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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,
Vol. XXXIII, 192G.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

H Journal of Zooloo\!

IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM.

EDITED BV

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXXIII, 1926.

(WITH TWELVE PLATES )

Issued at the Zoological Museum, Trino.

TRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON k VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1926-1927

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIII (19*20).

AVES.

1. On the Birds of Feni and Nissan Islands. Ernst Hartert

2. Remarks on " Review of the Genus Cacomanlis Mull." G. M. Mathews .

3. Answer to the " Remarks on ' Re\dew of the Genus Cacomanlis. ' " Ernst

Hartert ...........

4. A Review of the Genus Corvus (Plates I-XII). R. Meinertzhagen .

5. On the Birds of the District of Talasea in New Britain. Ernst Hartert

6. On the Birds of the French Islands, north of New Britain. Ernst Hartert

7. The Avifauna of Yunnan. Lord Rothschild .....

8. Types of Birds in the Tring Museum. Ernst Hartert ....

PAQE9

33—48
53—54

55—56
57—121
122—145
171—178
189—343
344—357

1. New Geometridae.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Louis B. Peout

2. List of Hesperiidae in the Tring Museum collected on the Ivory Coast by

G. Melon. N. D. Riley

3. New Geometridae in the Tring Museum. Louis B. Prout

4. The Agaristidae and Zygaenidae from the Bismarck Archipelago in the Tring

Museum. Karl Jordan ........

5. On a Pyralid parasitic as Larva on Spiny Saturnian Caterpillars at Para.

Karl Jordan ..........

6. Some New Agaristidae, with Remarks on Nomenclature. Karl Jobdan .

7. On some Old World Sphingidae. Kabl Jordan .....

1—32

49—52

179—188

358—366

367-
371-
379-

-370
-378
-384

COLEOPTERA.

1. Some New Anthribidae in the British Museum. Karl Jordan .

2. New Eastern Anthribidae in the Tring Museum. Karl Jordan

146—154
155—170

SIPHONAPTERA.

1. New Siphonaptcra. Karl Jordan

385—394

INDEX 401—416

PLATES IN VOLUME XXXIII.

PLATES I-XII. Heads of the Genus Corvus. H. Gkonvold.

7-

[320.

NOYITATES ZOOLOG1CAE.

LHIS'

H Journal of ZooIoq\>-

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, E.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXXIII.

No. 1.

Pages 1 — 56
Issdkd March 25th, 1926, at the Zoological .Museum, Thing.

1'UINTED BY HAZELL, H'ATSON k VINEY, Ld.. LONDON AND AY1.ESBUKY.

1928.

Vol. XXXIII.

NOVITATES Z00L0GICAE

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN

CONTENTS OF NO. I.

nam

1. NEW GEOMETRIDAE Louis B. Prout 1-32

2. ON THE BIRDS OF FENI AND NISSAN ISLANDS . Ernest Ilnrim . 33-48

3. LIST OF HESPERIIDAE IN THE TRING MUSEUM

COLLECTED ON THE IVORY COAST BY G. MELOU N. D. Riley . 49-52

t. KKMAKKS ON " REVIEW OF THK V.EUV8CACOMANTIS

MULL" <''. 8f. Maihewt 53-54

5. ANSWER TO THK ' REMARKS ON ' REVIEW OF THE

GENTJS CACOMANTIS '" Ernest Bartert . 55-56

Nov ETATES ZOOLOGICAE

Vol. XXXIII. MARCH 1926. No. 1.

NEW GBOMETRIDAE

By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.

Subfam. OENCH IIROM1NAE.

I. Celerena mitis melanoprora subsp. a.

(J$. Near C. in. evitans Prout (1916), from the Solomons. Palpus with
2nd joint, predominantly black, only at base yellow (in the other races pre-
dominantly yellow). Thorax with a blackish anterior hand well developed (in
a few in minus from Bougainville feebly developed, otherwise wanting is m.
evitans and m. mills). Abdomen with some black-grey maculation. Both
wings with the black markings on an average broader than in m. evitans (but
variable in that race).

Bismarck Archipelago : New Britain (he. typ.) ; New Ireland ; New Hanover ;
Rook Island ; Admiralty Islands.

SimiAM. IIKMITHKINAE.
2. Aeolochroma prasina defasciata subsp. n.

(J. Forewing with basal patch in its anterior half less developed, generally
more mixed on SC with bluish white scales and with a subbasal admixture of
these scales at costa ; antemedian line with the inward projection near costa
generally lengthened; median area broadened, especially posteriorly, largely
remaining green, only with a narrow dark (red- and black mixed) band proximally,
some dark admixture posteriorly and some bluish-white admixture between
M' and SM' ; postmedian line generally rather more sharply angled at R\
weakly angled at R' ; the red-brown, black-mixed band beyond well developed,
almost as in ]>. spdilicoriiiii/ia Prout ( 11» I 7). but less bright.- [fimltriiig with the
dark mark on DC' strong, the praesubterminal markings generally weak.

Forewing beneath with the white mark in cellule 4 between cell-dot and
postmedian clear and rather sharply defined.

<J>. Similarly distinguishable by the form of the median band ; the white
subcostal admixture generally sticmg, including a rather pronounced white
mark just outside the anterior indentation of the postmedian. Forewing
beneath with the white mark in cellule 4 as in the <J.

Bismarck Archipelago : Rook Island, 1 <J ; New Britain (loc. typ.), 8 £,$t
2 $$ ; New Ireland, 3 cJcJ, 1 ? ; New Hanover, 2 <$<$, 1 $.

Except for the rather less bulged termen and the lack of abrupt inward

1

2 NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

posterior curve of the postmedian. this more recalls viridimedia Prout (1916)
than any hitherto known race of prasina. unless possibly the smaller p.
spadicocampa of Biak.

3. Terpna iterans sp. n.

q. 58 mm. Near superans Butl. (187S). Face narrowly pale beneath
as well as above. Palpus predominantly pale.

Wings somewhat paler than in superans, at least in median area, the markings
of upperside at first sight more suggestive of vigens Butl. or the erionoma Swinh.
group. Foreicing with a fine subbasal line, thickening a little at costa ; ante-
median much heavier (except at costa) than in superans, fairly equal in develop-
ment throughout ; postmedian more distally placed than in that species, heavier,
complete (not so broken into vein-dots) ; pale subterminal obsolete. Under-
side less suffused with ochreous proximally. the heavy longitudinal blackish
streaks wanting, the straightish. oblique antemedian of upperside faintly repro-
duced ; cell-spots less large and round than in superans, that of the forewing
being slightly concave on outerside. that of the hindwing relatively long and
narrow ; subterminal row of spots not double, only the elongate, confluent
pair in cellules i and 5 of the hindwing suggesting a possible confluence of two
in each of the cellules named.

China : district of Shanghai, type in coll. L. B. Prout. kindly presented by
M. l'Abbe J. de Joannis, paratype in his collection.

4. Thalassodes progressa sp. n.

(J. 26-29 mm. : $, 27-34 mm. Face dull brown-red. Palpus in £ 1$,
in $ just over 2 ; red on outerside, white beneath. Vertex white ; occiput
green. Hindtibia in <J with slender hair-pencil.

Wings shaped about as in the common T . digressa Walk. Ground-colour
duller and more bluish green, with similar white irroration and strigulation, but
with the lines extremely fine and almost obsolete ; costal edge of forewing
similarly ochreous ; hindwing with more pronouned white on DC, though a
little interrupted in the middle ; faint suggestions of a dark terminal line ;
fringes pale ochreous. somewhat mixed with green proximally.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez, March-July. 17 <$$, 7 $$ (G. Melou). Type
in coll. Tring Museum.

A larger £ from Nabagulo Forest, 15 miles from Kampala. Uganda, October
25 — November 6, 1921 (W. Feather), shows similar structure and probably
represents a race, but had better await more material from Continental Africa.
T. digressa lacks the tibial pencil.

5. Prasinocyma nonyma nom. n.

Prasinocyma tichhorni Prout, Nov. Zool. xxxii. :!."> (1925) (nee Nov. Zool. xxvii. 2o7. 1920).

By a very inexcusable oversight. 1 overlooked that I had already dedicated
to the Eichhorn brothers a New Guinea species in this extensive genus. A new
name therefore becomes necessary for the New Ireland species described 5 years
later.

6. Prasinocyma loveridgei sp. n.

<J, 17-18 mm. Head and front of thorax whitish, slightly mixed with
fuscous. Palpus scarcelv 1J, 2nd joint rough-scaled, especially above, where

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 3

the scales project obliquely forward, 3rd joint short but distinct ; whitish, the
2nd joint darkened on outerside. Antenna! shaft somewhat infuscated, the
longest rjectinations about 4, apical third or more not pectinated. Thorax
above predominantly fuscous, abdomen above more whitish, sprinkled with
blackish-fuscous ; both beneath whitish. Hindtibia dilated, with hair-pencil
and with a terminal process reaching to near end of 1st tarsal joint ; tarsus
rather short.

Forewing with cell at least J, DC curved, SO well free, R1 connate or stalked,
R2 from little before middle, M1 connate or shortly stalked ; dirty white, with
copious but irregular dark irroration ; costa spotted; cell-mark black, crescentic,
strongest on DC2 ; ill-defined red-brownish clouding over a great part of the
wing, occupying the proximal half excepting a vague antemedian band between
M2 and SM2 and reappearing in a slightly incurved band (in the middle inter-
rupted) from costa midway between cell-mark and termen to hindmargm close
to tornus ; some blacker marking on this band near costa ; terminal spots
black, interneural, slightly elongate ; fringe very weakly chequered. Hind-
wing with termen almost rounded ; C closely approximated to about middle of
cell, then rapidly diverging, R2 as on forewing, M1 shortly stalked ; whitish,
the irroration slight and sparse ; a rather thin, rather elongate cell-mark ; ter-
minal spots indicated.

Both wings beneath nearly as hindwing above, the forewing, however, with
costa spotted and anterior part (except distally) slightly suffused.

Tanganyika Territory : Kongasa. April 23, 1917 (A. Loveridge), 2 tftf in
coll. Tring Museum.

Near perjmlverata Prout (1916), rather broader- winged, much less uniformly
dusted. Possibly a race, as a $ perpulverata ab. subfasciata from Kenya Colony
(April 1922) resembles it in the less uniform irroration.

7. Metallochlora impotens sp. n.

<J, 25-27 mm. Face orange-red. Palpus slightly over 1 ; red on outer-
side, whitish beneath. Vertex white. Antenna pectinate, the branches very
short (about 1) ; light-brown, at base white. Thorax and abdomen white,
tinged with green above ; abdominal crest almost entirely obsolete. Foreleg
tinged with red, especially the coxa ; hindtibia strongly dilated, with hair-pencil
and slight terminal process ; terminal spurs short ; tarsus very short.

Forewing with termen bowed, moderately oblique ; SC1 generally anasto-
mosing slightly with C, sometimes free, SC2 shortly before SC5, R1 connate or just
stalked, M1 connate or just separate ; whitish green, about as average captured
lodis lactearia Linn. ; costal edge narrowly buff ; traces of a cloudy white ante-
median ; a broad white postmedian, tapering a little anteriorly, here gently
incurved, not quite reaching costa, from R2 to M2 rather more oblique than

termen, at hindniargin about vertical ; fringe concolorous, at tips whiter.

Hindwing rather broad for the genus, the angle at R1 moderate ; SC2 shortly
stalked, M1 shortly stalked ; concolorous with forewing ; a broad, strongly curved
postmedian white line (band) about 3 mm. from termen.

Underside whitish, the buff costal edge of forewing rather broader, at least
at base ; frenulum dark-coloured.

N.E. Madagascar: Diego Suarez, February-April 1917, 7 fig (the type
dated March 4) ; Kulau, 1 <$. All in coll. Tring Museum, collected by G. Melou.

4 XoVlTATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1026.

Some specimens show indications of a darker cell-dot on each wing. The
inclusion of the present and another similarly pectinated Diego Suarez species
(1 <J, worn, facies of a white, well-banded glacialis Butl.) in Metallochlora will
involve a slight change in my Key (Gen. Ins. cxxix. 16, no. 56), but seems justi-
fiable ; the general habitus, genitalia, etc., would clearly place them in this group
rather than in Antharmostes or Prasinocyma.

8. Hemistola hypnopoea sp. n.

<J. 20-27 mm. ; 9. 24-30 mm. Face red. Palpus slightly over 1, slender,
2nd joint with some sparse, slender, long-projecting hair-scales above and beneath
(easily lost), 3rd joint distinct, though small ; outerside reddish. Tongue well-
developed, but slender. Antenna in $ with pectinations short (scarcely 2) ;
in $ not pectinate. Vertex white ; occiput greenish. Thorax and abdomen
pale green above, whitish beneath. Hindtibia in £ dilated, with hair-pencil

Forewing with SC1 anastomosing with C, Ml separate ; dull pale yellowish-
green, recalling Nothoterpna or AcoUesis ; costal edge very narrowly pale buff ;
lines white, obsolete at costa ; antemedian slender, curved ; postmedian less
slender, mostly straightish, about 3 mm. from termen, anteriorly curving inward

before becoming obsolete. Hindwing with termen rounded, rather full ; C

approximated to cell near base only, rapidly diverging ; R; rather extreme,
Ml separate ; concolorous with forewing ; postmedian line continued, little
beyond middle of wing, varying from almost straight to curved nearly parallel
with termen.

Underside whiter, the forewing. however, generally strongly shaded with
dirty yellow-greenish except at distal and hind margins.

N.E. Madagascar : Diego Suarez, mostly February -April. 25 $£, 6 $$
(lor. typ.) ; Kulau, 2 £q. Type in coll. Tring Museum.

The large specimens perhaps belong to a separate brood as the two largest
$$ are dated December 24 and January 8, but the only large <$ is undated.
None are in perfect condition and they probably fade in relaxing.

Si-bfa.m. STERRHIXAE.
9. Scopula aspiciens sp. n.

tJ?, 19-24 mm. Face black. Palpus black, beneath whitish. Vertex
white. Antenna! shaft at base white, then more or less heavily spotted with
black ; joints in q slightly projecting, ciliation fully 1. Thorax and abdomen
concolorous with wings ; abdomen often (especially in the q) with blackish
dorsal dots or small spots. Foreleg more or less infuseated on upper- and inner-
side ; hindtibia in $ long, with moderate white hair-pencils, the tarsus scarcely I.

Forewing slightly narrower than in average Scopula ; whitish, generally very
densely (often almost throughout) irrorated with fleshy reddish, but sometimes
remaining pale, thus very variable in colour ; a small black cell-dot, almost
always partly ringed with grey scales and with a noticeable white spot between
it on the median shade ; median shade generally rather thick, mixed red and
grey (in varying proportion), a little beyond the cell-dot, slightly excurved
anteriorly, more markedly incurved between MJ and SM! ; lines weak, greyish,
antemedian bent outward in cell, marked with three darker dots on veins ;
postmedian excurved near costa, incurved between radials and more slightly

Novitates Zooloqicae XXXIII. 1926. 5

between M! and SM!, slightly punctuated on the veins ; subterminal whitish,
weak, nearly parallel with postmedian ; terminal dots small, black ; fringe

rather more highly coloured than wings. Hindwing not very broad, termen

only very slightly bent at R' ; cell-dot not ocellated ; antemedian line wanting,
median curved round innerside of cell-dot. angled outward at base of R1 ; outer
area much as on forewing.

Underside rather paler, much less reddish, the forewing in some specimens
more or less suffused with grey ; cell-dots and terminal dots distinct, on forewing
also the median and postmedian lines.

Madagascar : Diego Suarez, February-September 1917 (G. Melou), a long
series in coll. Tring Museum ; Morondava, a rubbed $ in the same collection.

10. Hamalia ligys sp. n.

cJ, 21-23 mm. Face brown, mixed with black. Vertex white. Occiput
and front of thorax dusky brown. Antennal shaft white proximally, then mixed
ivith blackish ; ciliation 1 or slightly over. Thorax and abdomen concolorous
with wings, Hindtibia with the usual pale hair-pencil ; hindtarsus not so
extremely abbreviated as in nigromarginata Dogn. (1890).

Wings shaped much as in venipunctata Warr. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxx,
446), etc., coloured and marked almost as an aberration of the much larger
nigromarginata Dogn. with the median shade less thick, more concise. Fore-
wing with costal edge narrowly blackened ; cell-dot black ; antemedian line
fine, straightish ; median shade faintly sinuous or almost straight, touching the
outer side of, or almost crossing, the cell-dot ; postmedian much as in nigro-
marginata, rather more equally developed throughout ; terminal spots between
the radials and at tornus rather large, the former broadly triangular ; terminal
line less thick and regular than in nigromarginata ; fringe slightly infuscated

and with darker spots. Hindwing with sharp cell-dot, otherwise marked

nearly as in nigromarginata.

Underside much as in nigromarginata.

Colombia : Cananche, Cundinamarca, September 1903 (M. de Mathan)
type and two other $,$ in coll. Tring Museum. Peru : Palcazu and La Oroya
(Rio Inambari) in coll. Tring Museum ; Ucayali in coll. Dognin.

11. Hamalia exempta sp. n.

<J, 20 mm. Face blackish, slightly paler below. Palpus very short and
slender, blackish brown. Antennal ciliation li. Vertex white. Occiput and
front of thorax dark brown ; the rest of thorax and abdomen concolorous
with wings. Hindtibia with long whitish pencil from femoro-tibial joint ; tarsus
slender, § or slightly over.

Forewing with areole single, SC1 stalked a little beyond ; light pinkish
cinnamon to pinkish buff, rather thinly and smoothly scaled ; slight dark
irroration ; costal edge narrowly blackish brown ; lines brownish grey ; ante-
median indistinct, very slightly excurved in cell, crossing extreme base of M-,
very slightly incurved between this and SM- ; median line fine, almost straight,
from costa slightly beyond middle to hindmargin at about jj ; cell-mark not
strong, slightly proximal to median line ; postmedian weakly sinuous, the out-
ward curve about R'-M1 perhaps the most noticeable ; terminal line blackish,

6 Ni>yit\Ti:s Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

slightly interrupted; fringe rather pale, dark-spotted. Hitulwing with SC

stalked for nearly half its length ; first line wanting, the others more proximal
than on forewing, the median fine, bent proximally to the cell-dot, the post-
median continuing the median of forewing, rather more markedly excurved
between R1 and M! than on forewing.

Underside more weakly marked, the hindwing paler.

Colombia : Yuntas, near Cali, type in coll. Dognin.

A rubbed $ from Salidero, N.W. Ecuador, 350 feet, March 1901, agreeing
accurately in venation and apparently in markings, has stood unnamed in the
Tring Museum ; hindtibia with the outer proximal spur vestigial.

12. Sterrha recrinita sp. n,

(J, 18 mm. Head brown. Antenna with rather long fascicles of cilia (It
or over). Thorax and abdomen drab, beneath slightly paler and more brownish.
Midleg long, the tibia throughout with a fringe of long, buff-tinted hair. Hindleg
short, the tibia with a pale pencil, the tarsus greatly aborted. Abdomen beneath
with a rather long, pale pencil from near base.

Forewing with termen long, strongly oblique, tornal region rather ample ;
areole moderate, SC1 from its apex or shortly stalked, SC' stalked a little beyond
SC1 ; costal region beneath (to beyond middle) with a fringe of rather long hair ;
glossy drab, with a slight shade of olive-brown ; the gloss shown, with a strong
lens, to be produced by a sprinkling of glistening leaden scales ; costal margin

more buff ; cell-dot weak ; lines obsolete. Hindwing somewhat distorted,

irregularly amygdaloid, its greatest length at Ml, apex and tornus scarcely
indicated, termen extremely convex ; cell apparently extremely short and not
or scarcely closed, SC2 and R1 long, medians stalked ; mostly concolorous with
forewing, in the abdominal region more tinged with buff.

Underside almost uniform drab, the hindwing mostly hairy, costa at base
with a strong tuft, succeeded by a more ochreous patch of bristly scaling.

S.E. Peru: Rio Huacamayo, Carabaya, dry season, 3,100 feet, June 1904
(G. Ockenden), type and another <J in coll. Tring Museum. Bolivia : Rio Songo,
750 m. (Fassl), a rather rubbed $ in coll. Dognin ; Buenavista (E. Bolivia),
750 m. (J. Steinbach), a damaged $ in coll. Tring Museum.

Rather near S. prolixa Schaus (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist (8) xi. 353, as
Euacidalia), the forewing more acute, the leg-tufts (not mentioned in original
description) less red, etc.

13. Sterrha (Pogonogya) scholaea sp. n,
3, 23 mm. Head orange-cinnamon. Body concolorous with wings.
Forewing with costal margin only curved near apex, termen scarcely curved,
long ; SC1 free ; pinkish buff, suffused — except near costal margin — with fawn ;
costal edge orange-cinnamon ; cell-mark blackish ; lines fine, somewhat as in
jugaria Schaus (TV. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxvii. 259), etc., the antemedian being
indistinct, little curved, chiefly indicated by slight dark proximal shading, the
postmedian vertical from costa about 3 mm. from apex, bent at Rl, slightly
incurved between this and R1, approximated to termen at medians, markedly
inbent behind M-, then slightly thickened, closely approaching termen at SM!.
— — Hindwing with abdominal margin long, folded, with hair-pencil, termen

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK XXXIII. 1921). 7

moderately curved ; SC: rather shortly, M1 very shortly stalked ; concolorous
with forewing, abdominal area rather more ochreous ; cell-dot weaker ; an
indistinct, sinuous postmedian line (incurved between the radials, excurved
before and behind), about twice as near to cell-dot as to termen ; fringe more
strongly irrorated towards tornus.

Underside less — that of hindwing scarcely — suffused with fawn ; the cell-
marks and on forewing the postmedian line indicated.

Colombia : Pacho, E. Cordillera, 2,200 m. (A. H. Fassl), type in coll. Dognin ;
Muzo, 400-800 m. (A. H. Fassl), paratypes in coll. Tring Museum, coll. Joicey,
coll. L. B. Prout.

Larger than rufulata Warr. (1900). anal tufts apparently less developed,
abdominal pencil long (from near base), pale ; forewing with termen relatively
longer, rather redder, cell-dot distincter, etc.

14. Anisodes pauper celsa subsp. n.

<J, 45-48 mm. Distinguished principally from the name-typical race
(pauper Butl. 1887, Solomons) by its large size ; further by a more rufescent tinge,
rather dense dark irroration. appreciably darkened costal edge of forewing and
more extended fleshy suffusion of forewing beneath, here leaving only a narrow
distal border and rather broader posterior area pale. Varies extremely, like
p. pauper, in the expanse of the black bordering of the cell-mark of hindwing.

New Britain : Talasea, March-April 1925 (A. F. Eichhorn). 2 <$$ in coll.
Tring Museum.

Subfam. LARENTIINAE.

15. Eois leueampyx sp. a.

tj$, 19-22 mm. Close to amydroscia Prout (1922), possibly a subspecies,
though the <J antenna looks rather more compressed laterally. Face reddish
merely shading off gradually to yellowish below. Fillet and scaling of antennal
shaft pure white. Tone slightly less yellow than in amydroscia (excepting a
Pulo Laut race ?) ; forewing with the proximal subterminal marks less equally
developed, only with the one behind R2 strong, the one in front smaller (in
amydroscia this pair are approximately equal).

New Britain: Talasea, March-April 1925 (A. F. Eichhorn), 3 <JcJ, 1 ?, in
coll. Tring Museum.

A $ from Stephansort, N.E. New Guinea, seems to agree accurately, and
single specimens from British New Guinea and Bougainville are probably
aberrations or kindred races. From sanguilineata Warr. (1901), leueampyx
differs in the possession of an areole, in having the forewing slightly broader,
yet with sharper apex, the hindwing slightly more elongate to tornus, and in the
less bright colouring, the purple markings being less strong and somewhat mixed
with blackish.

10. Xanthorhoe euthytoma sp. n.

(J, 30 mm. Palpus nearly H, broadly scaled. Antennal pectinations
rudimentary (materially shorter than diameter of shaft), two pairs to each joint,
surmounted by fascicles of cilia exceeding their own length. Head and body
concolorous with wings.

g NOVITATF.S ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Foreiving rather broad, costa in distal half gently arched, apex not acute,
termen almost smooth, curved chiefly about middle, not very oblique ; brownish
fuscous, slightly rippled with whitish and darker fuscous ; basal patch strongly,
the rest of the wing more slightly mixed with neutral red ; cell-dot black :
basal patch not quite 2 mm., bounded by a slightly curved line ; succeeding
area scarcely paler than central band ; central band moderately broad, with
a pale tint in front of cell-dot, otherwise pretty uniform, its proximal edge waved,
nearly vertical (slightly oblique inward) from costa to M close to base of M!,
where it bends weakly, thence running very slightly oblique inward to hindmargin ;
its distal edge almost straight, from costa at nearly 11 mm. to hindmargin at
nearly 7 mm., succeeded by a triple white line ; subterminal line white, very
fine, very slightly interrupted, deeply but not qtiite regularly dentate, with some
slight dark shading proximally, especially between the radials ; terminal line
more or less interrupted at and midway between the veins (in places forming
paired black spots) ; fringe dark, especially proximally, with a whitish line at
base, another at tips, and a third intermediate (slightly nearer to the latter).

Hindwing a little paler and greyer ; cell-dot black ; basal and central areas

not differentiated ; postmedian line rather more excurved in middle than on
forewing, the succeeding white lines rather less distinct ; subterminal vaguer
than on forewing. especially anteriorly ; terminal line and fringe as on forewing.

Underside pale tilleul-buff with some grey suffusion, between cell-dots
and postmedian with some wavy dark lines ; cell-dots large, black ; forewing
with a black antemedian costal spot ; both wings with postmedian line and indis-
tinct whitish lines beyond ; subterminal line ill-developed, but on both wings
with dark proximal shades, a strong one anteriorly (almost black between
the radials) and a rather less strong posteriorly, leaving cellule 3 pale ; terminal
line and fringe less sharply marked than above.

Nigeria : near Bamenda, 5,000-6,000 feet, August 1922, type in coll. L. B.
Prout.

Near ansorgei Warr. (Nov. Zool. vi. 299), but with the subterminal line quite
different, etc.

17. Euphyia goniodes sp. n.

(J, 32-34 mm. Intermediate between subangulata Koll. (1848) and medio-
vittaria Moore (1867). Fore- and midlegs above slightly darker (less white-
irrorated) than in mediovittaria, the rings at ends of joints consequently more

conspicuous. Forewing with termen at least as oblique, apex very slightly

more produced ; proximal and distal areas rather less tinged with ochreous ;
markings of proximal area similar, the narrow brown band between basal patch
and median fascia less bright brown ; median fascia as broad as in subangulata,
at costa broader, its distal edge being more oblique outward anteriorly to the
radial concavity, its form otherwise similar to that of subangulata, its paler
central part broad, its dark boundaries slightly less reddish than in the allies ;
subterminal line somewhat interrupted, slightly more lunulate than in medio-
vittaria. Hindwing similar to that of mediovittaria, but with the termen

rather straighter between C and R\ the fringe less tinged with yellowish, rather
more mottled with grey opposite the veins.

Underside much like that of subangulata.

Tibet : Chumbi Valley, 4 $$ in coll. Tring Museum, the type and another

NoflTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 9

bearing the more exact locality Dopenri. Also from Kashmir Valley, 7,000 feet,
1 S m coll. L. B. Prout.

18. Atopophysa indistincta proximifascia subsp. n.

?, 35-38 mm. On an average larger than the corresponding sex of i.

indistincta Butl. (1889). Foreiving slightly less dusky ; subbasal line (narrow

band) strongly blackened, almost straight ; markings on median area quite
as weak as in the name-typical race, but with the boundary-lines tending to
blacken at costa and especially at hindmargin, the antemedian at hindmargin
oblique outward. Hindwing, except in distal area, paler than in i. i)idisti?icta.

Assam : Khasia Hills, February 1896, 9 $$ in coll. Tring Museum.

19. Coenotephria championi sp. n.

<3\ 34 mm. Head and body dark fuscous sprinkled with white ; the white
more dominant beneath. Face with developed cone. Palpus over 1 i ; deep
fuscous (almost black), beneath whitish. Antenna with joints projecting, ciliation
almost 1. Anal tuft whitish drab.

Forewing with margins little curved, termen markedly oblique ; general
coloration as in Enphyia variegata Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 653),
the median band being predominantly blackish (rather less sharply than in that
species), the areas on either side of it suffused with olive-green (fading to
yellowish) ; basal area as dark as median, its whitish boundary-line slightly
indented at both folds ; intermediate band broad but very vague ; median
band much as in E. variegata, but with its distal edge indented rather than incurved
on R!, little lobed behind this, running inward rather strongly to M1, so that the
anterior half of the band looks more markedly broader than the posterior than
in that species ; a similarly large cell-spot ; subterminal and terminal lines also
similar, but the former scarcely filled in with dark shading except between the

radials. Hindwing dark grey, with weak white-grey lines (subterminal and

double postmedian) as in E. variegata.

Underside rather less brown than in E. variegata with rather less sharp
contrasts, the whitish apical and midterminal spots of forewing being absent, the
anterior band distally to the postmedian narrowed to a line ; postmedian of
both wings less strongly lobed behind middle.

India: Nainital, S.W. of Almora, at light, September 22, 1921 (H. G.
Champion), type in coll. Oxford Museum.

20. Eupithecia robiginascens sp. n.

cJ$, 26-27 mm. Head and body above blackish fuscous, in places tinged
with red-brown ; beneath pale drab. Face with well-developed cone. Palpus
rather short (little over 1). heavily scaled. 3rd joint quite short, concealed.
Antennal ciliation in $ rather less than 1, in $ nearly i. Legs (especially fore-
leg) darkened, with pale rings at ends of joints.

Forewing rather elongate, costa rather straight to well beyond middle, then
gently curved ; cinnamon (or, when quite fresh, inclining to tawny ochraceous),
finely but densely irrorated with dark fuscous, except in the bands which bound
the median area ; cell-spot large, raised, long-oval, deep black ; costal margin
blackish fuscous, cut by a few pale dashes ; blackish dashes on M and M! as

10 Novitates Zoological XXXIII. lH2r>.

far as the postmedian. also on all the veins just proximally to the postmedian.
elsewhere slighter ; basal patch ill-defined, strongly angled outward in middle of
cell, then strongly oblique inward ; the cinnamon band beyond it narrow ;
median area over 4 mm. wide at costa. about 3-5 mm. at hindmargin, rippled
with about 6 fine, ill-defined lines of dark irroration, the proximal ones parallel
with subbasal. the distal angled about R1 ; postmedian bounded by a faintly
hoary line, which is oblique inward from costal (angled at SCS), excurved at R1
weak posteriorly ; a fine dark line (obsolete posteriorly) separates this from the
outer cinnamon or ochraceous band, which is rather broad at R\ then gradually
tapers posteriorly ; terminal area slightly darker than median ; subterminal
line in anterior half very fine, dentate, pale hoary greyish, posteriorly whiter.
more lunulate, interrupted in cellule 2. conspicuous behind M! ; terminal line

black, with slight hoary dots ; fringe chequered. Hindwing whitish drab

anteriorly and apically. concolorous with forewing posteriori}' ; cell-dot moderate ;
M and M! dotted with blackish and whitish ; postmedian vein-dashes, cinnamon
outer band and whitish subterminal line developed in posterior part only, the
band narrow ; terminal line and fringe as on forewing.

Underside glossy pale drab ; the veins with brownish dashes ; cell-spots
elongate ; forewing (and hindwing more slightly) with black costal spots —
subbasal, antemedian. postmedian. and one or two others in median area ; the
principal lines fairly well developed, except on forewing posteriorly.

Bhutan: Buxa (type in coll. Tring Museum) ; Sikkim ; Khasia Hills ; N.E.
Burma.

21. Chloroclystis (Gymnodisca) isophrica sp. n.

<J9, 22 mm. Head and thorax pale olive ; two black dots between antennae
and another on crown. Palpus in $ over 2i, in $ 3A ; marked with dark fuscous
on outerside. Abdomen above in £ reddish, with narrow blackish-fuscous
belts at ends of segments ; in $ more broadly blackish-fuscous.

Forewing pale olive-green, in places irrorated with blackish-fuscous ; markings
mostly blackish-fuscous ; costa with spots or dashes ; an extremely fine, curved
subbasal line ; a narrow, somewhat interrupted, straightei band between this and
median band, widest anteriorly ; median band about 4 mm. wide, formed of
partly confluent, rippled lines, leaving interruptions of the ground-colour,
especially in a longitudinal direction in and outside cell (rather recalling C.
ruptiscripta Warr.. 1903 — " Rhinoprora"); cell-dot almost lost in the band;
the very fine, rippled white lines which bound the median band very gently
curved throughout, otherwise unusually regular (only approached in the group
by those of rvbrifusa Warr.. 1895); subterminal line fine, lunulate-dentate. slightly
interrupted, accompanied proximally by a brown-red band, which is only black
mixed between costa and SO and at its extreme proximal edge and distal inter-
neural teeth ; a fine black terminal line ; fringe with triangular blackish spots.

which project their apices across the terminal line on to the veins. Hind-

wing pale glossy drab, with feeble indications of the markings of underside ;
terminal line and fringe-spots as on forewing but weaker.

Underside glossy drab, costal margins slightly spotted or clouded ; fore-
wing with darker, gently curved, distally pale-edged postmedian line, proximally
to which the ground-colour is slightly darkened ; hindwing with small dark
cell-dot, curved (and at R1 very bluntly bent) postmedian line, weaker median

NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 1 1

just outside the cell-dot and indistinct praesubterminal shade ; terminal line
and fringe-spots present.

Central Dutch New Guinea: Mt. Goliath. 5,000-7,000 feet, January 1911
(A. S. Meek), 1 <J, 1 $, in coll. Tring Museum.

22. Chloroclystis (Gymnodisca) hypodela sp. n.

<J, 21 mm. At first sight very similar to the preceding, the shape and general
coloration of forewing being nearly the same ; evidently in reality nearer to
viridescens Warr. (1895). Chiefly distinguished from isophrica as follows :

Tace with a longer cone. Palpus stouter ; not dark-mixed on outerside,

Abdomen dorsally more irrorated with black. Forewing with cell-dot large.

conspicuous ; median band more broken, strongest in costal and hindmarginal
spots at its proximal and distal extremities ; postmedian line and pale band
beyond much less regular, forming, in particular, an outward projection behind
R1, the pale band finely bisected ; subterminal line much less deeply dentate,
its red proximal band obsolete, replaced by dark patches at costa and radials.

and a much smaller one on M- ; fringe-spots not extending on to the wing.

Hindiving and underside paler, more strongly marked (the markings beneath
mostly brown), postmedian line of hindwing more angulated on R\

Central Dutch New Guinea: Mt. Goliath, January and February 1911
(A. S. Meek), 2 $<$ in coll. Tring Museum.

23. Chrysoclystis perornata morbosa aubsp. n.

tJ9, 26-28 mm. Smaller than p. perornata Warr. (1896), the general colora-
tion decidedly paler, the parts which in the New Guinea race are deep brownish
vinaceous becoming here cinnamon-buff, the buff parts correspondingly paler ;
the strongly bent outer line of the forewing is continued further proximad in
cellule 6, almost meeting the inner line.

Penang : Waterfall Valley, March 14— April 18, 1898 (Curtis), type in coll.
Tring Museum. Also from Padang Rengas, Malay Peninsula, in the same col-
lection (noted by Warren, Nov. Zool. iv. 228, as the corresponding $ to his
original $$) and from Bidi, Sarawak (C. J. Brooks) in coll. Joicey.

24. Heterophleps bicommata (Warr.).

Dysethia bicommata Warr., Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1893, p. 348 t. 32, f. 1. (Sikkira).

Mr. Warren founded this on two species and both his generic and his specific
diagnosis give generally the $ characters first. Nevertheless, the generic con-
ception— like most of Warren's — was based on the <J structure, as is shown
especially by his later erection of Dysethiodes (Nov. Zool. ii. 106) and is supported
by Hamjjson's sectionizing (Faun. Iud. Moths, iii. 335). Moreover, his $ was
a specimen of ocyptaria Swinh. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii 157), while his <J
has never received any other specific name. This d, too, is the specimen figured ;
although the figure looks $, a comparison with the two originals shows, even to
the damaged abdomen, that it was taken from the $. I have therefore had no
hesitation whatever in making the J the holotype and transferring the ostensible
allotype to ocyptaria. Both are in poor condition. The Naga specimens which
Mr. Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 349) took to be the same species are
again different and are described below.

12 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIU. 1926.

25. Heterophleps acineta sp. n.

<J, 32 mm. Very much like small ocyptaria Swinh., but belonging to a dif-
ferent section in that the <J antenna is not pectinate, but bears on each segment
two pairs of fascicles of slender cilia, which except at the distal end of the antenna
are long and arise from rudimentary processes. Palpus short and rather slender.

Forewing shaped about as in ocyptaria. the termen perhaps slightly more
sinuous than in the <J of that species ; coloration the same ; costal spots smaller
and browner (less blackened) ; lines equally fine, antemedian fully as oblique
to SM>, postmedian much straighter. scarcely at all sinuous, reaching hindmargin

near tornus. Hindwing with costa rather less long than in ocyptaria. angles

rather more rounded ; abdominal area beneath less clothed with hair.

Assam : Naga Hills, 5,500-7,000 feet. August-October 18S9 (W. Doherty),
2 $$ in coll. Tring Museum.

Agrees with bicommata Warr. (vide supra) in the antenna] structure, but that
species is longer-winged, with larger and darker cell-spot and costal patches,
much less oblique antemedian line, sinuous postmedian, lighter and more sharply
marked hindwing, etc. I have made the first comparison with the less closely
related ocyptaria as being the better-known species and, moreover, occurring also
in the Nagas.

26. Syzeuxis (0 tessellifimbria sp. a.

$. 46 mm. At first glance suggestive of an overgrown trinotaria Moore,
and so determined by Elwes (with query). Hampson (Faun. Ind.. Moths, iii. 339).
and Warren. Distinct in a considerable number of points. Palpus less long-
scaled above. Foreiving with termen more regularly curved ; a small proximal

areole present ; colour appreciably greener ; costal edge less sharply marked with
black and white ; the two principal costal spots less triangular, more elongate,
the first fines which run from them more excurved in cell and at radials, partly
marked with darker brown ; a small brown subterminal spot between R1 and
R! ; fringe in proximal half continuously olive-grey, in distal pure white, dark-
spotted opposite the veins. Hindwing more elongate than in trinotaria ;

discocellulars biangulate ; cell-dot present above ; outer line fairly strong, curved

rather than bent in middle ; fringe without the blackish patches. Underside

with the postmedian line of forewing reaching hindmargin ; fringes as above.

Sikkim: Tonglo, 10,000 feet, July 1886 (H. J. Elwes), type in coll. Tring
Museum.

Should probably form a separate genus, but, as the areole certainly varies
in the group.1 it can remain here pending systematic revision.

27. Syzeuxis magnidica sp. n.

"Aphantoloba nigrinotata f " Warr.. Nov. Zool. iii. 117 (18516) (nee <J).

o. 22-26 mm. ; $, 25-30 mm. Less small than nigrinotata Warr.—
Foreiving with SC1 well away from C (in nigrinotata touching or anastomosing
slightly) ; ground-colour more uniformly buff, less mixed with whitish, the
irroration more strigiform ; costal spots larger, the antemedian developed into

1 In Cryptoloba minor Warr. (figured by Hampson, Faun. Ind.'Moths. iii, 336, fig. 166, as aerata)
tlie areole is double ; in the closely allied aerata Moore it is single,

NOVITATES ZOOLOOK'AK XXXIII. 1920. 13

a half-band, always crossing M, generally reaching or crossing M-, the shadowy
brown antemedian line (band) behind it obsolete ; postmedian crossing R1,
often almost reaching R-, the shadowy band behind it straight and grey, not

sinuous and brown, ending in a dark-fuscous dot on hindmargin. Hindwing

with C less closely approximated to cell than in nigrinotata ; ground-colour
rather less white ; postmedian band not reaching costa ; fringe infuscated

between tornus and M1. Underside also less whitish, the cell of the fore wing

with heavy smoky suffusion.

Assam : Khasia Hills. 2 £3, 3 $$, in coll. Tring Museum.

Warren had only his " $ type " to represent nigrinotata, but mixed with it
examples of the present species and of the following. The only other specimen
of nigrinotata yet known to me is a $ from Loeboe Rajah, Sumatra. April-May
1897 (Ericsson), possibly a separable race.

28. Syzeuxis seminanis sp. n.

(J, 19-20 mm. In appearance intermediate between nigrinotata Warr.
and mag it til tea Prout (supra), but differing from both in the presence of a small

areole in the forewing. Forewing less whitish-mixed than in nigrinotata,

the irroration similarly fine, the bands similarly brownish, but rather finer and
only a little sinuous, the postmedian at hindmargin with a few dark scales on
each side ; antemedian costal triangle shorter than in either of the closest allies,
more as in trinotaria Moore ; postmedian triangle narrow, but rather long, just

crossing R1 ; cell-dot wanting. Hindwing coloured almost as in magnidica ■

cell-dot weaker ; postmedian band reduced to a thick line, nearer to termen than

to cell, reaching costa. Underside coloured as in magnidica, on both wings

with the postmedian thin ; smoky suffusion in cell scarcely so strong as in mag-
nidica.

Assam: Khasia Hills, March 1894 (type) and April 1894 (paratype), in coll.
Tring Museum.

The presence of an areole in this species (though proportionally smaller than
that of trinotaria) suggests that Hampson (Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xii. 75)
was right in sinking Aphantoloba to Syzeuxis. though he was seriously wrong in
making nigrinotata a form of trinotaria.

29. Dyspteris crispisulcans sp. n.

J, 35-38 mm. ; $, 38-42 mm. Head green. Palpus in $ 1£, in $ 2, 2nd
joint above and beneath with rather long-projecting hair-scales. Antenna in
cj with the pectinations rather short, in $ with the projections beneath not deep.
Thorax and abdomen green, the latter with narrow whitish belts at ends of seg-
ments. Fore- and midlegs blackish on upperside.

Forewing moderately broad, though less so than in breviataria Hb. (Zutr.
i. 29), the tornus being less square ; bluish green, in places mixed with white,
which becomes the predominant tone in the median area, except towards costa ;
a small white cell-spot ; lines deeper green, edged with white on their reverse
sides ; antemedian acutely angled outward in cell, thickened at the angle so as
to touch cell-spots ; postmedian markedly irregular, rather sharply dentate
outward on the veins, incurved between the radials and more slightly behind
middle, anteriorly slightly more oblique than termen ; subterminal line white

14 Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1026.

irregularly dentate ; conspicuous white vein-spots between this and termen ;

fringe green proximally. white distallv. Hindwing in both sexes narrow,

the apex slightly more rounded than in breviataria ■ DC in § biangulate ; first
line wanting ; the rest nearly as on forewing.

Underside similar ; median area of forewing less white ; white markings of
hindwing more or less widened.

E. Peru : Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco (E. Boettger). type and another
cJ; Cushi, Prov. Huanuco, 1,900 m. (W. Hoffmanns), 1 <J,.l ?. S.E. Peru:
Chirimayo. 1.000 feet. July 1901 (G. Ockenden), 1 $. All in coll. Tring Museum.

30. Trichopterigia sphenorrhyma sp. n.

5, 39 mm. Face whitish. Palpus If ; 2nd joint blackened on outerside.
Vertex whitish, with some black scales in centre. Thorax and abdomen whitish,
irrorated and spotted with black, the abdomen dorsally with longitudinal black
marks, subdorsally with some darkening at ends of segments.

Forewing white, irregularly irrorated with pale brownish buff (perhaps
more olive-buff in bred specimens), the basal area more deeply soiled with this
colour ; markings black ; a small cell-mark ; subbasal line sharp, very oblique
outward to an acute tooth on SC, thence nearly vertical to hindmargin but
with a tooth outward at M and a faint inward curve behind it ; two ill-defined
(only in part black-irrorated) lines between this and median area, gently excurved
anteriorly, the outer one strengthened with short wedges on the veins ; antemedian
line from about \ costa to middle of hindmargin. lunulate-dentate and double
from costa to base of M>, thence single, thicker, dentate, the tooth inward at
fold rather long, the outward tooth on SM-' deeper black ; postmedian fine,
from a costa, vertical to C or SC, excurved outside cell-dot, with a blacker mark
about DC*, than more blurred by accompanying black irroration, posteriorly
becoming again deep black, with an angle inward at SM!, then very oblique
outward to hindmargin ; indications of a duplicating line outside the postmedian,
then a characteristic series of dashes or wedges on the veins ; proximal sub-
terminal interrupted, notably in cellule 6, most distinct as a streak from costa
to SC° and some marks between the radials, in both these places irregularly
duplicated distallv ; a faint brownish-grey shade close to termen (strongest
anteriorly), crossed by fine black dashes on the veins ; termen with paired black
dots at the veins ; fringe white, marked, especially opposite the veins, with
blackish. Hindiving white, but thinly scaled, the distal half with some brown-
grey irroration, which tends to form a rather distally r>laced postmedian line
(strongest on veins) and still weaker subterminal shades ; terminal dots weaker
than on forewing.

Forewing beneath more smoky, indefinitely marked ; a white band proximally
to the subterminal shades. Hindwing more nearly as above or slightly cleaner
white.

Kashmir Valley, 7,000 feet, June 1903 (Col. Ward). Type in coll. Tring
Museum, paratype in coll. L. B. Prout.

31. Pachrophylla aorops sp. n.

<J, 31-33 mm. Face with rough projecting hair-scales. Palpus 2, 2nd
joint heavily scaled above and beneath, 3rd joint small, concealed. Antenna

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. lU20. 1">

pubescent. Thorax with slight posterior crests. Abdomen slender, slightly
elongate. Head and body concolorous with wings ; foreleg above banded,
blackish and pale.

Wings not narrowed, being slightly broader than in the group of minor

Butl. (1882). Forewing with costa markedly shouldered at base, then

straightish almost to apex, apex squared, termen bowed, scarcely oblique
anteriorly, moderately so posteriorly ; brown, closely irrorated in different
shades, the prevailing impression being of Verona brown, clouded — especially
in median area — with -dark grey ; costal margin, especially in median area, some-
what paler, cut by dark dashes ; a small but slightly elongate dark cell-mark,
set in an elongate, narrow pale ocellus, which extends for the length of DC2"1
and is continued narrowly on DC4 ; slighter pale vein-dots elsewhere ; dark
markings scarcely developed ; a thick, outwardly oblique subbasal indicated
from costa to M ; boundaries of the median area still more vague, the jsostmedian
rendered more traceable by indications of a duplicated interrupted pale line
beyond, which is more or less incurved at the radials and at fold ; subterminal
line distinct, whitish, consisting of interneural dashes or shallow lunules accom-
panied by slight dark shading ; termen with paired blackish dots ; fringe rather

pale distally. Hindwing with the lobe reaching to slightly beyond middle of

abdominal margin, divided from the rest of the wing by a small rounded bay
much as in minor ; C anastomosing with SO to near end of cell, SO rather long-
stalked, DO oblique and somewhat incurved, considerably longer than DO,
an appreciable angle at origin of R2, M1 widely separate, M2 wanting ; light
drab, somewhat whiter at base and costally.

Underside glossy drab, the hindwing a little lighter.

Chili (V. Izquierdo), type in coll. L. B. Prout ; (W. B. Calvert) a worn $
in coll. Tring Museum ; Mulchen, January 1902 (H. J. Elwes). a $ in coll. British
Museum.

Differs from true Pachrophylla in having C of hindwing anastomosing
instead of connected with SO

32. Hoplosauris analogica sp. n.

(J, 37 mm. Face whitish, narrowly mixed above with black, lower extremity
wholly black. Palpus 1£, with very small terminal joint ; 2nd joint blackened
on outerside. Head and body predominantly drab, the head and front of thorax
mixed with grey ; thorax with rather strong dark posterior crest ; abdomen
slender and rather elongate, rather pale beneath.

Foreiving elongate but rather broad, the termen being long, obliquely
curved, apex fairly sharp ; light brown, somewhat variegated, most tinged with
cinnamon-drab or fawn in median area and with a slight flush in the pale area
beyond ; a conspicuous black streak from apex to the subterminal line at R1,
constricted at apex and in middle, rather more steep then the streak of typical
Anaitis ; pattern consisting of a large number (about 16) of somewhat sinuous
dark-brown lines, a few of them — notably two at proximal side of median area
and the middle two of the four at its distal side — fused into extremely narrow
bands ; subbasal line from costa at 4 mm. to hindmargin at nearly 3, slightly
excurved in cell, indented on M ; median band about 6 mm. wide at costa, 3 5
mm. at hindmargin, its distal side only very feebly outbent near costa and behind
RJ ; subterminal whitish line and the dark ones proximal to it somewhat more

16 NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

lunulate, rather irregular, the proximal two rather strong, filled up between the
radials so as to suggest the common *' twin spots " of the Larentiinae ; terminal
line blackish, at intervals curving inward so as to enclose pale terminal spots ;
fringe with a pale basal line and pale tips, a thick dark central fine intervening.

Hindwing quite small, but relatively elongate ; cell little over £, DC almost

vertical ; C rather widely separate from SC, the usual connecting bar obsolete
or quite slender, rather proximal, SC2 long-stalked, R! central, Ml stalked, M1
wanting ; abdominal margin with basal lobe vestigial ; dirty white, slightly
more drab distally,

Forewing beneath glossy drab, with indications of the median band, especially
its distal edge. Hindwing dirty whitish.

Patagonia : Valley del Lago Blanco, Chubut (Thursby), type in coll. Tring
Museum, together with a second $ and a $ with the median band rather more
darkened. The $ with C of the hindwing anastomosing, DC biangulate, M1
separate.

The shape and pattern of the forewing superficially recall an Ana'itis.
Butler's worn type of heliconoides (1882) seems so similar, except in its much
paler colour, that, allowance being made for the great variability of many
Chilian species, I would have treated this as an aberration or local modification
but for the appreciably shorter palpus and the stalking of M1 of the $ hindwing.

33. Graphidipus clavistignia sp. n.

(J, 37-39 mm. Smaller than graphidiparia Oberth. (1883) ; body and
wings darker, approaching the coloration of subpisciata Dogn. (1903) ; collar,
as in the latter, orange.

Forewing with the black costal spots rather regular ; antemedian band
blurred, but nearly uniform in development throughout, not (as in graphidiparia)
thickened and strengthened anteriorly ; median shade single, or only faintly
duplicated proximally, passing quite near the cell-mark, curved rather than angled
about R1 ; the double postmedian line less macular than in graphidiparia ;
a thick mark on fold in median area, recalling the claviform stigma of the Noc-

tuids. Hindwing rather more noticeably produced at tornus than in the allies ;

thinly scaled, less pure white than in graphidiparia, the border narrowly smoky,
extending somewhat inward on the veins ; obscurely darker terminal vein-spots,
extending on to proximal part of fringe.

E. Bolivia : Buenavista, July-October 1906 (J. Steinbach), 5 ^JJ in coll.
Tring Museum.

34. Graphidipus mediata sp. n.

<£$, 38-41 mm. Intermediate in colour between clavistigma (supra) and
graphidiparia. Collar pale.

Foreiving with a drab tinge ; costal maculation nearly as in graphidiparia ;
markings linear rather than macular, mostly thin and rather indistinct, the ante-
median band and median line much as in clavistigma ; median mark on fold not

developed. Hindwing in ^ intermediate between those of the species named ;

in $ more smoky, with the dark border broadened.

Ecuador: Quito (W. Goodfellow), 3 <J<J in coll. Tring Museum.

N0VITATE9 ZOOLOOICAE XXXIII. 1926. 17

35. Graphidipus altemans sp. n.

$, 40 mm. Close to pisciata Guen. (1858), from Brazil, perhaps a race.
Forewing with the ground-colour slightly darker and more slaty ; black

wedge-spots on veins as strong as in pisciata ; the intermediate areas (between
basal spots and first band, on each side of median area and in costal half between
median and postmedian) strongly spotted with orange at veins and costa ; first
band (between basal and median areas) broader than in pisciata ; the curved

median line only developed between costa and M. Hindwing also slightly

darker and more slaty than in pisciata.

E. Peru : Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco (E. Boettger), type in coll. Tring
Museum.

36. Graphidipus subpisciata flavirivulata eubsp. n.

<J. Forewing rather darker than in s. subpisciata Dogn. (1903), from

Bolivia, the pale parts more tinged with orange. Hindwing considerably

darker than in that race.

Argentina : Tucuman (type and others) ; Salta (J. Steinbach) ; La Rioja
(E. Giacomelli). Type in coll. Tring Museum.

I have adopted a manuscript name of Warren's for this race.

37. Crocypus perlucidaria macroleuca subsp. n.

cJ$. Forewing in proximal part less white-mixed than in p. perlucidaria
H.-Sch. (1855), almost concolorous with the distal part ; the white subapical
band broader and longer, extending from the costa (though usually leaving the

extreme costal edges black) to about 1 mm. from termen. Hindwing with

the proximal part similarly less white-mixed.

Costa Rica to Panama, the type from Sitio, Costa Rica, June (W. Schaus)
in coll. Tring Museum.

38. Steirophora acrolophites sp. n.

cJ, 40 mm. Head olive-greenish. Palpus If, 1st and 2nd joints slightly
dark-marked on outerside, the 2nd with projecting scales above, 3rd joint
elongate. Thorax above olive-greenish, the posterior crests blackened ; abdomen,
body beneath and legs browner and paler. Foretibia and tarsus darkened, with
pale segmental rings ; mid- and hindtibia with the spurs present, though minute ;
a very long and strong pencil from femoro-tibial joint ; basal abdominal plate
ample.

Forewing rather pale green, copiously marked with dusky brown ; basal
area spotted and bordered (more broadly anteriorly than posteriorly) with this
colour, edged by a whitish-green line which is angled outward in base of cell ;
succeeding area rippled with darker and lighter lines, the former (especially
at costa and about the veins) mixed with dusky brown ; median band just over
7 mm. wide at costa, 4 mm. at hindmargin, somewhat rippled with ground-
colour, bordered by crenulate white-mixed lines, the antemedian very gently
curved, the postmedian gently incurved between costa and R1, where it projects
slightly, thence approximately parallel with termen, only slightly curved near
hindmargin ; an ill-defined anterior patch of the ground-colour in centre of band,

2

18 N'l.VITATES Zoologicae XXXUI. 1926.

broadest in middle ; a crescentic black cell-mark at distal edge of pale patch,
constricted or almost interrupted in middle ; distal area with irregular, partly
interrupted lines of brown and green, the brown strengthened proximally to the
subterminal line, especially in a quadrate radial blotch ; subterminal line white-
mixed, somewhat excurved between SC1 and R\ slightly lunulate-dentate behind,
running to tornus ; a rather dark admixture outside it between the radials ;

terminal dark vein-spots rather large ; fringe weakly chequered. Hindwing

light drab, decidedly tinged with cinnamon ; an indistinct pale curved post-
median line or narrow band, still less clearly defined distally than proximally.

Both wings beneath more nearly as hindwing above, but warmer in colour,
more approaching tawny-olive, the forewing in addition with distinct traces of
the markings of the upperside and with the costal edge on proximal half alter-
nately pale and dark in short streaks.

Java: Gedeh, 7,500 feet. 25 June 1010 (E. A. Cockayne), type in coll.
L. B. Prout. kindly presented by the discoverer.

Near punctatissima Warr. (1897). from Celebes; termen of forewing not
quite so straight and oblique, antemedian line less direct, spurs of hindtibia
not so completely atrophied, etc.

39. Megaloba melanconia sp. n.

(J, 34 mm. Head and body green, the body beneath pale. Palpus over
3. the exposed terminal joint about half as long as diameter of eye. Hindtibia
rather more swollen than in typical Megaloba.

Forewing with termen rather more oblique posteriorly than in typical
Megaloba, tornus more rounded ; prevailing tone glossy yellowish olive, the
markings formed of condensed black irroration. in places with an admixture
of red ; the pale bands bounding the median area more glossy, mostly olive-
yellow, in places suffused with the more olive shade ; basal patch ill-defined,
marked with red at hindmargin ; a narrow, somewhat sinuous band between
this and median fascia, strongest between cell and SM! ; median fascia about
0 mm. wide at costa, 3 mm. at hindmargin, relieved with the ground-colour
anteriorly and round the rather elongate black cell-mark, its proximal edge
moderately sinuous, its distal very gently curved — outward in anterior part and
inward in posterior ; some ill-defined dark markings on the narrow praesubter-
minal band, especially in cellules 7, 5. and 4 ; subterminal line weakly defined
distally by some interneural olive lunules, the terminal area mostly as pale as
the subterminal ; dark marks at termen in the form of flattened V's, their apices

on the extremities of the veins (fringe mostly wanting), Hindwing nacreous

white-grey, feebly dark-shaded at the borders ; the proximal fold of the lobe
blackish on upperside ; a large oval blackish patch of specialised scaling, proximally
entering the cell (but narrowing), anteriorly crossing the stalk of SC;-R\ distally
about 2 mm. from the termen, posteriorly reaching RJ.

Underside glossy greyish, the forewing with an elongate pear-shaped patch
of black-brown, densely packed androconial scaling behind and just entering
the cell, obviously correlated with the blackish patch of hindwing above ; ground-
colour whiter around this patch.

British New Guinea : Hydrographer Mountains, 2,500 feet, May 1916
(Kichhorn Bros.), type in coll. Tring Museum.

NoVITATKS ZOOLOOIOAE XXXIII. 1926. 19

40. Asthena aurantiaca sp. n.

^, 27 mm. In shape and structure akin to argentipuncta Warr. (1906).
Head and body orange, body beneath and at anal tuft paler ; abdomen with
the dorsal spots tinged with grey, but quite inconspicuous, not metallic.

Forewing witli the pale yellow ground-colour almost entirely obscured by
band-like orange-buff clouding, only remaining visible in a series of about 7
irregular lines ; the proximal 3 only slightly wavy ; the 4th (apparently bounding
proximally the rather narrow medium area) rather more inbent anteriorly and
posteriorly ; indications of additional lines or spots in median area ; 5th line
(postmedian) highly sinuous, being markedly incurved between the radials and
still more deeply inbent between M1 and SMS ; the 6th approximately parallel
with the 5th, but more dentate and interrupted ; the subterminal more weakly
lunulate-dentate, close to termen at SM: and at M1, slightly receding between
them and again anteriorly ; only a few scattered silvery scales ; fringe yellow,

mixed with orange. Hindwing concolorous ; antemedian line rather thick,

angled outward at M ; postmedian at least as zigzag as on forewing, more
proximal ; outer lines rather interrupted and indefinite.

Underside duller, more weakly marked with orange, especially so the hind-
wing.

Central Dutch New Guinea : Mount Goliath, about 139° longitude, 5,000-
7,000 feet, February 1911, type <J in coll. Tring Museum.

41. Bihastina mera sp. n.

,^5, 20-23 mm. Quite near the other species (albolucens Prout 1916,
subviridata B.-Bak. 1915, and viridata Warr. 1906). Upper part of face less
olive than in albolucens and viridata, purer red-brown. Thorax and abdomen
white, only quite weakly dotted and spotted above with olive-grey.

Forewing fully as short and broad as in viridata, termen from apex to R1
even less oblique, excision between the radials shallower ; purer white than in
albolucens, the markings similarly olive-grey ; some dark spots or longitudinal
dashes on costa ; a weak subbasal line ; a stronger, thicker line at about £,
excurved to base of M:, and slightly exangled at SM! ; a weaker duplicating line
proximally ; some slight irroration in proximal area ; a narrow band just beyond
middle, rather better defined than that of the allies, but traversed by white
dots and more or less interrupted in cellule 2 ; the white bands on either side
of it broad and clean, the distal unmarked, the proximal with an excessively
fine intersecting line, which is angled outward at SM- so as to join the median
band ; subterminal and terminal markings much as in albolucens ; fringe white,

only very feebly mottled. Hindwing with the terminal tooth less extremely

long than in the allies ; proximal part clean white ; median band continued in
middle of wing, consisting posteriorly of three lines (only the proximal one strong),
which anteriorly fuse together, more or less ; subterminal and terminal markings
much as in albolucens, but rather stronger.

Underside white, with the principal markings more or less strongly repro-
duced, often weakening posteriorly.

British New Guinea : Hydrographer Mountains, 2,500 feet, April-May
1918 (Eichhorn Bros.), 4 $<$, 2 $$, in coll. Tring Museum.

2(1 XoWTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXXIII. 1920.

42. Poecilasthena limnaea sp. n.

cJ$, 23-26 mm. Related to thdUtssias Meyr. (1S91). Forewi?ig whiter,

the lines olive-grey, not green, all more or less strengthened at costa, in part
dark-dotted on the veins ; postmedian group rather sharply angled outward
in front of R1 ; fringe clouded with olive-grey, with rather large clean white

interneural spots in proximal part. Hindwing with termen appreciably more

crenulate than in thalassias, the tooth at R1 longer ; coloration as on forewing ;
postmedian (median) group of lines appreciably angled outward about R1 and
between R1 and M1.

Dutch New Guinea : Mount Goliath, about 139° longitude, 5,000-7,000
feet (A. S. Meek), 2 <?<?, 2 $$ in coll. Tring Museum ; Mt. Kunupi. Weyland
Mountains, 0.000 feet (Pratt Bros), a larger form in coll. Joieey.

43. Asthenotricha tripogonias sp. n.

(J, 34 mm. Antenna simple. Head and body light brown, mixed with
red ; abdomen irrorated with black, a white dorsal mark at end of each segment.

Forewing with termen slightly waved ; long dense masses of suberect red
hair from costa, overhanging cell above and beneath ; pale wood-brown, beyond
the postmedian scarcely, proximally thereto densely, irrorated with red ; post-
median at about ?, crenulate, gently curved, rather less oblique than termen ;
distal area with minute grey dashes on veins ; terminal line red ; fringe dark
grey, with a pale line at base. Hindwing with termen subcrenulate ; the hair-
pencil rather large, red ; postmedian line nearly central, darker grey posteriorly ;
the red flush chiefly behind cell, but continued appreciably to termen ; distal
area and fringe as on forewing.

Underside, excepting the posterior part of forewing, heavily irrorated with
black, the proximal area still more heavily than the distal.

Reunion, May 28, 1922 (G. F. Leigh), type in coll. Tring Museum.
A most striking species, on account of the additional hair-tufts. 3 $$ which
probably belong to it (April 25, April 30, and May 28, 1922. G. F. Leigh) are darker
and more uniformly rufous, with black irroration, more conspicuous black cell-
dots above and beneath, a bent antemedian line, traces of other lines proximally.
the postmedian triple ; veins distally more strongly light- and dark-dotted than
in the <$.

Subfam. GEOMETRINAE
44. Cosmethis teleleuca sp. n.

(J, 42 mm. ; $, 46-48 mm. Head and thorax, with 1st segment of abdomen,
blackish ; abdomen otherwise cadmium yellow, the extreme tip in <$ mixed with
black-grey.

Forewing with costal margin in q markedly convex opposite outer part of
cell, then faintly concave for a short distance, the upperside between the con-
vexity and the cell and distally for some distance clothed with coarse hair, the
underside from the concavity to near apex fringed costally with closely-laid
hair ; in $ only a little sinuous ; SC1 ! coincident and (as usual in the group)
nearer to SO than to C, sometimes connected with the former between SO
and SC by a short bar ; dark neutral grey, heavily clouded with black, in the
darkest examples almost unicolorous, in the less dark showing a lightening of

N0V1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 21

the veins, of parts of the proximal area and of a narrow band edging the post-
median distally ; cell-spot rather large round, deep-black ; lines black, the
subbasal acutely angled in cell, the antemedian rather less acutely, the post-
median excurved a little beyond the cell-spot, gently incurved posteriorly ; a
roundish white subapical spot between SO and R-, slightly flattened at its

posterior side distally only about 1-5-2-5 mm. from termen. Hindwing with

termen slightly prominent at SO, not convex (but slightly sinuous) to RJ, then
more rounded ; concolorous with forewing the paler specimens showing a thin
antemedian and thicker, more sinuous postmedian, the latter accompanied
distally by a pale band ; in addition, a vague series of blackish spots beyond,
separated by the paler veins and edged distally by a somewhat dentate grey
line, proximally by a finer, less dentate one.

Underside blackish, with only the subapical white spot of forewing present.

New Britain : Talasea (A. F. Eichhorn), 3 $$, 2 $? ; also 1 <J from New
Ireland. All in Coll. Tring Museum.

45. Craspedosis gyroleuca brachytona subsp. n.

cJ$. Forewing with the oval white patch reduced, anteriorly not crossing

R1. posteriorly as a rule terminating at M2. occasionally with a very short and

narrow extension behind that vein, in any case not reaching nearly to the fold.

— Hindwing also with the white patch slightly reduced, separated from the

abdominal margin by a broader and more solid black area.

New Britain : Talasea, January-April 1925 (A. F. Eichhorn), 14 $$, 4 ??.
Type in coll. Tring Museum.

46. Buzura recursaria debrunnescens subsp. n.

<$, 68-74 mm. Abdomen rather whiter than in r. recursaria Walk., from

India. Forewing with ground-colour much whiter than in r. recursaria,

almost without brown suffusion, the warm brown basal and subapical-costal
patches in consequence much more sharply differentiated ; antemedian line
rather more oblique inward from costal margin and again from SM: to hindmargin ;
postmedian (except costally and at hindmargin) and subterminal very weakly
expressed. Hindwing with cell-spot smaller than in r. recursaria. Under-
side with only the (sharply blackish) cell-spots, the (small) subapical spot and
slight costal commencement of postmedian line of forewing present.

British New Guinea : Kumusi River, low elevation, May 1907 (type).
Dutch New Guinea : Ninay Valley, Central Arfak Mountains, 3,500 feet,
November 1908 — January 1909, 1 $. Both in coll. Tring Museum.

47. Xandrames cnecozona sp. a.

<J, 74 mm. Near latiferaria Walk. (List. Lej). Ins. xxi. 445). Forewing
with the median shade rather broader ; the outer pale band more tinged with

brown, with a dark spot in its proximal part on RJ. Hindwing slightly more

elongate in middle, the termen being more strongly rounded ; the white sub-
terminal line anteriorly a little farther from termen, the terminal space beyond
it — especially in anterior half — rather lighter and more ochreous brown.

Underside very distinct from that of latiferaria in that the white band is
replaced by a buff-yellow one. as bright as in albofasciata Moore (Proc. Zool.

22 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

Soc. Loud., 1867. p. 635. t. xxxii. f. 5) and continued narrowly at termen of hind-
wing — anteriorly circ. 4 mm. wide and clean, posteriorly to R1 rather narrower
and much blurred with the ground-colour.

Borneo : Kina Balu (J. Waterstradt), 1 j in coll. Tring Museum.

Possibly a race of latiferaria. though the antennal pectinations look scarcely
so long.

48. Ectropis repleta sp. n.
$. 32-34 mm. Close to duplexa Moore, 1888 (Nepal to N. Burma).—

Foreiving more densely irrorated with black, which in the median area tends to
condense into a longitudinal streak in front of M ; no enlarged costal spots at
origin of lines ; antemedian line sharply expressed, regularly and rather strongly
curved, the dark shade which in duplexa generally accompanies it proximally
reduced to a single spot between M and fold ; postmedian rather less deeply
incurved behind R1 than in duplexa, the dark shading beyond mostly suppressed,
on the other hand forming between R1 and M1 a conspicuous blackish spot
which reaches the subterminal ; subterminal and its proximal dark shading well
developed, also with small distal spots between the radials. these, however, not

extending to termen as in duplexa. Hindwing with termen slightly more

crenulate than in duplexa ; irroration. except at costal margin, much stronger ;
a subconcave median shade developed in posterior half of wing, somewhat
recalling that of ochrifasciata Moore.

Underside greyer than in duplexa, more strongly marked, at least on hind-
wing, where the median line is complete.

N.W. India : Murree, type in coll. British Museum (ex Harford coll.),
paratype, 7,500 feet, June 1918 in coll. Agric. Res. Inst. Pusa (ex Dutt coll.) ;
Dalhousie. in coll. British Museum (ex Harford coll.) ; Simla. July 1909. in coll.
L. B. Prout (per favour of Prof. T. B. Fletcher).

49. Cleora polymiges sp. n.

cJ, 27-32 mm. ; <j>, 33 mm. Face with appressed scales ; blackish fuscous.
Palpus fully 1J; 2nd joint with dense appressed scaling, 3rd joint minute;
blackish fuscous, paler at tip and in a stripe on innerside. Tongue short and
extremely slender. Antenna in both sexes bipectinate nearly to apex, the
branches in the <J very long, in the $ about 3. Head and body concolorous with
wings, fillet paler. Hindtibia not dilated, the spurs long.

Foreiving rather broad, eosta arched near base and distally, apex rounded,
termen nearly smooth, little oblique and little curved anteriorly, much more so
in posterior half ; SC1'2 stalked, their stalk connected or anastomosing at a
point with C. R1 well separate, R2 rather before middle. M1 well separate ; fovea
in J rather strong ; ground-colour pale, almost entirely clouded with olive
(sometimes rather greyer) and pale cinnamon-rufous or vinaceous-rufous, the
rufous shades appearing chiefly along the principal veins, about the middle of
R1 and between RJ and M2 as far as the postmedian. but not sharply defined nc
very constant ; irroration blackish ; a black hindmarginal spot close to base :
cell-mark elongate, but weak or obsolescent ; lines black, lunulate-dentate ;
antemedian rarely well defined, strongly excurved anteriorly, then oblique inward,
almost touching fovea ; an ill-defined shade or duplicating line proximally to

NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 23

it ; median rather thick and about vertical from midcosta. weaker and sharply
outbent between the radials. then oblique inward ; postmedian finer and stronger,
less strongly outbent at radials than the median, further from the latter anteriorly
than posteriorly, behind M2 slightly incurved ; subterminal formed of small
-white or whitish teeth, rather irregularly developed, proximally filled-in with
dark dots, the tooth in cellule 3 replaced by a small but fairly conspicuous white
spot ; terminal black spots fairly strong, somewhat elongate ; fringe with blackish

dots opposite the veins. Hindwing rather ample, apex well expressed, termen

rather full, strongly rounded, slightly waved ; concolorous with forewing. markings
similar, the cell-mark rather larger, the median proximal to it. slender, the sub-
terminal generally rather more uniform.

Forewing beneath drab-grey, inclining to ecru-drab or with a tinge of
vinaceous ; costal edge buff, with dark dots : black spots at origin of median
and postmedian lines ; these (especially the median) more direct than above.
the median sometimes weak ; a pale line outside the postmedian ; antemedian
obsolete, subterminal faint ; terminal spots and fringe nearly as above. Hind-
wing slightly paler, with cell-dot and lines well developed (more or less) ; the
postmedian generally rather thick, more distal than above.

The single § is rubbed, especially on forewing. but evidently much darker,
the olive being replaced by dark slate-grey.

Madagascar : Diego Suarez. March, April, July, August, September 9 a
short series, the type dated July 24. In coll. Tring Museum, collected by
G. Melou.

This seems to be a third species of the group of proemia Prout (1917) and
euplates Prout (1925), nearer to the latter in shape, but with the rounded apex
of the forewing giving it an even stumpier appearance. The termen " suberect "
(Hampson, Faun. Ind, Moths, iii. 144) and the mottled wings rather recall Orophos.
" Hypochrosis " stiff usata Pagenst. (Voeltzkow's Reise, ii (2), 64, t. ix. f. 7) may
be related.

50. Medasina firrnilinea sp. n.

(J: 52-56 mm. ; $, 54-61 mm. Near mucidaria Walk. (1866), perhaps a
form, though intermediates are not yet known. Ground-colour slightly paler

or less brown, mixed with whitish, less coarsely irrorated. Forewing with

cell-spot narrower or less diffused ; lines stronger ; postmedian not or hardly
incurved between M2 and SM! ; median shade strighter behind the anterior angle,
in general less approximated to the antemedian. Hindwing with the post-
median line similarly strengthened. Underside with the lines also present,

the dark subterminal band (variable in mucidaria) always strongly developed on
both wings.

Assam : Shillong. September-November 1893, 5 <J(J, 3 ?$ in coll. Tring
Museum, the type dated November ; also a J from the same locality, October 7,
1924 (T. B. Fletcher), in coll. Agric. Res. Inst.. Pusa.

51. Semiothisa khasiana vehemens subsp, n.

(J. Ground-colour above warmer than in k. khasiana Moore (1888), from
N. India, more as in elvirata Guen. ; distal area clouded with more or less deep
violet-grey, also much as in the latter species ; double postmedian line of hind-

24 NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

wing rather less curved, consequently reaching abdominal margin rather nearer
to tornus. Underside yellow ochre, clouded with ochraceous orange, as in elvirata ;
distal cloudings more blackish than in that species, variable in strength.

Perak : Jor Camp, 2,000 feet, at light. August 24, 1922 (E. Seimund), type
in coll. British Museum, presented by the Federated Malay States Museum.
Mount Tahan, Malay Peninsula, 1 $ in coll. Tring Museum. Sumatra : Lebong
Tandai, Benkoelen (C. J. Brooks), 1 <$ in coll. Joicey.

The less crenulate hindwing, without prominent tooth at SC;. as well as the
development of the characteristic white spots of the forewing above and beneath,
shows that this is not a race of elvirata, with which its colouring would have
associated it. but of khasiana.

52. Nadagarodes subpulchrata Warr. and purpuraria Warr.

The genus Nadagarodes, so common on New Guinea and its satellite islands,
seems to have reached on the Solomons its extreme limit of distribution and to
maintain itself with difficulty. At any rate the two indigenous species are at
present very rare ; indeed, the fine Meek collections from the group have produced
only six specimens in all. As Mr. Warren failed to get a grasp of them, some
rectification is necessary.

The smaller species (42-45 mm.) evidently represents dupUcipuncta Warr.
(1899), though I do not think it will prove a mere subspecies. It can be dis-
tinguished at a glance, apart from its size, by its crenulate and curved postmedian
line. In the large species (54-56 mm.) this line is virtually straight on both
wings. The $ of the former was named subpulchrata in 1902 (Nov. Zool. ix.
369, Guadalcanar) ; the <$ of the latter purpuraria in 1905 (Nov. Zool. xii.
436, Choiseul). A third name, pulverata (Nov. Zool. xii. 435, Choiseul), was
founded on a confusion of the two, namely a <J of subpulchrata wrongly associated
with a $ of purpuraria, and must be dropped altogether. Its description is
badly arranged inasmuch as the <J is described first while the ? was intended to
be the type, as is shown by the order "1 $, 1 <J " at the bottom of the page and
confirmed by the type label. There is a further error as regards the measurement
of the <J, which is first correctly given as 44 mm., but subsequently as 40 mm.
Any supposed virtue that might reside in page-priority is therefore more than
counterbalanced by the desirability of founding a species not only on the J
but still more on a definite zoological conception ; moreover, in this instance a
rigid application of page-priority would bring about a like result, for the first
" pulverata " described (i.e. the <$) would sink to subpulchrata and the name would
not be available for a second. I subjoin the correct synonymy and list of
specimens.

(1) N. subpulchrata Warr. 1902 (?) = "pulverata £ " Warr. 1905 (nee typ).
N. Choiseul, 1 (J ; S. Choiseul. 2 $<$ \ Guadalcanar, 1 ? (type).

(2) N. purpuraria Warr. 1905 (<$) — pulverata Warr. 1905, sens. str. ($).
S. Choiseul. 1 $ (type) ; N. Choiseul, 1 $ (type of pulverata).

53. Nadagarodes tentilinea sp. n.
cJ$, 40-43 mm. Near mysolata Walk. (1866). Head and body coloured
about as in the darkest $$ of that species, the <$ abdomen above being mixed
with ochraceous posteriorly.

NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 25

Forewing pale violet-grey (whitest between median and postmedian lines),
with dark-grey irroration ; costal edge ochre, with scattered black dots : lines
bright ochraceous ; antemedian curved anteriorly ; median straight ; post-
median much less curved anteriorly than in myaolata, accompanied proximally
by a heavy black line, which only weakens at costa ; subterminal pale line accom-
panied proximally by a moderate shade (grey mixed with ochreous) ; apex

slightly lightened ; fringe orange-ochraceous. Hindwing with termen little

waved, the angle at R1 more pronounced than in mysolata ; as forewing, without
first line.

Underside as in mysolata, probably equally variable in details.

New Hanover, April 1923, type <J, and March 1923, 1 $ (A. F. Eichhorn).
February-March 1897, 2 $? (Webster). All in coll. Tring Museum.

Distinguished by the straight lines and the sharply denned black of the post-
median, as well as by the almost complete lack of sexual dimorphism.

54. Euippe undulataria plumbocaerulea subsp. n.

cj$. Both wings above strongly glossed with bright plumbeous (almost
blue) ; the white parts of central area rather clean in the ^ and well indicated
even in the $, that of the forewing, however, in both sexes generally only well
expressed from R! to M2 or at farthest to the fold. Basal area of hindwing, on the
other hand, rather darker than in the New Guinea forms, especially beneath.

Bismarck Archipelago : New Ireland, November 1923, 5 $£ (with type),
2 $$ ; New Hanover, February-March 1923: 2 <J<J, 6 ?$ ; Rook Island 4 JJ,
2 $? ; 1 Dampier Island. 1 $ (worn). All in coll. Tring Museum, collected by
A. F. Eichhorn.

Euippe undulataria was founded by Pagenstecher (Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat.
xxxix, 160, t. x, f. 1) on $$ from Aru (loc. typ.) and Amboina, and is widely
distributed from the Moluccas to Goodenough Island. I believe it may be
separable into two races, but I have seen very few examples from the Moluccas
and none from Aru, so cannot pursue the question further ; in any case the above
differentiation separates u. plumbocaerulea from both.

55. Euippe fictaria sp. n.

Luxiaria fictaria Walk. MS., in coll. Oxford Museum.

" Euippe phalarota Meyr." Swinh., Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. Mus. ii. 266 (1900) indescr. (nee Meyr.).

cJ9, 34-37 mm. Near undulataria Pagenst., but scarcely a race. Termen
of forewing in £ strongly, in $ appreciably concave ; in the <$ this concavity
reaches from close to apex to M\ in the $ it fades out about R\ £ with the white
median patch of forewing wanting, the white band of hindwing irrorated with
dark scales. $ more uniformly black-grey than that of undulataria. Both
sexes beneath with the white apical patch reduced to a subapical dash, running
in from termen behind SC5, at its proximal end confluent with a remnant of the
white subterminal. so as to form a posteriorly directed crook.

Borneo : Sarawak, the type <J and a $ in coll. Tring Museum ; Labuan.
Natuna Islands : Bunguran. Malay Peninsula : Gunong Ijau. Singapore, a
good series in coll. British Museum.

If it be held that Swinhoe's citation of fictaria as a Euippe from Borneo
and Singapore is sufficient indication to establish the species, he can be cited as

26 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

author and the date given as 1900. Personally I hold that some attempt at
diagnosis is requisite but I admit that there is no other known Malayan species
which an entomologist of Swinhoe's capabilities could well have confounded
with phalarota. As to the genus Euippe Meyr. (1886), I am not sure that it is
more than a section of Luxiaria Walk. The features which characterise phalarota
— second joint of palpus slender, with small terminal tuft on upperside directed
obliquely forward. M1 of hindwing stalked or connate, hindtibia of $ without
hair-pencil, its terminal spurs obsolete, first tarsal joint with long spinules — are
indeed marked enough, but they all tend to become less pronounced as one
proceeds westward in the study of the group. How similar the two genera can be
in facies is shown by the fact that Warren (1903) has described a true Luxiaria as
" Euippe " inferna.

It is necessary to add that Merrick's genotype is a (J, not a " ? " as indicated.
The species is only known from the Solomons and (in a perhaps separable race)
from Rossel Island.

56. Luxiaria subrasata rescripta subsp. a.

<J. Forewing on an average not quite so narrow as in s. subrasata Walk.,
from Borneo. Both wings above less suffused with slaty grey, generally less
weakly marked Underside much less dark than in s. subrasata. cinnamon or
ochreous-tawny (in s, subrasata deep orange-cinnamon to Mikado brown, with
greyer suffusions), tending to become paler outside the subterminal band.

$. Subterminal band above more fawn, less smoky, beneath less broad
and dark than in s. subrasata.

Throughout New Guinea and the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, the type J
from Upper Aroa River. British New Guinea, end of January 1903 (A. S. Meek).
in coll. Tring Museum.

.57. Eutoea heteroneurata bisinarckensis subsp. n.

$. More tinged with brown, especially on forewing beneath, than typical
heteroneurata Guen. (= tephrosiata Guen., vide Prout Nov. Zool. xxxii. 62),
the area outside the oblique line on forewing conspicuously browner, the oblique
line itself on both wings thickened.

$. Slightly less yellow than in the $ of typical heteroneurata ; distal area
of botli wings with broad suffusions nearly reaching termen, on the upperside
smoky (mixed brownish and grey), on the underside more vinaceous-cinnamon
or hazel, though sometimes with grey admixture ; the characteristic pair of dark
subterminal spots at R! of forewing obsolete on upperside, rather weak on
underside.

Bismarck Archipelago : New Hanover. February-March 1923, 5 J (J,
3 $? (he. tup.) ; New Ireland, January 1924, 1 J ; New Britain. January 1925,
3 (JcJ, 2 ?? ; Rook Island. August 1913. 1 <J.

58. Syrrhodia campylogTamma sp. n.

<J$. Intermediate between lutea Stoll and rubricata Warr. (vera), the black-
tipped costal hair-pencil of hindwing being as strongly developed as in the former,
while the reduction in size, the almost smooth (scarcely waved) termen of the

Novitates ZoOI.OGICAE XXXIII. 1020. 27

<J hindwing, strongly curved median line of forewing, and anteriorly strongly
bent postmedian point to a clear affinity with the latter. I recognise two races :

S. c. campylogramma, <-J9, 34-37 mm. In size and general tone of colouring
closely like rubricata. Distinguishable, apart from the rj hair-pencil, by the more
truncate apex of the hindwing of the <J and by the still more strongly curved
median shade of the forewing. The markings on an average stronger, median
shade of forewing commonly thickened, dark costal shade outside the postmedian
generally well developed, especially in a blackish spot behind SO, postmedian of
hindwing generally rather more distally place than in rubricata.

Dammer, December 1898 (H. Kiihn), a good series. Wetter. May 1892
(W. Doherty), 2 cJ<J, May 20, 1900 (H. Kiihn). 1 $. Dutch Timor : Oinanisa.
November- December 1891 (W. Doherty), 1 £. Portuguese Timor : Suai.
January 15-21, 1923 (E. Wahr). 1 <J. Teoor, November 5. 1899 (H. Kiihn).
1 $. Little Key, November 21. 1897 (K. Kiihn). 1 J, January-March 1895
(H. C. Webster), 1 ?. Type $ (Dammer), in coll. Tring Museum.

The $ is dimorphic in colour, like that of rubricata.

S. c. sumbensis subsp. n. (J$. 38-41 mm. Markings as in the preceding
subspecies. <$ above more mixed with yellow, often quite like a small lutea ;
beneath predominantly yellow, as in lutea. $ apparently always yellow, resemb-
ling a small strongly marked lutea except in the shape of the lines.

Sumba (W. Doherty and Everett), a good series in coll. Tring Museum.

8. rubricata Warr. vera (Nov. Zool. v. 35), referred to above, cannot be
regarded as a race of lutea Stoll, but rather as a representative species, having
the hair-pencil of hindwing considerably reduced, predominantly pale ochreous,
only black-mixed at the tips ; the series in coll. Tring Museum is from Cedar
Bay, Geraldton, and "N. Queensland." Later (Nov. Zool. xi. 491, September
1904), Warren confounded with it a smoother, less densely irrorated species,
without the hair-pencil, which species has been bred in numbers by Mr. F. P.
Dodd at Townsville, and named an aberration of it " ab. decolor." A little later
in the same year Turner (Tr. Roy. Soc. S. Austral, xxviii. 236) validly named
the same species metabolis. As aberrations have no necessary status in scientific
nomenclature and decolor was associated with a misidentified species, I am not
prepared to sink metabolis to it.

59. Syrrhodia lysima sp. n.

cJ, 35 mm. ; $, 41 mm. Closely similar to campylogramma sumbensis
Prout (supra) or the yellowest aberrations of rubricata Warr., but without the
(J hair-pencil ; postmedian line of forewing not quite so markedly bent as in
the two species named, inclining to revert to the form of that of lutea Stoll, the
maculation outside it very weak, in the $ almost entirely obsolete ; postmedian
of hindwing rather more bent about R'-M1 than in the allies ; underside with
cell-dots generally weak or obsolete.

Sudest Island, January-May 1916 (Eichhorn Bros), type <J and allotype
? ; Woodlark, March-April 1897 (A. S. Meek), 2 $? ; Dampier Island. February-
March 1914, 1 (J; Manus, Admiralty Islands. September-October 1913. 1 <J
(ab. or race, rather larger and redder) : New Hanover, February-March 1897
(Webster), 1 ? ; Feni Island, E. of New Ireland. May 1924 (A F. Eichhorn), 1 ?.

The few specimens yet known to me from the Solomons are not enumerated

28 NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

above, as they will probably prove racially separable, but are mostly 99 (Bougain-
ville. 2 cJcJ. 1 9 ; Choiseul 1 9 ; Guizo, 2 99 ; Rendova. 1 9).

60. Zeheba respectabilis sp. n.

(J, 46 mm. ; 9, 42 mm. Close to spectahilis Butl. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud.

1877, p. 474). perhaps a race. Forewing in $ rather less fleshy tinged ; in

both sexes with the tooth at R1 rather longer ; cell-mark broader ; lines less
sinuous, notably the postmedian. which in the <J forms an extremely gentle,
almost regular curve between SC and the hindmarginal spot, while even in the

$ the outward sinus behind R1 is quite weak. H inditing with the terminal.

teeth stronger than in spectabilis ; cell-dot sharply black ; postmedian line

corresponding to that of forewing. 9 beneath with the broad outer band much

blackened.

Solomons: Vella Lavella, March 1908 (A. S. Meek). 2 (J^, 1 9. in coll.
Tring Museum.

61. Krananda extranotata sp. n.

cJ9, 50-59 mm. Near vitraria Feld. (Reise Novara, Lep. Het. t. cxxviii, f. 32)
Larger. General tone paler, the semihyaline areas being less tinged with cream-
colour, the distal area greyer, less tinged with buff-pink, especially on the hind-
wing. — ■ — Forewing with the termen slightly more oblique, apex rather more
produced, at least as extreme as in semihyalina Walk., from India ; postmedian
Une at least as straight as in vitraria, the outward bend behind R1 being very
slight or almost wanting ; anterior subterminal spots enlarged, but indistinct,
the area outside the subterminal being almost equally pale ; a blackish shade
proximal to the subterminal from middle of cellule 2 to tornus (only weakly
suggested in the allies), particularly strong at Mr, on which it forms an acute

proximal projection. Hindwing with postmedian line almost straight from

costa to fold, wanting the proximal bend at SG-R1 ; subterminal spots enlarged,
notably those in cellules 6 and 3.

Dutch New Guinea : Ninay Valley, Central Arfak Mountains, 3,500 feet.
November 1908 — January 1909 (loc. typ.). British New Guinea: Biagi, 1 J:
Hydrographer Mountains, 299 ; Mt. Kebea. 1 $ ; Dinawa, 1 <J. Type in coll.
Tring Museum.

62. Anonychia strebla sp. n.

"Anonychia violacea Moore" Hmpsn., Faun. Ind. Mollis, iii. 178 (1895) (ex err.).

c?9, 31-38 mm. Head and body concolorous with wings.

Forewing coloured nearly as in violacea Moore (1888), but with slightly less
of the purplish suffusion ; some vague dark basal and subbasal shading or irrora-
tion ; antemedian line pale-edged proximally, formed much as in lativitta
Moore (1888) — almost at right-angles from costa to fold, here strongly bent or
curved, to run obliquely inward — but with a very slight additional tooth outward
at cell-fold, superficially accentuated by a thickening of the line ; cell-dot rather
large ; median line generally weak ; postmedian with a long prong outward on
R!, often as acute as in rostrifera Warr. (1888), sometimes slightly blunter at
extremity, deeply incurved between this and a second, blunter projection at

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 29

fold ; subterminal shades much as in violacea. Hindwing paler than in

violacea, with indications of small cell-dot and irregular postmedian.

Forewing beneath, as in the allies, paler, greyer, and very weakly marked,
only at apex concolorous with hindwing. Hindwing brownish, irrorated, with
large cell-dot and rather strong, thick postmedian line, slightly outbent in
middle, then slightly incurved, on the veins accentuated, between them slightly
indented.

Sikkim : Tonglo, 10000 feet, July 1886 (H. J. Elwes), 4 ??, including the
type; Jongri, 11,000 feet, 1 ?; Bhutan, August 1888 (0. Moller), 2 £<$ ™
inferior condition ; Buxa (?), 1 $ also defective and rather aberrant.

63. Scardamia aetha sp. n.

<J, 28 mm. Face and palpus rather dark red-orange (" English red ").
Vertex, upperside of thorax and base of abdomen above brighter (flame-scarlet) ;
abdomen posteriorly fading out through duller, more vinaceous red to whitish.
The glossy crests normal. Body beneath cream-colour, the foreleg mostly
reddened.

Forewing salmon-orange or orange chrome, with very dense, largely con-
fluent dull-red strigulation and in places (chiefly about the posterior half of
distal area) with faint suffusion of grey or drab ; proximal part of costal region
brighter, flame-scarlet ; cell-mark and lines indistinct, greyish ; antemedian
dentate outward on M and SMJ and more weakly on SC, little sprinkled with
silvery scales ; postmedian fine, almost straight, 3-5 mm. from termen, its

proximal silvery scaling rather incomplete ; fringe dull red. Hindwing

concolorous ; abdominal edge and fringe cream-colour ; cell-dot minute, blackish ;
antemedian line wanting ; postmedian slightly more proximal than on forewing,
very little curved, reaching abdominal margin 2 mm. from tornus ; fringe as on
forewing.

Underside cream-colour, the forewing mostly flushed with pink except
behind fold, the hindwing faintly irrorated with pink, at least anteriorly ; post-
median line pink, not very sharp ; fringes flushed with pink.

$, 27-35 mm. Proximal costal region of forewing as in <J, the upperside
otherwise largely suffused with purple-drab ; lines darker than in <$, the post-
median accompanied distally by a narrow plumbeous or violet-grey band. Under-
side entirely suffused with dull pink (orange-vinaceous to Congo pink).

British New Guinea : Biagi, 5,000 feet, March 1906 (A. S. Meek), type $
and 5 $$ ; Angabunga River. 1 ?. Dutch New Guinea : near Oetakwa River.
3,500 feet, 1 $ (all the foregoing in coll. Tring Museum) ; Mt. Kunupi, Weyland
Mountains, 6,000 feet, November 1920— January 1921 (Pratt Bros.): 4 $? in
coll. Joicey.

64. Plutodes philornis sp. n.

cJ, 33 mm. Closely akin to flavescens Butl. (Hampson, Faun. Ind. Moths,

iii. 162, fig. 89, as discigera form). Forewing with SC1 from cell ; basal patch

shorter (about as in exquisita Butl.) ; distal patch rather smaller, not extending
behind M!, the line on it quite differently formed, showing a single outward
angle on R!, with a bold inward curve before and behind, the figure forming —
when viewed from the distal margin — the conventional " flying bird." Hind-

30 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1920.

iving with the silvery line which bounds the basal and abdominal patch not
straight, but running rather obliquely towards the abdominal margin as far as
submedian fold, then bending so as to become exceedingly oblique (almost
parallel with that margin), until its termination near tornus ; the abdominal
marginal patch consequently extremely narrow except basally ; distal patch
smaller than in flave.scens, anteriorly not reaching SC2 ; the line on it formed
essentially as on fore wing, but looking much more asymmetrical, on account
of the proximity of R! (the radial fold) to anterior margin of patch.

Assam : Khasia Hills. Type in coll. L. B. Prout. two paratypes in coll. Joicey.

05. Plutodes chlidana sp. n.

q, 26-27 mm. Face orange. Palpus yellow, mixed — especially at extremity
with orange. Vertex and front of thorax pale yellow. Meso- and metanotum
cinnamon-rufous suffused with plumbeous ; abdomen above cinnamon-rufous ;
anal tuft yellow ; body beneath yellow.

Wings Naples yellow, mixed with brighter yellow, which becomes deep
chrome costally ; the patches cinnamon-rufous to orange-rufous, edged with
metallic plumbeous, the distal ones somewhat shaded with lilac-grey in the

middle. Forewing with basal patch 2 mm., bounded anteriorly by M ; distal

patch broad egg-shape, its narrower end close to apex, its greatest length 6 mm.,
its anterior side following SO, then curving away to DC, its posterior almost
reaching fold then curving so that its plumbeous ring touches termen in cellule ;

the dark traversing line nearly central, only once outbent. Hindwing with

the proximal patch extending along abdominal margin for 6 mm., not quite
regularly tapering, being a little constricted at about 5 ; distal patch mid-
terminal, its greatest length 4 mm. (from near SO to M2), its proximal side gently
convex, its distal gibbous.

Underside pale, more primrose-yellow ; costal margin of forewing nearly
as above ; proximal patch of forewing greyish, of liindwing mostly buff- yellow ;
distal blotches largely slate-colour, with a proximal crescent of pale grey mixed
with buff-yellow.

$ similar, but with the thorax, abdomen, and blotches above purple-grey,
almost heliotrope-purple.

Rossel Island: Mt. Rossel. November-December 1015, 2 dJ. 6 ?? (A. S.
Meek), in coll. Tring Museum.

The $is very like that of signifera Warr. (1896), which reaches Sudest Island
without appreciable modification ; smaller, the distal blotches smaller, especially
that of hindwing. The q is very different from that of signifera.

•id. Plutodes polygnampta sp. a.

(J$, 24-30 mm. General coloration nearly as in the preceding and with
similarly slight sexual dimorphism in colouring ; the blotches in both sexes
a little lighter and brighter. Very distinct in having the proximal patch enlarged
into a highly irregular figure which reaches the proximal plumbeous ring of the
outer patch at M*-M2 ; on the forewing, the posterior edge of the enlarged patch
follows the hindmargin for about 4 mm., then bends obliquely forward and subse-
quently runs parallel with M at about 1"5 mm. distant, the anterior edge throws
out a large central lobe much as in drepunephora Prout (1915) and connexa Warr.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 31

(1906) ; on the hindwing, the connective portion is 1 or 2 mm. wide and runs in
virtually from the end of the abdominal streak. Further, the distal patch is
rather different from that of chlidana, its proximal edge on forewing having a
small excavation, its anterior edge on hindwing a small projection.

Rossel Island : Mt. Rossel. 5 $,$, 5 22, with the preceding, of which it seems
scarcely possible it can be a remarkably stable dimorph.

67. Plutodes separata epiphora subsp. n.

cj, 30 mm. ; 2, 34-38 mm. Generally larger than s. separata Warr. (1907),
the blotches relatively larger (especially the distal), more definitely edged with
blackish-leaden ; distal blotch of forewing nearly always with a nipple at its
posterior end (behind fold), that of hindwing not (as in s. separata) straightish
proximally, but convex, though with a slight indentation at radial fold.

Dutch New Guinea : Mt. Goliath, January-February 1911, 1 <$, 7 22.

The 22 are dichromatic. 3 being coloured about as in s. separata 2, the other
4 as in s. s. ab. pallidior $.

68. Zamarada calypso sp. n.

cJ2. 24-28 mm. Head, with palpus, bright ochreous, irrorated or spotted
(the vertex sparingly or scarcely) with walnut-brown. Antennal shaft ochreous ;
pectinations in £ long, in 2 moderately so (about 5), the inner series (as usual in
the group) sharply dark-spotted. Thorax above heliotrope-purple, abdomen
a little duller and with a posterior ochraceous-buff spot or dot on each segment ;
anal extremity and underside of body buff or somewhat ochreous. Hindtibia
of <J not dilated.

Forewing with termen straightish anteriorly, curved in middle, moderately
oblique ; translucent yellow-green (almost sulphur-yellow), with sparse, irregular,
minute purplish strigulae, which become dense in abdominal region except
near base and near the postmedian line ; costal margin deep chrome, scarcely
dark-spotted ; . a small, ill-defined basal patch of heliotrope-purple ; a small
black cell-dot ; distal border mostly dark (a blend of pinkish flesh-colour and
purple in varying intensity), bordered proximally by a black line (or brown
densely dusted with black) ; width of border anteriorly 3 or 35 mm., posteriorly
scarcely less, in middle not quite I mm., the bay of the ground-colour between
R3 and M- therefore rather deep, its angles proximally on these veins rather sharp,
its distal end little narrower than its proximal, the angles here more rounded off.
especially the anterior one ; the subterminal wedge-marks brown, black-mixed,
rarely very sharp, their pale distal edging slight ; an ill-defined blackish cloud along
R* in distal area ; terminal brown line overlaid (with only slight interruptions)

with black ; fringe spotted. Hindwing similar (except costa), the basal patch

very small, the postmedian line with an appreciable sinus outward in cellule 6.
in addition to the large central one.

Underside with the borders darker and more uniform.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez, February-May 2, 1917, June-August 1917
(G. Melou). a short series in coll. Tring Museum.

The July-August specimens, to some extent also the June ones, are of an
aberration with the purple colour in the border duller, darker, and heavier. I
have seen a large form of this species from Central Madagascar in coll. Kenrick.

32 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXXIII. 1926.

69. Lomographa (Heterostegane) contessellata sp. n.

?. 21-27 mm. Smaller than subtessdlata Walk. (List Lep. Ins. xxvi. 1648).
Body and wings more deeply coloured (tawny-ochraceous), the front of thorax
and base of costal margin of forewing suffused with blackish.

Forewing with median line thicker (especially at costa) and slightly less
straight than in subtesseUata. more noticeably bent at the bifurcation of RJ-M' ;
postmedian slightly outbent at R1, thence straightish or faintly concave, less
oblique than termen, at hindmargin definitely oblique outward ; subterminal

without the posterior blotch of Walker's species. Hindwing with costal margin

not whitened ; postmedian quite different from that of subtesseUata, lacking the
subcostal blotch and the deep radial bay ; subterminal much nearer the termen
than in subtesseUata, its dark radial spot replaced by a slight distal streak running
to the termen, as in urbica Swinh. and lala Swinh.

Underside with the subterminal developed into a dark band, which is faintly
indicated also on upperside as a dusky shade proximal to the line.

Borneo : Penungah, December 20, 1893, and January 1894 (type) ; Tenom
(E. Wahr). Penang, 1897 (Curtis). W. Sumatra: Benkoelen (Ericsson).
All in coll. Tring Museum. Singapore and Baram (N. Borneo) in coll. British
Museum. Benkoelen in coll. Joicey.

It is strange that neither Hampson nor Warren should have noticed the very
considerable differences between this species and the Indian subtesseUata, which
varies very little except in size (24-32 mm., generally 28-29). Hampson (Faun.
Ind. Moths, iii. 165) merely remarks that " the Bornean form is darker."

70. Leucetaera lucifera mixoleuca subsp. n.

$, 33-35 mm. Differs from L. I. lucifera Warr. (Nov. Zool. x. 385), from
Dutch New Guinea to Goodenough Island, in having the ground-colour white,
without the pearl-grey and lavender-grey reflections, the irroration less dense
than in normal I. lucifera, the markings slightly browner.

New Britain : Talasea, January-February 1925 (A. F. Eichhorn), 3 ??
in coll. Tring Museum.

NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 33

ON THE BIRDS OF FENI AND NISSAN ISLANDS, EAST OF
SOUTH NEW IRELAND

By ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.

A. BIRDS OF FENI ISLAND.

I/'ENI is really composed of several smaller islands, also called Anir Islands,
-*- the single islets being Ambitle. Wonneram, St. Jan, St. John or Bournand,
and Babase. They are, according to Wilh. Sievers, wooded, under 4° S. lat.,
152° 45' E. long. They consist of andesite, basalt, and coralline chalk, and
on Ambitle Isle is a geyser. The inhabitants are Melanesians with some
Polynesian blood.

I am not aware of any birds ever having been collected on Feni.

As Feni is a small outlying island, the ornis is not very rich, though there
are, as is characteristic for these island groups. 8 different pigeons, also 3 parrots
and 4 kingfishers, but only 7 Passeres. Of the latter two have been described
as new, i.e. Monarcha cinerascens impediens and Cinnyris sericeus eichhorni,
and of the greatest interest is the new hawk Accipiter eichhorni.

The affinities of the birds are with New Ireland, most of the forms being
the same as those on that island, but the presence of the true Ducula pistrinaria,
of Eos cardinalis, Hemiprocne nystacea woodfordiana, and Eurystornus orientalis
solomonensis show Solomon Islands influx.

l. Megapodius duperreyi eremita Haiti.
Full series from about the middle of May. Three eggs from May 14 measure
80 X 49, 77 X 46, and 80 X 47 mm.

2. Anous (Megalopterus) minutus minutus Boie.

Anous minutus Boie, Isis 1844, p. 188 (" Nova Hollandia ").

<J immature, Feni Island, 5,vii.l924. "Bill black, feet blackish."
These Noddies are apparently only stragglers in the Papuan seas, and those
occurring there must belong to the form nesting in the Australian seas, which
must be called minutus. In this I agree with Mr. Mathews, who first pointed
this out, and if the slender-billed group, with its somewhat differently shaped
tails, is separated from Anous, it must be called Megalopterus. (For me it is
a subgenus.) Cf. Mathews, Nov. Zool. 1911, p. 4. B. Australia, ii, pp. 412,
417, 420.

3. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scop.).

S Feni Island, 16. v. 1924.

This date is very late, and probably the specimen would have remained in
the tropics throughout the summer. It is in much worn plumage.

4. Tringa hypoleucos L.
Specimens from July 4th, 9th, and 15th, in worn summer plumage.

34 NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

5. Tringa incana brevipes (Vieill.).
Specimens shot 31. v., 2.vi., and 2.vii.l924. All four specimens in
moult !

6. Charadrius dominicus fulvus Gm.
Common from June 5 to July. All June (and July) specimens are moulting
body plumage and tails, but not yet the remiges.

7. Ptilinopus superbus superbus (Temm.).

7 specimens were obtained on Feni Island in June.

8. Ptilinopus insolitus insolitus Schleg.

4 adult males were obtained on Feni Island in May, June, and Jul}'.

Known to be found on New Britain, New Ireland, Duke of York group,
and New Hanover. The Feni Island specimens agree with those from these
islands, while on St. Mathias a smaller subspecies, P. insolitus inferior, occurs.
The iris of the Feni specimens is described by Eichhorn as white or creamy white,
the bill as pale greenish yellow, feet purplish red. Two May specimens show
moult on body and tail, a July one on body.

9. Ducula (Globicera) rubricera iBp.).

Evidently common on Feni Island in May and June. All specimens in moult
from end of May to end of June.

10. Ducula pistrinaria pistrinaria (Bp.).

Carpophaga pistrinaria Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. At\ ii, p. 36 (1855 — Solomon Islands).

8 cJ? ad., Feni Island, 5. v. to 14. vi. 1924. "Iris dark red. Bill slaty
blue. Feet cherry- red or plum-red." Nearly all specimens moult on body and
tails, two also on the wings.

D. p. pistrinaria has hitherto onty been recorded from the Solomon Islands,
though there is a specimen from Nissan in the Berlin Museum. I was surprised
to get it from Feni Island, where I should have rather expected D. p. van-wyckii.

The specimens from Feni agree quite with typical Solomon Islands series,
though a few are a little more greenish than the rest, thus indicating an approach
to van-wyckii. The latter is restricted to New Ireland and the neighbouring
small islands, and New Britain. Dr. Dahl's theory, that van-wyckii was restricted
to the small outlying islands, while rhodinolaema inhabited New Ireland, is a
myth. It was discovered at Praslin Harbour, South New Ireland, and has been
collected there by others (Finsch, Curtis), also on New Britain, even by Dahl ;
the error, on which the theory was built, arose from Reichenow naming a specimen
from New Britain (Dahl coll.) rhodinolaema — it in fact very closely approaches
rhodinolaema, but is all the same a brightly coloured van-wyckii (Stresemann in
litt., and examined by myself). Dahl's theory was already attacked by Father
Meyer (Natur und Offenbarung, 1906, p. 601). There is no doubt that they form
a group of subspecies as follows :

1. Ducula pistrinaria pistrinaria (Bp.) : Solomon Islands : Guadalcanar,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 35

Isabel, Treasury Island, San Christoval, Vella Lavella, Choiseul, Bougainville,
Nissan, and Feni Island.

This is the most greyish form, with the least amount of metallic green.

2. Ducula pistrinaria van-wyckii (Cass.) : New Britain, Duke of York group,
New Ireland (terra typica), Credner Islands, Massawa, Nusa.

This form is more metallic, but less so than rhodinolaema, somewhat variable ;
one might call it intermediate between pistrinaria and rhodinolaema.

As I said above, the idea that it was restricted to the small islands and
represented by rhodinolaema is quite wrong. It seemed to me, however, somewhat
doubtful, if Cassin's description actually referred to this form, as he describes
the feathers of the upperside as " metallic golden green with violet and ferruginous
shades," though the greyish ashy tinge is described on the quills. Kind informa-
tion (and a feather from the back) from Dr. Richmond about the type of van-
wyckii in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, however, set me at ease, and
there can be no doubt whatever that it is what we now call van-tvyckii, though
some of the feathers are more metallic than in the majority of specimens.

3. Ducula pistrinaria rhodinolaema (Scl.) : Manus (Admiralty Islands),
New Hanover, Rook, Vulcan, and Dampier Islands, and shores of Astrolabe Bay.
(A skin said to have come from Massawa must be from the Astrolabe Bay.)

Darkest, brightest, with much bronzy green, and even with purplish
reflections. Wings in a large series generally 245-255, once 258, sometimes
(one $) 235 mm.

4. Ducula pistrinaria postrema subsp. nov.

In colour quite like D. p. rhodinolaema, but wings shorter. Two Egum
specimens 222 and about 240 (tip damaged), one male from St. Aignan 224, one
with doubtful locality 224 mm. Type : <J Egum, June 1895, A. S. Meek coll.

Hob. Egum group (east of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands) and St. Aignan
(Louisiade group) ; probably other islands as well. Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 197.
The specimen in the British Museum labelled " Port Moresby " probably came
from the D'Entrecasteaux group. (This form was formerly erroneously called
van-ivyckii in Nov. Zool. 1896, p. 248, and 1899, p. 213.)

11. Gallicolumba beccarii nodifica Hart.

See Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 118 !

1 cJ ad., Feni Island, 26. vi. 1924.

12. Macropygia amboinensis carteretia Bp.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 119.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 119.

A full series from Feni, all collected in May. A very young female from
20. v. 1924. Most specimens show some moult on body, tail, or wings.

13. Chalcophaps stephani stephani Rchb.
8 skins from Feni Island, August 1924, more or less in moult.

14. Caloenas nicobarica nicobarica (L.).

2 <J, Feni Island, 10. vi. and 12. vi. 1924, both moulting parts of body
plumage.

36 JfOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

15. Anas superciliosa pelewensis Hartl. & Finsch.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1914, p. 283.

This smaller subspecies of Anas superciliosa was found not rare on Feni
Island, seven adults being sent shot May and July. Both May and July
specimens show moult on tail and body.

16. Nycticorax caledonicus mandibularis Grant.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, pp. 199, 200.

4 (J$ ad. et fere ad.. 1 med., 3 juv. Feni Island end of May and June
1924. The iris of adults is described as bright or golden yellow, of the young
as yellow or lemon yellow. Only two have one ornamental nuptial nuchal
plume each. In one it is rufous, whitish in the middle, and black at base and tip ;
in the other the greater part of the right-hand web is brown and rufous, the left-
hand web white with brown smudge.

17. Dupetor flavicollis nesophilus (Sharpe).
(J ad., 24. vi. 1924. "Iris brownish yellow. Upper bill black, lower light
horn. Feet black."

<3 juv., 24. v. 1924. " Iris yellow. Feet greenish black "

18. Accipiter eichhorni spec. nov.

Accipiter pedibus satis brcvibus, cera schistacea, colore superue schistaceo, torque cervicali lato rufo-
castaneo ; subtus albus, pectore fasciolis plus minusve Claris pallide griseis-brunneis transversis
notato. interdum unicolore. Alis ? 233-245, <? 203-208, cauda $ 184-190, <J 154-158, tarsia
°. 58-61, (J 51-52 mm.

Typus ? ad., Feni Island, 2.vi. 1924. A. F. Eichhorn coll., No. 9366.

This new Accipiter belongs to the short-footed group, now usually placed in
the genus Astur, which is, however, not well-defined. In coloration it closely
resembles A. albigularis from the Solomon Islands, but the upperside is less
blackish, more schistaceous, and there is a wide chestnut-rufous nuchal band,
which in A. albigularis is usually absent, sometimes indicated, and in one male from
Choiseul it is distinct, though darker, more dark chestnut, than in A. eichhorni.
The middle toe without claw in females is 35-37 mm., in A. albigularis 42-44
mm. long. In males 28-30, as against 34-36 mm. The tarsus is also about
8-12 mm. shorter in A. eichhorni. We received only normal specimens, while
of A. albigularis we know one from Guadalcanal' with the entire underside
slaty-black. The iris of A. eichhorni is described as deep yellow, the cere as
slaty-blue, bill black, feet yellow.

This species is of the greatest interest. It has of course nothing to do with
A. rubricollis brachyurus from New Britain, which I have carefully examined in
the Liverpool Museum. It differs from albigularis by its shorter feet, and while
it is a typical "Astur " as erroneously separated by many authors, A. albigularis,
which has been placed in "Astur," should be an Accipiter. The two genera are
bridged over and should not be recognised.

One might ask if A. eichhorni could not be a subspecies of A. albigularis,
but we meet with the extraordinary fact that on Choiseul both albigularis,
apparently absolutely the same as Guadalcanal specimens, and a form with
shorter feet, like A. eichhorni. are found, but with the upperside at least as blackish

Novitates Zooi.oqicae XXXIII. 1926.

37

as in albigularis ! They have no rufous collar. They were formerly united
by us with albigularis ! Of this new bird we have two adults, one quite white
underneath, the other with the throat, chest, and breast blackish slate more or
less mottled with greyish white. As they agree in size with males of albigularis,
we thought they were the latter, but they are labelled as females, as are also
two young ; we thought at first this was an error, but there is also a young male
from Choiseul, with a wing only 182, while the wings of the two young females
measure nearly 200 and 215 mm. The wings of the two adult birds measure
198 and probably 200 — still moulting ! Moreover, the three young birds have
the underside cross-barred up to the throat, while in the young of both A. albigularis
and A. eichhorni eichhorni from Feni Island there are wider bars on the flanks,
and more or less drop-shaped or longitudinal marks on the chest, though the
former van' very much. The upperside of the short-toed Choiseul form is also

more reddish and shows more white bases to the feathers of the crown than the
regularly coloured young of albigularis. The bill of the Choiseul females is
smaller, less thick than in females, larger, longer, than in males of A. eichhorni
eichhomi. Probably Choiseul, one of the two great northern islands of the
Solomon group, has been populated by long-toed hawks from the central group
(albigularis, unless larger series should enable us to split them up in more than
one form !), and by short-toed ones from Feni Island in the north (eichhorni) ;
unfortunately we have no such hawks from Bougainville, where the Feni form
might occur. As, however, the short-toed birds from Choiseul differ from the
Feni Island form, I propose to call them :

Accipiter eichhorni imitator subsp. nov.

Type in Tring Museum, ? Choiseul Island, 6. i. 1904. No. A 1105.
Meek coll. This is the specimen with the throat and chest slaty.
The photographs will show the difference in the feet.

A. S.

38 Novitates Zoologicai: XXXIII. 1926.

19. Haliastur indus girrenera (Vicill.).
4 (3$ ad., Feni Island, May 1925. Two specimens moulting body-plumage,
two show traces of black shafts on a few feathers, but all appear snow-white
on head, nape, and breast.

20. Eos cardinalis (Gray) (or grayi Math. & Iredale).1
10 (J? from Feni Island, during May. Most specimens have an indication
of a yellow patch on the lower ear-coverts, like all Solomon Islands specimens,
a feature not mentioned in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xx, p. 23. A male shot
21 .v. 1924 has a broad rich yellow stripe along the breast ; its bill being partially
brown indicates juvenility, but other specimens with even darker bills do not
exhibit this yellow colour ; it seems to me to be individual variation. The iris
is. described as red, reddish brown, and brown. Bill reddish yellow or yellowish
red, with base of upper mandible black. Feet black The bare skin encircling
the face is black but on the chin more or less irregularly whitish (or flesh-colour),
very rarely quite black, in specimens from all localities.

The occurrence of this species, peculiar to the Solomon Islands, on Feni
is against the general rule that Feni has New Ireland affinities. Nissan Solomon
Islands forms.

Most May specimens moult on body and tail.

21. Trichoglossus haematodes aberrans Rchw.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, pp. 123, 124, where, however, I omitted to state that this form also extends
to the Solomon Islands.
6 J$. A $ shot 23. vi. 1924 has a yellow bar to the breast feathers, between
the grey base and the red.

22. Lorius roratus solomonensis (>goodsoni).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1901, p. 82, 1924, pp. 123, 203, 1925 p. 125 !

3 cj, 5 $, Feni Island, May and June. These specimens are like those from
New Ireland ; they agree well with L. r. solomonensis. but the males have bills
as large as L. r. goodsoni from Manus ! Most specimens are moulting.

23. Halcyon albicilla saurophaga Gould.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 277.

A series from Feni, May to July. Some moulting. Longest wing barely
132 mm., often far under 130. Some Moluccan specimens are larger (to 135),
others even smaller, but only a few specimens are available. One specimen has
whitish edges to some of the upper wing-coverts, which is apparently a sign of
young age. The colour of the back and wings varies a good deal, being sometimes
more greenish, sometimes deep blue, almost purplish. Sometimes there is a
trace of a collar of black spots at the black of the neck.

24. Halcyon tristrami nusae Heinr.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 205.

2 (J, 2 $, ad., Feni Island, end June and July, all moulting. One has the
sides of the body rich yellowish-brown, two a faint tinge of that colour, one is

1 See footnote in list of Nissan birds !

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 39

white ; all four have some yellowish-brown on the sides of the chest, and the neck-
band is more or less brownish-yellow. One male has buff edges to the upper
wing-coverts, and this is the one with the greatest amount of yellowish-brown
on the underside.

I should rather have expected H. t. novaehibemiae (Nov. Zool. 1925,
p. 125) than nusae on Feni !

25. Halcyon sancta sancta Vig. & Horsf.

Halcyon sanclus Vigors & Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xv. p. 206 (1827 — " Australia."
Apparently N.S. Wales).

9 skins from Feni, May. Mostly in old plumage, but partially already
moulting. Only two without dusky edges to the breast-feathers. Wings
90-93 mm. Migrant from Tasmania or Australia.

26. Alcedo atthis pelagica Stres.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, pp. 203, 268, 277.
4 <J, 4 ? ad., Feni Island.

27. Merops ornatus Lath.

a. Nov. Zool. 1924, pp. 205, 268, 277.
A series from May to July 1.
Moulting, but a male from July 1 only, still in body-moult.

28. Eurystomus orientalis solomonensis Sharpe.

Eurystomus solomonensis Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1890, p. 552 (Solomon Islands, type Ugi).
To my surprise this is the form from Feni Island, not E. o. neohanoveranus.
Specimens were shot 20. v., 16. vi., and 9.vii.l924, all three in moult. The
colour of the bill is variable ; one of our adult females from Feni has the bill
entirely red, the other has a black tip, the third, which is not fully adult, has still
most of the upper bill blackish. The white spot on the chin is well developed in
one of our specimens, 'in the other two only indicated by one or two white feathers ;
one of the latter has also a snow-white feather on the side of the lower throat.

29. Chalcites lucidus lucidus (Gm.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 159.

° Feni Island, 26. vi. 1923. "Iris dark brown. Bill black. Feet slaty
blue."

A migrant from New Zealand.

30. Hemiprocne mystacea woodfordiana (Hart.).

Macropteryx mystacea woodfordiana Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1896, p. 19 (Guadalcanar).

10 specimens from Feni Island, May, June, and July, agree with our series
from the Solomon Islands. Their wings measure <$, 203-208 ; ?, 199-210 mm.
The males have the rufous spot behind the ear-coverts, the females not. Some
May and June specimens show wing-moult. Some specimens have the under
tail-coverts mixed with whitish, less uniform grey than in typical woodfordiana,
but we have a Bougainville specimen which has quite as much whitish on the
under tail-coverts as our Feni examples. In H. m. aeroplanes, which may be

40 NoVlTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

said to be intermediate between H. in. mystacea and rvoodfordiana, the under
tail-coverts are darker than H. m. mystacea.

31. Monarcha cinerascens impediens subsp. nov.

8 (J?, Feni Island, May and June 1924. half of them immature.

It is not without a careful comparison of all our material that I name the
form of Feni (and Nissan). But, taking Mafor specimens as typical (since we
have none from the Berau Peninsula), I find that the latter have larger (thicker
and longer) bills, and to this larger-billed form seem to belong also the birds from
Vulcan and Dampier Islands on the coast of North- East Papua.1 Generally
the abdomen in the Feni and Nissan birds is also darker, but this is not a constant
character. To the form from these islands belong also those from Choiseul and
the Credner Islands.

Type of M. c. impediens: <J ad., Feni Island, 19. v. 1924. A. F. Eichhorn
coll. No. 9275.

Evidently common on Feni Island, as 8 specimens were sent.

The distribution of the forms of Monarcha cinerascens is peculiar, as they
inhabit chiefly small islands and coastal districts of larger ones only.

In the Berau Peninsula (Dorey, Mansinam) and along the northern coast
(apparently with wide interruptions) to Huon Gulf (very rare), Vulcan and Dampier
Islands. Then we find it again common on Feni and Nissan, and scarce on
Choiseul, Credner, and Duke of York Islands ; we also have two bad skins collected
by Curtis, and said to be from New Ireland — but as these birds were not labelled,
it is not improbable that they came from the Credner or Duke of York Islands.
Farther south we found, on some of the Louisiade Islands the broad-billed
M. c. rosselianus. to which seem to belong those of Trobriand and Goodenough
Islands ; northwards occurs the very distinct M. cinerascens perpallidus Neum.
which we received from St. Matthias, Storm Island, and New Hanover, while
according to Neumann it is found on the Portland Islands and in North New
Ireland ! Cf. Nov. Zool. 1915, p. 34 1918, p. 314, 1924, pp. 207, 270, Stresemann
(Sepik paper), p. 95.

32. Monarcha alecto chalybeocephalus (Gamot).

A series of males and females from Feni Island shot in May. They are
quite typical, though the bills of some of the males are rather small. Some
of the specimens moult wings, tails, and body feathers, others not.

33. Edolisoma morio remotum Sharpe.

Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 209.

4 <J ad., 2 2 from Feni, May. June, and July 1924. These specimens seem
to be inseparable from those of New Hanover and New Ireland. A specimen from
May and one from June are moulting.

34. Pachycepha pectoralis finschi Rchw.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 209, 1925, p. 132.

4 (J, 3 ?, Feni Island, May 1924. These birds agree with those from New
Britain, New Ireland, and New Hanover. The width of the black pectoral

1 Papua is the name of New Guinea and is used in this sense only ; to restrict this name for the
British Colony in south-east New Guinea is illogical.

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926. 41

crescent varies very much, but not according to locality, though in the Feni
Island specimens it is in all four very wide.

35. Cinnyris jugularis flavigastra (Gould).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 134.

A series of both sexes, all brilliantly coloured, from Feni, May 1924. Some
moulting body plumage.

36. Cinnyris sericeus eichhorni Rothsch. & Hart., subspecies nova.

This Cinnyris differs from its nearest geographical ally C. sericeus corinna
of New Ireland, by the colour of the throat, which is not steel-blue, but bluish
purple, or "royal purple" of Ridgway, Nomenclature of Colors, 1886, pi. viii,
with, of course, a metallic gloss. The crown also differs, not being glossy moss-
green, but more greyish or graphite-green, and the rump is more blue, and so
are the upper wing-coverts. The females are not appreciably different from those
of G s. corinna. The wings measure £ 60-61-5, $ 54, 54-5 mm.

C. sericeus sericeus <J is also very much like C. s. eichhorni, but the throat
is much more reddish purple, the crown slightly more greenish, rump greener,
bill larger, wing longer, tail longer. The other forms differ still more, as can be
seen from their descriptions.

Type of C. s. eichhorni Rothsch. & Hart. : <$ ad., Feni Island, 10. v. 1924.
A. F. Eichhorn coll. No. 9221 of the Eichhorn-Meek collections.

8 specimens of both sexes were collected in May 1924 on Feni Island.

As soon as these birds were unpacked Lord Rothschild and I noticed the
difference in the colour of the throat from specimens of C. s. corinna which we
had shortly before received from New Ireland. No Cinnyris was received from
Nissan.

A nest with two eggs was found May 24. It is 16 cm. long, somewhat
drop-shaped and fastened to the end of a bough. In one side in the upper half
is a perpendicular longitudinal (not round) entrance hole, 4 cm. long and 2 wide.
Over it is a protecting porch. The nest is neat, composed of fibres and bast.
One of two eggs is smashed, the other is 16 X 12-5 mm. Colour white with a
creamy tinge, all over with small brown spots and dots, and with a wide deep
brown ring round the thicker end.

37. Aplonis cantoroides cantoroides (Gray).

Calornis cantorides Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1861, p. 341 (Misol).

8 <J?, Feni Island, 31. v. to 6.vi.l924. "Iris bright red. Bill and feet
black."

A few show single feathers on the back moulting. Wings $ 100-102,
$ 98-5-100 mm.

B. BIRDS OF NISSAN.

Nissan is a coral island, of typical horse-shoe shape. It has consequently
no mountains, not rising above 60 m. (Cf. Willi. Sievers in Meyer's Das Deutsche
Kolonialreich, ii. p. 451.) It is also called Green Island, Sir Charles Hardy
Island, or Los Caimanes, and is situated under 4J° S. lat. and 154° 20' E. long.
Like Feni, it lies east of southern New Ireland, but about 50 km. to the

42 Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

south-east of Feni, and in a line with the chain of the great Solomon Islands.
Being only about 27 km. long and 21 wide, its fauna is not rich, especially as it
has apparently no primeval mixed forests, but is planted with Fictis, Anona,
coco-nut palms, areca palms, bananas, etc. Moreover, pigs have run wild, and rats
are numerous. So it is not astonishing that Eichhorn could only collect 20 or
21 resident species, all of purely Solomonian character, with a very few peculiar
forms : Ptilinopus solomonensis neumanni, Aplonis cantaroides longipennis, and
Zosterops eichhorni.

1. Megapodius duperreyi eremita Hartl.
A series from July and August. No difference from the birds of New Ireland,
New Britain, etc. An egg from August 4 is of a rather rich colour and measures
74-5 X 44-6 mm.

2. Tringa hypoleucos L.
Common August 11—21. While some are in full worn breeding plumage,
others are in partial winter garb and moulting. The spotting on the breast is
variable individually.

3. Tringa incana brevipes (Vieill.).
A female shot 20. viii. 1924, plumage somewhat worn, moult only on rectrices.

4. Charadrius dominicus fulvus Gm.
6 (J$ from August, and September 8 and 14. The August specimens are
moulting (body, tails, wings), but the two from September, which have more
black feathers on the underside, do not moult ; I should have expected the
opposite.

5. Ptilinopus solomonensis neumanni subsp. nov.

Ptilinopus subspeciei P. solomonensis solomonensis dictae simUlimus, sed major, colore purpurascente
frontis magis extenso.

This new form is nearest to P. sol. solomonensis, but larger, bill and feet larger,
wings of males 130-134, in P. sol. solomonensis 118-123 mm. The purple on
the forehead is of the same colour as in solomonensis. not of the pale colour of
P. s. johannis, and it extends further ; in solomonensis it reaches to very little
beyond the middle of the eye and is almost V-shaped, the purple on the crown
extending only about as far as the front edge of the eye, while in neumanni the
posterior margin is a straight line from the posterior edge of the one eye to the other.
The iris is described by Eichhorn as yellow and dark yellow, the bill as slate,
slaty blue, and greenish slate-colour, the feet as dark purplish red.

I name this interesting subspecies after Professor Oscar Neumann, who first
called our attention to the almost unknown fauna of Nissan Island.

Type: <J ad.. Nissan. 1. viii. 1924. A. F. Eichhorn coll. No. 9485.
Evidently not rare, as a series was collected.

Eight nests were found between August 5 and IS. They are flimsy
structures of tendrils with a slight depression in the middle, and contain one
egg each. The eggs are white with hardly any gloss, and measure 30 X 22-2,
30 X 22-5, 31 X 22-6, 32-5 X 24, 32-5 X 24, 32-7 X 22-2, 33 X 23-5, and
33-5 22-6 mm.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 43

6. Ducula pistrinaria pistrinaria (Bp.).

See antea, p. 34.

8 J$ ad. from Nissan, shot end July and August. In fine plumage, no moult,
but one female from August 1 is somewhat worn and dirty and shows moult on
back. Local native name : Balus.

Many nests were found in the middle of August, each containing one egg
only. The eggs are smooth with hardly any or little gloss, shining through
yellowish white. 19 eggs measure from 45 X 32-5, 44-5 X 32, 45-2 X 34-7, to
47 X 34-5, 47-5 X 32, 48 X 34, 48-5 X 32-6, 49 X 33-5, and 50 X 34. 50 X
36-5 mm.

7. Gallicolumba beccarii nodifica Hart.

Oallicolumha beccarii nodifica Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 118 (New Ireland) ; antea, p. 35.

9 cJ$ ad. and juv., Nissan, August and September. " Iris dark brown, bill
black, feet blood-red or cherry-red." Juveniles moulting into adult plumage,
adults not moulting. Wings of adult males 107-110 mm. The metallic patch
on the nape is sometimes obsolete or absent. The adult female is like the male,
but lacks the purple patch on the wing-coverts, the throat and chest are ashy
grey, without the white lower edge and without the purplish band separating the
grey from the brown abdomen. Wing 107 mm. The female from New Ireland
described Nov. Zool. p. 118 is perhaps not adult. Quite young birds have dull
cherry-red feet and rust-coloured tips to the feathers, or the feathers quite rust-
coloured (on head and chest).

Seven nests with one egg each were found from August 12 to 18. They
are flimsy small platforms of about 4x5 inches across, composed of tough
tendrils with more or less decayed leaves and a slight de])ression in the middle.
The eggs are white with moderate gloss, and measure 23-5 x 21-4, 26-5 X 20-5,
27 X 21, 27-5 X 20-5, 27-8 X 21-1, 29 X 20-5, and 29-5 X 21-5 mm.

8. Macropygia rata rufocastanea Rams.

Macropygia rufo-castanea Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, iv. p. 314 (1879 — Guadalcanal^
Solomon Islands).

4 $ ad., 1 $ ad., 3 juv., Nissan, August and end of July. Some specimens
badly in moult.

I cannot separate these birds from typical rufocastanea. When I described
M. r. goodsoni (Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 266) I compared it with M. r. krakari from
Dam pier Island (Nov. Zool. 1915, p. 28), but I have to admit that there is hardly
a difference in the general coloration between rufocastanea and goodsoni ;
I am afraid M. r. goodsoni is a rather poor subspecies, differing from M . r. rufo-
castanea merely in the generally smaller bill, and sometimes darker colour of the
slate-coloured spots on the lateral rectrices.

I cannot help thinking that M. rufa rufocastanea must also occur on New
Ireland and New Britain, since a closely allied form (M. r. krakari) inhabits
Dampier Island, since two specimens from Rook Island (Nov. Zool. 1914, p. 208)
seemed to us indistinguishable (?) from rufocastanea, and the closely allied
goodsoni lives on St. Matthias and Squally Islands. On the trees, from a distance,
M. r. rufocastanea and nigrirostris must look alike.

44 NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

9. Chalcophaps stephani mortoni Rams.

Chalcophaps mortoni Ramsay, Proc. Linn. .Soc. N.8. Wales, vi. p. 725 (1881 — Guadalcanal*).

<J$ ad., moulting, Nissan, 29. viii. 1925.

Here again we find on Nissan the form of the Solomon Islands, while on Feni
lives C. s. stephani, the subspecies of New Ireland !

10. Caloenas nicobarica nicobarica (L.).

A series from August, all showing more or less moult on body, wings, or
tail. The iris is generally marked as creamy white, but in young birds with
blackish green tail and in two adults as dull grey and dark grey.

11. Nycticorax caledonicus mandibularis Grant.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, pp. 199, 200, and antea, p. 36.

4 (J$ ad., Nissan, 30. viii. and September 1924. more or less in moult. One
has the worn remains of a long ornamental plume, which is entirely black ; in
two others they begin to grow and are entirely black as far as they are visible,
about one inch long.

12. Haliastur indus girrenera (Vieill.).
O ad., Nissan, 23. viii. 1924.

13. Tyto alba delicatula Gould.

Strix delkahdus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. " Part iv. 1836," p. 140 (1837— New S. Wales).

An adult male of a Barn-Owl was shot on Nissan ll.ix.1924. It seems
to agree perfectly with some specimens of T. a. delicatula from Australia.

The occurrence is extraordinary, as we do not know Barn-Owls from the
Solomon Islands, nor from New Ireland, and " Strix aurantia " from New
Britain is very different. Possibly Barn-Owls have been overlooked on the
Solomon Islands. A series from Nissan should be examined to confirm its being
like typical delicatula !

14. Eos cardinalis (Gray).1

Lorius cardinalis Gray, Qenera B, Appendix, p. 20 (1849 — name for Hombron & Jacquinot's Lari
cardinal).

10 (3$ Nissan, August and September. Exactly like the Feni islanders.
A few moult on body.

15. Trichoglossus haematodes aberrans Rchw.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, pp. 123, 124, where, however, I omitted to add that aberrans is also found
on the Solomon Islands : Choiseul, Bougainville, San Christoval, Vella Lavella, New Georgia,
Gizo, Guadalcanar, and on St. Aignan.

8 ,-J ad. from Nissan Island. Specimens agree with those from S.E. Papuan
and New Ireland ones.

1 According to Mathews & Iredale, "Austral. Avian Record," iii, p. 46, 1915, this bird must be
called Eos grayi Math. & Ired., because " Lorius cardinalis " had been usod by Gray, Qcn. B,
where a " Lorius cardinalis (Bodd.) " was mentioned, but Boddaert's Psittacus cardinalis was an
Eclectus ! It seems to me difficult to decide if this preoccupies Gray's name. The authors funnily
call their change of names a " specific alteration."

Novttates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 45

16. Charmosynopsis placentis pallidior R. & H.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 201, 1925, p. 122.

2 <$ ad., Nissan, September and August. One has the feathers of the forehead
with red near the base, the other not ; these red spots are more or less obvious
in most pallidior, but hardly or not at all indicated in subplacens.

These two specimens do not moult.

17. Halcyon albicilla saurophaga Gould.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 277, and antea, p. 38.

A series from Nissan, July and August. Three specimens have a few
blackish spots in the middle of the crown ; as these specimens have no whitish
edges to the upper wing-coverts (which are supposed to be a sign of being young),
I don't think these black spots are due to these birds being less adult than others,
but it must be an individual character.

18. Halcyon sancta sancta Vig. & Horsf.

Halcyon sanctus Vigors & Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xv, p. 206 (1827 — "Australia."
Apparently N.S. Wales ; cf. Mathews, List B. Australia, p. 149).

9 cJ$ July and August, hot one quite without dusky edges to the breast-
feathers. Size somewhat variable, wings 91-96, once (a female) 101 mm. H.
sancta is a migrant from Tasmania and Australia in New Guinea and the Papuan
Islands. Mostly in fine plumage, but partially still moulting.

19. Chalcites lucidus lucidus (Gm.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 159.

(J ad., Nissam, 4.ix.l924.

Migrant from New Zealand or neighbouring islands.

20. Urodynamis taitensis (Sparrm.).

Cucvlus taitensis Sparrman, Mus. Carlson., fase. ii, No. xxxii (1787 — Tahiti).

Three specimens, all three marked as females, Nissan, September 2, 9, and
15, 1924.

It is difficult or impossible to say from where these birds (which appear to
be migrants, i.e. winter visitors, to the Solomon Islands) have come, and to which
subspecies they belong if any can be recognized. Mathews recognizes (Bull.
B.O. Club, xxxix, p. 24) U. t. philetos and U. t. belli, but they require confirmation.
One from Nissan (No. 9644) is evidently fully adult ; it is very heavily striped
on the underside, upperside barred with rufous. No. 961 is in moult, the old
feathers on the upperside have roundish white spots, the fresh ones rufous bars.
No. 9647 is above like No. 9644, but the throat is fulvous, and the stripes on the
underside are narrower. Why are some juvenile birds above spotted with
fulvous, others with white ? Do the fulvous spots fade into white, or are there
two varieties ?

21. Collocalia esculenta esculenta (L).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 206, 1925, p. 128.

8 (J? ad., from Nissan, July, August, September 1924.

These birds seem to agree with typical esculenta. They show no white on

46 NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1920.

the rump; for showing white in different degrees C. e. tamelamela (1921) from
New Britain, and C. e. stresemanni (1914} from Maims were described. Cf. Nov.
Zool. 1924, p. 206. The specimens from Nissan have wings of 97-100 mm.
In specimens from eastern New Guinea I have measured up to 110. while Grant's
C. e. maxima has a wing of 115 mm. It is perhaps an exceptionally long-winged
specimen, or is there a larger subspecies in East and Central New Guinea ? The
amount of white on the lateral rectrices is variable and sometimes absent.

22. Monarcha cinerascens impediens Hart.

Antea, p. 40.

S specimens, July and August 1924. Two adult August skins moult tail
and wings.

23. Zosterops spec. 1 (See p. 48 ! )

Among a few other birds received from Dr. Thilenius at the Berlin Museum
from Nissan was also one of this Zosterops. Reichenow believed that the type of
Zosterops longirostris Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, iii, p. 288,
1879, came from Heath Island close to North New Britain (just south of the
western Gazelle Peninsula), and as the description agreed fairly well, did not
hesitate in registering the bird as Z. longirostris, with the distribution Heath
and Nissan Islands. The type of Z. longirostris, however, was collected by
Broadbent on Heath Island near the South Cape of New Guinea, between
Brumer Island and the China Strait, in quite a different zoogeographical region.

As, however, the description of Z. longirostris fits also the Nissan Island birds,
I wrote to Sydney to lend me the type. Unfortunately the rules of the Sydney
Museum did not allow to send abroad a unique type, so that I could not see the
specimen ! I then sent one of our skins to Sydney to compare with the type,
but the answer has not yet reached me !

Eichhorn collected 8 specimens in August on Nissan.

Four nests, each with two eggs, were found on August 12th. They are
suspended somewhat Uke the nests of the European Oriole, by the rim, usually
in a fork formed by two twigs, cup-shaped, and composed of fine grasses, and
sometimes a bit of moss or wool, lined with still finer grass. The eggs are very
pale blue and measure 19 X 14 and 18-6 X 14, 20 X 14-6 and 20 X 14-5, 19-5 X
14-1 and 19-1 X 14. 18 X 14-1 mm.

24. Pachycephala pectoralis dahli Rchw.

Pachycephala melanura dahli Reichenow. Orn. Monatsber. 1897, p. 178 (Credner Island).

4 cJ, 4 ?, Nissan Island, August 1925.

There is, in my opinion, no doubt that P. p. dahli and P. p. finschi are
subspecies, P. p. finschi inhabiting the larger islands. New Britain, New Ireland,
and New Hanover, while P. p. dahli is found on the small islands ; Credner,
Palikuru, Nissan (while curiously enough on Feni Mr. Eichhorn found P. p.
finschi !), and we also had, as recorded elsewhere, a specimen from Munia
(Shortland group) in the Solomon Islands. P. p. dahli has the upperside lighter
(more yellowish, less olive), the bill somewhat thicker, and is as a rule larger
than P. p. finschi. The female of P. p. dahli has the throat white (generally with
a slight greyish tinge), with short brownish grey cross-bars, a more or less distinct
brownish pectoral band with dusky shaft-stripes and the abdomen and under

Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1920. 47

tail-coverts yellow. Upperside greenish olive, crown dark greyish. The female
of P. p. finschi has the throat light brownish buff without distinct cross-bars,
only more or less distinct distal dark fringes to the feathers, the breast-band
darker, more rufous-brown, the abdomen brownish yellow, upperside much more
brownish olive, crown brownish grey. Wings of P. p. finschi $ 86-90, excep-
tionally over 90, once 95, wings of P. p. dahli <$ 91-95, once 90 mm.

The males of P. p. finschi have, as a rule, olivaceous edges to the quills, as
stated in the original description, but there are specimens that have greyish edges to
the outer primaries, thus at a first glance resembling males of P. p. dahli !

25. Aplonis cantoroides longipennis Neum.

Aplonis cantoroides longipennis Neumann, Om. Monatsber. 1917, p. 155 (Nissan !).

Eichhorn found this bird not rare on Nissan.

This subspecies, hitherto only known from one male in Berlin, is at once
recognizable by its larger size, especially larger, more massive bill and longer
wings ; moreover, the iris is yellow, not red ! Wings <$ 120-122 (in the
type 123), $ 121, in otherwise adult specimens with juvenile wing only about
110 mm. " Iris yellow, bill and feet black."

Two young birds are glossless dusky black ; in one the feathers of breast,
abdomen, and back have subterminal dull brown cross-bars ; the iris of these
young birds are dull yellowish green. In young A. c. cantoroides the iris is also
dull yellow, yellowish, cadmium, but the underside is dull white with black
stripes !

Neumann mentions a specimen from Matty Island, over 400 km. west of
Admiralty Island, with a wing of 1 18 mm., as possibly belonging to this subspecies,
and Stresemann says that the form from Ninigo and Matty Islands is longi-
pennis ! Considering that on all the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago,
including the Admiralty Islands, this form is not known, this cannot be accepted
as a fact, until we know also the young, colour of iris, and more specimens from
Ninigo (Echiquier group) and Matty Islands.

It is very peculiar that this large form has developed on the small island of
Nissan, while the Solomon Islands birds from Guadalcanar, Gizo, Choiseul, and
Bougainville are smaller again and seem to be indistinguishable from cantoroides !
The iris in one of our specimens is marked as " bright red," and most of them
" yellowish red." Solomon birds (presumably from Guadalcanar) were called
Calornis solomonensis by Ramsay in Nature, xx, p. 125 (1879), after comparison
with " Calornis cantor," which is the bird now called Aplonis (Calornis)
chalybea chalybea, but probably A. cantoroides was meant.

26. Aplonis metallica nitida (Gray).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 212 ; 1925, p. 135.

Common on Nissan in August 1924. Colonies of nests were found August
12 to 15. The nests hang down from the ends of boughs and are huge
structures; one sent is about 14 inches long and 9 to 10 wide. From Australia
Campbell describes a nest two feet long. The nest from Nissan is composed of
wire-like tendrils, bast, twigs, and dry leaves. The entrance is in the lower
half of the side and leads to a cup lined with pieces of dry palm-leaves. The
clutches consist of 2 or 3, rarely 4 eggs. The latter are pale blue with dark

48 NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

rufous and deeper-hying pale greyish mauve spots, patches, and sometimes very
large splashes. Sometimes the spots are only a very few, often almost forming
a ring, sometimes all over the egg. One egg is nearly white. They measure
from 21 X 27, 20-5 X 28. 20 X 29, 21-7 X 28-5 to 22 X 29 mm.
The native name on Nissan is Bu-rum.

P.S.

23. Zosterops eichhorni subsp. (spec. ?) nov.

Zosterops rostro pallide stramineo, annulo periophthalmico albo. Superne
flavo-viridis, loris flavis ; subtus flavida, lateribus virescentibus ; remigibus
nigro-fuscis, intus albo-flavo exterius flavo-virescente marginatis, secondariis
internis flavovirescentibus ; rectricibus viridi-briinneis. exterius flavescente
marginatis; pedibus flavescenti-schistaceis. Alis <J 63-65, $615-62, rostro 13,
a basi 17 '5 mm.

Type: <J ad. Nissan 16.viii. 1924, No. 9577, Albert F. Eichhorn coll.

See antea, p. 46 !

Kind information from Mr. W. T. Wells, Australian Museum, Sydney,
N.S. Wales, reached me while the above was in print. It confirms my idea
that the birds from the two Heath Islands could not very well be the same.
In Z. longirostris the bill is much longer, measuring 175 mm. from the end
of the feathering — in Z. eichhorni only 13. The breast in longirostris is more
yellow, not so greenish, the rectrices have deep brown inner webs, in sharp
contrast to the outer webs, without a green tinge, the inner secondaries have a
ress greenish tinge ; perhaps the feet are also darker in longirostris. Eichhorn
records : " Iris greyish brown. Bill dark yellow or pale straw colour, mostly
nearer towards the tip, feet dull slate, tinged with yellow."

I have at present not the time to review this group, so cannot definitely
say where eichhorni should be placed. It seems to be a subspecies of Z. longi-
rostris and so do aignani and pallidipes as well as one or two others with which
I am not acquainted.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. l'J2(i. 49

LIST OF HESPERIIDAE IN THE TRING MUSEUM COLLECTED
ON THE IVORY COAST BY G. MELOU

By N. D. Riley

INFORMATION concerning the Lepidoptera of the Ivory Coast is so scanty
that the following brief list, although it enumerates only 51 species, all
belonging to the Hesperiidae, may not be without interest. The collection
was made during parts of the years 1913-1915, entirely in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of Bingerville, and is now in the possession of Lord Rothschild, through
whose kindness I am enabled to publish this brief account. Exact details as
to dates of capture are unfortunately missing in a large number of instances,
but whenever the month is recorded this is noted below. It does not follow
that the specimens listed were all taken, or only taken, in the months indicated,
One new species is included in the collection, and such synonymy as is given is
new. The arrangement follows that of Aurivillius, in Seitz, Macrolep. vol. xiii,
but the sequence is inverted to bring it into line with general practice.

HESPERIINAE

1. Tagiades flesus F. 5 £$, ?$. June, October, and November.

2. Eagris denuba Plotz. 2 <3<3, 2 $$. March and June.

3. Hyda grisea Mab. 1 $. November.

4. Sarangese thecla Plotz. l $. June.

5. Trichosemeia hereus Druce.

Ceratrichia quaterna Mab. OR. Ent. Soc. France, p. clvi, 1889.
Trichoseineia quaterna -f- Sarangesa hereus Auriv. in Seitz, xiii,
p. 579, 1925.

1 $. November.

6. Trichosemeia tetrastigma Mab.

T. tetrastigma -\- tristi/ica Auriv., Auriv. in Seitz (I.e.).

The figure of tristifica (I.e. pi. 766) shows an absolutely typical
upperside of tetrastigma. No details are added in the text, as Aurivillius
had no other information than that contained in the figure.

1 <?. March.

7. Celaenorrhinus proximus Mab. 1 $. January.

8. Celaenorrhinus galenus F. l £, l $.

HETEROPTERINAE

9. Gastrochaeta meza Hew. 7 £<$, 11 $$. March, May, June, July, and
November.

10. Gorgyra johnstoni Butler. 2 <$$, 4 $$. March, June, and November.

1 1 . Gorgyra aburae Plotz. 1 $. June.

12. Gorgyra mocquerysii Holl. 1 <J, 3 $$. June.
4

50

XoVITATES ZOOLOUICAE XXXIII. 192().

13.

14.

15.

16.
17.
18.

Gorgyra subfacata Mab. 1 <j. November.
Gorgyra indusiata Mab. 1 $.

Aurivillius' statement that the hindwing in this species has no
translucent spots is misleading. They are absent in the <J, but present
in the $.

Hypoleucis tripunctata Mab. 1$.
Hypoleucis ophiusa Hew. 1 $, 2 $£. June.
Acleros plotzi Mab. 1^,1$. June and October.
Heteropterus abjectus Snell. l <$, 1 ?. June.

April, June, and July.

France (6) x, p. 31, 1890.

1896.

N.H. (8), iii, p. 90, 1909.

PAMPHILINAE

19. Rhabdomantis galatia Hew. l <$.

20. Osmodes laronia Hew. l <J.

21. Osmodes thops Holl. 6 $<$, 1 $. March and June.

22. Osmodes costatus Auriv. 1 <J. March.

23. Gegenes niso L. 4 <$$.

24. Gegenes hottentotta Latr. 16 <?<?, 8 $?.

25. Parnara fatuella Hopff. 4 $<j>. June.

26. Parnara xylos Mab.

Pamphila xylos Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent.
Parnara alberti Holl., P.Z.S., p. 67,
Parnara entebbea Swinh., Ann. Mag.
1 (J. June.

27. Parnara mathias F. 6 ££, 2 $$. May, June, and September.

28. Parnara fallax Gaede. 1 <J. March.

29. Parnara perobscura H. H. Druce.

Parnara gemina Gaede, Int. Ent. Zs. 1916, p. 126.
9 c?cJ, 6 ?$. June and July.

30. Parnara holtzii Plotz. l $. June.

31. Parnara flavifasciola H. H. Druce. 1 $.

32. Pardaleodes edipus (ram. 18^, 8 ??.
and November.

33. Pardaleodes sator DM. & Hew. 1^,1$.

34. Pardaleodes reichenowi P16tz. 3 $$.

35. Ceratrichia phocion F. 7 tftf, l $. March.

36. Andronymus philander Hopff. 1 J.

37. Andronymus leander Plotz. 1 $, 1 $.

38. Semalea nox Mab. 1 ?. March.

39. Coenides dacela Hew. 2 $$. June.

40. Coenides cylinda Hew. 1 $.

41. Coenides meloui sp. nov.

$. Upperside ground-colour deep brown. Forewing : cilia distally
tipped with ochreous ; basal third washed with warm reddish brown ;
translucent yellowish spots present as follows : (i) a large subquadrate
spot in cell extending barely beyond origin of vein 3, (ii) a larger rectan-
gular spot based on centre of vein 2, its inner edge in line with centre
of cell-spot, from which it is only separated by the median vein,
(iii) adjoining this last spot a small triangular spot occupying the base

March.
March, June. July, August,

March.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 19215. 51

of area 3, (iv) a semilunar spot resting centrally on vein 1, (v) a series of
three subapical spots, in areas 6-8, that in 6 twice the size of either of
the others and extending twice as far towards the margin, (vi) a minute
point in area 9 just above inner edge of spot in 8. Hindioing : cilia
bright ochreous ; area 8 entirely pale ochreous, darker distally ; an
obscure ochreous spot in cell, and a crescent of four similar discal spots
in areas 2-5, that in 5 by far the largest and least obscured, the horns
of the crescent directed outward. Underside ground-colour reddish
brown with bright orange-ochreous markings. Forewing inner margin
(area la) pale ochreous ; central portion of 16 similar, but only reaching
vein 2 at a point ; above and surrounding this pale area and also the
translucent spots in 2 and 3, extending halfway across cell and reaching
anal angle, is a large blackish patch ; translucent spots as above ;
the bright ochreous markings consist of a streak along anterior margin
of cell followed by a series of costal spots, and of marginal spots in areas
7-3, that in area 7 the smallest, separate, the remainder progressively
larger and joined together. Hindwing basal area mainly bright ochreous,
forming a diamond-shaped patch one point of which is at cell-end ;
discal spots as above, with additions to the series in areas lc, 6, and 7 ;
large diffuse submarginal ochreous spots in areas lc-6 (4 -f- 5 fused).
Thorax and head above reddish brown ; abdomen appears to have
been dark brown, but is coated with a white fungoid substance in the
only available specimen. Beneath, the thorax, legs, and palpi are
rich reddish brown, the palpi ochreous at base. Antennae dark brown
with the club and shaft outwardly, and the club dorsally, ochreous.
Length of forewing 25-5 mm.

This species belongs to the stoehri-luehderi-umbrina section of
Coenides, but is decidedly larger than any of these. From luehderi
and umbrina, which appear to be at most races of one species, it can be
separated at once by the lack of the curious lilac-grey spot (or spots)
on the underside of the hindwing in area lc ; by the absence of any
tendency of the translucent cell-spot of the forewing to be produced
basad along the median vein ; and by the possession of conspicuous
ochreous submarginal spots on the undersides of both wings. In
this last feature it resembles stoehri, but in that species the ochreous
underside spots are very much paler in colour, and much sharper in
outline, and the discal spots in area 2-5, instead of forming a crescent,
are arranged on a straight line, which, produced, passes through the
spot in area 6 ; in meloui this spot in area 6 is greatly displaced basad
in comparison ; stoehri has only two subapical spots, meloui three and
an additional minute point.

1 ?. Type : Bingerville, Ivory Coast (G. Melon), 1915.

42. Coenides proxima P16tz.

Hypoleucis arela Mab., C.R. Soc. Ent. Belg. p. lxix, 1891 ($).
The receipt by the British Museum of several pairs of this species
taken in cop. necessitates the above synonymy.

2 S<$.

43. Coenides malthina Hew. l <$.

44. Coenides caenira Hew. 2 $<$, 1 $. June.

52 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

•45. Pteroteiuon lautella Hew. 6 $$. January, March, and July.
40. Zophopetes cerymica Hew. 3 $9- February.

ISMENINAE

47. Rhopalocampta forestan Cram. 1 <$, 3 ??. February.

48. Rhopalocampta pisistratus F. 21 ,$$ and $$. May, June, July,
August, and November.

49. Rhopalocampta hanno P16tz.

Ismene hanno Plotz, Stell. Ent. Zeit. xl. p. 363, 1879 ($).
Ismcne necho Plotz, Slett. Ent. Zeit. xlv, p. 63, 1884 (<$).

1 <?•

50. Rhopalocampta chalybe Westw. 1 q. 1 ?. March and December.

51. Pyrrhochalcia iphis Drury. 1 cj, 2 $$. June.

NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 53

REMARKS ON "REVIEW OF THE GENUS CACOMANTIS

MULL."

By GREGORY M. MATHEWS

ON p. 164 of Vol. XXXII of this journal Dr. Hartert says, " The genus Caco-
manlis . . . has received rather harsh treatment in the Cat. B. Brit. Mm.,
and more recently by Mathews, who went entirely wrong about the nomen-
clature " ; and finishes the paragraph by saying " much time had to be wasted in
clearing up the nomenclature."

In my opinion Dr. Hartert's treatment is the harshest of all, and his nomen-
clature wrong ; especially as on p. 174 he makes pyrrhophanus 1817 a subspecies
of cineraceus 1827.

On p. 172, under Cuculns rubricates, Hartert says that I told him that I no
longer used this name. That is quite true, but I had already pointed this out
in my Birds of Australia, vol. ix. p. 400 (May 22), 1922, well over three years ago.

I also drew his attention to Lichtenstein's name Cuculus prionurus 1823,
which I had published in the Austral. Av. Rec. vol. iv, p. 138, 1921 (Aug. 1),
well over four years ago.

On p. 174 Hartert says that " Vieillot's description . . . would have suited
cineraceus or castaneiventris much better."

With this I entirely disagree. Vieillot's description of Cuculus pyrrophanus
reads : "Ha toutes les parties inferieures rousses : la tete d'un eendre bleuatre :
le manteau, les ailes et les pennes de la queue de couleur brune . . .

Cacomantis castaneiventris I described as " General colour above dark bluish
slate colour, including the head, back, wings and tail . . . " ; and the bird
Dr. Hartert calls cineraceus as " General colour above slate-grey, including the
crown of the head, ear-coverts, cheeks, back, scapulars and upper tail coverts."

Now I consider that Viellot's description fits the bird that I figured and
described in my Birds of Australia, vol. vii, p. 322, pi. 352, from Australia, and
no other form.

As Vieillot describes the head as grey, the back and wings as brown, and the
undersurface as russet, the description cannot be ignored, because he says " all "
the undersurface russet, but the head to most people could easily include the
whole head.

