
hoodensis Van Denb.
galapagoensis Banr .
chathamensis Van Denb.
dartoini Van Denb. .
micropkyes Giinth.
giintheri Banr .
mcina Giinth.
wallacei Rothsch.
nigrita Dnm. and Bibr.
species
species

Mascareue Group

Testudo indica Schneid. .
Testudo vosmaeri Schoepff
Testudo peltastes Dum. and Bibr,
Testudo commersoni Vaill.
Testudo inepta Giinth. .
Testudo triserrata Giinth.
Testudo sauzieri Gadow
Testudo leptocnemis Giinth. .
'Testudo africana Schweigg. = grai
Testudo gadoioi Van Denb.
Testudo microtipnpanum Boul.

Dnm. and Bibr.

Abingdon Island
Narborongh Island
Dancan Island
North Albemarle
Hood Island
Charles Island
Chatham Island
James Island
Central Albemarle
S.E. Albemarle
Sonth Albemarle
Jervis Island
Indefatigable Island
Cowley Mountain
Barrington Island

Reunion
Rodriguez

■ Mauritins

T. africatyi = grali may
be from Reunion, but it
is doubtful

?

Of the doubtful forms, the two of the Seychelles and Aldabra-Madagascar
group are quoted, the one on a large adult specimen in the Liverpool Bluseum,
two at Calcutta, one in Ceylon, and one at Tring, the other on a young
one at Tring respectively. The former are most likely semi-domesticated hybrids
of 1\ sumeirei x T. elephantina, and the latter of T. sumeirei x T. gigantea.
With regard to Galapagos doubtful forms, of the Cowley Mountain race only one
old ? is known, distinguished from ? T. nigrita by its greater " Middle Height."
Of the Barrington race only a few bones are known. Of the two doubtful
Mascarene forms T. leptocnemis is founded by Giinther on some extremely slender
bones with no associated carapace ; it may be and probably is identical with one of
the other Mauritius forms described from the carapace. T. africana Schweigg. =
graii Dum and Bibr. is founded on a carapace with scutes in the Paris Bluseum
of unknown origin, and may or may not be a Blauritian tortoise — more probably a
Reunion one.

In the j)resent article the Sejxhelles and Aldabra-Madagascar forms are more
fully dealt with, and I have only added a few notes on Mascareue species. This
latter group I hope to deal with more thoroughly later on. I may, however,
mention here now that Dr. Gadow's ideas about the type of T. sumeirei are not
correct, partly owing to an error of M. Sauzier. The latter believed the origin

28

420 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

of this creature to be nnknown, whereas fnll documentary evidence exists. If
Dr. Gadow had had all the available photographs, especially that of the creature
tilted up on end, he would have seen that the gular is not forked, and that it is
more or less identical with that of the Aldabra races. The plastrons with forked
gnlars from the "Mare au Songe " {T. gadou-i Van Denb.) belong to tortoises of
an older tj'pe more closely related to the fossil T. {Colossochelys) atlas Falc. of
the Siwalik Hills (see Plates lxxv.-vi.). I have taken the measurements given in
the tables exactly as in the previous article on " The Galapagos Tortoises in the
Tring Museum, etc.," with one exception : viz., owing to the absence of a perceptible
bend in the lateral marginal plates, I have taken the " Width over Curve " from
the lower edge of the lateral marginals on one side over the vertebral line to the
lower edge of the lateral marginals on the opposite side.

EABLT HISTORY

The early history of the Seychelles and Aldabra^Madagascar Land Tortoises
is not nearly as full nor so easy to unravel as that of the Galapagos Islands
Group of these creatures. In many of the early seventeenth-century accounts
the early vo3'agers do not discriminate between the tortoises of the Mascareue
Islands and those of the other islands ; while the very fnll accounts given by
Leguat, Dubois (le Sieur D. B.), Commerson, I'Abb^ Pingre^ and others refer almost
exclusively to the tortoises of the Mascareue Islands. The following extracts are
taken from Theodore Sauzier's " Les Tortues de terre gigantesques des
Mascareignes et de certaines antres lies de la Iffier des Indes."

In a book i>ublished in 1833 by Baron d'Uuieuville, entitled Statistique des
Seychelles et ses dcpendances, etc.^ etc., we read : " At Mah^ the land and sea
tortoises as well as the ' Garrets' (a sort of sea tortoise yielding the tortoisesheli),
which were so exceedingly numerous when the islands were discovered, are already
scarce, and soon will be as rare as on Mauritius."

And again, " When they took possession of the island of La Digue in 1771
it was full of birds and Land Tortoises."

In 1815 James Horsburgh in a work on this region says: " On the Island of
La Providence many land tortoises and land crabs are found with abundance of
water," and again : " At the ' lies Africaines ' one iinds abundance of laud tortoises "
{Instructions on the jSavigatio7i of the Mozambique Channel ami the islands and
dangers in the North and iV. East of Madagascar, by James Horsburghj.

A long time before Horsburgh d'Apres de Manuevillette {Instructions sur la
navigation des Indes Orientates, 177.5) testified to the abundance of Land Tortoises
on the He de la Providence.

In a "lUemoire snr les Seychelles" addressed to the Blinister M. de Vergennes,
dated Port Louis, May 1, 1775, and signed Brayer du Barre, it is related that
the "Man of War, le Mascariii, in September 1770, on its way to Malabar, called
at the Seychelles and exchanged for some chickens with the Governor, M. de Launay,
a number of Land Tortoises." Also " that the I'Heure du Berger, and the I' Etoile
du Matin, sent to explore the archipelagos to the N.E. of Madagascar in December
1770, under the command of MM. de Rolan et d'Herc^, called at the Seychelles, and
took on board Land Tortoises (Vol. 8, Records of the Islands of France and Bourbon).
L'Abb6 Rochon, a member of the Academy of Sciences, who in 1 709 was charged
with the mission of charting the islands to the N.E. of Mauritius, sojourned a

NOVITATES ZOOLOMCAE XXU. 1915. 421

month at the 'Seycheles et iles adjacents,' which at that time were solelj' inhabited
by moustrons crocodiles and land and sea tortoises " ( Voyage d Madagascar et
aux Indes Orient ale li, 1791).

In the public library at Caen is a large collection of manuscripts bequeathed
to his native town by General Decaen, who was the last French governor of
Mauritius. In Vol. 106, containing documents relating to the Se3'chelles, are
contained, inter alia, eight memoirs on this archipelago by Monsieur Malavois,
who carried out an" official inspection during the years 1786 and 1787. Among
these eight documents is one entitled " Description et notice sur I'Archipel des
Seychelles." le 1" Mai 1786, (Sign($) Malavois.

This is of the highest interest, for the autlior describes each island in
detail, and enumerates its resources and what products can be drawn from it.
On several of the large number of islands the tortoises had already been
exterminated. After visiting each island of tlie archipelago our author severally
records the presence on the islands and islets either in large numbers or in greatly
rednced numbers of the tortoises, or else the total absence of these creatures.
Having first stated, " When the Seychelles Islands were first discovered, no other
quadrupeds were found except the still existing amphibians, namely the Land
and Sea Tortoises and the Caimans. On Seychelle Island (= Mahe) a few
non-poisonous or hardly dangerous snakes, some centipedes and scorpions are
found : green frogs and toads are very rare ; but bats of the large sort are very
abundant," — our author proceeds to give a detailed list of the islands, of which
the following had tortoises on them : —

'' Oil He Saiute-Anne there are some 200 Land Tortoises, but 3000 could
well live there. Its shores are much frequented by Sea turtle.

"lie Moyenne has a diameter of about 200 ' toises,' and absolutely no fresh
water. There are a very great number of Land Tortoises.

"lie aux Cerfs is the most suitable island to serve as depot for all the tortoises
which could lie collected in the archipelago.

"He Therese. On this island tortoises are no longer found.

"He de la Conception. Formerly a prodigious number of tortoises were
found here, but now only a few still remain and these mostly small and thin.

" He Silhouette. This island still holds a few Land Tortoises.

" He du Nord. In spite of it having been burnt some years ago, Land
Tortoises are still found here, and those the finest in the archipelago.

" He aux Becifs. Formerly the Land Tortoises were present on this island
in great numbers, but private vessels have carried them off, so that but few remain.

" He aux Fregates. A few fine Land Tortoises are still shipped from here.

"He Praslin. This island is covered with native cocoanut palms, which grow
at a great elevation above the low ground. This tree, besides on Praslin, is only
found on the islands of Curieuse, Saiute-Pierre, and Bonde. Land Tortoises were
formerly excessively common, until the crews of the trading vessels, which called
there for cargoes of these creatures, took to burning the scrub to find them. At
present only a very few still exist in certain little frequented parts of the interior.

" He Aride. A few Land Tortoises still occur here.

" ' He Felicite.' On the slopes of the high mountain. Land Tortoises are
found.

" ' lies Soeurs.' These two islands are covered with dense scrub, in which a
few Laud Tortoises occur.

422 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

" lie Marianne is onl}' an elevated rock covered with scrub and lacking water
during a large jiortion of the year. A few small Land Tortoises are found.

" He de la Digne. This is the island on which a prodigious number — perhaps
most of all — of Laud Tortoises are found.

"He anx Vaches Marines. There are on this ishxnd a considerable number
of tortoises."

Captain Laplace, during a voj'age round the world, made a long stay in the
Seychelles in 1830, and after saying liow astonished he was at the large size of
the Sea Turtle, many having a shell 4 feet long by ;U wide, lie proceeds to say :
'■ The Land Tortoises are very common in the archipelago ; they are smaller and
rounder than the Turtles. Large numbers are shipped to the neighbouring
colonies." (Voyage autour dn Monde sur la corvette La Favorite, 1834.)

Truth to tell, even as late as this epoch, tlie importation into Mauritius of
Land Tortoises was still enormous. Here is a list of vessels recorded in the
Gazette de Maurice as discharging at Fort Louis in 1826 : —

" 8th January, ' Le Pecheur,' having left the He de Providence December 10th,
1825. 800 Tortoises.

" 28th May, the same shij), having left the Seychelles May 3rd. 800 Tortoises.

" loth June, 'Le Cheriby,' ont from Saint Brandon June 7th. 15 Tortoises.

" 6th December, ' Le Jeune Ferdinand,' out from the Seychelles November 12th.
1600 Tortoises."

Here we have over 3200 Land Tortoises sent to Mauritius in 1S26, 24tM) from
the Seychelles and 800 from the He de la Providence.

Monsieur L. de Grandpre, who landed at the Seychelles in 1790, remarks :
" It is important to mention how greatly these islands abound in Land Tortoises.
How can they have got here ? " (Voyage dans I'lnde et an Bengal par L. de
Grandpre, 1801).

In a work entitled Les lies de PA/rique, Paris 1848, Monsieur Eugene de
Froberville summarises the case as follows :

"In Bodrignez since end of last century the Land Tortoises have become
scarce " (p. 7u).

"On Galega Island in 178.5 only a very small number of Laud Tortoises were
found " (p. S3).

" Formerly on Mahe the number of Laud Tortoises was gigantic, but now they
are confined to the most inaccessible mountain gorges" (p. 92).

" AVhen Lieutenant Oger took possession of Silhouette he reports that this
island abounded in Laud and Sea Tortoises more than any other of the group" ([>. 98).

"In 1771 the He de Digue was full of crocodiles and Land Tortoises. One
crocodile Oger measured was 13 feet long and 8 feet round tiie belly " (p. 99).

"When Lazare Picault took possession of the Seychelles in 1744 (9th
November), he found on the larger islands of the group large quantities of Land
and Sea Tortoises and Crocodiles of various sizes " (p. 103).

" The Amirante Isles are only inhabited during a part of the year by people
from the Seychelles and Mauritius collecting Land and Sea Tortoises" (p. 1)0).

"On the Alphonse Islands Land Tortoises are extremely abundant" (p. 111).

" On the African Isles many Land Tortoises are found " (p. 111).

" The lie de la Providence abounds in Land and Sea Tortoises " (p. 1 12).

"Picault, when he discovered the Isle of Astove, 27th October, 1742,
saw there large (quantities of very large Land Tortoises " (p. 114).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. I9I5. 433

AJl these different excerpts from Sauzier and others prove :

(1) That in the first half of the eighteenth century Giant Land Tortoises
abounded on Mauritius, Reunion, and Rodriguez.

(2) That down to the year 1800 they also were extremely abundant on the
Seychelles and all the other small islands of the Indian Ocean.

(3) That they disappeared from the .Seychelles and the other islands except
Aldabra after 1830.

(4) That in Reunion about 1751), in Mauritius in ITSti, and in Rodriguez in
1800, they had become extremely rare ; and that they disappeared entirely from
these islands before 1840.

(5) That there are in existence on Mauritius, Reunion, and the Seychelles a
certain number of Giant Tortoises in a state of semi-domesticity, most of which
nndonbtedly came from Aldabra, but others equally certainly did not, and it is
now impossible to tell which island originally was their home. In addition there
are a number hatched in this state of semi-domesticity which are the produce of
parents of different origin.

(6) That at the present time there exist only on South Aldabra a few Testudo
(hmclin/l in a wild state ; on all the other islands the Giant Tortoises have been
exterminated.

(7) That the following are the islands in the Indian Ocean which we know
held Giant Tortoises in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

A. Seychelles and Aldabra-Madagascar Group of Tortoises:

Madagascar (fide Cauche), Aldabra, Farquhar Island or Juaii de No'ca,
Astore, La Providence, lies Africaines, Alphonse, Amirante Islands, Galega,
Cosmoledo Island, Olorioso Island, Assumption, the Ckagos Archipelago, the
Comoro Islands, and the following of the Seychelles Archipelago, Mahi, Sainte
Anne, Moyenne, He aux Cerfs, La Conception, Silhouette, He du Nord, lie aux
Bc'ci/s, lie aux Frcgates, Praslin, Aride, Felicitu, Les Swurs, Marianne, La Digue,
and the He aux Vaches Marines.

B. ntascarene Group of Tortoises :

Mauritius, Reunion or Bourbon, and Rodriguez.

It has been shown by our collections that each of tlie Galapagos Islands had
a distinct race of Giant Land Tortoise, and the largest, Albemarle Island, four. One
would then be inclined to take it for granted that the above thirty-three or more
islands — among which Reunion and Rodriguez are said to have had three each,
Mauritius at least four, while Aldabra had two if not three — had at least one
separate race each.

But the aforementioned Monsieur de Grandpre, after liis query of " How
can they have got there ?" proceeds to relate that undoubtedly they could swim as
much as from one to three leagues, for iudividnals captured on Fraslin, and after
having a circle cut in their shell with a " graver," put in an enclosure, had
escaped and were recaptured on the lie aux Cerfs; and others similarly caught
on the lie aux Cerfs and similarly marked, had escaped and were retaken on
Mahe. Tins fact of their power of swimming at least three leagues makes it
possible that within the one Seychelles group of islands several islands might
have had one species common to the several.

In 1877, when writing his great work, Dr. Giinther stated that there was

424 NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915-

no actual proof of there having been a tortoise indigenous to the Seychelles,
and that all the people best acquainted with the islands declared that all the
semi-domestic tortoises then there had come from Aldabra. The foregoing extracts,
due to the careful investigations of Messrs. Sauzier, Fauvel, and Professor Vaillaut
in the " Graudes Archives " of the Admiralty in Paris and other French repositories
of manuscripts, however, show that not only were there several indigenous species
on the Seychelles down at least to 1826, but that most likely several of the
semi-domestic tortoises there and ou Mauritius and Reunion had originated in
the Seychelles. The following extract really belongs among the previous ones,
but is given here as it was discovered later.

In the Journal of the Ship Le Charles, on her voyage leaving Mauritius in
1742 and returning there in 1T43, Captain Jean Grossin writes that after charting
the islands of Cargados (Cardonat) and Agalela or Galega, he dropped anchor at
"Jean de Nove" or Parquhar Island on October 29, 1742. On the 30th he
disembarked and found numbers of Land Tortoises, the smallest of which were
larger than the largest of Rodriguez Island ; some being such that six men could
not carry them, nor could they be got into the boats. They were rounder than
those of Rodriguez, and produced a cry like a calf. They were also more tender
and better flavoured than those of Rodriguez.

As regards those of Aldabra itself, the brothers Rodatz state that they found
the tortoises still numerous during their visit in the first half of the nineteenth
century, but they kept mostly to the thick scrub. There were ou the islands, at
the time of their visit, several brick-walled enclosures in which the tortoises were
collected for export to Mauritius, Madagascar, and elsewhere. In one they saw
200 and in another 300 tortoises.

Kersten mentions that a Hamburg merchant informed him that as late as
1847 a hundred men — the crew of two ships — collected and carried off 1200
tortoises from Aldabra, and among these were still numbers of veritable giants,
of a weight from 800 to 900 lb. each. A great and probably permanent hindrance
to any really exhaustive and critical elucidation of the races of this group is that
for about 150 years large numbers of these tortoises have been kept in a semi-
domesticated condition on Mauritius, Reunion, and the Seychelles. As they have
been brought there from many different islands, and in the case of the Seychelles
down at least to 1820, tliere survived ■original native tortoises: these creatures
have interbred freely, and many of the surviving individuals are undoubtedly
h3-brids and mongrels between many races.

"With the exception of the seven or eight brought by Dr. Voeltzkow from South
Aldabra, of which two are at Tring and four in Frankfurt, no tortoise of this group
in any Musenm can with certainty be proved to have been caught wild, all or
nearly all having been shipped to Europe from the Seychelles and Mauritius.
Therefore, as — with the exception of the negligible quantity still living in South
Aldabra of T. daudinii — the tortoises have been exterminated on all the islands
where they occurred in a wild state, a Monograph similar to the one pnblished by
Dr. John van Denburgh on the Gala[)agos Tortoises has become an impossibility.

Systematic Account.

Ten names have been given to tortoises belonging to the Seychelles and
Aldabra-Madagascar Group ; but the reason so little was done in the study and
classification of Giant Tortoises till it was almost too late was owing to their all

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 425

having been lumped together under the title of Testudo indica for three-quarters of
a century. The ten names are as follows :

1. 1814 Testudo giffaiitea lichweigger .... No localit}'

2. 1835 Testudo elep/ta?itina Bnmenl iMil Bihron . \ .,, ,' t ,

' [ Aldabra Islands

3. 1835 Testudo daudinii Dumeril and Bibron . . East Indies

4. 1877 Testudo ponderosa Giinthev .... No locality
6. 1877 Testudo hololissa Giinther ..... No locality

6. 1892 Testudo sumeirei SaMzier Re'nnion or Mauritius

7. 1906 Testudo gouffri Rothschild Ther^se Island

8. 1868 Testudo abrupta Grand idler .... Madagascar

9. 1868 Emi/s gigantea Gv&xiddAxn Madagascar

10. 1885 Testudo grandidieri YniWaut .... Madagascar

Of these last three, Nos. S, 9, were proposed in 1868 by the late M. Alfred
Grandidier for two species of semi-fossil tortoises collected by him at Amboulitsate
and Ets^re respectively. No. 10 was a name given to the larger species from
Etsi^re in 1885 by Professor Vaillant after a more critical study of these remains,
when he found that M. Grandidier's Emgs gigantea was a true Testudo, and aB
gigantea was preoccupied in the latter genus, it required a new name.

Of the remaining seven names three were proposed for specimens undoubtedly
brought alive from the Seychelles, and stated somewhat lightly by their former
owners to have been imported to the Seychelles from Aldabra.

One was applied to a living specimen in Mauritius known to have been taken
there in 1760 from the Seychelles, and almost certainly a native of one of that
group of islands or a neighbouring one. Of the remaining three, the author of one
gives no locality, one is stated to have come from the " East Indies," and the third
is stated to belong to a race found on the '' Islands in the Mozambique Channel,
Anjouan, Comoro, and Aldabra."

1 . Testudo gigantea Schweigg.

This name was aj^plied by its author {Prodr. p. 58 (1814) {Arch. Konigsb.
vol. i. pp. 327 and 362) ), to a large tortoise which was perfectly smooth, had an
undivided snpracaudal, and had a nuchal plate. The description agrees exactly
with Giinther's T. hololissa, except that the latter has a divided snpracaudal scute.
As we find a divided caudal scute to be of accidental occurrence in T. elephantina
and T. daudinii, I do not think it possible, with our present knowledge, to retain
gigantea and hololissa separate, their only character of difference being one known
to occur accidentally in other species. Of course, had not these tortoises disappeared
in a wild state, it is quite possible that we should have found that while one island
of a group of islands produced nothing but tortoises with divided snpracaudal
plates, a neighbouring island might yield such only as had undivided ones. As
a rule ? ? gigantea are much more dome-shaped than the cJcJjbut the very old
male (No. 139) is proportionately as high and dome-shaped as any ?.

2. Testudo elephantina Dura, and Bibr.

This name was applied by its authors to tlie seven or eight tortoises presented
to the Paris Museum by Messrs. Mathieu and Dussumier, obtained from Mauritius,
Bourbon, and Anjouan. The type is a specimen the carapace of which measures

426 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915-

45-6 inches in length in a straight line, and was sent by M. Mathien from Manritins.
It is a brown-scnted specimen with no embossed scates, though all the vertebral
ones are raised above the rest. The authors also state that specimens occur with
large conical bosses to the scutes. As native country they give " All the islands
in the Mozambique Channel, such as Anjonan, Aldabra, and the Comoros."

3. Testudo daiidinii Dum. and Bibr.
This name was given to a long narrow tortoise whose vertical middle height is
about half the length with no nail to the end of the tail.. The type specimen has
a carapace measuring 39-8 inches in a straight Hue, while a second specimen iu
the British Museum measures 34-5 inches in a straight line, and has a middle
height of less than half the length. Dr. Giinther has identified with this a
young 6 in the Liverpool Museum, but I am not quite sure that all the proportions
agree. I have associated with this species the wild South Aldabra tortoises and
the very large 3 brought to Mauritius from Egraont Island, Chagos Islands, by
Mr. Antelme, from whom I purchased it. If it should appear that the breadth
of these tortoises is much too great to allow of this, I leave it to others to give
a name to the South Aldabra Tortoise. But as the British Bluseum specimen is
a quite distorted individual and the type is also probably abnormally narrow, I
personally consider that the South Aldabra Tortoise is daudinii.

4. Testudo ponderosa Giinth.

Dr. Giinther applied this name to an adult ? tortoise without locality which
lived for some time in the Zoological Society's Gardens. The author laid particular
stress on the skull differences and the thickness of the carapace. Mr. Boulenger,
in his Catalogue of Cheloniam, 1889, puts it as a synonym of elephantina without
comment.

I I'eel sure it is a hybrid of T. elephantina x T. gigantea.

5. Testudo hololissa Giinth.

This name was given by Giinther in his large work to two male carapaces
in the Royal College of Surgeons Museum, and he associated with them a ? then
living in the Zoological Gardens. The larger specimen is the type, and not, as
Boulenger states in his 1889 Catalogue, the ? now in the British Museum. As the
only apparent difference between this and T. gigantea is the divided supracandal, I
feel it is impossible to keep it up as a separate race, so it must be treated as a
synonym of T. gigantea.

6. Testudo sumeirei Sauz.

This name was applied by its author to the large living tortoise which was
in the Artillery Barracks at Port Louis, Mauritius, when the English took
possession in 1810 ; and which, thongh quite blind, is, I believe, still living.
Monsieur Sauzier declared that its history was unknown, and that it probably
originated on Mauritius or else had come from Reunion. There are, however,
records extant which show that it was one of six or seven large tortoises brought
to Mauritius from the Seychelles by the Chevalier Marion de Fresne in 1766.
They were undoubtedly indigenous to the Seychelles or neighbouring islands, and
not of Aldabra. A second specimen of this lot is in the Tring Museum ; it was
brought alive from Mauritius. There was a third and perhaps others alive in
Mauritius in 1900. One of the original lot was also brought alive to the Zoological

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1913. 427

Society's Gardens in 1833, bat unfortunately, since its death, all traces of it have
vanished. It is also said that the Giant Tortoise which was on St. Helena during
Napoleon I.'s cajitivity on that island was one of these tortoises. This, however,
must remain uncertain ; for there are at present two living tortoises on St. Helena,
and the carapace brought from there to the British Museum as that of the tortoise
of Napoleon's time is first of all not certainly the carapace of that beast, which
may still be alive, and secondly is not T. siam'irei. This species is characterised
by its flat-topped carapace, absence of a nuchal plate, and double gular ; while
the carapace in question is a narrow, dome-shaped carapace with very large
nuchal plate.

