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August - 1996

Noxious Weed

Management Plan
and

Environmental

Assessment

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Region 7

STATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION

FF3 1 1 2002

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY
1515 E. 6th AVE.
HELENA, MONTANA 59620

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

3 0864 0015 3197 2

Noxious Weed
Management Plan

Montana Fish , Wildlife & Parks

Region Seven

Prepared by
State Parks Division
P. O. Box 1630
Miles City , MT 59301

August 1996

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Noxious Weed Management Program Guidance and Objectives 1

1.2 Existing Statutory Requirements 2

1.3 Overview and Setting 3

1.3.1 Property Groups .4

2.0 NOXIOUS WEED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES . 14

2.1 General Approach 14

2.2 Conceptual Framework to Prioritize Activities 14

2.2.1 Species Specific Directives 14

2.2.2 Location and Population Size 15

2.2.3 Special Management Zones ............................ 16

2.3 Treatment Methods and Techniques 20

2.3.1 Manual 20

2.3.2 Cultural 21

2.3.3 Biological 22

2.3.4 Chemical 23

2.4 Inventory and Monitoring Procedures . 26

2.5 Assignment of Plan Responsibilities 26

2.5.1 Oversight of Plan Implementation 26

2.5.2 DFWP R-7 Applicators, Licenses and Record Keeping ........ 26

2.5.3 Contracted Services .................................. 27

2.6 Other Subjects of Concern 31

2.6.1 Threatened, Endangered, and Sensitive Species ............. 31

2.6.2 Herbicide Labels 31

3.0 PROPERTY GROUP TREATMENT PLANS 32

3.1 Wildlife Management Areas .................................. 32

3.1.1 Introduction 32

3.1.2 Former Glacier Park Co. Parcels 34

3.1.3 F Island and Fort Keogh Islands 36

3.1.4 Elk Island 37

3.1.5 Isaac Homestead. 39

3.1.6 Seven Sisters 41

l

TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued

Page

3.2 Fishing Access Sites 43

3.2.1 Introduction 43

3.2.2 Yellowstone River Drainage 45

3.2.3 Tongue River Drainage 48

3.2.4 Powder River Drainage 50

3.2.5 Missouri River Drainage 52

3.2.6 Ponds and Lakes 53

3.3 State Parks and Administrative Sites 55

3.3.1 Introduction 55

3.3.2 Makoshika 57

3.3.3 Rosebud Battlefield 60

3.3.4 Medicine Rocks 62

3.3.5 Pirogue Island 64

3.3.6 Tongue River. 65

3.3.7 Hell Creek. . 68

3.3.8 Miles City Fish Hatchery 70

3.3.9 Region Seven Administrative Sites 71

4.0 REFERENCES 73

• •
u

TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued

APPENDICES

Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C

Appendix D

Appendix E
Appendix F

Appendix G

Appendix H

County Noxious Weed Control Act of 1979
Synopsis of Noxious Weed Species

Laws and Policies Relating to the Management of Noxious
Weeds

Biological Control Agents Available in Montana and Those
Released on Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Properties

Herbicide Emergency Response Plan

Sensitive Species Occurring in the Vicinity of Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Region 7 Properties

Herbicides Proposed for Use on Department of Fish, Wildlife
and Parks Region 7 Properties

Herbicide Label Instructions and Safety Precautions

m

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2016

https://archive.org/details/noxiousweedmanag1996mont

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Noxious weed species present and status on Department of
Fish, Wildlife and Parks Wildlife Management Areas in Region
7 . . . . . 7

Table 2. Noxious weed species present and status on Department of
Fish, Wildlife and Parks Fishing Access Sites in Region 7 by
drainage 9

Table 3. Noxious weed species present and status on Department of

Fish, Wildlife and Parks State Parks in Region 7 12

Table 4. Soil index values, risk classes, and soil descriptions used to
identify groundwater areas sensitive to chemical
contamination 18

IV

■

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1 Properties owned by or leased to Montana Department of Fish,

Wildlife and Parks in Region 7 5

Figure 2 Assignment of Plan Responsibilities, Department of Fish,

Wildlife and Parks in Region 7 28-30

Figure 3 Wildlife Management Areas (WMA’s) administered by
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks in Region

7 . . 35

Figure 4 Fishing Access Sites administered by Montana Department of

Fish, Wildlife and Parks in Region 7 46

Figure 5 State Parks administered by Montana Department of Fish,

Wildlife and Parks in Region 7 58

v

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Noxious Weed Management Program Guidance and Objectives

The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (DFWP) recently adopted its Vision
document which describes the direction in which the Department is heading and how the
goals articulated within that document will be reached (DFWP 1992). The basic Mission
of the agency is:

"to provide for the stewardship of the fish, wildlife, parks, and recreational
resources of Montana, while contributing to the quality of life for present and
future generations."

A key element of all DFWP programs is to consider how policies and programs affect
adjacent lands, and in turn, how adjacent lands affect DFWP properties. This perspective
is rooted in a strong commitment to public involvement in management decisions. In 1983,
the Department adopted a Noxious Weed Control Program (NWMP) for lands managed by
the agency (DFWP 1983). The objective of the program is:

"to prevent, to the greatest extent possible, the reproduction, proliferation, and
distribution of agriculturally undesirable plant species throughout department
lands or from department lands onto adjacent lands."

Overall direction for regional implementation of the NWMP is provided by the Vision
document and statutory requirements based in state law and local ordinances. The purpose
of DFWP Region 7’s Noxious Weed Management Plan (Plan) is to describe the strategies
and management actions necessary for the prevention, stabilization, control, or eradication
of noxious weed populations on DFWP lands.

Management actions must be appropriate to land classification and use, and must satisfy
DFWP’s legal mandate to serve as steward of specific natural and recreational lands within
southeastern Montana. This Plan outlines an integrated approach to noxious weed
management based on site conditions by employing a variety of methods and techniques,
including manual, cultural, biological, and chemical treatments will be applied. More
specifically, the objectives of the Plan are to:

• Meet legal requirements (including the County Noxious Weed Control act and the
Montana Environmental Policy Act) to manage plants declared as noxious weeds by
the State, and by the Big Horn, Carter, Custer, Dawson, Fallon, Garfield, Prairie,
Richland, Rosebud and Treasure county weed boards.

• Develop and implement an integrated approach to noxious weed management and
a strategy to prioritize treatment areas.

1

• Attempt to contain, reduce or eradicate noxious weed populations, depending on the
location and density and to discourage the introduction of new noxious weed species.

• Work cooperatively with adjacent landowners and the County Weed Boards to enable
consistent and sound weed treatment efforts.

• Conduct treatments in an ecologically responsible manner to protect and maintain
fish, wildlife, vegetation, and recreation resources and to ensure human health and
safety.

• Involve the public in the planning process.

• Update the plan every six years.

12 Existing Statutory Requirements

The State of Montana has recognized the damaging effects of noxious weeds in laws and
regulations. The County Noxious Weed Control Act of 1979 (MCA 7-22-21-1 et seq ., as
amended 1991, Appendix A) defines "noxious weeds" as "any exotic plant species established
or that may be introduced in the state which may render land unfit for agriculture, forestry,
livestock, wildlife, or other beneficial uses or that may harm native plant communities..."
Administered at the county level, this law requires counties to develop weed control districts
to plan and implement a weed control program. County commissioners appoint a district
weed board which is responsible for the administration and enforcement of the district’s
noxious weed control efforts. The law provides for the promulgation of rules to list
statewide noxious weeds and, it allows for county-wide listing of additional species. In
addition, this law also gives specific direction to counties for cooperation with state and
federal-aid programs. Furthermore, the law states that "it is unlawful for any person to
permit any noxious weed to propagate or go to seed on his [or her] land" (7-22-2115) and,
it encourages landowners to file weed control plans (7-22-2116).

This Plan has also been prepared in anticipation of the encouragement state agency weed
control efforts will receive from the 1995 Montana Legislature’s House Bill #395 (MCA 7-
22-2151). The measure in a broad sense, requires state agencies to enter into cooperative
agreements with local weed district boards for the purpose of integrated noxious weed
management on state lands. The measure also requires agencies to formulate 6 year weed
management plans for lands administered by each agency. The DFWP R-7 Weed
Management Plan will serve as the "umbrella" document for R-7’s cooperative agreements
and 6 year plans under (MCA 7-22-2151). This Plan and accompanying Environmental
Assessment (EA), will provide the guidelines and objectives for weed control management,
including treatments, selected in the 6 year plans.

2

The weed species declared as noxious by the State of Montana (through the Department
of Agriculture) and by the individual county weed boards within the administrative
boundaries of DFWP Region 7 are listed in Appendix B. The treatment of noxious weeds,
particularly through the use of herbicides, is also subject to other state and federal laws as
well as the policies and programs of other agencies. These are summarized in Appendix C.

13 Overview and Setting

Exotic (non-native) "weedy" plants have been noted in Montana throughout this century.
DFWP draws a distinction between "weedy" species and "noxious" species. DFWP
recognizes the value of some weed species to wildlife as food and/or cover. For example,
some "weedy" species in the composite family (e.g. dandelion. Prickly lettuce, and Goat’s
beard) are important components of upland game bird summer diets. As declared in law,
"noxious" weeds are those non-native species which are very aggressive and successful
competitors for nutrients, moisture, and space. In the past few decades, some noxious weed
species have become significant components of local vegetation communities, actually
dominating some sites. Noxious weeds may reduce vegetation biodiversity and may limit the
diversity of wildlife. Native vegetation species are also more desirable for providing erosion
control and visual aesthetics.

Noxious weeds occur on many sites currently administered by DFWP, although most
invasions occurred prior to DFWP acquisition. The number of species and the total
coverage vary considerably by site and the nature of land use. Important factors influencing
noxious weed establishment include proximity to water, previous overgrazing practices,
human activities, site disturbance and seed dispersal - the latter two of which can be
aggravated by road access.

This Plan considers the treatment and management of noxious weeds on 42 separate
properties totaling approximately 18,000 acres owned by or leased to DFWP Region 7 within
Big Horn, Carter, Custer, Dawson, Fallon, Garfield, Prairie, Richland, Rosebud and
Treasure Counties (DFWP 1994). Figure 1 illustrates the location of these properties. In
certain instances, on properties leased to or leased out by the department, weed control
responsibilities have been retained by the private or public lessee or leaseholder. This Plan
will note the location of such properties, but will not address noxious weed management as
individual leases may specifically address the topic. Also, this Plan does not address Block
Management lands or Fishing Pond and Reservoir Program agreements with private and
public owners, as weed control responsibilities are retained by those entities. Chapter 2.0
identifies strategies to prioritize treatment activities and reviews methods and techniques of
noxious weed treatments. Chapter 3.0 outlines specific weed management programs for the
groups of properties outlined below.

3

13.1 Property Groups

Lands administered by DFWP can be classified according to the Department Land
Classification Manual (DFWP 1988) based on management, uses and funding sources.

The Wildlife Division oversees the Wildlife Management Areas (WMA’s) and Wildlife
Habitat Protection Areas (WHPA’s). These areas are set aside primarily to preserve
wildlife habitat and secondarily to provide opportunities for both consumptive and non-
consumptive outdoor recreation. Within Region 7, there are 8 WMA’s and 2 WHPA’s
totaling 3,208.3 acres.

The Fisheries Division oversees the management of State Fish Hatcheries. Weed control
responsibilities are carried out by personnel at each unit. There is one Fish hatchery in
Region 7 totalling 245.6 acres.

The Parks Division manages State Parks (SP’s) classified as either: natural, historic, or
recreational. SP’s are established for the purpose of conserving the scenic, historic,
archaeologic, scientific and recreational resources of the state and providing for their use
and enjoyment, thereby contributing to the cultural, recreational and economic life of the
people and their health (23-1-101 MCA). There are 6 SP’s totaling 13,316.5 acres in Region
7.

The Parks Division also oversees the management of Fishing Access Areas and/or Sites (for
purposes of this report, all will be referred to as FAS’s). The primary goal of the FAS
system in Montana, is to provide the public with access to high-quality fishing opportunities.
FAS’s also provide secondary recreational opportunities, including picnicking, camping, and
wildlife viewing opportunities among others. There are 23 access sites in Region 7, totalling
1,120 acres.

The Region 7 headquarters complex is comprised of two sites totalling 7.6 acres. The Parks
Division oversees the weed control activities on these sites.

Because of differences in land use, site disturbance, and the degree of noxious weed
establishment, these lands have different opportunities and constraints for the management
of noxious weeds. Therefore, this Plan will examine groups of properties where similarities
merit and will direct appropriate management strategies accordingly. Site specific
management strategies will be outlined for property groups, while recognizing that some
deviations will occur. These differences will be highlighted and addressed more specifically
in Part 3.0 of this document. The following discussion describes the groupings in general,
whereas Tables 1, 2 and 3 outline the property groups, list discrete properties by name, and
report the findings of the most recent noxious weed inventories conducted on the majority
of sites during spring, 1993.

4

Master Legend for Department Property

Fishing Access Sites

1 . Diamond Willow

2. Sidney Bridge

3. Gartside Dam

4. Intake

5. Hollecker Pond

6. Johnson Reservoir

7. Fallon Bridge

8. Powder River Depot

9. Bonfield

10. Kinsey Bridge

1 1 . Roche Juane

12. Far West

13. East Rosebud

14. West Rosebud

15. Amelia Island

16. Myers Bridge

17. South Sandstone

18. Twelve Mile Dam

19. Broadus Bridge

20. Little Powder River

21. Rush Hall Reservoir

22. Culbertson Bridge

Key to the Wildlife Management Areas

1. F Island

2. Seven Sisters

3. Elk Island

4. War Dance

5. Three Mile Island

6. Badlands

7. Fort Keogh Islands (2)

8. Howard Valley

9. Sanders

10. Issac Homestead

State Parks and Administrative Sites

1. Makoshika

2. Medicine Rocks

3. Pirogue Island

4. Miles City Fish Hatchery &
Region Seven Headquarters

5. Hell Creek

6. Rosebud Battlefield

7. Tongue River Reservoir

Table 1. Noxious weed species present and status on Department of Fish,
Wildlife and Parks (DFWP) Wildlife Management Areas in Region 7.

MAP KEY
NUMBER

DFWP PROPERTY
NAME and ACREAGE

WEED SPECIES
PRESENT

WEED STATUS
SIZE1 DENSITY2

6

Badlands (2.3)

none

3

Elk Island
(1,208.5)

Canada thistle

3

LDB

Russian

knapweed

18

MD

Leafy spurge

1/8

LDA

Field bindweed

3

LDA

1

F Island (94.7)

none

7

Fort Keogh Islands
(79)

none

8

Howard Valley (.18)

none

10

Issac Homestead
(1,168.5)

Russian

knapweed

2

LDB

Canada thistle

5

MD

Poison hemlock

1/64

LDA

other weed
species

14

LDB

9

Sanders (.26)

none

2

Seven Sisters (635.3)

Leafy spurge

1/16

LDA

Canada thistle

2

LDB

Field bindweed

2

LDA

5

Three Mile Island
(8.1)

none

4

War Dance (1 1 .5)

none

1 Size - page 8

2 Density - page 8

7

species, respectively:

SIZE: total acres or partial acres for each

1 acre = 43,560 ft2 (200’ x 200’)
1/2 acre = 21,780 ft2
1/4 acre = 10,890 ft2 (100’ x 100’)
1/8 acre = 5,445 ft2

1/16 acre = 2,722 ft2 (50’ x 50’)

1/32 acre = 1,361 ft2

1/64 acre = 680 ft2 (25’ x 25’)

< 1/64 acre estimation in square feet

2 DENSITY: number of weed stems in the population, respectively:

VLD: very low density-one or a few individual plants, accounting for a very small proportion
of the vegetative ground cover; native species well represented

LDA: low density-A -individual plants clumped in small areas, accounting for a small
proportion of the vegetative ground cover; native species well represented

LDB: low density - B — individual plants scattered throughout site, accounting for a small
proportion of the vegetative ground cover; native species well represented

MD: moderate density -individual plants numerous, accounting for a moderate
proportion of the vegetative ground cover; native species present

HD: high density -individual plants abundant, accounting for a high proportion of the
ground cover; native species present but not well represented

VHD: very high density -individual plants very abundant, accounting for almost all of the
vegetative ground cover; native species almost absent

8

Table 2. Noxious weed species present and status on Department of Fish, Wildlife and
Parks (DFWP) Fishing Access Sites in Region 7, by drainage.

MAP KEY
NUMBER

DFWP PROPERTY
NAME and ACREAGE

WEED SPECIES
PRESENT

WEED STATUS
SIZE1 DENSITY2

YELLOWSTONE RIVER DRAINAGE

16

Meyer’s Bridge (15)

Russian

knapweed

1/8

LDA

Canada thistle

1/4

LDA

other weed
species

1/4

LDA

15

Amelia Island
(238.8)

other weed
species

1/4

LDA

14

Rosebud, West (8.6)

Canada thistle

1/4

MD

Russian

knapweed

1/64

VLD

13

Rosebud, East (29)

Canada thistle

1/64

LDA

other weed
species

.5

LDA

12

Far West (32.8)

other weed
species

1/64

VLD

11

Roche Juane (1)

other weed
species

1/16

LDA

10

Kinsey Bridge (27.7)

purple

loosestrife

1/4

MD

Field bindweed

1/16

LDA

Leafy spurge

1/16

LDB

other weed
species

1/2

LDA

1 Size - page 8

2 Density - page 8

9

Table 2. (cont.)

MAP KEY
NUMBER

DFWP PROPERTY
NAME and ACREAGE

WEED SPECIES
PRESENT

WEED SPECIES
SIZE1 DENSITY2

YELLOWSTONE RIVER DRAINAGE (cont.)

9

Bonfield (58)

other weed
species

1/8

LDA

7

Fallon Bridge (5.34)

Leafy spurge

2

LDB

Canada thistle

1/16

LDA

other weed
species

1/16

HD

4

Intake (52.6)

Leafy spurge

3

LDA

2

Sidney Bridge (3.3)
(site acquired, not
developed as of
plan date)

unknown

1

Diamond Willow (100)

Canada thistle

3

LDB

Field bindweed

3

LDA

POWDER RIVER DRAINAGE

20

Little Powder River
(40)

leased, owner
responsible for
weed control

unknown

19

Broadus Bridge (2.9)

unknown

8

Powder River Depot
(2.4)

Leafy spurge

1.2

LDB

TONGUE RIVER DRAINAGE

18

12 Mile Dam
(263)

Canada thistle

1/4

LDB

other weed
species

1/8

LDA

1 Size - page 8

2 Density - page 8

10

Table 2. (cont.)

MAP KEY
NUMBER

DFWP PROPERTY
NAME and ACREAGE

WEED SPECIES
PRESENT

WEED SPECIES
SIZE1 DENSITY2

PONDS AND RESERVOIR’S

3

Gartside Dam (160)

Canada thistle

1

MD

5

Hollecker Pond (24.4)
leased owner
responsible for
weed control

Canada thistle

1/4

VLD

6

Johnson Reservoir
(60)

other weed
species

1/16

LDA

Canada thistle

1

LDA

21

Rush Hall Reservoir
(24.8)

leased, owner
responsible for
for weed control

Leafy spurge
Canada thistle

17

South Sandstone
Reservoir
(360)

Canada thistle

1/32

LDA

Field bindweed

1/32

LDA

Spotted

knapweed

X<l/64

VLD

1 Size - page 8

2 Density - page 8

11

Table 3

Noxious weed species present and status on Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (DFWP)
State Parks in Region 7.

MAP KEY
NUMBER

DFWP PROPERTY
NAME and ACREAGE

WEED SPECIES
PRESENT

WEED SPECIES
SIZE1 DENSITY2

5

Hell Creek (260)

Canada thistle

1/4

HD

other weed
species

1/16

LDA

1

Makoshika (8832.4)

Leafy spurge

15

MD

Canada thistle

1

MD

other weed
species

12

LDA

2

Medicine Rocks
(320)

Canada thistle

1/4

MD

other weed
species

1/4

LDA

3

Pirogue Island
(2103)

Leafy spurge

5

MD

Canada thistle

2

LDA

other weed
species

.5

LDB

6

Rosebud Battlefield
(3052)

Spotted

knapweed

1/8

LDB

Dalmatian

toadflax

1/16

LDA

Common burdock

30

LDA

Canada thistle

30

LDB

other weed
species

33

LDB

7 .

Tongue River
Reservoir (641.8)

other weed
species

1/8

LDA

4

Miles City

Fish Hatchery (245.6)

other weed species

5

LDB

4

Region Seven
Administrative Sites
(7.6)

none

Size - page 8
2 Density - page 8

12

Wildlife Management Areas

DFWP manages WMA’s with the needs of wildlife and the maintenance of habitat as
primary objectives. Secondary objectives include providing recreational opportunities for
the public. Each WMA is a unique portrait of landscape features, vegetation communities,
and the environmental forces which shape them. For purposes of this report, R-7 WMA’s
have been broken down into three separate groups. Large, primarily mainland WMA’s,
Issac Homestead, Elk Island and Seven Sisters will each be considered separately. The two
other groups consist of 1) small islands and wetlands areas in and/or adjacent to the
Yellowstone River; and 2) large islands in the Yellowstone River.

Fishing Access Sites

DFWP manages FAS’s to provide public access to high-quality fishing opportunities as well
as to provide reasonable accommodations for vehicle parking, boat launching, and general
recreation. As noted earlier, proximity to water and seed dispersal influence the degree and
success of noxious weed establishment. Water courses disperse and transport seeds quite
effectively. A small, localized weed population will be a seed source for downstream lands
if seeds are introduced into a waterway. For that reason, FAS’s for a particular drainage
will constitute a property group.

In Region 7, several FAS’s grant access to ponds or reservoirs and for purposes of this
report, will be considered together.

State Parks and Administrative Sites

SP’s attract visitors because of their natural, cultural, recreational, and historical resources.
Picnicking and overnight camping opportunities also attract many visitors. Although there
are similar opportunities and constraints for the treatment and management of noxious
weeds in some SP’s, each park was established for its unique features. Thus, groups, where
possible, are based on broad cultural, historical, or natural resource similarities.

For purposes of this report, all Region 7 SP’s will be considered separately. Differences in
facility development and human use will be discussed in greater detail in Part 3.0. The
Region 7 Headquarters complex will be included in the section with SP’s as well as the one
DFWP fish hatchery.

13

2.0 NOXIOUS WEED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

2.1 General Approach

It is the goal of DFWP to be in compliance with state laws and county ordinances
concerning noxious weeds where they are established. Furthermore, DFWP hopes to
discourage the establishment of noxious weeds through the application of good land
management principles and to reduce noxious weed populations over time with as few
negative impacts to the State’s resources as possible. To achieve these goals, DFWP crafted
this Plan based on the concept of Integrated Noxious Weed Management (INWM). INWM
is a multifaceted approach which tailors weed management activities to the treatment needs
and site characteristics of a particular weed population. First, weed management priorities
are established. Then, management methods and techniques are selected, including natural
predators and parasites, environmental modifications, and chemical herbicides when
necessary and appropriate. INWM allows for the most flexibility in managing noxious weeds
as site conditions change, treatment methods improve, and funding opportunities arise. This
approach is consistent with state law and the noxious weed plans developed by the counties.
DFWP has been practicing some form of INWM informally since the early 1980’s. This
Plan formally adopts this approach.

2J2 Conceptual Framework to Prioritize Activities

Within the context of INWM, there are several ways to prioritize noxious weed management
activities. These approaches include species-specific directives based in state law, treatment
objectives based on location or size of weed populations, special management zones which
require modification of general (area-wide) techniques, and property groups based on
watershed or political boundaries. In using INWM, DFWP has adopted an approach which
utilizes all of these concepts.

22.1 Species Specific Directives

As a state law, the County Noxious Weed Control Act mandates the management of certain
species declared as "noxious.” Thus, DFWP must attempt to treat and manage those species
declared by the state as well as those species declared by the individual counties. On
DFWP Region 7 sites, Canada thistle and Leafy spurge are the most prevalent noxious
weeds, but other species are treated as well. Thus, efforts which have primarily been
focused on these species will continue, but additional species may need to be added as the
state and county noxious weed lists are amended.

14

2 22 Location and Population Size

Noxious weed treatment priorities depend on the location and size of a weed population.
Factors to consider are: the potential impact on site values in the absence of weed
treatment, potential of weed spread, and the difficulty of satisfactory weed control. These
same factors are considered by the state and counties during the process of listing weeds as
"noxious." Priorities based on location and population size described below (Lolo National
Forest 1989).

Prevention

Prevention describes the implementation of policies, programs, or activities that will
minimize the possibility of introduction of noxious weeds or their seeds to DFWP sites from
lands nearby. This approach will have a high priority for DFWP since the long term cost
effectiveness is high. Attempts will be made to prevent the establishment of a new noxious
weed species or new populations on Region 7 properties. Where newly discovered
populations are small, the objective is immediate treatment to prevent any increase in size
beyond manageable limits. Preventative measures under consideration include, but are not
limited to, the following:

• Regulate or limit the use of vehicles that could spread and carry noxious weed seeds
into an area.

• Require or promote the use of weed seed free materials for livestock feed,
landscaping, revegetation, and construction activities, including topsoil, gravel, hay
mulch, and seed mixes.

• Require the thorough cleaning of all heavy equipment used on Region 7 lands, where
feasible.

• Cooperate in education programming initiated by other organizations, where feasible,
concerning the problems caused by noxious weeds, how weeds spread, and how the
spread can be curtailed.

Eradication

Eradication is an attempt to totally eliminate a noxious weed species or a particular weed
patch from DFWP properties. Eradication is preferred where weed populations are small
but have the potential to spread rapidly. However, this approach has limitations. Long
term efforts may be required where the seed source is established; current technologies may
not be adequate or practical; or total eradication efforts may result in unacceptable
environmental consequences. When appropriate, eradication efforts would continue as long
as detectable levels of the weed were present. For small populations, the cost effectiveness
of eradication efforts is high.

15

Reduction or Suppression

Reduction or suppression is an attempt to prevent seed production and distribution
throughout the treatment area and reduce the coverage of the weed. Reduction will prevent
the weed from dominating the vegetation of the area but will require the public and land
managers to accept noxious weed presence at low levels since complete elimination would
not be feasible. Reduction is preferred in most instances when light to moderate noxious
weed populations exist in accessible areas.

Containment

Containment is an attempt to prevent (through eradication or die off) the spread of the
weed beyond the perimeter of a weed patch or treatment area. Managers and the public
must tolerate weeds within established areas, but not beyond current boundaries.
Containment is the preferred approach when weed populations have grown so large or
dense that reduction is not practical or possible. In some situations, weeds may exist in
settings where all methods of treatment are either unacceptable or ineffective so that
containment is the only practical course of action.

Tolerance

Tolerance is to accept the continued presence of established weed populations and the
probable spread to ecological limits for a particular species. Tolerance should only be
applied in the context of containment. Tolerance is only acceptable if noxious weeds are
contained within an area and not allowed to spread beyond the ecosystem. Like
containment, tolerance situations usually exist where noxious weeds are beyond control or
are in environments where all methods of treatment are either unacceptable or ineffective.
The manager must identify these situations and try to discourage weed encroachment
through preventive practices.

2 23 Special Management Zones

Although weed treatment needs may be similar from site to site or within the boundaries
of one particular site, each site is a unique juxtaposition of environmental features, visitor
facility development, and level of human use. For these reasons, individual sites or groups
of sites may be distinguished into management zones based on the following: presence of
surface water or shallow groundwater, threatened, endangered, or sensitive species, intensity
of human use, weed treatment objectives, or other factors. The framework of management
zones permits the identification of weed treatment methods and techniques amenable to a
particular weed patch should it require the modification of general area-wide weed
treatments. Three zones have been identified: surface and groundwater, sensitive species,
and high human use. Because of the sensitive nature of these special management zones,
herbicide use will be somewhat limited. A discussion of each zone and guidelines for their
protection follow.

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Surface and Groundwater Zone

Sensitive surface and groundwater zones constitute locations of aquatic vegetation, surface
water, shallow groundwater, and groundwater recharge. Examples include wetlands or
marshes, riparian areas, lakes or ponds, springs, rivers, flood plain, and pathways of overland
runoff. Because of their high moisture content and abundant nutrients, these environments
are highly productive, yielding valuable fishery and wildlife habitats, recreation areas, and
livestock foraging areas. Such zones occur on a significant portion of DFWP properties in
Region 7. Noxious weeds exist within many sensitive surface and groundwater areas. The
weed management goal is to attempt to protect riparian areas and wetlands from
encroachment by noxious weeds while preventing chemical contamination of surface and
groundwater if weeds are treated in these zones.

Surface water zones can be determined by studying topographic features of a site. After
surveying the presence and location of surface water, high water marks, and associated
overland runoff contours, a chemical applicator can discover and avoid avenues of potential
surface water contamination. In addition, a preliminary soil analysis will determine soil
textures. Coarse, gravelly soils tend to have higher infiltration rates, which imply the
potential to transport chemicals. The opposite is true of fine textured, clayey soils.

Sensitive groundwater zones could be identified on a soils map using a procedure developed
for the Lewis & Clark County Conservation District (Lacey 1991). Risk of chemical
contamination of water resources is determined for a site based on depth to the seasonal
or permanent water table, soil permeability, soil organic matter content, flooding hazard,
and percent slope. A risk index based on these variables was calculated on a scale of 1 to
100 and divided into 4 categories or classes of risk. Risk factors and classes were then
indicated on a map of soil units (Table 4). Until maps identifying sensitive groundwater
zones become available and some of the other variables are quantified, the following
guidelines are suggested to protect surface and groundwater from chemical contamination:

• Target noxious weeds encroaching upon sensitive surface and groundwater
environments (e.g. Purple loosestrife) so weeds don’t become well established.

• Avoid applying herbicides directly to standing or running water; maintain a 50 foot
distance from surface waters when applying chemicals; when applying chemicals
within 50 feet of a surface water, use a wick applicator; because manufacturer label
restrictions are not always restrictive enough, more restrictive guidelines could be
established as site conditions merit.

• Mix and load herbicides off-site as much as possible; mixing, if done on site, should
be at least 500 feet from open water or shallow groundwater; water for tank mixing
should be obtained off-site.

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Avoid applying picloram on the immediate banks of a water body, below the high
water line, or in high groundwater risk class areas.

Encourage manual, cultural, and biological methods; if chemical methods are used,
design and schedule herbicide treatments to have the least impact on fish, wildlife,
non-target vegetation, and water quality.

Avoid using boom sprayers where noxious weed plants and seeds are mixed with
desirable woody vegetation; biological, cultural, or manual methods which target
individual plants (e.g. wick applicator) are preferred in these settings.

Avoid broadscale applications with high herbicide rates on areas where fractured
bedrock lies close to the soil surface.

Table 4.

Soil index values, risk classes, and soil descriptions used to identify
groundwater areas sensitive to chemical contamination (Lacey 1991).

Index

Class

Soils Descriptions

100+

1-Very

High

Soils with water tables within 3 feet and moderately rapid to very
rapid permeability; herbicide use not recommended on these
sites.

80-99

2-High

Soils with water tables within 3-6 feet, moderate to rapid
permeability, no flooding risk; jQr soils with water tables within
15 feet, moderately rapid to very rapid permeability, high
flooding risk, and low organic matter; spot treatments with
herbicides may be utilized in some areas; reduce herbicide rates
and application frequency to decrease contamination risk; low
leach potential and short residual herbicides recommended for
any large scale applications.

60-79

3-Moderate

Soils with water tables within 6-10 feet and moderately slow to
very slow permeability; .or soils with water tables within 15 feet
and rapid to very rapid permeability; these soils often occur in
association with high water table soils; herbicides can be used
for spot treatments on these sites; large broadscale applications
with high herbicide rates not recommended; decrease
application frequency to reduce risk.

40-59

4-Slight

Soils with water tables within 15-25 feet and moderate to
moderately rapid permeability; soils occur where landscape
features resemble those with high water table soils; may be
located on benches and terraces adjacent to perennial or
intermittent streams; few restrictions for herbicide use.

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Sensitive Species Zone

Sensitive species zones possess physical and biological features essential to the conservation
or survival of plants or animals. Typically, these zones support animal or plant populations
which may be adversely affected by the presence of noxious weeds or efforts to treat them.
More specifically, they might provide vital habitat for species designated threatened or
endangered under the Endangered Species Act or as sensitive by the Montana Natural
Heritage Program. Noxious weeds occur in many sensitive species zones. The overall weed
management goal within this zone is to protect existing, diverse habitats from encroachment
by noxious weeds, while ensuring that threatened, endangered, rare or unique species are
not adversely affected by their infestations and subsequent treatment activities. However,
when sensitive species habitats are invaded by noxious weeds, special consideration should
be given to treatment types and objectives. This consideration is critical when the sensitive
species are plants themselves and where broadscale treatments, for example herbicide
spraying or cultivation, could unknowingly kill all the sensitive plants in an infested area.
In this instance, treatment objectives would first include containment of the infestation.
Following that, information would be developed on how best to proceed. In Sensitive
Species Zones, the following guidelines are offered:

• Determine sensitive species zones or identify and locate sensitive species populations
for each property or group of properties and establish treatment buffers if necessary.

• Direct management towards weed populations in the vicinity of sensitive species
zones before weeds become established in the sensitive zone.

• Encourage manual treatments, although some cultural and spot herbicide treatments
may be considered where appropriate.

• Design and schedule herbicide treatments to have the least impact on wildlife,
fisheries, and non-target vegetation.

• Avoid using boom sprayers in sensitive species zones where weeds are closely mixed
with desirable woody vegetation.

• Consider revegetation or rehabilitation of treated wildlife habitat areas as part of the
treatment plan to ensure that desirable ground cover is established without affecting
sensitive plant species.

High Human Use Zone

High human use zones are areas which have concentrated and frequent recreationist or
DFWP employee use. Examples include picnic table areas, tent sites, restrooms, drinking
water well sites, interpretive sites, and boat launch areas. Because of the high degree of
ground disturbance and the intense activity level, these areas are very susceptible to the

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encroachment and rapid spread of noxious weeds. Once invaded, these areas require
aggressive treatment actions. The weed management goal is to reduce noxious weed
populations in areas which are continually or heavily used by people, while simultaneously
ensuring public health and safety. In the majority of situations, a buffer zone of at least
50 feet is maintained from such zones during chemical application. Weed management
guidelines for this zone follow:

• Emphasize prevention as the key component of management efforts, primarily by
cooperating with educational programming initiated by other organizations to
increase public awareness of noxious weeds.

• Encourage manual, cultural, or biological treatments; consider the plausibility of spot
herbicide treatments on a site by site basis.

• Post signs in high human use zones prior to and for 24 hours after herbicide
applications to notify the public that spraying activities will/have occurred.

• Wash and rinse residue from surfaces used by the public for food handling if
herbicides are applied within 50 feet.

• Use only those chemicals with label designations specifying permission for use in
human occupation areas (e.g. glyphosate, clopyralid, and 2,4-D).

23 Treatment Methods and Techniques

Within the framework of INWM, there are four general weed treatment methods, each with
several specific techniques or agents. Manual, cultural, biological, and chemical methods
for the treatment and management of noxious weeds are described below, with specific
techniques or agents identified. Additional methods and techniques will be considered in
the future as they become available.

23.1 Manual

Manual techniques involve grubbing with hand tools (shovel, hoe, pulaski etc...), topping
(shears, clippers, and "weed-whackers"), and hand-pulling to treat noxious weeds. These
techniques can effectively reduce small populations of annual or biennial noxious weed
species, primarily by reducing seed production. Periodic re-treatment is required. Because
these techniques are labor intensive, their application would be mostly limited to
environmentally or culturally sensitive areas.

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2.3 2 Cultural

Cultural techniques include burning, mowing, tilling, reseeding, and grazing. These
techniques effectively reduce some noxious weed species, although implementation is often
limited by topography and access. These techniques can also be costly and time consuming.
Furthermore, some techniques disturb the soil which can contribute to noxious weed
proliferation if revegetation does not occur rapidly.

Burning

As a treatment technique, burning alone is generally of limited effectiveness. It may be
considered in the future in conjunction with other treatment techniques such as reseeding.

Mowing and Tilling

Mowing and tilling can prevent noxious weed plants from producing seeds when treated in
the bud stage or earlier. Repeated efforts during a single growing season can deplete the
underground food supply of some perennial species. These treatments would need to be
repeated over at least a five-year period to attain satisfactory results since they do not
eliminate weed plants themselves. These methods may also weaken non-target species.
Mowing and tilling opportunities are often limited because of steep slopes and rugged
terrain. Mowing would be considered on level or nearly level slopes, where suitable soils
exist and where a small percentage of the vegetation consists of shrubs. Mowing is also an
alternative in environmentally sensitive areas where other treatment methods are unsuitable.
Tilling would be considered only for areas that had previously been or are currently under
cultivation because ground disturbance may increase the likelihood of noxious weed
establishment beyond the potential benefits of tilling. However, tilling combined with a
reseeding program would be considered when economically feasible. Other treatment
methods would also be considered in conjunction with tilling such as alternate cropping
systems, grazing systems, or chemical applications.

Reseeding

Reseeding is required where plant communities are completely disturbed by facility
construction. It may also be advisable where vegetation communities are dominated entirely
by noxious weeds. Such revegetation projects require considerable effort to eliminate
existing weeds, prepare a seedbed, re-seed and fertilize. In radically disturbed areas, it is
imperative to plan and execute the re-vegetation project as soon as possible. Topsoil should
be salvaged and replaced on the disturbed site immediately to encourage native species to
sprout from seed, rhizomes, or other plant parts in the salvaged soil. Consideration should
also be given to, topsoil protection, native seed selection and fertilization. Despite the
significant expense, dramatic results can be achieved.

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Grazing

Grazing by domestic sheep and goats have effectively controlled the spread of Leafy spurge
in certain situations in Montana as well as in North Dakota. Other weed species were often
selected early in the growing season since they tend to green up earlier than native plants.
Controlled livestock grazing incorporating adequate vegetative rest is utilized on several of
the WMA’s and one SP, to maintain and/or improve range condition thereby discouraging
weed proliferation. Many Leafy spurge populations on Region 7 properties occur where
careful herding and/or installation of temporary fences would be necessary. When
considering this treatment technique, the effect of grazing on soils, water, and riparian areas
will be considered.

2.3.3 Biological

Biological control methods are those which introduce natural enemies (insect pathogens)
to a noxious weed population. Biological control agents stress noxious weeds, severely
reducing seed production and/or plant viability. Biological agents will not eliminate the
species, but can reduce the population to a tolerable level, particularly when used in
combination with other treatment techniques. Biological control methods may be the only
treatment possible in areas where manual, cultural, or chemical methods are not feasible.

Biocontrol agents are currently being developed and screened by universities and the USDA
Animal, Plant and Health Inspection Service (APHIS). There are also commercial sources
for a number of agents. Several biological agents have been released in the counties of
Region 7. Release of biological control agents onto DFWP properties will be in
cooperation with the counties, the Montana Agricultural and Experiment Station at
Montana State University, and APHIS. DFWP personnel in Region 7 will work with APHIS
to encourage the establishment of insectaries on certain properties which meet selected
criteria. Over the long term, biological control agents are cost effective because expenses
are limited to the collection and release of new agents and periodic monitoring to insure
spread and infection. However, it remains to be seen whether biocontrol agents can keep
pace with the rate of spread of certain noxious weed species, whether on DFWP properties
or elsewhere.

With any biocontrol program, it is necessary to maintain a viable host population for the
biological control organism. Areas selected for release of these agents will be screened with
respect to location and plant community and an area determined to be necessary for the
maintenance of a healthy biocontrol agent population will be precluded from weed
eradiction objectives. Outside this area, weed infestations will be treated as necessary.
Appendix D summarizes biological control agents currently available in Montana, and those
which have been released on DFWP properties in Region 7.

23.4 Chemical

Chemical methods involve the use of herbicides to kill weeds directly or the application of
soil sterilants which prevent the germination of noxious weed seeds. Over the past half-
century, chemical herbicides have been developed to treat a variety of weed species. While
the benefits of chemical techniques include efficacy and low cost, there are valid concerns
about any application of chemicals to the landscape. In addition to concerns about the
effects of chemical exposure on human health and the environment, attention has also
focused on chemical storage, handling, use, and disposal procedures. Herbicide
manufacturers have responded to these issues with attempts to develop products that are:
(a) more pest specific to reduce effects on non-target species; (b) less toxic to humans, birds,
fish and other animals; and (c) less likely to impact the environment, particularly water
quality. The following discussion highlights these points in greater detail.

Efficacy and Cost

Properly used chemical herbicides are usually effective against their targets. Variation in
effectiveness is attributable to environmental conditions, skill of the applicator, condition
of the equipment, application rates, and the target species. For example, Leafy spurge is
difficult to eradicate with chemicals, whereas Spotted knapweed can be successfully
eradicated in the short-term. Herbicides are relatively inexpensive to obtain and apply.

Human Health Effects

A definitive evaluation of human health risks from exposure to herbicides is beyond the
scope of this Plan. The long-term health effects of chemical herbicides continue to be
researched. Short-term health effects can be serious for sensitive individuals. Health effects
are most commonly reported among herbicide applicators. Due to uncertainty over health
and environmental effects, DFWP hopes to reduce the use of chemical herbicides over time.

Environmental Concerns

Environmental concerns over the storage, handling, use, and disposal of chemicals are based
on four issues: persistence, potential for movement, contamination of surface and

groundwater, and the potential for chemical spills.

Persistence refers to the longevity of a chemical’s integrity. It is usually expressed as half-
life or the length of time required for half of the substance to become inert. Herbicides are
degraded by physical, chemical and biological processes. Many herbicides degrade to very
low levels in soil after several weeks or months, whereas others persist for several months
to years. Most herbicides are broken down and adsorbed in the uppermost 12 inches of the
soil profile.

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Potential for movement describes the transport of chemicals through the environment as
solids, liquids, and gases. Once applied, herbicides are absorbed, accumulated, degraded,
diluted, inactivated, and/or mobilized. Solubility in water gives a preliminary indication of
chemical mobility. The ultimate fate is heavily influenced by the type of herbicide, the
application rate, environmental conditions at the time of application, and site characteristics.
Individual properties or characteristics of herbicides also affect persistence and potential for
movement due to the interaction of active ingredients with soil organic matter and clay
particles. Research has been conducted on most common herbicides to establish
environmental pathways and final fate. Research findings are incorporated into herbicide
label instructions distributed with chemicals at purchase. These instructions are an
important component of herbicide use and safety and will be discussed later.

Contamination of surface and groundwater results from improper use and application of
chemical herbicides. Sandy and gravelly soils, having high infiltration and hydraulic
conductivity rates, may transport chemicals directly to surface or groundwater. Transport
may also occur where fractured bedrock lies close to the surface. Drainage paths, whether
natural or artificially created, could also transport chemicals. These mechanisms of
transport involve relatively low chemical concentrations, though some level of contamination
may still result if appropriate applications guidelines are not followed.

In contrast, the potential for high chemical concentration levels exists in the event of a spill,
with the extent of contamination depending of the nature of the spill. Many spills occur
during transport, resulting from auto accidents. However, spills may also occur during
application or storage. For these reasons, this Plan also outlines emergency response
procedures in the event of an accidental spill. The Herbicide Emergency Response Plan
is in Appendix E.

Because of the aforementioned concerns, DFWP intends to minimize the reliance on
chemical methods as much as possible, while still meeting its legal responsibility to manage
and treat noxious weeds on its properties. However, because the proliferation of noxious
weeds does not appear to be decelerating, chemical methods remain a necessary component
of this Plan. Therefore, it will be under the following guidelines that DFWP applies
chemical herbicides to its properties:

• Consider the treatment objective, season of application, stage of plant growth,
topography, species present, expected cost, equipment limitations, and potential
environmental impacts during site specific planning.

• Determine rates of application from label instructions, taking into account target
species, other vegetation in the area including desirable vegetation species, soil type,
human occupation, wildlife, and the presence of surface waters or shallow
groundwater.

24

• Conduct and supervise all applications with an applicator licensed by the State of
Montana, whether that individual is a Department employee or contractor.

• Use vehicle-mounted spray applicators (hand-gun, boom, injector etc...) in open areas
that are readily accessible and where vehicle operation will not damage soil or
vegetation; the boom will only be used for concentrated weed patches.

• Use hand applicators (backpacks or wipers) on small, scattered patches in rough
terrain or environmentally sensitive areas.

• Monitor weather conditions during application periods to ensure effectiveness of the
application and to reduce drift; spraying would cease when rainfall is expected within
24 hours, air temperatures exceed 85° F, or wind speeds exceed 8 m.p.h.

• Dismiss the possibility of aerial herbicide applications for the present time. This is
due to the relatively small size of DFWP sites (out of 39, 26 are 100 acres or less),
or due to the constraints to chemical use on the majority of acreage within the sites.
Chemical use Constraints would include the presence of surface water (36 of 39), and
the presence of desirable flora and fauna species and communities, including species
of special concern.

• Design and adjust spray equipment to deliver a median drop diameter of 200-800
microns to reduce excessive drift.

• Conduct calibration checks at the beginning of the spraying season and periodically
to ensure that equipment is functioning properly and that the desired applications
rates are achieved, when feasible.

• Attempt to apply herbicides during the optimum stage of plant growth to achieve
maximum effect using the least amount of herbicide; this is usually in the spring
and/or fall when adequate soil moisture is available for plant growth and herbicide
uptake.

• Mix a dye, when feasible, with the herbicide solution to aid in identifying where
spraying has occurred in order to prevent "double-spraying" and to provide a means
of checking coverage for monitoring purposes.

• Avoid applying picloram to dense stands of noxious weeds in sequential years to
prevent overuse of a persistent chemical capable of leaching into groundwater.

• Follow all herbicide label instructions, observing restrictions; additional precautions
may also be taken.

25

2.4 Inventory and Monitoring Procedures

Prior to the preparation of this Plan, a comprehensive field inventory of weed infestations
was conducted during the summer of 1993. Prior to- and following 1993, inventories have
consisted of field reconnaissance by DFWP personnel or DFWP contractors. In all three
instances, efforts have noted the weed species present, location, approximate acreage and
density of the infestation. See Tables 1, 2, and 3 for a summary. Based on this information,
weed treatment activities are prioritized using the conceptual framework presented
previously. Subsequently, work plans for the following field season are outlined. Monitoring
on a yearly basis will be conducted through similar informal field reconnaissance methods.
Priorities and treatment methods can be adjusted as necessary, due to the dynamic nature
of noxious weed seed germination and plant growth.

2.5 Assignment of Plan Responsibilities
2.5.1 Oversight of Plan Implementation

As the result of ongoing DFWP efforts to decentralize decision making and return this
responsibility to the field regions, the ultimate responsibility for implementation of this Plan
rests with the R-7 Regional Supervisor. • However, the most direct oversight of field
personnel or contractors conducting weed treatments is the responsibility of the Regional
Park Maintenance Supervisor, the area Wildlife Biologist(s) and the Fish Hatchery Manager
for the lands under their jurisdiction, respectively. For example, the Regional Park
Maintenance Supervisor would directly oversee activities on all SP’s, Administrative Sites
and FAS properties; whereas, the area Wildlife Biologist(s) would oversee weed treatments
on WMA’s. Figure 2, on pages 28-30, outlines where weed management responsibilities lie
within Region 7.

2.52 DFWP R-7 Applicators, Licenses and Record Keeping

Applicators of restricted use herbicides must be licensed by the State of Montana. To
obtain a license, the applicator must take training courses and pass an exam. To retain that
license, the applicator must earn re-certification credits in government-approved courses.
Because Parks Division personnel apply herbicides to SP and FAS properties, the Regional
Park Maintenance Supervisor is required to obtain and hold a pesticide applicators license.
Through re-certification and other training opportunities, continuing access to current weed
control information including integrated weed management practices are encouraged. On
WMA’s, pesticide applications are made by private agricultural lessees and contractors who
are required by law to secure there own applicators licenses. Area Wildlife Managers draw
on their extensive knowledge of botany and soil science to guide weed management
activities on WMA’s. State law also requires that applicators record their use of restricted
herbicides.

26

Records must indicate the location’s legal description, the chemical applied, rate of mixing,
the applicators, the weather conditions at the time of application, and the number of acres
treated. These records must be submitted to the State Department of Agriculture one out
of every five years. In addition, the records must be made available to state investigative
officers at any time following an herbicide application. All aspects of applicator licensing,
re-certification training and record keeping regulations administered by the State are
supervised by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Appendix G outlines
herbicides used in Region 7.

In addition to all State and Federal reporting requirements, DFWP policy also requires the
annual reporting of all measurable weed treatment activities conducted on any Department
property, regardless of the methods and techniques employed. All cultural, manual,
biological, and chemical treatments are recorded according to county and site name, type
of action, species treated, numbers of acres treated, application rate, frequency of treatment
and total cost. Periodically, the Department produces summary reports of all noxious weed
management activities statewide. Region 7 reports are filed at the Regional Headquarters
Office, please consult Figure 2, on pages 28-30, where specific reports are located.

2.5.3 Contracted Services

Some weed management activities in Region 7, especially herbicide applications, have and
will continue to be contracted to private individuals and the county weed control
departments. All contractors must be licensed by the State and knowledgeable concerning
the specific weeds to be treated and chemicals to be used. Contractors must also sign and
comply with a State Personal Services Contract or other appropriate agreement - for
example, a WMA agricultural lease. Contractors should be familiar with all components of
this Plan, especially those regarding safety and emergency response. Contractors must be
provided with clear information and directions and be supervised to insure compliance with
contract specifications and this plan.

Contractors with the DFWP will be required to keep detailed records concerning
applications. This will be coordinated with other herbicide use and reporting programs
required by, and of, the DFWP. Contractors utilizing non-chemical methods of weed
treatment would also be provided with the necessary information and direction to meet the
specifications of the contract and this Plan. Their activities will also be recorded and filed.
Please consult Figure 2, on pages 28-30, to find where specific reports are located.

27

REGIONAL SUPERVISOR

Regional Park Manager

Regional Park Maintenance Supervisor

All State Parks (6),

All Fishing Access Sites (21)

R-7 Administrative Sites (2)

Secure Pesticide Applicators License - Restricted-Use Pesticides, Regulatory Weed

Retain Pesticide Applicators License through required accumulation of CEC’s

Site survey and inventory for weed infestations

Preparation of biennial weed control workplans

Preparation of biennial weed control budget requests

Supervise DFWP application, other methods & treatments

Purchase, rent and maintain control equipment

Preparation of weed control contracts

Supervision of weed control contracts

Solicit, enter and collaborate in supervision of Weed Management Cooperative
Agreements

Prepare DFWP applicator/application records

Request applicator/application records from DFWP contractors, Cooperative partners

File and maintain all records per State and Federal rules

Procurement and handling of chemicals

Procurement and handling of bio-control agents

Monitor weed treatment sites for results

Bi-annual meetings with County Weed Supervisors

Preparation of biennial weed control activity reports

Annual weed control activity reports - DFWP

5 year MT Dept, of Agriculture pesticide use reports

Training of DFWP applicators (operators)

Attend/participate in County Extension Field Days

Attend/participate in annual SE Montana Weed Control Association Meetings
Review, assess and implement new weed control methods and techniques
Review, assess and implement new safety considerations
Update management plans

Figure 2. Assignment of Plan Responsibilities in Region 7

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REGIONAL SUPERVISOR

Miles City Fish Hatchery Manager

Fish Hatchery Complex

Secure Pesticide Applicators License - Restricted-Use Pesticides, Regulatory Weed

File and maintain all records per State and Federal rules

Retain Pesticide Applicators License through required accumulation of CEC’s

Procurement and handling of chemicals

Site survey and inventory for weed infestations

Procurement and handling of bio-control agents

Preparation of biennial weed control workplans

Monitor weed treatment sites for results

Preparation of biennial weed control budget requests

Bi-annual meetings with County Weed Supervisors

Supervise DFWP application, other methods and treatments

Preparation of biennial weed control activity reports

Purchase or rent and maintain control equipment

Annual weed control activity reports - DFWP

Preparation of weed control contracts

5 year MT Dept, of Agriculture pesticide use reports

Supervision of weed control contracts

Training of DFWP applicators (operators)

Solicit, enter and collaborate in supervision of Weed Management Cooperative Agreements
Review, assess and implement new weed control methods and techniques
Prepare DFWP applicator/application records
Review, assess and implement new safety considerations

Request applicator/application records from DFWP contractors, Cooperative partners
Update management plans

Figure 2 (cont). Assignment of Plan Responsibilities in Region 7

REGIONAL SUPERVISOR

Regional Wildlife Manager

Area Wildlife Biologist’s (3 areas)

#1. Isaac Homestead, Sanders, Howard Valley WMA’s

#2. Elk Island, Seven Sisters, F Island, War Dance, Three Mile Island WMA’s

#3. Fort Keogh Islands, Badlands WMA’s

Site Survey and inventory for weed infestations
Preparation of biennial weed control workplans
Preparation of biennial weed control budget requests
Preparation of weed control contracts
Supervision of weed control contracts

Solicit, enter and collaborate in supervision of Weed Management Cooperative Agreements

Request applicator/application records from DFWP contractors, cooperative partners

File and maintain all records per State and Federal rules

Bi-annual meetings with County Weed Supervisors

Preparation of biennial weed control activity reports

Annual weed control activity reports - DFWP

5 year Mt. Department of Agriculture pesticide use reports

Update management plans

Figure 2 (cont). Assignment of Plan Responsibilities in Region 7

2.6 Other Subjects of Concern

2.6.1 Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive Species

One goal of this Plan is the preservation of fisheries, wildlife, and vegetation resources
under the stewardship of DFWP in Region 7. Land management agencies and conservation
organizations have developed lists of threatened, endangered, or sensitive plant and animal
species. Those species listed in Montana are of concern due to relatively small population
sizes and/or limited distributions. Appendix F summarizes reported occurrences of such
species on or near DFWP sites in Region 7 (Montana Natural Heritage Program 1995).
Properties in this Region include aquatic, dry forest types and shrub grasslands; some with
similar environmental and site conditions as habitats supporting listed species. DFWP
personnel involved in weed management activities will consult the region’s list (Appendix
F) on a periodic basis.