Dr. Hartert tells us (p. 174) that he had the type of pyrrhophanus sent over
from Paris, and that it was the New Caledonian form of Fan-tailed Cuckoo.
I wrote and told him that this was impossible, as the description did not agree.
I then went to Paris and found that the bird sent to Tring was not now claimed
as the type, according to the most recent books of the Museum. I then found
that according to the Paris Museum authorities the type of pyrrophanus was
lost. The so-called type, according to their books at the Museum, is No. 1964
(old number) and in red 98 (new number), and the original entry reads " C.
sepulchralis Mull. Java." This is scratched out, and " Cacomantis pyrrhophanus
Type N. Caledonie Labillardier," written by some one after the books had been
made up. Who wrote the statement that this bird was the type of pyrrophanus

54 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAF, XXXIII. 192G.

I do not know, but it is in my opinion not true, nor does the bird agree with the
original description.

In the new Catalogue in Paris this bird is not called the type of pyrrhophanus.
but on the base of the stand on which the mounted bird is placed is written
" pyrrhophanus V. type," also " pyrrholophus V." However, it is in my opinion
not the type of either name.

I believe my nomenclature of Cacomantis pyrrhophanus to be correct as well
as that of C. castaneiventris. Now let us look at the Fan-tailed Cuckoo.

I have already dropped the name rubricates for some years ; the next name
is nifulus. I am not satisfied that this does not fit the immature of the Fan-
tailed Cuckoo only, and it cannot be mixed up with the Square-tailed Cuckoo,
The immatures are so different, and as the type came from New South Wales
we know to what form to look. Granted that there is some doubt, then the
next name that I pointed out over four years ago must be used. viz. prionurus
Licht.

We get thus my nomenclature, as used in my Birds of Australia, and
corrected by me afterwards, a-; follows:

Cacomantis pyrrophanus (Vieillot 1817). Sydney, New South Wales, and its
subspecies.

Cacomantis castaneiventris (Gould 1867), Cape York, Queensland, and its
subspecies.

Cacomantis prionurus (Lichtenstein 1823), Sydney, New South Wales, and
subspecies (if Cacomantis rufulus (Vieillot 1817) be not admitted).

I cannot do better than end in the same way that my old friend did in the
Ibis 1925, p. 749 :

" It is true that I am busy enough with my own work, but I am always ready,
if possible, to help a brother ornithologist."

Pucheran's action in 1852 cannot, in my opinion, alter the original description
of Vieillot. I do not consider that Pucheran was handling the same bird that
Vieillot had. Vieillot's original description fits the Australian bird.

NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAK XXXIII. 1926. 55

ANSWER TO THE "REMARKS ON 'REVIEW OF THE GENUS

CACOMANTIS ' "

By ERNST HARTERT

WITH regard to Mr. Mathew's remarks on my criticisms I have the following
to say :

It was of course a silly mistake to enumerate pyrrophanus as a subspecies
of cineraceus, as pyrrhophanus was the older name !

What I said on p. 172 about Mathews using rubricatus as the specific name of
what I called Cacomantis cineraceus was of course perfectly correct. I referred
to and quoted B. of Australia vii, 1918, but overlooked that four years later,
B. of Australia ix, 1922, he had corrected and altered the name, and I also over-
looked that he had called attention to the existence of Lichtenstein's name
Cuculus prionurus of 1823, in the following words :

" List p. 155, and Check List p. 103.

Add to synonymy :

Cuculus prionurus Lichtenstein, Verzeichn. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, p. 9 (pref.
Sept.) 1823 : New South Wales."

But this was done in August 1921, about three years after the publication
of the volume on the Cuculidae of the Birds of Australia ! I will of course not
make excuses for overlooking his statement, but I might be allowed to say that
it is a hard task to look up in such cases several lists in order to find out what
genus and species is referred to. It would have been much easier for ornithologists
who have to do with the nomenclature of Australian Birds, if Mathews had said :

" Cacomantis rubricatus : To the synonymy must be added : Cuculus prionurus,
etc., etc."

I have since seen the type of Cuculus prionurus in the Berlin Museum, and
there is no doubt that it is the bird which for many years was erroneously called
G. flabelliformis, and in 1912 by Mathews C. rubricatus. As prionurus is earlier
than cineraceus, I must of course adopt it, and the species I called C. cineraceus
in Nov. Zool. 1925. pp. 172-4 will be :

Cacomantis prionurus (Licht.)

Mr. Mathews disagrees with me in adopting the name pyrrhophanus of
Vieillot, 1817, for the New Caledonian subspecies, but I cannot approve of his
reasons. As to the description, Vieillot says : " II a toutes les parties inferieures
rousses." This clearly means that the whole underside is rufous, and I do not agree
that we should take it for a bird which has the throat ashy grey. Mathews
argues that the underside in this case does not include the throat, because Vieillot
says afterwards that the head is grey, and that the head includes the throat as
well. This of course might have been argued, but I had good reason to take my
point of view, as the description agreed with the type, and moreover, it seems to
be obvious that Vieillot first described the underside, and then the upperside, the
" head " meaning the head from above. In fact, in the very next description on
the same page he said, in describing Cuculus solitarius, that the head is greyish

56 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

("la tete glace de gris "), the throat and fore-part of the neck rufescent (" la
gorge d'un roux foible, le devant du cou roussatre et onde de brun "), and so in
other cases ; this shows how Vieillot's diagnosis must be understood.

Mathews further says that the bird which was kindly sent me as the type
of Vieillot's G. pyrrhophanus could not be the type, as it " was not now claimed
as the type," and the real type was " lost." I naturally took the bird sent to
me as the type, and the label on it seemed to prove this, saying that it is " Caco-
mantis pyrrhophanus. Type Nelle Caledonie, Labillardier." I therefore wrote
to the Paris Museum again, asking for explanation, and Monsieur Berlioz kindly
informed me that nothing was known of a " lost type." that the specimen in
question was undoubtdly the one of which Pucheran speaks as the type in 1852,
that the specimen in their register is given as " Cacomantis pyrrholophus (V.)
C. bronzinus (Gr.), Nelle Caledonie. Labillardiere." There can be no doubt that
pyrrholophus is merely a mistake for pyrrhophanus, as no bird has been described
under the name pyrrholophus, and there is no Cacomantis with a red crest !
Though the new register does not particularly " claim " the bird as the type,
it by no means disclaims it, and both at the Paris Museum and in my opinion
Mathew's theory of the " lost type " is not confirmed any more than that it is
the real type, which there is no good reason to doubt. I may add that " types "
were seldom, if ever, marked as such in olden times, and that it was left to later
research to find out which the type-specimens were, and Pucheran doubtless
knew more about the old specimens than we do now !

I may also repeat that the description of the upperside by Vieillot was bad,
but was corrected by Pucheran ! Also that Labillardiere. the collector, was a
long time in New Caledonia, and that such a mistake as " Nouvelle Hollande "
for '" Nouvelle Caledonie " could easily be made by Vieillot, while " Java "
(or " Timor," as Mathews suggests, without obvious reason) could not likely
be made for New Caledonia ! Monsieur Berlioz tells me that a second specimen,
received from a dealer in London, Leadbeater. was erroneously labelled as coming
from Java, and that this must have been the reason for believing the type came
from there by Pucheran, The localities were evidently put on the labels later,
but as the specimen belongs to the New Caledonian form, and no such bird
occurs on Java, the locality New Caledonia must be correct, while there is no
thought of Java (or " Timor " !).

The chief aim of my article in Nov. Zool. 1925, pp. 164-74, was to show
the relationship of the various forms of Cacomantis to each other, and my arrange-
ment remains so far unaltered and is so far not doubted by any critic. With
the discovery (by Mathews) of the name prionurus the subspecies which I called
C. cine.race.us cineraceus becomes

Cacomantis pyrrhaphanus prionurus

and the other subspecies should be called : Cacomantis pyrrhophanus prionurus,
C. pyrrhophanus excitus, C. pyrrhophanus meeki, C. pyrrhophanus pyrrhophanus,
C. pyrrhophanus simus, and C. pyrrhophanus schistaceigidaris.

The name of rufulus is in my opinion most certainly too uncertain to adopt
it for any form with absolute certainty.

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

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WITH TWO COLOURED PLATES

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

(LORD ROTHSCHILD)

PRICE : £1 5s. (less 20% to Booksellers).
A REVISION OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAMILY

SPHiNGIDAE

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,

AND

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NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H- Journal of Zoolocj\>-

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Db. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXXIII.

No. 2.

Paoeb 57—188

Plates I— XII

Isscbd October 20th, 1926, at the Zoological Museum, Twng.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON Jc YINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBUHY.

1926.

Vol. XXXIII.

N0VITATE8 Z00L0GICAE

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. II.

PiOES

1. A REVIEW OF THE GENUS CORY US (PI. I-XII) . R. Meinertzhagen 57-121

2. ON THE BIRDS OF THE DISTRICT OF TALASEA

IN NEW BRITAIN Ernst Hartert 122-145

3. SOME NEW ANTHRIBIDAE IN THE BRITISH

MUSEUM .... .... KarlJordan 146-154

4. NEW EASTERN ANTHRIBIDAE IN THE TRING

MUSEUM KarlJordan 155-170

5. ON THE BIRDS OF THE FRENCH ISLANDS, NORTH

OF NEW BRITAIN Ernst Hartert 171-178

6. NEW GEOMETRIDAE IN THE TRING MUSEUM Louis B. Prout 179-188

w

.c&

NOVITATES ZOO LOGIC AE

Vol. XXXIU. OCTOBER 1926. No. 2.

INTRODUCTION TO A REVIEW OF THE GENUS CORVUS.

By COLONEL R. MEINERTZHAGEN.

Plates I to XII.

Classification.

QINCE Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., iii) in 1877 reviewed the genus Corvus, no
^ attempt has been made to revise or bring up to date his work in the light
of a more extensive knowledge of the group and a far more comprehensive
material for study.

I have included in the genus Corvus all forms which appear to be " crows."
Sharpe divided what I call Corvus into 12 genera, based mainly on shape and
development of the nasal bristles, the development of the nostrils and wing
formula. In his sub-family " Corvinae " he included Nucifraga, Garrulus, Cissa,
etc., giving to each genus the same taxonomic status as his genera Corone,
Coloeus, Trypanocorax, etc. This seems to me to be wrong, Sharpe using mainly
specific characters to define his genera, and on such meagre differences giving the
same status to separate for instance Corone from Corax, as he separates such
obviously different genera as Pica and Garrulus. My ideas of generic differences
are extremely wide. Structural differences which do not intergrade to a perfect
degree, a great difference in colour pattern, habits, nidification, or colour of eggs
would in my opinion justify generic separation, but the main point is the dividing
up of birds into natural groups in as convenient form as possible. To arrive
at a correct conclusion it is not sufficient to study birds from one geographic
area alone, even should that area be a continent. Within the Palaearctic Region
it would not be difficult to divide up the Corvidae into several recognisable genera
but if all forms from all over the world are studied, it will be seen that there
is no hard and fast line by which one genus can be separated from another.
Students of any area may well stand aghast at including Corvus- crassirostris in
the same genus as Corvus monedula, but if they examine all the intermediate
forms they will find it difficult to disagree.

Genus-splitting has of late become a source of confusion to students.
Mathews has made many species unrecognisable in a perfect torrent of new
genera, and more recently Roberts (Annals of the Transvaal Museum, viii, part iv,
11)22) has given us a most remarkable essay on genus-splitting. It ill becomes
anyone to sit down and subject to severe criticism such hard-thought-out and

5 57

58

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 192G.

excellent work as Roberts has done in South Africa, but the system on which
he is working must naturally give rise to misgiving among those of us who
struggle to compete with modern nomenclature and classification. He admits
that his work must appear to many as a " terrible upheaval." He also admits
that though we can hardly find our way through the maze of modern nomen-
clature, he intends to still further confuse the issue by creating not a little more
confusion, in what I can only describe as hopeless and final abandonment of
the principle of applying to nature classical names so that the world can under-
stand what we are all talking about. The application of latinised names to nature
in order to standardise the taking of an inventory of life in all its forms was
initiated as a convenience to students to enable them to classify nature into
convenient groups whereby they can be recognised. We are rapidly approaching
a condition where it is more convenient to call, at any rate birds, by their trivial
popular names, than to use their scientific names. This is partly due to the well-
meant energies of those who are constantly striving to change a bird's name by
excavating a still older name from some obscure work, and partly to the ever-
growing desire to give each species generic status, using for the purpose what
I maintain are specific characters. A difference in the number of tail feathers,
smaller size and bill, the fact that in one species the sexes are alike and in another
they are different, larger size and slightly different colour pattern, colour of
bill, length of wing, more rounded wing, slight differences in the length of the
first primary, etc., are all actual characters given by Roberts (op. cit.) for the
separation of new genera. Every single one of these differences are in general
use as separating, not species, but sub-species, and in some cases such differences
occur as individual variation. To put such characters to such an improper
use as generic characters is to my mind a prostitution of science.
The following genera have been ajjplied to the genus C'orvus :

Corvus . . Linnaeus 1766 . . Type : G. corax

Lyons . . Boie 1822 (nee Fabr. 1787) . . C. monedula

Moneduhi . Brehm 1828 (nee Coquebert 1798) . C. monedula

Coloeus . . Kaup 1829 . . . . . C. monedula

Corone . . Kaup 1829 . . . . . C. corone

Gymnocorvus . Lesson 1831 . . . . C. tristis

Corvultur . Lesson 1831 . . . C. albicollis

Frugilegus . Selys Longchamps 1842 . . C.frugilegus

Archicorax . Gloger 1842 .... C.frugilegus

Amblycorax . Bonaparte 1853 . . . C. violaceus

Gazzola . . Bonaparte 1854 .... C. t y pica

Trypanocorax . Kaup 1854 . .... C.frugilegus

Pterocorax' . Kaup 1854 . . . . . C. scapula lit*

Physocorax . Bonaparte 1855 . . . . C. moneduloides

Anomalocorax . Fitz 1863 . . . . . C. splendens

Gymnocorax . Sundevall 1872 . . . C. tristis

Heterocorax . Sharpe 1877 . . . C. capensis

Rhinocorax . Sharpe 1877 .... ('. rhipidurus

Microcorax . Sharpe 1877 .... C. jamaicensis

Macrocorax . Sharpe 1877 .... G . fuscicapillus

novitates zoologicae xxxiii. 1926. 59

Migration.

There is little to be said under this head. A southward movement in winter
occurs among those forms which breed in northern climes and appears to be
actuated entirely by food motives. The strongest migrants are the Hooded
Crow (Corvus comix) and the Rook {Corvus frugilegus), but even here the more
southerly races of the Hooded Crow are absolute residents (capellanus and
sardonius). The Jackdaws and Corvus torquatus are both migrants to a somewhat
lesser degree. Migratory movement is fully discussed under those forms to
which it applies.

There is no evidence of anything but local movement among those forms
inhabiting Africa, Australia, and Southern Asia. In North America migratory
movement appears to be ill-defined, but entirely dependent on food.

The " Herd " Instinct.

The " herd " or " flock " instinct is only fully developed in the Rook (C.
frugilegus) and the Jackdaws (C. monedula and dauuricus), the former almost
invariably feeding and breeding in company. The Jackdaws do so less fre-
quently, but as a rule breed in colonies. The partiality of jackdaws for the
company of rooks is notorious both in the breeding season, when feeding and
on migration. Entire flocks of jackdaws on migration is the exception in Corvus
monedula, but the rule in Corvus dauuricus.

Other forms congregate for food or migration, but very rarely for breeding.
Purely resident forms show less inclination to flock than migratory forms.

Nearly all forms about which there is evidence flock for roosting, usually
preferring a long journey to some neighbouring hills or clump of trees, and this
applies equally to resident and migratory forms. In winter in Iraq countless
thousands of rooks have been observed roosting on the ground, and many
hundreds of Hooded Crows (C. comix sharpii) have been observed collecting to
roost in palm-trees at dusk, though the resident form in Iraq (C. comix capellanus)
prefers to roost in pairs. In many parts of India both Corvus corax laurencei
and Corvus splendens perform long journeys to hills where they roost in flocks.
Corvus corax tibetanus roost in large flocks at Leh in Ladak in the poplars of the
Residency garden. The same applies to the African members of the genus.

Evolution.

Environmental influences seem to be mainly, if not entirely, responsible
for geograjmic differences in the genus Corvus. The corax-group is the most
widely distributed, forming an excellent example. The desert and dry-climate
forms (edithae and ruficollis) show a perfect intergradation through Corvus
corax laurencei to the larger and more brilliant Corvus c. corax and Corvus c.
tibetanus. In all groups subspecific differences are traceable solely to environ-
ment, the more brilliant sheen of humid-tropical birds contrasting with the
duller sheen of those inhabiting more temperate climates. In the corax-, brachy-
rhynchos-, coronoides-, comix-, monedula-, and splendens-groups, variation strictly
conforms to the normal laws of environmental influence. Though no Mendelian
influence is traceable in the ganus, some doubt must remain on two points — the
colour of the iris and the shade of white or grey at the bases of the feathers.

60 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

In the coronoides-growp we find that those forms living in the hottest and
dampest climates incline to the palest irides, those living in more temperate
climates having hazel or dark brown irides. In the same group strictly tropical
forms have whiter feather bases than those inhabiting more temperate climes.
Similar differences in the shade of the feather bases is noticeable in the corax-
group. On the other hand we find Gorvus cryptoleucus with snow-white feather
bases living alongside the corax- and brachyrhynchos-groups in North America.
In the East and West Indies we also find white and grey feather-based species
in the same region. In tropical Africa all members of the genus have grey
feather bases. Regarding the influence of environment on the colour of the
iris, it must be remembered that the jackdaw (Corvus monedula) breeding from
the north of Europe to Algeria and Palestine, has a whitish iris. It is possible
that in the one case the cause is environmental and in the other it is Mendelian,
or that in the case of the iris of the jackdaw and the feather base of Corvus crypto-
leucus an environmental influence has become stabilised, and if one believes,
as the writer does, that environmental influences can impress the germ plasm
and under certain circumstances evolve a true species, the latter explanation
appears to be the more satisfactory.

To revert to the colour of the base of the feathers it is noticed that in nearly
every group within the genus the shade of colour at the base of the nape feathers
is paler or whiter than the shade of colour at the bases of the feathers on any other
part of the body. It must also be remembered that a white nuchal collar or
patch is a characteristic tendency among crows. In some forms it is well-
developed and obvious, whilst in others a white nuchal patch is ill-concealed or
entirely concealed by the narrow darker fringes to the feathers. With a pair
of scissors it would be an easy matter to give to any specimen of Corvus crypto-
leucus, leucogna phalus , and others a quite natural snow-white nuchal patch or
collar.

On external characters Corvus trisiis appears to be the oldest member of
the genus, and probably the nearest living representative of the original Corvus,
the plumage more closely resembling in its adult stage that of the juveniles of
other forms.

External Characters.

General Colour. — The general colour of the genus is some shade of black
with or without a variable amount of purple, violet, blue, or green iridescence.
Those species lacking all trace of iridescence are confined to hot climates. On
the other hand, within any species of the genus, those inhabiting tropical areas
tend to have more iridescence than those in more temperate climates.

Copper or umber-brown, especially on the nape and neck, are rare variants,
and confined to hot climates. When such colours occur, iridescence is reduced.
No yellows, reds, or greens occur in the colour pigment of feathers, though such
shades show in iridescence.

Large areas of various shades of grey or white are common variants, especially
on the nape, hind-neck, mantle, breast, or abdomen. That this variant has a
direct connection with the colour of the bases of the feathers is probable, and is
more fully dealt with under the heading Evolution. Except in Corvus tristis,
no grey or white occurs on the forehead, wings, or tail of any member of the
genus.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXXIII. 1926. 61

Dimorphism. — Fully developed dimorphism occurs only in Corviis dauuricus.
It is interesting that the nearest form to G. dauuricus, namely, Corvus monedula,
also shows a tendency to dimorphism, especially in its eastern range where the
nape and cheeks show any colour from milky-white to grey.

Wing Formula. — The first primary is usually between the seventh and
eighth, rarely as short as the tenth. The fourth is usually the longest. Complete
detail of wing formulae is given in Appendix B.

Soft Parts. — Legs and feet always black.

Bill always black except for the ivory-tipped bills of Corvus albicollis and
Corvus crassirostris, the bluish-white bill of Corvus woodfordi, and the fleshy-white
bill of Corvus tristis.

Iris hazel or brown, except in certain tropical forms of Corvus coronoides,
where it varies from pale grey to pure white (but always brown in immature
birds), in Corvus fuscicapillus, where the iris is pale blue, in Corvus monedula and
dauuricus-, where it is bluish white and greyish brown respectively (but always
brown in immature birds), in Corvus leucognaphalus, where the iris is reddish
brown to orange-red, in Corvus woodfordi, where the iris is dirty white, and in
Corvus tristis, where the iris is blue or bluish white. No record has been found
of the irides of Corvus enca, typicus, forensis, hubaryi, validus, or hawaiensis.
The evolutionary aspect of the colour of the irides is discussed under the heading
Evolution.

Face and. Post-orbital Patch. — In all members of the genus the face and post-
orbital patch or triangle is fully feathered with the following exceptions :

Corvus enca. — Face feathered, but with a bare post-orbital patch.

Corvus unicolor. — As in the e»ca-group.

Corvus typica. — As in the eraca-group.

Corvus florensis. — As in the ereca-group.

Corvus nasicus. — Post-orbital patch, gape and chin naked.

Corvus frugilegus. — Face bare, post-orbital patch feathered. In C. f. pas-
tinator the extent of bare face is not so large.

Corvus tristis. — Face, chin and entire circum-orbital region bare, except
for bristles.

Bill ; General Structure and Nasal Groove. — The bill in both shape and size
displays every variety and intermediate gradation from the massive bill of Corvus
crassirostris, Corvus tristis, Corvus corax tibetanus down to the minute stumpy
bill of Corvus monedula and dauuricus.

The upper mandible is arched in Corvi crassirostris, albicollis, tristis, frequently
in the coronoides-groujt, validus, unicolor, woodfordi, meelci, and very slightly so
in the ereca-group.

The nasal groove in which lies the nostril also shows extreme variation,
from the deep-cut groove of Corvus crassirostris to no groove at all.

An examination of the 40 plates shows better than any description the
various forms of mandible and nasal grooving.

Nasal Bristles. — The nasal bristles of the group show every gradation
between none at all and bristles reaching to well beyond the proximal half of
the culmen. In shape they are from pure fan-shaped to straight or even deflected.
In many cases the nostrils are exposed, in some only partially exposed, but in
most they are completely covered. Here again, the plates exemplify the
differences.

02 NOYITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXXIII. 1926.

Distribution .

No member of the genus inhabits New Zealand, South America, Madeira,
the Azores, and the Mascarene islands or the islands of the South Atlantic and
South Pacific. With these exceptions the genus is world-wide in its distribution,
ranging as far north as lat. 80 north.

Distribution is fairly evenly spread out. for there are few places in the world,
mainly islands and Australia, where only one form exists. In north-east Africa.
Europe, Palaearctic Asia, and Palestine it would be possible to see during the
course of a day 5 different species of crow. Elsewhere and in America only
4 species could be seen at one time. Taking into consideration the fact that there
are 18 continental species of the genus, this is rather remarkable and demonstrates
that dispersal took place in very early times, and that the genus is very old-
established. Further confirmation of this theory is obtained from the fact that
forms occur in Hawaii and other island groups where isolation has had time to
evolve a separate species.

Nidification.

The members of the genus construct a compact and fairly solid nest, nearly
always in a tree or bush, but most of the cora.r-group usually build in cliffs or
among rocks, only occasionally in trees or on human habitations. In central
Russia the raven often nests on the church towers. Corvus comix also nests
in trees or cliffs or even in heather close to the ground. Corvus corone nearly
always in trees, and but rarely elsewhere. The African members of the group
usually nest in trees though occasionally in cliffs, but never close to the ground.
Corvus albicollis breed in cliffs in South Africa, but in trees in Kenya Colony.
The American members of the group usually nest in trees, though often among
rocks. The monedula- and da uuricus -groups almost invariably nest in holes in
trees or in rock crevices or holes in human habitations. Corvus frugilegus breeds
very rarely in buildings.

The clutch varies from 4 to 7 in colder climates, but rarely exceeds 5 in
warmer climates or in the tropics. In fact 3 eggs seems to be the normal clutch
of purely tropical species.

The egg typical of the genus has a ground colour varying from pure pale
greenish blue to a dirty olive-green. A fair amount of gloss is apparent. Un-
marked eggs are very rare, the whole surface being usually spotted, blotched or
streaked with greenish brown, blackish brown, or olive-brown, with often under-
lying lavender markings. Increased pigmentation at the larger half of the egg
is rare but occurs. Variation is great even in the same clutch.

Erythristic eggs are rare, but occasionally occur in the corax-, cornix-,
frugilegus-, and brachyrhynchos-groujis. Corvus capensis invariably lays eggs
of a red type.

Variants from the above occur as follows :

Corvus capensis. — Ground colour salmon-pink to pale creamy pink blotched
and spotted with terra-cotta, showing great variation from overall speckling to
large occasional blotches ; 23 clutches examined.

Corvus cryptoleucus. — Paler than type, though they can be matched. More
sparingly marked. 8 eggs seen.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. C3

Gorvus torquatus. — Very heavily marked, but occasionally typical. So
heavily marked are some eggs that they present a uniform greenish-olive appear-
ance. 14 clutches examined.

Corvxis coronoides philippinus. — One clutch very pale and sparingly marked.
The other densely marked.

Corvus enca pusillus. — One examined from oviduct is of the Corvus monedula
type, but considering its origin must be an unreliable guide.

Corvus monedula and dauuricus. — Ground colour bluer than type and less
densely marked. These being the only members of the group which almost
invariably nest in holes or crevices, it is not surprising to find their eggs paler
and more conspicuous than those whose eggs are exposed to sunlight.

Eggs of the following species have not been examined :

Corvus crassirostris. Corvus typicus.

Corvus tristis. Corvus nasicus.

Corvus fuscicapillus. Corvus woodfordi.

Corvus hawaiensis. Corvus meeki.

Corvus jamaicensis. Corvus kubaryi.

Corvus leucognaphalus. Corvus validus.
Corvus florensis.

Moult.

The Corvidae have one annual moult which occurs in late summer and
autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. The earliest moult occurs in Corvus mone-
dula, which commences moulting in June. Other palaearctic crows rarely show
signs of moult until August, though some, such as Corvus corax tibetanus, appear
to have completed their moult by late July or early August. Eight specimens
shot in Ladak between April 17 and May 7 had 5, 6, and 7 primaries in sheath,
and were commencing body moult. Central rectrices in sheath. Corvus corax
ruficollis varies much in the date of moult in the different parts of its range.
In Somaliland moult is complete by early November, though in Palestine it is
complete by late September. In the Corvus comix group, birds from northern
Europe have completed their moult before migration, sometime in September,
but in Crete and Egypt moult is complete by late August.

There is very little material on which to base any useful note on the moult
of tropical members of the group. In South Africa Corvus capensis shows ex-
amples of primary moult in March and of the initial stages of body moult in May.
I have seen specimens of Corvus albus showing signs of moult in every month of
the year. In the Corvus coronoides-group moult seems to occur in late autumn
(October) in the northern forms, and almost throughout the year in tropical forms.

FIGURES.

1.

<J

Corvus tristis

2.

?

Corvus hawaiensis

3.

<J

( 'orv us fuscicapillus

4.

o

Corvus validus

5. 0 Corvus enca pusillus

New Guinea (B.M. 1916.5.30.1404)
Hawaii (B.M. 97.10.28.1)
Aru (B.M. 58.3.10.17)
Batchian (B.M. 90.1.7.100)
Mindoro (B.M. 96.0.6. 15)

64

XllVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1920.

6.

(J Corvus enca compilator .

7.

$ Corvus typicus

8.

o Corvus unicolor

9.

$ Corvus florensis

10.

$ Corvus kubaryi

11.

<J Corvus meeki

12.

$ Corvus w. woodfordi

13.

$ Corvus moneduloides

14.

^ Corvus monedula spermologus .

15.

o Corvus coronoides japonensis .

16.

$ Corvtos coronoides intermedius .

17.

$ Corvus mexicanus ossifragus .

18.

o Corvus b. brachyrhynchos

19.

(J Corvus brachyrhynchos caurinus

20.

9 Corvus brachyrhynchos palmarum

21.

ij Corvus capensis capensis

22.

^ Corvus f. frugilegus

23.

0 Corvus frugilegus past Inator

24.

o Corvus leucognaphalus .

25.

$ Corvus nasicus

26.

0 Corvus jamaicensis

27.

$ Corvus rhipidurus

28.

(J Corvus crassirostris

29.

0 Corvus albicollis

30.

o Corvus cryptoleucus

31.

$ Corvus corax corax

32.

5 Corvus corax tingitanus .

33.

(J Corvus corax laurencei

34.

0 Corvus corax ruficollis

35.

^ Corvus corax edithae

36.

$ Corvus splendens splendens

37.

(J Corvus comix comix

38.

(J Corvus corone orientalis .

39.

o Corvus torquatus .

40.

$ Corvus albus.

Mindoro (B.M. 1.69.13.17)
Macassar (B.M. 73.5.12.2000)

Banggai Islands (Tring)

Florcs (Tring)

Guam (B.M. 18.4.29.26)

Bougainville (B.M. 1909 .2.18.8)

Guadalcanal- (B.M. 88.2.7.47)

New Caledonia (B.M. 97.6. 1 .73)

Scotland (B.M. 1912.4.7.1)

Nagasaki (B.M. 87 . 1 1 . 20 . 78)

Simla (B.M. 86.3.1.314)

Washington (B.M. 88. 10. 10.637)

Nova Scotia (B.M. 86.9. 15.444)

Vancouver (B.M. 87.3.9.5)

San Domingo (B.M. 1923 . 10 . 24 . 1 )

Klipfontein (B.M. 1905. 12.29.550)

Rome (B.M. 1905.6.28.872)

Yakutsch (B.M. 75 . 3 . 15 . 4)

Porto Rico (B.M. 1905.6.28.873)

Cuba (Meinertzhagen coll.)

Jamaica (B.M. 42. 12.29.48)

Suakin (B.M. 1915.12.24.520)

Abyssinia (B.M. 61 . 5 . 8 . 55)

Orange River Colony (B.M. 1904.4. 1 .2)

Mexico (B.M. 90.5.30.11)

Trcbizond, Black Sea

(B.M. 1909.11.18.34)
Tangier (B.M. 1905.6.28.857)
Sambhur, India (B.M. 86.3.1.63)
Jerusalem (B.M- 1905.6.28.860)
Sheikh, Somaliland (B.M. 1918.6.6.20)
India (B.M. 86.3.1.262)
England (B.M. 1916.9.20.99)
N.W. India (B.M. 1908 . 1 1 . 10 . 24)
Foochow, China (B.M. 1902.8.5.72)
Manda I., Kenya Colony

(B.M. 87.11.3.16)

In the following review of the genus, 33 species, comprising 86 geographical
forms, are recognised. These are :

Page.

Corvus tristis . . . . . . . . . ■ .68

Corvus hawaiensis .
Corvus fuscicapillus .
Corpus validus
Corvus enca compilator
Corvus enca enca
Corvus enca subsp. .
Corvus enca violaceus

69

69
70
70
71
71
72.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

65

Corvus enca pusillus
Corvus enca subsp. .
Corvus enca samarensis
Corvus typicus
Corvus unicolor
Corvus ftorensis
Corvus hvbaryi
Corvus meeki .
Corvus woodfordi vegetus
Corvus woodfordi woodfordi
Corvus moneduloides
Corvus monedula monedula
Corvus monedula spermologus .
Corvus nwneduia, soemmeringii .
Corvus monedula cirtensis .
Corvus dauuricus dauuricus
Corvus dauuricus khamensis
Corvus coronoides (general remarks)
Corvus coronoides japonensis
Corvus coronoides colonorum
Corvus coronoides connectens
Corvus coronoides osai
Corvus coronoides intermedins .
Corvus coronoides levaillantii
Corvus coronoides andamanensis
Corvus coronoides anthracinus .
Corvus coronoides hainanus
Corvus coronoides macrorhynchus
Corvus coronoides orru
Corvus coronoides insularis
Corvus coronoides philippinus .
Corvus coronoides latirostris
Corvus coronoides bennetti
Corvus coronoides coronoides
Corvus mexicanus mexicanus
Corvus mexicanus ossifragus
Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos
Corvus brachyrhynchos paulus .
Corvus brachyrhynchos pascuus
Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis
Corvus brachyrhynchos caurinus
Corvus brachyrhynchos palmarum
Corvus brachyrhynchos minutus
Corvus capensis capensis
Corvus capensis kordofanicus
Corvus frugilegus frugilegus
Corvus frugilegus pastinator
Corvus leucognaphalus , ,

Page.
72
72
72
72
73
73
73
74
74
74
74
75
75
75
76
76
77
78
SI
82
82
82
83
83
83
84
84
85
85
85
86
86
86
87
87
88
89
89
89
89
90
90
91
91
91
92
93
94

66

NOYTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXITI. 1920.

Corvus nasicus

Corvus jamiiirtiisi*
Corvus rhipidurus
Corvus albicollis
< 'orvus crassirostris
Corvus cryptoleucus
Corvus corax tibrtmius
Corvus corax varius
( 'nrrus corax corax
Corvus corax hispanus
Corvus corax tingitanus
Corvus corax sinuatus
Corvus corax laurencei
Corvus corax ruficollis
Corvus corax edithae
Corvus splendens zugmeyeri
Corvus splendens splendens
Corvus splendens protegatus
Corvus splendens maledivicus
Corvus splendens insolens .
Corvus comix comix
Corvus comix sardonius
Corvus comix sharpii
Corvus comix initios
Corvus comix pallescens
Corvus comix capellanus
Corvus corone corone
Corvus corone orientalis
Corvus lirri/mitus
Corvus albus .

Page.

. 94

. 95

. 95

. 96

. 97

. 97

. 98

. 100

. 101

. lol

. 102

. 102

. 104

. 105

. 106

. 106

. 107

. 107

. 107

. 107

. 108

. 108

. 109

. 109

. 109

. 109

. Ill

. Ill

. 112

. 112

A complete list of synonyms which have been applied to species and races
is given in Appendix A.

KEY TO THE GENUS CORVUS.

1. Surface of plumage without any distinct pure white area '
Surface of plumage with a distinct pure white area .

2. Wing iivcr 385 mm. Bill very deep and tipped with white
Bill slenderer and not white-tipped. Wing under 385 mm

3. Nape white ........

Nape not white .......

4. Wing over 300 mm. ......

Wing under 300 mm. ......

7
2
3

4

crassirostris

albicollis

5

6

Worn examples of C. cornix capellanus are whitish, but never pure white.

NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXXIII. 1920.

67

Page.

5. Breast white, abdomen black ....... alhus

Breast and abdomen black, with a broad white horseshoe band across

the former. ......... torqvutus

6. Culmen under 35 mm. ........ dauuricus1

Culmen over 35 mm. ........ typicue

7. Plumage with grey, greyish white, or pale brown areas ... 8
Plumage dull black, or lead-black, or black glossed with some metallic

sheen of blue, violet, green, or purple or copper. Never with grey,
greyish white, or jiale brown areas

8. Crown glossy blue-black
Crown glossless and never black

9. Culmen under 40 mm. .
Culmen over 40 mm.

10. Abdomen lead-grey or lead-black
Abdomen dirty ash-grey or dirty black

11. Mantle glossy blue-black
Mantle grey or whitish .

12. Nasal bristles fan-shaped
Nasal bristles not fan-shaped

13. First or outside primary shorter than the eighth
First or outside primary equal to or longer than the eighth

12

9

tristis

lo

11

mono I <il a

dauuricus !

splendens

cornix

rhipidurus

13

15

14

14. Base of feathers snow-white
lanceolated
Base of feathers grey to
lanceolated

Throat, feathers not elongated or

cryptoleucus
whitish. Throat, feathers elongated and

corax

15. Nostrils entirely uncovered by bristles . . . . . .16

Nostrils concealed or nearly so by bristles . . . . .17

16. Under-parts violet-purple. Post-ocular region feathered. Larger frvgilegus 3
Under-parts black glossed with deep violet. Post-ocular region naked.

Smaller .......... nasicus

17. Head and neck copper brown ...... fuscicapillus

Head and neck not copper-brown . . . . . . .18

18. Culmen at its frontal base not covered by bristles, though edged by short

tufty feathers . . . . . . . . . .19

Culmen at its frontal base covered by nasal or frontal bristles . . 21

19. Bill black .......... enca

Bill not black ........ woodfordi

20. Mantle glossed with some shade of green, violet, or blue . . .22
Mantle glossless . . . . . . . . . .21

21. Wing over 280 mm. ....... hawaiensis

Wing under 250 mm. ....... jumaicensis

22. Cutting edges of both mandibles in a straight line from gape to tips of

mandibles ......... moned uloides

Cutting edges of mandibles never in a straight line from gape to tip . 23

23. Mantle with a distinct blue, purple, or violet gloss .... 24

1 Pied phase.

2 Dark phase.

3 In the immature of Comma frvgilegus the nostrils are covered. The violet-purple plumage,
wing formula and locality will then form easy distinguishing features.

68 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Page.
Mantle blackish with a mere trace of a purplish sheen which is very

indistinct .......... hubaryi

24. Nasal bristles about one-third of the whole length of the culmen . . 25
Nasal bristles about one-half the total length of the culmen . . 26

25. Base of nape feathers dark grey ...... capensis

Base of nape feathers white ...... levcognaphahts

26. Head and nape bright metallic blue-green in marked contrast to a

violet mantle ......... meeki

Head and nape never bright metallic blue-green, though sometimes
dull oily green and not in marked contrast to the colour of the mantle 27

27. Base of feathers snow-white. Culmen over 70 mm. and strongly arched.

Nape, neck and mantle uniform violet ..... valid us
Base of feathers seldom snow-white, or when they are, as in some races
or C. coronoides, the culmen is then well under 70 mm. long. Culmen
not strongly arched, or more frequently not arched ... 28

28. Throat feathers elongated and showing distinct signs of lanceolation,

sometimes but slightly so . . . . . . .29

Throat feathers not elongated and without lanceolation ... 30

29. Culmen usually and slightly arched in its centre. Nasal bristles usually

not directed up so as to cover the basal half of the culmen. Base of
nape feathers from dark grey to snow-white. All races of Corvus
coronoides which occur on the Asiastic Mainland show a distinct
greenish tinge on the head, nape and under-parts . . . coronoides

Culmen never arched. Nasal bristles usually directed up to cover the
basal half of the culmen. Base of nape feathers always dark grey.
Never any greenish tinge on the plumage which is purplish on the
head, nape and under-parts ...... corone

30. 2nd primary shorter than the 8th ...... florensis

2nd primary longer than the 8th . . . . . . .31

31. Under-parts distinctly glossed with greenish.1 Forehead more violet

than the blue of the back ...... mexicanus

Never any trace of green on the under-parts. Forehead and back

strictly uniform ........ brachyrhynchus

Corvus tristis.

Corvus tristis Lesson and Garnot, Bull. Sci. Nat. Ferussac, x, p. 291, 1827 (cf. Mathews, Iliis, 1916,

p. 295).
Corvus senex Lesson, Voy. Coquille Ois, p. 650, 1828 (not 1826), teste Mathews Auslr. Av. Record, ii,

p. 52. Dorey, New Guinea.

47 examined.

Adults. — From my examination of the above series I am convinced that the
pale birds are the adults and the darker birds are the young, though I admit
this is by no means certain.

1 This greenish tinge is not always apparent in Corvus mexicanus ossijragus unless specimens are
compared. Even then the differences between, C. m. ossijragus and Corvus brachyrhynchus palmarum
are not always apparent.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 69

A most untidy and variable bird. In freshly-moulted plumage they vary
from dull purplish and slightly glossy violet above to pale brown with a whitish
head. Under-parts vary from dull brownish black to pale hair-brown. In
all cases the bases of the nape feathers are white. Lanceolation of throat feathers
absent. Nasal bristles scant leaving nostrils uncovered. Face almost bare.
Culmen strong and highly arched.

Immature. — Dull violet-brown, duller and paler on the head and neck.
Under-parts hair-brown. Nasal bristles well developed and almost covering
nostrils. Face covered with bristle-like feathers.

Soft Parts. — Iris blue or whitish blue. Bill fleshy white with or without a
blackish tip. Feet flesh to pale horn.

Measurements. — Wing 306-350, culmen length 61-75, height 26-29 mm.

Distribution. — Apparently the whole of New Guinea, both on the coast and
in the hills. Birds examined from Konstantinhafen, Owen Stanley Range,
Snow Mountains, Sattelberg, Dorey, Astrolabe River, Port Moresby, and Hum-
boldt's Bay. Also Salwatti, Waigiu, Goodenough, Fergusson, and Jobi Islands.

Corvus hawaiensis.

Corvus tropicus Bloxham in Byron's Voy., p. 250, 1826. Sandwich Islands. Nomen nudum.
Corvus hatvaiensis Peale, U.S. Explor. Exped. Orn., p. 106, 1848. Karakakna Bay, Hawaii.

18 examined.

Adults. — General colour of jjlumage dull lead colour without gloss, but
with traces of a violet tinge, especially on the head. Primaries dark hair-brown.
Base of nape feathers dove-grey. Throat feathers hair-like with stiff shafts.
No trace of lanceolation. Nasal bristles cover the nostrils and are inclined to
be fan-shaped. They extend to half-way along the culmen barely covering its
frontal base. Bill strong and stumpy.

Soft Parts. — No record.

Measurements. — Wing 286-321, culmen length 54-63, height 26-28 mm.

Distribution. — Sandwich Islands.

Corvus iuscicapillus.

Corvus fuscicapillus G. R. Gray, P.Z.S., 1859, p. 157. Dorey, New Guinea.

8 examined.

Adults. — Whole head and neck brownish, slightly tinged with violet.
Remainder of upper-parts glossy violet-blue. Under-parts dark violet. Bill
massive with strongly curved maxilla. Nostril groove ill-developed, the nasal
bristles barely covering the nostrils and scarcely reaching to half-way along the
culmen. Ridge of culmen at base covered by minute bristles. Bases of nape
feathers snow-white. Lanceolation of throat feathers absent.

Immature. — None examined. Described by Hartert as " whitish, then
more or less dusky."

Soft Parts. — Iris pale to ultramarine blue. Bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Wing 328-344, culmen length 78-79, height 27 mm.

Distribution. — Waigiu, Am Islands, and extreme west of Dutch New Guinea.

70 NOYITATES ZOOLOGTCAE XXXIII. 1926.

Corvus validus.

i 'arms nil fins Bonaparte (ex Temm. MS.), Consp. Av.. p. 385, 1850. Oram. Gilolo. Salvadori
(Omith. Papuasia, ii, p. 493) states there is no such specimen in the Leyden Museum, whence
Bonaparte described the bird, from Gilolo or Ceram, but that ' '. ralidns inhabits Sumatra, Java,
and perhaps Timor. On this account authors have usually accepted this name as a synonym
of one of the ew«z-group.

But Biittikofer (Notes Leyden Mus., 1897, p. 185) definitely states that the type is in the Leyden
Museum and that it came from Halmahera (Gilolo). He also states that the types of validus
and validissimus are one and the same bird, "validus" having been erased by Temminck
himself, and the name " validissimus " substituted in its stead. If this is correct — and I think
we must accept it — validus must take priority over validissimus. As there is but one member
of the Crow family in Halmahera, there can be no confusion as to which is intended.

( 'arms validissimus Schlegel, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterdam, pt. 8, p. 12, 1859. Dodingo, Gilolo, Molucca
Islands.

13 examined.

Adults. — Upper-parts range from greenish steel-blue on the forehead to
violet on the nape and neck, and violet-purple on the wings, back and tail.
Lower parts suffused with violet. Throat and chin greenish steel-blue. Bases
of nape feathers snow-white. Bill strong and well arched. Nasal bristles well
developed, covering the frontal base of the culmen as in the coronoides-group,
straight and reaching to half -way along culmen. Nostrils in ill-developed groove.

Soft Parts. — No record.

Measurements.— Wing 330-362, culmen length 72-83, height 25-28.

Distribution. — Halmahera (Gilolo). Also Obi, Batchian, and Morty Is.
C. validus is closely allied to the e«ca-group, but its massive and differently-shaped
bill seems to give it specific rank.

Corvus enca.

This group differs from the coronoides-gvowp in having a distinct violet
tinge on the under-parts, which is invariably absent in the coronoides-growp .
The bases of the nape feathers are invariably white. The bird is usually smaller
with a slenderer bill. The throat feathers are less laneeolated. The frontal
base of the culmen is invariably bare, whereas in the coron ow/es-group it is in-
variably concealed by nasal bristles.

Post-ocular region usually bare.

This group is restricted in distribution to an area bounded on the west by
the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, to Java, Celebes, Ceram, Palawan, and the
Philippine Group. Except in Celebes, Palawan, and Ceram, members of the
group live alongside one or other of the forms of the coro7wides-group. It
seems possible that in Java and Sumatra a certain amount of hybridisation
occurs between these two groups.

Corvus enca compilator.

Corvus lenuirostris Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. Ind. Comp., ii, p. 558, 1858 (nee Brchm 1855). Type
examined. The bird was collected by Kittoe and the locality on the label is " Bombay."
Wing 312, culmen length 65, height 23 mm. There is no doubt about the bird belonging to
this race of enca. Blyth (Ibis, 1863, p. 368) gives the locality as Malacca.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

71

? Corpus fallax Briiggemann, Abhandl. Ver. Bremen, v, p. 76, 1878. Species indeterminable. De-
scribed from a Rosenberg skin without locality. Wing 335-340. culmen length 65, height
22 mm. Base of feathers whitish grey.

Corvus compilalor nom. nov. Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxvi, p. 518, 1903.

31 examined.

Adults. — Above glossy violet purple.
Base of nape feathers white.
Soft Parts. — No record.
Measurements.

Below a paler and duller violet-black.

Specimens

3

Locality.

Straits Settlements

13

Sumatra

13

Borneo

2

Labuan

Wing. »

Length.

Height.

315-322

67

21-22

282-334

56-68

21-25

282-344

57-71

22-27

297, 312

62

22

The following measurements are given by Kloss :

Specimens. Locality. Wing. Height of Oilmen.

6 Perak, Pahang, and Selangor 304-324 20-22-7

9 Sumatra .... 298-322 20-5-23

2 Borneo .... 308-315 22. 23

Distribution. — Malay Peninsula (Johore, Selangor, Penang, Pahang), where
they are less common than the coronoides representative. Sumatra, Borneo,
and Labuan. Also Simalur and Nias Islands, west of Sumatra.

Corvus enca enca.

Fregilus enca Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc , xiii, p. 164, 1822. Java.

8 examined, including the type.

Adults. — Smaller than compilator, otherwise identical.

Soft Parts. — " Iris dark, bill and feet black " (Kloss).

Measurements. — Wing 270-299, culmen length 55-59, height 20-22.

Kloss gives the wings of 4 Javan specimens as 272-282, and height of culmen
as 16-5 to 19 mm.

There is a bird in the British Museum, which is possibly a hybrid with
C. coronoides macrorhynchus , having a wing 342, culmen length 60 and height
26 mm.

Distribution. — Java. Mentawi Islands, west of Sumatra (Kloss, Ibis, 1926,
p. 293).

Corvus enca subsp.

32 examined.

Adults. — Near C. e. enca, but even smaller, and generally darker. Bases of
nape feathers white. Differences not sufficiently constant to warrant separation.

Measurements. — Wing 259-296, but mainly between 259 and 284. Culmen
length 50-56.57, height 19-22 mm.

Distribution. — Birds examined from Celebes (27), Bah (1), and Sula
Islands (4).

72 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

Corvus enca violaceus.

' 'orvus violaceus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, p. 384, 1850. Oram.

Corvus modestus Briigg., Abhandl. Natur. Verein Bremen, v, p. 77, fig. iii, 1876, no locality. Type
in the Darmstadt Museum. A young bird (teste Stresemann, Nov. Zool. xxi, p. 153).

14 examined.

Adults. — Duller and less glossy violet-blue on the upper and under-parts
than either C. e. enca or compilator. There are traces only of gloss on the fore-
head and crown. Bases of nape feathers white. No lanceolation of throat
feathers.

Measurements. — Wing 233-250, culmen length 45-50, height 19-21 mm.

Distribution. — Apparently confined to Ceram.

Corvus enca pusillus.

Corvus pusillus Tweeddale, P.Z.S., 1878, p. 622. Puerto Princeza, Palawan.

8 examined, including the type.

Adults. — Similar to violaceus, but a paler and greyer violet below, and an
intenser violet above. A slight sheen on plumage.

Measurements. — Wing 225-251, culmen length 48-52, height 19-20 mm.
Distribution. — Palawan and Balabac Islands.

Corvus enca subsp.

5 examined.

Adults. — Generally glossier than either •pusillus, violaceus or subsp. ?, especi-
ally on the crown and forehead.

Measurements. — Wing 231-250, culmen length 49-52, height 20-22 mm.
Distribution. — Apparently confined to Mindoro.

Corvus enca samarensis.

Corvus samarensis Steere, List Birds and Mammals, Sleere Exped., p. 23, 1890. Samar, Philippines.

2 examined, including the type.

Adult. — General plumage a deep violet-blue with a strong sheen.

Measurements. — 1 from Samar (type) wing 225, culmen length 52, height
22 mm. 1 from S. Mindanao, wing 214, culmen length 47, height 22 mm.

Corvus typicus.

Gazzola lypica Bonaparte, Compt. Rend, xxxvii, p. 828, 1853. The type undoubtedly came from

Celebes. See Meyer and Wiglesw. B. Celebes, ii, p. 584.
Corvus advena Sehlegel (nee Brehm), Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterdam fol. sp. Corvus, p. 3, pi. ii, 1848-54.

Sumatra (in error).

9 examined.

Adults. — Head glossy deep blue-black, inclining to brownish on the throat.
A broad collar and under-parts to vent, white. Remainder of upper-parts,
wings, vent and tail, dull glossy blue or purplish black. No lanceolation on

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 73

throat feathers. Nasal bristles ill-developed and not completely covering nostrils.
Post-ocular triangle bare.

Soft Parts. — No record.

Measurements. — Wing 199-217, culmen length 42-45. height 19-20 mm.

Distribution. — Apparently confined to the South-east Peninsula of Celebes.
Birds examined from Macassar, Indrulaman, and Bonthain Peak, 6,000 ft.

Corvus unicolor.

Oazzola unicolor Rothschild and Hartert, Bull. B.O.C. xi, p. 29, Nov. 1900. Banggai, Sula Islands,
east of Celebes.

2 examined, including the t3Tpe. Both these specimens are in the Tring
Museum and appear to be " trade " skins prepared by natives, neither having any
reliable data attached. There are no specimens in the British Museum. Perhaps
a race of Corvus enca.

Adult. — Whole plumage glossy deep blue-black, intenser on the forehead
and duller on the under-parts. Nasal bristles ill-developed, and only just covering
nostrils. Ridge of culmen bare at base. Tail very short (104-109) and falling
far short of tips of wings.

Measurements. — Wing 205.208, culmen length 45.43, height 21.19 mm.

Distribution. — Banggai ?

Corvus florensis.

Corvus florensis Biittikofer in Max Weber's Raise Nederl. Intl., p. 304, 1894. Flores.

1 examined, collected by A. Everett, at Tring. The specimen is a female
with wing 227, culmen length 45.5, height 20 mm. Similar to the enco-group,
but the nasal bristles are better developed and completely cover the frontal base
of the culmen. Nostrils in a deep groove. General j>luniage a clearer and purer
violet than any of the ewca-group, and lacking the bluish tinge of the latter.
Post-ocular region bare. Probably a race of the emca-group.

Distribution. — Only 2 specimens known from Flores.

Corvus kubaryi.

Corpus kubaryi Reichenow, J. f. 0., 1885, p. 110. Type at Berlin with a wing of 225 ram. It is
said to have been collected by Kubary at Pelew Island, but as this bird has not since been
obtained on the island, it seems more likely that it came from the neighbouring Caroline or
Marianne Groups, whence birds prove to be identical with Reichenow's type (cf. Hartert, Novit.
Zool. v, p. 59).

15 examined, including the type.

Adults. — All specimens which I have examined are in such a poor state
that an accurate description would be impossible. They are possibly all in
immature plumage. General plumage dull and almost without gloss. Head
dull greenish-black, back dull purplish blue-black. Under-parts dull greenish
black. Base of nape feathers white. No lanceolation to throat feathers. Nasal
bristles short, but covering nostrils and the base of ridge of the culmen. Bill
slender, as in the e»ca-group.

Soft Parts.—

Measurements. — Wing 217-243, culmen length 47-55, height 19-23 mm.

Distribution. — Birds examined from Guam (Marianne Group) and the
Caroline Islands. Probably does not occur on Pelew I.

6

74 NOVITATKS ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Corvus meeki.

Corvus meeki RothschUd, Bull. B.O.C. xv, p. 21, 1904. Bougainville, Solomon Islands.

9 examined, including the type.

At! tilts. — Similar to the woodfordi -group, but with very intense gloss, the
greenish blue of the head being replaced by greenish purple. Under-parts glossy
purple. Bases of nape feathers whitish. Culmen heavy and strongly curved.
Nasal bristles, unlike the woodfordi-group, meet over the ridge of the culmen.

Soft Parts. — Iris brown, bill and feet black.

M<ft«>m>iir>its.— Wing 265-300, culmen length 04-72, height 25-28 mm.

Distribution. — Apparently confined to Bougainville of the Solomon Group.
Though at first sight this species seems a geographical race of the woodfordi-
group, the different colour of the head, glossy under-parts, colour of iris, and the
meeting of the nasal bristles over the culmen would seem to give it specific rank.

Corvus woodfordi vegetus.

Macrocorax vegetus, Tristram, Ibis, 1894, p. 30. Bugotu, Solomon Islands.

8 examined.

Adults. — Head and neck glossy greenish blue, the rest of the upper-parts
purplish blue. Under-parts almost glossless greenish blue. Bases of nape
feathers whitish. Culmen massive and strongly curved. Nasal bristles reach
to half-way along culmen, but do not cover the vertex.

Soft Parts. — Iris dirty white, feet black, bill milky-white with pinkish tint
and a black tip.

Measurements.— Wing 280-299, culmen length 63-70, height 27-30 mm.

Distribution. — Isabel Island, Solomon Group.

Corvus woodfordi woodfordi.

Macrocorax woodfordi Ogilvie Grant, P.Z.S., 1887, p. 332. Guadalcanar, Solomon Islands.

15 examined.

Adults. — Similar to vegetus, but with an intenser sheen and generally more
brilliantly coloured. Occasional traces of purplish on the crown. Under-parts
as in vegetus. Bases of nape feathers whitish. Nasal bristles as in vegetus.

Soft Parts. — Iris dirty white to grey, feet black, bill bluish white with a
pinkish tint and a black tip.

Measurements. — Wing 265-290, culmen length 59-65, height 25-27.

Distribution. — Guadalcanar and Choiseul, Solomon Islands.

Corvus moneduloides.

Corvus moneduloides Lesson, Traite, p. 329, 1831, no locality. I cite New Caledonia as type locality.

12 examined.

Adults. — Whole plumage glossy violet-blue, inclining to a deeper and more
purplish tint on the head. Bases of nape feathers dark grey. Bill stumpy and
not unlike that of the jackdaw {€'. momduhi), the lower mandible curving up
sharply towards the tip. Nasal bristles straight and completely covering the
nostrils, winch lie in a groove. Ridge at base of culmen covered. No lanceolation
of throat feathers. Upper mandible straight and with but slight curve.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1921). 75

Soft Paiis. — No record.

Measurements. — Wing 238-260, culmen length 39-50, height 19-22 mm.

Distribution. — Apparently confined to New Caledonia.

Corvus monedula monedula.

Corvus monedula Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 106, 1758. Sweden.

Adults. — Plumage generally black glossed with deep purplish blue on the
crown. Ear coverts, nape, hind-neck, and sides of face pale lead-grey. Mantle
lead-black glossed with blue. Secondaries and wing-coverts with a purple
gloss. Under-parts dark ash-grey. Base of nape feathers grey. Bill short
and stumpy, with but little curve on the cutting edges of the mandibles. Nostrils
in a pit, not in a groove. Nasal bristles well developed and reaching to beyond
proximal half of culmen.

Immature. — Generally a browner bird with less gloss.

Soft Parts. — Iris in adults bluish white, in immature birds brown. Bill of
adults black in immature birds brown. Feet black in both adults and immature
birds.

Measurements. — Wing of 9 birds 230-252 mm., culmen 31-38 mm.

Distribution. — Scandinavia south of lat. 63| North. Believed to be resident.
Is said to be the breeding bird in Lithuania (Sachtleben).

Corvus monedula spermologus.

Corvus spermologus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii, p. 40, 1817. Southern France.
Monedula turrium Brehm, 1831. Central Germany.
Monedula ar'iorea Brehm, 1831. Renthendorf, Germany.

Monedula vulgaris alticeps, planiceps, crassirostris, occidentalis, Brehm 1S66. Nomina nuda.
For details of above see Hartert, Vog. Pal. i, p. 16.

Monedula seplenlrionalis , Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 173, 1831. Elsinore (Helsingor),
Denmark.

Adults. — Very near the typical race, but under-parts darker, which is dis-
tinct only in a series. The grey on the neck is usually also darker. Immature
birds and soft parts as in Corvus m. monedula.

Measurements. — Wings of 54 birds vary from 224 in females to 248 in males.
Culmen 31-38 mm.

Distribution. — Generally western Europe from Denmark and East Prussia,
the United Kingdom and south to Gibraltar and Italy. Eastern limits as yet
undefined. Formerly a common resident in Malta, now scarce.

Migration. — Usually moves with rooks, but sometimes in large flocks of its
own species. Appears to be a regular migrant from the northern parts of its
range, moving from the end of September to early November. Passage to or
from Ireland has not been recorded. Has straggled to the Canary Islands,
Algeria, and is a scarce winter visitor to Corsica.

Corvus monedula soemmeringii.

Corvus soemmeringii Fischer, Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, i, p. 3, 1811. Moscow.
Corvus collaris Drummond, Ann. <£- Mag. Nat. Hist, xviii, p. 11, 1846. Macedonia.
Corvus ultracollaris Kleinschmidt, Falco, xiv, p. 16. Naryn in Turkestan. Wing of type 255 mm.,
an abnormal giant.

Adults. — Paler under-parts than G. m. spermologus and nearer C. m. mone-
dula, but differs from the latter in having a more distinct, larger and whiter neck
and spot at sides of neck. The race is very variable and individuals occur in

76 Novitates Zoolooicaje XXXIII. 1926.

western Europe and Scandinavia which cannot be distinguished from this race.
Similarly from the same breeding colony of C. m. collaris, both in Kashmir and
Palestine, examples cannot be distinguished from Swedish or British examples.

Soft parts as in other races.

Distribution. — Finland, the whole of Russia, Macedonia, and the Balkan.
Peninsula south to Greece, Cyprus, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Pales-
tine, Persia, Turkestan, and Kashmir.1 East in Siberia to the Yenesey Valley.
Perhaps breeds on the Suez Canal near Suez (Nicoll MSS.).

Migration. — Occurs in winter in East Prussia. Large flocks visit Palestine
and Iraq in winter. Also a winter visitor to southern Afghanistan, northern
Baluchistan, and the Punjab.

Tahle nf Measurements of Corvus m. soemmeringii.

Number.

Locality.

Wing.

Oulmen.

3

Finland

. 235-246

32

1

Moscow

. 246

32

1

Petehora R.

. 245

33

9

Central Russia .

. 233-244

32-33

1

Irtysh

. 244

33

7

Macedonia

. 223-242

31-35

8

Constantinople .

. 224-239

31-36

2

Armenia

. 227.241

30.34

4

Cyprus

. 229-240

31-35

3

Palestine .

. 228-234

31-33

5

Iraq

,

. 225-242

32-35

6

Southern Afghanistan .

. 229-239

32-33

3

Sauiarkhand

. 219-241

29-34

6

Yarkand and Kashgar.

. 222-230

30-33

3

Gilgit

. 233-243

31

1

Western Tibet .

. 226

32

57

Cashmir

. 223-252

31-37

8

Migrants to N.W.

India

. 228-236

30-33

1

Ladak

. 230

32

Corvus monedula cirtensis.

Coloeus monedula cirtensis Rothsch. & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1912, p. 471. Northern Algeria.

Adults. — They differ from C. m. spermologus in having a paler pure slate
under-surface. The hind-neck is duller grey and the crown not quite so purplish.
As birds become worn the primaries become brown, which has the effect of a
golden-brown tinge to the wings when birds are in flight in the sun. Soft parts
as in other races.

Measurements. — Wings of 23 birds 225-244 mm.

Distribution. — Confined to northern Algeria.

Corvus dauuricus dauuricus. -

Corvus dauuricus, Pall., Seise Russ. R., iii, Anhang., p. 694, 1776. Lake Baikal Region.
Corpus fuscicollis, Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. el Meth. Orn., ii, 1823. Baikal.
Corvus capitalis Wagler, Syst. Av. " Corvus," sp. 19, 1827 (ex Pallas).

I 'amis in glirtus Schlegel, Bijdr. Dicrk. Amsterdam, p. 16, 1859. Japan. Based on Corvus dauuricus
juv. Faun. Jap., pi. 40.

68 examined.

Adults. — Crown black glossed with purplish, mantle glossy blue-black,
wing-coverts with a purple gloss. Tail black with blue and green sheen. Sides

1 Is a permanent resident in prodigious numbers in the Vale of Kashmir, hundreds of thousands
roosting in winter in the poplar-trees near Srinagar. A straggler to Ladak.

2 Since writing the above I am inclined to consider 0, dauuricus a race of C. monedula.

Notitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926. 77

of face and ear-coverts greyish white. Chin and throat black. Rest of under-
parts and a broad collar white or brownish white. Base of feathers grey.

Kleinschmidt and Weigold (Falco, 1921, xvii, p. 2) and Kleinschmidt (Abh.
u. Ber. Mus. Dresd., xv, 1922, No. 3) consider the dark form of this species (neg-
lectus) to be the second normal plumage. Nestlings apparently resemble adults,
being white below but moult into their first plumage by assuming the dark
phase (neglectus). An examination of the specimens in the British Museum neither
proves nor disproves this assertion, as there are no certain birds in nestling
plumage nor in moult.

La Touche (Ibis, 1923, p. 308) found both the pied and black forms breeding
in the same colony in Yunnan, and obtained young of both forms. The young
of the black form has a dirty grey hind neck which is moulting into black, whilst
the young of the pied form is yellowish white which changes after the first moult
into white with a grey tinge. This does not confirm Kleinschmidt's contention.

The dark phase has no white collar which is replaced by deep grey, the under-
parts being ashy or dirty grey or brownish, showing much variation.

Soft Parts. — Iris greyish brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Wings of 68 vary from 220 in females to 243 in males.
Oilmen 29-35 mm. All birds measured are from Manchuria, Mongolia, Corea,
Japan, and western China. La Touche (Ibis, 1923, p. 308) gives the wings of
13 S.E. Yunnan birds as from 216 in females to 241 in males.

Distribution. —

Summer quarters. — Breeds from Irkutsk on Lake Baikal to the junction of
the Ussuri and Amur Rivers and thence to the Sea of Japan, but not reaching
to the mouth of the Amur or Sea of Okhotsk. Breeds commonly in Manchuria,
but not so far south as Corea or Pekin. Colonies occur in the south-east Altai
and throughout Mongolia, Kansu, Szechwan, and eastern Yunnan.

Migration. — Most birds move south in winter, but some remain in or near
their breeding haunts. They have been noted in winter at Urga and at Saissansk
on the Upper Irtysh, the latter locality being the most westerly point from which
the species has been recorded. In Yunnan birds do not appear to leave their
breeding stations except to wander locally.

Summer visitors to Manchuria leave in September and arrive in southern
China in October and November, passing through Corea in large numbers, and
on autumn passage they are abundant at Pekin.

In winter they are common as far south as the Yangtse and have straggled
to Formosa. A rare winter visitor to Japan, mainly in the south.

On spring passage birds appear to move north in late February, passage
continuing throughout March, and occasionally extending to early and even the
third week in May. In North China and Manchuria birds arrive at their breeding
stations in early March.

After the severe winter of 1856, the first spring migrant to arrive in Trans-
Baikal was a bird of this species on 6.iii.

Corvus dauuricus khamensis.

Coloeus danricus major Bianehi, Ann. Mus. St. Petersburg, viii, p. 11, 1903. Nomen nudum.
Coloeus danricus khamensis Bianehi, Bull. B.O.C. xvi, p. 68, 1906. Kham in S.E. Tibet.

1 examined, an adult female, dark phase, collected by Bailey 150 miles N.E.
of Sadiya (Assam) on 25. vi. 1911, and now in the British Museum.

78 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Adults. — Said to be larger only than the typical form. Wings vary from
248-251. Weigold, who collected 10 specimens, gives wings as from 230-24K.
It seems likely that the form may prove to be sound, but it requires confirmation.

Bailey's specimen, mentioned above, should belong to this form, but has
a wing of 236 mm.

Distribution . — South-east Tibet.

Corvus coronoides.

Stresemann (Verh. d. Orn. Ges. Bayern, May 1916) reviewed this group, and
with slight modification I am inclined to agree with the placing of all these crows
under one group, the oldest name for which is Corvus coronoides. From the huge
Corvus c. japoni mis to the smaller races from Ceylon and Australia there is perfect
intergradation in both colour, size and shape of bill, whilst they all agree in such
essential characters as nasal bristles, wing formula and general structure.

The great interest in the corunoides-group is the fact that the surface colour
of the plumage, the tint of white or grey at the base of the plumage and the
colour of the iris, varying as it does from dark brown to white, do not constitute
specific characters, the most perfect intergradation existing within the group.
None of these characters appear to be stimulated by environment.

The distribution of the group is also instructive. Borneo and Celebes contain
no representative. Otherwise, with the exception of a few small islands, the
group extends through south-eastern Asia from the mouth of the Amur to Tur-
kestan, south to Ceylon and Tasmania and east to New Britain. In the Malay
Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, and the Philippines, the group lives alongside members
of the smaller enca-group. A study of the group and its distribution throws
little light on the lines of dispersion or origin, except that it is probable that
dispersion has taken place from the East Indian Archipelago or Australia, assum-
ing a northerly and north-westerly direction. Thus only can the avoidance of
Borneo and Celebes be accounted for. The group is tree and jungle-loving,
and the deserts of Rajputana, Sind, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and the Gobi Desert
appear to have offered an effective barrier to further dispersion.

Whilst agreeing with Stresemann in uniting all these crows within one
group, I am unable to recognise certain of his races, namely " hassi," " mand-
shuricus," " perplexus " and " ceciliae," whilst the name " madaraszi " must be
replaced by an older name of Madarasz — " anthracina."

The group is not difficult except for its Australian representatives, which
have received the most confusing treatment at the hands of Australian Orni-
thologists.

Gmelin was probably (Syst. Nat., i, p. 365, 1788) the first to name the
Australian bird — Corvus australis — but the description and locality are so vague
as to defy identification and the name has been rightly rejected by recent authors.
Then in 1826 Vigors and Horsfield described a crow from near Sydney as Corvus
coronoides. ' The type is in the British Museum and has the grey bases to the
nape feathers. Then in 1901 North described a crow from Moolah in western
New South Wales as Corvus bennetti, the main distinctions being the smaller size,
white bases to the feathers and less lanceolated throat feathers. So far, so good.
That gave us a large bird with grey feather bases and strongly lanceolated throat
feathers and a smaller bird with white feather bases and a less lanceolated throat.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 79

The former inhabited roughly a line south of the Dawson River to Central
South Australia and thence to about Perth, the latter living north of
that area.

In April 1911 Mathews turned his attention to Australian Crows, confusing
the issue and creating nomenclatural havoc. In a brief note in the Emu of 1911,
p. 326, Mathews replaces the preoccupied name " australis " by " mariannae,"
using as a type a bird from Gosford near Sydney. In January 1912 the crows
of Australia received a stimulating upheaval at the hands of Mathews. He
apparently decided that there were three species of crows in Australia, one of
which he calls a raven, the other two remaining crows. The so-called raven
became "mariannae " and the two crows received the names " coronoides " and
" bennetti." The raven was divided into four races and the crows each into three
races. Thus Mathews gave us ten forms of Corvus in Australia. The list of
types of Australian Corvidae should now be consulted in Appendix C.

With the fever of new races upon him, only three months later, Mathews
describes yet another form from Western Australia under the name Corvus ceciliae
marngli, thus creating a fourth species and the eleventh subspecies of Crow in
Australia.

But all this was altered in 1913 when Mathews in his List of the Birds of
Australia, p. 313, used the name "coronoides" for the so-called ravens, and
divided them into three races, namely, Corvus c. coronoides from New South Wales,
Corvus c. perplexus from Victoria, South Australia, and South-West Australia, and
Corvus c. tasmanicus from Tasmania. He still recognises two species of so-called
crows, the smaller being divided up into Corvus bennetti bennetti from the interior
of New South Wales and South Australia, and Corvus bennetti bonhoti from North-
ern Territory and interior of Western Australia. The larger crow he retains in
three races, namely Corvus ceciliae ceciliae from N.W. Australia and Northern
Territory, Corvus c. marngli from Western Australia, and Corvus c. queenslandicus
from Queensland and northern New South Wales. It is obvious that during
1912 and 1913 Mathews' mind was not crystallised on the subject of crows, but
when in 1920 Mathews describes yet another race as Corvus ceciliae hartogi
from Western Australia because many of the feathers are brown and not black,
one is compelled to treat the author with but scant seriousness. I have not
examined the type of this last race, but it probably is a young or very worn adult
in full moult, hence the parti-coloured plumage.

Stresemann rightly ignored most of Mathews' races, recognising but one
species of crow in Australia which he divides into four races — Corvus coronoides
coronoides, -perplexus, bennetti, and ceciliae, whilst admitting that the Tasmanian
bird may be distinct. He also admits that a field study of Australian Crows
might induce him to revise his conclusions.

So here we have great diversity of expert opinion, Mathews with his 3 species
and S subspecies, and Stresemann with his 4 subspecies, all forms of a single
species.

Having examined over 220 crows from Australia it is clear that birds from
any one locality show great individual variation, a common phenomenon not
only among the crows of the world but among many other birds. But in only
one case does a bird with grey feather bases occur where the predominant type
have white feather bases. This is a bird shot at Normanton in Queensland which
is of the type called " ravens " by Mathews, the predominant type being birds

80 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

with smaller wing measurement and white feather bases. This is the only really
puzzling specimen of the whole series examined. But it would be unreasonable
to allow one bird out of over 220 to influence a general deduction based on such
a large series.

Mathews based his contention that there are both "' ravens " and " crows "
in Australia on an assertion that those who know them well in the field can recog-
nise the two birds by their call, and seldom make an error when shooting them.
I am unable to accept this statement on the evidence of specimens. In the
Mathews' Collection collectors have sometimes differentiated between " crows "
and " ravens " on the labels, asserting in some cases that the note is different. In
all such cases the " ravens " have been fully adult birds, whilst the " crows "
have been immature or not fully adult birds. We all know that young rooks
and young ravens have calls distinctive from adults. Further comment appears
to be unnecessary. Moreover, I am told by Mathews that he himself is unable to
distinguish between the call of a " raven " and " crow." So it seems that the
distinction is not very apparent.

The original error on which all Mathews1 work in this respect is based was
failure to recognise that the colour of the base of the feathers is a sub-specific
guide and not a specific character. I know of no species of crow which covers
a large area, where the bases of the feathers do not show variation, in some cases
slight, in others considerable. The second error into which Mathews fell was
failure to recognise that there is great individual variation in size among crows
from the same area. The third error was that he did not realise that in adults
the throat feathers are more lanceolated and elongated than in birds not so adult.
And the final error was the faulty application of misleading field work to scientific
ornithology. Of the perpetuation of such errors by the inflation of an already
congested synonymy, I have nothing to say.

In examining the series of skins at Tring and in the British Museum, nearly
all the birds with dark feather bases have well-developed throat hackles, whilst
birds with white feather bases have poorly developed throat hackles. Moreover,
except for the one Normanton specimen mentioned above the distribution of
birds with snow-white feather bases is very marked as against the distribution
of others with feather bases varying from greyish white to dark grey. Some-
where about Gawler Ranges the two forms meet and both occur. Also among
the larger birds without snow-white feather bases, occur every gradation
of colour of the feather bases from greyish-white to dark grey, and every
gradation of throat hackles from huge pointed elongated feathers to rounded
short feathers.

On colour of feather bases I therefore divide the Australian Crows into two
forms, those with snow-white bases living in an area north of a line from just
north of Perth in the west, thence to about Gawler Ranges and east to the extreme
northern coast of New South Wales, and birds without snow-white feather bases
living south of that line and in Tasmania.

Stresemann appears to have come to an identical conclusion, but further
divides the birds with white feather bases into a smaller eastern race (C. c. beiiudli)
and a larger western race (C. c. ceciliae), and he divides the birds with grey or
greyish-white feather bases into a smaller western race (C. c. perplexws) and a
larger eastern race (C. c. coronoides). Let us see if this can be justified. For
detailed measurements see Appendix D.

novitates zoologicae xxxiii. 1926. 81

Measurement of Birds with Snow-white Feather Bases.

Oulmon :
Specimens. Ideality. Wing. Length. Height.

mm. ram. mm.

64 Queensland and the extreme north of New South Wales 288-354 46-61 19-26

11 Northern Territory 285-357 47-62 18-27

11 North-Western Australia 296-361 47-62 19-26

9 Northern Western Australia 298-345 47-63 19-25

It is true that an average measurement gives one a considerable difference,

but on the above measurements, I doubt whether separation can be justified in

a genus which shows such remarkable individual diversity in size throughout the

world.

Measurement of Birds without Snow-white Feather Bases.

Culmeu :

cimenj

39

:. Locality.

New South Wales.

Wing,
mm.

. 302-379

Length,
mm.

49-62

Height.
mm.

20-26

45

Victoria

. 305-360

47-60

20-25

7

Tasmania

. 336-357

60-67

23-25

15

Southern South Australia

. 295-351

49-60

19-25

10

South-Western Australia

. 298-347

46-56

20-23

The smallness of western birds is here more marked, but with an overlap
of 45 mm. separation cannot be justified.

I am therefore unable to admit that there are more than two races of
Australian crows, a northern form with snow-white feather bases and a southern
form with grey or whitish-grey feather bases.

Corvus coronoides japonensis.

Corvns japonensis Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i, p. 386, 1850. Japan. Type locality designated by

Stresemann as Yesso.
Cormis macrorhynchus mandschuricus Buturlin, Mess. Orn. iv, No. 1, p. 40. March 1913. Ussuriland.

30 examined from Japan and 11 from N.E. Asia.

Adults. — The largest of the group approaching in size the smaller forms of
Corvus corax. Forehead, crown, and nape dull black with a slight oil-green tinge
and inclined to steel-blue on the forehead. Remainder of upper parts violet
purple paler on the wings. Primary coverts inclined to greenish. Throat feathers
purplish steel-blue with a suggestion of green. Remainder of under-parts dull
steel-blue with a purplish tinge. Base of nape feathers dark grey. Throat
feathers distinctly lanceolated.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Birds from Japan have wings 325-388, length of culmen
07-70, and height 28-34. Birds from Corea, Ussuri, and Amurland have wings
337-364, culmen length 60-75, height 26-31. The supposed differences between
this race and mandschuricus is only apparent in the size of the culmen. Some
Japanese birds run very large, but by far the majority are similar to Manchurian
specimens. Doubtless in a large series the Japanese birds will average larger,
but I do not consider the differences warrant separation.

Distribution. — Japan. Birds seen from Yesso, Hondo, Kiushiu, Tanega,
Yakushima, Hakodate, Southern Kurile Islands and Saghalien. Mainland
specimens examined from Corea, Amur Bay, Amur- and Ussuriland. Also
Tsushima (?).

82 Novitates Zoologicae XXXTII. 1926.

Birds from Bon in Island. — There are two birds from Bonin Island in the
British Museum which are slightly less purplish (more violet) on the upper-parts,
and with a more deeply curved culmen. These probably constitute a new form.

Corvus coronoides colonorum.

Corvus sinensis Moore ex Gould M.SS. (nee Gmelin. 1788), ( 'at. Birds East Ind. ' '«;/. ii. p. 550, 1858.

Shanghai. Type examined. Specimen in full moult and labelled Pootoo (near Shanghai).

$ 12.viii.1850. Wing 337, culmen 67 mm.
('onus colonorum Swinhoe, Ibis, 1864. p. 427, Sawo Harbour, north-east Formosa.
Corvus liassi Reichenow, Orn. Monatsb., 1907, p. 51. Taingtan,

IS examined from northern China and southern Manchuria.

21 examined from southern China and Formosa.

Adults. — Similar in colour of plumage to japoiir >/ sis with a slightly more blue
mantle, not so purplish. Under-parts not so dark as in either andamiiuensis or
levaillaiitii. Base of nape feathers dark grey, and darker than in any of the
Indian or Melanesian forms.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown. Legs, feet and bill black.

Measurements.

Specimens

Locality.

Wing.

nun.

Culmcu
Length,
mm.

Height,
mm.

18

N. China and S. Manchuria

299-350

52-63

20-26

12

Mainland S. China

. 310-350

57-68

24-29

9

Formosa .

, 320-350

52-62

23-25

Distribution. — Birds examined from Pekin, southern Manchuria, Chiukiang
(Kiangsu), Foochow, Fohkien, Lower Yangtse, Yangtse Big Bend, Shanghai,
Swatow, and Formosa.

Corvus coronoides connectens.

Corvus coronoides connectens Stresemann, Verh. dm. (Irs. Bayern, xii, p. 281. 1916. Miyakoshima,
Riu Kiu Islands. Type in the Tring Museum.

15 examined, including the type.

Adults. — An unsatisfactory race. Plumage similar to jcvponensis and
colonorum, but culmen usually longer and slenderer, though of similar height.
Wing averaging smaller. Base of nape feathers dark grey.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements.— Wing 310. 318-337. Culmen length 55-68, height 21-24.

Distribution. — Birds examined from Miyakoshima and Okinawa in the Riu
Kiu Islands.

Corvus coronoides osai.

Corvus macrorhynchus osai Ogawa, Annot. Zool. Japon. v, pt. 4, p. 196, 1905. Kohamashima, in
the southernmost Riu Kiu Islands. Type at Tring.

12 examined, including the type.

Adults. — Merely a dwarf form of colonorum, which it resembles in every
respect except size.

Measurements. — Wing 270-295, culmen length 51-55, height 19-21 mm.

Distribution. — The most southerly Riu Kiu Islands or Yayeyama Group,
namely Isliigaki, Kuro, Koharua, and Aragusuku.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 192G. 83

Corvus coronoides intermedius.

Corvus intermedius Adams, P.Z.S., 1859, p. 121, Kashmir, Dagshai, and Simla. Kashmir apud
Stresemann.

Corvus coronoides iibelosinensis Kleinschra. & Weigold, Abh. und Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresd. xv, 1922,
No. 3, p. 2. S.E. Tibet and Sifan Region, in the aubalpine forests. Based on two specimens,
cj wing 375, $ wing 348 mm. A race of Corvus based on the size of two specimens only can
scarcely be accepted without further confirmation. Possibly synonymous with 0, c. japonensis.

Over 50 examined.

Adults. — Similar in plumage to japonensis, but with paler grey or even whitish
bases to the nape feathers, which are, however never snow-white. Birds from
the central and eastern Himalayas tend to have whiter bases to the nape feathers
than others from Gilgit and Kashmir. Smaller than japonensis. Throat feathers
lanceolated, though not so much as in japonensis or colonorum.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown. Bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Wing 301-365, usually between 318 and 345. Culmen
length 54-62, height 23-25 mm.

Distribution. — Chinese Turkestan (rare), Gilgit, Baltistan, south to Kashmir1
and Attock on the Indus, thence east along the Himalayas through Simla (com-
mon), Nepal and Sikkim. Eastern Tibet, ascending to over 12,000 feet.

Corvus coronoides levaillantii.

Corvus levaillantii Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 328, circa 1831. Bengal.

Corvus culminatus Sykes, P.Z.S., 1832, p. 98. Deccan. A very small specimen which I cannot
accept as pre-occupying madaraszi, as all other birds from the Deccan are of the type levaillantii,
culminatus being an aberrant specimen and not typical. Similar dwarf examples occur at
Simla, Etawah, Ahmednuggar, etc., but are exceptional.

Over 50 examined.

Adults. — Upper-parts as in intermedius, but the under-parts an intenser and
blacker blue. Base of nape feathers never so pale as in intermedius, but rarely
so dark as in japonensis or colonorum. Bases usually darker than in andamanensis.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Wing 280-315, culmen length 55-62, height 21-25 mm.

Distribution. — The whole of India east of the Sutlej Valley, east to Bengal,
north to the base of the Himalayas, Rajputana (central and eastern), and south
at least to Madras and the Nilgiri Hills. The border-line between this race and
madaraszi is indefinite, the two races interlapping over a wide area.

Corvus coronoides andamanensis.

Corvus andamanensis Beavan ex Tytler MS., Ibis, 1866, p. 420. Andamans. Nomen nudum.

Idem, Ibis, 1867, p. 328. Andamans, first description.
Corvus coronoides mengtszensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. xliii, 1922, p. 80. Mengtsz. A name given

to the intermediate form where C. c. andamanensis and colonorum meet.

47 examined.

Adults. — Upper-rjarts as in intermedius, levillantii, and colonorum. Under-
parts dark and intense as in levaillantii. Bases of nape feathers medium grey,
never so dark as in colonorum and never so pale as in intermedius, but usually
paler than in levaillantii. This character is very variable in this race and many

1 Apparently absent from Ladak.

84 Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

specimens are indistinguishable from lewiUantii. Throat feathers poorly lanceo-
lated.

Soft Part*. — Iris dark brown, legs, feet, and bill black.

Immature. — Xo throat lanceolation and with dark grey bases to feathers
of nape.

Measurement* and Distribution.

Culmen

Specimen!

;. Locality.

Wing.

Length.

Height.

Bases of nape feathers.

mm.

mm.

mm.

24

Andamans

294-310

51-60

24

Whitish grey.

1

Assam

335

63

27

.Medium grey.

2

Naga Hills

300 . 309

61

26

1 whitish. 1 medium grey.

1

Mt. Victoria

312

61

24

Almost white.

1

Manipur .

330

62

28

Whitish grey.

2

Lower Pegu

300 . 330

61 .67

24

Dark grey and closely resembling
colonorum.

1

Moulmein.

329

64

23

Whitish grey.

7

Malay Peninsula

300-335

60-69

23-26

Whitish grey.

3

Annam

282-336

55-64

23-26

Whitish grey.

1

Bangkok .

330

65

27

Whitish grey.

Two birds from Yunnan are intermediate between this race and colonorum
in every respect. In the Malay Peninsula this race seems to extend south to
lat. 11° South, where macrorhynchu.s commences.

Robinson and Kloss (Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, vi, 1923) consider the
Bangkok Crow to be intermediate between andamanensis and macrorhynchu.s.

Corvus coronoides anthracinus.

Corone anthracina Madarasz, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungar. 8, 1911, p. 420. Ceylon.
Corvus coronoides madaraszi Stresemann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern., xii, p. 285, 1916. Colombo,
Ceylon. Type examined.

8 examined from Ceylon and others from S. India (see below).

Adults. — Resembles levaillantii, but the lower parts are even more intense
and with a distinct violet tinge. Bases of nape feathers dirty white or pale grey.
Hackles poorly lanceolated. Smaller.

Measurements. — Wing 283-304, culmen length 52-5S, height 20-25 mm.

Distribution. — Ceylon and extreme Southern India. A bird from the
Wynaad is intermediate with levaillantii with wing 274, culmen length 56 and
height 22. Three birds from Belgaum and near Belgaum approach this race with
wings 275-285, culmen length 51-54, height 21-22, but in colour they more nearly
approach h vaillantii. Similar birds occur rarely in the Nilgiris and are probably
wanderers from the surrounding plains.

? Corvus coronoides hainanus.

Corvus coronoides liainanus .Stresemann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern., xii, p. 286, 1916. Hoihow, Hainan.

17 examined, including the type.

Adults. — Of doubtful distinction from colonorum. Bases of nape feathers
dark grey as in colonorum. Perhaps a larger bird.

Measurements— Wing 327-365, culmen length 58-72, height 22-29.
Distribution. — Confined to Hainan.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXII]. 1926. 85

Corvus coronoides macrorhynchus.

Corvus macrorhynchus Wagler ex Temm. MS. Syst. Av. Corvus sp. 3, 1827. Java. Type in the

Munich Museum.
Comix timorensis Bonaparte, Compl. Bend., 37, p. 829, 1853. Timor.

19 examined.

Adults. — Very near andamanensis, but with slightly more violet on the upper
parts and with the bases of the nape feathers whiter, occasionally snow-white.
Birds from Sumatra have the bases as a rule whiter than others from Java,
Timor, etc.

Soft Parte. — Iris brown, bill, feet and legs black.

Measurements. — Wing 322-364, culmen length 62-71, height 23-27 mm.

Distribution. — From south of lat. 11 in the Malay Peninsula, throughout
Sumatra (very rare), Java, Flores, Lombok, Timor, Bah, Sumba. One obtained
Labuan (Stresemann).

Birds from Wetter Island. — Two birds from Wetter Island have wings 322
and culmens measuring 65 long and 24 high. The bases of the nape feathers are
almost snow-white. The mantle is markedly less violet and more blue than
either macrorhynchus or philippinus. Possibly an undeseribed race.

Corvus coronoides orru.

Corvus orru Bonaparte, ex Mueller MS. Consp. i, p. 385, 1850. Lobo Bay, New Guinea.

Corvus annectens Brueggemann, Abh. Ver. Bremen v, p. 76, 1876. No locality. Type in Darmstadt
Museum, wing 326 mm. Obtained at Gorontalo (Schneider), in Celebes (Sharpe, Cat. B.M.
iii, p. 43). But does this race really occur in Celebes ?

Corvus salvadorii Finsch, Mitt. Orn. Vereins, Wien, July 1884, p. 109. Port Moresby. Founded on
Corvus sp. ? of Salvadori, Annali Mus. Civico Oenova, xvi, p. 198, note. Said to be like
orru but larger and darker with more steel-blue above, tail and primaries with green metallic
sheen. I have seen 2 birds from Port Moresby and they agree with typical orru.

41 examined.

Adults. — Differs from macrorhynchus in having little or no green or bluish-
green sheen on the upper parts, this being replaced by violet. The colour of the
iris in adults is also never brown, but alwa^'s blue or whitish-blue or greyish blue.
Bases of nape feathers invariably snow-white in adults. Differs from bennetti
in having an intenser gloss on the upper-parts and in being not so blue underneath.

Soft Parts. — Iris of adults blue or whitish blue, and in immature birds
brownish grey. Feet and bill black.

Measurements. — Wing 293-349, culmen length 55-64, height 20-26 mm.

Distribution. — New Guinea. Also Goodenough, Waigiou, Salwattee, Ter-
nate, Misol, Obi and Morty Islands, and the West Papuan Islands. The record
from Celebes is probably an error.

Corvus coronoides insularis.

Corvus insularis Heinroth, J. f. 0., 1903, p. 69. Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain.

11 examined.

Adults. — Similar to orru, but smaller.

Soft Parts. — Iris pale blue or bluish white in adults, and according to Heinroth
even in the young bird the iris is pale blue. Legs and bill black.

Measurements. — Wing 282-310, culmen length 52-63, height 21-24 mm.

Distribution. — New Britain and New Ireland, but I have not examined
any specimens from the latter place.

86 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Corvus coronoides philippinus.

i ii.i philippinus Bonaparte Compt. Html, xxxvii, p. 830, 1853. Philippines.
Corvus solitarius Kittlitz, Rei.it n. d. Rvssisch. A mt rika, ii. p. 431, 1858. Manila. Xomen nudum.
Corpus brevipennis Schlegel, Bijtlr. Dierk. Genus Corvus, p. 9, 1859. Philippines.

31 examined.

Adults. — Smaller than macrorhynchus or orru. Upper-parts more violet
than in levaillantii or colonorum, but not so violet as in macrorhynchus. Bases
of nape feathers snow-white or nearly so.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown. Feet and bill black.

Measurements. — Wing 285-333, eulrnen length 58-69, height 21-25 mm.

Distribution. — Birds examined from Manila, Mindanao, Luzon, Negros,
Zebu, Leyte, Bohol, Panay, and Sibutu. Apparently inhabits all the Philippine
Islands except Palawan. Also the Sulu Archipelago.

Corvus coronoides latirostris.

Corvus latirostris A. B. Meyer, Zeitschr. Ges. Orn., i, p. 199, 1884. Timorlaut.

9 examined.

Adults. — Slightly darker and bluer than macrorhynchus, and very near
I/iii in Hi in colour, but the base of the bill is usually somewhat broader than in
the latter race. Stresemann's contention that the throat hackles are longer
does not hold good in the series I have examined. Bases of nape feathers almost
snow-white.

Soft Parts. — Iris blue, bluish white, or white. Feet and bill black.

Measurements.

Locality.

Whig.

Culii
Length,
mm.

len :

Height,
iom.

5 from Tenimber Island .

. 305-328

51-59

23-26

4 from Baba Island

. 316-343

56-61

24-27

Corvus coronoides bennetti.

Corvus bennetti North., Vict. Nat., xvii, p. 170, 1901. Moolah. Western New South Wales.
Corvus coronoides ceciliae Mathews, Nov. Zool. xviii, p. 442, 1912. Napier Broome Bay, N.W.

Australia.
Corvus bennetti bonhoti Mathews, idem, p. 442. Murchison, Western Australia.
Corvus bennetti queenslandicus Mathews, idem, p. 443. Dawson River, Southern Queensland.
Corvus ceciliae marngli Mathews, Austr. Avian Record, i, p. 52, April 1912. Marngle Creek. West

Kimberley, North- West Australia.
Corvus ceciliae hartoai Mathews, Bull. B.O.C. xl, p. 76, Jan. 1920. Dirk Hartog I., W. Austr.

Adults. — Very near C. c. orru, but apparently even darker and bluer. Base
of nape feathers snow-white. Throat hackles sharp and pointed, but not so
fully developed as in C. c. coronoides.

Immature. — As the adult, but bases of feathers not quite so white.

Soft Parts. — Bill and feet black. Iris white, white and blue, or blue.

Measurements.

Culmen :
Locality. Wing. Length. Height.

nun. mm. mm.

Queensland, extreme north of New South Wales and

Northern Territory 285-357 46-62 18-27

North- Western Australia and Northern Western Australia 296-361 47-63 19-26

For detailed measurements see Appendix D.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 87

Distribution. — Generally north of a line running from lat. 30 S. in New South
Wales, through Southern Australia near the Gawler Ranges, and thence west to
the coast immediately north of Perth.

Corvus coronoides coronoides.

'! ( 'orriin ii ustralis Gmclin, Si/st. Nat. 8, p. 365, 1788, " habitat ill insulis maris australis " ex Latham

Species indeterminable.
Corvus coronoides Vigors and Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. xv, p. 261, 1826. No locality. Parra-

matta, New South Wales (Stresemann). Type examined.
Corvus affiuis Brelim, Isis, 1845, p. 357. New South Wales (nee Shaw 1809, and Rueppell 1835).
Corvus mariannae Mathews, Emu x, p. 326, 1911. Gosford, near Sydney. New name for Corvus.

australis of Gould.
Corvus coronoides perplexus Mathews, Nov. Zool. xviii, 1912, p. 442. Perth, S.W. Australia.
Corvus mariannae mellori Mathews, idem, p. 443, 1912. Angus Plains, South Australia.
Corvus mariannae halmaturinus Mathews, idem, p. 443, 1912. Kangaroo Islands, South Australia.
Corvus mariannae lasmanicus Mathews, idem, p. 443. Tasmania.

Adults. — Outwardly similar to C. c. bennetti, but with usually larger and better
developed hackles and never with snow-white feather bases on the nape. The
former and latter are subject to great individual variation and every gradation
can be found from long lanceolated throat feathers to others showing scarcely
any sign of lanceolation. The bases of the feathers vary from whitish-grey to
dark grey. Birds with the darkest grey feather bases usually have the most
developed throat hackles.

Immature. — Hackles less developed and feather bases usually darker.

Juvenile. — No hackles and with dark feather bases. General plumage soft
and brown.

Soft Parts. — Bill and feet black, iris white to brownish white.

Measurements.

Locality.

Birds from New South Wales, Victoria
Tasmania .....
Southern South Australia
South-Western Australia

For detailed measurements see Appendix D.

Distribution. — Generally south of a line running from lat. 30 South in New
South Wales, through Southern Australia to a point on the coast of Western
Australia just north of Perth. A specimen of this race has occurred at
Normanton in North Queensland. Tasmania.

Corvus mexicanus mexicanus.

Corvus mexicanus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, p. 375. Mexico.

33 examined from Northern Mexico.

Adults. — Forehead, crown, and nape a deep glossy violet, the rest of the
upper-parts bluer violet, blending into jmrple on the wings. Under-parts a deep
glossy greenish indigo blue. Bases of feathers of the nape a medium grey.

Wing,
mm.

Culmen
Length,
mm.

Height.
mm.

302-379

47-62

20-26

336-357

60-67

23-25

295-351

49-60

19-25

298-347

46-56

20-23

88 NOVITATES ZooLOGICAK XXXIII. l!)2(i.

Measurement*. — Wing 230-270, culmen length 36-44, height 15-17 mm.
Wing 231-259, culmen 37.5 42 (Ridgway).

Distribution. — Birds examined from Sonora, Presidio, Mazatlan, and Tepic
in north-western Mexico, and from Nuevo Leon, Tamanlipas, and Tampico in
north-eastern Mexico.

Corvus mexicanus ossifragus.

Corvus ossifragus Wilson. Amer. Orn. v, p. 27, 1812. Great Egg Harbour, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Corvus maritimus " Bartrain " Coues, Chech List, 2nd ed., 1882, No. 343. Nonien nudum.

17 examined.

Adults. — Similar to C. m. mexicanus, but much duller and slightly larger.
Nasal bristles better developed. General plumage glossy blue-black, more violet
at the forehead, and with sometimes a violet gloss on the crown. Under-parts
deep glossy indigo blue with a distinct greenish tinge. This is very apparent if
compared to any of the continental races of Corvus brachyrhynchos. This form
is very near Corvus brachyrhynchos palmarum from the West Indies and is some-
times almost impossible to distinguish. The latter is, however, usually smaller
and the mandibles are slightly more pinched, giving a slenderer appearance.

Soft Parts. — Iris brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements— Wing 265-290, 264-300 (Ridgway). Culmen length 41-46,
39-45 (Ridgway). Culmen height 17-18.

Distribution. — Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the United States, including
Florida. North to the Lower Hudson Valley and shores of Long Island
Sound. Casual to Massachusetts : west along the Gulf Coast to Louisiana. The
range extends inland to the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Corvus brachyrhynchos.

This species is tentatively divided into seven forms, two insular and five
continental. Of the latter Corvus b. caurinus is easily recognisable, but the
remainder are not so distinct. They are separated on an average measurement.
If localities were erased from the labels it would, in the majority of cases, be
quite impossible to determine to which form they belong. But as the material
examined has not been very large, the forms have been accepted with a query.

Regarding the insular forms " minutus " and " palmarum" they have
hitherto been regarded as two species. When specimens were first examined
from Cuba, Haiti, and San Domingo, not the slightest difference was apparent,
but the material being scanty, reference was made to American Museums, this
view being confirmed. But it has since been pointed out that in a large series
a slight difference does in fact exist ; the two forms are therefore retained, but as
races of the same species. These insular forms appear to fit in well with the
" brachyrhynchos " group, and are treated as geographical forms of that species.

The interesting fact about this group is that they do not entirely conform
to the usual principle that more northerly forms are larger than those from
more southerly regions. " Caurinus " from the north-west is the smallest of the
continental forms, and yet occurs in higher latitudes and colder climates than
the larger forms.

NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 89

Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos.

Corviis brachyrhynchos Brehm, Beitr. V< gelk. ii, 1822, p. 56, " North America." Restricted locality

Boston, Mass. (Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xxvi, p. 200).
Corvus americanus Aud., Orn. Biogr. ii, p. 317, 1834. " Common throughout the U.S.A."
Corvus frugivorus Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1875, p. 346. Pennsylvania.

27 examined.

Adults. — Upper and lower parts glossed with deep violet blue. Primary
coverts with traces of green. Bases of nape feathers medium to dark grey.
Feathers of throat short, hairy, and not lanceolated. Nostrils in deep pit, not
in a groove. Nasal bristles cover nostrils and basal vertex of culmen. 1st
primary about equal to longest secondary, sometimes very slightly longer
or shorter.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Wing 302-335, culmen 48-54 in length and 21-22 in depth.
Wing 282-337, culmen 45-53 (Ridgway).

Distribution. — Eastern North America. Breeds from south-western
Mackenzie, central Keewatin, central, Quebec, and Newfoundland.

Winters from near the northern boundary of the United States southwards.

It would appear that some specimens from Colorado can be referred to this
race, or ? C. b. paulus.

? Corvus brachyrhynchos paulus.

Corvus b. paulus Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xxvi, p. 199, Oct. 1913. Alabama.

9 examined.

Smaller than the typical form and with a slenderer bill. Nearest to G. b.
hesperis, but with a shorter wing and slightly larger bill. Wing of four males
285-300. A doubtful race.

Soft Parts. — As in C. b. brachyrhynchos.

Distribution. — South-eastern United States except Florida, north to the
District of Columbia and South Illinois, and west to Eastern Texas. ? Bermuda.

Corvus brachyrhynchos pascuus.

Corvus americanus var. floridanus Baird, Birds N. Amer. p. 568, 1858. Southern Peninsula of

Florida (nee Bonaparte 1828).
Corvus americanus pascuus Coues, Auk, xvi, 1899, p. 44, Southern Florida.

26 examined.

Adults. — Wing shorter than in C. b. brachyrhynchos, but bill and feet stouter.1
Soft Parts. — As in C. b. brachyrhynchos.

Measurements. — Wing 295-325, culmen length 49-59, depth 22-23. Wing
279-324, culmen 48-55 (Ridgway).

Distribution. — Apparently confined to Southern Florida.

Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis.

Corvus americanus hesperis Ridgw., Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 362, 1887. Fort Klamath, Oregon.

22 examined.

Adults. — Similar to Corvus b. brachyrhynchos, but averaging smaller and
with a slenderer bill.

1 Perhaps inseparable from Corvus b. brachyrhynchos (cf. Bailey-Wilson, Bull.xxxv, No. 3, 1923,
pp. 148-9).

7

90 Novitatks Zoni.nr.icAE XXX1I1. 1926.

Soft Part's. — As in C. b. brachyrhynchos.

Measurements. — Wing 284-325, culmen 43 ."> ] and once 54. Wing 278-325,
culmen 43-50 (Ridgwav).

Distribution. — Western United States generally from Puget Sound, Idaho,
and Montana, east to the Rockies and south to northern Mexico, Arizona, and
Colorado. In the latter place birds inseparable from the typical form occur.

Corvus brachyrhynchos caurinus.

Corvus caurinus Baird, Rep. Expl. and Sun-. R.R. Pur. ix, 1858, p. 569. Fort Steilacoom .Washington.

1 1 examined.

Adults. — Under-parts dead black or with very slight purplish gloss. Upper-
parts glossed with dull purplish or violet. Base of nuchal feathers dull grey.
1st primary about equal to or slightly shorter than the longest secondary. Nasal
bristles straight and reaching to about half the culmen, and covering the frontal
base. Throat feathers with a slight indication of lanceolation.

Soft Parts. — As in Corvus b. brachyrhynchos.

Measurements. — Wing 208-282 (256-292 of Ridgwav). eulmen 42-48 in
length and 18-19 in depth.

Distribution. — Pacific coast of X. America from Kodiak Island and Kukak
Bay in Alaska south through British Columbia to Vancouver and Washington
State.

Corvus brachyrhynchos palmarum.

Cortnis palmarum Paul von Wiirttemberg, Erste Reise N. Amer., p. 68, 1835 (footnote). C'iban Mts.,

San Domingo.
Corvus solitarius Wurttemberg, Naumaiinia ii, 2nd part, p. 55, 1852. Haiti.

18 examined.

Adults. — General coloration deep violet blue-black, as in Corvus ossifragus,
with purplish on the wings. Base of nape feathers dark grey. Throat feathers
not elongated or lanceolated. Nasal bristles well developed, covering the nostrils
and frontal base of culmen. Under-parts almost identical with Corvus ossifragus.
Though so near Corvus ossifragus, this form and Corvus b. minutus are better
placed as races of Corvus brachyrhynchos, as the bill is slightly more pinched at
its tip, thereby agreeing more with that group.

More brilliant in colour than " minutus," the reflections of the upper-parts
and wings — especially the latter — being more bluish and purplish and less greenish.
The under-parts are more glossy and more purplish, being less of a dead black.
But all these differences are very slight and rarely apparent in single specimens.

Ridgway (Birds N. and Mid. Amer., iii, pp. 258 and 276) states that " pal-
marum " is larger, wing 261, culmen 51, bill narrower and less high at base, basal
bristles reaching far in advance of the nostrils. Of '" minutus " he says — smaller,
wing 233, culmen 43.5, bill more conical and higher at base. Nasal plumes
reaching a little in advance of the nostrils. The first primary is also said to be
relatively longer than that of " minutus." I am unable to confirm any of these
characters.

Soft Parts. — Iris brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Through the great kindness of Mr. On tram Bangs, I am
able to give the measurements of 31 specimens. Wing 232-260, culmen length
46-53, depth 17-19.

Distribution. — Haiti and San Domingo.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 91

Corvus brachyrhynchos minutus.

Corpus minutus Gundlach, J. f. 0., 1856, p. 97. Cienfuegos on the south coast of Cuba.

1 examined, and through the kindness of Mr. Outram Bangs the detail of
13 others obtained.

Adults. — Identical to Corvus b. palmarum in size and proportion. Also
similar in plumage, but less glossed, the gloss less purplish, and with the under-
parts more dead black.

See also under Corvus b. palmarum.

Soft Parts. — Iris brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Wing 233-260, culmen length 44-51, depth 15-19.

Distribution. — Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Now very scarce. Both this
form and C. b. palmarum are forest birds, as are all other West Indian Crows.
This form and " palmarum " are the only West Indian Crows which " caw " ; all
others, " leucognaphalus, nasicus, and jamaicensis" babbling and chattering.

Corvus capensis capensis.

Corvus capensis Licht., Verz. Douhl., p. 20, 1823. Cape of Good Hope.
Corvus segetum Temui., PI. col. genus Corvus, p. 70, 1826. South Africa.
Corvus macropterus Wagler, Syst. Av. sp. Corvus, 1827. Cape.

Adults. — Whole plumage glossy blue-black with a slight purplish tinge, but
never so purple as in Corvus frugilegus. In worn plumage the bluish sheen almost
disappears, leaving a dark coppery oily appearance. First primary about equal
to or slightly shorter than the longest secondary. Base of nape feathers dark
grey. Throat and chin feathers of adults lanceolate. Culmen long and even
slenderer than in C. frugilegus.

Immature. — Dull dark brown above and below. Tail and wings glossy as
in adults.

Measurements.

Specimens. Locality. Wing. Culmen.

mm. mm.

19 South Africa, Zululand . . 318, 330-365, 380 57-73

3 Angola 321, 325, 355 62-65

12 Abyssinia 330-378 57-69

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown to almost black. Bill and legs black.
Distribution. — South Africa south of Rhodesia and the Congo. Also the
highlands of Abyssinia.

Corvus capensis kordofanensis.

Corvus levaillanti Des Murs in Lefebre, Voyage en Ahyssinie, Zool., p. 104, 1845. Abyssinia (nee

Lesson 1831).
Corvus capensis minor1 Schlegel, Cat. Mus. Pays-Bas, Coraces, 1867, p. 7, terra incog, (nee C. corax

minor Brehm. 1860).
Corvus capensis kordofanensis Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, xiv, p. 103, 1919. Nom. nov.

for C. c. minor.

Adults. — Similar in every respect to C. c. capensis, but smaller. This is an
unsatisfactory race and probably should not be recognised. Birds from low-

1 Type in Leyden Museum. Wing 290 ram. No locality.

Wing,
mm.

318, 340

Oilmen,
mm.

57,61

310-337

57-61

300-320

57-64

302-311

59-63

92 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

lying tropical districts are, however, on the average smaller than others from
South Africa and the highlands of Abyssinia.
Measurements.

Specimens. Locality.

2 Rhodesia .....

3 Kenya Colony ....

9 Sudan ......

3 Somaliland .....

Distribution. — I have not been able to examine specimens from the Congo
or West Africa, where the bird probably does not exist. Fairly common in the
more open country of Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Portuguese East Africa, Tanganyika
Territory, Kenya Colony (but not reaching to the coast), Tropical Sudan (but not
west of Lado), the shores of the Victoria Nyanza, and British Somaliland.

Corvus frugilegus frugilegus.

Corvus frugilegus Linn., Sysl. Nat. ed. x, p. 105, 1758. Sweden.

Corvus prulatorius Rennie in Montague's Orn. Diet. Brit. Birds, 1831. Substitute name.

Corvus agrorum Brehm, 1831. North end Central Germany.

Corvus granorum Brehm, 1831, on migration in Central Germany.

Corvus advena Brehm, 1831. Germany.

Corvus agrieola Tristram, P.Z.S., 1864, p. 444. Nablus, Palestine.

Corvus f. major, gregarius, longi-, angusti-, tenui-, crassirostris, planiceps Brehm, 1866. Nomina nud.

For full detail of above synonymy see Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, i, p. 13.
Corvus frugilegus tsehusii Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, i, p. 14, 1910. Gilgit. Type at Tring.
? Trijpanocorax frugilegus ultimus Sushkin, List and distr. birds R. Altai and N.W. Mongolia,

p. 65 (1925, "Borderland of Russian Altai, Bukhtarma, Tarbagatai").

Adults. — Plumage black with violet-purple sheen. Face, lores, and chin
bare. Bill slenderer and more elongated than in Corvus corone. 3rd primary
equals or is slightly shorter than the fourth, whereas in the co/wie-group the 3rd
primary equals the 5th or is between the 5th and 6th.

Immature. — Plumage a duller black with less sheen. Base of bill, lores, and
chin feathered, and nostrils covered with bristles.

Soft Parts. — Adults, iris hazel, bill and feet black. Immature : Iris grey-
grown, bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Wing of 100 birds from Europe and Asia, 297 to 332 mm.
Culmen 54 to 63 mm. Females run slightly smaller than males. I cannot recog-
nise the differences ascribed to " tschusi," having examined 38 Indian and
Mesopotamian specimens. The further east one goes the fewer adults have
bare faces, probably because adults are later in assuming bare faces in the east
than they are in Western Europe. In Palestine and Mesopotamia one often sees
large flocks of birds with feathered faces, and in Persia the majority of breeding
birds have their faces feathered.

Distribution. — Summer quarters. Generally Europe with exception of the
Mediterranean Region and northern Scandinavia and Russia. Has straggled to
Greenland and possibly to Spitsbergen in summer. Breeds east to the Irtysh
River and the Bukhtarma Valley in N.W. Mongolia. Bred formerly in Palestine
at Jerusalem and Nablus, but no longer does so. Also breeds in the Orkneys.

Autumn migration. — Rooks move in winter from all countries where the
ground is habitually frozen, such as Scandinavia, Northern and Eastern Europe,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 93

and Eastern Siberia. The east coast of England is invaded by large flocks from
Central Europe from the latter half of September to the middle of November.
Large flocks from Northern Europe reach Scotland during October. Autumn
emigration has been observed in the Straits of Dover in September, these probably
being British-bred birds.

Records of autumn passage in Southern Europe are fragmentary. Birds
arrive in Cyprus about 18 . xi, they leave their breeding stations in Armenia during
the first week in October and arrive in Palestine from early to mid-November.
Birds arrive in Iraq from the third week in Oct. till mid-November from a N.E.
direction. At Gilgit they arrive during the third week in October, first arrivals
being noted on 19 . x. In the Punjab they arrive during the third week in October
and are abundant by the end of the month. At Quetta they arrive in large
flocks about the middle of November.

Winter Quarters. — British Islands, Western Europe south of Denmark and
south to Spain (rare in western and south-western parts), and Northern Algeria.
Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, Greece, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Egypt. Almost
absent in winter from Northern Germany and Prussia, rare in Poland. Southern
Russia roughly south of lat. 50. Caucasia, Armenia, Iraq, south to Fao.
North-Western Persia, Trans-Caucasia, shores of Caspian, Russian and Chinese
Turkestan, Afghanistan, the Punjab, and Beluchistan. Northern Sind. Rare
straggler to Malta and the Azores. Large flocks nearly every year wander
far out into the West Atlantic, many perishing or eventually returning to land
in an exhausted condition.

Spring Migration. — Birds commence arriving in Ireland from 18.iii to 22.iii.
Birds move east from Eastern England from the second week in February to the
third week in April. Northern European birds leave Scotland from the end of
March to the first half of May, occurring in the Faroes and arriving in Scandinavia
in late March or early April.

In Heligoland passage has been observed from 4.ii to the middle of April.
Winter visitors leave Corsica in early March and Cyprus in the middle of March.
The flocks which visit the Egyptian Delta in winter have not been observed after
the end of March. Spring emigration from Palestine occurs from 5.ii, the last
record being on 21.iii. Breeding birds commence arriving in Armenia during
the last third of March and in Southern Russia in mid-March. Birds leave
Gilgit in the third week in April, Quetta during March, and the latest record for
Southern Afghanistan is on 24. iv. Winter visitors leave the Punjab from the
second week in February to the end of March, the latest record being on 15. iv.

Birds leave Eastern Turkestan in early April.

Birds leave Iraq from mid-February and continue doing so till the end of
April.

Winter visitors leave the south coast of the Caspian in the second half of
March.

Corvus frugilegus pastinator.

Corvus iiaslinator Gould, P.Z.S., 1845, p. 1. Chusan, China.

Adults. — Differ from C. f. frugilegus in always having the lores and chin
feathered, shorter bill, tail and wing, and plumage of head and neck not so blue,
but blacker. Soft parts as in C. f. frugilegus.

Measurements. — Wing of 47 birds 294-318, culmen 48-59 mm.

<J4 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Distribution. — Summer Quarters. Generally N.E. Siberia, Manchuria, and
China, west to Lake Baikal, Kansu, and the China Plains in N.W. Mongolia.
On passage only in Japan and Corea.

Migration. — A migrant from north of the Gulf of Pechili and Russia in Asia.
No records of autumn migration. In spring they pass to their breeding grounds
from the end of February to early April.

Winter Quarters. — Japan south of lat. 40. Corea, Southern Manchuria,
Province of Chili, west to Szechuan and south to Canton. Formosa. There
appear to be no records from south of Formosa. Very few appear to winter
north of lat. 40.

Winter visitors arrive near Hongkong as early as 27.vii, and have been seen
as late as 2 . v.

Corvus leucognaphalus.

Corvus leucognaphalus Daud. in Traite, ii, p. 231, 1808. Porto Rico. Type in the Paris Museum.
Corvus erylhrophlhalmus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend, xxxvii, p. 829 (ex Wurt. MSS.), 1853. San

Domingo.
(Corvus) dominicensis Cory, Auk, iii, No. 2, 1886, p. 228. San Domingo.

10 examined from Haiti and 6 from Porto Rico.

Adults. — General plumage black with dull steel-blue gloss with traces of
purplish or violet on the wings and mantle. Throat feathers slightly elongated.
Bases of nape feathers in adults pure white and in immature birds dull white.
Nasal bristles fall far short of the basal half of the culmen and barely cover the
nostrils, though they incline up to cover the frontal base. I am unable to detect
the slightest difference between birds from Haiti and Porto Rico.

Ridgway (B. North and Middle Amer., iii, p. 258) says that Haiti birds are
smaller with larger feet and that the plumage is more glossy.

Soft Parts. — Irides reddish-brown to bright orange-red. Bill and feet black.
Measurements. — Wing of 10 from Haiti 283-310, culmens 55-64 in length
and 22-23 in depth.

Wings of 6 from Porto Rico 281-309, culmens 58-62 in length and 22-23 in
depth.

Distribution. — Apparently confined to Porto Rico and Haiti, having become
very scarce in the former locality.

It is interesting that Wetmore has recently identified bones from the Island
of St. Croix as belonging to this species (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., liv, 1918, p. 521).
Also a small extinct Crow named Corvus pumilis (Wetmore, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., xxxiii, 1920, p. 81, and Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xlvi, 1.922, pp. 327-328)
has been described from Porto Rico, which is intermediate in size between
C. leucognaphalus and Corvus brachyrhynchos palmar inn. So in Cuba, Haiti,
and Porto Rico we have two forms of Crow, the one large and the other small.

Corvus nasicus.

' 'onus nasicus Temminok, PI. col. ii, pi. 413, 1838. Cuba. Type in Leyden Museum.

3 examined.

Adults. — Entire plumage black glossed with dull violet, more purplish on
head and wings : under-parts duller. Bases of nape feathers grey. Rectal and
post-ocular regions naked. Nasal bristles inclined upwards, but short and scanty,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

95

the nostrils being exposed. Nostrils in a cavity, and not in a groove. 1st primary
slightly shorter than longest secondary.

Measurements. — Wings of 10, 262-301, culmen 44-58 mm. (Phillipps).

Soft Parts. — Iris brown, bill and feet black.

Distribution — Cuba and Isle of Pines.

Corvus jamaicensis.

Gorvus jamaicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, p. 367, 1878. Hills of Jamaica.

9 examined.

Adult. — General colour of plumage dull glossless lead-black with a faint
greenish wash. Crown and wings with a bluish sheen. Bases of nape feathers
dark grey. No lanceolation on throat. Nasal bristles incline to be fan-shaped
and meet over the base of the ridge of the culmen, barely covering nostrils.

Soft Parts. — Iris greyish brown. Bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Wing 213-240, culmen length 44-49, height 18-21 mm.

Distribution.-r-Con&D.ed. to Jamaica.

Corvus rhipidurus.

Corvus affinis Riippell, Netie Wirh. Fauna Abyssin. Vigel, p. 20, 1835. Massowah and Shendi (nee

C. affinis, Shaw 1809).
Corvus brachyurus Brehm, J. f. 0., 1854, p. 75. Luxor, Egypt. Type at Tring. Nomen nudum

(neo C. brachyurus, L., 1766).
Corvus brachyrhynchos (errore) Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 414, 1855. Nomen nudum (nee C. brachyrhynckos

Brehm, 1822).
Corvus brevicaudalus Mijller, J.f. 0., 1855, p. 456. Nomen nudum.
Corvus rhipidurus Hartert, Bull. B.O.C. xxix, p. 21. 1918. New name for Corvus affinis.
Corvus brachycercus Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, xiv, p. 131, June 1919. New name for Corvus

affinis.

39 examined.

Adults. — In freshly moulted plumage the bird is black with a steel-blue
sheen, more purplish on the scapulars and wing. As the plumage wears the
plumage assumes an oily-blue or oily-purple or even a copper tinge, especially
about the head, nape, chin, and throat.

Nasal bristles well developed, covering the nostrils and shaped like a fan.
Bill short and strong. The tail is very short, falling well below the tips of the
wings when closed. This gives the bird a curious bat-like appearance in flight.

Base of nape feathers white, base of mantle feathers dark grey.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements.

Specimens
examined.

Locality.

Wing,
mm.

Oulraec
Length,
mm.

Depth,
mm.

n

Somaliland .

. 361-402

53-59

21-26

8

Sinai to Baringo (Zedl.)

. 340^00

—

—

j

(Hartert, Vig. Pal., p. 8)

. 340-370

50-60

—

5

Aden Protectorate

. 349-370

51-55

22-24

7

Abyssinia

. 375-402

53-61

23-27

1

Eritrea

. 382

59

25

3

Near Suakim

. 376-388

57

25

1

Kordofan

. 396

58

26

6

Dead Sea Depression

. 340-378

51-55

22-25

1

Upper Egypt

. 350

56

23

96 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Distribution. — Local in the Dead Sea Depression, but not further north than
Jericho. Abundant at Petra and towards Akaba. The hills of Central Sinai
and the hills in the Aden Hinterland. Throughout British Somaliland. Abyssinia,
parts of Upper Egypt and the Sudan, the western Red Sea Littoral and east to
Lake Baringo and Mount Elgon. Recorded from Kavirondo in error. The Suk
and Turkhana country in the Lake Rudolph Basin, and again in the Southern
Sahara at Asben, but not south of Agades.

No migration recorded.

Though superficially this form looks very different to the group usually placed
under the genus Corvultur (crassirostris and albicollis) there is in reality a marked
affinity. In both, the wings project beyond the tail, the fan-shaped nasal bristles
are common to both forms, the nasal grooving is similar, and it is not uncommon
in rhipidurus to find traces of white fringes to the feathers on the hind neck and
sides of the neck. Rhipidurus seems to connect crassirostris and albicollis with
the forms usually placed within the genus Corvus. If it had not been for this it
might have been necessary to keep Corvultur as a separate genus.

Corvultur albicollis.

Corvus albicollis Latham, Iiid. Orn. i, p. 151, 1790. Africa. I cite Capetown as terra typica.
Corvus cafer Lichtenstein, Cat. Rerum Natur. Hamburg., p. 9, 1793. " Terra Cafrorum."
Cormis rnltnrinus Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii, p. 343, 1809. Africa.

42 examined.

Adults. — Whole head deep bronze. A broad white nuchal patch which
reaches to the upper back. Rest of upper and under-parts a fairly glossy blue-
black. Frequently a few white fringes to the feathers of the upper breast which
form an ill-defined and narrow necklace. Bill very strong and heavily curved.
Both mandibles are tipped ivory-white. Nasal bristles fan-shaped as in C
rhipidurus. Throat strongly lanceolate.

Measurements.

Culmen :
Specimens. Locality. Wing. Length. Height.

min. mm. mm.

11 South Africa 392-420 58-66 31-36

13 Zambesi Basin 390-435 60-68 31-36

12 Kenya Colony, Uganda, and Kilimanjaro . 400—447 59-73 33-37

Distribution.— South-West Africa around Windhoek and neighbouring
coastline. Cape Colony except the extreme west, Orange River Colony, Natal,
Transvaal, Rhodesia, Nyasaland (perhaps Portuguese East Africa), Tanganyika
Territory, Kenya Colony, Uganda, and north to the southern border of Abyssinia.
Absent from Somaliland, Congo, and Sudan, except in the very extreme south.

Birds examined from :

South Africa: Cape Town, Dielfontein, Knysna, Transvaal, Bloemfoncein,
and Zululand.

Nyasaland, Rhodesia, and Mashonaland.

Kilimanjaro.

Kenya Colony : Athi River, Mount Kenya, Lamu, Machakos, and Fort Hall.

Uganda : Ruwenzori, Kampala, Toro, and Lake Kivu.

In addition Reichenow (Vog. Afr., ii, p. 040) records birds from Damaraland,
Great Namaqualand, Natal, and Tanganyika Territory.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX111. 1820. 97

Corvultur crassirostris.

Conns crassirostris Ruppell, N. Wirb. Vug., p. 19, pi. viii, 1835^0. Abyssinia.

16 examined.

Adults. — Whole head and neck bronze, darker on the ear coverts, forehead,
and front part of crown. A large white patch on the hind-crown and nape,
frequently extending to a smaller patch on the back of the neck. Rest of upper-
parts deep violet-blue, glossed and washed with copper. Under-parts less
glossed and more coppery. Throat feathers strongly lanceolated. Bill even
stronger than in G. albicollis. Nostrils in deep groove. Nasal bristles fan-
shaped.

Measurements. — Wing 432-475, culrnen length '81-91, height 49-47 mm.

Distribution. — The hills of southern Abyssinia, becoming rare away from hills
but straggling to the neighbouring parts of British Somaliland, and the Sudan
having been reported near Roseires (Haitmann, J. f. O., 1854, p. 232) and from
Galabat by Heuglin (Orri. N.O. Afr., ii, p. 507).

Corvus cryptoleucus.

Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vii, No. 2, p. 66, 1854. Tamanlipas, Mexico.

9 examined from Mexico, Texas, and Colorado.

Adults. — Whole plumage glossy blue-black with a purplish sheen on the
upper-parts. Base of nape feathers snow-white. Nasal bristles well-developed
and reaching well on to distal half of culmen and covering the proximal half of
the vertex. First primary considerably longer than the longest secondaries.
Feathers of throat short and not lanceolate. Wing 328.340-375, culmen
54-59 mm.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown. Bill and feet black.

Distribution. — The great Plains of North America from south-eastern
Wyoming and Western Nebraska, south to Central Mexico : West through New
Mexico and Arizonia to the coast (Los Angeles) of southern California (Ridgway).

Corvus corax.

This group, inhabiting in various forms nearly the whole of the Northern
Hemisphere, is instructive in conforming to two great principles. The first of
these is that birds with a wide distribution show great variation, but that when
that range is circum-polar the variation is not constant in any single locality.
The second is that the group conforms absolutely with the environmental factor
which induces variation, namely, birds from the high north or high altitudes are
larger heavier-built birds than those from further south or lower altitudes, and
also that birds from dry hot regions tend to assume the pale desert coloration.

Variation in the ravens seems to be due solely to environment, and this makes
their distribution and classification a matter of great difficulty. Though the
extremes are, of course, easy to identify it would be a brave man who attempted
to define the demarcation between Corvus tibetanus, stretching, as I hope to show,
from the Western Himalayas, through Central Asia, to North-East Siberia,
Arctic America, and Iceland, and the true Corvus corax of Europe. Also the
intergradation between Corvus corax lawrencei and Corvus corax ruficoUis is so
perfect in Persia and N.W. India that some specimens are impossible to identify

98 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXXIII. 1926.

with certainty, whilst in south-eastern Europe and south-western Asia it is im-
possible to say where " hturencei " begins and Corvus c. corax ends.

Crows, more than any other bird with which I am acquainted, show variation
in size from the same locality far in excess of what is usual. A difference of
80 mm. or over 3 inches in the length of the wing is by no means rare in birds
from the same place, whilst a difference of over 10 mm. or nearly half an inch in
the length of the culmen is found among birds from precisely the same locality.

With such differences it is not surprising that authors have unduly separated
the species into too many geographical races, sometimes on single specimens, and
all too frequently on too small series.

Over 630 ravens from the Northern Hemisphere have been examined ami
measurements of many others have been obtained from American and Continental
Museums and reliable literature. The detail of these birds, obtained from all .
sources, have produced the following conclusions, which should be confirmed by
more material as it becomes available.

Corvus corax tibetanus.

Corvus corax littoralis (nee C. littoralis Brehm, 1831) Holboell in Kroyer's Tidskrifl, iv, 1843, p. 390.

Greenland, Labrador.
Corvus lugubris Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist. i. p. 188, 1846. Nomen nudum.
Corvus tibetanus Hodgson, Ann. and Han. Sal. Hist. (2), iii, p. 203, 1849. Native Sikkini.
Corvus carnivorus " Bartram " Baird, Rep. Pacific R.R. Survey, ix, 1858, p. 560, partim. Coast

of New Jersey.
Corvus corax kamischatkvs Dybowski. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, pp. 362-3. Kamtsehatka.
Corvus corax behringianus Dybowski, op. cit., p. 363. Behring Island.
Corvus grebnitskii Stejneger, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, p. 97, 1884. Commander Islands.
Corvus corax principalis Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, 1887, p. 361. St. Michael, Alaska.
Corvus corax ussurianus Tacz., Faune orn. Sib. Orient., i, p. 527, 1891. Russian Manchuria.
Corvus corax sibiricus Tacz., op. cit., p. 526, 1891. East .Siberia (nee C. sibiricus Gm.).
Corvus corax islandicus Hantzsch, Orn. Monatsb., p. 130, 1906. Iceland.
Corvus corax europhilus Oberh., Ohio Jovrn. Sri. xviii (6), p. 215, 1918. Alabama, Eastern United

States. Partim.
Corvus corax tschuiensis Sushkin, List and distr. birds Russian Altai and Mongolia, p, 64 (1925,
C. & S.E. Altai, N.W. Mongolia).

Adults. — Whole plumage black. Crown glossed greenish or purplish, nape
greenish glack. Back glossed blue or slightly violet, chin glossed green, throat
hackles more reddish-violet. Under-parts glossed green or indigo-blue. Tail
glossed green or reddish violet. Secondaries and all wing-coverts glossed reddish
violet.

Throat feathers much elongated and strongly lanceolated. Nasal bristles
well developed and reaching to or beyond the basal half of culmen. Base of nape
feathers dark to medium grey.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Ravens from North-East Asia, Arctic America, and Iceland
have been named without reference to birds from the Himalayas. Iceland birds
were separated from Greenland birds, on account of their smaller size. Greenland
and Alaska birds have been separated as being larger than specimens from the
United States. Birds from north-eastern Asia have been separated on very
small series and without reference to birds from Central Asia. I can find no
trace of any attempt to treat the group as a whole based on a large series.
Hartert (Vog. Pal., i, pp. 3-6) had very little material and had not seen either

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 99

" ussurianus " or " Jcamtschaticus." Hartert now is convinced that he must
unite all the East Siberian ravens, but still has not critically compared them
with either Arctic American or Tibetan birds.

An examination of the table of measurements given below exemplifies the
wide range in size of topotypical " tibetanus," -"principalis," " islandicus,"
" ussurianus," and " behringianus ." Both giant and dwarf examples occur
throughout Arctic America, North-East Asia, and Tibet, but the general size of
wing and culmen agrees. No doubt if an average was struck in each locality
differences would become more apparent, but no average is of any use unless a
huge series is examined. On size alone some 90 per cent, of specimens would be
indeterminable, and for this reason I am compelled to unite all these ravens under
the oldest name " tibetanus."

Specimens.

23

Locality.
Tibet, Himalayas, Pamirs

Wing,
mm.

, 455-493

Length,
mm.

75-83

Depth,
mm.

27-31

5l
9

N. Western Himalayas
Ladak ....

. 447-477
. 442-505 2

73-87
73-87

29-32

1

North Sikkim

. 467 2

84

31

1

Trans-Baikal

. 451

69

27

1

2
8

Mongolia ....
Northern Japan ...
North-East Siberia : Manchuria

. 432

. 420, 450

, 410-451

69
69
71-82

27
27
26-34

2

Kurile Islands

. 430, 447

79,82

31.33

22

Kamtschatka (none examined)
Commander Islands

, to 492 (teste Hart.)
405-460 67-89

24-30

18

Alaska .

418. 431-455

68-90

24-31

4

Brit. Columbia, Vancouver .

, 427-449

66-89

24-31

61

Greenland, Ungava, Mackenzie

411-484

72-94

27-35

14

Iceland . . . . .

417-445

73-82

28-33

Apart from size, efforts have been made to separate and name examples on
the wing formula. Taczanowski's " ussurianus " was based on a bird with the
1st primary longer than the 7th. Hartert (Vog. Pal., i, p. 5) mentions a bird
from the Kuriles with a similar long 1st primary. Of the 160 specimens examined
of this large form, all have the first primary between the 7th and 8th, and the
2nd primary between the 5th and 6th, except in 4 cases as follows :

Amur Bay. — 1st primary very slightly shorter then 8th.

Behring Island. — 1st primary between 8th and 9th.

Kurile Islands. — 1st primary between 8th and 9th.

Tibet. — 1st primary equals the 8th.

Allowing, therefore, for an occasional aberrant specimen, I am unable to
recognise separation on wing formula.

The strength and size of legs and feet have also been called in to help separa-
tion. Here again I find that the differences are individual, birds from Tibet
exactly matching others from Iceland, Greenland, and Commander Island birds.

The breadth of the 1st primary near its tip is a purely imaginary difference,
and is not constant in any area from which I have examined a series of over 10
specimens.

There is no difference in colour in birds from Iceland, Arctic America, North -

1 Specimens from Lahul and Spiti, measurements supplied by Mr. Whistler.

2 Measured in the flesh. About 8 mm. must be deducted to synchronise these measurements
with those of a dried skin.

100 NOVITATES ZOOI.OGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

East Siberia, and the Himalayas. The under-parts are sometimes greenish and
sometimes bluish. The difference appears to have nothing to do with locality.
Buturlin (Mesa. Om. 1915, p. 107) thought Pamir birds had greener under-parts
than Siberian specimens. The only Pamir bird I have seen has blue under-parts.

It is true I have seen no birds from Kamtschatka, but Buturlin, who com-
pared a large series of Siberian birds, found that there was no difference (Mess.
Om.. 1915, p. 107).

I am therefore compelled to unite all the larger ravens under the oldest name
— tibetanus, though I admit that it is unfortunate that the type locality of Iceland
birds should be Sikkim. Such a paradox is inevitable.

Having reached this conclusion, the distribution of Corvus corax tibetanus
still remains largely a matter of opinion. Being founded on size alone the race
has a huge overlap with the typical form. Indeed, some specimens from the
British Islands could easily have come from Tibet or Greenland. There is no
hard and fast line demarcating their distribution.

Quite generally the distribution of Corvus corax tibetanus is Iceland, Green-
land, Arctic America, Canada, and extreme north of the United States, Alaska,
North-Eastern Asia south to northern Japan, Mongolia, and the Himalayas west
to the Pamirs.

As far as is known there is only local movement in winter ; others annually
remain in the breeding quarters well north of the Arctic Circle throughout the
winter. Breeds in the Himalayas up to at least 19,000 ft.

Suschkin (Om. Monatsb., 1915) refers birds from the northern and central
Altai to the large race, but says birds from north-western Mongolia are quite
different. The one specimen I have examined cannot be separated from Tibetan
or Siberian birds. Scarce in Saghalien and northern Japan.1 Very common in
Kamtschatka. The furthest north-breeding locality seems to be in lat. 81° 44' at
Cape Lupton (Nares, Polar Seas). Apparently absent from the Pribilov Islands.
Is nearing extinction in the Northern United States.

Poljakow reports Corvus corax kamtschaticus from the Tarbagatai Range on
the Upper Irtysh.

(?) Corvus corax varius.

Corvus varius Briinn., Om. Bor., p. 8, 1764. Faroes.

( 'orvus It ucophaeus Vieill., Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat., viii, p. 27, 1817. Faroes.
Con-its Iitirnmrtas Waaler, St/st. Av. Genus Corvus, sp. 4, 1827. Faroes.
Corvus ferroensis Schlegel. Bijdr. tot de Dierk. Genus Corvus, p. 6, 1858. Faroes.

6 examined (3 showing partial albinism).

Precisely similar to Corvus c. tibetanus, and with a whitish base to the feathers.
Some specimens show partial albinism. I am unable with material available
to confirm Hartert's contention that the body plumage is softer and without
so much purple gloss.

Wing of 6, 405-434 mm. Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, i, p. 4) records one of
440 mm. Culmen 82-87 in length and depth 29-31 mm.

Confined to the Faroe Islands. Albinistic varieties no longer occur.

1 In the Journal Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan, xxiii, p. 60, Lonnberg includes Corvus corax in
his list of birds known from Saghalien on the authority of Nikolski, who reported them as scarce.
Professor Ijima • 1 i • L not record it. Kuroda {Handlist of Japanese Birds, 1922, p. 162) gives the
habitat of C. c. kamtschaticus as Saghalin, Kurile Islands, and Hokkaido.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

101

It seems very doubtful whether a race which shows an albinistic tendency
should be recognised on that character alone. If it is not recognised Corvus
varius takes precedence of Corvus tibetanus, for the Faroe Raven is nearer the
latter than to Corvus c. corax.

Corvus corax corax.

Corvus corax Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 105, 1758. Sweden.

Corvus maximus Scopoli, 1769. Linnaeus1 Corvus corax.

Corvus clericus Sparrm., 1876. Variety with white chin.

Corvus sylvestris Brehm, 1831. Renthendorf, Germany.

Corvus pererjrinus Brehin, 1831. Renthendorf, Germany.

Corvus HUoralis Brehm., 1831. Riigen.

Corvus montanus Brehm., 1831. Tyrol.

Corax nohilis, piiyocorax, planiceps, minor Brehm., nomina nuda.

Corax sylvestris minor Brehm, J. f. 0., 1860, p. 233. Switzerland.

Corvus corax dardaniensis Gengler, Orn. Monatsb., 1918, p. 110. Servia.

Adults. — Precisely similar to Corvus corax tibetanus, but generally smaller,
some specimens being indeterminable.

Measurements.

Number

i Vi M.llJ.-.i .

Locality.

17

British Islands

2

Outer Hebrides

19

Scandinavia.

4

Demnark

2

Switzerland

2

Hungary

5

Macedonia (Stres.)

2

Crete .

1

Trebizond, Asia Minor

1

Crimea

3

Yenesay Valley .

Wing.
mm,

394-445

Length.
mm.

74-84

Depth,
mm.

28-32

387, 390

70,71

29

405-445

72-85

29-33

423-445

76-79

31-33

410-421

73-76

31

415, 452

70,78

29,31

384-438

—

—

424

75-77

30

423

80

27

410-432

71-80

27-29

Distribution. — Europe except Spain, Crete, north coast Asia Minor, and
western Siberia as far as the Yenesay Valley.

No migration recorded, though birds occasionally wander in winter.

Corvus corax hispanus.

Corvus corax hispanus Hart. & Kleinschm., Nov. Zool., 1901, p. 45. Aguilas, Murcia, Spain.
Corvus sardus Kleinschm., Orn. Monatsb., 1903, p. 92. Sardinia.

Adults. — Similar to Corvus c. corax, but smaller. Bill strong and deep as in
C. c. corax and markedly thicker than the bill of Corvus c. tingitanus. I am unable
to distinguish from this race birds from Sardinia and Cyprus.

Measurements.

Locality.

5. Spain ....
3. Sardinia ....
8. Cyprus ....

■ Distribution. — Generally distributed in Spain and Portugal, Sardinia and
Cyprus, and Balearic Islands. Corsican birds are also said to belong to this
race. ? Sicily and southern Italy.

Wing,
mm.

Oilmen
Length,
mm.

Depth,
mm.

410-430

67-73

27-31

411-436

68-76

28-31

401-434

66-74

27-30

102

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXXIII. 11)26.

Corvus corax tingitanus.

Corvus leptonyx Peale, U.S. Expl, Exped., p. 105, 1848. Madeira. Identity uncertain. No raven

occurs on Madeira.
Corvus tingitanus Irby, Ibis, 1874, p. 264. Tangier, Marocco. •
Corvus corax canariensis Hart. & Kleinschm., Nov. Zool., 1901, p. 45. Palma, Canary Islands.

Adults. — Differs from Corvus corax corax and hispanus in its shorter stumpier
bill. Throat hackles less elongated and lanceolated. Plumage of upper-parts
more inclined to a dark oily blue. Bases of feathers grey and usually darker
than in C. c. lawrencei and ruficollis.

Smaller wing than is usual in C. c. corax.

I am unable to distinguish from this race birds from the Canary Islands,
which are said to have a slenderer though higher culmen and stronger feet, and
less pointed throat hackles.

Measurements.

Locality.

Wing,
mm.

Length.
mm.

Culmen :

Height,
mm.

19.

Canary Islands

. 355-428

63-73

25-29

37.

Marocco and Algeria

. 364-430

60-69

25-28

1.

Solium, Western Egypt

. 362

63

27

Distribution. — Canary Islands, Marocco, Algeria, Tunis, Cyrenaica, and to
Mersah Matruh in western Egypt.

Corvus corax sinuatus.

Corvus sinuatus Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 748. Mexico (ex Licht. MSS.).

Corvus cacalotl Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 527. Mexico.

Corvus major Paul v. Wiirt., Ersle Beise Nord. Amer., 1835, p. 294. Nebraska. Nomen nudum.

Corvus nobilis .Could, P.Z.S., 1837, p. 79. Mexico. Type in the British Museum.

Corvus corax clarionensis Rothsch. & Hart., iVor. Zool., is., 1902, p. 381. Clarion Island, Re villagigedo

Group, Pacific Coast of the United States. Type in the Tring Museum.
Corvus c. europhilus Oberh., Ohio Journ. Sci. xviii (6), p. 215, 1918. Alabama, Eastern United

States. Partim.
Corvus corax rickardsoni Miller and Griscom, Atner. Mus. Novit., No. 184, p. 5, 1925. Nicaragua.

32 examined in the British Museum and the type of " clarionensis " at Tring.

Adults. — Similar to Corvus c. tibetanus from Canada, but smaller and more
of the size of Corvus c. corax, but with a distinctly slenderer and proportionately
longer bill.

Measurements.

Number
jxamined

Locality.

Wing,
mm.

Oil
Length.
mm.

nen :

Depth,
mm.

i

Guatemala .

. 441

72

31

18

Mexico

. 409^60

73-80

27-28

2

New Mexico

. 395, 440

71,76

24,27

1

Texas

. 418

71

28

2

Colorado

. 426-432

71,77

27

4

British Columbia .

. 399-410

65-70

27

1

New York .

. 425

70

29

2

Ontario

. 418, 420

75,76

29,30

Oberholser's "europhilus'''' was claimed to be smaller than "principalis"
and with a relatively longer bill. 41 birds had wings 380-450 and exposed

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 1(>3

culmens of 64-76. Such a description exactly fits birds from Mexico and the
southern United States. Ridgway's measurements of specimens from Mexico
and the Western States are 386-459, culmen length 64-72, almost identical with
Oberholser's measurements of " europhilus."

Rothschild and Hartert's " clarionensis " was based on a single worn speci-
men from Clarion Island, wing 395, culmen length 64, depth 23. To separate
a race on size alone when only one specimen is available is always a risky under-
taking, but to do so with a Crow is almost certain failure of having one's race
substantiated. As can be seen from the above table, the specimen can be
matched from New Mexico or nearly so. " Clarionensis " may or may not be
a good race, but with the present material available it seems that it is not so.
Hartert (" Types in the Tring Museum," Nov. Zool., xxvi, 1919, p. 125) upholds
the race, supporting his claim with a bird from San Benedicte Island with a wing
of 390 mm. But Ridgway (B. North and Mid. Amer., hi, p. 265) cites a Benedicte
bird with a wing of 400, culmen length 69 and dej>th 25, and a Santa Catalina bird
with wing 412, and culmen length 71, depth 24. '

With regard to the Nicaraguan bird recently described as Corvus c. richtml-
soni, I have examined one bird from this country (at Tring). It has an intenser
violet tinge than any of the large series of Corvus c. sinuaius which I have
examined. Mexican birds from the same locality show sometimes a violet tinge
and sometimes a steel blue tinge, this depending to some degree on how the
bird is held when under examination.

I am unable to follow Miller and Griscom in their remarks on the colour of
American Ravens (ibid., pp. 4, 5). An examination of the large series available
in the British Museum and at Tring do indeed show that there is considerable
variation in the iridescence of the plumage of Alaska and Greenland birds,
many having the violet and many the steel-blue sheen, but no particular irides-
cence is constant in either the east or west of North America. Such differences in
iridescence occur equally throughout the Himalayas in Corvus corax tibetanus.
The " heavy, powerful feet " of the Greenland bird can be matched exactly by
Tibetan and Alaskan birds, whilst several Greenland birds I have examined have
legs no larger than " sinuatus " or the British Raven.

On the evidence before me I am unable to accept (even after examining over
600 Ravens) Messrs. Miller and Griscom's deductions.

Distribution. — N. Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Lower California, and
generally the more arid regions of the United States south of lat. 45. North of
this line birds rapidly tend towards the larger form — tibetanus, and no definite
boundary can be given. Even within the area given for this form, birds occur
which are inseparable from others from Alaska.

The area over which birds which are indeterminable or intermediate are
found is immense. To promote such birds to subspecific rank is to my mind a
wrong interpretation of the facts. They had better be shown as G. c. tibetanus
> sinuatus or C. c. sinuatus > tibetanus, or C. c. tibetanus X sinuatus. But
should there be any area where specimens are found to be constant and almost
invariably determinable, then by all means name them. Such has not been
the case, and I very much doubt whether further research will help us much.

1 Ridgway (B. North tfc Mid. Amer. hi, p. 2G5), recognising " clarionensis" gives its range as
Clarion and San Benedicte Islands, San Clement© and Santa Catalina Islands, and the Santa Barbara
Group. Oberholser extends " clarionensis " over parts of south-western United States.

I 1 14 NoVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. Iil2li.

The danger of an average measurement among such birds as Crows must
be apparent. A few dwarfs or giants in a series would appreciably alter
an average figure and give misleading results. I would guarantee that
the average figure of European Ravens' wings in American Museums, in the
British Museum, and at Tring, would give three remarkable results, and the
"average splitter" might with equal reason give these three series three
different names.

Further, it cannot be right or scientific to give birds from any area a name
when the majority of individuals cannot be identified with certainty if the
locality were erased from the label. This applies to " europhilus," " clarionensis,,'
and all the synonyms of " tibetanus."

Corvus corax laurencei.

Con-us laurencei Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 335, 1873. Punjab.

Corvus subcorax Sewertzoff, Turkesl. Jevotn., p. 63, 115, 1873. North-west and south-east parts of
Turcestan.

79 examined.

Adults. — In fresh plumage they are scarcely separable from Corvus c. corax
and small examples of Corvus c. tibetanus, but the feather bases are usually whiter,
the throat hackles shorter, and the upper parts with more of an oily wash. Birds
soon change, assuming more or less copper colour on the nape, mantle, and throat.
In worn plumage birds, especially from N.W. India, Beluchistan, and Persia, are
sometimes indistinguishable from examples of Corvus c. ruficollis. In Palestine,
however, where birds do not wear to such an extent, there can be no confusing
the two races, which occur together at Jerusalem throughout the year except for
a month or so when they are nesting.

Measurements.

Number
xamined.

16

Locality.
Palestine

Wing,
mm.

. 396-446

Oulmen
Length,
mm.

66-80

Depth
mm.

27-30

5
1

Mesopotamia
Southern Kurdestan

. 419-440
. 434

70-80

79

27-29
30

5

8

South-east Persia .
Northern Beluchistan

. 420-449
. 400-450

70-74
67-77

25-29
24-28

10
1

Southern Afghanistan
Chinese Turcestan

. 407-462
. 430

71-79
69

23-27

27

1
3

Teheran (Blanford)
Sind .

. 455

. 389-430

66-70

23-26

13

Punjab .

. 398-137

67-74

23-27

17

Rajputana .

. 390-434

67-75

23-26

Birds from the last three localities average considerably smaller in wing and
bill than more westerly birds.

Distribution. — Generally N.W. India from Rajputana to Sind and the Punjab,
Beluchistan, East Persia, Iraq, Syria, and Palestine. Perhaps Asia Minor.
Cyprus birds are nearer " hispanus" than "laurencei." Birds from East Greece
are said to belong to " laurencei " (Reiser, Orn. Bale., iii), but I have not seen
specimens. Festa and Salvadori record this race from Rhodes Island.

NoVITATES ZooLOGICAE XXX.III. 1021).

105

Corvus corax ruflcollis.

Corvus ruficollia Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 329, 1831. No locality. The type is in the Paris Museum

and probably came from the Cape Verde Islands. Pucherans' citation of " Cape " is an obvious

error.
Corvus umbrinus Sundevall. Oef. k. Vet. Akad. Fork. Slock., 1838, p. 199. Sennar (ex Hedenborg

MSS.).
Corvus infumatus Wagner, Munch, gel. Anz. viii, 1839, No. 37, p. 301. " Egypt," but according to

Parrot from El Tor in Sinai.
Corvus fuscicollis, niqricollis. crassirostris, minor Brehm., Vcrz. Sanitnl., p. 3, 1866. Nomina nuda.
Corvus corax krausei Zedlitz, Orn. Monatsb., 1908, p. 178. El Tor in Sinai.

109 examined.

Adults. — Usually a slenderer bill than in " laurencei " and in fresh plumage
with a copper tinge over the whole head and body plumage. Bases of feathers
light grey to whitish or even paler than in " laurencei." As plumage becomes
worn the copper tinge becomes accentuated. Nasal plumes often shorter than
in " laurencei."

Immature. — As the adult, but with very small trace of a copper tinge, which
is only assumed after the first autumn moult.

The wing of this form shows a slightly different structure to that of other
forms. The 1st and 6th primaries are relatively shorter which gives a narrower,
more pointed outline to the outstretched wing. This difference, though usual is
by no means constant. The eggs of this race are also remarkable for their small
size, being scarcely larger than those of Corvus cornix or corone. These and the
fact that this form and " laurencei " are frequently found together has induced
ornithologists to keep " ruficollis " as a separate species. But the two forms are
not known to breed in the same area and they intergrade so perfectly that some
individuals are indeterminable.

Measurements.

Specimens
examined.

15

7

Locality.

Cape Verde Islands
Algerian Sahara .

Wing.
mm.

363-378
366-389

Culmen :

Length. Depth.

mm. mm.

61-64 20-24
63-68 21-24-5

15

2

South Algeria (Geyr)
Asben, South Sahara

356-410
408

57-69

20-25

1

Northern Nigeria .

384

64

22

2

7
9
5

Siwa Oasis, W. Egypt .
Lower Egypt and Suez .
Upper Egypt
Khartoum . . . .

. 395, 406
367-420

. 365-418
373-412

66, 70
61-73
64-73
67-69

23, 24-5
20-24
21-5-25
20-23

4

Soeotra .

350-395

63-75

24-25

15

South Arabia, Muscat .

353-414

57-75

20-26

17

South Palestine .

366-412

61-68

21-25

10

East Persia and India .

370-413

62-70

21-25-5

12

Sinai Peninsula, Nekhl, Tor ,

355-105

57-66

21-25

On these measurements I am unable to substantiate " infumatus." See
also Ibis, October 1921, p. 623, where the question is further discussed in greater
detail.

This race shows great variation, not only in size, but in the density of the
copper tinge of the plumage, but such variation is not constant in any one area.

Distribution. — Generally from the Cape Verde Islands, throughout the

8

106 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Sahara Desert to the Nile, but always in desert areas, and south to N. Nigeria
at Sokoto to Sinai and the Dead Sea Depression. Absent from Petra, but
present at Jerusalem, breeding in the vicinity. Not observed much north of
Jericho. The east and south coast of Arabia, Sudan (desert only) to Muscat.
Of doubtful occurrence in Iraq, though there is a worn specimen labelled " Meso-
potamia " in the British Museum. Socotra. East Persia (Seistan), Persian and
British Beluchistan, and occasional to Sind. In East Africa Van Someren (Nov.
Zool., 1922, p. 125) reported it from the Suk and Kavirondo country as un-
common, and Reichenow (Yog. Afr., ii, p. 633) records birds from Shoa, Kavanga
in Kavirondo. and Barawa at lat. 4 North on the Juba River.

Common in southern Afghanistan, at least in winter, and is reported to
breed in the Aral-Caspian region (Suschkin, J. f. O., 1914). Zarudny obtained
one in the Ilezk District, Orenburg (Grote, J.f. 0. 1919).

In Central Asia Loudon reports them as resident in the Kara Kum between
Merv and the Oxus and on the Murghab River. Zarudny reports them as
breeding in the Kizil Kum, south-east of Aral.

Corvus corax edithae.

Con-us edithae Phill., Bull B.O.C. iv. p. 36, 1895. Haimva na Plain, Somaliland (Lort Phillips).
Type in the British Museum.

8 examined, including the type.

Adults. — Similar to G. r. ruficollis, but smaller. Wing 321-356, culmcn
50-52. There is a bird in the British Museum from Barawa in Italian Somaliland
collected in November 1881 by Dr. Fischer, with a wing of 361 and culmen of
56 which is well within the size of typical C. r. ruficollis. It is one of those birds
which might be referred to either race.

Distribution. — Common throughout British Somaliland and extending in
small numbers to Ogaden (Reichenow) and Lake Rudolph.

Corvus splendens zugmeyeri.

Corvus splendens zugmeyeri Laubmaim, Orn. Monalsb. xxi, p. 93, 1913. Las Bela, Baluchistan.

10 examined.

Adults. — Forehead and crown metallic blue, throat and chin well lanceolated
and of a metallic greenish blue colour. Nape, ear-coverts, and sides of the neck
pale grey, gradually merging into metallic purplish blue on the mantle and to
dull blackish grey on the abdomen. Tail purplish blue. Primary coverts
metallic green. Bases of nape feathers white, not only in this race but in all
races.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown, bill and legs black.

Measurements. — Wing 257-284, culmen 43-53.

Distribution. — The whole of Sind, east to the western Punjab, north to
Kashmir and south to Karachi and along the Mekran Coast. Absent from the
hills of Northern Baluchistan.

Specimens closely resembling this race occur at Muscat, and it is not clear
whether they have been introduced or not.

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 107

Corvus splendens splendens.

Corvus splendens Vicillot, Now. Diet. a" Hist. Nat. viii, 1817, p. 44. Bengal.

Corvus splendens var. impudiens Hodgson in Gray's Zool. Misc., p. 84. Nomen nudum. No locality.

1844.
Anomalocorax impudicus Hodgson, in Gray's Handlist, ii, p. 14, 1870. Nomen nudum.

58 examined.

Adults. — Markedly paler in its grey pattern than either protegatus or insolens.
Darker and browner on nape, neck, ear-coverts," and upper breast than zugmeyeri.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown, legs and bill black.

Measurements. — Wing 253-284, culmen 45-52 mm. Some birds from
Khatmandu in Nepal run up to 300 on the wing, but such huge birds are excep-
tional in that area. Perhaps in a large series from Nepal the average wing
measurement would be greater than that of others from India.

Distribution. — The whole of India south of the Himalayas, west to the eastern
Punjab, Rajputana. and Baroda. East to Nepal, Darjeeling and Gangtok in
Sikkim, and Assam. South to Travancore, Mysore, and the Nilgiri Hills.

Whilst most birds from Assam are typical of this race, others show a distinct
tendency towards insolens.

Birds occur in parts of the Himalayas at medium elevations, but very locally,
but in Sikkim they occur sparingly to almost 8,000 ft.

Introduced to Zanzibar, Mauritius, and Aden.

Corvus splendens protegatus.

Corvus splendens protegatus Madarasz, Orn. Monatsb. xii, p. 195, 1904. Colombo, Ceylon.

5 examined.

Adults. — Differs from insolens in being a paler bird, and from C. s. splendens
in having the grey portion of the plumage darker.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown, feet and bill black.

Measurements. — Wing 217-275, culmen 44—48.

Distribution. — Apparently confined to Ceylon.

Corvus splendens maledivicus.

Corvus splendens maledivicus Reichenow, Deutsch. Tief-See Exped. Vogel, p. 356, 1904. Southern
Maldives.

None examined. This race was described apparently from a single specimen.
Is said to be near G. s. splendens, but the neck, sides of head and breast are almost
pure slate grey with scarcely any brown. Also greyer and darker than the typical
form, but paler than insolens. Lower parts somewhat darker than C. s. splendens.
Wing 283 mm.

There are in the British Museum three males from the Laccadive Islands with
wings 232-200 and culmens 43-50 mm. Two of these are slightly darker than
C. s. splendens, whilst a third is as dark as insolens. It seems likely that these
birds belong to maledivicus.

Corvus splendens insolens.

Corvus insolens Hume, Stray Feathers, ii, 1874, p. 480. Tenasserim.

33 examined.

Adults. — The darkest of the group, the grey on the nape, sides of the neck,
and upper breast being replaced by dull lead colour.

108 Novitates Zoologicae XXX1I1. 1926.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown. Bill and legs black.
Measurements. — Wing 230—278 mm., culmen length 42-50.
Distribution. — From Tenasserim north to Moulmein, Rangoon, Mandalay,
but not extending into the hills of the Shan States. Also Siam.

Corvus cornix cornix.

Corvus cornix, Linn.. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 105, 1758. Sweden.

Corvus cinereus Leach, 1816. Nomen nudum.

Cornix sulieornix Brehm. 1831. Germany.

Corvus cinereus Brehm, 1831. Central Germany.

Corvus tenuirostris Brehm, Vogelfang., p. 57, 1855. Germany.