7. Testudo gouffei Rothsch.

I described under this name a gigantic $ tortoise {lHov. Zool. xiii. pp. 753-4,
1906). It was procured for me alive by Messrs. GoufF6 and James, and it had
lived for a great number of years on Therfese Island, St. Anne's Channel, Seychelles.
It is a very old animal, conspicuous by the very deeply cut striations and horn-
yellow colour of the scntes of the carapace, and the very prominent and strongly
projecting scntes of the head and forelegs. It has a very large nuchal plate,
and strongly crenulated and everted marginal scutes between hind limbs and
supracaudal. It may be a last remnant of the indigenous Therese Island race, or
else, what I think more likely, came from Juan de Novo or Farquhar Island.

8. Testudo abrupta Grandid.
This name was applied by the late Monsieur Alfred Grandidier to the smaller
of the two semi-fossil tortoises obtained by him. It was found at Amboulitsate,
and is very strongly dome-shaped, and the declivity to the nuchal plate and the
supracaudal respectively is very sharp, while the shell is very thin, as were also
apparently the scutes in life.

9 and 10. Eiwjs gigantea Grandid. = Testudo grandidieri Vaill.
Monsieur Grandidier placed his larger species found at Etsere in the genus
Emys because of the very depressed and flat carapace, and therefore naturally
called it gigantea, as no fossil or recent Emys could approach it for size. However,
Professor Vaillant {Compt. Rend. 1885, Part I. pp. 874-5) has shown that in spite
of the extraordinarily depressed carapace it is a true Testudo and near elephantina.
He renamed it, therefore, Testudo grandidieri, as gigantea was preoccnpied in
Testudo.

Description

We now come to the question of diagnosing the differences of the races ;
and here begins a troublesome task, because, as I have before stated, of the
specimens of the first five of the seven races of these tortoises which, I think,
can be easily recognised (e.xcept certain specimens from South Aldabra), none are
definitely known to have been caught wild, and on the Seychelles and Mauritius
numerous hybrids have been produced. Another circnmstance is puzzling, though
I believe if we knew the definite habitat of each specimen it would be quite
explicable : namely, in both Testudo gigantea Schweigger and Testudo elephantina
Dum. and Bibr., we find long and narrow specimens and short and broad specimens :
i.e., we have long and narrow as well as short and broad individnals, with perfectly
smooth scutes and also with strongly striated scutes, and this evidently quite
irrespective of age. We also find that as a rule the short and broad individuals

428 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAF, XXII. IIUS.

of botb races in the ^^ show ranch more prouonnced bosses or pyramids of the
scntes than the long and narrow ones ; ? ? of the smooth-scnted form, however,
never show any trace of the scntes being embossed. It would probably be found
that the long and narrow tortoises are all hybrids or descendants of hybrids
between Testudo daudinii and either gigantea or elephantina as the scntes are
smooth or striated. As, however, we can now never trace the exact origin of
the tortoises under consideration, I am relnctaiitly forced to inclnde under gigantea
all smooth-scnted individuals whether they be short or long, and all the specimens
with striated scntes under elephantina. A character noticeable and conspicnons
in very old and large tortoises of this group is that the plastral bridge becomes
enormously swollen and pushed ont, so that it projects far beyond the lower edge
of the marginals and is totally unlike anytliing found in large Galapagos tortoises.
It is, however, only in extremely old specimens that it becomes conspicnons, for
the very large <S in the British Mnseum (fignred here on Pis. xlix. and l.),
though of the largest dimensions, shows hardly any signs of this development.
Among the Seychelles and Aldabra-Madagascar tortoises no such definite saddle-
shaped carapaces occur as in the other two groups, but the type specimen in Paris
and the large adult <S of daudinii in the British Museum have the marginals
much everted and the front of the carapace considerably raised, so that we can
without impropriety say that daudinii represents the saddle-backed races of
the " Seychelles and Aldabra-Madagascar group " abingdonii, becki, ephippiuni and
plumtasticus of the " Galapagos group," and the saddle-backed Testudo vosmarri
from Rodriguez of the " Mascarene group."

Dr. Van Denbnrgh was able, thanks to possessing numerous specimens with
exact data, to determine four categories of variation :

1. Variation with age.

2. Variation with sex.

3. Variation with distribution.

4. Individual variation.

In consequence of there being only a'negligible quantity of Indian Ocean material
with any kind of data, and while fully conscious of having before my eyes all
these four classes of differences, I can only definitely deal with three — viz.
Nos. 1, ~;, and 4. I will take them seriatim :

1. Variation with Age

As in the Galapagos group of races, the very young tortoises are all more
or less of the same shape ; being more strongly dome-shaped than in most of
the adults. One outstanding feature is the enormously deep incised divisions
between the scutes in the young ones from J to J grown, so that in many
specimens each scute api)ears resting on a high platform. Tliis is not or very
rarely found in the Galapagos group. Another difference is that from a very
early if not the earliest age the young of T. gigantea have the scutes absolutely
smooth. We have no very yonng individuals of either T. micro//// i/es or 7'. giintheii,
the two smooth-scuted Galapagos dome-shaped races ; but the youngest we have
show stray striatioDS. As before mentioned, extremely old tJ<J of the group
we are dealing with have an extraordinary develojiment of the plastral bridge
not seen in younger c? cJ or in any ¥ ? . Very old individuals of both sexes show
an inclination, often very strong, for the supracaudal to curve round towards and
even under the posterior end of the plastron.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII, 1915. 429

2. Variation with Sex

In the smooth-scute J T. yigantea the ? is alwa3's much more strongI_y dome-
shaped than the S, and never shows any signs of the scutes being embossed.
In the striate-scuted T. elephantina the ? is not conspicuously more dome-shaped
than the higher shelled cJc?, but it often exhibits scutes as highly embossed as
any i . In daudinii only one considerably dome-shaped and in qouffci no ? ? are
known ; while in sumeirei, if the specimen I have of a half-grown ? is reallv
sumeirei and not a hybrid, this sex is proportionally even more dome-shaped
than in gigantea, thus indicating a representative development in this group to
chathamensis among the Galapagos races. Like all the " Giant Tortoises," the 33
attain a much larger size than the ? ?.

4. Individual Variation

Here we are faced by a very awkward situation, due entirely to the inter-
breeding of the various races on the Seychelles and Mauritius, thus making it
necessary to include under one name a number of individuals which show differences
as great as, and often greater than, those between such Galapagau races as T. nigrita
and T. abingdonii. If we took the extremes, such as the very old S in the Tring
Museum which was brought back from the Seychelles by Dr. Brauer (see Plates
Liii., Liv.), and the large S from Cerf Island in the British Museum (see Plates
XLix,, L.), no one would believe them other than very distinct species ; for
Dr. Braner's 3 is long and comparatively narrow, has a considerably depressed
carapace, and the scutes show little or no signs of a boss — i.e., the edges of
the scutes are very little lower than the centre. The Cerf Island 3i on the
other hand, is short, very broad and very high, the carapace not depressed at
all, and the scutes enormously embossed, the centre of the scutes being
often 4-5 inches higher than the edges. Unfortunately we do not know the
exact habitat of these extremes, but we do know that a large number of
intermediate specimens between the extremes represent interbreeding in all
sorts of degrees between at least four species or races. The colour is also very
variable, running from pale-horn brown to deep black. The ? ? and young are
mostly dark slate-grey or brownish black, very seldom indeed being pale horn-
brown. Although, as proved by the above-mentioned large 3 from Cerf Island,
the adult 3 3 oi eleplmntina do occasionally become very pale horn-brown, we
generally find that the large cj cf of a decided pale brown colour are nearly alwaj's
entirely smooth-scnted, and therefore must be included inxAev gigantea. The brown
colour appear.':, however, to be found in long and narrow and short and broad
specimens promiscuously, but seems less frequent among those with embossed than
those with flat scutes, although the Cerf Island 3 in the British Museum is
one of, if not the most embossed specimens known. I have a much older 3 at
Tring, also brought from Cerf Island ; this individual is entirely black, deeply
striated, and has strongly embossed scutes (see Plates li. and lii.) ; but,
although being very aged, while the British Museum specimen was about
eighty years old only, it is much smaller. As examples of the short and long
forms of T. gigantea, see Plates lix., LX.'and lxi., lxii. In none of the races
of the group under discussion do we find the yellow jaws and throat, as found
in certain Galapagos races.

430

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 191P.

Key to the Species

f Marginals strongly everted T. daitdinii

[ Marginals feebly or not at all everted a.

^ i Carapace flat in vertebral region 3.

y Carapace not flat in vertebral region . 6.

., I Nuchal plate absent, shell not depressed 4.

' \ Nncbal plate present ........... 5.

. \ f>hell strongly declivous in front only, narrower ... T. sumeirei

[ Shell strongly declivous all round, broader . . . T. species, p. 436

^ J Shell strongly depressed T. grandidieri

y Shell not depressed T. species, p. 43fi

Shell abruptly declivous, costals vertical T. abruptn

Shell not abrui)tly declivous 7.

Scutes on head and legs strongly projecting, scutes of carapace 1

deeply striated . ^ / ^- ^'"'^^■'

Scutes on head and legs not projecting, scutes of carapace not, or "l

less deeply, striated J

Scutes of carapace absolutely smooth ..... T. gigantea

Scutes of carapace distinctly striated T. elephantinn,

(5.

8..

BESCBIFTIOSr OF THE RACES

As these tortoises vary so much individually, it would be useless to give long
or detailed lists of characters and descriptions ; I am of opinion that the diagnoses
and the photographs will convey a better idea of the important features.

To aid the student still further I have given a reproduction (PI. xsxiii.) of a
chart of the Aldabra Islands, to show the generally accepted theory that originally
T. daudinii inhabited the large South Aldabra Island, T. gigantea the smaller
North-West Aldabra Island, and T. elephantinn the large North Aldabra Island :
which theory, however, I doubt. There are also three Plates showing the skulls
of the various groups : viz. PI. xxxiv., Nos. 3, 4, and PI. xxxv., Testudo grandidieri
? and Testudo elepj/mntina S, to illustrate the form of a skull peculiar to the
Seychelles aud Madagascar-Aldabra group ; PI. xxxvi., Testudo darwini i , to
illustrate that of the Galapagos group ; and PI. xxxiv.. No*. 1, '^, Testudo vosmaeri
S, to illustrate that of the Mascarene group.

Testudo gigantea Schweigg.

(Plates LXi.-LXiv.)

Testudo ijirjanlea Schweigger, Prndr. p. 58 (Arch. Kumr/sb. pp. .327 and SiM) (1H14) ; Dum. and

Bibr. Erpit. Gau ii. p. 120 (183.5) ; Hubrecht, iVofp.s Lpijd. J/«s. iii. p. 43 (1881).
Testudo hololissa Gunther, Gig. Laud-Tort. p. 39, pi. vii. (1877).

Ti/pe specimens. — The type of T. hololissa Giinth. is No. 1021 in the Royal
College of Surgeons Museum. The type of Schweigger's T. gigantea is not
specially indicated, and I believe it must have been entirely lost.

Distribution. — Dr. Gunther gave Aldabra as the locality fur his hololissa ;
trusting to the statements, reported to him, that the inhabitants of the Seychelles
asserted that they never had known of indigenous tortoises and all their semi-
domestic ones originated in Aldabra. Thanks to the careful investigations of
Monsieur Theodore Sanzier, we now know that even as late as 1820 numerous
islands of the Seychelles group still contained indigenous races of Giant Laud
Tortoises, and that the type came from one of these Seychelles Islands.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 431

Material. — Including both specimens with double and undivided snpracaudal
scutes, the Tring Museum has 3 J c? and 7 ? ? entire ; the Royal College of
Surgeons' the carapaces of 2 c? c? (1 adult, the T3'pe, 1021, and 1, No. 1020, half
grown) ; and the British Museum 1 carapace of an adult S, and an adult ? stuffed
which is wrongly catalogued by Boulenger as the type of hololissa GiUith.

Diagnosis. — Nuchal plate normally present ; gulars paired ; third cervical
vertebra biconvex ; front of carapace declivous, much lower than middle ; height
at nuchal plate more than 31% of straight length (32-40%) ; difference between
percentages of heights at third vertebral and nuchal plate 20% ; carapace strongly
dome-shaped and oval, very wide anteriorly, width at junction of second and third
marginals more than 40% (44-58%) ; front and hind marginals not everted and
not produced ; length over curve not more than 140%-(129-140%), generally less
than width over curve ; vertical height to marginals medium, very constant, 5-7% ;
size large, adult c? S 30-40-5 inches ; plastron medium, greatest percentage 88% ;
plates entirely smootli. Scutes of head and forelegs smooth, flat and level with
surface of skiu.

General Remarks. — The Type of Dr. Giinther's description is undoubtedly the
adult S No. 1021 in the Hunterian Museum and not, as Mr. Bonlenger records,
the adult ? now in the British Museum, which latter, when the descrijition of
hololissa was published in 1877, was still living in the Zoological Gardens, London.
The history of this specimen was, that it was being taken as a present to the
Governor of Mauritius (Isle of France) on board the French corvette Gobe-Mouches,
in December 1808, when this vessel was captured by H.M.S. Nereida, Captain
Corbett, on December 18, and taken to the Cape of Good Hope. It was sent to
England by Admiral Bertie, who at that time commanded at the Cape, and it
lived at Petworth, the country seat of the Earl of Egremont, from August 1809
to April 1810. Its weight was 207 lb. Through the investigations of Monsieur
Sauzier we now know that this specimen was really an indigenous Se3'chelles
Tortoise ; but of course we do not know from which one of the numerous islands
it had come. The very large male (40-5 inches. No. 139) in the Tring Museum
is an exceedingly old animal — at least 300 years ; it weighed when alive 593 lb.
I obtained it through the late Mr. Carl Hagenbeck.

No. 176 is remarkable for having no nuchal plate.

Nos. 140 and 143 are evidently hybrids with T. daudinii, for while showing
all the general characters of T. gigantea they are very long and narrow and much
depressed, the "middle height" being less than half the "straight length," as in
daudinii. Although neither have the marginals everted, as in T. daudinii, in
No. 143 the first and second pairs are bent up and almost project horizontally.
No. 143 is figured on Plates lix. and Lx., under the heading of T. gigantea.

Nos. 141, 160, 162, 163, 170, 171, and 181 are, in my opinion, all hybrids
between T. gigantea and T. elephantina. Of No. 141 we know the parents, the
father being the large S (49-inch) elephantina in the British Bluseum (figured
Pis. XLi.x., L.), and the mother the ? gigantea imported alive along with it from
the Seychelles {lie aux Cerjs). They vary much, but all show a condition of
concentric striation on portions of the scutes more or less intermediate between the
entirely smooth scutes of gigantea and the strongly striated scutes of elephantina.
All its ten specimens oi gigantea and eight of the hybrids were received alive from
the Seychelles.

The ¥ ? oi gigantea are nearly always much more dome-shaped than the 6S.

432 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXII. 1915.

The little tortoise No. 141 was given to me in spirit by the late Dr. Albert
Gunther, who had kept it alive for several years ; it had come over with its parents.
All its measurements were taken with a large pair of compasses.

Testndo elephantina Dnm. and Bibr.
(Plates XLix.-Lii. and lv., lvi.)

Tesluito elephnitiiia (part.) Dumeril and Bibron, Erpet. Gen. ii. p. 110 (1835). (Islands of

Mozambique Channel.)
Testiido elej)hantiiia Gunther, Gig. Land-Tori. p. 21, pis. i.-iv., viii.-xvii., xix. (1877) ; Peter's

Jicine n. Mossamb. iii. p. 3, pi. III.f.B. (1882).
Tesludo iiidica (part.) Gray, Si/ii. Rept. p. >J (1831) : Cat. Tort. p. -5 (1844) ; Shield Repl. i. p. 6,

pi. XXXV. f. 1 (1855) ; Suppl Shield Rept. p. 5 (1870).
Testudo pottilernsa Gunther, Gig. Laud-Tort. p. 35, pis. VI., VIII., IX., XIII., and XVIII. (1877)

( ? Hybrid T. giguiitea x T. elephantina).

Type specimens. — The type was not marked by Messrs. Dumeril and Bibron,
but is evidently the very large specimen in the Paris Museum sent from the He de
France (Manritins) by M. Mathieu. The type of ponderosa is a ? skeleton with
no history in the British Museum ; it had been bonght alive by Dr. Gunther.

Di.siribution. — It is supposed that T. elephantina inhabited the Northern Island,
Aldabra Islands ; but all the specimens in the various Museums have been received
from the Seychelles, Mauritius, or elsewhere alive, and not a single specimen is
known to have been collected in a wild state on Aldabra and brought to Europe
direct.

Material. — Of presumably pure T. elephantina there are in the Tring Museum
11 c? <J and 9 ? ? , of which No. 169 was purchased stuffed, and the rest all received
alive from the Seychelles or Mauritius. This is the commonest of the Indian
Ocean tortoises in museums, and I have examined many in Paris, Vienna, and
elsewhere ; but there is no specimen at all approaching the large 49-inch c? in the
British Museum, either in size or sharpness of the specific characters.

Diagnosis. — Nuchal plate normally present ; gulars paired ; third cervical
vertebra biconvex ; front of carapace strongly declivous, much lower than middle ;
height at nuchal plate more than 25% of straight length (:*8-39%) ; difference
between percentages of heights at third vertebral and nuchal plate more than 20%
(22%) ; carapace strongly dome-shaped and oblong, very wide anteriorly ; centre of
scntes often very strongly raised and embossed ; width at junction of second and
third marginals more than 47% (48-(30%) ; front and hind marginals not — or very
feebly — everted, and not produced ; length over curve not more than 140%
{128-14U%) ; generally equal to or slightly less than width over curve; in about
30% of the individuals it distinctly exceeds the width over curve ; vertical height
to marginals very variable, 3-9%; size large adult Si 35-49 inches; plastron
long, greatest percentage 92% ; plates distinctly striated. Scutes of head and
forelegs flat and level with surface of skin.

General Remarks. — The description given by Messrs. Dumeril and Bibron was
made from some seven or eight specimens sent from Bourbon, Mauritius, and
Anjouan by Messrs. Mathieu and Dnssnmier ; but as they give fnll measurements
of the one sent by Monsieur Mathieu, and moreover lay stress on it as being an
extra large specimen, while dismissing the rest simply in the words : " et les six
■ou sept autres que uous possedons," it is evident that that is the type. Otherwise
the name could not stand, as among these seven or eight are one or two gigantea

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915. 433

and one daudinii. The Tring Mnsenm, unfortunately, possesses no very large
typical <S of this species, and I fear it is now too late to get one from the Seychelles,
for almost all the really large individuals still there are hybrids or apparent
hybrids. In fact, outside the Paris Museum, I consider the only really fine i is
the one in the British Museum.

No. 142 is a hybrid between daudinii and clephantina, for while the scutes are
distinctly striated, the carapace is long and narrow, and the " middle height " is
less than half the straight length. This tortoise is one of the pair brought alive
from the Seychelles by Dr. Braner and deposited in the Hamburg Zoological
Gardens in 1896. I purchased them both from him on the understanding that they
should remain in Hamburg till they died. This specimen died in 1906. In the
periodical Zooloyisclier Garten, vol. 36, p. 354 (1896) Dr. Bolau gives the following
dimensions for the larger cj ; Straight Length 125 cm. = 50 inches ; Length over
Curve 157 cm. = 628 inches ; Greatest Breadth at hinder part of Carapace
81 cm. = 32'4 inches ; and Height of Carapace from floor when not moving
68 cm. = 23-2 inches. When lettering the plates (before writing this article)
I simply took these measurements, and this accounts for the words 50 inch on
Plates Liii and liv. I cannot understand the wide discrepancy of 4i inches, even
when it is taken into account that Dr. Bolau's measurements were effected during
life ; for, unlike my large daudinii, the marginals are not produced, and so there
could only be from J to J of an inch difference between the nnchal plate and the
front edge of the first marginal, even if we suspect the straight length to have been
taken from front of first marginal. The ? is, I believe, still alive.

Testado daudinii Dum. and Bibr.

(Plates xLi. — XLViii.)

Tesiudo daudinii Dumeril and Bibron, Erpit. Gin. ii. p. 123 (1835) (East Indies) ; Gunther, Oig.
Land-Tort. p. 33 pis. IV., V. (1877) : Sauzier, La Nature, 45. pp. 273-275 (1895) ; Id., Cumpt.
Rend. 1895 part 2. p. 430 ; Bolau, Zool Garf. 3G, pp. 353, 354 (1896) ; Rothsch. Nov. Zml. iii.
p. 90 (1896) ; Id., Nor. Zool. iv. pp. 407, 408, pi. xiii. (1907).

T>/pe specimens. — The type specimen is a complete skeleton in the Museum
of Comparative Anatomy in Paris, and the scutes of the same individual mounted
on a wire frame in the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle in the same grounds.

Distribution. — If, as I am convinced, the wild tortoises on South Aldabra are
identical with daudinii, this species or race is the only one of the Indian Ocean
races still in existence in a wild state. There appear to be a few hundreds still
in dense scrub on the South Island.

To prevent future misunderstandings, I may draw attention here to the fact
that some of the semi-domestic tortoises from the Seychelles have been turned
down on the " North and West Islands " of Aldabra.

Material. — Besides the type, in Paris there are at least two other specimens
which I, personally, consider to be daudinii. The British Museum possesses an
adult c? (see Pis. xli., xlu.) which was presented by Lord Derby. There is a
half-grown i in the Liverpool Museum (see Pis. xliii. and xliv.) of which a cast
is at Tring ; I have at Tring also a S and ? collected by Dr. Voeltzkow on
Aldabra, and the gigantic 6 from Egmont Island, Chagos Archipelago, bought
from Mr. Leopold Antelme.

Diagnosis. — Nuchal plate present ; gulars paired ; third cervical vertebra
biconvex ; front of carapace normally not declivous (but large <J has first

434 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. 1915.

vertebral sharply declivous) not much lower than middle ; height at nuchal plate
more than 33^ (3o-36%) of straight length ; difference between percentages of
heights at third vertebral and nuchal plate more than 12% (15-18^) ; carapace
hardly at all dome-shaped, more saddle-backed, long and narrow, very broad
anteriorly, width between second and third marginals more than 55% (56-65%) ;
front and hind marginals mncli everted and very strongly produced, forming a
deeply imbricated margin ; length over curve much less than 14U% (126-128%) ;
height to marginals variable, 4-9%; size very large, adnlt cJcJ 35-25 to
52-25 inches ; plastron very long, greatest percentage 90% ; plates entirely
smooth or, when half grown, very faintly striated; scutes on head and forelegs
flat and level with surface of skin.

General Remarks. — This tortoise has a very great though melaucholv interest
above the rest of the Seychelles and Aldabra-Madagascar group in being the
only one of which a few individuals still linger in a wild state. The few still living
in South Island, Aldabra, owe their existence to the fact that there never has been
a permanent settlement on Aldabra, and more especially to the dense scrnb and
mangrove fringe on the island. For difBcnlties of present search and field notes
see Dr. A. Voeltzkow in Zoologiscker Garten, vol. 37, p. 30 (1896).

Nos. 147 and 148 are the adnlt pair collected by Dr. Voeltzkow, of which
the ? (the only recorded ?) is an extremely old animal. This ? at first sight
appears not to belong to daucUnii, as the vertical " middle height " is more than
half the " straight length." It must, however, be remembered that this is the
only ? of which the measurements are recorded, and that in both elephantina and
gigantea ¥ ? are much more dome-shaped and show an average greater " middle
height" than S3. The gigantic i, No. 184, which I jmrchased from Monsieur
Antelme, was known on the Chagos Archipelago many years previously to the
definite colonisation of the Egmont Islands, in or about 1800-5, by Monsieur
Victor Daperrel. It lived with a female (which died in 1894) on the He aux
Lnbines, and was brought to Mauritius by Mr. Antelme in May 1895. I purchased
it (c?) in 1897, and it lived iu the London Zoological Gardens till 1899, when it
died of old age. lam figuring the Nos. 148 and 184, the S in the British Museum,
and the half-grown S from Liverpool, on Pis. xli. — xlviii. The discrepancy
between the actual straight length and that given in 2^ovUates Zoologicae, 1897
(p. 408), is due from that measurement having been taken while alive and from
front of first marginal scute. The lettering on the Plates xlv. and xlvi. (50 inches)
is due to an error.

Testudo goaffei Rothsch.
(Plates Lxv., Lxvi.)
Testudo gouffii Rothschild, Nov. Zuol. xiii. pp. 753, 754 (1906) (Therese Island).