DFWP personnel involved in weed management activities should be aware of this list. In
addition, this list will be updated with input from the DFWP Plant Ecologist and the
Endangered Species Program Coordinator.

2.6.2 Herbicide Labels

Herbicide labels are an important component of chemical use and safety, and are supplied
with each container of product. The detailed information provided by the label meets four
important goals of herbicide regulation, including: chemical identification, protection of
human health and the environment, special practices and legal requirements. Herbicide
labels have the force of law and should be an integral part of any chemical weed
management program. Appendix H contains manufacturer labels for those herbicides
proposed for use in Region 7.

31

3.0 PROPERTY GROUP TREATMENT PLANS

In most cases, existing information is sufficient to define the conditions of DFWP Region
7 properties with respect to noxious weeds. Property group treatment plans were prepared
based on this data. Plan preparation was also guided by the following factors, each of which
stems from the conceptual framework to prioritize weed management activities discussed
in Part 2.0 of this Plan:

• weed species present

• size and density of weed populations

• management objectives

• potential for successful treatment

• potential for spread on DFWP property

• potential for spread beyond DFWP property

• public concern over weeds or weed management efforts

• existing local weed management projects

• budget and personnel constraints

3.1 Wildlife Management Areas

3.1.1 Introduction

Wildlife Management Areas (WMA’s) and Wildlife Habitat Protection Areas* (WHPA’s)
are managed to meet the needs of wildlife, preserve wildlife habitat, and provide
recreational opportunities to hunt, fish, or view wildlife in their natural habitats. Site
specific, integrated resource management plans are in various stages of development and/or
revision and will be filed at the Regional Headquarters Office as they are finalized. These
management plans describe overall management direction and specify certain activities to
be undertaken to reach some desired future condition. Common to every WMA
management plan is the application of proper land management practices to maintain or
enhance healthy, vigorous vegetation communities. To the degree that vegetation
communities are healthy and vigorous, they will be able to resist noxious weed
encroachment. Furthermore, the quality of wildlife habitat is directly linked to the health
and stability of vegetation communities. Thus, the prevention of noxious weed
encroachment is inherent in the administration of these properties.

In Region 7 for all intent and purposes, WMA’s and WHPA’s are treated the same
for the purpose of noxious weed management. For purposes of this report; hereafter,
both will be referred to as WMA’s.

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On WMA’s, good land management begins with protecting the soil and vegetation resources.
All WMA’s have vehicle restrictions intended to prevent excessive soil disturbance and/or
erosion. Motorized vehicles are restricted to established roads or trails and designated
parking areas. Vegetation and soil resources are also protected by requiring the use of
certified weed seed free hay to prevent the introduction of noxious weed seeds to WMA’s.

WMA’s are a small part of a larger landscape in which, unfortunately, noxious weeds occur,
and noxious weeds have been documented on the WMA’s in Region 7. DFWP is required
by law to attempt to manage noxious weeds on its properties. As such, any noxious weed
management should be approached on the landscape level, considering neighboring
landowners, land use practices, and mechanisms of noxious weed seed dispersal. To that
end, noxious weed management on the WMA’s will center around maintaining healthy
vegetation communities, deterring seed dispersal, and the detection and treatment of noxious
weed outbreaks before they become well established.

Quick detection and treatment of small patches is the most efficient approach to managing
noxious weed outbreaks. As populations increase, the number of potential treatment
methods dwindles as other considerations come into play. For example, chemicals could be
applied to a 1/10 acre patch with some risk to other vegetation, but they could not be
applied broadscale to a 10 acre patch without potential impacts on non-target vegetation or
other resource values. In addition, seed production influences the long term success of weed
treatments. The volume of seeds produced on a 1/10 acre patch is much less than that of
a 10 acre patch; thus, making it easier to confine or eradicate the smaller one.

Budget and personnel constraints necessitate the implementation (when necessary) of
treatment methods which maximize the ratio of expedient, successful noxious weed
treatment to cost. Of the methods currently available, chemical treatments offer the most
cost effective means of weed management. However, there are circumstances where
chemical methods are not feasible, such as near surface waters or where weeds cover a wide
area. Manual methods are not practical in most cases because of budget and personnel
limitations. Cultural methods, though effective in certain situations, sometimes result in
additional soil and vegetation disturbances, two factors contributing to the spread of noxious
weeds. Biocontrol methods offer a cost effective alternative though they are not appropriate
in all settings. Furthermore, biocontrol agents are not yet readily available. Only a few
sources dispense agents commercially, at a premium price; otherwise, agents must be
obtained from APHIS.

Of the ten WMA’s in Region 7, five are small islands or marsh lands in/or adjacent to the
Yellowstone River. These properties are similar enough in their physical aspects that they
can be discussed together. Two WMA’s are larger Yellowstone River islands which also are
similar enough to be discussed together. Each of the three remaining WMA’s will be
discussed individually with respect to the status of noxious weeds and management
strategies. It should be noted here that all three areas: Elk Island, Issac Homestead and
Seven Sisters WMA’s currently have formal noxious weed management plans in effect (the

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plans are on file in the R-7 Regional Wildlife Manager’s office), and upon adoption, this
plan will supersede these older documents. Recall that Table 1 summarizes the noxious
weed species present and status for WMA’s in Region 7. It should be pointed out that the
estimated area (in acres) presented in Table 1 is cumulative for an entire site, since weeds
are not continuously distributed throughout a WMA. That is, estimated acres of weeds
along roadways are added to estimated acres in remote locations to obtain a total amount
of acres. Figure 3 illustrates the location of the WMA’s in Region 7.

3.12 Former Glacier Park Co. Parcels

Existing Environment

As the title to this section implies, this group of six land parcels were previously owned by
the Glacier Park Co. and were donated to the State of Montana, DFWP in 1990. All of the
parcels are located in or adjacent to the Yellowstone River, two are small islands and the
remainder riparian or marsh areas. Five of the six parcels are less than 12 acres in size, the
remaining one 32 acres in size. In accepting this gift, the DFWP agreed to manage the sites
as WMA’s, thus, providing for a limited amount of habitat and hunting opportunities. The
sites are completely undeveloped and are not signed as public land. Public use is estimated
to be very limited and consists primarily of hunting and the occasional visit by anglers.

Of the six WMA’s in this group, land types consist of varying amounts of riverwash areas
and undifferentiated river bottom land consisting of riparian vegetation dominated by either
a Cottonwood tree overstory, various tall shrubs (primarily willow), short shrubs (rose,
snowberry) and a few may feature small grassy areas. One of the areas, War Dance WMA,
is an 11 acre marsh adjacent to the Yellowstone River, consisting primarily of cattails, rushes
and sedges.

Weed Status

At the present time, no known infestations exist on these parcels. Since these parcels are
in or adjacent to the Yellowstone River there is an increased potential for noxious weed
introduction from adjacent and upstream lands in the river corridor.

Site Constraints

Chemical treatment of noxious weeds on this property group is constrained by the presence
of surface waters (Yellowstone River) and by moderately permeable soil textures which
could transport chemicals to shallow, seasonal groundwater tables. Riparian vegetation
consisting of cottonwood/willow bottoms with a shrub and herbaceous understory
component and wetlands areas may also preclude certain chemical treatments.

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Figure 3. Wildlife Management Areas (WMA*s) administered by Montana Department Fish
Wildlife and Parks in Region 7.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

The parcels contained in this property group have been checked for weed infestations on
a frequent basis in the past. As of this date, no noxious weed infestations have been noted.
This is due in no small part to the relatively "pristine” nature of the parcels and resulting
resistance to weed infestations. Another possible factor in this is the relatively light public
use these parcels receive.

Weed management goals for these properties will be to prevent infestations from occurring
and the control methods will continue much as they have, with annual inspections for
noxious weeds. If weeds are found, control methods will consist primarily of a combination
of biological and manual techniques. Any weed management actions will be conducted
subject to the guidelines presented in this Plan.

3.1.3 F Island and Fort Keogh Islands

Existing Environment

F Island WHPA is a Department of Natural Resources (DNRC) lease, located in the
Yellowstone River approximately 3 miles upriver from State Highway Bridge 23 in Richland
County. The island is approximately 95 acres in size and lies adjacent to the west bank of
the Yellowstone in this section of the river.

Fort Keogh Islands WHPA is a DNRC lease, located in the Yellowstone River
approximately 1 1/2 miles upriver from Miles City. The set of two islands is approximately
79 acres in size and are located immediately down river from the abandoned Milwaukee St.
Paul and Pacific Railway bridge.

Both islands provide public hunting opportunities via boat access and primarily serve hunters
in and around the Sidney area for F Island and the Miles City area for the Fort Keogh
Islands. Both are completely undeveloped and are not signed as public land. Public use of
these WHPA’s is probably limited and consists primarily of hunting and the occasional visit
by anglers.

Land types for both islands consist primarily of river wash areas and undifferentiated river
bottom land containing riparian vegetation dominated by a Cottonwood tree overstory, tall
shrubs (willow), Russian olive, and various short shrubs (snowberry and wild rose).

Weed Status

At the present time, no known infestations exist on either F Island or Fort Keogh Islands
WHPA’s. Since both areas are Yellowstone River islands, there is an increased potential
for noxious weed introduction from adjacent and upstream lands in the river corridor.

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Site Constraints

Chemical treatment of noxious weeds on these WHPA’s is constrained by the presence of
surface waters (Yellowstone River) and by moderately permeable soil textures which could
transport chemicals to shallow, seasonal groundwater tables. Riparian vegetation consisting
of cottonwood/willow bottoms with a shrub and herbaceous understory component may also
preclude certain chemical treatments.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

Both F Island and Fort Keogh Islands WHPA’s have been checked for weed infestations on
a frequent basis in the past and at the current time, no noxious weed infestations have been
noted. This is due in no small part to the relatively "pristine'' nature of the islands and their
resulting resistance to weed infestations. Another possible factor in this is the relatively
light public use both areas receive.

Weed management goals for F Island and Fort Keogh Islands WHPA’s will be to prevent
infestations from occurring and control methods will continue much as they have, with
annual inspections for noxious weeds. If weeds are found, control methods will consist
primarily of a combination of biological and manual techniques. Any weed management
actions will be conducted subject to the guidelines presented in this Plan.

3.1.4 Elk Island

Existing Environment

The initial land acquisition for Elk Island WMA occurred in 1975. Since that time,
additional land has been acquired through lease so that presently DFWP administers 656
acres of deeded land and 552.5 acres of land leased from DNRC, BLM and the BN/Santa
Fe Railroad. Elk Island WMA, located in Richland County near the community of Savage,
is surrounded for the most part by private land, although it shares a small boundary with
BLM lands on the south side of the Yellowstone River and BN/Santa Fe Railroad on the
west/southwest border of the property. The site provides opportunities for wildlife habitat
enhancement and protection and recreational use including hunting, fishing, hiking, and
berry picking among others. In addition, 656 acres of Elk Island WMA is leased to a private
farm/ranch cooperator who currently both farms and grazes livestock on the lease. Access
to the area is provided by a county road leading southeast from Savage and by a small road
system within the WMA developed by the DFWP. Recreational developments, in addition
to the access roads, include a boat ramp and parking area on the Yellowstone River.

Elk Island WMA consists of mainland and island properties in and adjacent to the
Yellowstone River. Land types for the area consist primarily of river wash areas,
undifferentiated river bottom land containing riparian vegetation dominated by a

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Cottonwood tree overstory, tall shrubs (willow), Russian olive, and various short shrubs
(snowberry and wild rose) and marsh areas consisting of cattails, rushes and sedges.
Croplands in the area consist of hay and grain fields.

The management goals of Elk Island WMA are to benefit current and future generations
of Montanan’s by providing high quality outdoor recreational opportunities. At Elk Island,
the focus is primarily on deer and upland game bird hunting opportunities. By providing
public access to the property, and by utilizing and manipulating current farming and grazing
practices to produce crops, livestock and wildlife, land management practices at Elk Island
seek to provide an example of sustainable multiple use of agricultural land.

One aspect of the land management responsibilities at Elk Island WMA is noxious weed
control. Control of noxious weeds on all agricultural leased land within a WMA is the
responsibility of the lessees and is agreed upon in the lease document. The area wildlife
biologist oversees the lessee’s weed control activities, providing assistance in weed control
management goals, survey and inventories, selection of treatments, and in some instances
help in the actual control work. For those WMA lands outside the agriculture lease,
responsibility for control rests with the DFWP. In the past, weed control efforts on the
non-lease lands have been carried out by the agriculture lease holder under contract with
the DFWP.

Weed Status

In total, approximately 30 acres of knapweed, Canada thistle, and Leafy spurge occur on Elk
Island WMA (Table 1). Knapweed accounts for approximately 25 acres of the total,
occurring at low densities in a 29 acre crop field and 4 small patches (X< 1,000 sq.ft.) on
native range sites. Leafy spurge is limited to small woodland site totalling less than 2,500
sq.ft. Canada thistle is a weed infesting approximately 3 acres, primarily found in cropland
sites. At the present time, weeds on the WMA are contained or being reduced from their
current levels through a combination of annual chemical treatments, mowing and tillage
operations on cropland sites. Possible sources for weed infestations into Elk Island include
adjacent and upriver private lands, a large irrigation canal and railroad corridor both which
traverse a small corner of the property and visitor use of the site.

Site Constraints

Chemical treatments of weeds on Elk Island WMA are constrained by the presence of
surface waters from the Yellowstone River which is braided into a number of river channels
and sloughs which contain wetland areas and riparian vegetation consisting of
cottonwood/willow bottoms with a shrub and herbaceous understory component. Also
present is a large irrigation canal, although confined to an existing corridor.

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Weed Management Strategies and Methods

Currently, patches of knapweed in the cropland area are controlled by a combination of
mechanical and biological grazing which stimulates competing vegetation and by chemical
applications. Knapweed in the native range sites is being controlled by chemical, mowing
and hand pulling methods. Canada thistle is being controlled through normal field tillage
operations followed by appropriate chemical methods to cropland.

The DFWP will also attempt to curtail the spread of established weed species by restricting
vehicles to established roads. However, due to the mobility of our society and to the fact
that the public is welcome to (and does) use public resources like Elk Island WMA, noxious
weeds will likely persist. Therefore, the weed management goals are to attempt to reduce,
or eradicate if possible; or contain weeds at their current levels and locations to prevent
weeds from spreading to or from adjacent lands and to comply with county ordinances and
state law concerning noxious weeds. The primary treatment method will be chemical,
subject to the guidelines outlined previously in Part 2.0 of this Plan. Where use of chemicals
is inappropriate, manual, cultural, or biological methods will be used. Where possible, weed
management efforts will be coordinated with adjacent landowners including private, BLM
and the railroad BN/Santa Fe in recognition of the landscape aspect of noxious weeds and
seed dispersal.

3.1.5 Isaac Homestead

Existing Environment

The initial land acquisition for Isaac Homestead WMA occurred in 1969. Since that time,
additional land has been acquired so that presently DFWP administers 1,168.5 acres of
deeded land. Isaac Homestead WMA is located in Treasure County near the community
of Meyer’s. It is surrounded for the most part by private agricultural land, although it shares
a common boundary (Yellowstone River) with BLM lands on the southeast side of the
property. All lands within the WMA are mainland properties adjacent to the Yellowstone
River. The site provides opportunities for wildlife habitat enhancement and protection and
recreational use including hunting, fishing, hiking, and berry picking among others. In
addition, 660 acres of Isaac Homestead WMA is leased to a private farm/ranch cooperator
who currently both farms and grazes livestock on the lease. Access to the area is provided
by a county road leading northeast from the Meyer’s area and by a very limited road system
within the WMA. There are no recreational developments on the property.

The management goals of Isaac Homestead WMA are to benefit current and future
generations of Montanan’s by providing high quality outdoor recreational opportunities. At
Isaac Homestead, the focus is primarily on deer and upland game bird hunting
opportunities. By providing public access to the property, by utilizing and manipulating
current farming and grazing practices to produce crops, livestock and wildlife, land
management practices at Isaac Homestead seek to provide an example of sustainable
multiple use of agricultural land.

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Land types for the area consist primarily of river wash areas, undifferentiated river bottom
land containing riparian vegetation dominated by a Cottonwood tree overstory, tall shrubs -
willow, Russian olive, and various short shrubs snowberry and wild rose and marsh areas
consisting of cattails, rushes and sedges. Croplands in the area consist of hay and grain
fields.

One aspect of the land management responsibilities at Isaac Homestead WMA is noxious
weed control. Control of noxious weeds on all agricultural leased land within a WMA is the
responsibility of the lessees and is agreed upon in the lease document. The area wildlife
biologist oversees the lessee’s weed control activities, providing assistance in weed control
management goals, survey/inventories and selection of treatments. For those WMA lands
outside the agricultural leases, responsibility for control rests with the DFWP. In the past,
weed control efforts on the non-lease lands has been carried out by the agricultural lease
holder under contract with the DFWP.

Weed Status

In total, approximately 7 acres of knapweed and Canada thistle occur on Isaac Homestead
WMA (Table 1). In addition, there are approximately 14 acres of other weed species found
at Isaac Homestead including Common burdock, Poison hemlock and Field bindweed.
Knapweed accounts for approximately 2 acres of the total, occurring at low densities in two
isolated rangeland patches of about 1 acre each. Canada thistle and Field bindweed are
weeds infesting approximately 5 acres, primarily found in cropland sites. Common burdock
and Poison hemlock are infesting two small rangeland sites (X< 500 sq.ft.). At the present
time, weeds on the WMA are contained or being reduced from their current levels through
a combination of annual chemical treatments, hand pulling and mowing and tillage
operations on cropland sites. Possible sources for weed infestations into Isaac Homestead
include adjacent private lands and the river corridor.

Site Constraints

Chemical treatment of noxious weeds on this property group is constrained by the presence
of surface waters (Yellowstone River) and by moderately permeable soil textures which
could transport chemicals to shallow, seasonal groundwater tables. Riparian vegetation
consisting of cottonwood/willow bottoms with a shrub and herbaceous understory
component and wetlands areas may also preclude certain chemical treatments.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

Currently the patches of knapweed in the isolated rangeland sites are being controlled by
a combination of hand pulling and chemical applications. Control of Canada thistle and
Field bindweed located in agricultural fields is by a combination of normal field tillage
operations and chemical applications. Control of Common burdock and Poison hemlock
has been by a combination of hand pulling and chemical applications.

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The DFWP will also attempt to curtail spread of established weed species by restricting
vehicles to established roads. However, due to the mobility of our society and to the fact
that the public is welcome to (and does) use public resources like Isaac Homestead WMA,
noxious weeds will likely persist. Therefore, the weed management goals are an attempt to
reduce or eradicate if possible or contain weeds at their current levels and locations to
prevent weeds from spreading to or from adjacent lands, and to comply with county
ordinances and state law concerning noxious weeds. The primary treatment method will be
chemical, subject to the guidelines outlined previously in Part 2.0 of this Plan. Where use
of chemicals is inappropriate, manual, cultural, or biological methods will be used. Where
possible, weed management efforts will be coordinated with adjacent landowners in
recognition of the landscape aspect of noxious weeds and seed dispersal.

3.1.6 Seven Sisters

Existing Environment

The initial land acquisition for Seven Sisters WMA occurred in 1974. Since that time,
additional land has been purchased and leased so that presently DFWP administers 597
acres of deeded land and 38 acres of land lease from the DNRC. The site is located in
Richland County east of the community of Crane and is surrounded for the most part by
private agricultural land, although it shares a comer boundary with BLM lands off the NE
boundary and is adjacent to the BN/Santa Fe rail corridor along the western boundary.
Seven Sisters provides opportunities for wildlife habitat enhancement and protection and
recreational use including hunting, fishing, hiking, and berry picking among others. In
addition, 38 acres of the site is leased to a private farm/ranch cooperator who currently
both farms and grazes livestock on the lease. Access to Seven Sisters is provided by a
county road leading east from Crane and by a limited road system within the WMA,
developed by the DFWP. Recreational developments, in addition to access roads, include
a boat ramp and parking area on the Yellowstone River.

Seven Sisters WMA consists of lands adjacent to the Yellowstone River. Land types for the
area consist primarily of river wash areas, undifferentiated river bottom land containing
riparian vegetation dominated by a Cottonwood tree overstory, tall shrubs - willow, Russian
olive, and various short shrubs snowberry and wild rose, and marsh areas consisting of
cattails, rushes and sedges. Croplands in the area consist of hay and grain fields.

The management goals of Seven Sister’s WMA are to benefit current and future generations
of Montanan’s by providing high quality outdoor recreational opportunities. At Seven
Sister’s, the focus is primarily on deer and upland game bird hunting opportunities. By
providing public access to the property, by utilizing and manipulating current farming and
grazing practices to produce crops, livestock and wildlife, land management practices at
Seven Sister’s seek to provide an example of sustainable multiple use of agricultural land.

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One aspect of the land management responsibilities at Seven Sister’s WMA is noxious weed
control. Control of noxious weeds on all agricultural leased land within a WMA is the
responsibility of the lessees and is agreed upon in the lease document. The area wildlife
biologist oversees the lessee’s weed control activities, providing assistance in weed control
management goals, survey/inventories and selection of treatments. For those WMA lands
outside the agricultural leases, responsibility for control rests with the DFWP. In the past,
weed control efforts on the non-lease lands, has been carried out by the agricultural lease
holder under contract with the DFWP.

Weed Status

Approximately 2 acres of Leafy spurge and Canada thistle occur on Seven Sisters WMA
(Table 1). Leafy spurge is found at low densities in a few isolated rangeland patches
totalling less than 2,000 square feet. Canada thistle and Field bindweed are weeds infesting
approximately 2 acres of primarily cropland sites. At the present time, weeds on the WMA
are contained or being reduced from their current levels through a combination of annual
chemical treatments, hand pulling and mowing and tillage operations on cropland sites.
Possible sources for weed infestations into Seven Sisters WMA include adjacent private
lands, the river corridor, a railroad corridor which borders the western boundary and visitor
use of the site.

Site Constraints

Chemical treatment of noxious weeds on this property group is constrained by the presence
of surface waters (Yellowstone River) and by moderately permeable soil textures which
could transport chemicals to shallow, seasonal groundwater tables. Riparian vegetation
consisting of cottonwood/willow bottoms with a shrub and herbaceous understory
component and wetlands areas may also preclude certain chemical treatments.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

Currently the patches of Leafy spurge in isolated rangeland sites are being controlled by a
combination of hand pulling, mowing followed by spot chemical applications. Control of
Canada thistle and Field bindweed located in agricultural fields is by a combination of
normal field tillage operations and chemical applications.

The DFWP will also attempt to curtail spread of established weed species by restricting
vehicles to established roads. However, due to the mobility of our society and to the fact
that the public is welcome to (and does) use public resources like Seven Sisters WMA,
noxious weeds will likely persist. Therefore, the weed management goals are an attempt to
reduce or eradicate if possible or contain weeds at their current levels and locations to
prevent weeds from spreading to or from adjacent lands, and to comply with county
ordinances and state law concerning noxious weeds. The primary treatment method will be
chemical, subject to the guidelines outlined previously in Part 2.0 of this Plan. Where use

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of chemicals is inappropriate, manual, cultural, or biological methods will be used. Where
possible, weed management efforts will be coordinated with adjacent landowners in
recognition of the landscape aspect of noxious weeds and seed dispersal.

3.2 Fishing Access Sites

32.1 Introduction

Fishing and related pursuits are significant components of eastern Montana’s recreational
industry. Angling pressure in DFWP’s Region 7 (total days of fishing per year) approached
200,000 angler days during the 1995 season (Phil Stewart, DFWP). Region 7 contains
approximately 909 miles of major fishing rivers and creeks, along with public fishing
reservoirs and ponds. Public enjoyment of such resources would not be possible without
access.

FAS’s are properties owned by or leased to DFWP along surface watercourses or lakes.
Through this ownership, FAS’s provide access to river areas for the general public to engage
in primarily angling pursuits. Watercourses with their associated vegetation communities
(riparian zones) are some of the most diverse, productive habitats available to wildlife. For
example, riparian woodlands in the west support the greatest diversity and abundance of
neotropical migrant songbirds both during the breeding season and during migration
(Dobkin 1992). These species are particularly dependent on the complexity and density of
vegetation structure, especially in the shrub and herbaceous layers. Furthermore, riparian
zones add tremendous diversity to the surrounding landscape.

In addition to their significant value to wildlife, FAS’s are also valued by outdoor
recreationists. Public use occurs during all seasons, although it is more concentrated during
the angling season. The setting and visitor use facilities at a typical FAS’s include the
following: surface water body (stream or lake), access roads, parking areas, outhouse, and
a boat ramp or launch. Additional facilities may include picnic tables, cooking grills, a
designated group use area, and camp sites.

Several rivers in southeast Montana have noteworthy historical significance beyond their
present day recreational values. Trappers, William Clark (Lewis & Clark) and later
steamships supplying early-day soldiers and forts all used the Yellowstone as their highway
through this part of the state. Although much in the drainage has changed since then,
access to the river is still guaranteed at DFWP access sites.

It is the goal of DFWP to administer FAS’s by enacting good land management policies
which protect vegetative and soil sources. To the degree that vegetation communities are
healthy and vigorous, they will resist noxious weed encroachment. However, FAS’s are a
small part of a larger landscape in which, unfortunately, noxious weeds occur, and noxious
weeds have been documented on FAS’s in Region 7. Therefore, any noxious weed

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management should be approached on the landscape level, considering neighboring
landowners, land use practices, and mechanisms of noxious weed seed dispersal. Noxious
weed management strategies must take into account the natural resource and human use
values of these sites.

To that end, noxious weed management on FAS’s will center around maintaining healthy
vegetation communities, deterring seed dispersal, and the detection and treatment of noxious
weed outbreaks before they become well established. Healthy vegetation communities can
be promoted by limiting excessive soil disturbance which facilitates weed establishment. Soil
disturbance can be prevented by confining the use of motorized vehicles to established roads
and trails and by not disturbing vegetation unnecessarily during the development of visitor
use facilities. After the development of visitor use facilities, the disturbed areas will be
reseeded. By restricting vehicular traffic to established routes, seed dispersal is also
confined to areas where weeds can be easily detected and treated. Quick detection and
treatment of small patches is the most efficient approach to manage noxious weed
outbreaks. As populations increase, potential treatment methods and techniques dwindle
as other considerations come into play. Given the number of FAS’s in Region 7, budget and
personnel constraints require the implementation of methods which maximize the ratio of
successful weed management to cost. The management of noxious weeds on FAS’s will be
accomplished using the concept of INWM. Manual, cultural, chemical, and biological
methods will all be used. Specific techniques will vary as individual circumstances require.

In the realization that effective weed management of large areas with complex
landownership patterns such as river corridors is a cooperative effort, and to accomplish
weed management goals (Noxious Weed Management Strategies, 2.0 of this document), the
DFWP will place top priority on entering into weed management agreements with other
governmental agencies, weed districts and private landowners.

The DFWP will also train and update its employees and agents in noxious weed
identification, appropriate eradication methods and expand on detection and reporting of
infestations on DFWP properties. For example, in managing FAS properties, the DFWP
employs local residents in caretaking work at a group of sites within an area. Park
caretakers are often the DFWP’s first line of defense against noxious weed problems as they
visit and work at the sites on a frequent basis. Weed training and updates will be included
at annual caretaker meetings, which the DFWP has used for many years to disseminate
information to field personnel. DFWP will also continue and expand its cooperation with
local county weed control supervisors, which serve as the focal point for county-wide weed
control efforts.

Lastly, the DFWP will attempt to inform the public on ways to reduce the spread of noxious
weeds to and from department lands. The DFWP will continue to promote vehicle use only
on established roads and eventually signs may be developed linking this management option
to helping reduce weed seed spread. Another example of public education efforts could
include "inserts" into FAS guides, etc.

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FAS treatment plans, organized by major river drainage, follow. All access sites in that
particular drainage will be discussed in common. Unique circumstances will be pointed out
as necessary. Access sites are located on the following rivers: Yellowstone, Tongue, Powder
and Missouri rivers. Additionally, FAS ponds and reservoirs will be discussed in common.
Figure 4 illustrates the locations of FAS’s in Region 7.

Recall that Table 2 summarizes the noxious weed species present and status for FAS’s in
Region 7. It should be pointed out that the estimated area (in acres) presented in Table
2 is cumulative for an entire site, since weeds are not continuously distributed throughout
a FAS. That is, estimated acres of weeds along roadways are added to estimated acres in
remote locations to obtain a total amount of acres. Figure 4 illustrates the location of the
FAS’s in Region 7.

3 22 Yellowstone River Drainage

Existing Environment

Almost 400 miles downriver from its headwaters in Yellowstone National Park, the
Yellowstone River in Region 7 flows easterly from its confluence with the Bighorn River to
the Montana/North Dakota border. Land ownership along the river corridor is mostly
private and agriculture is the predominant land use. The river corridor is also home to the
majority of the larger towns in eastern Montana, including Forsyth, Miles City, Glendive and
Sidney. Federal lands also occur in proximity to the river at certain points within this reach.
The Yellowstone River is nationally recognized for its natural resource values, whether for
the angling, the vistas, or the unaltered river course. There are 13 FAS’s on the
Yellowstone in R-7, totaling approximately 602 acres. This particular stretch of the
Yellowstone River logged approximately 30,330 angler-days during the 1993 angling season
from March 1993 to February 1994 (where 1 angler-day is 1 angler fishing for approximately
4 hours).

The Yellowstone River corridor is seasonal or year-round habitat for an abundance of
wildlife. Game and nongame species alike depend on its cottonwood riparian bottoms. All
varieties of waterfowl use the Yellowstone during the breeding season and annual
migrations.

Although there are 13 FAS’s on the approximately 295 mile stretch of Yellowstone River
in Region 7, the physical characteristics of the sites are similar enough to group together.
Yellowstone River FAS’s consist primarily of mainland properties in and adjacent to the
Yellowstone River. Two islands are also included in this property group, Amelia Island in
Treasure County and a portion of Joe’s Island in Dawson County. The general land types
contained in the Yellowstone FAS consist of undifferentiated river bottom lands and to a
lesser degree marsh and river wash areas similar to those described previously in the section
on Yellowstone River WMA’s.

45

With such high resource values and the Yellowstone River’s location adjacent to the
majority of the population in southeastern Montana, it’s only fitting that DFWP maintains
the greatest number of FAS’s on the Yellowstone than any other river in the Region. They
are:

Meyers Bridge
Amelia Island
Rosebud, East
Rosebud, West

Far West
Roche Jaune
Kinsey Bridge
Bonfield

Weed Status

Fallon Bridge
Intake

Sidney Bridge
Diamond Willow

The most common noxious weed species on FAS’s along the Yellowstone River are Canada
thistle, and Leafy spurge. Other noxious weed species include Spotted and Russian
knapweed occurring in smaller patches (Table 2) on two of the sites (Meyer’s Bridge and
West Rosebud) and a small patch of Purple loosestrife occurs at Kinsey Bridge. Field
bindweed is also known to occur at a number of FAS’s (Roche Jaune, Kinsey Bridge, South
Sandstone and Diamond Willow). Combinations of other weed species, including kochia,
Showy milkweed and Russian thistle among others, are common on most of the sites along
roadsides and in disturbed areas. The largest noxious weed populations occur at Meyer’s
Bridge, Kinsey Bridge, Intake and Diamond Willow FAS’s.

Possible sources for weed infestations onto Yellowstone River FAS’s include adjacent and
upriver lands. Also the proximity of Yellowstone River FAS’s to the well-travelled 1-94
corridor, numerous state highways, and county roads adds to the potential spread of weeds
to and from FAS sites. Another potential source for weed infestations include the active
BN/Santa Fe and abandoned Milwaukee Road railroad corridors adjacent to a few FAS’s.

Site Constraints

Chemical treatment of noxious weeds at all FAS’s on the Yellowstone is constrained by the
presence of surface waters and moderately permeable soil textures which could possibly
transport chemicals to shallow, seasonal groundwater tables. Also influencing chemical use
are the high levels of human use at a few sites, particularly during the summer months
possibly limiting the use of chemicals even in those areas where they can be safely applied
without risk to water resources. Riparian vegetation consisting of cottonwood/willow
bottoms with a shrub and herbaceous understory component and numerous wetlands areas
may also preclude certain chemical treatments.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

Past weed control efforts on Yellowstone FAS’s have been a combination of manual,
cultural, biological and chemical treatments. Emphasis has been on chemical treatment of
weeds where the appropriate site conditions exist. This has been due to relatively small size

47

of the infestations and the cost effectiveness of chemical treatments. Manual and cultural
methods have been applied on the majority of the FAS’s on an annual basis. Hand-pulling
and weed trimmers are used on small patch infestations that are noted by park personnel
and roadsides have been in some instances mowed on an annual basis, helping to reduce
seed head formation. Biological control agents have been released at one Yellowstone
River site, Intake FAS.

As mentioned previously, past weed management efforts on Yellowstone River FAS’s have
focused on chemical treatments, although DFWP has begun to move away from a total
reliance on chemical treatment methods on its FAS’s. Chemical methods will be used for
those sites (or weed patches on a site) where their application will ensure they are not
transported off the target species or site (for example, by water, through soil, etc.) and will
not impair site values and resources. Manual and cultural methods of weed control will
continue to be used in areas that pose site constraints to chemical use, in areas of high
public use such as formal campgrounds, etc. and in instances of where these methods also
serve other purposes such as mowing roadsides to define road surfaces, for fire control or
mowing of large camp areas. Due to the location of FAS’s adjacent surface water sources
and the resulting large areas where chemical use is constrained, the use of biocontrol
techniques will be relied upon more in the future as biocontrol agents become more readily
available through governmental and commercial sources.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as fences,
rock barriers, etc. and by clearly designating road/trail/parking surfaces by providing signs
and mowing right-of-ways. The DFWP will also monitor it’s development activities before
and after construction projects take place. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities
during facility development and maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during
development will be reseeded and closely monitored for possible weed introductions.

3 23 Tongue River Drainage

Existing Environment

The Tongue River flows almost 300 miles from its headwaters in Wyoming’s Bighorn
Mountains to its confluence with the Yellowstone River at Miles City. Upon exiting the
Tongue River Reservoir on the Wyoming state border, the river flows through a scenic
canyon area for approximately 20 miles before settling into a shallow, narrow valley to its
confluence with the Yellowstone River. The primary land use is agricultural, with minor
residential areas near the town of Ashland and in the immediate vicinity of Miles City. The
209 miles of river in Region 7 provided 7,030 angler days of fishing (not including the
Tongue River Reservoir) in the 1993 season from March 93 to February 94. The
department has one FAS on the Tongue River, 12 Mile Dam.

48

12 Mile Dam FAS consists of mainland properties adjacent to the Tongue River just below
the site of 12 mile Dam, a large irrigation diversion located upriver of Miles City. Land
types for this area consist primarily of undifferentiated river bottom land containing riparian
vegetation dominated by a Cottonwood tree overstory, tall shrubs - willow, Russian olive,
and various short shrubs snowberry and wild rose. A significant feature of the property is
the T&Y diversion Dam and entrance works to the T&Y irrigation canal, which borders the
site on the eastern side. The dam, entrance works and section of canal are fenced off from
the public, and are the private property of the T&Y Ditch Company. Weed control
responsibilities in this area are retained by the Ditch Company.

Weed Status

12 Mile Dam has a small infestation of Canada thistle (1/4 acre), and has patches of other
weed species most notably Showy milkweed and Curly dock. Possible sources for weed
infestations onto 12 Mile Dam FAS include adjacent and upriver lands and the proximity
of the site to a well-traveled county road connecting Ashland to Miles City. The property
is bordered to the east by a number of residential sites and by the T&Y diversion entrance
works and irrigation canal, both of which, if lacking adequate noxious weed management
efforts, could serve as potential sources of noxious weed seeds for 12 Dam and the river
corridor.

Site Constraints

Chemical treatment of noxious weeds at 12 Mile Dam is constrained by the presence of
surface waters and by moderately permeable soil textures which could transport chemicals
to shallow, seasonal groundwater tables. Riparian vegetation consisting of cottonwood and
willow bottoms with a shrub and herbaceous understory component and wetlands areas may
also preclude certain chemical treatments.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

Manual and cultural methods have been applied on this site regularly in the past. Hand-
pulling, cutting and mowing (usually confined to roadsides and camp areas) were
administered at least once during any one growing season and this will continue. Chemical
control of Canada thistle has occurred on an intermittent basis at 12 Mile Dam and will
continue in areas appropriate for chemical use. Although no biological control agents have
been released in the past at this site, the possibility exists for their use in the control of
Canada thistle.

Some weed management on 12 Mile Dam FAS has been by chemical means, although
DFWP has begun to move away from a total reliance on chemical treatment methods on
its FAS’s. Chemical methods will be used for those sites (or weed patches on a site) where

49

their application will ensure they are not transported off the target species or site (for
example, by water, through soil, etc.) and will not impair site values and resources. Manual,
cultural, and biological methods will be emphasized on areas unsuitable for chemical
treatments.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during facility development will be
reseeded.

32.4 Powder River Drainage

The Powder River originates in Wyoming, draining the Southeast flank of the Bighorn
Mountains and a large prairie basin area stretching as far south as Casper, WY. Upon
entering Montana, it flows north some 217 miles to meet the Yellowstone River near the
town of Terry. The Powder River provided an estimated 598 angler days in the 1993 season.
In addition to it’s fishery values, the Powder River corridor is also home to an abundance
of big game, upland bird and nongame species. Riparian zones vegetated with cottonwood,
willow, and various shrubs provide cover for deer and wild turkey among others, providing
a wealth of hunting opportunities.

Land types for this area consist primarily of undifferentiated river bottom land containing
riparian vegetation dominated by a Cottonwood tree overstory, tall shrubs - willow, Russian
olive, and various short shrubs- snowberry and wild rose.

There are three DFWP access sites located on the river: 1) Little Powder River, 2)
Broadus Bridge and 3) Powder River Depot.

As noted earlier in this document, at Little Powder River FAS, which is leased by the
DFWP, the lessor has retained the responsibility for weed control. Therefore, discussion
will be limited to the two remaining sites.

Existing Environment and Weed Status

It is unknown if noxious weeds are present at the small undeveloped site (2.9 acres) of
Broadus Bridge FAS, a MDOT lease of the Mt. Highway 59 bridge right-of-way immediately
south of Broadus. Except for boundary fencing, the site lacks any developments including
signs marking the site. Because of this and the relative remoteness of the site, it is
estimated the site receives very little visitation at the present time. The site is surrounded
by private agricultural lands. Possible sources of weed infestation include adjacent and
upriver properties and the proximity of this site to Montana Highway 59.

50

At the historic site of Powder River Depot FAS, the DFWP leases a road easement through
BLM and private property (approximately 3 acres in size). The site, where the Powder
empties into the Yellowstone River, was one of General Alfred Terry’s supply depots during
his campaign against the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians in 1876. It was here that Custer’s 7th
Calvary loaded supplies onto mules before riding to the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Adjacent landowners to the site include private agriculture, BN/Santa Fe Railroad, BLM
and DNRC. Developments include boundary fencing and entrance signs. The easement
and surrounding area has a large infestation of Leafy spurge. Possible sources for weed
infestations onto Powder River Depot FAS include adjacent and upriver lands, it is a well
known fact that the Powder River corridor has extensive infestations of Leafy spurge. The
proximity of the site to US Highway 10 and the BN/Santa Fe Railroad corridor could serve
as potential sources of noxious weed infestation to and from the site.

Site Constraints

Chemical treatment of noxious weeds on Powder River FAS’s is constrained by the presence
of surface waters and by moderately permeable soil textures which could transport chemicals
to shallow, seasonal groundwater tables. Riparian vegetation consisting of
cottonwood/willow bottoms with a shrub and herbaceous understory component may also
preclude certain chemical treatments.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

At the Broadus Bridge FAS, there is the immediate need for a weed survey of the site.
Although no noxious weed infestations have been reported or documented since the DFWP
leased the site, the potential exists as outlined in the previous section. If needed, control
efforts will be a mix of manual, cultural, biological and chemical methods.

Past weed control efforts at Powder River Depot have focused on chemical treatments
primarily on BLM ground (and FWP lease inclusion). These have occurred for the most
part, on an annual basis by the BLM with some contributions by the DFWP. These
treatments will continue with more cooperative efforts from the DFWP.

For both FAS’s chemical methods will be used (or weed patches on a site) where their
application will ensure they are not transported off the target species or site (for example,
by water, through soil, etc.) and will not impair site values and resources. Manual, cultural,
and biological methods will be emphasized on areas unsuitable for chemical treatments.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during facility development will be
reseeded.

51

3*2.5 Missouri River Drainage

Existing Environment

The Missouri River (and Fort Peck Reservoir) forms the northern boundary of DFWP
Region 7 in Garfield and Richland counties. Below Fort Peck Reservoir the river flows
more than 185 miles to the North Dakota border. Upon exiting the Fort Peck Reservoir
the river flows through a wide valley area. The primary land use is agricultural, with
population centers near the town of Wolf Point, Poplar and Culbertson. The 185 miles of
river in Region 7 provided 4,022 angler days of fishing (not including the Fort Peck
Reservoir) in the 1993 season from March 93 to February 94. Region 7 has one FAS on
the Missouri River, Culbertson Bridge.

Culbertson Bridge FAS is a 1.35 acre MDOT highway bridge lease located south of the city
of Culbertson where Mt. Highway 16 crosses the Missouri River. The site is on the south
side of the river and bordered by private agricultural lands and the Mt. Highway 16 right
of way. Land types for this area consist primarily of undifferentiated river bottom land
containing riparian vegetation dominated by a Cottonwood tree overstory, tall shrubs -
willow, Russian olive, and various short shrubs snowberry and wild rose. Improvements at
the site include a boat ramp and small parking area, and signs marking the site.

Weed Status

As of this date, Culbertson Bridge FAS has not been surveyed for noxious weeds and it is
not known if noxious weeds exist on the property. Possible sources of weed infestation
include adjacent and upriver properties and the proximity of this site to Montana Highway
16.

Site Constraints

Chemical treatment of noxious weeds at Culbertson Bridge is constrained by the presence
of surface waters and by moderately permeable soil textures which could transport chemicals
to shallow, seasonal groundwater tables. Riparian vegetation consisting of
cottonwood/willow bottoms with a shrub and herbaceous understory component and
wetlands areas may also preclude certain chemical treatments.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

At Culbertson Bridge FAS, there is the immediate need for a weed survey of the site.
Although no noxious weed infestations have been reported or documented since the DFWP
leased the site, the potential exists as outlined in the previous section. If needed, control
efforts will be a mix of manual, cultural, biological and chemical methods.

52

Chemical methods will be used for those sites (or weed patches on a site) where their
application will ensure they are not transported off the target species or site (for example,
by water, through soil, etc.) and will not impair site values and resources. Manual, cultural,
and biological methods will be emphasized on areas unsuitable for chemical treatments.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during facility development will be
reseeded.

3 2.6 Ponds and Lakes

Existing Environment

South Sandstone Reservoir, an irrigation storage facility constructed on the S. Fork of
Sandstone Creek near the town of Plevna, was acquired by the DFWP in 1975. The DFWP
administers a 360 acre site with the majority in deeded land. The site has several
improvements including access roads, parking areas, a boat ramp, latrines and picnic shelters
and tables. South Sandstone Reservoir is surrounded on all sides by private agricultural
lands and two rural county roads form the north and east boundaries of the property. Land
type for this site consists of upland rangelands with vegetation predominately mid to tall
grasses, forbs and shrubs. The reservoir supports a popular northern pike and walleye
fishery for residents primarily from the nearby Fallon and Carter County area. Outdoor
recreation opportunities associated with the Reservoir include angling, waterfowl hunting,
picnicking, and wildlife viewing.

Johnson Reservoir is a small water impoundment located on Deer Creek north of Lindsay.
The DFWP leases the 60 acre site from the DNRC, which includes a narrow perimeter strip
around the reservoir, a parking lot and the dam outlet area. The DFWP has responsibility
for weed control on that portion. The site is surrounded on all sides by private agricultural
lands. Land type for this site consists of upland rangelands with vegetation predominately
mid to tall grasses, forbs and shrubs. The site has minimal improvements including an
access road and fenced parking area. Outdoor recreation opportunities include angling,
waterfowl hunting, wildlife viewing and outdoor photography.

Hollecker Pond is a small recreational impoundment located just northwest of the city of
Glendive. The DFWP has a recreational lease on the site from Dawson County and the
County retains responsibility for weed control. Outdoor recreation opportunities include
angling, picnicking, wildlife viewing and outdoor photography. Hollecker Pond will not be
discussed below due to the Dawson County responsibility for weed control.

53

Gartside Dam is a recreational impoundment located at the lower end of the Crane Creek
drainage, west of the community of Crane. The DFWP owns half and leases half of the 160
acre site from the DNRC. The site is surrounded on all sides by private agricultural lands.
Land type for this site consists of upland rangelands with vegetation predominately mid to
tall grasses, forbs and shrubs. The site has minimal improvements which are located
adjacent to the reservoir and include, an access road, latrines, two picnic shelters and tables.

Rush Hall Reservoir is a small livestock water impoundment located in the Cabin Creek
drainage north of Baker. The DFWP leases this site and the private owner retains
responsibility for weed control. The lease stipulates seasonal public access from
approximately January to October of the year, essentially limiting the public to angling,
wildlife viewing and outdoor photography use of the reservoir. Rush Hall will not be
discussed below due to the lessors’ responsibility for weed control.

Weed Status

Small, low-density infestations of Canada thistle occur at both South Sandstone Reservoir
and Gartside Dam. In addition. South Sandstone has a small infestation of Field Bindweed.
Johnson Reservoir was recently brought back as a DFWP FAS due to the rebuilding of the
dam. The site has not been inventoried for weeds as of this date.

Site Constraints

On all three sites, chemical treatment of noxious weeds is constrained by the presence of
surface waters and by soil textures of varying permeability, which could transport chemicals
to shallow seasonal groundwater tables or in the instance of Gartside Dam with steep
terrain partially surrounding the water body, could possibly transport chemicals to the water
body by runoff events. Riparian vegetation consisting of cottonwood/willow bottoms with
a shrub and herbaceous understory component may also preclude certain chemical
treatments.

Weed Management Strategies

At Gartside Dam, no recent control activities have been noted on the Canada thistle patches
inventoried on the site. Control efforts will be scheduled for the 96 season and will be a
mix of manual, cultural, biological and chemical methods.

At Johnson Reservoir, the site will be inventoried this season (96) and if needed, control
efforts will be a mixture of manual, cultural, biological and chemical methods.

At South Sandstone, the Canada thistle patches and when located Field bindweed patches,
have received annual chemical treatments by Fallon County crews under contract with the
DFWP. This will continue in areas appropriate for chemical use.

54

Manual and cultural methods have been applied on some of these sites in the past. Hand-
pulling and cutting treatments were usually administered at least once during any one
growing season. Target weed species include Canada thistle and other weed species
including kochia.

Some weed management on these sites was by chemical means, although DFWP has begun
to move away from the use of chemical treatment methods on its FAS’s. Chemical methods
will be reserved for those sites (or weed patches on a site) where application will not impair
site values and resources. Manual, cultural, biological, and chemical methods will all be
used, although the first three will be emphasized.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during facility development will be
reseeded.

33 State Parks & Administrative Sites

3.3.1 Introduction

Preserved for their cultural, historical, recreational, and natural features, Montana’s State
Parks (SP’s) add a new dimension to recreational opportunities in Montana. As a
compliment to the natural resources of Montana, SP’s offer visitors a glimpse into
Montana’s past, the discovery of unique natural landscape features and the enjoyment of
leisure time spent outdoors.

In Region 7, there are 6 SP’s, encompassing 13,316.5 acres. They are: Makoshika, Rosebud
Battlefield, Medicine Rocks, Hell Creek, Tongue River and Pirogue Island. These
properties provide natural settings to camp, hike, boat, picnic, view wildlife, take pictures,
etc; however, the majority of the parks in Region 7 have a historical significance beyond
their present day recreational values. For example, Rosebud Battlefield commemorates this
large battle just 8 days before the Battle of the Little Bighorn. William Clark possibly
stopped on Pirogue Island on their return journey through Montana. Medicine Rocks was
prominent enough to warrant a special visit from Theodore Roosevelt in the late 1800’s.
Reaching farther back into the past, there is evidence of use of these sites by native peoples
including, a pishkin or buffalo jump at Rosebud Battlefield SP and ceremonial use of
Medicine Rocks SP.

The setting and visitor use facilities at a typical state park include the following: access
roads, parking areas, boat ramps, restrooms, camp grounds, and picnic areas. Additional
facilities may include cooking grills, a designated group use area, hiking trails, and drinking
water.

55

The goal of DFWP is to administer SP’s by enacting good land management policies which
protect vegetation and soil resources. To the degree that vegetation communities are
healthy and vigorous, they will resist noxious weed encroachment. However, SP’s are a
small part of a larger landscape, in which unfortunately, noxious weeds occur and noxious
weeds have been documented on most SP’s in Region 7. DFWP is required by law to treat
noxious weeds. Any NWMP undertaken should be approached at the landscape level,
considering neighboring landowners, land use practices, and mechanisms of seed dispersal.
Noxious weed management strategies must take into account the high natural resource and
human use values of these sites. To that end, weed management in SP’s will center around
maintaining healthy vegetation communities, deterring seed dispersal, and the detection and
treatment of noxious weed outbreaks before they become well established.

Healthy vegetation communities can be promoted by limiting excessive soil disturbance
which facilitates noxious weed establishment. Soil disturbance can be prevented by
confining the use of motorized vehicles to established roads and trails and by not disturbing
vegetation unnecessarily during the development or maintenance of visitor use facilities. By
restricting vehicular traffic to established routes, seed dispersal is also confined to areas
where weeds can be easily detected and treated.

Preventing noxious weed dispersal is the ultimate goal. The mobility of our society makes
that a difficult goal to attain. Quick detection and treatment of noxious weed outbreaks is
the most efficient approach to managing weeds and keeping their dispersal rate at a
manageable level. As weed patches increase in size, potential treatment methods and
techniques dwindle as other considerations come into play. Given the amount of acreage
contained within SP’s in Region 7, budget and personnel constraints require the
implementation of methods which maximize the ratio of successful weed management to
cost. The management of noxious weeds in SP’s will be accomplished using the concept of
INWM. Where appropriate, chemicals will be applied. Other methods and techniques such
as hand-pulling, mowing, and biological control agents will also be emphasized.

In the realization that effective weed management of large areas with complex
landownership patterns is a cooperative effort, and to accomplish weed management goals
(Noxious Weed Management Strategies, 2.0 of this document), the DFWP will place top
priority on entering into weed management cooperative agreements with other governmental
agencies, weed districts and private landowners.

The DFWP will also train/update its employees and agents in noxious weed identification,
appropriate eradication methods and expand on detection and reporting of infestations on
DFWP properties. Park caretakers are often the DFWP’s first line of defense against
noxious weed problems as they visit and work at the sites on a frequent basis. Weed
training and updates will be included at annual caretaker meetings, which the DFWP has
used for many years to disseminate information to field personnel. DFWP will also continue
and expand its cooperation with local county weed control supervisors, which serve as a
county focal point for county-wide weed control efforts.

56

Lastly, the DFWP will attempt to inform the public on ways to reduce the spread of noxious
weeds to and from department lands. For example, the DFWP will continue to promote
vehicle use only on established roads and eventually signs may be developed linking this
management option to reducing weed seed spread. Other examples of public information
could include "inserts" into SP site guides/etc.

Noxious weed treatment plans for SP’s follow. Makoshika, Rosebud Battlefield, Medicine
Rocks, and Pirogue will be discussed individually; whereas Hell Creek and Tongue River
will be discussed together. Figure 5 illustrates the locations of these parks in Region 7.

This section also discusses the State Fish Hatchery and Regional Headquarters complex (2
sites), all located near Miles City.