Corvus cornix vulgaris, planiceps Brehm., 1866. Nomina nuda. For detail of above see Hartcrt,

Vog. Pal., i, p. 9.
Corvus bacmeisteri Kleinschmidt., Falro, xiv, p. 8, 1919. Germany. Variety with grey primary

coverts.

Adults. — Head, neck, throat, wings, and tail black glossed with purple.
Rest of plumage ash-grey, the feathers with darker shaft stripes. According to
the locality and the bleaching properties of the climate, the grey quickly fades to
a dirty brownish or whitish grey.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Wings of over 100, from 305 in females to 340 in males.
Culmens length 49-60, height at base 19-22 mm.

Summer range. — The typical race breeds in Ireland, Scotland, the Outer
Hebrides, rarely in Holland, in Denmark, the whole of Scandinavia, Finland,
Russia, in Germany east of the Elbe, Balearic Islands, Central and Southern
Italy, Sicily, Hungary, Poland, Monte Negro, and east probably to the Urals,
though the exact boundary between this race and C. cornix sharpii is not yet
known. Birds from the Caucasus are probably " sharpii." Resident in the
southern part of its range.

Migration. — Birds from Northern and Central Europe move south-west and
west respectively in the autumn. Passage occurs from the end of September
(rarely from late August) to November when birds spread over the British Islands,
Northern France, and to Belgium and western Germany. Has straggled to Malta,
Egypt, Iceland, Greenland, and Spitsbergen.

Spring passage commences in early March, birds being rarely seen out of
their breeding haunts after the first week in April, though spring passage has
been noted in the British Islands as late as 12. v.

Corvus cornix sardonius.

Corvus aegyptiaca Brehm, J. f. 0., Extraheft. p. 8, 1853. Nomen nudum.

Corvus sardonius Kleinschmidt, Orn. Monatsb. 19(13, p. 92. Sardinia.

Corvus cornix vallachus Tschusi, Orn. Jahrh. 1904, p. 121. Rumania.

Corvus cornix balcanicus Rzehak, Orn, Monatsb, 1906, p. 189. Servia.

Corvus cornix syriacus Gengler, J.J. 0. 1919, p. 221. Jerusalem.

Corvus cornix judaeus Meinertz., Bull. B.O.C. xxxix, p. 85, June 1919. Palestine.

Adults. — In fresh autumn plumage, precisely similar to Corvus c. cornix, but
generally smaller. For detailed measurements see Ibis, October 1921, p. 625.
Owing to a hotter and drier climate birds bleach quicker.

Measurements. — Wings of 11 Balkan birds, 280-333.

Wings of 22 Palestine birds, 278-324 mm.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 109

Wings of 41 Egyptian birds, 286-332 mm.

Wings of 18 Sardinian and Corsican birds, 301-329 mm.

Culmens vary from 42-59 in length and from 16-22 in depth.

Range. — Perhaps Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, the Balkans, from
Rumania and Servia south to Greece, where they are rare, probably Asia Minor,
Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. Probably also the Crimea. No migration has been
observed.

Corvus cornix sharpii.

Corvus sharpii Oates, Fauna Brit. India, Birds, i, p. 20, 1889. Siberia.

Corvus cornix var. christophi Alpheraky, Mess. Orn. i, p. 164, 1910. Sea of Azov. Erythristic

variety.
? Corvus cornix kaukasicus Gengler, J.f. 0., Apr. 1919, p. 221. Caucasus. Based on 1 specimen.

Adults. — As Corvus c. cornix, but the grey is slightly paler and slightly more
brownish.

Measurements. — Wings of 47 birds from 314 in females to 345 in males.
Culmen length 49-59, height 19-23.

Distribution. — Probably east of a line from the Ural Mountains to east of the
Caspian and Persia. Breeds in Russian but not Chinese Turkestan. East to
the Yenesay River and becoming scarcer towards Lake Baikal but not further
east. North to the Arctic Circle. Also breeds on the western Altai Mountains.
Birds from the Caucasus probably belong to this race.

Migration. — A considerable south and south-west movement in autumn
when they become abundant in Trans-Caspia, throughout Persia, Mesopotamia,
Kurdestan, Afghanistan, and extreme N.W. India. Passage has been noted
across the Pamirs in October, and migrants arrive at Samarkhand from the north
at the end of October. In Iraq birds begin to arrive near Baghdad in early
November.

Spring passage has been noted in Trans-Caspia from 23. ii, but not after
10. iv. Birds leave Iraq during March, few being seen after that month.

Corvus cornix minos.

Corvus cornix minos Meinertz., Bull. B.O.C., p. 19, Nov. 1920. Crete.

Adults. — A much paler bird than even C. c. sharpii and nearest to C. c.
pallescens from Cyprus, but larger than the latter. Wings of 5 from 313 in females
to 327 in males. Culmen length 55-61, height 20-22 mm.

Distribution. — Confined to Crete where they are resident.

Corvus cornix pallescens.

Corvus cornix pallescens Madarasz, Orn. Monatsb., 1906, p. 528. Cyprus.

Adults. — Similar to Corvus c. minos, but smaller. Wings of 7, 285-314 mm.,
culmens length 47-53, height 17-20 mm.

Distribution. — Resident in Cyprus.

Corvus cornix capellanus.

Corvus capellanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876, p. 694. Fao, Persian Gulf.

Adults. — The grey of preceding races is replaced by very pale almost milky
grey in fresh plumage, which soon fades to almost white. Living birds sometimes
have a slight pink blush on the white plumage,

110 XnVITATES ZOOLOGICAK XXX 111. 1926.

Measurements. — A much heavier bird than any of the other forms. Wings
of 24 vary from 329 to 358, culmens length 50- 62 mm.

Distribution. — Mesopotamia and the extreme south-west of Persia, north to
Ramadi on the Euphrates, Samaria on the Tigris, and to Khanikin and Kirkuk
in southern Kurdestan. Also up the Karun River to Ahwaz and along the Gulf
Littoral towards Bushire. Where this race meets Corvus c. sharpii in Smith-west
Persia they inter-breed and a slight overlap occurs. Resident.

Relationship between Corvus corone ami Corvus comix.

In examining the distribution of these two forms it is remarkable how in
nearly every case the one displaces the other throughout their ranges, and it is
rare that the two forms should breed in the same area. The few areas where
they interbreed are Scotland, Denmark, roughly the Elbe Valley as far as
Bohemia, in parts of the Western Altai Mountains, in the valley of the
Yenesay, and between Tomsk and Lake Baical. Elsewhere throughout their
combined ranges, there is a clear-cut line between their respective breeding
ranges.

Wherever the two forms breed in the same area they inter-breed and hybrids
occur. Such hybrids have been examined from many parts of Scotland, from
Yarkand (doubtless a migrant, as C. comix does not hived in Chinese Turkestan),
from the Yenesay, from the Elbe Valley, Denmark, and Bohemia. These hybrids
are fertile and bring up offspring as was proved by Seebohm in the Yenesay
Valley, and recently in Scotland a breeding pair were shot, one of which was
pure Corvus corone and the other a hybrid. In Argyllshire the majority of breed-
ing crows are not pure.

The simplest explanation of a problem is usually the correct one, and in
this instance I am inclined to think that where the two forms meet they inter-
breed. I regard the two forms as well-defined species or units and not as races
of the same species. This latter view is largely held on the Continent, and
appears to be based on the fact that the one form displaces the other almost
throughout their respective ranges. I should sooner explain this by the fact
that Corvus comix is a plain species, whereas Corvus corone is a hill, forest-
loving species. Corvus comix is looked upon in Western Europe as a shy bird
confined to wild moorland. Continual persecution has compelled him to adopt
this role. But where the Hooded Crow is found and is not persecuted we see
him as he really is, as a village crow, scavenging round towns, breeding in towns,
and with quite different habits to Corvus corone. Corvus corone is not a " village
crow " anywhere throughout its range. It is true that it has established itself
in the heart of London, but even there he is wild.

It is a more reasonable explanation that the two species do not
associate amicably and that the Hooded Crow, being the stronger bird, makes
himself objectionable to Corvus corone. Similar instances are known among
Passer domesticus and montanus and among Corvus monedula and Pyrrhocorax
pyrrhocorax.

For the Continental views on this subject see also J.f. 0., 1887, pp. 619-648,
and Geyr, Falco, 1020, pp. 17-26.'

1 Sinco writing above I am inclined (192(5) more to the view that C. corone and ('. comix must
be treated as one and the same species.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 192(i. Ill

Corvus corone corone.

Corvus corone Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 105, 1758, England.
Corpus subcorone Brehm., 1831. Central Germany.
Corims hyemalis Brehm., 1831. Central Germany.
' 'orrus assimilis Brehm., 1855. Germany.
Corone andayensis, Olphe-Galliard, variety.

Corvus corone helveticus Brehm, J.f. O., 1860, p. 233. Freiburg.

Corciis corone major, minor, longirostris, brevirostris, intercedens, and montanns Brehm, 1866. Nomina
nuda. For detail of above see Hartert, Yog. Pal. Fauna, i, p. 11,

Adults. — Whole plumage black with purple sheen on upper-parts. Nasal
plumes well developed, and completely covering nostrils. Base of feathers dark
grey.

Soft Parts. — Iris dark brown, bill and feet black.

Measurements. — Wing of 64, 304 to 334, culmen 47-59 mm.

Distribution. — England, Wales, Scotland though rare in the north, France,
Spain (rare in the south), Northern Italy, Switzerland, Tyrol and western Europe
west of the Elbe, Holstein, and Denmark. Very local in Russia. The Caucasus.

Migration. — Has straggled to the Azores. A considerable southern move-
ment takes place in autumn when large flocks have been reported from Scotland
in November, January, and March. Flocks have also been reported from south-
west France on 24. ii. A scarce winter visitor to Corsica, and a common winter
visitor to Sicily. Witherby reported them as common in the Cantabrian Moun-
tains in October.

Corvus corone orientalis.

Corvus orientalis Eversmann, Add. Pall. Zoogr. fasc. ii, p. 7, 1841. Naryn lliver, Central Asia.
Corvus corone interpositus Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay. xiii, 2, p. 201, 1917. Hondo, Japan.

Smaller wings, 305-341 mm.
Corvus corone yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C, xliii, 1922, p. 43. Mengtz, S.E. Yunnan,

Adults. — In all respects a larger bird than Corvus c. corone and frequently
not so intensely coloured. I am unable to separate birds from Japan on
measurement, though a few small individuals do occur there. On the other
hand most Japanese birds are as large as Central Asiatic examples.

Two topo-typical examples have been examined of La Touche's " yunna-
nensis." Their bills are not less convex nor more slender than others from
Japan, Gilgit, and Turkestan, neither can I trace any green on the mantle. It is
true that lanceolation on the throat is well marked, but not more so than in fully
adult specimens from Central Asia. The under-parts do not differ from examples
in similar plumage from other parts of Asia.

Measurements. — Wing of 44 examples 314 to 362, culmen length 49-64,
height 20-23 mm.

Distribution. — Probably the whole of northern Asia east of the Yenesay River
and the Upper Oxus. South to North Kashmir,1 Gilgit, Ladak, Szechwan, and
S.E. Yunnan. Has bred (?) in the Kurram Valley (Whitehead).

Migration. — Considerable southward movement in winter when birds occur
in N.W. India. They remain north of the Arctic Circle till late October. On
the Sea of Japan passage has been noted in October, and in the Gulf of Pechili
an east to west migration has been noted in late October and November,

1 Breeding doubtful,

112 Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

Spring passage has been noted in Corea and in the Gulf of Liautung on
20 . iii. In Dauria and Northern Manchuria they commence arriving from the
end of March.

In China birds occur in winter south to Foochow.

Corvus torquatus.

Corvua torquatus Lesson, Traiti, p. 328, 1831. " New Holland" in error. China apud Schlegel.
Corvus pecloralis Gould, P.Z.S., 1836, p. 18. China. Type examined in British Museum.

Over 50 examined.

Adults. — Whole plumage glossy purplish black. Nape, upper back, sides
of the neck, and a horse-shoe shaped band across the breast, white, the feathers
frequently with black or darker markings. Base of nape feathers pale grey.
Nasal bristles straight and reaching to about the centre of the culmen and covering
the frontal base of the culmen. 1st primary about equal to the longest secon-
daries, though frequently slightly shorter. Throat feathers well lanceolated.

Immature. — What I take to be an immature bird is a specimen in the British
Museum from the Tsing Ling Mountains. It almost lacks the white band under-
neath, and the white collar above is replaced by grey feathers with black tips,
which gives a heavily streaked appearance to the back of the neck and upper
back.

Soft Parts. — No record.

Measurements. — Wing 283-355, but usually between 320 and 350. Culmen
56-62 mm. Depth of culmen 19-23 mm.

Distribution. — China. Birds examined from the Tsinling Mountains,
Kiukiang, Amoy, Hunan, Canton, Kiang-su, Fohkien, Foochow, Kwantung,
Tonking, Lower Yangtse, and Hainan.

A migrant from the northern part of its range, and has been observed on
passage in south-west Manchuria, and in Chili Province near Pekin.

Formosa.

Corvus albus.

( 'orvus alhii.s Miiller, Syst. Nat. Snppl., p. 85, 1776. Senegal.

Corvus scapulalus Daud., Traite, ii, p. 232, 1800. No locality.

Corvus scapularis Leach in Tuckey, Exped. to Congo, p. 407, 1818. River Congo in Central Congo.

Corvus scapularis var. o< (hiops. Hemp. & Ehr., Symb. Phys. I cones Avium, 1828. Xubia and Dongola.

Corvus curvirostris Gould, P.Z.S.. 1S36, p. 18. East Africa. Founded on a small specimen.

Corvus leuconotus Swainson, B. of West Afr. i, p. 133, pi. v, 1837. Senegal.

Corvus phaeocephalus Cabanis, Mus. Han. Th. i, p. 232, 1851. Abyssinia. Founded on two large

specimens.
Corrus madagascariensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend, xxxvii, p. 829, 1853. Madagascar. Said to be

smaller and with a stronger bill.

132 examined.

Adults. — Breast white and with a broad white collar passing from the upper
breast over the back. Abdomen, head, throat, and rest of plumage glossy steel-
black. Feathers of throat strongly lanceolated. Base of feathers white. Nasal
bristles well-developed and reaching to or slightly beyond proximal half of culmen,
covering frontal base of culmen for from 10 to 20 mm.

Soft Parts. — Iris brown. Bill and feet black.

Immature.— As adult, but the white of the upper parts is mottled with

NOV1TATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

113

brown, and the white of the under-parts is dirty.
brown-black. No gloss on head.
Measurements.

Rest of under parts dirty

Specimens.

Locality.

Wing.

mm.

Culmet
Length,
mm.

Height.

mm.

10

South Africa S. of the Zambesi .

325, 345-

360

52-60

21-22

3

Lower Zambesi and Mozambique

325-352

56-58

22,24

>>

Rhodesia ....

330, 348

56, 58

23,24

11

Angola .....

325-365

54-59

23-25

3

Nyasaland ....

358-366

57-60

23-24

8

Madagascar ....

321, 341-

359

53-59

23-24

8

Aldabra .....

330-364

53-60

23-25

11

Comoro Isles ....

318-365

52-59

21-24

1

Assumption Island .

324

56

—

1

Zanzibar ....

294

54

—

7

Kenya Colony, Uganda, and Kilimanjaro

336-363

52-62

22-26

27

Northern and Southern Nigeria, Sierra Leon

Liberia, Gambia, and Congo .

330-378

52-62

22-26

10

Fernando Po .

315-360

51-60

22-25

3

British Somaliland .

346-360

56-64

22-26

8

Abyssinia ....

330, 354-

382

53-63

21-24

11

Sudan .....

314, 315,
331-355,

371

53-64

22-24

Distribution. — Occurs in South Africa from the south coast to Natal and the
Transvaal, but apparently not in the western portions of Cape Colony. Thence
throughout Africa to Angola in the west and Abyssinia in the east, though not
in the Somali desert. Throughout the Congo to West Africa north to the
Southern Sahara at Asben and on the coast at least to the Gambia. Common
throughout Kenya Colony and Uganda and north to the Sudan at least to Shendi.
Occurs in Abyssinia at least to Addis Abeba. Also Madagascar, Aldabra, Comoro,
Assumption, Zanzibar, and Fernando Po.

Note. — Are C. torquatus and C. albus but races of C. corone 1

APPENDIX A.

LIST OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES APPLIED TO THE GENUS CORVUS,
ARRANGED ALPHATETICALLY, THE SECOND NAME BEING THE
SPECIES TO WHICH THE FIRST NAME HAS BEEN APPLIED.

ml mia — frugilegus.
adve net — typica.
aegyptiaca — com ix.
aethiops — albus.
affin is — coronoides.
affin is — rJiipidurus.
agricola — fruyilegus.

agrorum — frugilegus.
albicollis — albicollis.

albus — albus.

alliceps — moned u la .

mm i tni mis britcliyrhynrhos.

andamanensis — coronoides.

a ndayens is — corone.

114

NOV1TATES ZooLOGICAE XXXIII. 1(J2U.

angustirostris — frugilegus.

iiiim ctt ns — coronoides.
anthracinu — coronoides.
arborea — monedida.
assimilis — corone.
australis — coronoides.

bacrm istt ri —comix.
balca n ic us — corn i.e.
hen netti — coronoides.
bonhoti — coronoides.
brachycereus — rhipidurus.
brachyrhynchos — brachyrhynchos
brachyrhynchos -rhipidurus.
brachyurus — rhipidurus.
brevicaudatus — rhipidurus.
I) n uipennis — coronoides.
brevirostris — corone.

cacalotl — corax.
cafer — albicollis.
canariensis — cora.r.
capella n us — comix.
capensis — capensis.
capital is — da n uricus.
carnivorus — corax.
caurinus — brachyrhynchos.
ceciliae — coronoides.
christophi — cornix.
cinereus — cornix.
cirtensis — mon ed it la .
clarionensis — corax.
clericus — corax.
collaris — monedula .
colonorum — coronoides.
compilator — enca.
connectens — coronoides.
corax — corax.
cornix — cornix.
corone — corone.
coronoides — coronoides.
crassirostris — corn i.e.
crassirostris — fr ugilt gus .
crassirostris — crassirostris.
crassirostris — mon ed u la .
cryptoleucus — cryptoleucus.
culminatits — coronoides.
curvirostris — a lb us.

dardaniensis — corax.
dauuricus- dauuricus.

dam in ic( usis — leueognapliithis.

edithae — corax.

enca — enca.

erythrophthalmus- It ucognaphalus.

e it roph il us — corax.

fallax — enca.
ferroensis — cora.r.
florensis fiort nsis.
floridanus - brachyrhynchus.
frugilegus — frugilegus.
frugivorus — brachyrhynchos.
fuscicapillus — fuscicapillus.
fuscicollis — corax.
fuscicollis — dauuricus.

gran or um — frttgilegtis.
grebn itzkii — corax.
gregarius — frugilegus.

Int ina it us — coronoides.
hassi — coronoides.
ha irii iensis — ha wa iensis.
helmatitrinus — coronoides.
In Iveticus — corone.
hertogi — coronoides.
hesperis — brachyrhynchos.
hispanus — corax.
hyi malis — corone.

impudicus — splendens.
impudiens — splendens.
infitmatus — corax.
insolens — spit ndt ns.
i a 8 it laris — coronoides.
intercedens — corone.
inti rmedius — coronoides.
intcrposittis — corone.
islandicus — corax.

jamaicensis — jama icen sis.
japonensis — coronoides.
judaeus — cornix.

kamtschaticus — cora.r.
kattkasicus — cornix.

NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

115

khamensis — danuricus.
kordofanensis — capensis.
kra usei — corax.
hvbaryi — kubaryi.

latirostris — coronoides.
laurencei — corax.
leptonyx — corax.
leucognaphalus — leucognaphalus.

leucomelas — corax.
leuconotus — albus.
leucophaeus — corax.
levaillantii — capensis.

1 1 rail lint li i — coronoides.
littoralis — corax.
longiroslris — corone.
longiroslris — frugilegus.
lugubris — corax.

mi inopterus — capensis.
macrorhynchus — coronoides.

madagascariensis — albus.
m adaraszi — coronoides.
major — corax.
major — corone.
major — da uuricus.
major — frugilegus.
maledivicus — splendens.
mandschuricus — coronoides.
mariannae — coronoides.
maritimus — mexicanus.
marngli — coronoides.
maximus — corax.
meeki — meeki.
mellori — coronoides.
mengtszensis — coronoides .
mexicanus — mexicanus.
minor — corax.
minor — corone.
minor — capensis.
minos — cornix.
minutus — braclujrhynehos.
modestus — erica.
monedula — monedula.
moneduloides — rnoneduloides.
mon tanus — corax.
m onta nus — corone .

nasicus — nasicus.

neglectus — dauuricv s .
nigricollis — corax.
nobilis — corax.

occidentalis — monedula.
orientalis — corone.
orru — coronoides.
osai — coronoides.

ossifragus — mexicanus.

pa llescens — cornix.
pa Im arum — bra c hyrhynchos .
pascuus — brachyrhynchos.
paslinator — frugilegus.
pa u hi s — bra ch yrhy n c It os .
pectoralis — torquatus.
peregrinus — corax.
perplexus — coronoides.
phaeocephalus — albus.
philippiniis — coronoides.
pityocorax — corax.
pla niceps — corax.
pla niceps — frugilegus.
planiceps — monedula.
predatorius — frugilegus.
principalis — corax.
protegatiis — splendens.
pusillus — enca .

queenslandiciis — coronoides.

rhipidurus — rhipidurus.
richardsoni — corax.
ruficollis — corax.

salvadorii — coronoides.
samarensis — enca.
sa rdonius — cornix.
sardus — corax.
scapularis — albus.
scapulatus — albus.
segetum — capensis.
senex — tristis.
septentrionalis — monedula.
sharpii — cornix.
sibiricus — corax.
si nensis — coro noides.
sinuatus — corax.
soemmeringii — monedula.

11(5

NovlTATKS ZooLOGICAE XXXIII. H'2lj.

solitarius — brachyrhynchos.
solitariua — coronoides.
spermolog us — m on ed ula .
splendent — splendt ns.
subcorax — corax.
subcornix — comix.
subcorone — corone.
sylvestris — corax.
sy i incus — comix.

tasmanicus — coronoides.
tenuirostris —comix.

ten n irostris — erica.

1 1 a n irostris — frugilegus.

tibetanus — corax.

til a tosinensis — coronoides.

timorcnsis — coronoides.

tingitan us — corax.

torquatus — torquatus.

tristis — tristis.

tropicus — hawaiensis.

tschuiensis — corax.

tschusii — frugilegus.

turrium — monedula.

typica — ///pica.

ultimas -frugilegus.
vUracollaris — monedula.
umbrinus — corax.
u ni color — it n i color.
ussurianus — corax.

validissimus — validus.
validus—validus.
vallachus — comix.

rutins — corax.
vegetus — woodfordi.
violaceus — enca.
vulgaris — comix,
vulgaris - main dula.
nil/ u rin us — alhicollis.

woodfordi — woodfordi.

y u n it a n e it s is — coron e .
zm/mi i/i ri—sjileiidvns.

APPENDIX B.

WING FORMULAE OF THE GENUS CORVUS.

Species are arranged alphabetically. Plus and minus signs are used to denote lonu'er than or
shorter than. v. si. = very slightly, si. = slightly, nr. = nearer. 7-8 means between the 7th
and 8th primaries.

Species.

1st primary.

Sod primary.

3rd primary.

Iili primary.

,"it h primary.

6th primary.

ALBICOLLIS

7-8

5-6, nr. 5

4 5 ■ >r = 4

longest

si. - 3

1-2, nr. 2

ALBUS .

7-8

5-6, nr. 5

longest or
= 4

= longest
or si. — 3

si. + -1

1-2, nr. 2

BRACHYRHYNCHUS :

<"itliil' iltnl .

!l lo or =
or - 10

6-7, nr. 6

v. si. 5 or
= 5

longest

v. si. - 3
or = 3

2-3

palmarum .

- 9

6-7

= 4 anil .">

= 3 and 5

= 3 and 4

2-3

CAPENSIS

= 9

= 6 or 6-7

= longest

longest

v. si. — 4

= 2

CORAX :

Arctic Anh ri i

7-8 or = 8

5-6. nr. 5

= 5 or 4-5

longest

si. — or

1-2, nr. 2

' '• nada

= 3

l.,l„,nl

7-8 or si.
-8

5-6

4-5 or = 5

longest

= or v. si.
-3

1-2. nr. 2

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIIT. 1926.

117

Species.

1st primary.

2nd primary.

3rd primary.

4th primary.

Stb primary.

6th primary.

United States

7-8 or = S

5-6

= 5

= 3 and 5
or rarely
si. longer

= 3

1-2, nr. 2

East Asia

7-8 or v.
rarely — 8

5-6

= or si.
- 4

longest or
= 3

2-3. nr. 3

1-2, nr. 2

Himalayas .

7-8 or = 8

5-6, nr. 5

4-5 or = 4

longest

v. si. - 3

1-2, nr. 2

" lawrencei "

= or si.

5-6, but

longest or

longest or

2-3

1-2, rarely

- 7

usually v.
si. - 5

- 4 or v.
si. - 4

= 3 or v.
si. - 3

nr. 2

" ruficoUis " .

7-8 or = 8

5-6, nr. 5

= longest

= longest

2-3

1-2

" edithae " .

7-9

5-6, nr. 5

sl. + or — 4

sl.+or- 3

2-3

1-2, nr. 2

" tin/jitanus "

7-8 or = 8

5-6. nr. 5

4-5 or = 4

longest

v. si. - 3

1-2. nr. 2

Canary Isles

usually 7-8
or v.sl. — 8

5-6

4-5 or = 4

longest

= or v. si.
- 3

1-2, nr. 2

Europe

7-8 or = 8

5-6

4-5 or = 5

longest

= or v. si.

- 3
= or si. —

1-2, nr. 2

COBNIX .

9-10

6-7. nr. 6

= or v. si.

longest or

2-3

- 4

= 3 or 5

3 or 4

CORONE .

9-10

6-7

5-6 or = 5

longest or
= 5

= or si.
- 4

2-3

CORONOIDES :

Australian .

8-9

5-6

4-5 or = 4

longest or

= 3
longest or

si. - 3

si. - 2

Indian

- 9

6-7

4-5 or =

= 3 or 4

2-3

4 or 5

= 4 or 5

Japanese

- 9

6-7. rarely
5-6

= 4 or 5

longest or
= 3 or 5

= 3 or si.

- 4

2-3 or = 2

Chinese.

- 9

6-7 or si.
- 6

= or v. si.
-5

longest or
= 5

= 3 or 4

2-3

Philippine .

- 10

6-7

si. - 4

— 5 or =
longest

longest or
= 4

si. -3

Jura. Sumatra

or si.

= 6

= or si.

longest or

si. - 3

= 2

- 9

- 4

= 3

and 4

Hainan

- 8 or 9

6-7 or si
- 6

= or v. si.
- 5

longest or
= 5

= 3 or 4

2-3

New Guinea

- 8

6-7, nr. 6

5-6 or = 5

longest or

= or si.

- 4
= or si.

2-3

New Britain

-9

6-7, nr. 6

5-6

= 5
longest or

2-3 or = 3

= 5

- 4

CRASSIROSTRIS

7-S or
rarely — 8

5-6

= longest

= longest

si. - 3

and 4

1-2, nr. 2

CRYPTOLEUCUS

7-8

5-6, nr. 5

4-5 or = 4

longest or

= 3
si. - 3

2-3

1-2, nr. 2

DAUURICUS

'8-9 or

= or si.

longest

= or si. -f-2

1-2

rarely — 9

- 5

ENCA :

enca

- 9

6-7

4-6

longest or
= 5

= or si.
- 4

2-3, nr. 3

violaceus

- 9

6-7

= 5 or 5-6

longest or
= 5

= or v. si.
- 4

2-3, nr. 3

pusillns

- 9

= 7

= 6 or 5-6

longest or
= 5

= or v. si.
-4

= or si.
- 3

\uman nsis .

- 9

= 7

5-6

longest or

= or v. si.

- 4
= longest

2-3

unicolor

- 10

= 7

5-6

= 5
= longest

si. - 3

FLORENSIS

- 10

= 9

6-7

5-6

longest

= or si.

- 4

FRUGTLEGUS :

fruijileijus

8-9, but
rarely — 9

5-6

= or si.
- 4

longest or
= 3

2-4

si. - 2

pastinator

- 9 or

= or v. si.

= or si.

usually

= or v. si.

si. - 2

nearly so

+ 6

- 4

longest

- 3

EUSCICAPILLUS

- 10 '

7-8

= 6 or very
nearly so

v. si. — 5

longest

= 3 or very
nearly so.

118

Xuvitates Zoological XXXIII. 1026.

Species.

1st IV i

2nd i'rimary.

3rd Drinuuy.

4th Primary.

5th Primary.

6th Pru

HAWAIENSIS .

- 10

si. - 7

= or si.

= 5 or 6,

longest or

= or si.

- 0

rarely si.
shorter

= 4

- 4

JAMAICENSIS .

- 10

= 7

= 5 or 5-6

longest or
= 5

3-5 or = 5

= or v. si.
- 3

KUBAEYI

- 10

si. - 7

= 6

— longest

= longest

= 3

LEUCOGNAFHALUS .

= or — 10

6-7, nr. 0

= 5

longest

= 3

2-3

MEEKI .

- 10

7-8

= 6

= longest

= longest

= 3

MEXICANCS :

mexicanus .

- 10

6-7, but
usually v.
si. - 6

= 5

longest

= 3

2-4

ossijragus

9-10

5-6 or = 6

si. 4- or

longest or

si. - 4 or

1 - 2 or

- 4

si. - 3

= 3

= 2

MONEDDLA

= 9

= or v. si.
- 5

longest

si. - 3

= or v. si.

+ 2

1-2

MONEDULOIDES

- 10

7-8 or = 8

6-7

almost —
5 and 6

usually =
longest
4 and 6

almost =
4 and B

NASICUS

- 10

6-7

= 5 or

nearly so

usually
longest

= 3 or

nearly so

2-3

RHIPIDTJRUS

8-10

5-6

= 4 and 5
or very
nearly so

= 3 and 5
or nearly
so

= 3 and 4
or very

nearly so

1-2. nr. 2

SPLENDENS

= or — 10

= or si.

rarely

usually

si. - 4

usually v.

- 6

longest,
usually
4-5 or = 5

longest

si. - 2,
rarely + 2

TORQUATPS

- 9 or =
10

0-7

usually 4-
5. but
rarely — 5

longest

si. - 3

2-3

TRISTIS .

- 10

6-7 or = 7

v. si. + or

longest or

— longest

v. si. or

- 6

very
nearly so

or very

nearly so

- 3

TYPTCA .

- 10

0-7

= or si.
- 5

longest or
= 5

= or si.
- 4

2-3

VALIDDS

= or - 10

v. si. + or

5-6 or si.

si. + or

usually

si. + or

- 7

- 6

- 5

longest or
v. si. - 4

- 3

WOODFORDI

- 10

0-7 or = 7

5-6 or = 6

= longest

= longest

= or si.
- 3

APPENDIX C.
LIST OF TYPES OF AUSTRALIAN CROWS.

Name of t\ pe.

Wing.

Oilmen.
Length. 1 Depth.

Base of nape feathers.

Tj]>.' locality.

Corvus coronoides Vig. and

363

58

grey.

Paramatta. X.S.W.

Horsf., 1827.

Corvus oennetti North, 1901

type nt

>t examined.

white.

Moolah, Western

X.S.W.

Corvus mariannae Mathews,

345

50

22

dark grey.

Gosford, N.S.W.

1911.

Corvus coronoides ceriliae Ma-

360

60

24

almost pure

Napier Broome Bay,

thews, 1912.

white.

N.W. Australia.

" Smaller than Corvus c.

coronoides, wing 355-350."

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

119

Name of type.

Wing.

1 uln

CehgUi.

en.

Depth.

Ilase of nape feathers.

Type locality.

Corvus bermetti bonhoti Mathews,

298

49

19

almost pure

Murchison, West

1912.

white. An

Australia.

" Smaller than Corvus b.

immature

bennetti. Wing 295."

bird.

Corvus coron. perplexus Ma-

316

51

23

grey.

Perth, Western

thews, 1912.

Australia.

" Much smaller than Corvus

c. coronoides, wing 314-327."

Corvus benn. queenslandicus

320

58

24

almost pure

Dawson River,

Mathews, 1912.

white.

Queensland.

" Differs from Corvus b.

bennetti in having a deeper and

stouter bill and thicker tarsi."

Corvus mariannae mellori

327

54

22

dark grey.

Angus Plains, South

Mathews, 1912.

Australia.

" Differs from Corvus m.

mariannae in being smaller.

wing 326-330, and from ( '. b.

bennetti in having grey bases to

the feathers."

Corvus mariannae helinaturinus

295

49

19

very dark grey.

Kangaroo Island,

Mathews, 1912.

S. Australia.

" Differs from Corvus m.

mellori by being smaller, wing

291."

Corvus mariannae tasmatiicus

359

67

25

grey.

Tasmania.

Mathews, 1912.

" Differs from Corvus m.

mariannae in its longer bill —

67 mm. — typical ('. in. mari-

annae having a bill 56-60."

Corvus ceciliae marngli Mathews.

316

51

21

snow-white.

Marngle < 'reek,

1912.

West Kimberley,

" Shorter wing — 312 — and

Western Australia.

bill than ' 'orvus r. ceciliae"

Corvus ceciliae hartogi Mathews,

Type n

ot exam

ned.

Dirk Hartog I.,

1920.

Western Australia.

" Differs from Corvus c.

marngli in having many of the

feathers brown and not shining

black."

120

Novitates ZooLoaiOAE XXXIII. 1928.

APPENDIX D.

DETAILED EXAMINATION OF AUSTRALIAN RACES OF CORVUS

CORONOIDES.

Number.

Locality.

Wing.

Culmeu :

: i ol Ee ithcrs.

Length.

Depth.

Queensland .

36

( ape York Pen. .

295-35-4

46-61

19-26

snow-white

1

Coo kt own

345

58

24

snow-white

12

Xormanton

288-315

48-54

20 25

snow-white

1

Xormanton

364

61

24

grey

2

Shadbroke Isles

315,344

56, 57

22, 23

snow-white

6

Dawson River .

32 1 -354

52-57

22 24

snow-white

Northern Territory

1

Daly River

310

59

23

snow-white

3

South Alligator R.

329-357

59-02

24-27

snow-white

5

Melville Isle

333-351

50-01

24-26

snow-white

1

Alexandria

285

47

is

snow-white

1

Brunette Downs

305

53

22

white

North-West

1

Wyndham.

328

57

19

snow-white

Australia

1

Admiralty Gulf .

3111

59

25

snow-white

2

Forrest River

330. 346

55.58

24. 26

snow-white

2

Napier Broome Hay .

3511. 30(1

60, 62

24. 26

snow-white

1

Derby

335

52

2:;

snow-white

1

Obogama, nr. Derby .

296

47

20

snow-white

3

West Kimberley

306-316

49-51

21

snow-white

Western Australia .

1

Munhison.

298

49

19

white

3

Coolgardie.

316-345

55 r,:;

24-25

white

2

Carnarvon .

305.3411

47,48

19,21

white

2

Port Cloates

305, 328

50. 63

20,23

snow-white

1

Dirk Hartog I. .

303

49

20

snow-white

1

Perth

316

51

23

grey

5

Augusta .

298-325

46-52

2(1.22

dark grey

1

Warren River

337

55

22

grey

3

Albany

330-347

53-56

22-23

grey

South Australia .

1

Moorilyama

340

57

27

snow-white

1

Horse-shoe Bend

342

55

24

snow-white

1

Wilgena .

322

55

24

snow-white

3

Wantna Pilla Swamp,
north of Spencer Gulf

330-343

53-60

24

snow-white

1

Gawler Ranges .

330

49

22

snow-white

3

Gawler Ranges .

325-347

55-57

22-25

grey to dark

grey

6

Normanville

305 351

51 59

20-23

grey to dark

2

Angus Plains (Adelaide)

315, 327

51.54

21. 22

grey
white and dark
grey

1

Kangaroo Isle .

295

49

19

grey

New South Wales .

2

Lismore

296-350

54-55

23-26

snow-white

4

Clarence Bay

320-325

52-57

23 25

snow-white

1

Lithgow .

355

55

25

grey

1

Moree

345

60

24

whitish grey

3

VPalgett .

330-370

59-62

21! 25

grey and whit-
ish grey

1

Bundarra .

355

58

25

grey

1

Coonabarabran

338

59

25

grey

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

121

2? umber.

Locality.

Wii«j.

Oulraen:

Base of Feathers.

Length.

Depth.

New South Wales

2

Belltrees (Scone)

355, 360

57,59

•i:\. 24

whitish grey

[continued)

6

Gosford

345-379

56-62

22-25

grey to dark
grey

1

Paramatta

332

55

23

dark grey

3

Sydney

354-365

60-62

24-26

grey to dark
grey

8

Hay

310-358

49-56

21-25

grey to dark
grey

5

Xarandera

302-360

53-58

20-25

grey to dark
grey

2

Broken Hill

315, 325

50. 53

20,21

white

1

Delegate .

331

57

23

grey

Victoria

3

Burrumbert, near
Melbourne

323-342

52-53

22-23

2 dark grey, 1
whitish grey

6

Wandella .

318-355

52-59

22-24

grey to dark
grey

7

Sandhill Lake, near
Melbourne

332-357

52-57

20-23

grey to dark
grey

1

Bendigo

320

51

22

grey

5

Lake Charm

324-340

5(1-55

20-23

4 dark grey, 1
grey

1

Wonga Park, near
Melbourne

327

56

22

dark grey

1

Melton

346

60

25

dark grey

1

Castlemaine

330

55

25

whitish grey

11

Budgerum (near)

315-352

47-57

20-23

8 grey, 2 whit-
ish grey, I
dark grey

7

Melbourne

305-360

52-60

22-25

grey to dark
grey

2

Bael Bael (near)
Melbourne

326-328

53

21-22

grey

Tasmania

7

Tasmania .

336-357

60-67

23-25

grey to dark
grey

122 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 11120.

ON THE BIRDS OF THE DISTRICT OF TALASEA IN NEW

BRITAIN.

By ERNST HARTERT.

rTiHE large island of New Britain (Neu Pommern), the largest of the
■*• Bismarck Archipelago, east of New Guinea, is, zoologically, the best-known
island of the group ; quite a number of good collectors and ornithologists
have been there, and yet it remained almost unknown with the exception of
the northernmost peninsula, called Gazelle Halbinsel. It was therefore that
Lord Rothschild induced Mr. Albert F. Eichhorn to go to the western parts to
collect. As he had no vessel of his own, he was obliged to go where ships could
take him, and decided to go to Talasea. Of this district he writes as follows :
" Our camp was pitched at 1,200 feet, the place being chosen for the water found
there. The mountains above reach an elevation of 3,400 feet, and up to that
altitude my men and myself have collected. The surrounding country is dotted
with geysers and hot mud springs, and sometimes their sickening sulphur fumes
drifted up to and across the camp. The scrub is virgin, huge fieus trees towering
above the others. The soil is very loose volcanic young formation. No natural
grass patches are within sight, except a little one made around the Government
station, hence the absence of birds inhabiting grass-land. The native population
inland is very sparse, so it is mostly impossible to get carriers and food."

The collection made by Mr. Eichhorn is a very interesting one. It contains
specimens of the very interesting and (in collections) rare Henieophaps fo(r<t< * i
(only known since 20 years), the rare Henicopernis longicauda inf meatus, Halcyon
albonotata !, Monarcha hebetior !, Rhipidura dahli dahli !, and many other fine
New Britain birds in beautiful series, as well as two unexpected novelties :
Accipiter luteoschistaceus and Turdus talasea. The absence of the much desired
Tyto aurantia (Salvad.), E.rcalfactoria lepida, Rallidae, Merops salvadorii, and of
Munia is regrettable, but these forms, or at least some of them, do not seem to
exist where Eichhorn collected, or may be are extremely rare there.

With the help of Reichenow's " Vogel der Bismarckinseln " in Mitt. Zool.
Samml. Berlin, i. 3 (1899) it is now comparatively easy to work out a collection
from New Britain. Since then, however, several articles on the birds of that
island have appeared :

Heinkoth, Ornithologische Ergebnisse der " I. Deutschen Siidsee Expedi-
tion von Br. Mencke " in Joum.f. Om., 1902 and 1903.

Otto Meyer, " Die Vogel der Insel Vuatom," in Natur und Offenbariing,
vol. 52, 1906.

Vuatom, Watom, or Uatom is a small island just north of the Gazelle Penin-
sula. Meyer observed there not less than 87 different species, which is a con-
siderable number for such a small island. His article contains many valuable
biological notes. Most of the specimens which he collected are preserved
(mounted) in the convent of the fathers of the Heart of Jesus in/Hiltrup near
Minister i. Westf., where I had the pleasure, together with Professor Reichling,
to look over the collection.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 123

W. Meyer, " Zur Vogelfauna des Bismarck-Archipels," in Ornith. Monatsber.
1909, pp. 33-38.

This article contains interesting notes on birds from New Britain, among
others the description of plumage, nest, and eggs of an apparently undescribed
Reed-Warbler. It contains further the description of two supposed new birds :

Halcyon toriu, a Kingfisher hitherto unknown to occur in New Britain or
anywhere else in the Bismarck Archipelago. The description, however, agrees
in every way with that of the male of Halcyon macleayi, under which name
Father Meyer has sent specimens to Berlin and Hiltrup ; the latter has been sent
to Rome, and already 0. Meyer knew that it was not a new species, but hitherto
the mistaken descrijjtion of it as H. toriu has not been corrected, as far as I am
aware (cf. Stresemann, Sepik-Vogel, p. 38). H. macleayi is an inhabitant of
Queensland, " Northern Territory," and parts of New South Wales. Mathews
recognises several subspecies, which will be discussed elsewhere. As this species
occurs also in the Louisiade and D'Entrecasteaux Islands, and on the south coast
of British Papua northwards to Astrolabe Bay, there is no reason why it should
not occur in New Britain ; Stresemann suggests that all H. macleayi occurring
out of Australia and its islands (Melville) might be migrants only, and this is
probably the case.

The second bird described as new is Reinwardtoenas bleyi. This striking
new bird was unfortunately already described as Henicophaps foersteri by
Rothschild & Hartert three years previously.

Probably new forms can still be discovered on the mountains and in the
western parts of New Britain, though, of course, little can now remain unknown.
Nests, eggs, and habits require still further investigation.

l . Tringa hypoleucos L.

Common in March and April. Mostly moulting body plumage on underside.

2. Tringa incana brevipes (Vieill.).
<$ ad. Talasea, 5.iii. 1925. Body plumage moulting.

3. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scop.).
3 <J<j>. March and April. Moult on body plumage.

4. Megapodius duperreyi eremita Hartl.
Evidently common at Talasea, a series sent.

5. Caloenas nicobarica nicobarica (L.).

Eichhorn found this species common near Talasea and sent a series from
January. Females, besides being smaller, with shorter neck-hackles, have the
rump and upper tail-coverts more golden green. Dahl, who only found it on
Credner Island, was wrong in saying it did not occur on New Britain, though it
may now be absent from the inhabited parts of the Gazelle Peninsula, where
he made his observations. A nest consisting of a few twigs was found on
the butt of a fallen tree, 2 ft. from the ground, apparently empty. Another,
containing one egg, on March 5, on the ground, about 1,500 ft. above sea-level.

124 Xmvitatis Zooi.oqicai: XXXIII. L926

The egg is white with a faint creamy tinge without gloss and measures
42 x 32 mm. Lives, according to Eichhorn, mostly on the ground and is
very shj .

6. Ptilinopus superbus superbus (Temm.).

Eichhorn did not find this species common at Talasea and sent only two
males shot in January.

7. Ptilinopus rivolii rivolii (Prevost & Knip).

See Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 198, 1925, p. 111'..

As I said before, it was to be expected that this Pigeon occurred somewhere
in New Britain, and this expectation has been fulfilled. Eichhorn found it
common at Talasea and sent a series collected in January and February. The
wings of the males measure 128-132 mm. The iris is described as yellow, in one
case reddish yellow, and once " dark," the latter possibly by an error or abnormal.

8. Myristicivora bicolor subflavescens (Finsch).

Eichhorn found this Pigeon apparently common in Talasea, for he sent 8
beautiful skins shot in February and March. The entire plumage to the base
of the feathers is creamy yellow, deepest on head, neck, and underside ; the
shafts and outer webs of the lateral rectrices are quite bright chrome yellow.
" White plumage tinged with yellowish " and " weiss, leicht gelblich getont " are
too mild expressions for these birds in fresh plumage, though it suits perfectly
old specimens of ours collected by Webster and Curtis which were probably
exposed to light when being dried, or are in old worn plumage. The freshly
moulted bird collected by Eichhorn on Manus (Admiralty Is.) is like the New
Britain ones. The Talasea birds are freshly moulted, some still in moult. The
iris is described as brown, bill dull yellow, base and cere slaty blue, feet lead-blue.

I have no doubt that nowhere two forms of Myristicivora will be found
breeding in the same area, and therefore believe that the above nomenclature will
be correct, and that all Mi/ristirivorae must be named trinomially, as subspecies
of bicolor.

9. Ducula (Globicera) rubricera (Bp.).

Common at Talasea. Series from January and February. Some moulting
on wings and tails, also a few feathers of the body plumage.

10. Ducula finschii (Rams.).

I o, j,nj,li,i(/ii Fins, in, I!. unsay. Joiir/l. Linn. Sor.. London. Zool. xvi, p. 12'J (1SS1- -locality not stated,
but from New Ireland, teste Sharpe in Gould's B. New Guinea, pt. xviii.

Eichhorn found this species rare at Talasea, and sent only one pair shot
January 30 and February 2. Both are moulting (body, wings, tail).

li. Ducula melanochroa (Scl.).
Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 117.

Eichhorn says these Pigeons are common whin the figs are ripe, otherwise
one does not see them, and that they do not occur below 1,500 ft. He sent
3 adults from Talasea, shot in January, which show moult on body plumage.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 125

12. Gallicolumba beccarii johannae (Scl.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 198 (also Nov. Zool. 1925, pp. 118, 119).

Phlinjovnu* jtihiniiitii Sclater, 1'rnr. Zool. Sor. London. 1877, p. 112, pi. xvi (exact loc. doubtful, but

in all probability Duke of York Island, which I designate as typical locality).
Gallicolumba beccarii nodifica Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 118 (New Ireland).

In 1925 (p. 119) I said already that I believed this species " must and will
be found in New Britain," where all the collecting had hitherto been done only
in the Gazelle Peninsula. Now Eichhorn sent a fine series of 5 adult males and
a female, shot in Talasea in March and April. The males vary in the colour of
the chest, which in some is as dark as in our darkest specimens from New Ireland
and Nissan and Feni Islands, in one as light as in a New Hanover bird, which
agrees with the types in the British Museum. I therefore conclude that all the
specimens from Dampier, New Britain, Duke of York, New Ireland, Feni, Nissan,
and New Hanover are the same, and that my supposed nodifica (I.e.) cannot be
separated ; this also does away with the curious interrupted distribution which
would result if nodifica was separable. From our examples from New Ireland
it certainly seemed that they differed from the types, which have very white
chests, nor did the Feni and Nissan series contradict this. The wings of the
Talasea males measure 111-118 mm.

13. Gallicolumba jobiensis (Meyer).

Pldegoenas jobiensis A. B. Meyer, Milth. Mas. Dresden, i. p. 10 (1875 — Jobi).

Chalcophaps margariihae Salvadori & Albertis, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, vii, p. 836 (1875 — no exact
locality given, but type from the coast near Hall Bay, S.E. New Guinea).

(Evidently Meyer's description of P. jobiensis appeared before that of
C. margariihae, which came out in November, and therefore Salvadori adopted,
in his great work, Orn. Pap., iii, p. 165, and elsewhere, Meyer's name, and it is
strange that in the Cat. B. xxi he reverted to margariihae, which, in its first
description, he spelt correctly with an h, while later on he used the Italian way of
eliminating the h. Meyer's type was a young bird, but it has been carefully
examined, and Salvadori himself said that there could be no doubt whatever
that the name jobiensis referred to the same bird which he later on called
margariihae.)

Eichhorn calls this species " comparatively rare and shy " near Talasea,
but he sent 2 <J ad., 1 $ ad., and 2 juv., shot in January, February, March, and
April. " Iris dark brown, bill black, feet purplish red." Wings $ 148, 152,
$ 140 mm. Young shot February and March badly moulting body plumage,
wings, and tail.

14. Henicophaps foersteri R. & H.

Henicoplmps foerslen Rothschild & Hartert, Bidl. B.O. Club, xix, p. 28 (1906 — Massawa, New Britain),

Nov. Zool. 1911, p. 168, pi. i.
Reinwardtoenas bleyi W. Meyer. Orn. Monatsber. 1909, p. 36 (Toriu and Kambair, New Britain).

It is strange that this striking bird with its glossy wings was not discovered
before 1905, as a good deal of collecting had been done in New Britain. Probably
its real home is not in the Gazelle Peninsula, but in the main portion of the island.
It seems that no specimens are known except the type in Tring, one in the Munich
Museum, and the types of Father Meyer. Now Albert Eichhorn sent 2 males

126 NOVITATES ZOOLOGK'AE XXXIII. 1026.

and 1 female, from Talasea, shot February, March, and April. He found it rare
mostly living on the ground. " Iris dark brown, bill blackish, distal part of lower
light horn-colour, feet dull purplish red." The males have larger bills and are
underneath nearly white, with a reddish-brown tinge on the crop. The female
has a smaller bill, and the whole underside tinged with rusty brown. This
shows that the type was also a female. Wings of the Talasea males 202, 203, of
the female 197 mm.

15. Chalcophaps stephani stephani Rchb.

Eichhorn found this Pigeon common, feeding on seeds off the ground. He
sent a series shot from January to March. A young female in first plumage was
shot January 21. Mostly in good plumage, but some February and March
specimens moult on body, wings, or tail.

16. Macropygia amboinensis carteretia Bp.

Terra typiea : New Ireland. Of. Nov. Zool. 192"). p. 119.

Common near Talasea, fruit-eating (Eichhorn). Young and old from
January to March, some moulting.

17. Macropygia rufa rufocastanea Rams.

Cf. antea, p. 43.

Eichhorn found this species rare at Talasea and sent only one female shot
May 1, 1925. My surmise that this species must occur on New Britain (antea
p. 43) has been fulfilled, though only one was obtained.

18. Dupetor flavicollis nesophilus (Sharpe).
Two beautiful males, March and April.

19. Nycticorax caledonicus mandibularis Grant (?).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1914, p. 285, 1924, p. 199.

Rare at Talasea, feeding at night, according to Eichhorn. One adult female
shot 7 . iii. 1925. Iris yellow. Wing 286, of a male shot on New Britain by
Kleinschmidt 277, of one from New Hanover (Webster coll., not sexed) 283 mm.
As specimens from the Solomon Islands have wings of 250 ($), 257 (cj), 268 (<J),
269 ($), and 255 ($), it seems that the Night Herons from the Bismarck Archi-
pelago are a longer winged subspecies, but more measurements are required to
confirm this ! The long ornamental occipital plumes are white with a rufous
tinge at base, tip, and outer webs, in the Talasea specimen.

20. Henicopernis longicauda inhiscatus Gurney.

Henicopemix infuscata Gurney, Ibis, 1882, p. 128 (Blanche Bay, New Britain, type in Liverpool
Museum, ex coll. Tristram).

Two specimens of this very rare bird were shot in January and February.
Eichhorn says it was rare, only one other having been seen ; one sees it among
the tree tops and it feeds on tree-lizards, etc. Other birds take no notice of it,
except the Drongos.

Novitates Zoolootcae XXXIII. 1926. 127

I treat infuscatus as a subspecies of longicauda, because it has the essential
features of the latter, the same markings of the head, the same markings of the
wing-quills and rectrices ; but it is a much smaller and blacker, somewhat
" melanistic " form ; the back and rump are black, but the scapulars show the
same concealed greyish-brown bars as longicauda ; the underside, which is
creamy white, striped with black in longicauda, is black with white bases and
whitish spots and edges to some of the feathers ; under wing-coverts like the
breast ; thighs pale brownish yellowish with blackish central longitudinal marks
and a few whitish patches. " Iris bright yellow ; bill pale slate, or light horn,
tip blackish ; feet dull bluish white."

Wings $ 340, <$ 355, tail 255 mm.

Stresemann has suggested that Henicopernis should not be separated from
Pernis. Being a confirmed genus-lumper I should like to agree with him, but
cannot go as far as that. The nostril in Pernis is an oblique slit, almost closed
by an operculum, while in Henicopernis it is an almost perpendicular oval hole,
the lores in Pernis are covered with the often described scale-like feathers — the
most characteristic peculiarity of the Honey Buzzards — while in Henicopernis
the lores are bare with a few isolated tiny apologies for feathers, nothing like
the scaly feathers of Pernis.

Unfortunately — as of many Papuan birds — we know next to nothing of the
habits and food of this, but Eichhorn says that H. I. infuscatus feeds on tree-
lizards, which may, of course, be only one of its prey.

Hitherto this bird has always been called Henicopernis infuscata, but Pernis
admittedly being masculine, Henicopernis must follow suit.

21. Accipiter luteoschistaceus Rothsch. & Hart.

Accipiter luteoschistaceus Rothschild & Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xlvi, p. 53 (Jan. 1926 — Talasea,
New Britain).

This new Accipiter has the upperside dark slate-colour, the underside buff,
on the chest, especially the sides, narrowly cross-barred, in one with brown, in
the other with grey bars. Under wing-coverts uniform buff, primaries pale
buff towards the base on the inner webs which have slaty-blackish cross-markings.
Inner secondaries and scapulars towards the base chiefly white. Wings and tail
outwardly like the back ; rectrices on the inner webs towards the base buffish
with slaty cross-bars. Wings 187 and 190, tail 130, 143, middle toe 28 mm.
" Bill black, feet dark or orange yellow." Cere not described on labels, but
bright orange in the skins. Two males were shot at Talasea on March 12 and
April 21, 1925.

This interesting new Accipiter is nearest allied to A. soloensis ; in the latter,
however, I have not seen such cross-barring on the chest ; the tarsus in A.
soloensis (in males) measures about 40, in luteoschistaceus quite 50 mm. The
second primary in soloensis equals the fifth, in luteoschistaceus the seventh ; the
tip of the wing is much larger in soloensis, shorter in luteoschistaceus, in which the
fourth and fifth (not the third and fourth) primaries are longest, the third and
sixth only about 4 mm. shorter — not 15 to 20 mm. as in soloensis. The bill is
much larger in luteoschistaceus. Notwithstanding great similarity between the
two birds (especially in the markings of the inner secondaries) it would be

Ills Novitates Zoolooii AS XXX11I. 1926.

unjustifiable and rash to treat them as subspecies. Eichhorn says it was rare
and not easily stalked.

22. Accipiter novaehollandiae dampieri (Guru.).'

Urospiziae dampieri Gurney, Ibis, lssi. p. 4">:i (New Britain).

Accipiter hiogaster roohi Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1914 p. 288 (Rook Island).

In Mil 4 we had no good material from New Britain, while now we have
received a wonderful series, 8 adult males and females from that island. This
clearly proves that we were wrong in our conclusions in 1914, when we believed
that the New Britain form was larger than the Rook Island birds. The males
from New Britain have wings of 189-200, females of 219-232 mm., and the wings
of the Rook males measure 192 and 195 mm. (no females available). Thus
Reichenow's of $ 185-195, $ 215-225 agree also quite well, but Gurney's of
<J 209, $ 232-240 surpass our measurements.

It seems that a slightly larger (longer-winged) form is found on Manus and
St. Matthias Island, as we measure males 200, 204, 212, and one female 237 mm.,
but these differences are so variable and surpass ours from New Britain birds in
the extremes only, that we (Lord Rothschild fully agrees with me in this case)
do not venture to separate the birds from Manus and St. Matthias Island, unless
at any future time larger series should show that the birds from these northern
islands really reach larger measurements. The females from New Britain show
all more or less obvious traces of whitish bars on the underside : the female from
Manus is uniform, except for one white bar on one feather.

The iris is described by Eichhorn as dark brown, bill black, feet cadmium ;
the cere has obviously been yellow, and on one of the labels on a Rook Island
bird it is described as yellow.

Eichhorn says it is common and lives on " birds, lizards, etc."

23. Haliastur indus girrenera (Vieill).
Fairly common. One adult female and one juv. shot in March, both in
partial moult.

24. Baza subcristata bismarckii Sharpe.

Three adults shot in February and March. The one from 10. ii and one of
the March specimens moult wings, tail, and body plumage.

25. Falco severus severus Horsf.

An adult female Talasea 31. i. 1925. "Iris dark brown. Bill black and
slaty blue. Feet lemon yellow."

I am unable to separate this bird from typical severus. Cf. Nov. Zool.
1915, pp. 49, 50.

Eichhorn says it was " very rare." This Falcon seems to be rare on all

1 I fully accept, as far as it noes, for the present the classification "f the species Accipiter
fasciatns ami Accipiter novaehollandiae, as proposed by Stresemann, Journ. f. tlrn. 1925. ]>. 323.
At. first glance it seems very strange, hut astudy of these birds reveals the sense of this grouping.
There are thus subspecies of A. novaehollandiae the following forms : nil,!, mar. pulchellus, rufo-
schiataceus, bovgainvilUi, dampierit mieorieneia, leucosamus, cooktoirni, iaa-a. Itolla/aliar, <jr/*ra<jul<in«,
obiensi*. tnarhji. /lallidirc/).-: liioaaxtrr. alhircntris. palinmitus, sylrcstris, suntbaensia.

Nov]T\tes Zoological XXXII], 1926. 1--'

islands where it occurs. This is the first we receive from the islands of the
Bismarck Archipelago, where it has been recorded from New Britain and the
Duke of York group only. Dahl only saw it once on New Britain, Heinroth did
not come across it. In all the collections from the Solomon Islands we received
it only once ; even on the Sunda Islands it seems to be rare. It is a true
" Hobby." The food consists chiefly or entirely of insects.

26. Ninox odiosa Scl.

Ninox odiosa Selater, Proc. Zool. Sac. London, 1877. p. 108 (New Britain, Brown coll., type in
Brit, itfus.).

This Owl is only known from New Britain, where it does not seem to be
rare, having been collected on the Gazelle Peninsula by Brown, Kleinschmidt,
Finsch, Kubary, Dahl, and Heinroth.

Eichhorn found it at Talasea and sent 4 adults from February, March, and
April. He says they have a long continuous call, sometimes lasting three
minutes. He found the iris bright yellow, bill slaty, tip and culmen greenish
yellow. Wing <? 178, 183, 187, ? 171, 174 mm.

There is no known ally of N. odiosa in the Papuan fauna but the Celebes
N. punctulata ; the latter, however, differs in having on the abdomen cross-bars
or spots, instead of shaft-lines or sagittate markings, in having the tarsus feathered
a little more down to the toes, no large white spots on the wing-coverts and
scapulars, and in having the iris dark chestnut or chocolate brown, instead of
bright yellow.

27. Cacatoes galerita ophthalmica (Scl.).

Cacatua ophthalmica Selater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864. pp. 188, 189 ('" Solomon Islands." errore !
Terra typica New Britain !).

Only known from New Britain ! Differs from C. g. triton in the shorter
crest, composed of wider and not upturned (convex), but slightly concave feathers,
if viewed from above ; in both forms the colour of the naked ring around the
eyes is described as blue, but in all our skins of " triton " it is dried yellowish,
while in the ophthalmica it appears slate, more or less spotted with yellowish.
Iris brown. Bill and feet slaty black. Wings rj 283-300, $ 273-289 mm.
Eichhorn found it rather common and sent a fine series. It is one of the most
interesting birds of New Britain, showing that this island, by far the richest in
species in the Bismarck Archipelago, has more Papuan elements than the other
islands, and the farther the latter are removed from New Guinea the poorer they
are in species.

28. Micropsitta pusio pusio (Scl.).

Nasitema pusio Selater. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1865. p. 620. pi. 35 (substituted type locality:
Duke of York Is. The originally given locality " Solomon Islands " of cpurse incorrect I.

For a long time I have wished for fresh material of typical pusio, and at last
have received 4 New Britain specimens, 3 males and 1 female. These clearly
show that our M. p. salvadorii is well distinguishable by its more or less yellow
superciliary stripe, but I now consider that this form ranges from the Weylandt
Mountains and the Mamberano River along the north coast of Papua, including
the Vulcan and Dampier Islands, and extends southwards to S.E. New Guinea :

130 NOVITATES ZOOLOOKAE XXXIII. 1926.

Milne Bay, Aroa River, Kumusi River. Three rather poor specimens, one quite
young, from Fergusson Island, D'Entrecasteaux group, may belong to a different
subspecies, more like .1/. pusio pusio, but perhaps darker green on the underside.

Unfortunately I have not seen the type of M. beccarii. It is from Wairor
on the west coast of Geelvink Bay, almost opposite Ron Island, but a little
farther north ; another specimen from Wandammen was considered the same
by Salvadori : we have three, unfortunately very bad specimens, a male and
2 females, from the little island of Ron in Geelvink Bay, close to Wandammen
and not far from Wairor, which, one should think, would be beccarii, but the
description (and the figure in Gould's Birds of New Guinea) does not agree ; our
Ron specimens, collected by William Doherty, have the sides of the occiput
3'ellowish, like salvadorii, and certainly not " brunneo-olivaceis " as described by
Salvadori.

A specimen (not sexed), collected by A. S. Anthony in the Owen Stanley
Mts. (•• Kotoi district"), already mentioned, Nov. Zool., 1901, p. 81, under
" Nasitema pusio," is so brightly coloured, that it is not impossible that it forms
a separate mountain subspecies, and future collectors in that district should try
to obtain a series.

The Micropsitta from St. Aignan and Sudest Island in the Louisiade group,
which we formerly united with M . pusio pusio (of which we had no adequate
material), are almost exactly like the birds from S.E. New Guinea which we now
consider to belong to salvadorii, but have much longer wings.

Wings from New Guinea measure 60 (?) to 65 (<J), rarely 66, once 68.
Twenty-five measured.

Wings in the Sudest and St. Aignan specimens from 64 and 65 (?) to 69-70
((J). Eighteen measured.

I therefore propose to call the long-winged Louisiade subspecies

Micropsitta pusio stresemanni subsp. no v.

Type: $ ad. Mt. Riu or Rattlesnake, Sudest I., 8.iv.l916. No. 7343,
A. S. Meek coll.

Eichhorn found this little Parrot somewhat rare at Talasea. Three of the
specimens were shot in February, one in April. Wings 59-61 mm. Two February
specimens moult on the tail. These birds, according to Eichhorn, build their
nests in white ants' nests ; on St. Matthias Island a nest with young of Microp-
halli meeki proximo was found not more than !» inches from the ground.

My friend Stresemann described the pusio from Finschhafen (Kai Peninsula)
as Micropsitta pusio rothschildi (Archiv f. Naturg., 89a, Heft 7 & S, 1923),
correctly stating how it differs from M. p. pusio, except that he did not mention
the yellowish colour on the supereiliurn and sides of the occiput, which is the
characteristic difference of M. p. salvadorii. He kindly sent me the type-speci-
mens, and I am *orry to say I cannot separate these birds from our series from
S.E. New Guinea which in my opinion should be united with our M. pusio salva-
dorii. If the series is laid out it seems as if the specimens from the Ambernoh
River and Humboldt Bay, together with those from the Kai Peninsula (Finsch-
hafen and Bassa Bay), have the underside more yellowish, but this is a rather
variable character, some from S.E. Papua being equally yellow, while the Vulcan
Island ones are greener again than the Finschhafen and other north coast examples.

NOV1TATES ZOOLOGIf'AE XXXIII. 1926. 131

I am therefore afraid that all the birds from the Ambernoh River and Takar and
Weylandt Mountains to S.E. Papua, including Stresemann's rothschildi, must
be united — and it remains to be confirmed if they differ well from beccarii.

29. Charmosynopsis placentis pallidior R. & H.

Cf. Nor. Zool. 1924. p. 201.

Common at Talasea. February and March specimens sent.
30. Lorius roratus goodsoni Hart.

Loriua roratus goodsoni Hartert, Nor. Zool. 1924, p. 123 (Manns) ; cf. t.c. p. 203, 1925, p. 125, and
antea.

The series of 4 £ and 5 $ from Talasea is not distinguishable from Manus
specimens, except that the bills of several of the females and one male are smaller,
thus showing a tendency towards L. r. solomonensis.

The wings of the males measure 240-255 mm , exactly as our Manus speci-
mens, while the females have wings of 222 to 241 mm. (230-240 on Manus).

Eichhorn found this Parrot very common and a pest of the gardens ; he says
they even attack the taro in the ground ; nests in hollow trees.

31. Domicella hypoinochroa devittata (Hart.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1898, p. 530, 1924, p. 201, 1925. p. 122.

This common Parrot was frequent at Talasea. A series sent from January :
half of them moult the wing-feathers, a few the tails and their coverts. Two
specimens have the black bars on the under wing, which are as a rule absent in
D. h. devittata ; one of them is quite young, the other is older, but also juvenile ;
apparently the black bar is an ancestral character, still present in young and very
exceptionally indicated in old birds.

32. Geoffroyus heteroclitus (Hombron et Jacq.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 201.

Eichhorn found this species common at Talasea. He says "' that their call,
while in flight, has an aeolian sound," and that, like other Parrots, they live on
fruit and make their nest-holes in rotten trees. He sent a series, shot in January,
February, and April. They are mostly in good fresh plumage. A juvenile male,
shot January 26, moults wings and body plumage ; the crown is blue-grey
mixed with yellow, the coming feathers being yellow.

33. Trichoglossus haematodes aberrans Rohw.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 123.

Two from February, one April. One female has much narrower dark edges
to the feathers of the breast than the other female and a male ; the narrow
edges, however, are worn off. The two February specimens moult wings, tail,
and body plumage, the April one tail and breast.

Eichhorn found it not rare, and says it eats " honey," by which evidently
nectar is meant.

132 NoMTATES ZoOLOGK AE XXXIII. HUM;.

34. Halcyon chloris tristrami Layard.

Halcyon tristrami Layard, IhU, 1880, p. 460, pi. xv (" Makira harbour, we believe." Evidently the
belief thai tbis biril came from Makira harbour, on the island of San Christoval. was erroneous,
as the description and figure are certainly not taken from San Christoval specimens, but autre
best with New Britain ones, and the types in the Tristram collection, now in Liverpool, are
marked as coming from Blanche Bay. New Britain. Therefore Blanche Bay. New Britain,
should be regarded as the typical locality of //. tristrami. See Nov. Zool. 1905. p. 256 !).

We have at last received a scries of eight real tristrami from New Britain ;
these, in connection with the fine material of other forms of the tristrami group
of these Kingfishers, enable me to review the various forms profitably. In opposi-
tion to my former views I now treat them as subspecies of Halcyon chloris. The
belief that two forms of H. tristrami and chloris were found in one and the same
locality was evidently due to the insufficient material formerly available, and
the misleading conception of these birds in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus.. xvii. Cf.
Nov. Zool., 1925, pp. 125-127.

(1) Halcyon chloris tristrami Layard.

Terra typica Xew Britain. See above !

Abdomen bright rufous, gradually paling off to almost white on the throat,
sometimes paler from having a white patch in the middle of the abdomen, but
flanks and under wing-coverts remain always rufous. Possibly the birds from
the Gazelle Peninsula have longer wings, measuring 106-111, once 116 mm.,
while those from Ta'asea are all 105-107 mm. long. (Two specimens from
Fauro in the Solomon group, with wings of 105 and 107 mm., are indistinguishable
from tristrami. but must belong to alberti. All statements of occurrences else-
where than on New Britain will be wrong ; in the Solomon Islands represented
by alberti — if separable — and solomonis.)

(2) Halcyon chloris alberti Pv. & H.

Halcyon tristrami alberti Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1905, p. 256 (type: Kulambangra !).

Inhabits Kulambangra, Rendova. Vella Lavella, Guadalcanar, Isabel, Gizo,
Bougainville — and must also be the Fauro form. Twenty-nine specimens
before me.

This form is a very close ally of H. c. tristrami ; when it was described we
did not understand its variability and how close it is to tristrami. It might by
some ornithologists be united with tristrami, but crown and wings are deeper
blackish and blue, and the rump is deeper blue than in any tristrami we have,
i.e. our 8 from Talasea and 2 from the Gazelle Peninsula received in exchange
from Berlin ; strange to say the two Fauro specimens have the rump as pale
as in the New Britain tristrami.

Wings 102-111, mostly 104-108 mm.

(3) Halcyon chloris solomonis Rams.

Halcyon solomonis Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vi, p. s:!.'l (1SS2 — no locality stated, but in
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vii, p. 21. Ugi and St. Christoval are said to be the localities, and
the distinctive characters are very well stated). Nov. Zool. \'.r2.~>. p. 126.

Halcyon perplexa Rothschild & Hartert. Nov. Zool. 1008, p. 361 (San Christoval).

Seems to be restricted to the island of San Christoval, Solomon group, and
its satellites (Ugi, and perhaps others).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 133

Very easily distinguished from the forms mentioned above. Very much
smaller, wings 93-95 mm. No concealed white patch on the nape ! Upperside
of a different, somewhat lighter blue. Underside white, but sides of body and
a large patch on sides of breast cinnamon, nearly forming a band across the
breast. Lores, small patch behind eye (which is not found in tristrami and
alberti !), and nuchal collar cinnamon, but in some specimens white, also without
cinnamon on underside.

Though this form is sc very different I have no doubt that it is a subspecies
of chloris. I explained before that this form was already described in vol. vi of
the Proc. Linn. Soc. N.8. Wales, and that perplexa is a synonym !

(4) Halcyon chloris nusae Heinr.

Halcyon nusae. Heinroth. Joum.f. Orn. 1902, p. 437, pi. viii. fig. 2 fXu.sa and other small islands and
New Hanover, and near north coast of New Hanover) ; Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 205, 1926, p. 38.

Common on New Hanover and Feni Island, the small islands between New
Hanover and New Ireland — probably also parts of New Ireland, but in the
S.W. part it is represented by H. c. novaehibemiae.

The white patch on the occiput is present again and often more developed
and less concealed ; differs from tristrami chiefly in the blackish and sometimes
dull greenish (less bluish) black crown. Upper back, scapulars, and upper wing-
coverts darker, more greenish ; underside and nuchal collar white, the latter
sometimes buff or light cinnamon, in which cases there is also a pale cinnamon
patch on the sides of the chest.

Wings 105-110, once (a Feni specimen) 115 mm.

(5) Halcyon chloris novaehibemiae Hart.

Halcyon tristrami novaehiberniat Sartert, Nov. Zool. xxxii, p. 125 (1925 — S.W. New Ireland).

Only known from south-western New Ireland.

Differs from tristrami in having shorter wings, 102-107 mm., underside,
lores, and collar white, with or without a faint buff tinge, bill shorter : 35-39 mm.
from end of frontal feathering.

Differs from nusae in having the wing shorter, the nuchal white patch
apparently not larger than in tristrami, the scapular bluer, rump of a somewhat
deeper blue.

(6) Halcyon chloris stresemanni Laubm.

Halcyon chloris stresemanni Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, xv, p. 391 (1923 — " Franzosische
Inseln im Bismarck-Archipel ").

Very near to novaehibemiae, but wings 107-110, bill larger ! Crown of head
not so black as is freshly plumaged adult nusae, wings, rump, outside of quills
and tail deeper blue ! Underside white, but lower abdomen light cinnamon,
gradually whitening towards the breast ; nuchal band white or white. So far
only known from the French Islands (Witu), but a specimen from Rook Island,
which Rothschild and I, Nov. Zool., 1914, p. 212, called " Halcyon tristrami
tristrami," is indistinguishable from our series from Witu.

Eichhorn found the H. c. tristrami common at Talasea and says that it
makes a nest hole high up in rotten tree trunks. The specimens he sent were
shot in February and March. Some March specimens are in badly worn

134 N'oVITATES ZoOLOr.H'AE XXXIII. 1926

plumages and moult body plumage, 2 also tails and 1 primaries ; on the breasl
fresh-coming feathers are considerably darker cinnamon than the old faded
worn ones.

Halcyon pachyrhynchus Rchw., Orn. Monatsber. 1898, p. 48. from New Britain.
is, of course, the young trietrami. This was known to Reichenow in 1899, as he
placed the name correctly in the synonymy of II. c. tristrami, and it would perhaps
not have been necessary to repeat it here, if in the description it had not been
compared with H. vagans, or more correctly Halcyon chloris sanctus from far-away
New Zealand.

35. Halcyon albonotata Rams.

Halcyon al " nnolata Ramsay. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1884, p. 863 (New Britain),

This very rare bird was found by no means common, but Eichhorn managed
to get 7 specimens at Talasea, in February, March, and April ; he says it makes
its nests in white ants' nests on trunks of trees. The iris is dark brown, bill black,
feet black ; one female has some whitish colour on the under mandible.

The male has the back white from the upper back to the tail-coverts in-
clusive ; in the female only the upper back is white, the lower back and rump
are purplish blue, these purplish blue feathers reaching over the short white upper
tail-coverts. Under surface entirely white in both sexes. Wings <J 82-85,
$ 82-82-5 mm. On both sides of the forehead, just behind the nostrils, is a
white spot. The crown is rich blue, on the sides lighter and more ultramarine ;
a black (not blue !) band from the lores over the ear-coverts and narrowly en-
circling the blue crown. Scapulars and wing-coverts deep purplish blue, rather
different from the crown. A more or less concealed white patch on the nape.
Under wing-coverts white, on the under primary coverts a small dusky patch,
varying in size.

The nearest ally is Halcyon leucopygia from the Solomon Islands, in which
the sexes differ in the same way. In the latter, however, the crown is of the
same colour as the scapulars, there are no white spots on the forehead, and there
is on each side of the rump a reddish-lilac patch ; this colour also covers the
under tail-coverts, which are white in H. albonotata ; H. leucopygia is also some-
what larger.

(Halycon toriu Meyer, Orn. Monatsber. 1909, p. 34, from the Toriu River in the
Gazelle Halbinser, New Britain, is H. macleayi.)

3C Halcyon sancta sancta Vig. & Horsf.
This winter-visitor from Australia was found common in April and May.
Most of the specimens sent are moulting, some in April already in beautiful
fresh plumage, others in quite worn old garb, some juvenile.

37. Tanysiptera sylvia nigriceps Sol.

(Tanysiptera sylvia sylvia from Australia and 7'. Sylvia salvadorina from New Guinea are closely
allied ; if only subspecies the New Britain form must be called T . sylvia nigriceps ; the latter
has the crown black, the other two blue : sylvia lias the upperside blue, while in nigriceps and
salvadorina only the wings are blue, and in salvadorina the patch on the interscapulium is
brownish buff, but fades considerably in worn plumage.)

Tanysiptera nigriceps Sclatcr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877. p. 105 (Duke of York Is.).

Eichhorn sent a fine series of 11 of this species, shot from January to March.
February 18 and March 23, young birds were shot. The sexes are perfectly

N'OVITATES ZOOLOGK'AE XXXIII. 1926. 13.J

similar ; the tails vary in length, but not according to sex. The longest middle
rectrices I measure 175 ; the shortest, in a full-grown male, 145 mm. The iris is
marked as dark brown, bill deep red, feet dull yellowish, dull greenish yellow,
one dull reddish yellow. In the young the bill is brown, the under mandible
only yellowish. In the young the feathers of the crown are black as in the
adult, but those of the nape and a line from above the eyes have blue tips. The
patch on the interscapular region is buff, or pale rufous brown ; in the adults
this patch is white, but generally with a faint buff tinge in front. The outer
webs of the elongated rectrices are blue, the inner ones white, while in T. sylvia
leucura Neum., from Rook Island, all rectrices are perfectly white in fully adult
birds.

Eichhorn found this Tanysiptera fairly common at Talasea.

(With other birds supposed to have been collected on New Ireland we
received many years ago a T. s. nigriceps, but as nobody else has found it there,
and it was not labelled, this locality cannot be credited ; while in that collection
were mostly undoubted New Ireland specimens, a few others in it were obviously
not from there.)

38. Ceyx lepida sacerdotis Rams.

Ceyx sacerdotis Ramsay, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. xvi. p. 128 (1822 — New Britain).

Eichhorn sent a very welcome series of 10 specimens from the Talasea dis-
trict. We possess'ed only a bad skin collected by Heinroth and 7 from Rook
Island. The latter, shot in July and August, are in magnificent fresh plumage,
while the Talasea ones, collected from January to April, are more or less
worn and some begin to moult. It seems for this reason that the shining ultra-
marine spots to the tips of the feathers of the crown are larger in the Rook
examples, smaller in the Talasea ones, in which they are worn down. The
Talasea birds range not quite so large as the Rook examples ; while on Rook
Island the wings measure 60-65 (the latter only once), in the Talasea ones they
are 60-61, in the one from Ralum 61 mm. Also the bills on Rook Island range
from 32-35 (measured from the nostril), on New Britain 30-32-5 mm. I do not
venture to separate the Rook form for this reason, as larger series might show
that these differences are not constant.

I have already (Nov. Zool. 1914, p. 213) shown that only the lower mandible
can be described as " red," the upper being brown or blackish ; in the Cat. B.,
xvii, p. 184, Sharpe described the Solomon Islands form which Rothschild &
Hartert named Ceyx lepida collectoris.

Eichhorn says these birds were not common and made their nests in the
form of holes in a bank, also that they lived in the scrub, not on water.

39. Alcedo atthis pelagica Stres.

One pair sent.

Eichhorn found them inhabiting rivers, creeks, or mangrove swamps,
and says they tunnel a hole, about 15 inches deep, in a bank, and that they
five on fish.

136 Novitates Zoologicae XXX1I1. 1926

40. Scythrops novaehollandiae Lath.

Scythropa novaehdttandiat Latham, Index Orn, i, p. 141 (1790- near Sydney, N.S. Wales).

Eichhorn sent 2 males, one with a much smaller bill than the other. He
saw very few, generally with 2 crows in hot pursuit. It is known (Otto Meyer,
P. Schumm) that the crow is the foster-parent in New Britain — as it is in
Australia. Mathews separated a western subspecies, but it does not seem to be
tenable. Eichhorn marked the eye as dark red.

41. Cuculus optatus Gould.
Cuculns optatus Gould, Proc. Zool. 8oc. London, 1845, p. 18 (" Port Essington, Australia").

Three adults, all three marked as males, 12. i. 1925 and 10. ii. 1925. The
two February specimens moult their body plumage. Of course migrants from
Siberia or North China, etc.

42. Eudynamis scolopacea salvadorii Hart.

Eiidynamis orit ntalis salvadorii Hartert. Nov. Zool. 1900, p. 232 (" New Britain and New Ireland ").

(A specimen said to be from New Ireland, which came with many other
New Ireland birds, was made the type ; as, however, nobody else seems to have
got this bird from New Ireland, it is possible that the type had come from Duke
of York Is., or New Britain.)

Three males from March, one female from April ; they are quite typical. The
wings of the males measure 207 and 217, one is moulting, $ 214 mm. Iris males
bright red, $ dark reddish brown ; bill males slaty blue, female dull bluish grey
and black ; feet slate.

Eichhorn says it is " common."

43. Cacomantis variolosus macrocercus Stres.

Nov. Zool. 1925, pp. 127, 168.

Eichhorn sent a fine series of 8 adult and 1 juv., all marked as males. Their
wings measure 119, 125, 126 (three times), and 130 (twice) mm. One is moulting
on the outer primaries. Under tail-coverts chestnut-rufous in all, under-surface
grey, belly more or less rufous, abdomen grey, inmost specimens with a varying
amount of rufous tinge. Under wing-coverts light chestnut-rufous to pale rufous,
" Iris brown ; bill black, base of mandible brown, feet dull yellow and brown, or
brownish yellow."

A young in first plumage was shot April 27.

Eichhorn says it is common and feeds on caterpillars.

44. Chalcites lucidus lucidus (Gm.).

<f. Nov. Zool. 1925. p. 159.

1 $, 2 $$. Talasea 28, 29. iv. 1925.

Eichhorn says it seems to be migratory. It is indeed a winter visitor from
New Zealand.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1026. 137

45. Centropus ateralbus Less.

Nov. Zool, 1925. p. 127 ; Bull. B.O. Club, xlvi, p. 50 (January 1926).

Eichhorn sent a remarkable series of 19 skins in many different colorations.
Lord Rothschild has described these variations in Bull. B.O. Club, xlvi, and I
have mentioned some in Nov. Zool. xxxii.

The " normal " plumage is undoubtedly blue-black, throat, chest, and a
wide ring round the neck buffy white — also most of the primary coverts white,
and tins white patch occurs in all varieties, even if the white on throat, chest,
and neck is replaced by black, though in that case single whitish feathers are
usually seen irregularly here and there. In the series from New Britain are a
number of brownish white and pearl-grey specimens, described by Lord Roth-
schild, I.e. Among the whitish-grey specimens is a young in first plumage. The
iris of adults is dark red (in one case marked as dark brown), in young birds
brown or bluish grey. The bill is black in adults, under mandible and tip of
upper light horn-brown in young birds.

Eichhorn found the species common, living, as described by Dahl, from the
ground to the highest trees, from which they " plane " down.

46. Centropus violaceus Quoy et Gaim.

Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 127.

Eichhorn sent a series of 8 adults, mostly males. The females don't appear
to differ from the males. The iris is red (" dark red," " bright red "), bill black,
feet " dull white, whitish slate, slaty bluish." The tails of all these are shorter
than in the one we had from New Ireland (typical locality), which has a tail of
410 mm., while the tails of the Talasea birds measure (full-grown ones only
measured) 320, 330, 325, 350, 350, 365 mm., females not smaller ; wings 253,
253, 256, 275, 285 mm. It is therefore possible that the New Ireland form has
a longer tail, in which case the one from New Britain must receive a new name.

Eichhorn calls it " uncommon but not rare," and says that it frequents
places thick with vines or twining ferns, and that they " work up to the top of
the trees, and then plane down," exactly as it is described of Centropus ateralbus.
Mostly seen in pairs, timid, loud booming call, bad fliers.

The specimens were shot January to April ; most of them show moulting
feathers in tail and wings.

47. Eurystomus orien talis crassirostris Scl.

Euri/slomns crassirostris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, p. 121 (Solomon Is,, errore, terra typica
New Britain— ef. Nov. Zool. 1903, p. 197).

Five specimens, January, February, and April.

So far, I have found the differences between crassirostris neohanoveranus
(sic) and solomonensis quite good, but an adult female (No. 9675) from Talasea,
shot January 12, has an (? abnormally) large bill, with a very small black tip
and the purplish-blue forehead of neohanoveranus. As 3 of the others have
the upper bill (maxilla) mostly blackish, we cannot say that we have an adequate
series from New Britain. If No. 9675 is a normal adult, the New Britain form
(crassirostris) would not differ from neohanoveranus, except by the black tips to
the maxilla, which is, however, sometimes found in New Hanover ! In our large

10

13S \..\1TATKS Zoological XXXIIt. 1926.

series of supposed crassirostris from New Guinea 1 have not found one with a

bill so large as in No. 9675, nor one with a purplish forehead. The other speci-
mens from Xiu Britain can, however, not be satisfactorily separated from the
Papuan series. Is now the No. 9675 a stray bird from New Hanover ? Hardly
possible, as from the French Islands we received what we call typical crassiroatria,
like the Papuan birds.

48. Merops ornatus Lath.

A series from end of March and April, some in juvenile plumage.

Eichhorn finds this Australian bee-eater common on the coast. He says they
arrive end of March and in April, and leave New Britain in September and October,
that is, at the end of the north-west and by the end of the south-east monsoon
respectively ; they have special roosting-trees. — There is no proof whatever
that they ever nest on these islands ! April specimens begin to moult, but an
adult male from March 31 has already fully moulted middle rectrices.

49. Caprirnulgus macrurus alholaxatus R. & H.

Caprimulgus macrurus alholaxatus Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1918, p. 323 (Xcw Britain to
Vulcan Island, type Vulcan Island); Stiesemmm, Archivf. Naturg. 89, Abt. A, 7. and 8. Heft, 1923.

Two males from Talasea, May 1925. The white on the inner web of the first
primary keeps about 2 to 2-5 mm. away from the shaft, the white on the outer
tail-feathers is 55 and 60 mm. long. This subspecies is, I am afraid, only
recognisable in series; single specimens are apparently not always very distinct.

Eichhorn says he found it in the low countrj' on the coast.

50. Hemiprocne mystacea aeroplanes Stres.

Hemiprocne mystacea aeroplanes Stresemann, Anzeiger Orn. Ges. Baijern, Xo. 5, p. 38 (1921 — Xew
Britain, type Blanche Bay).

A series from January and February, when they were not rare. Wing
<J 209-215, $ 210-217, but once 225 mm. !

51. Collocalia francica reichenowi Stres.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 128.

1 $ad. Talasea 28. iv. 1925.

This specimen agrees with our 3 skins from New Ireland, and I think now
that it is the same as the Guadalcanal- (Solomon Is.) one. These birds are very
much like Cf. eichhorni from St. Matthias Island (Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 269), but
in the series the back is slightly darker, less brownish, while the bar across the
rump is more brownish in reichenouri, somewhat whiter in eichhorni.

Eichhorn says it was common, but sent only one female.

i

52. Pitta macklotii gazellae Neum.

[Pitta Macklotii 'Temminok, l'l. Col. 537 (1834 — type from Lobo, New Guinea, Salomon Midler coll.).]
Pitta mackloti gazeUai Neumann, Orn. Monateber. 1908, p. 27 (" (Jazi-llc-Halbiosel Xeu Poramern,"

i.e. N.E. New Britain).
( f . Nov. Zool. 1914, p. 213.

A very fine series of 7 adults and 1 jun., with throat still partly whitish,
lower abdomen brown. " Iris brown, light brown, or dark brown. Bill black.

Novitates Zoological XXXITT. 192G. 139

Feet pale slaty blue." In the young bird the mandible is brownish-horn colour.
All collected January to March.

Eichhorn says that one seldom sees these birds unless one whistles them up.
Nest a ball of leaves on the ground. The native name is Ruk. It lives entirely
on the ground, feeding on insects, larvae, etc , but ants are not recorded by any
observer. Otto Meyer found eggs in June, September, December, and February.

53. Hirundo tahitica frontalis Quoy et Gaim.

Hirundo frontalis Quoy et Gaimard, Voij. Astrolabe, Zool. i, p. 204, pi. xii, fig. 1 (1830 — Dorey, New
Guinea) ; ef. Oberholser, Bull. 86, U.S. Nat. Mus. 1917, p. 33, Stresemami. Sepik article, p. 25.

It seems to me certain that a Papuan race, extending from New Guinea to
New Britain and the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, must be distinguished from
H . tahitica javanica, the red on face and throat being slightly paler, underside
as a rule less dark, wing generally longer. It is strange that both frontalis
(recorded as javanica.) and tahitica have been obtained in New Britain, but prob-
ably only the former is breeding there, and H. tahitica tahitica is a visitor. I
therefore follow provisionally the arrangement proposed by Stresemann.

Only a single male was sent from Talasea, where Eichhorn found the species
rare ; shot March 6, 1925. It has just completed its moult, outermost primary
still growing.

54. Monarcha alecto chalybeocephalus (Garnot).

[Drymopliila alecto Tcmminek. PI. Col. 430, fig. 1 (1827 — ■" Celebes," errore ! Terra typica Ternate,

cf. Nov. Zool. 1918, p. 315.]
Mwscicapa chalybeocephalus Garnot, Yoy. Coquille, i. 2, p. 589, pi. 15 (1829 — Port Praslin, South

New Ireland).

Adult males, adult females, and 2 9 juv., January to March. The females
of course have the npjserside of the head glossy green-black, the underside white
with a faint rusty tinge on the belly, mandible and maxilla dark. The younger
female has a certain amount of rust-colour on the breast, sides, and abdomen
and part of the mandible bluish.

Eichhorn found this species common on the coast, and saw it at 1,200 ft.
elevation.

55. Monarcha hebetior eichhorni Hart.

Monarcha hebetior eichhorni Hartert, Nor. Zool. 1924, p. 271, 1925, p. 129 (New Ireland).

4 $ ad., 3 ? ad., Talasea, January and February 1925.

" Iris dark brown, bill black and chalky blue, feet black." The bill seems
to be blue, with tip and lower mandible black. Wings ^ 81-86, $ 77-77-5 mm.

Eichhorn says that in New Britain this is a mountain species, not occurring
on the coast, and that the call is the same as that of M. a. chalybeocephalus.

The various forms of blue-black Monarcha from these islands may be
described as follows :

Monarcha alecto chalybeocephalus. — <$ ad. Steel-blue, feathers of crown
longer. $ ad. Top of head greenish steel-blue, underside pure white.

Monarcha hebetior hebetior. — (J ad. Darker, more blue-black, feathers of
crown shorter. Wings G0-62 mm. $ ad. Top of head blue-black, underside

140 Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 192B.

white with a greyish tinge, the black liases of the feathers extending further.
Wings 57. 60 mm.

Monarcha hebetior eichhorni. — <J ad. Still darker, more deep blue-black,
feathers of crown slightly longer than in hebetior, shorter than in chalybeocephalus.
Wings 81-86. $ ad. Top of head dark ashy grey, underside ashy grey, middle
of abdomen whitish. Wing 75-77-5 mm.

50. Monarcha verticalis Scl.
Cf. Nov. Zool. 1914, p. 214, 1924, p. 207, 1925, p. 120.

Eichhorn sent a series of adult males and females and one yonng, all shot
in February.

It seems as if the white of the rump is more extended in the specimens from
New Ireland and New Hanover, but as this is also the case in the birds from
Rook Island, and as it is rather variable, I am of opinion that it is not a local
character. One of the two females sent from Talasea has no pure white on the
rump, and the other not very much. Females from other islands, however, are
not distinguishable from males, and they must be correctly sexed, as it is not
conceivable that we should never have received a female before. One female
has small white spots to the tips of 3 of the throat feathers. Two perfectly
adult males from New Hanover, one from Rook Island, and one from Talasea
have small white spots to the outer or inner webs of the lateral rectrices.

57. Rhipidura tricolor melaleuca (Quoy et Gaimard).

Cf. Nov. Zoul. L914, p. 215, 1925, p. 130.

Eichhorn found this flycatcher common on coastal flats and sent a series
collected in February, March, and April, mostly moulting primaries.

58. Rhipidura rufiventris finschii Salvad.

Rhipidura finschii Salvador!, On. Pap. iii, p. 532 (New Britain).
(Cf. Rhipidura rufiventris setosa, etc., Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 130.)

Eichhorn found this bird common at Talasea and sent a series, all shot in
January. This is a very distinct subspecies. Wings <J 84-90, $ 78-5-79 mm.

59. Rhipidura dahli dahli Rchw.

Rhipidura dahli Reichenow, Orn. MonatsWr. 1897, p. 7 (Ralura, New Britain); id. Mitteil. Zool.
Samml. Berlin, i, p. 88. pi. ii, fig. 2 (1899— Ralum) ; Hartert, Nor. Zoul. 1925. p. 130.

It is strange that this bird was not discovered before by Kleinschmidt,
Finsch, and other collectors, and that it was left to Dahl to make it known for
the first time. It does not seem to be particularly rare and Rhipidurce are
somewhat conspicuous birds. Eichhorn found it fairly common at Talasea and
sent 8 skins, one shot January 27, the others in February and March.

These specimens agree very well with each other. All the tail-feathers have
a large black patch before the tip ; these black patches are largest on the middle
pair of rectrices where they vary in length from 30 to 38 mm., and they are slaty
black and clearly visible both above and below. The top of the head, lores, and
far-coverts are dusky brown, or a sort of umber brown. The wings measure
^ 67-68, 9 apparently much shorter, but both moulting !

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. Ill

In Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 131, I said already that a series of males from New
Ireland and New Britain might show differences ; this is indeed the case, and I
am obliged to name the subspecies from New Ireland, and propose for it the
name

Rhipidura, dahli antonii subsp. nov.

in honour of Anton Reichenow, whose work on the birds of the Bismarckinseln is
of the utmost value and usefulness to me during my studies of the birds of these
islands ; as there is already a Rhipidura reichenowi Finsch from Babber (a very
distinct subspecies of rufifrons), I name it by Reichenow's Christian name.
Rhipidura dahli antonii differs from R. dahli dahli as follows :
The blackish patches on the rectrices are less in extent, in none of our
0 specimens more than 19 mm. long. ; they get much smaller and disappear
entirely on the lateral pairs, and are not visible from underneath, also they are
more greyish, not so dark. The lores and ear-coverts are darker. In the New
Ireland form the tip of the middle rectrices is at least a centimetre wide, in
R. dahli dahli only a few mm., and sometimes the black extends quite to the tip.
Type of R. dahli antonii : $ ad. New Ireland, lS.i. 1924. No. 8975 A. F. Eich-
horn coll., in the Tring Museum.

60. Lalage karu falsa Hart.

Lalage karu fah-a Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 131 (Duke of York I. New Britain, Hook I., type
Duke of York Island).

5 (J, 3 $ ad., collected in January. In Nov. Zool. 1925 I have stated the
differences between L. k. karu from New Ireland, L. k. albidior from New Han-
over, and L. k. falsa from New Britain, Duke of York, and Rook Island. The
series from Talasea fully confirms these differences. Wings <J 95-99, $ 95, 96 mm.

61. Turdus talasea R. & H.

Turdiis talasea Rothschild & Hartert. Bull. B.O. Club, xlvi, p. 53 (January 1926 — Talasea. New Bril ain ).

This fine new Thrush has the upperside greyish slate-colour, darkest on the
head, lighter on the rump, and upper tail-coverts, the edges of the feathers with
glossless black borders, which get narrower on the rump and disappear on the
tail-coverts. Sides of head slaty black with white spots. Underside white,
sides lunulated with black edges to the feathers, under tail-coverts white. Quills
blackish brown, bases of inner webs from the third white, causing a " Geociehline
pattern," the antepenultimate secondary with white edge to the inner web ;
upper wing-coverts dull black, middle and largest series with big white tips,
producing two oblique bars across the wings ; outer webs of primaries with
greyish-brown edges ; under wing-coverts brownish black, the longest with wide
white tips, auxiliaries about basal half white, distal half black. Rectrices slaty
black, lateral pair with triangular white tip, occupying about half the feather,
second pair with triangular white tip about 11 mm. long. " Iris dark brown,
bill black, feet light horn-colour." Wing 107, tail 80 mm.

Only a single female was obtained by Mr. Eiehhorn on February 12, 1925,
at an altitude of 1,900 ft. It was shot off the nest, which is an oblong cone
about 20 cm. long, built of moss, here and there interwoven with rootlets, the
neat cup consisting entirely of fine rootlets. The 2 eggs look like small Black-

142 Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

birds' eggs with fine rufous spots, more numerous towards the thick end. They
are elongated and measure 2S l<)-2 and 29 L9-5 mm.

The discovery of this new species suggests that more unknown birds might
yet be found on New Britain. It was shot at 1,900 ft. high, while the mountains
south-west of the Gazelle Peninsula are said to be up to 1,600 and even 2,300 m.
high, and some near the south coasts seem still to be unexplored.

62. Dicaeum eximium layardorum Salvad.

Dicaeum layardorum Salvadori. Ann. Mux. Civ. Genova, xvi, p. 67 (1880 — Blanche Bay. New Britain).

A series Talasea January to March. Eichhorn says he found it common,
and that it " lives on the local mistletoe (parasite) berries." It seems strange
that Dicaeum should live largely on berries, and I do not know which plant is the
" mistletoe " of New Britain.

The differences of the two forms, D. e. eximium of New Ireland and New
Hanover, and D. e. layardorum of New Britain and Vuatom (teste O. Meyer)
have been explained Nov. Zool., 1924, p. 211. The iris of D. e. layardorum is
brownish red or reddish brown, that of D. e. eximium dark brown.

63. Cinnyris seri3ea corinna (Salvad.).

Hermotimia corinna Salvadori, AtH B. Accad. Set., Torino, xiii, p. 532 (1878 — Duke of York Island).
Eichhorn found this Sunbird common in Talasea and sent a series shot from
January to March.

64. Cinnyris jugularis flavigastra (Gould).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 192r>. p. 134.

A series of beautiful adults of both sexes collected March to beginning of
May. Eichhorn says it was found " common on coastal flats." They are very
bright, almost orange-yellow underneath.

65. Myzomela cineracea cineracea Scl.

My-.omela cineracea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, p. 448. pi. 37 (Xew Britain) ; ef. Roth-
schild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1914. p. 217 (Rook Island).

Eichhorn sent 8 (only one female) shot in February, March, and April. " Iris
dark brown. Bill black, feet slaty blue."

As we have said in 1914, not only the young but also the adult females
have a rosy-red chin and dark patch on the middle of the throat.

As in other cases this topotypical series is of importance and shows that
the birds we mentioned from Rook Island (I.e.) differ somewhat. The colour
is the same, but in the series the bill is slightly larger, thicker, the wing, on the
other hand, as a rule, a little shorter in the New Britain form, the bill somewhat
weaker and the wing longer in the Rook Island form. Wing q Talasea 74-75-5,
once 70, (>.'!. in one from the Gazelle Peninsula 65 mm. — The wings of the Rook
(J 76-78, $ 65 mm. I therefore name the latter form

Myzomela cineracea rooki subsp. nov.
Type: S ad. Rook Island 24. vii. 1913. No. 5810. A. S. Meek coll.

One is tempted, and it may perhaps be done in future, to make M . cineracea
a subspecies of M . obscura Gould 1842, but at present it seems to me not advisable,

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXXIII. 192ti. 143

because the female of M. obscura and its subspecies is like the male, only smaller,
not showing red on the chin.

66. Myzomela erythromelas Salvad.

Myzomela erythromelas Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sc. Torino, xvi, p. 624 (1881 — Xevv Britain, dis-
covered by Th. Kleinschmidt) : Iteichenow, Vog. d. Bismarckinseln, p. 102.
Myzomela gueniheri, Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. p. 129, pi. iii (1884).

Eichhorn sent 6 beautiful adult males, shot by the end of April on the
" coastal flats '.' ; he describes the female, but did not send any. It is a somewhat
rare bird, and is only known from New Britain. " Iris dark brown. Bill black.
Feet slaty blue." Wings 54—56-5 mm. Some are in moult (tail and back), one
showing some olive feathers, proving that the juvenile plumage resembles that
of the adult female.

07. Philemon novaeguineae cockerelli Scl.

Philemon cockerelli Sclater, Pror. Zool. Hoc. London, 1877, p. 104 (Xew Britain) (nut " U.S. Nat.
Mus." as given Nov. Zool. xxi. 1914, p. 216 !).

Eight shot in January, one in April. The January specimens have a rather
dark upperside, being in perfectly fresh plumage, the April one is a shade paler,
while others killed in July and October are much paler, more brown, on the
upperside. " Iris dark brown, bill black, feet slaty blue." In one specimen the
iris is marked as "grey." Eichhorn found them common. Wings J 156-160,
$ 155-160 mm.

In Nov. Zool., 1914, p. 216, we have already stated that males from Rook
Island have wings of 167-168, females of 159-163 mm. Also that they have
rather powerful lulls. They are therefore a larger race. We said that " we
should not be astonished to find this confirmed by comparison with a larger
series from New Britain." As this is now the case I name the subspecies from
Rook Island :

Philemon novaeguineae umboi, subsp. nov.
" Umboi " being the native name of Rook Island.

Type : $ Rook Island, 21 . vii. 1913. No. 5763. A. S. Meek coll., collected
by A. F. Eichhorn, in the Tring Museum.

68. Pachycephala pectoralis fmschi Rchw.

Of. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 132.

Eichhorn found this species common at Talasea and sent a series from
January and February. Two of the females show faint crossbars on the throat,
thus reminding one superficially of the females of P. p. dahli. The crown is
darker (more rufous) brown, or somewhat paler, more olivaceous, in a younger
specimen (with horn-brown bill) it is more greenish.

Wings <S 87-91, ? 85 mm.

69. Megalurus macrurus interscapularis Scl.

Ci. Nov. Zool. 192;",. p. 134.

Half a dozen specimens were collected at Talasea on May 2 to 9, all in moult.
Eichhorn calls it somewhat rare and saw the nest, " a matted ball of grass
in tussock of grass," but he had to leave before eggs were laid.

144 X..V1TATI.S ZOOLOGIOAE XXXIII. 1926.

70. Edolisoma morio heinrothi Strea.

Edolisoma morio heinrothi Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber. 1922, ]». 7 (Blanche Bay and Ralum in New
Britain).

5 (J, 4 $, Talasea, January to April. " Iris dark brown " in both sexes.
Of the females only one is very old, it has a blue-grey crown, olive-brown back,
edges to quills and upper wing-coverts chestnut, underside chestnut-rusty-buff
with slaty-black wavy cross-bars to every feather, under tail-coverts uniform
rusty. Of the others 3 have black bills and cannot, therefore, be exactly young,
but they show a few juvenile wing-coverts and pointed lateral rectrices, which
prove that they are only just out of the juvenile dress, and the crowns are still
more or less brownish, the underside more or less paler than that of the very
adult male. The adult males are very nearly exactly the same as the E. TO.
remoHim, but in the series the crown is a shade darker, the bills slightly less
powerful.

E. m.remotum, rooki, and heinrothi are closely allied, and may be characterised,
as follows :

E. m. remolum. — <3, bill averaging slightly larger, wing 125-127 mm.
9, underside unbarred ! Sometimes indications of bars. Habitat : New Ireland,
New Hanover, and Feni.

E. to. heinrothi. — £, wing 125-130, bill averaging slightly smaller. $, under-
side heavily barred. Habitat : New Britain.

E. to. roolci. — (J, wing 121, 122 ; 9, as heavily barred as that of heinrothi,
but not so rufous (not darker, as Stresemann thought). Habitat : Rook Island.

71. Graucalus lineatus sublineatus Scl.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 132.

One female, 27. i. 1925. "Iris bright yellow, bill and feet black." Wing
136 mm.

Eichhorn found it rare and says it " lives among the highest tree tops."
This may be the reason why the native " boys " who do most of the collecting
in these parts may find it difficult to shoot them, which may account for the
great rarity in collections.

72. Graucalus papuensis sclateri Salvad.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 132.

Not rare at Talasea, series sent from January to March, many moulting
wings, tail, body.

73. Artamus insignis Scl.

This species, originally described from New Ireland (Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 136),
was common at Talasea. A series was collected in January and February.
All specimens showed moult on body, wing, or tail.

74. Aplonis metallica nitida (Gray).

Eichhorn observed this starling very common in Talasea. He found it nesting
in large trees, the nests often touching each other. The nesting has been well
described by Friedrich Dahl and Otto Meyer. A series sent from January to

NuVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1920. 145

March, many moulting. This subspecies extends from St. Matthias Island and
from Rook Island over the islands of the Bismarck archipelago to Nissan and
Feni, and to the Solomon Islands. (On Vulcan and Dampier Islands A. metallica
metallica.) Eats fruit.

75. Aplonis cantoroides cantoroides (Gray).

Common at Talasea, fruit-eating, in the coastal districts only. Nests,
according to Eichhorn, at the base of the coconut leaves, and in all sorts of holes
in trees. Two eggs in the clutch. Half a dozen were shot in April, one on May 8.
The May specimen moults some rectrices, the others don't moult. A widespread
form, from Mysol to the Bismarck Archipelago and Louisiades ; on Nissan repre-
sented by A. c. longipennis Neum. Possibly western birds average a little longer
in the wing.

70. Dicrurus bract eatus laemostictus Scl.

THcrurus laemostictus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Hoc. London, 1S77, p. I * » 1 (New Britain) ; Nov. Zool. 1914,
p. 218 (Rook [.).

Eichhorn sent a series from January which is very valuable to us, being from
the original locality, New Britain. Comparing them with the Rook Island
specimens it is obvious that the Rook birds are finer-looking, the glossy feathers
of the crown of the head and on the chest being a shade more purplish (more
greenish in the New Britain ones), the back and abdomen appearing deeper
black in the Rook ones. These differences, however, do not seem to be due to
locality, as they are not quite constant, and moreover the Rook examples are in
finer plumage, having been shot in August, ours from New Britain in January.

77. Mine- dumontii giliau Str.

Mino dumontii giliau Stresemann, Journ.f. Orn. 1922, p. 406 (Ralura, New Britain).

Stresemann separated this subspecies on account of its smaller white alar
speculum and shorter tail from M . d. kreffti (terra typica " Solomons Is.") from
the Solomons, New Hanover, and New Ireland. The white alar speculum is
indeed generally much smaller in giliau, though very variable indeed. I cannot
appreciate the supposed shorter tail, as I find specimens with tails 102 and 103
mm., while according to Stresemann they measure only 86-98 mm.

Eichhorn found Mino common at Talasea and collected a series in January
and February ; all have the body plumage in moult, many also the rectrices.
Some have the base of the feathers of the hindneck white, others grey, some have
the plumage much more purplish, others more greenish. Such variation is not
geographical (it mislead Berlepsch into describing " Mino dumonti violaceus "),
and does not seem to be sexual (cf. Nov. Zool., 1925, p. 135).

78. Corvus coronoides insularis Heinr.

Common. Series from January to March. A young bird from March 7.
Some February specimens moult body plumage. The sexes differ in size, males
having a more powerful bill and longer wings. Wings $ 310-319, 5 283-290 mm,

146 NcWTATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

SOME NEW ANTHRIBIDAE IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

By DR. KARL JORDAN.

The types of the new forms here described are in the British Museum, with
the exception of that of No. 7.

l. Acorynus wallacei spec. nov.

cJ. Robustus, brunneo-niger, luteo-griseo-pubescens, supra nigro-maculatus,
elytris fascia transversa nigra postmediana ad latus abbreviata, ad suturam
antrorsum producta. Rostrum longitudine vix latius, quinque-carinatum,
carina media multo minus quam secunda elevata, tertia utriusque lateris tenuis-
sima. Antennarum segmenta 6.-8. aequalia, 10. quadratum. Pronotum absque
sulco transverso antemediano, dimidio basali sparsim punctato. Segmentum
anale ventrale truncatum ((J), macula mediana parum elevata villosa notatum.
Tibia antica apice bidentata, media mucronata.

Long. (cap. excl.) 13 mm., lat. 5-7 mm.

Hub. Borneo : Sarawak (Wallace), 1 $ ex coll. W. W. Saunders.

Rostrum depressed in centre, median carina low, but distinct, its apical
fourth broadened and flattened, second carina much higher, extending to about
two-thirds, outside it and starting from before the end of the second a short third
carina which does not reach apex, the lateral carina distinct only above antennal
groove, converging with the cariniform edge of the groove. Frons narrower
than apex of antennal segment 2 ; occiput brown in centre, impunctate.
Antenna rufous, segment 2 shorter than 3, this as long as 4, 5 to 8 nearly equal
in length, 8 one-sixth shorter than 3, 9 nearly half as long again as 3, 11 one-third
longer than 9, about twice as long as 3, 10 less than half the length of 8.
Pronotum one-fifth broader than long, half as broad again at carina as at apex,
pubescence not well preserved, there are evidently the following brown markings
on each side : dorsally a large apical spot, behind it two spots which unite at
the carina and form a large patch behind the carina, at the side an angle-
shaped spot, one arm running beneath the lateral carina and the other above
it ; carina dorsally somewhat concave, straightening close to side and then
gradually curving forward-downward, transverse cannula halfway to centre as
near to dorsal carina as to basal edge. Elytra not quite twice as long as broad
(30 : 17), pubescence smooth, lines of punctures very distinct, shoulder, three
spots at lateral margin and one at apex, a rounded spot on subbasal swelling,
produced forward, an oblong dorsal spot behind shoulder, some lines before
middle, a spot in middle from third to sixth interspaces with a short linear spot
laterally attached to it, a transverse postmedian band between interspaces 7
produced forward and less strongly backward at suture and enclosing a small
luteous sutural spot, the band somewhat sinuate, over 3 mm. broad at suture
and about 1-3 laterally. Pygidium slightly incised in middle of apical margin,
which is strongly rounded each side from this point.

Anterior half of side of presternum impunctate, posterior half and centre

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 147

with some punctures. Abdomen ($) not distinctly flattened. Hypopygidium
divided by a deep, broad, rounded sinus into two horns, which are fringed with
long hair.

Near A. biguttatus Jord. (1895) and allies ; the bidentate foretibia and the
peculiar shape of the hypopygidium together with the markings will render its
recognition easy.

2. Acorynus callistus sp. no v.

cj$. Niger, griseo-pubescens, capite cum rostro et pronoto atque elvtrorum
apice cum pygidio ochraceis. Pronotum irregulariter nigro-quadrivittatum.
Elytra a basi ad fasciam transversani postmedianam diffuse griseo- et nigro-
striata, ante fasciam in utroque elytro macula grisea. Antennarum segmentum
10. sexto fere aequilongum.

Long. (cap. excl.) 11-5-13 mm., lat. 4-5-5 mm.

Hab. Perak (W. Doherty), 1 <J, type. Also from Gunong Tahan, Pahang,
2,500-3,000 ft. (H. C. Robinson), 1 $.

Rostrum not quite one-third ($) or one-fifth (?) broader than long, median
carina extending to apex, but apical third more (?) or less (<J) flattened, second
carina curved at both ends towards middle, reaching to the postmedian depres-
sion, outside second carina on apical third of rostrum a cariniform swelling,
lateral carina thin, converging with cariniform edge of antennal groove, this
edge not continued as a carina to apex of rostrum. Antenna rufescent, segment
2 as long as 3, this a little shorter than 9, 6 to 8 almost alike, 10 a little
shorter (<$) or longer ($) than 8. Pronotum somewhat flattened, with
transverse groove, markings nearly as in A. biguttatus Jord. (1895); at each
side of middle a black irregular stripe partly enclosing an ochraceous spot
behind the end of the transverse groove, laterally an elongate apical black
patch which sends out backwards two lines, one above the lateral carina,
the other across the end of the carina, at base a lateral black dot. Elytra
flattened above, basal half diffusely striped and spotted with grey and blackish
brown, in middle from third to sixth interspace a square grey spot which is
obliquely prolonged forward to suture ; behind this spot a broad black transverse
band which extends forward at suture ; on ochraceous apical area a black dot
and indications of others. Pygidium completely rounded at apex, as long as
broad in <£, a very little broader in 9- Presternum (like the lateral area of the
pronotum) with few shallow punctures ; abdomen on each side with a double
row of brown spots ; in $ apex of foretibia rounded-dilated on inner side, mid-
tibia without mucro, abdominal segments 1-4 slightly flattened, last segment
similar to that of $, but broader, shorter, and more evenly rounded.

Near A. biguttatus, but in colour close to A. picturatus Jord. (1895), described
as Litocerus on account of segment 10 of antenna, though shorter than 9, being
almost as long as 3.

3. Acorynus alboguttatus velatus subsp. nov.

(J$. Pronotum cinnamon, at each side of middle a black stripe from near
apical margin to below centre, in front of carina a round black spot halfway
between middle and side, three spots behind carina greyish white, this colouring
often extending a little beyond the carina. Greyish-white spots of elytra smaller

1 ts Noyitvji:s Z jiuiiak XXXIII. 1926.

than in A. a. albogvMatiis, especially the dorsal (median) one. Underside blackish,
with well-defined greyish-white spots.

Sumatra : Merang (W. Doherty), ex coll. Fry, a series.

4. Acorynus peosinus sp. nov.

$. .4. anchis .lord. (1!)12) dicto similis, sed pronoto tribus vittis completis
ornato.

Long. (cap. excl.) 7-(i mm.

Hab. Siam (Mouhot) ; 1 ? ex coll. Fry ex coll. W. W. Saunders.

Frons very broad even for a $, broader than the interspace between the
median and the second carina, with dispersed deep punctures as on occiput,
proboscis, and pronotum. Rostrum rather deeply impressed before apex, the
carinae stopping short at this depression. Median stripe of pronotum narrow
at apex, somewhat constricted before middle and at carina, lateral vitta broader,
not sharply defined laterally, invaded by brown from the side, in between the
two vittae a triangular spot ; lateral carina oblique, less curved frontad than
in A. anchis. Elytra almost spotted as in .4. salvazai .lord. (11)23), subbasal
callosity less prominent than in that species, around it some luteous spots,
other small spots disjsersed in between the larger ones, these large spots are : one
behind shoulder, a smaller one dorsally behind middle, continued obliquely
forward to lateral margin by two spots, a transverse band of three spots at
the beginning of the apical declivity.

Underside uniformly silky grey, the dark derm shining through, there being
no spots. Tibiae with a rather ill-defined brown patch from near base to beyond
middle, extreme apex of tibiae also brown ; upperside of tarsal segment 1 grey
except at base, 2 grey at apex.

5. Acorynus xanthurus dnps subsp. nov.

cj. Ab A. x. xanthuro differt maculis nigris dorsalibus pronoti multo
minoribus, elytrorumque macula grisea dorsali mediana rotunda et majore.

Hab. Perak (W. Doherty), 3 $$ ex coll. Fry.

The four dorsal brown spots of the pronotum are small, narrow, and corre-
spond to the four sections of the large central area of A. x. xanthurus, the second
spot of each side is long, extending across carina to basal margin.

In <J the midtibia mucronate and the abdomen flattened along centre.

6. Acorynus retusus sp. nov.

<£$. Rufo-brunneus, subtus griseus, supra griseo-maculatus, carina dorsali
pronoti in medio fortiter angulata.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4-6-6 mm.

Hab. Borneo: no special loc, 1 <J, type; Martapoera (W. Doherty),
1 $. Perak (Doherty), 2 $$. All in Mus. Brit.

Proboscis grey, one-fourth broader at apex than long, depressed before apex,
the dorsal carinae stopping short at this depression, all five carinae well developed.
Frons in $ nearly as broad as segment 2 of antenna, in $ somewhat broader.
Segment 3 of antenna equals 4 in length, 8 a little shorter than 7, in $ a little
longer than 1(1 and in $ as long as 10, 9 slightly longer than 3 and a little shorter

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 149

than 11. Pronotum impunctate, sides grey, separated from grey underside by
a brown patch placed before the lateral carina and continued beneath it to base
as a thin line ; on disc a subapical elliptical median spot, a median spot from
transverse groove to base, widened at carina, and at each end of transverse groove
a transverse dot, all grey, forming a cross ; transverse groove deep ; dorsal
carina with sharp median angle pointing backwards, laterally the carina flexed
back and then in a wide curve forward, subbasal transverse cannula almost
parallel with dorsal carina, the interspace being but little wider laterally than
halfway to middle, longitudinal lateral cannula indicated. Subbasal swelling
of elytrum dark brown, encircled by grey markings, namely, a large basal spot, a
line each in sutura] and fifth stripe of punctures, and three short lines behind,
another ring of spots submedian, composed of a line each in stripes 2 to 6, one
or two lateral spots and posteriorly a transverse, rather conspicuous bar from
stripe 2 to beyond 5, a third ring at apex composed of five spots, three in front and
two at apical margin, obliquely in front of this ring a largish spot at outer margin.
Derm of underside and legs pale rufous, apex of femora and tibiae usually
more or less brown ; upperside of segments 1 and 2 of tarsi sparsely pubescent
grey. In £ tibiae simple, proximal abdominal segments slightly flattened, last
segment neither flattened nor impressed.

7. Acorynus bothrinus sp. nov.

<$$. A.gitono Jord. (1911) similis ; minor, pronoto fortius punctato utrimque
ochraceo-maculata, elytrorum maculis lateralibus prima et secunda confluis.

Long. (cap. excl.) 6-7 mm.

Hab. Perak (W. Doherty), 1 <J in Mus. Tring, type; Sumatra: Merang
(W. Doherty), 2 £$, 2 $$ ex coll. Fry in Mus. Brit.

Pronotum more coarsely punctate than in A . gitonus, segment 8 of antenna
at most as long as 10 ; in $ the rather high tubercle an anal sternite of A. gitonus
replaced in the new species by a low short ridge, and the apex of the foretibia
somewhat dilated.

There are usually 6 pale ochraceous spots each side on the pronotum. The
pale ochraceous spots in front of the apical declivity of the elytra have the same
position as in A. gitonus, the lateral one being the largest and placed a little farther
forward than the others.

8. Acorynus bothrinus molitor subsp. nov.

cj$. The light-coloured pubescence white, above and below ; lateral sjiots of
pronotum more or less confluent ; white ring of tibiae narrow.
Hab. Java, 1 3, 2 $$ ex coll. Bowring.

9. Acorynus lineolatus coalitus subsp. nov.

cJ$. The slaty grey markings more extended than in the specimens from
Perak and Sumatra ; on the pronotum the short intermediate stripe more
strongly curved and broadly connected with the median vitta at the carina ; on
the elytra the grey lines merged together, isolating most of the black patches
from one another. Median carina of rostrum not interrupted, higher than in
A. I. lineolatus from base to two-thirds. Pronotum less coarsely punctate than in
A. I. lineolatus from Perak.

Hab. Engano (W. Doherty), 3 cJ<J, -2 $$, ex coll. Fry.

l"nl Novitatkx 7. .OQIOAE XXXIII. lfll'li.

In. Acorynus lineolatus siarnensis subsp. nov.

(J. Pronotum as coarsely 'punctate as in .4. /. lineolatus, from Perak, with
the same markings. Pubescence of elytra fawn-colour, more extended than in
A. I. lineolatus, joined together as in A. 1. coalitus, the black markings being
nearly all isolated from one another. Median carina of rostrum as in A. I. lineo-
latus thin and low from base to two-thirds.

Hab. Siam (Mouhot), 1 Jex coll. Fry ex coll. W. W. Saunders.

1 1 . Acorynus dohertyi sp. nov.

$. Statura .1. bimnculati Kirsch (1877), sed pronotum fortiter punctatum.
Niger, griseo-pubescens, brunneo-suffusus ; pronoto sulco arcuato antemediano
instructo ; elytris singulis macula magna postmediana parum obliqua nigro-
velutina ornatis.

Hab. Burma : Manipur (W. Doherty), 1 $ ex coll. Fry.
Pubescence dense. Proboscis thick, dorsal surface convex in lateral aspect,
apical margin somewhat incurved, the three dorsal carinae strongly developed,
parallel, the median one extending to apex, with an indication of an interruption
at apical fourth, the second carinae reaching as far as this point, dorso-lateral
carina thin, distant from antennal groove, oblique, being divergent with the
dorsal carinae. Frons rather narrower than the interspace between median
and second carinae. Antenna rather short, segment 3 a little broader than 4
as well as 2, 8 short, triangular, 9 not quite as long as 2 and 3 together, 10 as
long as broad.

Pronotum regularly conical from carina, half as broad again as long, coarsely
punctate, diffusely variegated with greyish cinnamon, brownish black and whitish
grey, a broad, diffuse, median vitta whitish grey like head and proboscis,
each side of disc blackish, with indefinite dots and spots, a subapical lateral
greyish cinnamom spot larger and better defined, below it a subapical blackish
spot, behind carina on each side of median vitta a broad blackish area ; dorsal
carina slightly angulate in centre, then slightly and gradually flexed forward,
the lateral portion evenly curved, short, oblique. Elytra depressed along suture,
subbasal swelling rather prominent, interspaces slightly uneven, with indications
of grey and brown dots, shoulder-angle blackish, behind shoulder a diffuse grey
spot, the velvety patch extending from second to eighth row of punctures diffusely
bounded with grey. Pygidium grey, eveidy rounded, nearly one -third broader
than long. Segments 2 to 4 of abdomen each with two small linear brown spots
on each side, presternum and sides of metasternum with dispersed large deep
punctures ; apex of tibiae, segments 2 to 4 of tarsi and extreme base of 1
brownish black.

12. Acorynus validus sp. nov.

(J$. A. bigutlato Jord. (1895) similis ; rostro longiore, carina mediana ad
apicem continuata ; elytris absque macula rotunda postmediana ; fascia trans-
versa nigra elytrorum angustiore, ad suturam et ad latus antrorsum producta.

Long. (cap. excl.) 12 mm.

Hab. Sumatra : Merang (W. Doherty), one pair ex coll. Fry.

Rostrum one-sixth broader than long, median carina continued to apex,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGtCAE XXXIII. 1920. 151

but apically flattened. Frons distinctly broader than in A. biguttatus, without
brown spot, occiput likewise without. Transverse groove of pronotum less
sharply marked than in A. biguttatus, subapical black dorsal spots narrower and
much farther apart, as are also the posterior black spots. Black transverse
band of elytra anteriorly sinuate between second and sixth lines of punctures,
this sinus corresponding to the white spot of A. biguttatus, before the sinus a
black dot and black square patch, shoulder, a rounded patch on subbasal swelling
and several lines and spots in basal half and at apex black. Foretibia of $
distinctly rounded-dilated at apex on inner side, midtibia simple, abdomen very
slightly flattened.

13. Acorynus latens sp. nov.

(J$. A. gitoni vicinus ; minor, fortius punctatus, rostra inter carinas minus
depresso, segmento anali ventrali ^ris leviter carinato, $nae tuberculo acuto
parvo apicak' mediano subcariniformi, hypopygidio ($) emarginato, angulis
productis.

Long. (cap. excl.) 5-6 mm.

Hab. Perak (W. Doherty), 1 $, 2 $? ex coll. Fry.

The lateral spots of the pronotum more or less confluent ; lateral spot
behind shoulder of elytra large, second lateral spot smaller, standing separate,
in fourth interspace a conspicuous dot just behind middle, extending on to
interspaces 3 and 5. Angles of hypopygidium (<$) produced, this projection
narrow and short, its pointed apex curved downwards. The apical tubercle of
the anal sternite of the $ extends on to the surface of the segment as a low carina.
In the ^ the frons is broader than in the $ ; it is nearly as broad as the interspace
between the median and second carinae of the proboscis, being much wider than
in the <$£ of the allied species, with the exception of A. punctatus Jord. (1894),
in which the abdomen is flattened along middle and the hypopygidium truncate-
emarginate with the angles broadly rounded.

14. Litocerus glebula sp. nov.

(J$. L. toroso Pasc. (1860) similis, rostro subtilius rugato-punctato, pronoto
et elytrorum dimidio apicali rnaculis minoribus, macula mediana ante carinam
sita simplice, parva, pygidio longiore.

Hab. Siam (Mouhot), 2 <?<?, 1 $.

In size and shape like L. torosus. The carinae of the rostrum less elevate
the median one quite thin and low except at base, and not extended to apex.
The pronotum of L. torosus bears in front of the carina and joined to the round
median basal spot a tripartite mark consisting of a median spot to which is
joined on each side an oblique spot, these oblique spots absent in L. glebula,
and the median one reduced, as are the other spots of the pronotum. The
yellowish basal area of the elytra better defined than in L. torosus, enclosing
a more or less rounded brown spot on the subbasal swelling, posteriorly in
punctate stripe 2 the area is produced into a narrow tooth ; on posterior half of
elytra a conspicuous dot ; some small variable spots at margin, apex, and suture.
Pygidium in $ as long as broad, in (J a little longer. Abdomen of <$ very slightly
flattened, first segment apically with indication of a median carina, tibiae without
niuero or tooth. The jj -antenna thickened, flattened from segment 5, the see-

152 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

mints not claviform, 3 to 5 gradually decreasing in length, 0 to S a very little
longer than 5, 9 and 10 each slightly longer than 3, 11 one-half longer than 10.

15. Litocerus alternus sp. nov.

$$. Rufo-brunneus, griseo-pubescens, pronoto vitta lata mediana nigra,
carina lateribus rectangulata, elytris griseo- et brunneo-Uncatis.

Long. (cap. excl.) 5 mm.

Hab. Perak (Dohcrty), 1 $, 3 $$ ex coll. Fry, and Singapore, 1 $.

The long brown lines in the interspaces of the elytra recall L. miles * but
the brown sutural patch is absent and the lateral angle of the pronotal carina
is rounded only at its apex, the lateral carina being straight, the angle being a
little over 90°. The black-brown median stripe of the pronotum about as broad
as the grey lateral area or somewhat narrower, more or less sinuous, well-defined
and sharply contrasting ; in grey lateral area two blackish dots, one postmedian,
at about equal distances from the dorsal and lateral carinae, the other subapical
and farther down the side ; transverse discal groove not very sharply impressed.
Seutellum brown. The extent of grey variable on the elytra, the brown lines here
and there interrupted, no conspicuous brown spots. Pygidium grey, with broad
brown diffuse stripe ; as long as broad in $, slightly longer in £. Legs pale rufous-
like the shaft of the antennae, without definite grey rings, a brownish diffuse
spot on widened portion of femora. In <J first abdominal segment with tubercle,
last somewhat flattened ; tibiae simple ; shaft of antenna not flattened and
widened, the segments of normal shape, 3 to 8 almost alike in size, 9 and 10
somewhat shorter.

16. Litocerus fraternus sp. nov.

(J$. L. humerali Jord. (1S!)4) similis ; pronotum absque macula admediana
ante carinam, tarsorum segmentum primum basi hand densiter griseo-pubescens,
segmentum primum ventrale ( q ) tuberculo instructum.

Hab. Borneo : Sarawak (Wallace), 3 <$$, 2 $$ in Mus. Brit. ; Kina Balu,
1 $ in Mus. Tring ; type <J.

In L. tin mi rails there is at each side of the basal median spot of the pronotum
an oblique spot in front of the carina, this spot is missing in fraternus ; the three
grey spots at and before the transverse sulcus widely separated from one another
in fraternus, the posterior brown spot in the grey lateral area joined to the brown
discal area.

In L. humeralis the first tarsal segment densely pubescent grey from base
to about two-thirds, apex black ; in L. fraternus the first and second segments
sparsely grey, the base of the first rather less distinctly grey than the apex. First
abdominal segment of humeralis- $ without tubercle, in <J of fraternus a very
distinct tubercle.

17. Sympaector decorus sp. nov.

§. Pallide rufus, pronoto duabus vittis latis elytrisque serie sublaterali
macularum conjunctarum brunneo-nigris, antennarum segmento 8° septimo
aequali.

Long. (cap. excl.) 7-7 mm.

Hab. Celebes : Menado (Wallace), 1 $ ex coll. Fry ex coll. W. W. Saunders.

*C£. p. 163.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 153

Similar in colour to S. nigromaculatus .lord. (1894), but paler, strongly
flattened above, eye much more rounded, cheek (lateral aspect) much wider,
pronotum shorter, the lateral carina less convex. Segment 8 of antenna very
little shorter than 7, in S. nigromaculatus 7 nearly one-half longer than 8.
Median carina on underside of rostrum very thin and low. Black vittae of pro-
notum of even breadth, converging, the yellowish median stripe posteriorly
broader than the black vitta, but anteriorly less than half as broad. The seven
dorsal and lateral spots of the elytra connected with one another, forming a
longitudinal zigzag band beginning on the subbasal swelling and ending at a
short distance from the apical margin, spots 3, 5, and 7 being marginal or
nearly, behind subbasal swelling a small, inconspicuous spot near suture, sutural
interspace brownish on apical declivity. Pygidium somewhat shorter than in
8. nigromaculatus, with a very broad black-brown median stripe, which slightly
narrows basally. On underside the gula and the centre of the anterior margin
of the presternum, a spot above forecoxa, another below carina, a lateral spot
on metasternum, basal margin of first abdominal segment behind coxa, a basal
spot in middle and another spot halfway to side-margin of segments 2 to 5 blackish
brown or brown.

18. Sympaector ludius sp. nov.

$. Pallide rufus, S. nigromaculato structura simillimus, brevior, elytris
aliter nigro maculatis, absque macula rotunda suturali antemediana, macula
antemediana magna a limbo ad striam tertiam extensa, pone hane maculam
gutta alba.

Long. (cap. excl.) 6-3 mm.

Hob. Singapore (Wallace), 1 $ ex coll. Fry ex coll. W. W. Saunders.

Black patch on pronotum each side of the diffuse greyish median stripe
broadest behind carina, constricted before carina, extended a little beyond the
transverse sulcus, the portion from the carina forward almost elliptical. Suture
of elytra brownish, spot on subbasal swelling small and j>ale, a spot immediately
behind shoulder a parallelogram (this spot absent from S. nigromaculatus), a
little farther back a large spot extending from lateral margin obliquely dorsad
to third stripe, curved, evidently the result of the fusion of two spots, in the
bay behind this spot a whitish dot followed by a small longitudinal brown spot,
halfway to apex a trapeziform spot from margin to third interspace, dorsally
inclining basad. Presternum with a blackish brown dot below apex of lateral
carina.

19. Mecocerina dux spec. nov.

<J$. Rufa, nigro-maculata, M. rhanis Jord. (1911) simillima, multo major,
rostro longiore et magis porrecto, carinis dorsalibus magis elevatis, interspatio
mediano angustiore et magis impresso, vittis brunneis pronoti rectis parallelis
distantibus completis, elytrorum maculis brunneo-nigris minoribus, fascia
anteapicali postice in utroque elytro concava, pedibus pallide rufis pube
flavescente tectis.

Long. (cap. excl.) 9-5-10 mm.

Hab. Borneo : Sarawak (Wallace), one pair ex coll. Fry ex coll. W. W.
Saunders.

11

154 NnVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

The median, depressed, interspace between the high, curved, carinae of the
proboscis is about as broad as the interspace between this carina and the sulcus
accompanying the dorso-lateral carina, whereas in M . rhanis the median inter-
space is less impressed and nearly twice as wide as the dorso-lateral interspace
between the carinae. The angle formed by the rostrum and gula is much more
obtuse than in M . rhanis, the intercoxal process of the mesosternum more convex
in centre of apex. Tibiae and first tarsal segment pale silky yellow. Apex of
elytra slightly yellowish.

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926. 155

NEW EASTERN ANTHRIBIDAE IN THE TRING MUSEUM.
By DR. KARL JORDAN.

1. Acorynus mundellus sp. nov.

cJ. Statura .4. leptis Jord. (1903). Rufo-brunneus, supra pallide ochraceo-
notatus, pronoto utrinque vittato, elytris dispersim guttatis.

Rostrum longitudine latius, post medium fortiter impressum, quinque-
carinatum, carinis abbreviatis. Antennarum segmentum 3lum quarto triente
longius, 9um tertio et quarto simul sumptis paululo longius. Pronotum fortiter
punctatum. Pygidium semicirculare. Tibia antiea apice incrassata, media
apice mucronata.

Long. (cap. excl.) 7 mm.

Hab. Sarawak : Lundu, October, 1 <$.

In colouring not unlike A. sporadis Jord. (1903), but much smaller and
different in structure. Rostrum coarsely punctate, one-third broader at apex
than long, deeply and broadly depressed beyond middle, the carinae prominent,
the second stopping short at the depression, the middle one continued into the
depression, but here very low, not extending on to the convex apical margin.
Frons about as wide as the second segment of antenna. Occiput punctate.
Pronotum one-third broader than long, puncturation coarse, before centre a
depression, but no transverse groove, carina very evenly curved downward at
side ; a twice interrupted median stripe much narrower than the lateral vitta,
which is about as broad in middle as the antennal segment 5 is long, being
broader and straighter than in A. sporadis. Elytra nearly spotted as in
A. sporadis : the largest spot at shoulder-angle, a largish spot at margin before
middle with a smaller spot obliquely above and behind it, another largish
marginal spot behind middle and a third, somewhat smaller, at outer apical
angle, before apical declivity a dot each on interspaces 3 and 5, behind middle
a dot in 4, and between middle and base a number of small dots, a short line
before sutural apical angle. Pygidium semicircular, grey at the sides.

Underside grey, not spotted, abdomen ( <J) very slightly flattened proximally.
Tibiae rufous, apex of mid- and hindtibiae brownish like tarsi, basal two-thirds
of first tarsal segment rufous ; upper/side of tibiae diffusely grey beyond middle.
Hypopygidium very narrow, truncate, the angles projecting laterad and each
bearing above a pencil of hairs, medianly the segment divided by a deep broad
channel.

2. Acorynus triplaris sp. nov.

(J$. A. sporadi Jord. (1903) sirnilis, pronoto tribus vittis completis ochraceis
ornato.

Hab. Borneo : Doesonlanden (Wahnes), 1 <J (type) in Mus. Tring ; Pen-
garon (W. Doherty), 1 <£, 2 $$ ex coll. Fry in Mus. Brit.

Markings of upperside ochraceous ; median vitta of pronotum narrowing
frontad, without indication of constriction ; dots of elytra in the same position

J5(| Novitates Zooloqicae XXXIII. 1926.

as in A. sporadis, but slightly larger. Median carina of rostrum somewhat higher
from base to the sharply marked postmedian interruption, without distinct short
spur each side proximally of middle. Dorsal carina of pronotum slightly less
concave in middle than in A. sporadis.

3. Acorynus saxidius sp. nov.

$. A. biguttati Jord. (1895) vicinus, sed elytris absque macula rotunda post
mediana alba.

Hab. Borneo : Kina Balu, 2,700 to 3,000 ft., iii. 1913, 1 ?, type. Another
$ from the Kina Balu (Whitehead) ex coll. Fry in Mus. Brit.

Frons without brown spot, and occiput with a small narrow median one.
Markings of pronotum more diffuse and olivaceous than in A. biguttatus, as are
also those in basal half and at apex of elytra ; black postmedian band of elytra
sinuous on both sides, produced forward at suture and very narrowly so in sixth
line of punctures, posteriorly with a small sinus each on interspaces 2, 3, 5, 7 ;
pygidium uniformly grey ; tibiae with a grey subbasal and subapical ring.

4. Acorynus bicornis sp. nov.

cj$. A. bothrinus molitor Jord. (1926) simillimus, maculis pronoti parvia
valde separatis, elytris macula magna laterali posthumerali, gutta dorsali rotun-
data postmediana sat conspicua, caeteris maculis parvis. Pygidium breve ;
segmentum ventrale anale <Jris tuberculo cariniformi acuto, $nae margine
apicale sinu rotundo parvo sed prof undo mediano.

Hab. Malay Pen. : type ($) without more precise locality in Mus. Tring ;
also from Perak (W. Doherty), 2 <?£, 1 ? ex coll. Fry in Mus. Brit.

Proboscis and head as in A . bothrinus ; segment 8 of antenna in $ distinctly
longer than 10. Spots of pronotum small ; the subbasal lateral spot on elytra
as in A . bothrinus, but the second lateral patch replaced by small spots, and the
spots before apical declivity also small. Pygidium in $ nearly one-half broader
than long, in $ twice as broad as long. Abdomen of £ with indication of median
carina on 2 to 4, 1 with a swelling each side ventrally, carina of 5 gradually
elevate, ending abruptly, behind it a pencil of hair ; in $ the apical margin ex-
cised, the sinus almost circular, i.e. the angles projecting a little over the sinus.
Hypopygidium of $ with a broad, almost semicircular excision, the apical area
being reduced to two narrow horns, which are curved towards each other.

5. Acorynus apatenioides aemulus subsp. nov.

$$. The black spots at each side of middle of pronotum merged together
to a large patch which bears a small luteous spot. Subbasal lateral spot of elytra
almost square, reaching up to seventh interspace.

Hab. Sumatra : Si-Rambe (Modigliani), one pair.

6. Acorynus similis bacillosus si i lisp. nov.

<J$. Pronotum longer, with three grey vittae, the lateral one slightly curved,
convex above, bounded below by a broad brown vitta which reaches subdorsally
from apical margin to carina and ventrally to base. Elytra with numerous

Novitates Zooloqicae XXXIII. 1926. 157

whitish grey short lines which are nearly all separate from one another. Grey
antemedian spot on upj)erside of tibiae small. Apex of tarsal segment 1 grey
above like upperside of 2. In <J pygidium broader, incision of internal supra-
anal tergite (hypopygidium) somewhat deeper.
Hab. Perak ; a series.

7. Acorynus ypsilon sp. nov.

cJ?. A. cludo Jord. (1895) affinis. Brunneo-niger, pronoto fortiter punctato,
tiivittato, elytris sparsim ochraeeo-maculatis, hnea suturali a medio ad apicem
extensa antice divisa.

Long. (cap. excl.) 5-3-5-7 mm.

Hab. Sarawak : Kuching (J. Hewitt) and Matang Road, 2 <J(J, 1 $.

Proboscis as long as apically broad, broadly but not very deeply impresse
beyond middle, the depression extending farther apicad laterally than medianly,
the apical median area convex, rounded, median carina very thin and low,
second carina much higher, stopping short at the depression, lateral carina the
longest, well marked, almost continuous with the apical lateral carina. Frons
in <$ as narrow as the fifth segment of the antenna is broad, in ? not quite so broad
as the second segment. Occiput coarsely punctate. Segment 3 of antenna in
tj as long as 4, in $ longer than 4, 8 in both sexes shorter than 10, 9 in $ as long
as 3 and 4 together, in ^ shorter.

Pronotum coarsely punctate ; carina dorsally straight, gradually curved
obliquely downwards at sides, lateral portion quite short, not reaching meral
suture ; three sharply defined ochraceous vittae, the middle one slightly broaden-
ing behind, but not forming a round antescutellar spot as is usual in this genus ;
lateral vitta broad from base to before middle, enclosing a brown spot which is
anteriorly connected with the brown lateral area. Pubescence of elytra thin, the
minute granulation of the derm being very distinct ; around subbasal swelling
some linear spots, a largish spot behind shoulder, not extending to margin, a
smaller lateral one at two-thirds, a long line in sutural stripe of punctures from
about middle to near apex anteriorly connected (or nearly so) with a short spot
directed obliquely forward to third stripe of punctures, at the side of this spot,
almost as a continuation of it, a small spot in fifth interspace ; besides these
markings a few minute ochraceous dots and lines. Pygidium brown, in
$ rounded-triangular, one-fifth broader than long, in 9 twice as broad as long,
evenly rounded.

Underside with a short silky pubescence ; sides of pro- and metasterna and
middle of prosternum with large punctures. In $ the apex of foretibia, on
inside, somewhat impressed longitudinally, the apical angles of the depression
forming each a very short projection ; midtibia mucronate ; abdomen proximally
flattened, apical sternite simple ; hypopygidium narrowed at apex, the apex
truncate-emarginate, whereas in A. cludus the centre of the apical margin is
somewhat produced.

8. Acorynus lineolatus musivus subsp. nov.

cJ$. Median carina of rostrum higher than in A. I. lineolatus, from Perak,
continuous to ajiex, the apical third broader and higher than the basal two-

158 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1920.

thirds. Pronotum less strongly punctate. Markings essentially as in A. 1.
lineolatus, ('(insisting on the elytra of more or less isolated short lines.
Hub. Sumatra : Si-Rambe (Modigliani), a series.

!). Acorynus cingalus Bp. nov.

<J. A. ceylonico Jord. (1894) affinis. Robustus. brunneo-niger, luteo
pubescens ; rostro tricarinato ; antennarum segmento 8° decimo dimidio lon-
giore, 10° subquadrata ; pronoto sulco transverso instructo, lateribus sparsim
punctatis, nigro-maculato ; elytris sat longis pone basim gibbosis nigro-marmoratis,
fascia transversa mediana nigra ; pygidio nigro luteo-circumcincto.
Long. (cap. excl.) 8 mm., lat. 3-5 mm.
Hab. Ceylon : Kandy, vi.08 (G. E. Bryant), 1 (J.

Rostrum one-third broader than long, with three broad carinae, apical
fourth of the middle one flattened out into a but slightly elevate triangular area,
the second carina, situated in a blackish stripe, extends to apex, but is more or
less broken up by large punctures, especially in apical half, no carina between
the second and the cariniform margin of the antennal groove, this margin
continued as a carina to apex, apical margin of rostrum medianlv somewhat
depressed, appearing incurved. Frons half the width of the interspace between
the central and second carinae. Segment 3 of antenna very little longer than
4, 8 a little longer and slightly broader than 7, 9 a little shorter than 3 and 4
together, and 11a little longer.

Pronotum barely one-third buoader than long, impunctate except for some
scattered punctures in the lateral area, a median stripe slightly paler than the
rest of the surface, at each side of this vitta a large patch from apex to transverse
groove, almost square, behind the groove and in a line with the dorsal margin
of the square patch an irregularly elongate-ovate spot, and from basal margin
across carina a triangular patch in a line with the outer margin of the apical
patch, all three black, laterally a row of three smaller black spots, one behind
apex, the second elongate, at some distance from carina, and the third rounded
and basal ; carina straight dorsallv, evenly flexed forward at side ; transverse
cannula strongly elevate, halfway to side much nearer to base than to dorsal
carina. Elytra almost twice as long as broad, depressed at suture, particularly
in basal half, the subbasal swelling being high, interspaces somewhat convex,
bearing blackish lines of variable length, many diffuse, subbasal swelling pos-
teriorly with a black half-circle, in middle a broadish black band from side to side,
sinuous in front and behind, inclining backwards at side, widened frontad on third
and fourth interspaces and backward at suture, on apical declivity of each
elytrum a sinuous patch, shoulder-angle black, behind it a uniformly luteous
patch. Pygidium one-tenth broader than long, evenly rounded, apical margin
swollen in centre.

Presternum and sides of metasternum with scattered large punctures ;
mesosternal process truncate, the angles rounded and somewhat elevate, met-
episternum with two blackish dots ; abdomen flattened along centre, last segment
with large sublateral blackish patch ; femora with a median patch and the apex,
tibiae almost entirely or (hindtibia) at base and apex, and the entire tarsi blackish,
slightly rufous ; apex of foretibia not distinctly widened, midtibia mucronate.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 159

10. Acorynus mentawensis niasicus subsp. nov.

$. Markings of pronotum and elytra smaller than in A. in. mentawensis.
Differs from A. punctatus Jord. (1894), especially in the pronotum being much
less strongly punctate.

Hab. Nias : Hili Madjedje (Mitschke), 1 $.

11. Acorynus subdolus sp. nov.

<J. Niger, supra albo-maculatus ; rostro fortiter rugato-punctato, carinis
abbreviatis ; antennarum segmento 3'° quarto longiore ; pronoto fortiter
punctato, vitta dorso-laterali alba ornato ; tibia antica apice dilatata, media
mucronata ; hypopygidio ante apicem constricto, parte apicali angustiore, apice
emarginato, angulis productis bifurcatis.

Long. (cap. excl.) 7 mm.

Hab. Borneo : Pengaron, 1 <J.

In colour and markings similar to A. sporadis ; pubescence greyish white ;
puncturation coarse ; on pronotum a narrow median line at apex and at base,
dorso-lateral vitta complete, straight, above lateral carina a diffuse spot ; the
basal spot below shoulder-angle dilated upwards behind shoulder to seventh
interspace, about 16 small spots on each elytrum, of which two at commencement
of apical declivity, rounded, one in third interspace, the other in seventh ; under-
side almost uniformly greyish white.

Proboscis shorter than in A. sporadis, median carina rather broad and high,
from two-thirds widening out, forming a triangular, somewhat convex, coarsely
punctate apical area, second carina also broad, irregular on account of the coarse
puncturation, curved inward at base and less so beyond middle of rostrum, here
joining an irregular rugate -punctate elevation which runs obliquely outward-
apicad ; lateral dorsal carina higher than in ^4. sporadis. Frons as broad as
first segment of antenna ; median carina extending on to the punctate occiput.
Antennal segment 3 nearly half as long again as 4, 4 to 7 equal in lengths, 8 very
slightly shorter, 10 as long as 8, 9 shorter than 11, and as long as 3 plus 4. Pro-
notum coarsely punctate, disc depressed before middle, but without transverse
sulcus. Pygidium grey, except along middle, as long as broad. Pro- and
mesosternum punctate inclusive of intercoxal process ; abdomen not flattened,
last sternite simple ; hypopygidium very different from that of the allied species
constricted near apex, the angle proximal of the constriction rounded, the portion
divided off by the constriction narrower than the proximal portion, emarginate
at apex, its dorsal surface broadly concave, the apical angles divided into a
narrow dorsal process and a triangular ventral projection.

12. Acorynus sinuatus sp. nov.

(J$. A. trivittato Jord. (1897) similis ; vitta mediana pronoti angustiore
interrupta.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4-8-5-4 mm.

Hab. Sumatra : Medan (J. B. Corporaal), a pair.

On each side of the pronotum, at the end of the transverse groove, a luteous
or grey spot joined to the lateral area, in this area a round brown spot a short

160 Novitates Zoolookae XXXIII. 1926.

distance from the dorsal and lateral carinae ; the median stripe is very narrow
from the transverse sulcus forward and does not reach apical margin, triangular
behind sulcus, and constricted or interrupted halfway to carina. Luteous or grey
markings of elytra smaller than in A. trivittatus. Hypopygidium of <J incurved
at the sides, apical margin straight, the angles rounded, projecting sidewards and
a very little distad ; in A. trivittatus the sides are not incurved, the apex is
emarginate and the angles broadly rounded. Possibly the Sumatran equivalent
of A. trivittatus.

13. Acorynus scitinus sp. nov.

<J. A. ligati Jord. (1903) vicinus ; rostro fortius impresso, fronte multo
angustiore, elytrorum fascia obliqua grisea lateribus haud apicem versus continuata.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4-6 mm.

Hub. Sumatra, 1 £.

Segment 9 of antenna longer than 3 plus 4, pronotum with transverse sulcus.
Postmedian impression of rostrum rather deep, extending obliquely apicad,
almost forming a semicircle around the median convex portion of the apex,
carinae abbreviated, median one somewhat dilated at depression, second con-
verging with median carina distallv. Frons barely as broad as second segment
of antenna. Sides of pronotum marked with grey, invaded by brown, not with
a sharply defined broad stripe of uniform width as in A. ligatus. Antemedian
lateral spot of elytra small ; oblique band narrow, transverse from stripe 7 to
margin, not continued sublaterally by a streak or spots, at the beginning of the
apical declivity several grey linear spots and at apex other grey spots. Pygidium
as long as broad. Hypopygidium narrower than in A. ligatus, sides somewhat
incurved, apex emarginate.

14. Acorynus neuricus sp. nov.

<J$. A. brevis Jord. (1911) vicinus, antennarum segmento quarto tertio
aequilongo, pronoti maculis griseis lateralibus confluis, elytrorum dimidio basali
griseo-striato.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4-5-5 mm.

Hab. East Sumatra : Deli, 1 <$, type ; Medan (J. B. Corporaal), 3 ??.

As in A. brevis Jord. (1911), A. luzonicus Jord. (1895) and a few others, the
cariniform edge of the antennal groove is directed towards the side of the pro-
sternum and not curved down to the underside of the rostrum. Segment 9 of
antenna as long as 1 1 . On pronotum a grey lateral patch from base across carina
divided into two, forming an anteriorly open half-ring, in front of it a subapical
patch, sometimes the whole lateral area luteous, bearing two brown spots. On
elytra the basal half with grey lines in the stripes of punctures, the shoulder angle
and the subbasal swelling remaining brown, a large lateral spot behind shoulder,
a largish square postmedian spot between third and sixth rows of punctures, the
anterior dorsal angle of this spot almost contiguous with the grey line in stripe 2,
and the posterior lateral angle continuous with a grey line in stripe 6, a brown
area before and behind the postmedian spot and at the sides of it ; before apical
declivity a transverse band of grey lines, of which those in stripes 3 and 4 are
short, whereas the lateral ones are merged together to form a patch, apical area

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 161

grey from apical margin about halfway up the declivity. Pygidium in <$ one-
fourth, in $ nearly one-half broader than long. Tarsi grey above, the pubescence
not dense, segment 1 not contrasting in colour with 2 to 4. In <J midtibia with
an apical projection on inside, abdomen flattened, hypopygidium broad, evenly
rounded.

15. Acorynus luzonicus nigrinus subsp. nov.

$. Niger, sparsissime griseo-pubescens, elytris griseo-guttulatis, absque
maculis majoribus.

Long. (cap. excl.) 8-3 mm.

Hab. S. Celebes : Tjamba (W. Doherty), 1 ?.

Sides of pronotum distinctly punctulate. The only conspicuous marking is
the luteous elongate-triangular spot in front of the scutellum and the grey first
tarsal segment. The discal spots of the pronotum smaller than in A. I. luzonicxis,
the lateral ones more or less separate and much obscured. Elytra with numerous
grey dots ; in oblique aspect some black markings appear which correspond to
the non-dotted dark-brown patches of A. I. luzonicus. Grey pubescence of
underside sparse, somewhat condensed on metepimerum ; grey antemedian ring
of tibiae inconspicuous ; base of first tarsal segment more extended black than
in A. I. luzonicus.

16. Acorynus luteago sp. nov.

cj$. A. luzonico Jord. (1895) structure similis ; rostro fortius carinato, pro-
noto lateribus evidenter punctato, maculis luteis multo magis extensis.

Hab. S. Celebes : Tjamba (W. Doherty), 3 <$$ ; without locality 1 $.

The markings of pronotum as in A. luzonicus, but larger ; elytra pubescent-
luteous, with the following brown markings : a round spot on subbasal callosity,
a double spot on shoulder, a transverse, narrow, zigzag band from suture to
margin, dividing at eighth stripe, the two branches enclosing a luteous marginal
spot, a transverse median band from suture to interspace 6, almost intercepted in
row 2, from its lateral posterior angle an oblique zigzag band to margin, before
apical declivity a zigzag band from suture to margin, the dorsal portion broader,
but the lateral portion widened backwards at margin, on apical declivity a trans-
verse row of three spots, separated or more or less connected, the one nearest
suture the largest, between it and postmedian band a sutural streak, at apical
angle of suture a smaller spot ; all these markings variable in size. Pygidium
luteous grey, diffusely brown along middle and basally at sides. Metasternite
with three brown lateral patches. Segments 1 and 2 of tarsi grey above.

17. Acorynus vergens sp. nov.

$. Structura A. luzonici ; rostri carina secunda medium versus inclinans ;
pronotum utrinque vitta obliqua luteo-grisea trans occiput prolongata notatum.

Hab. Luzon : Prov. Zambales, 1 $.

The second dorsal carinae straight, basally nearly twice as far apart as distally.
The dorso-lateral stripe of the pronotum also straight, strongly oblique, well-
defined, of even width except in front of carina, where it is dilated laterad,
median stripe vestigial. Elytra dotted with luteous grey, the dots partly merged

162 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

together, forming short lines as in A . luzonicus luzonicus, in middle a grey dorsal
spot, another farther back close to lateral margin, and a third, less distinct,
behind shoulder, almost as in luzonicus. Underside as in A. luzonicus; grey
pubescence of tibiae much more restricted, first segment of tarsi less densely
pubescent grey, second also with some grey pubescence and therefore not so much
contrasting with first as in A. luzonicus.

Recalls A. disroidalis Jord. (1894), but segment 9 of antenna much shorter
than 3 and 4 together and the cariniform edge of the antennal groove directed
backwards as in A. luzonicus.

18. Acorynus anacis sp. nov.

<J. rl. passerine Pasc. (1860) et A. labido Jord. (1924) subsimilis, pronoto
fortiter punctato facile distinguendus.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4-8 mm.

Hub. Assam : Khasia Hills, 1 <J.

Rufous brown, base of antenna, basal half of femora and the derm under the
grey markings rufous. Rostrum nearly as broad at base as at apex, being but
little dilated at apex, lateral carina straight, joining the cariniform edge of the
antennal groove, forming a projecting angle above the groove and then continuing
straight to apex ; median carina reaching to postmedian depression, very thin
at base,. Byes less rounded than in A. labidus, not quite so close together, the
triangular area from occiput forward broader and somewhat depressed. Antenna
as in A. passerinus, a little longer than in A. labidus, segment 8 distinctly longer
than 9, this a little longer than apicaily broad, 9 to 11 together not quite so long
as :j plus 4. Pronotum broader than in .4. passerinus, coarsely punctate except
the area from depression of disc to apical margin ; anterior half of presternum
similarly punctate ; grey lateral markings of pronotum smaller than in A. passe-
rinus, the median stripe broader behind carina and in front of and behind the
discal depression. Elytra more square than in A. passerinus, striped with grey
and brown, the angle-shaped brown subbasal mark of A. passerinus replaced by
a brown patch, apical half of elytra more extended grey. Pygidium shorter than
in $ of A. passerinus, more rounded, not curved up at apex; hvpopygidium
broad, rounded, middle of apex produced as a short obtuse lobe. Abdomen
flattened from segment 1 to 4, 5 much shorter than in .4 . passerinus, convex
in middle and here the pubescence silky as in A. passerinus. Apical two-fifths
of foretibia somewhat incrassate on inner side, without tooth, midtibia
without mucro.