Type Specimens. — The type was obtained for the Tring Museum by Messrs.
Goufie and James, after the first of whom it is named. It was living on Thdrese
Island, St. Anne's Channel, Seychelles Archipelago ; but although I am convinced
that it came either from the Seychelles Archipelago or Farquhar Island, I now
doubt if it originated on Therese Island itself, as that was one of the few islauds
where the tortoises had been exterminated long before 1760.

Distribution. — This tortoise was indigenous either to one of the Seychelles
or the surrounding islands. It certainly did not come from Aldabra, as the
projecting scutes on head and forelegs, the very sharp and deep striation, and

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XXI.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XXII.

TESTUDO ABINGDONI Gi'NTH.

FEMALE INo. 27J

NOVlTATf:S ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XXIII.

TESTUDO QALAPAGOENSIS Baur.

(No. 391

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XXIV.

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PL. XXVII.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XXVIII.

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Pl. XXIX.

TESTUDO CHATHAMENSI8 Van Denb.

(NO. 411

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, V'OL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XXX.

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Pl. XXXI.

TESTUDO WALLACEI RoTHSCH.

(No. 42)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XXXII.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOI.. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XXXIV.

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1. 2 TESTUDO VOSMAERI Schoepff (British museum)

3. 4. TESTU DO MADAGASCARIENSIS V.U^^^^^^(BRms^MUSEu^

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H»*55

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XXXV.

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TESTUDO ELEPHANTINA Dl'M. & Bibr.

49 INCH MALE
(BRITISH MUSEUM)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XXXVI.

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(TRINQ MUSEUM)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XXXVI L

TESTUDO GRANDIDIERI Vaillant.

MALE
fBRITISH MUSEUM)

i8*«.»ll

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XXXVIII.

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PL. XXXIX.

TESTUDO SUMEIREI Sauz.

MALE
(TRINQ MUSEUM)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XL.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XLI.

TESTUDO DAUDINII Dum. & Bibr.

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(BRITISH MUSEUM)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XLII.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XLIV.

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TESTUDO DAUDINII DuM. & Bibr.

HALF GROWN MALE
(LIVERPOOL MUSEUM)

Plate XLV.
Testado daudinii.
Read " 52'25 ioches," and not " 56 inches in straight length."

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, V'OL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XLV.

\

TESTUDO DAUDINIl Du.m. & Bibr.

66 INCHES IN STRAIGHT LENGTH
MALE

Plate XLVI.
Testndo daadinii.

Read " 52-25 inches," and not " 56 inches in straight length."

■lOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XLVI.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XLVII.

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FEMALE

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. XLVIII.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. XLIX.

TESTUDO ELEPHANTINA Dim. & Bibr.

49 INCH MALE
(BRITISH MUSEUM)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. L.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, V'OL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LI.

TESTUDO ELEPHANTINA DuM. & BiBR.

OERF ISLAND, SEYCHELLES
MALE

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. LII.

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Plate LIII.

Read " Testudo daudinii x Testudo elephantina 45-5-incli male," aud not
" Testudo elephautina 5U-iiich male."

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LIII.

TESTUDO ELEPHANTINA DuM. & BiBR.

60 INCH MALE BROUGHT TO HAMBURG BY PROFESSOR BRAUER
(THING MUSEUMI

Plate LIV.

Read " Testudo dandinii x Testndo elephantina 45-inch male," and not
" Testudo elephantina 50-iuch male."

VOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, \'OL. XXII. 1915.

PL. L!\-,

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LV.

TESTUDO ELEPHANTINA DuM. & FiBR.

MALE

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 191S.

PL. LVI.

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Read " Testudo species ? " jiot " Testndo elephantina.''

I

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, \'oL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LVII.

TESTUDO ELEPHANTINA DuM. & Bibr.

FEMALE

D2)

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Plate LVIII.
Read " Testudo species ? " not " Testudo elephantina.'

I

VOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LVIII.

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Read " Testndo dandinii x Testudo gigantea," not " Testudo gigantea.'

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LIX.

TESTUDO GIGANTEA ScHWEIG.

MALE
(THING MUSEUM)

Plate LX.
Read " Testudo daudinii x Testado gigantea," not " Testndo gijantea."

obatBoT

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LX.

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Pl. LXI.

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TESTUDO GIGANTEA Schweig.

VERY OLD MALE

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. lxii.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LXIII.

TESTUDO GIGANTEA ScHWEIG.

FEMALE

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. lxiv.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 191S.

PL. LXV.

TESTUDO GOUFFEI RoTHSCH.

THERESE ISLAND, SEYCHELLES
MALE. TYPE

^^.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LXVL

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. lxvii.

TESTUDO SPEC. P

(TRINQ MUSEUM)

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N'OVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. LXVIII.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LXIX.

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(LIVERPOOL MUSEUM)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

a. -,

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. LXXI.

TESTUDO PELTASTES DuM. & BiBR.

IBRIT18H MUSEUM)

■fOVlTATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915

PL. LXXII.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LXXIII.

TESTUDO INEPTA GiiNTH.

(No. 43)

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LXXIV.

TESTUDO INEPTA GiiNTH.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VoL. XXII. 1915.

Pl. LXXV.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE, VOL. XXII. 1915.

PL. LXXVI.

n;';«^

TESTUDO (COLOSSOCHELYS) ATLAS Fallkn.

GULAR PROCESSES OF PLASTRON
(BRITISH MUSEUM. TYPE)

NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XSII. 1915. 436

horn-yellow eolonr of the scntes show it to be (^nite ditYercut from elephantinu or
daudirdi. Its great size makes me almost certain thiit it came from Fiinjnhar
Island, as the tortoises there were famed for their size.

Material. — Only the type is known : this is mounted in the Tdug Mnsemn,
the scntes and skin on a cast carapace, and the skeleton entire.

Diagnosis. — Nuchal plate present ; gtilars paired ; third cervical biconvex ;
front of carapace not sharply declivous in front, lower than the middle ; height
at nuchal plate more than 35% of " straiglit length" (38%); difference between
percentages of heights at third vertebral and nuchal plate, 15% ; carapace dome-
shaped, oval, very wide anteriorly, width at juncture of second and third marginals
more than 50% (57%) ; front marginals somewhat everted, projecting horizontally,
hind marginals strongly everted, both produced ; length over curve less than 135%
(133%) ; length over curve 4% more than width over curve : height to margiuals,
medium 7% ; size, large, 45-5 inches ; scutes of carapace pale horn-yellow ; scutes
of head and forelegs strongly raised and projecting well away from skin (during
life resembling those of T. calcarata, but not hard or horny, so have become
smaller and less prominent on dried skin) ; plates extremely deeply striated.

General Remarks. — This tortoise is highly interesting as indicating a possi-
bility that the Indian Ocean Giant Tortois 's had a continental African origin,
i.e. a common ancestor together with the present-day calcarata, possibly the fossil
Testudo ammon Andrews from the Fayoum. The discrepancy of four inches in the
measurements here given, and those given on p. 754 of Nooitates Zoologicae, xiii.
(1900), is due to the length measurements being taken, in the latter case, to front
edge of post-marginal, and breadth over curve to lower edge of plastral bridge.

Testndo sumeirei >Sanz.

(Plates xxxis., XL.)

Testudo sumeirei Sauzier, La Nature, 39, pp. 395-398 (1892) ; Eothschikl, Noi\ Znnl. vi. pp. :i59,
3C0 (1899) ; Gadow, Trans. Zool. Soc. Loud. xiii. p. 318 (1893).

Type specimens. — The type is the old blind 6 still living in the Artillery
Barracks, Port Louis, Mauritins. There is one adult S in the Tring Museum, sent
from Mauritius by Monsieur Leopold Antelme, and one other besides the type
is still on Mauritius. A large c? sent to the Zoological Society in 1833, by Sir
Charles Colville, has disappeared, and a second one, received a few years later,
also appears to have been lost.

Distribution. — These five tortoises, known in Mauritius as the Marian Tortoises,
were brought from the Seychelles to Mauritius in 1706 by the Chevalier Marion
de Fresne. As Monsieur Sauzier distinctly proves that indigenous tortoises existed
in the Seychelles down to as late as 1820, it is almost certain that Testudo sumeirei
was indigenous on one of tlie islands of the Seychelles Archipelago.

Material. — At present there appears to be only the single S in the Tring
Museum available for study.

Diagnosis. — Nuchal plate absent; gulars paired; third cervical vertebra
biconvex ; front of carapace declivous, much lower than middle; height at nuchal
plate more than 30% (34%) of '' straight length " ; difference between percentages
of heights at nuchal plate and third vertebral, 66%; carapace entirely Hat in
vertebral region, long, oval, sharply declivous only in front, very wide anteriorly,
width at juncture of second and third marginals more than .50% (51%) ; front and
hind marginals not everted and not produced ; length over curve 131% ; height

29

436 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. Utl'i.

to marginals small, 3% ; size, large, 37'5-40 inches (living type given as 40 inches
in straight line) : plastron medium 75% ; plates smooth.

General liemarlis. — There is not much to be said about this tortoise, as the
recorded individuals arc verj- few in number, and all at the time of recording in cap-
tivity. It appears probable that they came from one of the islands of the Seychelles,
where the tortoises had been quite early almost exterminated, otherwise the
Chevalier Marion de Fresno would not have taken them to Mauritius as gifts,
to where down to 1826 large numbers of tortoises were shipped as food from
the Seychelles.

Testudo species?
'.• (Plates Lxvii., Lxviii.)

Specimen. — The only known specimen is the young S at Tring, No. 183.

Distribution. — Nothing is known as to the habitat of this tortoise. It was
said by Hagenbeck to have been taken in German East Africa, but this is most
unlikely.

Diagnosis. — No nuchal i>late ; gnlars paired ; front of carapace declivous,
ranch lower than middle ; lieight at nnchal more than 33^ of " straight length "
(35%) ; difference between heights at third vertebral and nuchal plate 20% ;
carapace entirely flat on vertebral region, sharply declivous all round, short and
wide, very wide anteriorly ; width at junction of second and tliird marginals much
more than 50% (54%) ; front and hind marginals not everted and not produced ;
length over curve 136% ; height to marginals large, 7% ; plates smooth.

General Remarks. — Unless brought from the islands and escaped, it is most
unlikely that a " gigantic Land-Tortoise " should be cajitured on the mainland of
Africa. This is probably a hybrid between gigantea and sumeirei.

Testndo species?

(Plates Lvu., LViii. (lettered as elcphahtina) and lxi.x., lxx.)

Specimens. — I place here two specimens, first a large S marked Liverpool
Derby Museum on Table of measurement, p. 440, belonging to the Liverpool
Museum, and a ? No. 173 in the Tring Museum. The very different percentages of
" middle height,'' straight width, and width over curve are accounted for by the
more dome-shaped carapace in the case of ? ¥ .

Distribution. — The origin of the Liverpool Museum specimen is quite unknown ;
No. 173 was imported alive from the Seychelles.

Material. — In addition to the two mentioned above I have seen two specimens
of this form, the property of the Calcutta Museum ; and the large tortoise for so
many years kep)t alive in Ceylon was also of this form.

Diagnosis. — Nuchal plate present or absent; gulars paired; third cervical
vertebra biconvex ; front of carapace somewhat declivous, lower than middle,
height at nuchal plate in <S less than 30%, (24%), in ? more than 30% (35%) of
straight length : difference between percentages of heights at third vertebral and
nuchal plate in S 24%, in ¥ 25% ; carai)ace flat in vertebral region, depressed in
d", very deej) in ¥, very wide anteriorly, width at junction of second and third
marginals more than 53% (c? 57%, ¥ 64%) ; front marginals not everted, bind
ones projecting somewhat outwards and upwards ; length over curve, S 125%,
¥ 142%; height to marginals medium, 6-7% ; size medium, 32-05-4O-25 inches;
plastron moderately long, 75-85% ; plates with moderate striation ; scutes on head
and forelegs flat and level with skin.

N'OVITATES ZOOLOGICAB XXII, I9I5. 437

General Remarks. — These tortoises staud somewhat iu betsveeu sume/rci and
elephantina ; the 3 t? <? I have seen and the old Ceylon specimen have all nuchal
plates, while the ?, No. 173, has no nnchal plate. Whether they are hybrids or not
I am unable to decide ; but, beyond the ?, No. 173, which, as before stated, came
from the Seychelles alive, the origin of the other four is absolutely unknown.

Testndo grandidieri Vaill.
(Plates XXXVII., xxxviti.)

Eiiiijs f/igaidea Milne-Edwavds, ex Grandidier ia lit., Compt. Rend. 18S8, Part "2, p. IIG7.
Testndo gramlidieri, Taillant, Cmnpt. Rend. 1885, Part 1, pp. 874-77 ; Boulenger, Tram, Zoul. Soc.
Land. xiii. pp. 30j-ll, pis. xxxix.-XLi. (1893).

I'l/pe specimens. — ^Two almost complete carapaces, remains of four others,' and
a few bones in the Paris Museum collected iu 1868 at Etsiire by the late Alfred
Grandidier; one almost complete skeleton and carapace of a ? ; two complete
carapaces and a few bones of c? cj in the British Mu.seum, collected by Last at or
near Nossi Bey ; two complete carapaces and some bones oi i S iu the Tring
Museum, collected by Last in same place ; and a complete carapace in the Museum
of the California Academy of Sciences, also collected by Last.

Distribution. — Northern Madagascar ; only known in semi-fossil condition.

Material. — Only the eight carapaces and the bones and pieces mentioned above
are on record.

Diagnosis. — Nuchal plate present ; gulars paired ; third cervical vertebra
biconvex : front of carapace not at all declivous in front, little lower thau the
middle; height at nuchal plate more than 33 % (34-35^) of "straight length";
difference between the percentages of heights at third vertebral and nuchal plate
more than 9^(10-13%); carapace very depressed, flat on vertebral region, very
thick, orbicular, extremely wide anteriorly, widtli at junction of second and third
marginals more than 58% (.)9-61 %); front and hind marginals not everted,
produced, very thick, length over curve not more than 128 % (127-128 %) ; vertical
height to marginals fairly large, 7-8 % ; length of plastron medium, greatest
percentage 87%; (no plates or skin) ; size large, 3(3-75-48--l inches.

General Remarks. — These tortoises are remarkable, iu that, while having the
flat vertebral region of T.sumeirei, they have the most depressel shell of any Giant
Land-Tortoise. They are found intermixed with the bones of Hippopotamus,
Aeptjornis, and Crocodilus robiistiis, but only the last named survives in a living
state on Madagascar.

Testndo abrupta Vaill.

Testudo abnt2ita MUae-Edwards, ex Grandidier in lit., Compt. Rend. 1868, Part 2, p. llt)7. (Xoui.

nud.)
Testudo ahrupta Vaillant, Compt. Rend. 188.j, Part 1, pp. 874-77.

Ti/pe specimens. — An imperfect carapace and some bones collected in 1868 at
Ambonlitsate by the late Alfred Grandidier, in the Paris Museum.

Distribution. — Central Madagascar ; only known in a semi-fossil state.

Material. — Only the above-mentioned carapace and bones are on record.

Diagnosis. — Nuchal jdate (?) ; gulars paired ; front of carapace strongly
declivous, much lower than middle ; carapace strongly dome-shaped, almost semi-
circular, costals flat and vertical ; carapace abruptly declivous all round ; front and
hind marginals not everted and not produced ; general shape like Testuilo radiata.

General Remark-''. — JShows ancestral affinity to radiata.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXII. UllS. 44l

SOME NOTES ON nrASCABENE TORTOISES.

Testudo peltastes Diim. & Bibr.
(Plate LXXT., i.xxii.)

Dr. Guntlier and Mr. Boulenger have treated this as the 3'oang of Testudo
vosmaeri, which, however, I consider is erroneons. Alread}' Legnat in his narrative
of Rodrignez states there were three species of Tortoise on Rodriguez, and since the
discovery of a complete S mounted of T. vosmaeri, it became easier to compare the
type oi peltastes (a carapace with scutes) with typical vosmaeri. Professor Vaillant
has done so, and finds that peltastes is quite distinct. I have also examined the
so-called young carapaces of vosmaeri in the British Musenra, and find they are
completely adult with the sutnres entirely ancylosed. The carapace of peltastes
is dome-shaped and not constricted in the anterior third, while the carapace of
vosmaeri is constricted in the anterior third and saddle-backed.

Testudo commersoui Vaill.

This tortoise was described by Vaillant from one of many very accurate
drawings accompanying Commerson's Journal, and is the third species from
Rodriguez.

Testudo iudica Schoepf.

Professor Vaillant, after carefully tracing the history of the type of this
species (a carapace with scutes), has ascertained tliat it came from the island
of Bourbon (Ri5union).

Testudo gadowi Van Denb.
(Plate Lxxv.)

Dr. Gadow proposed the name of gilntkeri for certain front halves of plastra
from Mauritius with forked gulars, but the name being preoccupied. Dr. Van
Denburgh renamed the species gadozvi. Dr. Gadow was of opinion that these
plastra proved that Dr. Giinther's classification into three groujjs of the gigantic
Land-Tortoises broke down, for while the latter diagnosed the Mascarene forms
as having a single gular, these plastra from the Mare aux Songes proved that
a form occurred on Mauritius with a double gular and fourth cervical vertebra
biconvex, as in the Galapagos forms. If Plate lxxv. is consulted, which shows one
of these plastra belonging to the Tring Museum, it will be seen that the forked
gular is very similar to that of the colossal 10-foot-Iong fossil Colossocheli/s atlas
of the Siwalik Hills (Plate lxxvi.). This shows that these plastra belong to
a tortoise of a much older epoch allied to the Siwalik species. Although they
were Ibuud in the Mare aux iSonges, they must have worlced up through the mud
from an older geological stratum, and tlierefore do not atfect the problems
connected with our three groups of gigantic Land-Tortoises at all.

442 NbVlTATKS ZOOLOCICAK XXII. ]'.>]f,.

Testudo inepta (iiitith.
(Plates Lxxiii., Lxxiv.)

The Tring Mn.seuiii possesses a carapiiee witboiit j)litsrr.)ii, ;iii(l live or six
skulls of inepta ; the skulls are very long and narrow. Tbe curapar.e measures :
"straight" ieiigtli, 2J-T9 inches ; width, 12-6; " over curve '" length, 24-5; width,
26 ; width between second and third marginals, 10. Tlie fourth vertebral i.s
strongly embossed " bombL"

ERRATA IN PLATES.

Plates Lix., LX., should read T. daudinii x T. gigantea, not T. giyaiitea.

Plates LTll., Liv., should' read T. daudinii x T. elephantina 45-5-incli male, not

T. elephantina 50-incii male.
Plates XLV., XLVi., should read 52'25 inches, not 50 inches in strai(/ht lenijth.
Plates LVir., LViri.. shonid real Testudo species ? not Testii'lo elephantina.

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Vol. XXII.

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Pages 443 — 47.5,

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FEINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEV, I.D., LONDON AND AYLESBDRV.

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Vol. XXII.

N0V1TATE8 ZOOLOGICAE.

EDITED BY

LOED ROTHSCHILD. ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. IV.

INDEX TO VOLUME XXII 443—475

(TITLE-PAGE, CONTENTS, LIST OF PLATES, AND EPatATA TC"
VOLUME XXII)

443

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INDEX.

abanga (Ctenoberta), 323.

abasalis (Bursadopsis), 217.

abbreviata (Liphyra), 396.

abietinus (Falco), 169.

abingdonii (Testudo), 403, 4U8, 414, 419, 428, 429.

ablutejla (Anerastia), 237.

aborta (Hemerophila), 361, 362.

Abraxas, 217.

abrapta (Dysphauia), 218.

— (Euschema), 218.

— (Testudo), 418, 425, 427, 430, 437.
abraptaria (Hemerophila), 363.
absona (Anisogamia), 219.

— (Anisozyga), 219.
absurdum (Deilemera), 215, 216.

— (Leptosoma), 215.

abyssinicus (Falco), 177, 178, 179, 251.

— (Mesopico.s), 255.

— (Sporopipes), 261.
acanthinurus (Uromastix), 6, 7, 77.
Acanthocheilonema, 25.

Acca, 132, 207.

Aceipiter, 16, SI -5, 250.

accra (Terina), 372.

accraria (Somatina), 327.

aoera (Precis), 129.

achates (Cyrestis), 206.

achatina (Epirrhoe), 337.

Acidalia, 220, 235, 325, 326, 329-35, 341.

acilia (Cyrestis), 132, 206.

— (Nymphalis), 206.
Acolachroma, 219.
Acollesis, 322.
Acoloithus, 300.
Acontia, 233.
Acraea, 134, 135.
Acropteris, 221.
Acrostatheusis, 384.
Actenia, 188.
Actenochroma, 219.
actiosaria (Ptychopoda), 334.
Acuaria, 14.

aculeata (Micronia), 221.
acuta (Anas), 245.

— (Curetis), 81-103.

■60

acuta (Ophiusa), 153.
aoutangula (Polyploca), 159.
ada (Appias), 112.

— (Papilio), 112.

adelpha (Leptopsylla), 304, 307.
adiabonensis (Hedydipna), 265.
admete (Amblypodia), 141.

— (Arhopala), 141.
admiralia (Euploea), 198.

— (Issoria), 202.

— (Papilio), 195.

— (Parthenos), 207.
admiralis (Papilio), 195.
admiralitatis (Eulepis), 208.

— (Papilio), 192.

— (Precis), 203.

admiranda (Drepanogynis), 378.
Adolias, 134.

adornata (Prasinocyma), 316.
adriana (Taenaris), 201.
adyte (Calliploea), 120.
aegeus (Papilio), 194.
aegra (Oenanthe), 62.
aegyptius (Caprimulgus), 62, 76.

— (Pluvianus), 245.
aenea (Hypochaera), 263.
Aepyornis, 437.

acres (Deilemera), 214.

— (Leptosoma), 214.
aeropa (Symphaedra), 280.
Aerops, 258.

aeropus (Euthalia), 134.

— (Lexias), 280.

— (Papilio), 134.
aeruginosus (Circus), 78.
Aeschropteryx, 384.
aesopus (Curetis), 81-99.
aestimaria (Macaria), 351.
aethiopicus (Leptopsylla), 307.

— (Threskiorais), 248.
aethiops (Euploea), 196.
aexone (Amblypodia), 397.

— (Arhopala), 397.
afer (Eurystomus), 256.

— (Nilaus), 259.

444

aflinata (Euploea), 197.
affinis (Apus). 258.

— (MilviLs). 47.

— (Noctuelia), 243.

— (Telicota), 144.

— (Tyto), 253.

— (Virochala), 395.
affinita (Euploea), 197.
afra (Crj'ptorhina), 260.

— (Pyromelana). 261.
africana (Chizaerhis), 253.

— (Testudo), 419.
africanus (Bubo), 253.

— (Buphagus), 260.

— (Carduelis), 65.

— (Phalacrocorax), 244.
Agama, 62, 66.

agamemnon (Papilio), 109, 195.
Aganais, 214.

Agarista, 210.
Agirpa. 373.
Aglossa, 187, 241.
agna (Parnara), 400.
agendas (Dychis), 124.

— (Elymnias), 124, 201.
Agrobates, 75.
Agrotis, 229, 230.
Aidemosyne, 262.
aidoneus (Papilio), 273.
aiguina (Gandaca), 115.
akasa (Lycaenopsis), 135.

— (Polyommatus), 135.
Alaemon, 20, 62, 69.

alata (Pliyaaloptera), 15-17.
alatus (Thelandros), 4.
Alauda, 69, 264.
alaudipes (Alaemon), 62, 69.
alba (Tyto), 29, 41, 253.
Albarracina, 229.
albata (Danaida), 118.
albescens (Cleora), 361.
albicans (Aquila), 251.

— (Cleopbana), 231.
albicapilla (Cossypha), 266.
albicoUis (Aerops), 258.

— (Jlerops), 258.
albicostalis (Enosoma), 237.

— (Lymire), 237.
albida (Timora), 229.
albidice (Pieris), 228.
albifimbria (Norcia), 218.
albifusa (Ophiusa), 151.
albifusca (Tiracola), 149.
albigularw (Accipiter), 52.

— (Astur), .52.

albinotata (Prasinocyina), 315.
albinotella (Staudingeria), 239.
albiquadrata (Abraxas), 217.

albisticta (Prasinocyma), 315.
albistrigosata (Batracharta), 147.
albivestalis (Eublemma), 232.
albivia (Macaria), 349.
albolineata (Actenia), 188.

— (Calophasia), 231.