3.3.2 Makoshika

Existing Environment

Montana’s largest SP sits atop pine and juniper-studded badlands formations overlooking
the Yellowstone River near Glendive. To the Lakota Sioux Indians, Makoshika meant "bad
earth" or "bad land". Makoshika was added to the SP system in 1953, when Dawson County
donated 160 acres and leased an additional 80 acres to the then Montana Department of
Highways, State Park Division. Subsequent acquisitions, the bulk coming from Dawson
County and the BLM, now place the park at 8,832 acres. Of this amount, 4,174 acres are
deeded land and the remaining 4,658 are leased primarily from Dawson County and the
BLM.

Land ownership patterns, in and around the park, are a combination of checkerboard
ownership between the park, private agriculture, Dawson County, and the BLM. Makoshika
also has numerous tracts of private inholdings, most notably the Glendive Lion’s Youth
Camp site. Surrounding lands and private inholdings are used for livestock grazing and
private recreational purposes. Within the boundaries of the park are numerous radio
towers, which are leased to both public and private organizations by the DFWP and an
existing powerline corridor. The BLM has completed a Management Framework Plan for
the lands they manage adjacent to Makoshika. The entire park was identified as a Visual
Resource Management Class II area, representing unique or quality visual elements which
deserve protection to maintain the quality of existing features.

57

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Access to Makoshika SP is provided by a county road which bisects the park from northwest
to southeast. A small system of roads has been developed by the DFWP to provide access
to some park features. With the completion of a visitor’s center at the park in 1994,
Makoshika is eastern Montana’s premier park at the eastern gateway to the state along the
1-94 corridor. For the calendar year of 1994, approximately 45,000 people visited Makoshika
SP. Visitor use facilities include, access roads, parking areas, picnic areas, scenic turnouts,
a campground, amphitheater, hiking trails, and a visitor center.

The Makoshika SP area contains intermittent Ponderosa pine and Rocky mountain juniper
woodland areas, mainly confined to north-facing slopes and adjacent to coulee bottoms.
Another interesting vegetative type are the hardwood draws consisting mainly of Green ash
and Box elder. The majority of the vegetation is rolling grasslands covered with sagebrush,
greasewood, rabbitbrush and various wheatgrassses. It is interesting to note that within
these vegetative types over 225 species of wildflowers have been identified.

Weed Status

Due to Makoshika’s large size (8,832 acres) and partially checkerboard land ownership
pattern, weed status at the park is a complex issue. The most significant infestation is Leafy
spurge. Approximately 15 acres of Leafy spurge patch infestations have been documented,
although it is estimated there are many more "patches" throughout the park’s back country
and surrounding private and public lands. (Chuck Carbert, Park Manager, 1995). There
is also a small infestation of Canada thistle and there are minor infestations of other weed
species.

Although the park does not lie along any major highway routes, with its large annual
visitation, there is an increased potential for noxious weed introduction and spread from
Makoshika. Potential also exists for spread of weeds to and from neighboring grazing lands
and private inholdings and leases including private recreational, tower lease sites and
powerline corridor.

Site Constraints

Although Makoshika is primarily an dry, upland site, chemical methods of weed control are
constrained by the presence of a desirable vegetation type (intermittent Ponderosa pine and
Rocky mountain juniper areas) and in a few areas by riparian areas on or near various
coulee bottoms and near areas were human use is high.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

Past weed control methods at Makoshika have been primarily chemical treatments under
contract with Dawson County. The majority of the applications were on patches located
close to the county road through the park. Follow-up treatments, under contract with
Dawson County, will continue. The park has also been the release site for the biological

59

control agent Aphthona nigriscutis on Leafy spurge. With the park’s large size and
backcountry areas, the potential exists for biological control methods including the
continuing use of insects and the possibility of selective grazing treatments. A component
of the weed control plan for Makoshika that will be accomplished in the 96 season is a
thorough weed survey of the park. Once a better picture of the weed infestation (Leafy
spurge) on Makoshika and surrounding lands is known, treatment methods can be selected
and prioritized. The size and remoteness of the park bring into focus the need for a
cooperative effort to control spurge in this area of the county. The DFWP will investigate
cooperative efforts with the Dawson County Weed District, BLM and adjacent private
landowners.

As DFWP has begun to move away from a total reliance on chemical treatment methods
on its SP’s, chemical methods will be reserved for those weed patches where application of
chemicals will not impair site values and resources. Should weeds spread to areas where
chemical methods are no longer appropriate, cultural, manual, and biocontrol methods will
be used.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during facility development will be
reseeded.

333 Rosebud Battlefield

Existing Environment

On June 17, 1876, over 1300 soldiers, scouts and miners were met in battle by an equal
number of Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. These rocky outcroppings overlooking Rosebud
Creek were the setting for one of the most intense battles ever waged between Native
Americans and the US Army under the leadership of General George Crook. The Indian
victory at Rosebud was a prelude to and directly led to a still greater victory 8 days later on
June 25, 1876, when LT. Col. George A. Custer and his immediate command was wiped out
to a man by these same warriors who opposed Crook on the Rosebud. In addition to the
historical significance of the site the land is abundant in archeological remains. These
include a 3,500 - 4,000 year old buffalo jump with man-made drive lines marked by rock
cairns and some rare petroglyphs.

Rosebud Battlefield was added to the SP system in 1978 when the state purchased the
battlefield with coal tax revenues. It is comprised of 3,052 acres of deeded land; land
ownership surrounding the park is privately owned agricultural lands in a checkerboard
pattern, with livestock grazing and production of hay the primary crops. To improve

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rangeland health and enhance wildlife habitat on Rosebud Battlefield SP, a rest-rotation
grazing system plan was instituted and is carried out by a private grazing lease. Access to
the park is provided by a county road which heads west from County Highway #314,
approximately 20 miles north of Decker.

The majority of Rosebud Battlefield SP consists of sedimentary uplands, utilized as
rangeland with the majority of vegetation mid to short grasses with sagebrush, greasewood
and rabbitbrush the dominant shrubs. Also included in the uplands is a small amount of
intermittent Ponderosa pine/Rocky mountain juniper woodland areas, mostly confined to
north-facing slopes. In the Rosebud Creek area, agricultural production of hay forage has
replaced some of the riparian vegetation which includes willow, chokecherry, Green ash and
various shrubs including, snowberry and rose.

For the calendar year of 1994, an estimated 1500+ people visited Rosebud Battlefield SP.
Visitor use facilities include minor access roads, including a tour loop; an information
display and the historic Kobold ranch headquarters.

Weed Status

Rosebud Battlefield remains largely weed-free at the present time. A small Spotted
knapweed infestation of about 1/8 acre, occurs near the battlefield loop road. Dalmatian
toadflax occurs in small numbers (X< 1/16 acre) in the back areas of the site near the
property boundaries. An older infestation of burdock occurs along the banks of Rosebud
Creek. While these infestations are relatively small, the potential for spread is possible
through a grazing lease on the battlefield, park visitor use and trespass cattle problems. It
should also be noted here that Black henbane has infested the road right-of-way (private
road) leading to the park.

Site Constraints

Chemical methods of noxious weed treatment is constrained on those portions of the park
bordering the Rosebud Creek. This is due to the presence of surface water sources and
moderately permeable soils.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

In the past, chemical control treatments have been applied to this site on a regular basis,
primarily targeting the burdock infestation. The small Spotted knapweed patch was
completely pulled in 1995 and will be monitored and treated if necessary in future years.
The small Dalmatian toadflax patches noted in a 1995 field survey will also be monitored
and treated in future years. Past year’s weed control efforts at the Battlefield have been
performed by Big Horn County and DFWP crews. The current grazing lease at the site
provides for weed control activities to be carried out by the lessee.

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As DFWP has begun to move away from a total reliance on chemical treatment methods
on its SP’s, chemical methods will be reserved for those weed patches where application of
chemicals will not impair site values and resources. Should weeds spread to areas where
chemical methods are not appropriate, cultural, manual, and biocontrol methods will be
used.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during facility development will be
reseeded.

33.4 Medicine Rocks

Existing Environment

About 60 million years ago a wide river meandered through this area. It laid down layer
after layer of sand that eventually turned into fragile sandstone. Thousands of years of wind
and rain created the rock formations that now jut from the rolling grass and pine covered
hills of southeastern Montana that are the sandy knobs and pockmarked pillars of Medicine
Rocks SP, an eastern Montana landmark. Local legends say Native Americans considered
the rocks sacred and did medicine dances there before hunts and wars. No evidence exists
to support the oldtimer’s claims, although pottery and other Indian artifacts have been found
among the formations.

Medicine Rocks was first added to the SP system in 1957, when Carter County donated 360
acres to the then Montana Department of Highways, State Park Division. A subsequent
land disposal now places the park at 320 acres. The park is surrounded by private
agricultural rangeland. This park was designated a primitive SP by the 1993 Montana
legislature, a designation which limits the amount and types of development that can take
place at this park. For the park season of 1994 (May - September), and estimated 5,849
people visited Medicine Rocks SP. Visitor use facilities include an access road, parking
areas, campgrounds and latrines.

Land types for this site consist primarily of rangeland with short to mid grasses and various
shrub sand forbs. SP developments at this site include a road system, parking areas and
vault toilets.

The fragile sandy textured soil of the site erodes very easily. Off-road vehicle use and
initials carved and painted on the sandstone formations have speeded erosion and destroyed
thousands of years of nature’s work. Off-road vehicle use also spoils the parks’s natural
setting and endangers the existence of 5 plant species and 2 plant community types of
special concern1. These are:

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Common Name

Scientific Name

Status

Narrow Leaf Milkweed

Asclepias stenophylla

G4, SI

Smooth goosefoot

Chenopodium subglabrum

G4, SI

Schweinitzii flatsedge

Cyperus schweinitzii

G5, SI

Silky prairie clover

Dalea villosa

G5, SI

Moss phlox

Pholx andicola

G4, SI

Narrowleaf penstemon

Penstemon angustifolius

G5, SI

Sand Bluestem/

Andropogon hallii/

G3, S3

Needle-and-thread
community type

Stipa comata

Silver sagebrush/

Artemisia cana/

G3, S3

Long stolon sedge
community type

Carex helophila

1 Information provided by the Montana Natural Heritage Program (February 1995).

Weed Status

At the present time, the site remains relatively weed-free. A small infestation of Canada
thistle exists near a riparian area at the northeast corner of the site.

Site Constraints

Chemical treatment of noxious weeds on this site is constrained near riparian areas and
throughout the site due to the presence of plant species and community types of special
concern. Chemical treatments are also constrained in developed areas by high levels of
human use, particularly during the summer months.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

In the past, weed management at Medicine Rocks has been a combination of pulling,
mowing, and chemical means primarily targeted along road right-of-ways throughout the
park. Future management practices will continue to use the same methods along roadways.
In regards to the Canada thistle patch near a riparian area the possibility exists for the use
of biological control methods. Throughout the remainder of the dry upland areas of the site
a different strategy must be employed. First, the locations of the species and community
types of special concern must be located on the site. Once those locations have been
determined, weed control in/near these areas will be by manual or biological methods,
probably by pulling or spot cutting areas. All areas located away from these will be
considered for control by chemical means due to the anticipated small size of the potential
infestations.

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As DFWP has begun to move away from a total reliance on chemical treatments on its SP’s,
chemical methods will be reserved for those weed patches occurring in open areas where
application of chemicals will not impair other site values and resources. Other methods
such as cultural, manual, and biocontrol will be applied elsewhere.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during facility development will be
reseeded.

3Ji Pirogue Island

Existing Environments

William Clark (of Lewis and Clark) might have camped on or near this island during the
course of his return trip east in 1806. Pirogue Island SP consists of a 200 acre island in the
Yellowstone River, several small outer islands and 10 acres on the mainland. It is located
approximately 5 miles northeast of Miles City and offers residents and visitors access to the
river for fishing, wildlife viewing, bowhunting, boating, hiking and wildlife photography. The
large island is accessible by vehicle during times of low water; the smaller islands are
accessible only by boat. It is estimated approximately 3,628 people visited the park between
May 15 and September 15, 1994. Visitor facilities include access roads and parking areas.
This park was designated a primitive SP by the 1993 Montana legislature, a designation
which limits the amount and types of development that can take place at this park.

Land types for this area consist primarily of undifferentiated river bottom land containing
riparian vegetation dominated by a cottonwood tree overstory, tall shrubs (primarily willow)
and various short shrubs (snowberry and wild rose). On the main island, a large open area
previously cultivated and seeded for hay production, is slowly reverting back to native
vegetation. SP developments at this site include an access road and parking areas.

Weed Status

Noxious weeds at Pirogue Island SP include, Leafy spurge, Spotted knapweed, Canada
thistle and other weed species such as Curly cup and kochia. Leafy spurge is the most
serious of the noxious weed species documented at this site. Spotted knapweed is largely
confined to a patch on the outer island, and Canada thistle is near riparian areas and is
difficult to treat.

There is the potential for further spread of weeds, primarily Leafy spurge, throughout this
site and possibly off-site, through the proliferation of vehicle trails and off-designated roads
which vehicle use. Gratefully, one factor to counter the potential for weed spread at
Pirogue Island is the relatively small visitation the site receives.

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Site Constraints

Chemical methods of noxious weed treatment at Pirogue Island SP is constrained by the
presence of surface water, moderately rapid soil textures and seasoned (work) vehicle access.
Other constraints include a cottonwood overstory vegetation component in areas that are
infested with Leafy spurge and riparian habitat infested with Canada thistle.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

In the past, weed management at Pirogue Island has been largely through the use of
chemical methods targeted at the Leafy spurge infestation. This has resulted in the spurge
infestation being contained into large patches surrounded by relatively weed-free areas. The
park has also been the site of release of the biological control agent Aphthona nigris cutis,
(flea beetles) on Leafy spurge. Chemical control will remain the primary method of control
of spurge in the appropriate areas. In site-constrained areas, control methods will center
on biological methods. In regards to the Spotted knapweed infestation on one of the outer
islands, manual and biological control methods will be emphasized. For the Canada thistle
infestation located in a riparian area, biological control methods will be considered if it
proves feasible.

As DFWP has begun to move away from a total reliance on chemical treatment methods
on its SP’s, chemical methods will be reserved for those weed patches where application of
chemicals will not impair site values and resources. Should weeds spread to areas where
chemical methods are not appropriate, cultural, manual, and biocontrol methods will be
used.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during facility development will be
reseeded.

33.6 Tongue River State Park

Existing Environment

Tongue River SP is a DNRC lease along the western shore of the Tongue River Reservoir
that dates back to 1983. A total of 642 acres is leased in this area by the DFWP, including
a small 1.86 acre lease from Decker Coal. An additional 43.1 acres leased from the DNRC
and referred to as "Pike Marsh" has been included with Tongue River SP for the purposes
of this report. This area is located at the upper end of the reservoir and was originally
envisioned as a field hatchery location for pike fry, although the site proved unsuitable and
was abandoned for this use. Now it serves as a wetland habitat area for waterfowl.

65

Tongue River SP is an impoundment of the Tongue River and is located approximately 5
miles north of the community of Decker. Land ownership and uses immediately
surrounding the park are private, with the majority of the lands devoted to livestock grazing
and a few parcels of residential holdings. In addition, the park shares a boundary with two
small parcels of Northern Cheyenne tribal lands.

The park provides an outstanding variety of warm water fishing opportunities, drawing
visitors from a large regional area (approximately 300 miles in diameter from the Laurel and
Billings area to Gillette and Sheridan, WY). The majority of visitors to the park come to
fish for crappie, walleye and bass and due to the remote location of the park stay to camp.
Warm reservoir water temperatures in the late summer bring many to the park for water-
based activities including pleasure boating, swimming, waterskiing, etc. For the calendar
year of 1994, there were approximately 30,000 visitors to Tongue River SP.

Access to Tongue River SP is provided by a county road which exits Big Horn Co. Highway
#314 approximately 5 miles north of Decker and runs north along the Tongue River all the
way to Ashland some 40+ miles distant. Where the road runs along the western shore of
the Tongue River Reservoir it roughly forms the western boundary of the park. The park
consists of lands along the western shore of the reservoir that are contained on primarily
four large peninsulas. While the DNRC, for purposes of reservoir management, claims all
lands along the reservoir shoreline (below a specific "take" elevation) DFWP retains
management control responsibilities on specific areas, which as mentioned earlier, total
approximately 642 acres.

Recreational developments and facilities are concentrated on the four peninsula areas
consisting largely of primitive roads and campground facilities including picnic tables,
firepits, trash receptacles, pit-vault latrines and a few picnic shelter structures. Tongue
River SP also has a main boat ramp area featuring a full-service private marina and store.

The Tongue River SP area contains vegetation types ranging from relatively dry mid-grass
prairie and coniferous forest dominated by Rocky mountain juniper and Ponderosa pine to
moisture-dependent riparian forest vegetated by cottonwood, Green ash and Box elder with
a diversity of deciduous shrubs and herbaceous species adapted to moist growing conditions.
The Pike Marsh area, and intermittent marshy area located at the upper end of the
reservoir consists of riparian vegetation including cottonwoods, various willows, sedges and
prairie cordgrass.

Weed .Status

At the present time, there are no noxious weed infestations noted on Tongue River SP
property. However, there are other weed species present which include Ox-eye daisy,
Common mullein, Curlycup gumweed, and Russian thistle. Curlycup gumweed and kochia
are persistent weeds found primarily on road surface edges throughout the park. Ox-eye
daisy has been found west of the entrance road to Rattlesnake Campground. Common

66

mullein has infested the campground area located below the Tongue River Dam site. Also
infesting the Big Horn County road right-of-way through the park is black henbane. As of
this date the Pike Marsh property located at the upper end of the reservoir has not been
surveyed for noxious weeds and it is not known if noxious weeds exist on the property. It
should be noted that small populations of salt-cedar or tamarisk have been found on the
reservoir margin and could pose control problems in the future.

In regards to the potential for noxious weed introduction and spread from Tongue River SP,
a number factors exist now to increase the potential. These include a county road along the
entire western boundary of the park, large annual visitation at the park, and a shared
reservoir shoreline with other property owners including a large coal strip-mine with the
possibility of weed seed transport by reservoir waters.

It should also be noted here that two future construction projects will figure significantly in
the potential for weed spread on and off the reservoir area. Those projects are: 1) the
Tongue River Dam rebuild (part of the Tongue River Basin Project) and 2) the rebuilding
of Tongue River SP, following the dam rebuild and subsequent raising of the reservoir’s
water level. Increased reservoir levels and a change in the reservoir’s wetted perimeter
could possibly open new areas (bare ground) to noxious weed infestation. The two
construction projects will disturb large amounts of ground, also opening new areas to
noxious weed infestation. It is beyond the scope of this document to assess the impacts from
these two projects and has been mentioned here to list a future impact to this site.

Site Constraints

At Tongue River SP chemical treatment of noxious weeds is constrained by the presence
of surface waters and by soil textures of varying permeability, which could transport
chemicals to shallow seasonal groundwater tables, or in the instance of steep upgrade terrain
and coulee areas, could possibly transport chemicals to the water body by runoff events.
Chemical treatments are also constrained in developed areas by high levels of human use,
particularly during the summer months. Riparian vegetation at the edge of the reservoir
may also preclude certain chemical treatments.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

Control of other weed species infesting roadsides within the park, including Ox-eye daisy,
Curlycup gumweed and Russian thistle, has been through primarily manual and cultural.
Some past control has also been by chemical treatments. Both methods have been applied
intermittently in the past and future treatments will be on an annual basis. Control methods
on Common mullein infesting a large area of the SP campground below the dam have been
through manual and cultural treatments. These methods will continue to be used in this
high visitor-use area. If the appropriate conditions exist, chemical treatments will be
considered.

67

As DFWP has begun to move away from a total reliance on chemical treatment methods
on its SP’s, chemical methods will be reserved for those weed patches where application of
chemicals will not impair site values and resources. Should weeds spread to areas where
chemical methods are not appropriate, cultural, manual, and biocontrol methods will be
used.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during facility development will be
reseeded.

33.7 Hell Creek State Park

Existing Environment

Hell Creek SP is a Army Corps of Engineers (COE) lease on the south shore of the Fort
Peck Reservoir, 26 miles north of Jordan. The lease dates back to the 1950’s and is a total
of 260 acres in size. Land ownership and uses immediately surrounding the park include
the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge (CMR NWR), which also allows livestock
grazing in this area and a COE cabin site area north of the park. The Reservoir/CMR
NWR is well known for its excellent fishing and hunting opportunities. Camping, pleasure
boating, waterskiing, hiking, wildlife viewing and photography are also popular pursuits.
Hell Creek serves as a gateway into this large remote Missouri Breaks country.

Access to the park is provided by a county road which runs 26 miles north to the site from
Jordan. Facilities include a small developed road system, three boat ramps and campground
facilities including a flush toilet building, picnic shelters and tables and a group use building.
Hell Creek SP also features a full-service private marina and store. For the calendar year
of 1994, it is estimated there were over 3,000 visitors to Hell Creek SP.

The Hell Creek SP area consists of sedimentary' uplands adjacent to the reservoir.
Vegetation types range from Ponderosa pine and Rocky mountain juniper clad hills and
coulees to rolling grassland areas which eventually drop to the reservoirs edge. Grassland
species include mid to short grasses with sagebrush, greasewood and rabbitbrush the
dominant shrubs. At the edge of the reservoir riparian vegetation has emerged in areas
following the intermittent water levels and sub irrigated areas.

Weed Status

Small patches of Canada thistle infestations exist near the reservoir edge. These persistent
infestations have grown and receded over the years dependent primarily on reservoir levels,
with the seed source for these infestations believed to be carried by the reservoir waters.
Other weed species present include kochia and Curlycup gumweed, found along roadsides

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in the park. Also observed in 1995, was a very small infestation of Common toadflax, uphill
from the Milroy’s Cove Campground area and west of the county road. Potential sources
of weed infestation to the site include the Hell Creek bottom immediately upstream from
the site, the county road which bisects the site from N > S and as mentioned earlier weed
seed transported on the reservoir waters. Weed infestations known to occur in nearby areas
include an infestation of Salt cedar at the mouth of Hell Creek and the reservoir, and an
infestation of Spotted knapweed located on the upper reaches of Hell Creek.

Site Constraints

At Hell Creek SP chemical treatment of noxious weeds is constrained by the presence of
surface waters and by soil textures of varying permeability, which could transport chemicals
to shallow seasonal groundwater tables or in the instance of steep upgrade terrain and
coulee areas could possibly transport chemicals to the water body by runoff events.
Chemical treatments are also constrained in developed areas by high levels of human use,
particularly during the summer months. Riparian vegetation at the edge of the reservoir may
also preclude certain chemical treatments.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

The DFWP has intermittently sprayed the Canada thistle patches in areas appropriate for
chemical use and has annually mowed the patches closer to the reservoir edge to reduce
seed head formation and reduce problems with public use of the areas. These treatment
methods will continue with the possible introduction of a biological control agent on isolated
patches near the waters edge. For the other weed species infesting roadsides within the
park, mowing and grading have helped reduce seed head formation and these road
maintenance activities will continue on an annual basis. The patch of Common toadflax will
be monitored and treated. Manual and chemical treatments will be considered in the
appropriate areas.

As DFWP has begun to move away from a total reliance on chemical treatment methods
on its SP’s, chemical methods will be reserved for those weed patches where application of
chemicals will not impair site values and resources. Should weeds spread to areas where
chemical methods are not appropriate, cultural, manual, and biocontrol methods will be
used.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during facility development will be
reseeded.

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33.8 Miles City Fish Hatcheiy

The Miles City Fish Hatchery serves as the only warm water fish hatchery for the State of
Montana. Acquisition of the site began in 1958 and today the site totals 245.6 acres, almost
all of it in deeded land. The Hatchery site shares a boundary on the south side with 1-94,
to the west with the Miles City 1-94 business loop and the Fort Keogh Agriculture
Experiment Station, to the north BN/Santa Fe Railroad and the east with private rangeland
and the Spotted Eagle recreation area managed by the City of Miles City and Custer
County.

Existing Environment

The site consists of the hatchery building complex comprised of 6 buildings (including two
residences) and 12 outdoor rearing ponds. A small road system connects the building
complex to the ponds area. Vegetation types include rangeland consisting of short and mid
grass species with sagebrush, greasewood and rabbitbrush the dominant shrubs.

Weed Status

At the present time, there are no noxious weed infestations noted on Hatchery property.
However, there are other weed species present which include kochia and Russian thistle
along roadsides and in disturbed areas near pond and their filling/outlet works. Potential
sources of weed infestations include the normal hatchery operations, such as vehicle traffic
and picking up/delivering fish to widely scattered points all across eastern Montana.
Potential sources of weed infestation also exist from the 1-94 and BN/Santa Fe Railroad
corridors, and the private rangeland and Spotted Eagle areas.

Site Constraints

Chemical treatment of noxious weeds is constrained by the presence of surface waters and
by soil textures of varying permeability, which could transport chemicals to shallow seasonal
groundwater tables or in the instance of areas immediately upgrade of pond areas could
possibly transport chemicals to the water body by runoff events.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

Manual and cultural control methods have been the primary control methods used to control
kochia and Russian thistle along roadsides and in disturbed areas. This has been on an
annual basis and will continue in the future. Also, spot chemical treatments were used on
an intermittent basis in the past and treatments will continue in those areas appropriate for
chemical use.

70

It is also recognized that weed infestations could be spread to and from the hatchery site
by vehicle traffic during the course of delivering fish to remote sites throughout eastern
Montana. To reduce the risk of this (in addition to controlling weeds on the hatchery site),
the DFWP will also train and update its employees and agents in noxious weed
identification. By avoiding vehicle travel through infestations whenever possible or by
thoroughly cleaning or washing trucks that have had to travel through infestations, the
spread of weeds can be reduced. Weed training and updates will be included at annual
meetings, which the DFWP has used for many years to disseminate information to field
personnel. DFWP will continue to expand its cooperation with local county weed control
supervisors, which serve as a county focal point for county-wide weed control efforts.

As DFWP has begun to move away from a total reliance on chemical treatment methods
on its SP’s, chemical methods will be reserved for those weed patches where application of
chemicals will not impair site values and resources. Should weeds spread to areas where
chemical methods are not appropriate, cultural, manual, and biocontrol methods will be
used.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized; sites disturbed will be reseeded.

33.9 Region Seven Administrative Sites

Existing Environment

Administrative sites are those reserved for use by DFWP. The Regional Administrative
Sites are located on the western edge of Miles City, totalling 7.6 acres. This complex of two
sites serves as the public office and visitor center of DFWP and as a parking/storage facility
for vehicles, trailers, and heavy equipment.

Weed Status

Because vehicles are one agent of weed seed dispersal, occasionally a noxious weed will root
in the parking lot or storage compound of the Regional Headquarters. No weeds have been
detected at both sites.

Weed Management Strategies and Methods

Any noxious weeds discovered in the Headquarters complex are pulled immediately;
however, noxious weeds may appear sometime in the future. Should weed treatment
become necessary, any of the four treatment methods (manual, cultural, chemical, or
biological) may be used, depending on the circumstances. Any weed management actions
will be conducted subject to the guidelines presented in this Plan.

71

As DFWP has begun to move away from a total reliance on chemical treatment methods
on its SP’s, chemical methods will be reserved for those weed patches where application of
chemicals will not impair site values and resources. Should weeds spread to areas where
chemical methods are not appropriate, cultural, manual, and biocontrol methods will be
used.

In addition to treating established weeds, DFWP will attempt to curtail noxious weed spread
by restricting vehicles to established roads through traffic control devices such as rock
barriers. Disturbance to soil and vegetation communities during facility development and
maintenance will be minimized. Sites disturbed during facility development will be
reseeded.

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4.0 REFERENCES

Bamick, J. 1995-6. Big Horn County Weed District Supervisor. Personal communications
with J.W. Dean and M.L. Hathaway.

Bighorn County Weed Control District. 1995. Summary list of Noxious weed species.
Hardin, Montana.

Brence, L. 1996. Treasure County Weed District Superviosr, Personal communications
with M.L. Hathaway.

Bruha, D. 1995-6. Fallon County Weed District Superviosr, Personal communications with
J.W. Dean.

Carter County Weed Control District. 1995. Summary list of noxious weed species.
Ekalaka, Montana.

Conklin D. 1984. Makoshika State Park Management Plan. Montana Department Fish,
Wildlife and Parks Files.

Corps of Engineers. 1992. Master Plan Update, Fort Peck Dam/Fort Peck Lake, Missouri
River, Montana. U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers. Omaha
District.

Custer County Weed Control District. 1995. Summary list of noxious weed species. Miles
City, Montana.

Dawson County Weed Control District. 1995. Summary list of noxious weed species.
Glendive, Montana.

Dobkin, D. S. 1992. Neotropical migrant landbirds in the Northern Rockie and Great
Plains. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Northern Region. Publication
no. Rl-93-34. Missoula, Montana.

Donvan C. 1996. Richland County Weed District Superviosr, Personal communications
with J.W. Dean.

Fallon County Weed Control District. 1995. Summary list of noxious weed species. Baker,
Montana.

Flath, D. 1995. Non-Game Coordinator for the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and
Parks. Personal communication with N.S. Martin, Montana Department of Fish,
Wildlife and Parks.

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Garfield County Weed Control District. 1995. Summary list of noxious weed species.
Jordan, Montana.

Heidel, B. 1993. Botanist with the Montana Natural Heritage Program. Personal
communication with Carolyn Sime, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Konizeski, D. 1982. The Montanan’s Fishing Guide, Volume II. Revised and Updated by
J.A. Derleth. Mountain Press Publishing Company. Missoula, Montana. 307pp.

Johnson, J.L. and R.D. Pfister. 1981. Survey of potential ecological natural landmarks of
the northern rocky mountains. IFRES U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest
Service. MT-25.

Jorgenson, H. 1993. Plant Ecologist for the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and
Parks. Personal communication with Carolyn Sime, Montana Department of Fish,
Wildlife and Parks.

Lacey, C. 1991. Groundwater and agrichemical protection pilot project. Unpubl. report
and maps prepared for Lewis and Clark County Conservation District.

Lessica, P. 1993. Botanist. Missoula, Montana. Personal communication with Carolyn
Sime, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Lolo National Forest. 1989. Noxious weed management draft environmental impact
statement, amendment to the Lolo National Forest Plan. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Lolo National Forest. Missoula, Montana.

Manoukian, M. 1996. Prairie County Weed District Superviosr, Personal communications
with J.W. Dean.

McKenna, D. 1993. Associate Research Hydrogeologist, Montana Groundwater Assessment
Program, Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology. Personal
communication with Carolyn Sime, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Montana Department of Agriculture. 1991. Draft noxious weed trust fund programmatic
environmental impact statement. Helena, Montana.

Montana Fish and Game Department. 1975. Inventory and plans: Game Management
Areas. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks files.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1983. Weed control program for lands
managed by the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks files.

74

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1994. Montana statewide angling
pressure, 1993. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks files.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1977. Preliminary Wildlife Area
management plan. Elk Island lands. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
files.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1977. Preliminary Wildlife Area
management plan. Seven Sisters lands. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and
Parks files.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1992. Creating a Vision for the future.
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks files, Helena.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1994. Lands inventory. Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Lands Section files, Helena.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1993. Draft integrated noxious weed
management plan for Region 8. Prepared by OEA Research Inc. Helena.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1993. Draft weed management plan for
Region 2. Prepared by Land and Water Consulting Inc. Missoula.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1993. Draft weed management plan for
Region 3.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1994. Draft weed management plan for
Region 1.

Montana Natural Heritage Program. 1995. Results of a Heritage Program database search.
Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena.

Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation. 1995. Draft Environmental
Impact Statement, Tongue River Basin Project. Montana Department of Natural
Resources and Conservation. Helena, Montana.

Newby, R. 1988. Great Escapes: Montana State Parks. Falcon Press Publishing Co., Inc.
74pp.

Phillips, G. 1993. Pollution Control Biologist and Water Quality Specialist for the Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Personal communication with Carolyn Sime,
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

75

Sherwood, O. 1996. Custer County Weed District Supervisor, Personal communications
with J.W. Dean and M.L. Hathaway.

Thomas, V. 1996. Rosebud County Weed District Supervisor, Personal communications
with M.L. Hathaway.

76

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A:

County Noxious Weed Control Act of 1979

APPENDIX B:

Synopsis of Noxious Weed Species

APPENDIX C:

Laws and Policies Relating to the Management of Noxious Weeds

APPENDIX D:

Biological Control Agents Available in Montana and Those Released
on Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Properties

APPENDIX E:

Herbicide Emergency Response Plan

APPENDIX F:

Sensitive Species Occurring in the Vicinity of Department of Fish,
Wildlife and Parks Region 7 Properties

APPENDIX G:

Herbicides Proposed for Use on Department of Fish, Wildlife and
Parks Region 7 Properties

APPENDIX H:

Herbicide Label Instructions and Safety Precautions

APPENDIX A

COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL ACT OF 1979

COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED
CONTROL ACT
AND

ADMINISTRATIVE RULES

STATE OF MONTANA
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
HELENA, MONTANA

JULY, 1991

COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL ACT

Title 7, Chapter 22
Sections

7-22-2101 through 7-22-2153
MCA

Amended 1991
AND RULES

Rules 4.5.201 through 4.5.203

State of Montana
Department of Agriculture
Agricultural and Biological Sciences Division

Capitol Station
Helena, MT 59620-0205
(406) 444-2944

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section

7-22-2101

7-22-2102

7-22-2103

7-22-21-4

7-22-2105

7-22-2106

7-22-2107

7-22-2108

7-22-2109

7-22-2110

7-22-2111

7-22-2112

7-22-2113 and 7-22-2114 Reserved 4

7-22-2115 Noxious Weeds and Seeds Declared Nuisance . . 4

7-22-2116 Unlawful to Permit Noxious Weeds to

Propagate 4

7-22-2117 Violations 4

7-22-2118 through 7-22-2120 Reserved 5

7-22-2121 Weed Management Program 5

7-22-2122 Repealed 5

7-22-2123 Procedure in a Case of Noncompliance 5

7-22-2124 Destruction of Weeds by Board 6

7-22-2125 Repealed 7

7-22-2126 Embargo . 7

7-22-2127 Repealed 7

7-22-2128 and 7-22-2129 Reserved 7

7-22-2130 Weed District Supervisor Training 7

7-22-2131 through 7-22-2140 Reserved 7

7-22-2141 Noxious Weed Fund Authorized 7

7-22-2142 Sources of Money for Noxious Weed Fund. ... 7

7-22-2143 Determination of Cost of Weed Control

Program. 8

7-22-2144 Payment of Cost of Weed Control Program ... 8

7-22-2145 Expenditures From Noxious Weed Fund 8

7-22-2146 Financial Assistance to Persons

Responsible for Weed Control . 8

7-22-2147 Repealed 9

7-22-2148 Tax Liability for Payment of

Weed Control Expenses 9

7-22-2149 Responsibility for Assessments and Taxes

for Weed Control Levied on Leased

State Lands 9

7-22-2150 Cooperation With State and

Federal-Aid Programs . • 9

7-22-2151 Cooperative Agreements 10

7-22-2152 Revegetation of Rights-of-Way

and Disturbed Areas 10

7-22-2153 Voluntary Agreements for Control

of Noxious Weeds Along Roads 11

Title Page

Definitions . 1

Weed Management Districts Established .... 2

District Weed Board — Appointment and Term . 2

Term of Office 2

Organization of District Weed

Board and Compensation 2

Renumbered 7-22-2115 by Code Commission ... 3

Renumbered 7-22-2116 by Code Commission ... 3

Renumbered 7-22-2117 by Code Commission ... 3

Powers and Duties of Board 3

Administrative Hearing — Appeals 3

(Temporary) Liability Restrictions 4

(Temporary) Information on Herbicide Use. . . 4

l

COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL RULES

4.5.201 Designation of Noxious Weeds. ... 12

4.5.202 Category 1 12

4.5.203 Category 2 12

4.5.204 Category 3 13

Part Cross References . I4

/

ii

COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL ACT

7-22-2101. Definitions. As used in this part, unless the
context indicates otherwise, the following definitions apply:

(1) •'Board" means a district weed board created under 7-22-
2103.

(2) "Commissioners" means the board of county commissioners.

(3) "Department" means the department of agriculture provided
for in 2-15-3001.

(4) "District" means a weed management district organized
under 7-22-2102.

(5) "Native plant" means a plant endemic to the state of
Montana .

(6) "Native plant community" means an assemblage of native
plants occurring in a natural habitat.

(7) (a) "Noxious weeds" or "weeds" means any exotic plant
species established or that may be introduced in the state which
may render land unfit for agriculture, forestry, livestock,
wildlife, or other beneficial uses or that may harm native plant
communities and that is designated:

(i) as a statewide noxious weed by rule of the
department ; or

(ii) as a district noxious weed by a board, following
public notice of intent and a public hearing.

(b) A weed designated by rule of the department as a
statewide noxious weed must be considered noxious in every
district of the state.

(8) "Person" means an individual, partnership, corporation,
association, or state or local government agency or subdivision
owning, occupying, or controlling any land, easement, or right-
of-way, including any county, state, or federally owned and
controlled highway, drainage or irrigation ditch, spoil bank,
borrow pit, or right-of-way for a canal or lateral.

(9) "Supervisor" means the person employed by the board to
conduct the district noxious weed management program and
supervise other district employees.

(10) "Weed management" or "control" means the planning and
implementation of a coordinated program for the containment,
suppression, and, where possible, eradication of noxious weeds.

1

7-22-2102 • Weed Management Districts Established. A weed
management district shall be formed in every county of this state
and shall include all the land within the boundaries of the
county, except that a weed management district may include more
than one county through agreement of the commissioners of the
affected counties.

7-22-2103. District Weed Board — Appointment and Term. (1)

The commissioners shall appoint a district weed board.

(2) The commissioners shall, at a public meeting, pass a
resolution establishing the number of members of the district
weed board and the terms of the appointments. The board must
consist of at least three members and no more than nine members,
and the members of the board must be residents of the district.

A majority of the board members must.be rural agricultural land
owners .

(3) The county extension agent in each county and other
interested individuals may be appointed to serve as nonvoting
members of that district's weed board.

(4) The board members are public officers.

(5) The board may call upon the county attorney for legal advice
and services as it may require.

7-22-2104. Term of Office. (1) Except as provided in
subsection (2) , a member of a district weed board serves a term
of 3 years and until the qualification of his successor. The
term of office begins January 1.

(2) When a three-member weed board is established, the
initial board members serve terms of 1, 2, and 3 years,
respectively, as designated by the commissioners. When a five-
member weed board is established, two of the initial members
serve terms of 1 year, two serve terms of 2 years, and one serves
a term of 3 years. After expiration of an initial term of
office, the successor serves a 3 -year term as provided in
subsection (1) .

7-22-2105. Organization of District Weed Board and Compensation.

(1) The board shall organize by choosing a chairman and a
secretary. The secretary may or may not be a member of the
board.

(2) Salary, per diem, and mileage of such board members shall
be set by resolution of the commissioners.

(3) A majority of the board constitutes a quorum for the
conduct of business.

2

1985

7-22-2106.

7-22-2107.

7-22-2108.

7-22-2109.

Renumbered 7-22-2115 by Code Commissioner,
Renumbered 7-22-2116 by Code Commissioner, 1985.
Renumbered 7-22-2117 by Code Commissioner, 1985.
Powers and Duties of Board. (1) The board may:

(a) employ a supervisor and other employees as necessary
and provide for their compensation;

(b) purchase such chemicals, materials, and equipment
and pay other operational costs as it determines necessary for
implementing an effective weed management program. Such costs
must be paid from the noxious weed fund.

(c) determine what chemicals, materials, or equipment
may be made available to persons controlling weeds on their own
land. The cost for such chemicals, materials, or equipment must
be paid by such person and collected as provided in this part.

(d) enter into agreements with the department for the
control and eradication of any new exotic plant species not
previously established in the state which may render land unfit
for agriculture, forestry, livestock, wildlife, or other
beneficial use if such plant species spreads or threatens to
spread into the state; and

(e) perform other activities relating to weed
management.

(2) The board shall:

(a) administer the district's noxious weed program;

(b) establish management criteria for noxious weeds on
all land within the district;

(c) make all reasonable efforts to develop and implement
a noxious weed program covering all land within the district
owned or administered by a federal agency.

7-22-2110. Administrative Hearing — Appeals. (1) A person
adversely affected by any notice, action, or order of the board
may request an administrative hearing before the board. The
board shall hold a hearing within 30 days of the request.
Participants may be represented by legal counsel. The board
shall make a record of the proceeding and enter its order and
findings within 7 days after the hearing.

(2) An order of the board may be appealed to the
commissioners within 30 days from the time the order is entered.

3

The commissioners shall hear such appeal within 30 days after the
notice of appeal and shall render their order and findings within
7 days after such hearing. Participants may be represented by
legal counsel. , , - .« ft*-*2 * 4

(3) Within 30 days after the commissioners render their order
and findings, the person adversely affected may file a petition
in district court requesting that the order and findings of the
commissioners be set aside or modified. The court may affirm,
modify, or set aside the order complained of, in whole or in

part. ... .. . >/wV.vo-vi2 \\-

--.v.rK: r-J: Sas’*

7-22-2111. (Temporary) Liability Restrictions. :A district, as
defined in 7-22-2101, is liable for damages caused by its use of
herbicides only for an act or omission that constitutes gross
negligence. The provisions of 2-9-305 apply to board members,
supervisors, and employees of a district, r (.Terminates July 1,
1995 — sec. 7, Ch. 530, L. 1991.)

* %.7>t z

7-22-2112. (Temporary) Information on Herbicide Use. The
district must provide information on protective clothing, health
hazards, and proper application techniques to mixers, “loaders,
and applicators of herbicides and make information available for
review by the public at the district office. (Terminates July 1,
1995 — sec. 7, Ch. 530, L. 1991.) :

7-22-2113 and 7-22-2114 reserved.

,/ -A : Ktti&x

r,-*.

- [ -T - s. «*» . I ^ ^ -4r ••

7-22-2115. Noxious Weeds and Seeds Declared Nuisance. ^Noxious
weeds and the seed of any noxious weed are hereby declared a
common nuisance. ; .i ' -- *

7-22-2116. Unlawful to Permit Noxious Weeds to Propagate. It is
unlawful for any person to permit any noxious weed to propagate
or go to seed on his land, except that any person who adheres to
the noxious weed management program of his district or who has
entered into and is in compliance with a noxious weed management
agreement is considered to be in compliance with this section.

7-22-2117. Violations. (1) Any person who in any manner V
interferes with the board or its authorized agent in carrying out
the provisions of this part or who refuses to obey an order or
notice of the board is guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon ~ *

conviction thereof, he shall be fined not to exceed $100 for the
first offense and not less than $100 or more than $200 for each
subsequent offense. • ^ r « -

(2) All fines, bonds, and penalties collected under the
provisions of this part, except those collected by a justice's

court, shall be paid to the county treasurer of each county and

placed by him to the credit of a fund to be known as the noxious
weed fund.

4

7-22-2118 through 7-22-2120 reserved.

7-22-2121. Weed Management Program. (1) The noxious weed
management program must be based on a plan approved by the board.

(2) The noxious weed management plan must:

(a) specify the goals and priorities of the program;

(b) review the distribution and abundance of each
noxious weed species known to occur within the district and
specify the locations of new infestations and areas particularly
susceptible to new infestations;

(c) specify pesticide management goals and procedures,
including but not limited to water quality protection, public and
worker safety, equipment selection and maintenance, and pesticide
selection, application, mixing, loading, storage, and disposal;
and

(d) estimate the personnel, operations, and equipment
costs of the proposed program.

(3) The board shall provide for the management of noxious
weeds on all land or rights-of-way owned or controlled by a
county or municipality within the confines of the district. It
shall take particular precautions while managing the noxious
weeds to preserve beneficial vegetation and wildlife habitat.
Where at all possible, methods for such control shall include
cultural, chemical, and biological methods.

(4) The board may establish special management zones within
the district. The management criteria in such zones may be more
or less stringent than the general management criteria for the
district.

7-22-2122. Repealed. Sec. 32, Cfc. 607, L. 1985.

7-22-2123. Procedure in a Case of Noncompliance, (l) Where
complaint has been made or the board has reason to believe that
noxious weeds described in this part are present upon a person's
land within the district in violation of the law, that person
must be notified by mail or telephone of the complaint and the
board may request inspection of such land. The board or its
authorized agent and the landowner or his representative shall
inspect the land at an agreeable time, within 10 days of
notification of the landowner. If after reasonable effort the
board is unable to gain cooperation of the person, the board or
its authorized agent may enter and inspect the land to determine
if the complaint is valid.

5

(2) If noxious weeds are found, the board or supervisor shall
notify the person or his representative and seek voluntary
compliance with the district weed control program. If voluntary
compliance is not possible, notice of noncompliance must be sent
to the person by certified mail.

(3) The notice must specify:

(a) the basis for the determination of noncompliance;

(b) the geographic location of the area of
noncompliance, by legal description or other reasonably
identifiable description;

(c) measures to be undertaken in order to comply with
the district's management criteria; '

(d) a reasonable period of time, not less than 10 days,
in which compliance measures must be initiated; and

(e) the right of the person to request, within the time
specified in subsection (3) (d) , an administrative hearing as
provided by 7-22-2110.

(4) A person is considered in compliance if he submits and
the board accepts a proposal to undertake specified control
measures and is in compliance for so long as he performs
according to the terms of the proposal. If the measures proposed
to be taken extend beyond the current growing season, the
proposal and acceptance must be in writing.

(5) In accepting or rejecting a proposal, the board shall
consider the economic impact on the person and his neighbors,
practical biological and environmental limitations, and
alternative control methods to be used.

7-22-2124. Destruction of Weeds by Board. (1) If corrective
action is not taken and no proposal is made and accepted or no
request for an administrative hearing is made within the time
specified in the notice, the board may forthwith enter upon the
person's land and institute appropriate control measures.

In such case the board shall submit a bill to the person,
itemizing man-hours of labor, material, and equipment time,
together with a penalty not exceeding 10% of the total cost
incurred. Labor and equipment must be valued at the current rate
paid for commercial management operations in the district. The
bill must specify and order a payment due date of 30 days from
the date the bill is sent.

(2) A copy of the bill must also be submitted by the board to
the county clerk and recorder.

6

(3) If a person receiving an order to take corrective action
requests an administrative hearing, the board may not institute
control measures until the matter is finally resolved, except in
case of an emergency. In such a case, the person is liable for
costs as provided in subsection (1) only to the extent determined
appropriate by the board, commissioners, or court that finally
resolves the matter.

7-22-2125. Repealed. Sec. 32, Ch. 607, L. 1985.

7-22-2126. Embargo. The board may establish voluntary embargo
programs to reduce the spread of noxious weeds within the
district or the introduction of noxious weeds into the district.

7-22-2127. Repealed. Sec. 32, Ch. 607, L. 1985.

7-22-2128 and 7-22-2129 reserved.

7-22-2130. Weed District Supervisor Training. Within the
limitations of available funds, the board shall ensure that the
weed district supervisor obtains training to properly implement
the noxious weed management program described in 7-22-2121. The
department shall specify through rulemaking the level and type of
training necessary to fulfill this requirement.

7-22-2131 through 7-22-2140 reserved.

7-22-2141. Noxious Weed Fund Authorized. (1) The commissioners
of each county in this state shall create a noxious weed
management fund, to be designated the "noxious weed fund".

(2) This fund shall be kept separate and distinct by the
county treasurer.

7-22-2142. Sources of Money For Noxious Weed Fund. (1) The
commissioners may create the noxious weed fund and provide
sufficient money in the fund for the board to fulfill its duties,
as specified in 7-22-2109, by:

(a) appropriating money from the general fund of the

county ;

(b) at any time fixed by law for levy and assessment of
taxes, levying a tax not exceeding 2 mills on the dollar of total
taxable valuation in the county. The tax levied under this
subsection must be identified on the assessment as the tax that
will be used for noxious weed control; and

(c) levying a tax in excess of 2 mills if authorized by
a majority of the qualified electors voting in an election held
for this purpose pursuant to 7-6-2531 through 7-6-2536.

7

(2) The proceeds of the noxious weed control tax must be used
solely for the purpose of managing noxious weeds in the county
and must be designated to the noxious weed fund.

(3) Any proceeds from work or chemical sales must revert to
the noxious weed fund and must be available for reuse within that
fiscal year or any subsequent year.

(4) The commissioners may accept any private, state, or
federal gifts, grants, contracts, or other funds to aid in the
management of noxious weeds within the district. These funds
must be placed in the noxious weed fund.

7-22-2143. Determination of Cost of Weed Control Program. Based
on the board's recommendations, the commissioners shall determine
and fix the cost of the control of noxious weeds in the district,
whether the same be performed by the individual landowners or by
the board.

7-22-2144. Payment of Cost of Weed Control Program. The total
cost of such control shall be paid from the noxious weed fund.

The cost of controlling such weeds growing along the right-of-way
of a state or federal highway shall, upon the presentation by the
board of a verified account of the expenses incurred, be paid
from the state highway fund in compliance with 7-14-2132 and any
agreement between the board and the department of highways.

Costs attributed to other lands within the district shall be
assessed to and collected from the responsible person as set
forth in 7-22-2116.

7-22-2145. Expenditures From Noxious Weed Fund. (1) The
noxious weed fund must be expended by the commissioners at the
time and in the manner as is recommended by the board to secure
the control of noxious weeds.

(2) Warrants upon the fund must be drawn by the board.

Warrants may not be drawn except upon claims duly itemized by the
claimant, except payroll claims that must be itemized and
certified by the board, and each claim must be presented to the
commissioners for approval before the warrant is countersigned by
the commissioners.

7-22-2146. Financial Assistance to Persons Responsible For Weed
Control. (1) The commissioners, upon recommendation of the
board, may establish cost-share programs with any person,
specifying costs that may be paid from the noxious weed fund and
costs that must be paid by the person. Cost-share programs may
be established for special projects and for established
management zones.

(2) (a) When under the terms of any voluntary agreement,

whether entered into pursuant to 7-22-2123 or otherwise, or under

8

any cost-share program entered pursuant to this section a person
incurs any obligation for materials or services provided by the
board , the board shall submit a bill to the person, itemizing
man-hours of labor, material, and equipment time. The bill must
specify and order a payment due date not less than 30 days from
the date the bill is sent.

(b) A copy of the bill must be submitted by the board to
the county clerk and recorder. If the sum to be repaid by the
person billed is not repaid on or before the date due, the county
clerk and recorder shall certify the amount thereof, with the
description of the land to be charged, and shall enter the sum on
the assessment list as a special tax on the land, to be collected
in the manner provided in 7-22-2148.

7-22-2147. Repealed. Sec. 32, Ch. 607, L. 1985.

7-22-2148. Tax Liability For Payment of Weed Control Expenses.

(1) The expenses referred to in 7-22-2124 shall be paid by the
county out of the noxious weed fund, and unless the sum to be
repaid by the person billed under 7-22-2124 is repaid on or
before the date due, the county clerk shall certify the amount
thereof, with the description of the land to be charged, and
shall enter the same on the assessment list of the county as a
special tax on the land. If the land for any reason is exempt
from general taxation, the amount of such charge may be recovered
by direct claim against the lessee and collected in the same
manner as personal taxes. When such charges are collected, they
shall be credited to the noxious weed fund.

(2) In determining what lands are included as land covered by
the special tax and are described in the certificate of the
county clerk, it is presumed that all work done upon any of the
land of any one landowner is for the benefit of all of the land
within the district belonging to the owner, together with the
parcel upon which the work was done, and the amount certified
becomes a tax upon the whole thereof.

7-22-2149. Responsibility For Assessments And Taxes For Weed
Control Levied on Leased State Lands. The lessee of agricultural
state land is responsible for assessments and taxes levied by the
board of county commissioners for the district as provided in 77-

6- 114.

7- 22-2150. Cooperation With state And Federal-Aid Programs. The
board is empowered to cooperate with any state or federal-aid
program that becomes available. Under such a plan of
cooperation, the direction of the program shall be under the
direct supervision of the board of the district in which the
program operates.

9

7-22-2151. Cooperative Agreements. (1) Any state agency
controlling land within a district, including the department of
highways; the department • of state lands; the department of fish,
wildlife, and parks; the department of institutions; the
department of natural resources and conservation; and the
university system, shall enter into a written agreement with the
board. The agreement must specify mutual responsibilities for
noxious weed management on state-owned or state-controlled land
within the district.

(2) The board and the governing body of each incorporated
municipality within the district shall enter into a written
agreement and shall cooperatively plan for the management of
noxious weeds within the boundaries of the municipality. The
board may implement management procedures described in the plan
within the boundaries of the municipality for noxious weeds only.
Control of nuisance weeds within the municipality remains the
responsibility of the governing body of the municipality, as
specified in 7-22-4101.

(3) A board may develop and carry out its noxious weed
management program in cooperation with boards of other districts,
with state and federal governments and their agencies, or with
any person within the district. The board may enter into
cooperative agreements with any of these parties.

7-22-2152. Revegetation of Rights-Of-Way And Disturbed Areas.