19. Acorynus cordiger zonatus subsp. nov.

$. Fascia elytrorum postmediana brunneo-nigra multo angustior, antice
bene definita, postice ad suturam sinuata.

Hob. IViak (W. Doherty), 2 ?$, a third in Mus. Brit.

The black-brown spots of the pronotum and elytra deeper in colour than in
Java specimens. The anterior boundary of the transverse band of the elytra
is diffuse in A. c. cordiger and sharply defined in A. r. zonatus.

The median carina of the proboscis is broadly interrupted in all three
specimens.

NOVTTATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 103

20. Acorynus stramineus sp. nov.

$. Speciei A. caffer Jord. (1911) dicto simillimus, griseo-ochraceo-variegatus,
carina dorsali pronoti medio hand angulata.

Hab. Tanganyika Territory : Magila (Legros), 1 $, type ; also Nyasa, 1 $
ex coll. Fry in Mus. Brit.

Median carina of proboscis abbreviated as in A . caffer. Markings as in that
species, but more ochraceous.

Note. — Acorynus silvanus Jord., Nov. Zool. xxxiii, p. 290, No. 2 (1925), is
the $ of Cedus valens Jord., I.e. p. 239, No. 3 (1925) ; the species is best placed
in Cedus.

21. Litocerus miles sp. nov.

cj$. L. histrionis vicimis ; rostro breviore, antennis maris multo tenui-
oribus, elytris griseis brunneo-lineatis macula mediana suturali sat magna
subcruciformi notatis.

Hab. Perak (rec. from Standinger, probably collected by Waterstradt),
type, and Perak (W. Doherty), also from Sumatra and Borneo ; a series.

Frons a little broader than in L. histrio Gylh. (1833). The pronotum bears
anteriorly four brown spots, the upper ones larger, apical, the lateral ones sub-
apical, before the carina six spots, the two lateral ones connected with the anterior
spots, whereas the two upper ones are isolated, behind the carina four brown
spots, pubescence in between the brown marking luteous grey. Elytra luteous
grey, the interspaces for the greater part brown, forming long lines, but the
grey pubescence partially confluent, particularly dorsally in basal half, in middle
of suture a brown elliptical patch usually extending sidewards to fourth, fifth,
or sixth row of punctures, widened anteriorly and posteriorly at the suture,
somewhat resembling the cross of a medal ; a triangular apical space luteous
grey, in front of it a brown patch, ^- antenna flattened from segment 5, 5 to
8 somewhat narrower than 9, none dilated at apex, 9 as long as 3, a little longer
than 10, 10 as long as 11.

22. Litocerus leucomelas sp. nov.

?. Brunneo-niger, subtus albo-pubescens, supra albo-maculatus ; pronoto
lato macula magna basali laterali, altera parva laterali apicali, atque gutta
minuta ad apicem sidci transversi ; elytris macula basali fere semicirculari sat
magna dorsali, altera parva supra humerum, tertia elliptica suturali antemediana
atque parvis maculis dispersis modice numerosis ; angulo carinae prothoracis
fortissime rotundato.

Long. (cap. excl.) 6-8 mm., rat. 3 mm.

Hab. Borneo : Matang Road, Sarawak, 1 $.

Carinae of proboscis low, reaching about to middle, the middle one con-
tinued to apex by an elevation which is distinct only on account of the surface
of the rostrum being depressed at each side of it, side of rostrum not cariniform
between antenna and mandible. Frons a very little broader than segment 2 of
antenna. Segment 3 of antenna as long as 9, 9 =11, one-third longer than
10, 8 a little over one-half of 9. Cheek white. Pronotum very feebly punctate

Ki4 Novitatbs Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

at the sides, not quite twice as broad as long (19 : 11), strongly rounded, widest
in middle, carina almost straight dorsallv, nearly evenly curved forward at sides,
the lateral longitudinal cannula forming an acute angle with it. Scutellum
brown-black. Elytra broadest at base, posteriorly rather strongly depressed
at suture, the elliptical sutural spot reaches to the middle of second interspace,
at the beginning of apical declivity an inverted white comma in third interspace.
Pygidium as long as broad, with a small basal lateral spot. Upperside of tibiae
except base black, as is also the base of segment 1 of tarsi, rest of 1 and the whole
of 2 white above.

23. Litocerus figuratus chorispilus subsp. nov.

(J$. Vitta mediana pronoti angusta, late interrupta.

Hab. Sumatra : Sibolangit (Corporaal), type, and Si-Rambe (Modigliani)
a series.

In L. f. figuratus the median stripe of the pronotum is broad, complete, while
in chorispilus it is broken up into two or three spots.

24. Litocerus stichoderes sp. nov.

c?$. L. dorsali Jord. (1S94) simillimus, pronoto atque lateribus pro-etmeso-
sterni sat fortiter punctatis distinguendus.

Hab. S. Celebes : Tjamba and Macassar (Doherty), a series.

The transverse sulcus of the pronotum is very distinct, being deeper than
in L. dorsalis and better defined. The constriction of the luteous grey area of the
elytra extends to the first line of punctures, sometimes to the suture, in which
case the area is divided into an anterior and a posterior patch.

25. Sympaector tenus sp. nov.

$. Rufus, nigro-signatus, capite, tarsis atque tibiarum apice nigro-brunneis,
pronoto duabus vittis latis rectis nigris notato, antennis ante rostri medium
insertis, segmentis 7° et 8° aequilongis, pygidio longitudine fere dimidio latiore.

Long. (cap. excl.) 5-8 mm.

Hab. S.E. Borneo : Pengaron (W. Doherty), 1 $.

The short pygidium distinguishes this species sharply from the other rufous
Sum pace/or with black spots. In structure nearest to S. pagis Jord. (1911) and
allies.

Antenna inserted at two-fifths from apex. Cheek bounded by a deep
groove. The median stripe of pronotum about half as wide as a blackish stripe,
narrowed at apical margin, lateral carina slightly concave above, basal longitu-
dinal carinula oblique, curved down posteriorly. Elytra much less flattened and
less narrowing anad than in S. nigromaculatus, subcylindrical, with the following
black-brown markings : a small dot on subbasal swelling, another a little further
back in sixth line of punctures, a third behind subbasal swelling on second inter-
space, a fourth at margin behind shoulder, a larger spot at one-fourth of margin
extending up to interspace 8, a still larger one before middle, subrotundate, from
interspaces 3 to 7, incised behind in seventh stripe, a small marginal spot in
middle, a broad subapical band, anteriorly rounded at the sides and less so at the

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 1 (i.'l

suture on each elytrum, separated from pygidium on each elytrum by a circular
yellowish grey spot about as large as the largish antemedian lateral spot, the band
dorsally about as wide as the space separating it from the antemedian dorsal
spot. Pygidium slightly brownish, pale at apex.

26. Hucus pallidus sp. nov.

tj$. H. striati affinis, pallide rufus, pube griseo-flava tectus ; pronoto
macula apicali magna et altera basali nigris divisis, duabus macuhs minoribus
lateraUbus subapicalibus separatis aut coniunctis eodem colore ; elytris nigro-
brunneis lineis palhdis striatis, sutura, basi atque macula communi transversa
postmediana pallidis.

Long. (cap. excl.) 3-3-4-3 mm.

Hab. Java : 1 $ without more precise locality in Mus. Tring (type) ;
Lembang, ix. 1924 (L. G. E. Kalshoven), 2 $$ in Mus. Buitenzorg.

A very pale species with cream-coloured pubescence. The blackish apical
basal median patches of pronotum square or oblong, divided by a more or less
complete cream-coloured median line ; the extent of the light colouring of the
elytra somewhat variable, a patch on subbasal swelling, a median patch not
reaching suture, a transverse area or a band at the beginning of the apical declivity,
and the liinbal area blackish brown and more or less broken up by pale lines ;
apex of tibiae and tarsi and base of hindtibia (in type also apex of hindfemur)
blackish ; a diffuse lateral spot on prosternum and usually a spot on metepister-
num brownish. Rostrum with 5 distinct carinae. Frons about as wide as the
interspace between central and second carinae. Antenna : in $ reaching beyond
middle of elytra, segment 1 not nearly extending to eye, 3 as long 1 + 2 and one-
fourth longer than 8, this one-third longer than 9, club rather narrow, but quite
distinct, 10 twice as long as broad, 1 1 a little longer than 9 ; in $ 3 one-third longer
than 4, one-half longer than 8, 9 very little shorter than 8, one-fourth shorter
than 11, and nearly one-third longer than 10. Angle of carina less than 90°,
the lateral carina somewhat convex. Pygidium one-fifth broader than long
in <$.

27. Hucus sulcicollis sp. nov.

<J. Rufo-brunneus, pronoto luteo-griseo macuhs brunneis variegato, elytris
dorso plus minus luteo-griseis, lateribus brunneis griseo-lineolatis ; dimidio
basali rostri leviter tricarinato ; pronoto sulco lineari transverso antemediano
instructo, angulo carinae acuto ; antenna longitudine corporis, segmento 9°
tribus primis simul sumptis paululo longiore.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4-7 mm.

Hab. Banguey I. (J. Waterstradt) , 1 (J.

Marking of pronotum diffuse : median vitta grey, disc on each side of it
cinnamon, sides grey, on each side six blackish brown markings, one extending
from the sulcus forward, a second being placed at the end of the sulcus, the third
obliquely above the end of the lateral carina and three before the dorsal carina,
of which the one in the angle is the largest ; elytra grey shaded with cinnamon,
sides and apex brown with short grey linear spots, in middle of suture a small
cinnamom spot.

166 Novitatks ZOOLOGIOAE XXXIII. 192lj.

Dilated apical portion of rostrum as long as narrow basal portion, inter-
mediate carina absent, median and lateral ones present, but not very prominent,
in front of eye laterally a groove bounding the grey cheek. Antenna very pale
rufous like the legs, darker distally, segment 1 not nearly reaching to eye, 3 little
longer than 1, 4 to 8 equal in lengths, slightly shorter than 3, 9 a very little longer
than 1 to 3 together, 10 about three times as long as broad (11 missing). Frons
a little broader than the second segment of antenna. Pronotum with some large
shallow punctures laterally, transverse sulcus sharpl.y marked, almost interrupted
in centre, dorsal carina convex, angle acute, but its apex rounded off, lateral
car na reaching to middle, very slightly flexuose, lateral longitudinal cannula
oblique. Sutural area of elytra somewhat flattened. Tip of tibiae and apical
half of tarsi brownish. Underside of body grey.

28. Hucus argutus sp. no v.

$. Compactus, nigro-brunneus, infra griseus, supra griseo-guttatus, pronoti
vltta mediana et elytrorum fascia transversa mediana griseo-luteis. Rostrum
gradatim dilatatum, fere sine carinis. Pronotum conicum, angulo carinae acuto
retrorsum producto, carina laterali obsolescente.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4 mm., lat. 2 mm.

Hab. Philippines : Calapan, Mindoro, 1 $.

Median stripe of pronotum narrowed at apex, in depression of disc and at
the carina, on each side of disc a spot in depression and laterally a series of three,
connected with the grey underside, in front of lateral carina the usual brown
ventral spot, sides of pronotum punctate, dorsal carina slightly convex, laterally
more strongly convex, the angle of the pronotum, and with it the angle of the
carina, produced backwards, acute, the carina here almost touching the margin
of the elytrum, the lateral carina extending to meral suture, but very feeble,
almost obsolete. Suture and alternate interspaces of elytra dotted with grey,
base of suture extended grey, in middle a yellowish grey band from second to
sixth interspace, the dots near sutural interspace behind this band yellowish and
partly confluent.

Proboscis almost gradually widened, but the upper margin of the antennal
groove distinctly widened, projecting, centre of proboscis somewhat depressed,
carinae slightly indicated, only the lateral one distinct, but very short. Frons
broader than the third segment of the antenna is long. Pubescence not denser
on cheeks than on rostrum. Antenna reaching to base of pronotum, segment 1
a little longer than 2, 3 scarcely longer than 2, 3 to 7 equal in length, 8 shorter,
club a little longer than 3 to 6 together, 9 half as long again as 10 and about as
long as 11. Pygidium brown, with a slight indication of grey at apical margin.

Near H. crassus Jord. (1897) and H. inclinans Jord. (1895), both described
as Litocerus ; easily distinguished by the dorsal carinae of the rostrum and the
lateral one of the prothorax being obsolete or nearly.

29. Hucus dives sp. nov.

9. Praecedenti similis, pronoti carina lateralis hand obsolescente, elytris
seriatim guttatis.

Hab. Borneo : Kuching (J. Hewitt), 1 $.

The second carina of the rostrum a little more distinct than in H. argutus

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 1C7

curved sidewards at both ends, median carina traceable at base, middle of
rostrum impressed. Frons a little narrower than in H. arguius. Antenna as
short as in that species, but segment 3 to 5 slightly decreasing in length, 6 = 7
shorter than 5, 8 less than half 3, club nearly as long as 3 to 8 together, 9 one-half
longer than 10, a very little longer than 11. Markings of upperside yellowish,
pubescence of rostrum and cheek grey, not condensed on cheek. Basal angle of
prothorax and carina as acute as in H. argutus, the median vitta of pronoturn
narrower and the lateral spots smaller than in that species ; lateral carina dis-
tinct, somewhat flexuose. Elytra as in H. argutus not depressed at suture from
near base to beyond middle ; sutural and alternate interspaces almost regularly
dotted with yellowish grey, the dots along suture partly confluent. Sides of
sterna for the greater part rufous brown, abdomen with diffuse lateral patches
of the same colour.

30. Hucus cherulus sp. nov.

<J. Speciei praecedenti structura persimihs, rostro longiore, elytrorum
striis punctatis luteis.

Hab. Sumatra: Lau Rakit, East Coast, 29.viii. 1921, 300 m. (J. B. Cor-
poraal), 1 $.

Spots on pronoturn smaller than in H. dives, the median vitta broken up
into three spots ; suture and alternate interspaces of elytra dotted with
ochraceous and all the stripes of punctures also ochraceous. Rostrum one-
fourth longer than broad (in H. dives as long as broad), sides rather strongly
angulate above antennal groove, carinae as in H. dives. Antenna essentially as
in that species, but segment 8 only a little shorter than 7, and 9 as long as 11.
Lateral carina of pronoturn straight, not flexuose.

The short antenna point to a $, but on opening the last abdominal segment
I found the specimen to be a <J.

31. Basitropis euris sp. nov.

<J9- Statura et color B. rolundaiae Jord. (1903), antennarum clava tri-
articulata multo tenuiore, pronoti lateribus minus rotundatis ; $ tibiis anticis
mediisque modice hamatis, posticis intus a medio ad apicem planato-impressis
atque villosis.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4-3-5-7 mm.

Hab. Menado, Celebes, vi.1924 (Leefmans), several examples in Mus.
Tring and Mus. Buitenzorg.

A short species, 2i times as long as broad ; tibiae and abdomen immaculate.
Rostrum shorter than in B. rotundata, three times as broad as long, in middle
slightly depressed basally and subcarinate apically. Frons less than half as broad
as the rostrum. Club of antenna narrower than in any other known species,
consisting of three segments in both sexes, broader in $ than in <J, in <$ 9 and
10 conical, 9 a little longer than broad, 10 as long as broad, in $ 9 as lone: as
broad, 10 about one-third broader than long. Sides of pronoturn straight in
posterior half. Abdominal segments 1 to 4 punctate centrally from base to
apex, laterally at base only, segment 1 with a few punctures laterally halfway
between base and apex. In <$ fore- and midtibiae somewhat curved, slightly
dilated at apex on inside, midtibia with distinct tooth ; hindtibia, on underside

lt>S Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

from middle to apex, flattened and somewhat impressed, this area villose and
bounded on outerside by an obtuse carina, which ends at apex with a small tooth.

32. Basitropis suavis sp. nov.

tJ. Supra sat dense ochraceo-pubescens, nigro-maculata, capite cum rostro
et pronoto fortiter punctatis ; antennarum clava triarticulata ; pronoto evidenter
inaequali, tibiis anticis et mediis simplicibus, posticis inucronatis.

Long. (cap. excl.) 6 mm., lat. 2-4 mm.

Hub. Borneo : Kinabalu, 1 <J.

On pronotum four apical and two larger basal spots, on each clytrum a
roundish lateral spot before middle and an irregular dorsal one in middle, as
well as traces of other spots black. Rostrum rounded at sides, appearing con-
stricted at base, not quite twice as broad as long, apical sinus triangular, base
slightly depressed, no distinct median carina at apex. Frons as broad as the
rostrum is long (measured from the eye straight to apex). Club of antenna broad-
ish, segment 9 a little broader than long, 10 one-half broader than long, 7 and 8
slightly broadened, with some long hairs beneath.

Surface of pronotum somewhat uneven, depressed at the base, basal angle
sharper than usual, sides incurved basally and gradually rounded medianly ;
puncturation much coarser than for instance in B. nitulicutis.

Pubescence on underside of femora and on coxa somewhat longer ; bases
of tibiae brown ; apex of fore- and midtibiae simple, of hindtibia armed with
a sharp tooth which stands at right angles to the tibia ; first segment of foretarsus
with a strong spike-like tooth on underside, projecting distad, second segment
dorsally very short, not being longer in the median line than the claw-segment
is broad near its base. Abdomen medianly with dispersed small punctures,
laterally without punctures, except segment 1, which bears some punctures in
the basal groove, and segment 5, which is coarsely punctured all over, 5 not
impressed, convex.

Nearest to B. maculata Jord. (1903), from Java, of which only the $ is known.

33. Basitropis concolor sp. nov.

g. Lata ; rostro carina mediana ad apicem continuata instructo ; anten-
narum clava quadriarticulata ; pronoto laeviter punctato, lateribus fere im-
punctatis, maculis luteo-griseis parvis ; elytris fascia basali et altera anteapicali
irregularibus luteo-griseis ornatis ; tibiis macula mediana magna brunnea notatis,
anticis apice intus obtuse dilatatis, intermediis et posticis simplicibus.

Long. (cap. excl.) 10 mm., lat. 4 mm.

Hab. Adonara (W. Doherty), 1 <J.

Proboscis and antenna almost as in B. hamata Jord. (1903) ; apical sinus of
the former small, sharp. Pronotum rounded at sides, incurved before base, punc-
tures shallow and dispersed, absent from lateral area ; yellowish grey markings
small : at apex a thin median line, behind it an antemedian double spot, this
spot and two spots behind it on each side form a circle, in between the two pos-
terior spots of this circle some small dot -s which connect them with an indefinite
posterior median stripe, outside the circle 4 or 5 spots. Basal band of elytra
rather well-defined, enclosing an irregular sutural patch, a sharply marked,

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. I(j9

oblong, basal spot halfway to side, and a triangular shoulder spot ; at beginning
of apical declivity a much more irregular band, much invaded by the brown
ground, produced forward in fifth interspace, interrupted at suture ; between
the two bands a small number of dots, other dots, more or less confluent, at apex.
Presternum swollen before each coxa, anterior intercoxal process pointed, a
little curved up (i.e. ventrad), posterior process forming a transverse ridge behind
the coxae which is longer than in any of the allied species and highest behind
each coxa. Abdominal segment 1-4 almost impunctate, anal segment with
dispersed shallow punctures, its apical margin broadly convex in middle. Apex
of foretibia dilated on inner side, the dilatation short, broad, quite rounded off.
The extreme base and the middle of the tibiae brown, the median patch occupying
from one-third to one-half of the tibia.

34. Basitropis tersa sp. nov.

(J. Parva, B. lutoso colore simillima ; rostro medio fortiter carinato, anten-
narum clava sat tenui triarticulata, pygidio convexo, segmento anali ventrali
et tibiis simplicibus.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4 mm.

Hab. Philippines : Imugan, Luzon (Boettcher), 1 (J.

Upperside pubescent yellowish grey, variegated with brown, four brown
patches on pronotum particularly conspicuous, two each side, one subapical,
diffuse, the other larger, oblong, before the carina.

Proboscis a little over twice as broad as long, with strong median carina,
which extends far on to frons, apical sinus very shallow and broad, evenly con-
cave, not anguliform. Segment 3 of antenna longer than 4, 8 as long as 7 and
not appreciably broader, the club consisting of three segments, being similar to
the club of B. lutosus Jord. (1895), lengths of the three segments: 9, 7, 11,
breadths 7-5, 8, 8. Prothorax shorter than in B. hdosus, one-fourth broader
than long, more rounded, but not so much as in B. rotundata, puncturation some-
what coarser than in B. lutosus. Pygidium convex, scarcely one-fourth broader
than long. Abdominal segments 1 to 4 with a few large punctures at the base,
5 simply convex, not impressed as in B. lutosus, with very few large shallow
punctures. All the tibiae simple, without the long hairs present in the <$ of
B. lutosus, and the foretibia without hook at apex.

35. Basitropis illustris spec. nov.

<J. Caput cum pronoto luteo-griseo-trivittatum ; elytrum linea luteo-grisea
a basi supra humerum ad medium suturae et rotundatim ad limbum continuata
atque deinde in forma laquei ad basin recurrente ornatum. Antennae a seg-
mento 5° gradatim dilatatae. Pygidium valde convexum. Tibiae simplices.

Long. (cap. excl.) 9 mm., lat. 3-7 mm.

Hab. Philippines : Surigao, Mindanao (Boettcher), 2 <$$.

In markings unlike any other species of the genus. The median stripe of
the pronotum sharply defined, about as broad as a tibia, slightly widened at the
base, lateral stripe interrupted or irregular, a few luteous speckles above and
below it. The luteous line of each elytrum forms a tear-shaped loop, round
behind (in front of apical declivity) and pointed basally, forming a small blotch
at base, basal margin and the area immediately behind it more or less luteous,

12

170

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 192G.

apex of elytra also marked with luteous. Underside luteous, abdomen with
lateral marginal brown spots.

Proboscis coarsely punctate as usual, with a fairly distinct median carina.
Antenna long-hairy beneath from segment 4, gradually increasing in width, 8
a little broader than long, larger than 7, 9 almost one-half broader than long. 10
twice as broad as long, 1 1 subovate, a little longer than broad. Pronotum coarsely
but not densely punctate, very slightly shorter than broad, sides almost straight
in posterior half, angle of carina obtuse and rounded off. Pygidium very strongly
convex near apex, tuberculiform, brown at base. Coxae with a tuft of longer
pubescence. Anal sternite simple, with dispersed large punctures. Tibiae
simple.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 171

ON THE BIRDS OF THE FRENCH ISLANDS, NORTH OF NEW

BRITAIN.

By ERNST HARTERT.

THE group of French or Witu Islands lies north of the western part of
New Britain, about 80 km. from the latter. It consists of two larger
and some smaller islands forming a northern group, and a southern island called
Unia or Merite Island. The group was discovered by D'Entrecasteaux, during
his last voyage, on which he contracted the illness of which he died at sea, in
1793. He called the group lies Francaises ; hence they are called French Islands
and Franzosische Inseln. Eichhorn collected on the largest of the northern
group, called at first by D'Entrecasteaux lies des Lacs, now Garowe or Witu
Island, from Witu Harbour on its western side, and also visited Unia, the southern
island. The highest point on Garowe Island is 300 m., that of Unia 587 m.
The German New Guinea Company had on Witu a trading station and a
plantation of over 40,000 coconut palms. Copra and cocoa are exported.
There is said to be more rain than on the Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain.

Eichhorn writes : " The highest point of Witu is about 1,100 feet ; the island
is planted with much coconut and cocoa (cacao). The soil seems to be extra-
ordinarily rich, hence the great output of copra and cocoa. There is a good deal
of secondary growth, but a very small proportion of virgin scrub ; there is very
little flat ground and fresh water is scarce, some villages using only coconut in
place of water. Insect life seems to be very scarce. I have a rejjresentative of
all birds seen or heard, except the osprey (Pandion ludiaeios leucoceplialus) and
the sea-eagle (Cuncuma leitcogaster) ; there was no sign of any night bird. I
spent four days on Unia Island, which is some 1,900 feet high ; it was hardly
time to make a representative collection, but it seems that quite a number of
birds and insects occur there that are not found on Witu, and vice versa."

The ornis of the French Islands is that of New Britain, but Ptilinopus
solomonensis meyeri and Halcyon chloris stresemanni are peculiar to the Witu
group. The ornis is poor compared with that of the larger islands, as is always
the case.

Specimens from the French Islands have reached the collections in Berlin
and Munich, but no good collection has ever been made there, according to my
knowledge, and no list of their birds has been published.

1. Megapodius duperreyi eremita Hartl.

Eichhorn found this species common on Witu, but did not see any nest
mounds.

2. Anous stolidus.
A worn and faded specimen was taken on May 30th. These birds are often
seen out at sea, but, according to Father Meyer, only ill and tired-out specimens
are found on shore. There is evidently no breeding-place anywhere near New
Britain.

172 NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

The specimen sent is insufficient to determine the subspecies to which it
may belong, but I am inclined to think that only one form inhabits these seas,
which should be called A. stolidus pileatiis.

3. Tringa hypoleucos L.

It is interesting to find these birds already common in July ; one was shot
July 8th, one 17th, one 18th, and by the end of the month it was common.
Father Meyer also says that it arrives on Vuatom in July.

4. Hypotaenidia philippensis lesouefi (Math.) (?).

Eulabeornis philippensis lesouefi Mathews, B. Australia, i, p. 198 (" New Hanover," also New Britain).

Eichhorn found this bird not rare on Witu Island, and sent a series of eight
adults, three young, and two eggs, which were found in a nest on the ground
on July 20th, 1925. The eggs are typical ralline eggs ; they are glossless rich-
cream colour with reddish-chestnut and deeper 13'ing greyish-mauve spots, largest
and more frequent on the thick end. They are rather roundish and measure
37 x 28-7 and 36 X 28-2 mm.

The naming of the subspecies of Witu Island is not so simple. Comparing
a series from New Hanover with that from Witu Island, one is struck by the
different appearance of the two lots. Those from New Hanover appear more
blackish on the back, the white markings on the lower hind-neck and upper part
of the back are more distinct bars, the olive-brown edges to the scapulars and
rump less developed, the white spots more frequent and extending over the
rump to the tail.

The Witu specimens, on the other hand, have the white markings behind the
chestnut nuchal band more in the shape of spots, the olivaceous-brown edges to
the feathers of the upperside very wide and obvious, and there are, as a rule,
no, or very few, white spots on the lower back, rump, tail-coverts, and rectrices.

Nevertheless, I do not propose to separate the Witu form, for the following
reasons : These rails vary a good deal individually, and are not quite so constant,
as Mathews' statements in vol. i of the Birds of Australia might make one
believe. Two of our Witu birds are quite like one of our New Hanover specimens.
Two specimens from Eastern New Guinea seem to agree well with the New
Hanover ones, while one in moult from the south of Geelvink Bay (Pratt Bros,
coll.) seems to agree with the Australian form (there may be only one subspecies
in Australia), which is supposed to visit New Guinea on migration. Our examples
from New Hanover are from February to April, those from Witu from June
and July.

5. Gallinula (Amaurornis) olivacea nigrifrons subsp. nov.

Differs from its allies, G. (A.) olivacea moluccana (Moluccas, New Guinea)
and G. (A.) olivacea ruficrissa (Australia), by the absence of the orange-coloured
small frontal shield, this shield being less developed, with a ridge in the middle,
and of black or olivaceous-black colour. The upperside is darker, more brownish
ohve, and the vent and under tail-coverts a shade darker. Wings £ 140-145,
§ 133-135 mm., culmen from end of feathering on forehead <J about 36-38,
$ 34-35, tarsus 57-59 mm.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 173

Habitat : Witu Islands, New Britain, Duke of York Islands, New Hanover,
and probably also New Ireland, also Solomon Islands. Type : $ ad. Witu I.,
24. vi. 1925. Eichhorn leg., No. 10,328.

This Gallinule was found fairly common on Witu Island by Eichhorn. A
nest was found in the grass on the ground on July 8th, with one egg. It resembles
the eggs of Hypotaenidia philippensis lesouefi, but is a little more glossy, the
surface has numerous fine dots, and looks less clean ; the markings are all over
the egg. Measures : 38 X 27-7 mm.

The subspecies of this rail have been considered by Mathews and by Strese-
mann. Mathews calls the species moluccanus, but we must follow Stresemann,
who recognized that moluccana is a subspecies of olivacea (Philippine Is.).
Stresemann united the Papuan and Bismarck Archipelago specimens with moluc-
cana, but they differ widely. Schlegel (Notes Leyden Museum, i, p. 163, 1879)
described a single immature specimen as " Oallinula Franhii." It was brought
to Holland by a missionary stationed on the Berau Peninsula. Though the
exact village or place whence it came is not known, it is quite certain that it
cannot have come from New Britain, as was once suggested by Mathews. The
name can therefore under no circumstances be used for the New Britain form.
Our specimens are slate-grey underneath, and the throat paler just towards the
bill, but in one female from Witu the whole throat is whitish.

6. Ptilinopus solomonensis meyeri subsp. nov.

Subspeciei P. solomonensis neumanni dictae simillimus, sed rostro longiore,
gutture virescentiore distinguendus.

Though very closely allied to P. solomensis neumanni from Nissan Island
(cf. Nov. Zool. 1926, p. 42), the birds from Witu have longer bills, and the
throat is green, only lighter than the crop, but without the greyish tinge which
is more or less obvious in both sexes of P. s. neumanni. Culmen <$ 17-18-5,
against 15-16 mm. in P. s. neumanni. Wings $ ad. 122-128 mm. Type : <J ad.
No. 10.263, Witu Island, 11 .vi. 1925. A. F. Eichhorn coll.

The occurrence of a yellow-chested form of P. solomonensis on the Witu
group is of great interest. Until I described P. s. neumanni from Nissan, we
only knew a yellow-chested form on Manus (Admiralty Is.), St. Matthias,
Storm Island, and New Hanover, except that Father Otto Meyer had, in 1906,
stated that he found " P. johannis " on Vuatom, and that P. Schumm had also
found it on New Britain ! This shows once more that New Britain is not so well
known as one is inclined to think, since so many collectors and even ornithologists
have been there. I have the pleasure to name the Witu race in honour of
Father Otto Meyer, who wrote the interesting article, full of biological notes,
on the birds of Vuatom. Of course it is not at all certain that the Vuatom
birds are exactly the same as the Witu ones, but they are yellow-chested
solomonensis.

In the Witu form the chest-band is deep yellow.

Possibly the colour of the iris is different ; in the specimens from Nissan
(P. s. neumanni) Eichhorn marked the iris as " yellow," in one case " deep
yellow," and in all the Witu ones as " dull greenish yellow " or " pale greenish
yellow," and Father Meyer said of the Vuatom birds that the iris was " grungelb,"

Eichhorn found this Pigeon common on Witu.

174 Novitates Zoolocicae XXXIII. ll)26.

7. Ducula pistrinaria van-wyckii (Cass.).

Carpophaga van-wyckii Cassin, Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, p. 320 (New Ireland).
Cf. Nov. Zool. 1926, p. 35.

One male was obtained on Witu July 1st, 1925. " Iris dark red, bill lead
blue, feet plum-red." Eiehhorn says he found it " rare on this island."

Lord Rothschild called my attention to the fact that the best distinguishing
character of this form seems to be the pale, whitish throat with hardly any pinkish
tinge, and the greyer breast, and in fact entire underside, the breast being
quite vinaceous pink in D. p. pistrinaria.

8. Gallicolumba beccarii johannae (Scl.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1926, p.

This little Pigeon was also found on Witu Island, but Eiehhorn calls it
" comparatively rare." A quite young bird was shot July 14th. I have already
stated that " G. b. nodifica " is a synonym, the coloration of the chest varying
to a certain degree.

9. Macropygia ruia rufocastanea Rams.
Common, series from June and July.

10. Chalcophaps stephani stephani Rchb.
Also common on Witu.

11. Caloenas nicobarica nicobarica (L.).

Eiehhorn says it is rare on Unia, from where he sent one $ shot 4. viii. 1925.
It was not noticed on the great Witu Islands.

12. Dupetor flavicollis gouldi (Bp.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1908, p. 354.

In my recent articles on the birds of islands in the Bismarck Archipelago,
I have called this heron Dupetor flavicollis nesophilus, but I now revert to our
idea of 1908, that only one subspecies should be recognised from Australia to
New Guinea, the Aru Islands and Moluccas, and the Bismarck Archipelago.
The form from the Solomon Islands is D.f. woodfordi with a very different female.
Sharpe placed it in a separate genus, Eryth/ro'phoyx, because the tarsus is distinctly
longer, but tins is a good specific or subspecific, not a generic, character (cf. Nov.
Zool. 1908, p. 353). The male of D. f. woodfordi is not separable in colour
from most of the adult males from the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, etc.,
the differences which we stated I.e. not being constant. It is true that Bismarck
Archipelago birds are generally very deeply coloured and rather bluish black
on the head, but then ours are very fresh and freshly moulted, beautiful clean
skins, while in all the number from Australia before me there is not one really
beautiful skin.

It is also remarkable that the uniform slaty black variety is not, as far as

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 175

I know, found in Australia,1 while it occurs on the Moluccas and Aru Islands,
and is not at all rare in the Bismarck Archipelago, in fact all adult males we
received from Witu are slate-black ; it is of course certain that '.' D. melas "
(Ardetta Melaena, Salvadori, 1878) is not a different species, as we still thought
in 1908 ; it is a melanism, or " mutation," as it is now usual to call it.

There appears to be only one form in Australia. Mathews named three
supposed subspecies in 1912, but in 1913 already reduced them to one, which,
it seems to me, is also synonymous with gouldi, first described from Australia.

Dv/petor flavicollis gouldi is evidently common on Witu, as Eichhorn sent ten
specimens. The young of the black form is already blackish brown underneath,
brownish black above, with pale brownish fringes to the feathers. The iris of
adults and young is brownish yellow to dark brownish golden yellow. The bill
in the black form is quite black, in the others the under mandible is more or
less light horn colour. The females are underneath more brownish, the upperside
brown, but sometimes rather slaty and then very little different from adult
males ; Mathews was wrong in saying, in his book on the Birds of Australia,
that the female is like the male.

It has often been queried if " Dupetor melas " was really a different species
(cf., among others, Otto Meyer in Natur und Offenbarung, 1906, p. 649), but
Stresemann (Orn. Monatsber. 1926, p. 118) clearly said that it was a melanistic
form, and this is undoubtedly correct, and he also called attention to Meyer's
discovery of an albinistic specimen on New Britain.

13. Demigretta sacra.
Was found rare on Garowe (Witu) ; one shot on the last day could not be
packed, so it did not yet reach Tring.

14. Geoffroyus heteroclitus (Hombr. & Jacq.).
Rare, one female sent.

15. Lorius roratus goodsoni Hart.

Common on Witu, but much persecuted by the planters, on account of the
damage they do, chiefly to the cocoa pods.
Also common on Unia Island.

16. Domicella hypoinochroa devittata (Hart.).

Eichhorn found this parrot rather rare. A nest was seen in a huge tree,
but could not be reached. Some of the skins moult primaries.

17. Trichoglossus haematodes aberrans Rchw.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 123.

Pound moderately common on Witu.

1 It is true that Diggles, in the Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Queensland, 1874,
article 2, p. 6, described an Ardetta nigra, which is probably what Sharpe called Dupetor melas ;
this is said to have come from about thirty miles from Cape York, and had been collected (or sent)
by Cockerell. Mathews says " presumably " this blackish heron, which apparently was Sharpe's
Dupetor melas, came from the Aru Islands, but of course it might really be from the Cape York
Peninsula, though known to have been shot on Aru, and not in Australia. We only know of Diggles'
article through Mathews, Austral Avian Record, i, pp. 68-72, and ii, pp. 144-153, where the dates of
publication are also discussed.

176 NOVITATES ZOOLOG1CAE XXXIII. 1926.

18. Charmosynopsis placentis pallidior K. & H.

" Common on Witu. Nesting in growth of crows-nest fern." A series
from June shows no moult. Two eggs were found in a nest on July 27th. One
egg sent is quite brownish, evidently stained from the nest. It is without
gloss and measures 19 X 16-5 mm.

19. Micropsitta pusio pusio (Scl.).

Antea, p. 129.

Eiehhorn found this little parrot rare on Witu and a little commoner on
Unia Island. He sent two skins from each of the two islands. One of the Witu
specimens is as highly coloured as the one from the Kotoi district in the
Owen Stanley Mountains mentioned p. 130, so that the latter obviously does
not belong to a separable mountain form ; the yellow superciliary stripe is of
course clearly visible in the Kotoi district specimen {aalvadorii), but not in the
pusio from Witu.

20. Halcyon albicilla saurophaga Gould.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 277 ; 1926, p. 38.

Found somewhat rare on Witu. Five adults sent. Specimens from June
1 1th and 26th and July 27th are in moult (twice wings, all tail and body plumage) .

21. Halcyon chloris stresemanni Laubm.

Halcyon chloris stresemanni Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, xv, p. 391 (1923— French Islands);
antea, p. 133.

This interesting form was found common on Witu in June and July. About
half the specimens sent are in moult. Iris dark brown. Bill black and white.
" Feet blackish."

In the article on " Talasea " in New Britain I have described the differences
of this subspecies, which is only known, so far, from Witu and Rook Islands.

22. Halcyon sancta sancta Vig. & Horsf.

Common on Witu in June and July. All showed tail and body moult, but
very few on the wings, which are mostly freshly moulted.

23. Chalcites lucidus lucidus (Cm).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925, p. 169.

A female from Witu Island shot 23.vii. 1925 and a male shot on Unia Island
4.viii.l925 seem to belong to the true lucidus, which is a winter visitor from
New Zealand.

These birds seem to be true lucidus, though the Unia Island one has dis-
tinctly some rufous on the second rectrix ; this, however, is sometimes seen in
lurid us, though, curious to say, in our series mostly in specimens from Australia !
As a rule lucidus has a narrower bill than plagosus, but this character is also
not absolutely constant, though obvious in series.

NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 177

24. Chalcites lucidus plagosus (Lath.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1925. p. 159.

Two females were shot on Unia Island August 3rd and 4th. These
birds are obviously C. I. plagosus. Both forms of Chalcites were rare during
Eichhorn's stay ; he remarks that they are migrants and that they seldom if
ever call.

25. Eurystomus orientalis crassirostris Scl.

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1926, p. 000.

Four from Witu and two from Unia, where Eichhorn thought they were
more numerous than on Witu. Four show moult.

26. Eurystomus orientalis pacificus (Lath.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1914, p. 213.

A single male of this Australian form, which winters in New Guinea and
adjacent islands, was shot on Unia Island l.viii.1925.

27. Merops ornatus Lath.

A few were found on Witu in July, while it was common on Unia Island in
August. All show some moulting feathers in various places, only a male from
July 1st is in badly worn plumage and does not yet moult.

There is evidently only one form in Australia.

28. Collocalia esculenta esculenta (L.).

Cf. Nov. Zool. 1924, p. 206 ; 1925, p. 128.

Common on Witu Island in June and July. One June 24th moulting wings,
tail, body.

29. Monarcha alecto chalybeocephalus (Garnot).

Eichhorn sent 3 $ and 3 $ shot August 1st and 2nd on Unia Island, and
says that they were common, but did not occur on Witu Island.

30. Monarcha cinerascens impediens Hart.

Monarcha cinerascens impediens Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1926, p. 40 (Feni and Nissan Is.).

Common on Witu Island. A series of ten quite agree with the Feni and
Nissan birds. The darker colour of the abdomen is not constant. Wings
<J 82-86, $ 87-89 mm.

Seems to be common on all the lesser islands, but to be absent from the
large islands of the Bismarck Archipelago. On Vuatom it was found frequently
by O. Meyer.

31. Rhipidura tricolor melaleuca (Quoy et Gaim.).
Common on Witu Island.

32. Graucalus novaehollandiae melanops (Lath.).

Conns melanops Latham, Index Orn. Suppl. p. xxiv (1801 — Australia! Mathews concludes that
the type came from N.S. Wales).

A female was shot on Witu Island June 4th, 1925. Eichhorn noticed that
it was migratory and rare. In New Britain (Talasea) it arrived in April, when

J7g NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

he was leaving. It is not at all numerous in the Bismarck Archipelago. Reiche-
now only mentioned it from Duke of York Island and Ralum.

33. Myzomela sclateri Forbes.

Myzomda sclateri Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, p. 265, pi. xxv, 2 (Palakuru, Credner Islands) ;
Nov. Zool. 1915, p. 35.

Eichhom found ths beautiful Myzomela very common on Witu Island, and
sent a fine series. He also says that it is rare on Unia Island, but sent no speci-
mens from there. The female has the throat dark grey, irregularly striped or
spotted with pale yellow. Wings J ad. 63-67, $ ad. 59-62 mm.

This like Pachycephala peetoralis dahli, is a bird of the small islands : Credner
group (or southern Duke of York group), Dampier Island (Nov. Zool. 1915,
p 35), Vuatom, and Witu. Nanuka or Nanuk is also one of the Credner Islands.
The freshly moulted adult male has the throat brilliant red and is a very

beautiful bird.

Nest, eggs, and habits have only been described by Father Otto Meyer.

34. Cinnyris jugularis fiavigastra (Gould).

<£$ ad. Unia Island, August 4th, 1925.

Eichhom says it was not rare on Unia, but does not occur on Witu Islands.

35. Cinnyris sericea corinna (Salvad.).
Eichhom found it fairly common on Unia Island, but says that it does not
occur on Witu Island.

36. Pachycephala peetoralis dahli Rchw.

Of. Nov. Zool. 1926, p. 46.

Common on Witu Island. It is remarkable to find dahli again on Witu,
as well as on Credner, Nissan, Palikuru, while finschi is the form of the larger
islands : New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover.

37. Aplonis inetallica nitida (Gray).
Very common on Witu Island.

35. Aplonis cantoroides cantoroides (Gray).
Also common on Witu Island. " Iris bright yellowish red."

39. Corvus coronoides insularis Heinr.
Eichhom found it common on Witu and says that it does not occur on
Unia Island.

40. Pandion haliaetos leucocephalus.
Observed by Eichhom, in litt.

41. Cuncuma leucogaster.
Observed by Eichhom, in litt.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 179

NEW GEOMETRIDAE IN THE TRING MUSEUM.

By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.

Subfam. OENOCHROMINAE.

l. Eumelea rosalia ditona subsp.n.

<J$. When I dealt with the genus Eumelea in Seitz' " Macrolepidoptera "
(xii. 30-34), I had to write : " From the Solomon Islands I have seen too few
examples [of rosalia Cram.] to be able to discuss the variation. As a matter
of fact, the Tring Museum only contained 3 (JtJ from Arawa, Bougainville, and
1 c? from Florida Island. A. F. Eichhorn has since sent 3 <$$ and 2 $$ from
Nissan Island, winch fully confirm the suggestion given by the Arawa examples
of a separable race. Both wings at base almost clear yellow, thence as far aa
the rosy border very heavily irrorated with yellow, the apex of the forewing again
mixed with yellow ; borders about 4-6 m. broad, more sharply defined than in
the other races.

Type : a <$ from Arawa, Bougainville, December 1907 (A. S. Meek).

The single example from Florida is still more extreme and may possibly
indicate another race. Specimens from the Bismarck Archipelago are somewhat
intermediate between r. attenuata Warr. and r. ditona, and stray aberrations
from quite remote localities (notably a $ from Sula Besi in coll. Tring Mus.)
can closely approach the latter. It should be added that marginata Prout
(1920), from Sula Mangoli, seems to be a distinct species or a race of semirosea
Warr., as it shows no trace of the dense hairy clothing of the J hindtibia which
— though in rather variable degree — characterises all the races of rosalia.

2. Brachytrita cervinaria amara subsp.n.

cJ, 41 mm. The " red-fawn colour " (properly cinnamon to sayal-brown)
of c. cervinaria Swinh. (1904) replaced by a dull fawn-colour, verging on
avellaneous or wood-brown, with almost the entire areas outside the oblique
line suffused with cinnamon-drab to benzo-brown. Underside similarly very
much less " ochreous " than in c. cervinaria, the line of the hindwing obtusely
angled at R3 (in c. cervinaria scarcely bent, in W. African examples evenly
curved). The additional markings described in Bastelbergers excellent supple-
mentary account of c. cervinaria (Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. lx. 82-83) traceable,
but weaker than in the continental forms ; the hindmarginal area of forewing
beneath whitish, without the " sulphur-yellow " tone. In addition, the termen
of the hindwing is somewhat fuller in the middle.

E. Madagascar : Imerimandrosa, Lake Aloatra.

Subfam. LARENTIINAE.

3. Eois nigricosta sp.n.

cJ$, 24-28 mm. Larger than coslalaria Schaus (Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxvii.
262). Vertex more extended yellow, only with a very narrow white fillet in

180 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

front. Abdomen with some black dorsal dots. Fore/wing with costal border
more broadly and deeply black, crossing SC, the yellow spots almost invisible,
being reduced to very minute dots ; longitudinal black streak of outer area
likewise thickened. — ■ — -Hindwing with postmedian line angled outward in middle
instead of regularly curved.

Peru : Carabaya, S.E. Peru, the type <J and 3 others from Oconeque, 7,000
feet, July 1904 (G. Ockenden) ; E. Peru, 2 $<$ from Cushi and 4 from Huanca-
bamba, Cerro del Pasco. E. Ecuador : La Victoria, Rio Pastaza, 1 (J in coll.
Joicey.

The only 2 known $? (Santo Domingo, Carabaya, coll. Tring Mus., coll.
Joicey) are rather small (24 mm.) and a little lighter than the <$<$. Two cJ(J,
at least as small and almost as light, from Chulumani, Bolivia, possibly represent
a local modification, but this is scarcely probable. They were collected in
December and January (wet season), the Santo Domingo $ at the end of the
wet season (April), the Oconeque £$ in the dry season.

4. Eupithecia niveivena sp.n.

Tephroclystia atrisignis ab. niveivena Warr., MS.

$, 18-20 mm. Head concolorous with wings. Palpus If, stout, at extreme
base and on the small terminal joint predominantly white. Antenna minutely
ciliated. Thorax above chocolate-drab in front, largely white in middle and
on tegulae. Abdomen above concolorous with wings, on sides with black spots,
beneath whitish. Foreleg darkened above, with white rings at ends of tarsal
joints

Forewing with costa gently arched in distal half, termen slightly curved ;
areole single ; chocolate-drab, very finely irrorated with white and more sparingly
with blackish fuscous ; subcostal vein partly whitened ; cell-mark deep black,
slightly raised, almost as long as DC2"1, slightly widened in middle, edged
proximally by a very fine, slightly curved whitish line ; the dark transverse
lines subobsolete, the postmedian least indistinct, somewhat thickened at costal
margin at f , indented subcostally, excurved radially ; proximal to it a character-
istic line or bar of whitish, touching the cell-spot at its anterior and posterior
extremities, bending sharply out away from it between, posteriorly broadened
and indistinctly bisected, reaching the junction of M with M1, then becoming
obsolete or nearly so ; subterminal line whitish, rather fine, but distinct, more
or less dentate inward on the veins and outward between, most sharply so
anteriorly (where it recedes a little from termen), least so about R--RJ, a little
thickened behind M% then running to tornus ; terminal line not intense, inter-
rupted by white dots at vein-ends ; fringe a little paler than ground-colour,

broadly but weakly dark-spotted in proximal half opposite the veins. Hindwing

almost concolorous, very slightly greyer ; rather uniform, only with traces of
slightly darker markings at abdominal margin (a subbasal patch, tornal spot
and beginnings of postmedian lines) and of whitish subterminal — with its subtornal
spot more distinct, though small ; termen and fringe as on forewing.

Forewing beneath slightly paler and smoother ; cell-mark moderately
strong ; indications of transverse markings, especially a postmedian band.
Hindwing still a trifle paler, with elongate, oblique cell-mark (faintly discernible
above when looked for) and shadowy postmedian band just beyond.

Notitates ZooLoaiCAE XXXIII. 1926. 181

Ceylon : Pundaloya, March 1899 (E. E. Green), type and another in coll.
Tring Mus., one from the same source in coll. Brit. Mus., found among the
very mixed series of " rajata Guen." (!) ; Haputale in February, Petipola in
March-April Maskehya in May, a few in coll. Joicey ex coll. G. C. Alston.

5. Asthenotricha tripogonias sp.n.

3, 34 mm. Antenna simple. Head and body brown mixed with red ;
abdomen irrorated with black ; a white dorsal mark at end of each segment.

Forewing with termen slightly waved ; long dense masses of suberect red
hair from costa, overhanging cell above and beneath ; pale wood-brown, beyond
the postmedian scarcely, proximally thereto densely, irrorated with red ; post-
median at about %, crenulate, gently curved, rather less oblique than termen ;
distal area with minute grey dashes on veins ; terminal line red ; fringe dark
grey, with a pale line at base. Hindwing with termen subcrenulate ; the hair-
pencil rather large, red ; postmedian hue nearly central, darker grey posteriorly ;
the red flush chiefly behind cell, but continued appreciably to termen ; distal
area and fringes as on forewing.

Underside, excepting posterior part of forewing, densely irrorated with
black, the proximal area more heavily than the distal.

Reunion, May 28, 1922 (G. F. Leigh), 1 $.

A most striking species, on account of the additional hair-tufts. 3 $$
which probably belong to it (April 25, April 30, and May 28, 1922, G. F. Leigh)
are darker and more uniformly rufous, with black irroration, more conspicuous
black cell-dots above and beneath, a bent antemedian line, faint traces of other
lines proxiinally, the postmedian triple, the veins distally more strongly light-
and dark-dotted than in the <J.

Subfam. GEOMETRINAE.
6. Narthecusa perplexata ugandensis subsp.n.

(J$, 44-52 mm. On an average larger than p. perplexata Walk. (1862),
from West Africa. Ground-colour lighter, but at the same time rather brighter
yellowish (less buff) ; irroration coarser, generally more extended ; cell-dots
and especially (on forewing) costal spots larger ; the subtornal black spots which
are generally present or at least indicated on the forewing of p. perplexata seem
never developed, but on the contrary some aberrations show an amorphous
spot on R3 of that wing just outside the postmedian.

Uganda, apparently common, the type from Toro, January 1902 (F. J.
Jackson).

Walker's genera Negla and Narthecusa were published simultaneously and
were first merged by Butler (TV. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 390), who selected the
name of Narthecusa and must unfortunately be followed as the " first reviser."

7. Aspilatopsis somereni sp.n.

<J, 34 mm. Near rufaria Warr. (Nov. Zool. xvi. 120, Angola), possibly
a race. Both wings slightly less broad, hindwing with costal margin relatively
longer, termen rather more sinuous. Colour purple-red instead of orange-red.
Forewing with black irroration rather stronger, inchning to form additional

13

182 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

fragmentary lines in median area ; antemedian line more blurred, less oblique
inward posteriorly, apparently with an angle outward at fold ; postmedian
slightly less straight, being very faintly incurved between R- and hindmargin ;
apex more whitened, especially beneath.

Kenya Colon}' : Nairobi, August 2, 1918 (Dr. van Someren), type. Also
a slightly larger, slightly darker <J from the Kikuyu Escarpment, 6,500-9,000 feet,
March-April 1901 (W. Doherty) in coll. Tring Mus. and a g from Lumbwa,
April 17, 1923 (G. W. Jeffery) in coll. Brit. Mus.

8. Xylopteryx sima sp.n.

" Scotopteryx emunctaria (Guen.) " Warr., Nov. Zool. ix. 526 (1902) (ex err. ; nee Boarmia emvvc-
taria Guen., Spec. Gen. Lep. ix. 244).

^9) 41-45 mm. Recognizable from Warren's differential notes under the
above heading and on the following page under [" <SY"J Xylopteryx versicolor
(Warr.).

Forewi/tg with the postmedian line more strongly projecting at the radials
than in versicolor, the blackish proximal-subterminal shade more strongly deve-
loped, more dentate, in both these respects more resembling the true X. emunctaria
( = interposita Warr., Nov. Zool. ix. 526), though rather more extreme ; ante-
median, on the other hand, though slightly more oblique than in versicolor,
without the acute outward angle at fold which in emunctaria is almost as strongly

developed as in prasinaria Hmpsn. (1909). Hindwing variable in the amount

of brown suffusion, but always whiter — especially anteriorly — than in the two
allies.

Kenya Colony : Kikuyu Escarpment, 9 <$$, 6 $$.

The species which is evidently the true emunctaria is represented in Tring
Museum by 2 qc? and 3 $? from Eritrea, the (J (J agreeing with Warren's inter-
posita (1902), the ?$ with Guenee's type $ as figured by Oberthiir, Et. Lip.
ix (1) 28, t. ccxxxiv, f. 1906.

9. Xylopteryx aucilla sp.n.

<J, 27-28 mm. ; $, 32 mm. Smaller than arcuata Walk. (1862). Face
whitish. Antenna of $ with the joints more triangularly projecting. Thorax
with the posterior crest very strong ; abdominal crests, on the other hand,
vestigial.

Wings rather narrower than in arcuata. Forewing with costal margin

less arched ; antemedian lines approximated and parallel, merely obliquely
curved ; postmedian with the prong at R2 less long and acute than in arcuata ;
dark area proximally to the subterminal more restricted and incomplete ; area
distally to the subterminal mostly pale, with dark patches at R1"2 and at tornus.

Hindwing with cell-spot rather strong, subterminal band in the J^ narrower

than in average arcuata.

Both wings beneath with dark subterminal shades correspondingly reduced.

A fine aberration, to which belong one of the <$<$ and the only $, has the
median area of the forewing much darkened, against the two lines and in a central
shade deep black, the proximal and distal areas mostly whitish.

Kenya Colony : Kibwezi, April 23, 1919, type <J, May 9, 1918, <J ab., July 28,

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926. 183

1917, § (W. Feather) ; also a <J from Masongoleni, June 21, 191 1, ex coll. Fawcett,
determined by h m as arcuata.

10. Cleora athola sp.n.

<J$, 43-45 mm. Close to rufomarginata Moore (1867), but larger, slightly

broader winged. Forewing much more uniformly coloured, the median area

scarcely lightened except in the radial lobe of the postmedian and at hindmargin
between median and postrnedian, the black cloudings proximally and distally to
this area wanting or extremely weak ; antemedian line less regularly curved,
having a proximal indentation at C ; median area less narrowed ; subterminal
line and shades chiefly developed from costa to middle of cellule 6 and again
near tornus, the pale midterminal patch weakly differentiated from the ground-
colour, consequently quite inconspicuous. Hindvring whitish, with more or

less dense black-grey irroration, but with very little of the yellow or reddish
suffusions of semiclarata Walk, and rufomarginata.

Underside much paler and less variegated than in rufomarginata.

Sikkim, 4,000-7,000 feet, 5 $$, 1 $, the type from Darjiling, February 25,
1889 (Pilcher).

In addition, a dwarfed $ from a higher altitude (Tonglo, 10,000 feet, July
1886, H. J. Elwes), which is no larger than rufomarginata, but otherwise a
perfectly typical athola.

11. Cleora tora sp.n.

cj, 21-28 mm. ; $, 31 mm. Nearest to proemia Prout (1917), agreeing
therewith in some details of structure which were not brought out in the original
description : palpus with the same close scaling, tongue rudimentary, antenna

of $ bipectinate. Antennal pectinations of <J slightly longer still. Forewing

with stalk of SC1"2 connected with C ; coloration variable, but nearly always of
a brighter (more yellowish or reddish) brown than that of proemia, always more
sharply black-marked, with a strong tendency to develop longitudinal clouding
about R:, sometimes also with most of proximal and median areas blackened
posteriorly ; postmedian line better expressed than in proemia, much more

sharply angled outward at R!. Hindwing with proximal line sharply black,

usually thick ; postmedian finer but rather sharp, not obsolete at costa.

Madagascar : Diego Suarez, March-September (G. Melou), 19 $<$, 1 ?.

12. Cleora atriclava sp.n.

cj$, 34-40 mm. Face dull dark brown, overhung with fringe of pale buff
and with the pointed cone of lower extremity mixed with the same colour.
Palpus Ih ; dark brown, tipped with whitish buff. Tongue fully developed.
Antenna in <J bipectinate to about f, the branches very long, decreasing very
rapidly, on the 28th joint rudimentary, thence minutely ciliated and with short
fine bristles ; in $ shortly ciliated. Vertex dark brown, occiput paler. Thorax
and abdomen not very robust ; concolorous with wings. (Abdomen not hairy
beneath.) Fore- and midleg infuscated on upper- and innerside, the tips of the
joints remaining pale. Hindtibia of <$ dilated with pencil ; abdominal spine long.

Forewing fairly broad, terrnen moderately oblique, faintly waved, gently
curved behind middle ; fovea strong ; base of SC1 nearly always obsolete, leaving

13*

184 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

it to arise out of C, vestiges in a few examples showing it short-stalked with
SC! ; pale brown, predominantly of an ochreous tone, which becomes brighter
just proximally to the antemedian and distally to the postmedian line ; very heavy,
though slightly irregular fuscous and blackish irroration or strigulation ; cell-spot
moderate, generally with minute pale pupil ; lines blackish, strongest at costa
and liindmargin, often obscured in middle of wing by the heavy irroration ;
antemedian sinuous, markedly outbent in cell, somewhat angled outward at
fold, vertical to hindmargin ; median shade weak, excurved outside the cell-
spot, posteriorly near the postmedian ; postmedian dentate, inbent between
SCS and R1 ; slightly incurved in posterior half, intensified from fold to hind-
margin ; a broad longitudinal black mark, 2 or 3 mm. in length, running from
the postmedian outward at R'-M1 ; subterminal more or less interrupted at
the veins, anteriorly macular, posteriorly finer and more lunulate. between R:
and M1 intensified, in places (especially between the radials) filled in with dark
spots proximally ; terminal line more or less interrupted, with distincter inter-
neural spots ; fringe with pale line at base and pale spots at veins. Hindwing

with termen rounded, weakly subcrenulate ; as forewing, excepting the ante-
median ; the black mark outside the postmedian shorter, sometimes rather less
prominent.

Both wings beneath rather more ochreous, though rather pale, to beyond
the postmedian line, thence infuscated, especially on forewing, where there is
formed an almost solid, though not sharply defined, dark border, containing a
pale spot between RJ and M1 ; markings much as above, but without the median
shade and with the subterminal vestigial.

Madagascar : Diego Suarez, March-September 1917 (G. Melou), 14 <3<3, 9 ?$.

Related to the group of brunneata Warr. (Nov. Zool. ix. 523), but not
closely ; palpus less long, forewing broader, hindwing less crenate, etc. Perhaps
also related, in spite of the long pectinations, to the " Racotis " squalida (Butl.)
group.

13. Boarmia renimacula sp.n.

$, 24-27 mm. Closely like octomaculata Wllgrn. (1872), perhaps a sub-
species. Forewing with cell appreciably shorter, the cell-spot consequently
central ; this spot on both wings more black-grey, less round, more oval or
reniform ; postmedian line on forewing less sharply outbent at R1, on hindwing
farther from cell-spot ; both wings beneath with a more strongly developed
blackish border, about 1 mm. in width, little wider anteriorly than posteriorly,
reaching hindmargins.

Senegal : Sedhiou, January and March 1917 (H. Castell), 3 $$, including
the type ; Tliies, February and December 1907 (Riggenbach), 2 $$. Gambia :
Bathurst, 1 $. Also a considerably larger $ (? race) from Ganale River, April 17,
1901 (C. von Erlanger).

14. Paralcidia colpochlaena sp.n.

<J, 32 mm. ; $, 35 mm. Face with rather sharp cone of scales below.
Palpus in q 1}, in 9 slightly larger ; pale buff, dark-mixed on outerside. Vertex,
front of thorax and wing-tegulae predominantly dark brown ; middle and
underside of thorax, with abdomen, paler.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 185

Forewing slightly more elongate than in errabunda Warr. and marginata
Warr. (1906), but scarcely so narrow as in subvinosa Prout (1916) ; costal edge
vinaceous buff, dotted with blackish ; ground-colour pretty uniform, glossy
brown from base to postmedian, only with the lens resolvable into a more fawn
and a more olive-brown blend ; antemedian line faintly traceable by some pale
scaling, somewhat sinuous, oblique outward from J costa to an acute angle
close to end of cell, then very oblique inward and lost, reappearing as a white,
distally dark-edged dot at about J hindmargin ; a fine whitish postmedian from
| costa, or beyond to hindmargin near tornus, incurved between the radials,
and more slightly at fold, gently excurved about SM2, very oblique inward to
hindmargin ; distal area pale grey to whitish, with some cinnamon-buff admixture,
especially on the veins ; terminal dots small, fucsous ; fringe proximally light

brown, inclining to buff, distally more dark-mixed. Hindwing greyish at and

towards the postmedian line, becoming paler basewards ; an ill-defined grey
cell-spot ; postmedian line crenulate, incurved between the radials ; area beyond
pale, with a slight vinaceous tinge ; terminal dots elongate, very weak, brownish ;
fringe tinged with buff.

Both wings beneath predominantly pale, the forewing with slight greyish
suffusion as far as the postmedian, hindwing with dark irroration ; postmedian
on forewing anteriorly, on hindwing throughout, sharply fuscous ; hindwing
with cell-spot fuscous.

Dutch New Guinea: Mt. Goliath, 5,000-7,000 feet, February 1911 (A. S.
Meek), 1 & 1 $.

Perhaps nearest to marginata Warr., but larger, much less dark, the distal
borders less narrow, differently shaped, etc.

15. Geolyces jocata sp.n.

<J, 44—52 mm. Generally smaller than attesaria Walk. (List Lep. Ins.
xx. 249). Termen of forewing less strongly protuberant at R1, that of hindwing
scarcely bent at RJ ; colour much warmer, ochreous instead of pale buff ; forewing
with the oblique outer line always strong, tawny-ochraceous or mixed with
grey, subapical white mark narrowed, median line beneath at hindmargin rather
more divergent from postmedian (oblique rather than vertical), strong to M2 or
just across it, then obsolete.

Ivory Coast : Bingerville, December 1913, June and August 1915 (G. Melou),
9 ^ J, including the type. Gold Coast : Sekondi, 1 $. Nigeria : 2 3$
(1 Degama, April 23, 1902, Ansorge). Gaboon : Lake Asebbe, Fernan Vaz,
February 1908 (Ansorge), 1 $.

As I can find no structural difference except in shape, I should have regarded
this as a race of attesaria (Congo to S. Nigeria) but for the overlapping of their
range. The Tring Museum has a <J attesaria taken at Degama on May 24, 1902,
only a month after the jocata.

16. Mesothisa ozola sp.n.

cj, 26-28 mm. ; $> 32 mm. Head and body whitish, clouded in places with
light brown. Face light brown, except at edges. Palpus over 1£, second joint
rather stout, with compact scaling, third joint moderate, distinct. Antennal
pectinations very long, especially in the <J ; only a few joints at apex not pectinate.

186 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Forewing markedly narrower than in typical Mesothisa, the termen with a
rounded prominence in middle in place of the small but definite tooth at Rs,
in shape recalling a rather broad Ozola, the colouring and markings accentuating
the suggestion ; £ with a well-developed circular fovea ; cell over i ; subcostal
venation variable in detail, the long stalk of CSL* either connate with SC3'5 or
stalked, often long-stalked, the stalk generally anastomosing with C, but some-
times connected ; whitish, irrorated with light brown ; a light brown, distally
fuscous-mixed cloud between RJ and M- from their base to well beyond the
postmedian ; a weaker cloud at terminal concavity, accompanied proximally
by a more or less developed pah- of small spots between the radials ; antemedian
line straightish, oblique inward ; median shade generally rather strong, slightly
excurved about the cell-mark, more or less coalescing with it, slightly incurved
just behind middle ; postmedian moderately excurved anteriorly, very faintly
incurved between this and hindmargin ; fringe rather darker and with still darker

dots at vein-ends. Hind icing correspondingly narrowed, the tooth at R:

short ; concolorous with forewing ; first line wanting ; median and postmedian
continued, more proximal, straighter, the postmedian with a second (often
weaker) line distally, arising with it at costa, gradually diverging, bent at R;,
thence approximately parallel with it, the interspace clouded with brown ; a
sinuous subterminal line, dark-marked at radial fold ; ill-defined terminal clouding.

Underside similarly marked, generally rather more ochreous, with less
pronounced cloudings ; hindwing with the outer postmedian line stronger than
the inner.

Madagascar : Diego Suarez, June, 1 <$, July-September, many $3 and
2 ?2 (G. Melou).

As Warren indicates (Nov. Zool. xh. 404), there is no defined fovea in his
type species, but gracililinea Warr. (loc. cit.) shows a rudimentary one.

17. Tephrina triseriata sp.n.

<J, 27-32 mm. ; 2, 33 mm. Face rather smooth ; brown, narrowly whitish
on lower edge. Palpus H; light brown, mixed on outerside with fuscous.
Fillet whitish ; crown brown. Antenna! shaft moderately stout, pale brown ;
pectinations scarcely over 1. Thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings,
the thorax above with the violet-grey shade preponderating. Hindtibia in J
rather stout, with all the spurs more or less long ; apparently without hair-
pencil. No abdominal spine.

Forewing moderately broad, apex rather rounded, termen faintly sinuous,
little oblique anteriorly, more so behind the faintly prominent curve about R1 ;
SC1-2 coincident ; mottled pale violet-grey and whitish buff, with sparse brown
irroration ; cell-dot slightly elongate, black mixed with brown ; fines light
brown, rather bright ; antemedian very oblique outward from costa, sharply
outbent in cell, slightly incurved between M and SM> ; median right-angled
before R' a little beyond cell-dot, then straightish to about middle of hind-
margin ; postmedian subparallel, rather more bluntly bent before R1, becoming
thinner and weaker, but marked with elongate black spots across R\ M1, M:,
and SM! ; a second series of black spots outside these, cut by pale buff veins ;
a third series beyond these latter, interneural, mixed with pale-buff ; termen
with interneural black dots or dashes. — —~Hindwing with termen rather full,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 187

appreciably (though very slightly) bent in middle, making a transition to the
section Peridela Warr. ; cell-mark rounder than on forewing, first line wanting ;
median weak at costa, then rather thick, straightish, crossing or touching the
cell-spot ; outer markings as on forewing.

Underside pale, very densely suffused with partly confluent dark-grey
strigulation ; veins, and on forewing costal margin, more buff or ochreous ;
cell-spot on both wings round ; median and postmedian lines generally traceable,
at least on hind wing, where they are separated by an ill-defined paler area ;
terminal line ochreous-brown.

Tanganyika Territory : Lindi, 11 <J<J, 1 §.

Nearly all the specimens are rubbed and were apparently badly handled
in collecting, as very few legs remain. But the species is very distinct and is
recognizable at once by the postmedian and succeeding markings.

18. Tephrina perviaria delostina subsp.n.

cj$, 28-31 mm. Generally larger than p. perviaria Led. (= albofascia
Swinh.), rather fuller-winged, the apex of the forewing appreciably more rounded.
Coloration darker and more uniform, the proximal area of both wings being so
strongly irrorated as to be often scarcely differentiable from the median shade
and the distal area ; median shade heavy, on forewing not appreciably broader
posteriorly than anteriorly ; cell-ring of forewing not or scarcely pale-centred,
generally much obscured by the median shade on which it stands ; white band
between median and postmedian always sharply expressed ; subterminal spot
between R3 and M1 on both wings more or less reduced.

Sumba, below 2,000 feet, February 1896 (W. Doherty), 10 <J<J, 4 $$. 4 cJ<J
collected on the same island in October 1891 (W. Doherty), the altitude not
indicated, show some local or seasonal differentiation from the above, being
smaller (24-27 mm.) and in all respects less extreme — intermediate towards the
Indian forms, but still distinguishable by their darker coloration. The February
series is very constant.

The ascertained range of this species is very extraordinary — Syria and
Palestine, India and Ceylon, Sumba — and there must surely be many localities
in which it has hitherto been overlooked. The Indian form (albofascia Swinh.)
is very variable and has not yet been distinguished racially from the Syrian ;
but I have only seen 1 <J and 1 $ of the latter.

19. Discalma subcurvaria araps subsp.n.

Forewing with the brown shades rather deeper than in s. subcurvaria Mab.
(Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. lxvi. 228, Upper Congo to E. Africa) ; median black shade
essentially different, forming a half-moon from hindmargin to hind angle of cell,
its strongly rounded proximal side almost touching the antemedian, its distal
side almost straight, very faintly curved in the same direction as its proximal ;
postmedian rather thick, slightly more curved than in s. subcurvaria.

S. Arabia (G. W. Bury), type $ in coll. Tring Mus. S. W. Arabia : El
Kabar, Amiri Country (G. W. Bury), 1 $ in coll. Brit. Mus. A very similar but
slightly intermediate form (? race) from Ketchiba, Arussi, Abyssinia, September
26, 1905 (Ph. C. Zaphiro, Lake Rudolph Expedition), 1 $, is also in coll. Brit. Mus.

188 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

20. Heterodisca flammea chionosticta subsp.n.

(J?, 37-40 mm. On an average larger than the /. flammea Warr. (1907). '

Wings slightly narrower. Forewing with antemedian line straight, its snowy

proximal dot on SM- enlarged. Hindwing, especially in the <J, much paler

than in /. flammea, the cell-dot much reduced, the postmedian line on the
upperside slight, subpunctiform, on the underside also slenderer than in the
name-typical race.

Dutch New Guinea : Mt. Goliath, 5,000-7,000 feet, January and February
1911 (A. S. Meek), 9 $<$, 1 §. Two of the cJcJ are of an aberration (also known
in /. flammea, 1 (J, Biagi) with a conspicuous snowy line outside the postmedian
of the forewing instead of the usual minute vein-dots.

21. Casbia isogramma sp.n.

(J$, 26-29 mm. Face with rough projecting scales, which lengthen below ;
brown. Palpus more buff, at least proximally. Crown grey. Antennal pectina-
tions of <$ long. Thorax and abdomen above violet-grey, more or less mixed
with bright brown ; beneath more buff.

Forewing with SC1 anastomosing with C ; pale grey, with a slight tinge of
blue or violet ; some scattered black strigulae, in part rather long ; lines bright
tawny ochraceous, almost straight and equidistant, obsolete at costa, the median
and postmedian broadened into bands, the postmedian slightly curved inward
anteriorly ; a broader subterminal band of the same colour, with irregular
projections on its distal side, at SCS— R2 rather pronounced ; a slender, irregular
terminal band, widening a little at apex ; terminal line double, the proximal
whitish, the distal deep black, both fine ; fringe pinkish brown, with a very fine
white fine at base. Hindwing with the markings continued, except the ante-
median.

Underside buff, with fuscous cell-dots, postmedian (slightly curved) band
and broader terminal band, on forewing not reaching hindmargin.

New Hanover, February 1923, 2 <$$, 3 $$, loc. typ. New Ireland,
December 1923, 1 $ (A. F. Eichhom).

1 Mr. Warren chose the only large $ and $ for his types, and even these do not measure
" 40 mm." but 38-39.

27 OCT 1926
PURCHASED

Novitates Zoologicae. Vol. XXXIII. 1926.

Pl. I.

fe

Fig. 1.
Cciuvrs TEISTIS.
d Borey, British Museum.

Fig. 2.

CoRVUS HAW.UENsIS.

9 From a specimen in the
British Museum.

Fig. 3.

CORVUS EUSCICAPILL-08.
d From il Specimen j „ f/le

British Museum.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE. Vol. XXXIII. 1926.

Pl. II.

Fig. 4.
Coitvrs VAI.IDUS.
C ? Bati.li ian.
B.M. Keg. -Vo. 76.1. 7. 100,

Fig. 5.

CORVTJS ENCA ITMU.rs.

o Mindoro.

B.M. llerj. No. 96.6 0.1.-..

Fig. 6.
Corvvs ENCA COMPILATOR.

• ■' Fit, i, i ,, specimen n, the
British Museum.

r\SH M

Ncvitates Zoologicae. Vol. XXXIII. 1926.

Pl. III.

F.g 7.

Cobvus TYPICUS.
9 Macassar.
II. M Reg. No. 73.5.12.200O.

Fig. 8.

COEVUS UNIOOLOR.

cJ ? Sula Islands.
Tring Museum.

Fig. 9.

CoRVUS FLORENSIS.

9 Flores. Tring Museum.

Fig. 10.

CoRVUS KUBARn.

9 Guam.

B.M. Reg. No. 98.4.29.26.

Novitates Zoologicae. Vol. XXXIII. 1926.

Pl. IV.

Fig. 11.

COBVUS MEEKI.

cf Bougainville.

B.M. Reg. No. 1909.2.18.8.

Fig. 12.

COKVUS W. WOODFOHDI.

9 Guadalcanar.
B.M. Reg. No. 88.2.7.47.

Fig. 13.

COBVUS MONEDFLOIDES.

d New Caledonia.
BM. Reg. No. 97.6.1.73.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE. VOL. XXXIII. 1926.

Pl. V.

Fig. 11.

CORVUS MOXEDULA SPERMOLOGTJS

cf Aiimi, Scotland.

11. M. Tteg. No. L912.4.7.1.

Fig. 15.

CORVTIS CORONOIDES JAPOKEN'SIS.

J Nagasaki, Japan.
B.M Seg. No. 87.11.20.78.

l-'.ii. 16.

CORVUS CORONOIDES IXTKH .u Mil r.s

Simla, Himalayas.
B.M. Tteg. No. 86.3.1.314.

Fig. 17.

CORVI 9 KEXICANUS O.SSIFRAGTIS

Washington, U.S.A.
B.M Reg. No. 88.10.10.637

Novitates Zoologicae. Vol. XXXIII 1926.

Pl. VI.

Fig. 18.
Corvus i(. unuiivniivM iins
cf Nova Scotia.
H.M. Beg. .V... 86.9.15.444.

Fig. 19.
Corvus brachyrhynchos caurinus.

(3 Vancouver Island.
B.M. Beg. No. 87.3.9.5.

Fig. 20.
Corvus brachyrhynchos palmarum.
, San Domingo.
B.M. lira. No. L923.10.24.1.

Fig. 21.
Corvus i i iri\.i..
• <S EUpfonti a, . ( ■,)/,. i 'olonyy.
B.M. Ih,,. \„. 1905.12.29.550.

Ncvitates Zoologicae. Vol. XXXIII. 1926.

Pl. VII.

Fig. 22.

CORVUS P. FRUGILEGTJS.

Rome, Italy
B.M. Beg. No. 1905 6 23 372

Fig. 2.'!,

CORVUS P. PASTINATOR.

o ' Irkutsk, Sibi i ia.
ISM Beg No. 75.3 L5.4.

Fig 2 1

CORVUS III COGNAPUALTXS.

o .' Porto Rii o.

/i..l/ Beg. .V". 1905 6 28 373

Fig 25.

CORVUS NASI! I -

. Cuba

Mi n>> rtzhagt u Cull.

Iovitates Zoologicae. Vol. XXXIII. 1926.

Pl. VIII.

fig. 26.

CORVUS IAMAK KN sis.

o / Jtimaica.

It.M. Iieg. No. 42.19.29.48

Fig. 27.

C'ORVVS HIHI'IIH Ill's

o Krkowit, Suakin.

ISM. Beg. No. 1915.12.24.520.

Fin. 28.

ORVUS CRASSIROSTRIS

byssinia.
II. M. Beg. No. 61 5.8.55

Novitates Zoologicae. Vol. XXXIII. 1926.

Pl. IX.

Fig. 29.

("I'.VVS AI.KK (II. I. IS.

o ? Orange Eivi r Colony.
B.M. Beg. No. 1904.4.1.2.

Fig. 30.

COEVTJS CRTPTOLEUCUS.

o ? Mexico.

It. M Keg. No. 90.5.30.11.

Fig. 31.

COKVI S CORAX i OHAX.

Trebizond, Asia Minor.
It. M. lteg. No. 1909 11.18.34.

SloVITATE.S ZOOLOGICAE. VOL. XXXIII. 1926.

Pl. X.

Fig. 32.

CORVUS CORAX TIXGITANUS.

Tangier.
H.M. Reg. No. 1905.6 28.857

Fig. 33.

COKVI'S OOBAX I.AI 'IIKM'K.I.

c? Sambhvr, Rajputana
It.M Keg. No. 80.3.1.63.

Fig. 34.

CORVTJS niHAX HI I Kill. I is.

q Jerusalem.

IS.M. Itr, i No 1905.6.28.860.

^fTsHMuS^x

Jovitates Zoologicae. Vol. XXXIII. 1926.

Pl. XI.

Fig. 35

Corws CORAX EDITHAE.

Sheik, Somaliland
11. M. Reg. No. 1918.6.6.20.

Fig. 36.

C'ORVUS SPLENDKNS SPLENDENS.

5 Hajputana, India.
Meinertzhagen ' 'oil .

Fig. 37.
CoRVI's CORNIX CORNIX.
Suffolk, England.
1IM. Beg. No. 1916.9.20.99

foVITATES ZOOLOGICAE. VOL. XXXIII. 1926.

Pl. XII.

Fig. 38.

COKVVS CORONE ORIENTALIS.

d Kurram Vail,,/, AMI'. Imlin.
KM. Beg. No. 1908.11.10.24.

Fig. 39.
CoRVUS TOBQDATUS.
Woochow, rli ina.
II. M. Iteg. No. 1902.8.5.72.

Fig. 40.
Counts alius.
Manda Island, Kenya Colony.
H.il. Iteg. No. 87.11.3.16.

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

British Ornithologists' Union and Woilaston Expeditions In
the Snow Mountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea

WITH TWO COLOURED PLATES

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

(LORD ROTHSCHILD)

PRICE : £1 5s. (less 20% to Booksellers).

A REVISION OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAMILY

SPHINGIDAE

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,

AND

KARL JORDAN, M.A.L., Ph.D.

PRICE: £5 (less 20% to Booksellers).

cxxxt and 972 pages, with 67 Plates.

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PRINTED BT BAZKLL, WAT80N AND VJNEV, LD. , LONDON AND AYUS8BUBT.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H Journal of Zoology.

KDITKD BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT. and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXXIII.

No. 3.

Pages 189—394
Isspbd December 8th, 1926, at the Zoological Museum, Thing.

PRINTED BY HAZELL. WATSON k VINEY, Ld„ LONDON AND AYXESBCHY.

1926.

Vol. XXXIII.

NOVITATES Z00L0GICAE.

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and EARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. Ill

1. THE AVIFAUNA OF YUNNAN .

PA.GKS

Lord Rothschild 189—343

2. TYPES OF BIRDS IN THE TRING MUSEUM

Ernst Hartert . 344—357

3. THE AGAR1STIDAE AND ZYGAENIDAE FROM
THE BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO IN THE TRING

MUSEUM

Karl Jordan . 358—366

4. ON A PYRALID PARASITIC AS LARVA ON SPINY

SATURNIAN CATERPILLARS AT PARA . . Karl Jordan . 367—370

5. SOME NEW AGAR1STIDAE, WITH REMARKS ON

NOMENCLATURE Karl Jordan . 371—378

6. ON SOME OLD WORLD SPHINGIDAE

Karl Jordan . 379—384

7. NEW SIPHON APTERA

Karl Jordan . 385—394

S3 Q
M LU

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

Vol. XXXIU. DECEMBER 1926. No. 3.

ON THE AVIFAUNA OF YUNNAN, WITH CRITICAL NOTES.

By LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S.

'"PHIS is my fifth and concluding article on Yunnan birds, and I include in
it not only the list of Forrest's 1925 collection, but also all the records
I have been able to find in the literature and the unlisted specimens in the British
Museum. The records from the literature have been taken from the following
books and periodicals :

(1) Anatomical and Zoological Researches, comprising the results of the two
expeditions to Western Yunnan, 1868 and 1875 (published 1878), by Dr. John
Anderson.

(2) " Note sur les Oiseaux recueillis dans le Yunnan jsar le Prince Henri
d'Orleans," par M. E. Oustalet, in Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,
vol. ii, 1896, Paris.

(3) " Description de deux especes nouvelles d'Oiseaux du Yunnan," par
M. E. Oustalet, in Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, vol. hi, 1897, Paris.

(4) " Notes sur quelques Oiseaux de la Chine occidentale," par M. E. Oustalet,
in Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, vol. iv, 1898, Paris.

(5) " Revision de quelques Especes d'Oiseaux de la Chine Occidentale et
Meridionale," par M. E. Oustalet, in Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle, Quatrieme Serie, Tome Troisieme, 1901, Paris.

(6) " On the Birds collected by Captain A. W. S. Wingate in South China,"
by W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, in the Ibis, vol. vi, seventh series, 1900.

(7) " The Birds of Yunnan," by Collingwood Ingram, in Novitates Zoo-
logicae, vol. xix, 1912.

(8) " Notes on a collection of Birds from Yunnan," by Outram Bangs and
John C. Phillips, in Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Col-
lege, vol. Iviii, 1914, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.

(9) " Some New Additions to the Avifauna of Yunnan," by Seinosuke
Uchida and Nagamichi Kuroda, in Annotationes Zoologicae Japonensis, vol. ix,
pt. ii, 1916.

(10) " A collection of Birds from Tonkin," by Nagamichi Kuroda, in Annota-
tiones Zoologicae Japonensis, vol. ix, pt. hi, 1917.

(11) " Etude d'une collection d'Oiseaux recueilh par M. Albert Pichon au
Yunnan Occidental," par A. Menegaux & R. Didier, in Revue Franchise d'Orni-
thologie, vol. hi, 1913 and 1914.

(12) " Etude d'une collection d'Oiseaux montes et en peau faite par
14 189

190 Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

M. & Mine. Comby au Yunnan," par MM. A. Menegaux & R. Diclier, in Bulletin
du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, vol. xix, 1913.

(13) " On a collection of Birds from West -Central and North-Western
Yunnan," by Lord Rothschild, in Novitates Zoologicae, vol. xxviii, 1921.

(14) " On a second collection of Birds sent by Mr. George Forrest from N.W.
Yunnan," by Lord Rothschild, in Novitates Zoologicae, vol. xxx, 1923.

(15) " On a third collection of Birds made by Mr. George Forrest in N.W.
Yunnan," by Lord Rothschild, in Novitates Zoologicae, vol. xxx, 1923».

(16) " The Birds of the American Museum of Natural History's Asiatic
Zoological Expedition of 1916-1917," by Outram Bangs, in Bulletin of the American
Museum of Natural History, vol. xliv, 1921.

(17) "On the Buds of South-East Yunnan, S.W. China," by J. D.
La Touche, in the Ibis, vols, v and vi of the 11th series, 1923 and 1924.

(18) '' On a fourth collection made by Mr. George Forrest in N.W. Yunnan,"
by Lord Rothschild, in Novitates Zoologicae, vol. xxxii, 1925.

In addition to these special articles, a number of records have been ex-
tracted from A Monograph of the Pheasants, by William Beebe, The Bulletin of
the British Ornithologists Club, and other ornithological works. The Avifauna
of Yunnan is a decided mixture of palsearctic and tropical forms, and the
tropical forms again consist of a mixture of Chinese, Himalayan, and Indo-
Malayan species. This was to be expected, for Yunnan lies in the direct line
of migration of those birds from Siberia, Turkestan, and N. China, which winter
in the Indo-Chinese and Indo-Malayan Region ; on the other hand there is such
a varied range of country and climate in our area that in the high mountains
of the Nbrth-West we encounter a mixture of breeding birds consisting both of
Himalayan forms and some of a more decided Palaearctic character. Among
the tropical residents we find Indian, Chinese, Burmese, and Malayan forms,
while it is certain that the mountain-breeding species wander in winter into
the lower valleys and plains. In the open plains or lower hilly areas of South-
East Yunnan there are a large number of forms, both resident and migratory,
which are not found in the West and N.W. of Yunnan, and vice versa. As
a rule, where more than two subspecies of one species occur together in Yunnan,
it is mostly in the Eastern portion, the Tengyueh-Lichiang area only having one
subspecies. In the West we again find a number of forms closely allied to, or
identical with, species occurring in Burma and Indo-China, but taking Yunnan
as a whole, after eliminating the migrants, the avifauna is much more decidedly
Himalayan in its character than Burmese or Indo-Malayan. In many cases,
where one form only of a bird with several geographical races occurs in Yunnan,
it is the Himalayan and not the Burmese or Indo-Malayan form we find, viz.
in the case of Ianthocincla leucolophus we have in Yunnan the Himalayan leuco-
lophus leucolophus, NOT the Burmese leucolophua belangeri or the (Shan States -
Malayan leucolophus diardi. Again, we find of the little yellow Babbler-Shrikes
Pteruthius melanotis and aenobarbus that melanotis melanotia of the Himalayas
occurs in Yunnan, and not either melanotis taharn nsis of the Malay Peninsula or
aenobarbus intermedins of the Shan States. A large part of Central and N.E.
Yunnan is quite unexplored, and I believe a good many more birds remain to be
found, but those from the N.E. are more likely to be purely Chinese forms, while
those from Central Yunnan will most likely be either Tonkinese or else the same
as those of S. East Yunnan.

NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 191

I have been unable in several instances to give the full number of species
and specimens because the authors have not recorded them ; the following are
the principal omissions : Oustalet gives the number of species collected in Yunnan
by Prince Henri d'Orleans as 121, but only enumerates the 90 not recorded by
Anderson. Again, Uchida & Kuroda state that the collection they examined
contained 146 species, but only enumerate 46 which had not been recorded by
Ingram. Lastly, Riley has described 2 birds (8 specimens) out of a collection of
many hundreds (the collector's label number of the type of Ithaginis rocki is
1351), made by Dr. J. F. Rock in North-West Yunnan.

At the end of my list I am adding a list of 17 species and subspecies recorded
by Kuroda, from Lao-kay in Tonkin, on the banks of Red River, only separated
from Hokow Yunnan by the breadth of the river, and which must sooner or
later be found in Yunnan proper.

The two collections from Mengtsz, Loukouchai, etc., enumerated respectively
by Bangs & Phillips, and Uchida & Kuroda, formed part of one large collection
with those enumerated by Collingwood Ingram, made by a Japanese collector
for the late Alan Owston of Yokohama.

Here follow the lists of the species and subspecies added to the Yunnan
avifauna by the principal explorers.

Dr. John Anderson obtained the following birds :

Psittacula cyanocephala (Linn.).

Falco subbuteo streichi Hart. & Neum.

Falco tinnunculus interstinctus (McClell.).

Elanus caeruleus caeruleus (Desf.).

Circus melanoleucus (Forst.).

Milvus migrans govinda Sykes.

Bubo bubo jarlandi La Touche.

Alcedo atthis bengalensis Gm.

Coracias indicus affinis McClell.

Merops orienlalis orientalis Lath.

Cyanops asiatica asiatica (Lath.).

Picus carvus sordidior (Ripp.).

Picas vittatus myrmecophoneus Stresem.

Dryobates semicoronatus obscurus La Touche.

Cuculus canorus telephonus Heine.

Cacomanlis merulinus qnerulus Heine.

Surnicidus lugubris dicruroides (Hodgs.).

Caprimulgus indicus jotaka Temm. & Schleg.

Corvus macrorhynchus levaillantei Less.

Pica pica serica Gould.

Urocissa erythrorhynclta magnirostris Blyth.

Aethiopsar grandis (Moore).

Oracupica nigricollis (Payk).

Sturnia malabarica (Gm.).

Munia atricapilla atricapilla (Vieill.).

Munia pwnctulata topela Swinh.

Sporaeginthus amandava flavidiveniris (Wall.).

Passer montanus montanus (Linn.).

192 Xmyit.vtes Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

Passer rutilans intensior Rothsch.

Ember iza ' fucata arcuata Sharpe.

Emberiza pusilla Pall.

Melophus mvhtnicterus (Gm.|.

Alauda arvensis coelivox Swinh.

Anthus richardi richardi Vieill.

Antltiix richardi rufvlus Vieill.

Anthus hodgsoni yunnanensis Uch. & Kur.

Motacilla flava thunbergi Billb.

MotaciUa alba maderaspatensis Gm.

Copsychus saularis saularis (Linn.).

Luscinia pectoralis pectoralis (Gould).

Oreicola ferrea haringtoni Hart.

Saxicola caprata caprata (Linn.).

Saxicola torquata indica (Blyth).

Muscicapa saphira (Blyth).

Muscicapa banyumas dialilaema (Salvad.).

Muscicapa tickelliae whitei (Har.).

Muscicapa strophiala (Hodgs.).

Muscicapa thalassina thalassina (Swains.).

Turdinulus brevicaudatiis brevicaudatus (Blyth).

Phylloscopus juscatus (Blyth).

Phylloscopus affinis (Tick.).

Phylloscopus inornatus inornatus (Blyth).

Phylloscopus lugubris (Blyth).

Phylloscopus trochiloides trochiloides (Sundev.).

Abrornis superciliaris Tick.

lantliocincla sannio (Swinh.).

Ixops nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgs.).

Actinodura egertoni ripponi 0. -Grant.

Pteruthius aeralatus ricketti 0. -Grant.

Leiothrix luteus yunnanensis Rothsch.
Mesia argentauris Hodgs.

Siva cyanuroptera tvingatei 0. -Grant.

Erporuis xantholeuca xantholeuca Hodgs.

Zosterops pulpebrosa ehvesi Baker.

Zosterops simplex simplex Swinh.

Par its major commixtus Swinh.

Sitta frontalis comllina (Hodgs.).

Pomalorhinus ruficollis similis Rothsch.

Pomatorhinus erythrogcnis ferriigilatus Hodgs.

Stachyris nigriceps nigriceps Hodgs.

Stachyris chrysaea Hodgs.

Paradoxornis ruficeps atrosuperciliosus Godw.-Anst.

Paradoxornis brunnea (Anders.).

Prinia inornata exter Thay. & Bangs.

Franklinia gracilis (Frankl.).

C'isticola exilis lytleri Blyth.

Suya crinigera yunnanensis Har.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 193

Suya swperciliaris Anders.

Lanius nigriceps nigriceps (Frankl.).

Lanius cristatus cristatus Linn.

Hemipus picatus capitalis (McClell.).

Pericrocotus elegant? (McClell.).

Pericrocotus brevirostris affinis (McClell.).

Pericrocotus rosetts (Vieill.).

Hirundo rustica tytleri Jerd.

Bhringa remifer (Tenira.).

Chaptia aenea (Vieill.).

Dicrurus ater cathaecus Swinh.

Dicrurus leucophaeus longicaudatus A. Hay.

Rhipidura albifrontata Frankl.

Rhipidura albicollis albicollis (Vieill.).

Microscelis leucoce phala form, dimorph. yunnanensis (Anders.).

Hemixus flavala Hodgs.

Otocompsa emeria emeria (Linn.).

Molpastes nigripileus (BIyth).

Pycnonotus xanthomas xanthorous Anders.

Xanthixus flavescens (BIyth).

Aeihopyga dabryi ddbryi (Verr.).

Streptopelia chinensis forresti Rothsch.

Streptopelia orientalis orientalis (Lath.).

Streptopelia orientalis agricola (Tick.).

Gallus gallus robinsoni Rothsch.

Thaumalea amhersliae (Leadb.).

Phasianus colchicus elegans Elliot.

Bambusicola fytchii fytchii Anders.

Turnix pugnax taigoor Sykes.

Hoplopterus ventralis (Wagl.).

C'haradrius dubius dubius Scop.

Rostratula benghalensis benghalensis (Linn.).

Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Gm.).

Bubidcus ibis coromandus (Bodd.).

Porzana fusca erythrothorax (Teinm. & Schleg.).

Hypotaenidia striata jouyi Stejn.

Gallinula chloropus parvifrons BIyth.

Antigone antigone antigone (Linn.).

Sterna melanogaster Temm.

Phalacrocorax javanicus Steph.

Podiceps rnficollis poggei (Reichvv.).

From this it is seen that Dr. Anderson, who made the first ornithological
collections in Yunnan, obtained 120 species and subspecies.

The following were added to the Yunnan list by Professor Oustalet from the
collections of Prince Henri d'Orleans and M. Bonvalot :

Psittacula derbyana (Fraser).

Aceipiter nisus melanoschistvs Hume.

Falco tinnunculus japonic us (Temm. & Schleg.).

I g4 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Glaucidium brodiei (Burton).
< uanops asiatica davisoni (Hume).
Picus canus guerini (Malh.).
Dryobate* hyperythrus hyperythrus (Vig.).
lynx torquilla japonica (Teuim. & Schleg.).
Cuculus poliocephalus poliocephalus Lath.
Upupa epops orientalis Baker.
Atthopyga siparaja viridicauda Rothsch.
Dicaeum ignipectus ignipectus (Blyth).
( 'hloropsis aurifrons (Temm.).
Tardus castaneus gouldi (Verr.).
Tardus ruficollis ruficollis Pall.
Tardus pallidas (Gm.).
Monticola solitarius pandoo (Sykes).
Phoenicurus auroreus leucopterus Blyth.
Phoenicurus frontalis frontalis Vig.
Chainiarroniis fuliginosa fuliginosa Vig.
Tarsiger rufUatus practicus Bangs & Phill.
Orthotomus sutorius longicaudus (Gm.).
Heteroxenicus cruralis cruralis (Blyth).
Notodela leucura leucura (Hodgs.).
Franlclinia gracilis (Frankl.).
Phylloscopus lugubris (Blyth).
Phylloscopus proregulus forresti (Rothsch.).
Abromis albogalaris falvifascies Swinh.
Myophoneus temmincki eugeniae Hume.
Ianthocincla albogularis albogularis Gould.
Ianthocincla pecloralis pectoralis Gould.
Ianthocincla lanceolain lanceolata (Verr.).
Ianthocincla ellioti ellioti (Verr.).
Ianthocincla squamata Gould.
Pomatorhinus macclellandi odicus Bangs & Phill.
Conostoma aemodium bambuseti Stresem.
Otocompsa flaviventris flaviventris (Tick.).
Criniger gularis henrici Oust.
Leioptila pulchella coeruleotincta Rothsch.
Leioptila desgodinsi (Dav. & Oust.).
Pyctorhis sinensis sinensis (Gm.).
Mixornis rubricapilla rubricapilla (Tick.).
Y ithina flavicollis rouxi (Oust.).
Yuhina diademata ampelina Ripp.
Yuhina gularis griseotincta Rothsch.
Staphidia torqueola (Swinh.).
Fulvetta vinipectus bieti (Oust.).
Alcippe poiocephubt phayrei Blyth.
Siva strigula yunnant nsis Rothsch.
Leiothrix luteus yunmuinisis Rothsch.
Cutia nipalensis nipalensis Hodgs.
Troglodytes troglodytes talifuensis Sharpe.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 1 'J.J

Sitta europaea nebulosa La Touche.

Sitta canadensis villosa Verr.

C'erthia himalayensis yunnanensis Sharpe.

Parus major commixtus Swinh.

Parus monticolus yunnanensis La Touche.

Parus dichrotts wellsi Baker.

Parus ater aemodius Hodgs.

Parus rex (Dav.).

Aegithaliscus concinnus talifuensis Rijjp.

Aegithaliscus bonvaloti (Oust.).

Pterutlnus rufiventris Blyth.

Oriolus trailli (Vig.).

Graucalus macei siamensis Baker.

Muscicapa, latirostris (Raffl.).

Muscicapa blyihi blythi Rothsch.

Ghelidorynx hypoxatitha (Blyth).

Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swains.).

Cryptolopha burkei tephrocephalus (Anders.).

Niltava sundara sundara Hodgs.

Motacilla alba hodgsoni Blyth.

Microcichla scouleri (Vig.).

Emberiza spodocephala spodocephala Fall.

Perissospiza icteroides affinis (Blyth).

Carduelis ambiguus (Oust.).

Passer rutilans intt asior Rothsch.

Munia striata acuticauda Hodgs.

Deudrocitta formosae himalayensis Blyth.

Columba leuconota Vig.

Columba hodgsoni Vig.

Sphenocercus sphemirus yunnanensis La Touche.

Ithaginis cruentus kuseri Beebe.

Tragopan temmincki (Gray).

Pucrasia meyeri Mad.

Gennaeus andersoni Elliot.

Amauroruis phoenicura chinensis (Bodd.).

Tringa hypoleucvfi Linn.

Charadrius dominicus futvus (6m.).

Of these 90 species and subspecies Professor Oustalet described the following
three for the first time :

Criniger tephrogenys henrici Oust.
Y uhina flavicollis rouxi (Oust.).
Carduelis ambiguus (Oust.).

Oustalet added besides this list the following 8 species to the Yunnan avi-
fauna, from the collections of the Rev. Father Soulie :

Spelaeornis souliei Oust.
lanthocincla cineracea styani Oust.
Ianthocincla bieti Oust.

19g Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

Actinodura souliei Oust.
Fulvetta genestieri Oust.
Ynlti/'ii nigrimentum intermedia Rothsch.
Parus palustris dejeani Oust.
( 'i phalopyrus flamia ps olivaceus Rothsch.

The first 7 of these were described for the first time by Professor Oustalet.

Captain Wingate's collection, which was made in 1899 on his journey from
Shanghai to Bhamo, and was described by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant in the Ibis for 1900,
contained 110 specimens collected in Yunnan, of 87 species, of which the following
46 species were new to the Yunnan list :

( 'hibia hottentotta hottentotta (Linn.).
Dicrurus leucophaeus nigrescens Oates.
Acridotheres tristis (Linn.).
Oriolus indicus tenuirostris Blyth.

Sjiurnttji nthiix amandava (Linn.).

Eophona migratoria harterti La Touche.

Emberiza elegans Temm.

Melaphus melanicterus (Gin.).

Motacilla boarula melanope Pall.

Sitta yunnanensis O. -Grant.

Sitta magna Wardl.-Rams.

Aethopyga sanguinipectus Wald.

Partis major minor Temm. & Schleg.

Lanius scltach tephronottts (Vig.).

Lanitis collyrioides siamensis Gyldenst.

Megalurtis palustris andrewsi Thay. & Bangs.

Franklinia gracilis (Frankl.).

Monticola solitarius pandoo (Sykes).

Enicurus sinensis Gould.

lanthocincla leucolophtts leticolophus (Hardw.).

Paradoxornis webbiana styani Ripp.

Fulvetta vinipectus bieti (Oust.).

Siva strigula yunnanensis (Rothsch.).

Chloropsis hardwichii Jard. & Selby.

Molpastes atricapilltis (Vieill.).

Muscicapa blythi blythi Rothsch.

Riparia rupestris (Scop.).

Dryobates major stresemanni Rensch.

Dryobates alratus (Blyth).

Chalcococcyx maculatus Gm.

Cenlropus sinensis sinensis (Steph.).

Melittophagtts leschenaulli swinhoii (Hume).

Psittacula fasciata (P. L. S. Mull.).

Circus cyaneus (Linn.).

Bitteo plitmipes (Hodgs.).

Falco linn tine id 'its i nti rsti net lis (McClell.).
Griijitoeephitlits darisoni (Hume).
Ciconia nigra (Linn.).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 197

Megalornis grus (Linn.).

Megalornis nigricollis (Prjev.).

Ardeola bncchus (Bp.).

Microsarcops cinereus (Blyth).

Capella gallinago gallinago (Linn.).

Ducula badia (Raffl.).

Francolinus pintadeanus phayrei Blyth.

Gennaeus nycthemerus nycthemerus (Linn.).

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant described the form of Siva cyanuroptera from Yunnan as
new out of Captain Wingate"s collection as Siva wingatei, and it must stand as
Siva cyanuroptera wingatei 0. -Grant, but Captain Wingate was not the first to
collect Siva cyanuroptera in Yunnan.

Colonel Rippon, among his large collections, had the following 65 species
■ new to the Yunnan list :

Porzana bicolor Wald.

Larus gelastes Thienem.

Sarcogrammus indicus atronuchalis (Blyth).

Tringa ochropus Linn.

Capella solitaria (Hodgs.).

Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha Linn.

Mergus merganser merganser Linn.

Glaucidium brodiei (Burton).

Etidynamis scolopaceus malayana Cab. & Heine.
*Picus canus sordidior (Ripp.).

Dryobates pernyi pernyi (Verr.).

Muscicapa tricolor tricolor Hodgs.

Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swains.).
*Abrornis schisticeps ripponi Sharpe.

lanihocincla affinis oustaleti Hart.

Ianthocincla maxima (Verr.).

Alcippe nipalensis yunnanensis Har.
*Fulvetta ruficapillus sordidior (Ripp.).

Stachyridopsis ruficeps bhamoensis Har.
*Yuhina gularis yangpiensis Sharpe.

Pteruthius xanthochloris pallidus Dav.
*Suihora webbiana styani (Ripp.).

C'inclus pallasi souliei Oust.

Turdus mollissimus mollissimus Blyth.

Turdus dauma aureus Hoi.

Turdus eunomus Temm.

Monticola erythrogaster (Vig.).

Iole macclellandi similis Rothsch.

Prunella immaculata (Hodgs.).
*Prunella collaris ripponi Hart.

Prunella strophiata multistriata (Dav.).

Chaimarrornis leucocephala (Vig.).

Phoenicurus ochrurus rufiventris (Vieill.)

Phoenicurus auroreus leucopterus (Blyth).

1<JS Xovitatf.s Zoologu'ai: XXXIII. 1926.

PAoenicvrus hodgsoni (.Moure).

Phoenicurus schisticeps (Gray).

Taraiger cyanurus (Pall.).

Herbivocvla schwarzi (Radde).

PhyUoscopus pvlcher Blyth.

PhyUoscopus maculipennis debilis (Thay. & Bangs).
*Parus riifonvchalis poecilopsis Sharpe.

Aegithalua cavdatus glaucogularis Gould.
*Begulus rggulus yunnanensis (Ripp.).
*Certhia familiaris khamensis Sharpe.

Tichodroma muraria (Linn.).

Zosterops erythropleura erythropleura Swinh.

Aethopyga ignicauda exultans Baker.

Motacilla alba leucopsis Gould.

Atauda arvensis japonica Terom. & Schleg.

Mycerobas carnipes (Hodgs.).

Erythrina pvlcherrima (Moore).
*Erythrina ripponi (Sharpe).

Erythrina vinacea (Verr.).

Erythrina erythrina roseatus (Hodgs.).
*Erythrina thura feminima (Ripp.).

Pyrrhuta erithaca altera Ripp.

Propyrrhnla subhimachala intensior Rothsch.

Emberiza fucata arcuata Sharpe.
*Emberiza cia yunnanensis Sharpe.

Coloeus dauricus Pall. (form, dimorph. neglectus (Schleg.)).

*Nucifraga caryocatactes yunnanensis Ingr.

Urocissa erythroryncha occipitalis (Blyth).

Garrulus bispecularis sinensis Swinh.

Pyrrhocorax gracvlus (Linn.).

Of the above 64 species and subspecies the 13 marked with an * were
described from Colonel Rippon's collections for the first time by him, Dr. Sharpe,
Dr. Hartert, and Mr. C. Ingram.

Mr. Collingwood Ingram records the following 31 species and subspecies for
the first time for the Yunnan avifauna :

Onopopelia tranquebarica humilis (Temni.).

Turtur chinensis vacillans Hart.

Porzana pusilla auricularis (Reichw.).

Tringa erythropus (Pall.).

Butorides striatus javanica (Horsf.).

Ixobrychus sinensis (Gm.).

Otus bakhamoena glcibripes (Swinh.).

Upupa epops saturata Lonnb.

Caprimulgus monticola Frankl.

Micropus affinis subfurcatus (Blyth).

( 'm- id us optatus Gould.

Picumnus innominatus chinensis (Hargitt.).

Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scop.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 199

Muscicapa narcissina xanthopygia (Hay).
Terpsiphone paradisi affiiiis (Blyth).
Lalage melaschistos arvensis (Blyth).
Spizixus canifrons Blyth.
Ianthocincla canora namtiensis La Touche.
Tardus dissimilis yunnanensis La Touche.
Tardus merula mandarinus (Bp.).
Copsychas savlaris saularis (Linn.).
Phragmaticola aedon (Pall.).
PAylloscopus borealis borealis (Bias.).
Phyllergates coronatus (Jerd. & Blyth).
Dendronanthus indicus (6m,).
Alaitda arvensis coelivox Swinh.
Emberiza aureola Pall.
Sturnia nemoricola Jerd.
Aethiopsar cristatellus (Gin.).
Oriolus indicus indicus Jerd.

Dr. Hartert subsequently described the Streptopelia chinensis recorded by
Ingram as S. c. vacillans.

Messrs. Outram Bangs & J. C. Phillips gave an account of the larger portion
of the collection, of which the smallest part was worked out by Ingram, and
they add to the Yunnan list as follows :

*Arbor ophila rufogularis euroa Bangs & Phillips.
Hydrochelidon leucopareia swinhoii Math.
Tringa nebularia (Gunn).
Cfuzradrius dtibius jerdoni (Legge).
Terekia cinerea (Giild.).
Erolia subminuta (Midd.).
Limosa limosa melanuroides Gould.
Capella gallinago raddei (But.).
Capella strenua (Bp.).
Olareola maldivarum (Forst.).
Ibis melaiiocephalus (Lath.).
Pseudotantalus leucocephalus (Gm.).
Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.).
Circus aeruginosas aeruginosas (Linn.).
Circus spilonotus Kaup.
Accipiter trivirgatus rufitinctus (McClell.).
Otus malayana (Hay).
Ninox scutulata burmanica Hume.
Anas crecca crecca (Linn.).
Eurystomus orientalis calonyx Sharpe.
Halcyon pileatus (Bodd.).
Caprimulgus macrurus ambiguus Hart.
Cucnlus sparverioides Vig.
Cuculvs canorus baker i Hart.
Cyanops frankliui (Blyth).
Sasia ochracea Hodgs.

200 Novitates ZOOLOQICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Hir initio tin iirira striolata.

Muscicapa rubcculoides glaucicomans Thay. & Bangs.
Niltava davidi La Touche.
*NUtava sundara denotata Bangs & Phill.
Muscicapa mutui Lay.

Muscicapa cyanomelaena cyanomelaena Temm.
Muscicapa parva albicilla (Pall.).
Muscicapa mugimaki Temm.
Muscicapa cyanomelaena cyanomelaena Temm.
Hypothemis azurea styani (Hartl.).
Terpsiphone incei (Gould).
Phylloscopus trivirgata ricketti Slat.
*Pericrocotus breviroslris ethelogus Bangs <fe Phill.
Pericrocotus cantonensis Swinh.
Alcurus striatus Blyth.
Spizixos semitorqucs Swinh.
Ianthocincla milnei sharpei (Ripp.).
Alcippe nipalensis schaefferi La Touche.
Myiophoneus coeruleus coeruleus (Scop.).
Heteroxenicus cruralis sinensis (Rick.).
*Actinodura ramsayi yunnanensis Bangs & Phill.
Pteruthius melanotis melanotis Hodgs.
Minla ignotinca mariae La Touche.
Paradoxornis guttaticoUis Dav.
Paradoxornis webbiana webbiana (Gray).

Pnoepyga pusilla pusilla Hodgs.

Turdus obscurus Gm.

Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis Temm. & Schleg.
Enicurus schistaceus Hodgs.

Enicurus maculatus guttatus Gould.

Luscinia calliope calliope (Pall.).

Cisticola cisticola tintinnabulans (Swinh.).

Phylloscopus coronata (Temm.).

Horeites cantans canturians Swinh.

Horeites fortipes davidianus (Verr.).

Lanius schach schach (Linn.).

Lanius fuscatus Less.

Lanius cristatus superciliosus Lath.

Dicaeum mimdlum. olivaceum Wald.

Arachnothera magna magna (Hodgs.).

Motacilla alba ocularis Swinh.

Motacilla citreola citreoloides Gould.

Oreocorys sylvanus Hodgs.

Loxia curvirostra himalayensis Blyth.

Emberiza rutila Pall.

Sturnia sericea (Gm.).

Dicrurus leucogenys leucogenys Wald.

Lalage melaschislos melaschistos (Hodgs.).
Those marked with an * are described for the first time ; total additions, 74.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAL XXXIII. 1 9215. 201

Messrs. Uchida & Kuroda have expanded the Yunnan list by the following

forms : i ,1 ■ ,D ,, ,

Antnus cervinus (Fail.).

Anthua striolatus BIyth.

Ianthocincla phoenicea ivellsi La Touche.

Paradoxornis alphonsiana yunnanensis La Touche.

Criniger gularis pallidum Swinh.

Phylloscopus subviridis (Brooks).

Suya atrigularis Hodgs.

Hirundo daurica striolata (Temm. & Sehleg.).
The total of Uchida & Kuroda 's additions is 8.
Andrews & Heller contributed the following species and subspecies for the first

Gennaeus nychthemerus ripponi Sharpe.
Pavo muticus Linn.

Arborophila brunneipectus brunneipectus (Tick.).
Arborophila torqueola (Valenc).
Turnix pugnax rostrata Swinh.
Spilornis cheela ricketti Sclat.
Glaucidium cuculoides cuculoides Gould.
Rhopodytes tristis (Less.).
Centropus sinensis intermedins (Hume).
Dryocopus javensis feddeni (Blanf .).
Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus sultaneus Hodgs.
Serilophus lunatus elizabethae La Touche.
Pyrotrogon erythrocephahts erythrocephalus Gould.
Oreicola jerdoni BIyth.
Saxicola torquata prjevalskii (Pleske).
T urdus dissimilis BIyth.
*T } Urdus mupinensis conquisitus Bangs.
Ianthocincla chinensis chinensis (Scop.).
Ianthocincla erythrocephula ivoodi (Baker).
Yuhina occipitalis obscurior Rothsch.
Alcippe phaeocephala magnirostris Wald.
Pellorneum ruficeps minus Hume.
Leioptila annectens annectens BIyth.
Staphidia striata BIyth.
Muscicapa banymnas whitei Har.
Pericrocotus speciosus speciosus (Lath.).
Pericrocotus yvettae Bangs.
Aegithina tiphia tiphia (Linn.).
Chloropsis icterocephala chlorocephala (Wald.).
Certhia discolor manipurensis Hume.
Aethopyga ignicauda exultans Baker.
Aethopyga nipalensis (Hodgs.).
Erythrina edwardsi edwardsi Verr.
Garrulus leucotis leucotis Hume.
Corvus splendens insolens Hume.
The total of this fist is 35 ; the subspecies with an * is described for the
first time.

202 NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

M. Pichon increased the Yunnan list, with the following 15 species :

Microptern us fokiensis S« inh .
Merops oriental is birmanus Neum.
Ardea cinerea jouyi ('lark.
Pernis ellioti Jerd.
Milvus migrans govinda Sykes.
Accipiter badius poliopsis (Hume).
Aquila chrysaetus daphanen (Menzb.).
Torgos calvus (Scop.).
Falco naumanni (Fleisch.).
Glaucidium cuculoides whiteleyi (Blyth).
Asio flammeus flammeus (Pontopp.).
Hirundo daurica nipalensis Hodgs.
Myiophoneus coerulens temmincki Vig.
Criniger gidaris griseiceps Hume.
AnthoxrnjiKS /tend >di mis eimsobriniis Swinh.
Aethiopsar albocinctus Godw.-Aust. & Wald.

M. and Mme. Comby added 3 species to the Avifauna of Yunnan :

Lanius collurio kobylini (Buturl.).
Sitta europaea sinensis Verr.
Sttirnia sinensis (Gm.).

Mr. William Beebe was the first to record for Yunnan :

Lophophorus sclateri Jerd. and
Ithaginis cnientiis kttseri Beebe.

George Forrest has added to the Yunnan list in the collections made during
1918-1924, the following species and subspecies :

Crossoptilon crossoptilon crossoptilon (Hodgs.).
*Ithaginis geoffroyi clarkei Rothseh.

Tetraophasis szechenyii, Mad.

Himantopus Mmantopus himantopus (Linn.).

Charadrius placidus Gray.

Pkalacrocorax carbo sinensis Shaw & Nodd.

Nyroca fuligula (Linn.).

Butorides striatus amurensis Shrenck.

Pernis apivorus orientalis Tacz.

Accipiter gentilis schvedowi (Menzb.).

Accipiter gentilis khamensis (Bianchi).

Bnteo buteo japonicus Temm. & Schleg.

Aquila nipalensis ni/mlensis Hodgs.

Strix allien iiivieola Blyth.

Centropus bengalensis bengalensis (Gm.).

Ciieiilns intermedins intenned: lis Vahl.
*Dryocopus forresti Rothseh.

Dryocopus martins khamensis (Butur.).
*Dn/obates semicoroneitus omissus Rothseh.

Dryobatcs darjel/r/isis drsmursi Verr.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 203

*Dryobates obscurior Rothseh.

C'eryle rudis leucomelanura Reichenb.

Ceryle lugubris guttidata Stejn.

Psiltacula schisticeps finschi (Hume).

Lyncornis cerviniceps Gould.

Collocalia fucifuga brevirostris (McClell.).

Pitta (Hydrornis) nipalensis (Hodgs.).

Testa cyaniventer Hodgs.

Oligura castaneo-coronata (Burton).

fipelaeornis kauriensis (Har.).
*Pnoepyga squamata magnirostris Rothseh.

Hodgsonius phoenicuroides (Gray).

Luscinia brunnea (Hodgs.).

Luscinia davidi (Oust.).

Tarsiger chrysaeus Hodgs.
*Tarsiger indicus yunnanensis Rothseh.

Dendrobiastes hyperethra hyperethra (Blyth).

Moniicola solitaria philippensis (P. L. S. Mull.).

Turdus naumanni Temm.

Tardus dauma dauma Lath.

Cochoa purpurea Hodgs.

Pomntorhinus erythrogenis imberbis Salvad.
*Ianthocincla subunicolor griseata Rothseh.
*Ianthocincla forresti Rothseh.
*Ianihocincla ocellata similis Rothseh.

Stactocichla merulina merulina (Blyth).
*Fulvella chrysotis forresti Rothseh.
*Moupinia poecilotis sordidior Rothseh.

Pseudominla castaniceps castaniceps (Hodgs.).

Suya parvirostris La Touehe.

Lusciniola thoracica (Blyth).

Horeites flavolivacea intricatus Hart.

Horeites acanthizoides acanthizoides (Verr.).

Horeites brunneifro/is (Hodgs.).

Horeites major Moore.

Phylloscopus armandii (Milne-Edw.).

Pltylloscopus occipitalis coronal us Tcmm. & Schleg.

Phylloscopus magnirostris (Blyth).

C'ryptolopha castaneiceps castaneiceps (Gray).

Leioptila gracilis (McClell.).
*Ixops waldeni saturatior Rothseh.

Franklinia rufescens rufescens Blyth.

Muscicapa hodgsonii (Verr.).

Muscicapa vivida oatesi Salvad.

Muscicapa cinereiceps (Sharpe).

Niltava grandis grandis (Blyth).

Pericrocotus Solaris Solaris (Blyth).

I'inadoxornis poliotis poliotis Blyth.
*Parado.vornis webbiana rickelli Rothseh.

204 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1920.

Paradoxornis unicolor canaster Thay. & Bangs.
Paws spilonotus svbviridis (Tick.).
Parus rufonuehalis beaveni (Jerd.).
Funis major tibetanus Hart.
Sitba himalayensis Jard. & Selby.
Pacltyglossa melanozautlia Blyth.
Aethopyga saturata Hodgs.
Motacilla alba baicalensis Swinh.
Motacilla flava simillima Hart.
Alauda arvensis intt rmedia Swinh.
Emberiza fucata fucata Pall.
Montifringilla nemoricola nemoricola (Hodgs.).
Fringilla montifringilla Linn.
Procarduelis nipalensis intensicolor Baker.
*Procardudis rubescens saturatior Rothsch.
Haematospiza sipahi (Hodgs.).
Erythrina trifaeciata (Verr.).
Erythrina rubicilloides Przew.
Pyrrhula nipalensis ricketti La Touche.
Pyrrhoplectes epauletta (Hodgs.).
Uragus sibiricus lepidus Dav. & Oust.
Carduelis thibetanus (Hume).
Mycerobas melanozanthus (Hodgs.).
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Linn.).
Corvus coronoides intermedins Adams.

Considering all the previous collecting in Yunnan the addition by Forrest
of the above 94 new forms is a very fine achievement. Those marked with an *
were described for the first time. Mr. La Touche has increased the Yunnan list
by the following :

Turnix maculatus maculatus Vieill.

Megalornis japonensis (Miill.).

Ckaradrius dubius cnronicus Gm.

Pelecanus philippensis Gm.

Phalacrocorax capillatus Teinni.

Anas acuta acuta Linn.

Anas formosa Georg.

Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (Linn.).

Ketupa zeylonensis (Gm.).
*Picus canus yunnanensis La Touche.

Pitta cucullata Hartl.

l/uscinia cyane (Pall.).

Saxicola caprata burmanica Baker.

Saxicola torquata stejnegeri (Parrot).

*Horeites pallipcs laurentei La Touche.

Phylloscopii.s yunnanensis La Touche.

*Phylloscopus trochiloides distwrbans (La Touche).

Phylloscopus tcnellipes (Swinh.).

*Cryptolop)ui burkii distincta La Touche.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 102li. 205

*Cryptolopha btirkii intermedia La Touche.
*Cry ptolopha castaneiceps laurentei La Touche.

Orthotonus sutoria macidicollis Moore.

Turdus boulboul (Lath.).

Turdus cordis lateus Thay. & Bangs.

Turdus citrina innotata Blyth.
*Pomatorhinus ruficollis laurentii La Touche.
*Ianthocincla chinensis lowei (La Touche).

Timelia pileata intermedia Kirm.
*Pellorneum manddlii vividum La Touche.
*Hemixenicus joJuinnae La Touche.
*Hemixenicus cruralis laurentei La Touche.
*Stachyridopsis ruficeps bangsi La Touche.

Mixornis rubricapilla minor Gyldenst.

Muscicapa hyperythrus Blyth.

Miiscicapa pallidipes hainana O. -Grant.

Muscicapa ferruginea (Hodgs.).
*Niltava grandis griseiventris La Touche.

Niltava macgrigoriae Burton.
*Pericrocotus speciosus bakeri La Touche.

Pericrocotus cinereus Lafresn.
*Pericrocotus montpelieri La Touche.

Paradoxornis webbiana elizabethae La Touche.
*Zosterops erythro pleura melanorhynclui La Touche.
*Zosterops palpebrosa joannae La Touche.
*Aethopyga siparaja tonkinensis Hart.
* Arachnoihera longirostris sordida La Touche.

Emberiza tristrami Swinh.
*Corvus corone yunnanensis La Touche.

The total added by Mr. La Touche to the Yunnan Avifauna is 48, of which
20 marked with an * were described for the first time.

Forrest's 1925 collection, besides several not sent in former collections,
contains the following 8 species new to Yunnan :

Hoplopterus ventralis (Wagl.).
*Xiphorhynchus superciiiaris forresti Rothsch.
*Ianthocincla coerulata latirostris Rothsch.

Megalaema virens Hume.
*Dryobates cathpharius tenebrosus Rothsch.

Anas querqitedula Linn.

Porphyria poliocephalus polioce phalus (Lath.).

Urocissa flavirostris flavirostris (Blyth).

The 3 marked with an * are new to science.
Mr. H. C. Riley has added to our list :

Ithaginis emeritus rocki Riley.

My readers will doubtless find a number of discrepancies between the
foregoing lists and the complete list of Yunnan birds which follows. This is
15

20(j Novitates Zoologicai: XXXIII. 1926.

due to the fact that the names in the foregoing lists have not everywhere been
revised, whereas the list which follows here has been carefully revised and
brought up to date.

1. Gallus gallus robinsoni nom. now

Qallus tjalliis O. Grant (nee Linn.), ('al. Birds Brit. Mils., vol. xxii, p. 344 (1893) (ex Raffl., Trans.
Linn. Soc, xiii, p. 319 (1822) (Sumatra).

The first scientific name was bestowed on the Red Jungle Fowl by Linne
in 1758 ; considering the enormous literature it has provoked, it has had very
few names bestowed upon it, and, owing to the fact that its three races (sub-
species) were mostly mixed up till 1917, the only name of the older ones which
refers to a wild bird which can stand is bankiva Temm., which applies to the
Java race. The Indian race must bear the name of murghi Robinson & Kloss.
There remains the question of the Chinese race ; this has hitherto been united
with the Indian one under the name either of gallus Linn, or ferrugineus Gm.
until Messrs. Robinson & Kloss in 1920 separated it off asferrugint usferrugint its.
In 1917 Mr. Stuart Baker had, it is true, separated it from the Indian race, but
had united it with the Java race as Gallus bankiva bankiva, while he called the
Indian race bankiva ferrugineus, a nomenclature wholly inadmissible, as his
sjjecific name dates from 1813, while his subspecific name dates from 1788. Now
two questions arise in the nomenclature of the Red Jungle Fowl : first as to the
specific name applicable to the three races, and secondly as to the subspecific
name of the Chino-Burmese-Malayan race. If we follow the course of the
mammalogists, who maintain that the Wild Horse of Kobdo must stand as
Kquus caballus przewalskyi because, although Linnaeus' name caballus applied
only to the domestic horse, the wild horse is the same species ; then we must
employ Linnaeus' name gallus (1758) for the Red Jungle Fowl, and its domestic
descendants. If, however, we consider that the origin of any domestic race or
races is too problematical, then another name must be used for the " Formen-
kreis " of the Red Jungle Fowl. What this must be, depends on the name to
be used for the Chino-Burmese-Malayan race. This further depends on the
question of the validity or otherwise of the name ferrugineus Gm. Ginelin
founded his Tetrao ferrugineus on a combination of Sonnerat's " Grande Caille
de la Chine " and Latham's " Hackled Partridge." Now apparently no one
seems to have carefully read Sonnerat's description, for if they had it would
have at once been evident that a bird having upper tail-coverts longer than the
tail, a whitish, line above the eye, and black spotted wings could not possibly
be a Jungle Fowl ; and this description evidently referred to some species of
Francolin or Partridge. Latham's figure of his " Hackled Partridge " is
certainly that of a $ Jungle Fowl ; but in view of the fact that Ginelin places
Sonnerat's " Grand Caille dc la Chine " first, the name ferrugineus must apply
to that bird and cannot be used for a " Jungle Fowl."

Therefore those who object to using the name gallus Linn, as having been
given to a domestic bird must use the name bankiva Temm. as the name for the
" Formenkreis " of the Red Jungle Fowl. We next come to the name for our
particular Eastern race ; the name ferrugineus being inadmissible, it appears
that this, the oldest known of the three races of the Red Jungle Fowl, is
without a name. I myself here propose to follow the nomenclature adopted

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1920. 207

by the mamnialogists, and name the Eastern race after the senior of the
two latest revisors, calling Gallus gallus robinsoni Rothsch. But those who
refuse to recognize names applied to domestic races must call this form
Gallus bankiva robinsoni Rothsch. The first to record this bird from Yunnan
was Anderson, who mentions one <J from Ponsee and says that Blyth already
noticed that the Eastern examples of the Red Jungle Fowl were darker than
Indian ones. Captain A. W. S. Wingate was the next to collect this bird in
our district ; he records an adult <J from Wei- Yuan, South Yunnan, 1899.
Mr. Styan obtained a <$ at Yuan Chang (29.iii.1903) (British Museum). Outram
Bangs is the next to list the Eastern Red Jungle Fowl from Yunnan, Andrews
and Heller having obtained it on the Salwtn and Namtung Rivers.

Lastly, Mr. La Touche says in his " Birds of S.E. Yunnan " in the Ibis that
" Jungle Fowl are common at Hokow." Forrest did not send this bird.

2. Phasianus colchicus decollatus Swinh.

Phasianus decollatus Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 135 (Market Tschungking, Szetschuan)

Messrs. Menegaux & Didier, in their list of M. Albert Pichon's birds collected
at Tengyueh-ting, S.W. Yunnan, record one specimen and remark that this fine
pheasant was " special au Yunnan, ou il est assez abondant." This can hardly
be the case, as M. Pichon's example is the only one from Yunnan on record, and
the bird is not once mentioned elsewhere from Yunnan between the years 1868
and 1925, during which all the collecting in Yunnan has gone on. As, however,
the locality is the same as that given by Anderson for P. c. elegans, it is quite
possible that M. Pichon's bird is a very worn example of Stone's Pheasant ; in
which case the statement quoted in parenthesis would be correct. Anderson,
however, quotes a $ obtained by him, which from the description might be the
$ of P. c. decollatus.

3. Phasianus colchicus elegans Ell.

Phasianus elegans Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vi, p. 312 (1870) (Yun-ling Mts., W. Szetschuan).
Phasianus sladeni Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, pp. 404, 408 (nom. nud.) (ex And. MS.)

(border of Yunnan).
Phasianus colchicus rothschildi La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 54 (1921) (Mengtsz).

The first to record Stone's Pheasant from Yunnan was Anderson, who
obtained 2 $<$, 2 $$ at Momien, S.W. Yunnan, 5,000 feet. Bangs & Phillips
quote 1 (J from Mengtsz as being identical with Zappey's Szetchuan birds. Bangs,
in recording 3 ^ of Andrews & Heller from Lichiang-Fu, says that he has
compared 4 adult Yunnan <J<J with 4 adult $ J from Szetchuan, and that there
is no constant difference. Mr. La Touche described his P. c. rothschildi from
Mengtsz from 11 $ J obtained between March 20 and April 13, when the feathers
of the hindneck, interscapulium, and flanks are exceedingly worn, whereas For-
rest's specimens are winter birds with fresh feathers. An examjjle from Szetchuan
from Dr. Weigold (Stoetzner Expedition) collected in April, is exactly inter-
mediate, owing to the feathers being less worn than those of the Mengtsz birds.
Lastly I have at Tring a bird collected by the late Colonel H. H. Harington in
Ta-Shin-Tang State, E. Salwin (0,000 feet), which is dated in his own hand-
writing " April/99." This bird, however, is in absolutely freshly moulted plumage
identical with Forrest's December bird ; I am therefore quite sure that the date

20S Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

of Colonel Harington's bird is wrong ; probably labelled in England from manu-
script notes and not in the field.

Forrest got on Ids first expedition only a chick in down ; in his second
collection there were 2 (J(J, 1 $ from the Lichiang Range, and in the third lot
1 cj, 2 $$ and 5 eggs, also from the Lichiang Range. In the British Museum
are the following examples : 2 £<$ Yungchang, Salwin River Road, April 1906,

1 (J E. of Mekong-Chutung- Yungchang Road, April 1900, 1 q Shayang (Shar-
jang ?), 1 (J Shayang-Chutung Road, March L 902, Colonel Rippon, 1 q Yunnan
Styan collection, 1 3 Mung-lang, W. Yunnan, W. A. Watts Jones.

In Forrest's 1925 collection there is 1 $ ad., hills round Tengyueh, 0,000 feet,
September 1925. Open meadows. Bill, base of upper mandible brownish, rest
yellowish grey ; iris pale yellow ; legs and feet dull fleshy brown.

4. Synnaticus humiae humianicus (Oates).

Calophasis Imrmanicus Oates, Ibis, 1898, pp. 124-125 (Ruby Jlines and 8. Shan States).

Colonel Rippon obtained a $ of this pheasant on the Chutung-Yangpi Road
March 21, 1902, which was erroneously identified by Dr. Sharpe as $ dlioti.
An adult $, curiously enough, was obtained by Forrest in almost the identical
locality, viz. the Yungping-Yangpi Divide in 1921 at 7,000-8,000 feet. Andrews
and Heller obtained a $ at Tengyueh-Ting.

5. Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadb.).

Phasianus amherstiae Leadbeater, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lund, xvi, p. 129, pi. xv (1828) (said to have
been from the Mts. of Cochinchina).

The first to obtain this magnificent pheasant in Yunnan was Anderson,
near Momien. Captain Wingate collected an adult $ at Ching-tung, Yunnan,
March 1899.

The next examples were obtained in 1917 by Andrews & Heller at Wan-
tien, Pei-ti-Ping, and Li-chiang-Fu (4 adult c?c?)- Forrest collected a mar-
vellous series of this bird ; he sent in his second, third, and fourth collections,
altogether 10 adult <?<?, 7 $$ juv., 7 adult $?, 3 $? juv., 1 $ fledgling, and

2 chicks in down from the Lichiang Range ; Mekong-Salwin Divide ; Mekong
Valley ; and the hills N.W. of Tengyueh.

There are in the British Museum of the Lady Amherst's Pheasant the follow-
ing examples from Yunnan unrecorded : 1 q Youngpi-Cantung Road, 1 <$ Yangpi
Valley, 1 <J Talifi-Yang Road, Salwin-Shweli Divide, April and May 1906, 4 ??
Giji-dzin-Shan, E. of Talifu, March and April 1902, Colonel Rippon ; 1 o Teng-
yueh, E. B. Howell ; 1 o, 1 ? Yanpi-Chutung-Road, 1 $ Yuan Chang Yunnan,
March 1906, Styan collection ; 1 <J Shil-kuh nr. Lichiang, 1 (J Mahlung-Chon,
E. Yunnan, W. A. Watts Jones.

In Forrest's 1925 collection there are 2 <J<J juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, Sep-
tember 1925. Forests, 10,000 feet. Bill, upper mandible dark, under mandible
light brown ; feet and legs dark fleshy brown ; iris pale yellow.

0. Pucrasia meyeri Mad.

Purrasia meyeri Madarasz, Ibis, 1886, p. 145 (Central Thibet).

The first record we have of this species for Yunnan is by Oustalet, who
enumerates some specimens collected by Prince Henri d'Orleans & Monsieur
Bonvalot.

Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1U26. 209

The only other collector who obtained this bird was Forrest, who sent home
13 cJcJ ad., 4 $$ ad., and 2 gg juv., all from the Lichiang Range. In the British
Museum is 1 $ Yunnan, Styan collection. (Original label, " Pucraaia meyeri,
Property of S.W. Styan " ; and a printed label 2350, " R. P. Soulie, Tsekou C.G.,
1896 N.")

In Forrest's 1925 collection there is 1 ^ juv., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 12,000
feet ; Campfer Forests, September 1925.

In the British Museum there is a $ from the Styan collection labelled
R. P. Soulie, Tsekou, G.G. 1896, No. 2356," in print.

7. Gennaeus nycthemerus nycthemerus (Linn.).

Phasiarms nydhi merus Linnaeus, Sijst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 172, No. 6 (1758) (China ex Albin).

In his lecture before the B.O.C. in 1915, Mr. Stuart Baker expressed the
opinion that Gennaeus horsfieldi, G. lineatus, and G. nycthemerus were all sub-
species of one very variable species ; in 1917 in the Bombay Journal he quotes
the three above-mentioned Kalege pheasants as three species. I think it more
consistent with my general views on subspecies to adopt his former attitude, as
we have no proof as yet of the permanent habitat of any one of the numerous
named forms of Kalege being in the same area or on the same level as that of
any other.

But now arises a very important question ; 3 silver pheasants have been
recorded from Yunnan. In the case of Oustalet, who records G. n. andersoni
brought Iiome by Prince H. d'Orleans, it is probably an error in labelling, as the
expedition also passed through the typical locality for andersoni, but it is not
difficult to explain Mr. Outram Bangs, quoting both n. nycthemerus and n.
ripponi. His Mengtsz birds were $ ad. and 2 immature, whereas his Ho-mu-Shu
Pass bird was an adult <J.

Forrest's birds from Tengyueh I had listed in 1925 as n. nycthemerus ; but
on comparison with Chinese examples of that form the $ certainly shows much
broader black markings on the wings and wing-coverts than wild shot Chinese
examples, and especially so when compared with aviary-bred silver pheasants.
I have come to the conclusion that I cannot separate N.W. Yunnanese birds from
Chinese ones, but will deal further with this under the next heading.

Forrest only sent 1 <$, 1 $.

In the 1925 collection Forrest sent 2 magnificent old $3; these exhibit
everywhere heavier black markings than Chinese and aviary-bred n. nychthemerus,
but differ considerably inter se. In spite of the considerable series in the
British Museum and at Tring, I still think we know too little about the pheasants
of the genus Gennaeus to finally decide how many local forms = subspecies
there are among the birds nearest in appearance to typical Chinese nycthemerus.
Oates has certainly allowed too many and others too few.

2 (J (J ad., hills N.W. of Tengyueb, 7,000-9,000 feet, May and December 1925.
Forests. Bill dark fleshy brown, tip greenish ; legs and feet scarlet crimson,
claws brown ; naked skin round eyes and face crimson ; iris honey yellow.

8. Gennaeus nycthemerus ripponi Sharpe.

Gennaeus ripponi Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 29 (1902) (Southern Shan Hills).

Mr. Stuart Baker, in his revision of the genus Gennaeus, Bombay Natural
History Society's Journal, xxiii, states that of the 11 specimens seen by him

210 Novitatks Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

only 2 were from Yunnan. The only other record we have is Andrews & Heller's
example from the Ho-mu-Shu Pass, near the Burmese frontier. Now although I
consider n. ripponi very close to n. nychthemerus, it is, in my opinion, premature to
sink it as a pure synonym of the latter. I therefore think the proper course to
adopt for the present is to retain it as a subspecies, and thus having G. n. ripponi
Sharpe, Shan States and S.W. borders of Yunnan.

G. n. nycthemerus (Linn.), China proper and N.E. Yunnan.

I do not see how we can separate the N. and E. Yunnan examples from the
main lot of Chinese specimens, although some of them may exhibit heavier black
wing pattern.

9. Gennaeus andersoni (Elliot).

Euplocamus andersoni Elliot, Monogr. Phasianidae, vol. ii, pi. and text xxii (1872) (Kakhycn Hills).

Mr. Baker, op. cit., says andersoni is a hybrid between G. n. horsfieldi and
G. n. rubripes, and I have little doubt but what he is right. On this assumption
there are three alternatives in connection with Prince H. d'Orleans' specimen of
so-called andersoni : first, it may have been an accidentals tray bird ex Burma ;
secondly, it may be that an error of labelling occurred at the Paris Museum ;
thirdly and lastly, it may be a hybrid between horsfieldi and ripponi from the
extreme border country. In either case it does not effect the status of the
Yunnan forms of Gennaeus.

In the British Museum there are 1 q, S.W. Yunnan, April 1899,, Captain
A. M. S. Wingate ; 1 $ Tengyueh, E. B. Howell. These apparently are in addition
to those mentioned by Mr. Stuart Baker.

Crossoptilon.

In my article on Forrest's first collection, I already made some remarks on
Mr. Beebe's treatment of the five recognized forms of Crossoptilon (see Nov.
Zool., vol. xxviii, pp. 15, 16, 1921). In the first place, Beebe says the number
of tail-feathers is variable and therefore negligible as a diagnostic character ;
this is wrong because not only are these numbers in themselves diagnostic, but
the type of tail-feather is quite different in those having more than 20 tail-feathers
from what it is in those with only 20 tail-feathers. In the birds with normally
24 tail-feathers C. auritum and mandschuricum, the tail-feathers have the plumules
much disconnected and loose, also the branches mostly widely separated ;
whereas those with 20 feathers only have the plumules and branches normal
and connected. That the former group occasionally produces examples with
only 22 tad-feathers is accidental. Of the second group we have two forms
crossoptilon and drouynii = leucurum with normally white on creamy white
coloration, and 1 form hannani with slaty blue coloration, but among series of
drouynii examples occur with grey or blue patches, and also with grey suffusion.
Beebe dismisses all the difficulties of the case by saying that drouynii and hannani
are hybrids between crossoptilon and auritum, quite ignoring the fact that no-
where are any two forms of Crossoptilon found in the same area, or in the one
case trying to get out of this difficulty by saying one of the parent forms had
died out. In my opinion the case is much more simple ; there being three
distinct species of Crossoptilon mandschuricum, and auritum with 24 or occasionally

Notitates Zoological XXXIII. 11126. 211

22 disintegrated tail-feathers, and very long ear-tufts, and one species C. crosso-
philon with 20 normally formed tail-feathers and shorter ear-tufts. This latter
species has three subspecies, viz. C. crossoptilon crossoptilon, C. crossoptilon
drouynii, and C. crossoptilon harmani ; the former two normally more or less
white, the latter always slaty blue.

10. Crossoptilon crossoptilon crossoptilon (Hodgs.).

P/uisiunus crossoptilon Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vii, p. 864 (1838) (?).

Forrest is the only collector who met with this fine bird. He sent home
from his first, second, third trips 8 $<$ ad., 7 $$ ad., 1 $ juv., 1 fledgling ; 3
chicks in down ; and 2 eggs.

In spite of the considerable numbers of C. crossoptilon in our museums the
series are not yet of a nature to enable us to decide whether there are only two
white subspecies C. c. crossoptilon and C. c. drouynii, or if there are more,
but the evidence leans mostly to there being only the two.

11. Lophophorus sclateri Jerd.

Lophophorus sclateri Jerdon, Ibis, 1870, p. 148 (Mishmi Hills).

It was only in his last collection made in 1925 that Forrest sent home skins
of this magnificent pheasant. The first record for Western Yunnan was the
adult <$ obtained by Beebe in the mountains near the source of the Salwin River
in 1910. After this no example from Yunnan has come to hand till the 8 now
sent by Forrest. The adult £3 sent by Forrest exhibit slight differences from a
Mishmi Hill J at Tring, viz. the white terminal bar of the tail is much narrower,
and the crown of the head has the feathers much less curled and less glittering
green, but as they are slightly worn I do not venture to separate them on this
account.

5 $$, 2 $? ad., 1 <$ juv., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 11,000-12,000 feet, August
1925. Ravines and rocky slopes. Naked skin round eye peacock green ; bill
bone-yellow, slightly flushed with pink ; claws, feet, and legs greyish brown ;
iris dark purplish blue. In a letter to Colonel Stephenson Clarke, Forrest men-
tions that on a former expedition in Yunnan before he began to collect birds, he
had killed and eaten an entirely blue pheasant ; this must undoubtedly have
been Sclater's monaul. This monaul was originally described from a single $
brought alive by natives from the Mishmi Hills and afterwards sent to the London
Zoological Gardens. From 1870 onwards a few skins were traded out of the
Mishmi Hills and a few, both $$ and $$ probably obtained in that way from
natives were brought home by Prince H. d'Orleans. The first lot of skins to
come direct to England were those obtained by Captain Bailey, the Resident at
Gyangtze, of which one £ is a* Tring. Forrest's §§ are the first to come to
England and his young $ is so far unique.

12. Pavo muticus Linn.

Pavo muticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, xii, p. 268 (1766) (habitat in Japonia ! !).

The only record for Yunnan is the $ obtained by Andrews & Heller at Chang-
lung, Salwin River, Yunnan, 2,000 feet, March 1917.

212 NoviTATES Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

13. Tragopan temmincki (Gray).

Satijra temmincki Gray in Hardwicke, III. hid. Z»o\. i, pi. i (1830-2) (no locality (type marked China
in British Museum)).

Oustalet's record ex Prince H. d'Orleans' collection is the first for Yunnan ;
then Andrews & Heller obtained a $ adult in the Ho-mu-shu Pass. Forrest
sent in his second and third collections 12 $ o a(4-. 6 ?? acl> an(i 2 33 juv-

In the 1 925 collection Forrest sent 2 $3,\ ?ad.,l chick. Shweli-Salwin Divide,
11,000-12,000 feet, Compter Forests, September 1925. Skin round eyes, wattles,
and horns bright azure blue ; bill fleshy brown ; legs and feet brownish flesh-
colour, claws brown ; iris brown.

On the genus Ithaginis.
Hartert in his book on the Palaearctic Birds acknowledges five species :
and three subspecies of sinensis and two of geoffroyi. Since then geoffroyi
ivilsoni has been proved untenable by Weigold, and I in my former papers have
reduced my clarkei to a subspecies of geoffroyi. I have lately received on loan
two specimens of rocki Riley from the Mekong River area, and in consequence
have carefully examined all my series of Ithaginis, the only form that is not
available being michaelis. Although typical geoffroyi and the sinensis group are
at first sight very different in appearance from the critentus-thibetanus-kuseri
group, clarkei and rocki form an unbroken chain between geoffroyi and thibetanus,
and I feel sure that similar intermediate forms will yet be discovered between
sinensis and geoffroyi. Moreover, no two forms have been found inhabiting the
same area, for although clarkei, kuseri, and rocki are all found in Western Yunnan,
kuseri inhabits the Shweli River area, rocki is found in the Mekong River area,
and clarkei only occurs on the actual Lichiang Range ; sinensis inhabits Kansu
and Shensi, N. of the Tsinling Mts., while berezowskii is found in the Tsinling
Mts. and N. Szechuan, and michaelis on the N. slopes of the Nanschan Mts. ;
geoffroyi occurs in S.E. Thibet, and the Moupin District ; cruentus inhabits Nepal,
Sikkim, and as far as the Chumbi Valley ; and thibetanus Jsamba Valley, Bhutan.
I therefore feel sure that there is only one widely spread species of Blood Pheasant
Ithaginis, and that all these named forms are subspecies of crnentus.]

14. Ithaginis cruentus kuseri Beebe.

Ithaginis kiiseri Beebe, Zoologica, i, p. 190 (1012) (Yunnan).

The type-specimen of this excellent subspecies is the specimen recorded
by Oustalet as /. cruentus cruentus in his list of Prince H. d'Orleans' birds.
Beebe's piece of skin also came from Yunnan, and then' are Yunnan examples
in the British Museum. Lastly, there is in the Paris Museum a young bird of
this species collected by M. R. P. Soulie at Tsekou, Yunnan, in 1S97. The
British Museum specimens mentioned above are 1 3 Tengyueh, E. B. Howell ;
and 1 3 vix ad. Tsekou, Yunnan, R. P. Soulie (ex Paris Museum).

In the final collection made by Forrest in 1925 are 7 examples of this bird,
all from the Shweli-Salwin Divide, whereas the entire series of 48 examples of
I. geoffroyi clarkt i were collected in the Lichiang Range.

3 33, 4 $$ ad., Shweli-Sal win Divide, 12,000 feet, Bamboo thickets and
alpine meadows, August 1925. Skin round eye rich ruddy orange; bill dark
brown ; legs and feet bright crimson, claws brown ; iris crimson.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 213

15. Ithaginis cruentus rocki Riley.

Ithaginis rocki Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxxviii, p. 9 (1925) (Hofuping Mts., Mekong
Valley).

Dr. Richmond has most kindly lent me two paratypes of this new form,
and from them it is apparent that the original description is a little misleading
owing to Mr. Riley having been only able to compare it with c. kuseri and not
with c. clarkei and c. thibetanus. I. c. rocki, as I have said a few pages back,
is exactly intermediate between thibetanus and clarkei ; it differs from clarkei
and agrees with thibetanus in the red, not black forehead, it agrees with clarkei
and differs from thibetanus in the long uniform grey crest which has the feathers
longer than in thibetanus, but less so, and less disintegrated than in clarkei, with-
out a trace of the white shaft lines so conspicuous in thibetanus ; the buff on the
crown is present, but less extended than in thibetanus ; the ear-coverts are shorter
than in clarkei, and more of the feathers are normal wide feathers, the lower
half has larger white patches than in thibetanus, while the upper half is black
like neither ; the upper surface and tail agree exactly with clarkei, while the
throat and upper two-thirds of breast agree with thibetanus, the disintegrated
and semi-disintegrated feathers of the abdomen and flanks are grey, as in clarkei,
not bright buff as in thibetanus ; the green feathers of the lower breast are inter-
mediate between the two. Dr. F. Rock collected 3 cJcJ, 3 $$ in the Hofuping
Mts., November 1923.

16. Ithaginis cruentus clarkei Rothsch.

Ithaginis clarkei Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xl, p. 67 (1920) (Lichiang Range, Yunnan).

This most interesting discovery of Forrest was not recorded by any other
collector. The series sent in the first three collections consists of 37 c?d\ H ??.
all from the Lichiang Range.

17. Arborophila torqueola torqueola (Valenc.).

Perdix torqueola Valenciennes, Did. Scien. Nat. vol. xxxviii, p. 435 (1825) (Bengal).

Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ No-mu-shu Pass, 8,000 feet, April 7, 1917,
and there are 1 <J, 1 $ in Forrest's fourth collection from near Tengyueh. No
other records for Yunnan have been given.

In Forrest's 1925 collection is 1 <J juv., hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 9,000 feet,
October 1925. Forests. Skin round eyes crimson ; bill, feet, and iris dark
brown.

18. Arborophila rufigularis euroa (Bangs & Phill).

Arboricola rufigularis euroa Bangs & Phillips, Bull. Mils. Comp. Zool. vol. lvi ii, p. 268 (1913-1914
(Mengtsz).

This bird was described from 2 S6> and *ne chief character was that the
white shaft stripes on the flanks were reduced to narrow lines. La Touche's
bird is a $, and though he states on the authority of M. Laurente that the bird
is common it will require a good series to prove either that A. r. euroa is a good
subspecies, differing only in the $ sex, or whether at Mengtsz occasional mutations
occur, but yet the bulk of the birds are A. r. intermedia.

214 XiiVIT.VTKS ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

I!>. Arborophila brunneipectus brunneipectus (Tick.).

Arboricola lirunneipeclus Tickell in Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xxiv, p. 276 (1855) (Tenasscritn
Mts.).

Andrews & Heller obtained 1 adult cj near the Burmese frontier.
20. Bambusicola fytcbii fytchii Anders.

Bambusicola fytchii Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 214, pi. xi (Ponsee).

Bangs & Phillips described an adult cj as Bambusicola oleaginia from Alan
Owston's Mengtsz collections ; the principal differences cited are the black, not ■
red, post-orbital region, ground colour darker, more olivaceous, black central
stripes of back feathers black, not red, wing-coverts uniform and darker, chest
almost minus white spots, black on flanks more extensive, and rump and upper
tail-coverts uniform. Now I have seen quite a number since I wrote on Forrest's
first collection, for Forrest has sent altogether 6 <$$, 1 $, and La Touche has
obtained 2. The first observation arising out of these is that they vary much
inter se, though none show the same amount of red as in B. f. hopkinsoni. One
specimen (No. 5087 G. Forrest 5/24) almost agrees with the diagnosis of oleaginia,
but has a little more vermiculation, whereas another agrees in having no ver-
miculation, but a little red edging to the black spots. In view of the great
differences between La Touche's 2 from S.E. Yunnan, I think there is no
doubt that all B. fytchii from Yunnan are B. fytchii fytchii Anders., and that
oleaginia Bangs & Phillips is only an extreme mutation.

There are on record, in addition to Forrest's 7 from Tengyueh, 3 from
Mengtsz (including type of oleaginia) ; Anderson obtained 1 (J, 1 $ (type) at
Ponsee ; Andrews & Heller collected 2 $?, Mucheng, Salwin, and Tengyueh ;
and lastly, M. Pichon obtained an example also at Tengyueh.

In the British Museum are 1 $, Yangpi Valley, 1 ? Shayang, March and April
1906, 1 ? Gyi-dzin-Shan, March 1902, Colonel Rippon ; 1 ? Yunnan, Captain
H. R. Davies.

Forrest's 1925 collection is now in my hands, and the 11 examples of
B. fytchii therein more than confirm my idea that oleaginia is only an individual
aberration ; some of these having very few and small black or black and red
dorsal spots, while 2 have them very large, numerous, and very black reaching
on to the hindneck, some have few spots below, others very many and close
together, and these markings below are not on the birds which should have small
or large markings above, if oleaginia were a good form. 1 $ hills N.W. of Teng-
yueh, 7,000 feet, August 1925 ; 5 <5<5, 5 $$ ad. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6,000-
10,000 feet, June- August 1925, Forests and thickets.

21. Coturnix coturnix japonica Temm. & Schleg.

Coturnix vulgaris japonica Tcmminck & Schlegel, Siebold's Faun. Jap. Avcs. p. 103, pi. lxi (lS4'.t)
(Japan).

Forrest only sent 1 quail in his first collection, and M. Pichon obtained
1 <J, 1 $. La Touche obtained also 2 $$ ad. Mengtsz. 1 <J Yunnan, Captain
H. R. Davies, is in the British Museum.

M. & Mine. Comby obtained between Yunnanfu and Seifu an example in
1909.

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1920. 215

22. Francolinus pintadeanus phayrei (Blyth).

Perdix phayrei Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. xii, p. 1011 (1843) (Arakan).

The Burmese, Annam, Siamese, and Yunnan birds are all considerably smaller
than Chinese and Madagascar examples, and so I agree with Mr. Outram Bangs
that Blyth's name of phayrei must be used to denote the subspecies ; no difference
in plumage can be found.

The name of chinensis Forster in Osbeck 1771 is preoccuj>ied by Linnaeus'
chinensis of 1766, as both are placed in the genus Tetrao, as has been pointed out
by Mr. C. D. Sherbom.

Forrest only obtained a single example ; Colonel Rippon obtained it in the
Salwin Valley and Captain Wingate sent home an adult <J from Ching-tung,
March 1899. Alan Owston's collections contained 1 $ from Mengtsz ; and
Andrews & Heller 1 ^ on the Namting River ; M. Piehon obtained 1 (J, 1 $ ;
and though La Touche only brought back 1 (J, 1 $from Mengtsz, he states it
was exceedingly common from Hokow to Posi.

23. Tetraophasis szechenyii Mad.

Tetraophasis szechenyii Madarasz, Zeitschr. f. ges. Om. vol. ii, p. 50, pi. ii (1885) (East Thibet).

Forrest so far is the only collector who has obtained this very rare bird in
Yunnan. He sent altogether in his second and third collections 5 $<$ ad., 7 $$
ad., 6 ? ad., and 2 juv. just fledged. All were obtained on the Lichiang Range.
With the exception of 1 $, from the Mekong- Yangtze Divide, 1 cJ, 1 $ Yung-
ning April and May 1922 (Picea and Rhododendron Forest) collected by Kingdon
Ward are in the British Museum.

24. Turnix pugnax rostrata Swinh.

Turnix rostrata Swinhoe, Ibis, 1865, p. 543 (Formosa).

Andrews & Heller got 1 $ ad. at Chu-tung, Yungping Ho, 5,000 feet, January
1917. Mr. La Touche enumerates 2 $$ from Mengtsz and 1 $ from Lotukow.
He says it is not uncommon.

In the British Museum is 1 o, Yunnan, Captain H. R. Davies.

25. Turnix pugnax taigoor (Sykes).

Hemipodius taigoor Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1832, p. 155 (Deccan).

This form is recorded by Menegaux & Didier from M. Pichon's collection
under the name of pugnax.

26. Turnix pugnax plumbipes (Hodgs.).

Turnix plumbipes Hodgson, Bengal. Sport. Mag. 1837, p. 346 (Nepal).

Anderson obtained an example of an Hemipode at Muangla, July 1868, and
remarks, " This is the larger Himalayan race which appears to be distinct from
T. taigoor (Sykes)."

27. Turnix maculatus maculatus Vieill.

Turnix maculatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxxv, p. 47 (1819) (?).

The late Mr. Ogilvie Grant in vol. xxii of the Catalogue of Birds adopted for
this Hemipode the name of blanfordi Blyth, as he considered the name maculatus

210 X..VITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

preoccupied by Temminck's maculosus of 1815. This name has also been used
by Dr. Hartert in his book on Palaearctic Birds, by an oversight. I do not
consider macidatua and maculosus the same words, though the meaning is some-
what similar ; therefore I adopt as the valid name for this Hemipode the oldest
one of rnaculatus Vieill. Mr. La Touche obtained 3 live birds from near Posi.

28. Porphyrio poliocephalus poliocephalus (Lath.).

Gallinula poliocephala Latham, Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. lxviii (1802).

In the 1925 collection is 1 $ (sexed ?), Tengyueh Valley, 5,300 feet, December
1925. Rice fields and marshes. Bill dull dark red, base and crown of head
shield dark crimson ; feet deep dull crimson, claws brown ; iris purplish crimson.

29. Gallinula chloropus parvifrons Blyth.

Gallinula parvifrons Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii, p. 180 (1843) (Calcutta),

All those recording Yunnan Moorhens as distinct from 0. c. chloropus,
except Mr. La Touche, have wrongly referred them to G. c. orieiiltdis Horsf., but
they all belong to parvifrons.