— (Criopliasia), 231.
albomarginata (Thyaonotis), 140.
albo-ochracea (Calophasia), 231.
albotaeniata (Cynthia), 127.
albovariegata (Nephopteryx), 238.
albus (Corvus), 260.

Alcedo, 257.

Aleidis, 220, 221.

alcinus (Machaerrhamphus), 48.

alcippe (Atella), 126.

— (Papilio), 126.
Alcis, 359.

alcmene (Catopsilia), 113
Alcyone, 33.

aldabrensis (Fregata). 145, 146.
alecto (Euploea), 119, 196.
Aleucanitis, 234.
alexanderi (Gaierida), 265.
algerialis (Ulotricha), 187, 242.
algeriensis (Ammomanes), 63, 69-72,
algina (Yoma), 203, 204.
algira (Leptopsylla), 307, 310.
algiriae (Cerocala), 233, 267-70.
algirus (Erinaceus), 10.

— (Mus), 308, 310.

alimena (Hypoliranas), 130, 205.

— (Papilio), 130.

allardalis (Noctuelia), 190, 243.

— (Orobena), 243.

allevata (Chlorodrepana), 317.
allophylus (Chiliopsylla), 308.
almana (Precis), 129.
alpestris (Eremophila), 63, 70, 71.
alphanet (Falco). 178.
alphenor (Papilio), 107.
alpina (Stenistomera), 307.
Alsophila, 376.
altaicus (Falco), 185.
alternata (Epirriioe), 337.
amabilis (Melanitis), 123, 124.
Amadina, 55.
Amathes, 190.
ambiguata (Gnophes), 366.
Amblypodia, 141, 142, 397.
amboinensis (Hasora), 143.

— (Macropygia), 38, 39.
arnica (Peridela), 348.
Amicta, 191.

— (Zamarada), 344.

amitina (Lepto])sy]hi), 307, 308, 310.
Ammomanes, 62, 63, 69-73.
ammon (Tesludo), 435.

445

Amnemopsyche, 373.
amoena (Arniocera), 299, 300.

— (Damias), 274, 275.
Ampelophaga, 286.
amphion (Neptis), 132.

— (Papilio), 132.
Amplypterus, 291.
amytis (Amblypodia), 142.

— (.\rhopala), 142.
anableps (Tenaris). 201.
anacletus (Miletus), 141.

— (Thecla), 141.
Aaacosymbia, 324.
anaemicalis (Noctuelia), 243.
anaetheta (Sterna), 26.
analagoalis (Glyphodes), 226.
analiplaga (Buzura), 367.
anamesa (Nothabraxas), 368.
Anaphaeis, 111.

Anas, 61, 78, 245.

Anastomus, 248.

anatum (Falco), 170, 175, 176.

anceps (Acca), 207.

ancharia (Hypochlorosis), 395.

Ancylolomia, 186.

.\noylosis, 240.

ancyra (Lycaena), 392.

— (Nacaduba), 392.
andalusiaria (Nyohiodes), 191.
Andrapana, 133.

andrewsi (Fregata), 145, 146.
anella (Lamoria), 236.

— (Tinea), 236.
Anerastia, 240, 241.

anfractilinea (Di comiosis), 325, 326, 334.
angolana (Arniocera), 300.
angulata (Curetis), 81, 97-102.
angulifera (Arniocera), 299.
anguligera (Palimpsestes), 156.
angusta (Xenimpia), 380.
angustimargo (Clilorodrepana), 317.
angustior (Castalius), 136.

— (Lycaena), 136.
.\nhinga, 244.

anisa (Ectropis), 364.
Anisogamia, 219.
Anisoneura, 211.
Anisozyga, 219.
anna (Amblypodia), 141.
annetta (Amblypodia), il41.
annuligera (Lophostola), ^319.
Anoectomychus, 339, 340.
anoista (Acidalia). 329.

— (Pylarge), 329.
.\nonyohia, 346.
anonyma (Oena), 249.
anophera (Hemerophila), 361, 362.
an"orgei (Nothofidonia), 367.

ansorgei (Ortygospiza), 264.

antecanis (Mycalesis), 200.

Antharmostes, 317.

antbedon (Papilio). 108.

anthelius (Amblypodia), 142.

Anthocharis, 228.

antbophilaria (Rhodometra), 235.

antliophilata (Somatina), 327.

anthracina (Euploea), 119.

Anthus, 74, 77.

antilope (HypoUmnas), 130, 204.

— (PapiUo), 130, 204.
Antitrygodes, 329.
antoniae (Appias), 112.
Anumeta, 234.
Anydrophila, 233.
Apaturina, 134.
."Vpaustus, 400.
apiaster (Merops), 77.
apicipuncta (Somatina), 324, 327.
apicisecta (Calliorates), 369.
apicitincta (Acrostatheusis), 384.
apicta (Hebdomopbnida), 376.
Aplonis, 37.

Apodemus, 302, 308, 310.
apoUonins (Lycaena), 140.

— (Thysonotis), 140.
Apopestes, 234, 235.
Aporophila, 190.
Appias, 112.

appina (Taenaris), 201.
approximans (Accipiter), 52.

— (Athetis), 232.
apuncta (Miltochrista), 210.
Apus, 76, 258.

apu3 (Apus), 76.
Aqulla, 17, 46, 201.
aquila (Fregata), 145, 146.
arabicus (Falco), 171.
arabs (Otis), 247.
araxes (Arhopala), 142.
arcesilans (Faunis), 124.
Archaeopsylla, 308.
arcuata (Curetis), 81.
Ardea, 27, 247, 248.

— (Cynthia), 126.

— (Padraona), 400.
ardestifascia (Nephopteryx), 238.
ardosiaceus (Falco), 252.

ardys (Dole-schallia), 206.

arenicola (Pyrausta), 189.

arenicolor (Ammomanes), 62, 63, 69, 70, 71, 73,

Arenipsis, 236,

arenosella (.\nerastia), 240.

— (Syria), 240.
arete (Lethe), 122.

— (PapiUo), 122.
Argynnis, 128.

446

ArgyrospUa, 229.
Arhopala, HI, 142, 397.
ariadne (Ergolis), 125.

— (Papilio), 125.

ariel (Fregata). 145, 146.

aries (Cossus), 236.

arlsteus (Papilio), 108.

Aristida, 62, 75.

aristoloehiae (Papilio), 106.

Armada, 234.

armigera (Chloridea), 190.

Arniocera, 298-300.

arsinoe (Cynthia), 126, 127, 202.

— (Papilio), 126.
artemis (Taenaris), 125.
Artemisia, 68, 70, 72, 73.
arthuri (Faleo), 168.

— (Tinnunculus), 167, 168.
articulatum (Haloxylon), 68, 70, 71.
aruana (Hesperia), 402.

— (TeUcota), 402.
arunus (.41eidis), 221.
arvensis (Alauda), 69.
Arvicanthis, 308, 310.
ascepta (Ptychopoda), 334.
asclepiades (Sphingognatha), 216.

— (Tagora), 216.
Ascotis, 218.

asema (Dyspessa), 236.
Asio, 252.
Asopia, 225.
aspasia (Cinnyris), 35.

— (Daaaida), 117.

— (Huphina), 111.

— (Papilio), HI.
aspila (Parthenos), 208.
assarica (Papilio), 121.

— (Tellervo), 121.
assimiliB (Cacomantis), 32, 42.

— (Cuculus), 32.

— (Glyphodes), 226.

— (Ninox), 30, 41.
asteriae (Junonia), 129.
Asthenotricha, 337.
astraptes (.Jamides), 137.

— (Lycaena), 137.
astrolabienais (Carpophaga), 28, 39.

— (Junoaia), 203.

— (Precis), 203.
Astur, 51, 52, 226.
atactus (Dicrurus), 260.
Atella, 126.

ater (Dicrurus), 260.
ateralbus (Euproctis), 213.
athamas (Eulepis), 134.
Athetis, 190, 231, 232.
Athyma, 133.
atima (Panacra), 292.

atlas (Colossochelys), 441.
atlit«3 (Papilio), 129.

— (Precis), 129.

atomaria (Aeschropteryx), 384.
atra (Fulica), 61.
atricapilla (Pitta), 34.
atricaplUus (Butorides). 248.
atricollis (Fringilla), 263.

— (Ortygospiza), 263.
atridisca (Lophostola), 318, 319.
atrosignata (Anumeta), 234.
attalus (Charaxes), 134.

— (Eulepis), 134.
attenuata (Filaria), 23, 24.
attila (Eulepis), 208.
aucupum (St^ganura), 262, 263.
auge (Hypolimnas), 130, 131.
augias (Papilio), 402.

— (Telicota), 402.
Aulacodes, 223, 224.
aurantiiventris (Chloris), 65.
auratus (Oriolus), 260.

— (Papilio), 194.
aureliata (Eumelia), 220.
auriguttata (Arniocera), 298.
auriguttatae (Arniocera), 298.
auritus (Nettapus), 245.
aurora (Hippotion), 293.
australis (iVporopliila), 190.

— (Nymphalis), 134.

— (Prothoe), 134.
autolycus (Papilio), 194.
aviceps (Ophiusa), 152.
Axiodes, 377.

axiothea (Amblypodia), 142.

— (Arhopala), 142.
Azazia, 212.
Azota, 214.

azurea (Alcyone), 33.

babylonicus (Falco), 172, 173.
badius (Accipiter), 250.
Balearica, 247.
baliensis (Elymnias), 124.
balina (Delias), 110.

— (Tanaecia), 133.
balinus (Papilio), 106.

— (Sj'mbrenthia), 130.
banakaria (Hypochrosis), 383.
Baoris, 400.

barbara (Petronia), 67.
barbarica (Elophos), 366.
barbarus (Arvicanthis), 308, 310.

— (Ceratophyllus), 308.

— (Falco), 168, 171, 172, 178.

— (Laniarius), 259.
barbatus (Pycnonotus), 265.

447

barretti (Boarmia), 355.
barrovii (Otis), 247.

— (Traclielotis), 247.
barsine (Curetis), 81, 103.
basalis (Acoloithus), 300.

— (Bursadopsis), 217.
basilissa (Euploea), 120.

— (Papilio), 120.
bataviana (Andrapana), 133.

— (Danaida), 116.

— (Limnas), 116.

— (Neptis), 133.
Bathycolpodes, 314.
bathyscaphes (Zamarada), 345.
batjanensis (Lampides), 391.

— (Plebejus), 391.
Batracharta, 147.
Baza. 48, 49.
Bazaria, 186.

beata (Milionia), 275.
beecarii (Acidalia), 333.

— (Phlegoenas), 28.

becki (Teatudo), 404, 408, 414, 419, 428.
belisama (Delias), 110.
beHsarius (Aquila), 17, 251.
berenice (Lycaena), 392.

— (Nacaduba), 392.
berigora (leracidea), 29, 40, 50.
berusteinii (Ceatropus), 42.
Berta, 322, 323.

biarmicus (Faico), 16, 25, 63, 77, 173, 177-80,

182, 251.
biblis (Cethosia), 127.
bicalcaratus (Fraiicolinus), 249.
bicolor (Clanis), 284.

— (Lasiuchlora), 321.

— (Libyoclaais), 284, 285.

— (Nothabraxas), 367.

— (Nothofidonia), 367, 368.
bicolura (Eusphalera), 296.
bidentatus (Leptopsylla), 307.
bifasoiata (Polyploca), 158.
biformis (Cledeobia), 188.

— (Terias), 114.

bilineahs (Colobochyla), 150.
biiineata (Polyploca), 159.
bilopha (Eremophila), 63, 70, 71.
binaevata (Phasiane), 191.
bioculata (Drepana), 383.
bioculatus (Elymnias), 124.
bipandata (Boarmia), 358.
biroi (Ptilop is), 40.
bisinuata (Tanaotrichia), 324.
biskrensis (Acontia), 233.

— (Tarache), 233.
bismarcki (Baza), 49.
bismarckiana (Calliploea), 198.

— (Euploea), 198.

Biston, 361.
blauda (Terias), 114.
bleusei (Nymphula), 242.

— (Synclera), 242.
Boarmia, 191, 354-59.
boarmiodes (Ectropis), 216.
boarula (Motacilla), 36.
Bocchoris, 225.

Boelia, 64.

boetioa (Lycaeaa)j 387.

boeticus (Papilio), 138, 387.

— (Polyommatus), 138.
boisduraliella (Epischnia), 187.
bolina (Hypolimnas), 1.30, 131, 206.

— (Papilio), 130, 206.
bolinoides (Azazia), 212.

— (Hypospila), 212.
Bombyx, 229, 230.
bonguensis (Danaida), 196.

— (Salatura), 196.
bornemaQni (Papilio), 192.
borotsana (Arniocera), 298.
Botys, 189, 226, 227.
bougainvillei (Curetis), 81, 103.
boumana (Euploea), 120.

— (Salpinx), 120.

brachydactyla (Calandrella), 63, 69, 72, 77.

Bradina, 224.

Bradornis, 258.

brassolis (Liphyra), 396, 397.

brazzae (Coccystes), 254.

brehmi (Ptilopachus), 249.

brephiella (Nephopteryx), 239.

— (Pristarthria), 186, 239.

— (Salebria), 186.
breviculata (Melanthia), 235.

— (Tephroclystia), 235.
brevipes (Heteractites), 38.

— (Totamis), 38.

brevis (Coelonia), 281, 282.
bridgei (Papilio), 194.
brittanious (Falco), 169.
brookei (Falco), 170, 171, 173.
browni (Doleschallia), 206.
bruiinea (Calophasia), 231.

— (Chapra), 144.

— (CoUuricincla), 60.

— (Curetis), 83, 103.

— (Parthenos), 133.

— (Ramphila), 144.
brunnealis (Actenia), 188.
Bryophila, 231.

bubasa (Tagiades), 143.

Bubo, 253.

Bubulcus, 249.

Buceros, 59.

buckholzi (Poliana), 283, 284.

bulelenga (Elymnias), 124.

448

bulis (Curetis), 80, 81, 99-102.
biiUocki (Melittophagus), 257.
Buphagus, 260.
Bursada, 217.
Bursadopsis, 217.
buruana (Cynthia), 127.

— (Delias), 110.

— (.Melanitis), 123.
buruanus (Cyrestis), 132.

— (Eulepis), 134.
buniensis (."^craea), 134.
busiris (Panacra), 287, 292.
Buteo, 47.

butleri (Lampides), 138.
Butorides, 248.
Buzura, 366.

Caccabis, 14, 63, 79, 172, 180.
Cacomantes, 32, 42.
caelibaria (Elophos), 366.
caeneus (Delias), 109.

— (Papilio), 109.
caerulealis (Hypena), 213.
caerulescens (Habrona), 155.
caeruleus (Elanus), 251.

— (Parus), 65.

caesalis (Glyphodes), 226.
caesia (Serrodes), 150.
cafer (Claraator), 255.
caflfra (Neotis), 247.

— (Otis), 247.

eailino (Aleucaniti.s), 234.

— (Heliothis), 234.
Caina, 186.

cajelalis (Pyrajsta), 227.
calabraria (Rhodostrophia), 191.
oalandra (Emberiza), 77.
Calandrella, 63, 69, 72, 77, 78.
calcarata (Testudo), 435.
calcariella (Sta idingeria), 239.
calcariellina (Sta idingeria), 239.
calescens (Macroglossum), 288.
calida (Celerio), 290.

— (Deilephila), 290.
calidaria (Epicleta). 335,
oalidus (Falco), 49, 169, 174, 176.
caliginosa (Prosotas), 395.
caligmearia (Chemerina), 191.
Callidryas, 112.

Callidula, 222.
Calligonum, 62.
callima (Milionia). 275.
Caliimorpha. 220.
Callioratis, 369, 385.
Calliploea, 120, 198.
callithoe (Euploea), 198.
Caloenas, 27.

Calophasia, 190, 231.

Calomis, 37.

Caltoris, 400.

Campephaga, 259.

campestris (Dipodillus), 308, 309.

cana (Somatina), 328.

Candalides, 393.

candicans (Falco), 183.

Candida (Papilio). 115.

— (Terias). 115, 195, 196.
canens (Fauni.s), 124.
caniceps (Lonchura), 56, 57.

— (Munia), 56, 57.
canicoUis (Otis), 247.
canifusalis (Constantia), 187, 242.
oanis (Ctenooephalus), 308.
canorus (Cuculus), 77.

— (Melierax), 250.
cantans (Aidemosyne), 262.
cantoroides (Aplonis), 37.

— (Calomis), 37.
capensis (Falco). 177.

— (Oena), 249.

— (Otus), 252.
Caprimima, 209.
Caprimulgus, 33, 43, 62, 76.
Caradrina, 231.

caranea (Hulodes), 212.

— (Phalaena), 212.
Carduelis, 65.
cardueljs (Carduelis), 65.
oardui (Papilio), 228.

— (Pyrameis), 64, 228.
carlo (Cerchneis), 168.

— (Falco), 252.

— (Tinnunculus), 168.
caroli (Clamator), 253, 254.

— (Coccystes), 254.
carolinae (Galerida), 63, 74.
carpenteri (Heteroracbis), 321.
Carpophaga, 26, 28, 29, 38, 39, 407.
Casphalia, 275-78.

cassini (Falco), 176.
Cassyma, 339.
casta (Eusphalera), 296.
Castalius, 136, 389.
castanea (Taragama), 222.
castaneata (Polyploca), 157.
castaneothorax (.Amadina), 55.

— (Loncliura), 45, 56.

— (Munia), 56.

castaneoventris (Eulabeornis), 27.
castaneum (Macroglossum), 288.
castaneus (Papilio), 107.
castnia (Liphyra), 396, 397.
castus (Nothabra.xas), 368.
Casyapa, 142, 398.
Catachrysops, 137, 391.

449

cataimena (Boarmia), 358.
oataphanes (Apopestea), 234.
Catascia, 355, 300.
Catephia, 212, 234.
catopa (Taenaris), 125, 201.
Catopsilia, 112, 113, 195.
caucaaicus (Falco), 170.
caudata (Hespagarista), 274.
caudatus (Lamprocolius), 201.
Celaenorrhinus, 142, 398.
celaenus (Hasora), 143.

— (Papilio), 143.
celebensis (Curetis), 81-103.
celebica (Catopsilia), 113.
celeno (Lampides), 392.

— (Papilio), 392.
Celerena, 217, 220.
Celerio, 229, 290.
celeatina (Appias), 112.

— (Pieris), 112.
Celidomphax, 321.

centralis (Mesopicos), 255, 256.

— (Prasinocyma), 316.
Centropodia, 191.
Centropus, 42, 253.
oephise (Chalciope), 211.

— (Phalaena), 211.
ceramensis (Cethosia), 127.

— (Elymnias), 124.
oeramica (Bradina), 224.

— (Sauris), 219.
Ceratophyllus, 308, 309.
Cerchneis, 168.
Cerocala, 233, 267-70.
oervicalis (Falco), 177, 179.

— (Garrulus), 20, 67.
cervinus (Anthus), 74.
Ceryle, 256, 257.
Ceryx, 209.

oestis (Anumeta), 234.

— (Catepliia), 234.
cestius (PapiUo), 109, 195.
Cethosia, 127, 128, 202.
Ceyx, 33.

ohabordis (Cleophana), 231.
Chaetocneme, 142.
Chalciope, 211.
Chalcophaps, 28, 38.
chalepa (.Xeiiimpia), 381.
chalybeata (Damias), 274.

— (Hypochaera), 263.

— (Soinatina), 327.
chalybeocephalus (Monarcha), 34, 38, 43.

— (Muscicapa), 34.
Charaxea, 134, 208.

ohathamensis (Testudo), 403, 406, 407, 409, 415,

419, 429.
ohelicuti (Alaudo), 257.

chelicuti (Halcyon), 257.
Chelidon, 34, 76, 310.
chellalalis (Cledeobia), 242.
Chemerina, 191.
Cheroscelis, 312, 313.
Chersophilus, 65, 72, 73.
chevereuxi (Habronema), 14.
chicquera (Falco), 252.
Chiliopsylla, 308.
Chilo, 223.
Chionopteryx, 311.
chiqueroides (Falco), 177.
Chizaerhis, 253.
Chloaugea, 226.
Chloridea, 190, 229.
Chloris, 65.
chloris (Chloris), 65.
Chlorodrepana, 317.
chlorographa (Leptosia), 109.
Chloropteryx, 320.
chloropus (Galliuula), 78.
Chogada, 357.
chrysargyra (Miletus), 396.
chrysippus (Danaida), 116.
chrysocercus (Merops), 77.
chrysochlora (Chalcophaps), 38.

— (Columba), 38.
Chrysococcyx, 32, 42.
chrysoptera (Fringilla), 262.
chrysozona (Polio), 190.
Ciconia, 248.

ciconia (Ciconia), 248.
cidariata (Eupithecia), 339.
cinacearia (Rhodostrophia), 324.
cinerascens (Bubo), 253.

— (Circaetus), 251.
cinerea (Estrilda), 262.
cinereiceps (Vinago), 249.
cinereo-maculatus (Papilio), 107.
cinereomarginata (Sphingomima), 379,
cinnamomea (iletalosticlia), 239.
cinnamomeifascia (Heterographis), 240.
cinnamonaria (Gonaphaga), 218.
Cinnyricinclus, 261.

Cinnyria, 35, 44, 45, 265.
Circaetus, 77, 250, 251.
circumcincta (Terina), 373.
circumducta (Perigramma), 148.
circumrubrata (Heterostegane), 341.
Circus, 25, 78, 250.
Cirphis, 210, 213.
cirphoides (Hypena), 213.
cirrhocephalus (Accipiter), 55.

— (Astur), 55.
Cirrochroa, 127.
cissia (Euploea), 119.
Cisticola, 45, 266.
citrimaculata (Casphalia), 276.

450

Clamator, 253-55.

Clanis. 284.

Claterna, 212.

claudi (Thamnolaea), 266.

claudilla (Cethosia), 128. •

clavicornis (Neromia), 319.

olavipalpis (Athetis), 231.

— (Phalaena), 231.
Cledeobia, 188, 242.
cledonia (Calliploea), 120.

— (Euploeix), 120.
Clek, 222.
Clematoessa, 297.

cleona (Danaida), 117, 118.

— (PapUio), 117.
cleopatrella (Nephopteryx), 238.
Cleophana, 230, 231.

Cleora, 357-61.

Cleta, 335.

climena (Euploea), 119.

— (PapiUo), 119.
cUoalis (Astura), 226.

— (Dichocrocis), 226.
clot-bey (Rhamphocorys), 68.
olypeata (Spatula), 245.
cnejus (Euchrysops), 137, 391.

— (Hesperia), 137, 391.
cnephaea (Cleora), 359.
coalescens (Tellervo), 121.
coalita (Cyaniris), 135.

— (Lyoaenopsis), 135-36.
coalitoides (Lycaenopsis), 136.
Cocoystes, 254.

Coccyzus, 254.

codnis (Papilio), 108, 194, 195.

Coelonia, 281, 282.

coerulea (Aleidis), 221.

coffea (Euploea), 196.

colchidaria (Gnopharmia), 191.

ooleta (Deilemera), 215.

— (Phalaena), 215.
Colias, 88.
Colius, 256.
Coliuspasaer, 262.
coUaris (Muscicapa), 75.
CoUesis, 322.
CJoUocalia, 34.
CoUuricincla, 60.
Colobochyla, 150.
Colossochelys, 441.
Columba, 29, 79.
columella (Neptis), 133.
Comatibis, 78.

Comibaena, 219, 313, 316, 322.
commatum (Hippotion), 290.
commersoni (Testudo), 419, 441.
oommixta (Maearia), 350.
communis (Falco), 175.

oomorana (Maassenia), 286.
comoraria (Zeuctoboarmia), 359.
Comostola, 323.
Comostolopsis, 322, 323, 324.
complacita (Boarmia), 355.
ConchyUa, 336.
concinna (Eubordeta), 275.

— (Habrona), 155.
conclusalis (Glyphodes), 226.
Concolvulus, 71.

conformis (Xeaimpia), 380, 381.
confusa (Euploea), 119.
congrua (Prasinocyma), 314, 315.
conistrota (Eublemma), 232.
conjunctalls (Glyphodes), 226.
connexa (Celerena), 220.
connivens (Ninox), 30, 41.
Conolophia, 385.
consecraria (Rhodometra). 235.

— (Sterrha), 235.
Conserviila, 150.
consimilis (Acca), 207.

— (Rahinda), 207.
consortaria (Boarmia), 357.
conspicillata (Gerygone), 35, 44.