(1) Any state agency or local government unit approving a mine,
major facility, transmission line, solid waste facility, highway,
subdivision, or any other development resulting in significant
disturbance of land within a district shall notify the board.

(2) Whenever any person or agency disturbs vegetation on an
easement or right-of-way within a district by construction of a
road, irrigation or drainage ditch, pipeline, transmission line,
or other development, the board shall require that the disturbed
areas be seeded, planted, or otherwise managed to reestablish a
cover of beneficial plants.

(3) (a) The person or agency disturbing the land shall
submit to the board a written plan specifying the methods to be
used to accomplish revegetation. The plan must describe the time
and method of seeding, fertilization practices, recommended plant
species, use of weed-free seed, and the weed management
procedures to be used.

(b) The plan is subject to approval by the board, which
may require revisions to bring the revegetation plan into
compliance with the district weed management plan. Upon approval
by the board, the revegetation plan must be signed by the
chairman of the board and the person or agency responsible for
the disturbance and constitutes a binding agreement between the

10

board and such person or agency.

7-22-2153, Voluntary Agreements For Control of Noxious Weeds
Along Roads, (l) Any person may voluntarily seek to enter

into an agreement for the management of noxious weeds along a
state or county .highway or road bordering or running through his
land. The supervisor may draft such an agreement upon the
request of and in cooperation with the person; however, the
agreement must, in the board's judgment, provide for effective
weed management. The weed management agreement must be signed by
the person and, upon approval of the board, by the chairman. An
agreement involving a state highway right-of-way must also be
signed by a representative of the department of highways.

(2) The agreement must contain a statement disclaiming any
liability of the board and, if applicable, the department of
highways for any injuries or losses suffered by the person in
managing noxious weeds on the state or county highway right-of-
way. The signed agreement transfers responsibility for managing
noxious weeds on the specified section of right-of-way from the
board to the person signing the agreement. If the board later
finds that the person has failed to adhere to the agreement, the
board shall issue an order informing the person that the
agreement will be void and that responsibility for the management
of noxious weeds on the right-of-way will revert to the board
unless the person complies with the provisions of the agreement
within a specified time period.

11

RULES

COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED LIST
Sub-Chapter 2

Designation of Noxious Weeds

4.5.201. Designation of Noxious Weeds. (1) The department
designates certain exotic plants listed in these rules as
statewide noxious weeds under the County Weed Control Act 7-22-
2101 (5) , MCA. All counties must implement management standards
for these noxious weeds consistent with weed management criteria
developed under 7-22-2109 (2) (b) of the Act. The department
established three categories of the noxious weeds. (History:

Sec. 7-22-2101 MCA; IhE, Sec. 7-22-2101 MCA? EE£ 1986, p. 337,

Eff. 3/14/86; 1991 MAR p. 511, Eff. 4/26/91.)

4.5.202. Category 1. (1) Category 1 noxious weeds are weeds

that are currently established and generally widespread in many
counties of the state. Management criteria includes awareness
and education, containment and suppression of existing
infestations and prevention of new infestations. These weeds are
capable of rapid spread and render land unfit or greatly limit
beneficial uses.

(2) The following are designated as category 1 noxious weeds:

(a) Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

(b) Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)

(c) Whitetop or Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba)

(d) Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)

(e) Russian Knapweed (Centaurea repens 1

(f) Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa)

(g) Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa)

(h) Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica)

«

(i) St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum) .

(History: Sec. 7-22-2101 MCA? IM£, Sec. 7-22-2101 MCA? HE£ 1986

MAR p. 337, Eff. 3/14/86? MS, 1991 MAR p. 511, Eff. 4/26/91.)

4.5.203. Category 2. (1) Category 2 noxious weeds have

recently been introduced into the state or are rapidly spreading
from their current infestation sites. These weeds are capable of
rapid spread and invasion of lands, rendering lands unfit for
beneficial uses. Management criteria includes awareness and
education, monitoring and containment of known infestations and
eradication where possible.

12

(2) The following are designated as category 2 noxious weeds:

(a) Dyers Woad (Xsatis tinctorial

(b) Purple Loosestrife or Lythrum fLvthrum salicaria. Iu.
viraatum. and any hybrid crosses thereof) .

(c) Sulfur (Erect) Cinquefoil (Potentilla rectal

(History: Sec. 7-22-2101 and 80-7-802 MCA; MP Sec. 7-22-2101 MCA:
EW 1986 MAR p. 337, Eff. 3/14/86; ME/ 1989 MAR p. 899, Eff.
7/14/89; ME 1991 MAR p. 511, Eff. 4/26/91.)

4.5.204 Category 3. (1) Category 3 noxious weeds have not been

detected in the state or may be found only in small, scattered,
localized infestations. Management criteria includes awareness
and education, early detection and immediate action to eradicate
infestations. These weeds are know pests in nearby states and
are capable of rapid spread and render land unfit for beneficial
uses.

(2) The following are designated as category 3 noxious weeds:

(a) Yellow Starthistle fCentaurea splgtjtialig)

(b) Common Crupina (Crupina vulgarise

(c) Rush Skeletonweed (Chondrilla iuncea)

(History: Sec. 80-7-802 MCA; I HE, Sec. 7-22-2102 MCA; NEW 1991
MAR p. 511, Eff. 4/26/91.)

13

Part Cross References:

Weed Control - Department of Agriculture, Title 80, Chapter 7,
Part 7.

Municipal Weed Control, 7-22-4101.

Noxious Weed Management Funding, Title 80, Chapter 7, Part 8.
Embargo against introduction of noxious weed seed from other
state, 80-7-701.

General authority of county commissioners, 7-5-2101.

County officers - term of office, 7-4-2205.

Nuisance, Title 27, Chapter 30.

Classification of offenses, 45-1-201.

Department of State Lands, general powers and duties. Title 77,
Chapter 1, Part 3.

Mining on State Lands, Title 77, Chapter 3.

Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, general powers and
duties. Title 87, Chapter 1, Part 2.

Department of Highways, general powers and duties. Title 60,
Chapter 2 , Part 7 .

Highways, acquisition and disposition of property. Title 60,
Chapter 4.

Highway maintenance agreements with local government, 60-2-204.
Montana Environmental Protection Act, Title 75, Chapter 1.
Montana Solid Waste Management Act, Title 75, Chapter 10, Part 2.
County Taxation, Title 7, Chapter 6, Part 25.

Department of Institutions, general powers and duties, Title 53,
Chapter 1, Part 2.

University system, Title 20, Chapter 5.

Department of Natural Resources and Conservation established 2-
15-3301.

Major Facility Siting Act, Title 75, Chapter 20.

Subdivisions, Title 76, Chapter 2 and 3.

Coal mining, Title 82, Chapter 3.

Oil and gas conservation, Title 82, Chapter 11.

Hard rock mining impact, Title 90, Chapter 6, Part 3.

Role and duties of county clerk, 7-4-2611.

Employment of personnel by county commissioners. 7-5-2107.

5 . 1 \weed\ county 1 . wp

14

APPENDIX B

SYNOPSIS OF NOXIOUS WEED SPECIES

State Declared Noxious Weed Species

CATEGORY 1 noxious weeds are weeds that are currently established in many counties of
the state. Management criteria for control of these weeds is necessary in all counties to
contain or suppress existing infestations or to prevent, through eradication or other
appropriate measures, new infestations of these weeds. All of these weeds render land unfit
or greatly limit the beneficial uses (rule 4.5.202).

Canada thistle ( Cirsium arvense)

Canada thistle is a perennial forb that reproduces by horizontal roots and seed. The
stems are hollow and branch near the top. The wavy leaves are deeply cut with spiny
to smooth margins. The flower heads are numerous, small, compact, and vary from
light lavendar to rose-purple. Canada thistle grows in cultivated fields, meadows,
pastures, and waste areas.

Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica)

Dalmatian toadflax is a perennial forb that spreads by creeping rootstalk and seed.
The plants are pale green and have very showy yellow flowers. The "spurred” flowers
are tinged with orange and are about 1 inch long. The leaves are broad, heart-
shaped, and clasp the stem. Dalmatian toadflax is an escaped ornamental that
invades rangeland, and is difficult to control.

Field bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis)

Field bindweed, a perennial forb, has an extensive, deep root system. Stems are
prostrate, 1-4 feet long with numerous arrowhead-shaped stem leaves which form
dense tangled mats. The white to pinkish flowers are trumpet-shaped and bloom
from late June to frost. The plant propagates by seed and rhizome. Seeds remain
viable for up to 50 years making this persistent weed very difficult to control. It is
largely a problem in cultivated fields and waste areas.

Leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula)

Leafy spurge is a perennial forb which reproduces by vigorous rootstalk and seeds.
The small flowers are enclosed by a pair of yellowish-green, heart shaped bracts
which have the appearance of flowers. Stems, leaves and flowers contain a milky sap
called latex, which may cause severe rashes in humans. The weed forms dense
patches and may be the most persistent noxious weed in Montana. It has wide
habitat suitability, prolific reproductive capabilities, strong competitive ability and is
difficult to control, especially along water bodies. Although it is unpalatable to
cattle, leafy spurge will be grazed by sheep and goats when they are confined to an
infested area.

B-l

Russian knapweed ( Centaurea repens)

Russian knapweed is a perennial forb that spreads by creeping rootstalk and seed.
The plant has numerous branches that are tipped with a single, lavender thistle-like
flower. The leaves are small and narrow with broken edges. The roots are dark
brown and have a scaly appearance. Once, established, it will completely crowd out
other vegetation. Livestock tend to avoid the weed because of its bitter, quinine-like
taste. Horses, if forced to graze Russian knapweed, will develop nervous disorders.

Spotted knapweed ( Centaurea maculosa)

Spotted knapweed is a short-lived perennial forb that reproduces by seed. The seeds
germinate in the spring and fall, whenever growing conditions are favorable. The
showy, purple flowers are held in spotted bracts. The alternate leaves have deep,
narrow divisions and a rough, hairy appearance. It is very nutrient competitive,
accelerating the decline of native vegetation.

Diffuse knapweed ( Centaurea diffusa)

Diffuse knapweed is a biennial or short lived perennial forb. The tip of each branch
has a single flower head. The flowers are usually white or sometimes pinkish. Bracts
are yellowish green with a light brown margin. The upper part of each bract narrows
into a still spine. It is an excellent competitor on dry sites.

St. Johnswort ( Hypericum perforatum)

St. Johnswort is most commonly known as "goatweed". A perennial forb, it
reproduces by seed and rootstock. The stems are smooth, branched and woody at
the base. The opposite leaves have small glandular dots. Flowers are orange-yellow
with 5 petals. Goatweed is found in meadows, dry pastures, rangelands, neglected
fields, and along the roadside. Goatweed causes photo-sensitive reactions in livestock
and should be regarded as a poisonous plant.

Whitetop ( Cardaria draba)

Whitetop, also known as "hoaiy cress", is a perennial forb which reproduces by seeds
and creeping roots. The dense flowers give the plant a white, flat-topped
appearance. The leaves are grayish-green. The upper leaves clasp the stem.

B-2

CATEGORY 2 noxious weeds are weeds that have not been detected in or have recently
been introduced into the State of Montana. These weeds have the potential for rapid
spread and invasion of lands, thereby rendering them unfit for beneficial uses. County
planning to prevent the spread or introduction of these weeds is necessary. Management
criteria for detection and immediate action to eradicate or contain these weeds is necessary
in all counties (rule 4.5.203).

Dyers woad (Isatis tinctoria)

Dyers woad is a perennial, biennial or annual forb reproducing by seeds and from
roots. The plants have a smooth, bluish-green color. The lower leaves clasp the
stem with ear-like projections. The yellow flowers are very small and form a
flat-topped inflorescence. The seed pods are winged like a maple seed and turn
black when mature. The purplish-black seed pods have been used for their dye
extract, thus the name dyers woad.

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicarid)

Purple loosestrife is an aggressive perennial plant that is capable of invading our
wetlands and replacing valuable wetland plants. Its dense root mats choke
waterways, eliminating food and shelter for wildlife. It grows from underground
roots, sprouts from broken off plant parts, and is a prolific seed producer. The
flowers have a purple-magenta color. The leaves are linear shaped with smooth
edges and are attached directly to a four-sided stem. Purple loosestrife is often
confused with Blazing Star, Fireweed, or Blue Vervain.

Sulfur cinquefoil ( Potentilla recta)

Sulfur cinquefoil is also referred to as "upright" or "rough fruited" cinquefoil. It is a
perennial forb and reproduces by seed. The stems are hairy and rigid. The leaves
are alternate and palmately divided with 5 to 7 coarsely toothed leaflets. The
clustered flowers are a sulfur yellow. Sulfur cinquefoil is difficult to distinguish from
several other native cinquefoils.

B-3

CATEGORY 3 noxious weeds have not been detected in the state or may be found only in
small, scattered localized infestations. Management criteria includes awareness and
education, early detection and immediate action to eradicate infestations. These weeds are
known pests in nearby states and are capable of rapid spread and render land unfit for
beneficial uses.

Common crupina (Crupina vulgaris)

Common crupina is a annual that reproduces by seed. It is closely related to the
knapweed species. The leaves are large, thick, and dark green with stiff hairs that
feel sticky. The plant produces 5 to 100 flower heads with a lavender to purple
color, which from a distance could be confused with spotted knapweed. It is
generally found on well-drained, rocky to silt loam soils in pastures or rangeland.
Cattle will not feed on common crupina plants. The species is competitive and forms
solid stands reducing forage production and range carrying capacity. Infestations
start in disturbed sites with sparse vegetation. Common crupina is not believed to
be in Montana at this time.

Rush skeletonweed ( Chondrilla juncea)

Rush skeletonweed, a member of the sunflower family, is a perennial 1-4 feet tall
with a deep, extensive root system. It branches off of several main stems which have
downward bent, coarse hairs on the lower 4-6 inches. Leaves occur at the base and
resemble those of dandelions. Yellow flowering heads are small and scattered on
branches. Flowering and seed production occurs from late summer through frost.
This species generally inhabits well-drained, light-textures soils along roadsides, in
rangelands, grain fields and pastures. Rush skeletonweed occupies large acreage in
Oregon, Washington, Idaho and California. This species should not be confused with
the rangeland native, skeletonweed, (Lygodesmia juncea) which has pink flowers.

Yellow star-thistle ( Centaurea solstitialis)

Yellow star-thistle is an annual or, occasionally, biennial that reproduces by seed.
The leaves are alternate and have slender, pointed lobes. The upper leaves are
smaller and narrow with sharp, spiny tips. Leaf bases extend down the plant stem
giving a winged effect. The flowers heads have sharp stiff spines on either side with
one flower per branch. The flowers are yellow, long and tubular. It is toxic to horses
and when eaten in quantity, results in a neurological disorder which over time causes
death. The chewing disease associated with it comes from the spikes on the flower.

B-4

Other Watch Species

Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum)

Eurasian watermilfoil is an aggressive aquatic weed which is flourishing in
Washington and Idaho. It resembles native milfoils with its lacy leaves and
reproduces by seed and vegetative propagation. Water-milfoil roots in shallow
streams and lakes in up to 15 feet of water forming extremely dense mats. It chokes
waterways and irrigation ditches and depletes oxygen and therefore is a serious
problem for recreationists, fisheries and landowners. The species appears to have
a wide tolerance to severe environmental conditions and can resprout from seemingly
dried out stems and roots. Thus it is easily spread by boats and trailers that carry
fragments from infested waters to clean waters.

B-5

County Declared Noxious Weed Species

In addition to the state-declared noxious weed species specified in the County Noxious Weed
Control Act, individual counties may also declare additional species as noxious and mandate
control actions through their County Noxious Weed Control Management Plans. The following
list summarizes these additional species for the counties within the administrative boundaries
of DFWP Region 7.

Weed Species

Scientific Name

County (-ies)

Black henbane

Hysocamus niger

Big Horn

Common burdock

Articum minus

Big Horn

Common tansy

Tanacetum vulgar e

Rosebud

Hounds tongue

Cynoglossum offinale

Dawson

Musk thistle

Cardus nutans

Rosebud

Orange hawkweed

Hieracium aurantiacum

Dawson

Periennial sowthistle

Sonchus arvensis

Prairie

Poisonhemlock

Conium maculatum

Big Horn, Prairie,
Rosebud

Salt cedar

Tamarix ramoissima

Prairie

Scotch thistle

Onopordum acanthium

Rosebud

Yellow toadflax

Linaria vulgaris

Prairie

B-6

APPENDIX C

LAWS AND POLICIES RELATING TO THE MANAGEMENT OF

NOXIOUS WEEDS

Laws and Policies Relating to the Management of

Noxious Weeds

State and federal laws, policies, and programs that affect DFWP Region 7’s activities include:

• Creating a VISION for the Future of Montana’s Department of Fish, Wildlife & Parks
(1992)

• Weed Control Program for Lands Managed by the Montana Department of Fish,
Wildlife and Parks (1983)

• Montana Pesticides Act (80-8-801 et seq., MCA)

• Montana Weed Control Act (80-7-701 et seq., MCA)

• Montana Noxious Weed Trust Fund Act of 1985 (80-7-801 et seq., MCA) as amended
1991 and Rules

95 MT Legislature’s House Bill #395 (MCA 7-22-2151)

• Montana Water Quality Act (75-5-101 et seq., MCA)

• Montana Agricultural Chemical Ground Water Protection Act of 1989 (80-15-100 et seq.,
MCA)

• Montana Environmental Policy Act (MEPA, 75-1-101 et seq., MCA)

• County Weed Boards for Big Horn, Carter, Custer, Dawson, Fallon, Garfield, Prairie,
Richland, Rosebud and Treasure counties; 5- Year Plans

• Montana Department of Agriculture Chemical Use Reporting Procedures

• Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) P.L. 92-516; CFR 40-171

• USDI Bureau of Land Management - Miles City District

• US Environmental Protection Agency

• US Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers - Omaha District

C-l

APPENDIX D

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS AVAILABLE IN MONTANA

Biological Control Agents Available in Montana

Host

Control Agent

Action

Knapweeds

Agapeta zoegana
Chaetorellia acrolophi
Cyphocleonus achates
Larinus minutus
Larinus obtusus
Metzneria paucipunctella
Pelochrista medullana
Pterolonche inspersa
Sclerotinia spp.
Sphenoptera jugoslavica
Subanguinia picridis
Terellia virens
Urophora affinis
Urophora quadrifasciata

root mining moth
seed head fly
root weevil
seed head weevil
seed head beetle
flowerette and seed moth
root mining moth
root moth
fungus

root mining beetle
leaf gall nematode
seed head fly
seed head gallfly larvae
seed head fly

Leafy spurge

Aphthona nigriscutis
Aphthona cyparissiae
Aphthona flava
Aphthona czwalinae
Bayeria spp.

Hyles euphorbiae
Oberea erythcrocephala
Spurgia esulae

root and leaf flea beetle
root and leaf flea beetle
root and leaf flea beetle
root and leaf flea beetle
shoot tip gall midge
defoliating hawk moth larvae
stem and root beetle larvae/adults
shoot tip gall midge

St. johnswort

Chrysolina quadrigemini

defoliating beetle

Musk thistle

Rhinocyllus conicus
Trichosiracalus horridus

seed head weevil
rosette weevil

Canada thistle

Ceutorhynchus litura
Urophora cardui
Larinus planus

stem mining weevil
stem and shoot gallfly
seedhead weevil

Dalmatian toadflax

Calophasia lunula

defoliating larvae/moth

D-l

Biological Control Agents Released on
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
Properties in Region 7

Host

Control Agent

Release Site

Leafy spurge

Aphthona nigriscutis

Pirogue Island S.P.

Aphthona nigriscutis

Makoshika S.P

Aphthona flava

Intake FAS

D-2

APPENDIX E

HERBICIDE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

Herbicide Emergency Response Plan

The improper use or accidental release of an herbicide may pose serious health or
environmental hazards. Accidental spills and releases must be managed quickly and efficiently
to protect human health and the environment. Additional information on the handling and use
of herbicides can be found in the Montana Pesticide Act (80.8.101 MCA) and its Administrative
Rules (ARM 4.10.101).

During herbicide emergencies, the first priority is the safety of personnel involved in the
accident. The next priority is spill containment and clean-up to minimize environmental
contamination. This plan outlines field response and reporting procedures to follow in the
event of an herbicide spill. This plan applies to all DFWP personnel and contractors when an
accident occurs involving the transport, application, use or handling of an herbicide.

IN THE EVENT OF A SPILL:

1. Administer First Aid to Iivjured or Contaminated Persons

2. Identify Type of Pesticide Released

3. Notify the Appropriate Authorities

4. Quarantine the Area

5. Contain the Spill if Possible

6. Complete Pesticide Emergency Response Record

7. Develop a Clean-Up Plan Where Appropriate

1. Administer First Aid to Injured Persons

Of greatest importance is the immediate threat to human health and the aid of someone injured
during an herbicide spill. Any injured parties should be removed from the contaminated area
immediately. Contaminated clothing should be removed. All persons should avoid direct
contact with the spilled material until it is positively identified.

If the released chemical is known, labels and Material Safety Data Sheets can be consulted for
the appropriate procedures for decontamination and administering first aid. For most
herbicides, washing with water and detergent is the best method. Initial first aid for eye contact
usually includes rinsing with eye-safe solutions (e.g. contact lens saline solution) or water.
Injured parties, should be transported to medical facilities as soon as possible, with the name
of the released material, label, and material safety data sheet accompanying the injured person.

E-l

2. Identify Spilled Material

To administer the most appropriate emergency response, the spilled herbicide must be
accurately identified. Herbicide label information and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
should accompany all DFWP personnel and their contractors if an herbicide is handled,
transported, or applied. In addition, MSDS’s should also be kept on file at any location where
herbicides are stored. MSDS’s describe appropriate response procedures for administering
emergency aid to affected parties and appropriate protective clothing for containing a spill. The
transporter and applicator of the herbicide must carry records describing mixtures of all
herbicides applied.

3. Notify the Authorities

Herbicides can pose serious threats to human health and the environment and should be
handled with extreme care. All accidental herbicide releases must be reported to the Montana
Department of Agriculture within 48 hours. The written report must include the time of the
incident, its location, herbicide name, type of formulation, method of application, and the
DFWP contact for the project. The report should also name all parties involved in the incident,
including the names and addresses of individuals who may be affected by the spill. If the spilled
herbicide is classified as either extremely toxic or highly toxic, the Department of Agriculture
must be notified immediately. The following authorities may be contacted:

DFWP: Regional Parks Maintenence Supervisor

232-4365

Local Emergency Response:

911

County Sheriffs Office:

Big Horn

665-1503

Carter

775-8743

Custer

232-3411

Dawson

365-5291

Fallon

778-2879

Garfield

557-2540

Prairie

637-5738

Richland

482-2919

Rosebud

356-2715

Treasure

342-5211

Montana Disaster & Emergency Services:

(406)

444-6911

National Response Center:

(800)

424-8802

Montana Department of Agriculture:

(406) 444-3144

Montana Poison Control Center:

(800) 525-5042

E-2

Chemtrec:

(800) 424-9300

The Chemical Manufacturer’s Association maintains this 24 hour hotline
to provide information about chemicals and their related health and
environmental hazards for fire and police crews responding to chemical
accidents and spills.

4. Quarantine the Area

In the event of a spill, restrict access to the site, using physical barriers such as emergency tape,
flagging, or signs. The area should be secured to prevent entry of unauthorized personnel into
the spill area. Only authorized persons wearing the appropriate protective clothing should be
permitted into the area.

5. Contain the Spill

Once the spilled material is positively identified, it must be contained as soon as possible.
Technical labels and MSDS’s provide information on protective clothing requirements for clean-
up personnel. Generally, it will be clothing similar to the protective clothing required for
application.

Put on all necessary protective clothing, including respirators, before approaching the spill from
an upwind direction. Avoid inhaling fumes, vapors, and dust from the spill. Smoking is not
allowed in a spill area. Examine the area and determine an effective method to contain the
spill. Any person attempting to contain a spilled herbicide should also follow these guidelines:

• minimize human contact with the spill, using mechanized equipment if possible

• avoid raising dust

• avoid diluting material with water (except for misting dry substances)

• treat all absorbent material used during containment as a hazardous waste

• remove and dispose of all contaminated soil as a hazardous waste

• wash and properly decontaminate hands and face prior to consuming any food

E-3

Potential spill containment methods include:

Liquid Spills

• create small collection pools for runoff

• create dikes to impound runoff

• cover spill material with approximately double its volume in absorbent material
(hydrated lime, saw dust, kitty litter)

• transfer absorbent material onto an impermeable barrier (e.g. tarp)

• divert spilled material away from open waters

• monitor and plug leaks in containment structures

Dry Spills

• cover with a plastic tarp and secure edges of the tarp

• spray fine mist to minimize dust

• shovel material into clearly marked plastic bags or drums and seal

6. Record Herbicide Spill

An herbicide spill or accident can have long lasting effects beyond immediate health and
environmental threats. It is important to document all circumstances and events pertaining to
the accident and/or spill. Important information includes the name and type of herbicide
(include MSDS sheets), the names of any injured or contaminated persons, amount spilled or
released, spill location, and whether chemicals were discharged into a water body. Below is a
form to record all appropriate information.

E-4

HERBICIDE SPILL EMERGENCY RESPONSE FORM

Complete all appropriate items and add additional notes to document special conditions or
unusual circumstances. Take photos when possible to supplement notes.

1. Immediately contact the appropriate response agencies.

2. Were there injuries related to the spill?

Were any individuals contaminated with herbicide?

Was aid provided to affected individuals?

Was transportation to a medical facility required?

3. Was a vehicle accident involved?

4. What materials/herbicides were involved? (include MSDS)

yes

no

yes

no

yes

no

yes

no

___yes

_no

5. Estimate amount of herbicide or herbicide mixture spilled in gallons.

Herbicide:

gals

Mixture:

gals

Herbicide:

gals

Mixture:

gals

Herbicide:

gals

Mixture:

gals

Location of Incident (name of site):

1/4 1/4 Sec T

R

Highway/Road:

Time of Incident:

Date:

Provide a description of the site (water bodies, vegetation, landmarks)

Distance to picnic/play campground area:
nearest well:

surface water:

7. Is there a danger of surface water contamination?

Has an herbicide already entered the water body?
Name of Stream/Lake

_yes

__Jes

o o
G

8. Is there a danger of ground water contamination?

Depth to groundwater:

_yes

no

Elevation above nearest surface water:

E-5

HERBICIDE SPILL EMERGENCY RESPONSE FORM, page 2

9. General Soil Description (check one for surface and subsurface soil)

Surface □ Dark Colored, Organic, Rock Free

□ Medium Textured

□ Light Colored, Rocky

Subsoil □ Dark Colored, Organic, Rock Free

□ Medium Textured

□ Light Colored, Rocky

10. List Agencies Notified

FWP Authority When

Local Authority When

State Authority When

Federal Authority When

Other Authority When

11. Site Sketch

12. Describe Incident:

13. Public Contact/Comment During Incident:

14. Name: Date:

E-6

CHEMICAL EMERGENCY SPILL KIT

All FWP personnel and contractors applying or transporting herbicides must carry the
following safety items in the vehicle.

• at least one pair of neoprene or plastic gloves for each crew member present

• at least one pair of rubber, neoprene, or plastic material boots

• at least one pair of unvented goggles for each crew member present

• at least one approved respirator for applied pesticide

• at least one pair of coveralls or disposable coveralls (Tyvek) for each crew member

• absorbent material (kitty litter, floor dry)

• heavy duty plastic garbage sacks

• plastic tarp

• shovel

• dustpan and shop brush

• one pint liquid detergent

• portable eye wash kit

• five-pound ABC-type fire extinguisher

• first aid kit

• safety tape/flagging

• material safety data sheets and technical label information for each herbicide
handled and used

• herbicide spill response plan

E-7

■

APPENDIX F

SENSITIVE SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE
VICINITY OF MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF FISH,
WILDLIFE AND PARKS PROPERTIES IN

REGION 7

Sensitive Species Occurring in the
Vicinity of Department of Fish,

Wildlife and Parks Region 7 Properties1

Site Name

Species Occurrence and Status

Elk Island WMA2

Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius ); rare and local
throughout its range.

Fort Keogh WMA

Schweinitzi’ Flatsedge ( Cyperus schweinitzii ); imperiled in Montana
because of its rarity; vunerable to extinction.

Isaac Homestead WMA

Great Blue Heron rookery; nesting site and territory, sensitive
species.

Amelia Island FAS4

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus ): nesting site and territory;
listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act.

Bonfield FAS

Great Blue Heron rookery, nesting site and territory, sensitive
species.

Bonfield FAS

Interior Least Tern ( Sterna Antillarum athalassos ); nesting site;
critically imperiled in Montana because of extreme rarity, vulnerable
to extinction.

East & West Rosebud FAS’s

Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ): nesting site and territory,
listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act.

East & West Rosebud FAS’s

Paddlefish ( Polyodon spat hula); imperiled because of rarity.

Fallon Bridge FAS

Interior Least Tern ( Sterna Antillarum athalassos ); nesting site;
critically imperiled in Montana because of extreme rarity, vulnerable
to extinction.

Far West FAS

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus ): nesting site and territory,
listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act.

Gartside FAS

Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius ); rare and local
throughout its range.

Gartside FAS

Great Blue Heron rookery, nesting site and territory, sensitive
species.

Gartside FAS

Prairie Aster ( Aster ptarmicoides ); critically imperiled in Montana
because of its rarity, vulnerable to extinction.

F-l

Sensitive Species Occurring in the
Vicinity of Department of Fish,

Wildlife and Parks Region 7 Properties

\1

Site Name

Species Occurrence and Status

Intake FAS

Pallid Sturgeon ( Scaphirhynchus albus ); listed as endangered.

Intake FAS

Sturgeon Chub ( Hybopsis gelida)\ imperiled in Montana because of
rarity, vulnerable to extinction.

Makoshika State Park3

Rocky Mountain Juniper - Little-Seed Ricegrass {Juniperus
scopulorum - Oryzopsis micrantha)\ habitat type, rare and local
throughout its range.

Makoshika State Park

Blue Toadflax ( Limaria canadensis var. texana)\ imperiled in Montana
because of rarity, vulnerable to extinction.

Medicine Rocks State Park

Narrow-leaved Milkweed (Asclepias stenophylla ); imperiled in
Montana because of rarity, vulnerable to extinction.

Medicine Rocks State Park

Smooth Goosefoot ( Chenopodium subglabrum); imperiled in Montana
because of rarity, vulnerable to extinction.

Medicine Rocks State Park

Silky Prairie Clover (Dalea villosa var. villosa); imperiled in Montana
because of rarity, vulnerable to extinction.

Medicine Rocks State Park

Narrowleaf Pentstemon ( Pentstemon augustifolius)\ imperiled in
Montana because of rarity, vulnerable to extinction.

Medicine Rocks State Park

Schweinitz’ Flatsedge ( Cyperus schweinitzii); imperiled in Montana
because of rarity, vulnerable to extinction.

Medicine Rocks State Park

Moss Phlox {Phlox andicola); imperiled in Montana because of rarity,
vulnerable to extinction.

Medicine Rocks State Park

Sand Bluestem/Needle-and-Thread {Andropogon hallii - Stipa
comata ); community type; restricted range or distribution.

Medicine Rocks State Park

Silver Sagebrush - Long Stolon Sedge ( Artemisia cana - Carex
heliophila)\ community type; restricted range or distribution.

F-2

Sensitive Species Occurring in the
Vicinity of Department of Fish,

Wildlife and Parks Region 7 Properties

(cont)1

Site Name

Species Occurrence and Status

Myer’s Bridge FAS

Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ): nesting site and territory;
listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act.

Pirogue Island State Park Pallid Sturgeon ( Scaphirhynchus albus ); listed as endangered.

Pirogue Island State Park Paddlefish {Potyodon spathula ); imperiled because of rarity.

Powder River FAS

Pallid Sturgeon {Scaphirhynchus albus); listed as endangered.

Powder River FAS

Paddlefish {Potyodon spathula); imperiled because of rarity.

Powder River FAS

Sturgeon Chub {Hybopsis gelida); imperiled because of rarity,
vulnerable to extinction.

Roche Juane FAS

Pallid Sturgeon {Scaphirhynchus albus); listed as endangered.

Roche Juane FAS

Paddlefish {Potyodon spathula); imperiled because of rarity.

Sidney Bridge FAS

Meadow Jumping Mouse {Zapus hudsonius); rare and local
throughout its range.

Sidney Bridge FAS

Townsend’s Big-Eared Bat {Plecotus townsendii); imperiled because
of rarity.

1 Information provided by the Montana Natural Heritage Program, February 1995.

2 Wildlife Management Area.

3 State Park.

4 Fishing Access Site.

F-4

APPENDIX G

HERBICIDES PROPOSED FOR USE ON
DEPARTMENT OF FISH, WILDLIFE AND PARKS
REGION 7 PROPERTIES

Herbicides Proposed for Use on
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
Region 7 Properties

The following herbicides have been applied on properties within DFWP Region 7.
Individual chemicals have different properties and thus different circumstances for their
proper application. This list also represents chemicals from which DFWP will select in the
future, so as to use the appropriate herbicide in any given setting. All chemical applications
are subject to the guidelines presented in this Plan. Herbicide label instructions will follow
in APPENDIX H.

Trade Name

Chemical Ingredient

Tordon

Roundup/Ruler

Stinger

Transline

Curtail

Weedar 64, various
Hi-Dep, various

piclorum
glyphosate
clopyralid
clopyralid
clopyralid + 2,4-D
2,4-D Amine
2,4-D Ester

G-l

APPENDIX H

HERBICIDE LABEL INSTRUCTIONS AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Specimen Label

Restricted Use Pesticide

May Injure (Phytotoxic) Susceptible, Non-Target Plants. For
retail sale to and use only by Certified Applicators or person
under their direct supervision and only for those uses covered by
the Certified Applicator's certification. Commercial certified appli-
cators must also ensure that all persons involved in these activi-
ties are informed of the precautionary statements.

DowElanco

For use in areas west of the Mississippi
River for the control of susceptible
broadleaf weeds and woody plants on
rangeland and permanent grass pas-
tures, fallow cropland, wheat, barley
and oats not underseeded with a legume
on grainland (which is not flood or sub-
irrigated and not rotated to broadleaf
crops), non-cropland, and on
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
acres and wildlife openings in forest and
non-crop areas

Active Ingredient:

picloram: 4*amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid,

potassium salt 24.4%

Inert Ingredients 75.6%

Acid Equivalent

picloram: 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid -
21.1% *2 lb per gal
EPA Reg. No. 62719-6
EPA Est. 464-MI- 1
Net Contents 2.5 gal

Precautionary Statements

Hazards to Humans and Domestic
Animals

Keep Out Of Reach Of Children

WARNING AVISO:

_ - Precaucion al usuario: Si usted no lee ingl6s, no
use este producto hasta que la etiqueta le haya sido
explicada ampliamente.

Causes Substantial But Temporary Eye Injury •
Harmful If Inhaled Or Absorbed Through Skin

Do not get in eyes or on clothing. Wear goggles,
face shield or safety glasses when handling.
Avoid contact with skin. Wash thoroughly with
soap and water after handling. Remove contam-
inated clothing and wash before reuse. Avoid
breathing spray mist.

First Aid

If in eyes: Flush with plenty of water for at least 1 5
minutes. Get medical attention.

Environmental Hazards

Do not apply directly to water or wetlands (swamps,
bogs, marshes, and potholes). Do not contaminate
water when disposing of equipment washwaters.
Do not contaminate water used for irrigation or
domestic purposes by cleaning of equipment or dis-
posal of wastes. Do not allow run-off or spray to
contaminate wells, irrigation ditches or any body of
water used for irrigation or domestic purposes. Do
not make application when circumstances favor
movement from treatment site.

Picloram is a chemical which can travel (seep or
leach) through soil and under certain conditions has
the potential to contaminate groundwater which may
be used for irrigation and drinking purposes. Users
are advised not to apply picloram where soils have a
rapid to very rapid permeability throughout the pro-
file (such as loamy sand to sand) and the water
table of an underlying aquifer is shallow or to soils
containing sinkholes over limestone bedrock,
severely fractured surfaces, and substrates which
would allow direct introduction into an aquifer. Vour
local agricultural agencies can provide further infor-
mation on the type of soil in your area and the loca-
tion of groundwater.

An aquifer is defined as “an underground, saturated,
permeable, geologic formation capable of producing
significant quantities of water to a well or spring. It is
the ability of the saturated zone, or portion of that
zone, to yield water which makes it an aquifer”
(American Chemical Society, 1963).

Note: Use in Hawaii limited exclusively to
Supplemental Labeling. See "General Use
Precautions” for details.

Notice: Read the entire label. Use only according
to label directions. Before buying or using this
product, read "Warranty Disclaimer" and
"Limitation of Remedies"sections elsewhere on
this label.

In case of emergency endangering health or the
environment involving this product, call collect 517-
636-4400.

Agricultural Chemical: Do not ship or store with
food, feeds, drugs or clothing.

Tordon*22K

Tordon* 22K

Table of Contents

Page

Precautionary Statements

Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals

First Aid

Environmental Hazards

Directions for Use

Storage and Disposal.

General Information....

General Use Precautions

Precautions for Avoiding Spray Drift

Ground Equipment

Aerial Application

Woody Plants and Broadleaf Weeds

Controlled by Tordon 22K ...

Mixing and Application Directions

Use with Surfactants

Use with Sprayable Liquid Fertilizer Solutions ..

Spot Treatment

Wick Application

Approved Uses

Non-cropland Areas

Rangeland and Permanent Grass Pastures

Grazing Restrictions

Broadcast Treatment (Ground and

Aerial Applications)

Weed Control Guidelines for Tordon
22K in Non-cropland,

Rangeland and Pasture

Spot Treatment

Spot Concentrate Application

Wick Application

Barley. Oats, and Wheat Not Underseeded

•With a Legume

Broadcast Treatment (Ground

and Aerial Applications)

Spring Wheat Barley and Oats

Durum Wheat

Winter Wheat and Barley.

Use Rates for Wheat. Barley and Oats

Fallow Cropland (Not Rotated to Broadleaf Crops).

Spot Treatment

Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
for Seeding to Permanent

Grasses Only. ...

Broadcast Treatment (Ground and

Aerial Applications)

Spot Treatment

Wick Application

Warranty Limitations and Disclaimer.

Inherent Risks of Use

Limitation of Remedies

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

...6

Directions for Use

It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsis
tent with its labeling.

Read all Directions for Use carefully before applying.

STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

Do not contaminate water, food, feed or fertilizer by storage or dis-
posal. Open dumping is prohibited.

Pesticide Disposal: Wastes resulting from the use of this product
may be disposed of on site or at an approved waste disposal facility.
Metal Container Disposal: Do not reuse container. Triple rinse
(or equivalent). Puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or by
other procedures approved by state and local authorities.

Plastic Container Disposal: Do not reuse container. Triple rinse
(or equivalent). Puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or by
incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If
burned, stay out of smoke.

Sprayer Clean-Out: To avoid injury to desirable plants, equipment
used to apply Tordon 22K should be thoroughly cleaned before
reusing to apply any other chemicals.

1. Rinse and flush application equipment thoroughly after use.
Dispose of rinse water in non-cropland area away from water sup-
plies.

2. Rinse a second time, adding 1 quart of household ammonia for
every 25 gallons of water. Circulate the solution through the entire
system so that all internal surfaces are contacted (f 5 to 20 min-
utes). Let the solution stand for several hours, preferably
overnight

3. Flush the solution out the spray tank through the boom.

4. Rinse the system twice with dean water, recirculating and draining
each time.

5. Nozzles and screens should be removed and cleaned separately.
General: Consult federal, state or local disposal authorities for
approved alternative procedures.

GENERAL INFORMATION

In areas west of the Mississippi River use Tordon 22K herbicide to con-
trol susceptible broadleaf weeds and woody plants on rangeland and
permanent grass pastures, fallow cropland, wheat, barley and oats not
underseeded with a legume on graintand (which is not flood or sub-irri-
gated and not rotated to broadleaf crops), non-cropland, and on
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) acres, and wildlife openings in
forest and non-crop areas. This product la NOT for aaie or use in
the San Luis Valley of Colorado.

General Use Precautions

Use this product only as specified on this label. Observe any spe-
cial use and application restrictions and limitations, including method of
application and permissible areas of use as promulgated by state or
local authorities.

To prevent damage to crops and other desirable plants, read and
follow all directions and precautions on this label and container before
using.

Do not use for manufacturing or formulating.

Do Not Mix With Dry Fertilizer.

Chemigatlon: Do not apply this product through any type of irrigation
system.

In Hawaii, approved uses of Tordon 22K are Omited to those described
in Supplemental Labeling. This Supplemental Labeling may be
obtained from your DowElanco representative or chemical dealer.
Refer to this Supplemental Labeling for speafic use directions and pre-
cautions.

Do not make application whan circumstances favor movement
from treatment site.

2

Tordon* 22K

Do not apply or otherwise permit Tordon 22K or sprays containing
Tordon 22K to contact crops or other desirable broadleaf plants,
including but not limited to alfalfa, beans, grapes, melons, peas, pota-
toes, safflower, soybeans, sugar beets, sunflower, tomatoes, and other
_ vegetable crops, flowers, fruit plants, ornamentals or shade trees or the
soil containing roots of nearby valuable plants.

Precautions for Avoiding Injurious Spray Drift

Applications should be made to avoid spray drift since very small quan-
tities of spray, which may not be visible, may seriously injure suscepti-
ble crops during both growing and dormant periods. To minimize spray
drift, use low nozzle pressure; apply as a coarse spray; and use noz-
zles designed for herbicide application that do not produce a fine
droplet spray. To aid in further reducing spray drift, a drift control and
deposition aid such as Nalco-Trol may be used with this product. If
such a drift control aid is used, follow all use recommendations and pre-
cautions on the product label.

Ground Equipment: With ground equipment spray drift can be less-
ened by keeping the spray boom as low as possible; by applying 20
gallons or more of spray per acre; by keeping the operating spray pres-
sures at the manufacturers recommended minimum pressures for the
specific nozzle type used (low pressure nozzles are available from
spray equipment manufacturers); by spraying when the wind velocity is
low (follow state regulations). Avoid calm conditions which may be
conducive to air inversions. In hand-gun applications, select the mini-
mum spray pressure that will provide adequate plant coverage (without
forming a mist).

Aerial Application: With aerial applications, drift may be lessened by
using a coarse spray; by using a drift control system; or by using Nalco-
Trol drift control additive or equivalent. Adjust spray pressure to pro-
vide coarse spray droplets and by using nozzles which do not create
fine droplets. Spray boom should be no longer than 3 4 of the
wingspan or rotor length. Do not use a thickening agent with the
Microfoil or the Thru-Valve booms, or other systems that cannot
accommodate thick sprays. Spray only when the wind velocity is low
(follow state regulations). Avoid calm conditions which may be con-
ducive to air inversions.

Determine Air Movement and Direction Before Foliar Application.
Do not spray when wind is blowing toward susceptible crops or orna-
mental plants near enough to be injured. It is suggested that a continu-
ous smoke column at or near the spray site or a smoke generator on
the spray equipment be used to detect air movements, lapse condi-
tions. or temperature inversions (stable air). If the smoke layers or indi-
cates a potential of hazardous spray drift, do not spray.

Do not contaminate water Intended for irrigation or domestic pur-
poses. To avoid injury to crops or other desirable plants, do not treat or
allow spray drift or run-off to fall onto banks or bottoms of irrigation
ditches, either dry or containing water, or other channels that carry
water that may be used for irrigation or domestic purposes.

Do not use on flood or sub-irrigated land.

Do not spray if the loss of forage legumes cannot be tolerated.
Tordon 22K may injure or kill legumes. New legume seedlings may not
grow for several years following application of this herbicide.

Do not use manure from animals grazing treated areas on land used
for growing broadleaf crops, ornamentals, orchards or other suscepti-
ble. desirable plants. Manure may contain enough picloram to cause
injury to susceptible plants.

Do not use grass or hay from treated areas for composting or
mulching of susceptible broadleaf crops.

Do not transfer livestock from treated grazing areas onto sensitive
broadleaf crop areas without first allowing 7 days of grazing on an
untreated grass pasture. Otherwise, urine may contain enough piclo-
ram to cause injury to sensitive broadleaf plants.

• Do not apply to snow or frozen ground. Application during very cold
(near freezing) weather is not advisable.

Tordon 22K should not be applied on residential or commercial
lawns or near ornamental trees and shrubs. Untreated trees can
occasionally be affected by root uptake of herbicide through movement
into the top soil or by excretion of the product from the roots of nearby
treated trees. Do not apply Tordon 22K within the root zone of desir-
able trees unless such injury can be tolerated.

Do not rotate food or feed crops on treated land if they are not regis-
tered for use with picloram until an adequately sensitive bioassay or
chemical test shows that no detectable picloram is present in the soil.

Do not move treated soil to areas other than those treatment sites for
which Tordon 22K is registered for use. Also, do not use treated soil to
grow plants lor which use of Tordon 22K is not registered until an ade-
quately sensitive bioassay or chemical test shows that no detectable
residue of picloram is present in the soil.

Woody Plants and Broadleaf Weeds
Controlled by Tordon 22K

Woody Plants:

absinth wormwood

junipers/cedars

aspen

locust

blackberries

multiflora rose

catclaw acacia

pinyon pine

chaparral sp.

rabbitbrush

fringed sagebrush
gorse

Scotch broom

Annual and Perennial Broadleaf Weeds:

brackenfem

larkspurs

starthistles

buckwheat, wild

geyer

Ibenan

buffatobur

plains

purple

bursage

tall

yellow

burroweed

lambsquarters

St. Johnswort

cametthom

leafy spurge

sulfur cinquefoil

clover

liconce, wild

sunflower

crupma. common

locoweeds

tansy ragwort

dock

lupines

tasajillo

field bindweed

milkweed

toadflaxes

goldenrod

ox-eye daisy

thistles

henbane, black

pigweed

artichoke

horsenettle

pricklypear cactus

beaumont

Carolina

ragweeds

bull

white

common

Canada

horseweed

bur

distaff

ironweed

lanceleaf

golden

knapweed

western

Italian

diffuse

rush skeletonweed

musk

Russian

Russian thistle

plumeless

spotted

snakeweeds

Scotch

squarrose

sowthistle

wavy leaf

Mixing and Application Methods

Mix the required amount of Tordon 22K in water and apply as a coarse
low pressure spray using ground equipment or aircraft. Use enough
spray volume to provide uniform coverage of the weeds. For best
results treat when the weeds are growing actively in the spring before
full bloom or late summer into fall. Treatments during full bloom or seed
stage of some weeds may not give good control.

To prepare the spray, add about half the desired amount of water in
the spray tank. Then with agitation, add the recommended amount of
Tordon 22K and other registered tank mix herbicides. Finally, with con-
tinued agitation, add the rest of the water and additives such as surfac-
tants or drift control and deposition aids.

Use with surfactants

Addition of wetting or penetration agents is not usually necessary when
using Tordon 22K. Under extreme conditions, such as drought, addi-

3

Tordon* 22K

;0n of a surfactant may improve efficacy. However, if foliar bum occurs
('go rapidly, translocation of Tordon 22K will not occur and control of
perennial weeds, such as field bindweed, may be reduced.

Use With Sprayabie Liquid Fertilizer
Solutions

Tordon 22K is compatible with most non-pressurized liquid fertilizer
solutions; however, if these solutions are to be sprayed with Tordon
22K. a compatibility test (jar test) should be made prior to mixing. Jar
tasts are particularly important when a new batch of fertilizer or pasti-
me is used, when water sources change, or when tank mixture ingredi-
ents or concentrations are changed. Compatibility may be determined
oy mixing the spray components in the desired order and proportions in
a clear glass jar before large scale mixing of spray components in the
spray tank. Use of a compatibility aid such as Unite or Compex may
help obtain and maintain a uniform spray solution during mixing and
application. Agitation in the spray tank must be vigorous to be compa-
rable with jar test agitation. For best results, liquid fertilizer rates should
not exceed 50% of the total spray volume. Premix Tordon 22K with
water and add to the liquid fertilizer/water mixture while agitating con-
tents of the spray tank. Apply the spray the same day it is prepared
while maintaining continuous agitation. Rinse spray tank thoroughly
after use.

Note: Foliar applied liquid fertilizers can cause yellowing or leaf bum of
crop foliage.

Local conditions may affect the use of herbicides. State agricultural
experiment stations or extension service weed specialists in many
states issue recommendations to fit local conditions. Be sure that use
of this product conforms to ail applicable regulations.

Tank Mixture for Spot or Broadcast Treatment of Susceptible
Weeds

Tordon 22K may also be tank mixed with 2.4-0 products or other regis-
tered herbicides for use on areas having mixed species including those
which respond well to 2.4-0. Read and follow all directions and use
precautions on other product labels.

/ \

Wick Application

Mix 1 part of Tordon 22K with 2 parts of water to prepare a 33% solu-
tion. Apply when weeds are actively growing and are above most desir-
able plants. For ironweed and goldenrod, best results are obtained with
applications made prior to early bud stage. Wick applicator should be
drained and cleaned after each use. Ropes should be changed when
flow is reduced from wear, extended use, poor cleaning or intermittent
use.

APPROVED USES
NON-CROPLAND AREAS

Use Tordon 22K to control susceptible broadleaf weeds and woody
plants on non-cropland areas such as on roadsides or other rights-of-
way, along fence rows, and around farm buildings. Use up to 2 quarts
of Tordon 22K per acre as a broadcast treatment and up to 4 quarts per
acre as a spot treatment Wick Application may be used on non-crop-
land. See *Wick Application* in “Mixing and Application Methods* sec-
tion for directions.

RANGELAND AND PERMANENT GRASS
PASTURES

Spot Treatment

Use application rates as suggested in the ‘Approved Uses* section of
this label or recommended by your area weed control specialist. Apply
m a total spray volume of 20 to 1 00 gallons per acre. Make sure equip-
ment is properly calibrated and that the amount of Tordon 22K added to
the spray mixture corresponds to the desired rate and spray volume.

To Calibrate:

1 . Measure an area 1 8.5 ft by 1 8.5 ft in the target application area.

2. Spray the measured area uniformly with water only and record the
number of seconds required to cover the area.

3. Measure the amount of water delivered to the test area by spraying
into a container for this amount of time.

4. The amount of water collected in fi oz equals spray volume in gallons
per acre.

5. Refer to the chart below for the amount of Tordon 22K to mix at the
spray volume indicated by the calibration procedure. This chart con-
tains the amount of Tordon 22K to mix when the application rate is 1
quart per acre. For a rate of 1/2 quart per acre ( 1 pint), divide the
amount in the table by 2. For an application rate of 2 quarts per acre,
multiply the table value by 2.

To Apply the Equivalent of t Quart of Tordon 22K
per Acre at the Spray Volume Indicated. Mix the
Following;

Spray Volume

Amount of Tordon 22K

Amount of Tordon 22K

(gallons per acre)

per 1 gallon of water

per 1 00 gallons of water

20

10 tsp

5 quarts

40

4 3/4 tsp

2 quarts

60

3 1/4 tsp

1 2/3 quarts

80

2 1/3 tsp

1 1/4 quarts

100

2 tsp

1 quart

Use Tordon 22K on rangeland and permanent grass pastures to control
susceptible broadleaf weeds and woody plants such as (but not limited
to) those shown in the table.

Grazing Restrictions: When applying more than 1 quart of Tordon
22K per acre, do not cut grass for feed within two weeks after treatment
Meat animals grazing for up to two weeks after treatment should be
removed from treated areas three days prior to slaughter. Do not graze
lactating dairy animals on treated areas within two weeks after treat-
ment

Broadcast Treatment (Ground and Aerial
Applications)

Tordon 22K can be applied as a broadcast treatment by ground or aeri-
ally to control several broadleaf weeds and woody plants. Apply Tordon
22K at the suggested rates in 2 or more gallons of water per acre by air
or in 1 0 or more gallons of water per acre by ground. Re-treat as nec-
essary but do not exceed 1 quart of Tordon 22K per acre per season.
For control of actively growing susceptible annual broadleaf weeds,
including Russian thistle, apply 1/4 to 1/2 pint per acre of Tordon 22K.
Tordon 22K can also be tank mixed with 1/2 to 1 pound per acre 2,4-D
where species present are sensitive to 2,4-D.

Tordon 22K at rates over 1 quart may suppress certain established
grasses, such as bromegrass, bluegramma. and buffalograss.
However, subsequent grass growth should be improved by release
from weed competition.

Note: tsp ■ teaspoon

6 tsp « 1 fluid ounce

Do not exceed 4 quarts per acre in any one year as a apot treat-
ment

4

Tordon* 22K

Weed Control Guidelines for Tordon 22K In
Non-cropland, Rangeland and Pasture*

Weed Species’’

Rate per Acre

Comments

biennial thistles
bull
musk
plumeless
Scotch

Fall: 1/2 pint
Spring: 6 - 8 fl oz with
1.0 Ibae 2.4-D

Apply when thistles are in
the rosette stage before
bolting in the spring or in
the fall prior to soil
freeze up.

bolted musk thistle

1/2 • 1 pint-*- 1 ibae
2.4-D per acre

Apply before flowering.

broom snakeweed
gey er larkspur
locoweeds
multiflora rose
plains larkspur
pnckly pear cactus
sulfur cinquefoil

1 pint

For pricklypear cactus,
use of a diesel oil-water
emulsion spray mixture
may improve control.

black henbane
erupina

diffuse knapweed
spotted knapweed
yellow starthistle

1 - 2 pints

absinth wormwood
bursage

Douglas rabbitbrush
goldenrod
ox-eye daisy

1 * 2 pints

Tank mix the lower rate
with 1.0 lb ae per acre
2.4-D.