Anderson unites Burmese and West Yunnan birds under G. c. chloroptis.
Ingram records 2 Mengtsz examples as G. c. orientalis, Bangs & Phillips list 10
Mengtsz specimens also as orientalis, and M. Pichon's 2 skins are recorded under
this name by Menegaux & Didier.

30. Porzana fusca erythrothorax (Temm. & Schleg.).

Gallinula erythrothorax Temminok & Schlegel in Siebold's Faun. Jap. Ares, p. 121, pi. lxxviii (1849)
(Japan).

Here again Ingram and Bangs & Phillips have wrongly enumerated Alan
Owston's 16 Mengtsz examples as P. f. fusca ; they are P. fusca erythrothorax.
The only others listed are Forrest's 2 sent in his fourth collection.

Mr. Kinnear suggested to me after above was written that this was not
P. f. erythrothorax, but was P. fusca bakeri Hart. I have in consequence carefully
compared and measured my series of 51 examples of the 4 described races of
Porzana (Limnoboenus) fusca, viz. P. fusca fusca (Linn.), P. fusca erythrothorax
(Temm. & Schleg.), P. fusca phaeopygia Stejn., and P. fusca bakeri Hart.

I find first that/, fusca is ruled out by its small size and p. phaeopygia by its
large wing and very large bill. This leaves only/, erythrothorax and/, bakeri to
be considered. The first question to arise is sexing ; in 3 examples from Siam
apparently properly sexed, the 2 <$<3 measure wing 102 and 111 mm., and the
$ 104 ; but the 2 Mengtsz birds marked <J? and the 2 from Tengyueh Valley
also marked <J$, run from 103-105 mm. Chinese and Japanese birds run as
high as 118 mm., and not lower than 105 mm. I have compared the Yunnan
birds and the Bangkok birds with the type and two paratopes of /. bakeri, and
find that the upperside of bakeri is more reddish or brownish olive, not so greenish
as in the Yunnan, Bangkok, Chinese, and Japanese birds. As one Siamese (J
exceeds 110 mm., I do not venture to name the Yunnan bird ; so unless future
collectors confirm the small size of Yunnan fusca, it must be called P. fusca
erythrothorax.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 217

31. Porzana pusilla pusilla (Pall.).

Rallus pusiUus PalJas, Reise d. Versch. Prov. Russ. Reich, iii, p. 700 (1776) (Dauria).

Ingram is the only author to record this little rail ; he lists 4 <$,$, 1 § Mengtsz,
May 1910, Alan Owston.

32. Porzana bicolor VVald.

Porzana bicolor Walden, Ann. Marj. Nat. Hist. (4), ix, p. 47 (1872) (Darjccling).

An example was obtained by Colonel Rippon in the Lichiang Valley, April
1906.

33. Amaurornis phoenicura chinensis (Bodd.).

Fulica chinensis Boddaert, Tab. PI. Enl. p. 54 (1785) (China restr. Hongkong).

Oustalet records this bird as obtained by Prince H. d'Orleans ; Rippon
obtained 1 at Shayang, Yangchang Road, April 1906 ; Bangs & Phillips give
2 cJcJ Mengtsz, Alan Owston ; Andrews & Heller collected 2 on the Nam ting
River, and at Mengpeng Salwin, in March 1917 ; Forrest sent 1 $, Lichiang
Valley, June 1918 ; and Mr. La Touche records a <$ Mengtsz, April 1921.

34. Hypotaenidia striata jouyi Stejn.

Hypotaenidia jouyi Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. ix, p. 302 (1886) (Shanghai).

Ingram records 1 <J, 1 $ Mengtsz, May 1910 ; and Bangs & Phillips 1 $
from the same place, August 1910.

35. Megalornis grus lilfordi (Sharpe).

Orns lilfordi Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vol. xxiii, p. 252 (1894) (Eastern Siberia).

Mr. Ogilvie Grant listed an adult <$ of this bird, obtained by Captain Win-
gate near Yunnan City, February 1899, under the name of Grus grus ; Bangs &
Phillips record an adult from Mengtsz ; Monsieur Pichon obtained one adult
bird ; and Mr. La Touche records it as abundant round Mengtsz, and the neigh-
bourhood during winter, arriving the latter part of September.

36. Megalornis nigricollis (Prjev.).

Grus nigricollis Prjevalsky in Rowley's Om. Misc. vol. ii, p. 436, pi. ix (1877) (Kokonoor).

Captain Wingatc obtained an adult ^ near Yunnan City, February 1899 ,
and Mr. La Touche mentions having seen 2 living examples in the Governor's
garden at Yunnanfu.

37. Megalornis japonensis (Mull.).

Ardea (Grus) japonensis P. L. S. Miiller, Natur. Syst. Suppl. p. 110(1776) (Japan) (?ex Boddaert MS.).
Mr. La Touche records seeing on the Mengtsz plains white or very pale
cranes with black wings, and suggests that they were Sarus Cranes ; but I con-
sider that they were undoubtedly the Japanese Crane.

38. Antigone antigone antigone (Linn.).

Ardea antigone Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, vol. i. p. 142 (1758) (habitat in Asia).

Anderson obtained 2 at Tsitkaw, March 1868 and 1875, and saw flocks up
to 600 strong at Ponsee, 3,300 feet.

218 Novitates Zoolocicae XXXIII. 1826.

39. Larus gelastes Keys. & Bias.

Larus gelastes Keysorling & Blasius, Wirbelt. Eur. p. xcv, 242 (184U) (South of France, Arabia).

One specimen was obtained in the Talifu Valley, February 1906, and 1 on
the Tali Lake, 6,700 feet, March 1902, by Colonel Rippon.

40. Sterna melanogaster Temm.

Sterna melanogaster Temminck, PI. Col. livr. lxxii, pi. 434 (1827) (?).

Anderson records an example obtained at Muangla, May 1868, under the
name of Sterna javanica ; Monsieur Pichon brought home 2 examples killed in
the Salwin Valley, and said he often observed this bird in small Hocks in company
with Hoplopterus ventralis.

41. Hydrochelidon leucopareia swinhoei Math.

Hydrochelidon leucopareia swinhoei Mathews, Birds Australia, p. 320 (1912) (Foochow).
Bangs & Phillips record from Mengtsz, June 1911, 4 immature birds.

42. Rostratula benghalensis benghalensis (Linn.).

Rallus benghalensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, vol. i, p. 153 (1758) (Asia, ex Albin).

Anderson obtained 1 $ Momien, June 1868 ; Ingram records 3 <J(J, 1 ?
Mengtsz, May 1910 ; and Bangs & Phillips list 3 examples from the same place,
all ex Alan Owston ; Forrest sent 1 (J October 1919, and 1 $ aberr. December
1924, both from Tengyueh.

43. Capella solitaria (Hodgs.).

Gallinago solitaria Hodgson, Gleanings in Science, vol. iii, p. 238 (1831) (Nepal).

Colonel Rippon obtained 2 examples in the Lichiang Valley and Yangtse
Big Bend, March and April 1906 ; M. Pichon collected 1 specimen and Forrest
sent home 1 in his fourth collection obtained to the north of Tengyueh. Bona-
parte's name of japonica is a nomen 7iudum and moreover Japanese examples
are only known on migration (fide Hartert). M. & Mine. Comby obtained 1
specimen in 1909.

The status of solitaria japonica Bpt. is still too uncertain, but if it has any
justification it will apply here (see above).

44. Capella stenura (Bp.).

Scolopax stemira " Kuhl " Bonaparte, Ann. Stor. Xat. Bologna, vol. iv, p. 335 (1830) (Sunda Islands).

Bangs & Phillips record 6 specimens from Mengtsz ; and La Touche says it
appears in August on the plain of Mengtsz.

45. Capella gallinago raddei (But.).

Scolopax (Gallinago) gallinago raddei Buturlin, Kuliki Rossieskoi lmptrit-Trem\yu-lt- Journal in J'so-
veia i Ruzheinaia Ukhotu, 1912, p. 54 (of separate) (Siberia).

This eastern race of our Common Snipe is not very well known, ami requires
further study.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 219

Anderson records 1 $ from Kabynet, January 1875, and says abundant in
suitable localities ; Captain Wingate collected 2 near Yunnan City, February
1899 ; Bangs & Phillips record 1 from Mengtsz as g. gattinago, and 4 as g. uniclavus
Hodgs. La Touche, under the heading of g. gallinago, says plentiful in autumn.

46. Capella nemoricola (Hodgs.).

Gallinago nemoricola Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1836, p. 8 (Nepal).

There are two examples of this Snipe in the British Museum from Yunnan ;
1 in immature plumage has a very short bill.

47. Scolopax rusticola rusticola Linn.

Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, i, p. 146 (1758) (Europe — Sweden).

Major Davies, in his work on Yunnan, mentions that he shot a Woodcock
in the extreme north of the Province. Bangs & Phillips record 2 examples from
Mengtsz, and Andrews & Heller obtained 1 (Jon the Namting River, March 1917.
Forrest sent 1 $ from Tengyueh and 1 sex ? from the Lichiang Range.

48. Limosa liniosa melanuroides Gould.

Limosa melanuroides Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 84 (1846) (Port Essington).

Bangs & Phillips report 1 $ Mengtsz, September 1910, and Forrest sent
1 $ in his first collection from Tengyueh.

49. Himantopus himantopus himantopus (Linn.).

Cluiradrius himantopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 151 (1758) (S. Europe).

Forrest was the only collector who obtained this bird in Yunnan ; 1 worn
example was in his fourth collection from Tengyueh.

50. Terekia cinerea (Giild.).

Scolopax cinerea Giildenstadt, Nov. Comm. Petrop. vol. xix, p. 473, pi. xix(1774) (coast of the
Caspian Sea).

Bangs & Phillips record the only Yunnan example, 1 <$, Mengtsz, September
1910.

51. Tringa hypoleucos Linn.

Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus, Sysi. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 149 (1758) (Europe — Sweden).

Oustalet enumerates this bird among those obtained by Prince H. d'Orleans.
Colonel Rippon collected 2 Chutung Valley and Talifu Valley March and April
1902 ; and Forrest sent in his first collection 2 $$, 4 ?$ from Tengyueh, and 1 $,
Lichiang Range, 1918-1919. In the collection for 1925, Forrest sent 1 <J, 1 <j>,
Shweli Valley, 6,000 feet, rice fields, July- August 1925, and 1 <f>, Tengyueh Valley,
5,300 feet, rice fields, December 1925.

52. Tringa glareola Linn.

Tringa glareola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 149 (1758) (Europe — Sweden).

Messrs Menegaux & Didier record this among M. Pichon's collection ;
La Touche says this bird occurs in late summer and autumn on the plains near
Mengtsz ; and Bangs & Phillips list 11 examples- from Mengtsz (Alan Owstou).

220 NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

53. Tringa ochropus Linn.

Tringa ochropus (ocrophus) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat, "lit. x. pt. i. p. 149 (175S) (Europe).

The characters given by Mathews for his T. o. assami are not constant.
Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 $ Mengtsz, September 1910 ; Colonel Rippon
obtained 1 in the Lichiang Valley ; La Touche records it as common round
Mengtsz in winter ; Forrest sent 2 c$c5, 4 $$ Tengyueh ; 1 $, Mekong River ;
1 <$, Tangtze Valley ; 1 $, Shweli Valley.

In his 1925 collection Forrest sent 1 <£, 2 $$, Shweli Valley, 7,000 feet,
streams, August-October 1925.

54. Tringa nebularia (Gunn.).

Scolopax nebularia Gunnerus in Lecm, Beskr. Fitntt. Lapp. p. 251 (1767) (Norway).

Bangs & Phillips enumerate 8 examples from Mengtsz, 1910, under the
heading of Tringa nebularia glottoides (Vig.). The eastern birds were separated
by Vigors only because he compared 2 birds in different plumages ; the above-
mentioned writers are perfectly right in doubting Mathews' recognition of
glottoides, which is a pure synonym. La Touche says a greenshank was brought
to him on December 7, and he believes it is a common bird round Mengtsz in
winter.

55. Tringa totanus eurhinus (Oberh.).

Totanus totanus eurhinus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Xat. Mus. vol. xxii, p. 207 (Central and Eastern
Asia).

This race is rather variable and requires further study.

Bangs and Phillips record 4 examples, Mengtsz, September 1910.
M. Pichon obtained 1 example recorded under the name of Totanus calidris.
M. & Mme. Comby obtained 1 specimen in 1909.

56. Tringa erythropus (Pall.).

Scolopax erythropus Pallas, Vroeg's Cat. Coll. Adiimhraliuncula, p. 6 (1704) (Holland).
Ingram records 2 $3, Mengtsz, May 1910.

57. Erolia ruficollis (Pall.).

Tryncja ruficollis Pallas, Reise d. Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs. vol. ii, p. 700 (177) (Salt Lake in Dauria).
Bangs & Phillips record a <J, Mengtsz, April 1911, under the name of Pisobia
damascensis (Horsf.). (This may be really E. subminuta (Midd.) as though
Horsfield's bird is undoubtedly E. ruficollis, damascenus auct. is nearly always
subminuta.)

58. Hoplopterus ventralis (Wagl.).

Charadrius ventralis Wagler, Syst. Av. Cliaradrius, p. 59, sp. 11 (1827 " Senegal," err.).

Anderson records a single specimen from Muangla, May 1868 ; Andrews &
Heller obtained 2 $? at Meng-ting, February 1917; M. Pichon sent home 3
examples from the Salwin River. The 1925 collection of Forrest contained one
example of this bird, which is new to the Yunnan list.

1 $, Shweli Valley, 6,000 feet, rice fields, swamps, July 1925.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 221

59. Sarcogrammus indicus atronuchalis (Blyth).

Lobivanellus atronuchalis Blyth in Jerdon, Birds India, vol. iii, p. 648 (1864) (Burma).

Colonel Rippon collected 1 example in the Talifu Valley ; Forrest obtained
1 <?, 1 9, Tengyueh.

Forrest sent in his 1925 collection 1 <J, 1 9 ad-, 1 <? juv., Shweli Valley,
6,000 feet, rice fields and marshes, June and October 1925.

60. Microsarcops cinereus (Blyth).

Pluvianus cinereus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 587 (1842) (Calcutta).

Captain Wingate collected an adult (J, near Yunnan City, February 1899 ;
Forrest sent home 3 c?c?, 1 ? from Tengyueh ; M. Pichon obtained 1 example,
and says " common everywhere." Mr. La Touche enumerates 1 9 Mengtsz,
December 1920, and says it is fairly common in winter on the Mengtsz plateau.
M. & Mme. Comby got 1 between Yunnanfu and Seifu in 1909. Forrest's 1925
collection contained 1 <J, Tengyueh Valley, 5,300 feet, December 1925, 1 9>
Shweli Valley, 7,000 feet, October 1925, rice fields.

61. Charadrius dominicus fulvus Gm.

Charadrius fulvus Gmelin. Si/sl. Xal. vol. i, pt. 2, p. 687 (1789) (Tahiti).

Oustalet enumerates this bird among the 90 species obtained by Prince H.
d'Orleans, which are not quoted by Anderson. Bangs & Phillips record 1 (J, 1 9,
Mengtsz, April-November. M. Piehon's collection contains 3 examples, and he
says " common everywhere, lives in large flocks."

62. Charadrius dubius dubius Scop.

Charadrius dubius Scopoli, Del. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. vol. ii, p. 93 (1786) (Luzon).

Anderson collected 3 examples at Muangla, May 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips
list 4 from Mengtsz, March and September ; Forrest sent 1 9. Tengyueh, 1 $,
Teng Chuan Valley.

63. Charadrius dubius jerdoni (Legge).

Aegialilis jerdoni Legge, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1S80, p. 39 (Ceylon and Central India).

Bangs & Phillips attribute a very small example from Mengtsz, March 5,
to this race on account of the small size ; certainly the wing of 101-5 is even
smaller than Hartert gives in his Birds of the Palaearctic Fauna.

64. Charadrius dubius curonicus 6m.

Charadrius curonicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, pt. ii, p. 692 (1789) (habitat in Curonia).

La Touche is the only one who has recorded this form for Yunnan, 1 rj imm.
Mengtsz, August 1920.

65. Charadrius placidus Gray.

Charadrius placidus Gray, Cat. Mamm. Birds, etc., of Nepal and Thibet in Brit. Mns. (1863) (Nepal),

La Touche records 1 <£, Kopaotsun, May 1921 ; Forrest sent 4 99 from
Shweli Valley, and 4 $$ from the Tengyueh Valley. In Forrest's 1925 collection
are 1 (J, 1 9 Juv-> Shweli Valley, 6,000 feet, August 1925, rice fields

16

222 Novitates X toon us XXXIII. 1926.

66. Glareola inaldivarum Forst.

Glariola (Pratincola) maldivarum Forster, Faunula Indica, p. 11 (1795) (Maldives, ex Latham Gen.
Syn. iii, i, p. 224).

Bangs & Phillips record 6 examples from Mengtsz, July 1910.
67. Sphenocercus sphenurus yunnanensis La Touche.

Sphenocercus sphenurus yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 13 (1921) (Lotukow).

Oustalet records this pigeon from the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans ;
Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 ^, 1 $, Mengtsz, July ; Forrest sent 3 <$<S, 2 $?,
Lichiang Range, 1 <j\ Tengyueh, 2 $$, Shweli Valley, 2 $$, Mekong-Salwin
Divide, 3 $$, Shweli-Salwin Divide ; 1 (J, 1 $, Mekong Valley ; La Touche only
records his <J type from Lotukow.

In Forrest's 1925 collection are 2 ? juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 feet,
July 1925.

68. Onopopelia tranquebarica humilis (Temm.).

' 'olumba humilis Temminck, PI. ( 'ol. livr. xliv, pi. 2.39 ( 1S24) (Bengal, Luzon).

Ingram enumerates 1 ^, 1 $ Mengtsz, April 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips 15
examples also Mengtsz, various months ; Forrest sent 7 (JcJ, 6 $$ Tali Valley,
1 $ Tengyueh Valley, 1 $ Yangtze Valley, and 2 $$ Teng Chuan ; Mr. La Touche
records 1 $ cage bird, and says he heard this species also cooing in his garden
in May !

69. Streptopelia chinensis vacillans Hart.

Streptopelia chinensis vacillans Hartert, Nov. Zool. vol. xxiii, p. 83 (1916) (Yunnan, Mengtsz).

The bird of the plains alone is this subspecies, and apparently is only known
from Mengtsz. Ingram records 1 (J, 1 $ Mengtsz, and Bangs & Phillips enumerate
6 specimens also from there ; La Touche obtained 1 £ ad., 1 juv., and says
" extremely common at Mengtsz and in the vicinity." Anderson records birds
obtained in W. Yunnan under the head of tigrinus, but both these records
refer to the next race.) Bangs & Phillips record 6 examples from Mengtsz ;
La Touche records 1 <$ ad., 1 ? juv. Mengtsz, Aug. 1920, and says very common
round Mengtsz.

70. Streptopelia chinensis forresti Pvothsch.

Streptopelia chinensis forresti Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxxii, p. 293, No. 16 (1925) (hills round
Tengyueh).

Anderson was the first collector to obtain this bird ; he records 4 examples
from Tapeng, Ponsee, and Momien in Yunnan ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 $>
Namting River, and Forrest sent 2 (Jg1 Tengyueh, 1 (J hills round Tengyueh
(type), and 2 <$<$ ad., 1 <$ juv. Tengyueh Valley. This is the bird from Western
Yunnan, whereas S. c. vacillans Hart, has hitherto only been obtained around
Mengtsz, S.E. Yunnan. I erroneously identified Forrest's first specimen as
vacillans. Colonel Rippon obtained this bird at Lichiang ; Anderson records
1 from Katha, 1 from Tapeng, 3 from Ponsee, 1 from Momien, together with
17 Burmese examples under the name tigrinus; Andrews & Heller obtained
1 (J ad. Namting River, Feb. 1917, also recorded as tigrina. In Forrest's 1925

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926. 223

collection are 3 <$$ ad., 2 3<3, 2 $$, ] i juv. Tengyueh Valley, C,000 feet,
December 1925 ; 2 <J<J hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000-8,000 feet, August 1925.

Streptopelia orien talis (Lath.) and its subspecies.

Dr. Hartert was the first to try and throw light on the confusion surrounding
St. orientalis (see Nov. Zool. vol. xxih, 1916), and it was not his fault that the
existing data had been misused to such an extent that he was misled into new
errors. Both Hartert and most of the other writers were thus misled because
they had only consulted the original printed descriptions and not the other docu-
ments, viz. a list of the birds brought home by Sykes, and Sykes' own notes
sent from India in which it is made clear that Sykes' name meena applies to the
bird with pale grey under tail-coverts = streptopelia orientalis agricola (Tickell),
and that he only brought home 2 birds, both $$, and both in the British Museum
still. The original description (P.Z.S. 1832, p. 149) appears to have been drawn
up for Sykes by some other person who misunderstood Sykes. For in his manu-
script notes Sykes distinctly states that there is not the slightest difference
between $ and $. As therefore the birds from which this erroneous and mixed
description was made are undoubtedly grey vented, we must adopt the following
nomenclature :

Streptopelia orientalis orientalis (Lath.).

Columba orientalis Latham, Irul. Orn. vol. ii, p. 606, No. 48 (1790).

Streptopelia orientalis meena (Sykes).

Columba meena Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1832, p. 149 (Dukhiin).

Streptopelia orientalis ferrago (Eversm.).

Columba ferrago Eversmann, Add. ad. Zoog. Ross. As.fasc. iii, p. 17 (1842) (Songaria).

There will, however, always be some obstinate people to whom the letter
of the description means more than the type-specimen from which it is taken,
and these will continue to call ferrago meena and meena agricola.]

71. Streptopelia orientalis orientalis (Lath.).

Columba orientalis Latham, Ind. Orn. vol. ii, p. 606 (1790) (China).

Anderson enumerates 8 birds, 4 under Turtar meena and 4 under Titrtur
orientalis, of these birds in the register of Anderson's collections (second set),
received by the British Museum ; there are 3 entered under the name Turlur
gelasles. Of these 2 only can now be found, and both are examples enumerated
in Anderson's book under the name Turlur meena, viz. 1 <J Ponsee, March 1868,
and 1 $ Tsitkaw, Feb. 1875 ; of these the one from Ponsee is o. orientalis, and the
Tsitkaw 5 is o. meena. As we have Anderson enumerating 4 birds under the
name of Titrtur orientalis, and specially mentioning the differences of these
birds from his meena, I think we can accept it as quite established that 5 out of
the 8 mentioned by Anderson were orientalis orientalis. Therefore we have the
following : Anderson enumerates 1^2? Ponsee, March- April 1868 and 1878,
1 ? Tsitkaw, Feb. 1875, 1 $ Katha, Jan. 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips record 3 ? imm.
Mengtsz ; Andrews & Heller record 2 birds from Malipa, March 1917, as not

224 x.,vitates Zoological XXXIII. L926.

quite typical ; M. Pichon sent 1 specimen and remarks " common everywhere " ;
Forrest collected 1 $ Lichiang Range, 2 $$ vicinity of Tengyueh. In his 1925
collection he sent 2 rfg Tengyueh Valley, 7,000 feet, Dec. 11125 ; 1 <J, 1 $ ad.,
1 (J juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6,000-7,000 feet, Aug. 1925 ; La Touche enu-
merates 2 <J Mengtsz, Sept. 1920 and April 1921.

72. Streptopelia orientalis meena (Sykes).

Columba meena. Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1832. p. 149 (Dukhiin).

Anderson records 1 $ Tsitkaw, Feb. 1875, and 1 $ Katha, Jan. 1868;
Andrews & Heller record a specimen from Ho-mu-shu Pass, April 1917.

73. Columba leuconota gradaria Hart.

Columha leuconota gradaria Hartert, Nov. Zool. vol. xxiii, p. 85 (1916) (Szetschuan).

This bird is only recorded by Oustalet from Prince H. d'Orleans' collection.

74. Columba hodgsoni Vig.

' 'olumba hodgsoni Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1832. p. 10 (Nepal).

Oustalet enumerates this bird as having been obtained by Prince H. d'Or-
leans ; Bangs & Phillips mention 3 from Loukouchai ; and Andrews & Heller
obtained it at Chang-lung, 2,000 feet. Forrest sent 3 33, 2 <j>§ ad. Lichiang
Range ; 1 $ ad., 1 $ juv. Tengyueh Valley ; 1 (J, 1 $ ad. imm. Shweli-Salwin
Divide ; 1 $ Tali Valley.

75. Ducula badia (Ram.).

Columba badia Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xiii, p. 317 (1822) (Sumatra).

A <J ad. was obtained in S.W. Yunnan, by Captain A. W. S. Wingate.

76. Podiceps ruficollis poggei (Reichw.).

Cohjmbus nigricans poggei Reichenow, Journ.f. Ornith. p. 125 (1902) (Tschili, China).

Anderson reports this bird as being common at the foot of the Kakhyen Hills,
and at Momien (W. Yunnan) ; Bangs & Phillips record 1 adult and 1 immature
from Mengtsz; Forrest obtained 2 <$<$, 2 $$ in the Tengyueh Valley, August
1919 ; and Mr. La Touche brought home 1 young in down from Mengtsz, and
says it is common and resident. Forrest's 1925 collection contains 4 $$, 3 $$
Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 feet, December 1925.

77. Pelecanus philippensis Gm.

Pelecanus philippensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, pt. ii, p. 571 (1788) (Philippine Islands).

Mr. La Touche obtained 1 $ immature at Mengtsz, Oct. 1920, and says the
species is resident on Lake Tahung at the north end of the Mengtsz plateau.

78. Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Shaw & Nodder).

Pelecanus sinensis Shaw & Nodder, Nat. Misc. vol. xiii, pi. 529 and text (1801) (China).
Forrest obtained a young $ on the Lichiang Range, Oct. 1922.

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 225

79. Phalacrocorax filaraentosus (Temm. & Schleg.).

Carbo filaraentosus Teraminck & Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Ares, p. 129 (1850) (Japan).

Carlo capillatus Temrainck & Schlegel, Faun. Jap. Aves, pis. lxxxiii and lxxxiii?) (1850) (Japan).

La Touche records an example of this species from Mengtsz, Dec. 1920,
and states he saw, while travelling by train to Yuiinanfu, a number of cormorants,
including white-headed ones, sitting on the river banks or fishing.

80. Phalacrocorax javanicus (Horsf.).

Carbo javanicus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xiii, p. 197 (1822) (Java).

Anderson records this bird under the name of Ph. pygmaeus, and obtained
1 example at Tapeng, March, and 2 at Muangla, May 1868, and said it was very
common in the Sanda Valley. Major Davies publishes a picture of Cormorant
Fishers in the Chien-Ch'ang Valley, thus proving that these birds are also used
to catch fish by the Yunnanese. They were probably one of or both the
preceding larger species. Forrest obtained 1 $ ad., 1 $ juv. of javanicus in
the Tengyueh Valley in 1924.

La Touche observed 2 examples of this bird in or around his compound.
Forrest's 1925 collection contains 1 <J, 1 $ad., 1 $ juv. Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 feet,
Dec. 1925.

81. Mergus merganser merganser Linn.

Mertjus merganser Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 129 (1758) (Europe).

Colonel Rippon obtained 1 at Talifu, Feb. 1906; Mr. La Touche brought
home 1 $ Mengtsz-Manhao Road, Dec. 1920, and saw a ^ on the journey to
Yunnanfu. (As Captain Wingate obtained Mergus squamatus in S.W. Honan,
and M. merganser orientalis is said to breed in Thibet, I have no doubt these
birds also occur in Yunnan.) 1 $ Yunnan, 1901, collected by Captain H. R.
Davies, is in the British Museum.

82. Nyroca fuligula (Linn.).

Anas fuligula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 128, No. 39 (1758) (European seas).

Forrest sent 1 $ Shweli Valley, June 1924 ; La Touche says this species
winters on the Mengtsz Plain.

There are in the British Museum 2 unsexed examples, collected by Captain
H. R. Davies in Yunnan, 1899.

83. Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha Linn.

Anas platyrhyncha Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 125 (1758) (Europe).

Colonel Rippon's collection contains 1 $ Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906.

84. Anas acuta acuta Linn.

Anas acuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 126 (1758) (European seas).

One example was shot at Mengtsz, Dec. 1920, according to Mr. La Touche.

85. Anas penelope Linn.

Anas penelope Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 126 (1758) (Europe).
One was shot at Mengtsz in 1921, writes La Touche.

220 Xovitatks Zoolouicae XXXIII. 1926.

86. Anas formosa Georgi.

Anas formosa Georgi, Bemerk. Reise. Ross. Reich., p. 168 (1775) (Lake Baikal).

Mr. La Touche says this bird was shot at Mengtsz in winter by Captain de
Lusignan.

87. Anas crecca crecca Linn.

Anas crecca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. pt. i, p. 125 (1758) (Europe on fresh water).

Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 ? Mengtsz, Oct. ; M. Pichon also obtained
1 $, but says the Teal was abundant in the Tengyueh Valley ; La Touche says
it is common on the lakes near Mengtsz.

88. Anas querquedula Linn.

Anas querquedula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, vol. i, p. 126 (1758) (Europe).

Forrest sent in his 1925 collection 1 3 juv. Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 feet,
Dec. 1925.

89. Casarca ferruginea (Pall.).

Anas ferruginea. Pallas, Vroeg's Cat. Adumbratiuncula, p. 5 (1764) (Tartary).

Anderson obtained 1 <J, 1 ? on the sandbanks of the Tapeng River, Feb.
1875, and says they were common in the Sanda Valley ; M. Pichon collected
1 $ at Tengyueh, and says that the neighbouring lakes and watercourses in
winter are covered with immense masses of the Ruddy Sheldrake ; La Touche
says abundant on the Mengtsz plain in winter ; Colonel Rippon obtained an
example W. Yxinnan, 1906.

90. Nettapus coroniandelianus (Gm.).

An H ••oromandeliana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. i, pt. ii, p. 556 (1788) (Coast of Coromandel).
Ingram enumerates 1 cj, May 1910, Mengtsz.

91. Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Gm.).

Anita cinnamomea Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, pt. 2, p. 643 (1789) (China).

Anderson collected an example at Sanda, July 1808, and Ingram records
1 (J Mengtsz, May 1910 ; Bangs and Phillips list 7 specimens Mengtsz, April-
June ; M. Pichon sent home 3 examples and says it was very common everywhere ;
Forrest obtained 1 £, 1 $ in the Shweli Valley, June 1919 ; La Touche obtained

1 cJ ad., 1 $ imm. Mengtsz, July-Oct. 1920 ; M. & Mme. Comby obtained 2
examples and state it is common everywhere. In Forrest's 1925 collection are

2 (JtJ, 1 $ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, April'1925 ; 1 <J, 2 $? Tengyueh
Valley, 6,000 feet, April 1925.

92. Ixobrychus sinensis (Gm.).

Ardea sinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i. pt. 2. p. 642 (1789) (China ex Latham).
Bangs & Phillips record 1 <$, 1 $ Mengtsz, June 1911.

Novitatks Zoological XXXIII. 1926. 227

93. Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.).

Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 142 (1758) (S. Europe).

Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 <J, 1 $ Mengtsz, Sejst. ; Forrest sent 1 cj ad.
Lichiang Range, 1 ? juv. N.W. of Tengyueh, Oct. 1918-1919 ; La Touche
obtained 2 adults, 2 young Mengtsz, Aug. -Nov. 1920, and said they bred in the
Commissioner of Customs' garden and in the Railway Compound.

Forrest's 1925 collection contains 6 <$S, 1 ? ad. Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet,
Nov.-Dec. 1925.

94. Butorides striatus javanicus (Horsf.).

Ardea javanica Hursfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xiii, p. 190 (1821) (Java).

Ingram records 1 <$ Mengtsz, May 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips 3 examples from
the same place, Aug. 1910 ; Forrest sent 1 $ Tengyueh Plain, 1 J Lichiang
Range, 1 <J, 1 $ Tali Valley ; Mr. La Touche obtained 2 ad., 1 imm. Mengtsz,
1920 ; M. & Mine. Comby collected 2 specimens in 1909.

95. Butorides striatus amurensis Schrenck.

Ardea (Butorides) virascens var. amurensis Schrenck, Reise Amur-Lande, vol. i, pt. ii, p. 441 (1860)
(Amur).

Forrest collected an immature $ in the hills N.W. of Tengyueh, Aug. 1924.
96. Ardeola bacchus (Bp.).

Biiphus bacchus Bonaparte, C'onsp. gen. Av. vol. ii (1855) (Malay Peninsula).

Captain Wingate's collection includes a <J imm. Yunnan City, Feb. 1898 ;
Forrest sent 1 $ Hsia Kuon Valley, 1 $ Lichiang Range, 1 ? Tengyueh Plain,

1 $ Shweli Valley, and 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide ; Mr. La Touche says common
in winter on the Mengtsz plateau ; M. & Mine. Comby procured 1 example in
1909 ; Forrest sent in his 1925 collection 1 ? Tengyueh Valley, 5,300 feet, Dec.
1925, rice fields and marshes.

97. Bubulcus ibis coromandus (Bodd.).

Cancroina coromanda Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 54 (1783) (Coromandel).

Anderson records 3 examples Muangla, May 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips list

2 specimens Mengtsz, Aug. 1910 ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 immature $
Lung-ling, March 1917 ; M. Pichon collected 1 <J, 2 $$, and says it is common
everywhere in Yunnan ; Forrest sent 2 $$ Tengyueh Valley ; Mr. La Touche
obtained 3 juv. Mengtsz, July-Aug. 1920 ; M. & Mme. Comby collected 1 speci-
men in 1909. 2 $$ Shweli Valley, 6,000 feet, June 1925, are in Forrest's 1925
collection.

98. Egretta garzetta garzetta (Linn.).

Ardea garzetta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, xii, pt. i, p. 237, No. 13 (1766) (habitat in Oriente).

Anderson observed this bird near Muangla ; Captain Wingate collected
1 (J ad. Yuan-chu-Wu-ho River ; Forrest sent 1 <J, 1 $ Tengyueh Valley, June
1924 ; Mr. La Touche says plumes of this bird he saw at Mengtsz were said to
come from Linanfu.

228 NoviTATES Zoological XXXIII. 1920.

99. Egretta intermedia intermedia (Wagl.).

Anita intermedin Waaler. Iris, 1829, p. (i.">9 (Java).

Anderson mentions having observed this bird at Muangla ; Bangs & Phillips
record 6 specimens Mengtsz, July-Aug. ; La Toiiche obtained 2 young birds
Mengtsz, 1920.

100. Ardea cinerea jouyi Clark.

Ardea cinerea jouyi dork, Proc. U.S. Nat. Hits, vol. xxxii, p. 4B8 (19(17) (Seoul, Corea).

M. Pichon collected a young example at Patikai, and says it was common
everywhere.

101. Graptocephalus davisoni (Hume).

GeronHcus davisoni Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. iii. p. 300 (1875) (Pakchan, Tenasserim).

1 (J ad. S.W. Yunnan, April 1899, was collected by Captain Wingate.

102. Ibis melanocephalus (Lath.).

Tantalus melanocephalus Latham, Ind, Orn. vol. ii, p. 709 (1790).
Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 ad. $ Mengtsz.

103. Pseudotantalus leucocephalus (Foist.).

Tantalus leurorejihaltts Forster, Ind. Zool. p. 20, pi. x (1781).
Bangs & Phillips record 5 examples Mengtsz.

104. Ciconia nigra (Linn.).

Ardea nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 142 (1758) (North Europe).

Captain Wingate procured a $ near Ching-tung, March 1899 ; Mr. La Touche
says it is common in winter on the Mengtsz plain.

105. Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (Linn.).

Faleo haliaetus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 91 (1758) (Europe).

Mr. La Touche states that he observed an Osprey in 1920-21 all through
the winter round Mengtsz, and another one in April 1921 beyond Amichow.

106. Elanus caeruleus caeruleus (Desf.).

Fatco caeruleus Desfontaines, Hist. {Mem.) Acad. Paris annee 1787, p. 503, pi. xv (1789) (Algiers).
Anderson collected a ^ at Moruien, June 1868 ; Captain Wingate obtained
an adult cJ near Yunnan City, Feb. 1899 ; M. Pichon collected a single specimen
in the Salwin Valley ; and La Touche records 1 (J Yunnanfu, May 1921 ;
M. & Mine. Comby collected 1 example in 1!")!) ; Colonel Rippon obtained 1 5
Tali Hills, 6,450 feet, March 1902 ; 1 <J Yunnan, Styan coll., is in the British
Museum.

107. Pernis apivoras orientalis Tacz.

Pernis apivorus orientalis Taczanowski, Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient, vol. i, p. 50 (1891) (East Siberia).

Forrest collected 1 (J. 1 $ Lichiang Range, Oct. 1922 ; La Touche obtained
1 $ Mengtsz, Nov. 1920, and saw a second on the same day.

NoVITATES ZooLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 229

108. Pernis ellioti Jerd.

Pernis ellio/i Jerdon, Madras Journ. Lit. Scien. vol. x, p. 74, 1839 (Mahratta, India).

M. Pichon obtained an example in the Tengyueh Valley, of which Menegaux
states that it is in a very exceptional plumage.

109. Haliastur indus indus (Bodd.).

Falco indus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enh p. 25 (1783) (Pondichery).

Forrest sent among his 1925 collection 1 $ ad. Tengyueh Valley, 7,000,
Dec. 1925. Bill black, tipped with horn yellow ; feet greyish green, claws
black ; iris brown.

110. Milvus lineatus (Gray).

Haliactus lineatus Gray in Hardwicke's ///. Intl. Zoul., vol. i, p. 1, pi. xviii (1832) (China).

Anderson collected 1 <J, 1 $ juv. at Momien, June-July 1868 ; Forrest sent
1 specimen Lichiang Range, Sept. 1922 ; M. Pichon collected 2 examples near
Tengyueh ; Mr. La Touche brought home L <J, 1 $ Mengtsz, Dec. 1920, and re-
marks he only observed Kites there in the winter.

111. Milvus migrans govinda Sykes.

Milvus govinda Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, pt. ii, p. 81 (1832) (Dekkan).
M. Pichon sent 1 $ of this bird.

112. Accipiter trivirgatus rufitinctus (McClell.).

Astur rtifotinctus McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. vii, p. 153 (1840) (Assam).

Bangs & Phillips list 1 <J Mengtsz, Sept. 1910 ; Andrews & Heller obtained
1 (J Namting River, Feb. 1917 (wing 230 mm.) ; Forrest sent 1 <$ Mekong-Salwin
Divide Sept. 1921 (wing 333 mm.) ; La Touche says that what he took to be
this bird was very common round Mengtsz, but he could not obtain a specimen.

113. Accipiter affinis Gurney.

Accipiter rirgatus subsp. affinis Gurney, List Diurn Birds Prey, pp. 39 and 168-173 (1884) (Himalayas
and Formosa).

Forrest sent 1 $ ad. Mekong Valley, and 1 $ juv., 1 $ ad. from the vicinity
of Teng3rueh ; M. Pichon collected one also near Tengyueh ; La Touche obtained
an immature $. According to Menegaux, it has been recorded for Yunnan by
David & Oustalet.

Forrest sent in the 1925 collection 1 $ juv. hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000
feet, October 1925. Bill dark blackish grey ; feet and iris pale yellow.

114. Accipiter nisus nisosimilis Tick.

Falco nisosimilis Tiokell, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. ii, p. 571 (1833 or 1834) (Borabhum, India).

Ingram enumerates 1 <J Mengtsz, April 1910 ; Captain Wingate sent home
1 $ S.W. Yunnan ; La Touche obtained 1 <$, 4 $$ at and near Mengtsz, and says
it is very common ; M. & Mme. Comby sent home 1 example in 1909.

230 X.iYITATES Zoological XXXlll. 1926.

115. Accipiter nisus melanoschistus Hume.

Accipiter melanoschistus Hume, Ihis 1869, p. 356 (Simla).

Oustalet quotes this under the name nisus from the collection of Prince H.
d'Orleans ; M. Pichon obtained a large 2 near Tengyueh ; Forrest sent 1 (J, 2 22
ad. from the Lichiang Range. In the 1925 collection is 1 2 (sexed <J errore).
N. of Tengyueh, Oct. 1925.

116. Accipiter badius poliopsis (Hume).

Micronisus poliopsis Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. ii, p. 325 (1874) (North Pegu).

M. Pichon obtained 1 example ; Menegaux in recording it says it has been
already detailed by previous authors from Yunnan, but I have failed to find any
previous record.

117. Accipiter gentilis schvedowi (Menzb.).

Astiir palumharius schvedowi Menzbier, Orn. Geoyr. Eur. Rassl. in Mem. sc. Univers. Imp. Moec.
Hist. Nat. 1882, p. 439 (Transbaicalia).

Forrest sent a young 2 Lichiang Range ; La Touche also got a 2 juv. at
Mengtsz.

118. Accipiter gentilis khaniensis (Bianchi).

Astur palumbaritus khamensis Bianchi, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xvi, p. 70 (1906) (Kliam, S.E. Thibet).

Dr. Hartert in his handbook of Palaearctic Birds has united A. g. khamensis
and A. g. schvedowi, but I consider this in the light of later investigations not to
be the case.

Forrest obtained an adult 2 of this race in the Lichiang Range.

119. Circus cyaneus cyaneus (Linn.).

Falco cyaneiis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, xii, pt. i, p. 126 (neighbourhood of London).

Captain Wingate got 1 cJ ad., 1 <J imm. in S.W. Yunnan ; Forrest collected
2 cJcJ north of Tengyueh ; M. Pichon sent home 1 c?, 5 22 from around Tengyueh ;
M. & Mme. Comby obtained 1 <$ in 1909. In Forrest's 1925, collection are 1 <J, 1 2
(sexed <$ errore) Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Dec. 1925.

120. Circus melanoleucus (Foist.).

Falco melanoleucus Forster, Inil. Zool. p. 12, pi. ii (1781) (Ceylon).

Anderson obtained an immature example at Muangla, May L868 ; Bangs
and Phillips record 4 JJ and 22 from Mengtsz ; Forrest sent 1 S, 1 2 N.E. of
Tengyueh, 1 2 Tengyueh Valley, 1 <$ Shvveli Valley ; La Touche records 1 seen
at Mengtsz in early autumn 1920. In Forrest's 1925 collection 1 S Tengyueh
Valley, 6,000 feet, April 1925 ; 1 J Yunnan, F. \V. Styan, is in the British
Museum.

121. Circus aeruginosus aeruginosus (Linn.).

Falco aeruginosus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, pt. i, p. 91 (1758) (Europe).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 example from Mengtsz, May 1910 ; La Touche
says " common on the plains during winter."

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 192(5. 231

122. Circus spilonotus Kaup.

Cirrus spilonotus Kaup in Jardine's Contr. Orn. for 1850, p. 59 (Asia).

Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 $ Mengtsz, March ; La Touche obtained
1 c? Mengtsz, Dec. 1920.

123. Spilornis cheela ricketti Sclat.

Spilornia cheela ricketti Sclater, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xl, p. 37 (1919) (Yamakan).
Andrews & Heller obtained 1 (J ad. at Malipa, March 1917.

124. Buteo buteo japonicus (Temm. & Schleg.).

Falco buteo japonicus Temminck & Schlegel in Siebold's Faun. Japan. Avcs, p. 16, pis. vi and vib
(1844-1845) (Japan).

Captain Wingate collected 1 <J ad. near Yunnan City, Feb. 1899 ; Forrest
sent 1 $ from the Lichiang Range.

125. Aquila chrysaetus daphanea Menzb.

Aquila daphanea Menzbier, Orn. Turkestan, vol. i, p. 75 (1888) (Central Asia).

M. Pichon collected 3 semi-adult specimens, and states that they frequented
the neighbourhood of Tengyueh in considerable numbers.

126. Aquila nipalensis nipalensis Hodgs.

Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, Asiatic Res. vol. xviii, pt. 2, pi. i, pp. 13-16 (1833) (Plain of Nepal).

Forrest collected a $ juv. in the Lichiang Range, Aug. 1918 ; La Touche
records a very dark eagle observed on the Mengtsz plain, which I suspect was
this species.

127. Torgos calvus (Scop.).

Vultur calvus Scopoli, Del. Faun, and Flor. Insubr. vol. ii, p. 85 (1786) (Pondiehery (ex Sonnerat)).
M. Pichon sent 3 examples, 1 juv., 2 semi-adult ; he says this vulture frequents
the plains round Tengyueh in summer and is sporadically found throughout
Yunnan.

On the Asiatic forms of Falco tinnunculus.

Hartert in vol. ii of his Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna has made 3 geographical
races occur in Asia : viz. F. tinnunculus tinnunculus Linn., F. t. japonicus Temm. &
Schleg., and F. t. saturatus Blyth. In his appendix, vol. iii, p. 2201, he adopts
for saturatus Blyth on the authority of Mr. W. L. Sclater the name interstinctus
McClell., which in his vol. ii he had placed as a synonym of t. tinnunculus. In
1920 (Syn. list Accip., p. 146 (Siberia)), the late H. Kirke Swann separated the
extreme East Asiatic birds as dorriesi ; on the same page, 2201, Hartert relegates
this name to the synonyms of t. tinnunculus. Swarm's type is in the Tring
Museum, and after carefully going through the distinguishing characters given
by Swann I came to the conclusion that the only one which could be considered
at all was the greater length of the tail. On further investigation I find that it
is quite true that some Siberian birds have long tails, but Kestrels with equally
long tails are found in England and Central Europe. When I was studying

232 Xovitatks Zoological XXXIII. IHL'ii.

the Yunnan Kestrels Mr. Kinnear and Colonel Meinertzhagen pointed out
that certain examples were excessively dark, and had a strong bluish wash.
Mr. Kinnear and I then began to examine the British Museum series of Kestrels,
including McClelland's type of interstinctus, and we were at once convinced that
there were numerous points to clear up, viz. were the darkest Yunnan birds
really interstinctus ? ; were the pale Yunnan birds found in winter /. tinnunculus ?
were they japonicus, or what were they ? finally what were the continental
Indian breeding birds, and was sat ur/it us = to interstinctus ? Colonel Meinertz-
hagen, Mr. Kinnear, and I have now examined an enormous series of the former's
birds, including the Tring and British Museum series, and we have come to
the following conclusions : (1) McClelland's interstinctus is not the same as
saturatus Blyth, but is identical with japonicus Temm. & Schleg. (2) The
very dark Yunnan bird is sat unit us Blyth, and is the breeding bird of S. China,
Yunnan, and Tenasserim, whereas interstinctus = japonicus and tinnunculus
are only winter visitors. (3) The breeding bird of N.E. China and Japan is
interstinctus = japonicus. (4) The breeding birds of the Himalayan Region,
Central Asia, and Siberia are tinnunculus, of which dorriesi is a synonym.
(5) The breeding bird of Peninsular continental India is distinct, and has no
name.

128. Falco tinnunculus interstinctus (McClell.).

Tinnunculus interstinctm McClelland, Pror. Zool. Soc. London, Part vii, p. 154 (1840) (Assam).
Falcol innunculus japonicus Temininck & Schlegel in Siebold's Faun. Jap. Arcs. p. 2, pi. i and Vi
(1844) (Japan).

Ingram records 1 $ Mengtsz, April 1910. Forrest sent 1 <$ ad., 1 $ in moult,
1 c? juv. Lichiang Range, 1 $ Shweli Valley, 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide. In
his 1925 collection is 1 $ hills round Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, Dec. 1925. In the
British Museum is 1 $ Gyi-dzin-Shan, March 1902, Colonel Rippon ; Bangs &
Phillips record 1 <J, 1 $ Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. ; M. & Mme. Comby obtained 1 <S,
1 $ ; Monsieur Pichon sent 1 <$, 2 $$.

129. Falco tinnunculus saturatus (Blyth).

Falco saturatus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxviii, p. 277 (1859) (Tenasserim).

Ingram records 1 £ in moult, 1 S Juv- Mentgsz, July 1910, and Momien,
June 1868, Anderson coll. ; Forrest sent 1 tS Mekong-Salwin Divide, 3 $$ Li-
chiang Range, 1 $ Shweli Valley. In the British Museum are 1 <$, 3 $$ Mekong-
Salwin Divide, 1 <J, 2 $$ Lichiang Range, Forrest coll. ; 1 3 Talifu Valley, July
1900; 1 ^ Yunnan City, Feb. 1899, Captain Wingate ; 3 (?<?, 1 $ Yunnan,
F. W. Styan coll. The one $ in the Styan collection is very remarkable, the
slaty blue wash on the back and wings is strongly developed, and the same
colour of the head and rump has spread so that the chestnut colour is almost
obsolete ; Bangs & Phillips record 6 specimens Mengtsz, March-Nov. ; Andrews
and Heller obtained 1 J1 ? Hung-chang, Jan. 1917 ; La Touche obtained 1 $
Mengtsz, Nov. 1920.

130. Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus Linn.

Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus. Si/sl. S'at. edit, x, vol. i, p. 90 (1758) (Europe — Sweden).

Pichon obtained 2 examples of this form ; Forrest sent 1 <J, 2 $$ Shweli
Valley, 1 <J Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 $ Tengyueh. In his 1925 collection are

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 233

4 (J^ hills round Tengyueh, 7,000-8,000 feet, Dec. 1925. Open country.
Oustalet lists this bird among those of Prince H. d'Orleans. In my first article
and the subsequent ones I recorded all the dark birds both breeding and migrant
as interstinctus, not having realised that there were two races.

131. Falco naumanni pekinensis Swinh.

Ftib-o cenchris var. 2>eHnensis Swinhoe, Pror. Zool. Hue. London, 1870, p. 442 (neighbourhood of
Peking).

Pichon collected 1 specimen.

132. Falco subbuteo streichi Hart. & Neum.

Falco subbuteo streichi Hartert & Neumann, Journ. f. Orn. 1908, pp. 283, 287, 289 (Tschuktschen
Land, East Siberia).

Anderson collected a young bird at Momien in June referred to this form
by Collingwood Ingram, but it was probably subbuteo centralasiae. But Forrest
sent an undoubted $ of this bird from S.W. of Tengyueh, Oct. 1919.

133. Glaucidium brodiei (Burton).

Xnrlna brodiei Burton, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1835, p. 152 (Himalayas).

Colonel Rippon obtained this bird at Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ; and
Oustalet enumerates the species from the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans.

134. Glaucidium cuculoides cuculoides (Gould).

Noclna cuculoides Gould, Cent. Hiinul. Birds, pi. and text 4 (1832) (Himalayas).

Andrews & Heller collected 1 $ ad. on the Namting River.
135. Glaucidium cuculoides whitelyi (Blyth).

Athene whitelyi Blyth. Ibis, 1867, p. 313 (China).

Forrest sent 1 <$ from the Lichiang Range, and 1 $ from the Yangtze Valley ;
Pichon sent one Salwin Valley, Feb. 1910.

136. Strix aluco nivicola (Blyth).

Syrnium nivicolum Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xiv, p. 185 (1845) (Himalayas).

Although in my second article on Forrest's birds I used the name harterti,
La Touche, I here call the Yunnan birds nivicola as the material available is not
at all sufficient to decide whether they belong to the Himalayan nivicola Blyth
or the Chinese harterti La Touche.

Forrest has sent 1 cj ad., 1 $ ad., 2 $$ juv. Lichiang Range, 1 $ N.W. of
Tengyueh ; La Touche records a living adult Woodowl from Posi, and also a
young one from near Yunnanfu. Forrest's £ from Lichiang is exactly similar
to the type of harterti, but as Woodowls are extremely variable individually it
will require a large series to decide if harterti and nivicola are separable, and if so
whether all Yunnan examples are one or the other, or if both occur.

There is an example of this form in the British Museum from Yunnan
Styan collection.

In the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington , vol. xxxviii, p. 10,
1925, J. H. Riley has described 2 birds collected by Dr. J. F. R. Rock, in the

034 Novitates ZoOLOQIOAE XXXIII. 1926.

Lichiang Mts., as new under the name of Strix aluco nivipetens, and his description
fits Forrest's birds exactly. But I cannot yet decide from the material extant
whether this name is a synonym of harterti or both synonyms of nivicola.

137. Asio flammeus flammeus (Pontopp.).

Slru flammea Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, vol. i, p. 617, pi. xxv (1763) (Denmark).
Pichon obtained 2 examples in the plain of Tengyueh.

138. Otus bakhamoena glabripes (Swinh.).

Ephialtes glabripes Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vi, p. 152 (1870) (South China).

Ingram records a specimen, under the name of O. lempiji erythrocampe
(Swinh.), from Mengtsz, but it is really an example of the above ; Forrest sent
2 cJc? near Tengyueh, 1 ? Tengyueh Valley, 1 <$, 1 $ ad., 1 cJ 1, $ Juv- Shweli-
Salwin Divide ; La Touche obtained 1 <J Kopaotsun, May 1921.

In Forrest's 1925 collection are 3 ? juv. hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet,
April 1925.

139. Otus malayana (Hay).

Scops malayana Hay, Madr. Journ. vol. xiii, pt. 2, p. 147.

Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 $, 1 ? Mengtsz, Oct. 1910.

140. Ninox scutulata burmanica Hume.

Ninox burmanica Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. iv, p. 285 (1876) (Pegu and Tenasserim).

Bangs & Phillips list 2 adults Mengtsz, Oct. and July, 1910 ; La Touche
collected 1 <$, 2 $$ Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. 1920.

In the 1925 collection of Forrest is 1 ? juv. hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000
feet, Oct. 1925.

141. Ketupa ceylonensis (Gm.).

Strix ceylonensis Gmelin, Sysl. Nat. vol. i, p. 287 (1788) (Ceylou).
La Touche collected 1 $ near Mengtsz, Oct. 1920.

142. Bubo bubo jarlandi La Touche.
Bubo bubo jarlandi La Touche, Bull. B.O.t '. vol. xlii. p. 14 (1921) (Mengtsz).

Anderson obtained a $ at Momien, July 1868 ; and La Touche obtained
1 (J, 1 $ alive at Mengtsz ; the $ died, and is the type of the description.

143. Rhopodytes tristis tristis (Less.).

Melias tristis Lesson, Traite d'Orn. p. 132 (1831) (? Sumatra).

Forrest collected 2 $$ in the Salwin Valley, April 1921 ; Andrews & Heller
obtained 1 cj Chang-lung, Salwin River. March 1917 ; La Touche got 1 <$ Hokow,
Jan. 1921. In the British Museum are 1 (J, 1 1 ad. Yuen Chang, Styan coll. In
Forrest's 1925 collection he sent 1 $ Tengyueh Valley, 7,000 feet, Dec. 1925.

Novitates Zoological XXXIII. l'J2U. 235

144. Centropus bengalensis bengalensis (Gm.).

' 'iiriilus bengalensis Graelin, Sysl. Nat. vol. i, p. 214 (1788) (Bengal).

Forrest collected 1 <J ad. near Tengyueh, Aug. 1924, and 1 ? juv. Lichiang
Range.

145. Centropus sinensis sinensis (Stepb..).

Polophilus sinensis Stephens, Gen. Zool. vol. ix, p. 51 (1815) (China).

Captain Wingate collected 1 o at Mongkow, April 1899 ; Mr. La Touche
says he heard this bird at Hokow.

146. Centropus sinensis intermedius (Hume).

( 'enirococcyz intermedius Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. i, p. 454 (1873) (Dacca, The Doon, Thayetmyo).

Andrews & Heller collected 5 examples at Changlung, Salwin River, Meng-
ting, and on the Namting River.

147. Eudynamis scolopaceus enigmaticus subsp. nov.

This bird is a puzzle ; it has the typically coloured $ of the Indian bird,
but the large size of sc. malayana Cab. & Hein. The latter, however, has a very
different $. Average length of <J whig in sc. scolopaceus 194 mm., of sc. enig-
maticus 205 mm. Type $ ad. from the hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet,
April 1925, No. 6201.

Ingram enumerates 3 (JcJ, 4 $$ from Mengtsz, May-June 1910 ; Colonel
Rippon obtained it at Yungchang, April 1906 ; Bangs & Phillips list 17 examples
Mengtsz, April-Oct. ; M. Pichon sent 2 adult <$-<$ ; M. & Mme. Comby obtained
1 <J, 1 ?, ad. 1 cj juv. ; Forrest collected 1 $ near Tengyueh, 1 J1 Tengyueh Valley,
1 $ Tali Valley, and 1 $ Mekong-Salwm Divide ; La Touche lists 1 example
Yunnanfu, 8 from Mengtsz, July-Oct. 1920. In the 1925 collection Forrest
sent 1 cJ ad., 1 <$ jun. hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, April 1925 ; 1 $Shweli-
Salwin Divide, Aug. 1925. Pine forests.

148. Sumiculus lugubris dicruroides (Hodgs.).

Pseudornis dicruroides Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1839, p. 136 (Nepal).

Anderson records 1 example Ponsee, April 1868 ; La Touche records a
young bird and an adult as seen at close quarters; Forrest sent in his 1925
collection 1 <J, 1 $ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, May 1925. Forests.

149. Cacomantis merulinus querulus Heine.

Cacomantis querulus Heine, Journ. f. Orn. 1863, p. 352 (India, Nepal, Burma).

Forrest obtained 1 <J Mekong Valley, 2 <J<J ad., 1 $ juv. environment of
Tengyueh, 1 (J Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 o Juv- Shweli ; Anderson records under
the name of rufiventris a specimen from Ponsee, April 1868 ; Ingram enumerates
5 c?c?> 1 ? Mengtsz, April-July 1910; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 11 specimens
Mengtsz, May-Sept. ; M. Pichon sent 1 example ; La Touche collected 1 $ ad.,
5 (JcJ, 1 ? imm. Mengtsz, Feb.-Oct. 1920-1921. In the 1925 collection Forrest
sent 2 (JcJ, 2 $? ad., 1 $ juv. hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 9,000 feet, April and Oct.
1925.

236 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

150. Chalcitis raaculatus (Gm.).

Troyon maculatus Gmelin, Syst. Jfat. vol. i. p. 404 (1788) (Ceylon, ex Brown Illustr.) (errore say Pegu).

Captain Wingate obtained 1 <$ S.W. Yunnan, April 1899 ; M. & Mme.
Comby collected 1 example ; La. Touche collected 1 specimen Hokow, April
1921. Forrest sent in his 1925 collection 1 £, 1 $ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000
feet, April 1925 ; 2 $$ (sexed J) ad.. 1 ? juv. hills W. of Tengyueh, 0,000 feet,
Oct. 1925.

151. Cuculus canorus telephonus Heine.

Cuculus telephonus Heine, Joiim. f. Orn. p. 352 (1863) (Japan).

Anderson records a ^ Ponsee, April 1868 ; Captain Wingate collected

1 <J ad. S.W. Yunnan, April 1899 ; M. Pichon sent home 3 ad. and 1 $ juv. ;
Bangs & Phillips record 3 specimens Mengtsz, May 1911; Forrest sent 2 (JcJ,
3 $? ad., 3 c?cJ juv. Lichiang Range, 1 ? juv. Talifu, 2 <$<$ ad., 2 $$, 2 $<$ juv.
round Tengyueh ; La Touche got 1 J Yunnanfu, May 1921.

152. Cuculus canorus bakeri Hart.

( '■aBidin canorus Ixikeri Hartert, Vog. palaark. Faun. pt. vii, vol. ii, p. 948, No. 1390 (1912) (Shillong).

Bangs & Phillips list 6 examples Mengtsz ; Andrews & Heller obtained

2 cJcJ ad. Tengyueh, Ting, and Wa-hui ; La Touche collected 1 9 Mengtsz, April
1921. In Forrest's 1925 collection are 4 d<$, 1 $ ad., 1 J juv. hills N.W. of
Tengyueh, 6,000-8,000 feet, April 1925. Thickets and forests.

153. Cuculus optatus Gould.

( 'uculus optatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. xiii, p. 18 (1845) (Port Essington).

Ingram records 2 $$ Mengtsz, May 1910; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 <$
Mengtsz, April 1911 ; Forrest sent 2 <J<J ad., 1 $ juv., Lichiang Range.

154. Cuculus intermedius intermedius Vahl.

Cuculus intermedius Vahl., Skriv. af Nat. Selskabet Kjohenhavn, vol. iv, p. 58 (1789) (Tranquebar).

Oustalet records this Cuckoo from Prince H. d'Orleans collection ; Forrest
sent 2 (J (J, 2 $$, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 1 $, 1 ? (red phase) N.W. of Tengyueh, 1 $
(grey phase), Tengyueh Valley, 1 $ Shweli. In the 1925 collection are 2 <$$, 1 $
hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, May 1925 ; 1 $ N. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet,
April 1925. Forests.

155. Cuculus sparverioides Vig.

Cuculus sparverioides Vigors, Pror. Coram. Zool. Sor. London, pt. i, p. 173 (1832) (Himalaya).

Bangs & Phillips quote 1 example minus precise data ; Forrest collected
1 cj, 1 $ juv. T'ong Shan, 1 J juv. Shweli, 1 3 juv. Mekong Valley, 3 <$<$ ad.
Lichiang Range ; 1 cJ, 3 $? ad., 1 <J juv. Tengyueh and vicinity.

In his 1925 collection are 1 (J, 2 ?? hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, April
and Oct. 1925 ; 1 $ hills N. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, April 1925 ; 1 J, 1 ? hills
round Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Dec. 1925. Forests.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 237

156. Yynx torquilla japonica Bp.

Yunx japonica Bonaparte, Consp. avium, vol. i, p. 112 (1S50) (Japan).

Colonel Rippon obtained this bird, hills N.E. of Talifu, March 1902 ; Captain
Wingate collected 1 <J ad. S.W. Yunnan, April 1899 ; Oustalet enumerates it
from the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 10
examples from Mengtsz, Loukouchai, and Shi-ping ; Andrews & Heller got
1 $ ad. at Yung-chung-fu, Jan. 1917 ; M. & Mme. Comby collected 1 specimen
recorded by Menegaux as torquilla torquilla ; Forrest sent 1 <J Lichiang Range ;
La Touche records 1 <J, 1 $ Mengtsz, Oct.-Dec. 1920, 1 $ Milati, Feb. 1921.

157. Picumnus innominatus chinensis (Harg.).

Vivia chinensis Hargitt, Ibis, 1881, p. 288, pi. vii (May-chee, China).

Ingram records 1 <£ Mengtsz, July 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 3 £3
Mengtsz and Loukouchai ; Forrest collected 1 <$ Yangtze Valley, Sept. 1918 ;
La Touche obtained 2 <$<$, 1 ? Milati, Feb. 1921.

158. Dryocopus forresti Rothsch.

Dryocopus forresti Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 9 (1922) (Mekong Valley).

Forrest is the only one of the explorers in Yunnan who has obtained this
fine bird. As M. javensis feddeni has also only been got once in Yunnan it is
impossible at present to define their relationship ; I prefer for this reason therefore
to still treat D. forresti as a distinct species, and not as a subspecies of javensis.
Forrest collected 1 <$, 1 $ Mekong Valley, Aug. 1921, 1 ^ juv. Lichiang Range.
The young $ has the red head of the adult $, but not the red moustachial band.

159. Dryocopus javensis feddeni (Blanf.).

31 ulleripicus feddeni Blanford, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, 1S63, p. 75 (Pegu).

Andrews & Heller obtained an adult <$ Malipa, March 1917.

160. Dryocopus martius khamensis (But.).

Picus martius khamensis Buturlin, Ann. JIus. Zool. Acad. Imp. St. Petersburg, vol. xiii, p. 229 (1908)
(Eastern Slopes Thibet Plateau).

Forrest also was the only collector to obtain the " Great Black Woodpecker "
in Yunnan ; he sent 2 $6, 3 ?$ Mekong-Salwin Divide, Sept. 1921.

161. Picoides tridactylus funebris Verr.

Picoides funebris Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vol. vi, Bull. p. 33 (1870) (Mta. of Chinese Tln'bet).

Forrest also was the only collector to obtain this well-marked and very rare
race of tridactylus. He sent 2 JJ from the Mekong-Salwin Divide, and 1 £
Lichiang Range.

Note on Dryobates semicoronatus and races.

A great deal of confusion appears to exist as to the status of and number
of the subspecies of Dryobates semicoronatus (Malh.). The following names have
been applied to these birds within our liniits : scinlilliceps Swinh. ; kaleensis
Swinh. ; omissus Rothsch. ; permixtu.s La Touche ; and obscurus La Touche.

17

238 Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

Of these names kaleensis Swinh. is at once ruled out, as it was applied to the
race confined to Formosa ; obscurus La Touche stands for the smaller race from
S.E. Yunnan, and the rest of S. and SAY. Yunnan ; the birds named by Mr. La
Touche kaleensis from Milati as being the same as the Fokhien race I refer pro-
visionally to scintilliceps Swinh., though it is possible that the Pelting birds will
prove to be separable from the more southern examples. There remain the
names permixtus, given by La Touche to the larger Milati and Yunnanfu examples,
and my omissus given to the larger birds from the Lichiang Range ; these birds
are the same and both were described in 1922 in the Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, but
as omissus appears on p. 10 and permixtus on p. 44 my name has priority.

162. Dryobates semicoronatus scintilliceps (Swinh.).

Picus scintilliceps Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 96 (Peking).

Anderson records a bird from Sanda under the name of rubricatus, which
until the type is compared I can only record under this heading ; Captain Wingate
obtained this bird at Yunnan City, Feb. 1899 ; Ingram records 1 $ Mengtsz ;
Bangs & Phillips 10 examples from Mengtsz and Loukouchai ; La Touche <J?
Milati under the name of kaleensis.

163. Dryobates semicoronatus obscurus La Touche.

Dryobates pygmaeus obscurus La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 14 (1921) (Hokow).

This bird has, it appears, only been got in Yunnan by Forrest, Wingate,
La Touche, and Col. Rippon. Forrest sent 1 <$, 2 $$ Shweli-Salwin Divide,
1 <J, 1 $ Shweli Valley, 1 $ Yangtze Valley, 1 ? Tsong-Shan, 1 £ Tengyueh
Valley, 1 <J, 6 ?$ vicinity of Tengyueh, 5 $? N.W. of Tengyueh.

<J wing measurement, 93 mm.

In my articles on Forrest's collections all the examples of semieoromitus
are quoted under scintilliceps or omissus, and not separated into their races.)
Captain Wingate sent 1 example S.W. Yunnan, April 1899. In his 1925 collection
Forrest sent 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 feet, July 1925 ; 1 <J, 1 $ hills
N. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, Oct.-Nov. 1925 ; 4 <$<$ (1 sexed $), 4 $$ Tengyueh
Valley, 6,000 feet, Nov.-Dec. 1925 ; Colonel Rippon obtained 2 $? Yangpi-
Chutung Road, April 1906, 1 $ Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906.

164. Dryobates semicoronatus omissus Rothsch.

Dryobates pygmaeus omissus Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 10 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

I must amend the description of this form. I had distinguished it as being
darker below and with heavier stripes ; but after comparing larger series I
find it only differs from D. s. obscurus in its much larger size. £ wing measure-
ment, 108 mm.

Forrest sent 3 <JcJ. 8 $$ Lichiang Range ; La Touche recqrds under the
name of permixtus 1 <J Milati, 1 o, 1 ? Yunnanfu, and 1 $ ad., 1 <J, 2 $$ juv.
Kopaotsun.

NoVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 239

165. Dryobates obscurior Rothseh.

Dryobales obscurior Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 10 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

Closely allied to the forms of semicoronatus, but the head is almost entirely
black and the bill is different.

The $ sent by Forrest from the Lichiang Range remains unique.

166. Dryobates hyperethrus hyperethrus (Vigors).

Picus hyperethrus Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, pt. i, p. 23 (1831) (Himalayan Mts.).

Ingram, Outram Bangs, La Touche, and I myself have erroneously identified
the Yunnan examples of this species with the Chinese D. h. subrufinus (Cab. &
Hein.), whereas they agree with Himalayan and Shan States specimens. Hitherto
up to 1924 the East Himalayan birds have been acknowledged as the typical race,
and this led to Dr. Hartert in his second volume on Palaearctic Birds describing
the West Himalayan and Cashmere birds as a new race under the name of
D. h. marshalli. In 1924 in the Ibis, pp. 468-473, Messrs. Ticehurst & Whistler
proceed to show that the hitherto accepted restricted " Type Localities " of
Vigors' Himalayan birds could not be accepted, and that in view of the facts they
bring the Type Locality of the collection could only be a district they propose
to define as the Simla-Almora district. If this is admitted Dr. Hartert's D. h.
marshalli, becomes a synonym of D. h. hyperethrus, and the East Himalayan bird
must get a name which they proceed to give as Dryobates hyperethrus sikkimensis
nom. nov. However, the figure in Gould's Century of Birds of the Himalayas
does not agree with West Himalayan examples, and as it was taken from Vigors's
type I do not consider the case proved satisfactorily, and therefore retain here
the name of hyperethrus as hitherto for the East Himalayan bird. Colonel
Rippon collected an example at the Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906 ; Cajitain
Wingate got a $ ad. S.W. Yunnan, April 1899 ; Oustalet enumerated it among
the birds collected by Prince H. d'Orleans ; Bangs & Phillips record 1 9 Mengtsz,
March ; Andrews & Heller obtained 2 $3 ad. Lichiang Fu, Nov. 1916 ; Forrest
sent 5 (J (J, 3 $? from the Lichiang Range ; La Touche enumerates 1 $ from
Milati. In Forrest's 1925 collection is 1 $ juv. hills N. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet,
Oct. 1925.

There is also in the British Museum a § Yunnan, Styan coll.

167. Dryobates pernyi pemyi (Verr.).

Picus pernyii Verreaux, Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1867, p. 271, pi. xvi (North China).

Colonel Rippon obtained this bird at the Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906 ;
Andrews & Heller got 1 cJ ad. Lichiang Fu, Nov. 1916.

168. Dryobates atratus (Blyth).

Picus atratus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1849, p. 803 (Tanasserim).

Captain Wingate obtained 1 $ ad. in S.W. Yunnan, April 1899.

169. Dryobates darjellensis desmursi (Verr.).

Picus desmursi Verreaux, Xoin: Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, Bull. p. 33 (1S70) (Jits, of Chinese Thibet).

In my former articles I recorded these birds simply as darjellensis, but
Dr. Rensch has pointed out (Zool. Erg. W. Stotz. Exp. in Abh. and Ber. M us. Dresd.

240 Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

vol. xvi, No. 2, pt. iii, p. 38) that the Chinese examples have smaller bills ; viz.,
d. darjellensis 33-30 mm., d. desmursi 20-30 mm.

Forrest -sent 1 $ Tengyueh District; 1 ? juv. Mekong Valley; 1 <S, 3 $$
Shweli-Salwin Divide ; 1 $ jim. Shweli Valley. In the 1925 collection are 1 <J, 1 ?
N. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, April 1925 ; 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 feet,
July 1925.

170. Dryobates cathpharius tenebrosus subsp. no v.

<J. Differs from c. cathpharius in the less yellow, more greyish underside,
which is much more heavily spotted with black.

In the 1925 collection Forrest sent 1 <J apparently ad. (type) Shweli-Salwin
Divide, 7,000 feet, July 1925.

171. Dryobates major stresemanni Rensch.

Dryobates major stresemanni Rensch., Zool. Erg. II'. Stotz. Exp. in Ahh. and Ber. Hits. Dresd. vol. xvi,
No. 2, pt. iii, p. 38 (1924) (Tsalila).

On p. 37 of above work Dr. Rensch gives his reasons for not retaining
cabanisi Malh. as a species as Hartert does, and I am bound to say he appears to
be correct. He says that the facts that induced Hartert to place cabanisi in a
separate " Formenkreis," viz. the black scapulars and the narrower white wing-
spots in view of the large series collected by Weigold during the above expedition,
lose their value, as there are several with brown and white scapulars and larger
spots. Moreover, the " Formenkreis " cabanisi and the forms placed under the
" Formenkreis " major by Hartert exclude one another geographically.

Now as to cabanisi and the allied forms ; Hartert retains them all under
cabanisi, but Dr. Rensch has separated the extreme forms as cabanisi from
N. China and stresemanni from Thibet and S.W. China, and says there inay yet be
some further recognisable races. I have examined our large series from Eastern
and South Central China, etc., and certainly find that they stand intermediate
between my Yunnan and Thibet birds, and true cabanisi from N. China. These
for the present must stand as Dryobates major mandarinus Malh. At the B.O.C.
meeting on Feb. 10, 1926, Mr. Stuart Baker described the birds collected by
Forrest in Yunnan under the name of cabanisi st&phensoni ; as, however,
Dr. Rensch's name has 14 months' priority, Mr. Baker's name cannot stand.

Colonel Rippon obtained 3 $$ Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906, 1 $ Yangpi
Valley, April 1906, and 1 <$ Chutung-Yangpi Road, March 1902 ; Bangs &
Phillips record 5 specimens Mengtsz, Shi-ping, and Linan Fu ; Captain Wingate
collected 2 {$<$ ad. near Yunnan City ; Forrest sent home 1 $, 3 $$ Tengyueh
District, 2 $3 ad. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 (J, 4 $ ad., 1 <§ juv. Lichiang Range;
M. & Mme. Comby obtained 1 example. In Forrest's 1925 collection are 2 $$
(sexed $£) Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 feet, July 1925 ; 1 <J juv. N. of Tengyueh,
7,000 feet, April 1925 ; 1 <?, 1 $ (sexed <J) Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Dec. 1925.

172. Picus canus guerini (Malh.).

Chloropicos guerini Malherbe, Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 539 (China).

Oustalet enumerates this subspecies among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds, and
Menegaux identified 1 § collected by M. Pichon as also belonging to this form.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 241

As, however, there are several Chinese races of canus, and the material in Paris
from elsewhere is not in my opinion sufficient for accurate comparison, it is quite
possible that in both these records the examples have been wrongly identified.
Mr. La Touche also mentions a bird, under the name of P. canus subsp., as possibly
this form.

173. Picus canus sordidior (Rippon).

Oecinus sordidior Rippon, Bull. B.O.O. vol. xix, p. 32 (1906) (W. Yunnan).

Colonel Rippon first described this bird from the Yangtze Big Bend, March
1906 and Lichiang, April 1906 ; Andrews & Heller collected 2 <$$, 1 ? ad. at Hui-
yao and Malipa ; Forrest sent 5 <$$, 2 $9 a(i-, 5 <$$, 6 $$ juv. Lichiang Range,
2 dd ad., 1 $ juv. Tengyueh District, 2 $$ ad. Tengyueh Valley, 2 $$ juv. Mekong
Valley, 2 $<$, 2 ?? ad. Shweli Valley, 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 $ Shweli-
Salwin Divide.

In the 1925 collection are 1 <J Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Dec. 1925 ;
1 <J juv. N. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, April 1925 ; 1 3, 1 $ N.W. of Tengyueh,
9,000 feet, April 1925. Anderson enumerates 1 $ juv. under the name of Picus
striolatus Blyth, June 1868, Momien. Hargitt identified this as occipitalis
(nom. prseocc.) = barbatus Gray & Hardwicke, but Mr. Kinnear is now convinced,
and I am too, that it is really canus sordidior (see further sub No. 166). Colonel
Rippon's specimens in the British Museum consist of 1 (J Gyi-dzin-shan, E. of
Talifu, March 1902 ; 2 <$<$, 2 $$ Lichiang Valley, March and April 1906 ; 1 $
(type) Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906.

174. Picus canus yunnanensis La Touche.

Picns canus yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 44 (1922) (Milati (J type), Kopaotsun,
Yunnanfu).

Mr. La Touche lays great stress on the much brighter coloration than in
c. sordidior, and the larger size and brighter coloration than in c. jacobsi and
c. rickelti.

Bangs & Phillips record 8 examjsles from Mengtsz and Shi-ping under the
name of canus sordidior Ripp. ; La Touche lists 1 (J, 1 $ Milati, Jan. 1921, 4 $$,
5 $$ Kopaotsum and Yunnanfu, May 1921.

175. Picus vittatus niyrmecophoneus Stresem.

Picus niyrmecophoneus Stresemann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay. vol. xiv, pt. iv, p. 289 (1920) (nom. nov. for
P. slriolalus Blyth).

Anderson records under the name of Picus striolatus 1 (J ad. and 1 $ juv.
(a, b, <$), Momien, June 1808. Hargitt says (in Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xviii, p. 56
footnote) that the young bird of Anderson's was wrongly identified, and that
it is gecinus occipitalis, Vig. = canus sanguiniceps Stuart Baker. Mr. Kinnear,
when kindly helping me with this paper, has, on re-examination of Anderson's
bird, come to the conclusion that this young bird is neither niyrmecophoneus nor
c. barbatus, but is only a young canus sordidior. He also considers niyrmeco-
phoneus a subspecies of vittatus. Dr. Stresemann, however, when he replaced
the preoccupied names striolatus Blyth and xanthopygius Bp. by the new name
mynnecophoneus, treats this form as a species — I only pro vision ally, however,
treat it as a race of vittatus, as the whole of the exotic " Green Woodpeckers "

242 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Picus want thoroughly revising, and until then T do not wish to express a final
opinion on this bird.

There remains as the only record for Yunnan Anderson's <£ ad. Momien.
June 186S ; but until this is properly compared the right of this bird to a place
in the avifauna of Yunnan is not definitely established.

17(3. Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus guttacristatus (Tick.).

Picas guttacristatus Tickell, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1S33, p. 578 ( ).

Andrews & Heller collected 2 <J<J ad. Malipa, Feb. 1917.

177. Micropternus fokiensis (Swinh.).

Brachyplermis fokiensis Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 87 (Fokien).
M. Pichon collected 1 $.

178. Sasia ochracea Hodgs.

Sasia ochracea Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. v, p. 778 (1836) (Nepal).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 <J ad. Loukouchai, Jan. 1911 ; La Touche obtained
1 ^Hokow, April 1921.

179. Halcyon smyrnensis fusca (Bodd.).

Alcedo fv^ca Boddaert. Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 54 (1783) (Malabar Coast).

Anderson collected this Kingfisher at Mengoon, Jan. 1868 ; Ingram records
5 <S3 ad., 1 ? juv. Mengtsz, May-July 1910 ; Captain Wingate obtained 1 <J
ad. at Mong-Kon, April 1899 ; Colonel Rippon also got this bird ; Bangs &
Phillips enumerate 24 specimens from Mengtsz ; M. Pichon sent home 1 example ;
Forrest got 2 <$<3 Tengyueh District, 1 <$ N. of Tengyueh, 1 <J Shweli Valley ;
La Touche brought back 8 examples Mengtsz, July 1920-March 1921, 1 <J
Hokow, March 1921 ; 1 J, 1 $ Yuen Chang, Styan coll., are in the British Museum.

In Forrest's 1925 collection are 2 $$ Tengyueh Valley, 5,300 feet, Dec.
1925, 1 cJ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, June 1925. Streams. Bill deep
crimson ; feet scarlet ; iris brown.

180. Halcyon pileatus (Bodd.).

Alcedo pileata Boddaert, Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 41 (1783) (China).

Bangs & Phillips record 5 specimens Mengtsz ; La Touche 1 $ Mengtsz,
Sept. 1920.

Forrest's 1925 collection contains 1 $ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet,
June 1925. Streams. Bill deep crimson ; feet scarlet ; iris brown.

181. Alcedo atthis bengalensis Gm.

Alcedo bengalensis Gmelin, Si/st. Nat. vol. i, pt. 1, p. 450 (1788) (Bengal).

Anderson obtained a single specimen at Muangla, May 1868 ; Colonel
Rippon collected an example east of Talifu, March 1902 ; Ingram records 2 $3
Mengtsz, April-May 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 8 specimens from
Mengtsz ; M. & Mme. Comby obtained 1 example ; M. Pichon also sent 1 speci-
men ; Forrest collected 1 <J Lichiang Range ; 1 £ ad., 1 <J, 2 <j>$ juv. Tengyueh

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 243

Valley, 1 3 vicinity of Tengyueh ; La Touche records 6 examples from Mengtsz
Aug. 1920-1021, and says it occurs all over S.E. plateau and at Hokow. In
Forrest's 1925 collection are 7 33, 3 $? ad., 1 3 juv. Tengyueh. Valley, 5,300-
5,600 feet, Sept. -Dec. 1925. Streams. Bill black with some red on under-
mandible ; legs and feet crimson, claws black ; iris dark brown. In the British
Museum is also 1 example Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906, Colonel Rippon.

182. Ceryle rudis leucomelanura Reichenb.

Ceryle leucomelanura Reichenbach, Handb. Alced. p. 21, pi. 4096, f. 3488 (1851) (Ceylon).

Forrest sent 4 33, 1 $ Tengyueh Valley, April 1919. In his 1925 collection
Forrest sent 3 33, 3 $$ Tengyueh Valley, 5,300-5,500 feet, Dec. 1925. Streams.
Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

183. Ceryle Iugubris guttulata Stejn.

Ceryle guttulata Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xv, pp. 294, 295 (1S93) (India and China).

Forrest collected 1 $ jun. Tung Chuan Valley, May 1921, and 1 3 jun. Ma-
Chang Valley, Feb. 1922.

184. Eurystomus orientalis calonyx Sharpe.

Eurystomus calonyx Bowdler Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1890, p. 551 (Nepal).

Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 3 Mengtsz, Oct. 1910 ; Forrest sent 1 3 ad.,
2 $$ juv. N.W. of Tengyueh, July 1924 ; La Touche records 1 3 imm. Mengtsz,
Oct. 1920. In Forrest's 1925 collection were sent 2 33, 1 $ hills N.W. of
Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, Sept. 1925. Forests.

185. Coracias benghalensis affinis McClell.

Coracias affinis McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 164 (1839) (Assam).

Some of Forrest's birds show traces of benghalensis.

Anderson records 3 examples from the Sanda Valley, May 1868 ; Captain
Wingate obtained 1 <J ad. Ching-tung, March 1899 ; Andrews & Heller got 3
specimens at Hsiao, Mengting, and Cheng-kang, Salwin Divide, and Shuichai,
Mekong River, Jan. and Feb. 1917 ; M. Pichon collected 1 specimen ; Forrest
sent 1 3 ad., 1 $ juv. Shweli Valley, 1 3, 1 $ ad. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 3 33
Tengyueh District, 4 33, 1 $ Tengyueh Valley, 1 $ Lichiang Range ; La Touche
has 1 example Yuangchiang, Nov. 1920. In Forrest's 1925 collection he sent

1 3 Shweli Valley, 6,000 feet, July 1925, 1 3, 1 $ Tengyueh Valley, 5,300-6,000
feet, Oct.-Dec. 1925, 3 $$, north of Tengyueh, 5,000-6,000 feet, April 1925, 1 $
vicinity of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, Aug. 1925. Open country.

186. Serilophus lunatus elizabethae La Touche.

'Serilophus lunatus elizabethae La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 14 (1921) (Hokow).

This beautiful bird was described by Mr. La Touche, who obtained 2 3S>

2 $$ Hokow, March 1921 ; Mr. Kuroda records it from Laokay on the opposite
bank of the Red River to Hokow ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 ^ at Mengting,
Feb. 1917. (This may be the typical form or else M. Delacourt's recently
described Annam race : Bangs identified it as the typical lunatus lunatus.)

244 Novitatis Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

187. Upupa epops saturate, Lonnb.

Upupa epops saturata Lonnberg, Arkiv. for. Zoologi, vol. v, Xo. 9, p. 29 (1909) (Kjachta).

Ingram records 4 ££, 1 $ Mengtsz, April-June 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 10 examples from Mengtsz : Andrews & Heller got 1 <J ad. Yung-
chang-Fu, Jan. 1917 ; in the British Museum is an example from Yunnan, Styan
coll. In Forrest's 1925 collection is 1 cJ, 1 $ Tengyueh Valley, 5,300 feet, Dec.
1925.

188. Upupa epops orientalis Baker.

Upupa epops orientalis Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 29 (1921) (new name for Upupa indica
Reichenb. nee Latham).

Bangs & Phillips record 14 specimens from Mengtsz under the name Upupa
epops subsp. ? ; Oustalet records it from Prince H.' d'Orleans' collection simply
as Upupa epops ; Forrest sent 1 ^ Lichiang Valley ; La Touche obtained 1 <$,
1 $ imm.

189. Melittophagus leschenaulti swinhoei (Hume).

Merops swinhoei Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. Birds, I, p. 102 (1873) (India).

Captain Wingate obtained 1 ^ at Mong-sen, April 1899 ; Andrews & Heller
1 <$, 2 $$ ad. Chang-lung, Salwin River, March 1917.

190. Merops philippinus Linn.

Merops philippinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. 13 (Vindob.), vol. i. p. 183 (1787) (Philippine Islands).

Ingram records 11 examples from Mengtsz, March-May 1910 ; Bangs &
Phillips' 13 specimens also from Mengtsz, April-Sept. ; La Touche got 13 speci-
mens Mengtsz, July-Sept. 1920 ; M. & Mme. Comby collected 1 example.

191. Merops orientalis ferrugiceps Anders.

Merops viridis var. ferrugiceps Anderson, Anat. and Zool. Res. p. 5S2, No. 25 (in text) (1878) (Burma ;
and Sanda, Yunnan).

The name ferrugiceps was given to this race of orientalis [viridis auct.)
already in 1844 by Hodgson, but it remained a nomen nudum until Anderson
stated in the above-quoted work that all his Burmese and Yunnan birds belonged
to the variety ferrugiceps, and stated the differences from the Indian typical
subspecies. Anderson got one bird at Sanda Valley, May 1868 ; Captain Wingate
collected 1 (J ad. Ching-tung, March 1899 ; M. Pichon sent 1 example.

192. Cyanops franklinii franklinii (Blyth).

Bucco franklinii Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 167 (1842) (Darjiling).

Bangs & Phillips enumerate 6 examples from Loukouchai, Jan. -Feb. 1911 ;
Andrews & Heller collected 1 $ ad. Tai-ping-pu, April 1917 ; Forrest sent 2 <£,£,
1 $ Shweli Valley, 1 <$ Tengyueh District. In the 1925 collection are 3 Jd
hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, April 1925 ; 2 <S<3 hills N- of Tengyueh,
7,000 feet, Oct. 1925. Forests.

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926. 245

193. Cyanops asiatica asiatica (Lath.).

Trogon asiatica Latham, Ind. Orn. vol. i, p. 201 (1790) (India)

Captain Wingate collected 2 33 ad. Wei-yuan, Upp. Mekong River, March
1899 ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 o, 1 $ Chang -lung Salwin River, March
1917 ; M. Pichon sent 2 examples from the Salwin Valley ; Forrest obtained 1 cj
Shweli Valley, 1 cJ Tali Valley, and 1 $ vicinity of Tengyueh ; Anderson obtained
3 examples at Ponsee and the neighbourhood ; in the British Museum is an
example Tengyueh, Howell coll., and 1 Yunnan, Styan coll.

194. Cyanops asiatica davisoni (Hume).

Menalaima davisoni Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. v, p. 108 (1877) (Central Tenasserim).

In my first Yunnan article I threw doubt on Oustalet's record, as does Ingram ;
but now Bangs & Phillips record 1 <J and $ from Loukouchai, and MM. Menegaux
and Didier in their list of M. Pichon' s collection under G. asiatica asiatica say they
have re-examined the bird got by Prince H. d' Orleans which came from Man-hao,
Yunnan-Tonkin frontier, and it really is davisoni ; 2 $$ Yuen Chang, Styan
coll., are in the British Museum.

195. Megalaema virens virens (Bodd.).

Bucco virens Boddaert, Tall. PL Enl. p. 53 (1783) (China !).

Forrest's 1925 collection contains 2 examples of this bird, new to the
Yunnan list.

2 <$<$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000-10,000 feet, Aug.-Oct. 1925. Forests.
Bill, upper mandible slaty black, base yellow, lower mandible base yellow,
remainder horn-grey ; feet grey-black ; iris brown.

196. Psittacula cyanocephala (Linn.).

Psittacus cyanocephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, xii, vol. i, p. 141, No. 10 (1766) (East Indies).

Anderson records 2 c? c? juv- Momien, July 1868. (It is quite possible that
Anderson wrongly identified these young birds and that they are young finschi.)

197. Psittacula schisticeps finschi (Hume).

Palaeornis finschi Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. ii, p. 509 (1874) (Kollidoo, Salwin River).

Forrest collected 2 <J<J, 1 $ ad. Yangtze Valley, 2 tfd ad., 2 $? juv. Shweli-
Salwin Divide, 4 <$<$, 1 $ ad., 2 $$, 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range, 5 ^^, 1 ? ad., 3 $? juv.
N.W. of Tengyueh. In the 1925 collection are 3 <$<$ ad. (1 sexed ? errore),
2 cJ<J, 2 ?$ juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 feet, Oct. 1925. Forests.

198. Psittacula derbyana (Fraser).

Palaeornis derbyanus Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1850, p. 245, pi. xxv (no locality), cage bird.

Oustalet separated the Upper Yangtze birds under the name of P. salvadorii,
but I can find no constant difference in size or colour of under wing-coverts.

Oustalet records this bird from Prince H. d'Orleans' collection under the
name salvadorii ; Ogilvie Grant records a £ ad. Ching-tung, March 1899, obtained
by Captain Wingate as salvadorii, saying it was quite different from derbyana,

246 NOVTTATES ZOOIOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

but the differences he cites are those of the sexes. Forrest sent 1 <J, 1 $ ad.,
1 (J juv. Lichiang Range, Sept. 1922 ; in the British Museum there are 1 <J
Kung-Tung, Aug. 1899, Styan coll., and 1 ? Tengyueh, E. B. Howell coll.

199. Psittacula fasciata (P. L. S. MM.).

Psittacusfasciatus P. L. S. Midler. Natursyst. Suppl. p. 74, 6 f. (1776) (Pondichery).
Captain Wingate collected 1 <J ad. S.W. Yunnan, April 1899.

200. Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus erythrocephalus (Gould).

Trogon erythrocephalus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Part II. 1S34, p. 25 (Rangoon).

1 (J ad. was obtained at Namting River, March 1917, by Andrews & Heller,
which Bangs emphasizes strongly to be the typical subspecies.

201. Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus yamakensis (Rick.).

Harpactes yamakensis Rickett, Bull. B.O.C. vol. viii, p. xlviii (1899) (Fokien).

Forrest sent 1 <J, 2 $$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 <J, 1 $ vicinity of Tengyueh.

The 1925 collection contains 1 <J, 1 ? ad., 1 <$ juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide,
9,000 feet, Oct. 1925. Forests. Bill black ; feet pale brown ; iris pale yellow.

202. Anthracaceros malabaricus affinis (Blyth).

Buceros affinis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xviii, p. 803 (1849) (" Deyra Doon ").

Andrews & Heller collected 1 ad., $ 1 ? imm. on the Namting River, March
1917.

203. Caprimulgus macrourus ambiguus Hart.

Caprimulgus macrourus amnguus Hartert, Ibis, p. 373 (1896) (Malay Peninsula, Burma, etc.).

Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 $ Mengtsz, Dec. 1910 ; Forrest collected 1 <$
T'ong Shan, 1 <J Lichiang Range.

204. Caprimulgus indica jotaka Temm. & Schleg.
Caprimulgus jotaka Temminck & Schlegel, SieboWs Fauna Japonica Ares. p. 37. pi. xii (1847) (Japan).
Anderson records an example of this species from Ponsee, April 1868 ; Forrest
sent 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide ; 2 $$ Lichiang Range.

205. Caprimulgus monticola Frankl.

Caprimulgus monticolus Franklin, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, 1831, p. 116 (Vindhyian Hills).

Ingram records 1 <J Mengtsz, July 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips 1 <? Mengtsz,
Aug. 1910.

206. Lyncornis cerviniceps Gould.

Lyncornis cerviniceps Gould. Icones Avium, pt. ii. pi. and text (1838) ("said to be from China or
adjacent islands").

Forrest sent 1 $ Tengyueh District.

207. Collocallia fucifuga brevirostris (McClell.).

Hirundo bri virostris McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. pt. vii, p. 155 (1840) (Assam).
Forrest collected 1 ? juv. on the Mekong-Salwin Divide.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 247

208. Chaetura caudacuta nudipes Hodgs.

Chaetura nudipes Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. v, p. 779 (1836) (Nepal).

Forrest sent 1 <J Mekong-Salwin Divide Aug. 1921. In his 1925 collection
is 1 J hills N. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, Oct. 1925. Open country.

209. Micropus affinis subfurcatus (Blyth).

Cypselus subfurcatus Blyth, Journ. As. Sue. Bengal, vol. xviii. p. 807 (1849) (Penang and Malay
Peninsula).

Ingram records 4 $3, 2 §§ Mengtsz, May-June 1910; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 7 examples Mengtsz and Loukouchai ; La Touche says " exceedingly
abundant at Mengtsz."

210. Pitta cucullata Hartl.

Pitta cucullata Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 65 (Malacca).
La Touche records 1 $ Mengtsz, April 1921.

211. Pitta (Hydrornis) nipalensis (Hodgs.).

Palndicola nipalensis Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. vi, p. 103 (1837) (Nepal).
Baker enumerates this bird as from Yunnan.

212. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scop.

Hirundo gutturalis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. vol. ii, p. 96 (1786) (Antigua Panay).

Ingram enumerates 3 $<$, 1 ? Mengtsz, June-July 1910; Bangs & Phillips
record 8 specimens from Mengtsz and Loukouchai ; Andrews & Heller collected
1 (J Meng-ting, Feb. 1917 ; M. Pichon sent 1 example ; M. & Mme. Comby got
1 specimen ; Messrs. Uchida & Kuroda record 3 <$<$, 2 $$ from Mengtsz, Dec.
1910-1911, but erroneously identified them as the American subspecies rustica
erythrogastra Bodd. ; Forrest sent 1 $ juv., 2 $$ Tengyueh Valley, 1 $ Tengyueh,
1 <J ad. Tali Valley, 1 $ juv. Lichiang Range ; La Touche collected 1 $ ad., 1 ?
imm. Mengtsz, 1 <J ad. Tachouang, 1 $, 2 $$ juv. Yurmanfu. In Forrest's 1925
collection he sent 2 ?$ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, June 1925. In the
British Museum is an example Talifu Plain, March 1902, Colonel Rippon.

213. Hirundo rustica tytleri Jerd.

Hirundo tytleri Jerdon, B. Ind. vol. iii, p. 870 (1864) (India).

Ingram records 1 £ Mengtsz, May 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 4
examples, Mengtsz, Dec. 1910. Forrest sent in his 1924 collection 2 $$ hills
N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, June 1925.

214. Hirundo daurica nipalensis (Hodgs.).

Hirundo nipalensis Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. v. p. 780 (1837) (Central Nepal).

Andrews & Heller record 1 ? adult, Meng-ting, Salwin Drainage, Feb. 1917 ;
M. Pichon sent 1 example from Tengyueh and says common everywhere in
Yunnan ; Forrest collected 1 <J, 1 9 Tali Valley, 1 ^ Mekong- Yangtze Divide.

248 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

215. Hirundo daurica striolata Temm. & Schleg.

Hirundo striolata Temminck & Schlegel, Siebold's Faun. Jap. Arcs. p. 33 (1847) (Java).

Bangs & Phillips record 3 examples Mengtsz, June 1911 ; Uchida & Kuroda
enumerate 4 ^^ from Loukouchai ; La Touche has 1 <J imm. Mengtsz. Sept.
1920; Colonel Rippon obtained 1 example Talifu Valley, March 1902, and 1
Yangpi-Chutung Road, March 1906.

216. Riparia rupestris (Scop.).

Hirundo rupestris Scopoli, Annus Historico-Nat. p. 167 (1769) (Tyrol).

Captain Wingate collected 2 o $ ad. near Yunnan City, Feb. 1899 ; Andrews
and Heller got 1 $ Chen-kang Salwin, Drainage, Feb. 1917 ; M. Pichon sent 2
examples.

217. Cinclus pallasii souliei Oust.

Oinclus pallasii var. souliei Oustalet, Ann. Scien. Nat. Zool. scr. 7, vol. xii, p. 299 (1892) (Ta-tsicn-lu
and Moupin).

Colonel Rippon obtained an adult example of this bird in the Tali River
Valley April 1906 ; La Touche says he saw a Dipper doubtless of this form
on the Pataho below Kopaotsun ; Colonel Rippon also collected an immature
example in the Tali River Valley, April 1906.

218. Tesia cyaniventer Hodgs.

Tesia cyaniventer Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. vi, p. 101 (1837) (Nepal).

Forrest collected 1 $ Salwin Valley, 1 $ Scheli-Salwin Divide, 1 $ ad., 2 <?<?,
1 $ juv. Tengyueh District.

219. Oligura castaneo-coronata (Burton).

Sylvia! castaneo-coronata Burton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. iii, p. 52 (1836) (Himalaya).

Although Dr. Hartert in his Palaearctic Birds unites cyaniventer and castaneo-
coronata in the genus Tesia, and I am generally of his opinion that we should
strive rather to reduce than to increase the number of genera, I feel in this
case that Outram Bangs has good reasons for re-separating these birds into
two genera.

Forrest collected 1 <J Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6 <Jc?, 1 ?, 1 ? Lichiang Range.

220. Spelaeornis kauriensis (Har.).

rocichla kauriensis Harington, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), ii, p. 246 (1908) (Watan Bhamo District).
Forrest is the only collector to get this bird in Yunnan ; he sent 1 $ Shweli-
Salwin Divide, Dec. 1919, and 1 $ Tengyueh District, Nov. 1924.

221. Spelaeornis souliei Oust.

Spelaeornis souliei Oustalet, Bull. Mas. d'Hisl. Nat. Paris, p. 257, No. 6 (1898) (Tsekou).

Andrews & Heller got 1 c? caught in a small mammal trap at Tai-ping-pu,
April 1917 ; Pere Soulie collected the type at Tsekou in Yunnan, and the only
other known examples of this very rare bird up to 1920 are the cJ9 an<l juv- sent

NoVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXXIII. 1926. 249

by Forrest. In his 1925 collection he sent 1 cJ hills N. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet,
July 1925. Thickets. Bill, upper mandible brown, lower mandible bone-grey ;
feet dark olive ; iris brown.

222. Pnoepyga albiventer magnirostris Rothsch.

Pnoepyga squamata magnirostris Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxxii, p. 297, No. 51 (1925) (Shweli
Valley).

So far the type $ is the only known example of this bird ; 1 $ ad. (rufous
form) Shweli Valley, Nov. 1924; Forrest fourth collection.

223. Pnoepyga pusilla pusilla Hodgs.

Pnoepyga pusilla Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. xiii, p. 25 (1845) (Nepal).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 $ ad. Mengtsz, March 1911 ; Andrews & Heller
obtained 1 <J, 1 ? Ho-mo-shu Pass and Namting River, April 1917.

224. Troglodytes troglodytes talifuensis (Sharpe).

Anorlhura talifuensis Sharpe. Bull. B.O.C. vol. xiii, p. 11 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-shan).

Colonel Rippon collected this species in the Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906, in the
Lichiang Valley, March 1906, and on the Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906 ;
Oustalet records this bird in the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans under the
name of Troglodytes nipalensis ; Forrest collected 1 cj, 2 $$ Mekong-Salwin
Divide ; 4 <$$, 2 ?$, 2 ? Lichiang Range.

225. Prunella immaculata (Hodgs.).

Accentor immaculata Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. xiii, p. 34 (1845) (Nepal).

Colonel Rippon brought home examples from the Chutung-Yangpi Road
and Yangtze big bend, Feb.-March 1906, and 5 examples Gyi-dzin-shan, E. of
Talifu, March 1902; Forrest collected 2 cJ<J ad., 2? ad., 1 fledgling, Lichiang
Range, 1 $ Tengyueh District, 1 <J, 1 $ juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide.

226. Prunella strophiata multistriata (David).

Accentor multistrialus David, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4). vii, p. 256 (1871) (Moupin).

Colonel Rippon obtained examples in the Lichiang Valley, at Lichiang and
on the Yangpi Chutung Road, March-April 1906 ; and 3 examples Gyi-dzin-shan
E. of Talifu, April 1902 ; Forrest sent 12 <3<3, 5 $?, 7 ? Lichiang Range, 1 <J, 2 $?
Mekong-Salwin Divide. In the British Museum there is also an example in the
Styan collection, Tsekou Soulie 1897.

227. Prunella collaris ripponi Hart.

Prunella collaris rippokni Hartert, Viig. paladrkl. Faun. vol. i, p. 766 (1910) (Gyi-dzin-shan).

Colonel Rippon collected a series at Gyi-dzin-shan, April 1902 ; Forrest
sent 6 c?<J Lichiang Range, 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide, Oct. 1918.

In the British Museum is an example from Tsekou coll. by Soulie, 1897.

228. Microcichla scouleri (Vig.).

Bnicurus scouleri Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, pt. i, p. 174 (1832) (Himalaya).
Oustalet records this bird in the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans.

250 NoYITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

229. Enicurus sinensis Gould.

Emcurus aim nsu Gould. Proe. Zool. Soc. London, p. 6(55 (1865) (Shanghai).

Colonel Rippon collected this bird in the Lichiang Valley, the Tali Valley,
and on the Yangpi-Chutung Road, March 1906 ; Captain Wingate reports a
<J ad. Yunnan City, Feb. 1899 ; Forrest sent 1 cJ, 1 $ juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide,
2 (J (J, 2 $$ ad. Lichiang Range ; La Touche records 1 <J Yunnanfu, and says
he observed an example on the edge of the Mengtsz Plateau.

230. Enicurus maculatus guttatus Could.

Enicurus guttatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 18(if>, p. 664 (.Sikkiin).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 (J, 1 $ Loukouchai, Feb., under the name E.
guttatus bacatus, as a new subspecies, but the size of the spots varies individually
and I cannot recognize this new form ; Uchida & Kuroda record 1 ^, 1 $ from
Loukouchai under the name maculatus ; Forrest collected 1 $ Shweli-Salwin
Divide, 1 <$, 1 $ ad., 1 <J juv. Tengyueh District.

231. Enicurus schistaceus Hodgs.

Enicurus schistaceus Hodgson, Asiat. Res. vol. xix. p. 189 (1836) (Nepal).

Bangs & Phillips record 7 examples from Loukouchai, Feb., Dec. ; Andrews
and Heller obtained 1 $ on the Namting River, Feb. 1917 ; Uchida & Kuroda
enumerate 2 <$<$> 2 ?$ from Loukouchai ; Forrest sent 2 <$<$ Shweli-Salwin
Divide, 2 $$ ad., 1 $ juv. Tengyueh District ; La Touche obtained 1 <J, 1 $
Loukouchai, Feb. 1921. In the British Museum are 2 examples, Yunnan, Styan
coll.

232. Hodgsonius phoenicuroides (Gray).

Bradypterus phoenicuroides Gray, Cat. Mamm., etc., Nepal Pres. Hodgs. p. 70, No. 153 (Nepal).
Forrest collected 7 c$S< 6 $$ ad. Lichiang Range.

233. Luscinia brunnea (Hodgs.).

Larvivora brunnea Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. vi, p. 102 (1837) (Nepal) $>.

Forrest collected 1 ? Tengyueh District, 1 <J ad. Yangtze Valley, 1 $ ad.
T'ong-Shan, 2 $$, 2 $?, ad., 1 \ juv. Lichiang Range.

234. Luscinia cyane (Pall.).

Motacilla cyane Pallas, Reise d. versch. Prov. Rues. Reichs. vol. iii, p. 697 (1776) (Dauria).

La Touche collected 6 Jd, 8 $?, 1 ? Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct. 1920 and April-
May 1921.

230. Luscinia davidi (Oust.).

Calliope davidi Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1892, p. 222 (Ta-tsien-lu).

Forrest alone of the explorers of Yunnan obtained this beautiful species ; he
sent 4 c$<3> 2 $9 ad. Lichiang Range. Since Forrest obtained the above 6 examples
Dr. F. H. Rock has sent to the United States National Museum a very large
collection of birds from the Lichiang Range, and neighbouring Mountain Ranges
in N.W. Yunnan. Prof. Sushkin exchanged a <$ ad. of this bird from Dr. Rock's

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 251

series of 5 £<$ ad. and 99 and juv., and on comparing it in the Paris Museum
he found Dr. Rock's bird different in having a more brilliant breast and the
white in the tail was more extended. Prof. Sushkin at once described it under
the name of Luscinia davidi gloriosa (Auk, vol. xliii, No. 2, p. 181 (1926)). On
reading this description I was struck by the fact that our Lichiang birds did
not all show these differences, and so I comjjared the British Museum birds and
those at Tring consisting of 1 ^ (topotype) Ta-tsien-lu, 1 (J Tain-Ling Mts., and
1 cJ, 1 9 Lichiang (Tring Museum) ; 3 $<$, 1 9 Lichiang Range, 2 $3 Chumbi
Valley (British Museum). I find that the 3 British Museum Lichiang <$$ and
the Tring Tsin-Ling and Ta-tsien-lu $S agree exactly in colour of throat and
breast, while the Tring Lichiang <J is brighter orange ; the 1 British Museum
Chumbi $ is as pale as the topotypical Ta-tsien-lu bird, while the other, instead
of having the throat and breast golden orange, has it bright orange-scarlet. As
regards the white in the tail the Ta-tsien-lu bird at Tring has more white than
the 4 Lichiang birds, while the Chumbi $ with the scarlet breast has much less
white, in fact hardly any, while the paler Chumbi bird has as much white as the
whitest Lichiang <J. Now in addition to these facts, I find that of. the 8 <Jc?
examined the only one that has the upper wing-coverts and outer webs of the
quills blackish slate-blue like the upper surface is the Chumbi bird with scarlet
breast ; the other 7 have these feathers more or less umber-brown. It is there-
fore clear that the blue coverts and quill vanes and the more brilliant breast-
colour are entirely questions of age, while the white in the tail is variable, and
that Sushkin's gloriosa is a pure synonym of davidi.

236. Luscinia pectoralis peetoralis (Gould).

Calliope pectoralis Gould, Icones Avium, pt. ii, pi. and text 1 (183S) (Himalaya).
Anderson records 1 9 from Ponsee, March 1868.

237. Luscinia calliope calliope (Pall.).

Molacilla calliope Pallas, Reise d. versch. Pror. Buss. Reichs. vol. iii, p. 697 (1776) (Yenisei-Lena
Rivers).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 1 specimens Mengtsz, April and May ; Andrews &
Heller obtained 1 £, 1 9 ad. Namting River, and Chang-lung, March 1917 ;
Uchida and Kuroda record 5 t$$, 1 9 Mengtsz ; Forrest collected 1 $ Lichiang
Range ; La Touche mentions 1 $ Hokow, April 1921.

238. Luscinia sibilans (Swinh.).

Larvivora sibilans Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 292 (Macao, China).

Mr. La Touche collected 2 cjcj, 1 9 Mengtsz, Jan.-Feb. 1920-21, 1 <J Milati,
March 1921.

239. Phoenicurus schisticeps (Gray).

Rulicilla schisticeps Gray, Cat. Milium. B. Nepal Coll. Hodgson, p. 69, No. 153 (1846) (Nepal).

Colonel Rippon obtained 4 examples Lichiang, March 1906, and 1 Yangtze
Big Bend, March 1906 ; Forrest collected 8 $$, 9 99 ad., 1 <J, 4 ? juv. Lichiang
Range, 1 9 Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 9, 2 ? Yangtsz Valley.

252 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

24ii. Phoenicurus frontalis frontalis Vig.

Phoenicura frontalis Vigors, Proc. C'omm. Zool. Soc. London, pt. i, p. 172 (1832) (Himalaya).

Dr. Hartert, in the Bull. B.O.C. for 1918, separated the Chinese frontalis
as a new subspecies under the name of frontalis sinae, and La Touche and I have
recorded his and Forrest's Yunnan examples under that name. Mr. Kinnear,
however, drew my attention to the fact that the birds in the British Museum
share of Forrest's collections could not be distinguished from typical frontalis.
I have now compared Forrest's birds at Tring, 18<Jc?, 9 $$, 3 juv., with my typical
Himalayan series, and I also cannot separate them. Therefore, if frontalis sinae
can be maintained at all, this name must apply to birds from the more northern
parts of China, and the Yunnan birds must be called frontalis frontalis.

Colonel Rippon obtained examples on the Chung-tung-Yangpi Road, in
the Talifu Valley, at Lichiang, at the Yangtze Big Bend, and in the Lichiang
Valley, Feb.-April 1906 ; Oustalet records it from Prince H. d'Orleans' collec-
tion ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 2 specimens Mengtsz, March ; M. Pichon
sent 1 $ ; Forrest collected 5 33 Shweli Valley, 1 $ Salwin Valley, 2 $? Yangtze
Valley, 1 3 ad. Tengyueh Valley, 4 33, 3 ?? Tengyueh District, 1 3 ad., 1 $ juv.
Mekong-Salwin Divide, 20 c?o, 10 $? ad., 2 33, 1 $ juv. Lichiang Range ;
La Touche obtained 1 ? Milati, March 1921.

241. Phoenicurus auroreus leucopterus Blyth.

Phoenicura leucoptera Blyth, Joiirn. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii, pi. i, p. 962 (1843) (Malacca).

Colonel Rippon obtained examples on the Yangtze Big Bend, and in the
Lichiang Valley, April 1906 ; also 2 ?$ Yangpi-Chutung Road, April 1902 ;
Oustalet records it among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate
IS specimens from Mengtsz ; F >rrest sent 7 33> 1 ? a(l-> * ? Juv- Lichiang Range,

1 3 ad. Yangtze Valley, 1 3 a<3- T'ong Shan, 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide, 5 33,

2 ?? ad. Tengyueh District, 2 33, 2 $? ad. Tengyueh Valley ; La Touche col-
lected 7 33, 3 $$ Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. 1920, 1 cj Loshuitang, Feb. 1921.

242. Phoenicurus hodgsoni (Moore).

Ruticilla hodgsoni Moore. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. xxii, p. 26, pi. Aves 58 (1854) (Nepal).

Colonel Rippon records examples from Chutung-Yangpi Road, Talifu Valley,
and Lichiang, Feb. -March 1906 ; Andrews & Heller secured 1 (J, 1 $ at Yung-
chiang-chou, Jan. 1917 ; Forrest collected 1 3> 2 $$ Lichiang Range, 1 3
Tengyueh District, 4 ? Yangtze Valley.

243. Phoenicurus ochrurus rufiventris (Vieill.).

Oenanlhe rufiventris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Xat. Nouv. Ed. vol. xxi, p. 431 (1818) (India).
Colonel Rippon collected this bird on the Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906.

244. Chaimarrornis fuliginosa hiliginosa (Vig.).

Phoenicura fuliginosa Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, pt. i, p. 35 (1831) (Himalaya).

Colonel Rippon obtained this species in the Lichiang Valley, April 1906 ;
at Talifu, March 1902 and Feb. 1906, and on the Chutung-Yangpi Road, March
1906 ; Oustalet records it from the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans ; Bangs &

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926. 253

Phillips enumerate 14 examples from Mengtsz and Loukouchai ; Forrest sent
5 cJcJ Tengyueh District, 1 $ ad. Tengyueh Valley, 2 $$ ad. Shweli Valley,
3 ? juv. Mekong Valley, 4 2 juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide, 5 <$$ ad., 1 nestling
Lichiang Range; La Touche records 1 q, 2 ?$ Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. 1920, 6 <J <$,
3 $$ Loukouchai, Dec. 1920, 1 $ Milati, Jan. 1921.

245. Chainiarrornis leucocephala (Vig.).

Phoenicura leucocepliala Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Roc. London, pt. i, p. 35 (1831) (Himalaya).

Colonel Rippon collected this bird in the Chutung Valley, March 1902,
and in Lichiang Valley and in the Tali River Valley, April 1906 ; Bangs & Phillips
record 14 examples from Mengtsz and Loukouchai ; Andrews and Heller obtained
1 cj, 1 $ at Mu-cheng, Salwin Drainage, and Yuan-chiang-Chou, Jan.-Feb. 1917 ;
M. Pichon sent 1 example ; Forrest collected 1 (J Salwin Valley, 1 (J ad. Tengyueh
District, 2 $$ ad. Shweli Valley, 1 £, 4 $$ ad., 1 (J, 1 $ juv. Lichiang Range ; La
Touche records 1 (J, 1 $ Mengtsz, 1 ? Milati, 3 <$<$, 1 $ Loukouchai, 1 9
Loshuitang, and 1 specimen Poutoutsing.

246. Notodela leucura leucura (Hodgs.).

Muscisyh'ia leucura Hodgson, Proc. Zool. .S'oc. London, 1845, p. 27 (Nepal).

Ingram records 2 $$ Mengtsz, June-July 1910 ; Oustalet enumerates it
among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Bangs & Phillips list 2 cJc? Mengtsz, July-
Aug. ; Andrews & Heller obtained 2 33 ad. Namting River, Feb. 1917 ; Forrest
collected 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range ; 3 ? juv. Tengyueh District ; La Touche
records 1 3 Mengtsz, Oct. 1920, 1 3 Loukouchai, April 1921, 1 $ Lotukow, May
1921. In the British Museum are 1 example Yunnan, Styan coll., and 1 Yung
Chang, Salwin Road, April 1906, Colonel Rippon.

247. Tarsiger chrysaeus Hodgs.

Tarsiger chrysaeus Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1845, p. 28 (Nepal).

Forrest collected 1 <J ad., 1 $ juv. Tengyueh District, 1 3, 8 $? ad., 1 $ juv.
Lichiang Range, 5 $$ ad., 1 (J, 1 $ juv. Mekong-Sal win Divide.

248. Tarsiger indicus yunnanensis Rothsch.

Tarsiger indicus yunnanensis Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 10 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

Forrest collected 1 £ ad. (type), 1 <J juv. Lichiang Range, 1 ? Mekong-
Salwin Divide.

249. Tarsiger rufilatus practicus (Bangs & Phillips).

Ianthia praclica Bangs & Phillips, Bull. JIus. Comp. Zool. vol. lviii, p. 292 (1914) (Loukouchai).

Colonel Rippon records this bird from the Chutung- Yangpi Road and the
Yangtze Big Bend, Feb.-March 1906 ; Oustalet enumerates the species among
Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Bangs & Phillips list 1 cj, 1 $ Mengtsz, April, Lou-
kouchai, Feb. ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 (J, 1 $ ad. Mu-cheng, Feb. 1917 ;
M. Pichon sent 1 example ; Forrest collected 1 $ Tengyueh District, 1 <3 Shweli
Valley, 2 ?$ Mekong Valley, 1 <J, 1 $ ad., 1 $, 2 $$ juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide,
4 <?(?. 11 99 a(i., 2 ^ (J, 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range ; La Touche obtained 1 <J Mengtsz,

18

254 XilVITATES Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

1 <?, 1 $ Milati, 1 (J Loshuitang 1920-1921. There are also in the British Museum
1 (J Meechu ; 1 $ Tsekou Soulie, Styan coll., and 4 J, 5 ?? Gyi-dzin-Shan, April
19U2, Colonel Rippon.

250. Tarsiger cyanurus (Pall.).

Motucilla njannrus Pallas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reicks. vol. ii, p. V09 (1773) (Yenissci).

Colonel Rippon got this bird at Lichiang, March 1906 ; Bangs & Philhps
record 11 examples from Mengtsz and Loukouchai ; Forrest sent in his second
collection 1 $ ad., 3 cJtJ juv., 4 ? Lichiang Range, and he sent also some in his
first collection, but I have unaccountably failed to record them. La Touche
records 9 $$, 3 $$ Mengtsz, 17 <$$, 1 $ Milati, Nov. 1920 -Feb. 1921.

251. Dendrobiastes hyperythra hyperythra (Blyth).

Mvacicapa hyperythra Blyth. Jorum. As. Sor. Bengal, vol. xi. p. 885 (1842) (India).
Forrest collected 1 <$ ad., 1 $ juv. Tengyueh District.

252. Copsychus saularis saularis (Linn.).

Gracula saularis Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. edit, x, p. 109, Xo. 5 (1758) (Asia).

Ingram records 3 ejej, 1 $ Mengtsz, April-July 1910; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 20 examples from Mengtsz, Loukouchai, Linan Fu, and Shi-ping ;
Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ Mengting, Feb. 1917 ; M. Pichon sent 1 specimen
and remarked "fairly common"; Forrest collected 3 (J (J, 1 $ ad. Tengyueh
District, 7 (J (J, 2 $? ad., 1 cJ, 1 ? juv. Tengyueh Valley, 1(J,2?? ad., 2 $? juv.
Shweli-Salwin Divide, 2(J(J,5$? Shweli Valley ; La Touche 2 cJcJ, 2 ?? Mengtsz,
Aug.-Oct. 1920, 1 (J, 1 $ Hokow, March 1921 ; Colonel Rippon collected 1 <J, 2 $$
Talifu Valley, Feb. and April 1906, 2 $3 Chutung-Yangpi Road, April 1902.

253. Oreicola jerdoni Blyth.

Oreicola jerdoni Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 14 (Upper India)

Andrews & Heller collected 1 $ ad. at Namting River, Feb. 1917.

254. Oreicola ferrea haringtoni Hart.

Oreicola J errea haringtoni Hartert, Vog. paldark. Faun. vol. i, p. 711, No. 1080 (1910) (Lien-kiang,
China).

Anderson records 1 ^, 3 $$ Ponsee, May 1868; Captain Wingate collected
1 <J Yunnan City Feb. 1899 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 11 examples Mengtsz
Jan.-Dec. ; Andrews & Heller procured 1 <J, 2 $$ at Malipa and Wan-tien ;
Forrest sent 1 <$, 1 $ad. Tengyueh Valley, 12 <?<?, 5 $$ ad., 1 $, 3 ? juv. Tengyueh
District, 2 $<$ ad. Salwin Valley, 7 $<$ ad. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 <£, 1 $ ad.,
1 % juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide, 4 <j>? ad. Tali Valley, 1 <$ ad. Mekong Valley,

1 ^ juv. T'ong Shan, 7 <£<£, 3 $$ ad., 1 J5! juv. Lichiang Range ; La Touche
collected 6 <$<$, 4 $$ ad. Mengtsz, 2 cj<y Loukouchai, 1 ? Milati, 1 <J> 1 ? Tachuang,
and 2 <£<}, 1 $ Lotukow ; M. & Mme. Comb}- obtained 3 examples.

In the British Museum are 1 <J Yung Mo Chang, March 1903, Styan coll. ;

2 examples Yangpi Valley, April 1902, 3 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, 1 Yangpi-
Chutung Road, March 1902, 1 <J, 1 ? Shayang-Chutung Road, March 1902, 1
Lichiang Range, April 1906, Colonel Rippon.

Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926. 255

255. Saxicola caprata burmanica Baker.

Saxicola caprata burmanica Baker, Bull. B.O.C. xliii, p. 9 (1923) (Pegu).

Captain Wingate collected (J$ at Ching-tung, March 1899 ; Anderson
obtained the $ at Moniien, June 1868 ; M. Pichon sent home 1 example.

256. Saxicola caprata bicolor Sykes.

Saxicola bicolor, Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1832, p. 92 (Deccan).
Bangs & Phillips record 2 <$$ Mengtsz, Feb.-March.

257. Saxicola caprata burmanica Baker.

Saxicola caprata burmanica Stuart Baker, Bull, B.O.C. xliii, p. 9 (1923) (Pegu).

La Touche records 2 <$($ Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. 1920, and says not uncommon
in winter near Mengtsz.

In the British Museum are 1 (J Ching Tung, April 1899, Captain Wingate ;
1 cj Yuen Chang, Styan coll.

258. Saxicola torquata przewalskii (Pleske).

Pratincola maura var. przewalskii Pleske, Wigs. Res. Przetcalski's Reisen, Vogel, vol. i, p. 46, pi. iv.
ff. 1, 2, 3 (1889) (Gansu and East Turkestan).

Andrews & Heller obtained 2 $$, 1 $ Yung-Chang-Fu, Jan. 1917; Forrest
collected 2 $$, 1 $ Lichiang Range; La Touche records 7 $$, 2 $$ Mengtsz,
Sept.-Nov. 1920, 3 $$ Milati, Sept. 1920.

259. Saxicola torquata indica (Blyth).

Pratincola indica Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 129 (1847) (India).

Anderson collected tins bird, 1 $ Ponsee, March, and 3 examples, Momien,
May 1868 ; Colonel Rippon obtained examples in the Talifu and Lichiang Valleys,
Feb.-March, and on the Yungchang-Chutung Road, Jan. 1906 ; Ingram records
1 (J Mengtsz, July 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 8 specimens from Mengtsz
and Loukouchai ; M. Pichon sent home 4 rfd, 1 $; Forrest collected 1 $ ad.
Mekong Valley, 4 <$$, 3 ?? ad., 1 ? Tengyueh District, 1 (J, 2 ?$ ad., 1 $ juv.
Lichiang Range.

260. Saxicola torquata stejnegeri (Parrot).

Pratincola rubecula stejnegeri Parrot, Verh. orn. Ges. Baijern, vol. viii, p. 124 (1908) (Iterup and
Yesso, Japan).

La Touche obtained 1 <J, 1 $ Hokow, March 1921.

261. Saxicola torquata yunnanensis (La Touche).

Pratincola torquata yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 134 (1923) (Mengtsz, etc.).

La Touche enumerates 1 (J, 3 ?? Mengtsz, 1 $ Milati, 1 $, 1 ? juv. Shuitang,
1 ? Poutoutsing, 1 ? juv. Kopaotsing, 1 ? Lotukow ; and says he suspects
Bangs & Phillips' indica, which I have quoted antea under indica, rightly
belong here.

262. Myiophoneus caeruleus (Scop.).

Qracula caerulea Seopoli, Del. Fl. el Faun. Insubr. vol. ii, p. 88 (1786) (China).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 $ ad. Mengtsz, May 1911 ; Uchida & Kuroda
enumerate 2 £3 March and April, from Mengtsz.

250 X.iVITATES Zoological XXXII [. 1926.

263. Myiophoneus eugeniae (Hume).

Myiophoneus eugeniae Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. i, p. 475 (1873) (Thayetmyo).

The status of tcmiiihieki , eugeiiiiir, and rmruleus is a very puzzling one;
in the light of our present knowledge, I do not think it would be wise to treat
them all as subspecies of caeruleus because in certain areas caeruleus and eugeniae
or temmincki and eugeniae are found together in the same area ; but again in
certain areas undoubted crosses occur either between eugeniae and temmincki
or caeruleus and temmincki; this fact is proved by the long series collected by
Dr. Weigold on the Stoetzner expedition. At Tring we have an intermediate
between caeruleus and eugeniae collected by Weigold, and one between eugeniat
and temmincki obtained by Forrest. For the present I am therefore treating
these 3 birds as species, and the intermediates as hybrids.

Colonel Rippon records examples from the Talifu Valley, Talifu River
Valley, and the Yangpi Valley, Feb. and April 1900 ; Oustalet enumerates this
species among the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans ; Bangs and Phillips list
8 specimens Mengtsz and Loukouchai ; Andrews & Heller record 4 examples
from the Namting River and Yung-chang, Jan.-March 1917 ; M. Piehon col-
lected 1 young bird ; M. & Mme. Comby obtained 1 example ; Forrest collected,
including the " hybrid," 2 Jo, 2 22 ad., 1 f juv. Lichiang Range, 1 $, 2 22
Tengyueh District, 2 ($<$ ad., 1 <J juv. Mekong Valley, 1 2 ad. Salwin Valley,
1 cJ, 1 2 ad. Shweli Valley, 3 $<$ ad., 1 ? Shweli-Salwin Divide; La Touche
obtained 1 2 Mengtsz, Nov. 1920, 1 $ Loukouchai, March 1921.

In Forrest's 1925 collection are 2 $$ hills N.W. of Teng}aieh, 8,000 feet,
April 1925 ; 1 2 N. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, April 1925 ; 1 $ Schweli-Salwin
Divide, 8,000 feet, July 1925. Shady Ravines. Bill orange ; feet and legs
black ; iris brown.

In the British Museum are 2 <§<§ Meechu, Styan coll.

204. Myiophoneus temmincki temmincki Vig.

Myophoru \u d mminclri Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1831, p. 171 (Himalaya).

M. Piehon sent home 1 specimen, and says " these birds live in flocks in the
hot valleys and perch on the trees in great numbers."

205. Cochoa purpurea Hodgs.

t'nrlrui purpurea Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. v, p. 359 (1836) (Nepal).
Forrest collected 1 q ad. Lichiang Range.

200 Monticola erythrogastra (Vig.).

Tardus erythrogaster Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1831, p. 171 (Himalayas).

Colonel Rippon obtained this bird at Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ; Bangs &
Phillips record 1 £ ad. Loukouchai, Dec. 1910 ; Andrews & Heller collected
1 (J ad. Ho-mu-shu Pass, April 1917 ; M. Piehon got 1 specimen and records it
as very common ; Forrest sent 2 <3<S ad. Lichiang Range, 1 2 juv. T'ong-Shan,
1 2 juv. Shweli Valley.

Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926. 257

[Monticola solitarius and its forms.
In the articles on the former collections of Forrest I treated the red-bellied
forms of the solitarius group as a separate species from solitarius, giving as my
reason that according to La Touche they breed side by side over large areas in
S. and S.E. China. Hartert and Stuart Baker do not consider this to be correct,
because of the even larger area in which intermediate birds of all intergradations
are found breeding. Stuart Baker separates these intermediate birds as a dis-
tinct subspecies, under the name of M. solitaria affinis Blyth ; I cannot at present
agree with this, for the following reason : as in the cases of the two Rollers Coracias
indicus indicus and C. indicus affinis, the two Birds of Paradise Paradisea apoda
novaeguineae and P. apoda raggiana, and the two Crows Gorans corone corone and
C. corone comix, in the territory between the two breeding areas, we certainly
rind a large area inhabited by an intermediate form, but instead of being a more
or less constant intermediate form we cannot find 2 examples exactly alike and
we get every intergradation of coloration between the blue M . s. pandoo and the
red-bellied philippensis. I have certainly come round to Hartert's view that
we must treat philippensis as a subspecies of solitarius in the same way as we
do pandoo, but I prefer for the present to treat the mixed intermediates as
" Racial Hybrids," and consider that in those districts where at present only
such intermediates occur the parent subspecies have died out and the intermediate
" Racial Hybrids " are in the process of becoming a valid " subspecies," but
that the form is not sufficiently fixed yet to be treated as such.]

267. Monticola solitarius philippensis (P. L. S. MM.).

Turdiis 'philippensis P. L. S. Miiller, Xatursystem Anhang, p. 145 (1776) (Philippine Islands).

Forrest obtained 1 <J T'ong Shan.

268. Monticola solitarius pandoo (Sykes).

Petrocincla pandoo Sykes, Proc. Zool. Roc. London, 1832, p. 87 (Ghats, India).

Colonel Rippon records this thrush from Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906, and
Lichiang, April 1906 ; Captain Wingate obtained 1 $ ad. Yunnan City, Feb.
1S99, 1 $ ad. Mong-sen, March 1899 ; Ingram enumerates immature examples,
Mengtsz ; Bangs & Phillips list 19 specimens Mengtsz, Loukouchai, Shi-ping,
and Linan Fu ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 ^ ad. Tung-chang-Fu, Jan. 1917 ;
M. Pichon sent home 3 specimens and states they were winter migrants ; Forrest
collected 1 $ ad., 4 ? juv. Shweli Valley, 1 $ ad. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 $ ad.,
4 ? juv. Mekong Valley, 2 ? juv. Lichiang Range, 1 <$, 1 $ ad. Tengyueh VaLtey,
2 (J (J ad. Lang Bong Valley, 1 ? juv. vicinity of Tengyueh; La Touche records
2 <?c?= 3 ?$ ad., 1 <J juv. Mengtsz, Oct. and Dec. 1920, 2 <$£ ad. Loukouchai,
Dec. 1920, 1 ^Milati, Jan. 1921, 1 <J Tachouang, March 1921, 2 ?$ Poutontsing,
April 1921.

In Forrest's 1925 collection there are 1 $ (sexed J) Tengyueh Valley, 7,000
feet, Dec. 1925 ; 1 £ juv. hills N. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, Dec. 1925 ; 2 cJ^ juv.
Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6,000 feet, July 1925.

269. Monticola solitarius pandoo solitarius philippensis.
Forrest collected 1 £ Lichiang Range, 1 <J Mekong Valley.

258 NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

270. Turdus merala mandarinus Bp.

Turdus mandarinus Bonaparte. ' 'onsp. Av. vol. i, p. 275 (1850) (S. China).

Ingram records 1 £ Mengtsz, April L910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 11
examples from Shi-ping and Linan Fu ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 <J, 1 $
ad. Yung-chang, Jan. 1917 ; La Touche obtained 1 (J, 1 ? juv. Mengtsz, Oct. and
Dec. 1920, 1 <J juv. Yunnan Fu, May 1921.

271. Turdus castaneus gouldi (Verr.).

Merula gouldi Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mil*. d'Hisl. Nat. Paris, vol. vi.Sull. p. ;S4 (1871) (W. Szets-
chuan).

Colonel Rippon obtained examples Yangpi Valley, Feb. 1906, and Liehiang
Valley, April 1906 ; Oustalet records the species in the collection of Prince H.
d'Orleans ; Andrews & Heller record 3 ad. and 1 imm. <J and $ Liehiang Range,
Yoa-kuan, and Taiping-pu, Nov. 1916 and Jan. and April 1917 ; Forrest collected
22 (J (J, 13 $$ ad., 8 ? juv. Liehiang Range, 1 <J Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 ? juv.
Mekong-Salwin Divide. In the British Museum are 1 <J Chu-men-chin-tra
Tsekou Soulie, 1 $ Yuen Chang, Styan coll.

272. Turdus eunomus Temm.

Turdus eunomus Temminck, PI. Col. pi. 514 (1830) (Japan).

Colonel Rippon obtained this bird on the Chutung- Yangpi Road, Feb. 1906 ;
Bangs & Phillips record 12 examples Mengtsz, Shi-ping, Linan Fu, and Loukouchai,
Forrest collected 4 <J<J ad., 2 ? Liehiang Range, 3 S3, 1 9 ad. Shweli Valley.
5 cJcJ ad. vicinity of Tengyueh, 1 $ ad. Salwin Valley ; La Touche records 1 <J
1 ? Milati, Jan. 1921. In Forrest's 1925 collection are 2 <?<?, 2 $$ hills N.W. of
Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, April 1925.

273. Turdus naumanni Temm.

Turdus naumanni Temminck, Man. d'Orn. vol. i, p. 170 (1820) (Eastern Europe).
Forrest obtained 1 <J Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 feet, March 1919.

274. Turdus eunomus naumanni.
Forrest obtained 1 $ Shweli Valley, 1 3, 1 $, 1 ? Liehiang Range.
Forrest's 1925 collection contains 1 $ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, April 1925.

275. Turdus obscurus Gm.

Turdus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, pt. ii, p. 816 (1789) (east of Lake Baikal).

Bangs & Phillips record 6 examples Mengtsz, Oct. -Nov. ; Uchida & Kuroda
enumerate 5 £<$, 1 ? Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. ; Forrest collected 1 <$, 3 ?? Liehiang
Range, 2 <$£, 6 $? Shweli Valley, 2 $$ Tengyueh District ; La Touche collected
2 (J (J, 1 $ Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. 1920 ; Forrest's 1925 collection contains 1 $ ad.,
1 S juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 feet, Oct. 1925.

All the birds Forrest collected are darker above, dark olive, not rufous-olive,
and the ($<$ have the head less grey, not so distinct from the back, but breeding
birds from N. China are required before we can safely separate this form.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 259

276. Turdus dissimilis dissimilis Blyth.

Tuning dissimilis Blyth, Journ. As. Hoc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 144 (1844) ($ nee $) (Lower Bengal).

Andrews & Heller record 1 <$, 1 $ ad. Chang-lung, Salwin River, March 1917 ;
Forrest collected 2 £ £, 1 $ ad. Tengyueh Valley, 5 <?(?, 1 $ ad., 2 <$<$ juv-
Tengyueh District, 1 ? ad., 1 <$ juv. Shweli Valley, 3 $$, 1 $ ad. 1 ? juv.
Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 $ juv. Lichiang Range. In Forrest's 1925 collection
are 1 £, 2 $$ ad., 1 <J juv. hills S. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, May 1925 ; 1 $ juv.
hills N. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, Oct. 1925.

277. Turdus dissimilis yunnanensis (La Touche).

Mcrula prolonwmelaena yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.I', vol. xlii, p. 30 (1921) (Milati).

Ingram records 1 $ Mengtsz, July 1910 ; La Touche collected 5 3$, 2 ??
ad. Milati, Jan., Feb. 1921, 1 $ juv. Mengtsz, Feb. 1921. This race is very
doubtfully distinct from d. dissimilis, and it requires a series from S.E. Yunnan
from different seasons of the year to decide this point definitely.

278. Turdus boulboul (Lath.).

Lanius boulboul Latham, Ind. Orn. vol. i, p. 80 (1790) (India).

Mr. La Touche collected 1 $ ad. Mengtsz, Jan. 1921.

279. Turdus cardis lateus (Thay. & Bangs).

Merula cardis lateus Thayer & Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. Hi, p. 140 (1909).
1 (J juv. was obtained by La Touche, Mengtsz, Nov. 1920.

280. Turdus mupinensis conquisitus Bangs.

Turdus auritus conquisitus Bangs, Bull. Amer. Mus. Xat. Hist. vol. xliv, p. 591 (1921) (Lichiang
Range).

[The typical race from Moupin Szetchuan has been renamed mupinensis by
Laubmann, as Turdus auritus Verr. is preoccupied by Turdus auritus Gin.]

Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ Lichiang Range, Nov. 1916 (type of Turdus
auritus conquisitus) ; Forrest collected 3 <$$, 1 $ ad., 2 £<$< 3 ? jun. Lichiang
Range. 1 $ Yunnan, Styan coll., is in the British Museum.

281. Turdus pallidus Gm.

Turdus pallidus Gmelin, Hysl. Nat. vol. i, p. 815 (1789) (Lake Baikal).

Oustalet records this bird from the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans.

282. Turdus ruficollis ruficollis Pall.

Turdus ru/icollis Pallas, Keise versch. Prov. Russ. Meiclis. vol. iii, p. 694 (1776) (Dauria).

Colonel Rippon collected this bird in the Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906, at Lichiang
March 1906, at the Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906, and in the Lichiang Valley,
April 1906 ; Oustalet received it in the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans. Forrest
sent 1 ^ Tengyueh Valley, 2 $$ juv. Yengyueh District.

2(i() Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

283. Turdus mollissimus Blyth.
Turdus mollissimus Blyth, Jmirn. As. Soc. Bengal, vo\. xi, p. 188 (1842) (Darjeeling).

Colonel Rippon obtained an example on the Chutung-Yangpi Road, Feb.
L906 ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 ? ad. Lichiang Range, Nov. 1916 : Forrest
collected 1 j\ 1 ?, 3 ? ad., 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range, 1 <J ad., 2 <?<?, 1 $ juv.
Meki >ng-SaIwin Divide.

284. Turdus dauma socius (Thay. & Bangs).

Oreocinda dauma socio Thayer & Bangs, .)/> m. Mue. ' 'omp. Zool. Harv. vol. xl (some ( Ihinese Verte-
brates), No. 4. Ave*, p. 174 (1912) (Tatsienlu).

Forrest was the only collector in Yunnan to obtain this race of dauma ; he
collected 2 $$, 1 ? Lichiang Range.

In my second and third articles I recorded the above birds as dauma dauma,
but the deeper olive-ground colour and the heavier black markings especially
on the head distinguish the Indo-Chinese form easily from the Continental Indian
race.

285. Turdus dauma aureus Hoi.

Turdus aureus Holandre, Faune Dip. Moselle in Ann. dt la Mas. 1925, p. 60 (Metz).

Colonel Rippon collected an example at Shan Kuan, March 1902 ; Bangs
and Phillips record 5 examples, Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. ; La Touche collected 1 £
Mengtsz, Nov. 1920, 1 $ Milati, Jan. 1921.

Mr. Stuart Baker upholds aureus as a species on account of its 14 tail-
feathers, a character it shares with major of Amomioshima ; until, however,
someone has found aureus and dauma breeding in the same area, I prefer to
treat them as subspecies.

[Note on some of the Chinese races of Pomatorhinus ruficollis.

In his Handbook of the Birds of Eastern < 'hina, pt. i, pp. 06-69, Mr. La Touche
goes fully into two races, viz. P. ruficollis stridulus Swinh., and P. r. styani Seeb.,
but gives a synopsis of the five Chinese races, to which I now add a sixth, three of
which, r. reconditus Bangs & Phillips, r. laurentei La Touche, and r. albipectus La
Touche, are given as occurring in Yunnan. In my first article (Nov. Zool. xxviii,
pp. 32-33, 1921), I referred the 9 examples collected by Forrest in the Lichiang
Range, 1918, and Tengyueh District, 1919, to P. r. stridulus, and in the second
article I also referred Forrest's 9 birds collected in 1921 to stridulus ; this was
entirely wrong, as stridulus has the streaks on the breast, and the flanks chestnut,
whereas the W. and N. West Yunnan birds have them olive-grey or olive-brown.
In my third article (Nov. Zool. xxx, p. 256) on the birds collected in 1922, I
corrected this error, but fell into one just as bad by naming these 14 birds and
the previous ones P. ruficollis bah r'i Har. This error I continued by enumerating
Forrest's 16 birds collected in 1924 (Nov. Zool. xxxii, p. 299, 1925) as r. bakeri.
Mr. Kinnear, however in going through the present manuscript pointed out to
me that all these birds from ^Y. Yunnan were of a more or less uniform coloration
much more so than the other races of ruficollis, and had no red or almost none
below, whereas ruficollis bakeri always has some and often a good deal. He
suggested that the bird from Tengyueh and Lichiang and the intervening portions

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 261

of W. Yunnan was a new race. I have gone carefully through my considerable
series at Tring and find they are indistinguishable, except for having the upper
mandible black at base only, from 1 $ from Kansu and 1 ? Szechuan Berezowsky
coll., 1 (J, 1 ? Kuikiang ex coll. F. W. Styan, and 1 <J, 2 $$ E. China, Captain
(Admiral) Hubert Lynes, and all 7 of which are undoubtedly ruficollis styani.
Therefore we have 4 forms of ruficollis occurring in Yunnan, viz. similis Rothsch.
in W. and N.W. Yunnan ; reconditus in S.E. Yunnan ; albipectus La Touche in
South Yunnan, and laurentei La Touche from East Central Yunnan. In addition
there are two single specimens about which some doubt exists, viz. 1 <J Milati,
La Touche coll. and 1 Howlik, West River, Captain Vaughan coll. This latter
has the upperside of stridulus, but the underside of reconditus, and has a remarkably
short bill. Of the Milati bird La Touche says that it resembles styani, but lacks
the black on the upper mandible, except at the base ; this is precisely the differ-
ence shown between my W. Yunnan birds and my series of styani.]

286. Pomatorhinus ruficollis similis subsp. nov.

Differs from r. styani in having the upper mandible never more than two-
thirds black, and mostly all yellow, only the base being black ; whereas in
r. styani the whole upper mandible is black. It also averages slightly larger <$<$
of styani, having a wing of 75-78 mm. ; similis a wing of 77-83. (Type <J hills
round Tengyueh, March 1922, No. 1301.)

Anderson obtained 1 example at Momien ; Oustalet records specimens from
Tsekou collected by Rev. Father Soulie ; Forrest collected 8 (J (J,. 4 $<j>, 1 ?
Tengyueh District, 1 <$ E. of Lichiang Plain, 7 c?c?> 5 $?> 2 ? Lichiang Range,
1 <J Tali Valley, 1 $ Mekong Valley, 1 <?, 1 $ Shweli Valley, 3 <3<3 Shweli-Salwin
Divide. In his 1925 collection Forrest sent 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000
feet, Oct. 1925. M. Pichon collected 1 example. La Touche records 1 $ Milati,
Jan. 14, 1921, as Pomatorhinus ruficollis subsp. ? but his description leaves no
doubt that it is a stray bird of the W. Yunnan race.

287. Pomatorhinus ruficollis reconditus Bangs & Phillips.

Pomatorhinus ruficollis reconditus Bangs & Phillips Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Cainb. vol. lviii,
p. 286 (1914) (Mengtsz).

Bangs & Phillips record 9 examples from Mengtsz, Shi-ping, and Loukouchai ;
La Touche collected 4 <$$, 3 ?$ Hokow, March 1921, 2 £$ Loukouchai, Feb.
1921, 1 $ Lotukow, May 1921, 2 examples Loshuitang, Feb. 1921.

This bird has the deepest rufous breast stripes of any of the races of ruficollis.

288. Pomatorhinus ruficollis albipectus La Touche.

Pomatorhinus ruficollis albij>ectus La Touche, Handb. Birds East China, pt. i, p. 69 (1925) (Szemao,
S. Yunnan).

The birds on which this form was based were obtained at Szemao by
M. Laurente, 2 specimens Szemao.

289. Pomatorhinus ruficollis laurentii La Touche.

Pomatorhinus ruficollis laurentei La Touche, Ibis, 1923, p. 318, No. 20 (Kopaotsun).

The characters of a pink bill and obsoletely barred tail appear to distinguish
this race from all the other ruficollis forms.

1 cJ, 1 ?, 1 ? juv. Kopaotsun, Yunnan-fu, May 1921.

262 Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

Pomatorhinus ruflcollis subsp. ?

There is a specimen in the British Museum collected by Captain Vaughan
at Howlik, West River. This bird was recorded by La Touche as reconditua.
Mr. Kinnear thinks it is an example of stridulus. I have examined the bird, and
I consider it is an abnormal specimen ; it has a very short bill, the back is coloured
like the majority of stridulus, but the breast has the deep maroon rufous stripes
of reconditua, not the chestnut rufous ones of stridulus. Therefore I personally
think it is an abnormal reconditua.

290. Pomatorhinus erythrogenis imberbis Salvad.

Pomatorhinus imberbis Salvadori, Ann. Hits. Genov. (2), vii, p. 410 (1889) (Yado Karen Hills).

Anderson's localit37 Momien is the same as Tengyueh, whence one of Forrest's
young birds was procured ; it is therefore clear that the W. Yunnan bird is the
same as the Burmese one.

Anderson collected 1 example Momien, June 1868 ; Forrest sent 1 fledgling
from Lichiang Range, and 1 from Tengyueh.

291. Pomatorhinus macclellandi odicus Bangs & Phillips.

Pomatorhinus macclellandi odicus Bangs & Phillips, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Catnb. vol. lviii,
p. 286 (1914) (Mengtsz).

Captain Wingate collected 1 <$ ad. Yunnan City, Feb. 1899, 1 $ ad. S.W.
Yunnan, April 1899 ; Oustalet records this bird among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds
under the name of ■macclellandi var. armandi ? Ingram lists 1 worn $ Mengtsz,
July 1910, under the name of in. gravivox ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 9
examples Mengtsz, Shi-ping, Loukouchai ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 3,
1 $ ad. Mucheng, Salwin Drainage, Feb. 1917 ; Forrest sent 16 <$$, 16 $?,
3 ? Lichiang Range, 2 <$<$, 2 $$ Tengyueh and vicinity, 2 <$$, 1 $ ad. Mekong
Valley, 1 (J, 1 $ Shweli Valley, 3 $? Shweli-Salwin Divide.

In Forrest's 1925 collection are 1 <J, 1 $ hills of N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet,
June 1925. M. & Mme. Comby obtained 1 example recorded by Menegaux &
Didier as Pomatorhinus gravivox.

Besides those listed above, there are in the British Museum 3 <$ (J, 3 $$, 3 ?
Yunnan, Styan collection ; 3 (J (J, Jan. 1903, Styan coll. ; 1 example Chutung-
Yangpi Road, March 1902, 2 Gyi-Dzin-Shan, Feb.-March 1902, 1 example
hills N. of Talifu, March 1902, 1 Lichiang Valley, April 1906, and 1 Shunpi Valley,
March 1906.

292. Xiphirhynchus superciliaris forresti subsp. nov.

cJ?. Differ from s. superciliaris Blyth in having a much shorter bill, and in
the paler more cinnamon underside.

Bill along exposed culmen, s. superciliaris, $ 50 mm.

Bill along exposed culmen, s. forresti, $ 30 mm.

Type $, Forrest coll. 1925, No. 6000, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000-11,000
feet, July 1925.

Forrest sent 2 $? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000-11,000 feet, July 1925,
1 J (bill damaged) hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, Oct. 1925. Forests.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 263

Bill black, tip brown ; feet dark brownish olive ; iris greyish yellow.
This was a very great surprise.

There is a Bharno example in the British Museum with the breast as pale
a,aforresti, but the bill is as long as in the longest Sikkim bird.

293. Ianthocincla albogularis albogularis Gould.

Ianthocincla albogularis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1835, p. 187 (Nepal).

Oustalet records this among the birds collected by Prince H. d'Orleans.

294. Ianthocincla phoenicea wellsi (La Touche).

Trochalopteron phoeniceum wellsi La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xJii, p. 15 (1921) (Mengtsz).

Uchida & Kuroda record 1 £ juv. Mengtsz, July, and 1 <J ad. Loukouchai,
Feb., under the name of Trochalopteron ripponi ; Forrest collected 2 q*^, 3 $?
vicinity of Tengyueh, July-Aug. 1924. I have retained Forrest's birds under
La Touche's name for the present, as there is not sufficient material to warrant
my separating a fifth race of phoenicea (for further details cf. Nov. Zool.
xxxii, p. 299, 1925).

La Touche records 1 $ Mengtsz, Feb. 1921 (type). It is very daring to found
a subspecies on a single $.

In the 1925 collection is 1 <$ hills N. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, July 1925.
Bill dark brown, feet brown, iris crimson.

295. Ianthocincla milnei sharpei (Ripp.).

Trochalopteron sharpei Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xii, p. 13 (1901) (Kengtung State).

Forrest collected 2 3$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, Dec. 1924 ; Uchida & Kuroda
record 1 <J, 1 $ Loukouchai, Feb. under the name milnei ; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 1 example 1 <$ ad. Loukouchai, Feb. 1911, and describe it
under the name of lanthocincla iustrabila, having overlooked Colonel Rippon's
description.

296. Ianthocincla subunicolor griseata Rothsch.

lanthocincla subunicolor griseata Rotlischild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxviii, p. 33, No. 110 (1921) (Shweli-
Salwin Divide).

Forrest sent in his first collection 3 $? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 <?, 1 $
Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection are 2 <$<$, 3 $$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000-9,000 feet,
June-July and Oct. 1925. Bill and feet black ; iris brown.

The characters given as distinguishing this race from s. subunicolor are more
than confirmed in this series, which also shows it to be larger.

Wing, s. subunicolor, 87-88 mm.

Wing, s. griseata, 92-93 mm.

297. Ianthocincla affinis oustaleti Hart.

Ianthocincla affinis oustaleti Hartert, Vug. palaark. Fauna, vol. i, p, 633, No. 970 (1909) (TatMcou,
Yunnan).

Colonel Rippon obtained this bird in the Lichiang Valley, April 1906 ;
Forrest collected 20 <?<?, 6 $$, 3 2 Lichiang Range, 3 $ cJ Shweli-Salwin Divide,
2 (JcJ, 1 $ ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide.

264 Novitates Zooloqii m: XXXIII. 1926.

In the 1925 collection arc 11 (J (J, 5 ?? ad., 2 ? juv.. 2 fledglings Shweli-Salwin
Divide, 8,000-9,000 feet, July-Sept. 1925. Plumage of the fledglings differs from
adults by the brown, not black crown, the absence of grey patch at side of neck,
and the uniform brown upper- and underside.

298. Ianthocincla ellioti ellioti (Verr.).

Trochaloplemn ellioti Verreaux. ffouv. Arch. Jftta. Paris, vol. vi, Bull. p. 36 (1870) (Mts. of Chinese
Thibet).

Oustalet records this species among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Andrews &
Heller obtained 1 <J ad. Lichiang Range, Nov. 1916; Forrest collected 12 <$$
T'ong Shan, 20 <J<J 15, $$ ad., 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range, 6 J<J, 2 ?? ad., 1 $ juv.
Mekong-Salwin Divide.

Colonel Rippon's 8 Lichiang examples in the British Museum and Forrest's
from Lichiang Range and T'ong-Shan above appear intermediate between
e. ellioti and e. yunnanensis ; the latter appears to be a very poor subspecies.

299. Ianthocincla ellioti yunnanensis (Ripp.).

Trochalopteron yunnanensis Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xix, p. 32 (1906) (Yangtze River. Yunnan).
Trochaloptercm bonvaloti Oustalet. Ann. Sci. Nat. (7). xii. p. 275. 276 (1892) (Tioungen, Thibet).
Ianthocincla elliotii honoripeta Hartert, Vog. palaark. Fauna, vol. i, p. xliv (1910) (nom. now for
bonvalnti Oust, preoce.).

Colonel Rippon records this bird from Yangtze Big Bend, Talifu Valley,
Shayang-Chutung Road, all Feb., March 1906 ; Forrest sent 13 $$, 8 $?, 7 ? ad.
Lichiang Range.

300. Ianthocincla cineracea cinereiceps (Styan).

Trochalopteron cinereiceps Styan, Ibis, 1887, p. 167, pi. vi (?).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 £ Loukouchai, Feb., under the name c. styani,
afterwards corrected ; Uchida & Kuroda also record 1 3 from Loukouchai.

In his Handbook of the. Birds of Eastern China, pt. i, pp. 62, 63, La Touche
has written exhaustively of the three races of Ianthocincla cineracea (Godw.-Aust.).
He there makes a statement that styani Oust, (partim) is a synonym of cinereiceps
Styan. This is entirely due to the type of Styan (a cage bird without exact
locality) being stated by his informant to be identical with Yunnan birds as a
whole, whereas if any bird from Yunnan is identical with Styan's cinereiceps it
can only be South-East Yunnan birds. If La Touche had compared the
plate in the Ibis of cinereiceps he could not have made the error he did, as the
ear-coverts and superciliary line are there shown of a brilliant chestnut, whereas
in N.W. Yunnan birds {styani Oust.) and true Manipur cineraria the ear-coverts
and superciliary line are olive-grey or pale olive-brown. David & Oustalet's
description of their ningpoensis makes special mention of the chestnut ear-coverts
and superciliary line, so that it is identical with Styan's cinereiceps, but as Styan's
name has three years priority it must stand for the S. and S.E. Chinese and
S. Yunnan bird, and styani Oust, for the \V. and N.W. Yunnan bird. The
key to the forms will be as follows :

(1) Cheeks, ear-coverts, and superciliary line olive-grey. 2
Ear-coverts and superciliary line chestnut.

Ianthocincla cineracea cinereict ps,

(2) Back more olive-grey. Ianthocincla cineracea cineracea.
Back more olive-brown. Ianthocincla cineracea \ styani .

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 265

La Touche records 2 examples collected by M. Laurente at Szemao,
S. Yunnan.

301. Ianthocincla cineracea styani (Oust.).

Trochalopleron styani Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 226 (1898) (Ta-Tsien-Lu).

Colonel Rippon collected this bird at Gzi-dzin Shan, April 1902, and in the
Lichiang Valley in April 1906 ; Oustalet records 7 examples sent from Tsekou
by the Rev. Father Soulie ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ ad. Malipa, March
1917 ; Forrest collected 1 J, 1 ? Mekong Valley, 4 <$<$, 1 $ Lichiang Range, 1 <J,
2 $$ ad., 1 ? juv. vicinity of Tengyueh.

In the 1925 collection are 2 <$<3, 1 ? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000-9,000 feet,
Oct. 1925.

302. Ianthocincla bieti Oust.

Ianthocincla bieti Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 163 (1897) (Upper Mekong River).

Oustalet records a single unsexed example (the type) from Tsekou sent home
by the Rev. Father Soulie.

Forrest collected 1 <$, 1 $ Lichiang Range, 1 <J, 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide.

303. Ianthocincla lanceolata lanceolata (Von.).

Plerorhinus lanceolatus Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, Bull. p. 36 (1871) (Mts. of Chinese
Thibet).

In my articles on Forrest's first three collections I kept /. lanceolata and
1. bonvaloti separate on account of differences in size, viz. I. lanceolata was supposed
to have a wing-measurement of 91-98 mm. and /. bonvaloti of 106-113. In my
account of Forrest's 1924 collection I state that Dr. Hartert and I, after carefully
measuring our considerable series at Tring, have come to the conclusion that these
differences in size are sexual and not racial. This proportionate sexual difference
is most certainly a fact in the case of the Formosan taiwanus and the gigantic
Tyangtze waddelli, and there appears to be no reason to suppose that the case of
lanceolata is different. The type of yunnanensis Sharpe has a wing of 94 mm.,
and a Ta-Tsien-Lu one has it 100 mm. In the Styan coll. is a (J of 96 and $ of
105, and in fact all measurements run into one another. I therefore, after con-
siderable hesitation, must differ from Outram Bangs and others, and finally say
that I consider /. lanceolata and I. bonvaloti one and the same bird.