— (Sylvia), 75.
constans (Seryda), 301.
Constantia, 187, 188. 242.
eonstantia (Melanitis), 123, 199.

— (Papilio), 123.
contenta (Hemerophila), 363.
continua (Pitthea), 374.
contortilinea (Alois), 359.

— (Boarmia), 358.

— (Zeuctoboarmia), 359.
convergens (Pigiopsis), 339, 340.
convexella (Heterographis), 240.
copidophera (Ophiiisa), 152.
Copiphana, 230.

coracina (Euploea), 121.

corax (Corvus), 20, 63, 65, 66, 77, 168,

260.
Corium, 311.

cornicum (Falco), 169, 176.
Cornifrons, 242.
coronata (Thamnolaea), 236.
coronoleucas (Maearia), 352.
coronulatus (Ptilinopus), 40.
oorus (Euploea), 120.

— (Macroploea), 120.
corva (Huphina), 111.

— (Pieris, HI.
corvina (Corvinella), 259.
Corvinella, 259.

Corvus, 20, 63, 65, 66, 77, 168, 260.
corvus (Casyapa), 142.

— (Chaetocneme), 142.
Corythornis, 256.

451

corythus (Maoroglossum), 216, 292, 293.

cos (Euxoa), 190.

Cossus, 236.

Cossypha, 266.

Cotachena, 223.

couppei (Parthenos), 207.

Crambometra, 376.

Crambus, 186, 187, 376.

crameri (Cupha), 126.

— (Cyllo), 123.

— (Euploea), 121.

— (Melanitis), 123.

— (Messaras), 126.
Craspedia, 333.
Craspedosis, 217.
crassicaiida (Spiroptera), 14.
crassirostris (Eurystomus), 33.
Crateropus, 65, 76.

crecca (Anas), 61, 245.

crescentifera {Di.scomiosis), 325, 326.

cribrella (Myelois), 186.

Cricetulus, 302.

Criophasia, 231.

cristata (Corythornis), 257.

— (Galerida), 63, 65, 74, 265.
cri.status (Buteo), 47.

— (Pandion). 47.

orocale (Catopsilia), 113, 195.

— (Papilio). 113.
crocalma (Catopsilia), 113.
croceus (Maconyx), 265.
Crocidura, 308, 309.
Crocodilus, 437.

crosi (Pliysaloptera), 16, 17.
crucigera (Eremopterix), 264.
onientata (Delias), 109.

— (Pieris), 109.
cruentus (Accipitor), 52.
crumenifer (Leptoptilus), 248.
cryptargyria (Cirphis), 210.
cryptochroma (C'hiorodrepana), 317.
Cryi)torhina. 260.

Ctenoberta. 322, 323.
Ctenocephalus, 308.
Ctenodactylus, 4.
ctenophora (Somatina), 328, 329.
Ctenophthalmus, 309.
Ctenopsyllus, 307, 308.
cucuUatus (Falco), 175.

— (Ploceus), 261.
CucuUia, 190.

Cuculus, 31, 32, 42, 77, 254, 255.
culminaria (Egea), 191.
cuneilinea (Somatina), 329.
cuneilineata (Ophiusa), 153.
cungata (Terias), 114,
Cupha, 125, 126.
cupidoides (Lycaenopsis), 136.

cupreus (Cinnyria), 265.
Curetis, 80-104.
Cursorius, 245.
curta (Hemerophila), 362.
curvata (Tanaotricliia), 324.
curvicosta (Poljrploca), 156.
curvifera (Lymantria), 214.

— (Pegella), 214.
curvilimes (Opliiusa), 152.
curvirostra (Loxia), 67.
curvivena (Idiotephra), 366.
cuvieri (Falco), 176.
cyane (Dysphania), 219.

— (Phalaena), 219.
eyauea (Papilio), 140.

— (Platysteira), 258.

— (Thysonotis), 140.
Cyaniris, 135, 136.
cyanoleuca (Halycon), 257.
cyanomeris (Pitthea), 373.
cyanostigma (Corythornis), 257.
cyanoxantha (Arniocera), 299.

— (Zygaena), 299.
cycinna (Pieris), 116.

— (Saletara), 116.
cydippe (Cethosia), 127, 128.

— (Papilio), 127.
cydonia (Clateraa), 212.

— (Phalaena), 212.
Cyllo, 123.
Cynaeda, 189.
Cynthia, 126, 127, 202.
Cypra. 217.

Cyrestis. 131, 132, 206.
cyrtogramma (Boarmia), 3.54.
cyrus (Papilio), 107.

daemonis (Hebomoia), 115.
daira (Teracolus), 228.
damarensis (Cursorius), 245.

— (Halcyon), 257.
damasippe (Cethosia), 128.
damia (Neptis), 207.
Damias, 222, 274, 275.
Damis. 394.
dampierensis (Acca), 207.

— (Cynthia), 202.

— (Elymnias), 201.

— (Epimastidia), 394.

— (Hasora), 399.

— (Hypolimnas), 204, 205.

— (Papilio), 193.

— (Polyommatus), 389.

— (Taenaris), 201, 202.
dampieri (Accipiter), 54.

— (Urospizias), 54.
Danaida. 116-18, 196.

452

Danais, 117, 118, 196.
danis (Papilio), 140.

— (Thysonotis), 140.
danisoides (Hypochlorosis), 395.

— (Hypolycaena), 395.
daplidice (Pieris), 228.
dara (Hesperia), 143.

— (Padraona), 143.
darmarete (Neptis), 132.

darwini (Testudo), 403-5, 409, 415, 419, 430.

daubearia (Gnophos), 191.

daudinii (Testudo), 418, 423-35, 43K, 439,

442.
Debos, 376.

decipientis (Danaida), 196.
decisissima (CirphLs), 210.

— (Leucania), 210.
decorata (Dicallaneura), 135.
decumanus (Epimys), 307.
defiguratus (Euploea), 120.
deichleri (Galerida), 62.
Deilemera, 214, 215.
Deilephila, 229, 290.
deione (Euploea), 121.
deiphobus (Papilio), 108.
dejeani (Pyrameis), 129.
delagardei (Gnophes), 365.
Delias, 109, 110.

delicata (Hippotion), 293.
delicatula (Cypra), 217.
delosaria (Ectropis), 361, 366.
delostigma (Deramhila), 311.
demaculata (Euploea), 121.
Demigretta, 27.
demolion (Papilio), 106.
Dendrocygna, 245.
Dendromus, 256.
denhami (Neotis). 247.

— (Otis), 247.

densisquamata (Aoollesis), 322.
dentalis (Cynaeda), 189.

— (Pyralis), 189.

dentata (Curetis), 81. 97-103.
dentatissima (Hydrelia), 337.
denticalata (Hemerophila), 362.
dentigerata (Glossotropliia), 334.
dentilinea (Ophiusa), 151, 153.
dentiplaga (Euploea), 121.
deois (Hypolimnas), 206.
depicta (Melanitis), 123.

— (Terias), 115.
Deramhila, 220. 311, 312.
derelicta (Cramboraetra), 376.
Dermoleipa, 211.

derufata (Tiracola). 149.

Derxeua, 220.

desdemona (Taenaris), 125.

— (Tenaris), 125.

desertalis (Noctuelia), 190, 243.

— (Pyralis), 190, 243.

deserti (Ammomanes), 63, 69-72.

— (Elephantulus), 10.

— (Oenanthe), 76.

— (Sylvia), 61, 62. 75.
deserticola (C'elerio), 229.

— (Deilephila), 229.

— (Heterographis), 240.

— (Myelois), 240.

— (Phytometra), 234.

— (Plusia), 234.

— (Sylvia), 75.
destitans (Melanitis), 199.
Deudorix. 395.

dexithea (Hylemeridia), 374.

Diacrisia, 210.

Diadema, 131.

diagramma (Xenostega), 341.

Dicaeum, 36, 45.

Dicallaneura, 135.

Dichocrocis, 226.

dichorda (Heterorachis), 320, 321.

Dichorragia, 134.

dichroa (Cleis). 222.

— (Damias), 222.
Dicrurus, 260.

didimus (Acoipiter), 52, 53.
didyma (Melitaea), 64, 65, 228.
dilucida (Spintherops), 235.
dimidiata (Phalaena), 187.
dimidiatus (Cramhus), 187.
dimona (Taenaris), 125.

— (Tenaris), 12.5.
Dinopsyllus, 307.
diocippus (Hypolimnas), 205.
dion (Nacaduba), 139.

— (Polyommatus), 139.
dionisius (Eupsychellus), 136.

— (Lyeaena), 136.
dionysius (Eupsychellus), 389.

— (Lyeaena), 389.
diotima (Terias), 195.
diploschema (Hebdomophruda), 376.
Diplotria?na, 17-19, 21, 23, 25.
Dipodillus, 308, 309.

discalis (Curetis), 83.
Discalma, 353.
Discoglypha, 324.
discolor (Goniloba), 143.

— (Hasora), 143.
Discomiosis, 324-26, 334.
dispar (Thysonotis), 394.
distincta (."irmada). 234.
Dithalama. 324.
Dithecodoes, 324, 326.
divaricata (Muscicapa), 260.
divaricatus (Dicrunis), 260.

453

diversa (Terias), 114.
Diviana. 240.
divisaria (Cleora), 361.
dixoni (Papilio), 270-73.
dohertyi (Curetis), 90-102.

— (Prasinocyma), 314.
doleris (Terina). 372, 373.
Doleschallia, 131, 206.
doleschalii (Hasora), 143.

— (Ismene), 143.
dolescliallii (Agarista), 210.

— (Immetalia), 210.
doliones (Cyrestis), 131.
domesticus (Passer), 68.
dominans (Melanitis), 200.
Donacicola, 45, 56, 57.
Donacola, 55.

donada (Papilio), 120.
doriae (Megatriorchis), 51.
dorimene (Delias), 109, 110.

— (Papilio), 109.
doryca (Aganais), 214.

— (Azota), 214.
doson (Papilio), 108.
doubledaii (Mynes), 130.
Drepana, 383.
Drepanodes, 336.
diepanoJes (Traminda), 335.
Drepanogynis, 378.

drona (Terias), 114.
dryas (Eupithecia), 338.

— (Urodopsis), 301.
Drymoica, 266.

dryope (Hypochrysops), 396.

— (MileUis), 396.
Dryoscopus, 259.
dubiosa (Lampides), 392.

— (Nacaduba), 392.
dubitata (Candalides), 393.
dubius (Pogonorliynchus), 255.
ducalis (CiiTochroa), 127.
dumetata (Gnophos), 191.
Duomitus, 222.

duperreyi (Megapodius), 27, 3S.
duplexa (Ophiusa), 153.
duponcheli (Euploea), 119.

— (Jlycalesis), 122.
duponti (Alaemon), 20.

— (Chersophilus), 65, 72, 73.
duris (Delias), 110.

— (Pieris), 110.
Dychis, 124.
Dyscia, 366.

dysmorpha (.Antitrygodes), 329.
Dysnymphus, 383.
dyaodea (Polio), 190.
Dyspessa, 236.
Dysphania, 218, 219.

eberalda (Oiretis), 87.
eburnea (Hespagarista), 274.
echidna (Delias), 110.
Ectropis, 216, 361, 364, 366.
edusa (Colias), 88.
Egea, 191.

egena (Curetis), 81-103.
egista (Issoria), 126.

— (Papilio), 126.
Elanus, 251.

elata (Arniocera), 298.
elegans (Acidalia), 332.

— (Arniocera), 298, 299.

— (Casphalia), 277.

— (Lanius), 21, 75.

elephantina (Te,studo), 418, 419, 425-39.

elephantopus (Testudo), 405.

Elephantulus, 10.

elongata (Casphalia), 276.

Elophos, 366.

Elphos, 218.

elsa (Nepheronia), 116.

— (Pareronia), 116.
elwesiana (Euploea), 119.

— (Vadebra), 119.
Elymnias, 124, 201.
emaria (Hemerophila), 363.
Emberiza, 65, 77.
emutaria (Psychopoda), 191.
Emys, 425, 427.

Enargia, 190.

Endagria, 236.

enganius (Papilio), 106.

engrammelli (Calliploea), 198.

Enosoma, 237.

Entephria, 224.

Ephedra, 62.

Ephestia, 240.

ephippium (Testudo), 403, 404, 407-9, 414. 415,

419, 428.
Epia, 190, 191.
Epicleta, 335.
epicoritus (Damis), 394.

— (Thysonotis), 394.
Epicosymbia, 324.
Epigynopteryx. 383, 384.
epilectus (Papilio), 139.

— (Pepliphorus), 139.
Epimastidia, 394.
Epimys, 307.
Epinecia, 231.
Epirrhoe, 337, 338.
Epischnia, 187.
erebaria (Selidosema), 191.
Erebus, 211.

eremita (Comatibis), 78.

— (Hypolimnas), 205.

— (Megapodius), 27.

454

EremophUa, 63, 69-72.
Eremopterix, 264, 265.
Ereunetea, 370.
Ergolis, 125.
erigone (Papilio), 129.

— (Precis), 129, 203.
Erilita, 224.

erima (Euploea), 197, 198.

— (Salpinx), 198.

erinacei (Archaeopsylla), 308.
Erinaceus, 10, 308.
Erionota, 143.

eritreensis (Osteodes), 348, 349.
erlangeri (Asio), 252.

— (Falco), 16, 25, 63, 77, 177-80.

— (Hierofalco), 179.
erminea (Apaturina), 134.

— (Papilio). 134.
ernesti (Eublemma), 232.

— (Falco), 49, 174.
eroessa (Zamaiada), 344.
EroUa, 78, 246.
Eromene, 237.

erosa (Xenimpia), 381.
erota (Cynthia), 127.
erycincta (Callidula), 222.

— (Tyndaiis), 222.
erymanthis (Cupha), 125.
Erythrolophug, 324.
erythroptera (Drymoica), 266.

— (Heliolais), 266.
erythropus (Scolopax), 246.

— (Tringa), 246.
erythrorhynchos (Irrisor), 258.
erytlirorhynchus (Lophoceros), 256.
Erythrospiza, 67.
Erythrotriorchis, 51.
Erythrura, 36, 37, 45, 58.
esculenta (Collocalia), 34.

— (Hirundo), 34.
esmeralda (Comibaena), 313.
Estrilda, 262.

etorques (Accipiter), 53, 54.

— (Urospizias), 53.
Eublemma, 190, 191, 232.
Eubordeta, 275.
euchenor (Papilio), 106, 193.
Euchloe, 65.

Euchloris, 322.
Euchrysops, 137, 391.
euehylas (Pepliphorus), 138.
Eucorma, 296.
Eucrostes, 322.
eudiabolus (Accipiter), 51.

— (Astur), 51.
Eudioptis, 226.
Eudynamis, 31, 42.
Euexia, 378, 379.

Eugenia, 108.

eug nia (Danaida), 196.

— (Danais). 196.

— (Euploea), 199.

— (Radina), 196.
Eulabeornis, 26, 27.
Eulepis, 134, 208.
eulimene (Nymphalis), 133.

— (Pjntoporia), 133.
Eumelia, 220.
Eumichtis, 190.
euphorbiae (Celerio), 229.
euphyes (Hypochrosis), 382.
Eupithecia, 338.

Euploea, 117, 119-21, 196-99, 205.
euploeides (Hypolimnas), 205.
Euproctis, 213.
Eupsychellus, 136, 389.
eurema (Hylemeridia), 374, 375.
eurialus (Charaxes), 134.

— (Papilio), 134.
europa (Lethe), 122.

— (Papilio), 122.
euryanthe (Hypolimnas), 131.
eurymelanotes (Hylemeridia), 374, 375.
eurypylus (Papilio), 109. 195.
euryscaphes (Zamarada), 345.
Eurystomus, 33, 256.
Eurythecodes, 383.

Euschema, 218.
Eusphalera, 295, 296, 297.
Euthalia, 134.
Eutolmaetus, 46.
Euxoa, 190, 191, 229, 230.
evander (Cleis), 222.

— (PapiUo), 222.
evanescens (Lampides), 138.
evangeUna (Callidryas), 112.

— (Catopsilia), 112.
evar (Ceryx), 209.

— (Syntomis), 209.
evemonides (Papilio), 108.
evena (Castalius), 389.

— (Lycaena), 389.
Everes, 388.
Evergestis, 189, 242.
evoluta (Oxyuris), 4.
excubitor (Lanius), 21, 75, 260.
exigua (Laphigma), 231.
exiguaria (.-icidalia), 325.
exilis (Cisticola), 45.

— (Malurus), 45.
expallidella (Bazaria), 186.
explanata (Loxofidonia), 338.
exquisata (Zamarada), 343.
extensalis (Samea), 225.
extranea (Casphalia), 276, 277.
exumbrata (Osteodes), 349.

455

Falco, 16, 25, 47-50, 53, 63, 168-85, 251, 252.
fallax (Leptopsylla), 307.

— (Pharambara), 222.

— (Rhodoneura), 222.

— (Tellervo), 121.
famula (Pitthea), 373, 374.
faroulti (Constantia), 188.
fascialis (Phalaena), 224.

— (Zinckenia), 224.
fasciata (Eulabeornis), 27.

— (Eusphalera), 295, 296.

— (Gelasmodes), 317.

— (Leucoglyphica), 317.

— (Padraona), 144.
fasciatus (Accipiter), 52, 53.

— (Astur), 52.
fasciirucha (Falco), 176.
faskasii (Noctua), 230.

— (Scotogramma), 230.
fatima (Cleophana), 230.
Faimis, 124.

feldeggi (Falco), 177, 178, 179, 181.
felderi (Curetis), 83-102.

— (Nacaduba), 139.
Felis, 64.

feraliata (Macaria), 350.
fergussoni (Curetis), 81, 103.
feirorubraU (Obolcola), 346, 347.
ferruginea (Erolia), 78.
Bbulata (Acidalia), 333.

— (C'ra.spedia), 333.
Fidonia, 367.
fieldi (Falco), 168.

— (Tinnimculus), 168.
tigurata (Somatina), 328.
Filaria, 14-15, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24.
Filodes, 225.

fissurata (Lithostege), 235.
flammea (Eubordeta), 275.

— (Strix), 29.

flammeus (Eubo-deta), 275.
flava (Athetis), 232.

— (Catopsilia), 113, 195.

— (Motacilla), 20, 74.
flavedinaria (Epigynopteryx), 383, 384.
flavescens (Catopsilia), 113.
flavicoUis (Casphalia), 277.
flavicoma (Hydrelia), 337.
flavigaatra (Ciunyris), 35, 44.

— (Nectarinia), 35.
flavigutta (Neostega), 348.
flavoguttata (Hesperia), 400.

— (Padraona), 400.
flavoptera (Coliuspasser), 262.

— (FringiUa), 262.
flavopterus (Coliuspasser), 262.
dexilinea (Anonychia), 346.

— (Ophiusa), 153.

floralis (Nootuelia), 243.

— (Pyralis), 243.
florentiae (Ptilopachus), 249.
floridalia (Stenia), 225.
floridalis (Syngamia), 225.
foedalis (Nympliula), 223.
folus (Papilio), 144.

— (Udaspes), 144.
Forficula, 64.

forma (Catopsilia), 113.

fortioralis (Pyrausta), 227.

franciscana (Pyromelana), 261.

Francolinus, 249.

Fregata, 145. 146.

frenatus (Melittophagus), 257.

Fringilla, 262, 263.

frontalis (Sporopipes), 261.

fruhstorfer. (Maeroglossum), 287, 288.

fuciphaga (Collocalia), 34.

fulgida (Ereunetea), 370.

Fulica, 61.

fuliginosa (Oreospiza), 58.

fuliginosus (Oreostnithus), 58.

fiilleborni (Glareola). 246.

fulva (Dendrocygna), 245.

fulvibasis (Terina), 372.

fulvida (Oxyfidonia), .347.

— (Taenaris), 125.

— (Tenaris), 125.
fulvidorsalis (Filodes), 225.

— (Pinacia), 225.
fulvinotata (Coelonia), 281.
fulvus (Crateropus), 76.

— (Cricetulua), 302.
fumosa (Temnora), 287.
funerea (Delias), 110.
funesta (Chogada), 357.
fuscataria (Macaria), 351.
fuscescens (Neptis), 133.
fuscicostalis (Aulacodes), 224.
fuscicostella (Myelois), 186.
fuscifimbria (Micronia), 221.
fuscopileus (Halcyon), 257.
fusoorufa (Macaria), 353.
fuscoterminata (Heterorachis), 320.
fuscus (Papilio), 106, 107.

— (Ptilopachus), 249.

— (Totanus), 246.

gabonensis (Ortgyospiza), 264.
gabrielis (Cethosia), 202.

— (PapiUo), 194.
gadesialis (Actenia), 188.
gadowi (Testudo), 419, 420, 441.
gafsana (Cleophana), 230.

— (Copiphana), 230.
gaika (Zizera), 389.

456

galactotes (Agiobates), 75.

galapagoensis (Testudo), 403, 404, 405, 415, 419.

galatea (Tanysiptera). 32, 33.

Galerida, 21, 02, 63. 65, 74, 265.

galinieri (Physaloptera), 17.

gallicus (Circaetus), 77, 250.

GalUnago, 26.

Gallinula, 78.

gambensis (Dryoscopus), 259.

gambiensis (Gypogeranus), 249.

— (Serpentariiis), 249.
gamma (Conchylia), 336.
Gandaca, 115.

ganuasous (Amplypterus), 291.

Garrulus, 20, 05-7.

gastrophila (Spiruia). 8, 9, 10.

Gaureaa, 154.

geelvinkiamim (Dicaeum), 30, 45.

Gelasmode-s, 317.

gelinthias (Curetis), 87.

geloa (Papilio). 108.

geminus (Ptilopus), 40.

gemmatimargo (Prasinocyma), 314.

genistella (Nephopteryx), 238.

— (Phycis), 238.
Geocichla, 59.
Geodena, 371.
geo£froyi (Libythea), 387.
Geolyces, 354, 360.
Geometra, 219.
germanicus (Falco), 169.
germainii (Athetis), 190.
gerydomaculata (Nacaduba), 139.
Gerydus, 135, 139.

Gerygone, 35, 44.
giSardi (Cossypha), 266.
gigantea (Ceryle), 256.

— (Emy.s), 425, 427.

— (Testudo), 418, 419, 425, 427-32, 438, 442.
gigas (Taenaris), 124.

— (Tenaris), 124.
gilva (Danaida), 118.
gilvata (Mecyiia), 189.

— (Phalaena), 189.
giirenera (Haliastur), 41, 47.
githaginea (Erythrospiza), 07.
glacialis (Metallochlora), 318.
glandariu.s (C'iamator), 253.

— (Gamilus), 20, (iO. 67.
Glareola, 79, 240.
glauca (Milionia). 218.

— (Phalaena), 218.
glaucippe (Hebomoia), 115.

— (Iphias), 115.
glauculalis (Glypliodes), 226.

— (Margarodcs). 220.
globulipedalis (Glyphodes), 226.

— (Polythlipta), 226.

gloriosa (Curetis), 81-103.

gloriosana (Hippotion), 293.

Glossotrophia, 235, 333, 334.

Glyphodes, 226.

Gnopharmia, 191.

Gnophea. 305, 300.

Gnophos, 191.

godarti (Papilio), 193.

goertae (Mesopicos), 255.

goliath (Ardea), 248.

Gonaphaga, 218.

Goiiacidalia, 335.

Goniloba, 143.

goodfellowi (Erythrura), 36. 37, 45, 58.

gouffei (Testudo), 418, 425-30, 434, 440.

graecus (Falco), 179.

grai (Testudo), 419.

grambrisius (Parthenos), 279.

grandidieri (Testudo), 418, 425, 427, 430, 440.

grandis (Lonehura), 58.

— (Munia), 58.

grayl (Eulabeomis), 20.
grebnitzkii (Hierofalco), 184, 18.5.
grisea (Amatlies), 190.

— (Metallochlora), 318, 320.
griseata (Polyploca), 157.
griseiventris (Falco), 169.
gi'iseola (Nephopteryx), 238.

— (Odontfilia), 230.
griseolella (Staudingeria), 239.
griseotincta (R:-inwardtoena). 39.
grisescens (Sesamia), 211.
griseus (Passer), 204.
Grypocera, 105, 398.
guineensis (Irrisor), 258.

— (Parus), 265.
gularis (Cuculu.s), 255.

— (Rhipidura). 44.
gumppenbergi (Miantochora), 361.
gundi (Ctenodactylus), 4.

gUQtheri (Testudo), 406, 410, 416, 419, 428,

441.
Gurelca, 289.
gurneyi (Aquila), 40.

— (Heteropus), 4t).