Lower rates may
require annual spot
treatments.

wild iiconce

1 quart

Canada thistle
field bindweed
gorse
lupines

rush skeletonweed
St. Johnswort
tansy ragwort

1 • 2 quarts

Tank mix the lower rate
with 1 .0 lb ae per acre
2.4-D.

Lower rates may
require annual spot
treatments.

dalmation toadflax
juniper

perennial sowthistle
Russian knapweed

2 - 3 quarts

For Russian knapweed,
apply at bud stage or in
the tall !

tall larkspur
yellow toadflax

3 - 4 quarts

leafy spurge

1 - 4 quarts i

Lower rates will require
annual retreatment for
several years. Retreat
when control drops
below 80%

* For additional species or more specific rates consult your area's cur-
rent Weed Control Guide and/or your local DowElanco representa-
tive.

"Many seedling annual weeds can be controlled using 1 pt per acre.

For rates exceeding 1 quart per acre, apply only as a spot treat-
ment and the total area treated in a single season should not
exceed 25% of a landowner's acreage found in any particular
watershed.

Spot Treatment

See "Spot Treatment* in ‘Mixing and Application Methods* section for
directions for calibration, spray volume determination and mixing.

Spot Concentrate Application

Eastern red cedar can be controlled with spot concentrate applications
of Tordon 22K in either the spring (April-May) or fall (September-
October). For best results, use 3 ml to 4 ml of Tordon 22K (undiluted)
per 3 feet of plant height. Application should precede periods of
expected rainfall. Apply directly to soil within the dripline and on the
upslope side of the tree. Application to trees taller than 1 5 feet is not
recommended. Do not use more than 2 pints of Tordon 22K per acre in
any one year.

Wick Application

See ‘Wick Application* in ‘Mixing and Application Methods' section for
directions. Apply when weeds are actively growing and are above most
desirable plants. For ironweed and goldenrod, best results are
obtained with applications made prior to early bud stage.

Barley, Oats, and Wheat Not Underseeded
With a Legume (Which is Not Flood or Sub-
Irrigated and Not Rotated to Broadleaf
Crops)

Use Tordon 22K for the control of susceptible annual broadleaf weeds
such as (but not limited to) volunteer sunflower, wild buckwheat, lamb-
squarters. pigweed, Russian thistle, and sowthistle.

Use Precautions

Do not apply Tordon 22K within 50 days before harvest.

Spray mixtures may cause shorter straw on some varieties of cereals
but grain yields are usually not affected.

Do not graze or feed forage from treated areas for 2 weeks after treat-
ment. Do not harvest hay from treated grain fields.

Use only on land that will be planted the following year to grass, barley,
oats, wheat or fallowed. Do not apply more than 1 1/2 fluid ounces of
Tordon 22K per acre during the small grain growing season.

Broadcast Treatment (Ground and Aerial
Applications)

Tordon 22K can be applied as a single broadcast treatment by ground
or aerially to control several broadleaf weeds by itself or as a tank mix
with 2.4-D. MCPA, or sulfonylurea herbicides such as Ally. Apply
Tordon 22K at the rates suggested in the following table in 2 to 5 gal-
lons of water per acre by air or in 5 to 20 gallons of water per acre by
ground. The addition of surfactants may aid control under dry condi-
tions, but may cause injury to grain if used over the top. Read and fol-
low directions and precautions on other product labels when tank
mixing.

Spring Wheat, Barley and Oats

Apply from the 3 to 5 leaf stage to the early jointing stage of growth as
indicated in the table below. Applications at the 3 to 5 leaf stage occa-
sionally cause slight head malformations and straw shortening but nor-
mally do not affect yield.

Durum Wheat

Do not treat durum wheat since some varieties of durum wheat may be
injured.

Winter Wheat and Barley

Apply after resumption of active growth in the spring until the early joint-
ing stage.

5

Tordon* 22K

Use Rates for Wheat, Barley and Oats*

Amounts of Each Product Per Acre***

Weeds

Weed Growth
Stage* *

Grain Growth
Stage

Tordon 22K

4 lb ae/gal
2,4-D or
MCPA

6 Ibae/ga
2,4-D or
MCPA

More susceptible
species, such as:
lambsquarters
pennycress
wild mustard
mayweed

3 inches

3 to 5 leaf to
early tillering

1 floz

1/2 pint

1/3 pint

3 to 6 inches

Tillering to
early jointing

1 1/2 floz

3/4 pint

1/2 pint

Less susceptible
species such as:
volunteer sunflower
wild buckwheat
Russian thistle
pigweed

Canada thistle, top
growth
suppression

1 to 6 inches

Tillering to
early jointing

1 1/2 floz

3/4 to 1 pint

1/2 to 2/3 pint

+For oats, do not tank mix with 2,4-0 herbicides.

++For best results, treat when weeds have 2 to 4 leaves and are
actively growing.

+t+When measuring small amounts of Tordon 22K. special care
should be taken not to exceed suggested rates.

FALLOW CROPLAND (NOT ROTATED TO
BROADLEAF CROPS)

Apply Tordon 22K as a post harvest or fallow treatment in continuous
grain or during the fallow period. Tordon 22K may be applied alone or
in tank mix combination with 2,4-D or other herbicides registered for
this use. Apply in 2 or more gallons of water per acre by air or 5 or more
gallons per acre by ground. Spray only under conditions that will pre-
vent injury to nearby susceptible crops or ornamentals. Refer to
“General Use Precautions' section for information on preventing drift to
off-target areas.

Application Rates

Note: Do not apply more than 1 pint per acre as a broadcast treatment
in any calendar year.

Annual Weeds: To control annual weeds such as Russian thistle and
wild buckwheat, apply 1/4 to 1/2 pint per acre of Tordon 22K in tank mix
combination with 1/2 to 1 lb ae of 2.4-D or other herbicides registered
for use on fallow land. Apply when weeds are actively growing.

Field Bindweed: Apply 1/2 tol pint per acre ofTordon22K plus 1/2 to
1 lb ae per acre of 2.4-0 when bindweed is actively growing. Optimum
time for treatment is when plant runners reach 8 to 1 2 inches. Use 1 /2
pint per acre to control light to moderate infestations under good grow-
ing conditions or to reduce the potential for crop injury. Use higher
rates for heavy infestations and longer term control. Some regrowth
will occur the following season and a re-treatment program tor succes-
sive years is recommended.

Preplant Interval

A preplant interval following Tordon 22K application prior to planting
small grains is recommended to reduce or eliminate potential crop
injury and/or yield reduction. The possibility for crop injury or yield
reduction to occur depends on application rate, soil organic matter,
rainfall, temperature and incidence of cereal diseases. Adequate soil
moisture and soil temperature during the preplant interval is important
in reducing, but may not eliminate, the risk of crop injury. When consid-
ering use of Tordon 22K on fallow land, growers should consider the
benefit of weed control against the risk of crop damage and treat only if
the risk of injury to small grams can be tolerated. The following preplant
intervals are recommended:

For applications up to 1/2 pint per acre, allow a minimum of 45 days
of soil temperatures above 40°F between application and planting.

For applications of greater than 1 12 pint and up to 1 pint per acre,
allow a minimum of 60 days of soil temperatures above 40°F between
application and planting, except in the states of Idaho. North Dakota.
Nebraska. Montana. Oregon. South Dakota. Washington and
Wyoming, where the minimum pre plant interval is 90 days.

Spot Treatment

See “Spot Treatment* in “Mixing and Application Methods' section for
directions for calibration, spray volume determination and mixing.

Spot treatments of Tordon 22K at rates over 1 pint per acre can be
made on fallow, non-irrigated cropland if the treated areas comprise
less than 1 0% of the immediate field in any one year. Tordon 22K
should not be applied to cropland at rates exceeding 2 quarts per acre.
When Tordon 22K at rates above 1 pint per acre are applied, injury to
small grains may result for periods up to two years after treatment

CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM
(CRP) FOR SEEDING TO PERMANENT
GRASSES ONLY

Canada thistle: Apply 1 pint per acre of Tordon 22K plus 1 lb ae per
acre of 2.4-D when the majority of thistle plants are emerged but prior
to bud stage.

Crop Rotation

Use only on land to be planted the following year to grass, barley, oats,
wheat or fallowed. Many broadleaf crops are extremely sensitive to soil
residues of Tordon 22K. Do not plant sensitive broadleaf crops for 36
months after treatment or until soil residues have declined to a safe
level as indicated by an adequately sensitive bioassay using the
intended broadleaf crop. A bioassay is recommended following treat-
ment prior to planting any sensitive broadleaf crop.

Do not use Tordon 22K If legumes are a desired cover during CRP.

Conditions that stress grasses, such as drought, will increase potential
for injury to the grass at all stages of growth.

To reduce potential damage to subsequent small grain crops, use
the lower rate or discontinue the use of Tordon 22K at least 2 years
prior to the seeding of small grain crops. After CRP. do not plant
broadleaf crops in treated acres until an adequately sensitive bioassay
shows that no detectable pidoram is present in the soil.

6

Tordon* 22K

Broadcast Treatment (Ground and Aerial
Applications)

Applications of Tordon 22K should be made after perennial grasses are
well established (have developed a good secondary root system and
show good vigor). Most perennial grasses show improved tolerance to
the herbicide at this stage of development.

For control of actively growing perennial weeds, use up to 1 quart per
acre of Tordon 22K after the grass is established. For best results, use
in 2 or more gallons of water per acre by air or in 5 or more gallons of
water per acre by ground. Increasing the rate of application can
increase the risk of injury.

For control of actively growing susceptible annual broadleaf weeds,
(including Russian thistle) apply 1/4 to 1/2 pint per acre of Tordon 22K.
Tordon 22K can also be tank mixed with 1/2 to 1 pound per acre of 2.4-
D where 2,4-0 sensitive species present. Read and follow all direc-
tions for use and use precautions on other product labels.

Spot Treatment

See “Spot Treatment” In “Mixing and Application Methods” sec-
tion for directions for calibration, spray volume determination and
mixing.

For spot applications when perennial grasses are established, use 1 to
8 pints per acre of Tordon 22K. Rates of 2 quarts per acre or more
should only be used for control of deep-rooted perennial broadleaf
weeds.

Tordon 22K at rates over 2 pints per acre may suppress certain estab-
lished grasses such as bromegrass. bluegramma and buffalograss.
However, subsequent grass growth should be improved by release
from weed competition.

Wick Application

See "Wick Application’ in ‘Mixing and Application Methods* section for
directions. Apply when weeds are actively growing and are above most
desirable plants. For ironweed and goldenrod. best results are
obtained with applications made prior to early bud stage.

Warranty Limitations and Disclaimer

DowElanco warrants that this product conforms to the chemical
description on the label and is reasonably fit for the purposes stated on
the label when used in strict accordance with the directions, subject to
the inherent risks set forth below. DOWELANCO MAKES NO OTHER
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR ANY OTHER
EXPRESS OR IMPUED WARRANTY.

Inherent Risks of Use

It is impossible to eliminate all risks associated with use of this product.
Plant injury, lack of performance, or other unintended consequences
may result because of such factors as use of the product contrary to
label instructions (including conditions noted on the label, such as unfa-
vorable temperature, soil conditions, etc.), abnormal conditions (such
as excessive rainfall, drought, tornadoes, hurricanes), presence of
other materials, the manner of application, or other factors, all of which
are beyond the control of DowElanco or the seller. All such risks shall
be assumed by Buyer.

Limitation of Remedies

The exclusive remedy for losses or damages resulting from this product
(including claims based on contract negligence, strict liability, or other
legal theories), shall be limited to, at DowElanco's election, one of the
following:

1 . Refund of purchase price paid by buyer or user for product bought,
or

Z Replacement of amount of product used.

DowElanco shall not be liable for losses or damages resulting from
handling or use of this product unless DowElanco is promptly notified of
such loss or damage in writing. In no case shall DowElanco be liable
for consequential or incidental damages or losses.

The terms of the *Warranty Disclaimer* above and this ‘Limitation of
Remedies* cannot be varied by any written or verbal statements or
agreements. No employee or sales agent of DowElanco or the seller is
authorized to vary or exceed the terms of the "Warranty Disclaimer* or
this limitation of Remedies* in any manner.

*T rademark of DowElanco

DowElanco • Indianapolis, IN 46268, U.S A

LABEL CODE 112-42-002 DATE CODE 292

EPA APPROVAL 12/20/91 REPLACES 112-42-001

Revisions Include:

1 ) Label reformatted and edited for clarity.

2) Updated woody plants and broadleaf weeds controlled listed.

i

7

Specimen Label

Transline*

Herbicide

For Selective Control of Broadleaf Weeds in Non-Cropland Areas, Industrial
Manufacturing and Storage Sites and Rights-of-way

Active Ingredients):

Clopyralid (3.6*dichloro*2*pyridinecarboxyllc add) as the monoethanolamlne salt
Inert Ingredient(s):

• •••«•••«••••••••••••••••

•••• • »•#•••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••#••# *•«•••••«•<

40i9W

59.1 %

ACID EQUIVALENT:

3.6-dichioro*2-pyn'dinecarboxylic add. 31% - 3 I d/gal
E.RA. Registration No. 62719-73
E.P.A. EsI. 464-MI-1

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

CAUTION

PRECAUCION:

PRECAUCION AL USUARIO:

Si usted no lee ingids. no use este product© host* quo la
etiqueta i« hoya sido expflceda empllameme.

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS

Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals

CAUSES EYE INJURY ♦ HARMFUL IF
INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH
SKIN

Avoid Contact With Eyes, Skin Or Clothing
• Avoid Breathing Spray Mist • Wash
Thoroughly With Soap And Water After
Handling • Remove Contaminated Clothing
And Wash Before Reuse
STATEMENTS OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT; K In eyos,
flush with plenty of water. Get medical attention If Irritation
persists, if on akin, wash with plenty of seep and water.
Get medical attention.

Physical or Chemical Hazards
COMBUSTIBLE • Do Not Use or Store Near
Heat or Open Flame. Do Not Cut or Weld
Container.

Environmental Hazards

Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment
washwators. Oo not contaminate water used lor Irrigation
or domestic purposes. Oo not apply directly to any body ol
water or wetlands.

See additional precautionary statements
elsewhere on this label.

NOTICE

Read and understand the entire label before using. Use
only according to label directions.

Bcforo buying or using this product, road "WARRANTY
LIMITATIONS AN0 DISCLAIMER* elsewhere on tnis label
If terms are not acceptable, return unopened package at
once to sellar for full refund of purchase price paid.
Otherwise, use by the buyer or any other user constitutes
acceptance of the terms under WARRANTY LIMITATIONS
AND DISCLAIMER.

IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY
endangering life or property involving this
product, call collect 517-636-4400
AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL
Do Not Ship or Store with Food, Feeds,
Drugs, or Clothing

Translinc**

directions for use

ft is 0 Vioimicn of Federal lew to use trus product in a manner
inconsistent with Its lobellng. manner

°y°stem °PPly mi3 pr0dUCt Wr0U5h any *** cf lrr<;etion

TRANSLINE Herbicide is recommended tor selective,

COnXroi 01 me tel,ow,n8 b'cadleaf woods in
r areas deluding equipment pathways, industrial
®nC^ Stora9e srtes and n'Sh!s-ot-way such as
o ong roadsides electrical power lines, communication lines,
pipelines and railroads.

acactas

artichoke. Jerusalem
fwjckwheat. wild
buffaiobur’
nurdock, common
Canada thistle
(rosette to bud)
cr.amonrule, false
(scentless)

cnamomilo. mayweed
(aogfennei)
clover, swoot
clover, red
cocklobur. common
coffoowood
cornflower
(bachelor button)
dandelion
dock, curly
qrourvosei, common
Mwksbeard. narrowloaf
norsewoed
jimsonweed
knapweed; diffuse
knapweed. Russian1
knapwoed, spotted

ladysthumb1
lettuce, prickly
loeowoed, white
locoweed, lombert
msrsholder
mesqurte

musk thistle (rosette to bud)

nightshade. Eastern black

nightshade, cutleef

nightshade, hairy

cxeye daisy

pineapplewood

ragweed, common

ragweed, giant

salsify, meadow (goetsbeard)

sicklepod

smartw'oed. green1

sorrel, red

sowthistle, annual

sowthistle, perennial1

starthlstle, yellow

sunflower (common and wild)

thistle. Canada

thistle, musk

vetch

Tnese wcecs may omy oe suppressed, suppression is a visual
reduction in wood competition (reduced popuiaiion or vigor) es
compared to untreated cress. Th. degroo of wood control end
duration of Offset will very with wood so* and donshy. spray rate end
coverage, and growing conditions before, during, end after the lime
of t/odtmom.

For perennial woods. TRANSUNE Herbicide will control the
mitiai topgrowth ond inhibit regrowth during the sooson of
application (season* long control). At higher use rates shown
on this label, TRANSUNE Herbicide may cause a reduction
.n shoot regrowth in the season following application;
however, plant response may be inconsistent due to inherent
variability in shoot regrowth from perennial root systems.
Timing: Apply to actively growing weeds. Extreme growing
conditions such as drought or near freezing temperatures
prior to, at. end following time of application may reduce
weed control. Only woods which ere emerged at the lime
of application will be affoctod. Wet foliage at the time of
application may decrease control The treatment with
TRANSUNE Herbicide will be ra infist within 6-8 hours after
application.

Rate: Generally, lower labeled application rates wilt be
satisfactory for young, succulent growth of sensitive wood
species. For less sensitive species, perennials, and under
conditions where control Is more difficult (plant stress
conditions such as drought or extreme temperatures, dense
weed stands, and/or larger weeds), the higher rates will be
needed.

Coverage: Adequete sprey coverage and drift control ora
important. Obtaining a balance between spray covorogo and
drift control may sometimes be difficult but can be echlovod
provided the applictor understands the factors affecting
coverage ond drift Factors affecting spray coverage include
sprey volume, end weed density. As weed density increases,
spray volume should be increased to obtain equivalent weed
control. Refer to manufacturer's recommendations for
information on the relationship between gallons per sera.

spray pressure, sprayer speod, nozzle type and
arrangement, nozzle hoight ebove the target canopy, droplet
size, and drift potential for rospectivo application equlpmoni.
Use equipment and nozzle types which are designed for
herbicide application. Reducing total spray volume may
result In decreased coverage and weed control. Use enough
total spray volume and a delivery system to provide
thorough coverage and a uniform spray pattern.

Do not apply where spray drift may be a problem due to
proximity of susceptible crops or other desirable plants.

Uso of Adjuvants: Addition of surfactants, crop oils, or
*Fjuvants is not usually necessary when using
TRANSUNE Herbicide. Adding a surfactant to the spray
mixture may inereaso effectiveness on wooes, if an adjuvant
is added to the spray solution, follow all manufacturer use
guidelines.

link Mixes: Wnen tank mixing, read and foiicw the label ol
each tank-mix product used for precautionary statements
directions for use. weeds controaed. and geographic and
other restrictions. Use in accordance with me most
restrictive ol label limitations ond precautions. No label
dosages should be exceeded. This product cannot bo
mixed with eny product containing a label prohibition against
such mixing.

Non*Cropland

For use on non-cropland areas such as industrial
manufacturing and storage eites end rights-of-way such
es along roadcldoa, eloctrical power linos,
communication linos, pipelines and railroads.

Broadcast Application (Ground): For control of ereaeieof
weods, apply V* to IVs pints of TRANSUNE Herbicide per
acre (equivalent to 0.09 to 0.5 lbs ae per acre). Non-tonic
surfactant snouid be used In spray mixtures at t to 2 quarts
per 1 00 gallons of spray mixture. The lower rate of V« pint
per acre provides acceptable control of weeds only under
highly favorable plant growing conditions and when plants
are no larger than 3 to 6 Inches tall. Where Canada thistle or
knapwoeds are the primary pest, best results are obtained
by applying */j to 1 Va pints of TRANSUNE Herbicide per
acre after basal loaves are produced. For roedside
applications, spray volumes of 25 to 50 gallons per acre will
ensure adequate coverage. Addition of v« to 1 ounce Telar
per acre may enhance thistle control when tew rates cf
TRANSUNE are used. TRANSUNE Herbicide con be tank
mixed with diesel on or equivalent invert agent approved for
use on agricultural crop*. Established grasses ore tolerant
but new grass seedlings may be Injured to varying degrees
untfl the grass nas become well established.

High-Volume Leaf Stem Treatment (Woody Plants): For
centre! of brush, use 1 to 3 quarts of TRANSUNE Herbicide
per ioo gallons of total spray solution. Thorough coverage is
necessary for good results, therefore, apply es a complete
sprayto-wst foliar application, including an leaves, stems,
and root cottars but do not exceed application of more than
1 Vs pints of TRANSUNE Herbicide per acre. To minimize
drift, use a maximum spray pressure of 50 psi and keep
sprays no higher than the tree crowns. Trees taller than 8
feet in height may be hard to treat efficiently end to obtain
necessary coverage.

Do not apply by air.

Unsatisfactory control may result If application is mads when
brush and weeds are under severe drought stress or ether
conditions that Inhibit good growth. Environmental
conditions may Influence results considerably. For best
results on mesquite, apply in the sprinQ or early summer
during the period 40 to 90 days after the firet green growth
appears and when soil moisture is adequate ter good
growth. Soil temperatures of 75* to 63*F at a 12 to 18 inch
depth ore optimal for good plant kffia. Soil temporeture of
less than 75*F at this depth will reduce the ultimate root KOI
of mesquite.

2

USE PRECAUTIONS

This product can affect susceptible broadloaf plants directly
through foliage and Indirectly by root uptake from treated
soil. Therefore, do not apply TFANSUNE Herbicide directly
to or allow spray drift to come In contact with vegetables,
flowers, gropes, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, lentils, peas,
alfalfa, sunflowers, soybeans, safflower, or ether desirable
broadleaf crops and ornamental plants or soil where these
sensitive crops vriu be planted the same season.

Do not contaminato Irrigation ditches or water used for
Irrigation or domestic purposos.

Avoid Spray Orift: Applications should be mado to avoid
tproy drift sinew very small quantities of the spray, which
may not be visible, may severely injure susceptible crops
during both growing and dormant periods. Use coarse
sprays to mtmmize drift since, under adverse weather
conditions, (me spray droplets may drift s mile or more.

A drift control or deposition agent such os Nalec-Trel may be
usod with tnis product to aid in reducing spray drift. If used,
follow ail use recommendations end precautions on the
produet label.

Ground Application: To minimize spray drift, apply
TRANSLINE Heroidde in a total spray volume oMO or more
gallons per acre as large-droplet, low-pressure spray. Refer
to manufacturer's recommendations tor additional
information on gallons per acre, spray pressure, sprayer
speed, nozzle types end arrangements, nozzle heights above
the target canopy, etc., for respective application equipment.
With ground equipment, spray drift can be lessened by
keeping the spray boom as low as possible: by using no
more than 30 pounds spraying pressure with large droplet-
producing nozzle lips; by spraying when wind velocity Is low;
and by stopping all spraying when wind exceeds 6 to 7 miles
per hour. Do not apply with hollow cone-type Insecticide or
other nozzles that produce a fine-droplet spray.

Do not apply by aircraft

Do Not Transfer Livestock from treated grazing areas onto
sensitive broadleaf crop oroaa without first ctiswing 7 days of
grazing on an untreated pasture. Otherwise, urine may
contain enough ciopyraUd to cause injury to sensitive
Droadloal plants

Straw from treated areas, or manure from animals that have
grazed treated areas, cannot be used for compcstlng or
mulching on ground where susceptible crops may be grown
the following seoson. To promote herbicide decomposition,
plant matenoi should be evenly incorporated er burned.
Adequate moisture is also required to promote breakdown of
plant residues which contain dopyrsfid.

Do not use in e groenhouso. Excessive amounts of this
herbicide in thw soli may temporarily inhibit seed germination
or plant growth.

Spray Equipment • Cleaning Instructions
To ovoid injury to desirable plants, equipment used to appfy
TRANSUNE HerDietde should be thoroughly cleaned before'
reusing to apply any other ehemicals.
t. Rinse end flush application equipment thoroughly after
use st least three times with water, end dispose of rinse
water in non-cropland area away from water supplies.

2. During tne second nnse, add 1 qt of housohoid ammonia
for every 25 gallons of water. Circulate the solution
through the entire system so that all Internal surfaces ore
contacted (15-20 min.). Let the solution stand for sovoral
hours. (yHwrahly overnight.

3. Rush the solution out the spray tonk through the boom.

4. Rinse the system twice with clean water, recirculating end
draining each time.

5. Nozzles and screens should be removed end cleaned
separately.

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
Environmental Hazards
CiopyraUd Is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach)
through soil and under certain conditions contaminate
groundwater which may be used tor Irrigation or drinking
purposes. Users are odvisod not to opply clopyralid whoro
soils hove a rapid to very rapid permeability throughout the
profile (such os loamy sand to sand) and the water table of
on underlying aquifer is shallow, or to soils containing
sinkholes over limestone bedrock, severely fractured
surfaces, end substratos which would allow direct
Introduction into an aquitor. Your local agricultural agencies
can provide further information on the type of soil In your
area end the location of groundwater.

STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or

disposal

Storage: Store above 28*F or warm to 40*F and agitate
before use.

Pesticido Disposal: Wastes resulting Irom the use of this
product may be disposed of on alto or et an approved waste
disposal facility.

Container Disposal (Metal): Do not reuse container. Triple
rinse (or equivalent). Puncture and dispose of In a sanitary
landfill, or by other procedures approved by state ana local
authorities.

Container Disposal (Plastic): Do not reuse container. Triple
rinse'(or equivalent). Puncture and dispose of In a sanitary
landfill, or by Incineration, or, if allowed by state and local
authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

WARRANTY LIMITATIONS AND DISCLAIMER
DowElaneo warrants that this product conforms to the
chemical description on the label and Is reasonably fit for the
purposes stated on the label whon usod in strict accordance
with the direction therein under normal conditions of use.
THIS IS THE ONLY WARRANTY MADE ON THIS PRODUCT.
NO OTHER EXPRESS AND NO IMPUED WARRANTY OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE IS MADE OUTSIDE OF THIS LABEL
Therefore, neither this warranty nor any other warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, express or
Implied, extends to the use of this product contrary to label
Instructions (including conditions noted on the label, such as
unfavorable temperatures, ton conditions, etc.), under
abnormal conditions (such as excessive rainfall, crougnt.
tornadoes, hurricanes, etc.) or under conditions not
reasonably foreseeable to or beyond the control of seller.
When buyer or user suffers losses or damages resulting from
the use or handling of this product (Including claims basoo
on contract, negligence, strict liability, or other legal
theories), buyer or user must promptly notify In writing
DowElaneo of any claims to be eligible to receive either
remedy givon bolow. The EXCLUSIVE REMEDY OF THE
BUYER OR USER and the UMIT OF UABHJTY el DowElaneo
or any c trior sailer win be one of tne following, at the election
Of DowElaneo:

(1) Refund of purchase price paid by buyer or user for
product bought, or

(2) Roplacomont of amount of product used.

The seller win not be Sable for consequential or incidents!
damages or losses.

3

T>>o tarns of this Wan-onty Limitations And Disclaimer cannot
varied by any written or verbal statements cr agreements.
, y •Hf'O'oyw or sales agent of the seller is not authorized to
vary or exceed the terms of this Warranty Limitations Ana
Disclaimer in any manner.

11M8-L1

290

DowElanco

Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 U.SA
•Trademark of DowElanco

FORM #113*20*001 (1-92)

SPECIMEN LABEL 86-1936 DATE CODE 290
THIS IS AN INITIAL DOWELANCO PRINTING

4

NO OTHER POST-EMERGENT
DOES MORE, SO WHY PAY MORE?

• Canada thistle, field bindweed and other tough
broadleaf perennials controlled at last —
Including multiflora rose, buckbrush, and other
woody species.

• Also very effective on annual broadleaf weeds,
including velvetleaf, coddebur, momingglory.
mustards, and ragweed. Over 120 species listed I

• Apply as a low-volume spray, preferably 5 to
10 gals, total solution per acre for most ground
applications. Aerially applied, HI-DEP needs only
enough water for a total spray volume of 2 quarts
minimum per acre.

• Droplets resist evaporation between nozzle and
target, thus remaining moist on the leaf surface
for improved absorption.

Unlike ordinary 2^4-D, more HI-DEP translocates
Into the horizontal roots, killing the root buds.

Read label before use.

G

pDi/6onaon

conponatlon

1217 W 12ffl ST -PQ BOX 4090
KANSAS art MO 64101 • 816/42V4070

1-800-821-7925

FAX: 816-474-0442

Ths mtatum cortamsd hwto » not wwd to bo uwo o» o
auMtsuio lor tho Monnolion ccrtfolnod on tholabolol too pred-
uct eontainot Spocimon toon ana offit woreturo ow mbfct
to wvfon. Bolero uang thM proauct rood and taOow a« label
meruellom on mo conmnor/poctogo.

LITTLE HERBICIDE PENETRATES INTO HI-DEP IS RAPIDLY AND MORE COM-
THE LEAF; MUCH EVAPORATION LOSS. PLETELY ABSORBED; VERY LITTLE LOSS.

m,nCP' BROADLEAF

VM herbicide

CONTROLS MANY TOUGH PERENNIAL WEEDS
THAT ESCAPE ORDINARY 2,4-D; ANNUALS, TOO.

Acme HI-DEP* High Deposition. Low Volume Broadleaf Herbicide pro-
vides outstanding post-emergence control of weeds such as Canada
thistle, field bindweed, and hemp dogbane which, until now, have proven
very difficult If not extremely costty to control. HI-DEP overcomes the
problem because it penetrates deeply enough to get into the extensive
root system and kills the root buds where regrowth occurs.

Contrast this to conventional Z4-D treatments. While they often
appear to kill the weeds and may even eliminate their competition with
the crop, all too often onty the tops are burned bock. The same weeds —
and more — reappear the next growing season, and year after year.

HI-DEP is a unique formulation of the mixed amine salts, dlmethytamine
and diethanolamine, of 2.4-D. combined with a special additive which
enhances the product* non-evaporattve qualities. Unlike ordinary 2A- D.
when applied. HI-DEP droplets tend to resist evaporation in flight and do
not crystallize. Therefore. HI-DEP is absorbed more rapidly and completely
by the leaf.

A radioisotope tracer study conducted by a major midwestem univer-
sity, shows that within four hours, over twice as much active ingredient win
move into the roots of field bindweed than will standard 24-D.

Because of HI-DEP* unique characteristics, the finished spray wont
bum the leaf, even when applied straight or in low volume solutions. Pene-
tration is increased, even where thick or waxy cuticles or hairy leaf surfaces
tend to leave other herbicides high and dry. HI-DEP gets to the root of the
problem — and at a cost that is little more than for ordinary Z4-DI

H-OEP# li o wgMwfl ftoflomortt of PBVGoroon Corporation.

RECOMMENDED USES:

Broadleaf weed control In com. pasture, wheat and other small groins,
stubble, fallow and grain sorghum and other crops, orchards and noo-

crop areas as indicated on the labeL
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS:

Dimethyiamlne salt of 24-Dlchlorophenoocyacetlc add 332%

Diethanolamine salt of 24-Dichlorophenoxyacetic add 163%

PACKAGING:

2x2% gallon plastic containers per case, shipping 55 lbs.

30 gallon drum, shipping weight 323 lbs.

©1991 P61/GORDON CORPORATION

HI-DEP

HIGH DEPOSITION BROADLEAF HERBICIDE

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS:

Oitnaeiywnan* SM ot 2.4-Ofcntatcpnanosyaceec acta 33.2%

Owtnanoiamm* Sat si 2.4-OcMorcpnenasyaeeoc see 16.3%

WERT INGREDIENTS 60 is

This Product Contain*: TOTAL I00.tr.

3 6 to 2.4-OteniotBon#no*yaeetc acto agiavaiani par pawn or 36 6%.
Komar SpeotiC by AOAC MatnoO.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

DANGER - PELIGRO

PRECAUCION AL USUARIO: Si usted no lee tngies. no use este
producto haste que le euqueta hays sido expiicaoo ampli aments.
See below for additional Precautionary Statements

and Statement of Practical Treatment

U.S. Patent No. 4.971.630

READ THE ENTIRE LABEL FIRST.

OBSERVE ALL PRECAUTIONS AND
FOLLOW DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY.

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS!

HAZARDS TO HUMANS A DOMESTIC ANIMALS:

DANGER: Ccnotn*. cautat tyt eamapa and stun eraanon. Do not pal at a rat on KX or on eoeang
Waar poppa* or lac* snwto wtwr. nanawtg Whan nanoang m prooua wear enam.i* ratmant govat.
Waan morougnty men soap ana water anar nanekng Harmtui a twanowao. abaotoes ntroupn s*ai or
atnaiad A veto bteettang vapor or aprar mat Remove coraamnawo doming ana .air attar* taut*
STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT:

tF IN EVES: m cam & *ya contact. anmaownty hush ayai andi pianry ol water tar is matutat Cali a
physician at one* '

W ON SKM: wash promptly wan soap and wewt Rata* tnorougnty II araaaen oa.a sp*. pet m*o«ai
anamion

W SWALLOWED: Drat* promptly a tarp* auanaty ol mei. egg tame, p* am tenjaen t a mas* are not
avauaow urge Cuantfiws ot water a hoc aconoi Can a pnywoan at one*

NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: Prooaota mucotai damage may eorerauxacat* tn* uta of pasrc avape
IF INHALED: Ramona wenm to tratn air ana apply rasorauon e awcatao

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS: Unoar no caoinwanea* anouta this named* p»0Cur s* any 2 4-0 weed
amor p* mao at ma tnoruty ol cotton, tomanas. garden crop*, grape*, omameraa i o» otnar tuscaptfbw
crops or saver* oamag* may ratutt Do not appry on waioy days Do not uu aouipmam usao m topping
n*a praeud or any 2 4-0 waao kuwt to apply atsachctaat tunqwioa*. or otnar materia tc t uscapnOto crept
Do not use mu product m rough any typt ot anpanon system Avoid comammation e‘ »a:*r tupcias mat
may 0* usae to imgott or watar autcapttOta crops or to be usao tar oomatic purges** Tits product a
tosic to aouauc mvanaprawt. 0«tt or runoft may aevarsaiy attact aouaue anmnae-atat ane nomarpat
plant* Do not apply directly to watar ascapi a* spacrtiao on trv* iso*< Do not eomam nat* watar wn*n
deposing o< aompmant wasnwatar* Do nor apply whan wcaaiar conda«n* favor or.f; -am traataa araaa.
Do not apply at any mannar not spaertwo on ma tatoi.

Most cases el prpmdwttar CO nun* nation atvommg pnenosy narncioai aucm at 2*-D have bean
associatao men mug teaomp ane eaposai sites Caution anouta Pc-assrcaao »n*n naneung 2.*-0
postoot* at tuen sues to prevent conaminatwn of groundwater luppuai. Us* o' dot*: svstams tar mnmp
or vanatamng tna patted* ww raouc* me pmoaemy of apse Placeman of aw miamg.e*ang*auipm*m
on an ntparwout pae to contain tews w* nap prawn prounewaiar comammation.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

6 a a tnetaeen of Faoarai Law to ua* eia produd at a monwai tnronaatant tam a* laaa mg.

Do noi tody ma preouct m tuen a manner as «o dracay or mrougn ordl ctpeaa woman or otnar persona.
The area oamg treatae must p* vacated by unpremewe persona.

Done! enter treated areas without protacavt dommg taaa it* ay* nave onto.

Bar si ns cartam states may requa* mom reametivo raantry mtarvsa tar various cress treatae wtm ma
prooua. consult your Slat* Osoantnam of Apncunur* tor turtnar Wormauon Wnttan o * eta' wamatgs must
p* given to won an who ar* aipactao to Pa m a aeaiao area or m an araa aoout tc p* treatae with asa
prooua Advise worsen to stay out ot fata* Otmng appkeanon and untv sprays nava onto Regular
tang-swavco work eoeang snouta 0* atom wtian wonung m acstao katas. Sea Precautionary Statamaras.
Statamam of Fmcacai Tmaanam ane New to Phyaoan lor mtormaten on acdeama aspoauras When
oral warnings am given wanangs snail b* gnan m a language euaiomamy unoarstooo By woman Oral
wammgs must o* gnan 4 mar* ■ mason to Pam** mat airmen wanangs cannot 0* uneantooo Dy woman
Wnttan wamatgs must memo* tna lonowmg mtarmaaon DANGER - PELIGRO. ana vaatae wan M-DEP
Broaowat mtacm. oat* ot appacaaon. appro pnon prowawa doawtg. ana menty aetrvsi (>* urns
sprays nave onaot.

STORAGES DISPOSAL::

STORAGE: Stan m engmet coreamar m a tacaao storage amt maccasatata » daman or pm*. Heap Stan
treazmg To proven crota-coraamnaion. 00 not atom near otnar named**. lartrjar*. msactetaas.
•ungmoaa. or near saeos

PESTICIDE DISPOSAL: Oo not eonamaww water. taoo or toad by song* or Otposa: Pcsaeoa wastes
ar* idk improper dsoosai ot ascess pasaoda. spray man. or nrtaai* is a notation ot Federal Law and
may conammat* groundwater a etas* wants cannot 0* dispoaao el by us* aeeomng to '-aom etttrucaons.
contact your Slot* Rastooa or Emmoranarsai Coma Agency, or eta Huaroout wasta mprasamaave at
aw nearest EPA Regional ONtc* tor 9utaance.

CONTAINER DISPOSAL: For plane eersamar. am* rmaa (or eawvatoni. Than onar lor recyctng or
mcwwmwang or punch** me moos* ot m a aanaary landNf or mcmarttan. or. a aitowao. by daw and
local aumenaas. by purrwtg a Punted, stay out ol amoa* For maw arums trot rms* tor agwvawmi
Than onar lor lacycang or meonottonmg. or pimetum and tooeaa Fee aanaary wnofcit. or by enter
pmcaoums acaaonn by (taw and tacai atanomta*.

AUTOMOBILE FINISH PHECAUTION-

Unomiae apray eroptats may oamag* aiaomeon* kmana*. Can anouta m* p* sprayed * acoosnai
aspomae does occur, tn* car anouta 0* warned before promet Fas

NOTICE TO USER: Tfvs product mutt Da topasi) m compaanca wan aw passed* ragutaaons ol aw Wat*
m wmett aopacaaon a mao*. Ctwcs wan local autnorsxs tagardmg nguiaaona wlacn may ailea *W
appacaaon ot cat prooua.

— USE INSTRUCTIONS

AERIAL APPLICATION! R**dy-To-Ut*. not necessary to «SM* tor appication ratal of VI gaaon (2
Quarts I par acre or tagner. For raws lower man *.* gallon. am# sum water tar a tout sokibon par acre a
not lata man v> gaaon.

AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATIONS (FIXED WING OR ROTARY WING): Boom width anouta not eacaed V. ma
wngm ot aw aircntt wmgspen. Oo noi ezeeae 25 pt> nozx* pressure. Number a nazzwt reautroo to eetam
daarae aokan* par acre a oapanoan on twam wiom and apaefl ol aacntt Nozzws antww b* eosnawu
between I3S ane 176 Oagmaa from ameson ot tsgnt tor tnao wing. DO NOT APPLY THROUGH 6ECO-
MIST NOZZLE SYSTEMS. Manan aacmn aattuot at 10 to 12 tarn ounng appacatan Sa* manutaaurar *
taoaacal buaatm tagarostg noizang and warned ol appacauon aoaoscasons.

OROUND APPLICATION! Apply m watar. 1 to 10 gaaona total solution par a at immmum watt comets
tonal agupman us* nazxw tystams cap*!** tt sprapng eonact gsaonsga; 25 pn ■ mcommanoao.

— WEEDS CONTROLLED LIST —

Us* HLOEP harbetaa

1

s

!

f

i

8

PERENNIAL WEEDS
Ancnok*

Docks

LocowaaO

Toad lias

Attar

Degoan*

Mugwort

Vervains

Autewn iwtadass

Gotasnrod

Names

Whnstop

Bmowsso

Ground rvy

Orange hawkwaad

(Hoary oast)

Buefeayeo susan

Hati-aa

Povanywaad

who gane

Bta* wttuca

It* mock

Ruth**

WIO oraon

Canada easu*

kenwaao

Sowaatfa

Who twaai potato

Catrap

Leafy spurge

SL Johrwwon

Vauow rocket

Cheery

Knapwaao

Stagmg names

Ctovar (many types)

Itpcoaoi

Saawoarry (wad)

Cohstwaso

(Russian)

Tan buttercup

Banos von

(daiuMI

Tanwaad

ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL WEEDS
Baggwicu Gawnoga

MaOMrranaan aage

So* slew sad

amsrwrva

Goatsbaare

Mman wnucc

Sow trattto

Black made

Goosaiooi

Morranggtary (annual)

(common)

BroomwaaO

Grounosat

Muskeasu*

Spawsnnaaowt

Bdimnu*

Gumwaao

Mutiaro

Sunttawar

Btaeock

Hanea

Panne

Tansy mustard

Carpaiwaad

jawsiwaaa

Pcnnycmsa

Tansy ragwort

Catcnwaeo Peesnaw

jutvaonwaao

PapparwaaO

Tianpwweao

Oacswaeo

Jan hv« musiard

PigataO (raOrooi)

Tianow pigwaad

Cmauataa

(Turrtaw mustard)

Pianaais

Vatvatwat

CockW

Knotwaae

Pnckiy wttuca

Vaten

COCkWOMT

Larroaouanam

Pnrhrota

Wee carrel

Croton

Lattuc* iwud)

Punauravaw

Wad pararap

OavMsaaw

Makow

Radtsn (wad)

Wad lump

Falaauaz

Mennofoer

Ragwaao

wacnwaao

Fftaoan* teaityl

Mamsua

Russian ttvttw

Vftarmwooe

Fkswaad

IHortawaad)

Scoicnasstw

Vauow (tareastw

PmnenwaaO

Manpiana

Snapnarospuna

ALSO CERTAIN 2.4-0 SUSCEPTIBLE WOODY PLANTS SUCH AS:

Big sagaorusn

EidcfDmy

Poison my

Sane stannary oak

BuCkbrusn

HA2«

Powonoak

Sumac

Ghana**

Locust

Rabenerusn

Tutas ibuausn)

CftTI' MQI

Msnzanoa

Sagaorusn

waww

TO CONVmrUOCALnECOMMamATIONS INTOTEHUSOR !: -

Ht-DEP AJSE THE FOLLOWING TABLE: ■

2.4-0 Add
Eounrawnr

l«.

Lb

Hto.

Vi®.

'/*ta.

Ht-OEP

2 PI

VA0L

t pi.

^-DL

■»BL

>»PL

'/sQL

TNMG OF APPLICATION MAY VARY — Vow Slaw Cooparabva Enanson Same* may nava mtarmabon
on aw coma appacaaon am* tor your ama

wheat; barley, oats; rye

SaaTabWItarracemmanoaOuaamta* Spray allar gram bagnataanng ane botam aw bool stag* Isnueay
4 to • mows ane sweat am amaa. Do net appry Baton aw star tug* nor from aerty boot mms^n
m* mat stag*. To conaet large waaot. prenarvast tmaanam can oaaooaaownan aw grams at maoougn
sag* Bad rasurts w*s ba eotaawo *m#n tat mmttua « aoaouat* tar ptant gmwm ane maos am gmanng
was Do not partial eaay aramai* or mast aramais eaeig taaanao tar siaugmar to tonga or grata eeatad
gram Iwtaa naan two weeks pi treatment.

WHEAT

ParamNal brosawaf anada — Apply 2 pns par acre whan weeds am at bud stog*. but 00 not spray
gmat at aw boot to oougn stage. Th* 2pm|t potato add aouwawni par acre appacatan pi any 2.4-0
preaua can preouc* mpay to wnaaL Balance aw seventy of your waao preewm agaawt aw oossaaary of
oop oamag*. Wham paramaai waaot am tcaaamd. scot aaaanan a suggtawo to nwamse tn* extern
a crop aaury

CORN : c , :;.l-

Saa Tab* I tar r

PREEMERGENCE — Apply to too anysms altar ptanang but baton com emerges. Oo net use pn vary
kgm. sandy sou.

EMERGENCE — Apply pist a* com plants am bmakmg groutd.

POSTEMERGENCE — Apply n amargao com. Whan com la aver 6 Inches WO. ua* drop nozzias and
dimes apray tram com ptant Do not apply torn taaaamg to oougn tug*, tafury to com la most tihaly
to occur it applied whan cam la grearmg rapidly under high tamp* mum* and high tod moisture
candlllana. m tuen tauaaona. use aw «w ran ct ’/> on par ad*. Attar -t—-*""" oatay cutuveuon. tar
6 to 10 day* m a now tnt com tp pveteoma any wmpcaaiy brananasi

PREHARVEST: Altar aw hard Oougn or dtnbng stag*, apply by aa or ground aoupmam to suoprats
pamnraai waaot. Oaemasa weed taoo preoudsn ano caratoi ls> waaot tuen as bnowato. cocuaour.
oogoans jvnaoraattfl. tagwsto. awtaowat. velvet 1**1 ane vaiat mat aaattam wan nanmtmg

NOTE: Oo not tong* or taoo com or taooar tar 7 eayt taaowmg appacatan.

NOTE: Mybrtat vary at tataranca « 2.(4). Soma ar* assay **umo Spray ony nybnot mown to b* tow ram
to 2.4-0. Consul aw taoo company or yew Agncuturai Espanman Staaon or Estanson Serve* Waao
Spioamt tar was ettarmaaon.

WITH LIQUID NITROGEN SOLUTIONS :

TTw CCmpattoWry ot HFDEP. wawr mo m* baud ntragen UUdnt mould m 0*1*rTTvn«c D*tor« comerang
n in* spray tam. TBe tesang can M conou aM By m™mg U m* components m I tmai com cur m
pracoraonate oumrnn « m* mmure hokum *n*f Bmong Bui can 0* mnto nioy By inuung tn*n
rw mnur* can B* uMd at tong u good agwuon <s maaaamad. B large nakas. ouogiv gait or pm*r
prcoonatM term or * t taparaw ouy Layer or M gnouM appear . own in* nefBoo* an; tn* MwO limuv
snouto nor B* uoad m in* sam* spray tar*. For tat* Mason conooi of yowig piunwaacs cocswour. annual
monanggtory and odtar eroadtaal waaes lass man I men rugn. Field tftouto o* as ewsn as pot KOI* and
com 20 to 30 men** tal Apery I pa* wan *0 to 120 to*. ntrogan par sen Tn* spray MUST Be prepared
By are aoang raqurao amours or Mud rwragan sokiuon to spray tank. Hast dsm* i p.m wim 2 euans of
c« an water tor *acn sera to p* treated wrtn on* tankkjt. Start tn* tana agaator a no SLOWLY add tn*
dtSMd 2.4-0 sosjeron Spray anrnamawiy. maaaaasng cononuous agnation urea spray am a empty Quad
tn* spray to lower 3" to 4‘ of com stalk Dm spray agupmara oasrgnaiao to nanew cones-** boud mrogan
sokjoona Altar sprayatg rotnosa any ramaasrtg tofuuon ana nnsa spray ng moraugniy w-tn watar. Mu only
ona tana at a ama. Do not apray dunrtg or cnmapiataty toaowaig cold woatnar.

SORGHUM (MILO)

St* Tafit* I tor recommended UM rates. Tra* only attar eorghtan a • men** mgn ane prafarapry pater*
a a 15 men** legB. Do nor Boat durmg aw bool tanttrtg. or aarty oougn stage* it crop I* utter man
• Inen**. usa drop no sates to keep the apray oft tn* taava*. Temporary crop tnfury can B* ospacud
under condMowa et htgn son motstura and htgn atr tomporaturae It* races se-y so apply under
mesa common*. M no mot* tan 4s pm par acra. NOTE: Hyena* vary motet ane* to 2.4-0. Sorra at*
easily rawed. Spray only nypnea known so B* totarant ta 2.4-0. Corau* Pa aaac company or you
Agncueuai Erparanar* Suaon or Exwnaon Serve* Weed SpoctaMi tor ass adormauon.

RICE

Sa* TaBla I tor recommended us* rata*. Apply in pta law » Unrig stag* et no* d*«* camant at ttw tin*
of fast on daratopmaia (tea to second groan ratg). usuaay • to • «tt«t attar ama-gane*. Do not apply
alar pane* rsoason. attar no* msamooa* oacaod vy men. al early aaaomg. aarty pan ; a. POOL ttowarmg,
or aarsy rasping grawtn tug**.

NOTE: Sorra no* vaneaat under canam cendmon* can Ba ryurad By 2.44. Tharafou. Bator* aprayaig.
conaut local Eatonaien Sonata cr Unwaraay SpacuMU tot appippnato raw and wnmg ot 2.4-0 spraya.

SUGARCANE

Soa Tafit* I tor raeemnanded um rates. Um up ip 4 appkeason* par year at acceraanca mot Sum

Op not um on eampraas. ***»«. ctonat. or pear lagunas. Do not um on newly s«so*a trass irt> grass
is war atUBksrwo. Do not us* tram *aity Boot to #n*k tug* wfar* grass s**d preduenon a orsrao

OBSERVE THESE INTERVALS

1. A 7-day prep razing Inwrval ter dairy cam*.

2. A 30-day pr*nar***t tmarvsi ter grata cut tor Bay.

X A prMlaugnur mtorval tor moat uwiplt el 3 day*. WHttdHwa I to not noodad H two weak* or
■nor* (w*a atapaed tine* oppBcauen.

CONTROL OF SOUTHERN WILD ROSE

On rangelands roadtmat. and tonemowt um 1 gason and spray morougnry as soon as lokag* a w*i
oavateead Tare Or nos Beam* ret may p* ragurH. On langmand. acPM a maxanun oi 5 ouans par
tea pw season Sea grazng rasmoora m pastu* and rangaiand sacaon ado**.

GRASS SEED CROPS

Um 1 to 4 pns par acra m sprmg or tal to cannoi Broadtail weed* m grass bang grown tor toad. Do no
apply tram aarty Boot to oa mm (tag*. Spray Miotg grass eray afwr «a twa aal stag*, utmg V. to 1
pa* par to* to cemroi small Msomg waaot. Atar *a pass ■ was asuoaanae. lagnor rata* et up to 4
prat can D* used to corai of tora-to-kj* anraiai or paranraal weeds For peat rtaufis. apply Man to*
mpstur* ■ adaquau tor good growtn.

NOTE: Do not um on baragraa* usm grata ayuy on ba totaratod. Sao grazmg meaner* m pataa*
and rangaund socMn aoov*.

GENERAL WEED CONTROL

RopeitdM. vacant Lou. fonea Row* and Drainage OttchPank* — dm sokjkon.

Turf — W to t gason 100 gauono ot water <4 to 9 tap. per i gason sratar).

Woody Ptonu — rm»2 tuPeucaspar 1 gauon water 1 1 sys teuton). Wet Pterougnty as para ot *w
pun and stama to pen et tut-dfl.

TANK MIXTURES FOR SMALL GRAINS,
FALLOW AND RANGE/NONCROPLAND

td-OCP can Ba acpsae at a tarn-moan wan Barwor. Gtoan'.Laion*'. Saneor. Beuneue*. or Toraen*
to Broaden *w aeaerun el woao control In odw to aaau* masanun salary and weed cenoot taaew as
praesumns and tnwmons on aaa laBai ane ew taeats at products used m tans nannt met Ht-OEP.
Wtwra a raw rang* • g nan aw raw snouie ba vanpe dtpanang on *w weeds prater*.

TABLE 1: AMOUNT OF HERBICIDE TO USE IN CROPS

•m Apply attar *w Bar* dougB (com) or oeugp aUg* (wtwat) By air or ground apupmam to sup-

FALLOW LAND AND STUBBLE- .