In view of these extraordinary intergradations of the measurements, I
think it is very possible that a number of the specimens quoted have been wrongly
sexed ; if this is not so, lanceolata is a species varying greatly in size. Colonel
Rippon collected 1 example hills east of Tengyueh, W. Yunnan, 7,000 feet, 1902
(type of his yunnanensis wing, 94 mm.), 1 Chutung-Yangpi Road, Feb. 1906
(wing 97 mm.), 1 example Lichiang Valley, April 1906 (wing 103 mm.) ; 1 Shweli-
Salwin Divide, May 1906 (wing 95 mm.) ; M. Pichon sent home 1 example ;
Andrews & Heller got 1 (J ad. Lichiang Range, Nov. 1916, 1 $ ad. Mucheng,
Salwin Drainage, Feb. 1917; Forrest obtained 8 <J $, 6 $$ Lichiang Range, 1 <$
Salwin Valley, 3 cjcj, 4 $? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 2 ?? Shweli Valley.

In his 1925 collection there are 1 (J, 2 $5 hills round Tengyueh Valley,
7,000 feet, Dec. 1925. In the British Museum are 3 Yunnan, 1 Ta-tsien-lu ?
Styan collection.

The red or black moustachial line is purely an individual variation, as we
find examples with the hue of mixed coloration.

266 NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

304. Ianthocincla chinensis leucogenys (Blyth).

' 'rateropus leucogenys Blyth. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 180 (1842) (Upper Bengal err.).

Forrest obtained 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide in his first collection which I
inadvertently recorded under the name of chinensis chinensis ; Andrews & Heller
collected 1 (J, 1 $ ad. at Chang-lung, Salwin River, also recorded as chinensis
chinensis.

305. Ianthocincla chinensis lowei (La Touche).

Dryonastes chinensis Iowa La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 52 (1921) (Hokow).

La Touche records 1 cJ, 2 $$ Hokow, March 1921 (<J type), and remarks
that his collectors had seen the bird also at Loukouchai.

306. Ianthocincla leucolophus leucolophus (Hardw.).

1 tonus h ucolophus Hardwicke, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xi, p. 208 (1815) (Mt. above Hard-war).

One would have expected either /. diardi or /. belangeri to be the form
from Yunnan, but apparently the three records I have are all I. leucolophus.
Mr. Stuart Baker records both the former from Yunnan, but unfortunately gives
no particulars, as Yunnan is outside his range.

Captain Wingate obtained the bird at Mong-Kou 1 $ ad. April 1899.
Andrews & Heller record 2 <Jo Malipa, March 1917, and state they are absolutely
typical ; M. Pichon sent 1 from Taiping Valley, Kanai. On his way home in
1926, Forrest obtained 3 examples near Man-Hsien, West Yunnan, and these
are most valuable, for they confirm absolutely that the Yunnan bird is typical
leucolophus leucolophus and not either of the Burmese-Tenasserim races I. belangeri
or I. diardi.

" 3 ? Thickets on hills around Man-Hsien, 3,500 feet, lat. 24° 40' N., long.
97°40'E., 16. i. 1926."

307. Ianthocincla pectoralis pectoralis Gould.

Janthocinrhi pectoralis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1835. p. 186 (Nepal).

Oustalet records this species from the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans ;
Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ ad. Malipa, March 1917.

308. Ianthocincla canora namtiensis (La Touche).

Trochalopterum canorum namtiense La Touche, Ihis, 1923, p. 317, X. 17 (Hokow).

Ingram records 1 c? Mengtsz, April 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 o
Loukouchai, June 1911 (both these records under canora) ; La Touche collected

2 <$<$ Hokow, Feb.-March 1921 ; M. & Mme. Comby obtained 1 example.

309. Ianthocincla caerulata latifrons subsp. nov.

The two examples sent by Forrest in his 1925 collection have unfortunately
very defective tails ; in both the two pair of outer tail-feathers are missing, but
in each there is present one of the third outer pair, and this has the tip pale
cinnamon, not cinnamon, and white as in c. kaurensis. Upperside bright rufous
as in c. caerulatus ear-coverts in <$ black, in $ almost white. Is at once dis-
tinguished from the other three races by the very broad black frontal band.

1 tJ, 1 ? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 feet, July 1925. Bill black ; feet
pale brown ; iris brown.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 267

310. Ianthocincla erythrocephala woodi (Baker).

Trocholopterum erythrocephalum woodi Stuart Baker. Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxxv, p. 17 (1914) (Loi-Sing,
N. Shan States).

Andrews & Heller obtained 1 <J ad. Mu-cheng, Salwin Drainage, Feb. 1917.

311. Ianthocincla squamata Gould.

Ianthocincla squamata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1835, p. 48 (Himalaya).

Oustalet enumerates this bird among Prince H. d'Orleans' collection ; Forrest
collected 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, Dec. 1924.

312. Ianthocincla forresti Rothsch.

Ianthocincla forresti Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxviii, p. 35, No. 116 (1921) (Shweli-Salwin Divide).

This very distinct species has so far only been found by Forrest, and in view
of the series in the 1925 collection it does not seem to be rare in its breeding area.

In the 1919 and 1924 collections there are 3 <£$, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide,
and 1 <J, 1 $, 3 ? Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection are 7 ^ J, 4 $$, 1 ? ad., 2 juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide,
7,000-10,000 feet, June, July, and Oct. 1925. Bill black-brown ; feet and legs
dark brown ; iris pale yellow. Young in first plumage, head and throat black,
occiput and hind neck chestnut whole body above and below sooty brown-black,
washed with olive ; outer web of remiges and upper coverts yellowish olive-green.

313. Ianthocincla ocellata similis Rothsch.

Ianthocincla ocellata .similis Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxviii, p. 34, N. 114 (1921) (Shweli-Salwin
Divide)

Forrest collected 1 single (J (the type) in 1919. In his 1925 collection he
has sent 3 rj r?, 2 $$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 feet, Oct. 1925. Bill, upper
mandible black-brown, lower greyish ; feet brown ; iris yellow.

These extra examples confirm all the differences I gave except size ; the
measurements are as follows : wing $$, No. 6361, 128 mm. ; No. 6362, 139 mm.
No. 6363, 133 mm. ; $$ No. 6364, 132 mm. ; No. 6365, 125 mm.

314. Ianthocincla maxima (Verr.).

Pierorhinus maximiis Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, Bull. p. 36, pi. iii, f. 1 (1870)
(Mts. of Thibet),

Colonel Rippon obtained this bird at Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906 ;
Forrest collected 18 cJ^J, 16 $$, 9 ? Lichiang Range; 2 <$$, 3 ?$ Mekong-Salwin
Divide.

315. Ianthocincla sannio (Swinh.).

Garrulax sannio Swinhoe, Ibis, p. 403 (1867) (Amoy).

Garrulax albosuperciliaris Godwin-Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, p. 45.

Outram Bangs (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xliv, p. 588, declares that
Swinhoe's sannio sannio from Central and S.E. China is distinct from Yunnan
and Indo-Chinese birds, the latter being more olive above and on the tail.

Anderson records this bird 2 ad. Muangla, July 1868 ; Ingram enumerates
8 <$<$, $$ Mengtsz, March, April and July 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips list 23 speci-

208 X..MTATES ZOOLOGICAK XXXIII. 1926.

mens Mengtsz and Loukouchai ; Andrews & Heller collected 2 $$ ad. Wan-tien
and Mu-cheng, Feb. and May 1917 ; M. & Mine. Coniby collected 1 example ;
M. Pichon sent home 2 specimens ; Forrest collected $3$, 3 $$, 3 ? Lichiang Range,

2 'cJtJ, 1 ? Yangtze Valley, 5 <?<?, 5 ?$ Tengyueh Valley, 3 <S<S Tengyueh Dis-
trict, 1 (J, 1 $ Shweli Valley, 1 <$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 2 ?? Mekong-Salwin
Divide, 1 <?, 1 <j> Tali Valley, La Touche records 1 £, 1 $ Mengtsz, July 1920,
1 <J Milati, Feb. 1921, 1 $ Hokow, 1 ? Loukouchai, March 1921.

In Forrest's 1925 collection are 1 J, 1 $ Teligyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Dec.
1925. In the British Museum are 2 <$<3 Mee Chee, Jan. 1903, Styan coll. ; Colonel
Rippon coll. 4 examples Talifu Valley, Feb. 1900, 3 Gyi-Dzin-Shan, April 1902,
1 Lichiang Valley, April 1902, 1 Chutung-Yangpi Road, March 1902. Mr.
Kinnear and I have been quite unable, in the large series in the British Museum
from China and Assam, and in the large series at Tring from the same areas, to
find any differences at all ; I therefore treat of the Yunnan examples under
sannio Swinh. relegating albosuperciliaris Godw.-Aust. to a synonym as had
been done hitherto till Outram Bangs dug it up again.

310. Stactocichla merulina merulina (Blyth).

Garrulax merulina Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xx, p. 521 (1851) (Manipur).
Forrest collected 1 $ hilLs N.W. of Tengyueh, Nov. 1924.

317 Leiothrix lutea lutea (Scop.).

Si/lria hiha Scopoli, Del. Flor. el Faun. Insii'.r. vol. ii, p. 96 (1786) (China).

Bangs & Phillips record 3 examples from Mengtsz, Feb. ; La Touche col-
lected 1 o> 1 ? Loukouchai, Feb. and April 1921.

318. Leiothrix lutea yunnanensis Rothschild.

Leiothrix luteins yunnanensis Rothscliild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxviii, p. 36, No. 119 (1921) (Shweli-Salwin
Divide).

Anderson collected 6 examples of this bird at Ponsee, March 1868 (of which
1 (J, 1 $ are in the British Museum) ; Oustalet enumerates it under Prince H.
d'Orleans' birds (both these are quoted under the name luteus) ; Forrest collected
13 c?c?> 3 $? ad., 1 $ juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide. In his 1925 collection there are

3 c?(J, 2 $$ ad., 1 ? juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 feet, July and Oct. 1925.
Bill orange -scarlet ; feet pale brown ; iris crimson. 1 ex. Tsekou (Soulie),
Styan coll., is in the British Museum.

319. Timelia pileata intermedia Kinnear.

Timelia pileata intermedia Kinnear, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlv, p. 9 (1924) (Ton^hoo).
La Touche records 1 $ ad., 1 $ juv. Hokow, March 1921.

320. Pyctorhis sinensis sinensis (6m.).

Varus sinensis Ginelin. .S';/.s7. Nat. vol. i, p. 1012 (1788) (Sina = China).

Captain Wingate obtained 1 $ ad. Ching-tung, March 1899 ; Ingram records

8 examples, Mengtsz, April- June 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 22 specimens
Mengtsz and Loukouchai ; Forrest sent 1 <$ Salwin Valley ; La Touche collected

9 (JcJ, 5 ??, 1 ? juv. Mengtsz, July-Dec. 1920 and Feb. 1921, 1 $ Milati, Dec.
1920, 1 cS Hokow, April 1921.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 269

321. Turdinulus brevicaudatus venningi Har.

Turdinulus brevicaudatus venningi Harington, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxxix, p. 269 (1870) (Shan States).

Anderson obtained 1 3 Ponsee, April 1868 ; Colonel Rippon collected 1 <J
ad. Salwin Valley, May 1906.

322. Fulvetta chrysotis forresti Rothsch.

Fulvetta chrysotis forresti Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlvi, p. 64 (1926) (Shweli-Salwin Divide).

Both in 1921 and 1923 I enumerated this bird (Nov. Zool. vol. xxviii,
p. 37, and vol. xxx, p. 45) as Proparus swinhoei, but I have since received the
true swinhoei from Kwantsien, Minho River, China ; I find that there have never
been any examples of this extremely rare bird in England before, and Forrest's
17 examples belong to an undescribed race (see as above for full particulars).
Proparus was first applied to a species of Minla, and is a pure synonym of that
genus. As the next in priority therefore we must use Fulvetta David & Oustalet.
Forrest sent 2 (J,J, 3 ?? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 $ Tengyueh District, 1 $
Lichiang Range.

323. Fulvetta ruficapillus sordidior (Ripp.).

Proparus sordidior Rippon. Bull. B.O.C. vol. xiii, p. 60 (1903) (Gyi-dzin-Shan).

Colonel Rippon collected 1 Yangtze Big Bend, April 1906, 13 examples
Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, 1 Talifu Valley, March 1902, 1 Ranges E. of Talifu,
April 1902, 6 Lichiang Valley, March- April 1906, 1 Shayang-Chutung Road,
March 1902 ; in the British Museum are 3 <$,$ Meechu, Jan. 1902, and 5 Yunnan,
Styan coll. ; Forrest sent 3 gd T'ong-Shan, 2 $<$ Yangtze Valley, 2 33, 2 $$
Tengyueh District, 9 33, 5 $$, 8 ? ad. Lichiang Valley, 5 33, 5 $$ Mekong Valley
and Mekong-Salwin Divide ; La Touche enumerates 1 3 Yunnanfu, May 1922,
and 2 ? Kopaotsun, June 1921.

324. Fulvetta striaticollis yunnanensis (Rothsch.).

Proparus striaticollis Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 11 (1922) (Mekong Valley).

Oustalet records 3 examples from Tsekou, collected by the Rev. Father Soulie ;
Forrest sent 1 $ Mekong Valley, 1 3 Mekong-Salwin Divide.

325. Fulvetta vinipectus bieti (Oust.).

Alcippe {Proparus) bieti Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 7, vol. xii, pp. 283. 304, pi. ix, f. 2 (1892) (Ta-
tsien-Lou).

Colonel Rippon collected 7 examples Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906, 5 Yangtze
Big Bend, March 1906, 3 Lichiang Valley, April 1906 ; Captain Wingate obtained
1 specimen 3 ad. at Ching-tung, March 1899 ; Oustalet says it is common at
Tsekou, and probably breeds there ; Forrest sent 19 33> 16 $$, 9 ? ad. Lichiang
Range, 1 $ hills near Lichiang Valley, 3 (J (J Tengyueh District, 3 oc?, 1 $ ad.
Mekong-Salwin Divide, 2 33 Shweli-Salwin Divide.

In his 1925 collection are 2 33, 2 $>? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 feet, July-
Aug. 1925. In the British Museum in addition are 4 examples Gyi-dzin-Shan,
March and April, 1902, Colonel Rippon ; 1 Tsekou Soulie ; and 1 Hoa-tron
Dejean.

19

270 XuVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

326. Moupinia poecilotis sordidior Rothsch.

Movpinia poecilolis sordidior Rothschild, Not: Zool. vol. xxviii. p :>(), Xu, 12(1 ( 1!I2I ) ( Lnhnmj llan^c).

Forrest collected 23 (JcJ, 4 ??, 6 ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 g ad. hills E. of
Lichiang Valley.

327. Schoeniparus dubius genestieri (Oust.).

Alcippe genestieri Oustalet, Bull. Mm. d'Hist. Nat. Pari.* vol. iii, p. 210 (1897) (Tsekou).

In the first article on Forrest's collections (Nov. Zool. xxviii, 1921), I sank
intermedins Ripp. as a synonym ; in the two subsequent articles (Nov. Zool.
xxx, 1923) I left the matter doubtful, but the large series (23) sent in the L924
collection finally enabled Dr. Hartert and myself to come to the firm opinion
that intermedins is nothing but an immature stage of plumage of genestieri.

Colonel Rippon obtained this bird as follows : 1 example hills E. of Yung-
chang, Jan. 1906, 2 Lichiang, March 1900, 4 Lichiang Valley, April 1906, 1
Yungchang-Salvvin Road, April 1906 ; Ingram records 3 $3, 2 $$ Mengtsz,
June-July 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 13 examples Mengtsz and Loukou-
chai ; Andrews & Heller obtained 2 <J <$, 1 $ Ho-mu-shu Pass, and Mucheng,
Salwin Drainage, Feb. and April 1917 ; M. Pichon sent 1 specimen ; Forrest
collected 1 <J, 2 $? T'ong-Shan, 1 <J Yangtze Valley, 4 $$, 1 ?, 3 ? ad., 1 ? juv.
Tengyueh District, 3 <J<J, 5 ? ad., 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range, 2 <J<J, 3 $$, 1 ? jun.
Mekong-Salwin Divide, 8 <J<J, 6 ??, 1 ? ad., 2 cJ<J, 1 ? juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide.

Uchida & Kuroda record 3 (JcJ, 2 $$ Mengtsz, 1 $ Loukouchai under the
name of variegatus Styan. In addition there are in the British Museum 1 example
Shan-Kwun Tali Valley, March 1902, 1 Chutung-Yangpi Road, Jan. 1902, 8
Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, Colonel Rippon ; 3 examples Yunnan, and 4 <£<?, 2 $$
Mee chu, Jan. 1903, Styan coll.

328. Pseudominla castaneiceps castaneiceps (Hodgs.).

Minla castaneiceps Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 38 (Xepal).

Forrest was the only collector to find this bird in Yunnan ; he sent home
3 cJcJ Shweli-Salwin Divide ; 3 J<$, 2 ?? Tengyueh District.

[On the genera Brachypteryx and Heteroxenicus.

Mr. Stuart Baker has kept the above genera separate, and gives as distinctive
characters that Brachypteryx has shorter and thicker tarsi and a longer tail than
Heteroxenicus. On comparing the £3 of montana and cruralis, the respective
genotypes, I fail to see any but specific differences in these characters, whereas
the concealed or partially concealed white eyebrow and general coloration
shows that they are very closely allied. I therefore consider that Heteroxenicus
is a synonym of Brachypteryx. Mr. Kinnear pointed out to me that, as shown
by the British Museum series of Brachypteryx nipalensis, the $<$ in some areas
of its range are blue, while in others they are like the 9?- According to the
above-mentioned series, the <3<3 are brown in Assam and Yunnan, in China and
in Java, whereas they are blue in Nepal and Sikkini, and the Malay Peninsula.
The number of subspecies are as follows :

Brachypteryx nipalensis nipalensis. Nepal-Tenasserim.

B. n. carolinae. Fokhien.

B. n. harterti (2 $9 only known). Szechuan and Yunnan.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 271

B. n. wrayi. Malay Peninsula.

B. n. leucophrys. Java.

The Tring Museum series does not entirely confirm this, as we have a $
from Margherita, Assam, showing blue feathers. It is therefore only safe to say
that the $<$ are never blue in Java, and very seldom in Assam.

Mr. Kinnear suggested that I had mistaken Yunnan nipalensis for cruralis,
owing to blue gg occurring in both, but my 2 adult <$$ and 2 adult $$ at Tring
are undoubtedly cruralis and the 1 $ nipalensis is Weigold's n. harterti.]

329. Brachypteryx cruralis cruralis Blyth.

Brachypteryx cruralis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 136 (1847) (Nepal).

Oustalet records this bird from the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans ; Forrest
sent 8 <$<3 ad., 1 $, 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range, 1 $ Tengyueh District, 1 $ Shweli-
Salwin Divide. In the 1925 collection are 1 $ ad. (sexed $) Shweli-Salwin
Divide, 9,000 feet, July 1925, 1 ? juv. Tengyueh District, 7,000 feet, Aug. 1925.

330. Brachypteryx cruralis laurentei (LaTouche).

Heteroxenicus cruralis laurentei La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 29 (1921) (Mengtsz).

This form is said by its author to differ from c. cruralis in its " conspicuously
heavier " bill, " much larger " wing, and " almost uniform belly." I have not
examined the type, but can quite well believe that Mengtsz birds should be
different from West Yunnan examples ; but it was very bold indeed to describe
this as distinct from 1 example. 1 $ Mengtsz, Oct. 31, 1920 (Laurente coll.).

331. Brachypteryx nipalensis harterti Weig.

Brachypteryx nipalensis harterti Weigold, Ornith. Monatsb. vol. xxx, p. 63 (1922) (Onieischan).

Forrest sent 1 $ hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, July 1925, Thickets.
" Bill dark brown ; feet olive-brown ; iris brown." This is the first record for
Yunnan, and the second specimen known.

332. Brachypteryx joannae (La Touche).

Heteroxenicus joannae La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. xliii, p. 21 (1922) (Mengtsz).

La Touche's type remains unique. 1 $ ad. Mengtsz, May 3, 1921.
333. Leioptila desgodinsi (Dav. & Oust.).

Sibia desgodinsi David & Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7). 1, p. 139 (1877) (Yer-ka-lo).

Colonel Rippon obtained 1 example Yungchang-Chutung Road, Jan. 1906,
6 Lichiang Valley, March- April 1906, 2 Yungchang-Salwin Road, Jan. and April
1906 ; Captain Wingate collected 1 $ ad. S. Yunnan, March 1899, 1 $ ad. Mong-
sen, March 1899 ; Oustalet records it among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; the
Rev. Father Soulie sent 10 specimens from Tsekou, where it was very common ;
Bangs & Phillips record 4 examples from Loukouchai, Feb. ; Andrews & Heller
collected 1 (J, 1 $ ad. Tai-ping-pu and Yao-kuan, Jan. and April 1917 ; Forrest
sent 21 <$<$, 11 $?> 11 ? Lichiang Range, 1 ? Tali Valley, 1 <?, 2 $$ Tengyueh
District, 1 (J, 2 $$ Shweli Valley, 1 <J Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 $ Mekong-Salwin
Divide.

In his 1925 collection are 2 <$<$, 2 $$ Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Dec. 1925,

272 XovITATES ZOOLOGIOAK XXXIII. 1926.

2 3$, 1 $ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, May 1925, 1 <J, 1 $ Shweli-Sahvin
Divide, July-Aug. 1925, 9,000 feet.

Colonel Rippon also got 9 examples at Gyi-dzin-Shan, March, April, and
Sept. 1902, and 3 examples Ta-lau-pa, Chutung-Yangpi Road. March 1902. In
the British Museum are specimens from Tsekou collected by Soulie, Styan coll.,
and 1 Yunnan, Styan coll.

334. Leioptila pulchella coemleotincta Rothsch.

Leioptila pulchella coeraleotincta Rothschild, Nov, Zool. vol. xxviii, p. 38, No. 128 (1921) (Shweli-
Sahvin Divide).

Oustalet records this bird, among those obtained by Prince H. d'Orleans,
under the name of pulchella Godw.-Aust.

Forrest collected 2 <J<J Tali Valley, 1 $, 3 ?$, 1 ? Tengyueh District, 3 <J<J,
2 $$ Shweli-Sahvin Divide. In his 1925 collection are 4 <$$, 5 ?$ Shweli-Sahvin
Divide, 9,000 feet, June-Oct. 1925.

335. Leioptila gracilis (McClell.).

Hypsipetes gracilis McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839, p. 159 (Assam).

Forrest secured 1 $ hills N. of Tengyueh in 1924, which is the only Yunnan
record.

336. Staphidea striata striata (Blyth).

I. cuius striata* Blyth. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxviii. p. 413 (1S59).

Andrews & Heller obtained 1 <J ad. Chang-lung, Salwin River, 2,000 feet,
March 1917.

337. Staphidea torquola (Swinh.).

Siva torquola Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist. (4) v, p. 174 (1870) (Tingchow).

Oustalet records this bird among Prince H. d'Orleans' collection, but there
appears to be some doubt as to whether it was got on the Yunnan side or the
Tonkin side of the Tonkin- Yunnan Boundary.

338. Stachyris nigriceps coltarti Har.

Stachyris nigriceps coltarti Harington, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxxiii, p. 61 (1913) (Margherita).
Anderson records 2 (JtJ, 1 ? Ponsee, March- April 1868.

339. Stachyris nigriceps yunnanensis La Touche.

Stachyris nigriceps yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii. p. 18 (1921) (Hokow).

La Touche records 1 $ Hokow, April 2, 1921 (the type) ; Bangs & Phillips
record 1 c? Loukouchai, Feb. 1911.

340. Stachyris chrysoea subsp, 2

Anderson collected 1 example Ponsee, April 1868, but whether it is chrysoea
binghami Ripp., c. assimilis Wald., or c. chrysops Richm. it is imjjossible to say
without a comparison of the Ponsee specimen which was in the Calcutta Museum.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926 273

341. Stachyridopsis ruficeps bhamoensis Har.

Stachyridopsis bhamoensis Harington, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), ii, p. 245 (Bharao).

Colonel Rippon obtained 1 example at Shayang, March 1902 ; 1 example
Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, and 1 example Salwin-Shweli Divide, May 190G ;
Forrest collected 4 $$, 3 $$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 2 <J J, 3 $$, 1 ? Mekong-
Salwin Divide, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 3 3$, 2 $$, 1 ? Tengyueh District.

342. Stachyridopsis ruficeps bangsi La Touche.

Stachyridopsis ruficeps bangsi La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliv, p. 32 (1323) (Milati).

Bangs & Phillips record 4 specimens Mengtsz, Feb. and Dec, under the name
of ruficeps ; La Touche records (Ibis, 1923) 1 <$ Milati (type), Feb. 1921, 2 <J(J,

1 $ Loukouchai, April 1921, under the name of ruficeps davidi Oust, (altered later
as above). Mr. La Touche in the above Bulletin also mentions an example sent
him in 1923 from Yunnanfu, which he says is nearer to r. davidi than to his
r. bangsi, but is too worn to decide upon.

343. Actinodura egertoni ripponi O. -Grant.

Actinodura ripponi Ogilvie-Grant. Ibis, 1907, p. 166 (Mount Victoria).

Anderson obtained 1 example Ponsee, March 1868 ; Oustalet records a speci-
men collected in N. Yunnan in 1896 by Prince H. d'Orleans (both these are
recorded under the name egertoni) ; Forrest collected 6 $<$, 5 ?? ad., 2 $$, 1 ?
juv. Tengyueh District, 1 $ Shweli Valley, 4 $<$, 3 $?, 1 ? ad. Shweli-Salwin
Divide. (I identified the 4 £3, 2 §§ of the 1919 collection wrongly as egertoni
egertoni Gould.)

In the 1925 collection are 1 ^ hills N. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, Oct. 1925 ;
3 cJcJ, 2 $$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000-10,000 feet, June-Aug. 1925. Bill
bone yellow, upper mandible darker : feet brown ; iris pale grey.

344. Actinodura ramsayi yunnanensis Bangs & Phillips.

Actinodura ramsayi yunnanensis Bangs & Phillips, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Cambr. vol. lviii,
p. 288 (1914) (Loukouchai).

Bangs & Phillips record 18 examples Mengtsz, May, Loukouchai, Jan.,
Feb., Dec. (type <J, Jan. 29, 1911, Loukouchai) ; La Touche collected 8 $<$,

2 ??, 1 ? ad. Loukouchai, Dec. 1920, and Jan.-April 1921.

345. Actinodura souliei Oust.

Actinodura souliei Oustalet, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. iii, p. 164, No. 2 (1897) (Tsekou).

Oustalet described this still unique species from a bird sent him from Tsekou
by the Rev. Father Soulie.

[Ixops nipalensis (Hodgs.) and I. waldeni (Godw.-Aust.).

Mr. Kinnear is of opinion that the barred feathers in the crest of the 3 birds

I place under waldeni and the rufous of their breast feathering are not sufficient

to be of specific importance ; and that the traces of dark markings on the breast

of dafiaensis prove that the 2 birds I place under nipalensis and the 3 mentioned

274 NOVTTATES ZooLOCK'AK XXXIII. 1926.

above are all 5 subspecies of nipalensis, as Baker has said. I am still not yet
convinced, especially in view of the poor and scanty material known of daflat nsis.
I therefore prefer for the present to uphold both nipalensis and waldeni as two
species.]

346. Ixops waldeni saturatior Rothsch.

Ixops poliotis saiuratior Rothschild, Nov. Zmil. vol. xxviii, p. 38, No. 130 (1921) (Shweli-Salwin
Divide).

Forrest collected 4 <$<$, 2 $$ of this bird in 1919, 2 $<$ Shweli-Salwin Divide,
June and Dec, 2 $<$, 2 $$ Tengyueh District, and these were all known of this
bird till his 1 92."> collection, which includes a large series, 9 $$, 6 $$, ad. 2 $$ juv.
Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000-10,000 feet, June-Oct. 1925. Bill dark brown;
feet brown ; iris creamy grey. The adult $$ appear to have the edges of the
elongated feathers on the crown pale or greyish brown, not clear grey as in the
$ <$. The crown feathers in the youngest $ are less elongated and uniform
umber-brown ; in the next youngest $ the crown feathers dark slate uniform
without trace of barring and edged with paler slate.

This form is at once distinguished from w. poliotis by the deep chestnut,
not cinnamon, breast, each feather edged with cinnamon buff ; 1 £ No. 6401,
however, has the edgings of the feathers so wide that the breast appears much
paler, but still not at all uniform.

347. Ixops nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgs.).

< 'indosoma nipalensis Hodgson, .4s. Res. vol. xix, p. 145 (1836) (Xcpal).

Mr. Stuart Baker makes waldeni and poliotis subspecies of nipalensis, but
I cannot agree to this. I consider there are two species nipalensis and waldeni,
and they stand as follows :

Ixops nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgs.). Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and W.
Yunnan.

Ixops nipalensis daflaensis (Godw.-Aust.). Dana and Miri Hills.

Ixops waldeni waldeni (Godw.-Aust.). Naga Hills and Manipur.

Ixops waldeni poliotis Hipp. Chin Hills and Mt. Victoria.

Ixops waldeni saturatior Rothsch. N.W. Yunnan.

Anderson secured 1 example at Ponsee, March 1868. (Anderson's specimen
is or was in Calcutta, and therefore I cannot be absolutely sure of the identi-
fication.)

348. Minla ignotinca ignotinca Hodgs.

Minla ignotinca Hodgson, Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 33 (Nepal).

Colonel Rippon obtained 1 example, Chutung-Yangpi Road, March 1902.
1 Ta-lau-pa Chutung, March 1902 ; Forrest collected 3 J <J, 1 $ ad. Salwin
Valley, 10 $$, 4 $$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6 ££, 6 9? Tengyueh District. In
my account of the 1918-1919 and 1921 collections I treated jerdon i and ignotinca
as the same ; while in my account of the 1924 collection I recognised three local
races : ignotinca ignotinca Hodgs. from Himalayas, Assam, etc., to Western
Yunnan ; i.jerdoni Verr. Szechuan ; and i. marine La Touche, S.E. and S. Yunnan

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 275

and Tonkin (fide Charles Oberthiir). This I feel sure is correct, and the key to
the subsp. is as follows :

fBack olive. 2.

| Back dark vinaceous chestnut. ignotinca ignotinca

0 J Breast white or cream. ignotinca jerdoni

(Breast yellow. ignotinca mariae

In Forrest's 1925 collection are 2 <$<$ (1 sexed $), 5 $$ (1 sexed $) Shweli-
Salwin Divide, 9,000-10,000 feet, June-Aug. 1925 ; 1 $ hills N.W. of Tengyueh,
8,000 feet, Nov. 1925.

349. Minla ignotinca mariae La Touche.

Minla ignotincta mariae La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 30 (1921) (Milati).

Bangs & Phillips record 8 examples from Mengtsz. Jan., Feb., and Sept.,
under the name of jerdoni ; La Touche enumerates 2 <J(J, 1 $ Milati, Jan. 1921,
2 ^ (J 1 $ Loukouchai, Feb., March, April 1921.

350. Mixomis rubricapilla rubricapilla (Tick.).

Molacilla rubricapilla Tickell, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. ii, p. 576 (1833) (Maunbhum).

Oustalet records this species among the birds of Prince H. d'Orleans ;
Andrews & Heller collected 1 ^, 1 $ ad. Namting River, and Chang-lung, Salwin
Drainage, Feb.-March 1917.

351. Mixornis rubricapilla minor Gyldst.

Myxornis gularis minor Gyldenstolpe Kungl. Sven. Vet. Hand. vol. 1, No. 8 (Birds Swedish Zoo],
Exp. Siam, 1911-1912, p. 60, No. 105 (1913) (Pak Koh, N. Siam).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 <$ Mengtsz, June 1911, under the name of rubri-
capilla ; La Touche collected 3 <$<$, 1 $ ad., 1 $ juv. Hokow, March-April 1921.

352. Siva cyanuroptera wingatei O. -Grant.

Siva wingatei Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. B.O.C. vol. x, p. 38 (190O) (Yunnan City).

Anderson obtained 1 9 Ponsee, March 1868 ; 1 <J ad. Yunnan City, Feb.
1899, was collected by Captain Wingate (type of the subspecies) ; Ingram
enumerates 4 $$, 2 $$ Mengtsz, June-July 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips record 19
examples from Mengtsz, March-Dec. 1910 ; Andrews & Heller got 1 <$, 1 $ ad.
Hui-yao and My-cheng, Feb. and May 1917 ; Forrest collected 1 $ Shweli Valley,

10 (J (J, 7 ?? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 5 $$, 3 $$ Tengyueh District, 4 J J, 4 $
Lichiang Range ; La Touche records 1 <J, 1 $ Mengtsz, July and Oct. 1920,

11 $<$, 5 $$ Milati, Dec. 1920, Jan.-Feb. 1921, 1 $ Loukouchai, Feb. 1921, 1 $
Lotukow, May 1921.

In Forrest's 1925 collection are 1 ^, 2 $$ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000-
7,000 feet, July 1925, 2 $? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000-9,000 feet, July 1925.
Bill dark brown, base of lower mandible orange-brown ; feet greyish olive ;
iris yellowish grey.

In the British Museum are 2 examples from Yangpi-Talifu Road, March
1902 and April 1906 ; 1 Gyi-dzin-Shan, March 1902 ; hills E. of Talifu, March
1902 ; 4 $3, 2 ?? Mu-chu, Jan. 1903, all from Colonel Rippon.

276 NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

353. Siva strigula yunnanensis Rothsch..

Siva singula yunnanensis Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxvii. p. 411. No. 134 (1921) (Lichinn^ Umih.'c).

In the freshly moulted birds the dark olivaceous orange head easily dis-
tinguishes the Yunnan birds from castam icavda and malayana. Oustalet records
this species among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds under the name of strigula : Colonel
Rippon obtained 3 examples Lichiang, March 1906, 1 Lichiang Valley, April
1906, 1 Yangpi Chutung, April 1906 ; Captain Wingate collected 1 <J ad. Ching-
tung, March 1899 (both Colonel Rippon's birds and Captain Wingate's 1 £ are
recorded under the name cu staneicauda) ; Bangs & Phillips record 1 <J, 1 $Mengtsz,
Jan.-Feb., under the name of castaneicavda ; Forrest sent 42 S3, 25 $$, 12 ?
Lichiang Range, 2 <$<$, 5 $$ Tengyueh District, 1 <J T'ong-Shan, 7 <?<£, 5 ?$
Shweli Valley, 4 $$, 2 $$ ad., 1 ? juv. ShweU-Salwin Divide. In the 1925 collec-
tion are 7 $$, 4 ?$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000-10,000 feet, June-Aug. 1925.

[On the genera Yuhina and Ixulus.

In my former four articles on Forrest's birds, I united the genera Yuhina
and Ixulus. Mr. Stuart Baker, in his new edition of the birds in the Fauna of
British India, however, keeps them separate. I do not consider his differentiating
characters of " shorter, deeper, and more curved at the tip " for the bill, and
for the rictal bristles and hairs over bill of " weaker and less developed," of any
diagnostic value at all ; the only point of difference I find in the 3 species placed
in Ixulus, viz. occipitalis, fiavicollis, and humilis, as opposed to the 4 species
gularis, diademata, occipitalis, and nigrimentum which are placed in Yuhina, is
that the feathers of the crest are much broader, and almost truncated at the
ends, while those of the Yuhina group are narrow and more or less sharply pointed.
If we consider the shape of the crests in other groups of birds, such as the Pea-
cocks, Monaul Pheasants, Cockatoos, etc., I think the majority of ornithologists
will agree with me that this alone is not sufficient reason for keeping Ixulus and
Yuhina separate. I therefore consider that Ixulus is a synonym of Yuhina.
This brings about that two occipitalis occur in the same genus, neither of which
has any synonyms. The bird included by Mr. Baker under Ixulus, i.e. described
by Blyth, is not so old as Hodgson's, so I herewith name Mr. Baker's " Chestnut-
headed Ixulus " Yuhina bakeri nom. nov.]

354. Yuhina gularis yangpiensis Sharpe.

Yuhina yangpiensis Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xiii, p. 12 (19(10) (Yangpi).

Colonel Rippon obtained the type-specimen at Yangpi, March 22, 1902.
He afterwards collected a large series on Mt. Victoria in April 1904.
The type and the series from Mt. Victoria are darker on the back and much
more strongly washed with rufous below than </. gularis.

355. Yuhina gularis griseotincta Rothsch.

Yuhina gularis griseotincta Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxviii, p. 42, No. 141 (1921) (Shweli-Salwin
Divide).

This form differs from both </. gularis and g. yangpiensis in having the sides
of the head and neck much greyer and the throat and chest more vinaceous ;

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 277

it apparently is a mountain form occurring at higher elevations and more in
N.W. Yunnan.

Oustalet records this bird among those of Prince H. d'Orleans, under the
name of gularis ; he also records it as procured at Tsekou by the Rev. Father
Soulie ; Forrest collected 1 $ Salwin Valley, 4 <$<$, 5 22 Shweli-Salwin Divide,

2 (J ^, 1 $ Tengyueh District, 14 £S, 11 22, 5 ? ad. Lichiang Range.

In his 1925 collection are 1 <J Hills N. of Tengyueh, 9,000 feet, Oct. 1925 ;

3 <$<$, 1 2 Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000-9,000 feet, Aug. 1925.

356. Yuhina bakeri Rothsch.

Yuhina bakeri Rothschild antea p. 276 (nom. now for occipitalis Blyth) (1926) (Nepal).

Oustalet records under the name of occipitalis 3 specimens from Tsekou
sent by Rev. Father Soulie. Oustalet points out some slight differences between
these Yunnan birds and some Indian examples in the Paris Museum, collected
by Hodgson. It must remain for the future, however, by means of comparing
fresh Indian and Yunnan material, for ornithologists to decide if the Yunnan
birds are really distinct.

357. Yuhina flavicollis rouxi (Oust.).

Ixulns rouxi Oustalet, Bull. Mm. d'Hist. Nat. vol. ii, pp. 184 and 186 (1896) (Ly-Sien-Kiang or
Black River).

Oustalet records only the type 2 as above, but in 1901 (Nouv. Arch. Mus.
d'Hist. Nat. Paris (4) 3, he enumerates a second specimen also obtained by
Prince H. d'Orleans ; Bangs & Phillips record 10 examples from Mengtsz, Jan-
March ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ ad. Tai-ping-pu, April 1917 ; Forrest
collected 2 $$, 2 22, 1 ? ad. Tengyueh District, 8 <$$, 1 2 Shweli-Salwin Divide ;
La Touche records 3 cJcJ, 2 22 Loukouchai, April 1921.

In Forrest's 1925 collection are 5 <?(?, 3 ?2 Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000-
11,000 feet, July-Aug. 1925.

358. Yuhina diademata ampelina Ripp.

Yuhina ampelina Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. vol. si, p. 12 (1900) (WararBum, 6,000 feet, E. of Bhamo).

Hitherto, in my first two articles on Forrest's collections, I maintained the
subspecies ampelina, whereas in my third article I sank it as a synonym of
diademata diademata after Mr. Kinnear, and I had compared a very large series
from both areas of distribution. This view I kept up in my article on Forrest's
1924 collection. But now I have been able to examine freshly moulted birds
from the same month of the year and from localities from which d. diademata
and d. ampelina resjsectively are supposed to come. At the same time I have
examined absolutely worn birds of both just before the moult, and I state frankly
in this stage they are indistinguishable. The freshly moulted birds, however,
can easily be distinguished as d. diademata is much more rufous in tone than
d. ampelina, some of which are almost sooty black. As our knowledge of the
distribution of the two forms in China is still very imperfect, I shall assume for
the present that all Yunnan birds are ampelina. Oustalet records it as diademata
from Tsekou from Rev. Father Soulie, and Captain Wingate collected 1 <$ ad.
Yunnan City, Feb. 1899; Colonel Rippon collected 1 example Talifu Valley,

27S XOVITATES ZoOLOGIrAE. XXXIII. 1926.

Feb. 1906, 8 Lichiang, March-April 1906 ; Bangs and Phillips record 4 examples
under the name of diademata from Mengtsz and Loukouchai ; Andrews & Heller
got 1 (J, 1 $ ad. Lichiang SnowMts., Nov. 1917 ; Forrest collected 18 $$, 20 92.
12 ? ad. Lichiang Range, 2 $$, 1 2 hills E. of Lichiang Plain, 2 $ $ ad., 1 ? juv.
Tengyueh District, 1 £ Salwin Valley, 1 £, 2 22 Mekong-Salwin Divide.

In the 1925 collection are 4 <J<J, 2 $5 ad., 1 $ juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide,
7,000-9,000 feet, July-Aug. 1925, 1 (J, 1 2 Tengyueh Valley. 7.1 feet, Dec. 1925.

Colonel Rippon also collected 4 Shan-Kwan Tali Valley, March 1902, 1
Mekong-Yuchang Divide, March 1906, 4 Chutung-Yangpi Road, March 1902,
12 Gyi-dzin-Shan, March-April 1902, 1 Ta-lan-pa, March 1902, 1 <J Yungchang,
Styan coll., is in the British Museum.

359. Yuhina occipitalis obscurior Rothschild.

Yukina occipitalis obscurior Rothschild, Xov. Zool. vol. xxviii. p. 42. Xo. 144 (1921) (Lichiang Range).

Some Sikkim examples have the crest feathers and hindneck almost as grey
as in Yunnan birds, but they can easily be distinguished as the Sikkim o. occipi-
talis always has the throat, foreneek and breast washed or suffused with rusty
brown, whereas o. obscurior from Yunnan has these parts suffused with a strong
vinaceous shade. Colonel Rippon obtained 1 example on the Chutung-Yangpi
Road, Feb. 1906 ; Bangs & Phillips record 2 specimens Mengtsz, Jan. ; Andrews &
Heller collected 1 <J, 1 $ ad. Lung-ling March 1917; Forrest sent 3 $2 Tengyueh
District, 2 <J<J, 1 9 Mekong-Salwin Divide, 29 $$, 30 22. 12 ? ad. Lichiang Range.
In the 1925 collection are 1 <J, 2 22 Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000-11,000 feet,
June-July 1925.

(The ear-coverts of o. obscurior are grey, not brown, as in o. occipitalis.)

360. Yuhina nigrimentum intermedia Rothsch.

Yuhina nigrimentum inti rmaliii Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxx, p. 46, No. 93 (1923) (Mekong-
Salwin Divide).

Forrest only obtained this bird in 1921. Oustalet records this bird under
the name of nigrimentum from Tsekou, collected by the Rev. Father Soulie ;
Forrest sent 1 <$ ad. Mekong Valley, 2 ($$, 2 92. 1 ? ad- Mekong-Salwin Divide.

361. Erpornis xantholeuca xantholeuca Hodgs.

Erpornis xantholeuca Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xiii, p. 380 (1844) (Nepal).

Mr. La Touche is the only collector who procured this bird in Yunnan, 2 22
Loukouchai, Feb. and April 1921.

362. Myzornis pyrrhoura Hodgs.

Myzornis pyrrhoura Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii, p. 984. (1843) (Xepal).

Oustalet records an example sent by the Rev. Father Soulie in 1900 from
Tsekou ; Forrest collected 2 cJcJ, 2 22 Mekong-Salwin Divide in 1921.

In his 1925 collection he sent 3 <JcJ, 3 22 Shweli-Salwin Divide, 11,000-
12,000 feet, July-Aug. 1915. Bill black ; feet brownish olive ; iris dark brown.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 279

363. Cutia nipalensis nipalensis Hodgs.

Cutia nipalensis Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. v, p. 774 (1836) (Nepal).

Oustalet records this bird among those obtained by Prince H. d'Orleans ;
Andrews & Heller record 1 J ad. Ho-mu-shu Pass April 1917 ; Forrest obtained
it for the first time in 1925. There are 3 cScS (1 sexed $) Shweli-Salwin Divide,
9,000-10,000 feet, Oct. 1925. Forests. Bill black ; feet orange to brownish
yellow ; iris brown. Here again the Yunnan bird is the Himalayan race and
not the Malayan one.

364. Pteruthius rufiventer Blyth.

l'h rnlhiiis ni/iniiter Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 18 (1843) (Darjeeling).

Mr. Stuart Baker has adopted Oates' generic name of HilarocicMa for this
species, as he considers the longer and more graduated tail a sufficient generic
distinction. I cannot see the slightest difference in this case from that of Para-
digalla carunculata and P. brevicauda and Parotia helenae and P. wahnesi in the
Birds of Paradise, where in Paradigalla carunculata and Parotia wahnesi the tail
is long and graduated, while in Paradigalla brevicauda and Parotia helenae it is
quite short and square. If we were to acknowledge genera based entirely on
such characters as length and graduation of tail, we should end up by having a
genus for almost every species, and entirely lose the object of genera, viz. to help
the worker in demonstrating relationship.

Oustalet records this species among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Forrest
collected 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide in 1919.

In his 1925 collection he sent 1 <J, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 feet, Oct.
1925. Bill black ; feet dark brown ; iris purplish black.

365. Pteruthius aeralatus ricketti O. -Grant.

Pteruthius ricketti Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxxi, p. 110 (1904) (S. China, etc.).

Anderson obtained 1 $ Ponsee, March 1868, 1 $ Sanda, July 1868 ; Bangs &
Phillips record 1 <J Loukouchai, Feb. 1911 ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 $ ad.
Ho-mu-shu Pass, April 1917 ; Forrest sent 1 (J, 1 ? Shweli Valley, 2 $$, 2 $?
Shweli-Salwin Divide, 3 SS Yangtze Valley, 2 $? Lichiang Range, 2 £<$, 2 ?$
Tengyueh District.

In his 1925 collection 2 $$ (1 sexed $), 3 $$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000-
10,000 feet, Aug. and Oct. 1925. La Touche collected 1 ? Milati, Jan. 1921,
1 <J, 1 9 Loukouchai, Feb. 1921.

Colonel Rippon collected 1 example Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902.

366. Pteruthius melanotis melanotis Hodgs.

Pteruthius melanotis Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxiv, p. 267 (1855) (Terai, Eastern Hima-
layas).

Mr. Kinnear has suggested to me that both melanotis Hodgs. and talianensis
Hart, are subspecies of aenobarbus. I should at once have agreed with this view
if it had not been for Hume's intermedins, which undoubtedly is the representative
of aenobarbus on the mainland. Now intermedins goes north over East Burma,
while talianensis is found far south in the Malay Peninsula on Mt. Tahan (Gunong
Tahan). Thus we have a bird with red forehead and no black subauricular patch

280 NnvITATF.S Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

in between two birds with no red forehead and black subaurieular patches. I
therefore think it quite possible that somewhere between the Himalayas and
the southern part of the Malay Peninsula the two forms will be found together.
I therefore for the present treat them as two species with two subspecies each,
thus :

| No chestnut band on forehead 3.

I Chestnut band on forehead 2.

f With no grey nuchal band, red on throat only aenobarbus aenobarbus.
2. -, With partial grey nuchal band, red extending on to breast aenobarbus

{ intermedins.

| Chestnut throat paler, less extended melanotic tahanensis.

I Chestnut throat darker, more extended melanotis melanotic.

Bangs & Phillips record 1 <J, 1 § Loukouchai, Feb. ; Uchida & Kuroda
enumerate 1 <J, 1 $ Feb., also from Loukouchai ; Forrest collected 1 $ Shweli-
Salwin Divide, 1 <J, 1 $ Tengyueh District.

367. Pteruthius xanthochloris pallidus (Dav.).

Allotrius xanthochloris var. pallidus Armand David. Xouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii, Bull. p. 14
(1871) (frontiers of Kookonor).

Colonel Rippon obtained 2 examples at Gyi-dzin-Shan, March 1902 ; Forrest
collected 1 J Lichiang Range, 1 ? T'ong-Shan, 1 ?, Mekong Valley, 2 SS 3 ??,
Mekong-Salwin Divide ; La Touche records 1 <J, 1 $ Milati, Jan.-Feb. 1921, 1 $
Lotukow, May 1921.

368. Mesia argentauris argentauris Hodgs.

Mesia argentauris Hodgson. Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 88 (Nepal).

Anderson collected 1 example Ponsee, April 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips record

1 o Loukouchai, Feb. ; Andrews & Heller got 1 <$ ad., 20 miles S. of Chen-kang,
Salwin Drainage, Feb. 1917.

369. Cisticola cisticola tintinnabulans (Swinh.).

' 'alamaniheila tintinnabulans Swinhoe, Journ. As. Soc. X. China Branch, vol. ii (1859) (Amoy. etc.).
Bangs & Phillips record 10 examples Mengtsz, March-July ; Uchida &
Kuroda record 3 <$<$, 3 <j>$, Mengtsz, March-April and July ; Forrest collected

2 <$$ Tali Valley, 1 $, 1 ? ad., 2 ? juv. Tengyueh District, 3 J J, 2 $$ ad. ;
La Touche obtained 1 (J, 1 $ juv. Mengtsz, Sept.-Dec. 1920.

370. Cisticola exilis tytleri Jerd.

Cisticola tytleri Jerdon, Birds I ml. vol. ii, p. 176 (1S63) (Assam).

Anderson obtained 2 examples in the Sanda Valley, July 1868 ; La Touche
records 1 jj Hokow, March 1921.

371. Suya crinigera bangsi La Touche.

Suya crinigera bangsi La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 53 (1921) (Mengtsz).

Bangs & Phillips record 3 examples from Mengtsz, March-May (under the
name of Sni/a crinigera yunnanensis) ; La Touche enumerates 3 qq ad., 2 ($<$
juv. Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct. and Feb. 1920-1921.

NOVITATES ZonLOOICAE XXXIII. 1926. 281

372. Suya crinigera yunnanensis Har.

Suya crinigera yunnanensis Harington, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxxi, p. 110 (1913) (Yunnan) Momien.

Anderson obtained 1 <J, 3 $$ Momien, June-July 1868 ; Forrest collected

2 $$ juv. Mekong Valley, 4 <$<$ ad. Yangpi Valley, 6 <$<$ Tengyueh District.
In his 1925 collection is 1 <$ ad. hills around Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, July 1925.

Colonel Rippon collected 1 example Yangpi Valley, April 1906, 3 Chutung-
Yangpi Road, March 1902 and April 1906, 1 Tali .Valley, April 1906.

373. Suya parvirostris La Touche.

Suya crinigera parvirostris La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 53 (1921) (Shuitang).

La Touche described parvirostris as a subspecies of crinigera, because he
only found it at Milati and Shuitang, whereas he only got bangsi on the Mengtsz
plateau. As bangsi has the larger bill of crinigera this must stand as crinigera
bangsi ; but it is otherwise with parvirostris. Mr. La Touche found parvirostris,
it is true, the only form occurring at Milati, but Forrest collected it together
with crinigera yunnanensis in the Mekong Valley and the Tengyueh District,
therefore it must stand as a distinct species. Forrest collected 1 $ Mekong
Valley, 1 $ Tali Valley, 1 $ Lichiang Range, 3 ? Tengyueh District ; La Touche
enumerates 2 <£<?, 1 ?ad., 1 <£ juv. Milati Sept.-Dec. 1920, Feb. 1921, 1 <J (type)
Shuitang May 1921.

374. Suya atrogularis khasiana Godw.-Aust.

Suya khasiana Godwin-Austen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xviii, p. 412 (1876) (Shillong).
Uchida & Kuroda record 5 £$, 2 $$ Mengtsz, Jan. -Aug.

375. Suya superciliaris superciliaris Anders.

Suya superciliaris Anderson, Zool. Res. Two Exp. W. Yunnan, p. 642, pi. li, f. 1 (1878) (Momien).

Anderson collected 2 $<$ Momien, June 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips record 7
examples Mengtsz, April-Aug. ; Forrest sent 2 <$$ Tali Valley, 1 $ N. of Tali,
7 <?c?> 9 ??• 4 ? aa- Tengyueh District ; La Touche enumerates 1 <$, 2 $$ Lou-
kouchai, Dec. 1920, April 1921, 1 <J, 1 $ Milati, Sept. & Dec. 1920, 2 examples
Mengtsz, Aug.-Sept. 1920, 2 <$<$ Yunnanfu, May 1921. Colonel Rippon obtained
1 example Talifu VaUey, Feb. 1906.

376. Prinia inomata exter Thay. & Bangs.

Prinia inomata exter Thayer & Bangs, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xl, p. 182, pi. v, fit. 4-5 (1912)
(W. Szechuan).

Anderson procured 1 $ Momien, May 1868 ; Ingram records 8 <£<£, 1 $
Mengtsz, April-July 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 12 examples from
Mengtsz, Jan.-Sept. ; Andrews & Heller collected 2 $$ Yung-chang-Fu, Jan.
1917 ; Forrest sent 1 $, 2 $$ Lichiang Range, 1 $ Teng-Chuan Valley, 3 £$,

3 $<j>, 8 ? ad., 3 ? juv. Tengyueh District ; La Touche obtained 11 <J<J, 2 ?$ ad.,
10 ? juv. Mengtsz, Aug.-Dec. 1920, Jan.-March 1921, 3 <$<$, 1 ? Milati, Dec. 1920^
Feb.-Mareh 1921 ; Colonel Rippon procured 1 example on the Yangpi-Talifu
Road, March 1902, and 1 example is in the British Museum from Meechu, Jan.
1903, Styan coll.

282 Novitates ZOOLOGIOAB XXX I II. 1926.

377. Alcippe poioicephala magnirostris Wald.

Alci/if" nuigiiirostris Walden in Blyth's Birds of Burin, p. 115 (1875) (Kurenner).

Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ ad. Namting River, Feb. 1917.

378. Alcippe poioicephala phayrei Blyth.

Alcippe phayrei Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal , vol. xiv, p. 601 (1845) (Arrakan).

Oustalet rocords this bhd among those collected by Prince H. d'Orleans.

379. Alcippe nipalensis yunnanensis Har.

Alcippe fralfrrula yunnanensis Harington, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxxiii. p. 63 (1913) (Uyi-dzin-Shan).

Colonel Rippon collected this bird at Talifu, Shweli Divide, May 1900, and
12 examples at Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, and recorded it as Alcippe fratercula :
M. Pichon obtained 1 specimen and Menegaux and Didier recorded it as A.
nipalensis fratercula ; Forrest sent 2 $ <J Shweli-Sahvin Divide, 1 £ Salwin Valley,
1 (J, 1 $, 1 ? ad. Lichiang Range, 22 cjcj, 23 $$, 1 ? ad. Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection are 1 o hills round Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, July 1925,
4 cJ $ Shweh-Salwin Divide 7,000-10,000 feet, July-Aug. 1925.

Colonel Rippon also collected an example on the Talifu -Tengyueh Road,
May 1900 ; and in the Styan collection are 2 $$, 1 $ Yunnan.

380. Alcippe nipalensis schaefferi La Touche.

Alcippe nipalensis schaefferi La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 81 (1922) (South-East Yunnan).

Bangs & Phillips record 11 examples Mengtsz, Jan. -Feb., under the name of
.4. x. hueti ; Uchida & Kuroda enumerate 3 <3o, 3 $9 Loukouchai, Jan., Feb.,
and Sept. ; La Touche collected 8 3<$, 1 $ Milati, Jan.-March 1921, 4 £<$, 2 $$
Loukouchai, Feb.-April 1921, 2 examples, Lotukow, May 1921.

381. Megalurus palustris andrewsi Bangs.

Megalurus palustris andrewsi Bangs, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xliv, p. 592 (1921) (Malipa and
Meng-ting).

Captain Wingate collected 1 $ Ching-tung, 1 £ Mting-sen March 1899;
Andrews & Heller obtained 1 <$ ad. Malipa, 1 $ ad. Meng-ting, Feb.-March 1917 ;
Forrest collected 1 $ Tengyueh Plain. *In the British Museum is one example
King-Tung-Ting, March 1 899, Styan coll. Mr. Kinnear after careful comparison
of the large series of Megalurus in the British Museum declares he is unable to
separate birds from Java, Burma, Assam, and India ; though the Yunnan birds
are larger, therefore if valid Bang's name only applies to Yunnan examples.

382. Phyllergates coronatus coronatus (Jerd. & Blyth).

Orthotonus coronatus Jerdon & Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 200 (1861) (Darjeeling).

Ingram records 1 <J Mengtsz, June 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 <J
Mengtsz, July 1911 ; Forrest collected 1 $ Tengyueh Valley ; La Touche collected
1 (J Tengyueh Valley ; La Touche collected 1 <£, 1 $ ad., 1 $ imm. Mengtsz,
Sept. and Dec. 1920, Feb. 1921, 1 (J Tachouang, March 1921, 1 $ Loukouchai,
April 1921.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 192G. 283

383. Orthotomus sutorius inexpectatus La Touche.

Orthotomus sutorius inexpectatus La Touche. Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 42 (1922) (Mengtsz).

Colonel Rippon obtained a bird of this species, Salwin Valley, May, 1906,
and Ingram records 1 <J, 1 ? Mengtsz, May and July 1910 (both under the name
O. s. phyllorrhaphaea) ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate under the same name 8
examples from Mengtsz, April-Aug. ; La Touche collected 10 $<$, 4 $$ Mengtsz,
July-Dec. 1920, Feb. 1921, 1 9 Tachouang, March 1921. Colonel Rippon's
bird, however, has striated ear-coverts like macvlicollis, but is as large as sutoria
sutoria and phyllorrhaphia, so I think it does not belong here, but under longicaudus.

384. Orthotomus sutoria maculicollis Moore.

Orthotomus maculicollis Moore. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1854, p. 309 (Malay Peninsula).

When a series is procured it is most likely that this race will require a new
name, as it has either no white streaks at all or only a few faint ones on the ear-
coverts, but at present the available material (3 examples) is too scanty to decide
definitely.

La Touche records 2 <J(J Hokow, March 1921, under his s. inexpectatus,
but states they are much smaller.

385. Orthotomus sutorius longicaudus (Gm.).

Motacilla longicauda Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 954 (1788) (China).

Stuart Baker has failed to differentiate the birds described by La Touche
as s. inexpectatus from Mengtsz from Fokhien longicaudatus, but I think this will
prove wrong, and I am therefore using the name for the W. Yunnan form, and
the name of La Touche for the S.E. Yunnan bird.

Oustalet records this bird among the birds collected by Prince H. d'Orleans ;
Colonel Rippon collected 1 example in the Salwin Valley, May 1906. 1 $, 1 $
Styan coll. are in the British Museum.

386. Acrocephalus stentoreus orientalis (Temm. & Schleg.).

Salicaria turdina orientalis Temminck & Schlegel in Siebold'a Faun. Jap>. Aves, p. 50, pi. xxb (1847)
(Japan, etc.).

Bangs & Phillips enumerate 2 3$ Mengtsz, April and Aug. ; La Touche
records 1 $ Nov. 1920, Mengtsz (M. Laurente) ; Uchida & Kuroda record 2 $<$
Mengtsz, April and Aug., under the name of stentoreus stentoreus, having rightly
concluded that their birds had a wing formula of stentoreus, but they failed to
connect them with orientalis.

387. Phragamaticola aedon (Pall.).

Muxcicapa action Pallas, Reise versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs. vol. iii, p. 695 (1776) (Dauria).

Ingram records 1 (J Mengtsz, May 19J0 ; Forrest collected 3 3S Tengyueh
District ; La Touche obtained 1 <J Yunnanfu, May 1921, 1 <$ Lotukow, May 1921.

388. Lusciniola thoracica (Blyth).

Dumeticola thoracica Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xiv, p. 584 (1845) (Nepal).

Forrest appears to be the only collector to get this little brown bird, 1 <$
Yangtze Valley, 1 <J juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide, 9 (Jc?, 4 $$ Lichiang Range.

284 NoVITATKN ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

389. Horeites cantans canturians (Swinh.).
Arundinax canturians Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 52 (Amoy, Shanghai).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 <J Mengtsz, Nov. 1910 ; La Touche enumerates

2 (JcJ Mengtsz, Dec. 1920 and March 1921, 1 <$ Tachouang, March 1921.

390. Horeites fortipes davidiana (Verr.).

Arundinax davidiana Verreaux, Xouv. Arrli. Mus. Paris Butt. vol. vi, p. 37 (1870) (Moupin).

Bangs & Phillips record 2 <$3 Mengtsz, May-June ; La Touche enumerates

3 <J<J, 4 $?, 1 ? ad. Mengtsz, Nov.-Dec. 1920, Jan.-Feb. 1921, 3 <J(J. 1 $ Milati,
Dec. 1920, Feb.-March 1921.

391. Horeites flavolivacea intricatus Hart.

Horeites jlaroliraeea iiilrinitus Hartert. Y;ij. Palaark. Fauna, vol. i. p. 533, No. 828 (1909) (Tai-pai-
shan).

Forrest collected 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 $ juv. Tengyueh District.
392. Horeites acanthizoides acanthizoides (Verr.).

A'irornis acanthi-aides Verreaux, None. Arch. Mus. Paris Hull. vol. vi. p. 37 (1871) (YV. Szetschuan).

Forrest collected 1 $ Tengyueh District.

393. Horeites pallidipes laurentei (La Touche).

Urosphena laurentei La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 30 (1921) (Poutoutsing).

La Touche records 1 $ (type) Poutoutsing, April 1921 (Laurente).

394. Horeites brunneifrons umbraticus Baker.

Horeites brunneifrons umbraticus Baker, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliv, p. 63 (1924) (Shweli-Salwin Divide).

Forrest collected 1 $ ad. Teng Chuan Valley ; 1 £ juv. Mekong-Salwin
Divide ; 1 cJ, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 4 gg, 4 $$ ad., 1 q Juv- Lichiang Range.

395. Horeites major Moore.

Horeites major Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1854, p. 105 (Nepal).

Forrest collected 1 <$ Lichiang Range, 1 <J Shweli-Salwin Divide.

396. Urosphena squameiceps (Swinh.).

iii'iura squamiceps Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 292 (Canton).

La Touche procured 2 gj Mengtsz, March 1921.

397. Herbivocula schwarzi (Radde).

Sylvia (Phyllopneuete) schwarzi Radde, Reise Suden Ost-Sib. vol. ii, p. 260, pi. ix (1863) (Tarei-Nor
and Bureja Mts.).

Colonel Rippon obtained 1 example of this bird at C'hutung, March 1902,
and 2 Yangpi Valley, April 1902 ; La Touche collected 1 $ Mengtsz, Oct. 1920.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 2S5

398. Phylloscopus armandii (Milne-Edw.).

Abrornis armandii Milne-Edwards, Now. Arch. Mils. Paris Bull. vol. i, p. 22, pi. ii, f. 1 (1865)
(N. China).

Forrest sent 1 (J, 1 5 Lichiang Range, 1 $ Chien Chuan Valley.
399. Phylloscopus subaffinis (Grant).

Oreopneuste subaffinis Grant, Bull. B.O.C. vol. x, p. 37 (1900) (Pu-an-ting, S.W. Kweichu).

Colonel Rippon collected examples of this species at Gyi-dzin-Shan, March
1902, at Shan Kwan, Tali Valley, April 1902, in the Nechong Valley, and on the
Chutung-Yangpi and Chutung-Shayang Roads, March- April 1902 ; Bangs &
Phillips record 1 (J Mengtsz, July 1910 ; M. Pichon obtained 1 example ; Forrest
sent 5 (J J, 6 $$ Lichiang Range, 1 ? Tengyueh District, 1 $ Shweli Valley ; La
Touche enumerates 2 gg Mengtsz, Oct. and Dec. 1920, 1 $ Milati, Dec. 1920,

1 9 Lankouchai, Dec. 1920.

In the British Museum are also from Colonel Rippon 1 example Yangpi
Valley, April 1906, 2 Lichiang Valley, April 1906. 1 Meechu, Jan. 1903, 1
Shayang-Yang Chang Road, April 1906.

400. Phylloscopus humei praemium Math. & Ired.

Phylloscopus humei praemium Mathews & Iredale, Austral Av. Rec. vol. iii, pt. ii, p. 45 (1915)

(nom. nov.).
Motacilla superciliosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 975 (1789) (Russia).

Anderson obtained 1 example Ponsee, April 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips record
4 specimens Mengtsz, April, July, Sept., Oct. ; Andrews & Heller procured 1 £
Chang-Lung, Salwin River ; Forrest collected 1 $ Tengyueh District, 1 $ Lichiang
Range ; M. Pichon sent 1 example. There is 1 example in the British Museum
collected by Colonel Rippon, Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902.

401. Phylloscopus fuscatus Blyth.

Phyllopneuste fuscata Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 113 (1842) (Calcutta).

Anderson obtained 1 $ Ponsee, April 1868 ; Ingram records 1 <J Mengtsz,
April 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 5 examples Mengtsz, April-May ;
Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ Yuan-chiang-Chow, Jan. 1917 ; Forrest collected

2 <J<5 Yangtze Valley, 1 <$ Tali Valley, 1 <£, 1 $ Mekong Valley and Salwin Divide,

1 <J Lichiang Range, 1 (J, 1 $ Tengyueh District ; La Touche procured 5 J <J,

2 ?$, 2 ? ad. Mengtsz. Oct. and Dec. 1920, Jan.-April, 1921, 1 ? Tachouang, March
1921, 1 <$, 2 $$ Yunnanfu, May, 1921, 1 ? Kopaotsun, May 1921.

402. Phylloscopus maculipennis debilis (Thay. & Bangs).

Reguloides maculipennis de'jilis Thayer & Bangs, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. xl, No. 4,
p. 180 (1912) (Kiating, W. Szechuan).

Colonel Rippon obtained examples at Gyi-dzin-Shan and Chutung, April
and May, 1902 ; Forrest collected 1 $ Tengyueh District, 1 ^ Mekong Valley,
1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 <$ Shweli-Salwin Divide ; La Touche records 3 $$
Mengtsz, March 1921. Colonel Rippon also collected an example Shayang, March
1902.

20

286 Novitates Zoolooioae XXXIII. 1926.

403. Phylloscopus subviridis (Brooks).

Reguloides suhviridis Brooks, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1872, p. 148 (N.W. Provinces, especially near
Etawah. India).

Uchida & Kuroda record 1 <J Mengtsz, Sept., but the record requires con-
firmation.

404. Phylloscopus occipitalis coronatus (Temm. & Schleg.).

Ficedula coronata Temminck & Schlegel in .Siebold's Faun, Jap. Arcs, p. 48, pi. xviii (1847) (Japan).
Bangs & Phillips record 4 examples Mengtsz, Aug. ; Forrest collected 1 ?
Lichiang Range ; La Touche obtained 20 specimens Mengtsz, July-Sept. 1920
and March 1921.

405. Phylloscopus trochiloid.es trochiloides (Sund.).

Acanlhiza trochiloides Sundeval, Physiogr. Sottslcap. Tidshr. vol. i. 1838 (1846) (Calcutta).

Anderson collected 1 example Ponsee, April 1868 ; Colonel Rippon obtained
21 specimens Gyi-dzin-Shan, March and April 1902, 1 example Yangi, March
1902, 1 Yuchangfu, May 1902, 1 Yangpi-Chutung Road, March 1906, 2 Yangtze
Big Bend, March 1906, and 1 Lichiang Valley, April 1906.

406. Phylloscopus trochiloides davisoni (Oates).
Acanthopneustt davisoni Oates, Faun. Brit. Intl. Birds, vol. i. p. 420 (1889) (Muleyit).

Colonel Rippon obtained examples at Yangtze Big Bend, Lichiang Valley,
Yungchang, and the Yangpi-Chutung Road, March-April 1906 ; Oustalet
records it among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Bangs & Phillips record 1 J Mengtsz,
Oct. 1910 ; Andrews & Heller procured 1 $ Wan-tien, May 1917 ; Forrest col-
lected 2 ^ (J, 3 $$ Tengyueh District, 1 <$ Lichiang Range, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin
Divide ; La Touche records 4 $<$, 1 $ Mengtsz, Oct. 1920, March 1921, 1 <J Lou-
kouchai, April 1921, 2 examples, Lotukow, May 1921.

407. Phylloscopus trochiloides disturbans (La Touche).

Aatntht>iniensti trnchiloidis dislurbans La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 22 (1922) (Mengtsz).

La Touche records 2 <$<$, 3 ?? of this bird Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct. 1920.
408. Phylloscopus trochiloides claudiae (La Touche).

Phylloscopus trochiloides claudiae La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 22 (1922) (Mengtsz).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 ^, 1 $ Mengtsz, June & Oct. ; La Touche collected
31 cJc?, 20 $$ Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct. 1920, March-April 1921.

409. Phylloscopus yunnanensis La Touche.

Pliylloscopus proregulus yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii. p. 21 (1922) (Mengstz).

La Touche collected 5 <$<$ Mengtsz, Oct. 1920, April 1921.
4lo. Phylloscopus proregulus proregulus (Pall.).

Motacilla proregulus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiai. vol. i, p. 499 (1827) (Ingoda River, Dauria).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 (J, 1 $ Mengtsz, June, Loukouchai, Dec. 1910 ;
La Touche collected 5 examples Mengtsz, Nov.-Dec. 1920, March 1921, 1 ex-
ample Milati, Feb. 1921, 1 $ Tachouang, March 1921.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 287

411. Phylloscopus proregulus newtoni Gatke.

Phylloscopus newtoni Gatke, Ibis, 1889, p. 579 (Darjeeling).

1 enumerate the 3 Mengtsz birds recorded by Ingram under this heading, as
they are certainly not typical proregulus, and have been doubted even by Ingram
when he identified them as proregulus.

2 $<$, 1 $ Mengtsz, July 1910.

412. Phylloscopus proregulus forresti Rothsch.

Phylloscopus proregulus forresti Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxviii, p. 45, No. 161 (1921)
(Lichiang Range).

Captain Wingate obtained 1 $ Yunnan City, Feb. 1899 ; Oustalet enumerates
it among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 $ Yung-
chang-Fu, Jan. 1917 ; Forrest sent 6 (J (J, 2 $$ Lichiang Range, 2 <$$ ad. Salwin
Valley, 1 $ Tengyueh District ; Colonel Rippon collected 3 Lichiang, March
and April 1900, 1 Shayang-Chutung Road, March 1902, 7 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April
1902, 1 hills E. of Yung Chang, Jan. 1900, 1 hills N.E. of Talifu, March 1902,
2 Yung Chan-Salwin Road, April 1902, 1 Chutung-Yangpi Road, March 1906,
1 Shan Kwan, March 1902.

413. Phylloscopus borealis borealis (Bias.).

Phyllopneuste borealis Blasius, Naumannia 1858, p. 313 (Sea of Ochotsk).

Ingram records 2 <$<$, 1 $ Mengtsz, May 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate
1 $ March 1911 ; Forrest collected 1 <£, 4 $$ Lichiang Range ; La Touche obtained
1 <?, 1 $ Mengtsz, Aug.-Sept. 1920, 1 <?, 1 ? Yunnanfu, May 1921.

414. Phylloscopus nitidus saturatus (Baker).

Acanthopneusle nitidus saturatus Baker, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlir, p. 62 (1924) (Dalan, S. Annam).
Colonel Rippon obtained 4 examples at Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902.

415. Phylloscopus nitidus plumbeitarsus (Swinh.).

Acanthopneusle plumheitarsus Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 330 (Taku and Peking).

La Touche records 3 examples, Yunnanfu, May 1921 ; 1 <J, 1 ? Kopaotsun,
May 1921.

416. Phylloscopus trivirgatus ricketti (Slater).

Cryptolopha ricketti Slater, Ibis, 1897, p. 174, pi. iv, f. 2 (Kuatun).

Bangs & Phillips enumerate and describe 1 <$ Mengstz, Sept. 1910, under
the name of Cryptolopha trivirgatus eiuncidas subsp. nov. ; La Touche records
5 (J (J, 6 $$, 3 ? ad. Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct. 1920 and March 1921.

417. Phylloscopus tenellipes Swinh.

Phylloscopus tenellipes Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 53 (Amoy).

La Touche collected 2 £<$ Mengtsz, Oct. 1920.

288 Novitatks Zoolooicab XXXIII. 1926.

4is. Phylloscopus affinis (Tick.).
MolaciUa aj/inis Tiokell, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, vol ii. p. 576 (1833) (Borabhum).

Anderson got 1 $ Momien, June 1868 ; Forrest obtained 1 $ Mekong-Salwin
Divide, 1 ? Mekong Valley, 1 ? Lichiang Range.

In the British Museum collected by Colonel Rippon are 1 Lichiang Valley,
April 1906, 3 Chutung-Yangpi Road, March and April 1902, 1 Mekong Valley,
April 1902, 2 Gzi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, and 1 Chutung-Shayan Road, April
1902.

419. Phylloscopus lugubris (Blyth).

Plii/llopnnisl, lugubris Birth. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 98 (1843) (Calcutta).

Oustalet records this species among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Bangs &
Phillips enumerate 2 <$£ Mengtsz, April-May ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $
Wan-tien, May 1917 ; Forrest sent 1 $ Mekong Valley, 1 (J, 2 $$ Tengyueh Valley ;
La Touche collected 1 c?> 1 ? Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct. 1920, 1 $ Milati, Sept. 1920,
2 (JcJ Yunnanfu, May 1921.

420. Phylloscopus magnirostris (Blyth).

Phyllopneustt magnirostris Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii, p. 966 (1843) (Calcutta).

Forrest collected 2 $$ Mekong Valley ; La Touche got 1 <J Mengtsz,
April 1921.

421. Phylloscopus pulcher pulcher Blyth.

Phylloscopus pulcher Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xiv, p. 592 (1845) (Nepal).

Colonel Rippon procured 1 example of this bird at Shan Kwan, Tali Valley,
March 1902, and 11 at Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1904; Forrest sent 1 $ Lichiang
Range.

422. Abrornis superciliaris salwinensis Baker.

Ahrornis superciliaris sahoinensis Baker, Bud. B.O.C. vol. xliv, p. 62 (1924) (Salwin).

The type was obtained by W. Davison, Jan. 1886, 1 <J Salwin ; Anderson
obtained 1 example Ponsee, April 1868.

423. Abrornis albigularis fulvifascies Swinh.

Abrornis puhrifoxies Swinhop, Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1870. p. 132 (Szechuan).

Oustalet records this laird among Prince H. d'Orleans' collections.

424. Abrornis schisticeps ripponi Sharpe.

Abrornis ripponi Sharpe. Bull. B.O.C. vol. xiii, p. 11 (19H2) (Gyi-dzin-Shin).

Colonel Rippon obtained 4 examples of this bird at Gzi-dzin-Shan, April
1902, 1 Talaupa Chutung, March 1902, and on the Chutung-Yangpi Road,
March 1902.

425. Seicercus burkei tephrocephalus (And.).

Culicepeta lephrocephala Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 213 (1871) (Bharao).

Colonel Rippon collected 1 example Yangpi Valley, March 1906 ; Oustalet
records it from the collection of Prince H d'Orleans ; Bangs & Plullips enumerate

NOVITATES ZOOI.OC.ICAE XXXIII. 1926. 2S9

7 examples Mengtsz, March-Oct. ; La Touche collected 2S specimens Mengtsz,
Sept.-Nov. 1020 and March-April 1021, 1 Loukouchai, Feb. 1921, 1 Tachouang
March 1921 ; Forrest sent 8 $$, 7 $$ Lichiang Range, 1 ? Yangtze Valley, 3 $$,
2 $$, 1 ? ad., 1 $ juv.Tengyueh District, 1 <$ Mekong Valley, 1 (J Mekong-Salwin
Divide. In the 1925 collection are 2 <$£ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 0,000-10,000
feet, July 1025, 1 ? hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, June 1925. Bill dark
brown, lower mandible bone-yellow ; feet pale olive brown ; iris dark brown.
[Seicercits Swainson, p. 84, antedates Cryptolopha Swainson, p. 259.]

426. Seicercus burkii distincta (La Touche).

Cryptolopha burkii distincta La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 41 (1922) (Mengtsz).

La Touche collected 4 $$, 1 $ Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct. 1920, March- April
1021, 1 <J, 1 $ Hokow, March 1921.

427. Seicercus burkii intermedia (La Touche).

Cryptolopha intermedia La Touche. Bull. B.O.V. vol. vii, p. xxxvii (1898) (Fokhien).
La Touche obtained 1 $ Mengtsz, Nov. 1920.

428. Seicercus burkii valentini (Hartert).

Cryptolopha burkii valentini Hartert, Vbg. paUiarkt. Fauna, vol. i, p. 497, No. 773 (1907) (S. Kansu).
The $ type of La Touche's intermedia turns out to be a $ of the above.

429. Seicercus castaneiceps castaneiceps (Gray).

Abrornis castaneiceps Gray, Cat. Mamms., fir., Nepal, p. 66, et App. p. 152 (1846) (Nepal).
Forrest only got 1 example Shweli-Salwin Divide in his first collection.

430. Seicercus castaneiceps laurentei (La Touche).

Cryptolopha castaneiceps laurentei La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii. p. 53 (1921) (Mengtsz).

La Touche obtained 4 <$<$, 1 $, 1? Mengtsz, Oct. 1920, and March-April
1921.

431. Seicercus poliogenys (Blyth).

Culicipeta poliogenys Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 441 (1847) (Darjeeling).

La Touche records 1 (J Tachouang, March 1921, 1 $ Loukouchai, April 1921.

432. Seicercus ripponi (Sharpe).

Abrornis ripponi Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xii, p. 11 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-Shan).

Colonel Rippon obtained an example of this bird at Talaupa Chutung, March
1902, 1 Chutung- Yangpi Road, March 1902, and 4 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902.

433. Franklinia gracilis (Frankl.).

Prinia gracilis Franklin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1831, p. 119 (Y'indhyian Hills).

Captain Wingate sent 1 $ ad. Ching-tung, March 1899 ; Ingram records
2 tJcJ. 2 $9 Mengtsz, May-July 1010 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 8 specimens
Mengtsz, Jan.-Sept. ; La Touche collected 9 $$, 2 $$, 2 ? ad., 1 ? juv. Mengtsz,

290 NuMTATKS ZOOLOGICAL XXXIII. 1926.

July-Dec. 1920 and Feb. 1921, 1 <?, 1 ? Tachouang, March 1921, 1 <J Hokow,
March 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 c? Lichiang Range, 1 (J, 1 ?, 1 ? Tengyueh District.
In the British Museum are also 2 examples Yangpi Talifu Road, March-
April 1902, 1 Shayang-Pingpo Road, April 1902, from Colonel Rippon ; 1 Yung
Mochenj, March 1903, Styan coll., and 1 <J Muangla, May 1868 Anderson.

434. Franklinia rufescens rufescens (Blyth).

Prinia rufescens Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi. p. 456 (1847) (Arrakan).

La Touche collected 1 <J Hokow, March 1921.

435. Culicicapa ceylonensis orientalis Baker.

Culicicapa ceylonensis orientalis Baker. Bvtt. B.O.C. vol. xliv, p. 11 (1923) (Kzechuan).

Colonel Rippon obtained 8 examples at Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ; Bangs &
Phillips record 2 specimens Mengtsz, Oct. ; Andrews & Heller collected 2 (J <J,

1 $ ad. Namting River, Malipa, and Tai-ping-pu, Feb.-April 1917 ; Pichon
obtained this bird ; La Touche collected 10 <$<$, 4 $$, 2 ? Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct.
1920, 1 3 Tachouang, March 1921, 1 ?, 2 ? Loukouchai, March 1921, 1 <J
Hokow, March 1921, 1 ? Lotukow, May 1921 ; Forrest obtained 2 <J<J, 7 $$, 2 ?
Lichiang Range, 1 <J, 1 $ Yangtze Valley, 5 <$<$, 4 ?$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 <J,

2 $$ Salwin Valley, 1<J, 4 ??, 1 ? Mekong-Salwin Divide, 4 $$ Mekong Valley,
1 <J, 4 $$, 1 ? Tengyueh District. In the 1925 collection there are 1 <J, 2 ?? Shweli-
Salwin Divide, 9,000-10,000 feet, Aug. 1925, 2 $<$, 2 $? hills N.W. of Tengyueh,
6,000-8,000 feet, July 1925. Forests. Bill black-brown, lower mandible pale
brown, feet olive, iris brown.

In addition there are in the British Museum from Colonel Rippon 5 examples
Yangpi-Chutung Road, April 1902 and 1906, and 1 Lichiang Valley, April 1906.

436. Chelidorynx hypoxantha (Blyth).

Rhipidura hypoxantha Blyth, Journ As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii, p. 935 (1843) (Darjeeling).

Colonel Rippon obtained 2 examples Chutung- Yangpi Road, March 1902,
and 6 at Gyi-dzin-Shan, March-April 1902 ; Oustalet records it among Prince H.
d'Orleans collections ; Bangs and Phillips enumerate 4 examples Mengtsz, Feb-
March and Dec. ; La Touche collected 1 £, 3 $$ Mengtsz, Oct.-Dec. 1920, 1 $
Loukouchai, March 1921 ; Forrest sent 10 <J(J, 5 ?? Lichiang Range, 3 <$<$, 1 ?
Tengyueh District, 2 cJcJ Salwin Valley, 3 £3 Shweli-Salwin Divide, 2 c?c?. 1 ?
ad., 1 <J, 1 $ juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide. In the 1925 collection are 2 c?c?» 2 ??
hills N.W. of ^Tengyueh, 6,000-7,000 feet, June 1925, 1 jj Shweli-Salwin Divide,
9,000 feet, July 1925. Bill black, lower mandible yellow ; feet blackish olive ;
iris brown. Forests.

437. Anthipes laurentii La Touche.

Anthipes laurentii La Touche. Bull B.O.I', vol. xlii (1921) (Loukouchai).

La Touche collected 1 ? Mengtsz, Oct. 1920, 1 <J Loukouchai, April 1921 ;
Forrest sent 1 (J Tengyueh District.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 291

438. Terpsiphone paradisi affinis (" Hay " Blyth).

Tchitrea a/finis " Hay " Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. sv, p. 292 (1846) (Malay Peninsula and
Tenasserim).

Ingram records 1 ? juv. Mengtsz, May 1910 ; Forrest sent 1 $ juv. Tengyueh
District ; Uchida & Kuroda record 3 (JcJ. 2 $$ Mengtsz, April and Sept.

439. Terpsiphone incii (Gould).

Muscipela incei Gould, Birds of Asia, vol. iv, p. 19 (1852) (Shanghai).

In my article on Forrest's fourth collection I stated (Nov. Zool. vol. xxxii,
p. 305, 1925) on the evidence of Forrest's and Ingram's 2 birds, that the Mengtsz
Paradise Flycatchers mentioned by La Touche and Bangs & Phillips were wrongly
named, and that incii Gould was a purple-backed species " never white." I
much regret having made this statement, as I now find that adult <J incii are
white. Consequently I am quoting these birds under incii now, though I am
not sure in my own mind, not having seen them, whether some of the immature
examples may not also be paradisi affinis.

Bangs & Phillips record 11 examples Mengtsz, April and Oct. ; La Touche
collected 3 <$<$ ad., 6 <$$, 3 ?? juv. Mengtsz, Aug.-Oct. 1920, 1 $ ad. Amichow,
1921.

440. Muscicapa thalassina thalassina (Swains.).

Muscicapa llmlassina Swainson, in Jardine & Selby's Nat. Lihr. vol. xvii (Flycatchers), Appendix
p. 252, No. 2 (1838) (India).

Oberholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxxii, p. 240) points out that
Muscicapa melanops Vig. is antedated by Muscicapa melanops Vieill. (Now.
Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxi, p. 452, 1818), and therefore the next available name
is thalassina Swains. Oberholser also points out that the correct spelling of
the generic name Stoparola auct. plur is Stoporala, but as I unite these birds
with Muscicapa the correction of the genus does not alter my views. Captain
Wingate obtained 2 <$$ Ching-tung, March 1899 ; Ingram records 3 c?c?> 1 ?
Mengtsz, May-June 1910 ; Anderson obtained 1 £, 1 ? Ponsee, March 1868,

1 $ juv. Sanda, July 1868, 1 $, 1 ? juv. Momien, June 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 13 examples Mengtsz and Loukouchai, March-Oct. ; Andrews &
Heller obtained 1 $ ad. Mucheng, Salwin Drainage, Feb. 1917 ; Pichon sent
home 1 specimen ; La Touche collected 5 <£$, 2 $? Mengtsz, Sept.-Nov. 1920,
and March-April 1921, 6^, 2 ?$ Milati, Sept. 1920 and Jan. 1921, 1 cJ, 1 $
Loukouchai, March-April 1921, 2 £<$, 1 $ Lotukow, May 1921 ; Forrest sent

2 <?<? Shweli Valley, 1 <J, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 2 $$ T'ong Shan, 2 SS
Chutong Valley, 1 $ Yangtze Valley, 12 <3<S, 3 ?$ ad., 2 <$$, 1 ? juv. Tengyueh
District; 5c$<$, 4 $$ ad., 1 ^, 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range. The 1925 collection
contains 2 tftf hills around and N. of Tengyueh, 6,000-9,000 feet, July and
Nov. 1925.

In the British Museum are further 5 examples Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902,
2 Lichiang Valley, April 1906, 1 Yangpi Valley, March 1906, and 1 Chutung-
Yangshan Road, April 1906, from Colonel Rippon, and 3 $$ Yunnan, Styan
collection

292 Novitatks ZooLor.irAE XXXIII. 1926.

441. Muscicapa tricolor tricolor (Hodgs.).
Digenea tricolor Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Is4.">. ]>. 2(i (Nepal).

The first actual descriptions of this Flycatcher appeared at the place quoted
where Hodgson described the J as leucomdanura and the 9 as tricolor. Nearly
all subsequent writers have employed the name leucomdanura for this bird,
because it applied to the (J, but they quite ignored the fact that tricolor appears
first on the page, and therefore must be used under the laws of priority.

Colonel Rippon collected an example in the Lichiang Valley, April 1906 ;
La Touche obtained 5 <$£, 2 $$ Mengtsz, Oct. 1920 and March-April 1921.
Forrest sent lO^cJ, 3 ?? ad., 1 <J imm., 3 $3 juv. Lichiang Range, 1 <$, 1 ? ad.,
1 $ juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 ? juv. Shweli Valley, 1 $ ad. Salwin Valley.
La Touche records 5 <$<$, 2 $$ Mengtsz, Oct. 1920 and March-April 1921, under
the name of leucomdanura cerviniventris. I also in the beginning identified
Yunnan examples as I. cerviniventris, but on careful re-examination I believe all
Yunnan birds are I. leucomdanura, i.e. tricolor tricolor, after all.

[On the Muscicapae of the banyumas-rubeculoides-tickellii group.
This group of Flycatchers is very puzzling, and I fear Mr. Stuart Baker has
failed to unravel the confused mass at all satisfactorily. Count Salvadori des-
cribed a bird under the name of dialilaema and Colonel Harington published and
described whitei, while Thayer & Bangs applied the name of glaucicomans to a
tickellii form. All these according to Baker are one and the same. I cannot
subscribe to this, as from my examination we have three distinct forms in Yunnan
of apparently three species. Mr. Baker has admitted three species of this group,
each with several subspecies, viz. rubeculoides and banyumas with brown $$ and
tickellii with sexes alike. If Mr. Baker had looked up glaiicicomans of Thayer &
Bangs he would have perceived that it was a form of tickellii, whereas dialilaema
is a form of rubeculoides in which a narrow median band of rufous runs up into
the blue throat from the breast ; whitei is a form of banyumas, and as far as
I can see = caerulifrons Baker. I therefore recognise the following Yunnan
forms : rubeculoides dialilaema Salvad., banyumas whitei Har., and tickellii glaiici-
comans Thay. & Bangs. La Touche has followed Baker's classification and calls
all three forms caerulifrons Baker, but lays great stress on there being many
males with blue sides of the neck and throat ; these of course are rubeculoides
dialilaema. It is possible that when we have larger series, it will be found that
both the birds I call banyumas whitei and rubeculoides dialilaema will have to be
separated, as special subspecies as well as the third form tickellii glaucicomans,
on account of their larger size.]

442. Muscicapa tickellii glaucicomans (Thay. & Bangs).

Cyornis tickdliae glaucicomans Thayer & Bangs, Bull. Hue. Camp. Zool. vol. lii, p. 141 (1909)
(Tanahuiya Hupeh).

Only Bangs & Phillips of recent authors appear to have recorded this bird
from Yunnan ; 6 examples Mengtsz, Oct. -Dec.

443. Muscicapa banyumas whitei (Har.).

Cyornis whitei Harington, Ann. Mug. Xul. Ilixt. (S), ii. p. 245 (1808) (Wntan, Bhamo Distr.).

Anderson obtained 2 <$<$ March and April, 1868, Ponsee ; Andrews & Heller
collected 1 $ ad. at Chang-lung, Salwin River, March 1917; Forrest sent 2 $$,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 293

2 99 Tengyueh District. In the 1925 collection are 3 $<S hills N.W. and N. of
Tengvueh, July and Nov. 1925, 8,000-9,000 feet. La Touche records all his
examples of M . b. whitei and M. dialilaema under the head of caerulifrons Baker,
though pointing out the differences ; he obtained of the two species, in all 10 $,
13 99 ad., 3 <$<$ juv., 10 <$$ juv. from Mengtsz, July and Sept.-Oct. and March,
Milati, Sept. and March, Loukouchai, April, Lotukow, May, and Hokow, March.

444. Muscicapa rubeeuloides dialilaema (Salvad.).

Cyornis dialilaema Salvadori. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2), vii, p. 387 (1889) (Taho, Karen Hills).

When we can examine a large series of Chinese examples, I expect this
form will have to be separated on account of its larger size.

La Touche obtained a number of exarnjjfes (for details see under previous
No. (230)). Forrest sent 3 rfd Yangtze Valley, 4 <$<$ Lichiang Range ; Anderson
collected 3 99 a* Ponsee, March-May 1868, and 1 <$ Tapeng River, 1868.

445. Muscicapa saphira (Blyth).

Muscicapula -saphira Blyth, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, vol. xii, p. 939 (1843) (Sikkim).

Anderson records 1 <$ example Ponsee, April 1868 ; Forrest sent 2 <$<$
Salwin Valley.

446. Muscicapa hyperythra hyperythra Blyth.

Muscicapa hyperythra Blyth. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 885 (1842) (India).

La Touche records 7 £<$, 9 99 Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. 1920 and March 1921.
447. Muscicapa hodgsonii (Verr.).

Siphia hodgsonii Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi. Bull. p. 34 (1870) (Moupin).

Forrest sent 1 £, 2 99 ad. Tengyueh District, 4 <$<$, 3 99 ad. 1 <$, 1 ? juv.
Lichiang Range.

In the 1925 collection were 1 $ ad., 1 (J juv. (sexed 9) bills N.W. of Tengyueh,
6,000-8,000 feet, July 1925.

448. Muscicapa cyanomelana cyanomelana Temm.

Muscicapa cyanomelana Temminck, PI. Col. vol. iii, pi. 470 (1835) (Japan).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 <$ imm. Mengtsz, Oct. 1911 ; La Touche collected
1 c?> 2 99 Mengtsz, Oct. 1920. La Touche identified his examples as cyanomelana
cumatilis Thayer & Bangs, but states his adult $ has not the breast pattern of
Hupeh examples. I therefore treat all Yunnan birds as C. cyanomelana.

449. Muscicapa mugimaki Temm.

Muscicapa mugimaki Temminck, PI. Col. pi. 577. f. 2 (1835) (Japan).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 £ Mengtsz, April 1911 ; Uchida & Kuroda record
also 1 cJ Mengtsz, April ; La Touche obtained 1 <J Loukouchai, April 1921.

450. Muscicapa pallipes hainana (O. -Grant).

Siphia hainana Osilvie-Grant, Bull. B.O.C, vol. x, p. 36 (1899) (Hainan).

La Touche enumerates 1 (J, 2 99 Mengtsz, April and Sept. 1921, 1 <J Milati,
Sept. 1920.

294 XciMTATKS ZoOLOOICAE XXXIII. 1926.

451. Muscicapa collini Rothsch.

Muscicapa collini Rothschild, Bull B.O.C. vol. xlv. p. 90 (1925) (nom. nov. mdanoleiica).

Mr. Albert Collin of Kotka, Finland, pointed out to me that my new name
of blythi for melanoleuca Blvth was also preoccupied by blythi of Giebel (see above
quotation), so I had much pleasure in naming it after my informant. Captain
Wingate obtained 1 $ ad. Ching-tung. March 1899; Colonel Rippon procured
one on the Chutung-Yungchang Road, April 1906 ; Oustalet enumerated it in
his list of Prince H. d'Orleans birds ; Bangs & Phillips record 3 examples Mengtsz,
March and Oct. ; Andrews & Heller got 4 specimens Tai-ping-pu, April 1917 ;
La Touche collected 6 $<$, 2 99 Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. 1920 and March 1921, 1 <J,

2 99 Milati, March 1921, 3 <J<J Loukouchai, March-April 1921, 1 <J Lotukow,
May 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 <$ ad. Salwin Valley, 3 <J(J Shweli-Salwin Divide,
5 (Jc? ad., 1 cJjiin. l CJ, 1 ? juv. Tengyueh District. In the 1925 collection were

3 cJ(J ad. Shweli-Salwin Divide. 9,000 feet, Aug. 1925.

In addition there are in the British Museum 1 example Gyi-dzin-Shan from
Colonel Rippon, March 1902 ; and 1 <$, 1 $ Yunnan, Styan collection.

452. Muscicapa muttui (Lay.).

Bululis muttui, Layard, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), xiii, p. 127 (1854) (Ceylon).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 <J Mengtsz, April 1911 ; La Touche obtained
4 2? Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct. 1920 and April 1921.

453. Muscicapa vivida oatesi (Salvad.).

Niltava oatesi Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2), v, p. 514 (1887) (Pegu).

La Touche records 1 9 Mengtsz, Oct. 1920, but says it is doubtful owing to
being more rufous than oatesi 99 in the British Museum ; Forrest sent 1 ^ ad.,
1 ^ juv., 1 $ jun. Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 $ ad. Mekong Valley, 2 <$<$ ad.
Mekong- Yangtze Divide.

454. Muscicapa parva albicilla Pall.

Muscicapa albicilla Pall., Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. vol. i, p. 462 (1827) (Dauria).

Bangs & Phillips enumerate 4 specimens Mengtsz, April and Oct. ; Pichon
Bent 1 example; La Touche obtained 1 (J, 2 99 Mengtsz, Sept. 1920 and
April 1921, 1 9 Yunnanfu, May 1921 ; Forrest sent 2 $<$, 7 99 ad., 1 $ juv.
Tengyueh District, 2 $<$ juv. Lichiang Range, 1 (J, 1 $ Yangtze Valley, 1 <J
T'ong Shan, 2 <J(J Salwin Valley.

455. Muscicapa sibirica rothschildi (Baker)

Hemichelidon sibirica rothschildi Baker, Tiidl. B.O.C. vol. xliii. p. 15(5 (1923) (Yunnan;.

La Touche collected 2 ad., 4 juv. Mengtsz, Aug.-Oct. 1920 ; Forrest sent
5 (?c?> 9 99 ad-> V c?c? juv. Lichiang Range, 2 9? ad., 4 £ J1 juv. Tengyueh District.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 192G. 295

456. Muscicapa cinereiceps (Sharpe).

Hemichelidon cinereiceps Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 441, No. 10 (Kina Balu).

Hodgson's name ferruginea dates from 1845, but there is a Muscicapa ferru-
ginea Gnielin of 1789, so that if, as I do, we retain it in Muscicapa cinereiceps
Sharpe must be used.

Forrest sent 1 $ ad. Salwin Valley, 2 <$$ juv. Mekong Valley, 1 <J ad.
Mekong-Salwin Divide.

457. Muscicapa strophiata strophiata (Hodgs.).

Siphia strophiata Hodgson, Ind. Review, vol. i, p. 651 (1837) (Nepal).

Anderson records 1 _J Ponsee, March 186S ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate
1 <?, 1 ? Mengtsz, Nov. 1910 and April 1911 ; La Touche collected 12 $$, 10 $?
Mengtsz, Oct.-Dec. 1920 and March-April 1921, 1 $ Loukouchai, March 1921 ;
Forrest sent 2 $$ ad., 4 $$ juv. Tengyueh District, 1 <J ad. Mekong Valley, 2 ?$
ad., 1 cj juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide, 9 $$, 2 $$ ad., 2 $$, 3 ?$ juv. Lichiang
Range.

In the British Museum are 1 example Yangtze Big Bend and 1 Gyi-dzin-
Shan, March 1902, Colonel Rippon.

458. Muscicapa latirostris Raffl.

Muscicapa latirostris Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xiii, pt. ii, p. 312 (1821) (.Sumatra).

Ingram records 1 £ Mengtsz, May 1910 ; Oustalet catalogues this species
from the collection of Prince H. d'Orleans ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 5
specimens Mengtsz, Feb., May, and Sept. ; La Touche collected 17 examples of
both sexes Mengtsz, Aug.-Oct. 1920 and April 1921, 2 £$ Lotukow, May 1921,
1 § Kopaotsun May 1921. Forrest sent 4 $$ Lichiang Range.

1 <J Yunnan, Styan collection, is in the British Museum.

459. Muscicapa narcissina zanthopygia Hay.

Muscicapa zanthopygia Hay, Madras Journal, vol. xiii, pt. ii, p. 162 (1845) (Malacca).

Ingram records 1 $ Mengtsz, May 1910 ; Uchida & Kuroda enumerate 1 <J,
1 $ Mengtsz, Aug. ; La Touche collected 1 $ ad., 4 $$, 1 $ imm. Mengtsz,
Aug.-Sept. 1922.

400. Hypothymis azurea styani (Haiti.).

Siphia styani Hartlaub, Abh. X<it. Ver. Bremen, vol. xvi. pt. ii, p. 248 (1898).

Bangs & Phillips record tinder the name of a. azurea 1 cJ, 1 $ Mengtsz, Sept.-
Oct. ; Uchida & Kuroda also record 1 <J, 1 $ Sept.-Oct. Mengtsz under the same
name ; La Touche collected 1 (J, 2 $$ ad., 1 <J imm. Mengtsz, Oct. 1920 and March-
April 1921, 1 ? Milati, Sept. 1920 ; Forrest sent 1 (J Tengyueh District.

461. Niltava sundara sundara Hodgs.

Niltava sundara Hodgson, Ind. Rev. vol. i. p. 650 (1837) (Nepal).

Colonel Rippon obtained 1 $ example on the Yangpi-Chutung Road, April
1906 ; Oustalet enumerates the species among the birds collected by Prince H.

296 XmiTVTES ZOOLOQH w: XXXIII. 1926.

d'Orleans ; Forrest .sent 1 $ Shweli Valley, 1 <?, 1 ? ad., 1 <J, 1 ? juv. Shweli
Sahvin Divide, 1 Q* ad., 1 3 juv. Tengyueh District, 10 <?<?, 3 $? ad., 3 ^cJ, 4 $$
juv. Lichiang Range.

462. Niltava sundara denotata Bangs & Phillips.

Niltava sundara denotata Bangs & Phillip-;. Hull. Mils. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. Iviii, p. 2so (l'.H4)
(Mengtsz).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 cj, 1 $ ad. Mengtsz, Oct. -Dec. 1910 ; Andrews &
Heller record 3 rfS ad. Chang-lung, Sahvin River and Tai-ping-pu, March and
April 1917 ; La Touche collected 4 gg Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. 1920 and March 1921,
1 cj Loukouchai, April 1921.

I have come to the conclusion that in Yunnan sundara sundara is only found
in the West and N.W. at considerable elevation, whereas sundara denotata is a
slightly different subspecies inhabiting the plains and lower elevations, its
headquarters being more to the east but going round to the S.W. I think Colonel
Rippon's bird listed under sundara sundara will probably prove to be s. denotata.

463. Niltava grandis grandis (Blyth).

Chaitaris grandis Bryth, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 189 (1842) (Darjecling).

Forrest sent 2 $$ ad., 1 <J, 1 ? juv. Tengyueh District, 1 q ad. Shweli-
Salwin Divide.

464. Niltava grandis griseiventris La Touche.

Niltava grandis griseiventris La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 14 (1921) (Loukouchai).

La Touche records 1 <J ad., 1 <J juv. Loukouchai, March-April 1921.
This is evidently a slightly differentiated eastern race.

465. Niltava macgrigoriae (Burton).

Phoenicura macgrigoriae Burton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1835, p. 152 (Himalayas).

La Touche obtained 3 cjcj, 3 $$ Loukouchai, April 1921.

466. Niltava davidi lychnis Thay. & Bangs.

Niltava lychnis Thayer & Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. Hi, p. 141 (1909) (Hupeh &
Paotung).

La Touche says Yunnan and Hupeh examples differ from Fohkien birds in
being much brighter blue and the (JcJ are without the conspicuous black streaks
of the Fohkien birds ; it may possibly turn out later that Yunnan birds form
a third race.

Bangs & Phillips enumerate 3 examples Mengtsz, April and Oct. ; La Touche
collected 5 <$<$ ad., 4 $$ jun., 1 $ Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov. 1920.

467. Rhipidura albicollis albicollis (Vieill.).

Platyrhynchus albicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii, p. 13 (1818) (Bengal).

Anderson collected 2 $<$, 1 ? Ponsee, March-May 1868 ; Ingram records
4 <J(J Mengtsz, June-July 1910; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 11 examples
Mengtsz, Feb.-July, Loukouchai, Jan. ; Andrews &■ Heller obtained 2 £<$> 1 ?
ad. Namting River and Mucheng, Sahvin Drainage, Feb.-March 1917 ; M.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 297

Pichon sent 1 example ; La Touche collected 2 (JcJ. 4 $$ Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov.
1920; Forrest sent 1 ? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 <$ juv. Mekong Valley, 2 <$<$,
3 $$ ad., 1 $ juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide, 7 <?<?, 5 $$ ad. Tengyueh District,
2 (JtJ, 1 $ ad. Yangtze Valley, 3 3$, 4 ?$ad., 1 (J, 1 $ juv. Lichiang Range. In
the 1925 collection there are 1 ? hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, Nov. 1925 ;
1 ? Tengyueh Valley, 7,000 feet, Dec. 1925. In the British Museum are 1 <J
example Yungchang, 2 Lichiang, March 1900, 1 Shangyang, March 1900, Colonel
Rippon.

468. Rhipidura aureola burmanica (Hume).

Leucocerca burmanica Hume, Stray Feathers, vol. ix, p. 175 (1881) (Thoungyan).
Anderson records 1 <$ Ponsee, March 1868.

469. Pericrocotus speciosus speciosus (Lath.).

Tardus speciosus Latham, Ind. Orn. vol. i, p. 363 (1790) (Darjeeling).

Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ ad. Ta-shui-tang, Salwin Drainage, Feb.
1917; Forrest sent 5 ££, 11 ?? ad., 5 <$<$ jun. Tengyueh District; La Touche
obtained 1 $ at Loukouchai, Feb. 1921, 1 9 Mengtsz, Nov. 1920. In my fourth
article (Nov. Zool. vol. xxxii, p. 305, No. 116, 1925) I have explained that La
Touche's P. sp. bakeri in my opinion is nothing but a synonym of sp. speciosus,
and I have therefore listed his types under this form. In Forrest's 1925 collection
are the following examples : 2 $<$, 4 $$ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet,
Sept. 1925, 2 cJcJ hills north of Tengyueh, 7,000-8,000 feet, Sept. 1925, 1 <$, 1 $
hills around Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, June 1925. Forests. Bill and feet black,
iris brown.

470. Pericrocotus speciosus fraterculus Swinh.

Pericrocotus fraterculus Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 244 (Hainan).

Anderson collected 3 cJ<J Ponsee, April 1868.

[On Pericrocotus brevirostris and its races.

In the Catalogue of Birds, vol. iv, pp. 79-80, Dr. Sharpe unites affinis McClell.
and brevirostris Vig. as synonyms and upholds neglectus Hume as a good species ;
Bangs & Phillips (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. lviii, pp. 282-283) describe
a new subspecies as br. ethelogus from China (type Hsienshan, Hupeh), stating
Yunnan birds are not typical, and then proceed to divide brevirostris up into
three subspecies, renaming and describing the race from the Western Himalayas
and Plains of India as new under the name of flavillaceus, quite ignoring that
Vigors' type of brevirostris came from Mussoorie, and they treat McClelland's
affinis from Eastern Sikkim, Assam, etc., as typical brevirostris, again ignoring
that McClelland's type came from Assam. Stuart Baker has, I think correctly,
separated the Indian forms of brevirostris into three races — b. brevirostris Con-
tinental India and W. Himalayas, affinis E. Himalayas, Assam, and Burma, and
neglectus Tenasserim. There remain only the Chinese birds ; Bangs & Phillips,
as mentioned above, declare that the Mengtsz birds do not agree absolutely with
typical Hupeh birds (their ethelogus) ; I cannot decide this, as I have no Hupeh
examples to compare. La Touche in his S.E. Yunnan articles in the Ibis
makes affinis McClell. and ethelogus Bangs & Phillips both occur in Yunnan, and

298 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

says they both must breed hi S.E. Yunnan, but in his Handbook of the- Birds of
Eastern China he correctly states that he has only found the two forms together
during migration. La Touche further places Baker's brevirostris styani as a
synonym of b. ethelogus, without comment, whereas my Szechuan and Pekin
birds are decidedly paler than any Yunnan ones (see infra). All my Western
Yunnan and Mengtsz birds are affinis. The Kwangtung $, according to Strese-
mann's description, is exactly like a $ I have from Mengtsz, but I have 3 similar
ones of affinis from Cachar, while the fourth Cachar $ is exactly like my second
Mengtsz $, and all the N.W. and W. Yunnan $$ sent by Forrest. I have at
Tring besides the 2 cJcJ, 2 ??of Owston's from Mengtsz, and 14 <?<?, 8 ?? adult,
and 2 juveniles of Forrest's from N.W. Yunnan, the following Indo-Burmese
examples of P. brevirostris affinis, 5 <$,$ Bhamo (Harington), 1 (J, 1 $ Chin
Hills (Venning), 1 <J, 2 $$ Shan States (Harington & Bingham), 1 <J, 1 $
Kauri Kachin tract (Colonel Rippon) ; 1 $ Pegu (?) ; 1 (J, 4 $ Cachar (Stuart
Baker) ; 2 <$£ Margherita, Assam (Stuart Baker) ; 2 <J<J, 1 $ Sikkim (H. Y.
Elwes). After careful comparison of this material I have come to the following
conclusions: (1) that most likely ethelogus Bangs & Phillips from Mengtsz, which
they acknowledge to be different from their Hupeh type, are affinis McClell. ;
(2) that La Touche's Mengtsz birds named by him ethelogus are Baker's styani
from Szechuan ; and (3) I cannot yet treat styani as a synonym of ethelogus,
as it does not agree with the original description ; to decide finally I must compare
Hupeh series.]

471. Pericrocotus brevirostris affinis McClell.

Pericrocolus affinis McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839, p. lo6 (Assam).

Stresemann has described a single $ ! ! ! obtained by R. Mell at Kwangtung
as brevirostris anthoides, and I have a $ from Mengtsz exactly fitting the
description ; but alas, my second $ from Mengtsz differs entirely and agrees
with typical $ birds of b. affinis ; also of the 4 $$ of Mr. Stuart Baker's from
Cachar 3 are like anthoides and 1 like affinis, finally the 5 from the Chin Hills
(Colonel Rippon) has the yellow frons described by Stresemann, but is bright
golden orange below. This I think proves that the $$ of b. affinis are somewhat
variable in colour, and that Dr. Stresemann ought never to have described a new
subspecies from a single $.

Anderson obtained 1 (J Ponsee, April 1868 ; Colonel Rippon got 1 example
at Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906, 1 Lichiang, March 1906, 2 at Yangtze Big Bend, March
1906, 1 Chutung-Yungchung Road, April 1906 ; 3 examples were got by Captain
Wingate E. Yunnan, Feb. 1S99 ; Ingram records 2 <?<?, 1 $ (rectius 2 <$<$, 2 $$)
Mengtsz, June-July 1910 : Andrews & Heller collected 1 <J ad. Tai-ping-pu,
April 1917. M. Pichon sent 3 <J<J, 2 $$ from Lung-ling ; M. & Mme. Comby
obtained 1 $ ; La Touche collected 3 cJcJ Mengtsz, Oct. 1920, 3 $£, 1 ? Loukouchai
April 1921, 1 <J Lotukow, May 1921 ; Forrest sent 2 <?<?, 3 $$ ad., 1 ? juv.
Tengyueh District, 12 (J (J, 6 $$ ad., 2 $3, 1 ? juv., 2 nestlings Lichiang Range.
In my articles on the first four collections of Forrest I used the name brevirostris
ethelogus for these birds, but they are undoubtedly b. affinis. The 1925 collection
contains 1 cj hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, June 1925 ; 5 $<£, 2 $$ Tengyueh
Valley, 7,000 feet, Dec. 1925. Bill and feet black ; iris brown. In addition
there are in the British Museum 2 Gyi-dzin-Shan, March-April 1902, 2 Shayang-

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926. 290

Chutung Road, March 1902, 1 Yangpi-Chutung Road, April 1902, all from Colonel
Rippon ; 1 J Mu-chu, Jan. 1903, Styan coll., 2 <$<$ Yunnan City, Feb. 1899.

472. Pericrocotus brevirostris styani Baker.

Pericrocotus brevirostris styani Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xl, p. 117, No. 4 (1920) (Szechuan).

I have a <J ad. from Mua-Kua-Chi, Lung-an Szechuan, Oct. 21, 1893 (Bere-
zowsky coll.), 2 <J ad. Taipaishan Tsin-ling Mts., Oct. -Dec. 1905 (Alan Owston
coll.), 2 $$ Peking (H. H. Slater coll.), which agree with Mr. Baker's descriptions,
i.e. the $$ are paler below than affinis, and the $$ below pale lemon-yellow. If
these birds, and those listed by Bangs & Phillips are different from the Hupeh
examples, then b. styani must be employed as a name for them ; as I have not
been able to compare typical Hupeh material with these birds, I shall keep them
separate till I am able to do so.

Bangs & Phillips record 17 examples of both sexes from Mengtsz, Feb.-
Sept., Shi-ping, Feb., and Loukouchai, Dec. (There may very likely be some
b. affinis among these.) La Touche collected 1 <J, 2 $$ ad., 2 $$ imm. Mengtsz,
Aug. and Nov. 1920 and Jan.-March 1921, 1 <$ Milati, Feb. 1921, 1 $ Hokow,
April 1921.

473. Pericrocotus cinereus Lafresn.

Pericrocotus cinereus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. vol. viii, p. 94 (1845) (Luzon).

La Touche collected 1 <$ ad., 1 imm. Mengtsz, Oct. 1920.
474. Pericrocotus cantonensis Swinh.

Pericrocotus cantonensis Swinhoe, Ibi8t 1861, p. 42 (Canton).

Bangs & Phillips record 6 examples Mengtsz, April & Oct. ; Uchida & Kuroda
enumerate 4 gg, 2 $$ Mengtsz, April and Oct. ; La Touche collected 3 $$ juv.
Mengtsz, Oct. 1920, 2 <$£ ad. Hokow, April 1921.

475. Pericrocotus roseus (Vieill.).

Mnscicapa rosea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxi, p. 486 (1818) (Bengal).

Anderson procured 2 $$ Muangla, May 1868; Ingram records 6 $<$, 2 $$
Mengtsz, April- July 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 2 $S Mengtsz, March
and Oct. ; La Touche collected 7 <$<$, 9 ?$ ad., 1 <J juv. Mengtsz, June-Oct.
1920 and March-April 1921, 4 ejej Milati, Sept. 1920 and March 1921, 1 (J, 1 $
Loukouchai, April 1921, 2 (J (J, 1 $ Lotukow, May 1921, 1 ^, 1 $ Yunnanfu, May
1921, 8 <$<$, 3 $$ Hokow, March-April 1921 ; Forrest sent 4 <$$, 1 $ ad., 1 <$ juv.
Tengyueh District, 3 £<$, 2 ?? ad. Lichiang Range, 2 $$ Yangtze. Valley, 1 <J
ad., 1 J juv. Salwin Valley. In the 1925 collection are 3 <J(J ad. hills round
Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, June 1925. In the British Museum are 1 $ Mu-chu, Styan ;
2 Lichiang, March 1906, Colonel Rippon.

476. Pericrocotus Solaris mandarinus Stresem.

Pericrocotus Solaris nmndarinus Stresemann, Journ.f. Orn. vol. lxxi, p. 363 (1923) (Luug-tau-Shan)-

In my article on Forrest's fourth collection (Nov. Zool. vol. xxxii, p. 307,

1925) I unfortunately used the name Solaris Solaris through too hasty comparison ;

300 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

the 2 examples he sent (9$) have no trace of yellow on the pure white throat.
Dr. Stresemann has separated the Continental Chinese birds from the Formosan
griseig ularis Swinh., and although the differences are very slight I feel obliged to
adopt the name as valid. Forrest's birds undoubtedly belong to the Chinese
race of Solaris, and not to the Indian race, which has the throat strongly suffused
with yellow in both sexes, of which there is no trace either in the Chinese or
Formosan specimens.

Forrest sent 1 $ Shweli Valley, and I found a second § Tengyueh District
which had been mislaid.

476a. Pericrocotus sp. ?

This is a young bird resembling a $ juv. of solan's, but has a gigantic bill.
In this it agrees with yvettae Bangs, but has a much shorter wing.
Forrest sent 1 $ juv. Tengyueh District.

477. Pericrocotus yvettae Bangs.

Pericrocotus yvettae Bangs, Bull. Amer. Mux. Nat. But. vol. xliv, p. 583 (1921) (Malipa and
Taiping-pu).

Andrews & Heller obtained 1 (J, 1 $ ad. Malipa, March, and Taiping-pu,
April 1917.

478. Pericrocotus montpellieri La Touche.

Pericrocotus montpellieri La Touche, Butt. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 125 (1922) (Yangtze Big Bend).

Colonel Rippon obtained the type $ at Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906,
and 1 $ Chukung-Yangpi Road, March 1906. In the British Museum are also

1 $ Mu-chu, Yunnan, Jan. 1903, Styan coll. ; also from Colonel Rippon further

2 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, 1 Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906, 1 Lichiang Valley, April
1906, and 1 Yunnan City, Feb. 1899, Captain Wingate.

479. Lalage melaschistos melaschistos (Hodgs.).

Volvocivora melaschistos Hodgson, Ind. Bee. vol. i, p. 328 (1837) (Nepal).

Mr. Stuart Baker has placed melaschistos and avensis Blyth as subspecies
of melaschistos ; I prefer, however, to keep them separate as I have received both
forms from the Tengyueh District from Forrest, and the dates and examples
are so few that I find it impossible to definitely say if either or both forms were
on migration.

Bangs & Phillips record 3 specimens from Mengtsz (under the name of
lugubris Sundeval), March and Oct. ; Uchida & Kuroda enumerate 2 $$ Mengtsz,
Oct. ; La Touche collected 1 <J ad., 1 $ juv. Mengtsz, Sept. 1920 and March
1921, 2 cJ(J, 1 $ Hokow, March-April 1921, 1 J Lotukow, May 1921 ; Forrest
sent 1 cj, 1 $ Tengyueh District. In the 1925 collection there are 1 J, 2 $$ ad.,
1 ? juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000-9,000 feet, July-Oct. 1925, 1 $ ad.
Tengyueh Valley, 7,000 feet, Oct. 1925. Forests. Bill and feet black, iris
crimson.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 301

480. Lalage melanoptera (Riipp.).

C'eblepyris melanoptera Riippell, Mus. Senckenb. vol. iii, p. 25, pi. ii, f. 1 (New Holland ! !).
Campephaga avensis Blyth, Cut. Birds Mus. As. Soc. Bengal, p. 327 (Arakan) (1847).

Blyth first called this bird melanoptera and later changed the name to
avensis because he said melanoptera had been previously used by Riippell. Blyth
was misled by RiippelTs bird having been said to come from New Holland ; this
is rather queer because Riipj)ell says " waescheinlich," i.e. "probably" or
" presumably " from New Holland, and as the bird according to Hartert
(Cat. Vogels. Senck. Mus.) is evidently the Burmese Lalage, Rtippell's name has
priority over avensis.

Ingram records 2 $3 Mengtsz, April and July 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 8 examples, Mengtsz, March-Oct. ; La Touche collected 5 $,$ Mengtsz,
Sept.-Oct. 1920 and April 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 ^ Shweli Valley, 1 <$ Tengyueh
District, 1 $ Salwin Valley, 1 $ Lichiang Range.

481. Graucalus macei siamensis Baker.

Graucalus macei siamensis Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxxvii, p. 69 (1918) (Minam-Kraben,
Siam).

Uchida & Kuroda record 1 $ Chili Ping, March ; Oustalet enumerates it
among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Forrest sent 1 cj juv., 1 $ ad. Tengyueh
District.

In the 1925 collection are 1 <$, 1 ? hills round Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, Dec.
1925. Forests. Bill and feet black, iris brown.

[On the Indo-Chinese forms of Microscelis = Hypsipetes auct. plur.

Mr. Stuart Baker allows only one species psaroides of Microscelis to occur
in British India, Burmah and Ceylon, divided into the four subspecies psar.
psaroides, psar. nigrescens, psar. geneesa, and psar. concolor, and ajiparently no
white-headed examples occur there. In my articles on Forrest's birds I recorded
them as two species leucocephalus 6m. and concolor Blyth in the first article, and
in the second article I recorded as a third form perniger sinensis La Touche.
Dr. Stresemann in his article (Ornith. Monatsb. 1923, pp. 83-85) declares as a
result of examination of large Chinese material that leucocephalus, concolor, and
sinensis are all colour variants of one species, and admits as races perniger of
Hainan and nigerrimus of Formosa. This would give us a species consisting of
seven subspecies, one of which is polychromatic, while the other six are not.
Mi'. La Touche is very much opposed to Dr. Streseniann's ideas, and maintains
stoutly that sinensis and leucocephalus are distinct species ; the glossy sinensis
being a tropical bird while the leucocephalus-concolor birds are winter migrants
from the north. I cannot confirm this, as Forrest got them both high up at
such varying dates that they were most unlikely to be migrants. Therefore
I conceive the leucocephalus " Formenkreis " as follows :

Microscelis leucocephalus leucocephalus (Gm.) with phase sinensis La Touche.
Chinese mainland.

M. leucocephalus perniger. Hainan.

M. leucocephalus nigerrimus. Formosa.

M. leucocephalus concolor Blyth. East Burmah Shan States, Yunnan, etc.

21

3()2 NoVETATES ZOOLOOIOAB XXXIII. 192U.

Microscelis leucoeephalus ganeesa Sykes. South India and Ceylon.

M. leucoeephalus nigrescens Baker. Assam, Manipur, Arakan, Chin Hills.

M. leucoeephalus psaroides Vig. West Himalayas-Bhutan.

Of these leucoeephalus leucoeephalus alone is polychromatic. It is quite
possible that younger birds both of the letucoc&pkalns and sinensis phases of
I. leucoeephalus are identical sometimes with non-Chinese concolor and change, as
they grow older, but this is not always the case, as I have among Forrest's birds
quite old birds indistinguishable from Burmese coucolor and also quite young
birds with full white heads and 1 adult of the sinensis phase with breast similar
to or rather approaching coucolor. Young birds of both sexes have black bills
which gradually take on the red of the adult birds.]

482. Microscelis leucoeephalus leucoeephalus (Gin.).

Tttnlus leucoeephalus Gmclin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 826 (829 rect.), Xo. 104 (1789) (China).

1. Phase leucoeephalus.

In Szechuan and some other parts of China only whiteheaded birds have
been obtained ; but in Yunnan all three phases have been collected.

Captain Wingate obtained 1 J Mong-sen, March 1899 ; Bangs & Phillips
record 16 specimens Mengtsz, March-April and Nov. ; Andrews & Heller col-
lected 1 ^ ad. Namting River, Jan. 1917 ; La louche enumerates 5 $$, 1 9
Mengtsz, Nov.-Dec. 1920 and Feb.-March 1921 ; Forrest sent 5 £<$ Lichiang
Range, 1 q fere ad. 1 $ juv. T'ong Shan, 1 cj ad., 1 <J fere ad., 1 $ juv. Shweli-
Salwin Divide, 1 £, 2 $$ ad. Mekong Valley, 2 <J<J, 2 ?$ ad., 1 9 juv. Yangtze
Valley. In the 1925 collection are 1 £ ad. with white head, 1 J1 juv. with
partial white crown Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 feet, Oct. 1925.

2. Phase coucolor.

These birds have grey breasts and under parts and resemble Burmese con-
color. Anderson got 1 (J Ponsee, March 1868 ; Captain Wingate procured 1 $
Wei-Yuan, April 1899 ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ Yoakuan, Feb. 1917 ;
La Touche does not allude to this in his " Birds of S.E. Yunnan " (Ibis, 1923),
but in his criticism of Stresemann's paper he alludes to them ; Forrest sent
1 $ ad., 1 ? juv. Tengyueh District, 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 9 ad. Salwin
Valley, 1 cJ, 1 9 ad., 1 9 juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 9 juv. Lichiang Range,
1 $ ad. Chien Chuan Valley.

In the 1925 collection are 4 (J (J, 5 99 hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000-9,000
feet, May- Aug. 1925, 1 <J, 3 99 ad., 1 9 juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000-9,000
feet, Sept.-Oct. 1925.

3. Phase intermediate between concolor and sinensis.

In Forrest's 1925 collection is 1 ^ ad. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 feet,
Sept. 1925. (This bird has upper breast black running on to lower breast in
streaks.)

4. Phase sinensis.

Forrest and La Touche appear to be the only collectors to obtain this phase
in Yunnan.

La Touche obtained 1 $ (type) Hokow, March 1921, 1 (J Loukouchai, April
1921 ; Forrest sent 1 J, 1 9 Yangtze Valley, 2 3$ Mekong-Yangtze Divide,
3 cJ<J, 2 99 Mekong-Salwin Divide, 2 99 ad., 1 9 juv. Lichiang Range.

In addition there are in the British Museum of phase concolor 2 examples

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 192ti. 303

Yangpi-Chutung Road, March-April 1902, 1 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, 2
Lichiang Valley, April 1902, Colonel Rippon ; 1 g Chu-mu and 2 gg, 1 § Yunnan,
March 1903, Styan coll.

483. Spizixus semitorques Swinh.

Spizixus semitorques Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 266 (Pehling plateau near Amoy).

Bangs & Phillips record 5 examples Loukouchai, Jan.-Feb. and Dec. ;
Uchida & Kuroda record 1 g Loukouchai Feb.

484. Spizixus canifrons canifrons Blyth.

Spizixus canifrons Blyth, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, vol. xiv, p. 571 (1845) (Khasia Hills).

Ingram records 2 gg, 1 $ Mengtsz, July 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips record, under
the name of Sp. canifrons ingrami, 6 examples Mengtsz, March, Aug., and Sept.,
Loukouchai, Dec; Andrews & Heller procured 5 gg, $$ ad. Tai-ping-pu and
Chen-kang, Feb. and April 1917 ; M. Pichon sent 1 example ; M. & Mdme.
Comby obtained 1 young specimen ; Uchida & Kuroda mention 1 $ Mengtsz,
Dec; La Touche collected 5 gg, 3 $$ Milati, Jan.-Feb. 1921, 2 examples
Loukouchai, April 1921, 1 Lotukow, May 1921, 1 $ juv. Mengtsz, Aug. 1920 ;
Forrest sent 2 gg, 2 ?$ Tengyueh District, 1 g juv. Salwin Valley, 1 $ Shweli-
Salwin Divide, 2 ?? ad., 1 g juv. Yangtze Valley, 18 gg, 10 $$ ad. Lichiang
Range. In the 1925 collection are 3 gg, 3 ?? Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet,
Dec. 1925, 1 g, 4 $$ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000-8,000 feet, April and Oct.
1925, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 feet, Aug. 1925. In the British Museum
are 3 gg, 2 $$ Yuen Chung, Styan coll. ; 6 examples Lichiang, March 1906,

1 Chutung-Yangpi Road, April 1906, 3 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, Colonel
Rippon.

485. Alcurus striatals (Blyth).

Trichophorus strialus Blyth, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 184 (1842) (Nepal).

Bangs & Phillips record under the name of ^4. s. paulus 1 g, 1 $ Loukouchai,
Feb. 1911 ; Uchida & Kuroda enumerate 1 g, 1 $ Loukouchai, Feb. 1911 ;
Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ ad. at Tai-ping-pu, April 1917 ; Forrest sent
5 gg, 5 $$ Tengyueh District, 2 get Shweli-Salwin Divide.

In the 1925 collection are 2 $<$, 1 ? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000-9,000 feet,
June 1925, 1 <$ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, Oct. 1925.

486. Iole macclellandi similis Rothsch.

Idle macclellandi similis Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxviii, p. 51, No. 191 (1921) (Shweli-Salwin
Divide).

Ingram records, under the name of Iole holti, 1 g Mengtsz, June 1910 ;
Bangs & Phillips enumerate, under the same name, 16 examples Mengtsz,
March- April and Nov. ; Uchida & Kuroda list 4 get Loukouchai, Feb. and Dec. ;
Andrews and Heller obtained 1 g Tashintang, Salwin Drainage, Feb. 1917 ;
La Touche collected 3 gg, 1 $ Loukouchai, April 1921, 1 $ Loshuitang,
Feb. 1921 ; Forrest sent 9 gg, 8 ??, 1 ? Tengyueh District, 1 g, 1 ? Shweli Valley,

2 gg, 1 $ Salwin Valley, 3 gg, 2 $$ ad., 1 g jun. Shweli Salwin Divide. In the
1925 collection there are 5 gg, 5 $$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000-9,000 feet,

304 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

July-Sept. 1925, 3 JcS, 4 $$ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 9,000 feet, June-Aug. 1925,
1 ? Tengyueh Valley, 7,000 feet, Dec. 1925.

In the British Museum are in addition from Colonel Rippon 1 example
Shayang-Chutung Road, March 1902, 2 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, 3 Yangpi-
Chutung Road, March 1902 and April 1906 ; and 1 <J Yung-we-cheng, Styan coll.

487. Pycnonotus aurigaster xanthorrous And.

Pycnonotus xanlhcn-rous Anderson, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, p. 265 (Kakhycn Hills).

Anderson obtained 3 <$<$ Sanda Valley and Momien, May-June 1868 ;
Ingram records 3 c?c?> 3 $$ Mengtsz, May and July 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 5 examples Mengtsz, Jan. 1911, Loukouchai, Feb. ; Andrews &
Heller obtained 4 £<$, $$ ad. Wan-tien, Lichiangfu, Chang-lung, and Yui-yao,
Nov. 1916 and March-May 1917 ; M. Pichon sent 2 examples ; La Touche col-
lected 8 $$, $$ ad. Loukouchai, Milati, Mengtsz, Sept.-Dec. 1920, 1 $ Lotukow,
May 1921, 1 ? juv. Milati 1920 ; Forrest sent 1 $, 6 $? Lichiang Range, 1 <J, 1 $
Tali Valley, 1 £, 4 $$, 2 ? Tengyueh District, 1 ? Shweli Valley.

In the 1925 collection are 3 c?c?, 7 ?? Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Sept.-
Dec. 1925, 1 <J, 1 $ round Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, June 1925.

In the British Museum are 4 <$<$, 2 ?? Yunnan, Feb. 1903, Styan coll. ;
1 $, 2 ? Feb. 1906, 1 Shunpi Valley, Feb. 1906, 4 Lichiang, March 1906, 3 Gzi-
dzin-Shan, April 1902, 1 hills E. of Yungchang, Jan. 1906, 2 Chutung-Yangpi
Road, March 1902, 1 Chutung Valley, March 1902, Colonel Rippon.

488. Xanthixus flavescens flavescens (Blyth).

Pycnonotus flavescens Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xiv, p. 5GS (1845) (Arrakan).

Anderson collected 1 example Ponsee, March 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips record
1 [J Loukouchai, Feb. 1911.

489. Aegithina tiphia tiphia (Linn.).

Nolacilla tiphia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, x, vol. i, p. 186 (1758) (Bengal).
1 <J Chang-lung, March 1917 (in green plumage).

490. Molpastes haemorrhous chrysorrhoides (Lafresn.).

Haenuitornis chrysorrhoides Lafresnaye. Rev. Zool. p. 367 (1845) (China).

Mr. Baker in commenting on Oates under M . h. nigripilt us remarks that only
one form of Red-vented Bulbul occurs in a given area ; but this can only apply
to Indo-Burmese countries as we find three of the forms, placed by Mr. Baker as
subspecies of haemorrhous in Yunnan. Probably, however, only the present form
is resident, and the other two migrants.

Ingram records 3 (JcJ Mengtsz, April-May 1910 ; Captain Wingate 1 <J
Ching-tung-ting, March 1899, 2 J1^ ad. Mong Mon and Mon Koo, March 1899 ;
Bangs & Phillips enumerate 2 examples Mengtsz, March-April ; La Touche
collected 6 £<$, 2 ?? ad., 4 ? juv. Mengtsz, July-Nov. 1920 ; Forrest sent 2 <$<$
1 § Lichiang Range.

In the British Museum from Colonel Rippon are 1 example Shayang-Pingpo
Road, April 1902, 2 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ; and 3 $$ 2 ?? Yunnan, 1 J,
Yung-Mo-chung, Feb. 1903, 1 $ Mu-chu, Jan. 1903, Styan coll.

NoVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXXIII. 1926. 305

491. Molpastes haemorrhous nigripileus (Blyth).

Pyrnonotus nigripileus Blyth, Jmtrn. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 472 (1847) (Tenasserim).

Forrest sent 1 <J Tali Valley, 1 $ Lichiang Range.
These were probably stragglers, not even migrants.

492. Molpastes haemorrhous burmanicus (Sharpe).

Pycnonolus burmanicus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vol. vi, p. 125 (1881) (Burmah).

Anderson collected 1 £, 1 $ Ponsee, March 1868, 1 $ Muangla, July 1868 ;
Captain Wingate obtained 1 ad. S.W. Yunnan, April 1899 ; Colonel Rippon
procured 1 Talifu, May 1906 ; Andrews & Heller collected 2 <$<$, 1 ? ad. Yung-
chang Fu, Jan. 1917 ; Monsieur Pichon sent 4 examples ; Forrest collected 1 (J
Lichiang Range, 13 ,$<$, 8 ?$, 2 ? Tengyueh District.

The 1925 collection contains 5 $$, 2 $? ad. Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet,
Dec. 1925, 2 ?$ ad. hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, June 1925, 2 £<$ ad.,
1 ? juv. hills N. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, Sept.-Oct. 1925.

493. Chloropsis icterocephala chlorocephala (Wald.).

Phyllornis chlorocephala Walden, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vii, p. 241 (1871) (Tounghoo).

Andrews & Heller collected 2 tfg Namting River, Feb. 1917 ; La Touche
obtained 1 ? Hokow, March 1921.

494. Chloropsis hardwickii hardwickii Jard. & Selby.

Chloropsis hardwickii Jardine & Selby, III. Orn. Add. p. 1 (1829) (Nepal).

Captain Wingate collected 1 <$ Ching-tung, March 1899 ; Bangs & Phillips
record 5 examples from Loukouchai, Jan.-Feb. ; Andrews & Heller obtained
4 <?c??¥ Chang-lung and Mu-cheng, Feb.-March 1917 ; Forrest sent 2 <$<$, 1 ?
Tengyueh District, 1 jj Lichiang Range, 1 J, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide.

In the 1925 collection are 1 $ Shweh-Salwin Divide, 8,000 feet, July 1925,
1 $ hills round Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, Aug. 1925 ; 1 (J, 2 $$ Yunnan, Styan coll.,
are in the British Museum.

495. Chloropsis aurifrons aurifrons (Temm.).

Phyllornis aurifrons Teraminck, PI. Col. 484 (1829) (Caehar).

Oustalet enumerates this species among the birds collected by Prince H.
d'Orleans.

496. Hemipus picatus capitalis (McClell.).

Muscicapa capitalis McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839, p. 157 (Assam).

Anderson collected 2 $<$ Ponsee, March-May 1868 ; Andrews & Heller
obtained 1 J Chang-lung, March 1917 ; Forrest sent 1 $ Shweli Valley ; 1 example
Yuen-chen, March 1903, is in the British Museum, Styan coll.

497. Hemixus flavala flavala Hodgs.

Hemixus flavala Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xiv, p. 572 (1845) (Nepal).

Anderson obtained 2 ^J Ponsee, April 1868 ; Captain Wingate procured
1 (J ad. Mong-kou, April 1899 ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 £ Chang-lung,
March 1917.

2 (J (J, 2 $? March 1903, Styan coll., are in the British Museum.

300 NOVTTATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

498. Otocompsa flaviventris flaviventris (Tick.).

Vanga flavivi ntris Tickell, Jaiarn. As. Soc. IU ngal, vol. ii. p. 573 (1833) (Dholbhum).

Among the birds collected by Prince H. d'Orleans Oustalet enumerates this
species ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ ad. Chang-lung, March 1917.

499. Otocompsa emeria erneria (Linn.).

Lanius emeria Linnaeus. Sysi. Nat. vol. i, p. 137 (1766) (Bengal).

Anderson collected 1 <J Ponsee, March 186S, 1 <$, 1 $ Bhamo, Feb. 1808 ;
Andrews & Heller obtained 6 <$<$, $$ Malipa, Chang -lung, and Meng-ting, Feb.-
March 1917.

500. Otocompsa emeria jocosa (Linn.).

Lanius jocosus Linnaeus, Amoen. Acad. vol. iv, p. 238 (China) (1759).

La Touche collected 1 £, 1 $ Loukouchai, Jan. and April 1921, 2 $<$, 1 $
Hokow, Feb.-March 1921.

In the British Museum are 4 <$d, 1 $ Yunnan, 2 (J, 1 $ April 1903, Styan coll.

[On the Shan States, Yunnan, and Tonkin forms of Criniger tephrogenys.

In 1896 (Bull. Mas. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. ii, pp. 185-186) Oustalet described
Criniger henrici from 4 birds collected by Prince H. d'Orleans, 1 in Yunnan and
3 in Tonkin. He compared it with C. gutturalis lumping under that name both
true teph. gutturalis of Borneo and ? Sumatra, teph. tephrogenys of Tenasserim,
Siam, etc., and teph. griseiceps of N. Tenasserim and gave as his differences
the larger size and yellower undersurface. He gives the wing-measurement as
100 mm. -114 mm. Mr. Stuart Baker describes in his new edition of the Birds,
Fauna of British India, a < '. tephrogenys grandis which he compares with C. teph.
pallid us of Hainan ; he gives the wing-measurement of his bird as 114 mm.-
119 mm. as opposed to 98 mm.— 105 mm. in pallidus ; he considers the Annam-
Tonkin birds intermediate and restricts the name henrici to them, while lie
includes the larger Yunnan birds (115 mm. wing-measurement) under his
grandis.]

501. Criniger tephrogenys griseiceps Hume.

Crinit/, r grist ia ps Hume. Stray Feath. vol. i, p. 478 (1873) (Upper Pegu).

Menegaux & Didier identify a specimen obtained by Pichon as this bird.

502. Criniger tephrogenys grandis Baker.

Criniger pallida grandis, Stuart Baker. Butt. B.O.C. vol. xxxvii, p. 15 (1917) (Yunnan).

Oustalet included in his description of Criniger henrici a specimen of this
bird collected by Prince H. d'Orleans between Manhao and Semao, South Yunnan ;
Bangs & Phillips record 5 examples Loukouchai, Feb. ; Uchida & Kuroda
enumerate 3 <J(J, 2 $$ Loukouchai Feb., 3 <SS Yuen-chung, Styan coll., are
in the British Museum.

[On the status of Lanius schach Linn, and L. tephronotus Vig.
Stuart Baker says that he keeps tephronotus as a separate species from
schach and its several subspecies on account of its want of the ivhite wing

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 307

speculum and the brown tail. In my series at Tring I have a number of
(J tephronotus with absolutely black tails, and if Mr. Baker had only examined
the wings of $ tephronotus more carefully, he would have found out that the
white speculum is present but somewhat reduced in size, so that it is covered
by the wing-coverts. Moreover, I have at least 1 male of scharh schach with
the white speculum as completely concealed by the coverts as in the most
extreme tephronotus. Therefore I maintain that tephronotus does belong to the
" Formenkreis " of schach, and must be called Lanius schach tephronotus.']

503. Lanius shach schach Linn.

Lanius schach Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. ed. x, vol. i, p. 94 (1758) (China).

Bangs & Phillips record 14 examples from Shi-ping, Loukouchai, and Mengtsz,
Jan.-Sept. and Dec. ; La Touche collected 1 $, 7 $$, 2 ? Mengtsz, Aug. -Dec.
1920 and Jan. 1921, 1 ? Milati, Jan. 1921, 1 $ Hokow, Feb. 1921 ; Monsieur &
Madame Comby obtained 1 example.

503a. Lanius fuscatus Less.

Lanius fuscatus Lesson. Trade SOrn. p. 373, Xo. 7 (1831).

Dr. Stresemann has declared that this bird is a melanistic mutant of schach
schach, and from examination of our large series from Hainan, Tonkin, and
Eastern China I believe he is right. La Touche is still very doubtful about
the matter, and says the only proof can be taking the two from one nest. This
I consider may be difficult because as it is a common phase it probably breeds
true. I think, however, we shall eventually get the proof that schach and fuscatus
are one and the same bird. La Touche throws doubt on Bangs & Phillips'
record, but Uchida & Kuroda's $ out of the same collection is properly dated.

Bangs & Phillips record 1 example without exact data ; Uchida & Kuroda
record 1 $ Dec. 1, 1910, Mengtsz.

504. Lanius schach tephronotus (Vig.).

Collurio tephronotus Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1831, p. 43 (Himalayas, Gyantse Thibet).

Ingram records an example Mengtsz, April 1910 ; Captain Wingate collected

1 (Jinim. Yunnan City, Feb. 1899 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 1 <^ Loukouchai,
Dec. ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ ad., 1 $ imm. Yung-chang-fu, Jan. 1917 ;
La Touche collected 1 $, 1 ? Mengtsz, March 1921 ; Forrest sent 3 <J<J, 2 $? juv.
Tengyueh District, 9 gj, 6 ?? ad., 6 <JcJ, 2 $$, 2 ? juv. Lichiang Range,

2 ?? Shweli Valley, 1 ? Mekong-Salwin Divide.

In the 1925 collection are 2 (J J imm. hills round Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, Oct.
1925, 1 $ imm. Tengyueh Valley, 7,000 feet, Dec. 1925; Monsieur and Madame
Comby secured 1 example. There are in the British Museum 1 example Gyi-
dzin-Shan, April 1902, 1 valley E. of Talifu, March 1902, 6 Talifu Valley, Feb.-
April, 1902, 1 Tali Valley, March 1902, 1 Lichiang-Talifu Valley, March 1902, all
from Colonel Rippon.

505. Lanius cristatus cristatus Linn.

Lanius cristatus Linnaeus. Syst. Xat. edit. x. p. 93 (1758) (Bengal).

Anderson collected 1 $ Ponsee, May 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips record 4 ex-
amples Mengtsz and Loukouchai, May and Sept.-Oct. and Dec. ; La Touche

308 XnviTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

obtained 1 <J, 2 ??imm. Mengtsz, Nov.-Dec. 1920 and Feb. L921, 3 ad. Yunnanfu,
.May 1921, 1 $ Lotukow. May L921 ; Forrest scut 2 j J juv. Tengyueh District,
2 ? Shweli Valley, 1 $ juv. Lichiang Range. In the 1925 collection there are
1 cJ ad. hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, June 1925, 1 <J ad. vicinity of
Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, June 1925, 1 cJinim. Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Dec. 192.5.

506. Lanius cristatus superciliosus Lath.
Lanius supercilumis Latham. Ind. <>rn. Suppl. p. xx (1801) (Batavia, .lava).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 $ Mengtsz (identification M) ; Menegaux and
Didier identify an example sent by M. Pichon as this form (also ? identification) ;
La Touche collected 1 £ vix ad. 1 ^ imm. Mengtsz, Dec. L920 and Feb. 1921.

507. Lanius collurioides siamensis Gyldenst.

Lanius hypoleucus siamensis Gyldenstolpe, Orn. Monatsb. vol. xxiv, p. 28 (1916) (Koh Lak in
Siamese Malay Peninsula).

Captain Wingate obtained a $ ad. Mong-Kou, April 1899 ; Bangs & Phillips
record 3 examples Mengtsz, Aug., under the name hypoleucus Blyth ; Andrews &
Heller collected 2 $$ ad. Chang-lung and Yung-Chang Fu, Jan. and March
1917 ; Forrest sent 1 ? juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 $ ad. Shweli Valley, 1 <J ad.,
1 ? juv. Teng\-ueh District, Monsieur et Madame Comby collected 1 example.

508. Lanius collurio kobylini (Buturl.).

Enneoctonus collurio kobylini Buturlin. Ibis, 1906, p. 416 (Kuteis and Ssuram).

Monsieur and Madame Comby secured an example of this bird.

509. Lanius nigriceps nigriceps (Frahkl.).

' 'olluria nigriceps Franklin. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1831, p. 117 (Ganges, Calcutta, Benares).

Anderson procured 4 specimens at Ponsee and Sanda, March-July 1868 ;
Captain Wingate obtained 1 £, 1 $, Yunnan City, Feb. 1899 ; Bangs & Phillips
record 1 <J Linan Fu, Feb. ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 $ ad. Meng-Ting,
Feb. 1917 ; La Touche obtained 4 $ Mengtsz, Dec. 1920 and Feb. 1921, 2 $$
Tachouang, March 1921, 1 <J Milati, Jan. 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 <J, 1 $ Lichiang
Range, 3 <?<?, 1 $ ad., 1 $ juv. Tengyueh District, 6 cjcjad., 1 c? juv. Shweli Valley.
In the 1925 collection is 1 £ ad. hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, July 1925.
There are in the British Museum 2 $<$, 1 ? Yunnan, 1 example Ye-Chan, Feb.
1899, Styan coll. ; 1 J Ching-tung, March 1899, 1 ? Nan-an-chou, Feb. 1899,
Captain Wingate.

510. Lanius tigrinus Drap.

Lanius tigrinus Drapiez, Diet. < lass. Hist. Nat. vol. xii. p. .r>23 (1828) (Java).

Ingram records 1 <$ Mengtsz, May 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips record 3 examples
Mengtsz, April and Aug. ; La Touche collected 1 ? ad., 1 $ imm. Mengtsz, Aug.
1920.

511. Conostoma aemodium aemodiuni Hodgs.

Oonostoma aemodium Hodgson, J own. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 857, pi. (1841) (Xepal).

Dr. Stresemann (Journ. f. Orn. (v), 71, p. 363) has separated the Szetchuan
birds from the Nepal birds, giving as the differences the higher bill and shorter

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 309

wing. I cannot see these differences ; my 3 Indian birds have wing-measurements
118, 121, 132 mm., whereas the Washan $ has only a wing of 114 mm., but one
of the 3 Washan birds has a wing of 125 mm. and Forrest's Lichiang example
has the wing 130 mm.

In colour Forrest's bird is decidedly greyer, but the Washan bird is inter-
mediate ; I therefore reluctantly have to declare that I cannot agree in separating
the Chinese birds as distinct.

Oustalet records several examples of this species as being among Prince H.
d'Orleans' birds ; Forrest sent 1 $ Lichiang Range.

[On the genera Cholornis, Psittiparus, Suthora, Paradoxornis, and Heteromorpha

Hodgs.

I still maintain the same opinion I expressed in 1921, when I recorded and
worked out George Forrest's first collection, namely that the above five genera
are so interlinked that they cannot be maintained, and that all these highly
interesting oriental allies of our Panurus biarmicus (the Bearded Tit) belong to
a single genus.

Dr. Hartert, while maintaining the generic distinction of Cholornis,
Suthora, and Paradoxornis, points out that the only distinction between Cholornis
and Suthora. is that Cholornis has the outer toe abortive and minus the claw,
whereas Suthora has both inner and outer toes and claws about equal in size and
complete. Dr. Hartert, however, had failed to consider that in Suthora (Hetero-
morpha) unicolor we have the connecting link, because in this species the outer
toe is very much smaller than the inner toe and the claw is only one-third the
size of that of the inner toe. Apart from the difference in the outer toe Suthora
unicolor (Hodgs.) and Cholornis paradoxa Verr. are exactly alike in appearance.]

512. Paradoxornis guttaticollis A. Dav.

Paradoxornis guttaticollis Armand David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii. Bull. p. 14 (1871) (no
precise locality, but Western Szechuan).

Bangs & Phillips record 3 $3 Mengtsz and Loukouchai, Feb.-March and
Dec. ; Uchida & Kuroda list 3 cS<3 Loukouchai, Jan.-Feb. and Dec. ; Forrest
sent 1 cJ, 3 ?? T'ong Shan, 2 $$, 2 $? Lichiang Range, 4 £$, 2 ?? Tengyueh
District, 1 <J Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 $ Shweli Valley

In the 1925 collection are 2 rfd, 2 $$ hills south of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet,
May 1925.

513. Paradoxornis unicolor canaster (Thay. & Bangs).

Suthora unicolor canaster, Thayer & Bangs, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. xl, No. 4, p. 171
(1912) (Washan).

Paradoxornis unicolor saturatior Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxviii, p. 54, No. 202 (1921) (Shweli-
Salwin Divide).

When I described un. saturatior I had no Szechuan examples for comparison,
and the description of un. canaster did not seem to fit Forrest's birds. I have,
however, now exchanged a Szetchuan bird collected by Dr. Weigold, and find
it indistinguishable from Forrest's fine series.

Forrest sent 3 <$<$, 2 $? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9 $$, 9 ?$, 1 ? Lichiang Range.
In the 1925 collection there are 4 ££, 6 $$, 2 nestlings Shweli-Salwin Divide,
9,000-11,000 feet, June, Aug.-Oct. 1925.

310 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

514. Paradoxornis alphonsiana yunnanensis (LaTouche).
Suthora webbiana yunnanensis La Touche, Butt. B.O.C. vol. xlii. p. 31 (11121) (Kopaotsun).

Uchida & Kuroda record 1 example (under the Dame alphonsiana) Loukouchai
Dec. ; La Touche collected 4 <$<$, 1 $ Kopaotsun, May 1921, 2 $$ Yunnanfu ;
in the British Museum are 2 <$q examples Yunnan, Feb. L903, and 3 $$ Mu-chu
.Fan. 1903 (Styan coll.).

515. Paradoxornis fulvifrons cyanophrys (A. Dav.).

Suthora cyanophrys Armand David, Journ. trois Voy. Chine, vol. i, p. 345 (1875) (Shensi merid.).

Oustalet records several examples collected at Tsekou by Pere Soulie ;
Forrest sent 2 $$, 2 ?$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 tf, 1 $ Tengyueh District, 5 <J<J,
2 $$ Lichiang Range. In the 1925 collection is 1 <J Shweli-Salwin Divide,
10,000 feet, July 1925.

516. Paradoxornis poliotis poliotis (Blyth).

Suthora poliotis Blyth, Journ. As. 8oc. B< ngal, vol. xx, p. 522 (1851) (Cherrapunji).

Forrest sent 1 <J, 1 $ Tengyueh District in his 1924 collection. In the 1925
collection there is 1 <J hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 9,000 feet, July 1925.

017

Paradoxornis ruficeps atrosuperciliaris (Godw.-Aust.

Ghleuasieus ruficeps var. atrosuperciliaris Godwin-Austen, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1877, p. 147 (Sadiya

Assam).

Anderson obtained 1 example Ponsee, April 1868.

[On the webbiana group of Paradoxornis.

The webbiana group is a very complicated lot of forms, which I fear will not
be properly straightened out until much more is known of their breeding habits
and localities, and also a specially important point, whether the bulk of the
forms are regular migrants or not. Of webbiana proper at least three races occur
in Yunnan together with brunnea And.

Of described forms of webbiana we have the following, as far as I have been
able to find out, and they all show an appreciable amount of striping on the
throat, whereas brunnea has none or hardly any.

Dr. Hartert has recently reviewed these difficult birds in his Nachtrag I to
his Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna, pp. 44-45, but has erroneously included
La Touche's yunnanensis, which is an alphonsiana race and has no relationship
to webbiana.

Paradoxornis webbiana webbiana (Gray). Shanghai to Tschekiang Coast
District.

Paradoxornis webbiana suffusa i Swinh.). Yuangtze Valley, Tsinling Mts.,
and S.E. China.

Paradoxornis webbiana fulvicauda (Campbell). Tschili and Corea.

Paradoxornis webbiana mantschuricaiTacz.). Ussuriland and Mantschuria.

Paradoxornis webbiana styani i Ripp.). Shan States and Tali Valley, Yunnan.

Paradoxornis webbiana ricketti Bothsch. Yangtze Valley, Yunnan.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 311

Paradoxornis webbiana elizabethae La Touche. Loukouchai.
(This ought never to have been described from a single moulting cage bird.)
Paradoxornis webbiana bulomachus (Swinh.). Formosa.
I think we can safely treat brunnea And. as a distinct species, as it occurs
together with ricketti Rothsch.]

518. Paradoxornis webbiana styani (Ripp.).

Suthora styani Rippon, Butt. B.O.C. vol. xiii, p. 54 (1903) (Tali Valley).

Colonel Rippon obtained this bird in the Tali Valley, Yunnan.
519. Paradoxornis webbiana ricketti Rothschild.

Paradoxornis webbiana ricketti Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxx, p. 51, No. 136 (1923) (Yangtze Valley).
Forrest sent 1 <J, 1 ? Yangtze Valley, 1 <$, 4 $$ Lichiang Range.

520. Paradoxornis webbiana elizabethae La Touche.

Suthora alphonsiana elizabethae La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 52 (1921) (Loukouchai).

La Touche obtained a single $ alive in a cage at Loukouchai in the
spring of 1921 ; it died in England in full moult. (A single moulting cage bird
ought never to be described.)

521. Paradoxornis webbiana webbiana (Gray).

Suthora webbiana Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1852, p. 70, pi. xlix (Shanghai).

Bangs & Phillips record 3 <^$ Loukouchai, Jan.-Feb. 1911.

I feel almost convinced that there is an error of determination and that these
3 birds belong to Paradoxornis brunnea And. Of course birds wander in an
often unaccountable manner, and they may be really stray w. webbiana, but I
can hardly believe it.

522. Paradoxornis brunnea (Anders.).

Suthora brunnea Anderson, Anat. Zool. Reser. West Yunnan, 1868 and 1875, p. 638, No. 127 (1878)
(Moraien).

Anderson collected 4 examples Momien, June 1868 ; Oustalet enumerates
this bird among Prince Henri d'Orleans' collections from N. Yunnan ; Monsieur
Pichon sent 2 specimens ; Forrest sent 1 ? Lichiang Range, 2 $$, 2 $$ Tali
Valley, 16 cJcJ, 13 ??, 1 ? Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection are 1 $ hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, Aug. 1925,

1 ? hills N. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, Nov. 1925. Colonel Rippon collected 1
Yung-Chang-Chutung Road, Jan. 1906, 1 hills E. of Yung-Chang, Jan. 1902.

523. Paradoxornis brunnea brunnea P. webbiana ricketti.

Mr. Kinnear considers the following series collected by Colonel Rippon to
be intermediate between the above 2 birds. I am unable to confirm or deny
this with the material up to now available, so I leave it as he proposes for the
present. Eight examples Talifu Valley, Feb.-April 1902 and Feb.-April 1906,

2 Mekong-Yung-Chang Road, April 1906, 2 Valley E. of Talifu, March 1902,
1 Shan-Kwan, March 1902, 2 Yangpi-Chutung Road, April-May 1906. 1 hills
N.E. of Talifu, March 1902.

312 Novttates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

524. Cephalopyrus flammiceps olivaceus Rothsch.

Cephalopyrua flammiceps olivaceus Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. -xxx. p. 263. Xo. 143 (1923) (vicinity
of Tengyueh).