— (Limnaetus), 46.

— (Spizaetus). 40.
guttata (Filaria), 23.
guttulosa (Arniocera), 298.
guyonianum (Limoniastnim), 62.
Gymnocrex, 27.
Gymnoscelis, 235.
Gypogeranus, 249.

gyrfalco (Falco), 183.

— (Hierofalco), 184.

liaasi (Larentia), 191.
Habrona, 15.5.

457

Habronema, 11, 14, 15.
Hadena, 230.

hadrata (Prasiiiocyma), 315.
haematodus (Trichoglossus), 30, 41.
hageni (Papilio), 273.
Halcyon, 33, 43, 257.
Haliaetus. 47.
haliaetus (Pandion), 47.
Haliastur, 41, 47.
Haloxylon, 68, 70, 71.
hamifer (Leptopsylla), 307.
hamilcar (Thysonotis), 394.
hampsoni (Pterocyclophora), 211.
hanno (Thysonotis), 394.
han.semanni (Euploea), 198.
haplea (Hemistola), 320.
harina (Gandaca), 115.
harmala (Peganum), 64.
Harpagophana. 231.
Harpolestes, 259, 260.
Harpyopsis, 50.
harterti (Aglossa), 241.

— (Ala da), 69.

— (Anumeta), 234.

— (Faico), 169.

— (Gymnoscelis), 235.

— (Melitaea), 64, 228.
Hartertia, 11-14.
hasaroides (Parnara), 399.
haslia (Hasora), 399.
Hasora, 143, 399.
hastifera (Euxoa), 190.
hawaiiensis (Celerio), 290.
hay, (Apodemus), 308, 310.
Hebdomophruda, 376.
Hebomoia, 115.

hecabe (Terias), 113, 114, 196.
hedonia (Papilio), 128.

— (Preci-s), 128, 129, 203.
Hedydipna, 265.

helena (Ornithoptera), 193.

— (Papilio), 106, 193.

— (Troides), 106.
helenus (Papilio), 106.
Helianthemum, 71.
heliconia (Azota), 214.

— (Phalaena), 214.
Heliolais, 266.
Heliothis, 229, 234.
helisaon (Yoma), 204.
helius (Amblypodia), 142.

— (Aihopala), 397.

— (Papilio), 397.
Hemerophila. 191, 3G1-63.
hemimeres (Zamarada), 342.
Hemistola, 320.
Hemithea. 318.

hemithearia (Chloropteryx), 320.

Henicopernis, 48.
henkei (Anumeta), 234.
henleyi (Ceratophyllus), 309.
herba-alba (Artemisia), 68, 70, 72, 73.
hercules (Arhopala), 141.
herculina (Arhopala), 141.
herlina (Terias), 114.
hermus (Lyeaena), 393.

— (Nacaduba), 393.
heros (Hypochrysops), 396.

— (Miletus), 396.
Herpolasia, 297.
Herse, 216.
Hespagarista, 274.

Hesperia, 137, 143, 228, 391, 395, 400, 402.

hesperomys (Leptopsylla), 304, 305, 307.

Hestia, 119.

Heteractitis, 38.

Heterocera, 105, 190, 209, 274.

Heterographis, 240.

Heteropus, 46.

Heterorachis, 320, 321.

Heterostegane, 340, 341, 342.

hexophthalmos (DoleschalUa), 206.

heydeni (Maassenia), 286.

hiempsal (Tellervo), 199.

Hieracidea, 29, 50.

Hieraetus, 46, 251.

Hierofalco, 179, 184, 185.

hilgerti (Galerida), 21, 74.

— (Noctuelia), 243.

— (Oxyuris), 1-7.

— (Pectinigera), 236.

himalaica (Leptopsylla), 305, 306, 307.
Himantopus, 246.
himantopiis (Himantopus), 246.
hiogaster (Accipiter), 53, 54, 55.

— (Falco), 53.
Hipparehus, 323.
hippoelus (Papiho), 130.

— (Symbrenthia), 130.
Hippolais, 76.

hipponella (Ancylolomia), 186.
Hippopotamus, 437.
Hippotion, 290, 293.
hirundinacea (Collocalii). 34.
hirundinis (Ceratophyllus), 309, 310.
Hirundo, 34, 65, 76.
hispanica (Oenanthe), 76.
hispaniolensis (Passer), 67.
hispidata (Ptychopoda), 334.
hispidus (Leucoehlaeua), 190.
histricalis (Cotachena), 223.
holboelli (Hierofalco), 184.
hoUandi (Euploea), 120.
Holochila, 393.

holochroa (Bathycolpodes), 314.
hololis.sa (Testudo), 425, 43U, 431.

458

Homeosoma, 241.
homochroa (Ocnanthe), 76,
hoodensis (Testudo), 403, 419.
Hoplopterus, 246.
horitropha (Ereunetea), 370.
horsfieldi (.Junonia), 128.

— (Precis), 128.
Hulodes, 212.
humata (Acuaria), 14.
humeralis (PtUopus), 40.
humiUs (Mimaletis), 369.
Huphina, 111.

hurama (Hasora), 143, 399.

— (Ismene), 399.
Hyblaea, 222.
Hydrelia, 337.
Hydrocampa, 223.

hydrocharis (Tanysiptera), 32, 38, 42, 43.
Hydrochelidon, 79, 245.
hygini (Nearctopsylla), 307.
hylas (Neptis), 132.

— (Papilio), 138.

— (Pepliphorus), 138.
hylax (Papilio), 136.

— (Pitliecops), 136.
Hylemera, 373.
Hylemeridia, 374, 375.
hymenaria (Elphos), 218.
hymetus (Thysonotis), 140, 394.
Hypena, 213.

hyperbius (iVrgynnis), 128.
hypennnestra (Elymnias), 124.
hyperphyes (Derambila), 311.
Hyphilare, 149.
hyphinoe (Duomitus), 222.

— (Phalaena), 222.
Hypochaera, 263.
Hypocharmosyna, 26, 31.
Hypochlorosis, 395.
Hypoclirosis, 382, 383.
HjTJOchrysops, 396.
Hypocysta, 122.
hypoleuca (Tringa), 26, 38.
hypoleucos (Tringa), 26.
Hypolimnas, 130. 131, 204-6.
hypolitus (Papilio), 106.

— (Troides), 106.
Hypolycaena, 141, 395.
hypopinarus (C'lamator), 253, 254.

— (Coccystes), 254.
Hypopta, 236.
hypoacotia (Pigiop.sis), 340.
Hyposidra, 354.
Hypospila, 212.

Hypsa, 214.

hypselis (Symbrentliia), 129.
hyriaria (Heterostegane), 342.
hyrtaci (Nearctopsylla), 307.

lambiodes, 231.
ibis (Bubulcus), 249.
ida (Papilio). 129.

— (Precis), 129.
idea (Hestia), 119.

— (PapiUo). 119.
Ideopsis, 118.
Idioteplira, 366.
leracidea, 29, 40, 50.
ignicosta (Zamarada), 345.
ignipeta (Agrotis), 230.

— (Lycophotia), 230.
ilias (PhiUris), 139.

— (Thecla). 139.
illoteUa (Epischnia), 187.
immaculate (Parthenos), 28('.
Immetalia, 210.

immitans (Deilemera), 215, 216.
immundalis (Botys), 227.

— (Psara), 227.
imperialis (Arniocera), 299.

— (Rhodophthitus), 369.
impostura (Neromia), 318.
imprccera (Euxoa), 190.
inaequalis (Axiodes), 377.

— (Euploea), 120.
ineana (Heteractitis), 38.
incerta (Bryophila), 231.

— (lambiodes), 231.
inchoate (Acropteris), 221.

— (Micronia), 221.

inclitus (Isognatlius), 286, 292.
incogitate (Drepanogynis), 378.
incognite (Heterostegane), 341.
inconspicua (Tagiades), 398.
indica (C'onserviila), 150.

— (Eudioptis). 226.

— (Glyphodes), 226.

— (Testudo), 419, 425, 432, 441.
indicus (Falco), 50.

indigna (Cleora), 3C1.
indus (Haliastur), 41, 47.
inepte (Testudo), 419, 422.
inermis (Agama), 66.
ingenua (Aporophila). 19(*.
innoteta (Tephroclystia), 191.
Ino, 191.

inoculate (MelanitLs), 123.
inops (Epimastidia), 394.
inornate (Lathochlora), 320.

— (Muscicapa), 34.
inornatus (Ixos). 265.

— (Monarcha), 34, 44.

— (Pycnonotus), 265.
insana (Cerocala), 233, 267.
insignis (Parus), 266.
insolite (Oxyfidonia), 347.
iusularis (Curetis), 81, 82, 104.

459

insulata (Terina), 373.
insulicola (Euploea), 197.

— (Lycaenopsis), 388.

— (Melanitis), 199.
intensa (Comostolopsis), 323.

— (Danaida), 116.

— (Salatura), 116.

— (Theretra), 294.
interalbicans (Antliarmostes), 317.
intercisa (Eusphalera), 296.
intermedia (Euploea), 199.

— (Melanitis), 123.
intermedius (Spreo), 261.

— (Trichoglossus), 41.
intrusilinea (Boarmia), 356.
inutilis (Hydrelia), 337.
lodis, 320.

iozonus (Ptilinopus), 40.
Iphias, 115.

iphigenia (Hypolimnas), 206.
iphita (Precis), 128.
iredalei (Fregata), 145, 146.
irene (Conchylia), 336.
iridoptera (Deiambila), 311.
irregularis (Notliofidonia), 335.
Irrisor, 258.
ii-ritens (Pulex), 308.
irroraria (Heterostegane), 3t!
irrorata (Batracliarta), 147

— (Xeuostega), 341.
Ischyja, 212.

islandus (Falco), 182, 184.
iamare (Danaida), 117.

— (PapiUo), 117.
Ismene, 143, 399.
Isognathus, 286, 291, 292.
Isoplenia, 324.

isse (Delias), 110.

— (PapiUo), 110.
Issoria, 126, 202.
Ixos, 265.

jacksoni (Deranibila), 312.
jacobinus (Clamator), 253, 254.

— (Cuculus), 254.
jael (Huphina), 111.

— (Pieris), 111.
jaguaralis (Entepliria), 224.

— (Spilomela), 224.
jamaicensis (Amplypterus), 291.

— (Isogaathus), 291.
jamesi (Calliploea), 198.

— (Euploea), 198.
Jamides, 137, 391.
janardana (Mycalesis), 123.
japetus (PapiUo), 143.

— (Tagiades), 143.

31

jason (PapiUo), 108.
Java (Anaphaeis), 111.

— (PapiUo), 111.
javana (Curetis), 96.

— (.Junonia), 129.

— (Precis), 129.
javanensis (Hebomoia), 115.
--(Iphias), 115.
javanica (Argynnis), 128.

— (Chelidon), 34.
javanus (PapiUo), 107.
jobaea (Nepheronia), 116.

— (Pareronia), 116.
jobieusis (Ptilinopus), 40.

— (Ptilopus), 40.
johannae (Phlegoenas), 28.
jordana (Dyapeasa), 236.

— (Endagria), 236.
jugularis (Cinnyris), 35, 44.
jugurtlia (Catopsilia), 113.
junceti (Caradrina), 231.

— (Laphigma), 231.
juno (Dermoleipa), 211.

— (Noctua), 211.
Junonia, 128, 129, 203.
Jupiter (Charaxea), 208.

— (Eulepia), 208.
juvenata (Danais), 196.
juventa (Danaida), 118, 197.

— (PapiUo), 118.

— (Radena), 196.

kajelana (Melanitis), 124.
karpaia (Thysonotis), 140.
Kaupifalco, 250.
keniensis (Ptilopachus), 249.
kezia (Hypolimnas), 131.
khasiana (Ampelophaga), 286.
klosai (Celaenorrhinua), 142.
koenigi (Mesopicos), 255.
kokopona (Yoma), 204.
korene (Naoaduba), 392.
kowaia (Tagiadea), 398.
krakari (Hypocharmosyna), 26, 31.
— ■ (Macropygia), 26, 28.
kraussi (Calopliasia), 231.
kuehni (PapiUo), 270-73.
kuehniella (Ephestia), 240.
kumusii (Lonchura), 57.
— (Munia), 67.

labifera (Zamarada), 342.
labradus (Polyommatus), 389.
— (Zizera), 389.
lacrima (Melanitis), 123.
lactealis (Lymire), 237.

460

lacteella (Staudingeria), 240.
lacteola (Eublemma), 232.
laesaria (Comostola), 323.
laeta (Terias), 114.
lamelligerus (Anastomus), 248.
Lamoria, 236.
lampetia (Cupha), 126.

— (Papilio). 126.

Lampides, 137, 138, 139, 391, 392.
Lamprocolius, 261.
Lamprocoras, 37.
Lamprotornis, 37.
lanarius (Falco), 178, 179.
Laniarius, 259.
Lanius, 21, 65, 75, 260.
Laphigma, 231.
lapsicolumna (Conchylia), 336.
laraca (Baoris), 400.

— (Caltoris), 400.
Larentia, 191.
Lasiochlora, 321.
Lathochlora, 319, 320.
latifascia (Thysonotis), 394.
latilimbata (Catopsilia), 113.
latimargo (Deilemera), 215.
lauta (Leptopsylla), 302, 303, 307.
leachi (Euploea), 121.

leda (Melanitis), 123, 199, 200.

— (Papilio), 123.
leighi (Teninora), 287.
Leninas, 120.

lenis (Margelaaa), 190.
leo (Arhopala), 141.
leos (Gerydus), 135.

— (Simaethus), 135.
lepida (Milionia), 275.
lepidum (Macroglossum), 287.
leptocaemis (Testudo), 419.
leptodetus (Cuculus), 255.
Leptopsylla, 302, 303-8, 310.
Leptoptilus, 248.
Leptosia, 109.
Leptosoma, 214, 215.

lerne (Callimorpha), 220.

— (Celerena), 220.
lesson i (Alcyone), 33.
Lethe, 122.
Leucania, 210, 376.
Leucanitis, 234.
leucippe (Hebomoia), 11.5.

— (Papilio), 115.
leucoeephalus (Buteo), 47.

— (Lybius), 255.
Leucochlaena, 190.
leucogaster (Cinnyricincliis), 261.

— (Falco), 47.

— (Haliaetus), 47.
leucogenys (Falco), 169.

Leucoglyphica, 317.
leucomelas (Catephia), 212.

— (Coccyzus), 254.

— (Parus), 266.

— (Phalaena), 212.

— (Poliana), 283.

leucopareia (Hydrochelidon), 245.
leucoptera (Danaida), 196.

— (Danais), 196.

— (HydrocheUdon), 79, 245.
leucopyga (Oenanthe), 62.
leucopygos (Lanius), 260.
leucosomus (Accipiter), 51.
leucospilota (Comibaena), 313.
leucotaenia (Erebus), 211.

— (Nyctipao), 211.
leucotis (Asio), 252.

— (Eremopt«rix), 264, 265.
Lexias, 280.

lia (Somatina), 327.
liberia (Papilio), 116.

— (Saletara), 116.
Ubyca (Felis), 64.
Libyoclanis, 284, 285, 286.
Libythea, 387.

libythta (Terias), 114, 135.
licarsilalis (Psara), 227.
limbata (Glareola), 246.
Limnaetus, 46.
Limnas, 116.
Limoniastrum, 62.
lincea (Ophthalmis), 210.

— (Phalaena), 210.
lineata (Celerio), 229.
Liphyra, 396, 397.

lisianassa (Hypolimnas), 131, 132.

Lissoblemma, 324, 325.

Lissotis, 247.

literosa (Oligia), 190.

lithargyria (Catachrysops), 137, 391.

— (Lampides), 137, 391.
Lithostege, 235.

livia (Columba), 79.
lividaria (Nychiodes), 191.
livornica (Celerio), 229.

— (Sphinx), 229.
Lobivanellus, 246.
Lonchura, 37, 45, 55-8.
Lonchurus, 56.

longicauda (Henicopernis), 48.
longicaudus (Falco), 48.
longimaculata (Arniocera), 299.
longipennis (Falco), 50.
Lophoaetus, 251.
Lophoceros, 256.
Lophostola, 318, 319.
Lophotes, 48.

Luxia, 67, 262.

461

Loxofidonia, 338.
loxostigma (Psilocladia), 380.
lucasi (Forficula), 64.
lucida (Jlonarcha), 43.

— (Noctua), 233.

— (Teraclie), 233.
lucifuga (Curetis), 81, 88.
luctifera (Herse), 216.

— (llacrosila), 216.
luctuosa (Deilemera), 215.
luctuosum (Leptosoma), 215.
ludibunda (Acidalia), 332.
lugubris (Dicrurus), 260.
hilu (Lycaena), 390.

— (Zizera), 390.
lunata (Lymantna), 214.

— (Phalaena), 214.
lunatimargo (Heteroracliis), 321.
lunulatus (Falco), 50, 169.
lutea (Cyrestis), 131.
luteofasciata (Acidalia), 235.
lutescens (Danaida), 118.

— (Danais), 118.

— (Eusphalera), 295.
luteus (Passer), 264.
Lux aria, 339.
luxurians (Danaida), 116.
luzonica (Euchrysops), 137.
Lybius, 255.

Lycaena, 136, 137, 139, 140, 387-93.
Lyoaenestlies, 390.
Lycaenopsis, 135, 136, 388.
lycaonides (Papilio), 195.
Lycophotia, 230.
lyelli (Parnara), 400.
Lymantria, 214.
Lymire, 237.
lyncida (Appia,s), 112.
Lysopteryx, 379.

Maassenia, 286,

Macaria, 349-53.

macfarlanei (Papilio), 109, 195.

Machaerrliampiius, 48.

macliaon (Papilio), 228.

Machete.?, 246.

macleayanus (Papilio), 108.

macrocelis (Acidalia), 331.

Macroglo.ssa, 216.

Macroglossum, 216, 287, 288, 292, 293.

Macronys, 265.

JIacroplioea, 120.

macrops (Tenaris), 124.

macropus (Falco), 174, 175.

Macropygia, 2B, 28, 38, 39.

macrorhyncha (Galerida), 63, 74.

Macrosila, 216.

macroura (Loxia), 262.
macrourua (Caprimulgus), 33, 43.

— (Circus), 250.

— (Colius), 256.

— (Coliuspasser), 262.
macrurus (Circus), 78.
maculata (Appias), 112.
maculosa (Lasiochlora), 321.
madagascariensis (Ana.stomus), 248.
madestes (Cupha), 126.
maforensis (Macropygia), 39.
magniiica (Megaloprepia), 29, 40.
magnificens (Fregata), 145, 146.
magnirostris (Orthorhamphus), 26.
majestica (Macaria), 353.

major (Aerops), 258.

— (Anumeta), 234.

— (Libyoclanis), 284, 285, 286.

— (Liphyra), 396, 397.

— (Lobivanellus), 246.

— (Micronia), 221.

— (Nacaduba), 139.

— (Ptilopachus), 249.
majuscula (Hylemeridia), 375.
malirilsii (Waigeum), 140.
Malais, 387.

malayana (Conservula), 150.
malayanus (Clirysococcyx), 32, 42.
malayica (Curetis), 81-102.
Malurus, 45.

mandanus (Papilio), 107.
manilia (Hypolimnas), 131.
manipa (Mycalesis), 122.

— (Satyrus), 122.
manlia (Ischyja), 212.

— (Plialaena), 212.
mannus (Papilio), 106.

— (Troides), 106.

manumudari (Monarcha), 38, 43, 44.
manuselalis (Bocchoris), 225.
manusi (Cethosia), 202.

— (Hypolimnas), 205.

— (Syntarucus), 390.

— (Tliysonotis), 394.

— (Yoma), 204.
Marasmia, 225.
margarita (.\scotis), 218.
margaritae (Chersopiiiius), 73.

— (Felis), 64.

margaritliae (Plilegoenas), 28, 39.

Margarodes, 226.

Margelana, 190.

marginepunctata (Acidalia), 333, 334.

marmorata (Gaurena), 154.

— (Lithostege), 235.

mamas (Ocybadistes), 144, 401.

— (Pamphila), 144, 401.
massena (Trichoglossus), 30, 41.

462

masu (Lampides), 137, 138.
masnriensis (Gurelca), 289.
mathias (Parnara), 399, 400.
matlio (Mycalesis), 200.
maturata (Ophiusa), 153.
maura (Arcliaeopsylla), 308.
mauretanica (Agrotia), 229.

— (Crocidura), 309.

— (Deilephila), 229.

— (Euxoa), 229.

mauretanicus (Ceratophyllus), 309.
mauritanica (Pica), 67.

maxima (Ceryle), 256.
mazares (Euploea), 120.
meander (Arhopala), 397.
Mecyna, 189.

mediauata (Zamarada), 343,
medon (Papilio), 195.
medus (Orsotriaena), 123.
meeki (Macropygia), 38, 39.

— (Malais), 387.

— (Mycalesis), 200.

— (Strix), 29.

— (Tyto), 29, 30, 41.
megala (Baza), 49.

— (Gallinago), 26.
Megaloprepia, 29, 40.
megalostigma (Acidalia), 330.
meganira (Danaida), 118.

— (Danais), 118.
Meganotxjn, 216.
Megapodius, 27, 38.
megarhyncha (Pinarolestes), 60.
megathymoides (Telicota), 401.
megathymus (Telicota), 401.
Megatriorchis, 51.
mehadeva (Mycalesis), 122.

— (Satyrus), 122.
meiranganus (Lycaena), 392.

— (Plebejus), 392.
melaena (Lonchura), 57.

— (Munia), 57.
melagonata (Derambila), 220.

— (Zanclopteryx), 220.
melana (Doleschallia), 131.
melanaria (Merula), 59.
melanarius (Turdus), 59.
melania (Appias), 112.
Melanitis, 123, 124, 199, 200.
melanocephala (Alauda), 264.

— (Ardea), 248.

— (Eremopterix), 264, 265.

— (Sylvia), 77.
melanochlamys (Accipiter), 55.

— (Astur), 55.

— (Urospizias), 55.
melanogaster (Lissotis), 247.

— (Otis), 247.

melanogenys (Falco), 174, 175.
melanogrisea (Motacilla), 74.
melanoleucus (Cuculus), 254.
melanopa (Euploea), 119.
melanope (Motacilla). 36.
melanopis (Metallochlora), 317.
melanothrix (Conolophia), 385.
melanotica (Acca), 207.

— (Papilio), 194.
melanotus (Sarkidiornis), 245.
Melanthia, 235.

Melasia, 189.
melba (Apus), 76.
melie (Mimas), 402.
Jlelierax, 250.
meliorata (Terina), 372.
melissa (Danaida), 117, 196.

— (Danais), 117.

— (Papilio), 117.

— (Terumala), 117.
melissina (Danaida), 117.
Melitaea, 64, 65, 228.
Melittophagus, 257, 258.
melpomene (Zamarada), 345.
melvillensis (leracidea), 29.
menestratus (Curetis), 81-103.
meridionalis (Hinindo), 76.

— (Kaupifalco), 250.
Meropa, 77, 257, 258.
Merula, 59.
Mesopicos, 255, 256.
Messaras, 126.
messogis (Papilio), 195.
Metacineta, 313.
metanga (Tagiades), 142.
Jletapoceras, 231.
metallaria (Scardamia), 345.
metallica (Aplonis), 37.
metallicus (Aplonis), 37.

— (Lamprotornis), 37.
Metallochlora, 317, 318, 320.
Metalosticha, 239.
metargyria (Cirpliis), 210.
Metasia, 242.

meton (Papilio), 109.

meyeri (Tanysiptera), 32-3, 42, 43.

meyerianus (A.stur), 52.

Miantochora, 354, 361.

micrella (Caina), 186.

Micronia, 221.

microphyes (Testudo), 404, 406, 409, 416. 419.

microrhyncha (Tanysiptera), 32, 33.

Microaca, 222.

microstoma (Habronema), 14.

microtympanum (Testudo), 419.

migrans (Milvus), 47, 251.

Miletus, 141, 396.

Milionia, 218, 275.

463

militaris (Dysphania), 218.
Miltochrista, 210.
Milvus, 47, 251.
Mimaletis, 369.
Mimas, 402.

mimetica (Acollesis), 322.
mimica (Collesis), 322.
minagara (Junonia), 129.

— (Precis), 129.
Minetra, 279, 280.
minima (Curetis), 83-103.
minor (Calandrella), 69.

— (Cuculua), 77.

— (Faico), 170-73.

— (Fregata), 145, 146.