Annual waada — Um 1 10 2 qn.-*cn. Apply wnan waae* are acKvety grawmg

Potormul WPaPa — UM 2 to 3 ots acra on weeds tuen at Canada Pumk (sooty m law Bud or aarty
uopm). twtd BmdwaM (50% or gtaatat Biooml and ctBar pararauai wases kssad Oo not maaa aopkea-
aui w*nm to day* U pwramg pr aaa cnamcai Baa Bwappssraa Pom ack

PASTURE AND RANGELAND

Annual ****** — Um U02CB. pa*. Apply when w»ac» are armory growwig

Par annul W**d* — Um 2 to a qu. ter* amen paranruai waada ar* awtowcatmg caraony draws, i*
Caiwoa nan* naw bud to aany Btoom). bus rvstw (Buo rag*L muas mmtw itpnng plum rosaM
or aany Buo stag*), waty spurg* I* pa l (early to taw Btoom). Fwtd
Fhgrwr raws may causa tampdrary yeMwmg g r grass**

SMALL GRAINS

| hi-OEP - GWan,#

l pea A - 'A-vsez. A

| Ht-OEP - Lasona* pr Saneor*

mpmA - ab.sA

•Fee 1991 Qtoan* nat oaan wanuawn tram CO MT. NO. SO. MN. WY and NE Pamtnaw
SM avaaaow m Sown Central Puma and PacWc Nonnwasi

FALLOW

Mt-OEP - Banvar

SpraaA • ipm A

HI-OEP - Peuneup'

1-2 prat A - ’/V-1 Pra A

RANGE AND NON-CROP AREA

Ht-OEP - B*nv#< •

1-3 quarts A • i-2 eras A

HI-OEP - T onion-

1-3 owns A • Ur2pmSA

STONEFRUrr; NUT AND PISTACHIO ORCHARDS

Bmaduat weeds, um i\* ots. m 20 to SO gason* ot water par acre et ground terayoo For pend or spot
PMPnenL catcuiM* rauc accerpng to aw aeaui peraon et an to* aaawd. Apply as a praoae apray onto

the weed* to pora of run-on wnan ar* yeutg and acarpfy grawmg iprt-eud to aany Bud sugei

Make up to two acccaacna paeugn ew grawmg season is nesere Oo not naruosi stenafrura warn 40
days et apparaann. Oo not narvast ruts ane rwuenma i«nm go pays et T^*r^**,-* Oo not graze or toad
eonr crop* tram ppatod erenara* to feuameck.

FILBERTS

Sucker Coraraf Ma t quan m 100 guana or water pk« 0 X eza. el non-ome tpratdar sackar ttuen as
OfPto X-77 or R-111 Spray to ruvert wnan suckers ara • to 9 ncrwt as Spray wnan naadafl tram Aoni
Veougn AuguoL UM targe enke* noaus <04 nental ane uw um prpaaur* 130-35 p*>l to praouc# prga
droptat tiz*. Apply no mar* man tour anw* ear year. Oo net narvast Mwns won 45 day* el Iasi taxi
aorvOo not aaowkraanck to grazamaaewdaramer aw laaung of cover oopt gown m aaawd orenares.

PRECAUTIONS IN APPLYING 2,4-D IN ORCHARDS

ppm or **w* wan Band gui. Um onty iul tan-typ*
boom appkcawr aaucB can Ba caMrawd and
buk lot age, sum* or tower hre* cr tram or
unkermry to prarara damage ip aw aaaa or raw*
dumg watoy panoat or lasrwn tvgn
trwaow qr sandy to*t. Al

oatora aw naa mgaaon. Oo net apply areun
nozzw* and tew praiiwai — 20-30 pa. um ■

00 NOT Mray earn ground. Apply praasar
and u eeum taaatactory weed ooneeL Oo not

CaktanM — not tor um m eaasn vaaays or on
and oatora mat an gMrm.Lm* last

BROADLEAF WEED CONTROL1N ; : v: C \
NON-CROPLAND GRASS AREAS SUCH AS -1 ‘ '
. LAWNS, GOLF GOURSES, CEMETERIES AND .
PARKS, AIRHELDS, ROADSIDES, VACANT ; X
LOTS, DRAINAGE DITCH BANKS '

Um Ito 3 quant ear acra Treat eaten waaas are yowig and gipmg wak Uauaey 2 quant par aaa wd
praimu snail uw weed cun* el. Oo net um on ddionei er enter Baraacaous ground covert Oo not um
on craapmg grawM suen as BamguM ascapi tor we aaawig nor on traanry saaeae ui war grass a
aw* asuoksnad. Hasaaomg ot waaw enouw be NPyN tDtomg v* man Plan sprmg appkcakpn. raaaao

($0*r or grtaur ppem).

lisli

SPOT TREATMENT/NON-CROP

H»ry)-h«io ana rvgn vonm# aqwpmant For control ol weeas *si#a u*mg nr maw tyiyn o' nigh voumt
aouemant utilizing nano guns o' otnar nozzle arrangements — Uniats cr-e-wise toaohae na«a a *i%
soniuon m water and apply to toktge as a coarsa soray lot gana>ai vegetation control For raro-to-tii
■oooy cams usa a i v*% soiuion Aoptcanont snouia ba maoa on a ss-iyto-«*ai casts anc covarag#
iFwiom Do not spray to pom ol ruo-ofl Prapara tna spray tokiuon cry mu.-.; m wait' as par ina following
laoie

jDESHEDr -
' VOLUME7-

■vrtfc

1% ’

1 gaaon

**ILOZ.

ts.cz.

IV* ft oz

2fl 0Z.

(4 tap.)

(2 Tbs.)

(las)

(4TB*)

25 ga*on

tpt.

IV* PL

te

tv* ot.

100 ganon

vagai.

% gal

tgai

iv*gai.

2 Ttora spoons - i «kad ounca
i Taaapoon - vs Tablespoon - .17 Dud osnca

When uimgmknapsaekaprayors.eisue mature acompiett by shaking o' inverting sprayer several time*.

CONTHOLOF WOODY PLANTS OR
BRUSH AND BROADLEAF WEEDS ON
ROADSIDES, DRAINAGE DITCH BANKS,
RIGHTS-OF-WAY, RAILROADS, FIREBREAKS^
FORESTS (Forest Site Prep), FENCEHOWS^
INDUSTRIALSITES & OTHER
SIMILAR NON-CROP AREAS1

GROUND APPLICATIONS

MCH VOLUME: M<g at me rate of 1 B 2 gauons par 100 gallons ol oats' li-t% aomuoni Rata par acra
oapanos on tna oanaoy of Brush and or nsaas For smal oroaowal naass. usa me lower rata Heavy
Sanaa stands of Brush taouaa tha tsgn rata w*h ngnar wawr voasna. For amau applications ortn smal
tank aprayara usa at *» rata ol 1 .25-23 «tad ouncas par gallon of statar.

To attacBvory conaoi Brush. a* laavas. awns and sue* art should Ba thoroughly vaned to tna groutd.
Apply wnan plants coma arte lu* laai (apnng) 10 tna tana plans Bagm ts go oprmara. Bar results are
OPtamad wnan Brush and Broaoiaat waaos at* youtg and aeoveiy grawmg Do net cut erusn unu via
harttcioa has vansiocatae throughout tna piant cauaaig root daasi. DO NOT apply as a stand raws**
o> cover aeray to aataoaanaa comers as eyury may result.

AERIAL APPLICATIONS

Forestry Sna Prsparallon — For usa m oeasBawn controlled Burning p-ograms. usa ’A to 2 gallons of
hlDEP m tank muaa wnn otnar neroctoes laDewo tor lotaatry sna praca-auon is.g Gar) on* Toroon*.
ARSENAL* HaiBBioa Appseatora Coneamratai Usa suttoant water to arneva uretorm wttong of target
Brush spaces. Do not eacaed 25 gallon total spray par acts.

Utility A Pipeline RIghls-of-Wsy — Usa Vs B 2 gallons ol Hl-OEP m tan* me comBmr«n wnn otnar
heipooes laoewa lor ngna-ol-way sees ane apply m a tout spray voum* 3* 5 to 30 ganon* par sera.

TANK MIXTURES FOR
INDUSTRIAL/NON-CROPLAND AREAS

Hl-DEP can Ba soc ran as a tank mnnur* wnn otnar racommanoao ner&eses tuen as Ganon- Toroon*.
and Banvti* to eroaosn tna spactnim of control In order to assure mas mum safety ane waae control.
to*ow an eracaukont and kmnanona on tfw* iseai ane tna laoatf or sroe-irs usao m tan* mnnuras wnn
Hl-OEP. Wham a tats range ■* gnran. tha rata anouid ba vaned according tc t-a atnsny ane targe soaoas

PRODUCTS

RATES

hi-OEP - Ganon* 3A

’*-2 ga A - ’4-t gai a

Hl-OEP - Ganon* 4E

v*-2 ;a a - 2-4 ca a

HI-OEP - Toroon* K

v*-2 ;a * - ’*-4 ots a

Hl-OEP - Sanvat®

•*-2 ga a - 1 ot -2 ga a

LEAFY SPURGE CONTROL IN
COLORADO, IDAHO, MINNESOTA, MONTANA,
NEBRASKA, NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKOTA,
WASHINGTON AND WYOMING

Hl-OEP is raoommenoad tor usa *> comesnaimi wnn Toroon* or Banver* tor me suppression a no- or conaoi
ol laaty sourge on mdustrlaL non-cropland anas at Gsnrsoo. Cano. Mmnesou. Montana. NaPrasna.
Norm Dakota. Bourn Dakota, wasneigton and Wypmmg

HOW TO USE

Apply t to 2 Quarts or Hl-OEP n comemauo n wnn 1 Quart ol Toroon*. or 2 Quarts of HI-OEP plus 2 Quarts
of Banvet'. or 2 ouwts of HI-OEP plus t pm of Toroon' pkjs t quart of Banvair.

Rates are on a par acre basis Mis wnn water. 1 b 10 gaions oar acre mmmum wnn eorwonaonai
eouBmem. Usa nozzle systems eapaoia of spraymg correct ganonaga Add a nonane surfactant suen
as Goroon s Stsypar* at 025% By volume ft quart par 100 gauona of solution)

MPORTAMT: BEFORE USING Hl-DEP. TOROON* AND OR BANVEL’ IN THESE COMBINATIONS.
READ AND CAREFULLY OBSERVE THE CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS AND ALL OTHER INFORMA-
TION APPEARING ON THE PROOUCT LABELS

FOREST-TREE INJECTION

To corerel unwarned hardwood trass man# vweeaena as near me root cedar as possBie uwng one enaction
pat men of tnm s dismciar at Brets nargm For resotam soaoas suen as rectory. eyactens anouid
overlap. For bast results enactions tnouB Bs maos ourg tna grpwmg season — May 15 B Oaodar t.
For Concentrata byscson — Usa 1 to 2 mL of concent's is par ryecton. The syector on must panapata
tha ms. park.

LIMITED WARRANTY AND DISCLAIMER' • ;

Tha manutaetusr warrants only mat me cnamcai tameskon of ttsa proouet contorms to tha Bgttowm
statamars gnran on tna taoak and mat ma product ■ taaaonaory suaao tor tna laaatad usa whan appasd
accorttng to Bta DuacBons lor Usa

THE MANUFACTURER NEITHER MAKES NOR INTENDS ANY OTHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WAR-
R ANTES. INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OP MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. WHICH ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. This hrmao warranty ooes not ensnd to tna usa
of the product nconsistars wtfh laeof nsauebena. werrvngt or causena. or B uaa of tha product unear
aBnonnai condBona suen as drought aacaaswa rants*, tornadoes, humcanaa. ate. These lectors are
Beyond ma control ot me manufacturer or Bta seaar Any carnages anting tram a Preach of tha manutaa
kver a warranty tna* Pa kmaaOB area camagaa. and anas not wctaemaveacrconaaouantiaioaftiagtt
suen ts loss of protts or valuta, aaeasl as omtrwt providsa By law.

Tha terms of Baa Lanrtsd Warranty and Orsoamer cannet Ba vaned By any wnoan or vateal ttatamaraa
or agree menu No ampioyaa er agent of me aaaar ■ aumonzso to vary or ascaae me terms ol Baa Umaad
Warranty and Oueamer at any mannar.

Hl-DEP* and STAYPARt art ragtssreo trsdamaraa of PBI GORDON CORPORATION
Cartons ane Toroons art registered pademsms of DowEianoo
BanvafS is a registered iraeamark el Sanaox Crop Protecten
ArtenaiS is a itgitittto Baoamark of Amanean Cyaname Company

Glean* and La rones are ragiatarae traosmama of El. Dupont da Nemours and Company, me.

SeneorS is a itgtftarto trtoemar* of Bayar AG. Germany

Routdupl ■ a ragraarad traeamara of Manured Agncuiiuai Proouet* Company.

806 992 AP090W1
EPA REG NO 2217-703

MANUFACTURED BY

rr

pbi /coRclon

conpoRafclon

KANSAS CITY. MISSOURI 64101

SPECIMEN LABEL READ CURRENT LABEL ON PROOUCT CONTAINER BEFORE USE

i

i

i

Specimen Label

Curtail*

Herbicide

for Selective Control of Broadleaf Weeds in Wheat and Barley Not Underseeded with a
Legume, Fallow Cropland, Grasses Grown for Seed and Conservation Reserve Program
(CRP) Acres
Active Ingredients):

Clopyralid (3,6-Dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) as alkanolamine salts
1 (of the ethanol and isopropanol series) 7.5%

2.4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid as alkanolamine salts

(of the ethanol and isopropanol series) 38.4%

inert Ingredients) 54.1%

! Acid Equivalents:

3,6-Dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid 3.9% - 0.38 Ib/gal
2,4*Dichlorophenoxyacetic add 20.9% - 2.0 Ib/gal
E.P.A. Registration No. 62719-48
E.PA Est. 464-MI-1

*

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

DANGER

PELIGRO:

PRECAUCION AL USUARIO:

Si usted no lee ingtes. no use este producto hasta que la
etqueta le haya sido explicada ampliamente.

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals
CAUSES EYE DAMAGE AND SKIN
IRRITATION • HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED

Do Not Get in Eyes, On Skin Or On Clothing

* Wear Goggles Or Face Shield When Handling

* When Handling This Product, Wear Chemical
Resistant Gloves * Wash Thoroughly With
Soap And Water After Handling • Remove

: Contaminated Clothing And Wash Before
Reuse

‘ STATEMENTS OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT. If in ayM,

| Oush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical
j Mention, if on akin, wash with plenty of soap and water. Gat
I rT'edicai attention if irritation persists. If swallowed, induce
! VOfT"tjng immediately by giving two glasses of water and
sticking finger down throat Can a physician. Do not induce
Siting or give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

Environmental Hazards

Drift or runoff may adversely affect nontaiget plants. Do
not apply directly to water or wetlands (swamps, bogs,
marshes, and potholes). Do not contaminate water when
disposing of equipment washwaters. See additional
precautionary statements elsewhere on this label

NOTICE

Read the entire label Use only according to label
directions.

Before buying or using this procuct read Warranty
Disclaimer and Limitation of Remedies sections
elsewhere on this label

IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY
endangering life or property involving this
product, call collect 517-636-4400

AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL
Do Not Ship or Store with Food, Feeds,
Drugs, or Clothing

r

Curtail

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner
inconsistent with its labeling.

Do not apply this product through any type of irrigation system.
CURTAIL Herbicide is recommended for selective,
postemergence control of the following broadleaf weeds in
wheat and barley not underseeded with a legume, fallow
cropland (including summer fallow, post-harvest and set-aside
acres) and land in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP).

alfalfa

mustard, tumble (Jim Hill)

artichoke. Jerusalem

mustard, wild

buckwheat, wild

nightshade, cutieaf

buffalobur*

nightshade, hairy

burdock, common

pennycress, field (fanweed)

chamomile, false (scentless)

pigweed, red root

chamomile, mayweed

pineappleweed

(dogfennel)

plantain

clover, sweet

radish, wild

clover, red

ragweed, common

cocklebur. common

ragweed, giant

coffeeweed

salsify, meadow (goatsbeard)

cornflower (bachelor button)

shepherdspurse

dandelion

sicklepod

dock, curly

smarkweed. Pennsylvania

flixweed1

sorrel, red

groundsel, common

sowthistle, annual

hawks beard, narrowleaf

sowthistle, perennial*

horseweed

starthistie. yellow

jimsonweed

sunflower, common

knapweed, diffuse

tansymustard. pinnate*

knapweed. Russian'

thistle. Canada

knapweed, spotted

thistle, musk

kochia (2-4 leaf)1

thistle. Russian (1 -3 leaf)

ladysthumb

velvetieaf

lambsquarters. common

vetch

lettuce, prickly

volunteer beans

locoweed, white

volunteer lentils

iocoweed. lambert

volunteer peas

marsh elder

1 These weeds may only be suppressed. Suppression is a visual

reduction in weed competition (reduced population or vigor) as
compared to untreated areas. The degree of weed control and
duration of effect will vary with weed sae and density, spray rate and
coverage, and growing conditions before, during and after the time of
treatment For perennial weeds. CURTAIL Herbicide will control the
initial toogrowth and inhibit regrowth during the season of application
(season-long control). At higher use rates shown on Ms label.
CURTAIL Herbode may cause a reduction n shoot regrowth in the
season fottowrig application, however, plant response may be
inconsistent due to inherent variability tn shoot regrowth from peremal
root systems.

Timing: Apply to actively growing weeds. Extreme growing
conditions such as drought or near freezing temperatures prior
to. at and following time of application may reduce weed
control and increase the risk of crop injury at all stages of
growth. Only weeds which are emerged at the time of
application will be affected. Wet foliage at the time of
application may decrease control. The CURTAIL Herbicide
treatment will be rainfast within 6-8 hours after application.
Rate: Generally, lower labeled application rates will be
satisfactory for young, succulent growth of sensitive weed
species. For less sensitive species, perennials and under
conditions where control is more difficult (plant stress
conditions such as drought or extreme temperatures, dense
weed stands and/or larger weeds) the higher rates will be
needed. Weeds in fallow or other areas where crop
competition is not a factor will generally require higher rates to
obtain control or suppression.

Coverage: Adequate spray coverage and drift control are
important. Obtaining a balance between spray coverage and
drift control may sometimes be difficult but can be achieved,
provided the applicator understands the factors affecting
coverage and drift. Factors affecting spray coverage include
spray volume, crop canopy and weed density. As crop canopy

and weed density increase, spray volume should be increased
to obtain equivalent weed control. Refer to manufacturer's
recommendations for information on the relationship between
gallons per acre, spray pressure, sprayer speed, nozzle type
and arrangement nozzle height above the target canopy,
droplet size and drift potential for respective application
equipment Do not apply less than 2 and not more than
40 gallons per acre total spray volume. For best results, apply
5 or more gallons per acre by air and 10 or more gallons per
acre by ground. Reducing total spray volume may result in
decreased coverage and weed control. Use enough total spray
volume and a delivery system to provide thorough coverage
and a uniform spray pattern. Do not apply where spray drift
may be a problem due to proximity of susceptible crops or
other desirable plants.

Use of Surfactants: Addition of wetting and/or
penetration agents is not usually necessary when using
CURTAIL Herbicide: however, if a surfactant will be added to
the spray solution, use a nonionic surfactant approved for use
on growing crops, such as X-77, of at least 80% active
ingredient and do not exceed 4 pints per 100 gallons of spray
'solution (0.5% v/v). Adding a surfactant to the spray mixture
may increase effectiveness on weeds but may reduce
selectivity to the crop, particularly under conditions which
promote plant stress.

Use With SprayaWe Liquid Fertilizer Solutions:

CURTAIL Herbicide is compatible with most non-pressurized
liquid fertilizer solutions, however, if these solutions are to be
sprayed with CURTAIL Herbicide, a compatibility test (jar test)
should be made prior to mixing. Jar tests are particularly
important when a new batch of fertilizer or pesticide is used,
when water source changes, or when tank mixture ingredients
or concentrations are changed. A compatibility test is
performed by pouring the spray components (in the desired
order and proportions) into a dear glass jar before mixing in
the spray tank. Use of a comparability aid such as Unite or
Compex may help obtain and maintain a uniform spray
solution during mixing and application. Agitation in the spray
tank must be vigorous to compare with jar test agitation. For
best results, liquid fertilizer rates should not exceed 50% of the
total spray volume. Premix CURTAIL Herbicide with water and
add to the liquid fertilizer/water mixture while agitating
contents of the spray tank. Apply the spray the same day it is
prepared white maintaining continuous agitation.

NOTE: Foliar-applied liquid fertilizers can cause yellowing or
leaf bum of crop foliage.

Wheat and Barley

Timing: Apply CURTAIL Herbicide in the spring to actively
growing wheat or barley once 4 leaves have unfolded on the
main stem and tillering has begun up to the jointing stage (first
node of main stem detectable). To control or suppress weeds
listed above, make application after maximum emergence of
the target weeds but before they exceed 3 inches in height or
diameter (for rosettes). To obtain season-long control of
perennial weeds such as Canada thistle, apply after the
majority of the weed's basal leaves have emerged from the
soil, but before bud stage. A later timing of application (when
the grain is between the jointing and boot stages) may be used
to treat later-emerging weeds, however, do not apply unless
the risk of injury is acceptable. Do not apply after the boot
stage.

NOTE: Do not permit dairy animals or meat animals being
finished for slaughter to forage or graze treated grain fields
within 1 week after treatment Do not harvest hay from treated
gram fields.

Rate: Apply 2 to 2Vs pints of CURTAIL Herbicide per acre.

The higher rate may be used when the condition of the weeds
and/or crop at the time of treatment may prevent optimum
control.

NOTE: Higher rates of CURTAIL Herbicide or CURTAIL
Herbicide applications following spring postsmergence
treatments with 2<4>D or MCPA may increase the risk of
crop injury.

2

I

Tank Mixtures for Wheat and Barley: This product may be
tank mixed with the following herbicides for control of
additional weeds in wheat and barley. Read and follow the
label of each tank mix product used for precautionary
statements, directions for use. weeds controlled and
geographic and other restrictions. When tank mixing, use in
accordance with the most restrictive of label limitations and
precautions. No label dosages should be exceeded. This
product cannot be mixed with any product containing a label
prohibition against such mixing.

Active

(ngmditnt

Product

Formulation

Amount of
Product
Per Acre

bromoxynil'

Bucthl

2 tb/gal

v« to i pt

Buctm 4EC

4 to/gal

Va to Vi pt

Buctril ME4

chioreulfuron

Glean

75% DF

Vi to '/« wt az

dieamba'<*

Banval

4 KVgal

Vato'Apt

difenzoqust

Avenge

2ttgal

2Vlt04pt

dnjron

Dirax4L

4«Vg*

1 to 1 Vi pt

Diiron 41

«

DiuronfiOWDG

80% DF

'/i to 1 to

DiuronDF

80% WP

MCPA or 2,4-D*

4 to/gal

Up to '/apt

metRbusn

LexoneDF

75% OF

2Vito4 wt or

SencorDF

metsulfuron

methyl

A»y

60% DF

Vwwtoz

tertxrtryn

IgrenSOWP

80% WP

6 to 10 wt oz

thifensuifuron

methyl

Harmony

75% DF

'A to Vs wt ox

DPXL-5300

Express

75% DF

'/•to ’/4 wt ox

' Buctrfl or Banvel tank mixes with CURTAIL Herbicide may be useful
in broaderung the annual weed control spectrum but may reduce
control of perenrxals, such as Canada thistle.

* Note: Do not tank nu CURTAIL Herbicide with 2.4-0 or dicamba
unless the nsk of crop injury is acceptable.

Fallow Cropland

Timing: CURTAIL Herbicide can be applied either postharvest
in, the spring/summer (during fallow period) or to set-aside
acres to control or suppress weeds listed above (refer to
rotation restrictions). Apply to young, emerged weeds under
conditions that promote active growth. For best results on
tough perennial weeds such as Canada thistle, apply after the
majority of the basal leaves have emerged, but before bud
stage. Later applications may result in less consistent control
Extreme growing conditions (such as drought or near freezing
temperatures) prior to, at, and following the time of application
may reduce weed control

For best results, wait 14 to 20 days after application before
cultivating or fertilizing with shank-type applicators to allow for
thorough translocation. To avoid potential phytotoxicity, allow at
least 20 days after application before seeding to wheat barley
or grasses.

Rate: Apply 4 pints of CURTAIL Herbicide per acre. Use the
higher rate on perennial weeds or when the condition of the
weeds at the time of treatment may prevent optimum control
T4nk Mixtures For Fallow Cropland: To improve control of
certain broadleaf weeds, CURTAIL Herbicide at 2 pints per acre
may be applied with up to 1.5 b ae per acre additional 2,4-0.
When mixing, read and follow the label of each tank mix
product used for precautionary statements, directions for use,
weeds controlled and geographic and other restrictions. When
tank mixing, use in accordance with the most restrictive of label
limitations and precautions. No label doses should be
exceeded. This product cannot be mixed with any product
containing a label prohtoition against such mixing.

Grasses Grown for Seed

Timing: Apply only to established grasses before the boot
stage. Applications in the boot stage and beyond win result in
increased injury. Do not apply to bentgrsss unless injury can be
totetated. *

Rata: Use 2 to 4 pints of CURTAIL Herbicide per acre for
control of annual weeds and Canada Thistle. The potential for
crop injury exists due to the 2,4-0 component of this product
and must be balanced against the benefits of improved weed
control Potential for crop injury increases with higher rates.
Re-treat as necessary, but do not exceed 4 pints per acre of
CURTAIL per season.

3

NOTE; Do not graze (dairy) cattle in treated areas for 1 4 days
after application. Remove meat animals from freshly treated
areas for 7 days before slaughter. Withdrawal is not needed if
2 weeks or more have elapsed since application. Do not cut
treated grass for hay within 30 days after application.

Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
For Seeding To Permanent Grasses
Only

Do not use CURTAIL Herbicide if legumes or bentgrass
are a desired cover during CRP.

Grass grown on CRP acres cannot be grazed or used for
hay.

Conditions that stress grasses, such as drought will increase
potential for injury to the grass at all stages of growth. Do not
use in newly seeded areas until grass is established.

Timing: CURTAIL Herbicide can be applied when perennial
grasses have become established (tillering, with at least
1 .5 inches secondary roots, and good vigor). For control of
weeds such as musk thistle. Canada thistle and knapweed
(diffuse, spotted and Russian), apply to actively growing
weeds after the majority of the basal leaves have emerged, but
before bud stage. Later applications may result in less
consistent control.

Rate: Apply 2 to 5 quarts of CURTAIL Herbicide per acre.

USE PRECAUTIONS

Apply only once per 12-month period, except for grass grown
for seed (see Directions For Use). A fallow treatment that
proceeds or follows a small grain application is also allowed.
This product can affect susceptible broadleaf plants directly
through foliage and indirectly by root uptake from treated soil.
Therefore, do not apply CURTAIL Herbicide directly to or allow
spray drift to come in contact with vegetables, flowers,
grapes, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, lentils, peas, alfalfa,
sunflowers, soybeans, safflower, or other desirable broadleaf
crops and ornamental plants or soil where these sensitive
crops will be planted the same season.

Do not contaminate irrigation ditches or water used for
irrigation or domestic purposes.

Wheat barley, oats, grasses, or sugar beets (including beets
grown for seed) may be planted less than 12 months after
treatment

Alfalfa, asparagus, canola, cole crops, mint onions, safflower,
and strawberries may be planted 12 months after treatment
Dry beans, soybeans and sunflowers may also be planted at
12 months after treatment, except in soils with less than 2%
organic matter receiving less than 1 5 inches of natural
precipitation in the 12 month period following treatment For
these areas see SPECIAL CONDITIONS below.

To avoid potential phytotoxicity all other crops including peas,
lentils, potatoes, and broadleaf crops grown for seed should
not be planted for 18 months after treatment unless the risk of
injury is acceptable.

SPECIAL CONDmONS: CURTAIL residues in plant tissues
which have not completely decayed may affect succeeding
susceptible crops. In areas defined previously as low in
organic matter and precipitation, sensitive crops such as dry
beans, soybeans, and sunflowers may be injured when
planted 12 months after treatment Unless the risk of injury is
acceptable, these crops should not be planted until 18 months
after treatment The potential for injury may be reduced by
burning, removal, or incorporation of treated crop residues
with a minimum of 2 supplemental Fall irrigations.

Avoid Spray Drift Applications should be made to avoid
spray drift since very small quantities of the spray, which may
not be visible, may severely injure susceptible crops during
both growing and dormant periods. Use coarse sprays to
minimize drift since, under adverse weather conditions, fine
spray droplets may drift a mile or more. Fine droplets can
present a drift hazard. A drift control or deposition agent such
as Naico-Trol may be used with this product to aid in reducing
spray drift If used, follow all use recommendations and
precautions on the product label.

Ground Application: To minimize spray drift, apply
CURTAIL Herbicide in a total spray volume of 1 0 or more
gallons per acre as a large-droplet low pressure spray. Refer
to manufacturer’s recommendations for additional information
on gallons per acre, spray pressure, sprayer speed, nozzle
types and arrangements, nozzle heights above the target
canopy, etc., for respective application equipment Spot
treatments should only be applied with a calibrated boom to
prevent misapplication. With ground equipment spray drift can
be lessened by keeping the spray boom as low as possible; by
applying no more than 20 gallons of spray per acre; by using
no more than 30 pounds spraying pressure with large droplet-
producing nozzle tips; by spraying when wind velocity is low;
and by stopping all spraying when wind exceeds 6 to 7 miles
per hour. Do not apply with hollow cone-type insecticide or
other nozzles that produce a fine-droplet spray.

Aerial Application: With aircraft drift can be lessened by
applying a coarse spray; by using no more than 30 pounds
spray pressure at the nozzles; by using straight-stream nozzles
directed straight back; by using a spray boom no longer than
3/4 the wing span of the aircraft; and by spraying only when
wind velocity is less than 6 mph.

Do Not Apply By Aircraft When An Air Temperature
Inversion Exists. Such a condition is characterized by little or
no wind and with lower air temperature near the ground than at
higher levels. The use of a smoke device on the aircraft or
continuous smoke column at or near site of application will
indicate air direction and velocity, and whether a temperature
inversion is present which is shown by layering of the smoke.
Do not move treated soil and avoid situations where treated
soil particles may blow into areas where susceptible crops are
grown. Violent windstorms may move soil particles. If this
product is on soil particles and they are blown onto susceptible
plants, visible symptoms may appear. Serious injury is unlikely.
The hazard of movement of this product on dust is reduced if
treated fields are irrigated or if rain occurs shortly after
application.

Straw from treated areas, or manure from animals which have
grazed treated areas, cannot be used for composting or
mulching on ground where susceptible crops may be grown
the following season. To promote herbicide decomposition,
plant material should be evenly incorporated or burned.

Do not use in a greenhouse. Excessive amounts of this
herbicide in the soil may temporarily inhibit seed germination or
plant growth.

Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment
washwaters. Apply this product only as specified on this label.
Do not transfer livestock from treated grazing areas onto
sensitive broadleaf crop areas without first allowing 7 days of
grazing on an untreated pasture. Otherwise, urine may contain
enough dopyralid to cause injury to sensitive broadleaf plants.
Mixing and Loading: Most cases of groundwater
contamination involving phenoxy herbicides such as 2.4-D
have been associated with mixing/loading and disposal sites.
Caution should be exercised when handling 2,4-D pesticides at
such sites to prevent contamination of groundwater supplies.
Use of closed systems for mixing or transferring this pesticide
will reduce the probability of spills. Placement of the
mixing/loading equipment on an impervious pad to contain
spills will help prevent groundwater contamination.

4

1

r

I

i

i

i

i

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
Environmental Hazards

ClopyraJid is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach)
through soil and under certain conditions contaminate
groundwater which may be used for irrigation or drinking
purposes. Users are advised not to apply clopyralid where soils
have a rapid to very rapid permeability throughout the profile
(such as loamy sand to sand) and the water table of an
underlying aquifer is shallow, or to soils containing sinkholes
over limestone bedrock, severely fractured surfaces, and
substrates which would allow direct introduction into an
aquifer. Your local agricultural agencies can provide further
information on the type of soil in your area and the location
of groundwater.

STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal.
Storage: Store above 10°F or warm and agitate before use.
Pesticide Disposal: Pesticide wastes are toxic. Improper
disposal of excess pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate. is a
violation of Federal Law and may contaminate groundwater. If
these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to label
instructions, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental
Control Agency, or the Hazardous Waste representative at the
nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance.

Container Disposal (Metal): Do not reuse container.Triple
rinse (or equivalent). Puncture and dispose of in a sanitary
landfill, or by other procedures approved by state and local
authorities.

Container Disposal (Plastic): Do not reuse container. Triple
rinse (or equivalent). Puncture and dispose of in a sanitary
landfill, or by incineration, or, if allowed by state and local
authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

General: Consult federal, state, or local disposal authorities for
approved alternative procedures.

Be sure that use of this product conforms to alt application
regulations.

WARRANTY DISCLAIMER

DowElanco warrants that this product conforms to the
chemical description on the label and is reasonably fit for the
purposes stated on the label when used in strict accordance
with the directions, subject to the inherent risks set forth below.
DOWELANCO MAKES NO OTHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR ANY OTHER EXPRESS OR
IMPUED WARRANTY.

INHERENT RISKS OF USE

It is impossible to eliminate all risks associated with use of this
product Crop injury, lack of performance, or other unintended
consequences may result because of such factors as use of
the product contrary to label instructions (including conditions
noted on the label, such as unfavorable temperatures, soil '
conditions, etc.), abnormal conditions (such as excessive
rainfall, drought tornadoes, hurricanes), presence of other
materials, the manner of application, or other factors, all of
which are beyond the control of DowElanco or the seller. AS
such risks shall be assumed by Buyer.

LIMITATION OF REMEDIES

The exclusive remedy for losses or damages resulting from this
product (including claims based on contract negligence, strict
liability, or other legal theories), shall be limited to, at
DowElanco's election, one of the following:

(1) Refund of purchase price paid by buyer or user for product
bought or

(2) Replacement of amount of product used.

DowElanco shall not be liable for losses or damages resulting
from handling or use of this product unless DowElanco is
promptly notified of such loss or damage in writing. In no case
shall DowElanco be liable for consequential or incidental
damages or losses.

The terms of the Warranty Disclaimer above and this Limitation
of Remedies cannot be varied by arty written or verbal
statements or agreements. No employee or sales agent of
DowElanco or the seller is authorized to vary or exceed the
terms of the Warranty Disclaimer or this Limitation of Remedies
in any manner.

081 03- LI A790

DowElanco

Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 U.&A
•Trademark of DowElanco

5

Specimen Label

Stinger*

Herbicide

For Selective Postemergence Control of Broadleaf Weeds in Sugar Beets, Field Com,
Wheat, Barley, and Oats Not Underseeded With a Legume, Christmas Tree
Plantations and Nurseries, Grasses Grown for Seed, Fallow Cropland, Rangeland
and Permanent Grass Pastures, Non-Cropland Areas, and Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) Acres

Active Ingredient(s):

Clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) as the monoethanolamine salt . 40.9%

Inert Ingredient(s): ....59.1%

AC.'D EQUIVALENT: 3.6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid. 31 % - 3 Ib/gal
E.P.A. Registration No. 62719-73
E.P.A. Est. 464-MI- 1

keep out of reach of children

CAUTION

PRECAUCION:

PRECAUCION AL USUARIO:

Si usted no lee ingles. no use este products hasta gue la
etiQueta le haya sido explicada ampliamente.

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals
CAUSES EYE INJURY • HARMFUL IF
INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH
SKIN

Avoid Contact With Eyes, Skin Or Clothing
• Avoid Breathing Spray Mist * Wash
Thoroughly With Soap And Water After
Handling • Remove Contaminated
Clothing And Wash Before Reuse
STATEMENTS OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT: If In eyes,
flush with plenty of water. Get medical attention if irritation
persists. If on 6kin, wash with plenty of soap and water.
Get medical attention.

Environmental Hazards
Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment
washwaters. Do not contaminate water used for tmgation or
domestic purposes. Do not apply directly to any body of
water or wetlands.

See additional precautionary statements elsewhere on
this label.

NOTICE

Read and understand the entire label before using. Use only
according to label directions.

Before buying or using this product, read “WARRANTY
LIMITATIONS AND DISCLAIMER* elsewhere on this label. If
terms are not acceptable, return unopened package at
once to seller for full refund of purchase price paid.
Otherwise, use by the buyer or any other user constitutes
acceptance of the terms under WARRANTY LIMITATIONS
AND DISCLAIMER.

IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY
endangering life or property involving this
product, call collect 517-636-4400
AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL
Do Not Ship or Store with Food, Feeds,
Drugs, or Clothing

Physical or Chemical Hazards
COMBUSTIBLE • Do Not Use or Store Near
Heat or Open Flame. Do Not Cut or Weld
Container.

Stinger

hunger

»

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a
manner inconsistent with its labeling. *

Do not apply this product through any type of irrigation
system.

STINGER Herbicide is recommended for selective,
postemergence control of the following broadleaf weeds
in sugar beets, field com, wheat, barley, and oats not
underseeded with a legume, fallow cropland, rangeland and
permanent grass pastures, grasses grown for seed,
Christmas trees, conservation reserve program (CRP) acres,
and non-cropland areas including fence rows, around farm
buildings, and equipment pathways.

artichoke, Jerusalem
buckwheat, wild
buffalobur'
burdock, common
chamomile, false (scentless)
chamomile, mayweed
(dogfennef)
clover, sweet
clover, red
cockle bur, common
coffeeweed

cornflower (bachelor button)
dandelion
dock, curly
groundsel, common
hawksbeard, narrowieaf
horseweed
jimsonweed
knapweed, diffuse
knapweed. Russian '
knapweed, spotted
ladysthumb 1
lettuce, prickly
locoweed, white
locoweed. lambert

marshelder

nightshade. Eastern black
nightshade, cutleaf
nightshade, hairy
oxeye daisy
pineappleweed
ragweed, common
ragweed, giant
salsify, meadow
(goatsbeard)
sickle pod

smartweed, green 1
sorrel, red
sowthistle, annual
sowthistle, perennial 1
starthistle, yellow
sunflower
thistle. Canada
thistle, musk
vetch

volunteer alfalfa
volunteer beans
volunteer lentils
volunteer peas

’ These weeds may only be suppressed. Suppression is a visual
reduction in weed competition (reduced population or vigor) as
compared to untreated areas. The degree of weed control and
duration of effect will vary with weed size and density, spray rate
and coverage, and growing conditions before, during, and after the
time of treatment. For perennial weeds, STINGER Herbicide will
control the initial topgrowth and inhibit regrowtn during the season
of application (season-long control). At higher use rates shown on
this label. STINGER Herbicide may cause a reduction in shoot
regrowth in the season following application; however, plant
response may be inconsistent due to inherent variability in shoot
regrowth from perennial root systems.

Timing: Apply to actively growing weeds. Extreme growing
conditions such as drought or near freezing temperatures
prior to, at, and following time of application may reduce
weed control and increase the risk of crop injury at all
stages of growth. Only weeds which are emerged at the
time of application will be affected. Wet foliage at the time
of application may decrease control. The treatment with
STINGER Herbicide will be rainfast within 6-8 hours after
application.

Rate: Generally, lower labeled application rates will be
satisfactory for young, succulent growth of sensitive weed
species. For less sensitive species, perennials, and under
conditions where control is more difficult (plant stress
conditions such as drought or extreme temperatures, dense
weed stands, and/or larger weeds), the higher rates
will be needed. Weeds in fallow or other areas where crop
competition is not a factor will generally require higher rates
to obtain control or suppression.

Coverage: Adequate spray coverage and drift control are
important Obtaining a balance between spray coverage
and drift control may sometimes be difficult but can be
achieved provided the applicator understands the factors
affecting coverage and drift Factors affecting spray
coverage include spray volume, crop canopy, and weed
density. As crop canopy and weed density increase, spray
volume should be increased to obtain equivalent weed
control. Refer to manufacturer’s recommendations for
information on the relationship between gallons per acre,
spray pressure, sprayer speed, nozzle type and
arrangement, nozzle height above the target canopy,
droplet size, and drift potential for respective application
equipment Use equipment and nozzle types which are
designed for herbicide application. Do not apply less than

2 and not more than 40 gallons per acre total spray volume.

For best results, Apply 5 or rnore gallons per acre by air and
10 or more gallons per acre by ground. Reducing total spray
volume may result in decreased coverage and weed control.
Use enough total spray volume and a delivery system
to provide thorough coverage and a uniform spray pattern.
Do not apply where spray drift may be a problem due to
proximity of susceptible crops or other desirable plants.

Use of Adjuvants: Addition of surfactants, crop oils, or
other adjuvants is not usually necessary when using
STINGER Herbicide. Adding a surfactant to the spray
mixture may increase effectiveness on weeds but may
reduce selectivity to the crop, particularly under conditions
which promote plant stress. If an adjuvant is added to the
spray solution, follow all manufacturer use guidelines.

Tank Mixes: When tank mixing, read and follow the label of
each tank-mix product used for precautionary statements,
directions for use, weeds controlled, and geographic and
other restrictions. Use in accordance with the most
restrictive of label limitations and precautions. No label
dosages should be exceeded. This product cannot be
mixed with any product containing a label prohibition
against such mixing.

2

WEED CONTROL GUIDELINES 1

Amount of STINGER Per Acre X Use Site a

Weed

Species

Growth

Stage

Sugar Beet,
Christmas Trees

Wheat,
Barley, Oats

Grasses
For Seed

Fallow,

Non-Crop

Range &
Pasture, CRP

Reid

Com

clover

cocklebur

sunflower

ragweeds

jimsonweed

volunteer

soybean

vetch

marshelder

Up to 5 leaf

% - ’A pt

% - !A pt

’A-’Apt

y«-’Apt

’A - % pt

’A-’Apt

wild

buckwheat
nightshade sp.
buffalobur
smartweeds
(suppression)

1-3 leaf stage, but
before vining
2-4 leaf

2-3 leaf

’Apt

Canada thistle
sowthistle
(suppression)
knapweeds,
spotted/diffuse
knapweeds,
Russian
(suppression)

rosette to prebud
up to bud stage

’A - % pt
%pt

’A-’Apt

’A - % pt
% - 1 pt

’Apt

%-1 pt

%-1 pt
1 -1’Apt

’A - % pt

* This table is intended as a reference only. For complete instructions see the body of the text

* Use the lower rate for light to moderate infestations and good growing conditions and the nigher rate for dense infestations or under poor
growing conditions such as drought.

Sugar Beets

STINGER Herbicide is recommended for the control of
various annual and perennial broadleaf weeds infesting
sugar beets. Apply V* to % pint of STINGER Herbicide
per acre with ground equipment as a broadcast foliar
spray. Apply in 10 or more gallons total spray volume per
acre when the sugar beets are in the cotyledon to 8 leaf stage of
growth and the weeds are young and actively growing.

Re-treat as necessary but do not exceed % pint of
STINGER Herbicide per acre per season. Do not apply
within 1 05 days before harvest of beet roots and tops.

Do not apply to sugar beets grown for seed.

STINGER Herbicide may be applied as a band treatment.
Use the formulas below to determine the appropriate rate
and volume per treated acre.

Band width

in inches Broadcast rate s Band rate «

X per treated acre per treated acre

Row width
in inches

Band width
in inches

Row width
in inches

Broadcast volume
per treated acre

Band volume
per treated acre

For annual weed control spray V* -'Apt of STINGER
Herbicide per acre on weeds up to the 5 leaf growth
stage. Wild buckwheat applications should be
made at the 1 -3 leaf stage, before vining begins.

For the most effective control of perennials such as
Canada thistle and sowthistle, apply ’A - % pint of
STINGER Herbicide per acre as a broadcast treatment
to the entire infested area. Apply when the majority of
basal leaves have emerged, but before the bud stage.
Cultivation can disrupt translocation to the roots of
perennials such as Canada thistle. For best results do
not cultivate thistle patches.

To promote herbicide efficacy wait a minimum of 7 days
after application before flood or furrow irrigation.

Tank Mixes: To control additional broadleaf weeds and
provide consistent control of difficult weeds such as wild
buckwheat, tank mix V « • % pint of STINGER Herbicide per
acre with 2-6.5 pints of Betamix or Betanex. For best
results, apply V* pint of STINGER tank mixed with
2-6.5 pints of Betamix or Betanex followed 1 -2 weeks later
by a second application of ’A - 'A pint of STINGER per acre
tank mixed with Betamix or Betanex. Note: Do not add
additional adjuvants when employing a Betamix or Betanex
tank mix with STINGER Herbicide due to increased
potential for crop injury. (See tank mix section under
Directions for Use.)

STINGER Herbicide may be tank mixed with grass
herbicides such as Poast for grassy weed control. Be sure
to include crop oil or Dash surfactant to optimize grass
weed control. (See tank mix section under Directions
for Use.)

Reid Com

STINGER Herbicide is recommended for postemergence
control of Canada thistle. Jerusalem artichoke, annual
sowthistle, common sunflower, common cocklebur, giant
and common ragweed, jimsonweed and other broadleaf
weeds infesting field com. Apply STINGER Herbicide at
suggested timing and rates for field com as indicated
below.

Apply STINGER Herbicide to actively growing broadleaf
weeds any time after com emergence through 24 inch tall
com. Apply with ground equipment as a postemergence
broadcast or directed spray in 10 or more gallons of spray
volume per acre to ensure uniform and thorough spray
coverage of the weed foliage. Use only spray nozzles
designed for herbicide application. The use of flat fan
nozzles provides the best coverage and distribution of
chemical on the plant foliage. Use spray pressures (at the
boom) which nozzle manufacturers recommend to obtain
desired spray volume. Use higher spray pressures and
volumes when weed foliage is dense.

3

For the most effective control of Canada thistle, apply
VS to VS pint of STINGER Herbicide per acre as a broadcast
treatment to the entire infested area. Apply when the
majority of the basal leaves have emerged, thistles are at
least 4 inches in diameter or height, but before bud stage.
Use the higher rate listed for dense patches or when greater
residual control is desired. Cultivation can disrupt
translocation to the roots of Canada thistle. For best
results, do not cultivate prior to application, and wait
14 to 20 days after application before cultivating to allow
for thorough translocation.

For control of common cocklebur, giant ragweed, common
ragweed, sunflower, other annual weeds and Jerusalem
artichoke, apply V* to 'A pint of STINGER Herbicide on
weeds up to the 5 leaf stage.

Hand-Held Sprayers - Applications should be made on a
spray-to-wet basis with spray coverage uniform and
complete. Do not spray to the point of runoff. Prepare the
desired volume of spray solution by mixing the amount of
STINGER Herbicide with water as shown In the following
table.

Desired Volume Amount of

Spray Solution STINGER

1 gallon
25 gallons
100 gallons

V* fl. ounce
VS pint
1 VS pints

Restrictions: Re-treat as necessary, but do not apply more
than VS pint of STINGER Herbicide per acre per year. Do not
apply to field com greater than 24 inches tall. Do not allow
livestock to graze treated areas or harvest treated com
silage as feed within 40 days after last treatment

Christmas Tree Plantations And
Nurseries

Timing: STINGER Herbicide can be safely applied over the
top of actively growing: balsam fir, blue spruce. Douglas fir,
Fraser fir, grand fir, lodgepole pine, noble fir, ponderosa
pine. Scotch pine, and white pine. For the Pacific
Northwest: do not apply in the first year of transplanting.
Apply only to trees transplanted at least one year. (Some
needle curling has been observed on 1st year transplants.)
Apply to actively growing weeds. For control of annual
weeds apply STINGER Herbicide up to the 5 leaf growth
stage (for wild buckwheat application at 3-5 leaf, but before
vining, is recommended). For control of weeds such as
Canada thistle and knapweeds, apply after the majority of
the basal leaves have emerged, but before bud stage. Later
application may result In less consistent control.

Rate: Apply %-% pint of STINGER Herbicide per acre
for control of annual weeds. Apply V4-% pint of
STINGER Herbicide per acre for difficult to control weeds
such as Canada thistle and knapweeds. Apply as a
broadcast or band application in a minimum of 10 gallons
per acre by ground application. Use the formula under
‘sugar beets' to determine the appropriate rate and volume
per treated acre. Apply as often as needed, but do not
exceed % pint per acre. Do not exceed % pint per acre for
blue spruce. Tree injury may occur with the addition of a
surfactant or crop oil with STINGER Herbicide. Do not use
unless previous experience shows injury is tolerable.

Grasses Grown For Seed

Timing: Apply only to established grasses before the boot
stage. Applications in the boot stage and beyond can result
in increased injury. Do not apply to bentgrass unless injury
can be tolerated.

Rate: Use V* to % pint of STINGER Herbicide per acre for
control of annual weeds and Canada thistle. Re-treat as
necessary, but do not exceed % pint of STINGER per acre
per season.

Fallow Cropland

Timing: STINGER Herbicide can be applied either
postharvest, in the spring/summer (during fallow period),
or to set-aside acres to control or suppress weeds fisted
above (refer to rotation restrictions). Apply to young,
emerged weeds under conditions that promote active
growth. For best results on perennial weeds such as
Canada thistle, apply after the majority of the basal leaves
have emerged, but before bud stages. Later applications
may result in less consistent control. Extreme growing
conditions (such as drought or near freezing temperatures)
prior to. at. and following the time of application may
reduce weed control.

For best results, wait 1 4 to 20 days after application before
cultivating or fertilizing with shank-type applicators to allow
for thorough translocation.

Rate: Apply ’/« to Vi pint of STINGER Herbicide per acre.
Use the higher rate on perennial weeds or when the
condition of the weeds at the time of treatment may
prevent optimum control.

Tank Mixtures for Fallow Cropland: To improve control of
certain broadleaf weeds, STINGER Herbicide may be
applied with 0.5-2.0 lb ae per acre 2,4-0.

Non-Cropland

For use on non-cropland areas such as fencerows,
around farm buildings and equipment pathways. For
control of broadleaf weeds, apply '/* to 1% pints of
STINGER Herbicide per acre. The lower rate of % pint per
acre provides acceptable control of weeds only under
highly favorable growing conditions and when plants are
1-3 inches tall. Apply 'A pint per acre when weeds are
3 to 6 inches tall or under dry conditions. Where Canada
thistle or knapweeds are the primary pest best results are
obtained by applying Wto 1% pints of STINGER Herbicide
per acre. To improve spectrum of activity or to increase
activity against taller weeds. STINGER may be tank mixed
with 0.5 to 2.0 lbs. ae per acre of 2. 4-0 amine or low
volatile ester.

Wheat, Barley And Oats

Apply V* to 'A pint of STINGER Herbicide per acre from the
3 leaf stage up to early boot stage of growth. For control of
perennial weeds such as Canada thistle, 'A pint of
STINGER Herbicide per acre should be used. Russian
knapweed will only be suppressed at this rate.

NOTE: Do not permit dairy animals or meat animals being
finished for slaughter to forage or graze treated grain fields
within 1 week after treatment Do not harvest hay from
treated grain fields.

4

APPLICATICM PERIOD FOR WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS

STINGER HERBICIDE

Ugule of

last leaf

just

clhl*

Tank Mixtures for Wheat, Barley and Oats: Tank mix Vi to % pint per acre of STINGER Herbicide with the herbicides listed
below for the control of additional weeds.

Active

Ingredient

Product

Formulation

Amount of Product
Per Acre

bromoxynil

Buctnl

2 Ib/gal

Vi to 1 pt

Buctril 4 EC

4 Ib/gal

% to Vi pt

Buctril ME4

chlorsulfuron

Glean

75% DF

Vito Viwtoz

dicamba

Banvel

4 Ib/gal

Vi to % pt

diuron

Direx 4L

4 Ib/gal

y«to i v* pt

Diuron 4L

Diuron 80 WDG . -

80% DF

Vi to i lb

Diuron DF

80% WP

MCPA or 2,4-D '

4 Ib/gal

Vi to 1 pt

metribuzin

Lexone DF

75% DG

2Vi to 4 wt oz

Sencor DF

metsulfuron

methyl

Ally

60% DF

Vie wt OZ

terbutryn

Igran 80WP

80% WP

7.5 to 12.5 wt oz

thiameturon

Harmony

75% DF

Vi to Vi wt oz

Express

75% DF

Vi to % wt oz

* Tank mix with 2.4-0 for application on wheat and Parley only.

Rangeland and Permanent Grass
Pastures

Apply % to 1 Vi pints of STINGER Herbieide per acre when
weeds are young and actively growing. Grasses ara
tolerant, but new grass seedlings may be injured to varying
degrees until the grass has become well established.

NOTE: Some forbs are susceptible to STINGER Herbicide.
Do not spray pastures containing desirable forbs, especially
legumes, unless injury can be tolerated. However, the stand
and growth of established perennial grasses is usually
improved after spraying, especially when rainfall is
adequate and grazing is deferred.

Do not use hay or straw from treated areas for composting
or mulching on susceptible broadleaf crops.

Conservation Reserve Program
(CRP) For Seeding To Permanent
Grasses Only

Do not use STINGER Herbicide H legumes or bentgrass
are a desired cover during CRP.

Grass grown on CRP acres cannot be grazed or used
for hay.

Conditions that stress grasses, such as drought, will
increase potential for injury to the grass at all stages of
growth. Do not use in newly seeded areas until grass is
established.

After CRP. do not plant broadleaf crops in treated areas
until an adequately sensitive bioassay shows that no
detectable dopyralid is present in the soil.

Broadcast Applications (Ground): Applications of
STINGER Herbicide should be made when perennial
grasses have become established (has tillered, developed
a good secondary root system and shows good vigor) since
most perennial grasses have shown better tolerance to the
herbicide at that stage.