Oustalet records this bird among those collected by Pere Soulie at Tsekou ;
La Touche collected 1 <J imm. Loukouchai, Feb. 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 <J
Tengyueh District (type).

525. Regulus regulus yunnanensis Ripp.

Regulus yunnanensia Rippon, Bull. B.o.C. vol. xix, p. 19 (1906) (W. Yunnan).

Colonel Rippon obtained 13 examples at Yangtze Big Bend, Feb. -March
1906, 3 Yangpi Valley, Feb. 1906, 3 Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906, 2 Lichiang, March
and April 1906, 1 <J, 2 $? Gyi-dzin-Shan, March-April 1902 ; Forrest sent 10 (J<J,

2 $$ Lichiang Range.

526. Anthoscopus pendulinus consobrinus (Swinh.).

Aegithatus consdbrinus Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 133 (Scha-schi Yangtze-kiang).

M. Piehon sent 2 examples and Menegaux & Didier say that Oustalet has
also recorded this bird, but I have failed to find his reference.

527. Aegithaliscus concinnus talifuensis Ripp.

Aegithaliscus talifuensis Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xiv, p. 18 (1903) (Gyi-dzin-Shan).

Oustalet records this bird collected by Prince H. d'Orleans ; Ingram records
1 (J Mengtsz, June 1910 ; Colonel Rippon obtained 5 examples Lichiang, March
1906, 1 Talifu, May 1906 ; Bangs & Phillips list 9 specimens Mengtsz, Jan.-Dec. ;
Monsieur & Madame Comby collected 1 example ; Monsieur Piehon sent 2 speci-
mens ; La Touche obtained 2 ?$, 1 ? Milati, Jan.-Feb. 1921, 2 <J<J Loukouchai,
March-April 1921, 1 <J Lotukow, May 1921, 2 ad., 2 juv. Kopaotsun, May 1921 ;
Forrest sent 2 $$, 1 $ T'ong Shan, 2 $£ Chien Chuan Valley, 2 <$<5 Yangtze
Valley, 1 ? Shweli Valley, 1 <J Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 $ Mekong VaUey, 2 $<$,
1 ? Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 <J, 1$ Tali Range, 4 $<$, 3 ?$, 1 ? Tengyueh District,
10 (?c?, 6 $?, 1 >. Lichiang Range.

In the 1925 collection are 3 £<$, 2 $$ ad., 2 nestlings Shweli-Salwin Divide,
9,000-11,000 feet, June-Aug. 1925, 3 £<$, 3 $$, 1 ? ad., 3 nestlings, hills N.W.
of Tengyueh, 7,000-8,000 feet, July 1925. In the British Museum there are
also from Colonel Rij)pon 2 examples Shayang-Chutung Road, March 1902,

3 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, and 2 Chutung- Yangpi Road, March- April 1902.

528. Aegithaliscus bonvaloti (Oust.).

Ar mini, i bonvaloti < lust aid, Arm. Scien. Nat. Zool. (7), xii, p. 286, pi. ix, f. 1 (1891) (Ta-tsien-lu and
Pendjama).

Colonel Rippon obtained 2 examples Lichiang, March 1906, 20 Yangtze
Big Bend, March 1906 ; Oustalet records it as collected by Prince H. d'Orleans ;
Forrest sent 19 3<3, 9 $$, 14 ? Lichiang Range, 1 $ Mekong Valley, 1 J, 1 $ad.,
1 $ juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide. Also there are in the British Museum from
Colonel Rippon 1 each from Gyi-dzin-Shan, Chutung-Yangpi Road, and Ta-
laupa -Chutung- Yangpi Road, all March 1902.

Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926. 313

529. Aegithalus caudatus glaucogularis (Moore).

Orites glaucogularis F. Moore, Proc. Zuol. Soc. London, 1854, p. 140 (China).
Colonel Rippon collected 1 example, Lichiang March 1906.

530. Paras modestus saturatior (Ripp.).

Sylmparus saturatior Rippon, Bull. B.O.O. vol. xvi, p. 87 (1900) (Mt. Victoria).

Colonel Rippon obtained this bird from Yunnan \ (no example in British
Museum) ; Forrest sent 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide, Sept. 1921.

I believe the record for Yunnan attributed to Colonel Rippon rests on an
error, and that Forrest's $ is the only Yunnan record, but I cannot trace the error
or the record.

531. Paras spilonotus subviridis Tick.

Paras subviridis Tickell (Blyth). Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxiv, p. 265 (1855) (Tenasserim).

Mr. Baker includes spilonotus in MacMolophus, but I consider the crest is
not a sufficient character to found a genus on.

Forrest sent 4 $<$ ad., 1 $ juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide.

In the 1925 collection are 1 <J hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 9,000 feet, Nov.
1925, 2 <J<J imm. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 feet, Aug. 1925.

532. Paras spilonotus evanescens subsp. nov.

This is a very remarkable bird, and apparently goes a long way towards
linking up rex Dav. with spilonotus Blyth as subspecies of one " Formenkreis."
Differs from sp. subviridis in having still less olive-green above the back, being
almost and the rump quite grey, the olive-yellow being only present on the hind-
neck and front portion of interscapular region. Below the sides of the breast
and flanks are much less bright yellow, more yellowish or whitish olive. Forrest
sent 3 3(5 ad., 2 $$ juv. Shweh Valley. In the 1925 collection is 1 $ ad. Shweli-
Salwin Divide, 10,000 feet, Aug. 1925 (type).

533. Paras rex Dav.

Pants rex Armand David, Ann. Scien. Nat. (5), xix, art. 9 (1874).

Oustalet records this species from Yunnan ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate
4 specimens Loukouchai, Feb.-March ; La Touche collected 7 tfd, 1 $ Milati,
Jan. 1921, 3 <$<S, 1 ? Loukouchai, March and April 1921.

534. Paras dichrous wellsi Baker.

Parus dichrous toellsi Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxxviii, p. 8 (1917) (Yangtze Big Bend).

Forrest sent 13 $6, 5 $$, 4 ? Lichiang Range, 2 <3$, 2 ?$ ad., 1 <J juv.
Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 <J, 1 ? Mekong- Yangtze Divide.

Oustalet records dichrous from Prince Henri d'Orleans' collection, and
Ingram remarks it must surely be dichrous dichroides, but this is evidently not
the case as the Yunnan birds are all wellsi. In the British Museum from Colonel
Rippon are 7 Yangtze Big Bend, March 1900, and 1 Lichiang Valley, April 1900.

314 Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

535. Paras ruionuchalis beavani (Jerd.).

Lophophanes beumiii Jerdon, Birds o] India, vol. n. p. i'T.'. ( lsii.'il (Mt. Tonjdoo Sikkim).

Colonel Rippon and Forrest appear to be the only collectors to obtain this
bird ; Forrest sent 1 <J Mekong Valley, 1 $ ad., 1 $ juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide,
7 $$, 2 ?? 1, ? Lichiang Range.

In the 1925 collection are 1 $, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 11,000 feet, Aug.
1925.

Colonel Rippon obtained 4 examples Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906.

530. Paras ater aemodius Hodgs.

Paras aemodius Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xiii, pt. ii, p. 943 (1844) (Nepal).

Colonel Rippon got 1 example Lichiang, March 1906 ; Oustalet enumerates
this species among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Forrest sent 3 c?<? 1 $ ad., 1 ?
juv. Lichiang Range.

537. Paras monticolus yurmanensis La Touche.

Pa/rue monticolus yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii. )). 51 (1921) (S.E. Yunnan).

Colonel Rippon obtained 5 examples Talifu Valley, March 1926 ; Oustalet
records it among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; La Touche collected 4 <$<$, 3 $$
Milati, Jan.-Feb. 1921, 1 ? Loukouchai, Jan. 1921, 2? Lotukow, May 1921 ;
Forrest sent 2 <$<$ Tengyueh District, 5 £&, 1 $ Lichiang Range.

In my article on Forrest's first collection I unfortunately named this bird
monticolus insperatus Swinh., a local race confined to the island of Formosa :
I corrected this in my second article, but again erred by identifying it with
monticolus monticolus ; it was only in my third article (Nov. Zool. vol. xxx,
p. 262, No. 141, 1923) that I correctly identified this bird. In the British Museum
from Colonel Rippon are also 4 examples Gyi-dzin-Shan, March-April 1902,
1 Yangpi Valley, April 1902, 1 Chutung-Yangpi Road, March 1902, 2 Lichiang
Valley, April 1906, and 1 hills west of Talifu, March 1902.

538. Paras palustris dejeani Oust.

Parus dejeani Oustalet, Bull. Mux. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. iii. p. 209 (1897) (Ta-tsien-lu).
Lophophanes pueribipsis Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xiii, p. 11 (1902) (Chutung).

This bird was redescribed by Dr. Sharpe and placed by him in the genus
Lopho phones : he compared it with beavani. This is quite incomprehensible,
as the bird is certainly not a " Crested Tit." Dr. Hartert, in the third volume
of his Palaearctic Birds, says his attention was drawn to this bird by Dr. Lowe
and Mi1. Kinnear, and that it was a " Willow Tit," and must stand as /'urns
atricapillus poecilopsis (Sharpe). In his supplement I, however, he has care-
fully compared a further series and finds it is really a " Marsh Tit," i.e. a bird
with a glossy head, as opposed to the dull black heads of the " Willow Tits."
He also discovered that Szechuan dejeani were identical in every respect, so
that at last we have brought this bird to rest under the title of Parus palustris
dejeani.

Colonel Rippon collected this bird at Chutung-Yangpi Road (type of poeci-
lopsis), and 8 examples at Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906. Oustalet records
this bird from Tsekou Pere Soulie ; Forrest sent 2 $$, 2 ? Lichiang Range.

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926. 315

539. Parus major comrnixtus Swinh.

Parus comrnixtus Swinhoe, Ibis, 1868, p. 63 (Amoy China).

Anderson obtained 1 adult Ponsee, May 1868, 3 juv. Muangla, Jan. and
March 1868 ; Colonel Rippon 1 example Yungchang, Jan. 1906, 5 Talifu Valley,
Feb. 1906, 3 Lichiang, March-April 1906, 3 Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906,

1 Tali Valley, April 1906 ; Oustalet enumerates this species among Prince H.
d'Orleans' birds ; Andrews & Heller collected 2 $<$ Yung-chang-Fu, Jan. 1917.
In the British Museum from Colonel Rippon are 9 examples Talifu Valley, Feb.-
April 1906, 4 Yangtze Big Bend, March-April 1906, and 2 Lichiang, March 1906,

2 Chutung-Yangpi Road, March 1906, and 1 hills E. of Yung-chang, Jan. 1906.

540. Parus major minor Temm. & Schleg.

Parus minor Temminck & Schlegel in Siebold's Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 70, pi. xxiii (1848) (Japan).

Captain Wingate collected 1 $ ad. Nan-an-chow, Feb. 1899 ; Uchida &
Kuroda record 3 c?c?> 2 $$ Mengtsz, March- April and Sept. -Nov. ; Monsieur
Pichon sent 1 example ; Monsieur et Madame Comby got 1 example ; Uchida &
Kuroda's birds are possibly altarum La Touche.

541. Parus major altarum La Touche.

Parus major altarum La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii. p. 43 ( 1922) (Mengtsz).

Mr. La Touche has placed Bangs & Phillips' m. comrnixtus under this heading,
and I have also put Ingram's Mengtsz birds here, but it is not at all certain that
the facts bear this out, as both minor and comrnixtus could occur together with
altarum at Mengtsz during the migration periods.

Ingram records 5 examples Mengtsz, May- June 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 14 specimens, Mengtsz, March-Dec, Loukouchai, Dec, Linan Fu,
Feb. ; La Touche collected 11 rf<S, 5 ?$, 5 ? ad., 1 ? juv.. Mengtsz, July-Dec. 1920
and March-April 1921, 4^, 1 $Milati, Jan.-Feb. 1921, 1 ? ad., 2 ? juv. Yunnanfu,
May 1921, 1 ? juv. Lotukow, May 1921.

542. Paras major thibetanus Hart.

Parus major thi'irlunus Hartert, Yog. Pol. Faun. vol. i, p. 346, No. 544 (1905) (Chaksam).
Parus major longipcnnis Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 11 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

When I described this form I did not compare it with Hartert's thibetanus,
as the habitat appeared to bar this, but I have since found them to be one and
the same bird. Forrest sent 3 (JcJ, 1 $ Tengyueh District, 8 <$$, 1 $, 8 ? ad.,
2 ? juv. Lichiang Range.

543. Sitta himalayensis Jard. & Selby.

Sitta himalayensis Jardine & Selby. lllust. (>rn. vol. iii, pi. 144 (1835) (Himalayas).

Forrest sent 1 <J Shweli-Salwin Divide. In the 1925 collection are 1 $, 2 $$
Shweh-Salwin Divide, 8,000 feet, June-Aug. 1925.

544. Sitta yunnanensis 0. -Grant.

Sitta yunnanensis Ogilvie-Oant, Bull. B.O.C. vol. x, p. 37 (1900) (Wei-Yuan).

Captain Wingate obtained 1 J ad. (type) Wei- Yuan, March 1899, Colonel
Rippon collected 2 examples Lichiang, March 1906, 2 Yangtze Big Bend, March-

316 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

April 1906, 1 Lichiang Valley, April 1906, 1 Yangpi-Chutung Road, April 1906 ;
Forrest sent 1 <J Tali Range, 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 $<$, 1 $, 4 ? Lichiang
Range.

In the 1925 collection are 1 ? hills north of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet, Nov. 1925,
1 (J, 3 $? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000-10,000 feet, July-Aug. 1925. In the
British Museum are 2 <J(J Yung-Chang. Styan coll., and lo examples Yangpi-
Chutung Road, March-April 1902, 1 Yung-chang fu-Lenshawi-chi, May 1902,
5 Yangtze Big Bend, March-April 1906, 3 Lichiang, March- April 1906, and 1
Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, all from Colonel Rippon.

545. Sitta europaea nebulosa: La Touche.
Sitta europaea nebulosa La Touche, Bull. B.O.O. vol. xlii. p. 55 (1921) (S.E. Yunnan).

La Touche first described this as Sitta europaea obscura, but renamed it
nebulosa as obscura was praeoccupied in the genus.

Colonel Rippon collected 1 example, Lichiang, March 1906, 1 Lichiang Valley,
April 1906, and several Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906 ; Bangs & Phillips
record 1 <J Loukouchai, Jan. ; Oustalet enumerates this bird under the name of
Sitta caesia ! ! among those collected by Prince H. d'Orleans ; Andrews & Heller
record under the name of Sitta nagaensis 1 § ad. Ho-mu-shu Pass April, 1917 ;
La Touche collected 7 <$<$, 4 $? Milati, Jan.-Feb. 1921, 1 J, 1 $ Loshintang, Feb.
1921, 1 S Lotukow, May 1921, 1 <$, 2 $? ad., 1 <Jjuv. Kopaotsun, May 1921, 1 ?
Yunnanfu, May 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 ? Shweli Valley ; 2 $$, 2 $$ Tengyueh
District, 8 $$, 2 $$, 6 ? Lichiang Valley ; Monsieur & Madame Comby collected

1 example. In the British Museum are 1 <J Mon Mum, March 1899, 1 9 Yunnan,
Styan coll., and from Colonel Rippon 2 Chutung-Yangpi Road, March-April
1902, 4 Lichiang Valley, March-April 1926, 6 Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906,
and 10 Gyi-dzin-Shan, March-April 1902.

In my first two articles on Forrest's birds I named this bird Sitta europaea
montium La Touche, but in the two last I recorded it as S. e. nebulosa La Touche,
as he points out the Yunnan birds are distinct from those from Fokien.

546. Sitta magna Wardl.-Rams.

Sitta magna Wardl.-Ramsay, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876, p. 677 (Karenaee).

Captain Wingate secured 1 <J Wei-Yuan. March 1899 ; Colonel Rippon
collected 2 examples Yangpi-Chutung Road, March 1906, and 1 £ Gyi-dzin-Shan,
April 1902. In the British Museum there are also from the Styan collection

2 cJ<J> * ? Yuen-chang.

547. Sitta canadensis villosa Verr.

Sitta villosa Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. i, Bull. p. 78, pi. v, f. 1 (1860) (north of Peking).
Oustalet records this species among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds.

548. Sitta frontalis frontalis Horsf.

Sitta frontalis Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol xiii, p. 162 (Java),

Anderson collected 1 <J Ponsee, April 1868 ; Ingram records 1 Mengtsz,
June 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips record 4 examples Loukouchai, Feb. and June-
July ; La Touche enumerates 1 $ Loukouchai, March 1921, under the name

Novitates Zooloqicae XXXIII. 1926. 317

frontalis corallina Hodgs. ; Andrews & Heller record under the same name 3 $?
ad. Malipa, Namting River, and Chang-lung, Feb.-March 1917.

Horsfield's type (now in the British Museum) came from Java, and an old
Java specimen is at Tring out of the Riacour collection. Hartert has separated
the Malay Peninsula birds under the name of frontalis intensior, and Dr. Sharpe
described the Bornean race as corallipes. Should it turn out, as I think most
likely, that the Java bird is not like the Ceylon, Indian, and Burmese examples,
then the bird found in Ceylon, most of Continental India, Assam, and Burma,
together with Yunnan, must bear the name of frontalis corallina Hodgs., but this
can only be decided by the examination of good series of fresh Java birds.

549. Tichodroma muraria (Linn.).

Certhia muraria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, xii, vol. i, p. 184 (1766) (South Europe).

Colonel Rippon got 1 example Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906 ; Forrest sent 1 ?
Lichiang Range.

550. Certhia himalayensis yunnanensis Sharpe.

Certhia yunnanensis Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xiii (1902) (Shayang).

Oustalet records this species among the birds collected by Prince H.
d'Orleans ; Colonel Rippon obtained 2 examples Lichiang Valley, March-April
1906, and 8 examples Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906 ; Forrest sent 1 <J 1 ?
ad., 3 (JcJ juv. Lichiang Range. Colonel Rippon also got 1 Shayang-Chuting
Road, March 1902, 1 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, 1 Yung-kuoresu, March 1902.

551. Certhia farniliaris khamensis Bianchi.

Certhia khamensis Bianchi in Sharpe, Handlist Birds, vol. iv, pp. 355 and 360 (1903) (Kham).

Colonel Rippon collected 1 example Lichiang, March 1906, 2 Yangtze Big
Bend, March 1906 ; Forrest sent 1 (J, 3 $$, 3 ? Lichiang R., 1 $, 1 $ ad., 1 $
juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide.

552. Certhia discolor fuliginosa Baker.

Certhia discolor fuliginosa Stuart Baker, Faun. Brit. Ind. 2nd edit. Aves, vol. i, p. 438, No. 454 (1922)
(Loi-pang Nan Mekong).

Andrews & Heller collected 1 <J ad. Tai-ping-pu, April 1917 ; Forrest sent
1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide.

Both Bangs, when recording Andrews & Heller's example, and I, when
recording Forrest's in my first paper, have called this bird erroneously discolor
discolor.

553. Zosterops erythropleura erythropleura Swinh.

Zosterops erythropUnrus Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 294 (N. China).

Colonel Rippon obtained an example at Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ; La
Touche collected 1 <J, 2 $? Mengtsz, Oct. 1920 ; Forrest sent 9 <$<$, 3 ?$ Lichiang
Range.

22

318 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 19215.

554. Zosterops erythropleura melanorhyncha La Touche.

Zosierops erythropleura meUinorhynrha' ha Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, i>. 32 (1921) (Mengtsz).

This bird is either a freak or else a stray wanderer from a different breeding
area than that of the typical race. La Touche collected 1 $ (type) Mengtsz,
Oct. 1920.

[On the Zosterops of the palpebrosa and simplex groups.

These birds have until recently been completely misunderstood. It has
been the practice of recent authors to treat all these birds as forms of palpebrosa.
Thus simplex Swinh. was always treated as a form of ■palpebrosa and Oustalet,
under the name of mussoti, mixed up both the palpebrosa and simplex races
of Szechuan. The truth is that wherever there is a simplex form resident we
also find a palpebrosa form at home, and the younger birds of both forms have
been mixed up. Some of the older records will be difficult to disentangle, but
later ones, when the actual specimens can be compared, will not be so difficult.
In working out the following Yunnan forms I have not touched the Sunda
Island races, but I am sure there also palpebrosa forms and simplex will be
found to occur side by side.]

555. Zosterops palpebrosa elwesi Baker.

ZoMerops palpebrosa elwesi Stuart Baker, Ibis, 1922, p. 145 (Sikkim).

Anderson records 1 ^ Momien, July 1868 ; Forrest sent 1 $, 3 $$, 1 ?
Tengyueh District ; 2 $$, 1 ? Shweli-Salwin Divide.

In the 1925 collection are 1 3, 1 $ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet,
July 1925.

In the British Museum from Colonel Rippon are 2 examples Gyi-dzin-Shan,
April 1902, 1 Chutung-Yangpi Road, March 1902, 1 Yangpi-Talifu Road, March
1902, 1 Shayang-Pingpo Road, April 1902, 1 Lichiang Valley, March 1906,
1 hills N.E. of Talifu, March 1902.

556. Zosterops palpebrosa williamsoni Rob. & Kloss.

Zosterops palpefjrosa williamsoni Robinson & Boden Kloss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Sac. Siam. vol. iii,

p. 445 (1919) (West Coast Siam and Selangor).
Zosterops iiiminiittr jnhamiav La Touche, Bull. B.<>.'\ vol. xlii, p. 31 (1921) (Mengtsz).

Ingram records 5 examples Mengtsz under the name of palpebrosa palpebrosa.
Bangs & Phillips record 10 examples Mengtsz, Jan.-Sept., under the name of
•palpebrosa mussoti; La Touche collected 7 c?c?» 9 ??. 2? Mengtsz, Aug.-Dec.
192(1 and Feb. 1921, 1 cj Milati, Sept. 1920, 1 $ Tachouang, March 1921.

The description of williamsoni agrees perfectly with that of johainiae, and
moreover Stuart Baker who has compared them has said they are the same.

557. Zosterops simplex simplex Swinh.

Zosterops simplex Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. .S'oc. London. 1863, p. 203 (S.E. China).

Anderson records 1 example Ponsee, May 1868 ; Andrews & Heller collected
1 cj, 1 $ ad. Chang-lung and Malipa, March 1917 ; Uehida & Kuroda record 3 (J<J.
3 $$ Jan.-Sept. ; Forrest sent 1 <J, 1 $, 1 ? Mekong Valley, 2 <J<J, 1 $, Mekong-
Salwin Divide, 1 <J, 1 $ Salwin Valley, 1 ,j Tengyueh District, 2 ,$<$, 1 $, 1 ?

Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 192B. 319

Lichiang Range. In the British Museum from Colonel Rippon are 2 examples
Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, 1 hills N. of Talifu, April 1902, 1 Talifu Valley, April
1902, 1 Lichiang, May 1906. In the British Museum from Colonel Rippon 2
examples Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902, 1 Yangpi-Chutung Road, April 1900,

1 Lichiang, May 1906, and 1 Talifu Valley, April 1902.

558. Dicaeum ignipectus ignipectus (Blyth).

Myzanthe ignipectus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii. p. 983 (1843) (Nepal and Bhutan).

Captain Wingate procured 1 <J ad. Chung-tung, March 1899 ; Colonel Rippon
secured an example on the Yangpi-Chutung Road, April 1900 ; Oustalet enumer-
ates it among the birds collected by Prince H. d'Orleans ; Bangs & Phillips list
4 examples Mengtsz, Jan. and March, and Loukouchai, Feb. ; La Touche col-
lected 6 ^ (J, 3 ?? Mengtsz, Nov. 1920 and Jan. -March 1921, 1 <J, 1 $ Loukouchai,
March 1921, 3 $<$ Tachouang, Feb.-March 1921, 2 $$, 1 $ Lotukow, May 1921 ;
Forrest sent 1 <J ad. Shweli Valley, 1 cj ad., 1 $ juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 £,

2 $$ ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide, 2 <$<$ Tengyueh District, 3 £3, 1 $
Lichiang Range.

In the 1925 collection are 2 c?c?> 1 ? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 11,000 feet,
July-Aug. 1925, 1 <J hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 10,000 feet, Nov. 1925. In the
British Museum from the Styan collection are 4 $£, 1 $ Yung Mochung, March
1903.

559. Dicaeum chrysorrhoeum chrysochlore Blyth.

Dicaeum chrysochlore Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii, p. 1009 (1843) (Arrakan).

La Touche records 1 $ Tachouang, Feb. 1921, 1 (J, 1 $ Hokow, April 1921,
under the name of Dicaeum chrysorrheum.

560. Dicaeum minullum olivaceum Wald.

Dicaeum olivaceum Walden, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xv, p. 401 (1875) (Tounghoo).

Bangs & Phillips record 7 examples Mengtsz and Loukouchai, April-Oct. ;
Uchida & Kuroda list 3 <$$ Mengtsz, Oct. ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $
Chang-lung, March 1917 ; La Touche collected 3 cJcJ, 4 $$ Mengtsz, July and
Oct. 1920 and March 1921, 2 $<$ Hokow, March-April 1921, 1 $ Loukouchai
April 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 ? Mekong-Salwin Divide, 3 ??, 1 ? Shweli-Salwin
Divide, 2 <$<$ Lichiang Range, 4 <$$, 3 ?$, 2 ? Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection are 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 11,000 feet, July 1925,
1 ? juv. hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 10,000 feet, Nov. 1925.

561. Pachyglossa melanozantha (Hodgs.).

Pachyglossa melanozantha Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii, p. 1010 (1843) (Nepal).

La Touche collected 1 <J, 1 ? Milati, Jan. 1921, 1 <$, 1 $ Tachouang, Feb. 1921 ;
Forrest sent 2 cS<3 Mekong- Yangtze Divide, 1 ? Mekong-Salwin Divide, 3 <$<$
Shweli-Salwin Divide, 5 $<$, 1 ? Lichiang Range.

562. Aethopyga ignicauda exultans Baker.

Aethojiyga ignicauda exultans Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. vol.xlvi.p. 13 (1925) (Shweli-Salwin Divide).

Andrews & Heller collected 1 (J imm. Yoakuan, Jan. 1917 ; Forrest sent

1 $ Tengyueh District, 3 3(5 Shweli-Salwin Divide, 2 ,$<$, 1 $ Mekong-Salwin

320 NOVITATF.S ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Divide, 1 <J Lichiang Range. Colonel Rippon obtained 1 example Chutung,
March 1902.

563. Aethopyga siparaja viridicauda Rothsch.

Aethopyga seheriae viridicauda Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vol. xxviii, p. 58 (1921) (Tengyueh).

Colonel Rippon obtained an example Salwin Valley, May 1906 ; Oustalet
records this bird under the name of seheriae lubecula from Prince H. d'Orleans'
collection ; Forrest sent 5 cjc? Tengyueh District. In the British Museum also
are 1 example Mongren, March 1899, Captain Wingate ; and 1 Yangpi-Talifu
Road, March 1902, Colonel Rippon.

564. Aethopyga siparaja tonkinensis Hart.

Aethopyga seheriae tonkinensis Hartert, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxxviii, p. 7 (1917) (Yen Bai).

La Touche collected 14 £<$, 2 $? Hokow, March-April 1921.
565. Aethopyga dabryii (Verr.).

Nectarinia dabryii Verreaux, Rev. and Mag. Zool. p. 173. pi. xv (1867) (" Xord de la Chine ! ").

Anderson procured 1 c? Ponsee, March 1868 ; Captain Wingate obtained
1 <J Yunnan City, Feb. 1899 ; Bangs & Phillips record 28 examples Mengtsz,
Feb. -Aug. ; Andrews & Heller obtained 4 (J (J ad. Wan-tien, Ta-shui-tang, and
Mucheng, Feb. and May 1917 ; La Touche collected 1 <J Tachouang, March
1921, 10 c?c?. 6 ?? Mengtsz, March-April 1921, 2 £<$ Loukouchai, April 1921,

3 (JcJ Lotukow, May 1921 ; Forrest sent 24 J^, 5 $? ad., 4 <$<$ juv. Lichiang
Range, 1 $ Shweli Valley, 4 $<$ Salwin Valley, 5 tfg, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide,

4 c?c?» 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide, 2 <$$, 2 $$ ad. Tengyueh District. In the
1925 collection are 2 £<$ ad. hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 10,000 feet, Nov. 1925,

5 <J<J ad., 1 c? ad., 1 $ juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 11,000 feet, June-July 1925.

566. Aethopyga saturata saturata (Hodgs.).

' 'innyris saturata Hodgson, Ind. Rev. vol. ii, p. 273 (1837) (Nepal).
Forrest collected 1 cj, 2 $$ Tengyueh District.

567. Aethopyga nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgs.).

Cinnyris nipalensis Hodgson, Ind. Rev. vol. ii, p. 273 (1837) (Nepal).

Andrews & Heller collected 1 (J, 1 $ ad. Mu-cheng and Chang-Lung Feb.-
March 1917; Forrest sent 6 <?<?, 4 $$ Shweh-Salwin Divide, 6 <JcJ, 4 $$ ad.,
3 6<S Juv- Tengyueh District. In the 1925 collection are 8 $$ ad. Shweli-
Salwin Divide, 11,000 feet, July 1925.

568. Aethopyga sanguinipectus sanguinipectus Wald.

Aethopyga aanguinipecta Walden, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xv, p. 400 (1875) (Tounghoo).

Captain Wingate obtained 1 <J Mong-sen, March 1899 ; Colonel Rippon
collected one example Yangpi-Talifu Road, March 1902 ; Bangs & Phillips record
13 specimens Loukouchai, Feb., and Asanzi, April ; La Touche collected 1 <J
Milati, Jan. 1921, 8 cJ(J, 3 $$ Loukouchai, Jan. March-April 1921. In the British
Museum are 4 JcJ Yung-Mo-Chung, Feb. 1903, Styan coll.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 192C. 32]

569. Arachnothera magna aurata Blyth.

Arachnothera aurata Blyth, Joiirn. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxiv, p. 478 (1855) (Pegu).

In my second and fourth articles I listed this bird under magna magna, not
having carefully measured the bill and because Forrest's 2 examples appeared
to have rather well-defined black streaks on the upper side. In his 1925 collection
he sent 2 more, which now have convinced me that Yunnan examples belong to
the race aurata, which has the bill much larger.

Bangs & Phillips record 4 specimens Loukouchai, Feb. ; Uchida & Kuroda
list 3 dd, 2 ?$ Loukouchai, Jan.-Feb. ; La Touche collected 1 <J, 2 $$ Hokow,
March 1921, 1 <J Loukouchai, April 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 $ Salween Valley, 1 <$
Tangyueh District. In the 1925 collection are 1 (J, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide,
7,000 feet, Oct. 1924. Bill dark brown, feet orange-yellow, iris dark brown.

570. Arachnothera longirostris sordida La Touche.

Arachnothera longirostris sordida La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlii, p. 32 (1921) (Hokow).
La Touche collected 1 <J Hokow, March 1921 (type).

571. Dendronanthus indicus (Gmel.).

Motacilla indica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 962 (1789) (India).

Ingram records 2 $<§ Mengtsz, May 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate
3 examples Mengtsz, May 1910 ; La Touche collected 1 <J, 2 <j>$ Mengtsz, Sept-
Oct. 1920; 1 <$ Kopaotsun, May 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 $ Tengyueh Valley;
M. & Madame Comby obtained 1 example.

[On the Pied Wagtails of the alba-lugubris group.

Stuart Baker tells us that Messrs. Lowe & Kinnear have come to the
conclusion that Hartert was wrong in placing all the " Pied " and " White "
Wagtails as subspecies of alba, and that there are two groups or " Formenkreise " :
(1) alba, which never gets a black back in the breeding season, and (2) lugvbris,
which does acquire the black back. Mr. Baker remarks that this will clear up
certain difficulties where two local races of these birds appear to overlap ; and
moreover he thinks alba ocularis will have to be separated as a third species. I
feel that there is much still to be cleared up in the history and geographical dis-
tribution of these birds ; but I certainly think the apparent overlapping of 2
forms in certain localities is by no means an infallible sign of specific as opposed
to subspecific distinction, and to my mind, at present at; all events, the weight
of evidence is much more in favour of one " Formenkreis " (that of alba, only),
and not two or more. I shall therefore continue to treat them in this paper as
all subspecies of alba.]

572. Motacilla alba alboides Hodgs.

Motacilla alboides Hodgson, As. Ree. vol. xix, p. 191 (1836) (Nepal).
Motacilla liodijsoni Blyth, Ibis, p. 49 (1865) (Nepal).

Oustalet records this among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 3 examples Mengtsz, Sept. -Oct. ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 $ ad.
Yung-chang Fu, Jan. 1917 ; Monsieur Pichon obtained 3 specimens ; M. &
Madame Comby collected 2 examples; La Touche collected 4 tfcS, 3 $$ ad.,

322 Novitates Zoological XXXI11. 1926.

1 $ juv. Mengtsz, Aug. and Oct. Nov. 1020, 1 $ Loukouchai, April 1921, 1 $
Lotukow, May 1921 ; Forrest sent 4 <$<$, 1 $ Lichiang Range, 2 JcJ ad., 1 $ juv.
Tengyueh District, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide.

573. Motacilla alba leucopsis Gould.

Motacilla It ucopsit Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, p. 78 (India).

Colonel Rippon collected 1 example Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906, 1 Yangtze
Valley, March 1906, 1 Lichiang, April 1906; La Touche collected 2 <$<J, 1 $
Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct. 1920 ; Forrest sent 1 ? Lichiang Range, 3 <?<?, 2 $$ Tengyueh
Valley.

574. Motacilla alba baicalensis Nwinh.

Motacilla baicalensis Swinhoe, Proc. Zoo]. Soc. London, 1871, p. 363 (Eastern Asia).
Forrest collected 1 <$ Lichiang Range.

575. Motacilla alba maderaspatensis Gmel.

Motacilla maderaspatensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 961 (1789) (India).

Anderson collected 1 example Tapeng, Feb. 1868, 1 Sanda, May 1868, 1 <J,
1 $ Momien, May 1868.

576. Motacilla alba ocularis Swinh.

Motacilla ocularis Swinhoe. Ibis, 1860, p. 55 (Araoy).

Bangs & Phillips record 7 examples Mengtsz, Feb.-June ; Uchida &. Kuroda
enumerate 5 £$, 2 $$ Mengtsz, Feb.-July ; Andrews & Heller collected
1 S ad- Yung-chang Fu, Jan. 1917 ; La Touche procured 2 <$<$ ad., 1 o juv.
Mengtsz, Sept.-Nov. 1920, 1 £ Tachouang, March 1921.

577. Motacilla cinerea caspica (Gmel.).

Partis caspicus Gmelin, Reise d. Russl. vol. iii, p. 104, pi. xx. f. 2 (1774) (Caspian Sea).

Captain Wingate secured 1 rj ad. Yunnan City, Feb. 1899 ; Colonel Rippon
collected 1 example Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906, 1 Lichiang, Sept. 1906 ; Bangs &
Phillips record 6 examples Mengtsz, April-Nov. ; Andrews & Heller obtained
1 <J imm. Yung-chang Fu, Jan. 1917 ; La Touche collected 2 <$<$, 4 ??, 1 ? Mengtsz,
Sept.-Nov. 1920, 1 cj Hokow, Jan. 1921 ; Forrest sent 3 ScS. 3 $$ ad., 1 $ juv.
Lichiang Range, 1 $ Tengyueh Valley.

578. Motacilla flava simillima Hart.

Motacilla flava simiUima Hartert, Vdg. palaark: Faun. vol. i, p. 289, No. 454 (1905) (Kamtschatka).
La Touche collected 1 ? Mengtsz, Oct. 1920 ; Forrest sent 2 <$£ Tengyueh
District.

579. Motacilla flava thunbergi Billb.

Mular, II,: thunbergi Billb. Syn. Finn,. Scand. vol. i. pt. ii. Arcs, p. 50 (1828) (Lapland).

Anderson records 1 example Ponsee, March 1868 ; Monsieur Pichon sent
1 specimen.

Novitates Zoologiuak XXXIU. 1926. 323

580. Motacilla citreola citreola Pall.

Motacilla citreola Pallas, Reise Prov. Rush. Reich, vol. iii, p. 696 (1776) (East Siboria).

Captain Wingate procured 1 3 ad. S.W. Yunnan, April 1899 ; Bangs &
Phillips record 4 examples Mengtsz, April; La Touche collected 4 33, 1 $
Mengtsz, Oct.-Dec. 1920 and March-April 1921 ; Forrest sent 2 33 Tengyueh
District, 2 $$ Lichiang Range.

581. Motacilla citreola calcarata (Hodgs.).

liudylis ralrtiralii.i Hodgson, As. Res. vol. xix, p. 198 (1836) (Nepal).
Budytes citreoloides Gould, Birds Asia, vol. iv, pi. lxiv (1865) (Nepal).

Hartert in his Vog. paladrk. Faun, only mentioned calcaratus Brehm of I860,
which is a synonym of M . flam flava and moreover a nomen nudum. Stuart
Baker, as far as I can find out, was the first to point out that calcaratus Hodgs.
was the correct name for citreoloides Gould by reason of 29 years' priority.

Bangs & Phillips record 1 3 Mengtsz, March 1911 ; La Touche obtained
1 3 Mengtsz, Feb. 1921, 1 $ Yunnanfu, May 1921.

582. Anthus hodgsoni yunnanensis Uch. & Kur.

Anthus maculatus yunnanensis Uchida & Kuroda, Annol. Zool. Jap. vol. ii, p. 134, No. 2 (1916)
(Mengtsz).

Stuart Baker separates the three pipits hodgsoni Richm., berezowslcii Saruduy,
and yunnanensis Uch. & Kur. from the " Formenkreis " trivialis and unites them
to form a separate " Formenkreis " hodgsoni, on the ground that at least one of
them is found breeding alongside a trivialis form. As we have not yet sufficiently
cleared up the Central Asian and Chinese breeding birds, I shall for the time
being adopt this nomenclature ; always reserving the difficult question of how
far overlapping between two birds in certain areas justifies them to be considered
as species or still retained as subspecies.

Bangs & Phillips record 5 examples Mengtsz, Jan.-Nov. ; Uchida & Kuroda
enumerate 6 33, 2 $$ Mengtsz, Jan.-Nov. ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 3, 1 ?
Yung-chang, Fu Jan. 1917 ; Monsieur Pichon sent 1 example ; La Touche col-
lected 5 33, 2 ? Mengtsz, Oct.-Dec. 1920 and Feb. 1921, 1 3 Milati, Jan. 1921,
1 3 Hokow, March 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 3 Salwin Valley, 2 33, 4 $$ Tengyueh
District, 9 33, H ¥9 Lichiang Range. In the 1925 collection there is 1 3
Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Dec. 1925.

I consider the shorter bill of this race a somewhat doubtful distinction.

583. Anthus richardi richardi Vieill.

Anthus richardi Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxvi, p. 491 (1818) (France).

Anderson procured an example at Muangla, May 1868, and 1 $ Momien,
June 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips record 3 examples Mengtsz, March and Oct. ;
La Touche collected 3 33, 1 $ Mengtsz, Sept.-Nov. 1920, 1 3 Milati, Sept. 1920,
1 $ Yunnanfu, May 1921 ; Forrest sent 2 33, 4 ?$ Tengyueh District ; M. &
Madame Comby sent 1 specimen.

584. Anthus richardi striolatus Blyth.

Anthus striolatus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 435 (1847) (Darjeeling).
Uchida & Kuroda record 2 33, 4 $$ Mengtsz, March-Oct.

324 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

585. Anthus cervinus (Pall.).

Motacilla cervine Pallas. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiut. vol. i, p. 511 (1827) (Siberia).
Uchida & Kuroda record 1 <$, 1 $ Mengtsz, April.

586. Anthus roseatus Blyth.

Anthus roseatus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Banjul, vol. xvi. p. 437 (1847) (Xcpal).

Colonel Rippon secured 1 example Lichiang Valley, March 1906 ; Bangs &
Phillips record 1 ^, 1 $ Mengtsz, April ; La Touche collected 3 (J, 4 $? Mengtsz,
Nov.-Dec. 1920 and Jan.-April 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 $ Salwin Valley, 1 <$
Mekong Valley, 1 <J, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 3 <J(J, 2 $$ Tengyueh District. In
the 1925 collection are 1 $ Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Dec. 1925, 1 <J Shweli-
Salwin Divide, 9,000 feet, Aug. 1925. In addition there are in the British
Museum from Colonel Rippon 3 examples Talifu Valley, April 1902, 1 Chutung-
Yangpi Road, March 1902, and 1 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902.

587. Anthus rufulus nifulus Vieill.

Anthus rufulus Vieillot, Nour. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxvi, p. 494 (1818) (Bengal).

Ingram records 1 <J, 2 $$ Mengtsz, March-May 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 5 specimens Mengtsz, March-Oct. ; Anderson collected 1 example
Muangla, May 1868 ; La Touche secured 4 <$c5, 1 ? 3 ? ad., 1 ? juv. Mengtsz,
July-Oct. 1920 and March 1921, 1 $ Milati, Sept. 1920, 1 $ Yunnanfu, May 1921 ;
Forrest sent 1 <J, 1 $ Tengyueh District. Colonel Rippon obtained 3 examples
Talifu Valley, April 1902.

588. Anthus spinoletta blakistoni Swinh.

Anthus blakistoni Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 90 (Yangtze River).

Colonel Rippon collected 1 example Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906 ; Forrest sent
1 $ Lichiang Range.

589. Oreocorys sylvanus (Blyth).

Heterura sylvana (Hodgson) Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 556 (1845) (Nepal).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 c? ad. Mengtsz, June 1911 ; Uchida & Kuroda
enumerate 1 (J, 1 $ Mengtsz, June and Sept. ; La Touche collected 2 <$<$, 1 $
Mengtsz, July-Sept. 1920, 1 3 Shuitang, May 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 c? Mekong
Valley, 1 <$ Lichiang Range.

59o. Alauda arvensis coelivox Swinh.

Alauda coelivox Swinhoe, Zoologist, p. 6724 (1859) (Amoy).

Ingram records 1 <J juv. Mengtsz ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 3 examples
Mengtsz, April and Oct. ; Monsieur Pichon sent 1 specimen ; La Touche obtained
1 cJ Milati, Sept. 1920, 1 <J Yunnanfu, May 1921.

In the British Museum are the following examples said by Stuart Baker to
have been collected by Colonel Rippon : 5 Lichiang, April 1902, and March and
April 1900. 4 Talifu Valley, April 1902, 1 hills nr. Chutung Valley, March 1902.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 325

591. Alauda arvensis intermedia Swinh.

Alauda intermedia Swinhoe, Pror. Zool. tioc. London, 1863, p. 89 (Shanghai).

Forrest sent 1 ? Lichiang Range. In his 1925 collection is 1 $ Shweli-
Salwin Divide, Aug. 1925.

592. Alauda arvensis japonica Teinm. & Schleg.

Alauda japonica Temminck & Schlegel in Siebold, Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 87, pi. lvii (1848) (Japan).

Colonel Rippon collected 1 example Talifu, Feb. 1906, 1 Lichiang Valley,
April 1906 ; Monsieur Pichon sent 3 examples ; Forrest sent 5 <$£, 6 $$ Lichiang
Range.

593. Melophus melanicterus (Gmel.).

Fnin/illn melanictera Gmelin, Sijst. Nat. vol. i, pt. ii, p. 910 (1789) (Macao).

Ingram records 4 <$<$, 2 $$ ad., 4 $<§ juv. Mengtsz, April-July 1910 ; Captain
Wingate obtained 1 <$ imm. King Tung Ting, Upper Mekong River, March 1899,

1 $ M6ng-sen, March 1899 ; Bangs & Phillips record 25 specimens, Mengtsz,
March-Aug., Loukouchai, Dec, Linan Fu, Feb., Shi-ping, Feb., Andrews &
Heller procured 1 <J imm. Namting River, Feb. 1917 ; Monsieur Pichon sent
3 cJ<J ; La Touche collected 11 $$ $$ Mengtsz, Oct. 1920, Milati, Sept. and Dec.
1920 and Jan.-Feb. 1921, Tachouang, March 1921, Loukouchai, April 1921 ;
Forrest sent 2 $$ hills north of Tali, 1 $ Lichiang Range, 1 $ ad., 1 $ juv.
Salwin Valley, 6 $$ ad. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 2 <J<J, 2 $$ ad., 1 c?. 1 $ juv.
Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection are 4 $$, 1 $ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet,
May 1925.

Anderson collected 3 examples Ponsee, April 1868, 1 Sanda, July 1868.

Colonel Rippon collected 3 examples Chutung-Shayang Road, March 1902 and
1906 ; 2 Yangpi Valley, April 1906 ; 1 Shayang-Yungchang Road, March 1906 ;

2 Yungchang-Salwin Road, March 1906 ; 1 Yangpi -Talifu Road, March 1902.

594. Emberiza pusilla Pall.

Emheriza pusilla Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs. vol. iii, p. 697 (1776) (Daurian Alps).

Anderson records 2 examples Ponsee, March- April 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 10 examples Mengtsz, Jan.-Dec. ; Andrews & Heller obtained 2 <$<$,
1 ? Malipa and Yung-chang Fu, Jan. and March 1917 ; La Touche collected
7 (J cJ?? Mengtsz, Nov.-Dec. 1920 and Feb. 1921, 1 (J, 2 $$ Milati, Jan.-Feb. 1921 ;
Forrest sent 7 ^ (J, 9 ?$ Tengyueh District, 2 $?, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 1 <J Tali
Valley, 2 $$ Shweli Valley.

In the 1925 collection is 1 <J hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, July 1925.
There are in the British Museum collected by Colonel Rippon 3 examples Chutung-
Shayang Road, March and April 1902 ; 1 Lichiang, March 1906 ; 1 Gyi-dzin-
Shan, March 1902 ; 1 Valley E. of Talifu, April 1902 ; 1 Shayang-Chutung Road,
March 1902 ; 2 Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906 ; 1 Yangpi-Chutung Road, April 1902.

595. Emberiza fucata fucata Pall.

Emberiza fucata Pallas, Reise Prov. Brass, Reichs. vol. iii. p. 698 (1776) (Ouon and Ingoda Rivers).

Forrest sent 2 c$c$ Tengyueh District, 1 ^ Shweli Valley.

.'!2(i XnviTATKs Zoological XXX11I. 1926.

59G. Emberiza fucata arcuata Sharpe.

Emberiza arcuata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. ilus. vol. xii, p. 494 (1888) (Himalayas).

Anderson obtained 2 <$<$ Momien, June 1868 ; Ingram enumerates 1 $
Mengtsz, June 1910 ; Colonel Rippon collected an example Yangpi-Chutung
Road, April 1906 ; Bangs & Phillips record 2 examples Mengtsz, March-April ;
Monsieur Piehon obtained 2 specimens ; M. & Madame Comby got 1 example ;
La Touche collected 1 <J, 1 $ Mengtsz, Nov. 1920, 3 <?<?, 1 ? Milati, Sept.-Dec.
1920 and Feb. 1921, 1 <$ Yunnanfu, May 1921.

597. Emberiza cia yunnanensis Sharpe.

Emberiza yunnanensis Sharpe, Bull. B.O.i'. vol. xiii. p. 12 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-Shan).

Colonel Rippon obtained 5 examples Talipu Valley, Feb. 1906, 4 Yangpi
Valley, Feb. 1906, 2 Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906, 3 Lichiang Valley, March-
April 1906 ; La Touche collected 1 <J Kopaotsun, May 1921, 6 <J<J, 1 $ Lotukow,
May 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 3 Mekong Valley, 1 $ juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide,
22 (JcJ, 4 $$, 1 ? ad., 2 <J<J, 1 $ juv. Lichiang Range. Colonel Rippon also obtained
6 examples Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ; 3 Chutung- Yangpi Valley, March 1902.

598. Emberiza spodocephala spodocephala Pall.

Emberiza spnhcephala Pallas, Reise Prov. Rust. Reichs. vol. iii. p. 698 (1776) (Daurian Alps).

Oustalet records this species in his list of Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; La
Touche collected 2 £<$ ad., 1 £ juv. Mengtsz, Nov. 1920.

In my first article I said Oustalet's record was an evident error and referred
to the next form, but I have since had reason to believe that view to be erroneous.

599. Emberiza spodocephala melanops Blyth.

Emberiza melanops Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xiv, p. 54 (1845) (Tippera).

Ingram records 1 <$ juv., 1 $ ad. Mengtsz, April 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 5 specimens Mengtsz, Jan.-Dec. ; Andrews & Heller collected 2 3S
Chang-lung, March 1917 ; La Touche obtained 3 33, 1 ?, 1 ? Mengtsz, Oct.-Nov.
1920 and Jan.-Feb. 1921, 1 3 Milati, Jan 1921, 1 3 Yunnanfu, May 1921 ;
Forrest sent 1 <J Tali Range, 5 <J(J Lichiang Range. Colonel Rippon collected
4 examples Talipu Valley, April 1902 ; 1 Shayang-Chutung Road, March 1902 ;
1 Lichiang, April 1904.

600. Emberiza elegans Temm.

Emberiza elegant Temminck, I'l. Col. pi. 5811 (1835) (Japan).

Captain Wingate procured 1 cJ Ching-tung, March 1899; Colonel Rippon
obtained 2 examples Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906, 4 Lichiang Valley, April
1906 ; Forrest sent 19 33, 3 $$ Lichiang Range.

Colonel Rippon also collected 2 Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ; 1 Chutung-
Yangpi Road, April 1902.

Novitates Zoolugicae XXXUI. 1926. 327

001. Emberiza aureola Pall.

Emberiza aureola Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Raichs, vol. ii. p. 711 (1773) (Irtysk).

Ingram records 1 $ Mengtsz, May 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 3
examples Mengtsz, April-May ; La Touche collected 2 $<$ Mengtsz, Oct. 1920,
1 $ Yunnanfu, May 1921.

In Forrest's 1921 collection is 1 <J hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, June
1925. Bill bone-brown, basal half of upper-mandible darker ; feet dark olive ;
iris brown.

602. Emberiza rutila Pall.

Emberiza rutila Pallas, Reise Prov. Riiss. Reiclvs. vol. iii, p. 698 (1776) (Mongolia).

Bangs & Phillips record 3 examples Mengtsz, April, Loukouchai, Jan. ;
Uchida & Kuroda enumerate 1 (J, 1 $ Mengtsz, April, 1 <J Louchouchai, Jan. ;
La Touche collected 2 (J (J, 1 ? Mengtsz, Oct. 1920 and Jan.-April 1921, 1 $
Milati, Feb. 1921, 1 <J Poutontsing, April 1921.

603. Emberiza tristrami Swinh.

Emberiza tristrami Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 441 (Amoy).
Laurente shot an example at Loukouchai, April 1921.

[Mr. Kinnear has very carefully examined the series of 194 examples in the
Tring and British Museums of Passer rutilans cinnamomeus Gould, P. r. debilis
Hart., and P. r. intensior Rothsch., and has come to the conclusion that r. debilis
is indistinguishable from cinnamomeus, but that my r. intensior has darker $$.
I must say that with my few $$ of both I am unable to follow this, but I find on
the whole that fresh moulted <J(J examples of r. intensior are less yellow below
than those of r. cinnamomeus. La Touche has gone further and described
certain examples from S.E. Yunnan as r. yunnanensis, but gives as the distinguish-
ing character the same as I gave for r. intensior ; moreover, he makes both r.
intensior and r. yunnanensis breed near Yunnanfu ; this is quite impossible if the
two aee distinct. I believe that they are the same, and that this form which
I named r. intensior is very slightly different, if at all, from r. cinnamomeus.
As, however, in spite of the large number examined, I consider the series available
is not sufficient for a final decision, I shall for the present enumerate all the
Yunnan examples except 1 under the heading of r. intensior.']

604. Passer rutilans rutilans (Temm.).

Frimjilla rutilans Teraminck, PL Col. vol. iii, p. 488 (1829) (Japan).
Monsieur Pichon sent 1 example (fide Menegaux).

605. Passer rutilans intensior Rothsch.

Passer rutilans intensior Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 11 (1922) (Mekong Valley).

Anderson collected 4 go, 2 ? Momien, May-June 1868 (recorded as cinna-
momeus) ; Bangs & Philup8 record 3 examples (as cinnamomeus) Mengtsz, April,
Linan Fu, Feb. ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 <J ad. Lung-ling, March 1917 (as
cinnamomeus) ; Monsieur Pichon sent 2 specimens (recorded s cinnamomeus) ;
La Touche collected 1 <J, 1 $ Yunnanfu, May 1921, 1 $, 1 ? Kopaotsun, June 1921

328 Xnvii aids Z .OOICAB XXXIU. 1926.

(recorded as intensior), 2 J J Mengtsz, Oct. 1920, 1 $ Milati, Feb. 1921, 2 <J<£ 1 $
Lotukow, May 1921, 1 $ Yunnanfu, May 1921 (recorded as yunnanensis) ; Forrest
sent 1 (J, 1 ? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 <$ Mekong Valley, 1 ? Mekong-Salwin
Divide, 5 $$, 2 $$ Lichiang Range, 5 <$£, 3 $$ Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection are 3 cJc? hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, July 1925.

Colonel Rippon collected 6 examples Chutung-Yangpi Road, March and
April 1902; 1 Mekong- Yangchang Road, April 1906; 2 Gyi-dzin-Shan, Feb.
and April 1902 ; 1 Yangpi Valley, Feb. 1906.

600. Passer montanus malaccensis Dubois.

Passer malaccensis Dubois, Faun. III. Vert. Beige Ois. vol. i, p. 572 (1885) (Malacca).

Dr. Hartert, as well as Stuart Baker, have pointed out that Indo-Malayan
Peninsula Tree Sparrows must bear the name malaccensis Dubois ; but I had not
received any from Forrest, and so had no occasion to examine into this question.
It now becomes evident that this is one of the few cases where Yunnan has
received an emigrant from the South-West, whereas the bulk of the species have
come in from the North- West. Anderson, Bangs, Menegaux, and La Touche,
when recording Yunnan examples, have all attributed them to m. montanm,
not being properly acquainted with this extremely difficult " Formenkreis."

Anderson obtained 3 examples Ponsee, May 1868, 4 examples Momien, July
1868 ; Bangs & Phillips record 11 examples Mengtsz, April-Nov. ; Andrews &
Heller collected 1 J ad. Yung-chang Fu, Jan. 1917 ; Monsieur Pichon sent 3
examples ; La Touche collected 6 ad. and imm. (Jc??$ Mengtsz, July-Oct.

607. Montifringilla nemoricola nemoricola (Hodgs.).

Fringillauda nemoricola Hodgson, As. Res. vol. xix, p. 158 (1836) (Nepal).

Forrest sent 6 $$ ! ! (sexed ?) Lichiang Range.

608. Fringilla montifringilla Linn.

Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. edit, x, p. 179 (1758) (Europe).
Forrest sent 9 <J<J, 5 ?? ad., 2 <?<? juv.

609. Loxia curvirostra himalayensis Blyth.

Loxia himalayensis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xiii. p. 952 (1844) (Xepal).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 <$ ad. Mengtsz, March 1911 ; Uchida & Kuroda
enumerate 1 cj Mengtsz, March 1911 ; Forrest sent 6 <?<£, 5 $$ ad., 1 <J, 1 $ juv.
Lichiang Range.

610. Procarduelis nipalensis intensicolor Baker.

Procarduelis nipalensis intensicolor Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C vol. xlv. p. 92 (1925) (Mekong-Salwin
Divide).

Forrest sent 2 ejej, 2 ?$ ad. Mekong-Salwin Divide (1 <J type), 2 ??, 4' $?
Lichiang Range.

611. Procarduelis rubescens saturatior Rothsch.

Procarduelis mbeseene saturatior Rothschild, Butt. B.O.C. vol. xliii. p. 12 (1922) (LichiaiiL- Range).
Forrest sent 2 (J<J Shweli-Salwin Divide, 3 c?c?. 5 ?? ad., 1 <J juv. Lichiang
Range.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 329

612. Propyrrhula subhimachala intensior Rothsch.

Propyrrhula subhimachala intensior Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 12 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

Colonel Rippon obtained 1 $ Lichiang Valley, April 1906, and 5 examples
Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ; Forrest sent 2 $$ Mekong-Salwin Divide, 2 $3 ad.,
2 c?c? jun., 1 o juv., 1 $ ad. Lichiang Range (1 rf type).

613. Haematospiza sipahi (Hodgs.).

Corythvs sipahi Hodgson, As. Res. vol. xix, p. 151 (1836) (Nepal).

Hartert adopted Gnielin's name of indica for this bird ; but as the figure on
which that name is founded shows a crest resembling that of a " Cardinal,"
he has now come round to the feeling shared by Stuart Baker and others that it
is too doubtful and therefore sipahi Hodgs. should be used. In my article (Nov.
Zool. vol. xxviii, 1921) on Forrest's first collection I followed Hartert and used
indica Gmel. for the " Scarlet Finch," but in the fourth article (Nov. Zool.
vol. xxxii, 1925) I have used Hodgson's name of sipahi. Forrest sent the following
examples, 4 (J (J Shweli-Salwin Divide. In Forrest 1925 collection there are
4 $S, 2 $$ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000-10,000 feet, June-Aug. 1925. Bill
bone-brown, feet dark brown, iris brown.

The 2 $$ appear to be greyer on the breast and more heavily marked, but
they are worn summer birds, and my material all round of sipahi is too scanty to
venture on separating a Chinese and an Indian race.

614. Erythrina erythrina roseata (Hodgs.).

Pyrrhulinota roseola Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845, p. 36 (Nepal).

Colonel Rippon collected 2 examples Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ; Bangs &
Phillips record 7 specimens Mengtsz, Feb. -April and Dec. ; Monsieur Pichon
obtained 1 (J ; La Touche collected 3 <^cJ Milati, Dec. 1920 and Jan.-Feb. 1921,
4 <$$ ad., 1 <J imm., 1 <J var. Mengtsz. Feb.-March 1921 ; Forrest sent 3 $<$,
14 $$ ad., 1 ^ in <j> plumage, 3 £<$ juv. Lichiang Range, 1 <J Shweli-Salwin
Divide.

In the 1925 collection are 1 J hills N. of Tengyueh, 9,000 feet, Nov. 1925,

1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 feet; Aug. 1925. Colonel Rippon also collected

2 examples Shayang-Yungchang Road, April 1902; 1 Chutung-Yangpi Road,
April 1906. In the British Museum are 11 <J (J, 1 $ Yunnan, Styan coll.

615. Erythrina vinacea (Verr.).

CarpoJarus vinacea Verreaux. Nouv. Arch. Mns. Paris, vol. vi, Bull. p. 39 (1870) (Mts. of Chinese
Thibet).

Colonel Rippon obtained 3 <$$ on the Chutung-Yungchang Road, April
1902 and 1906 ; Forrest sent 1 (J, 5 $$ ad., 2 (J<J in $ plumage, Lichiang Range,
1 <J, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide. Colonel. Rippon also
collected 3 <JcJ Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902.

616. Erythrina ripponi (Sharpe).

Propasser ripponi Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xix, p. 11 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-Sh4n).

Colonel Rippon obtained several examples Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ;
Forrest sent 13 $$, 8 ??, 2 ? ad., 1 cJ. 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range.

330 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

617. Erythrina thura feminina (Ripp.).

Pro/paster thura Jemininiis Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xix, p. 31 (1906) (Yangtze River).

Colonel Rippon collected 3 examples (including the type) Yangtze Big Bend,
March 1900, 1 Talifu, May 1906, 1 Shayang-Yungchang Road, April 1006 ; Forrest
sent 17 (JcJ, 21 $$, S <$<$ juv. Lichiang Range.

618. Erythrina ti'ifasciata (Verr.).
( 'arpodaeus Irifasciatus Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mas. Paris, vol. vi. Hull. p. 39 (1870) (Mts. of I Ihinese
Thibet).

Forrest sent 2 <$<$, 1 $ ad., 3 $$ juv. Lichiang Range.

619. Erythrina pulcherrima davidiana (Milne-Edw.).

Carpodaeus davidiamu Milne-Edwards. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. i, Hull. p. 19 (1864) (N.E.
China).

In my account of Forrest's second collection (Nov. Zool. vol. xxx, 1923),
I recorded his birds as pulcherrima pulcherrima Moore, but on very carefully
comparing them I have come to the conclusion they are nearest to p. davidiana,
though not quite identical with northern birds. Now, however, another point
has to be considered : Mr. Baker, in his new edition of the birds in the Fauna of
India series, declares he finds it impossible to separate Dr. Sharpe's Propasser
waltoni from p. davidianus : this to me is quite incredible. I have in the Tring
Museum 3 <^c? ancl 1 9 of waltoni, and they are very much more different from
p. davidianus than that bird is from p. pulcherrima. In the c?c? 0I both p. pul-
cherrima and p. davidiana the chin, throat, and underside are a livid pink washed
with silver, whereas in waltoni the breast and abdomen are bright rose-colour,
and the chin and throat deep salmon-rose almost as bright as in erythrinus ;
the $ of waltoni is much paler than either of the other forms. Dr. Hartert has
declared that he cannot separate p. pulcherrima and p. davidiana, and I should
feel inclined to agree with him, but undoubtedly specimens from China and the
north have the outer edges of the inner secondaries much more whitish than in
my 2 Sikkim birds ; and this is most prominent in the $$. Therefore for the
present, while considering davidiana barely separable, I acknowledge three
subspecies as follows :

Erythrina pulcherrima pulcherrima (Moore). More Western Himalayas.

Erythrina pulcherrima davidiana (Milne-Edw.). China and Mongolia.

Erythrina pulcherrima waltoni (Sharpe). Gyangtse and probably whole of
Thibet.

Colonel Rippon obtained 2 $$ examples Lichiang Valley, March 1906,
1 Chutung-Yungchang Road, April 1906; Forrest sent 4 (J J, 7 $?, 1 ? Lichiang
Range.

Mr. Kinnear remarks that " in the British Museum series the forms are not
so easily distinguished as I make out." I can only say that I have recorded
above what my series at Tring reveals.

[On the Rose Finches hitherto included in the " Formenkreis " of rubicilla.

Dr. Hartert in his Voy. paldark. Faun, has united as subspecies of rubicilla

the following forms : rubicilla Giildenst. ; severtzovi Sharpe ; and rubicilloides

Przev. In the Ibis for 1922 Mr. Kinnear in his paper on the birds collected on

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXXIII. 192fi. 331

the first Mr. Everest expedition treats severtzovi and rubicilloides as two species,
saying under severtzovi that, as the two occur in the same areas during the breeding
season, they cannot be subspecies, but he does not mention the Caucasus rubicilla
at all. In March 1926 appeared Mr. Baker's third volume, in which he treats
rubicilloides as a subspecies of rubicilla and severtzovi as a distinct species. He
remarks that in Ladak all the eggs actually taken have been rubicilloides, while
from Tibet he had received eggs accompanied by the skins of both taken on
the same date. In the Everest account Mr. Kinnear states that Colonels Bailey
and Steen obtained nests of severtzovi near Gyantse, and Colonel Walton obtained
specimens of rubicilloides in S. Tibet in December, April, and May, and said its
distribution coincided with that of severtzovi. In March 1926 also Colonel and
Mrs. Meinertzhagen published in the Bull. B.O.C. descriptions of two new forms
of these Rose Finches, naming the South Tibetan bird lucifer and the Ladak and
Gyantse bird lapersonnei. Now these Rose Finches fall into two sections : (1)
with abnost unstriped upperside, rubicilla and severtzovi, and (2) with heavily
striped upperside, rubicilloides, lucifer, and lapersonuei. Therefore Mr. Baker's
treatment of the group is at once ruled out, for if we divide these 5 forms into
two species rubicilla and severtzovi must form one species and the remaining three
the second, not rubicilla and the three eastern birds one and severtzovi the other •
this appears from the above quoted articles to be the view taken by Col. and Mrs.
Meinertzhagen and Mr. Kinnear. I must here draw attention to the fact that
most of the Rose Finches breed in June and July, so that the fact that Colonels
Walton, Bailey, and Steen met with both severtzovi and lapersonnei in April
and May near Gyantze is not a valid proof of their both breeding there, as one
of them might well still be on migration ; so that there only remains of the
older records that of Stuart Baker, who states that he received eggs and skins
of both, taken on the same day. Now, since this statement of Mr. Baker's
Mr. Hartert received a letter from Colonel Meinertzhagen dated August 22 1926
with the following information :

" I think Carpodacus rubicilla and rubicilloides must be treated as separate
species, at any rate for the present. They both breed in Ladak, but never occur
together. Rubicilla occurs only in very desolate places, and is in fact a desert
bird. Rubicilloides always occurs where there is a certain amount of cultivation
or bushes. Their relation to each other is much the same as Corvus corax laurencei
and ruficollis in Palestine, and I expect when more is known it will be found the
two rose-finches are but one species, as they are typical of geographical variation."

I do not agree with Colonel Meinertzhagen that the fact that both breed in
Ladak necessitates us treating them as two species for the present ; but I shall
do so in this paper for the reason that before definitely uniting the two as one
species with five or more subspecies, we must consider a new category of sub-
species in addition to the one at present in use, viz. Geographical Subspecies, and
that is the one in use in Botany, namely, " Standortsrasse oder Variation " =
Topographical Subspecies. Therefore we have at present the following forms :

Erythrina rubicilla rubicilla.

Erythrina rubicilla severtzovi.

Erythrina rubicilloides rubicilloides.

Erythrina rubicilloides lucifer.

Erythrina rubicilloides lapersonnei.

If my view were adopted, however, they would all be subspecies of

332 NOV1TATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

rubicilla, and while r. severtzovi and r. lapersonnei would be considered Topo-
graphical Subspecies, the other three races would be ordinary Subspecies =
Geographical Races.]

620. Erythrina rubicilloides rubicilloides (Przev.).

Carpodacus rubicilloides Przevalsky, Mongoli Stroma Tangut, vol. ii, p. 90, pi. xii (1876) (Kansu).

The 2 $9 obtained by Forrest are darker above than Kansu $$ and therefore
may prove to belong to a sixth rubicilla form, but until a series of both 3<S ancl
$$ can be compared it would be unwise to describe them as new. Forrest sent
2 $$ Lichiang Range.

621. Erythrina edwardsi saturatus (Blanf.).

Carpodacus saturatus Blanford, Journ. Ax. Soc. Bengal, vol. xli, pt. ii, p. 168, pi. viii (1872) (Tonglu).

The adult o is much darker than any of my Chinese birds, and is even darker
than any from Nepal and Sikkim I possess, so it may prove to be a third race
when more Yunnan material comes to hand.

Forrest sent 1 3 ad. Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 ^ (in $ plumage) Lichiang
Range ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 $ (in $ plumage) Tai-ping-pu, April 1917.

622. Pyrrhula erythaca altera Ripp.

Pyrrhula altera Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xix, p. 19 (19(16) (Shayang).

Colonel Rippon collected 2 c5<3, 1 $ Shayang-Chutung Road, Jan. 1906,
1 $ Yangpi-Chutung Road, March 1906 ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 <J ad.
Lichiang Mts., Nov. 1916 ; Forrest sent 1 (J, 1 $ Mekong-Salwin Divide, 14 Jrf,
17 $$ ad., 5 (J ^ juv. Lichiang Range.

623. Pyrrhula nipalensis ricketti La Touche.

Pyrrhula ricketti La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xvi, p. 21 (1905) (Mts. of N.W. Fokien).

Forrest sent 1 (J, 1 $ Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection are 2 rftf, 2 $$ (1 <J and 1 $ have the sex reversed on
label) Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000-11,000 feet, June-July 1925.

624. Pyrrhoplectes epauletta (Hodgs.).

Pyrrhula 1 epaiileita Hodgson, As. Res. vol. xix, p. 156 (1836) (X. and C. Nepaul).

Forrest sent 2 33 Shweli-Salwin Divide.

In the 1925 collection are 1 <J, 1 $ Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000-10,000 feet,
Aug. 1925.

625. Uragus sibiricus lepidus Dav. & Oust.

Uragus lepidus David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 359, pi. xcviii (1877) (Tsinling Shenai).
Forrest sent 1 $ Mekong Valley.

626. Carduelis thibetanus (Hume).

Chrysomilris thibetana Hume. Ibis, p. 107 (1872) (Borders of Sikkim and Thibet).
Forrest sent 1 3 Lichiang Range.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 333

627. Carduelis ambiguus (Oust.).

Chryaomitris ambiguus Oustalet, Bull. Mus. a" Hist. Nut. Paris, p. 186 (1896) Yunnan).

Colonel Rippon obtained 5 $$, 4 $$ Lichiang, March 1906, 1 $ Chutung-
Yungchang Road, April 1906, 1 Lichiang Valley, April 1906; Oustalet records

1 $ Menning, May 1895, from the collections of Prince H. d'Orleans ; Bangs and
Phillips record 10 examples Mengtsz, Jan. -March and Dec. under the genus
Spinas ; Andrews & Heller collected 2 $<$ Yung-chang Fu, Jan. 1917 ; La Touche
procured 5 <$£ Mengtsz, Sept.-Nov. 1920, 7 <$£> 8 ?? Milati, Dec. 1920 and Jan-
March 1921, 1 <$ Loshuitang, Feb. 1921, 1 <J Lotukow, May 1921, 1 $ Yunnanfu,
May 1921 ; Forrest sent 7 $<$, 1 ? Shweli Valley, 5 cJcJ Shweh-Salwin Divide,
14 <?(?. 6 $$ ad., 1 $ juv. Lichiang Range, 1 <$ ad. Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection are contained 3 $<$ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet,
June 1925. Bill bone-grey, feet light brown, iris brown.

Colonel Rippon also collected 4 (J (J, 3 $$ Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ; 2 $<$.

2 $$ Yangpi-Chutung Road, March-April 1902 ; 4 $$ Shayang-Chutung Road,
April-May, 1902 ; 1 $ Yongchangpi Lenshwayi, May 1902 ; 1 <J Tungchang-
Perpeas Road, Feb. 1902.

[On the genus Eophona.

The genus Eophona appears in literature for the first time in 1851 in The
Birds of Asia, part iii, by John Gould, but he gives no description of the genus,
or generic characters. He figures the two species personatus Temm. & Schleg.,
and melanura Gin., and as personatus is pi. 18 and melanura pi. 19 we must accept
personatus as the type. From 1851 to 1896 there was no question as to the two
birds, and in the various publications concerning them the only point was that
some authors treated of them under Coccothraustes, while others emrjloyed Gould's
Eophona. In 1903 Dr. E. Hartert in his Vogel der paldarktischeit Fauna gave
the following diagnosis of the genus Eophona : " Very close to the genus Cocco-
thraustes, the bill being almost similarly constructed, but the ends of the inner
primaries normal, the tail much longer and deeply forked, and the sexes more
differentiated."

In 1896 Hartert separated the large heavy-billed East Siberian breeding
race of personatus under the name of personatus magnirostris (Bull. B.O.C. vol. v,
p. xxxviii, Amur Bay) ; in 1903, in his above-mentioned book, he further separated
the East Siberian breeding race of melanura Gm. as melanura migratoria (vol. i,
p. 59, Sidemi). Since then J. H. Riley has separated an Eophona melanura
sowerbyi (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vol. xxxviii, p. 163, 1915, Chang Kow Hsien),
and gives as distinguishing characters from m. melanura the much paler grey
colour of the body, less intense black of wings, tail, and head and larger size
(wing 107 as against 102 $$ and 104 against 101 $$), the bill being intermediate
between melanura and migratoria. In 1919 Thomas Edward Penard (Proc.
New Engl. Zool. Club, vol. vii, p. 22) points out that the name Eophona melanura
melanura, based on Gmelin's Loxia melanura of 1789, is invalidated by P. L. S.
Muller's Loxia melanura of 1776, and that therefore the name of the species
automatically became Eophona migratoria migratoria Hart., and Gmelin's
melanura required a new name ; he therefore erected for Eophona melanura
melanura (Gm.) the name Eophona 'migratoria pulla nom. nov. Finally, in 1923,
La Touche separated the Yunnan bird as Eophona migratoria harterti (Bull.

23

33-t Xmyitatks Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 150, Mengtz and Milati). He gave as difference the smaller
bill and darker upper-surface. Thus at present we have the following status of
the genus Eophona, its species and subspecies :

Eophona personata personata (Temm. & Schleg.).

E. personata magnirostris Hart.

Eophona migratoria migratoria Hart.

E. migratoria sowerbyi Riley.

E. migratoria harterti La Touche.

E. migratoria pulla Pen.

Of the two personata races nothing is to be said ; they are well differentiated,
and there are no complications. But in regard to the four races separated of
migratoria matters are less easy to define. First of all we will consider Riley's
sowerbyi ; he gives the wing of his $ as 107-5, and of his $ 104. Among my
cJcJ are 2 of m. pulla with wings 108 from Shanghai, one of which is pale above
and below, and has the lower fourth of the rump white, while the other is dark
above and below, and has the rump uniform grey ; then I have a £ from Hupeh,
with a wing measure of 107-5, and this bird is very dark all over. The culmen
of the 2 Shanghai $3 is 23-5 and 24, while that of the Hupeh bird is 22-5 ; I
therefore think it very doubtful if this form can be separated from E. m. pulla ;
only very large fresh series of breeding birds from Hupeh and the rest of the
ranges of both forms can finally settle the question. In regard to La Touche's
E. m. harterti the case is analogous ; the size of the bill in my 2 Yunnan birds is
quite similar to the type of m. migratoria, viz. culmen type of migratoria and 4
other o $ I8'5- 20, 21, 21-5 ; and the $ and § from Yunnan 21-5, 21-5. In colour
the 2 Yunnan birds are slightly darker, but here again series and breeding series
are required. I shall for the present treat all the records for Yunnan under the
heading of Eophona migratoria harterti La Touche, and await further fresh
material.]

628. Eophona migratoria harterti La Touche.

Eophona migratoria harterti La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 150 (1923) (Mengtsz and Milati).

Captain Wingate got 1 $ ad. E. Yunnan, Feb. 1899 ; Bangs & Phillips record
5 specimens Linan Fu, Feb. ; Andrews & Heller obtained 1 $ Yung-chang Fu,
Jan. 1917 ; Forrest collected 1 <J, 1 $ ad., 1 <J juv. Tengyueh District ; M. & Mine.
Comby procured an Eophona recorded by Menegaux & Didier under the name
dejeani Oust. !

Mr. Berlioz of the Paris Museum tells me it is this species 1 $ imm. Yunnan,
July 1910.

629. Perissospiza icteroides affinis (Blyth).

Hespirophona affinis Blyth, Joiini. As. Sue. Bengal, vol. xxiv. p. IT'.I (1855) (Sikkiru).

Forrest sent 11 <J(J, 3 $$ Lichiang Range ; Oustalet records this bird under
the genus Pycnorhamphus among Prince H. d'Orleans' collections.

630. Mycerobas camipes camipes (Hodgs.).

Coccothraustes camipes Hodgson, .4s. Res. vol. xix. p. 151 (1836) (Nepal).

Among the birds from Sikkim are a large number with very small bills ; in
fact, there is as much variation in the size of the bill in camipes as between Eophona

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926. 335

personata personata (Temrn. & Schleg.) and E. personala magnirostris Hart., but
hitherto it has been impossible to tie down those with small or large bills to any
given locality ; and so we cannot separate them into subspecies as yet.

Colonel Rippon collected 1 $ example at Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906 ;
Forrest sent 1 <J, 8 $? ad., 2 <$£ juv., 4 $$, 2 ?$ juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide.

631. Mycerobas melanozanthus (Hodgs.).

CoccothrauMes melanozanthus Hodgson, As. Res. vol. xix, p. 150 (1836) (Himalayas).

Forrest sent 5 $£, 2 $$ ad., 1 <J juv. Lichiang Range, 1 $ juv. Tengyueh
District.

In the 1925 collection is 1 £ ad. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 11,000 feet, June 1925.

632. Munia atricapilla rabronigra Hodgs.

Munia mbronigra Hodgson, As. Res. vol. xix, p. 153 (1836) (Nepal).

In my former articles I recorded this bird as atricapilla atricapilla, and I am
not yet certain if an examination of very large material may not prove a. atricapilla
and a. mbronigra. to be inseparable. Meanwhile I shall follow Mr. Baker and
keep them separate.

Anderson records 5 examples Muangla, July 1868 ; Forrest sent 6 ($<$
Shweli Valley, 2 <J<J Shweli-Salwin Divide. In the 1925 collection is 1 $ Shweli-
Salwin Divide, 8,000 feet, Aug. 1925.

633. Munia punctulata topela Swinh.

Munia topela Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 380 (1863) (Amoy).

In my article on Forrest's first collection I inadvertently stated Swinhoe's
type locality to be Formosa, while it really is Amoy. Ingram records 2 (Jc?> 1 ?
ad., 1 $ juv. Mengtsz, April-May 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerated 14 specimens
Mengtsz, Jan. -Nov. Loukouchai, Dec. ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 $ imm.
Namting River, Feb. 1917 ; Anderson obtained 1 <J Momien, June 1808 ;
La Touche procured 15 examples Mengtsz, Aug.-Oct. 1920 ; Forrest sent
8 (J (J ad., 1 <J juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 2 <$<$ juv. Nantien Valley, 4 £<$,
14 $$, 5 ? ad., 4 cJcJ, 1 $ juv. Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection are 1 $, 1 $ (sexed <J) ad. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000
feet, Aug. 1925, 1 <$ ad. hills round Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, July 1925.

634. Munia striata subsquamicollis (Baker).

Uroloncha striata subsquamicollis Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlv, p. 59 (1925) (Bankasoor).

As Oustalet, Menegaux & Didier, and La Touche had identified their birds
as acvticauda I was about to do so also, but as Mr. Baker has come to the con-
clusion that Yunnan birds are his subsquamicollis I must also record them under
that name till I can get a series of fresh Yunnan examples to compare for myself.

Oustalet records this bird among those collected by Prince H. d'Orleans ;
Monsieur Pichon sent 1 example ; La Touche collected 2 <JcJ. 1 9 Hokow, March
1921.

33G Xovitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

635. Amandava ainandava amandava (Linn.).

Fringilla amandava Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. xii. vol. i. p. 319 (1766) (Calcutta).

When recording the following form in my former articles I used the genus
Sporaeginthiis in the belief that Amandava was first erected by Reichenbach in
1861, but Stuart Baker points out that Blyth was its real author in 1836, so
that it antedates Sporaeginthiis (of L850) by 14 years.

Captain Wingate obtained an example S.W. Yunnan, and a second Mong-
kou, both April 1899.

636. Amandava amandava flavidiventris (Wall.)

Estrelda flavidiventris Wallace, Proc. Zoo}. Soc. London. 1863. p. 495 (Timor and Flores).

Stuart Baker declares that as there are no connecting links known between
this and the previous form he considers them two distinct species ; but till I get
evidence that their breeding ranges overlap I prefer to treat them as two sub-
species of amandava .

Ingram records 1 <J ad. Mengtsz, July 1910 ; Anderson obtained 1 example
Muangla, May 1868, 2 (JcJMomien, June-July 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips ennumerate
10 specimens Mengtsz, March-July, Loukouchai June ; La Touche says a flock
was seen at Milati Sept. 1920 ; Forrest sent 1 q Tengyueh District, 1 $ Tab.

637. Ploceus manyar peguensis Baker.

Ploceus manyar peguensis Stuart Baker, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xlv, p. 58 (1925) (Pegu).

Stuart Baker in his original description says this bird occurs in Yunnan.
There is no example in the British Museum labelled Yunnan.

638. Oriolus chinensis indicus Jerd.

Oriolus indicus Jerdon, ///. Ind. Orn. pi. xv (1847) (Malabar).

Ingram records 1 <J, 1 ? Mengtsz, April-May 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips
enumerate 7 examples Mengtsz, April-May and Sept.-Oct. ; La Touche collected
1 J, 2 $? ad., 1,J, 2 $$ juv. Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct. 1920 and April-May 1921.

639. Oriolus chinensis tenuirostris Blyth.

Oriolus temarostris Blyth. Journ. As. Soc. Bi ngal, vol. xv. p. 48 (1846) (Central India).

Captain Wingate obtained 1 example near Yunnan City, East Yunnan, Jan.
1899 ; Colonel Rippon collected 2 specimens Lichiang Valley, April 1906 ;
Andrews & Heller procured 1 example (^ in $ plumage) Yung-chang, Jan. 1917 ;
Forrest sent 1 (J ad. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 $ juv. T'ong Shan, 3 cjcj, 1 ? ad.
Tengyueh District, 4 (J (J, 2 $$ ad., 7 <$$ juv., 1 pull. Lichiang Range. In the
1925 collection is 1 $ ad. Tengyueh Valley, 7,000 feet, Dec. 1925. Bill flesh-
brown, feet black, iris crimson.

640. Oriolus traillii (Vig.).

Pastor traillii Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1S3, p. 175 (Darjeeling).

Oustalet records the Maroon Oriole among Prince H. d' Orleans' collections ;
Forrest sent 1 (J juv. Lichiang Range, 1 $ Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection is 1 cJ juv. hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 9,000 feet,
Oct. 1925.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 337

641. Chibia hottentotta hottentotta (Linn.).

Corpus hottentottus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, xii, vol. i, p. 155 (1766) (Sikkim).

Ingram records 2 ^o Mengtsz, July 1910 ; Captain Wingate obtained
1 ? ad. Mansee, Ajiril 1899 ; Andrews & Heller collected 1 <J ad. Chang-lung,
March 1917 ; La Touche collected 1 <J ad. Mengtsz, April 1921 ; Forrest sent
1 (J Yangtze Valley, 2 $<$ Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection are 2^,1 $ hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, Oct.
1925, 1 ? Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 feet, July 1925.

642. Chibia hottentotta brevirostris Cab. & Heine.

Chibia brevirostris Cabanis and Heine. Mils, Hein. vol. i, p. 112 (1850) (China).

Bangs & Phillips record 3 specimens Mengtsz, Sept. -Oct. ; La Touche col-
lected 1 <$ ad., 4 cJcJ, 1 ? juv. Mengtsz, Oct. 1920.

643. Chaptia aenea aenea (Vieill.).

Dicurus aeneus Vieillot, Noitv. Did. d'Hist. Nat. vol. ix, p. 586 (1917) (Bengal).

Anderson collected 1 example Ponsee, March 1868 ; Forrest sent 2 <$<$, 2 $$,
1 ? Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 coUection are 4 <J<J, 2 $? hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet,
Sept. 1925.

644. Bhi'inga remifer tectirostris Hodgs.

Bhringa tectirostris Hodgson, Ind. Rev. vol. i, p. 325 (1837) (E. Nepal).

Anderson collected 1 <J Ponsee, April 1868 ; Captain Wingate obtained 1 ?
ad. S.W. Yunnan, April 1899 ; Forrest sent 1 <£ Tengyueh District.

645". Dicrurus macrocercus cathoecus Swinh.

Dicrurus cathoecus Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 377 (China).

Anderson collected 1 <J Sanda, 1 $ Muangla, May 1868 ; Bangs & Phillips
record 21 examples Mengtsz, April-Oct. ; Monsieur Pichon sent 2 specimens ;
La Touche collected 2 <$<$, 2 $$ ad., 6 <?(??? juv. Mengtsz, July-Dec. 1920 and
April 1921 ; Forrest sent 2 <$<$, 1 ¥ ad., 1 <$, 1 $, 2 ? juv. Tengyueh District ;
Captain Wingate collected 1 <$ ad. Ching-tung, March 1899.

In the 1925 collection are 1 (J, 1 $ ad. hills S. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, May
1925, 1 $ juv. hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, Oct. 1925.

646. Dicrurus leucophaeus nigrescens Oates.

Dicrurus nigrescens Oates, Hume's Nests and Eggs I ml. Bird*. 2nd edit. vol. i, p. 208 (1889) (Rangoon).

Ingram records 4 £$ Mengtsz, May-June 1910 ; Captain Wingate secured
1 ^ ad. Ching-tung, March 1899 ; Bangs & Phillips record 12 examples Mengtsz,
Jan.-March, Shi-ping, Feb.-March ; Andrews & Heller collected 3 3d «!•
Yung-Chang and Chang-lung, Jan. & March 1917 ; La Touche secured 5 <J<J, 4 $?
Mengtsz, Oct.-March, 1 $ Hokow, Jan. 1921 ; Forrest sent 1 <$ Tali Valley,
4 cS<S, 1 $ Shweli Valley, 2 <JcJ, 2 $$, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 3 S<3, 2 $9, 1 ? Tengyueh
District. In the 1925 collection there are 1 <J, 1 $ hills S. of Tengyueh, 5,000-
7,000 feet, May-June 1925, 1 $ Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Oct. 1925.

338 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

647. Dicrarus leucophaeus hopwoodi Baker.

Dicrnrus leucophaeug hopwoodi Stuart Baker. Nor. Zool. vol. xxv. p. 294 (1918) (Dacca).

Anderson records under the name of Buchanga longicaitdata Hay, 2 $$
Muangla and 2 <$<$ Momien, May 1868.

648. Dicrurus leucogenys leucogenys (Wald.).

Buchanga leucogenys Walden. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), v, p. 219 (1870) (China).

Bangs & Phillips record 4 examples Mengtsz, Oct. 1910 ; Uchida & Kuroda
enumerate 1 <J, 1 9 Mengtsz, Oct. ; La Touche collected 1 <? ad., 3 <J<J, 1 ?imm.
Mengtsz, Sept.-Oct. 1920.

649. Stumia sinensis (Gmel.).

Oridlus sinensis Gmelin. Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 394, Xo. 50 (1788) (China).

La Touche collected 2 So Mengtsz, July- Aug. 1920, 1 $ Hokow, April 1921 ;
M. & Madame Comby obtained 1 <J.

Apparently Stuart Baker rejects the name si?iensis Gmel. because of
chinensis Linn, (both described in the genus Oriolus), but although they have
undoubtedly the same meaning I do not consider them homonyms and therefore
retain sinensis.

650. Sturnia sericea (Gmel.).

Sturnus sericeus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 805 (1788) (China).

Bangs & Phillips record 1 $ Linan Fu, Feb. 1911 ; Uchida & Kuroda enu-
merate 1 <J Linan Fu, Feb. 1911.

651. Sturnia malabarica malabarica (Gmei.).

Tardus malal.urirns Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 816 (1789) (Malabar).

Anderson collected 2 $<$ Muangla, May 1868 ; Captain Wingate obtained
1 c?> 1 9 ad. Wei-yuan, March 1899, 1 <J, 1 $ ad. S.W. Yunnan, April 1899 ; Mon-
sieur Pichon sent 1 specimen Salwin Valley.

652. Sturnia malabarica nemoricola Jerd.

Sturnia nemoricola Jerdon, Ibis, 1862, p. 22 (Thayetmyo).

Ingram records 3 $<$ Mengtsz, April-June 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate
12 examples Mengtsz, April-Oct. 1910 ; Andrews & Heller collected 2 $?
Namting and Chang-lung Feb.-March 1917 ; Forrest sent 1 9 Shweli-Salwin
Divide, 1 9 Tali Valley, 2 J 6*, 1 9 Lichiang Range.

653. Acridotheres tristis tristis (Linn.).

Paradisea tristis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit, xii, vol. i, p. 167 (1766) (Philippines ! ! loc. emend. Calcutta).

Anderson obtained 1 example Manwyne, May 1868 ; Captain Wingate col-
lected 1 $ ad. Mong-sen, March 1899 ; Andrews & Heller procured 1 $, 1 9 ad.
Shih-tien, Jan. 1917 ; Monsieur Pichon sent 2 specimens ; Forrest collected 1 9
Tengyueh District, 1 ? Lichiang Range.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 339

654. Acridotheres grandis grandis Moore.

Acridotheres grandis Moore in Horsfield and Moore's Cat. Birds E. Ind. Co.'s Mus. vol. ii, p. 537 (1856)
(Sumatra Raffles ! ! err.).

Anderson records 2 examples Muangla, May 1S68 ; Forrest sent 1 <J, 1 $, 1 ?
Tengyueh District.

In the 1925 collection is 1 ? hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, May 1925.
Bill and feet orange ; iris pale yellow.

655. Acridotheres cristatellus cristatellus (Gmel.).

Gracula. cristatella Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 397, Xo. 5 (1788) (China).

Ingram records 1 £ Mengtsz, May 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 23
examples Mengtsz, Jan. -Dec. ; Andrews & Heller obtained 7 $$, ?? ad. Malipa,
Yoa-kuan, and Hsiao, Jan. -March 1917 ; Monsieur Pichon sent 3 examples.

La Touche collected 5 examples Mengtsz Aug. and Nov. 1920 and March
1921 ; Forrest sent 1 ? Lichiang Range, 1 (J, 1 ? Shweli Valley.

In the 1925 collection are 3 cJ<J, 2 $$ Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Sept. and
Dec. 1925, 1 <J hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 feet, May 1925. M. & Mme.
Comby obtained 1 example.

656. Acridotheres albocinctus Godw.-Aust. & Wald.

Acridotheres albocinctus Godwin-Austen & Walden, Ibis, 1875, p. 251 (Manipur).

Andrews & Heller collected 1 $ ad. Malipa, March 1917 ; Monsieur Pichon
sent 3 examples ; Forrest obtained 1 ? Lichiang Range.

In the 1925 collection are 2 $$, 4 $? Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, Dec. 1925.

657. Gracupica nigricollis (Payk.).

Gracula nigricollis Paykull, Nov. Ada Stockh. vol. xxviii, p. 291, pi. ix (1766) (China).

Anderson obtained 1 $ Tsitkow, Feb. 1875, 1 example Manwyne, May 1868,
1 cj Muangla, May 1868, 1 <J Momien, June 1868 ; Captain Wingate collected

1 $ ad. S.W. Yunnan, April 1899 ; Andrews & Heller secured 2 cJcJ, 1 $ ad.
Meng-ting, Feb. 1917 ; Monsieur Pichon sent 2 examples ; Forrest collected

2 (J<J, 2 ? Tengyueh Valley.

658. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Linn.).

Upupa pyrrhocorax lArmaeiw, Syst. Nat. edit, x, vol. i, p. 118 (1758) (England).

Colonel Rippon obtained 1 example Lichiang Valley, April 1906 (this bird is
wrongly recorded as Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linn.) by Ingram) ; Forrest sent

3 <$ <?, 5 $? ad., 1 <J, 1 $, 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range.

659. Garrulus glandarius sinensis Swinh.

Garrulus sinensis Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Sue. London. 1863, p. 304 (Canton to Ningpo).

Colonel Rippon obtained 5 examples at Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906 ;
Andrews & Heller secured 1 ^ ad. Lichiang Range, Nov. 1916 ; Monsieur Pichon

340 Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

sent 1 specimen ; Forrest sent 1 $ Mekong Valley, 1 q Mekong-Salwin Divide,
5 <J<J, 4 $$ 1 ? Lichiang Range.

660. Garrulus leucotis leucotis Hume.

Garrulus leucotis Hume. Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1874. p. 106 (Kaukaryit).
Andrews & Heller collected 1 <J ad. Malipa, March 1917.

661. Nucifraga caryocatactes yunnanensis Ingr.

Nucifraga yunnanensis, [ngram, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxv, p. S6 (191D) (Mis. of Vunnnn).

Colonel Rippon obtained several examples Talifu Valley, Feb. and May
1906 ; and Gyi-dzin-Shan, April 1902 ; 1 Yangtze Big Bend, March 1906 ;
Andrews & Heller procured 1 <J ad. Meng-ting, Feb. 1917 ; Forrest collected
2 cJcJ, 2 $$ Shweli Valley, 1 J ShweU-Salwin Divide, 2 <J<J, 4 ?$ ad., 1 <$ juv.
Mekong-Salwin Divide, 11 <J<J, 13 ?$, 2 ? ad., 2 ? juv. Lichiang Range.

In the 1925 collection is 1 <J N. of Tengyueh, 6,000 feet, April 1925.

662. Urocissa erythrorhyncha erythrorhyncha (Bodd.).

Corvus erythrorhynchus Boddaert, Table PI. Enl. D'Aub. p. 38 (1783) (China).
Corvus erythrorhynchus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 372 (1788) (China).
Coradas melanocephalus Latham. 1ml. Orn. vol. i, p. 170 (1790) (China).

Hartert has already pointed out (Suppl. I, Vog. paldark. Fauna, p. 14 (P.
2027)) that the first author of Urocissa erythrorhyncha was Boddaert, and that his
and Gmelin's name were both founded on Daubenton's plate 622, as was Latham's
Red-billed Jay. They are therefore one and the same, and Stuart Baker is
quite wrong when he says that melanocephalus Latham must be used for this
bird, as erythrorhynchus Gmel. is preoccupied by erythrorhynchue Bodd.

Ingram records 3 £<$, 2 $$ Mengtsz, May-June, 1910 ; Bangs & Phillips
record 10 specimens Mengtsz, Feb. -April and Oct. -Dec. ; Andrews & Heller
obtained 4 c?c?¥? Hui-yao and Lichiang Range, Nov. 1916 and May 1917;
La Touche collected 1 ? juv. Posi, Sept. 1920, 1 ? ad. Yuanchiang, Oct. 1920,
1 $ ad. Mengtsz, Jan. 1921 ; Forrest sent 5 (J^, 3 $$, 1 ? ad., 5 ? juv. Lichiang
Range, 2 $$ Shweli Valley,2 £<$ ad. Mekong Valley, 1 <J, 1 $ ad. Shweli-Salwin
Divide, 1 <J juv. Mekong-Salwin Divide, 1 cj, 1 $ Yangtze Valley, 1 J Tengyueh
Valley. The 1925 collection contains 1 cj, 2 ?$ Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, June
and Sept. 1925.

663. Urocissa erythrorhycha magnirostris (Blyth).
Psilorhinus magnirostris Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv. p. 27 (1846) (Mt. Ya Ma Ding).

Anderson collected 1 example Hotha Valley, Aug. 1868.

664. Urocissa erythrorhyncha occipitalis (Blyth).

Psilorhinus occipitalis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv. p. 27 (1846) (X.W. Himalayas).
Colonel Rippon obtained this form in Yunnan.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 341

665. Urocissa flavirostris flavirostris (Blyth).

Psilorhinus flavirostris Blyth, Jottrn. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 28 (1846) (Darjeeling).

In Forrest's 1925 collection is 1 ? Tengyueh Valley, 6,000 feet, July 1925.
Bill orange-yellow, feet orange-red, iris pale orange.

666. Dendrocitta formosae himalayensis Blyth.

Dendrocitta himalayensis Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 45 (Himalayas).

Captain Wingate collected 1 $ ad. S.W. Yunnan, April 1899 ; Oustalet re-
cords this among Prince H. d'Orleans' birds ; Bangs & Phillips record 2 examples
Loukouchai ; Andrews & Heller captured 1 <J, 1 $ ad. Wantien and Taipingpu,
April-May 1917 ; Forrest sent 2 <?<?, 2 ?? ad. Tengyueh District, 3 $$, 1 ? ad.
Shweli Valley, 2 <$<$, 3 ?$ ad., 1 ^, 1 $ juv. Shweli-Salwin Divide.

In the 1925 collection are 1 (J, 1 $ hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 8,000 feet,
April 1925.

667. Pica pica serica Gould.

Pica serica Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1845, p. 2 (Amoy).

Anderson collected 2 ^^ Ponsee, May 1868 ; Colonel Rippon obtained 1
example Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906 ; Bangs & Phillips record 10 specimens Mengtsz,
Jan.-June and Dec. ; Andrews & Heller procured 2 $$ ad. Yung-chang Fu, Jan.
1917 ; Forrest sent 3 <2<J, 4 $$ Tengyueh District.

668. Coloeus dauricus (Pall.).

Comma dauricus Pallas, Reise Prop. Puss. Reichs. vol. iii. Append, p. 694 (1776) (Baikal Region).

This bird has a dimorphic mutant, which at first sight is pure black, but
which on careful examination shows the portions, which in typical examples are
white, of a less intense more greyish black.

This bird was first described by Vieillot as a distinct species (Tab. Enc.
Meth. Ornith. vol. ii, pt. 93, p. 880 (1823) (Lake Baikal)), and after describing

it " C. ATER, VERTICE COERCLEO-ATRO ; CERVICE JITGTTLOQTJE FTTSCIS " he

adds, " Pallas a rencontre cette corneUle dans lea contrees du lac Baikal." This
was pointed out at great length by Stresemann in the Anzeiger der Ornithologis-
chen Oesellschaft Bayern, No. 2, 1919, p. 8. In 1925 M. Heim de Balzac {Rev.
franc. 'Ornith. vol. ix, p.p. 273-277, on the strength of finding in the Paris Museum
2 examples of the Desert Raven (C. c. ruficollis Less. = umbrinus auct.) labelled
C. fuscicollis Vieill. Type, has stated that the name fuscicollis Vieill. must super-
sede ruficollis Less. M. Heim de Balzac has not only completely ignored
Dr. Stresemann's article, but also evidently failed to read Vieillot's description,
where it is definitely stated that the name was given to Pallass and Latham's
descriptions and not to a specimen. In 1859 Schlegel also described this
bird as a species under the name of Corvus neglectus (Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterd. Afl. 8,
Gormia, p. 16 (1859) (Japan)). It must, however, stand as Coloeus dauricus form,
dimorph. fuscicollis (Vieill.). Ingram records 2 $<$ ad., 1 ? juv. Mengtsz, June
1910; Bangs & Phillips enumerate 3 examples Mengtsz, June and Dec;

342 NoVITATES ZoOLOGK'AE XXXIII. 1921).

La Touche collected 4 <J<J, 4 $$ ad., 2 <S<5, 1 $ juv. Mengtsz, June-Aug. 1920,
and Jan.-March 1921 ; Forrest sent 4 $g, 4 $$, 1 ? Lichiang Range.

Of da iirirns form, dimorph. fusci colli* Colonel Rippon obtained 1 example
Lichiang Valley, March 1906, 1 Talifu Valley, Feb. 1906 ; Bangs & Phillips record
1 ? Mengtsz ; La Touche collected 2 $$, 4 $$ ad., 1 $ juv. Mengtsz, Aug. and
Nov. 1920 and Jan.-March 1921.

669. Corvus corone yunnanensis La Touche.

Corpus corone yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii. p. 43 (1922) (Mengtsz).

La Touche collected 4 tfg, 7 $$ ad., 1 ? juv. Mengtsz, Aug. & Oct. and Dec.
1920, Jan.-March 1921.

670. Corvus coronoides mengtszensis La Touche.

Corvus coronoides- mengtszensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xliii, p. 80 (1922) (Mengtsz).

In my articles on Forrest's third and fourth collections (Nov. Zool.
vols, xxx and xxxii) I called the " Jungle Crows " sent by him coronoides
intermedins Adams, and said I considered La Touches C. mengtszensis a pure
synonym of that race.

Colonel Meinertzhagen has examined Forrest's birds and La Touche's, and
finds them, rather to my surprise, to be intermediate between c. colonorum
Swinh. and c. andamanensis Beavan. As therefore they are a race intermediate
between two forms, they cannot be treated as synonymous with either unless
both are sunk together. I shall under the circumstances treat them as a Yun-
nanese race for the present till more material comes to hand.

Anderson collected 2 examples Ponsee, March 1868, 2 Manwyne, May 1868,
1 Momien, June 1868 ; Andrews & Heller got 1 $ ad. Lichiang Range ; Monsieur
Pichon sent 2 examples ; La Touche collected 1 (J, 1 $ Mengtsz, Jan. 1921 ;
Forrest sent 1 <$ Tengyueh Valley, 1 $ ad., 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range.

671. Corvus splendens insolens Hume.

Corvus insolens Hume. Stray Feathers, vol. ii, p. 480 (1874) (Tenasserim).
Andrews & Heller obtained 1 <J ad. Mengting, Feb. 1917.

Thus we find that 666 species and subspecies have been recorded from
Yunnan together with four hybrids and two melanistic mutants, of which
Forrest obtained 395 species and subspecies and three hybrids.

I must express most sincere thanks to Mr. Kinnear for carefully reading this
article and supplying the references to the unrecorded Yunnan birds in the
British Museum.

In addition to the preceding fist of species, Kuroda (in An not. Zool. Jap.
vol. ix, pp. 217-254), on a Collection of Birds from Tonkin, enumerates the
following sixteen species and subspecies, not yet known from Yunnan, from
Lao-Kay on the Red River. As Lao-Kay is only separated by the width of the
Red River from Hokow in Yunnan, a place from which La Touche obtained

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 343

many specimens, I feel sure, when Yunnan comes to be further explored, all
these sixteen forms will be got within the Yunnan province :

Charadrius alexandrinus dealbatus Swinh.
Microhierax melanoleucus sinensis Sharpe.
Milvus migrans govinda Sykes.
Microptermis phaeoceps brachyurus (Vieill.).
Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis (Hodgs.).
Otus lettia erythrocampe (Swinh.).
Olus scops gymnopodus (Gray).
Nyctiornis athertoni (Jard. & Selby).
lantkocincla higens Oust.
Gampsorhynchus rufulus torquatus Hume.
Stachyris guttata (Tick.).
Prinia flaviventris (Deless.).
Prinia socialis (Sykes).
Artamus fuscvs (Vieill.).
Temnuriis temnurus (Temm.).
Eulabes intermedia (A. Hay).

344 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

TYPES OF BIEDS IN THE TR1NG MUSEUM

By ERNST HARTERT, Ph.D.

B. Types in the General Collection, VII.

TUBINARES.

1493. Phoebetria palpebrata huttoni Math. = Phoebetria palpebrata Imttoni.

Phoebetria palpebrata huttoni Mathews, B. Australia, ii, p. 297 (1912 — New Zealand seas).

Type : " $ " New Zealand. Purchased from Sir Walter Buller.

This form seems to be separable from P. palpebrata palpebrata, nesting on the
Kerguelen Is. (and probably other islands in the southern Indian Ocean). Cf. B.
Australia,, Mathews & Iredale, Manual of the B. of Australia, i, p. 49, Nichols &
Murphy, Auk, 1914, pp. 527-529. The form named antarctica (ex Solander MS.)
in 1912 has been renamed murphyi by the same author in Man. B. Austr., i,
p. 50, for reasons explained, I.e.

? f 1494. Phoebetria fiisca campbelli Math. = Phoebetria fusca ?

Phoebetria fusca campbelli Mathews, B. Australia, ii, p. 304 (1912 — Australian seas).

Type : A specimen labelled " <J South Pacific," No. 5578, of the Mathews
collection. Named after A. J. Campbell of Melbourne.

I cannot see that this type and another " New Zealand " specimen is smaller
in all its dimensions than two specimens from Inaccessible and Tristan da Cunha
Islands, the somewhat (a few mm. !) shorter tarsus being immaterial and appar-
ently not at all constant. See also Auk, 1914, p. 533.

Mathews has proved that the light-backed Phoebetria must be called
palpebrata, the uniform one fusca. and these are now admitted to be two species.
As their breeding grounds, however, are apparently quite separated, I do not see
why they should not be treated as subspecies of one species. But this is only
a question ; our knowledge of these birds, as expressly emphasized by Mathews
1912, and by Nichols and Murphy 1914, is very meagre. We hope that
Dr. Murphy will soon be able to review them more thoroughly on the hand of
fresh and intelligently collected material. Splendid figures of the bills are in
Mathews' B. Australia, p. 294, and in Manual B. Australia, pi. ii !

TUBINARES.
t 1495. Diomedea culminata mathewsi R. = Diomedea chrysostoma.

Diomedeu culminata mathewsi Rothschild. Bull. B.t). Club, nrix, p. 70 (1912—" Campbell Island,
New Zealand seas ").

Type : ? juv. (immature) bought frozen on the London market in February
1903, supposed to be from Campbell Island.

The differences stated to distinguish this form are those of young birds;

' Continued from Novitates Zoologicae, 1925, p. 276. See also Novitates Zoologicae,
1918, pp. 4-63; 1919", pp. 124-178; 1920, pp. 425-505; 1922, pp. 365-412; 1924, pp. 112-134;
1925, pp. 138-157 and 259-276.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926 345

of the three bought in the London market, two are juvenile, the third adult, with
top of head, cheeks, and throat grey, and the culmen yellow, while in the younger
birds the culmen is dark.

Mathews, in his Birds of Australia, ii, p. 280, separates Thalassogeron '
ckrysostoma chrysostoma : " Cape seas (breeding)."

Thalassogeron chrysostoma harterti : Kerguelen (breeding).

Thalassogeron chrysostoma culminata : Australian seas (breeding).

Thalassogeron chrysostoma rothschildi : New Zealand seas (Campbell Island
breeding).

He, however, suggested these forms rather than making them clear. Differ-
ences of " culminata " and " chryostoma " are not even indicated. I do not know
where in the " Cape Seas " the species breeds, and it seems to me clear that
the form nesting on Kerguelen, South Georgia, Marion, and Crozet Islands goes
north, when not breeding, to the " Cape Seas." The birds from Campbell Island
are like those from Kerguelen, and these are probably the birds which range
north to the Bass Straits and elsewhere on the Australian coasts. No Australian
breeding place is indicated by Mathews !

Mathews has, I think, correctly used the name chrysostoma (Forster 1785 !)
for this species. Having grasped better than most former writers, that many
Petrels and other sea birds have a much more restricted distribution than had
been supposed before, arid have separable subspecies in almost every breeding
colony, he, apparently, thought this was the case in all species, but many Petrels
(and some other sea birds) are after all widely spread, and stray away very far
from their breeding places out of the nesting season. It is, of course, not always
safe to generalize facts in zoology, animals not being machines.

f 1496. Thalassogeron chrysostoma harterti Math. = Diomedea chrysostoma.

Thalassogeron chrysostoma harterti Matthews, B. Australia, ii, p. 280 (1912 — " South Indian Ocean,
Kerguelen Island breeding ").

Type : <J ad. Latitude 40-52 South, long. 85 East. R. J. England coll.
This seems to be the specimen figured as Th. c. culmiuatus on plate 97 of the
B. of Australia.

f 1497. Thalassogeron carteri Rothsch. = Diomedea chlororhynchos.

Thalassogeron carteri Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, xiv, p. 6 (1903 — Point Cloates, N.W. Australia).

Type : A non-adult male, with injured wing and in very emaciated condition,
caught at Point Cloates, in West Australia, 12. v. 1900. Tom Carter coll.
No. T.C. 142.

When this specimen was described it was not recognized that it was juvenile,
as there was no material available. It was described as a species, as the relation-
ship was uncertain. Later on Mathews treated it as the West Australian sub-
species of D. chlororhynchos, and called it the " Westralian Yellow-Nosed Molly-
mawk," in opposition to the " East Australian Yellow-Nosed Molbymawk."
There is, however, no West Australian subspecies known to exist — the type being,
apparently, the only known specimen from West Australia — no more than an
East Australian one, these birds not being known to nest in either East or West
Australia ; their breeding places are on Gough Island, Nightingale, and other

1 I cannot appreciate the differences between Tlialassogeron and Diomedea, as some species are
intermediate.

346 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 192C.

islands of the Tristan da Cunha group, and from there they visit the Australian
coasts. Off East Australia they are sometimes common. There is, in the
Mathews collection, a wonderful series collected for Messrs. Tost and Rohu, in
Broken Bay, N.S. Wales, not far from Sydney ; among these is a juvenile speci-
men exactly like the type of T. carteri, with beak quite black, and less grey on
the sides of the head. This series was not available to Mathews when he wrote
the second volume of the Birds of Australia. He seems now to have recognized
that neither carteri nor his bassi are separable subspecies, as in the Manual of the
Birds of Australia, vol. i, 1921 (no more has appeared bo far !), he and Iredale say
that the " races are not yet determined," and that " the West Australian bird "
(meaning carteri) was named from an immature specimen and " the Tristan da
Cunha bird was described as D. eximia Yerrill owing to a misunderstanding of the
species " ; it was, as a matter of fact, described from Gough Island. Mathews
adds " When breeding places are discovered, forms may be accurately circum-
scribed." Since several breeding places are now known, and the birds from
them seem to be indistinguishable, we may regard chlororhynchos, carteri, eximia,
and bassi as synonyms.

1498. Diomedea immutabilis Rothsch. = Diomedea immutabilis.

Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, i.p. xlviii (1893 — "Laysan Island, North Pacific ").

Type : ? ad., Laysan, 22.vi.lS91. H. C. Palmer coll. No. 1163.

Cf. also Rothschild, Avifauna of Laysan, pp. 57, and chiefly 291, and plates.

1499. Diomedea bulleri Rothsch. = Diomedea bulleri.

Diomedea bulleri Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, i, p. lviii (1893 — " New Zealand ").

Type : Adult, said to be from " New Zealand," which meant somewhere
near New Zealand. Ex Sir Walter Buller collection.

The nearest species to D. bulleri seems to me to be D. melanophris, but —
apart from the different colour on head and neck and the grey latericorn of the
bill — it differs from the latter by having a line of (apparently soft) skin, protruding
a few mm. along the lower bill, along the base of the lower mandible. It seems
that the only known breeding place of D. bulleri is the Snares Islands, but
D. chrysostoma breeds on Campbell Island, not far away for an Albatross.

It is obviously impossible to recognize the genera Diomedea and Thalassogeron
as different.

1500. Thalassogeron salvini Rothsch. = Diomedea cauta salvini.
Thalassogeron salvini Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, i, p. lviii (1S93— "New Zealand").

Type : Adult " $," said to be from New Zealand. Received from Sir Walter

Buller.

I have no doubt that salvini must be treated as a subspecies of cauta. Un-
fortunately work with New Zealand sea birds and others is often hampered
by the unscientific labelling. Very often neither exact locahties, nor coloration
of bill, iris, and feet, nor the sex, nor the condition of sexual organs, whether
caught on breeding place or at sea, is indicated; not in one instance are all
these important details on any specimen of the Buller collection.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 347

1501. Oestrelata nigripennis Rothsch. = Pterodroma cookii nigripennis.

Oestrelata nigripennis Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, i, p. lvii (1893 — Kerrnadec Islands).

Type : Adult, Sunday I., Kermadec group.

I agree with Mathews and Iredale that nigripennis can be looked upon as
a subspecies of cookii (and defilippiana).

1502. Aestrelata wortheni Rothsch. = Pterodroma wortheni.

Oestrelata wortheni Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, xii, p. 62 (1902— Pacific Ocean, 3° S., 118° 45' W.,
not far from the Galapagos Islands).

Type: $ Pacific Ocean, 3° S., 118° 45' W., 2. i. 1901. R. H. Beck coll.
No. 143.

This is probably a subspecies of Pi. magentae, of which, however, I am not
able to compare a specimen. It is smaller and darker than the latter.

1503. Aestrelata oliveri Math. = Pterodroma oliveri.

Aestrelata oliveri Mathews, Austral Avian Record, ii, p. 113 (1914 — Kermadec Islands).

Type: " (J" ad., Sunday Island, Kermadec group, 7 . Jii . 191 3. King Bell
coll. No. 158, No. 18479 of the Mathews collection.

P. oliveri appears to be quite a distinct form, unknown till 1914. I am not
at all sure if parvirostris, which has yellow legs, is its nearest ally ; the fact that
the legs are described as " slightly pink " points more towards magentae, which
is, however, larger. I would not call the upperside " dark dull bluish black,"
but greyish black, with a brownish tinge, especially on the wings. The wing
measures 278 mm., bill from end of frontal feathering 28 mm. The under wing-
coverts are dark brownish slate, only along the arm is a patch of white feathers.

f 1504. Puffinus obscurus atlanticus Rothsch. and Hart. = Puffinus assimilis

baroli.1

Puffinus obscurus atlanticus Rothschild & Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxvii, p. 43 (1911 — " North
Atlantic Isles ").

Type : <J Porto Santo, 16. ii. 1895. Ex Padre Schmitz.

1505. Puffinus reinholdi reinholdi Math. = Puffinus reinholdi reinholdi.
Puffinus reinholdi reinholdi Mathews, Birds of Australia, ii, pt. 1, p. 74 (1912 — New Zealand).

Type : cJ ad., New Zealand, exact locality not revealed. Bought by Lord
Rothschild from Sir Walter Buller, given in exchange to Mr. Mathews. Marked
as type by Mathews. This is also the specimen figured in B. Australia (pi. 74).

This is the bird for a long time called gavia, but I agree with Mathews
(cf. B. Australia, ii, p. 53) that the description of gavia as blue-black above does
not apply to this species, which is above blackish brown or " sooty black " as
described in the Manual of the Birds of Australia.

1 Cf. Practical Handb. Brit. B., ii, p. 426, Vog. pal. Fauna, pp. 1421, 1422. There is some
uncertainty about the name obscurus, therefore assimilis has been adopted ; there is, however, also
some uncertainty about the name baroli ; if the latter is rejected our atlanticus must be called
godmani Allen 1908.

348 Novitates ZooLoaiiAE XXXIII. 1926.

t 1506. Puffinus reinholdi huttoni .Math. = Puffinis reinholdi reinholdi.

Puffinus reinholdi huttoni Mathews, Birds of Australia, ii. p. 77 (1912 — Snares Island, accidental in
South Australia).

Type: " <j> " ad., Snares Islands, smith of New Zealand. A specimen
received by the Tring Museum from Dannefaerd, given in exchange to Mathews.

Described as having a longer bill and Longer wings, and more brown on the
sides of neck and chest.

There was no ground on which to stand, when this form was named, as these
characters are visible in only one of our Snares Islands specimens, in the other
not ! The wing is 227 mm. long, but the wing of others, not from the Snares,
ranges up to 221 ; in our second Snares bird the primaries are still slightly
growing, so that the exact length cannot be correctly stated.

?f l.»ii7. Reinholdia reinholdi byroni Math. = 1 Puffinus reinholdi byroni.

Reinholdia reinholdi byroni Mathews. Austral Avian Record, i. p. 187 (1913— " Type, Byron Bay,
North New South Wales. Xo. 15842. Range, New South Wales ' |.

Type : " <$ ? " " Eastern Australia," Tost and Rohu coll.

In Bull. B.O. Club, xxxvi, p. 89, Mathews says: " The type-locality of
Ei iiiholtlia r< inholdi byro.ii Mathews and < 'ookilaria cookii byroni Mathews is given
as Byron Bay, Northern New South Wales. Both these I consider now to be
wrong; the first comes from Five Islands, south of Woollongong, New South Wales,
where I believe it breeds ; the other from Cabbage Tree Island, and, if so, is a
synonym of leucoptera (Gould)." The words " I consider " and "if so " suggest
that even now there is some doubt about the exact localities : if specimens
are properly labelled their localities require no consideration, and no " if."

The type-specimen is obviously juvenile, and the outer primaries are not
at all full grown, a fact that must have escaped the author, or he would have
mentioned it. Also the " darker upper-coloration " may be due to its not being
an adult bird, as the young of these Petrels have a more blackish upper surface.

We have now quite a series of specimens from the sea east of Australia,
collected by Tost and Rohu (S. E. Rohu), from Broken Bay and Bondi Beach,
N.S. Wales, June, July, to December. They average smaller than P. reinholdi
reinholdi from the New Zealand Seas, but a number of them are moulting, and
series from certain breeding places are not available. I doubt if the coloration
is actually darker, but from our material it looks as if it was </< nerally darker—
but not constantly. If there really is a nesting-place somewhere on the
Australian coast (of which Australian specialists should be aware '.), " byroni "
would probably be a subspecies, but I am not sure if not all these birds from
East Australian waters are birds that pass their time there after the breeding
season on the islands of New Zealand, including the Snares.

(As I had to examine all these birds I have included in this list some
Australian birds from the Mathews collection, which should be discussed at a
future time.)

f 1508. Reinholdia reinholdi melanotis Math. = Puffinus reinholdi reinholdi.

Reinholdia reinholdi melanotis Mathews, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxvi, p. 89 (1916 — Kaipara Beach, near
Helensville, Waitemata Co., North Island, New Zealand).

Type : cJ jun. Kaipara Beach, 10. i. 1915. Robin Kemp coll. No. 4758.
Described as being blackish above and in being smaller. It is, however, a

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 349

juvenile character, to be blacker above ! Also the small size is of no value, as
the outer primaries are in moult ; therefore the length of wing, correctly given
by Mathews as 189 mm., is not comparable ! The other characters mentioned
in the description are those of any reinholdi.

t 1509. Cinathisma cyaneoleuca Hull = Puffinus reinholdi byroni or reinholdi.

Cinathisma cyaneoleuca Hull, Emu, xv, p. 205 (1916 — " Open sea between Ullaclulla and on Brush
Island, N.S. Wales").

Type : $ Open sea near Ulladulla, o.xii.1915.

This new " genus " and species is merely a P. reinholdi, of which flocks
were observed at the time. It is to be hoped that Australian ornithologists are
not following Mathews in his endless splitting of supposed genera. The genus
" Cinathisma " is characterized as follows : " Differs from Puffinus in the stronger
bill, shorter in proportion to length of bird ; shorter wing, tail square (not
rounded), rectrices 9." The bill, however, is not stronger than in typical Puffinus
(the type of which genus is Puffinus puffinus) ; the wing-feathers of the $ are
moulting, so that the exact length is not known, but however that may be, there
are Puffini with even shorter wings, and a somewhat shorter wing is not a
generic character ; the tail of the $ type is not square, but rounded.

This specimen is marked " type," but there is at its back a note that there
is also a male type, in Mi1. H. L. White's collection ! The author would not
have marked this $ as type if it were very different from the " male type." The
plate accompanying the description (not quoted in the text) shows the bill much
thicker than in the $ type, and the coloration of the feet can hardly be as
described and figured, for the inner toes are yellowish, as in all reinholdi. " Rec-
trices 9 " is misleading, as all Puffini have 12, and the 9 type has 10.

(In the Emu, I.e., it is stated that the description had already been published
in Bulletin No. 5 of the R.A.O.U., 21.xii.1915. Mathews, in the Bibliography
on the B. of Australia, p. 22 (1923), says that this Bulletin was not published, but
only distributed in small numbers to a few Australian ornithologists.)

1510. Puffinus bannermani Math, and Ired. = Puffinus assimilis bannermani.

Puffinus bannermani Mathews & Iredale, Ibis, 1915, p. 594 (Bonin Islands).

Type : Adult, North Iwojima, Bonin Islands, February 1910. From
Alan Owston's Japanese hunters. Purchased from Owston by G. M. Mathews.

I have no doubt after all that this form is a subspecies of P. assimilis (cf.
Vog. pal. Fauna, pp. 1421-1423, where I reviewed this group). Probably, also,
if some visitor to Christmas Island in the Pacific Ocean brings us the Petrel
probably nesting there, we may after all find it to be the form which has for
many years been called P. obscurus. I have, however, agreed with Mathews ' not
to accept the name obscurus, but I cannot follow him in grouping the numerous
forms under two species, assimilis and Vherminieri, but look upon them as sub-
species of assimilis.

1 In the B. Australia, vol. ii, Mathews has written over 20 pages on these Petrels, also in Ibis,
1915, p. 590 ; in the description of P. obscurus, however, is nothing absolutely disagreeing with the
bird now called minor, but we do not know the Christmas Island form ! As the description is too
superficial it is for the time being better not accepted.
24

350 Notitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

1511. Puffinus lherminieri becki Math. = Puffinus assimilis becki.

Puffinis lherminieri becki Mathews, B. Australia, ii, p. 70 (1912 — " Culpepper and VVenman Islands,
Galapagos group ").

Type: $ ad., Culpepper Island, northern Galapagos, 27.vii.1895. C. M.
Harris coll. No. 1S4.

Mathews merely said that this form was constantly larger and had the
under wing-coverts and axillaries lighter than a series from the southern Gala-
pagos Islands. The amount of white on the under wing-coverts and axillaries
is, however, variable, and there are specimens from Culpepper which have these
parts quite as dark as specimens from the southern islands, P. a. subalaris, but
among the latter is not one in which these parts are practically quite white,
as they are in the type and the one specimen in the British Museum. The wings
of our adult, P. a. b cki, measure 104, 2<i3 (five specimens), 205, 208 mm. In
P. a. subalaris 190 to 193, once 195, once 197 mm. (nine measured). The differ-
ences are therefore slight, and it would be useful if they were confirmed from
examination of the material accumulated in American museums.

1512. Puffinus assimilis kempi Math. = Puffinus assimilis kempi.

Puffinus assimilis kempi Mathews, B. of Australia, ii, p. 69 (1912 — Chatham Islands).

Type : $ ad., Chatham Islands. Purchased from Dannefaerd.
1513. Puffinus assimilis tunneyi Math. = Puffinus assimilis tunneyi.

Puffinus assimilis tunneyi Mathews, Birds of Australia, ii. p. 71 (1912 — " West Australian Seas, type
Boxer Island off Esperance Bay, West Australia ").

Type : cJ Boxer Island, 14 miles west of Esperance, S. West Australia,
4.vi.l906, evidently breeding there. J. T. Tunney coll.

I cannot in the least confirm Mathews' and Iredale's statement that this form
is paler than assimilis, nor has it " more white on the forehead," but it seems
to be smaller. (Cf. Manual B. Australia, i, p. 23, 1921.)

t 1514. Puffinus assimilis howensis Math. = Puffinus assimilis assimilis.

Puffinus assimilis howensis Mathews, Austral Avian Record, ii, p. 125 (1915 — Lord Howe Island).

Mathews states that assimilis was described by Gould from Norfolk Island.
In 1915 he says of his " howensis " that it is darker above than assimilis, and
has a shorter bill. It does not, however, differ from Norfolk Island specimens,
but the bills are smaller than in the Kermadec form. Mathews unites the Ker-
madec form with assimilis from Norfolk I., but it seems that the Kermadec birds
require a new name, as they have larger bills than the Norfolk and Lord Howe
specimens. The Kermadec birds seem to me to belong to gavia, and not to
assimilis.

f 1515. Puffinus chlororhynchus iredali Math. = Puffin/us pacificus pacificus.

Puffinus chlororhynchus iredali Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. < 'lid:, xxvii, p. 40 (1910 — Kermadec Islands).

Type : <^ Sunday Island, Kermadec group, 30. i. 1895. H. H. Travels coll.

I have adopted Mathews' nomenclature, who accepted Gmelin's name Pro-

cellaria pacifica for the Petrel generally called chlororhynchus; he suggested

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 351

Kermadec Islands as the substituted terra typica, though it is almost certain
that Latham's " Pacific Petrel," on which Gmelin's name was based, did not
come from there !

f lolti. Puffinus pacificus royanus Math. = Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus.

Puffinus pacificus royanus Mathews, B. Australia, ii, pp. 83, 85 (1912 — " East Australia").

Type : g picked up dead on Bondi Beach, near Sydney, N.S. Wales,
27.iii.1904, ex coll. Matthews, No. 252.

I cannot see how the birds from East Australia, Lord Howe and Norfolk
Islands (which Mathews wisely unites) differ from chlororhynchus of West Aus-
tralia, of which I found two in the Mathews collection. The supposed pale colour
of the bill is obvious in the type (which was found dead !), but not in other East
Australian specimens, and the size varies to some extent.

? f 1517. Puffinus pacificus hamiltoni Math. = Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus.

Puffinus pacificus hamiltoni Mathews, B. Australia, ii, p. 82 (1912 — Seychelles).

Type : $ " The Cousin," Seychelles, 9.vii.l904. Thibault coll.

I cannot appreciate the supjjosed differences of this form ; there seems to
me to be nothing in the colour, but dirty and worn examples are darker, and
there is a good amount of individual variation, which is best displayed in the
large series from Australia in the Mathews collection ; nor do I think that the
bills are differently coloured (see among others Mathews' remarks). All I can
see is that the bills in the majority of our specimens are somewhat slenderer,
and often longer, than in chlororhynchus, but some specimens of the two forms
are indistinguishable. As only 14 Seychelle examples are available, I prefer to
leave the question open, whether they should be distinguished or not. Mathews
would, I do not doubt, separate them because of their different breeding place.
While I appreciate Mathews' apparent theory that the same Petrel cannot occur
in two widely separated breeding places, we must not model facts according
to any theory or rule, but must deduce from facts only.

? f 1518. Puffinus pacificus alleni Math. = Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus.

Puffinus pacificus alleni Mathews, B. Australia, ii, p. 83 (1912 — San Benedicto Island, Revilla Gigedos
group, off Mexico).

Type : $ San Benedicto Island, 30. iv. 1897. A. W. Anthony coll. No. 813.

Mathews says (t.c.p. 84) that P. p. alleni is separable from any other form of
P. pacificus by its " more powerful " bill, but P. pacificus pacificus has a more
powerful bill. Perhaps Mathews originally meant to say less powerful bill, and
forgot afterwards. I cannot see satisfactory differences of our three specimens
from Australian chlororhynchus, but having seen only three examples I leave
the question open for the moment. Mathews also speaks of " light birds "
from San Benedicto, but I do not know where he saw them.

As I said before, I adopt Mathews' acceptance of Gmelin's name, though I
consider it unfortunate that he fixed the type locality Kermadec Islands for
the name pacificus, but as I cannot disprove it I adopt it. Kermadec specimens
are exactly like the Australian chlororhynchus, only their bills are as a rule much
larger, wings and tail longer.

352 XnVITATES ZoOLOC.ICAE XXXIII. 1926.

| L519. Puffinus paciiicus laysani Math. = Puffinus pacificus cuneatus.

Puffinus paci/icus laysani Mathews, B. Australia, ii. p. 83 (1912 -Laysan).

Type: 5 ad., Laysan Island, 22.Tiii.1896. Professor and .Mrs. Schau-
insland coll.

There can be no doubt that the specimens from Krusenstern Islands,1 Laysan,
French Frigate Island, Kauai, Bonin Islands, Volcano Islands, and the Pescadores
are all one and the same, and laysani is a pure synonym.

I have no doubt — and Lord Rothschild agrees with me — that Mathews'
former view, that cuneatus with white underside and pacificw [chlororhynchus)
are subspecies of one species, is correct. Unfortunately. Mathews later abandoned
this view and considered pacificus and cuneatus two different species, which
hybridize occasionally — " a commingling of the two on one or two groups of
islands in different rations, which strongly suggests hybridism and the separation
of the two as distinct species," as they put it (Ibis, 1915, p. 600). It is true that
in the Kermadec Islands, in the Australian Seas, and on the Seychelles, etc.,
only the form with dark underside is known, while emu at its is nearly always light
on the underside, but we have in Tring a bird with dark underside from French
Frigate Island, while others from the Bonin Islands show traces and mottlings of
brownish grey ; as the dark-breasted form is otherwise not known from these
islands, this cannot reasonably be supposed to be hybridism, but must be
individual variation. Moreover, according to Anthony, white-breasted ami dark-
breasted specimens inhabit the Revilla Gigedos group west of Mexico. (See
Mathews, B. Australia, ii. Ibis, 1915, p. 600, Manual B. Australia, i, p. 26,
Oberholser, Auk, 1917, p. 474, also Rothschild's " Avifauna of Laysan.")

We wish here to call attention to the importance of collecting in a scientific
way ; this is very seldom done, and Lord Rothschild and I consider it especially
important with sea birds ; we mean that the colours of the soft and other un-
feathered parts should be marked, that the size of the ovaries and testes should
be well described, that it should be fully stated if the birds were breeding or
not, and whether they were moulting or not. Moreover, there are many breeding
places of sea birds, from where skins are not available in any collection, though
they have been visited by Japanese plume-hunters.

1520. Puffinus bulleri Salvin = Puffin us bulleri.

Puffinus bulleri Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 354 (New Zealand).

Type or cotype : (J Waikanae, New Zealand, from the late Sir Walter Buller's
collection. This specimen is figured in Godman's Monograph of the Petrels, pi. 23.
This specimen is the one formerly in Buller's collection. It seems that this
species (which is not a subspecies of the pacificus or cuneatus group) is still very
rare, and almost unknown. As far as I know only 5 have been recorded from
New Zealand, and one on the sea off California ; it would be desirable to compare
the latter with the types. Our second specimen, a male, was purchased from
H. H. Travers, and was obtained at Cuvier Island, 5. v. 1900. Probably this
petrel breeds on some island or islands near New Zealand, but the nesting-place
is not yet known. It differs from cuneatus and its allies besides other characters
in the strongly' marked difference of the colour of the outer and inner toes. The

1 This island, or rather Krusenstern Islands or Rocks, is south of Lisiansky and Laysan, and
has nothing to do with the Marshall Islands, from which it is more than a thousand mites away !

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 353

outer toe is dark brown in skins (blackish brown in a spirit specimen, according
to Buller), but not greyish blue as in the plate in the Monograph of the Petrels.

t 1521. Neonectris griseus pescadoresi Math. = Puffinus griseus.

Neonectris griseus pescadoresi (sic .') Mathews & Iredale, Ibis, 1915, p. 602 (Pescadores Islands).

Type : May 1909, Pescadores or Fisher Islands, near Formosa. Bought
by Mathews from Owston, who had it from his Japanese collectors. Cf. Vog.
pal. Fauna, pp. 1426, 1427. I doubt that these birds were breeding. The body
plumage is in moult.

f 1522. Neonectris griseus missus Math. = Puffinus griseus.

Neonectris griseus missus Mathews, Ibis 1915, p. 602 (Kurile Islands).

Type : " Kurile Islands," bought from Alan Owston. Probably not nesting
on Kurile Islands.

f 1523. Neonectris griseus nutcheri Math. = Puffinus griseus.

Neonectris griseus nutcheri Mathews, Austral Avian Record, iii, p. 54 (1916 — " Type Sydney, New
South Wales ").

Type : " <J," " picked up dead at Bondi Beach, March 1904, by Moffatt."
No reason is given at all why this new name was created, but it is said that
it was given to the bird figured and described in B. Australia, ii, pi. 77, p. 92.
In that place it is stated that this Bondi Beach specimen is the one figured and
described. No diagnosis being attempted, the name is virtually a nomen nudum,
though not technically. It is inconceivable why it has been published.

(About the impossibility to separate the genus " Neonectris " from Puffinus
see Oberholser, Auk, 1917, p. 472. Oberholser, however, accepts the genera
Calonectris, Ardenna, and Thyellodroina, which are usually united with Puffinus.)

1524. Pelagodroma marina maoriana Math. = Pelagodroma marina maoriana.

Pelagodroma marina maoriana Mathews, B. Australia ii, p. 24 (1912 — -"New Zealand, breeding
Chatham and Aukland Islands ").

Type : Juv. Chatham Islands, no original labels, perlfaps collected by
Hawkins.

The series from the Chatham Islands shows this form to have a shorter bill,
though single specimens cannot always be distinguished. This is probably the
bird described by Solander in his unpublished MS. in the British Museum as
" passerina " — see Mathews, t.c. p. 24.

1525. Oceanites oceanicus exasperatus Math. = ? Oceanites oceanicus exasperatus.

Oceanites oceanicus exasperatus Mathews, B. Australia, ii, p. 11, pi. 69 (1912 — New Zealand, south
to Cape Adare, Australia).

Type : A $ (sexed by Cullingford) that had come frozen to the London
Market and was said to have come from the islands south of New Zealand.

It seems that the birds from the New Zealand seas and Cape Adare are
generally larger than those nesting south of the Atlantic Ocean, on South Georgia
and Kerguelen (adult and pullus collected by Robert Hall), but more breeding
birds should be examined, the different size not being certain. Cf. Vog. pal.
Fauna, p. 1412.

354 N'OYITATKS Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

t 1526. Bulweria bulweri paciflca .Math, and lied. = Bidweria bulwerii bulwerii

Bulweria bulweri paciflca Mathews & Iredale, Ibis, 1915. p. 607 (" The Paci6c-breeding Bulwer's
Petrel").

Type : <J Iwojinia, Bonin Islands, 15.vii. 11)1 1 .

Separated " on account of its stronger bill, no other difference being
apparent." Unfortunately even the supposed bigger bill is in no way constant,
and the " Pacific-breeding " bulwerii cannot be separated from those of the
Atlantic Ocean !

1527. Pagodroma confusa Math. = Pagodroma confusa (?).

Pagodroma confusa Mathews, B. Australia, ii, p. 177 (1912— Cape Adare, Antarctic).

Type : Unsexed, without original label, said to be from Cape Adare. prob-
ably a duplicate from the National Antarctic Expedition.

Quite a number of naturalists have remarked upon the various sizes of these
" Snowy Petrels," but they did not consider them to be different species. Sharpe,
in his report on the " Southern Cross " birds, p. 148, gave a great many measure-
ments of the wings ; Wilson, in the Zoology of the National Antarctic Expedition,
p. 88, mentioned the variability in size, but nobody considered them to be two
different species, occurring in the same areas. Mathews took the plunge, and
described P. confusa from Cape Adare, from where the smallest specimens have
also been recorded ; he also believed that there were several subspecies of the
smaller species.

While there does not seem to be any good reason to talk of several subspecies,
it would indeed appear to be the case that two species, only differing in size, live
together. This is a peculiar instance, and special investigation by a zoologist is
required to settle this problem. The question is if this species might not vary
in size more than usual, though in that case intermediate examples should not
be rare. A female collected by Nicolai Hanson at 65° 3' Southern latitude
during the Southern Cross Expedition, while in wing and feet like the largest,
has the bill smaller, but not as small as that of small specimens.

I confess that I cannot understand all the measurements of Forster (cf.
Mathews, I.e.), but we must accept Mathews' ruling that the name nivea belonged
to the small form. The question is if large and small birds nest in the same
places — if they have separate nesting-places the large and small birds would best
be treated as subspecies, occurring together when not breeding.

1528. Procellaria aequinoctialis steadi Math. = Procellaria aequinoctialis steadi.

Procellaria aequinoctialis steadi Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pp. 108, 112 (1912— " Breeding on
Antipodes and Auckland Is.").

Type : ^ ad., Antipodes Islands, collected by Dannefaerd. Apparently
Mathews was quite justified in giving a name to the form breeding on the Anti-
podes (and Auckland) Islands, south of New Zealand, which have usually a smaller
white chin-spot than the birds from the Cape Seas, in fact sometimes there is only
a vestige of the white spot left. Such birds with small white chin-spots, however,
are also common in the Cape Seas, Table Bay for instance.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 355

? f 1529. Procellaria aequmoctialis mixta Math. = ? P. aequinoctialis aequinoctialis.

Procellaria aequinoctialis mixta Mathews, B. Australia, ii, p. Ill (1912 — " Cape Seas. Probably the
breeding bird of Kerguelen Islands and Crozets ").

Type: c? ad., South Atlantic, 300 miles north of Capetown, 26. iv. 1909.
Tom Carter coll. No. 3748 of the Mathews coll.

I cannot see that the theory of Mathews, that the birds nesting on the
Kerguelen and Crozet Islands and occurring in the " Eastern Cape Seas "
(Manual B. Austr., i, p. 30), have larger chin-spots than those from the Falk-
lands and South Georgia, can be endorsed. There seems to be no reason for this
belief. We have a South Georgian specimen with a rather small chin patch. The
amount of white on the chin varies much, and the biggest white patch is also
seen among some birds from Table Bay, which cannot be called " Eastern Cape
Seas " ; moreover, the type is from the Atlantic Ocean, 300 miles north of Cape-
town, and not from east of Cape of Good Hope.1 Most authorities now believe
that the " Spectacled Petrel," Procellaria conspicillata Gould, is only a variety or
mutant of aequinoctialis, while Mathews treats it as in 1912 as a subspecies of
the latter, in 1921 as a species. It is true that in some specimens the white
extends in irregular spots on to the sides of the head, but this cannot be called
an intergradation between aequinoctialis and conspicillata ; at the present we
must therefore treat conspicillata as a separate subspecies and await the discovery
of its nesting home.

t 1530. Pseudoprion turtur huttoni Math. = Pachyptila turtur turtur.

Pseudoprion lurtur huttoni Mathews, B. Australia, ii, p. 220 (1912 — Chatham Islands nesting).

Type : Chatham Islands, H. C. Palmer coll.

All the series of Chatham Islands birds collected by H. C. Palmer are
without exact localities and without dates and sexes ; they had numbers
tacked on to each skin, referring to a full list in a diary which was burnt by
the carelessness of a late taxidermist in Cambridge.

I cannot see sufficient reason for separating the Chatham Islands series
from East Australian P. turtur turtur. Mathews says that the bill of huttoni is
stronger and the wing longer, but I cannot find this to be constant ; there is,
of course, some individual variation, and probably the females have narrower
bills and often shorter wings, judging from a few reliably sexed specimens avail-
able ; I don't know if this has ever been considered, but it requires attention !

1531. Pseudoprion turtur crassirostris Math. = Pachyj>tila turtur crassirostris.

Pseudoprion lurtur crassirostris Mathews, B, Australia, ii, p. 221 (1912 — Bounty Island).

Type : c? ad-, Bounty Island, south of New Zealand, 2.vii.l875. A. Reis-
chek coll.

As Mathews states, this form from Bounty Island has a more powerful bill
and, as a rule, longer wing than P. turtur turtur.

1 Edwards, on whose figure and description Linne's P. aequinoctialis was founded, had a bird
without any white on the chin, with uncertain locality ; but surely not from the New Zealand seas.
Mathews thinks that this must be another form, whose breeding place is so far unknown, but there
is little doubt that it was an aberrant specimen, such as have been seen by several explorers ; the
measurement of the bill alone proves it not to have been parkinsoni !

356 XnVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

f 1532. Heteroprion desolatus macquariensis Math. = Pachyptila demlata

mattingleyi '.

Heteroprion desolatus macquariensis Mathews. Birds Australia, ii, p. 231 (1912 — Macquarie Islands).

Type : " $ " ad., Macquarie Is., November 1890. H. Travers coll.

These specimens do not have a broader bill than Mathews' mattingleyi " from
the East Australian seas " — there is some individual variation (possibly sexual !),
and some " macquariensis " and " mattingleyi " are quite alike; therefore, if
mattingleyi is tenable, the Macquarie Islands birds must lie united with it. Further
investigation, however, is required to prove that, as the whole description of
mattingleyi is " narrower bill than any other subspecies of desolatus," which does
not hold good !

1533. Heteroprion desolatus alter Math. = Pachyptila desokita altera.

Heteroprion desolatus alter Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, p. 231 (1912 — Auckland Is.).

Type : " <J " Auckland Is., south of New Zealand, March 1894. Ex Danne-
faerd.

The four Auckland specimens I have seen have wider bills than the four
from Kerguelen, but one of the latter, a <J, has a wider bill than two females.
The sexing of the Dannefaerd specimens does not show sexual differences, but
cannot be relied on.

1534. Fregettornis insularis Math. = Fregetta graUaria insularis.1

Fregettornis insularis Mathews, Austral Avian Record, ii. p. 124 (1915 — Lord Howe Island).

Type : $ West coast of Lord Howe Island, 2 .ii . 1914. Roy Bell coll. No. 88.

The form from Lord Howe Island seems to be larger than the " typical "
one inhabiting the waters off the west coast of southern South America : cf.
Murphy, American Mus. ATov., No. 124, p. 10, July 1924.

It is, however, doubtful if the birds from Rapa, Austral group, are the same,
or still a larger form, the wings, according to Murphy, measuring 179-180, while
the Lord Howe birds have wings of 170 (type of insularis), 167 (type of in-
nominatus), 168 (type of alisteri), 156, 165, much smaller than the Rapa birds
and mostly all intermediate between F. graUaria graUaria from the islands of
Massatierra, Juan Fernandez, and Goat Island (teste Murphy), who found among
scores of specimens not one bridging over the differences in size, viz. wings
151-158 in the Juan Fernandez form and 179-186 mm. in the Rapa one.

In any case the first of Mathews' three names must be accepted for the
form nesting on Lord Howe Island, if we accept the few measurements as typical,
though one is as small as some Juan Fernandez birds.

f 1535. Fregettornis alisteri Math. = Fregetta graUaria insularis.

Fregettornis alisteri Mathews, Austral Avian Record, ii, p. 124 (1915 — Lord Howe Island).

Type: $ ad., S.W. Beach, Lord Howe Island, 23. ix. 1913. Roy BeU coll.
f 1536. Fregettornis innominatus Math. = Fregetta graUaria insularis.

Fregettornis innominatus Mathews, Austral Avian Record, ii, p. 124 (1915 — Lord Howe Island).
Type: $ Pines, Lord Howe Island, 21 .v. 1914. Roy Bell coll.

1 See note under royanus !

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 357

1537. Fregettornis royanus Math. = ? Fregetta grallaria insularis.

Fregettornis royanus Mathews, Austral Avian Record, ii, p. 86 (1914 — Lord Howe Island).

Type : $ Lord Howe Island, 3.iii.l914. Roy Bell coll. No. 168.

I have very little doubt that royanus is a melanistic insularis ; if this can
be proved the Lord Howe Island form — if separable from grallaria — must be
called royana !

? f 153S. Fregetta tropica australis Math. = Fregetta, tropica melanogaster ?

Fregetta tropica australis Mathews, Austral Avian Record, ii, p. 86 (1914 — New Zealand).

Type : Adult, New Zealand. From the Otago Museum. Wing 165 mm.

More material will have to be examined, to confirm that the form from the
New Zealand waters is really larger than melanogaster.

358 NOVITATES ZoOLOOICAE XXXIII. 1926.

THE AGARISTIDAE AND ZYGAENIDAE FROM THE BISMARCK
ARCHIPELAGO IN THE TRING MUSEUM.

By DR. KARL JORDAN.

I. Agaeistidae.

In Voi/. Astrolabe, Entom. i. p. 179 (1832), Boisduval described as Agarista
praslini a species which Hampson, in Lep. Phal. iii. p. 663 (1901), placed in the
list of unrecognized species of Agaristidae, adding the remark " type lost." I
did not mention the species in my account of the Eastern Agaristidae in Seitz,
Macrolep. xi (1912, Febr.), but neglected to give any reason for omitting it. The
fact is that praslini is a Noctuid, belonging to the genus Apsareisa Moore (1867).
We have a pair from New Ireland and several pairs from New Britain.

l. Immetalia saturate, tyrianthina Butl. (1879).

Agarista tyrianthina Butler. Proc. Zoo!. Sor. Lond. p. 160 (1879) (X. Ireland, g).
Pkalaenoides li/rianlhiiia. Kirhy. Cat. Lep. Hel. i. p. 23, no. 24 (1892).
Plmlenoides (!) thijrinnliiia (!), Pagenst., in Lep. Bismarck-Arch., ii. p. 68. no. 117 (1900).
Immetalia longipalpis, Hampson (err. determin.), Lep. Phal., iii. p. 535, no. 21 (1901) (partim) ;
Strand in Lep. Cat. pt. 5, p. 8 (1912) (partim).

I cannot understand why Hampson treated this very conspicuous moth as
identical with /. longipalpis Kirsch (1877); he would have been nearer the
truth, if he had considered it a distinct species.

Second segment of palpus without white scaling. Forewing with a white
patch which is acuminate costally and placed entirely outside the cell, the patch
extending from the areole to below M-, the portion below this vein usually being
diffuse. The white band of the hindwing of longipalpis replaced in tyrianthina
by a large rounded area extending to near base. The metallic blue stripe running
from base to near metallic discocellular lunule very conspicuous, widened distally
into a hook.

Hab. New Ireland, xi . -xii . i . 1 923/4, two pairs. — Telesea, New Britain, iii . -iv .
1925, four $<S, one $. All collected by A. F. Eichhorn.

2. Burgena chalybeate Roths. (1896).

tj. Burgena chalybeata Rothschild, Xov. Zool. iii. p. 39. no. 15 (1896) (N. Britain).

5. Burgena amoema id.. I.e. no. 16 (X. Britain).

(?$. Damiaa chalybeata, Jordan, in Seitz. Macrolep. xi. p. 13 (1912) (amoena = + of chalybeata).

The generic name Damias Boisd., Voy. Astro!., Ent. i., p. 259 (1832), was a
nomen indescriptum. Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. i. p. 14 (1854), gave
a diagnosis of Damiaa which was evidently taken from Damias varia, and for
this reason I have lately used Damias instead of Burgena Walk. ( 1 864). However,
if for the sake of convenience it is desirable to retain for the Agaristidae the generic
term Burgena, I have no objection.

Our series of B. chalybeata convinces me that 1 was wrong when I said in

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926. 359

Nov. Zool., 1915, p. 274, that amoena and chalybeata are two distinct species. I
was misled by the fact that the species is sexually monomorphic on Rook I. and
dimorphic elsewhere.

(a) B. chalybeata rookensis .lord. (1915).

(J$. Damias amoena rookensis Jordan, Nov. Zool. xxii. p. 274, no. 2, text-fig. 2. (1915).
Btirrjena amoena subsp. rookensis, Haraps., Lep. Phal., Suppl. ii. p. 541, sub no. 29 (1920).

Sexes practically alike, similar to the $ of B. ch. chalybeata, but the band-like
patch of the forewing broader.

Hob. Rook I., viii. 1913 (A. S. Meek), two <J<J, one $.

(6) B. chalybeata chalybeata Roths. (1896).

B. ch. Rothschild, I.e. ; Pagenst. Lep. Bismarck- Arch. ii. p. 67, no. 112, tab. 1, fig. 4 (1900) ; Hamps.,
Lep. Phal. iii. p. 539. no. 29, tab. 51. fig. 15 (1901) ; Strand, Lep. Cat. pt. 5, p. 8 (1912) ;
Hamps., I.e., Suppl. ii. p. 541, no. 29 (1920).

Breast, coxae and the long hairs of the femora orange. £ with a subbasal
bluish white band on forewing, and $ with a discal one ; in $ a bluish white spot
in cell near apex. Length of forewing : 18 to 26 mm.

Hub. New Britain: Telesea, i.-iv.l925 (A. F. Eichhorn), a series of both
sexes ; Kinigunang (C. Ribbe), two gcS, one ? ; no special loc. (Cotton and
Webster), one <J, type ; Vuna Pope, one J ; no special loc, one $.

(c) B. chalybeata diserta subsp. nov.

Orange colour restricted to forecoxa. In $ the upperside of wings as in
B. ch. chalybeata, but on underside of forewing an uninterrupted bluish white

band, which usually widens behind, and in cell a bluish white spot. $. Discal

band of forewing, above, practically of even width from subcosta to close to
hindmargin, posteriorly more bluish than anteriorly.

Hab. New Ireland, xi.-ii. 1923/4 (A. F. Eichhorn), a series.

(d) B. chalybeata leucidia -lord. (1912).

Damias chalybeata leucidia Jordan, in Seitz, Macrolep. xi. p. 13 (1912).

Buryena chalybeata subsp. lucidea {'.), Hampson, Lep. Phal., Suppl. ii. p. 541, sub no. 29 (1920).

Only the $ known. Orange colour restricted to forecoxa. Discal band of
forewing above much narrower from M; to hindmargin.

Hab. New Hanover : iii. 1897 (Webster), one $, type ; ii. 1923 (A. F. Eich-
horn), one ?.

3. Mimeusemia simplex limata subsp. nov.

c?$. Forewing, above, with a prominent continuous metallic blue discal
line as in the various subspecies from the Moluccas, a stripe of the same colour
along hindmargin, another on M- and the usual metallic spots in and before cell
and on cross-veins likewise conspicuous, creamy white band not quite reaching
to M;, widest in lower half ; in $ a subbasal dot in cell and two minute ones

beyond middle of cell creamy white. Fringe of termen of hindwing creamy

white, this colouring penetrating on to the wing before anal angle, as is often
the case in M. s. vitticollis Roths. (1896).

360 Novitates Zoologicae XXX1I1. 1926.

Hab. New Britain: Telesea, hi. -iv. 1925, two fig, type. — New Ireland,
xi. 1923, one $. Collected by A. F. Eichhorn.

4. Ophthalmis haemorrhoidalis Boisd. (1832).

Agarista <n morrhoidalis (!) ( luerin, Voy. < 'oquilli . Ins., Atlas tab. 19. fig. 1 (1830-1) (J. indeaoript.).
Agarista haemorrhoidalis Guerin, Boisd., Voy. Astrolabe, Knt. p. 177, no. 9 (1832) (X. Ireland);

Guer., I.e.. p. 283 (1838) (N. Ireland).
PhaUtenoides hai morrhoidalis, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. i. p. 22, no. 3 (1892).
Ophthalmis haemorrhoidalis, Sampson, Lep. Phal. iii. p. 647, no. 197 tab. 54, fig. 21 (1901) ($,

N. Ireland, N. Britain).

Hindwing with a white band which does not reach costal margin. On
forewing one or two white spots near tornus, often absent. Fringe of both wings
white. Collar and apex of abdomen orange, the collar narrow above, broader
below, extending on to the base of the forecoxa. The sexes almost alike, the
$ differing in the somewhat larger size of the subtornal spots of the forewing.

Hab. Known from N. Hanover, N. Ireland, N. Britain, and Feni I.

(a) 0. haemorrhoidalis gentilis subsp. nov.

cj. Forewing with a diffuse white double spot above and below before tornus ;
white band of hindwing extending forward to R\ there being in addition some
white scales in front of R1 ( = vein 6) on underside, at anal angle the band sharply
separated from fringe by a black marginal line ; metallic spots of forewing below
somewhat narrower than in 0. h. haemorrhoidalis.

$. Subtornal spots of forewing above as in the next subspecies, but below
larger, the spots forming a band which extends from SM- forward to RJ ( = vein
5), the first spot diffuse ; metallic spots of underside smaller than in O. h.
haemorrhoidalis. Band of hindwing as in the next subspecies except that (in
the only specimen we have) there is on the upperside a small distinct spot in
front of R1.

Hab. New Hanover, ii.-iv. 1923 (A. S. Meek), one pair.

(b) 0. haemorrhoidalis haemorrhoidalis Boisd. (1832).

Agarista aemorrhoidalis Guerin, I.e. (indescript).
Agarista haemorrhoidalis Guerin, Boisd., I.e. (N. Ireland).
Phalenoides (!) haemorrhoidalis, Pagenst., Lep. Bismarck-Arch. ii. p. (57 (1900).

Ophthalmis hai morrhoidalis, Hamps.. I.e.; Jord. in Seitz, Macrolep. xi. p. 18. tab. 3, h (1912);
Strand in Lep. Cat. pt. 5, p. 37 (1912).

In <$ the subtornal spot of forewing absent below and at most faintly in-
dicated above ; in § one or two spots above and two or three below, the anterior
one diffuse ; band of hindwing, in both sexes, more or less separated at anal
angle from white fringe, spot in front of R! (= vein 5) absent in <J or indicated.

Hab. New Ireland, xi . 1923-iii. 1924, five pairs.— Feni I., v.-vii.l924,
three ??. All collected by A. F. Eichhorn. One worn $ labelled " N. Britain,"
locality evidently erroneous.

The figures in Hampson and Seitz, 11. c.c, were taken from the above-
mentioned worn specimen, the only one we had at the time, and may be looked
upon as fair representations of the N. Ireland subspecies. The specimen differs
slightly from our $$ from N. Ireland in having, on the underside of the forewing,
two diffuse white streaks in front of the two large subtornal spots. In the figures

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 361

quoted the white band of the hindwing is separated from the fringe at anal
angle by a black line ; in the specimen this line is represented by more or less
dispersed scales only. The locality label " N. Britain" is evidently erroneous;
the specimen, probably collected by some missionary thirty to forty years
ago, possibly came from Duke of York I. or from N. Ireland.

(c) 0. haemorrhoidalis castalis subsp. nov.

On the whole the metallic spots a little larger than in the previous races ;
both sexes with white subtornal spots on forewing above and below, the white
band of the hindwing broadly united with the white fringe at anal angle, usually
extending farther forward than in the previous forms, anteriorly nearer the
termen, the black terminal band, therefore, being much narrower, only measuring
3 or 4 mm. at R1.

Hob. New Britain : Telesea, ii.-iv.1925 (A. F. Eichhorn), five pairs.

5. Ophthalmis lincea bismarcki Jord. (1912).

Ophthalmia lincea Cram., Pagenstecher, Lep. Bismarck-Arch. ii. p. 68, no. 120 (1900) (partim) ;

Hamps., Lep. Plial. iii. p. 648. no. 200 (1901) (partim); Strand, in Lep. Cat. pt. 5, p. 37

(1912) (partim).
Ophthalmis lincea bismarcki Jordan, in Seitz, Macrolep. xi. p. 19 (1912) (N. Hanover, X. Lauenburg,

N. Pommern).
Ophthalmis lincea subsp. bismarcki, Hampson, I.e. Suppl. ii. p. 591 (1920).

Orange apical spot of forewing reduced, in £ restricted to the fringe or
nearly, in $ the orange extending on to the wing but much less so than in
0. lincea lincea ; the two middle metallic discal vein-streaks broad, proximally
contiguous, at least in $ ; proximal margin of orange band of hindwing straight,
not concave as in O. I. aluensis Butl. (1887) from the Solomons.