— (Garrulus,) 65, 66, 67.
minorata (Acidalia), 332, 335.
minuta (Erolia), 78, 246.
misagenes (Euploea), 196.
misippus (Hypolimnas), 130, 205.

— (Papilio), 130, 205.
misolensis (Cyrestis), 132.

— (Papilio), 106.

mnemosynata (Tephroclystia), 191.
Mnesithetis, 324.

Mocis, 211.

modesta (Erythrura), 36.

modestalis (Bradina), 224.

— (Erilita), 224.
modestus (Bradorais), 258.
moira (Candalides), 393.

— (Holochila), 393.

molitor (Isognatlius), 286, 291, 292.
moluccana (Acraea), 134.
moluccarum (Catopsilia), 113.
Monarcha, 34, 38, 43, 44.
monilifera (Heterostegane), 340.
monoderotes (Oxyfidonia), 347.
monogrammicus (Kaupifalco), 250.
monostigma (Dysnymplius), 383.
montana (Gurelca), 289.
Monticola, 76.
monticjli (Lonchura), 55.

— (Munia), 55.
morplinoides (Hieraetus), 46.
moseleyi (Telicota), 401.
Motacilla, 20, 36, 74, 77.
mozabitica (Eublemma), 190, 232.
mulciber (Euploea), 120.
multipuncta,ta (Larentia), 191.
mundipicta (Deilemera), 215.

— (Nyctemera), 215.
Munia, 37, 55, 56.
murinus (Bradornis), 258.
Mus, 308, 310.

muscae (Habronema), 14.
Muscieaija, 34, 75, 258, 260.
musculi (Leptopsylla), 305, 307.

musculus (Mus), 308, 310.

MuBophaga, 253.

mutata (Celerena), 220.

Mycalesis, 122, 200, 201.

Myelois, 186, 237-40.

Myiagra, 35, 44.

mylaechoides (Taenaris), 201.

Myues, 1.30.

myops (Taeuaris), 125.

myriostictus (Rhodophthitus), 368.

Myristicivora, 28, 39.

Myrlaea, 186.

myrrlia (Libythea), 135.

myrsilos (Danaida), 117.

myrtea (Rliodoneura), 222.

mysis (Delias), 109.

mysolensis (Acca), 132.

mysoliea (Danaida), 117.

— (Diacrisia), 210.

— (Parthenos), 133.

— (Salatura), 117.
mystacea (Prinia), 266.
mytilene (Danaida), 196.

— (Salatura), 196.
Myzomela, 26, 35, 36.
mzabi (Melasia), 189.

Naeaduba, 139, 392, 393.
naevifera (Casyapa), 398.
nana (Sylvia), 61, 62, 75.
narmadoides (Cethosia), 127.
Nasiterna, 30, 41.
nasutus (Lophoceros), 256.
natalensis (Glossotropbia), 333.

— (Macaria), 352.

— (Poliana), 284.
Nauclerus, 251.
naumanni (Falco), 252.
Nearctopsylla, 307, 308.
neavei (Pitthea), 374.
Nectarinia, 35.

nedda (Cyaniris), 136.

— (Lycaenopsis), 136.
nefte (Pantoporia), 133.

— (Papilio), 133.
neira (Tagiades), 142.
nemertes (Euploea), 120, 197, 198

— (Lemnas), 120.
nemertoides (Euploea), 197.
nemulia (Mycalesis), 122.

— (Papilio), 122.
Neophron, 15, 65.
Neoprocris, 300.
Neostega, 347, 348.
Neotis, 247.
Nepheronia, 116.
Nephopteryx, 238, 239.

464

Neptis, 132. 133, 207.
nerida (Mycalesis), 200.
nerissa (Hupliina), 111.
Neromia, 318, 319. 321.
nesiotes (Ereunetea), 370, 371.
ne-sophila (Curetis), 81-104.
Nestor, 407.
Nettapus, 245.
neumanni (Hypochaera), 263.

— (Melierax), 250.
Ne%Tina, 225.

ni (Phytometra), 234.

— (Plusia), 234.
niceta (Diacrisia), 210.

— (Phalaena), 210.
nicobarica (Caloenas), 27.

— (Curetis), 81-103.
nicolli (Fregata), 14,5, 146.
niger (Pani.s), 265.
nigeria • (H^iJochaera), 263.
nigerrima (Casphalia), 275, 277.

— (Lonehura), 57.

— (Munia), 57.
nigra (Danaida), 117.

— (Hydrochelidon), 79.

— (Testudo), 405.
nigreseerLs (Eljinnias), 124.
nigriceps (Donacola), 55.

— (Falco), 175.

— (Lonehura), 55.

— (ilunia), 55, 56.
nigriclathrata (Tiracola), 150.
nigrieosta (Hylemeridia), 375.
nigridorsa (Casplialia), 277.
nigrifaseiata (Polyploea), 158.
nigrilinealis (Botys), 226.

— (Dichocrocis), 226.
nigrilineata (Polyploea), 158, 159.
nigrimaeula (Prasinocyma), 314.
nigrinotata (Acidalia), 333, 334.
nigripunctata (Polyploea), 157.

nigrita (Testudo), 403, 405, 406, 407, 413, 417,

419, 429.
nigrovertex (Asio), 252.
Nilaus, 259.
nilotiea (Sterna), 79.
nimbella (Anerastia), 241.

— (Homeosoma), 241.
Ninox. 30, 41.

ninus (Adolias), 134.

— (Dichorragia), 134.
niphe (Argynnis), 128.
nisus (Accipiter), 16.

— (Epia), 190.

nitida (ilyiagra), 35, 44.
nitidu.') (Aplonis), 37.
nivea (Aeidalia), 220.

— (Derxema), 220.

niveisticta (Prasinocyma), 316.
nivosella (llyclois), 237.
Nobilia, 324*
nobiliaria (Scodiona), 236.

— (Zuleika). 236.
nobili.s (Amblypodia), 142.

— (Arhopala), 142.

— (Euploea), 197.
Noctua, 211, 230,233.
Noctuelia, 190, 243.
noctuella (Botys), 189.

— (Nomophila), 189, 242.

— (Orobena), 242.

— (Pyralis), 242.
nocturna (Sypna), 148.
nodrica (Minetra), 279, 280.

— (Parthenos), 279, 280.
nodulosa (Filaria), 17, 21, 22.
noleus (Parthenos), 279.
Nomenia, 337.
Nomophila, 189, 242.
nonapicalis (Deilemera), 215.
Noorda, 227.

nora (Lycaena), 139, 392.

— (Naeaduba), 139, 392.
norbana (Terias), 115.
Norcia, 218.

normata (Tephrina), 218.
notata (Ino), 191.
Nothabraxas, 367, 368.
Nothofidonia, 367, 368.
Nothoterpna, 322.
Notoerypta, 144, 402.
nouna (Anthocharis), 228.

— (Teracolus), 65, 228.
novaeguineae (Harpyopsis), 50.

— (Hieracidea), 29, 50.

— (leracidea), 29, 50.

— (Junonia), 203.

— (Precis), 203.
novaehoUandiae (Accipiter), 51.

— (Astur), 51.

— (.Scythrops), 31, 41.
novaepomerania? (Jlyiagra), 35, 44.
novella (Hestia), 119.

nox (Papilio), 273.
nubicoides (.Merops), 257.
nubicus (Falco), 178.

— (Jlerops), 257.
nubigena (Pyrausta), 189.
nubigera (Chloridea), 229.

— (Heliothis), 229.
numana (Dysphania), 218.

— (Phalaena), 218.
Numenius, 38.
numeralis (Pionea). 189.

— (Pyralis), 189.

numidus (Ceratophyllus), 309.

465

Nychiodes, 191, 363.
Nyctalemon, 221.
Nycticorax, 248.
nycticorax (Nycticorax), 248.
Nyctimera, 215.
Nyctipao, 211.
Nymphalis, 133, 134, 206.
Nymphula, 223, 242.
Nyroca, 244.

oberthuri (Amicta), 191.

— (Athetis), 232.

— (CuculUa), 190.

obesa (Hartertia), 11, 12, 13.
obliquaria (Acropteria), 221.

— (Mioronia), 221.
obliquilineata (Macaria), 352.
oblongomaculatus (Eques), 106.

— (PapiHo), 106.

— (Troides), 106.

— (Trojanus), 106.
Obolcola, 346, 347, 348.
obacura (Cethosia), 202.

— (Erebus), 211.

— (Rectes), 60.
obseuraria (Gnoplios), 191.
obscurata (Gnophe.s), 366.
obscurus (Pinarole.stei5), 60.
obsoleta (Curetis), 82, 93.
obsoletus (Falco), 183.

— (Hierofalco), 184.
obstupidalLs (Hypena), 213.
ocoidentalis (leracidea), 29.
occipitalis (Lophoaetus), 251.
ooeanicum (Macroglossum), 292.
oeellata (Actenia), 188.
ocellea (Eromene), 237.

— (Palparia), 237.
ochracea (Polyploca), 159.
ochreipennis (Batracharta), 147.
ochropiis (Tringa), 246.
octogesa (Terina), 372, 373.
oculata (Prasinooyma), 316.
Ocybadistes, 144, 401.

odilia (Yoma), 203.
Odontelia, 230.
Oena, 249.
Oenanthe, 76
oenops (Garrulus), 65.
oeta (Terias), 114, 196.
offaka (Issoria), 202.

— (Taenaris), 125.
Oglasa, 212.
Oligia, 190.

olivacea (Euploea), 199.
omar (Cleophana), 231.

— (Melapoceras), 231.
omiorata (Somatina), 328.

omuisona (Acidalia), 331.
omoensis (Cossypha), 266.
Omphalucha, 356.
Omphax, 314, 317, 320.
onychinalis (Asopia), 225.

— (Boccboris), 225.
operaria (Elophos), 366.
Ophiusa, 151-3.
Ophtbalmis, 210.
optatus (Cuculus), 32, 42.

— (Symbrenthia), 129.
oranaria (Agrotis), 229.

— (Euxoa), 229.
orbicularis (Palimpsestes), 156.

— (Polyploca), 158.
orboua (Azota), 214.
Oreospiza, 58.
Oreostrutbus, 58.
Oria, 229.

orientalis (Cotachena), 223.

— (Ereunetea), 370.

— (Eudynamis), 31, 42.

— (Eurystomus), 33.

— (Serpentarius), 249.
orientis (Tanaotrichia), 324.
Oriolus, 67, 260.

oriolus (Oriolus), 67.
orithya (Junonia), 129, 203.

— (Precis), 129, 203.
ormenus (PapiLio), 194.
ornataria (Comibaena), 219.
Ornithoptera, 105, 192, 193.
Ornithospila, 219.
Orohena, 189, 242, 243.
orontes (Alcidis), 220.

— (Papilio), 220.
orpbeua (Tberetra), 294.
Orsotriaena, 123.
Ortholitba, 338.
Orthorhamphus, 26.
orthosia (Precis), 129.

— (Vanessa), 129.
orthostates (Macaria), 352.
Ortygospiza, 263, 264.
osias (Lampides), 138.
Osicerda, 383.

osseella (Myelois), 237.
ostentosaria (Macaria), 350.
Osteodes, 348, 349.
ostrinus (Pyrenest«s), 263.
osyris (Hypocysta), 122.

— (Satyrus), 122.
Otis, 247.
Otocorys, 63.

otoleuca (Eremopterix), 264.
Otus, 65, 252.
Oxyfidonia, 347, 348.
Oxyuris, 1-7.

466

Pachycoccyx, 254.
Padraona, 143, 144, 400, 402.
Palaeopsylla, 307.
palawanica (Curetis), 80-104.
palguna (Tanaecia), 133.
Palimpsestes, 156.
palliata (Cheroscelis), 312, 313.

— (Rhomborista), 313.
pallida (Elplios), 218.

— (Hippolais), 75.

— (Tagora), 216.

— (Taragama), 222.
pallidimarginalis (Diviana), 240.
pallidisecta (Oxyfidoaia), 347.
palUdus (Bradornis), 258.

— (Circus), 25.

— (Harpolestes), 259.

— (Telophonu.5), 259.
Palpangula, 233.
Palparia, 237.

palmerstoni (Fregata), 145, 146.
Pamphila, 143, 144, 401.
panaceorum (Armada), 234.
Panacra, 287, 292.
pandarus (Hypolimnas), 131.

— (Papilio), 131.
paudemos (Taenaris), 124.
Pandion, 47.

pandiun (Papilio), 194.
pandocus (Ypthima), 121.
pandora (Diadema), 131.

— (Hypolimnas), 131.
panopion (Hypolimnas), 206.
Pantoporia, 133.

PapiUo, 105-44, 192-5, 203-6, 228, 270-73, 387,

391, 392, 397, 402.
papilionaria (Hipparchus), 323.
papuana (Erythrura), 36, 37, 58.

— (Terias), 115, 196.
papuanus (Accipiter), 55.

— (Astur), 55.

— (Palco), 50.
papuata (Gaurena), 154.
papuensis (Geocichla), 59.

— (Merula), 59.

— (Omithoptera), 193.

— (Papilio), 193.

— (Turdus), 59.
paracuta (Curetis), 83-103.
paradisea (.Milionia), 275.

— (Steganura), 262.
paralectus (Lampides), 138.

— (Pepliphorus), 138.
parasitus (MiliTis), 251.
Pareba, 135.
Pareronia, 110.
parkinsoni (Papilio), 193.
Paraara, 399, 400.

parramattellus (Chilo), 223.
Parthenos, 133. 207, 208, 279.
partitaria (Phasiane), 191.
Parus, 65, 265, 206.
parvifascia (Candalides), 393.

— (Yoma), 203.
parvimacula (Parnara), 399.
Passer, 61, 07, 68, 264.
patroclus (Nyctalemon), 221.

— (Papilio), 221.
paulinus (Cyrestis), 131.
pavonina (Ardea), 247.

— (Balearica), 247.
pealei (Falco), 175, 170.
peckoveri (Temnora), 287.
pectinata (Zeuctoboarmia), 359.
pectiniceps (Leptopsylla), 302, 303, 307.
Pectinigera, 236.

Peganum, 64.

pegasus (Papilio), 192.

Pegella, 214.

pelegrinoides (Falco), 170-73, 180.

pellex (Deilemera), 215.

— (Phalaena), 215.
peltastes (Testudo), 419, 441.
penihamata (Spiroptera), 14.
peuumbrata (Hemerophila), 363.
Pepliphorus, 138, 139.
percnoptera (Macaria), 350, 351.
percnopterus (Neophron), 15.
percnopus (Euexia), 379.
perconspersa (Obolcola), 346.
peregrinator (Falco), 174.
peregrinus (Falco), 49, 168-76, 180.
perfumaria (Clcora), 357.
perfusaria (Macaria), 353.
periander (Arhopala), 397.
periboea (Papilio), 109.

Peridela, 348.
Perigea, 150.
Perigramma, 148.
perimale (Huphina), 111.
perius (Athyma), 133.

— (Pantoporia), 133.
perlepidata (Zamarada), 343.
perobliqua (Scardamia), 345.
perse (Virochala), 395.
perseus (Mycalesis), 200.
persicus (Merops), 77.
persimili.s (Berta), 323.
Perusiopsis, 376.

perversa (Lathochlora), 319, 320.
petilia (Danaida), 116.

— (Papilio), 116.
Petronia, 67.
petronia (Petronia), 67.
petrosa (Caccabis), 14, 63, 79.
phaedrus (Curetis), 81-104.

467

phaenareta (Euploea), 120.

— (Papilio), 120.
phaeopus (Numenius), 38.
Phalacrocorax, 244.
Phalaena, 187, 189, 210-25, 231.
phalanta (Atella), 126.

— (Papilio), 126.

phantastica (Testudo), 403, 419, 428.
Pharambara, 222.
Phasiane, 191.
phestus (Papilio), 193.
phidon (Mycalesi.s), 122, 200.
phidonides (Mycalesis), 200.
philander (Arhopala), 397.
philene (Danaida), 116, 117, 196.

— (Papilio), 116.
philippina (Aleucanitis), 234.

— (Leucanitis), 234.
Philiris, 139.
philomela (Danaida), 117.

— (Euploea), 117.

— (Papilio), 122.

— (Ypthima), 122.
Phlegoenas, 28, 39.
phoenicea (Campephaga), 259.
phoenicasticta (Neromia), 319.
phoenicurus (Ammomanes), 62, 63, 69-71, 73.
phorbas (Hesperia), 395.

— (Hypolycaena), 395.
phorcas (Taenaris), 201.
photophila (Lycophotia), 230.
Phycis, 238.
PhysalojJtera, 15-17.
Phytometra, 234.

Pica, 67.

pica (Clamator), 253, 254.

— (Cuculus), 254.

— (Pica), 57.
picina (Euploea), 120.
pieturata (Cleophana), 231.

— (Harpagophana), 231.
Pieris, 109-12, 116, 228.
Pigiopsis. 339, 340.
Piletocera, 224.
Pinacia, 225.

pinaiae (Erythrura), 36.
Pinarolestes, 60.
piiiguinali.s (Aglossa), 187.

— (Phalaena), 187.

pinon (Carpophaga), 28, 29, 39.

Pionea, 189.

pistacina (Amathes), 190.

Pithecops, 136.

pithoeka (Hypolimnas), 204, 205.

Pitta, 34.

Pitthea, 373, 374.

placidia (Appias), 112,

— (Papilio), 112.

plagiata (Eusphalera), 295.

— (Teracola), 150.
plagifera (Microsca), 222.

— (Rhodoneura), 222.
plantaria (Omphax), 314.
platura (Hedydipna), 265.
platyptera (Calophasia), 190.
Platysteu-a, 258.
Plebejus, 391, 392.
Plegapteryx, 379.
pleninotata (Heterostegane), 341.
Plesioneura, 144, 402.
plexippus (Danaida), 116.
plicatu.s (Buceros), 59.

— (Rhyticeros), 59.
plisthenes (Papilio), 109.
Ploceus, 261.

plumata (Prionops), 259.
plumbeiventris (Gymnocrex), 27.

— (Rallus), 27.

plumbeus (Pepliphorus), 138.

— (Thysonotis), 140.
Plusia, 234.
Pluvianus, 245.
poeeila (Arniocera), 299.
poeciloptenis (Eulabeornis), 27.
poecilunis (Chrysococcyx), 32, 42.
Pogonorhynchus, 255.
poicephalus (Mesopicos), 256.
Polia, 191.

Poliana, 283, 284.
Polio, 190.

poliocephalu.s (Accipiter), 52.
poliogyna (Loxia), 67.
poliura (Megaloprepia), 29, 40.
Polyboroides, 250.
polychromata (Polyploca), 159.
polycletus (Miletus), 141.
polycryptus (Accipiter), 52, 53.
polyctes (Papilio), 141.
polydoru.s (PapiUo), 106, 193.
polyglotta (Hippolais), 75.
Polyommatus, 135, 138, 139, 389.
Polyploca, 156-9.
polytes (Papiho), 107.
Polythlipta, 226.
polyzona (Ortygospiza), 264.
Pomatorhynchus, 259, 260.
ponderosa (Testudo), 425, 426, 432.
porteri (Testudo), 407.
poseidon (Ornithoptera), 192.

— (Papilio), 192.
potaenia (Buzura), 366.
powelli (Hemerophila), 191.
prasina (Actenochroma), 219.
Prasinocyma, 314-16.
prasonaria (Tanaotrichia), 324.
pratensis (Anthus), 74.

468

pratincola (Glareola), 79, 246.
praxedus (Taenaris), 125.
Precis, 128, 129, 203.
priamus (Papilio), 192.
priapus (Papilio), 273.
Prinia, 266.
Prionia, 383.
Prionops, 259.
Pristarthria, 186, 239.
privata (Agarista), 210.

— (Ophthalmis), 210.
Problepsis, 328, 329.
procidata (Osteodes), 348, 349.
procopia (Nervina), 225.

— (Phalaena), 225.
procus (Papilio), 105.

— (Troides), 105.
prodromella (Epischnia), 187.
produetus (Nestor). 407.
prolixa (Eurythecodes), 383.
prolongata (Celidomphax), 321.
prolucens (Anonychia), 346.
Prosotas, 395.

Prothoe, 134.

protogenia (Elymnias), 124.

Protospirura, 14.

prouti (Heterorachis), 321.

proximaiia (Cleora), 361.

pruni (Ino), 191.

Psara, 227.

pseudargyrea (Hyphilare), 149.

pseudinsularis (Curetis), 95.

pseudobotys (Metasia), 242.

pseudocentaurus (Amblypodia), 141.

— (Arhopala), 141.
pseudomacrops (Taenaris), 125.
pseudosias (Lampides), 138.
Psilocladia, 380.
Pterocyclophora, 211.
Ptilinopus, 29, 40.
Ptilopaohus, 249.
Ptychopoda, 191, 334, 335.
pudens (Anoectomycluis), 339, 340.

— (Luxiaria), 339.
puella (Derambila), 311.
pugnax (Machetes), 246.
pulcher (Colius), 256.

— (Spreo), 261.
pulchra (Everes), 388.
Pulex, 308.

pumila (Euploea), 198.
punctatus (Dendromus), 256.
punctinalis (Boarmia), 357.
punctisignata (Derambila), 311.
punctum (Libyoclanis), 284, 285.
pungens (Aristida), 62, 75.
punicus (Falco), 168, 170, 171.
pupillata (Prasinocyma), 315, 316.

purpurascens (Aplonis), 37.

— (Calornis), 37.
purpurea (Ardea), 248.
purpureus (Lamproeolius), 261.
pusilla (Pyromelana), 261.

— (Urodopsis), 301.
pusillus (Melittophagus), 258.
pusio (Nasiterna), 30, 41.
pustulata (C'omibaena), 316.
puta (Euxoa), 230.
Pycnonotus, 265.
pygmaea (Aleedo), 257.
Pylarge, 329.

pylene (Macroglossa), 216.

— (JIacroglossum), 216.
Pyralis, 189, 190, 242, 243.
Pyrameis, 64, 129, 228.
pyranthe (Catopsilia), 112.
Pyrausta, 189, 207.
Pyrenest<?s, 263.
pyrilampes (Zamarada), 345.
pyrocincta (Zamarada), 345.
Pyromelana, 261.
Pyrrhulauda, 264.
pyrrhua (Eulepis), 134, 208.

— (PapiUo), 134.

quadrigeminus (Ptilinopus), 40.

— (Ptilopus), 40.
quadripuncta (Athetis), 190.

— (Caprimima), 209.
querquedula (Anas), 61, 78, 245.
quintia (Euploea), 197.

Eabinopteryx, 231.
rachel (Huphina), 111.

— (Pieris), 111.
radama (Falco), 173.
Radena, 19G.
radiata (Tesitudo), 437.
radiatus (Erythrotriorchis), 51.
radius (Bombyx), 230.

— (Euxoa), 230.
raetum (Retama), 64.
ragonotella (Epischnia), 187.
Rahinda, 207.

Rallina, 26, 27.

Eallus, 27.

Rambara, 311.

ramosaria (Cleta), 335.

ramuensis (Gerygone), 35, 44.

randoni (Galerida), 65, 74.

rapax (Aquila), 17, 251.

rebeli (Cynthia), 126, 202.

Rectes, 60.

rectilimes (Ophiusa), 151.

4C9

rectistriga (Heterostegane), 341.

Redoa, 213.

reducta (Mimaletis), 369.

— (Neptis), 207.

— (Taenaris), 202.
reductus (Papilio), 193.
reiuwardtii (Baza), 48, 49.

— (Falco), 48.

— (Lophote.s), 48.
Reinwardtoena, 39.
reiawardtei (Reinwardtoena), 39.
religiosus (Falco), 50.

remota (Speiredonia), 211.

— (Spirama). 211.
renalis (Polyploca), 157.
renatalis (Evergestis), 189, 242.

— (Orohena), 189.
repandata (Cleora), 358.
repudiosa (Xenimpia), 382.
responsaria (Micronia), 221.
restricta (Notocrypta), 144.

— (Plesioneura), 144.
Retama, 64.

rhaad (Otis), 247.

Rhamphooorys, 68, 71.

rhenanus (Falco), 169.

Rhipidura, 44.

rhodalis (Aglossa), 241.

rhodia (Euploea), 197.

rhodinolaema (Carpopliaga), 26, 29, 37, 39.

rhodoloplia (t'omibaena), 313.

Rhodometra, 235.

Rhodoneura, 222.

Rhodophaea. 238.

Rliodophtliitus, 368, 369.

Rhodostropliia, 191, 324.

rliomboidaria (Cleora), 357.