For control of actively growing weeds such as musk thistle.
Canada thistle, and knapweed (spotted, diffuse and
Russian), use Vi to IVi pints per acre of STINGER Herbicide
after the majority of basal leaves have emerged, but before
bud stage. For the control of wild buckwheat, volunteer
sunflower and musk thistle rosettes, apply Vi pint per acre
of STINGER Herbicide. STINGER Herbicide can also be
tank mixed with 'A to 1 th/acre of 2,4-D where species
present are sensitive to 2.4-D. For best results, use in 10
or more gallons of water per acre by ground. Increasing
the rate of application can increase the risk of injury.
Application prior to the flowering stage is recommended
(still in the bud stage).

5

USE PRECAUTIONS .

Apply only once per 12 month period, except for sugar
beets, field com and grasses grown for seed. A fallow
treatment that precedes or follows a small grain application
is also allowed. (See Directions for Use.)

Wheat, barley, oats, grasses, field com or sugar beets
(including beets grown for seed) may be planted at anytime
following treatment.

Alfalfa, asparagus, canola, cole crops, mint, onions,
safflower, and strawberries may be planted 12 months
after treatment. Dry beans, soybeans, and sunflowers may
also be planted at 12 months after treatment, except in
soils with less than 2% organic matter receiving less than
15 inches of natural precipitation in the 12 month period
following treatment. For these areas see SPECIAL
CONDITIONS below.

To avoid potential phytotoxicity, all other crops, including
peas, lentils, potatoes, and broadleaf crops grown for seed,
should not be planted for 18 months after treatment unless
the risk of injury is acceptable.

SPECIAL CONDITIONS: Residues of STINGER in plant
tissues which have not completely decayed may affect
succeeding susceptible crops. In areas defined previously
as low in organic matter and precipitation, sensitive
crops such as dry beans, soybeans, and sunflowers may be
injured when planted 12 months after treatment Unless the
risk of injury is acceptable, these crops should not be
planted until 18 months after treatment. The potential for
injury may be reduced by burning, removal, or incorporation
of treated crop residues with a minimum of 2 supplemental
Fall irrigations.

This product can affect susceptible broadleaf plants directly
through foliage and indirectly by root uptake from treated
soil. Therefore, do not apply STINGER Herbicide directly to
or allow spray drift to come in contact with vegetables,
flowers, grapes, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, lentils, peas,
alfalfa, sunflowers, soybeans, safflower, or other desirable
broadleaf crops and ornamental plants or soil where these
sensitive crops will be planted the same season.

Do not contaminate irrigation ditches or water used for
irrigation or domestic purposes.

Avoid Spray Drift: Applications should be made to
avoidspray drift since very small quantities of the spray,
which may not be visible, may severely injure susceptible
crops during both growing and dormant periods. Use
coarse sprays to minimize drift since, under adverse
weather conditions, fine spray droplets may drift a mile or
more. A drift control or deposition agent such as Nalco-Trol
may be used with this product to aid in reducing spray drift.
If used, follow ail use recommendations and precautions on
the product label

Ground Application: To minimize spray drift, apply
STINGER Herbicide in a total spray volume of 10 or more
gallons per acre as large-droplet low-pressure spray. Refer
to manufacturer’s recommendations for additional
information on gallons per acre, spray pressure, sprayer
speed, nozzle types and arrangements, nozzle heights
above the target canopy, etc., for respective application
equipment Spot treatments should only be applied with a
calibrated boom to prevent misapplication. With ground
equipment spray drift can be lessened by keeping the
spray boom as low as possible; by applying no more than
20 gallons of spray per acre; by using no more than
30 pounds spraying pressure with large droplet-producing
nozzle tips; by spraying when wind velocity is low; and by
stopping all spraying when wind exceeds 6 to 7 miles per
hour. Do not apply with hollow cone-type insecticide or
other nozzles that produce a fine-droplet spray.

Do not apply by aircraft

Do Not Transfer Livestock from treated grazing areas onto
sensitive broadleaf crop areas without first allowing 7 days
of grazing on an untreated pasture. Otherwise, urine may
contain enough dopyralid to cause injury to sensitive
broadleaf plants.

Do not move treated soil and avoid situations where
treated soil particles may blow into area where susceptible
crops are grown. Violent windstorms may move soil
particles. If this product is on soil particles and they are
blown onto susceptible plants, visible symptoms
may appear. Serious injury is unlikely. The hazard of
movement of this product on dust is reduced if treated
fields are irrigated or if rain occurs shortly after application.
Straw from treated areas, or manure from animals that have
grazed treated areas, cannot be used for composting or
mulching on ground where susceptible crops may be grown
the following season. To promote herbicide decomposition,
plant material should be evenly incorporated or burned.
Adequate moisture is also required to promote breakdown
of plant residues which contain dopyralid.

Do not use in a greenhouse. Excessive amounts of this
herbicide in the soil may temporarily inhibit seed
germination or plant growth.

Spray Equipment • Cleaning
Instructions

To avoid injury to desirable plants, equipment used to apply
STINGER Herbidde should be thoroughly cleaned before
reusing to apply any other chemicals.

1. Rinse and flush application equipment thoroughly after
use at least three times with water, and dispose of rinse
water in non-cropland area away from water supplies.

2. During the second rinse, add 1 qt of household ammonia
for every 25 gallons of water. Circulate the solution
through the entire system so that all internal surfaces are
contacted (15-20 min.). Let the solution stand for several
hours, preferably overnight

3. Flush the solution out the spray tank through the boom.

4. Rinse the system twice with clean water, recirculating and
draining each time.

5. Nozzles and screens should be removed and deaned
separately.

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
Environmental Hazards

Clopyralid is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach)
through soil and under certain conditions contaminate
groundwater which may be used for irrigation or drinking
purposes. Users are advised not to apply clopyralid where
soils have a rapid to very rapid permeability throughout the
profile (such as loamy sand to sand) and the water table
of an underlying aquifer is shallow, or to soils containing
sinkholes over limestone bedrock, severely fractured
surfaces, and substrates which would allow direct
introduction into an aquifer. Your local agricultural agencies
can provide further information on the type of soil in your
area and the location of groundwater.

STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or
disposal.

Storage: Store above 28*F or warm to 40*F and agitate
before use.

Pesticide Disposal: Wastes resulting from the use of this
product may be disposed of on site or at an approved
waste disposal facility.

6

Container Disposal (Metal): Do not reuse container. Triple
rinse (or equivalent). Puncture and dispose of in a sanitary
landfill, or by other procedures approved by state and local
authorities.

Container Disposal (Plastic): Do not reuse container. Triple
rinse (or equivalent). Puncture and dispose of in a sanitary
landfill, or by incineration, or, if allowed by state and local
authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

WARRANTY LIMITATIONS AND
DISCLAIMER

DowElanco warrants that this product conforms to the
chemical description on the label and is reasonably fit for
the purposes stated on the label when used in strict
accordance with the directions therein under normal
conditions of use. THIS IS THE ONLY WARRANTY MADE
ON THIS PRODUCT. NO OTHER EXPRESS AND NO
IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE IS MADE
OUTSIDE OF THIS LABEL Therefore, neither this warranty
nor any other warranty of merchantability or fitness for a
particular purpose, express or implied, extends to the use
of this product contrary to label instructions (including
conditions noted on the label, such as unfavorable
temperatures, soil conditions, etc.), under abnormal
conditions (such as excessive rainfall, drought tornadoes,
hurricanes, etc.) or under conditions not reasonably
foreseeable to or beyond the control of seller.

When buyer or user suffers losses or damages resulting
from the use or handling of this product (including claims
based on contract, negligence, strict liability, or other legal
theories), buyer or user must promptly notify in writing
DowElanco of any claims to be eligible to receive either
remedy given below. The EXCLUSIVE REMEDY OF THE
BUYER OR USER and the LIMIT OF LIABILITY of
DowElanco or any other seller will be one of the following,
at the election of DowElanco:

(1) Refund of purchase price paid by buyer or user for
product bought, or

(2) Replacement of amount of product used.

The seller will not be liable for consequential or
incidental damages or losses.

The terms of this Warranty Limitations And Disclaimer
cannot be varied by any written or verbal statements or
agreements. Any employee or sales agent of the seller is not
authorized to vary or exceed the terms of this Warranty
Limitations And Disclaimer in any manner.

08505-L6 A390

DowElanco

Indianapolis, Indiana 46268 U.SA.
•Trademark of DowElanco

This sample label is current as of January 1, 1993. The product descriptions and recommendations provided in this sample label are for
background information only. Always refer to the label on the product container before using Monsanto or any other agrichemical product.

Wilbur-Ellis

latest) grew

.rOler-

' i 1 i 1 1 1 i 1 1 » i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

HERBICIDE

Complete Directions for Use
AVOID CONTACT WITH FOLIAGE,
GREEN STEMS, OR FRUIT OF
CROPS, DESIRABLE PLANTS AND
TREES, SINCE SEVERE INJURY OR
DESTRUCTION MAY RESULT.

*Rgier o i leistered trademark toed under license.

•Trademark of HUbm-Ella

EPA Re;. No, 524-326-2935

1992-1 GPL-1100.04/CG

Read the entire label before using this product
Use only according to label instructions.

Read "LIMIT OF WARRANTY ANO LIABILITY" before buy-
ing or using. If terms are not acceptable, return at once
unopened.

REFORMULATION IS PROHIBITED. SEE INDIVIDUAL
CONTAINER LABEL FOR REPACKAGING LIMITATIONS.

UMIT OF WARRANTY ANO LIABILITY

This Company warrants that this product conforms to the
chemical description on the label and is reasonably fit
for the purposes set forth in the Complete Directions for
Use label booklet ("Directions") when used in accordance
with those Directions under the conditions described
therein. NO OTHER EXPRESS WARRANTY OR IMPLIED
WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR
MERCHANTABILITY IS MADE. This warranty is also sub-
ject to the conditions and limitations stated herein.

Buyer and all users shall promptly notify this Company
of any claims whether based in contract negligence,
strict liability, other tort or otherwise.

Buyer and all users are responsible for all loss or damage
from use or handling which results from conditions be-
yond the control of this Company, including, but not
limited to. incompatibility with products other than those
set forth in the Directions, application to or contact with
desirable vegetation, unusual weather, weather condi-
tions which are outside the range considered normal at
the application site and for the time period when the
product is applied, as well as weather conditions which
are outside the application ranges set forth in the Direc-
tions. application in any manner not explicitly set forth
in the Directions, moisture conditions outside the mois-
ture range specified in the Directions, or the presence
of products other than those set forth in the Directions
in or on the soil, crop or treated vegetation.

THE EXCLUSIVE REMEDY OF THE USER OR BUYER. AND
THE UMIT OF THE LIABILITY OFTHIS COMPANY OR ANY
OTHER SELLER FOR ANY AND ALL LOSSES. INJURIES
OR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OR HAN-
DUNG OFTHIS PRODUCT (INCLUDING CLAIMS BASED
IN CONTRACT. NEGUGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY. OTHER
TORT OR OTHERWISD SHALL BE THE PURCHASE PRICE
PAID BY THE USER OR BUYER FOR THE QUANTITY OF

THIS PRODUCT INVOLVED. OR. AT THE ELECTION OF
THIS COMPANY OR ANY OTHER SELLER. THE REPLACE-
MENT OF SUCH QUANTITY. OR. IF NOT ACQUIRED BY
PURCHASE. REPLACEMENT OF SUCH QUANTITY. IN NO
EVENT SHALL THIS COMPANY OR ANY OTHER SELLER
BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL. CONSEQUENTIAL OR
SPECIAL DAMAGES.

Buyer and all users are deemed to have accepted the
terms of this UMIT OF WARRANTY AND UABIU1Y which
may not be varied by any verbal or written agreement

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
Hazards to

Humans and Domestic Animals
Keep out of reach of children.

CAUTION!

MAY CAUSE EYE IRRITATION.

Avoid contact with eyes, skin or clothing.

Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling.
FIRST AID: IF IN EYES, immediately flush with plenty of
water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention.
IF ON SKIN, immediately flush with plenty of water.
•Wash clothing before reuse.

In case of a human health emergency involving this
product Call Collect day or night (314) 694-4000,

Environmental Hazards

Do not apply directly to water, to areas where surface
water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean
high water mark. Do not contaminate water when dis-
posmg of equipment washwaters.

Physical or Chemical Hazards

Spray solutions of this product should be mixed, stored
and applied using only stainless steel, aluminum, fiber-
glass. plastic or plastic-lined steel containers.

DO NOT MIX. STORE OR APPLY THIS PRODUCT OR
SPRAY SOLUTIONS OF THIS PRODUCT USING GAL-
VANIZED STEEL OR UNUNED STEEL (EXCEPT STAIN-
LESS STEEL) CONTAINERS OR SPRAY TANKS. This
product or spray solutions of this product read with such
containers and tanks to produce hydrogen gas which may
form a highly combustible gas mixture This gas mixture
could flash or explode, causing serious personal injury,
if ignited by open flame, spark, welder’s torch, lighted
cigarette or other ignition source.

ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

•Glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine
in the form of its isopropylamine salt ... 413%

INERT INGREDIENTS: 583%

100.0%

•Contains 480 grams per litre or 4 pounds per U3. gallon
of the active ingredient glyphosate in the form of its
isopropylamine salt Equivalent to 356 grams per litre or
3 pounds per U3. gallon of the add. glyphosate

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

It is a violation of Federal law to use this produdinany
manner inconsistent with its labeling.

Storage and Disposal

Do nd contaminate water, foodstuffs, feed or seed by
storage or disposal.

STORAGE:

STORE AB0YE 10° F(-12°C)T0 KEEP PRODUCT FROM
CRYSTALUZING.

Crystals will settle to the bottom. If allowed to crystal-
lize place in a warm room 68° F (20° C) for several days
to redissofve and shake or roll to mix well before using.

DISPOSAL

Wastes resulting from the use of this product that cannot
be used or chemically reprocessed should be disposed
of in a landfill approved for pesticide disposal or in
accordance with applicable Federal, state or local
procedures.

Emptied container retains vapor and produd residue.
Observe all label safeguards until container is destroyed.

Do not reuse container. Triple rinse container. Then punc-
ture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or by inciner-
ation, or. if allowed by state and local authorities, by
burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

GENERAL INFORMATION

DO NOT APPLY THIS PRODUCT USING AERIAL SPRAY
EQUIPMENT EXCEPT UNDER CONDITIONS AS SPECI-
FIED WITHIN THIS LABEL

This product a water soluble liquid, mixes readily with
water to be applied as a foliar spray far the control or des-
trudion of most herbaceous plants. It may be applied
through most standard industrial or field-type sprayers
after dilution and thorough mixing with water in accord-
ance with label instructions.

This produd moves through the plant from the point of
foliage contad to and into the root system. Ysibie effects
on most annual weeds occur within 2 to 4 days, but on
most perennial weeds may not occur for 7 days or more.
Extremely cool or cloudy weather following treatment
may slow activity of this produd and delay visual effects
of control. Ysibie effects are a gradual wilting and
yellowing of the plant which advances to complete
browning of aboveground growth and deterioration of
underground plant parts.

Unless otherwise specified on this label, delay applica-
tion unta vegetation has emerged and reached the stages
described for control of such vegetation under the
"Weeds Controlled” section of this labeL Unemerged
plants arising from unattached underground rhizomes
or root stocks of perennials will not be affected by the
herbicide and wiU continue to grow. For this reason, best
control of most perennial weeds is obtained when treat-
ment is made at late growth stages approaching
maturity.

Always use the higher rate of this product per acre with-
in the recommended range when (1) weed growth is
heavy or dense, or (2) weeds are growing in an un-
disturbed (nonculthrated) area.

Do not treat weeds under poor growing conditions such
as drought stress, disease or insect damage, as reduced
weed control may result Reduced results may also oc-
cur when treating weeds heavily covered with dust

Reduced control may result when applications are made
to annual or perennial weeds that have been mowed,
grazed, or cut and have not been allowed to re grow to
the recommended stage for treatment

Rainfall or irrigation occurring within 6 hours after ap-
plication may reduce effectiveness. Heavy rainfall or ir-
rigation within 2 hours after application may wash the
chemical off the foliage and a repeat treatment may be
required.

This product does not provide residual weed control.
For subsequent residual weed control, follow a label-
approved herbicide program. Read and carefully observe
the cautionary statements and all other information ap-
pearing on the labels of all herbicides used.

Buyer and all users are responsible for all loss or damage
in connection with the use or handling of mixtures of
Ruler with herbicides or other materials that are not ex-
pressly recommended in this labeling. Mixing this
product with herbicides or other materials not recom-
mended on this label may result in reduced performance.

For best results, spray coverage should be uniform and
complete. Do not spray weed foliage to the point of
runoff.

Keep people and pets off treated areas until spray solu-
tion has dried to prevent transfer of this product onto
desirable vegetation.

DOMESTIC ANIMALS: This product is considered to be
relatively nontoxic to dogs and other domestic animals;
however, ingestion of this product or large amounts of
freshly sprayed vegetation may result in temporary gas-
trointestinal irritation (vomiting, diarrhea, colic, etc.). If
such symptoms are observed, provide the animal with
plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. Call a veterinarian
if symptoms persist for more than 24 hours.
ATTENTION

AVOID DRIFT. EXTREME CARE MUST BE USED WHEN
APPLYING THIS PRODUCT TO PREVENT INJURY TO
DESIRABLE PLANTS AND CROPS.

Do not allow the herbicide solution to mist drip, drift,
or splash onto desirable vegetation, since minute quan-
tities of this product can cause severe damage or des-
truction to the crop, plants, or other areas on which
treatment was not intended. The likelihood of injury oc-
curring from the use of this product is greatest when
winds are gusty or in excess of 5 miles per hour or when
other conditions, including lesser wind velocities, will al-
low spray drift to occur. When spraying, avoid combina-
tions of pressure and nozzle type that will result in
splatter or fine particles (mist) which are likely to drift
AVOID APPLYING AT EXCESSIVE SPEED OR PRESSURE
NOTE: Use of this product in any manner not consistent
with this label may result in injury to persons, animals
or crops, or other unintended consequences. Keep con-
tainer closed to prevent spills and contamination.

mixing; additives and

APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS

APPLY THESE SPRAY SOLUTIONS IN PROPERLY MAIN-
TAINED AND CALIBRATED EQUIPMENT CAPABLE OF
DELIVERING DESIRED VOLUMES. DO NOT APPLY WHEN
WIND OR OTHER CONDITIONS FAVOR DRIFT. HAND GUN
APPLICATIONS SHOULD BE PROPERLY DIRECTED TO
AVOID SPRAYING DESIRABLE PLANTS. NOTE: REDUCED
RESULTS MAY OCCUR IF WATER CONTAINING SOIL IS
USED. SUCH AS WATER FROM PONDS AND UNLINED
DITCHES.

MIXING

This product requires use with a nomomc surfactant
When (ising this product mix 4 to 8 quarts (1 to 2 per-
cent solution) of a nonionic surfactant per 100 gallons
of spray solution. Use the Bquart rate for any surfactant
containing less than 50 percent active ingredient Read
and carefully observe surfactant cautionary statements
and other information appearing on the surfactant label.

Wilbur-Ellis recommends the use of at least an 80" ac-
tive ingredient surfactant such as R-l 1® or similar type
agricultural surfactant

• R-1 1 u a registered tademark of Wilbur-Ello Company
This product mixes readily with water. Mix spray solu-
tions of this product as follows: Fill the mixing or spray
tank with the required amount of water. Add the recom-
mended amount of this product (see "Directions for Use"
and "Weeds Controlled" sections of this label) and non-
ionic surfactant near the end of the filling process and
mix well. Remove hose from tank immediately after fill-
ing to avoid siphoning back into the carrier source. Dur-
ing mixing and application, foaming of the spray solution
may occur. To prevent or minimize foam, avoid the use
of mechanical agitators, terminate by-pass and return
lines at the bottom of the tank and. if needed, use an
approved anti-foam or defoaming agent
TANK MIXTURES

Always predetermine the compatibility of labeled tank
mixtures of this product with water carrier by mixing
small proportional quantities in advance.

Mix labeled tank mixtures of this product with water as
follows:

1. Place a 20 to 35 mesh screen or wetting basket over
filling port.

2. Through the screen, fill the sprayer tank one-half full
with water and start agitation.

3. If a wettable powder is used, make a slurry with the
water carrier, and add it SLOWLY through the screen
into the tank. Continue agitation.

4. If a flowable formulation is used, premix one part
flowable with one part water. Add diluted mixture
SLOWLY through the screen into the tank. Continue
agitation.

5. If an emulsifiable concentrate formulation is used,
premix one part emulsifiable concentrate with two
parts water. Add diluted mixture SLOWLY through the
screen into the tank. Continue agitation.

6. Continue filling the sprayer tank with water and add
the required amount of this product near the end of
the filling process.

7. Add nomonic surfactant to the spray tank before com-
pleting the filling process.

8. Add individual formulations to the spray tank as
follows: wettable powder, flowable. emulsifiable con-
centrate. drift control additive, water soluble liquid
followed by surfactant

Maintain good agitation at all times until the contents
of the tank are sprayed. If the spray mixture is allowed
to settle, thorough agitation is required to resuspend the
mixture before spraying is resumed.

Keep by-pass line on or near bottom of tank to minimize
foaming. Screen size in nozzle or line strainers should be
no finer than 50 mesh. Carefully select proper nozzle to
avoid spraying a fine mist For best results with conven-
tional ground application equipment, use flat fan
nozzles.

CLEAN SPRAYER AND PARTS IMMEDIATELY AFTER
USING THIS PRODUCT BY THOROUGHLY FLUSHING
WITH WATER AND DISPOSE OF RINSATE ACCORDING TO
LABELED USE OR DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS.

additives

AMMONIUM SULFATE

The addition of l to 2 percent dry ammonium sulfate by
weight or 8.5 to 17 pounds per 100 gallons of water may
increase the performance of this product and this
product plus 2.4-0, Banvel™ or residual herbicide tank
mixtures on annual and perennial weeds. The improve-
ment in performance may be apparent where environ-
mental stress is a concern. Low-quality ammonium
sulfate may contain material that will not readily dissolve
which could result in nozzle tip plugging. To determine
quality, perform a jar test by adding 1/3 cup of ammo-
nium sulfate to 1 gallon of water and agitate for 1
minute. If undissolved sediment is observed, predissolve
the ammonium sulfate in water and filter prior to addi-
tion to the spray tank. If ammonium sulfate is added
directly to the spray tank, add slowly with agitation.
Adding too quickly may clog outlet lines. Ensure that
ammonium sulfate is completely dissolved in the spray
tank before adding herbicides or surfactanL Thoroughly
rinse the spray system with clean water after use to
reduce corrosion.

NOTE: The use of ammonium sulfate as an additive does
not preclude the need for surfactanL Do not use her-
bicide rates lower than recommended in this label.
nBamH a a trademark of Sandor. Inc

COLORANTS OR DYES

Agriculturally approved colorants or marking dyes may
be added to this product Colorants or dyes used in spray
solutions of this product may reduce performance, es-
pecially at lower rates or dilutions. Use colorants or dyes
according to manufacturer's recommendations.

APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
AND TECHNIQUES

Do not apply this product through any type of irrigation
system.

This product may be applied with the following applica-
tion equipment

Aerial — Fixed Wing and Helicopter
Broadcast Spray

Controlled Droplet Application (COA) — Hand-held or
boom-mounted applicators which produce a spray con-
sisting of a narrow range of droplet sizes.

Hand-held and High-Volume Spray Equipment — Knap-
sack and backpack sprayers, pump-up pressure sprayers,
handguns, handwands, lances and other hand-held spray
equipment used to direct the spray onto weed foliage
and vehicle-mounted, high-volume spray equipment for
spray-to-wet applications.

Selective Equipment - Recirculating sprayers, shielded
sprayers and wiper applicators.

See the appropriate part of this section for specific rates
of application and instructions.

■ AERIAL EQUIPMENT ■
Use the recommended rates of this product in 3 to 15
gallons of water per acre unless otherwise specified on
this label. See the "Weeds Controlled" section of this
label for specific rates. Unless otherwise specified, do

not exceed one quart per acre (Aerial applications of
this product may be made in annual cropping conven-
tional tillage systems, fallow and reduced tillage sys-
tems. and preharvest. Refer to the individual use area
sections of this label for recommended volumes and
application rates.)

Avoid direct application to any body of water.

AVOID DRIFT - DO NOT APPLY DURING INVERSION
CONDITIONS. WHEN WINDS ARE GUSTY. OR UNDER
ANY OTHER CONDITION WHICH FAVORS DRIFT. DRIFT
MAY CAUSE DAMAGE TO ANY VEGETATION CONTACT-
ED TO WHICH TREATMENT IS NOT INTENDED. TO PRE-
VENT INJURY TO ADJACENT DESIRABLE VEGETATION.
APPROPRIATE BUFFER ZONES MUST BE MAINTAINED.

Coarse sprays are less likely to drift; therefore, do not use
naales or node configurations which dispense spray as
fine spray droplets. Do not angle nodes forward into the
airstream and do not increase spray volume by increas-
ing noale pressure.

Drift control additives may be used. When a drift control
additive is used, read and carefully observe the caution-
ary statements and all other information appearing on
the additive label.

Enure uniform application — To avoid streaked, uneven
or overlapped application, use appropriate marking
devices.

Thoroughly wash aircraft especially landing gear, after
each day of spraying to remove residues of this product
accumulated during spraying or from spills. PROLONGED
EXPOSURE OF THIS PRODUCT TO UNCOATED STEEL
SURFACES. MAY RESULT IN CORROSION AND POSSIBLE
FAILURE OF THE PART. LANDING GEAR ARE MOST SUS-
CEPTIBLE. The maintenance of an organic coating (paint)
which meets aerospace specification MIL-C-38413 may
prevent corrosion.

■ BROADCAST EQUIPMENT ■
For control of annual or perennial weeds listed on this
label using broadcast equipment —Use the recommen-
ded rates of this product in 3 to 40 gallons of water per
acre as a broadcast spray unless otherwise specified on
this label. See the "Weeds Controlled" section of this -
label for specific rates. As density of weeds increases,
spray volume should be increased within the recom-
mended range to ensure complete coverage. Carefully
select proper Male to avoid spraying a fine misL For best
results with ground application equipment use flat fan
nozzles. Check for even distribution of spray droplets.

CONTROLLED DROPLET

■ APPLICATION (CDA) ■

The rate of this product applied per acre by vehicle-
mounted COA equipment must not be less than the
amount recommended in this label when applied by con-
ventional broadcast equipment For vehicle-mounted
CDA equipment apply 3 to 15 gallons of water per acre.

For the control of labeled annual weeds with hand-held
CDA unrts. apply a 20 percent solution of this product
plus a 5 percent solution of nonionic surfactant at a flow
rate of 2 fluid ounces per minute and a walking speed
of 1.5 MPH (1 quart per acre). For the control of labeled
perennial weeds, apply a 20 to 40 percent solution of this
product plus a 5 to 10 percent solution of nonionic sur-
factant at a flow rate of 2 fluid ounces per minute and
a walking speed of 0.75 MPH (2 to 4 quarts per acre).

Controlled droplet application equipment produces a
spray pattern which is not easily visible. Extreme care

must be exercised to avoid spray or drift contacting the
foliage or any other green tissue of desirable vegetation
as damage or destruction may result

HAND-HELD and

■ HIGH-VOLUME EQUIPMENT ■

Use coarse sprays only.

Mix this product in clean water and apply to foliage of
vegetation to be controlled. For applications made on a
spray-to-wet basis, spray coverage should be uniform and
complete. Do not spray to the point of runoff.

For control of annual weeds fisted on this label, apply 0-5
percent solution of this product plus nonionic surfactant
to weeds less than 6 inches ia height or runner length.
Apply prior to seedhead formation in grasses or bud for-
mation in broadleaf weeds. Allow three or more days
before tillage or mowing.

For annual weeds over 6 metes tall, or unless otherwise
specified, use a 1 percent solution. For best results, use
a 2 percent solution on harder-tEKantroi perennials, such
as bermudagrass, dock, field bindweed, hemp dogbane,
milkweed and Canada thistle:

Less than complete coverage of weeds may result from
the use of spray equipment designed for motorized spot
treatments. Where less than complete coverage of annual
weeds occurs, use a 5 percent solution. Do not reduce
recommended concentrate of this product when add-
ing surfactant

Prepare the desired volume of spray solution by mixing
the amount of this product ■ water as shown in the fol-
lowing table: •

Spray Solution

AMOUNT OF RULER*

0ESIRED

VOLUME 1/21 1* 1-1 /2\ 2% 51

1 gallon 2/3 or 1-1/3 « 2 oz 2-2/3 m 6-1/2 B

25 gallons 1 pt 1 qt 1-1/2 qt 2 qt 5 qt

100 gallons 2 qt 1 gal 1-1/2 gal 2 gal 5 gal

2 tablespoons ■ 1 ffand once

Add surfactant at a rate of 1 to 2 oz. |>er gallon of spray
mix.

For use in knapsack sprayers, it is suggested that the
recommended amount of this product be mixed with
water in a larger team. Fffl sprayer with the mixed
solution and add the correct amount of surfactant

■ ' SELECTIVE EQUIPMENT ■
This product may be appfied through a redrculating
spray system, a shielded appficator, or a wiper applica-
tor after dilution and thano^h mixing with water to list-
ed weeds growing in any uoncrop site specified on this

label and only when specifically recommended in crop-
ping systems.

A redrculating spray system directs the spray solution
onto weeds growing above desirable vegetation, while
spray solution not mlacepted by weeds is codected and
returned to the spray tank for reuse.

A shielded appiicaar drees the herbicide solution onto
weeds while shielding deaable vegetate from the
herbicide.

A wiper applicator spfies the herbicide solution onto
weeds by robbing the weed with an absortrent material
containing the herbicide station,

AVOID CONTACT WITH OESRABLE VEGETATION.
Contact of the herbeoe sotabon with the desnble vege-

tation may result in damage or destruction. Applicators
used above desired vegetation should be adjusted so that
the lowest spray stream or wiper contact point is at least
two inches above the desirable vegetation. Droplets, mist
foam, or splitter of the herbicide station settling on
desirable vegetation may result in discoloration, stunt-
ing, or destruction.

Applications made above the crops should be made when
the weeds are a minimum of 6 inches above the desira-
ble vegetation. Better results may be obtained when
more of the weed is exposed to the herbicide station.
Weeds not contacted by the herbicide siution will not
be affected. This may occur in dens dumps, severe in-
festations. or when the height of the weeds varies s that
not all weeds are confided. In thes instances, repeat
treatment may be necessary.

See the "Weeds Controlled" sedion of this label for
recommended stage ot growth for specific weeds.

NOTE

• Maintain equipment in good operating condition.
Avoid leakage or dripping onto desirable vegetation.

• Adjust height of applicator to ensure adequate con-
tad with weeds.

• Keep nozzle tips and wiping surfaces dean.

• Keep spray patterns aligned into recovery chamber of
the redrculating sprayer.

• Keep shields on shielded applicators adjusted to pro-
ted desirable vegetation.

• Maintain recommended roller RPM on roller applica-
tors while in use.

• Keep wiper material at proper degree of saturation
with herbidde solution.

• 00 NOT use *iper equipment when weeds are wet

• DO NOT operate equipment at ground speeds greater
than 5 mph. Weed control may be affeded by speed
of application equipment As weed density increases,
reduce equipment ground speed to ensure good cover-
age ot weeds.

• Be aware that on sloping ground the herbicide solu-
tion may migrate, causing dripping on the lower end
and drying on the upper end ot a wiper applicator.

• Variation in equipment design may iffed weed con-
trol With wiper applicators, the wiping material and
its orientation must allow delivery of sufficient quan-
titiesof the recommended herbicide solution directly
to the weed.

• Care must be taken with ad types of wipers to ensure
that the absorbent material does not become over-
saturated. causing the herbicide to drip on desirable
vegetation.

• Mix only the amount of solution to be used during a
one-day period, as reduced activity may result from
use of leftover solutions. With all equipment drain
and dean sprayer and wiper parts immediately after
using this produd by thoroughly flushing with water.

RECIRCULATING SPRAYERS
Redrculating sprayer calibration is made on the basis of
ground speed and delivery volume. Two procedures can
be used to calibrate: (1) determining the discharge be-
ing delivered per minute, then operate at the designat-
ed ground speed, or (2) seled the desired ground speed
and then adjust the sprayer to deliver the recommend-
ed volume per minute (this nay require nozzle changes).
Use the appropriate time table below.

Do not operate at nozzle pressure above 20 PSI.

Table 1. Use this table when calibrating box or row-type
recirculating sprayers. Box or row-type sprayer calibra-
tion ts based on the total discharge collected per row.
Use only straight stream or 15° fan-type nozzles.

•VOLUME PER MINUTE PER ROW

MPH

Fluid Ounces

2

26 to 35

3

38 to 51

4

51 to 68

-5

65 to 86

*N0TL Be certain the amount collected is for all spray

streams treating one row.

Table 2. Use this table when calibrating broadcast type
recirculating sprayers. Broadcast recirculating sprayer
calibration is based on the discharge collected per
minute from one nozzle on a 20-inch spacing.

VOLUME PER MINUTE PER NOZZLE

MPH

Fluid Ounces

2

7 to 9

3

10 to 13

4

13 to 18

5

16 to 22

When applied as recommended under the conditions
described for recirculating sprayers, this product will
control the following weeds growing a minimum of 6
inches above desirable vegetation.

Perennial Broadleaf Weeds — To SUPPRESS the follow-
ing weeds, mix in a ratio of 4 quarts of this product in
20 gallons of water and apply as directed.

Dogbane, hemp Milkweed

Apocynum cannabinum Asdepias syriaca

Perennial Gasses and Annual Broadleaf Weeds — To con-
trol the following weeds, mix in a ratio of 3 quarts of this
product in 20 gallons of water and apply as directed:

Cocklebur Pigweed, redroot

Xanthium Amaranthus

strumarium retroflexus

Johnson grass Sunflower

Sorghum halepense Helianthus annuus

Annual Grasses — To CONTROL the following weeds, mix
in a ratio of 2 quarts of this product in 20 gallons of water
and apply as directed:

Com Shattercane

Zea mays Sorghum bicolor

SHIELDED APPLICATORS

When applied as directed under conditions described for
shielded applicators, this product will control those
weeds listed in the "Weeds Controlled" section of this
label.

Shielded applicators which apply the herbicide solution
as a spray band should be calibrated on a broadcast
equivalent rate and volume basis. To determine these:

Band width
in inches ^
Row width
in inches

Band width
in inches ^
Row width
in inches

Herbicide
broadcast _
RATE
per acre

Broadcast
VOLUME of .
solution
per acre

Herbicide
band RATE
per acre

Band VOLUME
of solution
per acre

Use nozzles that provide uniform coverage within the
treated area. EXTREME CARE MUST BE EXERCISED TO
AVOID CONTACT WITH DESIRABLE VEGETATION.

For specific rates of application and instructions for con-
trol of various annual and perennial weeds, see the
"Weeds Controlled" section of this label.

WIPER APPLICATORS

Wiper applicators include either roller or wick devices
which physically wipe appropriate concentrations or
amounts of this product directly onto the weed. Equip-
ment must be designed, maintained, and operated to
prevent the herbicide solution from contacting desirable
vegetation. Operate this equipment at ground speeds no
greater than 5 mph. Performance may be improved by
reducing speed in areas of heavy weed infestations to
ensure adequate wiper saturation. Better results may be
obtained if two applications are made in opposite
directions.

For Rolier Applicators — Mix 1 gallon of this p.oduct in
enough water to prepare 10 gallons of herbicide solution
(10 percent solution). Apply this solution to perennial
weeds or annual broadleaf weeds listed in this '"Wiper
Applicators” section.

Mix 1 gallon of this product in enough water to provide
20 gallons of herbicide solution (5 percent solution).
Apply this solution to annual grasses listed in this "Wiper
Applicators" section.

Rolier speed should be maintained at 40 to 60 RPM.
For Wick or Wiper Applicators - Mix 1 gallon of this
product in 2 gallons of water to prepare a 33 percent
solution. Apply this solution to weeds listed in this "Wiper
Applicators" section.'

In severe infestations, reduce equipment ground speed
to ensure that adequate amounts of this product are
wiped on the weeds. A second treatment in the opposite
direction may be beneficial.

Do not permit herbicide solution to contact desirable
vegetation.

When applied as recommended under the conditions
described for "Wiper Applicators”, this product
CONTROLS the following weeds:

ANNUAL GRASSES

Com

Zea mays
Panicum, Texas
Panicum texanum

Rye, common
Secale cereale
Shattercane

Sorghum bicolor

ANNUAL BROADLEAVES

Sicklepod Starbor, bristly

Cassia obtusi folia Acanthospermum

Spanishneedles hispidum

Bidens bipinnata

When applied as recommended under the conditions
described for "Wiper Applicators", this product
SUPPRESSES the following weeds:

ANNUAL BROADLEAVES

Beggarweed, Florida

Desmodium
tortuosum
Dogfennel
£ upatonum
capilliflonum

Ragweed, giant

Ambrosia trifida

Sunflower
Helianthus annuus

Thistle, musk
Carduus nutans

Pigweed, redroot Vehetleaf

Amaranthus Abutilon theophrasti

retroflexus

Ragweed, common

Ambrosia artemisii folia

PERENNIAL GRASSES

Bermuda grass

Cynodon dactyton

Guineagrass

Panicum maximum

Johnson grass
Sorghum halepense

Smutgrass

Sporobolus poiretii

Vaseygrass

Paspalum urvillei

A

PERENNIAL BROADLEAVES

Dogbane, hemp Nightshade, sihrerleaf

Apocynum cannabinum Solanum elaeagni folium

Milkweed Thistle, Canada

Ascelepias syriaca Cirsium anense

WEEDS CONTROLLED*

This herbicide controls many annual and perennial grass-
es and broadleaf weeds.

ANNUAL WEEDS

• Apply to actively growing grass and broadleaf weeds.

• Allow at least 3 days after treatment before tillage.

• For maximum agronomic benefit apply when weeds
are 6 inches or less in height

• To prevent seed production, applications should be
made prior to seedhead formation.

• This product does not provide residual control: there-
fore. delay application until maximum weed emer-
gence. Repeat treatments may be necessary to control
later germinating weeds.

LOW-VOLUME BROADCAST APPLICATION
(LOW-RATE TECHNOLOGY)

When applied as directed under the conditions
described, this product will control the weeds listed
below when water carrier volumes of 3 to 10 gallons per
acre for ground applications and 3 to 5 gallons per acre
for aehal applications are recommended. (See the "Aerial
Equipment" section of this label for approved sites.)

NOTE

• The addition of 2 percent dry ammonium sulfate by
weight or 17 pounds per 100 gallons of water may in-
crease the performance of this product on annual
weeds. The improvement in performance may be ap-
parent where environmental stress is a concern. Refer
to the "Mixing, Additives and Application Instruc-
tions" section of this label.

• Do not tank-mix with soil-residual herbicides when
using these rates unless otherwise specified.

• For weeds that have been mowed, grazed or cut allow

regrowth to occur prior to treatment

• Refer to the "Tank Mixtures" portion of this section
for control of additional broadleaf weeds.

MAXIMUM

RATE PER

HEIGHT/

ACRE”

WEED SPECIES

LENGTH

mmo ounces)

Foxtail
Setaria spp.

12”

8oz

WEED SPECIES

MAXIMUM

HEIGHT/

LENGTH

RATE PER
ACRE03

IFIUI0 OUNCtSI

Barnyardgrass

Echmochloa

crus-galli

Bluegrass, annual
Poa annua

Brome, downy*

Bromus teetotum

Mustard, blue
Chorispon tenella

Mustard, tansy
Descuramia pinnata

Mustard, tumble
Sisymbrium altissimum
Mustard, wild
Sinapis anensis

Spurry, umbrella
Holosteum
umbellatum

6"

(0 to 4"
(4 to 6"

12 oz.
15 oz.‘)
24 oz.1)

Barley

Hordeum tulgare

Rye

Secale cereale
Sandbur, field
Cenchrusspp.

Shattercane
Sorghum bicolor

Stinkgrass

Eragrostis

ciiianensis

12"

Wheat

Triticum aestivum

18-

Mominggkxy

Ipomoea spp.

Sicklepod

Cassia obtusifolia

2-

16 oz.

Bluegrass, bulbous
Poa bulbosa

Chut

Bromus secalinus
Chickwted, common

Stellaria media

Chickweed, mouseur

Censtium tulgatum

Com

lea mays
Coatgnss, jointed
Aegiiops cyiindrica
Groundsel, common
Senecio rulgaris

Horseweed/Marestail

Conyta canadensis
Lambspuarters, common
Cbenopodium album
Peiuiycress, field
Fanweed
Thlaspi anrense

Rocket, London

Sisymbrium uio

6"

WEED SPECIES

MAXIMUM

HEIGHT/

LENGTH

RATE PER
ACRE”
nuio ounces)

Ryegrass, Italian
Lolium multi florum

Shepherdspurse
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Spurge, annual
Euphorbia spp.

6-

16 oz.

Buttercup
Ranunculus spp.

Cocklebur

Xanthium

strumarium

Crabgrass
Digitaria spp.

Dwarf dandelion
Kngia cespitosa
Falseflax, smaflseed
Camel ina microcarpa
Foxtail Carolina
Alopecurus
carolmianus
Johnson grass, seedling
Sorghum halepense

Oats, wild
Anna fatua
Panicum, fall
Pamcum
dichotomillorum

Panicum, Texas
Panicum texanum
Pigweed, redroot

Amannthus

retroflexus

Pigweed, smooth

Amaranthus hybridus

Witch grass

Panicum capillare

12-

Sicklepod
Cassia obtusifolia
Signalgrass, broadleaf
Brachiaria
piatyphytla

3 to 4'
4*

24 oz

Horseweed/Marestail

Conyza canadensis

lambspuarten, common

Cbenopodium album

Spurge, annul
Euphorbia spp.

7 to 12-

Rice, red

Oryza satin

Tuweed

Side spinosa

4*

32 oz.

Sprang! etop

Leptochkra spp.

6*

Geranium, Carolina
Gennium
carolinianum
Goose grass

Eleusine indica

12*

MAXIMUM

RATE PER

HEIGHT/

ACRE30

WEED SPECIES

LENGTH

mum OUNCES)

Primrose, cutieaf

12-

32 oz.

evening

Oenothera laciniate

Pusley, Florida
Rkhardia scabn

Sicklepod
Cassia obtusifolia

5 to 12-

Spanish needles

Bidens bipinnata

FUaree

Erodiumspp.

12-

48 oz.

Sprangletop

Leptochloa spp.

'Use these rates to control bamyardgrass in Alabama.
Arkansas. Mississippi. Louisiana, Missouri and Texas lor
preptant treatments.

•For control in no4Tl systems, use 16 fluid ounces per
acre.

••For those rates less than 32 fluid ounces per acre, this
product at rates up to 32 fluid ounces per aae may
be used where heavy weed densities exist

■ TANK MIXTURES ■

RULER® plus BANVEL

■ plus NONIONIC SURFACTANT ■

RULER plus 2,44

■ plus NONIONIC SURFACTANT ■

These tank matures are recommended for use in fallow
and reduced tillage areas only. Follow use directions as
given in this "Low-Volume Broadcast Application "
section.

This product plus Banvel or 2,4-0 wiU control the annual
passes and broadleaf weeds previously listed for this
product alone at the indicated heights (except 8 fluid
ounces per acre applications), plus the following broad-
leaf weeds. For those weeds previously listed at 8 fluid |
ounces of this product alone per acre, use 12 fluid I
ounces in these tank mixtures.

NOTE: Refer to the specific product labels for crop
rotation restrictions and cautionary statements of all <
products used in tank mixtures. Some crop injury may
occur H Banvel is applied within 45 days of planting. '
The addition of Banvel in a mixture with this product
may provide short-term residual control of selected
weed species. j

Apply 12 to 16 fluid ounces of this product plus 0.25 lb. '
ai. of Banvel or Oi pound a.L of 2,4-0 per acre to con-
trol dense populations of the following annual broadleaf -
weeds when less than the height indicated:

Cocklebur(12-) Monringgiory(6') *

Xa lithium strumarium Ipomoea spp.

Kedua* (S') Pigweed, redroot (12*) I

Kochia snparia Amannthus retro flex us I

la»bsqpartan(12*) Pigweed, smooth (12")

Cbenopodium album Amaranthus hybrid us

lettoca, prickly (6*) Thistle, Russian (12*) j

lactuca serriota frfa kj/j

UarestaB/Hootwetd (6*)

Conya canadensis _

•Controlled with Banvel tank mixture only.

Apply 16 fluid ounces of this product plus 0.5 pound a.i.
of 2,4-D per acre to control the following annual broad-
leaf weeds when less than 6 inches in height

Ragweed, common Smartweed, Pennsylvania

Ambrosia artemisii folia Polygonum

pensytvanicum

Ragweed, giant Vehetleaf

Ambrosia trifida Abutilon theophrasti

HIGH-VOLUME BROADCAST APPLICATIONS
When applied as directed under the conditions
described, this product will control the weeds listed be-
low when water carrier volumes are 10 to 40 gallons per
acre for ground application!

Use 1 quart of this product per acre if weeds are less than
6 inches tall. If weeds are over 6 inches tall, use 1.5
quarts of this product per acre. If weeds have been
mowed, grated, or cut allow adequate time for new
growth to recommended stages prior to treatment These
rates will also provide control of weeds listed in the "Low-
Volume Broadcast Application" section.

WEED SPECIES

Babamapple*

Momordica charantia
Bassia, fivehook
Bassia hyssopi folia
Brome
Bromus spp.
Fiddleneck
Amsmckia spp.
Flaxieaf, hairy
Conyza bonariensis

Fleabane

Engeron spp.

Kochia

Kochia scopana
Lettuce, prickly
Lactuca semoia

Panicum

Pamcum spp.

Ragweed, common

Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Ragweed, giant

Ambrosia trifida

Smartweed, Pennsylvania

Polygonum
pensytvanicum
Sowthistle, annual
Sonchus oleraceus

Sunflower
Helianthus annuus

Thistle, Russian
Salsola kali

Vehretleaf

Abutilon theophrasti

"Apply with hand-held equipment only.

PERENNIAL WEEDS

Apply this product as follows to control or destroy most
perennial weeds:

NOTE: If weeds have been mowed or tilled, do not treat
until plants have resumed active growth and have
reached the recommended stages of growth.

Repeat treatments may be necessary to control weeds
regenerating from underground parts or seed. Repeat
treatments must be made prior to crop emergence.

The addition of 1 to 2 percent dry ammonium sulfate by
weight or 8.5 to 17 pounds per 100 gallons of water may
increase the performance of this product on perennial
weeds. The improvement in performance may be appar-
ent where environmental stress is a concern. Refer to the
"Mixing. Additives and Application Instructions" section
of this label.

When applied as recommended under the conditions
described, this product WILL CONTROL the following
PERENNIAL WEEDS:

Alfalfa Johnson grass

Medicago satna Sorghum halepense

Alligatorweed"

Alternanthera

philoxeroides

Kikuyu grass
Penmsetum
dandestmum

Artichoke, Jerusalem
Helianthus tuberosus
Bahiagrass
Paspalum notatum
Bentgrass
Agrostis spp.

Bermuda grass

Cynodon dactylon

Bermudagrass, water
(knotgrass)

Paspalum distichum

Bindweed, field
Convolvulus arvensis
Bluegrass, Kentucky
Poaspp.

Blueweed, Texas

Helianthus ciliaris

Brackenfem

Pteridium aquilinum

Bromegrass, smooth

Bromus inermis

Bursage, wooiiyleaf
Franseria tomentosa
Canarygrass, reed

Phalaris arundinacea

Cattail

Typhaspp.

Clover, red

Trifolium pratense

Clover, white

Tri folium repens

Cogongrass

Imperata cyhndnca
Oaliisgrass
Paspalum dilatatum

Dandelion

Taraxacum officinale
Dock, curly
Rumex crispus
Dogbane, hemp
Apocynum cannabinum
Fescues
Festuca spp.

Fescue, tall
Festuca arundinacea
Guineagrass
Pancium maximum

Horsenettle
Solarium carolinense

Horseradish

Armoracia rusticana

"Partial control

Knapweed

Centaurea repens

Lantana

Lantana camara

Milkweed

Asclepias spp.

Muhly, wirestem
Muhlenbergia frondonsa
Mullein, common
Verbascum thapsus
Napiergrass

Penmsetum purpureum

Nightshade, sihrerteaf
Solanum elaeagnifolium

Nutsedge purple, yellow

Cyperus rotundus
Cyperus esculentus

Orchard grass

Dactylis glomerate

Pampas

Cortaderia jubata

Paragrass

Brachiaria mutica

Phragmites*

Phragmites spp.

Quackgrass

Agropyron repens

Redvine*

Brunmchia ovata

Reed, giant

Arundo donax

Ryegrass, perennial
Lolium perenne
Smartweed, swamp

Polygonum coccmeum

Spurge, leafy*

Euphorbia esula

Sweet potato, wild*
Ipomoea pandurata
Thistle, Canada
Cirsium arvense

Timothy

Phleum pratense

Torpedograss*

Panicum repens
Trumpetcreeper*

Campsis radicans

Vaseygrass

Paspalum urvillei

Wheatgrass, western

Agropyron smithii

Alfalfa — Apply 1 quart of this product in 3 to 10 gallons
of water per acre. Make application after last hay cut-
ting in the fall. Allow alfalfa to regrow to a height of 6
to 8 inches or more prior to treatment Applications
should be followed with deep tillage at least 7 days after
treatment but before soil freeze-up.

Alligatorweed — Apply 4 quarts of this product per acre
or apply a 1-1/2 percent solution with hand-held equip-
ment to provide partial control. Apply when most of the

plants are in bloom. Repeat applications will be required
to maintain such control.

Bentgrass — For suppression in grass seed production
areas. For ground applications only, apply 1.5 quarts of
this product in 10 to 20 gallons of water per acre. Ensure
entire crown area has resumed growth prior to a fall ap-
plication. Bentgrass should have at least 3 inches of
growth. Tillage prior to treatment should be avoided.
Tillage 7 to 10 days after application is recommended
for best results. Failure to use tillage after treatment may
result in unacceptable control.

Bermudagrass — For control, apply 5 quarts of this
product per acre and, for partial control, apply 3 quarts
per acre. Treat when bermudagrass is actively growing
and seedheads are present Retreatment may be neces-
sary to maintain control. Allow 7 or more days after
application before tillage.

Bermudagrass, water (knotgrass)— Apply 1.5 quarts of
this product in 5 to 10 gallons of water per acre. Apply
when water bermudagrass is actively growing and 12 to
18 inches in length. Allow 7 or more days before tilling,
flushing or flooding the field.

Fall applications only— Apply 1 quart of this product in
5 to 10 gallons of water per acre. Fallow fields should be
tilled prior to application. Apply prior to frost on water
bermudagrass that is actively growing and 12 to 18
inches in length. Allow 7 or more days before tillage.

Bindweed, field— For control, apply 4 to 5 quarts of this
product per acre west of the Mississippi River and 3 to
4 quarts east of the Mississippi River. Apply when the
weeds are actively growing and are at or beyond full
bloom. Do not treat when weed is under drought stress
as good soil moisture is necessary for active growth. For
best results, apply in late summer or fall. Fall treatments
must be applied before a killing frost Allow 7 or more
days after application before tillage.

Also for control, apply 2 quarts of this product plus 0.5
pound al of Banvel in 10 to 20 gallons of water per acre.
At these rates, apply using ground application only.
The following tank mixtures with 2.4-0 may be applied
using aerial application equipment in fallow and
reduced tillage systems only.

For suppression on irrigated agricultural land apply 1 to
2 quarts of this product plus 1 pound a.L of 2.4-0 in 10
to 20 gallons of water per acre with ground equipment
only. Applications should be made following harvest or
on fall fallow ground when the bindweed is actively grow-
ing and the majority of runners are 12 inches or more in
length. The use of at least one irrigation will promote
active bindweed growth.

For suppression, apply 16 fluid ounces of this product
plus 0.5 pounds a.i. of 2.4-0 in 3 to 10 gallons of water
per acre for ground applications and 3 to 5 gallons of
water per acre for aerial applications. Applications should
be delayed until maximum emergence has occurred and
when vines are between 6 to 18 inches in length.

Bln egress, Kentucky / Bromegrass, smooth / Orchard
grass - Apply 2 quarts of this product in 10 to 40 gallons
of water per acre when the grasses are actively growing
and most plants have reached boot-to-earty seedhead
stage of development For partial control in pasture or
hay crop renovation, apply 1 to 1-1/2 quarts of this
product in 5 to 10 gallons of water per acre.

Apply to actively growing plants when most have reached
4 to 12 inches in height Allow 7 or more days after
application before tillage.

BJuewwd, Tens— Apply 4 to 5 quarts of this product per
acre west of the Mississippi River and 3 to 4 quarts per
acre east of the Mississippi River. Apply when weed is
actively growing and is at or beyond full bloom. Do not
treat when weed is under drought stress as good soil
moisture is necessary for active growth. New leaf develop-
ment indicates active growth. For best results, apply in
late summer or fall. Fall treatments must be applied
before a killing frost Allow 7 or more days after appli-
cation before tillage.