Hob. New Hanover, ii. -iii. 1897 (Webster), four gS- — New Ireland, xi. 1923,
ii. 1924 (A. F. Eichhorn), six <$<$, two $$ ; also two <$($ and one $ without indica-
tion of collector. — Feni I., iv.-vii.1924 (A. F. Eichhorn), five pairs. — Mioko
(C. Ribbe), one q. — Duke of York I. (= New-Lauenburg), one $. — New
Britain: Telesea, i.-iv.l925 (A. F. Eichhorn), six <$<$, two $$ ; Gazelle
Peninsula (Cotton and Webster, and C. Ribbe), eight $3, four $$.

6. Argyrolepidia novaehiberniae Boisd. (1832).

Agarista Novae Hiherniae Boisduval, Voij. Astrolabe, Ent. i. p. 178, no. 10 (1832) (N. Ireland).

Represents A. aequalis on the Bismarck Archipelago ; metallic blue markings
more strongly developed, white discal band of forewing short, straight. Known
from New Hanover, New Ireland, and New Britain.

Odice Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schm., p. 258 (1825), contains five species, of which
Hampson, Lep. Phal. Suppl. ii. p. 543 (1920), selected the first (pamphilia) as
genotype of Odice. This same species Hampson had already designated genotype
of Argyrolepidia Hamps. (1901) without reference to Odice, which had been
overlooked. Hampson, it seems to me, was at liberty in 1920 to select as genotype
of Odice any one of the five species included by Hiibner in that genus, if there was
no prior type-selection for Odice. But as I had designated acharia as genotype of
Odice as far back as 1912, Hampson's action in 1920 was ultra vires and therefore
Argyrolepidia must be restored for pamphilia and allies.

362 XoYITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

(a) A. novaehibernia novaehiberniae Boisd. (1832).

Agarista Nova* Hiberniae Boisd., I.e. (1832) ; Walk., ( ul. Lep. Het. B.M. i. p. 45, no. 12 (1854) (partim,

nee Australia).
Phalaenoides Novae-Hiberniae, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. i. p. 23. no. 13 (1892) (partim, nee "Butl.,

lUusl. I.* p. Het. Il.il.. i. p. 8, tab. 4, fij.-. .">. Australia.")
Phalenoides (!) nova < . Pagenst., Lep. Bismarck-Arch. ii. p. 67. no. 115 (1900) (partim, nee

" Butl., Hlustr.").
Argyrolepidia novae-hiberniat . Hampson.Zi/i. Plml. iii. p. 550. no. 44. tab. 52, fig. 9 (1901) (X. Hanover,

X. Ireland) ; (Strand, in 1.. p. < 'at. pt. 5, p. 12 (1912) (partim, nee " Butl.. IUastr.").
Argyrolepidia novaehiberniae, .Jordan, in Seitz, Maerolep. xi. p. 22. tab. 3. b (1912) (X. Mecklenburg,

X. Hanover).

Hindwing metallic glossy blue from base to beyond apex of cell.

Hub. New Hanover, ii. -in. 1897 (Webster), two J^, one $; ii.-iv.1923
(A. S. Meek), six $$, two $?.— New Ireland, xi. 1923-iii. 1924 (A. F. Eichhorn),
seven <$$, three $?.

(b) A. novaehiberniae mesotis suhsp. nov.

In both sexes the hindwing with a large, round, transparent white spot outside
the end of the cell, shaded with blue and corresponding to the outer portion of the
blue area of the previous subspecies.

On forewing, above, the white discal band narrower than in O. n. novae-
hiberniae, the white apical spot smaller, particularly in $, the blue discal spots
and those between cell and hindmargin smaller. On underside the blue discal
line of forewing vestigial and that of hindwing interrupted or nearly. Apex of
midcoxa white like hindcoxa, not shaded with orange as in the previous subspecies.

Hub. New Britain : Telesea, i.-iv. 1925 (A. F. Eichhorn), nine <JcJ, one $.

7. Argyrolepidia restrictus Roths. (1897).

Phalaenoides restrictus Rothschild, Xoc. Zool. iv. p. 311, no. 10, tab. 7, fig. 8 (1897) ( J, X. Britain).

Phalenoides (!) restrictus, Pagenst., I.e.. p. 68, no. 118 (1900).

Plialaenoides restrirtu (!). Hampson. Lep. Phal. iii. p. 557, no. 51 (1901) (" 5 " ex err.) ; Strand, in

Lip. i at. pt. 5, p. 14 (1912) (" $ " ex err.).
Argyrolepidia restrictus. Jordan, in Seitz, Maerolep. xi. p. 24, tab. 3. c (1912) (X. Pommerania,

X. Hanover).

Represents A. megisto Boisd. (1832) in the Bismarck Archipelago. A very
constant insect as compared with A. megisto. The specimens from New Ireland
and New Hanover have, on the whole, the mesonotum more extended orange than
the majority of our New Britain examples.

Hob. New Britain, Telesea, i.-ii. 1925 (A. F. Eichhorn), three 0*cJ> four ?$ ;
Kinigunang (C. Ribbe), one ^ (type).— New Ireland, xii. 1923-ii. 1924 (A. F.
Eichhorn), three pahs. — (New Hanover, ii. -hi. 1897 (Webster), one pah ; ii.1923
(A. S. Meek), three <3<S, two $$.

II. Zygaenidae.

In 1912 only two species of Zygaenidae were known from the Bismarck
Archipelago. The expeditions of A. S. Meek and A. F. Eichhorn have added
no less than nine, some of which are, in addition, split tip into subspecies.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 363

1. Heteropan lycaenoides apinus Jord. (1925).

H. I. a. Jordan. Nov. Zoo], xxxii. p. 235, no. 17 (1925) (N. Ireland).

Both sexes without white area on the upperside of the wings. Forewing
of our $$ more glossy blue than in £.

Hab. New Hanover, ii.-iii. 1923 (A. S. Meek), two $$. — New Ireland, i. 1924
(A. F. Eichhorn), one $, type.

2. Heteropan eyaneus difformis Jord. (1907).

H. c. d. Jordan, in Seitz, Macrolep. x. p. 12 (1907) (Louisiades, X. Guinea).

Type of H. c. difformis from S. Aignan. The specimens which we have in
some numbers from the Louisiade Archipelago (S. Aignan, Rossel, and Sudest),
and from the Oetakwa R., Dutch N. Guinea, the Aroa R. district, Hydrographer
Range, and Biagi R. in British N. Guinea, differ individually in size and in colour,
particularly in the extent of white on the underside of the wings. The material
from the Admiralty Is. and New Ireland vary in the same way. Forewing with
four subcostals in all specimens.

Hab. New Ireland, xi. 1923-ii.l924 (A. F. Eichhorn), a series. — Maims,
Admiralty Is., ix.-x. 1913 (A. S. Meek's expedition), a series.

3. Eusphalera multicolor Jord. (1925).

E. m. Jordan, Nov. Zool. xxxii. p. 236, no. 19 (1925) (X. Ireland).

Represents the N. Guinean E. semiflava Jord. (1904) in the Bismarck
Archipelago. Amazingly variable in colouring ; markings orange, white or
metallic blue.

(a) E. multicolor multicolor Jord. (1925).

The series obtained by A. F. Eichhorn in New Ireland — the first species of
Chalcosiinae known from the Bismarck Archipelago — contains nine forms of the
cJ and seven of the ? ; cf. Nov. Zool., I.e.

Hab. New Ireland, ix. 1923-iii. 1924 (A. F. Eichhorn), a series of both sexes.

(b) E. multicolor pacalis subsp. nov.

cJ. Similar to E. multicolor f. tricolor Jord. (1925), but body beneath more
extended yellow : anterior side of femora, a spot on forecoxa and apex of mid-
and hindcoxae, and underside of foretibia and of first foretarsal segment yellow ;
on abdomen the yellow colouring extends upwards above the stigmata and also
covers the false claspers, the pleural portion orange, visible from above.

On upperside the forewing with a basal spot, an oblique postmedian narrow
band and a subapical curved band glossy metallic blue ; on hindwing a diffuse
orange oblique patch proximally of Ml (i.e. more proximal than in the dark forms
of E. m. multicolor), much shaded with black.

On underside the metallic blue basal spot of forewing extended along costal
margin, and the postmedian band broadened. Hindwing with metallic blue sub-
apical fine, the orange discal patch barely vestigial.

Hab. New Britain : Telesea, ii . 1 925 (A. F. Eichhorn), one cJ.

364 NoVITATES Z0OL0GICAE XXXIII. 1926.

4. Hemiscia meeki vigens Jord. (1925).

H. m. v. Jordan, I.e. p. 230, no. 6 (1925).

Lower portion of frons orange like posterior margin of head, palpus and
anterior surface of forecoxa. White band of forewing narrow.
Hab. New Hanover, iv.1923 (A. S. Meek's expedition), one $.

5. Caprima necopina Jord. (1925).

C. n. Jordan, I.e. p. 232.

Collar and on both wings a broad band between base and middle chrome-
yellow, on forewing a very large rufous-red patch from middle to near apex.
Hab. New Hanover, ii.-iii. 1923 (A. S. Meek's expedition), one <J.

G. Caprima albifrons Roths. (1899).

Caprima albifrons Rothschild, Nov. Zool. vi. p. 436, no. 13 (1899) ; Jord., ibid, xxxii. p. 233,
no. 10 (1925).

Crown of head and frons white. Abdomen often with white tip (/. leucura
Jord., I.e.).

(a) C. albifrons albifrons Roths. (1899).

Very variable in the extent of black on the hindwing, in some specimens
this wing being almost entirely black. The proximal area of both wings either
yellow or orange.

Hab. New Hanover, ii. hi. 1897 (Webster), three <3<3, type; ii . iii . 1923
(A. S. Meek's expedition), a long series. — New Ireland, xi. 1923- i. 1924 (A. F.
Eichhorn), a series.

The New Ireland series not so variable as the larger series from New Hanover.

(6) C. albifrons nupera subsp. nov.

§. Subapical patch of forewing smaller than in the $$ of the previous race,
much shaded with black in type and a second specimen, purer in colour and
therefore better defined in the third example ; terminal black band of hindwing
narrower and consequently the yellow are more rounded.

Hab. New Britain : Telesea, ii.-iv.1925 (A. F. Eichhorn), three $$.

Seventh tergite without white scaling in type, with a few white scales in
specimen similar to type, and almost entirely white in third specimen (which
has the discal patch of forewing bright-coloured).

7. Hadrionella ludia Jord. (1925).

U. 1. Jordan, I.e. p. 232, no. 8 (1925).

In colouring similar to Caprima necopina Jord. (1925), but forewing with five
subcostals. <$ much smaller than $.

Hab. New Ireland, xi. 1923-ii.l924 (A. F. Eichhorn), two cJcJ and eight ??.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 305

8. Aphantocephala solitaria Jord. (1907).

A. s. Jordan, in Seitz, MacroUp. x. p. 42, tab. 8. a (1912) (N. Georgia) ; id. Nov. Zool. xxxii. p. 230,
no. 2 (1925) (distribution).

Uniformly black, centre of hindwing slightly transparent, with some white
scales.

Hah. New Ireland, xi. 1924-i. 1925 and Feni I., east of New Ireland, vi. 1925
(A. F. Eichhorn), a series. — Also from Manns, Admiralty Is., ix.x.1913 (A. S.
Meek), a small series, and New Georgia, Solomons, iii.1904 (A. S. Meek), one
J, type.

9. Aphantocephala collaris Jord. (1925).

A. c. Jordan, Nov. Zool. xxxii. p. 231, no. 4 (1925).

Bluish black ; collar, sides of abdomen and transverse bands on venter
orange-yellow.

Hah. New Hanover, ii.iii (A. S. Meek's expedition), one $.

10. Homophylotis aenea Jord. (1925).

H. a. Jordan, I.e. p. 231, no. 5 (1925).1

Hindwing without transparent area, on underside much shaded over with
white. Clasper of £ with a long apical process curved forward, lying along the
ventral margin of the clasper. No veins on forewing stalked ; in hindwing Rl
absent, R1 and M1 stalked, R2 from cell.

Hah. Feni I., east of New Ireland, v.vi.1924 (A. F. Eichhorn), one $,
three $?.

11. Homophylotis doloides Pagenst. (1900).

Procris doloides Pagensteeher, Lep. Bismarck-Archip. ii. p. 25 (1900) (Ralum, <J$).

Hindwing below cell with a transparent area from near base to beyond
lower cell-angle, entering cell and clothed with semi-erect hairs. In forewing
SO stalked with SC5, the other veins from cell, in hindwing R1 (=6) absent,
R' and M1 coincident, R2 (=5) from cell.

Apical margin of abdominal sternite VIII of $ simple, without median sinus,
without tooth ; clasper without armature at ventral margin.

Hab. New Ireland, xii. 1923-i. 1924 (A. F. Eichhorn), one <$. — Ralum, New
Britain (Dahl), one pair in Mus. Berlin.

H. doloides has been left out in Seitz, Macrolep. x. (1912) ; but a form of it
has been described there as H . thyridota Turn. Whether my identification as
thyridota of a J1 from North Queensland and some specimens from Batjan, in
the Rothschild Museum, is correct remains to be seen. The specimens agree with
Turner's description except in the neuration of the hindwing. Turner says of
the hindwing " all veins present ; 3 and 4 stalked, 6 and 7 separate, 8 connected
by a bar with cell about middle." In none of our specimens of the various
species of Homophylotis is vein 6 present, and in all examples of " thyridota Turn,
teste Jord." are veins 3 and 4 coincident, not stalked. It is hardly likely that
the statement of such a careful observer as Dr. Turner is incorrect.

1 In the description of this species reference is made to H. chalcosoma, a new species which I
intended to publish in the paper quoted, but accidentally omitted. The description will be found
at the end of the present article.

366 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

Appendix (cf. footnote on p. 365).

Hoinophylotis chalcosoma sp. nov.

Brownish black, with a purple sheen, upperside of antenna and abdomen
glossy blue, underside of body, palpus and legs white, tibiae with one or two
blackish patches on upperside, tarsal segments I to IV blackish with white tips,
V white ; scaling of long outer branches of cJ antenna more or less white. Upper-
side of forewing brownish black, with a purple sheen, fringe black. On hindwing
a white streak below cell, fringe white. — On underside base of forewing somewhat
washed with white. Hindwing proximally white to apex of cell or beyond, distal
area blackish brown, variable in width, often band-like, fringe white and this
colour extending on to wing-margin.

Margin of sternite VIII of <J with a small median sinus flanked by a small
rounded lobe each side, into the sinus projects the apex of a median carina of the
segment. Proximal ventral portion of clasper strongly chitinised, a longitudinal
ventral ridge being formed which ends with a sharp projection pointing straight
anad, from the innerside of the ridge a large tooth projects mesad.

Neuration as in H. aenea, cf. antea.

Hab. Little Key, i., ii., iv.1898 (H. Kiihn), two <S<3, five $$.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 367

ON A PYRALID PARASITIC AS LARVA ON SPINY SATURNIAN
CATERPILLARS AT PARA.

By DR. KARL JORDAN.
(With 6 text-figures.)

COME years ago the Rev. Arthur Miles Moss, British Chaplain at Para,
^ Brazil, made the most interesting discovery that some of the Automeris
caterpillars he was rearing were infested with larvae which lived among the
spines, and were undoubtedly those of a small species of moth. My friend has
since succeeded in breeding the moth and obtaining it at light in some numbers,
and has very kindly placed the larvae, cocoons and imagines, as well as his
experience, at my disposal.

The species being a Pyralid, I considered it advisable to send a specimen
to Professor A. J. T. Janse, of Pretoria, who makes a special study of the Pyrals
of the world, and also to submit the species to W. H. Tarns, of the British Museum.
Both these experts, to whom I am much obliged for their kind help, arrived in-
dependently of each other at the conclusion that the species belongs to Sthenauge
Hamps. (1906) = Sthenobaea Rag. (1890, nee Sthenoboea Champ. 1885).

The only species of the genus so far known is <S. abnormalis Rag. (1890),
from Ecuador, a yellowish insect evidently quite distinct from the blackish one
discovered by A. M. Moss. In looking over the unarranged American Pyrals
in our collection, I found several species congeneric with <S'. abnormalis, but not
this genotype. They all agree in some striking particulars : the labial palpus
is slender and curved upwards, being more or less applied to the frons, but not
extending up to the antenna, the lateral cilia of the antenna are long in the (J,
the lower median vein of the forewing is elbowed at the base (text-figs. 1 and 2, Ms)
and the second and third radials of the hindwing (R! and R1 = vein 5 and 4) are
coincident. The submedians of the forewing form a loop at the base, as stated
in Ragonot's description ; this loop is left out in Hampson's figure (Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1899, p. 657).

l. Sthenauge parasitus sp. nov.

Scape of antenna half as long again as broad, shaft in <J with long lateral
cilia, which are four or five times as long as the shaft is broad, cilia of $ short ;
proboscis pale yellow, scaled base brownish black ; labial palpus slender, reaching
to near middle of frons in §, somewhat shorter in <$, segments 2 and 3 smooth,
1 with longer scales ; tibiae and upperside of hindtarsal segment 1 moderately
rough. Body and upperside of forewing brownish black, distinctly glossy,
with a purplish sheen ; lateral apical spots on anterior abdominal segments
small, variable and often indistinct, and segments 2 to 5 of tarsi creamy buff.

Forewing bent down at apex, a thin pale discal fine quite evenly curved,
commencing just beyond middle or at two-thirds of costal margin with a minute,
inconspicuous buflish spot, and ending at hindmargin close to tornus. — Hindwing

368

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1920.

somewhat paler than forewing, a pale line, inconspicuous and slightly curved,
extends from below apex of M: obliquely forward, but does not reach costal area.
Underside purplish sepia, changing in depth of tint according to the light ;
on hindwing reappears the pale line of the upperside as a diffuse shadowy band
which is indistinctly continued to costal margin, and from below tip of M! runs
parallel with termen to hindmargin.

Length of forewing : $ 8-9 mm., $ 8-5-11 mm.

Neuration : cf. text-fig. 1, $ ; variable in detail, SC5 either from a point
with stalk of SO' or from stalk of SO4, sometimes SC1 free but close to SC ;
in a few of the $$ SMJ of hindwing forked (text-fig. 2), in which case there are
four submedians.

^-genitalia : anal tergite (text-fig. 3, x.t., lateral aspect) broad, spathulate,

thin in dorso-ventral sense, convex above,
concave below, apex rotundate-truncate in
anal aspect, round if seen from above as in
our figure 4 ; anal sternite concealed under
the tergite, very narrow and long, spine-like.
Clasper (CI) irregularly lanceolate ; harpe
(text-fig. 5, H, inner surface of clasper)
broad, curved dorsad, the apex of the up-
wards projection round ; beyond the harpe
a tubercle. Penis-sheath (text-fig. 6) acu-
minate, from the orifice projects a bundle of
about ten straight spines directed laterad,
the spines unequal in length and somewhat
arranged in fan-shape if viewed from the
anal side.

$. Ovipositor, in ventral aspect, more
than three times as long as broad, elongate-
lanceolate, gradually acuminate. Orifice of
duct of bursa copulatrix transverse, its an-
terior lip slightly more raised than the pos-
terior Up and rather more strongly chitinised.
The sheeny black larva occurs on several
species of Automeris at Para, and has once
also been found by A. M. Moss on Dirphia.
Though living exposed and plainly visible,
it spins a web across the back of the caterpillar from spiracle to spiracle
between two rows of spines, drawing a few of them together by threads of silk
so that a loosely constructed tunnel open at both ends is formed as a retreat.
As many as six larvae have been found on one caterpillar. They are very
active, in the manner of Pyralid larvae, gliding quickly from one side of the
host to the other when disturbed. Here it lives eating the spines of the Automeris
or Dirphia caterpillar, which sickens and in the end succumbs. They have been
observed to feed on a dead host, and even to bore into the skin. At first sight the
black larvae, lying across the back, look as if they were transverse ridges belonging
to the host. When full grown they go into the ground, pupating in a tough
blackish cocoon covered with sand and particles of soil. As young larvae have
been found on the caterpillar, we may assume that the ova are deposited on the

Fig. 1. — &. parasitvs.

Fig. 2. — Another specimen ; anal area of
hindwing.

Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1926.

369

/Iwfomens-caterpillar. If that is the case the embryo must be in an advanced
state of development when oviposition takes place, the change of skin in the
host rendering it necessary that the ova-stage is short. Perhaps A. M. Moss
will one day be able to answer the many questions to which the peculiar habit
of this Pyral gives rise.

Pupa smooth, thorax slightly wrinkled, abdominal segments II to IV with an
irregular double row of rather coarse punctures at base and minute punctures

parasitus, genitalia of <$.

dispersed over the surface, coarse puncturation of V to VII more extended,
posterior segments smooth.

As nothing is known of the larval habits of the tropical species of the genera
nearly related to Sthenauge, it is hardly profitable to speculate on the steps of
evolution which have led S. parasitus to find shelter under the formidable bristles
of a Saturnian caterpillar and to use the spines as food.

Hab. Para, type, xi.1922, iii.1923 (A. M. Moss), a series. — French Guiana :
St. Jean de Maroni, a series.

2. Sthenauge uniformis sp. nov.

$. Like 8. parasitus n.sp., but without pale line on fore- and hindwing.
Hab. Parana : Iguassu, 1 $.

3. Sthenauge bicolor sp. nov.

cJ$. Head, thorax above and below, a patch on abdominal tergites II and III,
a large lateral patch on these segments followed by a small spot, and usually
a spot on tergite VII brownish black, coxae, femora and tibiae (if not rubbed)
of the same dark colour, tarsal segments II to V more or less cream-colour, also
abdomen and a median patch on metanotum and apex of mesonotum cream-
colour.

Wings above : forewing brown-black from base to about two-thirds, this
is rounded and sinuous distally, with a blue metallic gloss and bounded by a
creamy area which is widest at costal margin, where it extends down to middle
and distad to near apex, from about lower cell-angle backwards narrowed into

370 XOYITATES ZooLOGirAE XXXIII. 1926

a line, widened again at tornus, a terminal band metallic black like proximal
area, sinuous and diffuse on proximal side, termen itself with creamy spots, but
the fringe uniformly browrnish metallic black, except at tornus, where it is creamy.

Hindwing creamy shaded with brownish black, termen metallic like dark

area of forewing, an indistinct pale line from apex of Ms obliquely forward, fringe
of abdominal margin and around anal angle to near M! cream-colour.

Underside buffish cream, washed with black, particularly in the costal and
apical areas of both wings, the pale markings of the upperside of the forewing
slightly indicated below.

Length of forewing : <J 8-5-11 mm., $ 11 mm.

Neuration and (J-genitalia essentially as in S. parasitus.

Hub. S.E. Peru : R. Huacamayo, at various places from 2,000 to 3,400

feet, vi. viii. xii. 1904 (S. R. Ockenden), 4 $$, 1 $, type <J. French Guiana :

St. Jean de Maroni, 3 ($£.

The species recalls by its style of colouring some small European Geometers,
f.i. Eitpithecia breviculata Donz. (1837).

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 371

SOME NEW AGARLSTIDAE, WITH REMARKS ON NOMEN-
CLATURE.

By DR. KARL JORDAN.
(With a text-figure.)

THHE well-known family-name Agaristidae was rejected in 1918 (Nov. Zool.
xxv, p. 383) by Sir George Hampson, Bart., in favour of Phalaenoididae,
on the ground that Phalaenoides Lewin, 1805, is older than Agarista Leach, 1815,
Hampson proposing, I.e., for the first time, a rule of Nomenclature to the effect
that " the family and subfamily names are derived from the oldest generic name
in the respective groups." Applying this rule to all the families and subfamilies
of Lepidoptera, Hampson replaces a large number of familiar names by new
ones ; thus the Pieridae are called by Hampson Asciadae, the Lycaenidae are
turned into Cupidinidae, the Hesperiidae into Erynnidae, the Acronyctinae
appear as Zenobianae, the Syntomidae as Amatidae, etc. etc. As the Code of
Zoological Nomenclature does not contain a rule as to the stability and priority
of names of categories higher than genera, Hampson was at liberty to invent a
rule of his own. His proposal, although it does not conform with usage, would
be acceptable if it led to a stabilisation of the names of families, subfamilies,
etc. But such a result could only obtain —

(1) if classification were so perfect that there could be no doubt as to the
family, subfamily or tribe into which each genus should be placed ;

(2) if there were no difference of opinion or uncertainty as to the genotype
of composite genera ; and

(3) if there were no difference of opinion as to the validity of certain categories
of generic names, as, for instance, names not defined by a description or not
accompanied by the citation of a species.

Whoever is acquainted with systematics knows that not one of the three
premises is fulfilled, and that uncertainty and difference of view are particularly
frequent with regard to the correct application of the older generic names. I will
give some illustrations of the three premises from Hampson's work.

1. Difference of view as to classification : Hampson, I.e. p. 384, replaces
the name Hypsidae by Callimorphidae, making Callimorpha the family-type and
hera the genotype. However, the inclusion of Callimorpha in the " Hypsidae "
is due to an error of observation on the part of Hampson, who maintains
that the hindwing-neuration of Callimorpha is the same as in Hypsa = Asota,
while in reality the neuration is as in Arctia, Callimorpha being a true Arctiid
and not a Hypsid. Therefore the name Callimorphidae is not admissible for
that family.

2. Difference of view as to the genotypes of old names : Hampson, I.e.
p. 383, makes strix L. 1758 the genotype of Noctua. The description of strix,
however, is that of a Cossid, and the name has accordingly been applied sub-
sequently by Linnaeus himself, Cramer, and all modern authors to a species of

372 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

Cossidae. If Hampson was right in selecting strix L. 1758 as genotype of Xoctua,
the Cossids would become Noctuidae, according to Hampson's rule, and what we

call Noctuidae would have to receive another name. A further illustration :

Hampons, I.e. p. 385, replaces Erycinidae by Plebejidae, selecting cupido L. 1758 as
type of Plebejus L. 175S, i.e. the first species mentioned under Plebeji in Syst. Nat.
ed. x. p. 482. But in 1896 Kirby had already stated that argus L. 1758 was the
tvpe of Plebejus. Now, argus belongs to what is generally known as Lycaenidae.
Therefore, if Hampson's rule is adopted and Kirby's prior type-designation
considered valid, and if, further, Linnaeus's divisions of Papilio are accepted as
generic terms dating from 1758 — to which many Lepidopterists strongly object —
the name Plebejidae would have to be employed for the Lycaenids and not for
the Erycinids.

3. Difference of opinion as to the validity of certain kinds of generic names :
Many Entomologists regard the Linnaean subdivisions of Papilio as subgeneric
names, Eques, Heliconius, Danaus, Nymphalis, Plebejus, Barbarits ; others
accept as subgeneric terms even the Linnaean subsubdivisions Trojanus, Achivus,
Candid us, etc.; while others again object either to both these categories of

designations or only to the subsubdivisions. Hiibner's Tentamen (1805) is

accepted only by a minority of Lepidopterists, and Billberg's and Dejean's

undescribed catalogue names are a bone of contention, etc. What a confusion

would be the result, if Hampson's rule were applied consistently by the adherents
of opposite views !

It is to be hoped that the Commission on Zoological Nomenclature will take
up the matter and issue a ruling. Meanwhile we may take it that there is no
reason whatever for changing the name of the family to which belong the species
hereafter described : Agaristidae.

There is a second point with regard to the nomenclature of the Agaristidae
which I should like to mention here. In Lep. PhaL, Suppl. ii, p. 549 (1920),
Hampson states that " Heraclia, Hiibn. Verz. p. 180 (1827), type geryon," has
priority over Xanthospilopteryx ( — the year of issue of p. 180 of the Verz. probably
was 1822, not 1827, but that does not concern us here — ). Hiibner describes
his Coitus Heraclia and mentions three species : " Heraclia Euphemia Cram.,
H. Dominnla Linn., H. Placentia Abb." The description says : Forewing
black, with green gloss and pale spots, hindwing and abdomen red. This descrip-
tion does not apply to euphemia, but very well to dominnla, and placentia, which
fact Hampson ignores, mechanically designating the first species as type. Such
action is quite contrary to his principle of rejecting every generic name that is
not described, or characterised by a figure, with which principle I heartily agree.
If, however, indescript names are rejected because there are no descriptions
accompanying them, i.e. if we make the validity of a name dependent on the
presence of a description of the name (or, rather, of a description of the concept
for which the name stands), the description is rendered paramount, and definite
statements contained in it are consequently of primary importance in the selection
of the genotype. It was, therefore, ultra vires to select a species without green
gloss on the forewing and with a yellow-banded abdomen as genotype of a genus
said by the author to be characterised by the forewing being glossy green black
and the abdomen red. The first of the three included species which agrees
with this description of Heraclia is dominula, and this species should have been
selected as genotype by Hampson,

Novitatks Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 373

l. Xanthospilopteryx hollandi Cockerell (1905).

Syn. : Xanthospilopteryx kirbyi Holland (1897) nee X. kirhyi Carp. (1893).

Hanipson, Lep. Phal. Suppl. ii, p. 557, sub no. 74, says that hollandi is a
synonym of kirbyi. I agree, of course, with Professor Cockerell that kirbyi
of 1897 is invalidated by kirbyi of 1893, although this older name kirbyi sinks as
a synonym of X. pardalina Walk. (1869).

In Lepidopt. Catal. pt. 5, pp. 14 and 16, Strand erroneously gives as locality
of Xanthospilopteryx abacata and X. lomata " Deutsch-Siidwestafrica " ; the
species were described from Baliburg, Kamerun.

2. Rothia arrosa sp. nov.

§. In colour similar to R. eriopis f. carminata Roths. (1896), but the. body
above red, the termen of both wings spotted with white and undulate, etc.

Head and palpus black, spotted with cream-colour as in R. eriopis ; pronotum
black, with two creamy spots (meso-metanotum denuded) ; abdomen carmine
above, shading into orange at tip, greater portion of tergite I, base of II, a basal
spot on III, and vestiges of basal spots on IV and V black, underside orange along
middle, with some black ventral spots ; legs orange, tarsi black, the segments
tipped with white.

Wings, above : forewing black, with four creamy white spots as in R. eriopis,
but bearing in addition two creamy white dots in front of SM:, one before and
the other (slightly larger) beyond middle, outside the upper discal spots three
blue dots, similar dots on discocellulars and before tornus, termen very distinctly
scalloped, in the bays white dots, which are merged together at apex of wing

into a white line (fringe), dot before tornus larger than the others. Hindwing

irregularly scalloped, rather deeply excised before middle, white fringe-spots
distinct, fringe of apex white ; base and a broad terminal band black, the band
produced basad at costa, but not quite extended to the narrow basal area, rest
of wing carmine, in middle of cell and on discocellular an ill-defined small
creamy spot.

Underside like upper, but forewing without the submedian spots and without
metallic dots ; hindwing carmine, extreme base orange mixed with black, terminal
band extending as a narrow stripe along costal margin to near base ; white cell-
spots more distinct than above.

Length of forewing : 28 mm., breadth 14 mm.

Hab. E. Madagascar: Lac Aloatra, i.-ii.l925, one $.

3. Arrothia bicolor melanobasis subsp. nov.

c£. The yellow area of forewing, above, reduced to an antemedian band of
about 2-5 mm. width which crosses cell a short distance from apex, the basal
area black powdered with yellow ; yellow area of hindwing likewise reduced, the
base being black for about 3 mm.

On underside the proximal area of forewing much paler than in A. bicolor
bicolor Roths, and densely shaded over with black, as is also the costal portion
of the yellow area of the hindwing.

Hab. E. Madagascar : Lac Aloatra, i. ii . 1925, 1 <$.

Ij74 Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

4. Arctiopais ambusta celis subsp. nov.

(J. Larger than oiir (JcJ of A. a. ambusta Mab. (1881) ; forcwing with a ferru-
ginous terminal band, 7 mm. broad at apex, tapering behind. Black terminal
band of hindwing much narrower than in .4. a. ambusta, 7 mm. broad below apex
and 1 mm. before anal angle.

On underside the terminal band of forewing as above, but nearly as deep
black as that of hindwing ; in (J of .4. a. ambusta the forewing bears a narrow
black submarginal band which reaches neither costa nor tornus and is separated
from termen by a tawny-orange area.

Length of forewing : 21 mm.

Hob. Madagascar: Diego Suarez, i. 1917 (G. Melon), 1 $.

The orange colouring has much suffered ; a large proportion of the upper
tales being rubbed off, the specimen is very pale.

5. Aegocera coniorana sp. nov.

$. In colouring unlike any other species of Aegocera, markings diffuse, but
the orbicular and the reniform conspicuous.

Head and palpus white, frons with broad blackish median stripe, a large
spot on segment II of palpus and nearly the whole of III black ; pro- and meso-
notum chocolate, with three white stripes, metanotum with a blackish tuft each
side and an orange tuft in front of tympanal organ ; abdomen orange, tergite I
with black metallic double tuft, II to VII with diffuse blackish median spots,
a few black scales before apex of VII ; breast and underside of abdomen pale
yellow, presternum almost white ; legs orange, two spots on fore- and midtibiae
black, fore- and midtarsi and segments II to V of hindtarsus nearly entirely
black.

Wings, above ; forewing ecru drab densely irrorated with blackish scales,
on discocellulars a silvery line accompanied each side by a pale wood-brown
line, the whole enclosed by a brownish black ring which is open on the costal
side, proximally to this spot a small circular spot of the same colour ; from base
to middle a diffuse whitish stripe, gradually widening distally, occupying part
of the cell and being more or less bounded by the submedian fold, on the distal
side of the discocellular spot a diffuse whitish patch joined to the stripe below,
stripe and patch distally bounded by an indistinct pale olive-buff line, which
consists of two parts, an anterior rounded portion and a more proximal straight
posterior portion, on this line as well as between base and cell-apex, on the whitish
stripe and patch and before hindmargin metallic silvery scales, termen slightly
undulate, a thin terminal hue brown, fringe ecru drab, silvery in certain lights.

Hindwing ochre-yellow, a terminal band blackish, 2 to 3 mm. broad, of nearly

even width, interrupted at the veins, termen slightly undulate, fringe for the
greater part white, at least in anterior third of wing.

Underside ochre-yellow, shading into creamy buff at termen, this terminal
area unicolorous on forewing or shaded with brown proximally, before anal
angle of hindwing some blackish submarginal spots ; discocellular and orbicular
of forewing circular, black, on hindwing a small black spot at upper cell-angle.

Length of forewing : 18 to 21 mm.

Hub. Grande Comoro, x.-xi. HI21 (G. F. Leigh), 3 ?$.

" Larva very handsome, feeds on wild vine " (G. F. Leigh).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 375

6. Aegocera ferrugo sp. no v.

(J. Size of A. rectilinea Boisd. (1836), both wings ferruginous red with buff
yellow fringes.

Frontal process longer than in A. rectilinea, its end -surface broader trans-
versely than sagittally, cordiform, slightly incurved ventrally and angulate
dorsally, supra-oral transverse ridge higher mesally than laterally, rounded-
triangular in dorsal aspect, sides of frons parallel. Frons and upperside of
thorax pale cream colour, a stripe running from eye across pronotum and bordering
tegula dorsally chestnut red, a narrow lateral border of tegula the same colour.
First and second segments of palpus cream-colour on inside, chestnut mixed with
cream and black on outside, long hair orange-ochraceous, most of the outer
lateral hairs black, third segment almost entirely black. Abdomen orange-
ochraceous, bases of tergites III to VII black, breast orange-ochraceous, under-
side of abdomen paler and sparsely mixed with black ; fore- and midtibiae
black mixed- with grey, the long hair orange-ochraceous mixed with grey,
hindtibia grey mixed with black, long hair of base orange-ochraceous, that
of apical half more grey ; tarsi black spotted with white ; lateral scent-tuft
clay-colour.

Wings nearly shaped as in A. rectilinea, but the termen longer and the hind-
margin correspondingly shorter ; forewing ferruginous red, costal and hind-
margins black dusted with creamy scales, a diffuse stripe from base along sub-
median fold to near termen and a diffuse terminal line cream-colour dusted with
black, cream-coloured scales scattered over the rest of the wing except centre :
near base of cell an obscure creamy spot mixed with black, proximally to apex
of cell an oblong spot with the corners rounded off and beyond apex of cell a
luniform spot, both cream-colour, edged with black, the outer spot 2-5 mm.
long and less than 1 mm. broad, costal margin incrassate beyond middle, along
this incrassation a stripe partly denuded of scales ; fringe of termen and of distal
portion of costa buff-yellow, the longer scales paler, creamy scaling along fringe

dense. Hindwing a little more tawny than forewing, i.e. less red, a vestige

of a darker tawny discocellular spot, fringe of termen deeper yellow than on fore-
wing, long hair of base and abdominal margin yellow.

Underside ferruginous, costal margins and extreme edges of termen as well
as the terminal fringes, the base of the forewing and the abdominal fringes of the
hindwing yellow, hindwing more or less yellow between cell and costal margin,
a dark ferruginous discocellular spot indicated.

Genitalia : Apical half of tenth tergite dorsally carinate, the sides distinctly
flattened out, tip not carinate, curved down, very sharply pointed. Hook of
harjie longer and stronger than in A. rectilinea.

Length of forewing : 16-5 mm.

Hab. Abyssinia: Hora Daka, 31. v. 1914 (O. Kovacs), 1 <J.

7. Aegocera anthina spec. nov.

$. Size of A. menete Cram. (1775), colouring quite different.

Frons and scaling of antenna cream-colour, apical surface of frontal process
almost circular, a little wider ventrally than above, supra-oral ridge almost
straight, not produced in middle, palpus pale yellow, apex of segment III and
a large lateral patch on II black ; thorax above orange-yellow, on each side a

376 Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926.

large patch on pronotum and a lateral and a dorsal stripe on nieso-metanotnin
black with metallic gloss, on abdominal tergite I a median tuft of the same
colour, abdomen above and below, breast and legs pale orange-ochraceous, two
large patches on foretibia, more or less confluent, two separate patches on
midtibia, segments II to V of fore- and midtarsus, and III to V of hindtarsus
black, hindtibia with vestige of a subapical black spot and segment II of hind-
tarsus partly black, long spur of proximal pair not quite reaching to base of
apical pair.

Upperside of forewing : a maize-yellow antemedian patch from hindmargin
to near costa, 3 mm. broad in front and behind, about twice as wide in middle,
its proximal margin straight, 5 mm. from base anteriorly and nearly 7 mm.
posteriorly, the outer margin of the patch angulate below cell, in middle of patch
below cell a black dot, the patches edged with back, between it and base a
plumbeous double spot and a small and a larger yellow spot at costal margin,
a plumbeous line and a ferruginous red patch between cell and hindmargin ; at
apex of cell a transverse comma pale maize-yellow surrounded by black, proxi-
mally and distally of it a plumbeous bar, the outer one placed on the discocellulars
produced basad on the median vein ; beyond this comma a large costal patch,
irregularly rounded, maize-yellow, about 5 mm. wide, edged with black, on its
outside a plumbeous line which is continued to hindmargin of wing, running along
the black border of the yellow patches and being connected with the discocellular
bar, a second, less prominent, metallic line about .', mm. further distal, the inter-
space between the two lines ferruginous red ; terminal area pale drab shaded
with plumbeous and proximally washed with ferruginous red, terminal fringe and

extreme costal edge maize-yellow. Hindwing ochre-yellow, a discocellular

transverse dot and a terminal band of 5 mm. width black, terminal fringe tipped
with maize-yellow.

Underside black and yellow ; yellow antemedian patch of forewing extended
to base and costal margin, costal margin more broadly bordered with yellow
than above.

Neuration : SC! of forewing ( = 10) from anterior side of areole, not
from apex.

Length of forewing : 22 to 24 mm.

Hub. N. Nigeria : Bauchi Plateau, 2 $$.

Aletopus gen. nov.

$. In aspect similar to Weymeria Karsch (1895), wings shorter and more
rounded, particularly the hindwing. Frons conical as in Aegocera, the process

truncate, with raised rim, supra-oral ridge medianly
produced into a short sharp tooth. Palpus as in
Aegocera. Antenna ($) not dilated distally. Tibiae
without long hair, no spines on mid- and hindtibiae.

Neuration : SC; ( = 10) of forewing from before
apex of areole, stalk of SC1-4 as long as the areole,
M1 from well before angle, being farther from R3
than this is from R2 ; in hindwing SC5 and R1
stalked, M1 from well before angle (text-fig.).

Genotype: .-1. imperialis sp. nov.

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 377

8. Aletopus imperialis sp. nov.

$. Body, antenna, palpus and legs black, with the following white spots :
one on antenna near base, two on each side of frons, one beyond eye, one each
side of pronotum, one at apex of first and second segment of palpus, one at apex
of coxae, three on tibiae, one at apex of first segment of tarsi, two on each side
of the abdominal segments, one dorsally on last segment and one ventrally at
apex of the first three sternites ; meso-metanotum orange, black mesally, with
a black dot above costal margin of forewing, tergites I to VI of abdomen orange
at apex.

Wings above : forewing rufous from base to lower median, this area 8 mm.
wide at costal vein, 12 mm. at hindmargin, its distal margin being obliquely
rounded, rest of wing black, with a white discal band from near costal margin
across discocellulars to beyond M!, almost straight on inner side, sinuous on
outer side, 3 mm. broad in front, and nearly 5 mm. at R3, behind the band a

round white spot on SM', fringe white at apex of wing. Hindwing scarlet,

with black terminal band bearing a row of five white dots, the band 5 mm. broad
below apex and about 3 mm. in front of anal angle, fringe white at apex of wing.

Underside like upper, but basal area of forewing scarlet, and the terminal
band of the hindwing with six white spots.

Length of forewing : 24 mm., breadth 14 mm.

Length of hindwing at subcosta 18 mm., at submedian 17 mm., breadth 15
mm. (from tip of C to tip of SM2).

Hab. Tanganyika Territory : Bungu, Usambara, ix. 1921 (Loveridge), 1 $.

9. Acantuerta ladina sp. nov.

$. Similar to A. thomensis Jord. (1904), black border of hindwing not con-
tinued along abdominal margin to base.

Frons, palpus, legs and underside of abdomen without white markings,
breast dark brown, sides of frons ferruginous chestnut.

Upperside of forewing : the orbicular in cell replaced by an oblique fine
bearing plumbeous scaling, a plumbeous oblique line behind cell at basal fifth,
plumbeous scaling also on discocellular spot, on the line connecting it with hind-
margin, and at the outside of the discal fine. Hindwing orange, a black

terminal band 5 mm. wide below apex and 3 mm. before anal angle.

Underside : base of forewing pale orange, this area extending beyond middle
on submedian fold, oblique distally, its anterior corner separated by an oblique
black cell-spot which is united with the black median black, outside this black
band an obscure discal band, pale brown like termen (not white as in A. thomensis),

reaching from near costal margin to M!, ground outside this band blackish.

Hindwing orange, with black dot at upper cell-angle, black terminal band as
above, but somewhat paler except its proximal edge.

Length of forewing : 23 mm.

Hab. Lado Enclave: Shambo, 1 7 . xii . 1911, 1 §.

10. Seudyra vitalis sp. nov.

(J. In size and shape similar to S. longipennis, colouring quite different, the
forewing being creamy white banded and striped with chocolate-brown.

378 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Head creamy white, chocolate-brown at side above palpus and beyond eye,
frons raised into a high cone, the raised rim of the small circular apical surface
of the cone ventrally produced into a tooth ; palpus blackish brown, ventral
surface of segment I and tip of II and III white. Thorax chocolate brown, with
three white stripes, abdomen, breast and legs buff yellow, on upperside of
abdomen a row of rather diffuse black spots, upperside of fore- and midtibiae
and tarsi blackish.

Wings, above ; forewing creamy white, costa brownish black from base to
two-thirds, from this border extend two abbreviated chocolate-brown bands,
the first across cell, oblique, stopping short just below base of M3, the second
including the discocellulars, 3 mm. broad, reaching to M2 and being drawn out
into three vein-streaks on R1, M1 and M3, interspace between the bands 3 mm.
broad, a terminal band composed of chocolate-brown lines and spots separated
by creamy white interspaces, the inner margin of this band well defined, but the
component parts more or less diffuse, particularly behind, where the band is
more extended white than brown, width at apex 8 to 9 mm., at tornus 4 mm.,
from base along hindmargin a chocolate-brown stripe, 3 mm. broad at base,

2 near tornus, joining the terminal band, in this stripe a diffuse white fine.

Hindwing buff-yellow, a round spot at upper cell-angle, another, somewhat larger,
distally of lower cell-angle, which it does not touch, a terminal band from costal
margin to near R3, scalloped on proximal side and nearly 4 mm. broad between
the veins, followed by a submarginal row of three spots, all blackish brown with
a chocolate tint.

On underside the hindmarginal brown stripe of forewing absent, base washed
with yellow, terminal band almost uniformly chocolate except behind, where

the outer portion is white and the last spot of the inner portion blackish.

On hindwing the terminal band narrower than above, more distinctly separated
from fringe by a yellow line.

Length of forewing : 31 mm.

Hab. Annam : Thado Cuarao (R. Vitalis de Salvaza), 2 ($$, type in
Mus. Brit.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 192fi. 379

ON SOME OLD WORLD SPHINGIDAE.
By DR. KARL JORDAN.

(With 7 text-figures.)

1. Dovania neumanni sp. nov.

cJ. In structure closely resembling D. poecila R. & J. (1903), but much
smaller, the abdomen not distinctly banded, the hindwing not ferruginous, etc.

Head and thorax dark russet, with an intermingling of narrow white scales
at the sides, abdomen olivaceous black, posteriorly with some white scales, at
sides partly pale drab, this colouring appearing in an oblique aspect as transverse
patches ; underside blackish olive, palpi darker, breast somewhat russet, legs
with an admixture of white scaling, which forms a spot at apex of first hind-
tarsal segment ; first foretarsal segment with four long spines as in D. poecila.

Upperside of forewing nearly as in D. poecila : ground olivaceous black,
much shaded with blue- white scales between the black markings, base dark,
at one-third two black transverse lines, curved obliquely basad at both ends,
the outer one broad, partly divided by some blue scaling into two lines, stigma
pale yellow, on disc a black band, slightly curved in S-shape, well defined on
proximal side, diffuse distally, outside this band a pale fine bearing blue scales,
its distance from proximal margin of black band 3 mm. at costa, 4 in middle of
wing and 2 mm. at hindmargin, before apex a triangular black patch outwardly

bounded by a thin white interrupted fine. Hindwing olivaceous Vandyke

brown, with an indistinct dark line on disc, some blue scaling at termen, and
pale fringe-dots.

Underside olivaceous Vandyke brown, pale blue scaling along termen of both
wings and along costal margin of hindwing, near apical angle of both wings
a small space bare of blue scales, abdominal margin of hind whig grey.

Genitalia of the same type as in D. poecila : anal tergite less pointed, anal
sternite narrower and more claviforn in a dorsal or ventral aspect ; harjje
(text-fig. 1) broad, almost gradually narrowed, with the apex truncate-rotundate
and slightly denticulate ; penis-funnel (text-fig. 2, P-F.) triangular, pointed,
directed ventrad ; penis-sheath (text-fig. 2, Pen.) with indication of a short
longitudinal reddish-brown swelling which ends with a small subapical tooth,
membranous lobe projecting from sheath covered with short hairs.

Length of forewing : 26 mm.

Hab. S.W. Abyssinia: Djimma, 14. v. 1925 (Prof. 0. Neumann), 1 <J.

Named in honour of the discoverer.

2. Pseudodolbina fo celator subsp. nov.

tj$. The three males examined differ from Assamese and Sikkimese examples
of P. fo in the harpe bearing a ventral tooth close to apex, variable in size (text-
fig. 3). There does not appear to be any other distinction.

Hab. N.W. India: Dharmsala, viii.1924 (Major F. A. Scott), 1 pair,
type <$ ; Masuri, vii.-x. 1922 (Mackenzie), 1 pair. Also in B.M.

380

Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926.

3. Marumba microta Harnps. (1907).
This species belongs to Agnosia. We have now several <$($ obtained at
light at Nagpur, Central Provinces, in August and October, a most welcome
contribution to our collection by Prof. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher.

4. Cypa decolor pallens subsp. nov.
$. Large ; upperside : body and proximal half of fore wing wood-brown, with
a slight ferruginous tint, outer half of forewing shaded with pale sepia ; hindwing
ferruginous. — Underside : body pinkish buff ; forewing pale ferruginous from
base to three-fourths, terminal area clayish buff, with some diffuse darker tints
in certain lights ; hindwing paler than termen of forewing, being almost creamy
buff. Markings as in C. d. decolor. Much paler than C. d. decolor, the forewing
and body contrasting strongly with the upperside of the hindwing.

Figs. 1 & 2. — Dovania neunnnini.
,, 3. — Pseudodolbina Jo relator.

Length of forewing : 34 mm.
Hob. N.W. India : Masuri,
Bainbrigge Fletcher.

Fig. i. — Lophostethus demolini negus.
„ 5. — Sataspea scotli.

14.iv.1906; 1 $, received from Prof. T.

5. Lophostethus demolini negus subsp. nov.

cj. The only specimen obtained is much worn, but nevertheless sufficiently
well preserved for comparison with specimens from other districts of Africa,
whence we have over a hundred in the collection.

Body and wings with a slight vinaceous-cinnamon tint. Wings, above,
as deep-coloured as dark West African specimens, termen a little less undulate,
subbasal dark stripe of forewing more prominent, creamy white cell-spot elliptical,
discoeellular spot different from that of all our other specimens in the costal
branch being the longest (text-fig. 6). On underside the discal dark brown
line (about halfway between cell and termen) well marked on both fore- and

Novitates Zoolooicae XXXIII. 1926. 381

hind wing ; the black costal median patches rubbed away on all four wings,
the forewing bearing, as a remnant of the costal patch, a line which is distinct
costally and fades away towards hindmargin, whereas there is on the hindwing
a prominent median line extending from costal margin towards anal angle ;
cell-apex of hindwing less oblique than usually, the upper cross-vein a little less
than half as long again as the second. Anal tergite dorsally convex at each side
before the tip, which is curved down and rounded ; apex of harpe acuminate,
slightly curved ventrad, with a small tooth at the tip and another above it
(text-fig. 4).

Hub. S.W. Abyssinia: Kambatta, 1. v. 1925 (Prof. O. Neumann), 1 <}.

6. Sataspes scotti sp. nov.

cJ. Body drab grey (Ridgway, 1886, pi. ii, 13), segments II and V to VIII
dorsally and tail laterally blackish ; tergite I (almost concealed under the hairs
of the thorax), tips of side-tufts of abdomen, anterior surface of forecoxa,
upperside of foretibia and -tarsus, and outer surface of mid- and hindlegs dull
pale yellow, this colouring not at all conspicuous.

Upperside of wings : forewing less elongate than in S. infernalis, distal
margin shorter and more convex, colour drab grey like that of thorax, termen
dark hair-brown (Ridgway, I.e. iii, 12), this border about 1-5 mm. broad at tornus,
gradually becoming broader and at costal margin from vein R1 (= vein 6)
suddenly being produced basad to middle, the grey area traversed by an obscure
broad subbasal band, beyond one-fourth by a straight line, and in middle of wing
by another somewhat broader line, which begins at middle of costa and ends a
little beyond middle of hindmargin, these lines the same colour as the terminal
band. — Hindwing like termen of forewing, shaded with drab grey from base to
disc and anal angle, costal area (concealed) creamy, behind it some white hairs.

Underside drab, with a slight tint of cinnamon and a faint publish sheen,
which is also present on the upperside in certain lights.

Genitalia resembling those of 8. infernalis, but horns of anal tergite rather
slenderer, harpe more rounded at apex, its tooth smaller (text-fig. 5).

Neuration : in both wings R1 ( = 6) branching off beyond cell.

Length of forewing : 22 mm., breadth 7 mm.

Hab. N.W. India : Dehra Dun, 29. iv. 1926, 1 cj bred by Major F. B. Scott,
in whose honour the species is named.

The dull colouring is most strange for a species of Sataspes. This species
probably is in colour a more ancestral type than the metallic mimetic species.
The grey scales of the upperside of the forewing are nearly all long and narrow.

7. Nephele lannini sp. nov.

tj. Closely related to N. bipartita Butl. (1878). Antenna thicker. Forewing
broader, the termen more convex than even in the female of N . bipartita, incurved
below apex, which projects as a distinct hook.

Antenna pale buff down to middle. Black bands of abdomen not interrupted
above, but here narrowed, there being a dark olive patch on segments 3 to 6 ;
head and thorax dark olive, underside of thorax and abdomen paler ; segment
1 of palpus and base of 2 as in N . bipartita white much mixed with dark olive
scales.

26

382 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

Upperside of forewing olive, paler than thorax, without the oehraeeous
buff or clayish patches of N. bipartite, the ground being unicolorous, Unes dark
ohve, from tornus to costal margin a blackish olive stripe as in N. tripartita
(black scales mostly short), on the distal side of the stripe a triangular area some-
what darker than the ground and very slightly mummy brown, widening towards
termen, a minute white stigma, in an oblique view the dark oblique stripe widened
on the veins into short streaks. — Hindwing with dark mummy brown tint shading
into olive at base, fringe of termen pale ochraceous-buff.

Underside of wings like breast and abdomen somewhat paler ohve than
upperside of forewing, with a slight huffish tint, Unes as in N. bi partita.

Length of forewing 38 mm., breadth 16-3 mm.

Hub. S. Rhodesia : Xmas Pass, Umtah, 14. v. 1926 (bred) (E. W. Lannin),
1 <J. Named in honour of the discoverer, of whose collection the specimen
forms part.

The olive or green colouring of the species of Nephde is generally much
faded in cabinet specimens, particularly if they have gone through a process of
relaxing for setting.

8. Macroglossum dohertyi melanura subsp. nov.

£. Segment II of abdomen with the yellow side-patch barely vestigial ;
tail black, with an admixture of chocolate scales (in M . d. dohertyi buff, in middle
cream colour). Terminal border of hindwing strongly convex in middle.

Length of forewing : 22 mm.

Hab. Bismarck Archipelago : Telesea, N. Britain, i . 1925 (A. F. Eieh-
hom), 1 <J.

The cj from British New Guinea mentioned in the Revision of the Sphingidae,
p. 648, has a similar terminal band to the hindwing and probably belongs to this
subspecies ; but as the abdomen is almost entirely denuded and there is only a
small remnant of the tail left, we must wait for a better specimen before we can
be certain.

9. Macroglossum calduni sp. nov.

Maeroglossum calescens Bull., Roths. & Jord. (err. determ.), Nov. Zool. ix. Suppl. jj., 639, no. 575,
tab. 3, fig. 5 <J, tab. 51, fig. 7 and tab. 56, tig. 33 (genit.) (1903) (Milne Bay ; Fergusson; nee
N. Britain).

The species described and figured by us in the Revision, I.e., as M. calescens
is not that species. It differs from true M. calescens especially in the yellow
side-spots of the abdomen being small and in the genitalia, see below.

Type from Milne Bay, S.E. New Guinea, iv.1899 (A. S. Meek).

10. Macroglossum calescens Butl. (1882).

The type, a $, has the abdomen somewhat soiled, which explains our
mistake in identification. We have now four specimens from New Britain
which a re-examination of the type proves to be M. calescens. The wings are
practically the same in markings as in M. caldum, except that the orange
band of the hindwing is on the whole a little broader than in the figure of
M. caldum, I.e., and that the underside of the hindwing is much more extended

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 383

yellow. There are four orange side-patches on the abdomen on segments II
to V, the first vestigial ($) or small (<j>), the second and third large, separated

from each other only by the brown edge of
the segment, fourth spot much smaller than
second and third.

Genitalia of $ almost as in M. castaneum
R. & J. (1903), but the harpe thicker, its
apex curved down and the spikes pointing
distad and ventrad, not dorsad ; penis-sheath
(text-fig. 7) with short pointed process, which

~L. demolini negus. . , . _ _ , . .

-Macrogiossum careens. ls absent in M- castaneum and very long in
M. caldum.
Two pairs from Telesea, New Britain, ii.-iv.1925 (A. F. Eichhorn).

11. Hippotion moorei sp. no v.

Close to H. rosae But!. (1882), but head and thorax without a white lateral
stripe.

Two subspecies :

(a) H. moorei moorei.

Body above silvery grey, slightly shaded with pink here and there, mesonotum
anteriorly russet or chestnut, this colour extending along the tegulae as a diffuse
line, underside a little more pink than upper, especially the breast ; palpi, prester-
num and pro- and midfemora more or less chestnut. Scaling of antenna pink.

Wings somewhat shorter than in H. rosae. Forewing as in that species, except
that the transverse bands are a little more distinct, particularly the subbasal
line, which forms an angle of 90° in the cell, the short costal arm of the angle being
8 to 9 mm. distant from base at costal margin and the long straight posterior
arm reaching hindmargin 5 to 6 mm. from base, from the patch of black speckles
at hindmargin two shadowy parallel bands extend forward to costa, nearly
straight behind and then rounded, curving costad, the oblique blackish apical
streak and the stigma as in H. rosae. — Hindwing vinaceous pink, terminal area
grey, ill-defined, with slight suffusion of pink at the veins and extreme margin,
the shadowy dark submarginal band of H. rosae barely indicated.

Underside : forewing more or less conspicuously vinaceous pink from base
to disc, this colour gradually shading into the pinkish grey of the terminal area,
hindwing grey washed with pink, most of the transverse striae pinkish, those of
terminal area blackish, on both wings a postdiscal curved line, more or less distinct
on forewing, sometimes obsolescent on hindwing.

Genitalia essentially as in H. rosae, the upper margin of the harpe a little
more undulate.

Hob. Tanganyika Territory: Mwanza, Victoria Nyanza, xii.-i. 1925/26
(Lt. M. S. Moore, V.C.), several <J $, type in Mus. Brit.

(b) H. moorei canens subsp. nov.

$. Without any pink except on antenna.

Hab. Abyssinia: Dalada, 10.viii.1908 (R. E. Drake-Brockman), 1 9,
type, in Brit. Mus. Somaliland : Malka Re, 1. v. 1901 (C. von Erlanger), 1 $ in
Mus. Tring.

384 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

In H. rosae, H. moored, and H. dezippus Fawc. (1915), the clasper bears on
the outer surface a subdorsal patch of numerous lanceolate scales ; in H. rosei-
pennis But! (1S82), H. rebdi R. & J. (1903), and H. exdamationis Fawc. (1915)
the patch is replaced by a single, very large, scale.

The genitalia of the three <$<$ of H. rosae compared by me are not quite
alike ; these specimens being from different districts it is possible that the slight
differences noticed by me are geographical, but a larger series must be examined
before a more definite opinion can be expressed with some degree of reliability.

Novitates Zoological XXXIII. 1926. 385

NEW SIPHONAPTERA.

By DR. KARL JORDAN.
(With 22 text-figures.)

Delopsylla gen. nov.

Near Moeopsylla Roths. (1908), but differs considerably in the epipharynx
and mandibles being slender, the metanotum much shorter than the mesonotum
and devoid of a row of bristles, the mesepisternum oblique, the mesothoracical
stigma placed close to the coxa as in Echidnophaga, the fifth tarsal segment
bearing five large plantar bristles, etc.

Frontal tubercle not quite so far dorsal as in Moeopsylla. Ventral genal lobe
long. Mandibles and epipharynx slender, their teeth small ; labial palpus
membranous, segmentation indistinct. Mesonotum as long as pronotum, meta-
notum much shorter. Antepygidial bristles strong, one in <J, two to four in $.
Anterior margin of pygidium dorsally not much raised. Hindcoxa with apical
tooth anteriorly ; bristles of tarsi and dorsal and apical ones of tibiae strong,
as are the five lateral bristles of tarsal segment V.

cj. Tergite IX without manubrium above that of clasper ; the two lower
processes of clasper as in Echidnophaga a pair of pincers (text-fig. 1).

§. Head of spermatheca small, tail long and curved, orifice subdorsal (text-
fig. 2).

Genotype : D. crassipes sp. nov.

1. Delopsylla crassipes sp. nov.

cJ?. Frons with two large bristles, occiput with one ; bristles of second
segment of antenna and one bristle of first long ; proboscis reaching about
to two-thirds of forecoxa ; the labial palpus apparently divided by one joint
into a short basal segment and a long apical one. Pro- and mesonotum with
a row of bristles, consisting on each side of four to six large lateral ones and two
or three small dorsal bristles ; on mesopleura two, on metepisternum one bristle,
on metepimerum two or three rows, containing in <$ usually eleven, sometimes
ten, in $ from twelve to seventeen bristles. On tergite I on each side two or
three bristles, on II to VI one, on VII two or three, on sternites II to VI no
bristles, on VII one or two. Hindtibia with at least thirteen stout dorsal bristles
exclusive of apical ones, and no lateral bristles ; the two longest apical bristles
reaching beyond apex of tarsal segment I, one or two of I beyond II, and one or
two of II to or beyond middle of V.

(J. Upper process P1 of clasper more than twice as long as second (text-fig. 1),
straight, of nearly even width, about four times as long as broad, dorsal margin
hairy, on outer surface about six to eight slightly longer bristles, at apex a
straight, cylindrical, obtuse spine. On each side of sternite VIII three or
four bristles.

§. On outer surface of ventral area of tergite VIII five or six large bristles
and one to three small ones, at apical margin ten or eleven bristles, of which

386

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

two or three are short. Head of spermatheca (text-fig. 2) as broad as long,
tail twice as long and rather less than half as wide as head.

Length (mounted specimens) : $ 1-7-10 mm., $ 2-7-3-1 mm.

Hab. Kenya Colony : Nairobi, off Pedetes surda.sttr lurralis, March 1925
(Dr. V. G. L. van Someren), a small series.

2. Ceratophyllus gallinulae perpinnatus Baker (1904).
The North American specimens of this species which we have so far treated
as identical with European ones are in reality distinguished by some details in

Fig. 1. — Delopsylla crassipes $.
„ 2. ., „ ?.

Fig. 3. — Ceratophyllus vagnbunda alpestris <£.
,, 4. „ celsus $.

the tail-ends. For instance, in the J the process P of the clasper is hardly at
all incurved on the posterior side and the exopodite F has the apical margin less
slanting and therefore the anterior apical angle less acute, and in the $ the
sinus of sternite VII is smaller and the lobe above it broader and always rounded.
The name perpinnatus Baker 1904, based on Nearctic specimens, must be revived.
We have now a good series of this subspecies.

3. Ceratophyllus vagabunda Boh. (1866).
The study of further material proves the species to vary geographically.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 387

(«) C. vagabunda vagabunda Boh. (i860).

The Arctic subspecies, of which Dr. A. Dainpf has given beautiful figures
in 1911 (in Konig, Avifauna Spitzbergensis).

(b) C. vagabunda insularis Roths. (1906).

The British subspecies. Distal portion of sternite IX of <J much narrower
than in Arctic specimens.

(c) C. vagabunda alpestris subsp. nov.

Cerotophyllii.i vagabunda Boh.. J. & K.. Ectoparasites, i. p. 85. no. 12 (1920) (above Zermatt).

<J. Exopodite F (text-fig. 3) much shorter and broader than in the previous
races, more curved and its bristles stouter. Distal portion of sternite IX as
narrow as in C. v. insularis. Apical fringed lobe of sternite VIII small, the
dorsal prolongation spine-like (variable in length) and without fringes, or with
hardly any. As in C. v. insularis, P of elasper broader and the pair of acetabular
bristles placed farther upwards than in C. v. vagabunda.

$. Below stigma of tergite VIII three to six bristles (usually three or four),
of which two or three are long ; on the ventral outer area of this segment from
fifteen to twenty bristles. Head of spermatheca (measured in a straight line)
a little shorter than the first midtarsal segment.

Hab. Switzerland : Findelen, above Zermatt, in nest of Pyrrhocorax
graculus, a series.

4. Ceratophyllus celsus spec. nov.

tj. Allied to C. diffinis Jord. (1925), but distinguished from all the allied
bird-fleas by the long and narrow process P of the elasper (text-fig. 4). Comb
a little longer than the pronotum, measured in middle of side. Abdominal
tergites I, II and III with two apical spines each side, IV two on one side and
one on the other ; basal sternite with two ventral bristles on the two sides
together (no lateral ones), III and IV with five, V with four, VI with six and a
small one in front, VII with four and three small ones. On outer surface of hind-
femur two bristles, besides a third towards base and a fourth towards apex, these
latter two subventral. On outer surface of hindtibia a single lateral subdorsal
row, containing nine bristles, not counting the small bristle at apex. None of
the hindtarsal bristles reach the apex of the segment following ; on outer surface
of segment I of hindtarsus five bristles in one tarsus and seven in the other,
apart from the lateral and apical bristles ; on sole of segment V very few minute
hairs. Tergite VIII not unlike that of C. niger Fox (1908) ; it bears nine or ten
bristles at and near the dorsal margin, two or three towards base and one long
one near ventral margin. Process P of elasper about four times as long as it is
broad in middle ; posterior margin of elasper straight and slanting between
P and the acetabular bristles, forming a right angle with the ventral margin,
the two bristles placed just above this angle, being subventral ; exopodite F
of the same type as in C. niger, somewhat longer and bearing on the posterior
side in apical half two rather strong bristles, between them and apex two small
ones, of which the apical one is the longer, and below the strong bristles one
small slender one. Dilated portion of proximal half of ninth sternite longer
and narrower, i.e. less strongly rounded than in G. niger. Sternite VIII with

388

NOVITATKS ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

seven long bristles at apex (on the two sides together), and two spiniform mem-
branous projections which are directed distad, each preceded by a small mem-
branous lobe, which does not seem to be fully expanded in the only specimen
before me.

Hab. British Columbia ; Okanagan Falls, April 1913, off Riparia riparia
(C. Garrett), one (J.

Fig. 5. — Ceratophyllus tribulis <$.
,. 6. ,, borneensis £.

Fig. 7. — Ceratophyllus borneensis $.
,, 8. — Stivaliu.s mjobergi $.

5. Ceratophyllus tribulis sp. nov.

cj. Similar to G. gallinae Schrank (1803), which it probably represents in
Central Asia : bristles of exopodite thinner (text-fig. ."i), the two lower ones,
below which there is a small bristle, placed farther down, the short, spiniform,
third bristle farther up, the apical one at least as stout as the second ; paramere
broader. Differs from C. pullatus J. & R. (1920) in the denticulated dorsal area
of tergite VIII being as wide as in C. gallinae, and in the paramere and the distal
portion of sternite IX being broader.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 389

Hah. E. Turkestan : Narankol and Djarkent, off Gallus domesticus (W.
Riickbeil), two JcJ.

6. Ceratophyllus borneensis sp. nov.

Near G. agathus J. & R., Ectoparasites, i. p. 225. no. 6, text-fig. 219 (1922),
from Sumatra.

(J. Seventh tergite with short dorsal median process. Eighth tergite large,
with a dorso-apical row of nine to eleven long bristles, seven to nine lateral bristles,
and two long ventral ones (in type accompanied by a short one). Eighth sternite
on each side with a bristle, proximally of which the segment is divided into a
right and a left lobe, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, distally membranaceous, entire,
not fringed ; proximally the segment with a short narrow vertical projection.
Manubrium of clasper without hump on dorsal margin ; process P (text-fig. 6)
narrow, apically dilated on the posterior side into a nose ; exopodite broadest
distally, recalling C. levis J. & R., Ectoparasites i. p. 219. no. 3, text-fig. 213
(1922), from the Malay peninsula, but its distal margin not incurved between the
two sets of bristles, bearing six heavy bristles, of which two are dorsal and four
subventral. Apical portion of sternite IX much broader than in C. levis,
with a lateral row of longish slender bristles and distally with numerous small
ones.

$. Sternite VII deeply sinuate, the upper lobe narrow and projecting much
more than the ventral lobe (text-fig. 7).

Length. S 2-1-2-2, $ 2-3 mm.

Hub. Borneo : Mt. Murud, Oct. 1922 (Dr. E. Mjoberg), two <J<J, one $ on
Sciurus jentinki.

7. Stivalius mjobergi sp. nov.

$. Abdomen with two combs, the spines of which are similar to those of
the prothoracic comb, but somewhat smaller, the first abdominal comb containing
sixteen spines, the second eight. In S. jacobsoni J. & R. (1922), from Sumatra,
the abdomen bears only one comb. Lobe above the sinus of sternite VII
(text-fig. 8) acuminate, the ventral lobe rounded. Spermatheca recalling that
of S. synetus J. & R. (1922), its head being widest near the tail.

Length (of distended mounted specimen) 4'3 mm.

Hab. Borneo : Mt. Murud, off Tupaia montana (Dr. E. Mjoberg), one $.

8. Stivalius rhaebus sp. nov.

<J. Related to S. robinsoni Roths. (1905). Spinose process of sternite VIII
(below sternite IX) much shorter. Exopodite F (text-fig. 9) much more strongly
curved, bearing a row of three large bristles close to apex. Distal portion of
ventral arm of sternite IX less curved than in 8. robiytsoni, with a dorso-apical
tooth and a subapical lateral flap which bears small marginal bristles, above this
flap, on inside, a patch of small hairs ; at ventral margin at some distance from
apex a row of five short blunt spines and proximally of them some small hairs
and two strong curved bristles.

$. Sinus of sternite VII (text-fig. 10) larger than in iS'. robinsoni ; head of
spermatheca narrower ; as in 8. robinsoni tergite VIII proximally with an

^

390

NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

incrassation which in the main is tripartite, one branch extending upwards,
a second downwards, and a third distad.

Hab. Borneo : Mt. Dulit, off Sciurus brooksi (Dr. E. Mjoberg), one pair,
type <J.

More detailed descriptions and figures of the preceding three species were
sent to Sarawak in 1923, but do not seem to have as yet been published. As
I have to refer to these species in the course of my researches in Siphonaptera
the publication of the present preliminary descriptions is a necessity to me.

Fig. 9. — Stivalius rhaebus $.

: 10. „ „ $.

Fig. 11. — Slivalius lonchus $.
„ 12. ,, spiramus1}.

9. Stivalius lonchus sp. nov.

tj. Likewise related to S. robinsoni. The spiniform bristles of the ventral
process of sternite VIII much longer. Exopodite F (text-fig. 11) not essentially
different, but sternite IX peculiar, ending with a short straight process and
bearing a prominent dorsal hook.

Hab. Borneo : Mt. Poi, 5,000 ft., Oct. 1923, from Tupaia spec. (Dr. E. Mjo-
berg), one <J.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926. 391

10. Stivalius spiramus sp. nov.

$. Bristles as in S. robinsoni, but more numerous, particularly on the
abdomen : in front of the postmedian row forty-one smaller bristles on
tergite II on the two sides together, on III forty, on VI thirty-six, on VII
thirty-three, on basal sternite on one side twenty, on the other nineteen
small lateral bristles, sternite VII with a row of eleven large bristles and
fifty -three small ones on the two sides together. Anal sternite proximally
more convex than in S. robinsoni $, the bristles on this basal portion more
numerous than in that species. Sternite VII almost as in S. rhaebua (text-
fig. 10), the upper angle more rounded. Tergite VIII without the incrassation of
S. robinsoni and 8. rhaebus ; the upper (= posterior) wall of the oviduct more
strongly chitinised than usually ; bursa copulatrix (text-fig. 12, B.c.) long and
involute, quite different from that of the allied species.

Hab. Philippines : Baguio Bengue, viii.1923, from Rattus guereci (E. H.
Taylor), one <j>.

11. Stenopsylla intermedia Wagn. (1901).
The examination of further material proves that we were wrong when we
stated in Ectoparasites, i. p. 25 (1915), that this species "does not appear to be
split up into geographical varieties." The specimens before me represent four
subspecies, distinguished by differences in the tail-ends, at least in the <J(J.

(a) S. intermedia intermedia Wagn. (1901).

Syn. : Stenopsylla cruzi Cunha, 1914 (Brazil).

cJ. The apical margin of the clasper distinctly incurved at some distance
from the deep sinus which separates the dorsal, bristle-bearing, process P1 from
the body of the clasper, a short second process P2 being formed, which is broad
and rounded.

$. The lobe above the sinus of sternite VII long, the proximal outline of the
internal incrassation almost semicircular, the bristles of VII st. stout, the upper
one nearly always vertically above the subapical pah-.

Hab. S.E. Brazil and Paraguay; from Didelphys azarae, Marmosa cinerea,
Chironectes minimus, Metachirus opossum and M. nudicaudata. A series.

(6) S. intermedia oxyura subsp. nov.

$. Process P- of clasper (text-fig. 13) narrower than in the previous form
and longer.

$. As in 8. i. intermedia, the upper lobe of sternite VII long (text-fig. 14)
and mostly rather narrower than in the previous form.

Hab. Venezuela : S. Esteban (S. M. Klages) ; on Didelphys marsupialis,
Marmosa cinerea and M. murina. A series.

(c) S. intermedia copha subsp. nov.

cJ. Apical margin of clasper very slightly or not at all incurved, the angle of
P- not projecting as a separate process (text-fig. 15).

?. Sternite VII less deeply sinuate than in the previous forms, the lobe above
the sinus shorter and more obtuse ; the upper bristle of this sternite more proximal

392

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 192(5.

than the subapical pair, the proximal outline of the incrassation oblique (text-
fig. 16).

Hub. Panama : Boquete (J. H. Batty), off Didelphys " azarae " (probably
= D. marsupicdis eten&is), type ; Colombia : Pacho (Rev. P. Apollinaire-Marie),
off D. marswpialis ; Ecuador : Paramba (W. F. H. Rosenberg), from D. " azarae."
A series.

(d) D. intermedia vidua subsp. nov.
$. The sinus of sternite VII (text-fig. 17) very shallow, the incrassation
weak, the upper bristle far in front of the subapical pair and thin.
Hab. Mexico : Misantla, off Didelphys, one $.

FlG. 13. — DorntopsyUn intrnneilia <i.n/ura q.

„ 14. „ „ „ ?.

,. 15. „ ,, copha (^.

.• 16- „ „ „ ?•

17. ,. ,, vidua $.

12. Doratopsylla antiquoram discreta subsp. nov.

cJ. Differs from D. a. antiquorum Roths. (1904, S.E. Brazil) in the lower
antepygidial bristle being nearly as long as the upper, though thinner, and in the
shape of the clasper : the nose of the posterior side of P (text-fig. 18) is placed
about halfway between the lower apical bristle and the base of the exopodite F,
the corresponding angle and pan of F being moved upwards to one-third of the
proximal margin of F ; the apical bristles of P farther apart than in Brazilian
examples (D. a. antiquorum).

Hab. Colombia : Cundinamarca, off Peramys adustus, two J(J.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

393

13. Ctenophthalmus agyrtes graecus subsp. nov.

<£. Similar to Ct. agyrtes provincialis Roths. (1910), but process PJ of clasper
(text-fig. 19) shorter, the exopodite, therefore, projecting much more than in
provincialis, apex of ninth sternite more rounded.

$. Like that sex of provincialis .

Hah. Greece: Pelion, Thessaly, vi.1922, found in rotten wood (E. Moc-
zarski), two pairs.

Fig. 18. — Doratopsylla antiquorum discreta $.

,, 19. — Ctenophthalmus agyrtes graecus <J.

„ 20. .. moratus rj.

„ 21. „ „ <J.

„ 22. „ ,. ?.

14. Ctenophthalmus moratus spec. nov.

Belongs to group II of our Key published in Novitates Zoologicak, si.
p. 560 (1913), being related to Ct. cabirus, Ct. atomus, etc. Both sexes are easily
recognised by the tail-ends. In the $ the eighth sternite is very large, the
ventral arm of the ninth sternite very short, and the penis is armed with a long
dorsal apical sickle-shaped hook. The $ agrees with Ch. cophurus in the distal

394 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1926.

bristles of the eighth tergite being placed at some distance from the margin, but
differs from that species in the mesonotum bearing more than two rows of
bristles, in the spermatheca being smaller, and the seventh sternite resembling
that of Ct. cabirus.

$. Sternite VIII very large, apically almost evenly rounded, bearing
ventrally on each side twelve to sixteen bristles. Process P of clasper about as
long as broad, obliquely truncate, slightly sinuate, bearing four long bristles,
besides some small ones : two at upper angle, the third below the small apical
sinus, and the fourth ventral, placed about as far from the ventral apical angle of
P as the third bristle. Exopodite F more than twice as long as broad, the breadth
measured from the nose of the anterior margin straight to the hindmargin, apical
margin more or less strongly rounded from angle of anterior margin to posterior
apical angle and bearing a row of nine to thirteen small bristles ; there are several
small bristles at the apical angle, the posterior margin slightly concave from apex
to about middle, here angulate, below this angle three bristles (small, long,
medium). Ventral arm of ninth sternite (text-fig. 21) rounded-triangular, a little
longer than broad, bearing three long bristles, which are ventral, and seven or
eight small ones. Armatures of parameres large (text-fig. 20), with a sharp
dorsal apical hook each side, armature of duct ending with a well-chitinised
horizontal tube (Pen), which is ventral and bears a small tooth dorsally near
middle, between this tube and the dorsal hooks on each side a vertical sclerite,
the posterior side of which is more or less incurved.

$. Sternite VII deeply sinuate (text-fig. 22), the upper lobe broad and evenly
rounded, the lower lobe short, broad, a subapical row of five long bristles on
each side, the upper one far removed from the others, in the gap or near it a
smaller bristle, ventrally on each side four to eight small ones in front of the
row. On eighth tergite a subvental row containing six long and slender bristles
and one or two smaller ones, above the row a long bristle and four to eight smaller
ones, on each side of the body, the two distal bristles of the row equal in size
or nearly and remote from the apical margin, on inside four to six small bristles.
Head of spermatheca somewhat shorter than the tail.

Length cJ 2-1-2-4 mm., ? 2-4-2-6 mm.

Hab. Gold Coast : Kumasi, off Typomys trivirgatus, discovered by Major
C. M. Ingoldby, R.A.M.C, and kindly sent to us by Lt.-Col. W. P. MacArthur,
R.A.M. College, London. A series.

to

a

CM

in

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CO

hi

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a

cy,

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

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By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,

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^

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, E.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXXIII.

No. 4.

Pages 395—416.

Issukd February 10th, 1927, at the Zoological Museum, Thing.

HUNTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VTNEY, U>., IX5NDON AND AYLESBUliY.

1927.

Vol. XXXIII.

N0VITATE8 Z00L0GICAE.

EDITBD BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.
CONTENTS OF NO. IV.

PAGES

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES ON THE AVIFAUNA OF YUNNAN . 395—397

Lord Rothschild

CORRECTIONS AND CRITICISMS TO THE ARTICLE ON THE

AVIFAUNA OF YUNNAN Lord Rothschild 398 — 400

ALPHABETICAL INDEX 401—416

TITLE AND CONTENTS, LIST OF PLATES TO VOL. XXXIII . i— v

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

Vol. XXXHI. FEBRUARY 1927. No. 4.

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES ON THE AVIFAUNA OF YUNNAN.
By LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S.

JUST as my article, " On the Avifauna of Yunnan, with Critical Notes,"
had passed through the Press, I received Mr. J. H. Riley's paper, " On
a collection of birds from the Provinces of Yunnan and Szechwan, China, made
for the National Geographical Society by Dr. Joseph H. Rock." Of these
birds Mr. Riley says that they fall under 244 forms, of which 3 were apparently
unnamed. Of these 2, Ithaginis rocki and Slrix aluco nivipetens, were described
by Mr. Riley in a preliminary article (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. xxxviii, pp.
9-12, 1925) ; and Luscinia davidi gloriosa by Dr. P. Suschkin (in the Auk, vol.
xliii, pp. 181-183, 1926). These 3 birds therefore I was able to discuss fully in
the above-mentioned paper ; from which it will be seen that I have proved that
L. davidi gloriosa is a pure synonym of L. davidi davidi ; that I consider S. a.
nivipetens as either a synonym of S. a. nivicola or of S. a. harterti ; but that both
of Yunnan birds and the Chinese S. a. harterti we have too few specimens to
finally decide whether all 3 are synonymous with nivicola, or if nivicola and
harterti are Eastern and Western subspecies. Therefore there remains only
Ithaginis rocki as the single bird in Dr. Rock's collection which is new to science.
There are, however, altogether 12 forms in the collection new to the avifauna
of Yunnan, one of which, Urocissa flavirostris flavirostris Blyth, was added at the
same time, viz. early in 1925, both by George Forrest and Dr. Joseph H. Rock,
so there remain 1 1 forms new to Yunnan obtained solely by Dr. Rock.

Of the 244 forms recorded by Mr. Riley, 1, Coloeus neglectus (Schleg.) (239),
is undoubtedly a juvenile melanistic mutant of C. dauuricus (238) ; as to whether
Mr. Riley is right in acknowledging the validity of Dr. Suschkin's 0. d. khamensis
or not, I am unable to decide at present, for, although I have a large series of
the Daurian Jackdaw, I have not enough material from the breeding-places of
the two supposed races.1 In the case of Hypopicus hyperythrus subrufinus (59)
Mr. Riley has fallen into the same error as I did in my four former articles ; it
must stand as Dryobates hyperythrus hyperythrus (Vigors). Mr. Riley has identified
Dr. Rock's Muscicapa tricolor (70) examples (6) as M. t. cerviniventris, but my
birds from the same locality are undoubtedly tricolor tricolor, so I expect his are
also this race. Mr. Riley records Pericrocotus brevirostris affinis and P. b. ethelogus

1 It lias been proved by Dr. Weigold's series that all the dark birds, i.e. negkclus Schleg.,
are juvenile; but it is not absolutely proved yet that all the light birds, i.e. dauuricus Pall,
are adult.

27 395

396 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1927.

from Tengyueh and Lichiang respectively ; these are the birds I have recorded as
P. b. affinis and P. b. styani respectively, and they must undoubtedly stand under
those names till a larger Hupeh series decides if styani and ethelogus are different
or not. Under No. 83 Mr. Riley records the glossless grey-breasted Microscdis
as psaroides concolor ; on pages 301-302 (Novit. Zool. xxxiii, 1920) I think I
show that the Yunnan birds are not concolor, but a similar phase of leucocephalus
leucocephalus which alone of the seven subspecies of leucocephalus is polychro-
matic. (Though inadmissible under the International Rules of Nomenclature
Dr. Staudinger's method of naming forms of lepidoptera alone expresses the
status of Chinese grey-breasted Microscelis satisfactorily ; under it the following
would be the terminology : Microscelis leucocephahis concolor (Blyth) var. (=
subsp.) et ab.)

No. 88, Babax lanceolata, is recorded as bonvaloti Oust., but in the article
just published I consider I have shown that bonvaloti has no standing.

Under No. 95 Mr. Riley records the form of Pomatorhinus riificollis obtained
by Dr. Rock as bakeri, but true bakeri does not occur in West Yunnan (it is much
redder below than West Yunnan birds), and Dr. Rock's birds must stand as
Pomatorthinus riificollis similis Rothsch. Under No. 96 Mr. Riley records Dr.
Rock's specimens of macclellandi under the name of m. dedekensi, and says that
odicus Bangs & Phill. appears to him to be only a synonym of Oustalet's dede-
kensi. This I am not prepared to accept, as the Yunnan examples are much
more vivid in colour than Thibetan and Szechwan birds. I also do not consider
macclellandi a subspecies of erythrogenis, for macclellandi odicus and erythrogenis
imberbis occurs in the same area. I am unable to separate sannio eannio
and sannio albosuperciliaris ; the large series at Tring and in the British Museum
shows every gradation from the same place. Mr. Riley has followed my fourth
paper in the question of Yuhina diademata and Y. ampelina, but the 1926 (fifth)
article I think finally clears up the case. Under No. 184 I believe Mr. Riley has
wrongly identified Dr. Rock's bird as vinaceus ; it should be glaucogularis.
No. 204 should be Eophona migratoria harterti. No. 223 Mr. Riley calls Emberiza
elegans elegantula, but Dr. Hartert and I have not recognised elegantula.

Nos. 225 and 226 are both recorded as subspecies of godlewskii, but both
Dr. Hartert and I consider godlewskii only to be a subspecies of Emberiza cia ;
therefore these must stand as Emberiza cia yunnanensis and E. cia omissa
Nos. 238 and 239 must be united, as neglectus is only a juvenile melanistic mutant
of C'oloeus dauricus. Mr. Riley follows Bangs & Phillips and Kleinschmidt in
uniting Nucifraga caryocatactes macella and N. c. yunnanensis ; all I can repeat
is that my series of yunnanensis do not agree with macella, as they have as a
rule the zone of white spots more extended. For the present I think they must
be kept separate. Thus there remain 242 species and subspecies obtained by
Dr. Rock, and the following are the 11 new to Yunnan :

Ithaginis cruentus rocki Riley.

Larus canus major Middendorff.

Ibidorhyncha struthersi Vig.

Anas poecilorhyncha haringtoni (Oates).

Mergus merganser orientalis Gould.

Falco regulus insignis (Clark).

Bubo bubo setschuanus Reichenow.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1927. 397

Museicapida superciliaris astigma (Hodgs.).
Grandala coelicolor Hodgs.
Luscinia tschebaieici Przew.
Emberiza cia omissa Rothsch.

The number of examples listed is 829 ; but under Nos. 7, 8, 9, 43, 53, 56,
69, 71, 81, 82, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97, 100, 106, 108, 109, 111, 122, 123, 128,
133, 134, 141, 143, 146, 150, 169, 177, 180, 185, 186, 193, 194, 196, 215, 225, 232,
235, there are no figures given, only the word series preceded by fair, good, large,
or fine respectively.

398 NOVITATES ZoOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1927.

CORRECTIONS AND CRITICISMS TO THE ARTICLE ON THE
AVIFAUNA OF YUNNAN, pp. 189-343

By LORD ROTHSCHILD

I" SENT a separate copy of this article to Dr. Erwin Stresemann, who com-
■*■ municated to me a number of notes, which I embody below.

Nos. 24—26 : Dr. Stresemann points out that the specific name javanica
Rafinesque is older than pugnax Temm, therefore these three forms must stand
as follows : 24. Turnix javanica rostrata Swinh. ; 25. Turnix javanica
taigoor (Sykes) ; 26. Turnix javanica plumbipes (Hodgs.). As I had not got
Rafinesque's work in which javanica is described, I may be excused for missing
this name.

No. 113 : Dr. Stresemann says he is convinced that Accipiter affinis Gurney
and A. virgatus belong to the same " Formenkreis." I do not unite them, as
I am not yet sure that this view is correct.

No. 147 : Dr. Stresemann asks, " How does Eudynamis scolopaceus enigmaticus
differ from E. s. chinensis Cab. & Heine ? " I at once admit that I overlooked
the footnote (p. 52, Museum Heineanum, vol. iv) in which Messrs. Cabanis &
Heine describe their E. chinensis ; therefore my name of scolopaceus enigmaticus
sinks as a synonym of scolopaceus chinensis Cab. & Heine.

No. 154 : Dr. Stresemann draws my attention to the fact that since
publication of Dr. Hartert's vol. ii of Palaearctic Birds it has been ascertained the
name of intermedins Vahl was not published till 1797, so that Latham's name of
poliocephalus (1790) must be used. No. 154 therefore must stand as Cuculus
poliocephalus poliocephalus Lath.

No. 205 : I cannot agree with Dr. Stresemann, from my present knowledge,
that Caprimulgus monticola is a subspecies of C. affinis.

No. 207 : Dr. Stresemann points out that the Swiftlet brevirostris McC'lell.
does not belong to the " Formenkreis " of fucifaga, but to that of vestita ;
therefore No. 207 must stand as Collocalia vestita brevirostris (McClell.).

No. 229 : Dr. Stresemann expresses the opinion that sinensis is a subspecies
of leschenaulti. It is, however, rather remarkable that whereas in the three races
hitherto placed under leschenaulti the outer pair of rectrices are practically of
the same length as the next outermost pair, in sinensis the outermost pair are
very much shorter than the next outermost pair of rectrices. In coloration
and pattern sinensis and leschenaulti show practically no differences.

Nos. 293-315 : In vol. i, p. 624, of Vog. paldarkt. Faun. Dr. Hartert has
united under the generic name lanthocincla Gould the genera Trochalopteron ;
Babax, Kaznakowia, lanthocincla, and Pterorhinus, but although hinting at
the generic identity of Garrulax, he still retained this as a genus for the large-
crested forms temporarily. In my five articles on the Avifauna of Yunnan,
however, I have gone the " whole hog " and lumped all these birds under the
one genus lanthocincla, and I think rightly. Some ornithologists will, no doubt,
accuse me in this of inconsistency, as I have kept the Scimitar-babblers of the

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXXIII. 1927. 399

genera Pomatorhinus and Xiphirhynchus separate, but the very exaggerated bill
of the latter points to totally different habits. Now Dr. Stresemann points out
that Garrulax Less. (1831) is older than Ianthocincla Gould (1837), so Ianthocincla
in Nos. 293-315 must sink and be replaced by Garrulax.

No. 400 : Messrs. Mathews and Iredale were the authors responsible for
refusing to admit the name inornatits for this bird and rechristening it humei
praemium ; Dr. Stresemann disagrees with their view and calls it inornatus
inornatus. I, however, consider the matter is still so doubtful that for the
present I prefer to use the name of humei praemium.

Nos. 405-408 : Dr. Stresemann (Orn. Monatsb. 1924, pp. 8-10) sets out that
the birds hitherto placed in the single " Formenkreis " trochiloides must now be
divided into two, viz. trochiloides and davisoni. I believe Mr. Kinnear arrived
independently at the same conclusion. I am not personally sufficiently au fait
with the genus Phylloscopus (sensu extensiore) to venture to dogmatise on this
question, but in view of the almost similar status in the white eyes Zosterops
of the " Formenkreise " simplex and palpebrosa, I think Dr. Stresemann is
correct in his conclusions, and therefore I consider Nos. 405 and 408 must stand
as Phylloscopus trochiloides trochiloides (Sund.) and Phylloscopus trochiloides
claudiae respectively, while Nos. 406 and 407 must be called Phylloscopus davisoni
davisoni (Oates) and Phylloscopus davisoni disturbans (La Touche).

Nos. 442-444 : Dr. Stresemann in drawing attention to these birds suggests
that Nos. 442 and 444 of my list are the same. In his paper on " Cyornis "
(Orn. Monatsb. 1925, pp. 45-53) he unites glaucicomans Thay. & Bangs and
dialilaema Salvad. with rubeculoides as subspecies of rubeculoides ; I unfortunately
have put down glaucicomans as a subspecies of tickdlii, whereas I placed dialilaema
as a race of rubeculoides ; but I maintain that whether you consider the forms
with narrow central throat-bands of orange buff and those with the whole throat
more or less orange buff are the same or different, the fact remains that the
West Yunnan birds are smaller and the Eastern and Central Yunnan are larger ;
therefore they are not the same, and No. 442 must be called Muscicapa rubeculoides
glaucicomans and the West Yunnan portion of those under No. 444 Muscicapa
rubeculoides dialilaema (Salvad.).

Nos. 514 and 518-522 : Dr. Streseman writes to me that : (1) In the
Stotzner collections the series from Kwan-tsien contains all intergradations
between Paradoxornis alphonsiana and P. webbiana snffusa ; and (2) that
although he did not possess examples of Paradoxornis brunnea he was con-
vinced that it also belonged to the " Formenkreis " of tvebbiana. As regards
(1), alphonsiana has only been recorded from East and Central Yunnan, not
from West Yunnan, and in Eastern Yunnan it occurs alongside u-ebbiana eliza-
bethae with no intergrading examples ; therefore until we know more about the
breeding haunts of all the vebbiana and alphonsiana races I prefer to keep them
separate. In regard to (2), I have large series of brunnea, from Tengyueh (Momien),
but very few from Lichiang ; of ricketti I have examples from Yangtze Valley
and Lichiang, and it appears from these examples that as a rule ricketti is the
higher mountain race (from 9,500 ft. upwards), whereas brunnea occurs at from
5,000-6,500 ft. This would go a long way to proving Dr. Stresemann's contention,
but as the throat and cheeks of brunnea are uniform dark rufous, not pinkish
and striped, I think we must await breeding series before uniting brunnea to
the icebbiana " Formenkreis."

400 Novitates Zoologicae XXXIII. 1927.

No. 565 : Dr. Streseruann is of opinion that Aethopyga dabryii is a sub-
species of gouldiae ; I have not at the moment access to sufficient material to
decide this question.

No. 639 : Dr. Stresemann considers that tenuirostris does not belong to the
" Formenkreis " of Oriolus chinensis. In regard to this and No. 638 I have
followed Colonel Meinertzhagen's list of the Oriolidae as the latest revision, and
I still believe he is right.

INDEX

aberrans (Trichoglossus), 38, 44, 131, 175.

abjectus (Heteropterus), 50.

Abromis, 288.

aburae (Gorgyra), 49.

acanthizoides (Horeites), 284.

Acantuerta, 377.

Accipiter, 36, 127, 128, 229, 230.

acineta (Heterophleps), 12.

Acleros, 50.

Acorynus, 146-151, 155-163.

Acridotheres, 338, 339.

Acrocephalus, 283.

acrolophites (Steirophora), 17.

Actinodura, 273.

acuta (Anas) 225.

aedon (Phragamaticola), 283.

Aegithaliscus, 312.

Aegithalus, 313.

Aegithina, 304.

Aegocera, 374, 375.

aemodium (Conostoma), 308.

aemodius (Parus), 314.

aemulus (Acorynus), 156.

aenea (Chaptia), 337.

— (Homophylotis), 365.
Aeolochroraa, 1.
aeroplanes (Hemiprocne), 138.
aeruginosus (Circus), 230.
Aestrelata, 347.

aetha (Scardamia), 29.
Aethopyga, 319, 320.
affinis (Accipiter), 229.

— (Anthracoceros), 246.

— (Coracias), 243.

— (Pericrocotus), 298.

— (Perissospiza), 334.

— (Phylloscopus), 288.

— (Terpsiphone), 291.
Alauda, 324, 325.
alberti (Halcyon), 132.

— (Parnara), 50.
albicilla (Muscicapa), 294.
albicollis (Corvultur), 96.

— (Rhipidura), 296.
albifrons (Caprima), 364.
albipectus (Pomatorhinus), 261.
albocinctus (Acridotheres), 339.

albogularis (Ianthocincla), 263.
alboides (Motacilla), 321.
albolaxatus (Caprimulgus), 138.
albonotata (Halcyon), 134.
albus (Corvus), 112.
Alcedo, 39, 135, 242.
Alcippe, 282.
Alcurus, 303.
Aletopus, 376, 377.
alisteri (Fregettornis), 356.
alleni (Puffinus), 351.
alpestris (Ceratophyllus), 387.
altarum (Parus), 315.
alter (Heteroprion), 356.
altera (Pyrrhula), 332.
alternans (Graphidipus), 17.
alternus (Litocerus), 152.
Amandava, 336.
amandava (Amandava), 336.
amara (Brachytrita), 179.
Amaurornis, 172, 217.
ambiguus (Caprimulgus), 246.
— (Carduelis), 333.
amherstiae (Chrysolophus), 208.
ampelina (Yuhina), 277.
amurensis (Butorides), 227.
anacis (Acorynus), 162.
analogica (Hoplosauris), 15.
Anas, 36, 225, 226.
andamanensis (Corvus), 83.
andersoni (Gennaeus), 210.
andrewsi (Megalurus), 282.
Andronyraus, 50.
Anisodes, 7.
Anonychia, 28.
Anous, 33, 171.
anthina (Aegocera), 375.
Anthipes, 290.
Anthoscopus, 312.
anthracinus (Corvus), 84.
Anthracoceros, 246.
Anthus, 323, 324.
Antigone, 217.
antigone (Antigone), 217.
antonii (Rhipidura), 141.
aorops (Pachrophylla), 14.
Aphantocephala, 365.
401

402

apinus (Heteropan), 363.

Aplonis, 41, 47, 144, 145, 178.

Aquila, 231.

Arachnothera, 321.

araps (Discalma), 187.

Arborophila, 213, 214.

Arctiopais, 374.

arcuata (Emberiza), 326.

Ardea, 228.

Ardeola, 227.

arela (Hypoleucis), 51.

argentauris (Mesia), 280.

argutus (Hucus), 166.

Argyrolepidia, 361, 362.

armandii (Phylloscopus), 285.

arrosa (Rothia), 373.

Arrothia, 373.

Artamus, 144.

asiatica (Cyanops), 245.

Asio, 234.

aspiciens (Scopula), 4.

Aspilatopsis, 181.

Asthena, 19.

Asthenotricha, 20, 181.

ateralbus (Centropus), 137.

athola (Cleora), 183.

atlantieus (Puffinua), 347.

Atopophysa, 9.

atratus (Dryobates), 239.

atriclava (Cleora), 183.

atronuchalis (Sarcogrammus), 221.

atrosuperciliaris (Paradoxornis), 310.

aucilla (Xylopteryx), 182.

aurantiaca (Asthena), 19.

aurata (Arachnothera), 321.

aureola (Emberiza), 327.

aureus (Turdus), 260.

aurifrons (Chloropsis), 305.

australis (Fregetta), 357.

bacchus (Ardeola), 227.
bacillosus (Acorynus), 156.
badia (Ducula), 224.
baicalensis (Motacilla), 322.
bakeri (Cuculua), 236.

— (Yuhina), 277.
Bambusicola, 214.

bangsi (Stachyridopsis), 273.

— (Suya), 280.
bannermani (Puffinus), 349.
banyumas (Muscicapa), 292.
Basitropis, 167-170.
Baza, 128.

beavani (Parus), 314.
becki (Puffinus), 350.
b?ngalensis (Alcedo), 242.

— (Centropus), 235.
benghalensis (Rostratula), 218.

bennetti (Corvus), 86.
bliamoensis (Strachyridopsis), 273.
Bhringa, 337.
bicolor (Porzana), 217.

— (Saxicola), 255.

— (Sthenauge), 369.
bicommata (Heterophleps), 11.
bicornis (Acorynus), 156.
bieti (Fulvetta), 269.

— (Ianthocincla), 265.
Bihastina, 19.
bismarckensis (Eutoea), 26.
bismarcki (Ophthalmia), 361.
bismarckii (Baza), 128.
blakistoni (Anthus), 324.
Boarmia, 184.

bonvaloti (Aegithaliscus), 312.
borealis (Phylloscopus), 287.
borneensis (Ceratophyllus), 389.
bothrinus (Acorynus), 149.
boulboul (Turdus), 259.
Brachypteryx, 270, 271.
brachyrhynchos (Corvus), 88-91.
brachytona (Craspedosis), 21.
Brachytrita, 179.
brevipea (Tringa), 34, 42, 123.
brevirostris (Chibia), 337.

— (Collocallia), 246.

— (Pericrocotus), 297.
brodici (Glaucidium), 233.
brunnea (Luscinia), 250.

— (Paradoxornis), 311.
brunneipectus (Arborophila), 214.
Bubo, 234.

Bubulcus, 227.

bulleri (Diomedea), 346.

— (Puffinus), 352.
bulomachus (Paradoxornis), 311.
Buhveria, 354.

Burgena, 358, 359.
burmanica (Ninox), 234.

— (Rhipidura), 297.

— (Saxicola), 255.
bunnanicus (Molpastes), 305.

— (Syrmaticus), 208.
Buteo, 231.
Butorides, 227.
Buzura, 21.

byroni (Reinholdia), 348.

Cacatoes, 129.

Cacomantis, 53-56, 136, 235.
caenira (Coenides). 51.
caeruleus (Elanus), 228.
(Myiophoneus), 255.
ealcarata (Motacilla), 323.
caldum (Macroglossum), 382.
calescens (Macroglossum), 382.

403

calliope (Luscinia), 251.

callistus (Acorynus), 147.

Caloenas, 35, 44, 123, 174.

ealonyx (Eurystomus), 243.

calvus (Torgos), 231.

calypso (Zaraarada), 31.

campbelli (Phoebetria), 344.

campylogramma (Syrrhodia), 26.

canaster (Paradoxornis), 309.

eanens (Hippotion), 383.

canifrons (Spizixus), 303.

cantonensis (Pericrocotus), 299.

eantoroides (Aplonis), 41, 145, 178.

canturians (Horeites), 284.

Capella, 218, 219.

capellanus (Corvus), 109.

capensis (Corvus), 91.

capitalis (Hemipus), 305.

Caprima, 364.

Caprimulgus, 138, 246.

cardinalis (Eos), 38, 44.

Carduelis, 332, 333.

carnipes (Mycerobas), 334.

earolinae (Brachypteryx), 270.

carteretia (Macropygia), 35, 126.

carteri (Thalassogeron), 345.

Casarca, 226.

Casbia, 188.

caspica (Motacilla), 322.

castalis (Ophthalmia), 361.

castaneiceps (Pseudominla), 270.

— (Seicercus), 289.

castaneiventris (Cacomantis), 53.

castaneo-coronata (Olisura), 248.

cathoecus (Dicrurus), 337.

caurinus (Corvus), 90.

Celaeonorrhinus, 49.

celator (Pseudodolbina), 379.

Celerena, 1.

celis (Arctiopais), 374.

celsa (Anisodes), 7.

celsus (Ceratophyllus), 387.

Centropus, 137, 235.

Cephalopyrus, 312.

Ceratophyllus, 386-389.

Ceratrichia, 49, 50.

Certhia, 317.

cerviniceps (Lyncornis), 246.

cervinus (Anthus), 324.

Ceryle, 243.

cerymica (Zophopetes), 52.

ceylonensis (Ketupa), 234.

Ceyx, 135.

Chaetura, 247.

Chaimarrornis, 252, 253.

Chalcites, 39, 45, 136, 176.

Chalcitis, 236.

Chalcophaps, 35, 44, 126, 174.

chalcosoma (Horaophylotis), 366.
chalybe (Rhopalocampta), 52.
chalybeata (Burgena), 358, 359.
chalybeocephalus (Monareha), 40, 139, 177.
championi (Coenotephria), 9.
Chaptia, 337.
Charadrius, 34, 42. 221.
Charmosynopsis, 45, 131, 176.
Chelidorynx, 290.
cherulus (Hucus), 167.
Chibia, 337.
chinenais (Amaurornis), 217.

— (Picumnus), 237.
chionosticta (Heterodisca), 188.
chlidana (Plutodes), 30.
chlorocephala (Chloropsis), 305.
Chloroclystis, 10, 11.
Chloropsis, 305.

Cholornis, 309.

chorispilus (Litocerus), 164.

chrysaeus (Tarsiger), 253.

chrysochlore (Dicaeum), 319.

Chrysoelystis, 11.

Chrysocolaptes, 242.

chrysoea (Stachyris), 272.

Chrysolophus, 208.

chrysorrhoides (Molpastes), 304.

Ciconia, 228.

Cinathisma, 349.

Cinclus, 248.

cineracea (Myzomela), 142.

cinerea (Teretia), 219.

cinereiceps (Ianthocincla), 264.

— (Muscicapa), 295.
cinereus (Microsarcops), 221.

— (Pericrocotus), 299.
cingalus (Acorynus), 158.
cinnamomeus (Ixobrychus), 226.
Cinnyris, 41, 142, 178.

Circus, 230, 231.

cirtensis (Corvus), 76.

Cisticola, 280.

citreola (Motacilla), 323.

elarkei (Ithaginis), 213.

claudiae (Phylloscopus), 286.

clavistigma (Graphidipus), 16.

Cleora, 22, 183.

cnecozona (Xandrames), 21.

coaUtus (Acorynus), 149.

CochDa, 256.

cockerelli (Philemon), 143.

coelivox (Alauda), 324.

Coenides, 50, 51.

Coenotephria, 9.

coeruleotincta (Leioptila), 272.

collaris (Aphantocephala), 365.

collini (Muscicapa), 294.

CollocaUa, 45, 138, 177.

404

Collocallia, 246.
Coloeus, 341.
colonorum (Corvus), 82.
colpochlaena (Paralcidia), 1S4.
coltarti (Stachyris), 272.
Columba, 224.
commixtus (Parns), 316.
comorana (Aegocera), 374.
compilator (Corpus), 70.
concolor (Basitropis), 168.

— (Microscelis). 301.
confusa (Pagodroina), 354.
connectens (Corvus), 82.
Conostoma, 308.
conquisitus (Turdus), 259.
consobrinus (Anthoscopus), 312.
contessellata (Heterostegane), 32.

— (Lomographa), 32.
copha (Stenopsylla), 391.
Copsychus, 254.
C'oracias, 243.

corax (Corvus), 97, 101.
corinna (Cinnyris), 142, 178.
comix (Corvus), 108.
coromandelianus (Nettapus), 226.
coromandus (Bubulcus), 227.
coronata (Oligura), 248.
coronatus (Phyllergates), 282.

— (Phylloscopus), 286.
corone (Corvus), 111.
coronoides (Corvus), 78, 87.
Corvultur, 96, 97.

Corvus, 68-112, 145, 178, 342.

Cosmethis, 20.

costatus (Osmodes), 50.

Coturnix, 214.

Craspedosis, 21.

crassipes (Delopsylla), 385.

crassirostris (Corvultur), 97.

— (Eurystomus), 137, 177.

— (Pseudoprion), 355.
crecca (Anas), 226.
Criniger, 306.

crispisulcans (Dyspteris), 13.
cristatellus (Acridotheres), 339.
cristatus (Lanius), 307.
Crocypus, 17.
Crossoptilon, 210, 211.
crossoptilon (Crossoptilon), 211.
cruralis (Brachypteryx), 271.
cryptoleucus (Corvus), 97.
Ctenophthalmus, 393.
cucullata (Pitta), 247.
cuculoides (Glaucidium), 233.
Cuculus, 136, 236.
Culicicapa, 290.

Cuncuma, 178.

curonicus (Charadrius), 221.

Cutia, 279.

cyane (Luscinia), 250.
cyaneoleuea (Cinathisma), 349.
eyaneus (Circus), 230.
cyaniventer (Tesia), 248.
cyanocephala (Psittacula), 245.
eyanomelana (Muscicapa), 293.
cyanophrys (Paradoxornis), 310.
Cyanops, 244, 245.
cyanurus (Tarsiger), 254.
cylinda (Coenidea), 50.
Cypa, 380.

dabryii (Aethopyga), 320.
dacela (Coenides), 50.
daflaensis (Ixops), 274.
dahli (Pachycephala), 46, 178.

— (Rhipidura), 140.
dampieri (Accipiter), 128.
daphanea (Aquila), 231.
dauricus (Coloeus), 341.

— (Corvus), 76.
davidi (Luscinia), 250.
davidiana (Erythrina), 330.
davisoni (Cyanops), 245.

— (Graptocephalus), 228.

— (Phylloscopus), 286.
debilis (Phylloscopus), 285.
debrunnescens (Buzura), 21.
decollates (Phasianus), 207.
decorus (Sympaector), 152.
defasciata (Aeolochroma), 1.
dejeani (Parus), 314.
delicatula (Tyto), 44.
Delopsylla, 385.
delostina (Tephrina), 187.
Demigretta, 175.
Dendrobiastes, 254.
Dendrocitta, 341.
Dendronanthus, 321.
denotata (Niltava), 296.
denuba (Eagris), 49.
derbyana (Psittacula), 245.
desgodinsi (Leioptila), 271.
desmursi (Dryobates), 239.
devittata (Domicella), 131, 175.
dialilaema (Muscicapa), 293.
Dicaeum, 142, 319.
dicruroides (Surniculus), 235.
Dicrurus, 145, 337f 338.
difformis (Heteropan), 363.
Diomedea, 344, 346.

diops (Acorynus), 148.
Discalma, 187.
discreta (Doratopsylla), 392.
diserta (Burgena), 359.
dissimilis (Turdus), 259.
distincta (Seicercus), 289.

405

disturbans (Phylloscopus), 286.
ditona (Eumelea), 179.
dives (Hucus), 166.
dohertyi (Acorynus), 150.
doloides (Homophylotis), 365.
Domicella, 131, 175.
Doratopsylla, 392.
Dovania, 379.
Dryobates, 237-240.
Dryocopus, 237.
diibius (Charadrius), 221.
Ducula, 34, 43. 124, 174, 224.
Dupetor, 36, 126, 174.
dux (Mecocerina), 153.
Dyspteris, 13.

Eagris, 49.

Ectropis, 22.

edipus (Pardaleodes), 50.

edithae (Corvus), 106.

Edolisoma, 40, 144.

Egretta, 227, 228.

eichhorni (Accipiter), 36, 37.

— (Cinnyris), 41.

— (Monaroha), 139, 140.

— (Zosterops), 48.
Elanus, 228.

elegans (Emberiza), 326.

— (Phasianua), 207.
elizabethae (Paradoxornis), 311.

— (Serilophus), 243.
ellioti (Ianthocincla), 264.

— (Pernis), 229.
elwesi (Zosterops), 318.
Emberiza, 325-327.
emeria (Otoeompsa), 306.
enea (Corvus), 70-72.
Enicurus, 250.

enigmatieus (Eudynamis), 235.
entebbea (Parnara), 50.

Eois, 7, 179.

Eophona, 333, 334.

Eos, 38, 44.

epauletta (Pyrrhoplectes), 332.

epiphora (Plutodes), 31.

eremita (Megapodius), 33, 42, 123, 171.

Erolia, 220.

Erpornis, 278.

Erythrina, 329-332.

erythrocephalus (Pyrotrogon), 246.

erythrogastra (Monticola), 256.

erythromelas (Myzomela), 143.

erythropleura (Zosterops), 317.

erythropus (Tringa), 220.

erythrorhyncha (Urocissa), 340.

erythrothorax (Porzana), 216.

esculenta (Collocalia), 45, 177.

Eudynamis, 136, 235.

eugeniae (Myiophoneus), 256.
Euippe, 25.
Eumelea, 179.
eunomus (Turdus), 258.
Euphyia, 8.
Eupithecia. 9, 180.
eurhinus (Tringa). 220.
euris (Basitropis), 167.
euroa (Arborophila), 213.
Eurystomus, 39, 137, 177, 243.
Eusphalera, 363.
euthytoma (Xanthorhoe), 7.
Eutoea, 26.

evanescens (Parus), 313.
exasperatus (Oceanites), 353.
exempta (Hamalia), 5.
exter (Prinia), 281.
extranotata (Krananda), 28.
exultans (Aethopyga), 319.

Falco, 128, 231-233.
fallax (Parnara), 50.
falsa (Lalage), 141.
fasciata (Psittacula), 246.
fatuella (Parnara), 50.
feddeni (Dryocopus), 237.
feminina (Erythrina), 330.
ferrago (Streptopelia), 223.
ferrugiceps (Merops), 244.
ferruginea (Casarca), 226.
ferrugo (Aegocera), 375.
fictaria (Euippe), 25.
filamentosus (Phalacrocorax), 225.
finsehi (Pachycepha), 40.

— (Pachycephala), 143.

— (Psittacula), 245.
finschii (Ducula), 124.

— (Rhipidura), 140.
firmilinea (Medasina), 23.
flammeus (Asio). 234.
flavala (Hemixus), 305.
flavescens (Xanthixus), 304.
flavidiventris (Amandava), 336.
flavifasciola (Parnara), 50.
flavigastra (Cinnyris), 41, 142, 178.
flavirivulata (Graphidipus), 17.
flavirostris (Urocissa), 341.
flaviventris (Otocompsa), 306.
flesus (Tagiades), 49.

florensis (Corvus), 73.
foersteri (Henicophaps), 125.
fokiensis (Micropternus), 242.
forestan (Rhopalocampta), 52.
formosa (Anas), 226.
forresti (Dryocopus), 237.

— (Fulvetta), 269.

— (Ianthooincla), 267.

— (Phylloscopus), 287.

406

forresti (Streptopelia), 222.

— (Xiphirhynchus). 262.
Francolinus, 215.
Franklinia, 289, 290.
franklinii (Cyanops). 244.
fraternus (Litocerus), 152.
fraterculus (Pericrocotus), 297.
Fregetta, 357.
Fregettornis, 356, 357.
FringUla, 328.

frontalis (Hirundo), 139.

— (Phoenicurus), 252.

— (Sitta), 316.
frugilegus (Corvus), 92.
fucata (Emberiza), 325.
fuliginosa (Certhia), 317.

— (Chairaarrornis), 252.
fuligula (Xyroca), 225.
Fulvetta, 269.

fulvicauda (Paradoxornis), 310.
fulvifacies (Abrornis), 288.
fulvus (Charadrius), 34, 42, 221.
funebris (Picoides), 237.
fusca (Halcyon), 242.
fuscatus (Lanius), 307.

— (Phylloscopus), 285.
fnscicapillus (Corvus), 69.
fytchii (Bambusicola), 214.

galatia (Rhabdomantis), 50.
galenus (Celaenorrhinus), 49.
Gallicolumba, 35, 43, 125, 174.
Gallinula, 172, 216.
Gallus, 206.

ganeesa (Microscelis), 302.
Garrulus, 339, 340.
garzetta (Egretta), 227.
Gastrochaeta, 49.
gazeUae (Pitta), 138.
Gegenes, 50.
gelastes (Larus), 218.
gemina (Parnara), 50.
genestieri (Schoeniparus), 270.
Gennaeus, 209, 210.
gentilis (Ophthalmis), 360.
Geoffroyus, 131, 175.

Geolyces, 185.
giliau (Mino), 145.

girrenera (Hallastur), 38, 44, 128.

glabripes (Otus), 234.

Glareola, 222.

glareola (Tringa), 219.

glaucicomans (Muscicapa), 292.

Glaucidium, 233.

glaucogularia (Aegithalus), 313.

glebula (Litocerus). 151.

Globicera, 34, 124.

goniodes (Eupbyia), 8.

goodsoni (Lorius), 38, 131, 175.
Gorgyra, 49, 50.
gouldi (Dupetor), 174.

— (Turdus ), 258.
govinda (Milvus), 229.
gracilis (Franklinia), 289.

— (Leioptila), 272.
Gracupica, 339.
gradaria (Columba), 224.
graecus (Ctenophthalmus), 393.
grandis (Acridotheres), 339.

— (Criniger), 306.

— (Xiltava), 296.
Graphidipus, 16, 17.
Graptocephalus, 228.
Graucalus, 144, 177, 301.
grayi (Eos), 38.

grisea (Hyda), 49.
griseata (Ianthocincla), 263.
griseiceps (Criniger), 306.
griseiventris (Xiltava), 296.
griseotincta (Yuhina), 276.
guerini (Picus), 240.
guttacristatus (Chrysocolaptes), 242.
guttaticollis (Paradoxornis), 309.
guttatus (Enicurus), 250.
guttulata (Ceryle), 243.
gutturalis (Hirundo), 247.
Gymnodisca, 10, 11.

Hadrionella, 364.

Haematospiza, 329.

liaemorrhoidalis (Ophthalmis), 360.

hainana (Muscicapa), 293.

hainanus (Corvus), 84.

Halcyon, 38, 39, 45, 132-134, 176, 242.

haliaetus (Pandion), 228.

Haliastur, 38, 44, 128, 229.

Hamalia, 5.

hamiltoni (Puffinus), 351.

hanno (Ismene), 52.

— (Rhopaloeampta), 52.
hardniekii (Chloropsis), 305.
haringtoni (Oreicola), 254.
harterti (Brachypteryx), 270.

— (Eophona), 334.

— (Thalassogeron), 345.
hawaiensis (Corvus), 69.
hcinrothi (Edolisoma), 144.
Heraiprocne, 39, 138.
Heraipus, 305.
Hemiseia, 364.
Hemistola, 4.
Hemixus, 305.
Henicopernis, 126.
Henicophaps, 125.
Herbivocida, 284.

hereus (Sarangesa), 49.

407

hereus (Trichosemeia), 49.
hesperis (Corvus), 89.
heterocbtus (Geoffroyus), 131, 175.
Heterodisea, 188.
Heteromorpha, 309.
Heteropan. 363.
Heterophleps, 11, 12.
Heteroprion, 356.
Heteropterus, 50.
Heterostegane, 32.
Heteroxenicus, 270.
himalayensis (Dendrocitta), 341.

— (Loxia), 328.

— (Sitta), 315.
Himantopus, 219.
himantopus (Himantopus), 219.
Hippotion, 383.

Hirimdo, 139, 247, 248.
hispanus (Corvus), 101.
hodgsoni (Columba), 224.

— (Phoenicurus), 252.
hodgsonii (Muscicapa), 293.
Hodgsonius, 250.

hollandi (Xanthospilopteryx), 373.
holtzii (Parnara), 50.
Homophylotis, 365, 366.
Hoplopterus, 220.
Hoplosauris, 15.
hopwoodi (Dicrurus), 338.
Horeites, 284.
hottentotta (Chibia), 337.

— (Gegenes), 50.
howensis (Puffinus), 350.
Hucus, 165-167.
humilis (Onopopelia), 222.
huttoni (Phoebetria), 344.

— (Pseudoprion), 355.

— (Puffinus), 348.
Hyda, 49.

Hydrochelidon, 218.
Hydrornis, 247.

hyperythra (Dendrobiastes), 254.

— (Muscicapa), 293.
hyperytbrus (Dryobates), 239.
hypnopoea (Hemistola), 4.
hypodela (Chloroclystis), 11.

— (Gymnodisca). 11.
Hypoleucis, 50, 51.

hypoleucos (Tringa), 33. 42, 123, 172, 219.
Hypotaenidia, 172, 217.
Hypothymis, 295.
hypoxantha (Chelidorynx), 290.
Hypsipetes, 301.

Ianthocincla, 263-267.
Ibis, 228.

ignipectus (Dicaeum), 319.
ignotinca (Minla), 274, 275.

illustris (Basitropis), 169.
imberbis (Pomatorhinus), 262.
imitator (Accipiter), 37.
immaculata (Prunella), 249.
Immetalia, 358.
immutabilis (Diomedea), 346.
impediens (Monarcba), 40, 46, 177.
imperialis (Aletopus), 377.
impotens (Metallochlora), 3.
incii (Tcrpsiphone), 291.
indica (Saxieola), 255.
indicus (Dendronanthus), 321.

— (Oriolus), 336.
indus (Haliastur), 229.
indusiata (Gorgyra), 50.
inexpectatus (Orthotomus), 283.
infuscatus (Henicopernis), 126.
innominatus (Fregettornis), 356.
insignis (Artamus), 144.
insolens (Corvus), 107, 342.
insolitus (Ptilinopus). 34.
insularis (Ceratophyllus), 387.

— (Corvus), 85, 145, 178.

— (Fregettornis), 356.
intensicolor (Procarduelis), 328.
intcnsior (Passer), 327.

— (Propyrrhula), 329.
intermedia (Alauda), 325.

— (Egretta), 228.

— (Seicercus), 289.

— (Stenopsylla), 391.

— (Timelia), 268.

— (Yuhina), 278.
intermedius (Centropus), 235.

— (Corvus), 83.

— (Cuculus), 236.
mterscapularis (Megalurus), 143.
interstinctus (Falco), 232.
intricatus (Horeites), 284.

Iole, 303.

iphis (Pyrrhochalcia), 52.

iredali (Puffinus), 350.

Ismene, 52.

isogramma (Casbia), 188.

isophrica (Chloroclystis), 10.

— (Gymnodisca), 10.
iterans (Terpna), 2.
Ithaginis, 212, 213.
Ixobrychus, 226.
Ixops, 273, 274.
Ixulus, 276.

jamaicensis (Corvus), 95.
japonensis (Corvus), 81.

— (Megalornis), 217.
japonica (Alauda), 325.

— (Coturnix), 214.

— (Yynx), 237.

408

japonicua (Buteo), 231.
jarlandi (Bubo), 234.
javanicus (Butorides), 227.

— (Phalaerocorax). 22.V
jerdoni (Charadrius), 221.

— (Minla), 275.

— (Oreicola), 254.
joannae (Brachypteryx), 271.
jobiensis (Gallicolumba), 125.
jocata (Geolyces), 185.
jocosa (Otocompsa), 306.
johannac (Gallicolumba), 125, 174.
johnstoni (Gorgyra), 49.

jotaka (Caprimulgus), 246.
jouyi (Ardea), 228.

— (Hypotaenidia). 217.

kauriensis (Spelaeornis), 248.
kempi (Pullinus), 350.
Ketupa, 234.
khamensis (Accipiter), 230.

— (Certhia), 317.

— (Corvus), 77.

— (Dryocopus), 237.
khasiana (Suya), 281.
kobylini (Lauius), 308.
kordofanensis (Corvus), 91.
Krananda, 28.

kubaryi (Corvus), 73.
kuseri (Itkaginis), 212.

ladina (Acantuerta), 377.
laemostictus (Dierurus), 145.
Lalage, 141, 300, 301.
lanceolata (Ianthocincla), 265.
Lanius, 306-308.
lannini (Nephele). 381.
lapersonnei (Erythrina) 331.
laronia (Osmodes), 50.
Larus, 218.

latens (Acorynus), 151.
lateus (Turdus), 259.
latifrons (Ianthocincla), 266.
latirostris (Corvus), 86.

— (Muscicapa), 295.
laufella (Pteroteinon), 52.
laurencei (Cordis), 104.
laurentei (Brachypteryx), 271.

— (Horeites), 284.

— (Seicercus), 289.
laurentii (Anthipes), 290.

— (Pomatorhinus), 261.
layardorum (Dicaeum), 142.
laysani (Puffinus), 352.
leandcr (Andronymus), 50.
Leioptila, 271, 272.
Leiothrix, 268.

lepidus (Uragus), 332.
lesouefi (Hypotaenidia), 172.

leucampyx (Eois). 7.
Leucetaera, 32.
leucidia (Burgena), 359.
leucocephala (Chaimarrornia), 253.
leucocephalus (Microscelis), 301, 302.

— (Pandion), 178.

— (Pseudotantalus), 228.
leucogaster (Cuncuma), 178.
leucogenys (Dierurus). 338.

— (Ianthocincla), 266.
leucognaphalus (Corvus), 94.
leucolophus (Ianthocincla), 266.
leucomelanura (Ceryle), 243.
leucomelas (Litocerus), 163.
leucophrys (Brachypteryx), 271.
leucopsis (Motacilla), 322.
leucopterus (Phoenicurus), 252.
leucotis (Garrulus), 340.
leucura (Notodela), 253.
levaillantii (Corvus), 83.

ligys (Hamalia), 5.

lilfordi (Jlegalornis), 217.

limata (Mimeuseinia), 359.

limnaea (Poeeilasthena), 20.

Limosa, 219.

lineatus (Milvus), 229.

Litocerus, 151, 152, 163, 164.

Loraographa, 32.

lonchus (Stivalius). 390.

longicaudus (Orthotomus), 283.

longipennis (Aplonis), 47.

Lophophorus, 211.

Lophostethus, 380.

Lorius, 38, 131, 175.

loveridgei (Prasinocyma), 2.

lowei (Ianthocincla), 266.

Loxia, 328.

lucidus (Chalcites), 39, 45, 136, 176.

lucifer (Erythrina), 331.

ludia (Hadrionella), 364.

ludius (Sympaector), 153.

lugubris (Phylloscopus), 288.

Luscinia, 250, 251.

Lusciniola, 283.

lutea (Leiothrix), 268.

luteago (Acorynus), 161.

luteoschistaceus (Accipiter), 127.

Luxiaria, 26.

lychnis (Niltava), 296.

Lyncornis, 246.

lysima (Syrrhodia), 27.

macgrigoriae (Niltava), 296.
macquariensis (Heteroprion), 356.
macrocercus (Cacomantis), 136.
Macroglossura, 382.
macroleuca (Crocypus), 17.
Macropygia, 25, 43, 126, 174.

409

macrorhynchus (Corvus), 85.
raaculatus (Chalcitis), 236.

— (Turnix), 215.
maculicollis (Orthotomus), 283.
maderaspatensis (Motacilla), 322.
magna (Sitta), 316.
magnidica (Syzeuxis), 12.
magnirostris (Alcippe), 282.

— (Eophona), 334.

— (Phylloscopus), 288.

— (Pnoepyga), 249.

— (Urocissa), 340.
major (Horeites), 284.
malabarica (Sturnia), 338.
malaccensis (Passer), 328.
malayana (Otus), 234.
maldivarum (Glareola), 222.
maledivicus (Corvus), 107.
malthina (Coenides), 51.
mandarinus (Pericrocotus), 299.

— (Turdus), 258.

mandibularis (Nycticorax), 36, 44, 126.

mantschurica (Paradoxornis), 310.

maoriana (Pelagodroma), 353.

mariae (Minla), 275.

Marumba, 380.

mathewsi (Diomedea), 344.

mathias (Parnara), 50.

maxima (Ianthocincla), 267.

Mecocerina, 153.

Medasina, 23.

mediata (Graphidipus), 16.

meeki (Corvus), 74.

meena (Streptopelia), 223, 224.

Megalaema, 245.

Megaloba, 18.

Megalopterus, 33.

Megalornis, 217.

Megalurus, 143, 282.

Megapodius, 33, 42, 123, 171.

melaleuca (Rhipidura), 140, 177.

melanconia (Megaloba), 18.

melanicterus (Melophus), 325.

melanobasis (Arrothia), 373.

melanocephalus (Ibis), 228.

melanochroa (Ducula), 124.

melanogaster (Sterna), 218.

melanoleucus (Circus), 230.

melanoprora (Celerena), 1.

melanops (Emberiza), 326.

— (Graucalus), 177.
melanoptera (Lalage), 301.
melanorhyneha (Zosterops), 318.
melanoscbistus (Accipiter), 230.
melanotis (Pteruthius), 279.

— (Reinholdia), 348.
melanozantha (Pachyglossa), 319.
melanozanthus (Mycerobas), 335.

melanura (Macroglossum), 382.
melanuroides (Limosa), 219.
melaschistos (Lalage), 300.
Melittophagus, 244.
Melophus, 325.
meloui (Coenides), 50.
mengtszensis (Corvus), 342.
mera (Bihastina), 19.
merganser (Mergus), 225.
Mergus, 225.

Merops, 39, 138, 177, 244.
merulina (Stactocichla), 268.
Mesia, 280.
Mesothisa, 185.
mesotis (Argyrolepidia), 362.
Metalloehlora, 3.
mexicanus (Corvus), 87.
meyeri (Ptilinopus), 173.

— (Pucrasia), 208.
meza (Gastrochaeta), 49.
Microcichla, 249.
Micropsitta, 129, 130, 176.
Micropternus, 242.
Mieropus, 247.
Microsarcops, 221.
Microscelis, 301, 302.
mierota (Marumba), 380.
migratoria (Eophona), 334,
miles (Litocerus), 163.
Milvus, 229.
Mimeusemia, 359.

Minla, 274.
Mino, 145.
minor (Mixornis), 275.

— (Parus), 315.
minos (Corvus), 109.
minutus (Anous), 33.

— (Corvus), 91.

— (Megalopterus), 33.
missus (Neonectris), 353.
mixoleuca (Leucetaera), 32.
Mixornis, 275.

mixta (Procellaria), 355.
mjobergi (Stivahus), 389.
mocquerysii (Gorgyra), 49.
molitor (Acorynus), 149.
mollissimus (Turdus), 260.
Molpastes, 304, 305.
Monarcha, 40, 46, 139, 177.
monedula (Corvus), 75.
moneduloides (Corvus), 74.
Monticola, 256, 257.
monticola (Caprimulgus), 246.
MontilringilJa, 328.
montifringilla (Fringilla), 328.
montpellieri (Pericrocotus), 300.
moorei (Hippotion), 383.
moratus (Ctenophthalmus), 393.

410

morbosa (C'hrysoclystis), 11.
mortoni (Chalcopbaps), 44.
MotacUla. 321-323.
Moupinia, 270.
mugimaki (Muscicapa), 293.
multicolor (Euspbalera), 363.
multistriata (Prunella), 249.
inundellus {Acorynus), 155.
Munia, 335.

muraria (Tichotlroma), 317.
Muscicapa, 291-295.
musivus (Acorynus), 157.
muticus (Pavo), 211.
muttui (Muscicapa), 294.
Mycerobas, 334, 335.
Myiophoneus, 255, 256.
Myristicivora, 124.
mynnecoplioneus (Picus), 241.
Myzomela, 142, 143, 178.
Myzornis, 278.

Nadagarodes, 24.
namtiensis (Ianthocincla), 266.
Narthecusa, 181.
nasicus (Corvus), 94.
naumanni (Turdus), 258.
nebularia (Tringa), 220.
nebulosa (Sitta), 316.
necho (Ismene), 52.
necopina (Caprima), 364.
negus (Lophostethus), 380.
nemoricola (Capella), 219.

— (Montifringilla), 328.

— (Sturnia), 338.
Neonectris, 353.
Nephele, 381.

nesophilus (Dupetor), 36, 126.
Nettapus, 226.
neumanni (Dovania), 379.

— (Ptilinopus), 42.
neuricus (Acorynus), 160.
newtoni (Phylloscopus), 287.
niasicus (Acorynus), 159.
nicobarica (Caloenas), 35, 44, 123, 174.
nigerrimus (Microscelis), 301.

nigra (Ciconia), 228.
nigrescens (Dicrurus), 337.

— (Microscelis), 302.
nigriceps (Lanius), 308.

— (Tanysiptera), 134.
nigricolUs (Gracupica), 339.

— (Megalornis), 217.
nigricosta (Eois), 179.
nigrifrons (Amaurornis), 172.

— (Gallinula), 172.
nigrinus (Acorynus), 161.
nigripennis (Oestrelata). 347.
nigripileus (Molpastes), 305.

Xiltava, 295, 296.
Ninox, 129, 234.
nipalensis (Aethopyga), 320.

— (Aquila), 231.

— (Brachypteryx), 270.

— (Cutia), 279.

— (Hirundo), 247.

— (Hydrornis), 247.

— (Ixops), 273, 274.

— (Pitta), 247.
niso (Gegenes), 50.
nisosimilis (Accipiter), 229.
nitida (Aplonis), 47, 144, 178.
niveivena (Eupithecia), 180.
nivicola (Strix), 233.
nodifica (Gallicolumba), 35, 43.
nonyma (Prasinocyma), 2.
Notodela, 253.

novaehiberniae (Argyrolepidia), 361, .162.

— (Halcyon), 133.
novaehollandiae (Scythrops). 136.
nox (Semalea), 50.

Nucifraga, 340
nudipes (Chaetura), 247.
Nunienius, 33, 123.
nupera (Caprima), 364.
nusae (Halcyon), 38, 133.
nutcheri (Neonectris), 353.
nycthemerus (Gennaeus), 209.
Nycticorax, 36, 44, 126, 227.
nyeticorax (Nycticorax), 227.
Nyroca, 225.

oatesi (Muscicapa), 294.
obscurior (Dryobates), 239.

— (Yuhina), 278.
obscurus (Dryobates), 238.

— (Turdus), 258.
occipitalis (Urocissa), 340.
Oceanites, 353.
ocbracea (Sasia), 242.
ochropus (Tringa), 220.
ocularis (MotacUla), 322.
odicus (Pomatorhinus), 262.
odiosa (Ninox), 129.
Oestrelata, 347.

Oligura, 248.

olivaceum (Dicaeum), 319.
olivaceus (Cephalopyrus). 312.
oliveri (Aestrelata), 347.
omissus (Dryobates), 238.
Onopopelia, 222.
ophiusa (Hj'poleucis), 50.
ophthalmica (Cacatoes), 129.
Ophthalmia, 360, 361.
optatus (Cuculus), 136, 236.
Oreicola, 254.
Oreocorys, 324.

411

orientalis (Acrocephalus), 283.

— (Corvus), 111.

— (Culicicapa), 290.

— (Pernis), 228.

— (Streptopelia), 223.

— (Upupa), 244.
Oriolus, 336.

omatus (Merops), 39, 138, 177.

orru (Corvus), 85.

Orthotomus, 283.

osai (Corvus), 82.

Osmodes, 50.

ossifragus (Corvus), 88.

Otocompsa, 306.

Otus, 234.

oustaleti (Ianthocincla), 263.

oxyura (Stenopsylla), 391.

ozola (Mesothisa), 185.

paoalis (Eusphalera), 363.

Pachsophylla, 14.

Pachycephala, 40, 46, 143, 178.

Pachyglossa, 319.

paoifica (Bulweria), 354.

pacificus (Eurystomus), 177.

Pagodrorna, 354.

pallens (Cypa), 380.

pallescens (Corvus), 109.

pallidior (Charmosynopsis), 45, 131. 176.

pallidus (Hucus), 165.

— (Pteruthius), 280.

— (Turdus), 259.
palmarum (Corvus), 90.
palpebrosa (Zosterops), 318.
Pamphila, 50.

Pandion, 178, 228.
pandoo (Monticola), 257.
Paradoxornis, 309-311.
Paralcidia, 184.
parasitus (Sthenauge), 367.
Pardaleodes, 50.
Parnara, 50.
Parus, 313-315.
parvifrons (Gallinula), 216.
parvirostris (Suya), 281.
pascuus (Corvus), 89.
Passer, 327, 328.
pastinator (Corvus), 93.
paulus (Corvus), 89.
Pavo, 211.
pectoralis (Ianthocincla), 266.

— (Luscinia), 251.
peguensis (Ploceus), 336.
pekinensis (Falco), 233.
pelagica (Alcedo), 39, 135.
Pelagodroma, 353.
Pelecanus, 224.
pelewensis (Anas), 36.

28

penelope (Anas), 225.
peosinus (Acoryuus), 148.
Pericrocotus 297-300.
Perissospiza, 334.
perniger (Microscelis), 301.
Pernis, 228, 229.
pernyi (Dryobates), 239.
perobscura (Parnara), 50.
perpinnatus (Ceratophyllus), 386.
personata (Eophona), 334.
pescadoresi (Neonectris), 353.
Phalacrocorax, 224, 225.
Phasianus, 207.
phayrei (Alcippe). 282.

— (Francolinus), 215.
philander (Andronymus), 50.
Philemon, 143.
philippensis (Monticola), 257.

— (Pelecanus), 224.
philippinus (Corvus), 86.

— (Merops), 244.
philornis (Plutodes), 29.
phocion (Ceratrichia), 50.
Phoebetria, 344.

phoenicuroides (Hodgsonius), 250.
Phoenicurus, 251, 252.
Phragamaticola, 283.
Phyllergates, 282.
Phylloscopus, 285-288.

Pica, 341.

Picoides, 237.

Picumnus, 237.

Pious, 240, 241.

pileatus (Halcyon), 242.

pisistratus (Rhopalocampta), 52.

pistrinaria (Ducula), 34, 43.

Pitta, 138, 247.

placidus (Charadrius), 221.

plagosus (Chalcites), 177.

platyrhyncha (Anas), 225,

Ploceus, 336.

plotzo (Acteros). 50.

plurnbeitarsus (Phylloscopus), 287.

plumbipes (Turnix), 215.

plumbocaerulea (Euippe), 25.

Plutodes, 29-31.

Pnoepyga, 249.

Podiceps, 224.

Poecilasthena, 20.

poggei (Podiceps), 224.

Pogonogya, 6.

poliocephalus (Porphyrio), 216

pohogenys (Seicercus), 289.

poliopsis (Accipiter), 230.

poliotis (Ixops), 274.

— (Paradoxornis), 310.
polygnampta (Plutodes), 30.
polymiges (Cleora), 22.

412

Poraatorhinus. 260-262.
Porphyrio. 216.
Porzana, 216, 217.
practicus (Tarsiger), 253.
praemiuin (Phylloscopus), 285.
Prasinocyma, 2.
Prinia, 281.

prionurus (C'acomantis), 54-56.
Prooarduelis, 328.
Procellaria, 354. 355.
progressa (Thalassodes), 2.
Propyrrliula, 329.
proregulus (Phylloscopus), 286.
protegatus (Corvus), 107.
proxima (Coenides), 51.
proximifascia (Atopophysa), 9.
proximus (Celaenorrhinus), 49.
Prunella, 249.
przewalakii (Saxicola), 255.
psaroides (Microscelis), 302.
Pseudodolbina , 379.
Pseudominla, 270.
Pseudoprion, 355.
Pseudotantalus, 228.
Psittacula, 245, 246.
Psittiparus, 309.
Pteroteinon, 52.
Pteruthius, 279, 280.
Ptilinopus, 34. 42, 124, 173.
Pucrasia, 208.
Puffinus, 347-352.
pulcher (Phylloscopus) 288.
pulcherrima (Erythrina), 330.
pulla (Eophona), 334.
purpuraria (Xadagarodes), 24.
purpurea (Cochoa), 256.
pusilla (Emberiza), 325.

— (Pnoepyga). 249.

— (Porzana), 217.
pusillus (Corvus), 72.

pusio (Micropsitta), 129, 176.

Pycnonotus, 304.

Pyctorhis, 268.

Pyrotrogon, 246.

Pyrrhochalcia, 52.

Pyrrhocorax, 339.

pyrrhooorax (Pyrrhocorax), 339.

Pyrrhoplectes, 332.

pyrrhoura (Myzornis), 278.

Pyrrhula, 332.

pyrrophanus (C'acomantis), 54.

quaterna (Ceratrichia), 49.

— (Trichosemeia), 49.
querquedula (Anas), 226.
querulus (Cacomantis), 235.

raddei (CapeUa), 218.

reconditus (Pomatorhinus), 261.
recrinita (Sterrha), 6.
Regulus, 312.
reichenowi (Collocalia), 138.

— (Pardaleodes), 50.
reinholdi (Puffinus), 347.
Kcinholdia, 348.
remotum (Edolisoma), 40.
renimacula (Boarmia), 184.
repleta (Ectropis), 22.
rescripts (Luxiaria), 26.
respectabilis (Zeheba), 28.
restrictus (Argyrolepidia), 362.
retusus (Acorynus), 148.

rex (Parus), 313.
Rhabdomantis, 50.
rhaebus (Stivalius), 3S9.
Rhipidura, 140, 141, 177, 296. 297.
rhipidurus (Corvus), 95.
Rhopalocampta, 52.
Rhopodytes, 234.
richardi (Anthus), 323.
ricketti (Paradoxornis), 310, 311.

— (Phylloscopus), 287.

— (Pteruthius), 279.

— (Pyrrhula), 332.

— (Spilornis), 231.
Riparia, 248.
ripponi (Abrornis), 288.

— (Actinodura), 273.

— (Erythrina), 329.

— (Gennaeus), 209.

— (Prunella), 249.

— (Seicercus), 289.
rivolii (Ptilinopus), 124.
robiginascens (Eupitliecia), 9.
robinsoni (Gallus), 206.
rocki (Ithaginis), 213.
rookensis (Burgena), 359.
roseata (Erythrina), 329.
roseatus (Anthus), 324.
roseus (Pericrocotus), 299.
rostrata (Turnix), 215.
Rostratula, 218.

Rothia, 373.

rothschildi (Muscicapa), 294.
rouxi (Yuhina), 277.
royanus (Fregettornis), 357.

— (Puffinus), 351.
rubeculoides (Muscicapa), 292.
rubicilla (Erythrina), 331.
rubicilloides (Erythrina), 331, 332.
rubricapilla (Mixornis), 275.
rubricera (Ducula), 34, 124.

— (Globicera), 34, 124.
rubronigra (Munia), 335.
rufescens (Franklinia), 290.
ruficollis (Corvus), 105.

413

ruficollis (Erolia), 220.

— (Pomatorhinus), 260, 262.

— (Turdus), 259.
rufitinctus (Accipiter), 229.
rufiventer (Pteruthius), 279.
rufiventris (Phoenicurus), 252.
rufocastanea (Macropygia), 43, 126, 174.
rufulus (Anthus), 324.

rupestris (Riparia), 248.
rusticola (Scolopax), 219.
rutila (Emberiza), 327.
rutilans (Passer), 327.

sacerdotis (Ceyx), 135.

sacra (Demigretta), 175.

salvadorii (Eudynamis), 136.

salvini (Thalassogeron), 346.

salwinensis (Abrornis). 288.

samarensis (Corvus), 72.

sancta (Halcyon), 39, 45, 134, 176.

sanguinipectus (Aethopyga), 320.

sannio (Ianthocincla), 267.

saphira (Muscicapa), 293.

Sarangese, 49.

Sarcogrammus, 221.

sardonius (Corvus), 108.

Sasia, 242.

Sataspes, 381.

sator (Pardaleodes), 50.

saturata (Aethopyga), 320.

— (Upupa), 244.
saturatior (Ixops), 274.

— (Parus), 313.

— (Procarduelis), 328.
saturatus (Erythrina), 332.

— (Falco), 232.

— (Phylloscopus), 287.
saularis (Copsychus), 254.
saurophaga (Halcyon), 38, 45, 176.
Saxicola, 255.

saxidius (Acorynus), 156.
Scardamia, 29.
schach (Lanius), 306, 307.
schaefferi (Alcippe), 282.
schistaceus (Enicurus), 250.
schisticeps (Phoenicurus), 251.
Schoeniparus, 270.
scholaea (Pogonogya), 6.

— (Sterrha), 6.
schvedowi (Accipiter), 230.
schwarzi (Herbivocula), 284.
scintilliceps (Dryobates), 238.
scitinus (Acorynus), 160.
sclateri (Graucalus), 144.

— (Myzomela), 178.
Scolopax, 219.
Scopula, 4.

scotti (Sataspes), 381.

scouleri (Microcichla), 249.

Scythrops, 136.

Seicercus, 288, 289.

Semalea, 50.

semicoronatus (Dryobates), 237.

serainanis (Syzeuxis), 13.

Semiotliisa, 23.

semitorques (Spizixus), 303.

serica (Pica), 341.

sericea (Sturnia), 338.

Serilophus, 243.

Seudyra, 377.

severtzovi (Erythrina), 331.

severus (Falco), 128.

sharpei (Ianthocincla), 263.

sharpii (Corvus), 109.

siamensis (Acorynus), 150.

— (Graucalus), 301.

— (Lanius), 308.
sibilans (Luscinia), 251.
sima (Xjdopteryx), 182.
similis (Ianthocincla), 267.

— (Iole), 303.

— (Pomatorhinus), 261.
simillima (Motacilla), 322.
simplex (Zosterops), 318.
sinensis (Centropus), 235.

— (Enicurus), 250.

— (Garrulus), 339.

— (Ixobrychus), 226.

— (Phalacrocorax), 224.

— (Pyctorhis), 268.

— (Sturnia), 338.
sinuatus (Acorynus), 159.

— (Corvus), 102.

sipahi (Haematospiza), 329.
Sitta, 315, 316.
Siva, 275, 276.
socius (Turdus), 260.
soemmeringii (Corvus), 75.
solitaria (Aphantocephala), 365.

— (Capella), 218.
solitarius (Monticola), 257.
solomonensis (Eurystomus), 39.

— (Lorius), 38.
solomonis (Halcyon), 132.
somereni (Aspilatopsis), 181.
sordida (Araehnothera), 321.
sordidior (Fulvetta), 269.

— (Moupinia), 270.

— (Picus), 241.

souliei (Actinodura), 273.

— (Cinclus), 248.

— (Spelaeornis), 248.
sowerbyi (Eophona), 334.
sparverioides (Cuculus), 236.
speciosus (Pericrocotus), 297.
Spelaeornis, 248.

414

spermologus (Corvus), 75.

Sphenocercvis, 222.

sphenorrhyma (Trichopteriiria), 14.

spilonotus (Circus). 231.

Spilornis, 231.

spiramus (Stivalius), 391.

Spizixus. 303.

splendens (Corvus), 1o7.

spodocephala (Emberiza), 326.

squamata (Ianthocincla), 267.

squameiceps (Urosphena). 284.

Stachyris, 272.

Stactocichla, 268.

Staphidea, 272.

steadi (Procellaria). 354.

Steirophora, 17.

stejnegeri (Saxicola), 255.

Stenopsylla, 391.

stenura (Capella), 218.

stephani (Chalcophaps). 35, 126, 174.

Sterna, 218.

Sterrha. 6.

Sthenauge, 367-370.

stichoderes (Litocerus), 164.

Stivalius, 389-391.

stolidus (Anous), 171.

Strachyridopsis, 273.

stramineus (Acorynus), 163.

strebla (Anonychia), 28.

streichi (Falco), 233.

Streptopelia, 222-224.

stresemanni (Dryobates), 240.

— (Halcyon), 133, 176.

— (Micropsitta). 130.
striata (Staphidea), 272.
striatus (Alcurus). 303.
striolata (Hirundo), 248.
striolatus (Anthus), 323.
Strix, 233.

strophiata (Museicapa), 295.

Sturnia, 338.

styani (Hypothymis), 295.

— (Ianthocincla), 265.

— (Paradoxornis), 310. 311.

— (Pericrocotus), 299.
suavis (Basitropis), 168.
subaffinis (Phylloscopus), 285.
subdolus (Acorynus), 159,
subfacata (Gorgyra), 50.
subfiavescens (Myristicivora), 124.
subfurcatus (Micropus), 247.
sublineatus (Graucalus), 144.
subpulchrata (Nadagarodes), 24.
BubsquamicoLlis (Munia), 335.
subviridis (Farus), 313.

— (Phylloscopus). L'sfi.
sufTusa (Paradoxornis), 310.
sulcicollis (Hucua), 165.

sundara (Xiltava). 21)5.
superbus (Ptilinopus), 34, 124.
Buperciliaris (Suva), 281.
Buperciliosus (Lauius), 308.
Sumiculus, 235.
Suthora, 30!).
Suva. 2SO. 2SI.
swinhoei (Hydiochelidon), 218.

— (MelittophaL'us). 244.
sylvanus (Oreocorys), 324.
Sympaector, 152, 153, 164.
Syrinaticus. 208.
Syrrhodia, 26, 27.
Syzeuxis, 12, 13.
szechenyii (Tetraophasis), 215.

Tagiadcs, 49.
taigoor (Turnix), 215.
taitensis (Urodynamis), 45.
talasea (Tardus), 141.
talifucnsis (AegithalLseus). 312.

— (Troglodytes), 249.
Tanysiptcra, 134.
Tarsiger, 253. 254.
tectirostris (Bhringa). 337.
teleleuca (C'osmethis), 20.
telephonua (Cuculus), 236.
temmincki (Myiophoneus), 256.

- (Tragopan), 212.
tenebrosus (Dryobates), 240.
tenellipes (Phylloscopus), 287.
tentilinca (Xadagarodes), 24.
tenuirostris (Oriolus), 336.
tenus (Sympaector), 164.
Tephrina, 186, 187.
tephrocephalus (Seicercus), 288.
teplirogenys (Criniger). 306.
tephronotus (Lanius), 306, 307.
Terekia, 219.

Terpna. 2.
Terpsiphone, 291.
tersa (Basitropis), 169.
Tesia, 248.

tessellifimbria (Syzeuxis), 12.
Tetraophasis, 215.
tetrastigma (Trichoseraeia), 49.
thalassina (Museicapa), 291.
Thalassodes, 2.
Thalassogeron, 345, 346.
thecla (Sarangesc), 49.
thibetanua (Carduelia), 332.

— (Parus). 315.
thops (OsmodeB), 50.
thoracica (Lusciniola), 283.
thunbergi (Motacilla), 322.
tibetamia (Corvus), 98.
Tichodroma. 317.
tiekellii (.Museicapa), 292,

415

tigrinus (Lanius), 308.

Timelia, 268.

tingitanus (Corvus). 102.

tinnunculus (Falco). 231, 232.

tintinnabulans (Cisticola), 280.

tiphia (Aegithina), 304.

tonkinensis (Aethopyga), 320.

topela (Munia), 335.

tora (Cleora), 183.

Torgos. 231.

torquatus (Corvus), 112.

torqueola (Arborophila), 213.

torquola (Staphidea). 272.

Tragopan, 212.

traillii (Oriolus), 336.

trihulis (Ceratophyllus). 388.

Trichoglossus, 38, 44, 131, 175.

Trichopterigia, 14.

Trichosemeia, 49.

tricolor (Muscicapa), 292.

trifasciata (Erythrina), 330.

Tringa, 33, 34, 42, 123, 172, 219, 220.

triplaris (Acorynus), 155.

tripogonias (Asthenotricha), 20, 181.

tripunctata (Hypoleucis), 50.

triseriata (Tephrina), 186.

tristis (Acridotheres), 338.

— (Corvus), 68.

— (Rhopodytes), 234.
tristrami (Emberiza), 327.

— (Halcyon), 132.
trochiloides (Phylloscopus), 286.
Troglodytes, 249.

tunneyi (Pufnnus), 350.
Turdinulus, 269.
Turdus, 141, 258-260.
Turnix, 215.
typicus (Corvus), 72.
tyrianthina (Immetalia), 358.
tytleri (Cisticola), 280.

— (Hirundo), 247.
Tyto, 44.

ugandensis (Narthecusa), 181.
uraboi (Philemon), 143.
umbraticus (Horeites), 284.
unicolor (Corvus), 73.
uniformis (Sthenauge), 369.
Upupa, 244.
Uragus, 332.
Urocissa, 340, 341.
Urodynamis, 45.
Urosphena, 284.

vacillans (Strcptopelia), 222.
vagabunda (Ceratophyllus), 386, 387.
valentini (Seicercus), 289.
validus (Acorynus), 150.

validus (Corvus), 70.
van-wyckii (Ducula), 174.
variegatus (Xumenius), 33, 123.
varius (Corvus), 100.
vegetus (Corvus), 74.
vehemens (Semiothisa), 23.
velatus (Acorynus), 147.
venningi (Turdinulus), 269.
ventralis (Hoplopterus), 220.
vergens (Acorynus), 161.
verticalis (Monarcha), 140.
vidua (Doratopsylla), 392.
vigens (Hemiscia), 364.
villosa (Sitta), 316.
vinacea (Erythrina), 329.
violaceus (Centropus), 137.
violaceus (Corvus), 72.
virens (Megalaema), 245.
viridicauda (Aethopyga), 320.
vitalis (Seudyra), 377.

waldeni (Ixops), 273, 274.
wallacei (Acorynus), 146.
waltoni (Erythrina), 330.
webbiana (Paradoxornis), 310, 311.
wellsi (Ianthocincla), 263.

— (Parus), 313.
whitei (Muscicapa), 292.
whitelyi (Cilaucidium), 233.
williamsoni (Zosterops), 318.
wingatei (Siva), 275.
woodfordi (Corvus), 74.
woodfordiana (Hemiprocne), 39.
woodi (Ianthocincla), 267.
wortheni (Aestrelata), 347.
wrayi (Brachypteryx), 271.

Xandrames, 21.
Xanthixus, 304.
xantholeuca (Erpornis), 278.
Xanthorhoe, 7.

xanthorrous (Pycnonotus), 304.
Xanthospilopteryx, 373.
Xiphirhynchus, 262.
Xylopteryx, 182.
xylos (Pamphila), 50.

— (Parnara), 50.

yarnakensis (Pyrotrogon), 246.
yangpiensis (Yuhina), 276.
ypsilon (Acorynus), 157.
Yuhina, 276-278.
yunnanensis (Actinodura), 273.

— (Alcippe), 282.

— (Anthus), 323.

— (Certhia), 317.

— (Corvus), 342.

— (Emberiza), 326.

416

yunnanensis (Fulvetta), 269.

— (Ianthooincla), 264.

— (Leiothrix), 268.

— (Nucifraga), 340.

— (Paradoxornis), 310.

— (Parus). 314.

— (Phylloscopus), 286.

— (Picus), 241.

— (Regulus), 312.

— (Saxicola), 255.

— (Sitta), 315.

— (Siva), 276.

— (Sphenocercus), 222.

— (Stachyris), 272.

yunnanensis (Suva), 281.

— (Tarsiger), 253.

— (Turdus), 259.
yvettae (Pericroootus), 300.
Yynx, 237.

Zamarada, 31.

zanthopygia (Muscicapa), 295.

Zeheba, 28. .

zonatus (Acorynus), 162.

Zophopetes, 52.

Zostcrops, 46, 48, 317, 318.

zugmeyeri (Corvus), 106.

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

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By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

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A REVISION OF THE LEPI DOPTEROUS FAMILY

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