Rhomborista, 313.

Rhopalocera, 105, 131, 270.

Rhyticeros, 59.

ribbei (Curetis), 81-103.

— (Danaida), 196.

— (Radena), 196.
rickardi (Doleschallia), 206.
ridgwayi (Fregata), 145, 146.
riggenbaclii (Acoii)iter), 250.
rimosa (Isognathus), 286-92.
riocouri (Nauclerus), 251.
ripliaeus (Falco), 176.
rivalis (Catopsilia), 113, 195.
robinsoni (Eulabeorni.s), 26.
robusta (Liphyra), 396, 397.

— (Sterosis), 396.
robustus (Crocodilus), 437.
rogersi (Terina), 371.
romanarioides (.Acidalia), 235.

— (Glossotrophia), 235.
rookensis (Damias), 274.-

rooki (Accipiter), 55.
rosalia (Eumelia), 220.

— (Phalaena), 220.
rosea (Dilucida), 235.

— (Spintherops), 235.
roaeata (Apopeste,s), 234.

— (Spintherops), 234.
roseovittata (Nothabraxas), 368.
rothschildi (Delias), 110.

— (Taenaris), 202.

— (Spinira), 8, 9, 10.
rotifera (Hemeropliila), 362.
rotundata (Filaria), 14.

— (Hartertia), 14.
roxus (Castalius), 136.

— (Lycaena), 136.
rubescens (Lybiu.s), 255.
rubetra (Saxicola), 266.
rubiensis (Carpopliaga), 29.
rubiginosa (Calandrella). 63, 69, 72.
rubralis (Aglossa), 241.
rubricimixta (Gnophes), 365.
rubrigularis (Hypocharmo.syna), 26, 31.
rubripunctilla (Neromia), 319.
rubrocoronatum (Dicaeum), 36, 45.
rudis (Ceryle), 256.

rudisaria (Glossotrophia), 334.
rudolfi (Falco), 175.
rufa (Anhinga), 244.

— (Macropygia), 26, 28.
rufescens (Meganoton), 216.
ruficoUis (Buceros), 59.

— (Corvus), 63, 65, 66, 77, 260.

— (Falco), 252.

— (Polyploca), 159.

— (Rhyticeros), 59.
rufimargo (Lycaenesthes), 390.

— (Tiracola), 149,
rufinubes (Omphalucha), 356.
ruliplaga (Boarmia), 355.
rufivent«r (Cuculus), 31.

— (Eudynamis), 31, 42.
rufoaurantia (Oglasa), 212.
rufobasalis (Caprimima), 209.
rufocastanea (Macroi^ygia), 28.
rugistrigula (Prasinocyma), 315.
rupicoloides (Falco), 168.

— (Tinnunculus), 168.
russatus (Chrysococcyx), 32.
russula (Crocidura), 308, 309.
russulae (Ctenophthalmiis), 309.
rustica (Chelidon), 76.

— (Hirundo), 76.
rusticolua (Falco), 182-5.

— (Hierofalco), 184.

sabella (Arenipsis), 236.
sabina (Papilio), 130.

470

sabinei (Boarmia), 357.
sabourodi (Anydrophila), 233.

— (Palpangula), 233.
sacra (Ardea), 27.

— (Demigretta), 27.
saemias (Jamides), 391.
sagittilinea (Acidalia), 326.
saharae (Caprimulgus), 76.

— (Papilio), 228.

— (Passer). 61.
sahari (Emberiza), 6.5.
salabanda (Euploea), 120.
Salatura, 116, 117. 196.
Salebria, 186.
Saletara, 116.

saleyerensis (Curetis), 82-102.
salomonis (Papilio), 195.
Salpinx, 120, 198.
aalpinxoides (Calliploea), 198.

— (Euploea), 198.
saltuaria (Neoprocris), 300.
Salvador!! (Carpophaga), 29.

— (Nasiterna), 30.
sambahma (Pyrameis), 129.
Samea, 225.

aana (Cerocala), 233, 267-70.

sancta (Halcyon), 33.

sanctus (Halcyon), 33.

sangha (Dicallaneura), 135.

sankapura (Terias), 113, 114,

santana (Curetis), 83-103.

Saphara, 199.

Sarciopborus, 246.

Sarkidiornis, 245.

saronis (Curetis), 81-103.

sarpedon (Papilio), 108, 195.

satellitica (Neptis), 132.

satiua (Neptis), 132.

satisbonensis (Eusphalera), 295, 296.

saturata (Immetalia), 210.

saturatior (Nacaduba), 393.

saturatus (Tinnunculus), 168.

Satyrus, 122.

Sauris, 219.

sauropliaga (Halcyon), 43.

sauzieri (Testudo), 419.

Saxicola, 266.

saxonellus (Cramlus), 186.

scapulatus (Corvus), 260.

scapulosa (Cerocala), 233, 267.

Scardamia, 345.

schistacinus (Accipiter), 55.

— (Astur), 55.

scitalis (Hydrocampa), 223.

— (Nymphula), 223.

sclateri (.Myzomela), 26, 35, 36.
Scodiona, 236, 366.
Scolopax, 246.

Scops, 252.
scops (Otus), 65, 252.
scotinus (Theretra), 294.
Scotocerca, 62.
Scotogramma, 230.
scotoides (Pigiopsis), 339.
scylla (Catopsilia), 113.

— (Papilio), 113.
Scythrops, 31, 41.
seitz! (Eulepis), 208.
selene (Taenaris), 124.

selenis (Leptopsylla), 304, 305, 307.
Selidosema, 191.
semialbida (Macaria), 351.
semialbifrons (Metaeineta), 313.
semibrunnea (Perigea), 150.
semifascia (Polyploca), 158. 159.
semiflava (Eusphalera), 295.
semiobsoleta (Palimpsestes), 156.
semiociilata (Melanitis), 123.
semirubra (Perigea), 150.
semistrigella (Rhodophaea), 238.
semper! (Deilemera), 215.

— (Papilio). 273.
senator (Lanius), 65, 260.
senegalensis (Centropus), 253.

— (Colius), 256.

— (Halcyon), 257.

— (Irrisor), 258.

— (Otus), 247, 252.

— (Streptopelia), 65.

— (Trachelotis), 247.
senegallus (Lobivanellus), 246.
senegalus (Harpolestes), 259.

— (Telophonus), 259.
septentrionalis (Arniocera), 298, 299.
sepulcralis (Cacomantis), 32— 12.
serena (Vidua), 262.

sericea (Sideridis), 148.
sericeus (Cinnyris), 35, 45.
Serpentarius, 249.
serpentaiius (Serpentarius), 249.
serrataria (Hemerophila), 362.
serratella (Jlyrlaea), 186.
Serrodes, 1.50.
Seryda, 300, 301.
Sesamia, 211.

sessilitlorum (Heliantliemum), 71.
setosa (Rhipidura), 44.
severus (Falco), 49, 50.

— (Papilio), 106.
sharpei (Ceryle), 256.

— (Munia), 56.

sharp:! (Donacicola), 45, 5Q.

— (Lunchura), 56.
shepherd! (Neptis), 207.
Sideridis, 148, 149.
sieanata (Macaria), 350.

471

signifera (Euxoa), 190.
significans (Azota), 214.

— (Hypsa), 214.
silativa (Padraona), 402.

— (Telicota), 402.
silenes (Epia), 191.
silvatica (Leptopsylla), 307.
Simaethus, 135.

simessa (Melanitis), 123.
similis (Colobochyla), 150.
simillella (Noctuelia), 190.
simplex (Comostolopsis), 323, 324.

— (Heterorachis), 320.

— (Idiotephra), 366.

— (Passer), 61.

— (Zeuctoboarmia), 359.
simplicior (Euploea), 197.
simplicissima (Hemistola), 320.
singaradha (Euploea), 121.
sinba (Issoria), 202.

sinis (Doleschallia), 131.
sipylus (Hypolycaena), 141.
sirius (Mycalesis), 122, 200.
sivoa (Tagiades), 398.
sladeni (Comostulopsis), 323.
smaragdus (Papilio), 140.
smitbi (Hyposidra), 354.

— (Zeuctoboarmia), 359.
snelleni (Plebejus), 391.
sobria (Celerena), 217.

— (Craspedosis), 217.
sob-inus (Leptopsylla), 307.
solani (Coelonia), 281.
solieraria (Hemeropliila). 191.
solieri (Eumiehtis), 190.
solita (Curetis), 81, 85-7.
solitaria (Ceyx), 33.
solitarius (Monticola), 76.
somaliensis (Otis), 247.
Somatina, 324, 326-9.
Somatinopsis, 328.
Somobrachys, 191.
sordida (Geolyces), 360.
sordidalis (Marasmia), 225.
spadicea (Carpophaga), 407.
spadicearia (Xanthorhoe), 337.
Spatula, 245.

spatzi (Caccabis), 63, 79.

— (Saxicola), 266.

species (Testudo), 407, 413, 417, 418, 419, 430,

436, 440.
spectabilis (Donacicola), 57.

— (Leptopsylla), 307.

— (Lonchura), 57.

specularis (Zarachella), 277, 278.
Speiredonia, 211.
sperthis (Curetis), 83-101.
sphaerocarpa (Boelia), 64.

sphenurua (Accipiter), 250.

— (Haliastur), 47.

— (Milvus), 47.
sphingifacies (Geodena), 371.
Sphingognatha, 216.
Sphingomima, 379.
Sphinx, 229.

Spilomela, 224.

spilorrhoa (Carpophaga), 28, 39.

— (Myristicivora), 28, 39.
spilota (Anumeta), 234.
spinicauda (Oxyuris), 6.
spinosus (Hoplopterus), 246.
Spintherops, 234, 235.
Spirama, 211.
Spiropt«ra, 14.

Spirura, 7-10.

Spizaetus, 46.

splendens (Eusphalera), 296.

Sporopipes, 261.

Spreo, 261.

spurcaria (Elophos), 366.

spuria (Cleora), 360.

Staudingeria, 239, 240.

Steganura, 262, 263.

Stenia, 225.

Stenistomera, 307.

stenopa (Acca), 207.

— (Rahinda), 207.
St«nopoma, 310.
stephaui (Chalcophaps), 28.
Sterna, 26, 79.

Sterosis, 396.

Sterrha, 235.

stigmata (Curetis), 81-95.

stigmatica (Terias), 114.

stillata (Comostolopsis), 324.

strabo (Catachrysops), 137, 391.

— (Papilio), 391.
strangei (Cisticola), 266.
Streptopelia, 65.
stresemanni (Abraxas), 217.

— (Aulacodes), 223.

— (Deilemera), 214.

— (Delias), 110.

— (Hvpena), 213.

— (Ideopsis), 118.

— (Lampides), 137.

— (Papilio), 105, 108.
striata (Argyrospila), 229.

— (Museicapa), 258.

— (Oria), 229.

striataria (Acropteris), 221.

— (Phalaena), 221.
striatus (Butorides), 248.
strictifascia (Deilemera), 215.
strictipenuis (Lymire), 237.
striolata (Alcedo), 257.

472

s'.riolata (Emberiza), 65.
Strix, U, 29.
Stumus, 65. 07.
stygiaaa (Hj'pena), 213.
stygianus (Gerydus), 135.
suavis (Dyspessa), 236.

— (Endagria), 236.
subarcta (Oligia), 190.
subarquata (Erolia), 78.
subcoalita (Lyeaenop.sis), 136.
subcoerulea (Papilio), 193.
subcretata (Macaria), 351.
subcristata (Baza), 48, 49.
subfasciata (Padraona), 144.
sublucinda (Euploea), 198.
aubluna (Taenaris), 202.
submarginata (Redoa), 213.
submelanogenys (Falco), 175.
submonstrans (Geometra), 219.

— (Ornithospila), 219.
submylaeclia (Taenaris), 201.
subnobilis (Euploea), 197.
subornataria (Comibaena), 219.
subpectinata (Aeidalia). 330.
subpersa (Mycalesis), 200, 201.
subrubrescens (Sideridis), 149.
aubrufalis (Noorda), 227.
subtilis (Epinecia), 231.

— (Rabinopteryx), 231.
subvariegata (Nacaduba), 392.
sub%'iridata (Somatina), 328.
sudra (Mycalesis), 123.
suffusa (Acolachroma), 219.

— (Actenochroma), 219.
suffusus (Euchrysops), 137.

— (Tagiades), 398.
sumbawana (Elyinnias). 124.

sumeirei (Testudo), 400, 418, 419, 425-30, 435,

437.
sunias (Padraona), 143.

— (Pamphila), 143.
superba (Columba), 29, 38.
superbus (Ptilinopus), 29, 40.
superciliosus (Sarciophorus), 246.
supinua (Concolvulus), 71.
suppressalis (Chilo), 223.
suralis (Chloauges), 226.

— (Glyphodes), 226.

swierstrae (Salpinx), 198.

sycorax (Papilio), 273.

sylvatious (Apodemus), 308, 310.

Sylvia, 61, 62, 75, 77.

sylvia (Parthenos), 133, 207, 279, 280.

Symbrenthia, 129, 130.

syniethus (Gerydus), 135.

— (Papilio), 135.
Sympliaedra, 280.
Synclera, 242.

synecdema (Derambila), 311.
syneorus (Somatina), 326.
Syngamia, 225.
synnara (Cuplia), 125.
synnephes (Discomiosis), 325.
Synopsia, 364.
Syntarucus, 390.
Syntomis, 209.
Sypna, 148.
Syria, 240.

taborensis (Arniocera), 299.

tachycrypta (CoUuricinela), 60.

Tadorna, 61, 78.

tadorna (Tadorna), 61, 78.

Taenaris, 124, 125, 201, 2C2.

tagalica (Curetis), 80-104.

Tagiades, 142, 143, 398.

Tagora, 216.

talautensis (Curetis), 82-104.

talpae (Spirura), 8, 10.

Talpochares, 232.

tamariscata (Tephroclystia), 191.

Tanaecia, 133.

Tanaotrichia. 324.

tandi (Prasinocyma), 315.

Tantalu.s, 38.

tanus (Apaustus), 400.

— (Padraona), 400.
tanypterus (Falco), 173, 177-80.
Tanysiptera, 32, 33, 38, 42, 43.
taprobanus (Clamator), 354.
Tarache, 233.

Taragama, 222.

Tarucus, 64, 65, 228.

taschenbergi (Leptopsylla), 307.

taunis (Mycalesis), 123.

Tchitrea, 258.

telamon (Cyrestis), 131.

— (Papilio), 131.
Telicota, 144,401,402.
Tcllervo, 121, 199.
Telophonus, 259, 260.
Telophorus, 260.
temmincki (Cursorius), 245.
temminckii (Erolia), 78.
Temnora, 287.
teniptaria (Boarmia), 355.
Tenaris, 124, 125, 201.
tenebrosa (Hypochlorosis), 395.

— (Parthenos), 208.

— (Sypna), 148.
tenebrosalis (Aglossa), 241.
tenietaria (Boarmia), 191.
teophrastus (Turucus), 64, 65.
Tephrina, 218.
Tephrinopsis, 353.

47a

Tephroclystia, 191, 235.
■ Teracolus, 65, 228.
Terebinthus, 77.
Terias, 113-15, 195, 196.
Terina, 371-3.
terminata (AcoUesis), 322.
terminus (Mycalesis), 122, 200.
terpsichore (Zamarada), 343.
tertius (Lampides). 138.
testacealis (Cledeobia), 188.
Testudo, 403-42.
tetrax (Otis), 247.
Thalassodes, 315, 316, 317, 321.
Tliamnolaea, 266.
Tliecla, 139, 141.

tlieklae (Galerida), 21, 62, 63, 74.
Thelandros, 4.
Thenopa, 378.
theoplianes (Hypochrysops), 396.

— (Miletus), 396.
theopliila (Mycalesis), 200.
theophrastus (Hesperia), 228.

— (Tarucus), 228.
Therapis, 360.
Theretra, 294.

thermocliroa (Epirrhoe), 338.
thetis (Curetis), 80-104.
thielei (Megauoton), 216.
thrax (Erionota), 143.

— (Papilio), 143.
Threskiomis, 248.
thyonneus (Cyrestis), 132.

— (Papilio), 132.
Thysonotis, 140, 394.
tigrina (Minetra), 279.

— (Parthenos), 133, 279, 280.
tilalia (Terias), 115.

timon (Jamides), 391.

Timora, 229.

Tinea, 236.

tingitanus (Corvus), 20, 66, 77.

— (Passer), 68.
Tinnunculus, 167, 168.
tinnunculus (Falco), 252.

— (Tinnunculus), 168.
Tiracola, 149, 150.
Tirumala, 117.

tithonus (Ornithoptera), 105.

— (Papilio), 105.

— (Troides), 105.
Tomirdus, 27.

tortuosa (Hypochrosis), 383.
Totanus, 38, 246.
tournevillei (Agama), 62.
Trachelotis, 247.
Traganum, 62.
Traminda, 335.
transiens (Cleta), 335.

translata (Zeuctoboarmia), 359.
treitschkei (Euploea), 198.

— (Hadena), 230.

— (Scotogramma), 230.
Treron, 249.

triangulifera (Perigramma), 148.
Trichoglossus, 30, 41.
trichroa (Erythrura), 36, 45, 58.
tricinctaria (Bursada), 217.

— (Phalaena), 217.
tricolor (Eulabeornis), 26.

— (Rallina), 26, 27.

— (Tomirdus), 27.
tricoloraria (Rhodophthitus), 369.
tricuspis (Diplotrinena), 17-19, 21, 23, 2,5.
trifasciata (Pitthea), 374.
triinlifimbria (Prasinocyma), 315.

trifolii (Scotogramma), 230.
trilineata (Tanaotrichia), 324.
trimaculalis (Samea), 225.
trimaculatus (Celaenorrhinus), 398.
Tringa, 26, 38, 246.
tripartita (Axiodes), 377.
tripectinata (Stenoponia), 310.
triplaga (Victoria), 312.
trisagittata (Epia), 191.

— (Polia), 191.
triserrata (Testudo), 419.
tristis (Junonia), 203.

— (Precis), 203.
tristissima (Loncliura), 37, 58.

— (Munia), 37, 58.
trivialis (Anthus), 74.
Troides, 105, 106.
tropica (Macaria), 353.
truncata (Curetis), 83, 98.
Trygodes, 329.
tscherga (Apodemus), 302.
tschusii (Falco), 179.

— (Hierofalco), 179.
tulostoma (Filaria), 15.
tuneti (Apus), 76.
tunnyi (Fregata), 145.
turbulentata (Osteodes), 349.
Turdus, 59.

turneri (Cupha), 126.

— (Messaras), 126.
turtur (Streptopelia), 65.
Tyndaris, 222.
Typhlopsylla, 307.
typicus (Polyboroides), 250.
Tyto, 29, 30, 41, 253.
tyttha (Nychiodes). 363.

Udaspes, 144.

ulceratalis (Cornifrons), 242.

ulicis (Enargia), 190.

474

Ulotricha, 187, 242.
ultramarina (Hypochaera), 263.
ultramarinus (Parus), 65.
Ulysses (Papilio), 108, 194.
umbonia (Mycalesis), 122.
umbrata (AcoUesis), 322.
umbrinus (Corvus), 65, 260.
undata (Mocis), 211.

— (Noctua), 211.
undulilinea (Comostolopsis), 322.

— (Euchloris), 322.

— (Eucrostes), 322.
ungues (Macroglossum), 216.
unicolor (Somobrachys), 191.

— (Sturnus), C5, 67.
uniformis (Hypolimnas), 204.

— (.Jamides), 391.
unilateralis (Habronema), 15.
unipecten (Hydrelia), 337.
unipuncta (Celaenorrhinus), 142.
unipunctella (Myelois), 238.
uralensis (Falco), 183, 184.

— (Hierofalco), 184, 185.
urania (Taeuaris), 124, 202.
uranus (Taeuaris), 201.
urbica {Ch?lidon), 310.

— (Heterostegane), 341.

— (Hirundo), 65, 76.
Urodopsis, 301.

uromasticola (Oxyuris), 4, 5, 7.
Uromastix, 6, 7, 77, 181.
Urospizias, 53, 54, 55.

Ursula (Euploea), 199.

— (Saphara), 199.
ussuriensis (Falco), 169.
ustella (Ancylosis), 240.
ustipennis (Cheroscelia), 312, 313.

— (Rliomborista), 313.
utuanensis (Papilio), 193.

Vadebra, 119.

Vaena, 379.

validus (Pachycoccyx), 254.

Vanessa, 129.

vanlentina (Melanitis), 199.

variegata (Alcedo), 257.

— (Gnophes), 366.
rariegatus (Numenius), 38.

— (Tantalus), 38.
variostrigata (Tcphroclystia). 191.
varuna (Papilio), 273.

vasa (Hyblaea), 222.
vaulogeri (Cleophana), 230.

— (Hypopta), 236.
vellida (.Junonia), 203.

— (Precis), 203.
velox (Hippotion), 290.

venata (Geodena), 371.
venilia (Acca), 132, 207.

— (PapiUo), 132.
Venusia. 337.

vermicularia (Prasinocyma), 314, 315.
vernicoma (Metacineta), 313.
vesta (Acraea), 135.
vestalia (Somatina), 328, 329.

— (Talpocliares), 232.
vestoides (Acraea), 135.

— (Pareba), 135.
vicina (Libyoclanis), 285.

— (Testudo). 406, 411, 412, 413, 417, 419.
victa (Eulabeornis), 26.

Victoria, 312.

Vidua, 262.

viduata (Dendrocygna), 245.

vieilloti (Lybius), 255.

vigilans (Zamarada), 343.

vikasi (Neptis), 133.

Vinago, 249.

violacea (Lyoaenesthes), 390.

— (Musophaga), 253.
violalis (Piletocera), 224.
virgata (Arniocera), 300.
virginalis (Eublemma), 191.
viridis (Euploea), 199.

— (Tchitrea), 258.
virilis (Papilio), 107.
viriosa (Sphingomima), 379.
Virochala, 395.

vitellia (Elymnias), 124.

Vitessa, 223.

vivipara (Oxyuris), 6, 7.

volens (Parthenos), 279.

vosmaeri (Testudo), 419, 428, 430, 441.

vulcani (Tanysiptera), 33, 38, 42, 43.

vulcanica (Euploea), 198.

— (Hypolimnas), 205.

— (Lycaenopsis), 388.

— (Mycalesis), 201.

— (Parthenos), 208.

— (Taenaris), 201.

— (Yoma), 203, 204.
vulcanicus (Papilio), 193.

waalia (Treron), 249.

— (Vinago), 249.
wahlbergi (Aquila), 251.

— (Hieraetus), 251.
Waigeum, 140.
wakolo (.Mycalesis). 122.
Wallace! (Delias), 109.

— (Lycaena), 140.

— (Testudo), 403, 406, 407, 413, 417, 419.

— (Thysonotis), 140.
wallengrenii (Euploea), 121.

475

warionis (Albarracina), 229.

— (Bombyx), 229.
warreni (Osteodea), 349.
weiskei (Eutolmaetus), 46.

— (Hieraetus), 46.

— (PapiUo), 105, 108.
werneri (Euploea), 197.
westermanni (Carpophaga), 28, 29.
weymeri (Papilio), 194.
whitakeri (Garnilus), 66.

wilsoui (Hypochaera), 263.
wokaua (Notocrypta), 402.

— (Plesioneura), 402.
woUastoni (Eublemma), 232.
woodfordi (Deudoris), 395.

— (Eulabeornis), 27.

— (Rallina), 27.

Xanthorhoe, 337.
Xenimpia, 380-82.
Xenostega, 341.
xiphia (Leptosia), 109.
xuthomeleis (Clematoessa), 297.

Yoma, 203, 204.
ypsiion (Agrotis), 230.

ypsilon (Noctua), 230.
Ypthima, 121, 122.

zadne (Candalides), 393.

— (Holocliila), 393.
zaleucus (Papilio), 273.
Zaraarada, 342-5.
Zanclopteryx, 220.
Zarachella, 277.

zedlitzi (Erythrospiza), 67.
zelima (Papilio), 203.

— (Precis), 129, 203.
zelina (Papilio), 129.
zemire (Phalaena), 223.

— (Vitessa), 223.
Zeuctoboarmia, 358, 359.
zeuzeroide3 (Anisoneura), 211.
ziada (Taenaris), 125.
Zinckenia, 224.

zipoetina (Orsotriaena), 123.
Zizera, 389, 390.
Zizyphus, 64, 65, 75.
zoilus (Tellervo), 121, 199.
Zuleika, 236.
Zgyaena, 299.

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