Brackenfem — Apply 3 to 4 quarts of this product per
acre as a broadcast spray or as a 1 to 1-1/2 percent
solution with hand-held equipment Apply to fully
expanded fronds which are at least 18 inches long.

Bunage, woollytuf — For control, apply 2 quarts of this
product plus 1 pint of Banvel per acre. For partial con-
trol. apply 1 quart of this product plus 1 pint of Banvel
per acre. Apply 3 to 20 gallons of water per acre. Apply
when plants are producing new active growth which has
been initiated by moisture for at least 2 weeks and when
plants are at or beyond flowering.

Canarygrass, reed / Timothy / Wheatgrass, western —
Apply 2 to 3 quarts of this product per acre. For best
result! apply to actively growing plants when most have
reached the boot-to-head stage of growth. Allow 7 or
more days after application before tillage.

Cogongrass — Apply 3 to 5 quarts of this product in 10
to 40 gallons of water per acre. Apply when cogongrass
is at least 18 inches tall and actively growing in late sum-
mer or fall. Allow 7 or more days after application before
tillage or mowing. Due to uneven stages of growth and
the dense nature of vegetation preventing good spray
coverage, repeat treatments may be necessary to main-
tain control.

DandeFion/Dock, early— Apply 3 to 5 quarts of this
product per acre when plants are actively growing and
most have reached the early bud stage of growth. Allow
7 or more days after application before tillage.

Also for control, apply 16 fluid ounces of this product
plus 0.5 pounds a.i 2.4-0 plus 0.5 to 1 percent nonionic
surfactant by total spray volume in 3 to 10 gallons of
water per acre.

Dogbane, hemp— Apply 4 quarts of this product per acre
Apply when actively growing and when most weeds have
reached the late bud to flower stage of growth. Follow-
ing crop harvest or mowing, allow weeds to regrow to a
mature stage prior to treatment For best result! apply
in late summer or fall. Allow 7 or more days after appli-
cation before tillage.

For suppression, apply 16 fluid ounces of this product
plus 0.5 pound a.L of 2,4-0 plus Oi to 1 percent non-
ionic surfactant by total spray volume in 3 to 1 0 gallons
of water per acre for ground applications and 3 to 5 gal-
lons of water per acre for aerial application! Delay
applications until maximum emergence of dogbane has
occurred.

Fescue, tall — Apply 3 quarts of this product in 10 to 40
gallons of water per acre to actively growing plants when
most have reached boot-toearty seed head stage of devel-
opment

Fall applications only — Apply 1 quart of this product in
3 to 10 gallons of water per acre. Apply to fescue in the
fall when actively growing and plants have 6 to 12 inches
of new growth. Allow 7 or more days after application be-
fore tillage. A sequential application of 1 pint per acre
0 of this product will improve long-term control and con-

trol seedlings germinating after fall treatments or the
following spring.

Guineagrass — Apply 3 quarts of this product per acre
oruse a 1 percent solution with hand-held equipment
Apply to actively growing goineagrass when most have
reached at least the 7-leaf stage of growth. Ensure
thorough coverage when using hand-held equipment
Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage.

Johnsongrass / Ryegraa, pmnntai —Apply 1 to 3 quarts
of this product per acre, in annual cropping system! ap-
ply 1 to 2 quarts of this product per acre. Apply 1 quart
of this product in 3 to 10 gallons of water per acre. Use

2 quarts of this product when applying ] 0 to 40 gallons
of water per acre. In noncrop or areas where annual til-
lage (no-till) is not performed, apply 2 to 3 quarts of this
product in 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre. For best
result! apply to actively growing plants when most have
reached the boot-tohead stage of growth. Allow 7 or
more days after application before tillage. Do not tank-
mix with residual herbicides when using the 1 quart per
acre rate.

For bumdown of johnsongras! apply 1 pint per acre in

3 to 10 gallons of water per acre before the plants reach
a height of 12 inches. For this use, allow at least 3 days
after treatment before tillage.

Spot Treatment (partial control or suppression) - Apply
a 1 percent solution of this product when johnsongrass
is 12 to 18 inches in height Coverage should be uniform
and complete.

Kikuyugrass - Apply 2 to 3 quarts of this product per
acre. Spray when most kikuyugrass is at least 8 inches
in height (3 or 4-leaf stage of growth) and actively grow-
ing. Allow 3 or more days after application before tillage.

Knapweed/Horseradish— Apply 4 quarts of this product
per acre. Apply when actively growing and when most
weeds have reached the late bud to flower stage of
growth. Following crop harvest or mowing, allow weeds
to regrow to a mature stage prior to treatment For best
result! apply in late summer or faH Allow 7 or more days
after application before tillage.

Lantana — Apply this product as a 1 to 1-1/4 percent so-
lution using hand-held equipment only. Apply to actively
growing lantana at or beyond the bloom stage of growth.
Use the higher application rate for plants that have
reached the woody stage of grwvth. Allow 7 or more days
after application before tillage.

Milkweed, canuBon - Apply 3 quarts of this product per
acre. Apply when actively growing and most of the milk-
weed has reached the late bud to fknver stage of growth.
Following small grain harvest or mowing, allow milkweed
to regrow to a mature stage prior to treatment Allow 7
or more days after application before tillage.

Muhly, wirestem - Apply 1 to 2 quarts of this product
per acre. Use 1 quart of this product in 3 to 10 gallons
of water per acre. Use 2 quarts of this product when
applying 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre or in pasture,
sod, or noncrop area! Spray when the wirestem muhly
is 8 inches or more in height and actively growing. Do not
till between harvest and fall applications or in the fall
or spring prior to spring application! Allow 3 or more
days after application before tfflage. This product win not
provide residual control of wirestem muhly from seeds
which germinate after a Ruler herbicide application. Do
not tank mix with residual herbicides when using the 1
quart per acre rate.

Nightshade, sihrerleaf — For control, apply 2 quarts of
this product in 3 to 10 gallons of water per acre. Appli-
cations should be made when at least 60 percent of
plants have berrie! Fall treatments must be applied be-
fore a killing frost. Allow 7 or more days after applica-
tion before tillage. Do not treat when weed is under
drought stres! as good soil moisture is necessary for
active growth.

Nutsedge: purple, yellow — Apply 3 quarts of this
product per acre as a broadcast spray, or apply a 2 per-
cent solution from hand-held equipment to control
existing nutsedge plants and immature nutlets attached
to treated plant! Treat when plants are in fkwer or when
new nutlets can be found at rhizome tip! Nutlets which
have not germinated will not be controlled and may ger-
minate following treatment Repeat treatments will be
required for long-term control of ungerminated tuber!
Sequential applications of 1 to 2 quarts of this product
in 3 to 10 gallons of water per acre will provide control.
Make applications when a majority of the plants are in
the 3 to 5 leaf stage (less than 6 inches tall). Repeat this
application, as necessary, when newly emerging plants
reach the 3 to 5 leaf stage. Subsequent applications will
be necessary for long-term control.

For suppression of existing plant! apply 1 pint to 2
quarts of this product in 3 to 40 gallons of water per acre.
Treat when plants have 3 to 5 leaves and most are less
than 6 inches tall. Repeat treatments will be required
to control subsequent emerging plants or regrowth of
existing plant! Wait 7 days after treatement before
tillage or mowing.

Pampas - Apply this product as a 1-1/2 to 2 percent
solution using hand-held equipment Apply to plants that
are actively growing at or beyond the boot stage of
growth. Thorough coverage is necessary for best control.
Phragmhcs - For partial control of phragmites in Florida
and the counties of other states bordering the Gulf of
Mexico, apply 5 quarts per acre as a broadcast spray or
apply a 2 percent solution from hand-held equipment
In other areas of the U.1, apply 3 quarts per acre as a
broadcast spray or apply a 1 percent solution from hand-
held equipment for partial controt For best result! treat
during late summer or fall months or when plants are
actively growing and in full bloom. Treatment before or
after this stage may lead to reduced control. Due to the
dense nature of the vegetation, which may prevent good
gray coverage or uneven stages of growth, repeat treat-
ments may be necessary to maintain control. Visual con-
trol symptom will be slow to develop.

Quackgrass — In Annual Cropping System! or in
Pastures and Sod Followed by Deep TBlage Apply 1 to
2 quarts of this product per acre. For the one quart rate,
apply in 3 to 10 gallons of water per acre. For the 2 quart
rate, apply in 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre. Do not
tank mix with residual herturides when using the 1 quart
rate. Spray when quackgrass is 8 to 12 inches in height
and actively growing. Do not till between harvest and
fall applications or in fall or spring prior to spring appli-
cation. Allow 3 or more days after application before
tillage. In pastures or sod! for best results use a mold-
board plow.

Quackgrass — Pasture or Sod or Other Noocrop Areas
Where Deep Tillage is Not Planned Following Application:
Apply 2 to 3 quarts in 10 to 40 gallons of water per acre.
Spray when the quackgrass is greater than 8 inches tall
and actively growing. Do not till between harvest and fall
application or in fall or spring prior to spring application.
Allow 3 or more days after application before tillage.

Redvine— For suppression, apply 24 fluid ounces of this
product per acre at each of two applications 7 to 14 days
apart or a single application of 2 quarts per acre. Apply
recommended rates in 5 to 10 gallons of water per acre.
Apply to actively growing plants in late September or
early October, which are at least 18 inches tall and
have been growing 45 to 60 days since the last tillage
operation. Make applications at least one week before
a killing frost

Reed, giant - For control of giant reed, apply a 2 per-
cent solution of this product when plants are actively
growing. Best results are obtained when applications are
made in late summer to fall.

Smartweed, swamp-Apply 3 to 5 quarts of this product
per acre when plants are actively growing and most have
reached the early bud stage of growth. Allow 7 or more
days after application before tillage.

Also for control, appiy 16 fluid ounces of this product
plus 0.5 pound active ingredient of 2,4-0 in 3 to 10 gal-
lons of water per acre in the late summer or fall. Apply
when plants are actneiy growing and most have reached
the early bud stage of growth. Allow 7 or more days after
application before tillage.

Spurge, leafy— For suppression, apply 16 fluid ounces
of this product plus 0.5 pound active ingredient 2.4-0
in 3 to 10 gallons of water per acre in the late summer
or fall. Apply when plants are actively growing. If mow-
ing has occurred prior to treatment apply when most of
the plants are 12 inches tall. Allow 7 or more days after
application before tillage.

Sweet Potato, wild — Apply this product as a 2 percent
solution using hand-held equipment Apply to actively
growing weeds that are at or beyond the bloom stage of
growth. Repeat applications will be required. Allow the
plant to reach the recommended stage of growth before
retreatment Allow 7 or more days before tillage.

Thistle. Canada — Apply 2 to 3 quarts of this product per
acre. Apply to actively growing thistles when most are at
or beyond the bud stage of growth. After harvest mow-
ing or tillage in the late summer or fall, allow at least 4
weeks for initiation of active growth and rosette develop-
ment prior to the application of this product Fall treat-
ments must be applied before a killing frost Allow 3 or
more days after application before tillage.

For suppression of Canada thistle, appiy 1 quart of this
product or 1 pint of this product plus 0.5 pound a.i.
2,4-0. in 3 to 10 gallons of water per acre in the late
summer or fall after harvest mowing or tillage. Allow
rosette regrowth to a minimum of 6 inches in diameter
before treating. Applications can be made as long as
leaves are still green and plants are actively growing at
the time of application. Allow 3 or more days after appli-
cation before tillage.

Torpedograss — Apply 4 to 5 quarts of this product per
acre to provide partial control of torpedograss. Appiy to
actively growing torpedograss when most plants are at
or beyond the seedhead stage of growth. Repeat appli-
cations will be required to maintain control. Fall treat-
ments must be applied before frost Allow 7 or more days
after application before tillage.

Trumpetcreeper— For control, apply 2 quarts of this
product in 5 to 10 gallons of water per acre. Apply in late
September or October to actively growing plants which
are at least 18 inches tall and have been growing 45 to
60 days since the last tillage operation. Make applica-
tions at least 1 week before a killing frost
Other perennials fisted on this label - Apply 3 to 5 quarts

of this product per acre. Apply when actively growing and
most have reached early head or early bud stage of
growth. Allow 7 or more days after application before
tillage.

WOODY BRUSH AND TREES

When applied as recommended under the conditions
described, this product CONTROLS or PARTIALLY CON-
TROLS the following woody brush, plants and trees;
Alder Maple:

Alnusspp. R#d«

Ash* Acer rubrtim

Fnxinus spp.

Aspen, quaking Acer saccharum

Populus tremuloides

Bearmat (Burdover)

Chamaebatia foliolosa

Birch

Be tula spp.

Blackberry
Rubusspp.

Broom:

French

Cytisus

monspessulanus

Scotch

Cytisus scoparius

Buckwheat California*
Eriogonum fasciculatum

Cascara*

Rhamnus purshiana '

Catsdaw*

Acacia greggi
Ccanothus*

Ceanothus spp.

Chamise

Adenostoma

fasciculatum

Cherry:

Bitter

Prunus emarginata

Black

Prunus serotina
Pin

Prunus pensyfranica
Coyote brash
Baccharts consanguinea
Creeper, Virginia*
Partbenodssus
quinquefolia
Dewberry
Rubus tritialis

Elderberry

Sambucusspp.

Elm*

Ulmusspp.

Eucalyptus, bluegum
Eucalyptus giotulus

Hasardia*

Haplopappus squamsus
Hawthorn
Crataegus spp.

Vine*

Acer dreinatum
Monkey Flower*

Mimulus guttatus

Oak

Black*

Quercus relutina

Northern Pin

Quercus pal ustris

Pod

Quercus stellata

Red

Quercus rubra
Southern Red
Quercus falcata

White*

Quercus alba

Persimmon*

Diospyros spp.

Poison Ivy
Rhus radicans

Poison Oak

Rhus toxicodendron

Poplar*, yellow

liriodendron tulipifera

Raspberry

Rubusspp.

Rose, multiflon
Rosa multi flora

Russian-oihe

Eleagnus angustifolia

Sage, black

Sahria mdlifera

Sagebrush, California

Artemisia californica

Salmon berry
Rubus spectabilis

Sassafras
Sassafras aibidum

Sourwood

Oxydendrum arboreum

Sumac

Poison*

Rhus remix

Smooth*

Rhus glabra

Winged*

Rhus copallina

Hazel

Cory! us spp.

Honeysuckle
Lonicera spp.

Kudzu

Pueraria lobata

Locust black*

Robinia pseudoacacia
Madrone

Arbutus menriesii

Manxanita
Arctostaphylos spp.

Sweetgum

Uquidambar styraciflua

Swordfem*

Polystichum muni turn

Tallowtree, Chinese
Sapium sebiferum

Tan oak

Lithocarpus densiflorus

Tbimbleberry
Rubus pani flows

Tobacco, tree*

Nicotiana glauca

Trumpetcreeper

Campsis radicans

Willow

Salix spp.

•Partial control

**See below for control or partial control instruction!

NOTE: If brush has been mowed or tilled or trees have
been cut do not treat until regrowth has reached the
recommended stages of growth.

Apply this product when plants are actively growing,
and unless otherwise directed, after full leaf expan-
sion. Use the higher rate for larger plants and/or dense
areas of growth. On vine! use the higher rate for plants
that have reached the woody stage of growth. Best
results are obtained when application is made in late
summer or fall after fruit formation.

In arid area! best results are obtained when applica-
tion is made in the spring to early summer when brush
species are at high moisture content and are flowering.
Ensure thorough, coverage when using hand-held
equipment Symptoms may not appear prior to frost
or senescence with fall treatment!

Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage,
mowing or removal. Repeat treatments may be neces-
sary to control plants regenerating from underground
parts or seed. Some autumn colors on undesirable
deciduous species are acceptable provided no major
leaf drop has occurred. Reduced performance may
result if fall treatments are made following a frost
Apply this product as follows to control or partially con-
trol the following woody brush and tree!

Alder / Dewberry / Honeysuckle / Port Oak / Rasp-
berry - For control apply 3 to 4 quarts per acre of this
product as a broadcast spray or as a 1 to 1-1/2 percent
solution with hand-held equipment
Aspen, quaking / Cherry, bitter, black, pin / Hawthorn
/ Oak, southern red / Sweetgum / Trumpetcreeper —
For control, apply 2 to 3 quarts of this product per acre
as a broadcast spray or as a 1 to 1-1/2 percent solu-
tion with hand-held equipment

Birch / Elderberry / Hazel / Salmon berry / Thimble-
berry — For control, apply 2 quarts per acre of this
product as a broadcast spray or as a 1 percent solution
with hand-held equipment

Blackberry -For control, apply 3 to 4 quarts per acre
of this product as a broadcast spray, or 1 to 1-1/2 per-
cent solution with hand-held equipment Make appli-
cation after plants have reached full leaf maturity. Best
results are obtained when applications are made in late
summer or falL After berries have set or dropped in late
fail, blackberry can be controlled by applying a 3/4

percent solution of this product with hand-held equip-
ment For control of blackberries after leaf drop and
until killing frost or as long as stems are green, apply
3 to 4 quarts of this product in 10 to 40 gallons of
water per acre.

Broom: French, Scotch - For control, apply a 1-1/2
to 2 percent solution with hand-held equipment
Buckwheat California / Hasardia / Monkey Flower /
Tobacco, tree — For partial control of these species,
apply a 1 to 2 percent solution of this product as a
foliar spray with hand-held equipment Thorough
coverage of foliage is necessary for best results.

Catsdaw — For partial control, apply as a 1 to 1-1/2
percent solution with hand-held equipment

Coyote Brush — For control, apply a 1-1/2 to 2 percent
solution with hand-held equipment when at least 50 per-
cent of the new leaves are fully developed.
Eucalyptus, bluegum — For control of eucalyptus
resprouts, apply a 2 percent solution of this product with
hand-held equipment when resprouts are 6 to 12 feet
tall. Ensure complete coverage. Apply when plants are
growing actively. Avoid application to drought-stressed
plants. For control of eucalyptus trees 2 inches or less
in diameter, cut trees as close to the soil surface as
desired. Apply a 50 to 100 percent solution of this
product to the freshly cut surface immediately after cut-
ting. Delay in applying this product may result in reduced
performance.

Kudu - For control, apply 4 quarts of this product per
acre as a broadcast spray or as a 2 percent solution with
hand-held equipment Repeat applications will be re-
quired to maintain control.

Madrane resprouts — For suppression or partial control,
apply a 2 percent solution of this product to resprouts
less than 3 to 6 feet tall. Best results are obtained with
spnng/eariy summer treatments.

Maple, red - For control, apply as a 1 to 1 • 1/2 percent
solution with hand-held equipment when at least
50 percent of the new leaves are fully developed, for par-
tial control, apply 2 to 4 quarts of this product per acre
as a broadcast spray.

Maple, supr / Oak, northern pin / Oak, red - For con-
trol, apply as a 1 to 1-1/2 percent solution with hand-
held equipment when at least 50 percent of the new
leaves are fully developed.

Pom ivy / Pooon Oak - For control, apply 4 to 5 quarts
of this product per acre as a broadcast spray or as a 2
percent solution with hand-held equipment Repeat ap-
plications may be required to maintain control Fall treat-
ments must be applied before leaves lose green color.

Rose, multiflora — For control, apply 2 quarts of this
product per acre as a broadcast spray or as a 1 percent
solution with hand-held equipment Treatments should
be made prior to leaf deterioration by leaf-feeding
insects.

Sage, black / Sagebrush, California / Chamise / Tallow-
tree, Chinese — For control of these species, apply a 1
percent solution of this product as a foliar spray with
hand-held equipment Thorough coverage of foliage is
necessary for best results.

Tan oak resprouts — For suppression or partial control,
apply a 2 percent solution of this product to resprouts
less than 3 to 6 feet talL Best results are obtained with
spring /early summer treatments.

Widow — For control, apply 3 quarts of this product per

acre as a broadcast spray or as a 1 percent solution with
hand-held equipment

Other -Woody Brush and Trees listed on this label - for
partial control, apply 2 to 4 quarts of this product per
acre as a broadcast spray or as a 1 to 1-1/2 percent
solution with hand-held equipment

NONCROP USES

See "General Information" and “Mixing, Additives
and Application Instructions” sections of this label for
essential product performance information and the
following "Noncrop" sections for specific recom-
mended uses.

EXTREME CARE MUST BE EXERCISED TO AVOID CON-
TACT OF SPRAY WITH FOLIAGE OF DESIRABLE TURF-
GRASSES. TREES. SHRUBS, OR OTHER DESIRABLE
VEGETATION SINCE SEVERE DAMAGE OR DESTRUC-
TION MAY RESULT.

Repeat treatments may be necessary to control weeds
regenerating from underground parts or seeds.

This product does not provide residual weed control
for subsequent weed control, follow a label-approved
herbicide program.

Read and carefully observe the cautionary statements
and all other information appearing on the labels of
all herbicides used.

FARMSTEAD WEED CONTROL

When applied as directed for "Noncrop Uses", under
conditions described, this product controls undesirable
vegetation listed on this label around farmstead build-
ing foundations along and in fences shefterbelts and
for general non selective farmstead weed control.

For specific rates of application and instructions for con-
trol of various annual and perennial weeds see the
"Weeds Controlled” section of this label

GRASSES FOR
SEED PRODUCTION

■ PREPLANT AND RENOVATION ■

When applied as directed for "Noncrop” uses under
conditions described, this product controls most
existing vegetation prior to the planting or renovation
of grass seed production areas

For specific rates of application and instructions for con-
trol of various annual and perennial weeds and woody
brush and trees see the "Weeds Controlled" section of
this UbeL

For maximum control of existing vegetation, delay plant-
mg to determine if any regrowth from escaped under-
ground plant parts occurs. Where repeat treatments are
necessary, sufficient regrowth must be attained prior to
application. For warm-season grasses such as bermuda-
grass summer or fall applications provide best control

DO NOT DISTURB SOIL OR UNDERGROUND PLANT
PARTS BEFORE TREATMENT. Tillage or renovation tech-
niques such as vertical mowing, coring or slicing should
be delayed for 7 days after application to allow proper
translocation into underground plant parts
Apply this product to actively growing weeds at the stages
of growth given in the "Weeds Controlled" section of this

label prior to planting or renovation of turf or forage grass
areas grown for seed production.

DO NOT feed or graze treated areas within 8 weeks after
application.

CROPPING SYSTEMS

When applied as directed for "Cropping Systems'’, under
the conditions described, this product controls annual
and perennial weeds listed on this label, prior to the
emergence of direct seeded crops or prior to trans-
planting of crops listed on this label.

See the "General Information" and "Mixing, Additives
and Application Instructions" sections of this label for
essential product performance information.

EXTREME CARE MUST BE EXERCISED TO AVOID CON-
TACT OF SPRAY WITH FOLIAGE, GREEN STEMS OR
FRUIT OF DESIRABLE CROPS. PLANTS. TREES OR
OTHER DESIRABLE VEGETATION SINCE SEVERE
DAMAGE OR DESTRUCTION MAY RESULT.

Repeat treatments may be necessary to control weeds
regenerating from underground parts or seed. Except as
otherwise specified on this label repeat treatments must
be made before the crop emerges in accordance with the
instructions of this UbeL

Except as otherwise specified in a crop section of this
Ubel. the combined total of all treatments must not ex-
ceed 8 quarts per acre of this product per year.

Do not plant subsequent crops other than those on the
label for 30 days following application.

Do not harvest or feed treated vegetation for 8 weeks fol-
lowing application. Following spot treatment or selective
equipment use, allow 14 days before grazing domestic
livestock or harvesting forage grasses and legumes.

ALFALFA*

LOGANBERRY

ARTICHOKE

L0NGAN

(Jerusalem)

LYCHEE

ASPARAGUS*

MELONS***

ATEMOYA

MUSTARD GREENS

BARLEY*

OATS*

BEANS (All)

OKRA

BEET GREENS

0LALL1EBERRY

BEETS (Red, Supr)

ONION

BLACKBERRY

PARSNIPS

BLUEBERRY

PASSION FRUIT

BOYSENBERRY

PEANUTS

BREADFRUIT

PEAS (All)

BROCCOLI

PEPPER***

CABBAGE

PERSIMMONS

CANISTEL

PINEAPPLE tt

CARAMBOLA

POTATO (Irisfa, Sweet)

CARROT

PUMPKIN***

CAULIFLOWER

RADISH

CELERY

RASPBERRY

CHICORY

(Black, Red)

CORN (All)*

RICE-

COTTON*

RUTABAGA

CRANBERRY

SAPODILLA

CUCUMBER***

SAPOTE (Black,

CURRANT

Mamey, White)

DATES

SORGHUM (Milo)*

DEWBERRY

SOURSOP

EGGPLANT-

SOYBEANS*

ELDERBERRY

SPINACH

FORAGE GRASSES*

SQUASH—

FORAGE LEGUMES*

(Summer, Winter)

GARLIC-

SUGAR APPLE

GOOSEBERRY

SUGARCANE

GOURDS—

TAMARIND

HORSERADISH

TOMATILLQ—

HUCKLEBERRY

TOMATOES— t

JABOTICABA

TURNIPS

JACKFRUIT

WATERCRESS-

KALE

WATERMELON—

LENTILS

WHEAT*

LETTUCE

YAMS

•Spot treatments may be applied in ttiese crops.

**0o not treat rice fields or levees when the fields con-
tain flood water.

•••Apply only prior to planting. Allow at least 3 days
between application and planting.

tUse is restricted to direct seeded crops only.
ttOo not feed or graze treated pineapple forage follow-
ing application.

When applying this product prior to transplanting crops
into plastic mulch, care must be taken to remove
residues of this product from the plastic prior to
transplanting. Residues can be removed by ft inch
natural rainfall or by applying water via a sprinkler
irrigation system.

Spot Treatment (Only those crops with can be spot
treated) — Applications in growing crops must be made
prior to heading of small grains and milo, initial pod set
in soybeans, silking of corn, or boll opening on cotton.

For forage grasses and forage legumes, see the "Spot
Treatment" in the "Pastures" section of "Cropping
Systems" in this label.

For dilution and rates of application using boom or hand-
held equipment see the "Mixing. Additives and
Application Instructions" and “Weeds Controlled"
sections of this label.

NOTE: FOR FORAGE GRASSES ANO FORAGE LEGUMES.
NO MORE THAN ONE-TENTH OF ANY ACRE SHOULD
BE TREATED AT ONE TIME. FOR ALL OTHER CROPS.
DO NOT TREAT MORE THAN 10 PERCENT OF THE
TOTAL FIELD AREA TO BE HARVESTED.

THE CROP RECEIVING SPRAY IN TREATED AREA WILL
BE KILLED. TAKE CARE TO AVOID DRIFT OR SPRAY
OUTSIDE TARGET AREA FOR THE SAME REASON.

Selective Equipment — This product may be applied
through recirculating sprayers, shielded applicator! or
wiper applicators in cotton and soybean! Shielded and
wiper applicators may also be used in tree crops and
grape! Wiper applicators may be used in rutabagas,
forage grasses and forage legume! including pasture
sites and grain sorghum (milo).

See the "Selective Equipment" part of the "Application
Equipment and Techniques” section of this label for
information on proper use and calibration of this
equipment

Allow at least the following time intervals between
application and harvest

Cotton. Soybeans 7 days

Apples. Atemoya, Avocado, Breadfruit Canistel.

Carambola. Cherry. Citnrt Date! Grape!
Jaboticaba, Jackfruit Longan. Lychee, Passion
Fruit Pear. Persimmon! Rutabagas. Sapodilla.
Sapote, Soursop. Sugar apple. Tamarind ... 14 days

Stone Fruit 17 days

Nut Crops 21 days

Sorghum (milo)* 40 days

•Oo not use roller applicator! Do not feed or graze
treated milo fodder. Do not ensile treated vegetation.

ASPARAGUS

When applied as directed for "Cropping Systems", under
the conditions described, this product controls weeds
listed on this label in asparagu!

For specific rates of application and instructions for
control of various annual and perennial weed! see the
"Weeds Controlled" section of this label.

Prior to Crop Emergence — Apply this product prior to
planting or emergence of spears in an established crop
for the control of emerged labeled annual and perennial
weed! DO NOT APPLY WITHIN A WEEK BEFORE THE
FIRST SPEARS EMERGE.

Spot Treatment — Apply this product immediately after
cutting, but prior to the emergence of new spears Do not
treat more than 10 percent of the total field to be
harvested. Do not harvest within 5 days of treatment

Posthanest — Apply this product after the last harvest
and all spears have been removed. If spears are allowed
to regrow, delay application until ferns have developed.
Delayed treatments should be applied as directed or
shielded spray in order to avoid contact of the spray with
fern! stems or spear! Direct contact of the spray with
the asparagus may result in serious crop miury.

NOTE: Select and use recommended types of spray
equipment for postemergence postharvest
application! A directed spray is any application where
the spray pattern is aligned in such a way as to avoid
direct contact of the spray with the crop. A shielded
spray is any application where a physical barrier is
positioned and maintained between the spray and the
crop to prevent contact of the spray with the crop.

BERRIES AND SMALL FRUIT

For cranberrie! apply after fruit set and no later than 30
days before harvest

Wiper applicators may be used in cranberries in
accordance with instructions in this section.

For other berrie! apply as a preplant broadcast
application, or as a directed spray or wiper application
post-planting.

See the "General Information" and "Mixing. Additives
and Application Instructions" sections of this label for
essential product performance information.

See the "Selective Equipment” part of the "Application
Equipment and Techniques" section of this label for
information on recommended use and calibration of this
equipment

For Wick or other Wiper Applicates — Mix 1 gallon of this
product in 4 gallons of water to prepare a 20 percent
solution. Apply the solution to emerged weed! Apply
after cranberry fruit set and no later than 30 days before
harvest

In severe infestation! reduce equipment ground speed

to insure that adequate amounts of this product are
wiped on the weed! A second treatment in the opposite
direction may be beneficial.

Do not permit herbicide solution to contact desirable
vegetation, including green shoots, cane! or foliage.

FALLOW AND REDUCED
TILLAGE SYSTEMS

Use this product in fallow and reduced tillage systems
for control of annual weeds prior to emergence of crops
listed in this label. Refer to the "Weeds Controlled"
section of this label for specific rates and instruction!
This product may be applied using ground or aerial spray
equipment See the "Application Equipment and
Techniques” section of this label for instruction!

■ TANK MIXTURES ■

■ RULER9 plus BANVEL ■

■ RULER plus 2,4-0 ■

■ RULER plus GOAL™ ■

Applications of 2.4-D or Banvel must be made at least
7 days prior to planting corn. Applications of 2.4-Q must
be made at least 30 days prior to planting soybean!

The addition of Banvel in a mixture with this product
may provide short-term residual control of selected weed
specie! Some crop injury may occur if Banvel is applied
within 45 days of planting. Refer to the Banvel and 2.4-0
labels for cropping restrictions and other use
instruction!

Ruler9 plus Goal Tank Mixtures
This product alone or in tank mixtures with Goal will
provide control of those weeds listed below.

Make applications when weeds are actively growing and
at the recommended stages of growth. Avoid spraying
when weeds are subject to moisture stress, when dust
is on the foliage or when straw canopy covers the weed!

RULER* RULER®

12 fluid oz/acre 16 fluid oz/acre

Wheat

18”

Annual grasses at

Barley

12-

left plu!

Bluegrass.

Ryegras!

annual

6”

annual

6"

Barnyardgrass

6”

Chickweed

6"

Rye

6"

Groundsel

6"

Marestail

6*

Rocket London

6*

Shepherdspurse

6"

Crabgrass

12”

Johnsongras!

seedling

12"

Lambsquarters

12*

Oat! wild

12"

Pigweed, red root

12"

Mustards

12"

RULER

12 fluid oz/acre
+

GOAL**

2 to 4 fluid oz/acre

Annual grasses above
plus:

Cheeseweed 3”

RULER

16 fluid oz/acre
+

GOAL”

2 to 4 fluid oz/acre

Annual weeds above
plus:

Cheeseweed 6”

RULER

12 fluid oz/acre
+

GOAL”

2 to 4 fluid oz/acre

Chickweed 3"

Groundsel 3”

Rocket London 6”

Shepherdspurse 6*

RULER

16 fluid oz/acre
+

GOAL”

2 to 4 fluid oi/acre

Groundsel 6”

Chickweed 6"

Rocket London 12”
Shepherdspurse 12"

* Maximum height or length in inches.

”Use the higher rate when weeds approach maximum
recommended height or stands are dense.

’“Goar a < tridemvk of Rohm and Haas Company.
ECOFARMING SYSTEMS

The Ecofarming System consists of the following rotation:
winter wheat corn/sorghum, ecofallow.

Use the following tank mixtures for control of emerged
annual weeds before planting corn or sorghum in the
Ecofarming System.

RULER® at 16 to 20 fluid ounces per acre
plus

2.4-0 at 0.375 to 0.5 pound a.L per acre
plus

ATRA2INE at 0.75 to 1 pound a.i. per acre
plus

LASSO® at 2.5 to 3 quarts per acre

The above tank mixture should be applied in 2841-0 or
32-0-0 liquid fertilizer earner at 20 to 30 gallons per acre.

The liquid fertilizer may be diluted with water to achieve
the required carrier volume.

WEEDS CONTROLLED-The following weeds, up to a
maximum height of 4 inches, will be controlled:

Brome, downy

Bromus tectorm

Cheat

Bromus secalinus

Foxtail green

Setaria viridis

Lettuce, prickly
Lactuca serriola

Pigweed, red root

Amaranthus retroflexus

Thistle, Russian
Salsola kali

Foxtail, yellow

Setaria lutescens

Wheat, volunteer

Triticum aesthrum

Kochia*

Kochia scoparia

•For improved control of kochia. add 4 fluid ounces per
acre (0.125 pound a.i. per acre) of Banvei to the above
tank mixture.

Risk of crop injury from 2,4-0 or Banvei an be reduced
by applying this treatment 7 to 14 days before planting.

Refer to the label booklet for Lasso herbicide for pre-
emergence weed control achieved by this tank mixture.

Refer to the specific product labels for crop rotation
restrictions and uutionary statements for all products
used in these tank mixtures.

* Uso s a repxtend trademark of Monsanto Company.

AID TO TltlAGE

This product when used in conjunction with preplant
tillage practices, will provide control of downy brome,
chut volunteer what tansy mustard and foxtaiL Apply
8 fluid ounces of this product in 3 to 10 gallons of water
per acre. Make appliutkms when weeds are actively
growing and before they are 6 inches in height
Appliation must be followed by conventional tillage
practices no later than 15 days after trutment and

before regrowth occurs. ADmr at least 1 day after
appliation before tillage. Tank mixtures with residual
herbicides may result in reduced performance.

PASTURES

Apply this product prior to planting forage grasses and
legumes.

Pasture or Hay Crop Renovation - When applied as a
broadast spray, this product controls the annual and
perennial weeds listed in this label prior to planting
forage grasses or legumes. Remove domestic livestock
before appliation and wait 8 weeks after appliation
before grazing or harvesting.

Spot Treatment — When applied as a spot treatment as
recommended, this product controls annual and
perennial weeds listed in this label which are growing
in pastures, forage grasses and forage legumes composed
of bahiagrass, bermudagrass, bluegrass, brome. fescue,
orchardgrass, ryegrass, timothy, whutgrass, alfalfa or
clover.

Wiper Application - When applied as directed, this
product controls or suppresses the weeds listed under
"Wiper Appiiators" in the "Selective Equipment”
section of this label

For spot trutment and wiper application, apply in areas
where the movement of domestic livestock an be
controlled. No more than one-tenth of any acre should
be truted at one time. Further applications may be
made in the same aru at 30-day intervals. Remove
domestic livestock before application and wait 14 days
after application before grazing livestock or harvesting.

SUGARCANE

When applied as directed for "Cropping Systems”, under
the condition described, this product controls those
emerged annual and perennial weeds listed on this label
growing in or around sugarcane or in fields to be planted
to sugarcane. This product will also control undesirable
sugarane.

NOTE; Where repeat treatments are necessary, do not
exceed a total of 10.6 quarts of this product per acre
per year. Do not apply to vegetation in or around
ditches, anals or ponds containing water to be used
for irrigation.

Broadast Trutment - Apply this product in 10 to 40
gallons of water per acre on emerged weeds growing in
fields to be planted to sugarane.

For specific rates of appliation and instructions for
control of various annul and perennial weeds, see the
"Weeds Controlled” section of this label

For removal of last stubble or ratoon ane, apply 4 to 5
quits of this product in 10 to 40 gallons of water per
acre to new growth having at least 7 or more new leaves.
Allow 7 or more days after application before tillage.
Spot Treatment in or Around Sugarcane FWds-for
dilution and rates of application using hand-held equip-
ment see "Mixing, Additives and Application Instruc-
tions” and "Weeds Controlled” sections of this label
For control of volunteer or diseased sugarcane, make a
1 percent solution of this product in water and spray to
wet the foliage of vegetation to be controlled.

NOIL When spraying volunteer or diseased sugarane,
the plants should have at least 7 new leaves.

Avoid spray contact with healthy cane plants since severe
damage or destruction may result
Do not feed or graze truted sugarane forage following
application.

CONSERVATION TILLAGE,
MINIMUM TILLAGE AND
NO-TILL SYSTEMS
CORN AND SOYBEANS
Tank Mixtures

When applied as recommended under the conditions
described, the tank mixtures listed in this section con-
trol many emerged weeds, and give preemergence con-
trol of many annual weeds where com or soybeans will
be planted directly into a cover crop, established sod. or
in previous crop residues.

Refer to specific product labels for crop rotation restric-
tions and autionary statements of all products used in
these tank mixtures. For mixing instructions, see the
"Mixing, Additives and Appliation Instructions” section
of this label

Apply these tank mixtures in 10 to 20 gallons of water
or 10 to 60 gallons of nitrogen solutions per aere before,
during or after planting. Do not apply these mixtures
after crop emergence.

The addition of 1 to 2 percent dry ammonium sulfate by
weight may increase the performance of this product
NOTE: When using these tank mixtures, do not exceed
4 quarts of this product per acre.

CORN

For residual control this product may be tank-maed with
the following herbicides or combination of herbicides:

LASSO® /ALACHL0R ATRAZINE

LARIAT® CYANAZINE

BULLET® SIMAZINE

DUAL" PROWL"

BICEP"

For improved bumdown, this product may be tank-mixed
with 2.4-0 or dcamba. Applications of 2.4-0 or diamba
must be made at least 7 days prior to planting corn.
See the "Weeds Controlled" section for specific rate
information.

SOYBEANS

For residua! control this product may be tank-mixed with
the following herbicides or combination of herbicides:
CANOPY" LOR OX" PLUS

COMMAND" PREVIEW"

DUAL" PROWL"

GEMINI" TURBO"

IASS0*/ALACHL0R SCEPTER"

LEX0NE" SENCOR"

UNUR0N SQUADRON"

For improved bumdown, this product may be tank-mixed
with the following herbicides:

2.4- DB

2.4- 0*

•Applications of 2,4-0 must be made at least 30 days
prior to planting soybeans. See the "Weeds Con-
trolled" section for specific rate information.

CORN AND SOYBEANS

Annul Wufe- For difficult to control weeds such as fan
panicum, barnyard grass, oabgrass, shatterane and
broadluf signal grass up to 2 inches tall, and Penn-
sylvania smartweed up to 6 inches tall apply this product
at 2 pints per acre in these tank mixtures. For other

labeled annual weeds, apply 1 to 1.5 pints of this product
per acre when weeds are less than 6 inches tall, and 2
to 3 pints when weeds are over 6 inches tall. For a
complete list of annual weeds controlled, see the "Weeds
Controlled" section of this label.

Perennial Weeds— At normal application times in mini-
mum tillage systems, perennial weeds may not be at the
proper stage of growth for control. See the 'Weeds Con-
trolled" section of this label for the proper stage of
growth for perennial weeds.

Use of 2 to 4 quarts of this product per acre in the tank
mixtures mentioned above, under these conditions pro-
vides top kill and reduces competition from many
emerged perennial grass and broadleaf weeds For
emerged perennial weeds controlled, see the 'Weeds
Controlled" section of this label.

To obtain the desired stage of growth, it may be neces-
sary to apply this product alone in the late summer or
fall and then follow with a label-approved, seedling weed
control program at planting.

USE OF THESE TANK MIXTURES FOR BERMUOAGRASS
OR JOHNSONGRASS CONTROL IN MINIMUM TILLAGE
SYSTEMS IS NOT RECOMMENOEO. For bermudagrass
control, follow the instructions under "Control of Peren-
nial Weeds" section of this label and then use a label-
approved, seedling weed-control program in a minimum
tillage or conventional tillage system. For johnsongrass
control, follow instructions under "Control of Perennial
Weeds" section of this label, and then use a label
approved seedling weed control program with conven-
tional tillage.

• Bullet »nd Ljrut in rtjisered trademark: ol Monsanto Company

"Canopy. Bladei. Gemini. Lei one Loroi Plus and Preview are
trademarks of £.1. duPont de Nemours and Company.

"Dual is a trademark of CibfrGeigy Corporation
"Sencor and Turbo are trademarks of Bayer AG.

"Prowl. Scepter and Squadron are trademarks of American
Cyanamid Company

"Command is a trademark of FMC Corporation

PREHARVEST APPLICATIONS

COTTON

When applied as directed under the conditions
described, this product controls annual and perennial
weeds listed on this label prior to the harvest of cotton.

Broadcast Applications — This product may be applied
using ether aerial or ground spray equipment For ground
applications with broadcast equipment apply this
product in 10 to 20 gallons of water per acre. For aerial
applications, apply this product in 3 to 10 gallons of
water per acre.

FDR AERIAL APPLICATIONS, REFER TO THE "APPLICA-
TION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES" AND "AERIAL
EQUIPMENT" SECTIONS OF THIS LABEL

00 NOT EXCEED A MAXIMUM RATE OF 1 QUART PER
ACRE OF THIS PRODUCT WHEN MAKING APPLICATIONS
BY AIR.

Weed Control— For specific rates of application and
instructions for control of various annual and perennial
weeds for this product used alone or in the following tank
mixtures, see the 'Weeds Controlled" section of this
label.

To control johnsongrass using multiple directed or broad-
cast over-the-top spray equipment apply 1 quart of this

product in 10 to 20 gallons of water per acre. Ensure
complete coverage.

For partial control of field bindweed, apply 1 quart of this
product in 3 to 20 gallons of water per acre. Apply when
bindweed is actively growing and 12 inches or greater
in length. Reduced performance may result if bindweed
is under drought stress.

Tank Mixtures
RULER9 plus DEF°* 6
RULER plus FOLEX™

RULER plus PREP™

RULER plus PREP plus DEf 6 or F0LEX
When applied as recommended under the conditions
described, these tank matures control annual and peren-
nial weeds listed on this label prior to the harvest of
cotton. For application guidelines, precautions and use-
rates. refer to the Def, Foiex and Prep labels.

This product when tank mixed with Def 6 or Foiex defol-
iants may provide enhancement of cotton leaf drop and
regrowth inhibition.

Timing of Application — Apply this product or these tank
mixtures for preharvest weed control after 60 percent of
the cotton bolls have opened.

NOTE: DO NOT APPLY TO CROPS GROWN FOR SEED.
Allow a minimum of 7 days between application and
harvest Do not feed or graze treated cotton forage or
hay following preharvest applications.

"Del a I trademark of Mobay Chemical Company
"Fokx and Prep are trademarks of Rhone-Poulenc Inc.

TREEAND VINE CROPS *

This product is recommended for weed control in estab-
lished groves, vineyards, or orchards, or for site prepa-
ration prior to transplanting crops listed in this section.
Applications may be made with boom equipment CDA.
shielded sprayers, hand-held and high-volume wands,
lances, or orchard guns, or with wiper applicator equip-
ment except as directed in this section. See the "Appli-
cation Equipment and Techniques" section of this label
for specific information on use of equipment

When applying this product refer to the 'Weeds Con-
trolled" section of this label and to specific recommen-
dations in this section for rates to be used.

NOTE

Repeat treatments may be necessary to control weeds
originating from underground parts of untreated weeds
or from seeds. This product does not provide residual
weed control. For subsequent weed control, use repeated
applications of this product Do not apply more than 10.6
quarts of this product per acre per year.

EXTREME CARE MUST BE EXERCISED TO AVOID CON-
TACT OF HERBICIDE SOLUTION. SPRAY. DRIFT. OR MIST
WITH FOLIAGE OR GREEN BARK OF TRUNK. BRANCHES.
SUCKERS. FRUIT. OR OTHER PARTS OF TREES OR
VINES. CONTACT OF THIS PRODUCT WITH OTHER THAN
MATURED BROWN BARK CAN RESULT IN SERIOUS
CROP DAMAGE.

AVOID PAINTING OUT STUMPS WITH THIS PRODUCT
AS INJURY RESULTING FROM ROOT GRAFTING MAY
OCCUR IN ADJACENT TREES.

Reduced control may result when applications are made
to annual or perennial weeds that have been mowed,
grazed or cut and have not been allowed to regrow to the
recommended stage for treatment

For specific rates of applications and instructions, see
the 'Weeds Controlled" section of this label, and to
specific recommendations which follow.

MIDDLES MANAGEMENT

FOR ANNUAL WEEDS IN MIDDLES BETWEEN
ROWS OF TREE AND VINE CROPS
For citrus crops treat uniformly between trees.

■ RULER9 ■

■ RULER plus GOAL ■

This product alone or in mixtures with Goal will control
or suppress the annual weeds listed below.

Apply the recommended rates of this product either
alone or in mixtures with Goal, in 3 to 10 gallons of water
per acre. Apply when weeds are actively growing and less
than 6 inches in height or rosette diameter. I f weeds are
under drought stress, irrigate prior to application.
Reduced control may occur if weeds have been mowed
prior to application. Up to 48 fluid ounces per acre of
this product may be used to control weeds which have
been mowed, are stressed, or are growing in dense
populations

MAXIMUM

Rate Per Acre

HEIGHT/
DIAMETER
WEED SPECIES (INCHES)

RULER GOAL

(FLUID (FLUID

OUNCES) OUNCES)

Barley 6

Hordern tulgare
Blucgrass, annual
Poo annua

8

Bamyardgrass 6

Echinochloa crus-galli
duckweed, common
Stellaria media
Red Maids
Calandrinia ciliata

12

Crabgrass 6

Digitaria spp.

Fleabane, flaxleaf
Conyza bonariensis
Groundsel, common
Senecio vulgaris
Jungtericc

Echinochloa colonum
Lambsqoarters, common
Chenopodium album
Pigweed, redroot

Amaranthus retro flexus

16

OR

16 to 32 + 4 to 16**

Rocket London

Sisymbrium irio

Ryegrass, common

Lolium multi florum
Shepherdspune
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Sowthistle, annual
Sonchus oleraceus

Cheeseweed,
common 3

Main spp.

12 to 32 + 4 to 16

Cheeseweed,
common 6

Main spp.

Filaree"

Erodium spp.

16 to 32 + 4 to 16

Horwweed/Marestail

Cony 23 canadensis
Nettie, stinging
Urticj dioici

Purseline, common*

Portul3C3 oleracea

'Suppression only

**The mixture of this product plus Goal is recommended
when weeds are stressed or growing in dense popu-
lations.

STRIPS

FOR ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL WEEDS IN
STRIPS OF TREE AND VINE CROPS

■ TANK MIXTURES ■

WITH RESIDUAL HERBICIDES
When applied as a tank mixture, this product provides
control of the emerged annual weeds and control or
suppression of emerged perennial weeds listed in this
label. The following residual herbicides will provide pre-
emergence control of those weeds listed in the individual
product labels.

■

RULER® plus GOAL 1.6E

■

■

RULER plus KARMEX” DF

■

■

RULER plus KROVAR 1

■

■

RULER plus KROVAR II

■

■

RULER plus SIMAZINE,
PRINCEP CALIBER” 90

■

■

RULER plus SIMAZINE 4L

■

■

RULER plus SIMAZINE SOW

■

■

RULER plus SOUCAM” 800F

■

■

RULER plus SURFLAN” AS

■

■

RULER plus SURFLAN 75W

■

■

RULER plus SIMAZINE

■

(SOW, or 41, or PRINCEP CALIBER 90)

plus SURFLAN (AS or 75W)

■

RULER plus GOAL (1.6E)
plus SURFLAN (AS or 75W)

■

■

RULER plus GOAL (1.6E)

■

plus SIMAZINE

(BOW. or 41, or PRINCEP CALIBER 90)

■

RULER plus GOAL (1.6E)
plus SURFLAN (AS or 75W)
plus SIMAZINE (BOW, 4U
or PRINCEP CAUBER 90)

■

Do not apply these tank matures in Puerto Rico.

Refer to the individual product labels for specific crops,
rates, geographical restrictions and precautionary
statements.

Read and carefully observe the label claims, cautionary
statements, rates and all other information on the labels
of ail products.

"Karma is i trademark of LL duPent dr Namounand Company.

RECOMMENDED RATES
Annual Weeds-Apply 1 to 5 quarts per acre of this
product in these tank mixtures. Use rates at the higher
end of the recommended range when weeds are stressed,
growing in dense populations or are greater than 12
inches tall.

Perennial Weeds-Apply 1 pint to 5 quarts per acre of
this product in these tank mixtures to control or suppress

perennial weeds. Follow the recommendations in the
"Weeds Controlled” section of this label for stage of
growth and application rates for specific perennial
weeds.

■ RULER® plus GOAL ■

plus SIMAZINE/SURF1AN

This product plus low rates of Goal in three-way or four-
way mixtures with simazine and/or Surflan will provide
postemergence control of the weeds listed below.

Refer to the individual simazine and Surflan labels for
preemergence rates, weeds controlled, precautionary
statements and other important information.

Apply 1 to 5 quarts per acre of this product plus 4 to 48
fluid ounces per acre of Goal plus labeled rates of sima-
zine and/or Surflan in 3 to 40 gallons of water per acre
to control the following weeds:

Barley, wild Horseweed/Marestail

Hordeum leporinum Conyu canadensis

Nettle, stinging
Urticadioica
Pmeappleweed
Matricaria matrkariodes
Rocket, London
Sisymbrium trio
Shepherdspurve
Capseila bursa-pastor is
Sowthistle, annual
Sonchus oieraceus

Bluegrass, annual
Poa annua

Cheeseweed, common
Main spp.

Chickweed, common
Stellaria media

Filaree*

Erodium spp.

Fleabane, flaxleaf
Conyu bonanensis

Groundsel, common
Senecto vulgaris

•Use a minimum ol 1.5 quarts of this product in these

mixtures.

NOTE: This recommendation does not preclude the use
of Goal in these mixtures at higher, labeled rates for
preemergence weed control.

B PERENNIAL GRASS SUPPRESSION -
ORCHARD FLOORS

When applied as directed, this product will suppress
vegetative growth as indicated below.

Bahiagass

This product will provide significant inhibition of seed-
head emergence and will suppress vegetative growth for
a period of approximately 45 days with a single applica-
tion and approximately 120 days with sequential appli-
cations. Apply this product 1 to 2 weeks after full
green-up or after mowing to a uniform height of 3 to 4
inches. Applications must be made prior to seed head
emergence. Apply 6 fluid ounces of this product in 10
to 25 gallons of water per acre.

Sequential applications of this product may be made at
approximately 45-day intervals to extend the period of
seedhead and vegetative growth suppression, for con-
tinued seedhead suppression, sequential applications
must be made prior to seedhead emergence. Apply no
more than 2 sequential applications per year. As a first
sequential appliction, apply 4 fluid ounces of this
product per acre. A second sequential appliction of 2 to
4 fluid ounces per acre may be made approximately
45 days after the last application.

Bermudagrass

For burndown, apply 1 to 2 quarts of this product in 3
to 20 gallons of water per acre. Use 1 quart in 3 to 20
gallons of water per acre east of the Rocky Mountain!
Use 1 to 2 quarts of this product in 3 to 10 gallons of
water per acre west of the Rocky Mountain! Use this
treatment only if reduction of the bermudagrass stand

can be tolerated. When burndown is required prior to
harvest allow at least 2 1 days to ensure sufficient time
for burndown to occur.

Suppression only - (east of the Rocky Mountains). Apply
6 to 16 fluid ounces of this product in 3 to 20 gallons
of water per acre no sooner than 1 to 2 weeks after full
green-up. Mowing prior to application may occur provid-
ed a minimum height of 3 inches is maintained. Rates
of 6 to 10 fluid ounces should be used where a lesser
degree of suppression is desired. Sequential applications
may be made when regrowth occurs and bermudagrass
injury and stand reduction can be tolerated.
Suppression only— (west of the Rocky Mountains). Apply
16 fluid ounces of this product in 3 to 10 gallons of water
per acre to bermudagrass up to 6 inches in height and
no sooner than 1 to 2 weeks after full green-up. Mowing
prior to application may occur provided a minimum
height of 3 inches is maintained. Sequential applications
may be made when regrowth occurs and bermudagrass
injury and stand reduction can be tolerated.
Cod-Season Grass Covers

For suppression of tall fescue, fine fescue, orchardgrass
and quackgras! apply 8 fluid ounces of this product in

10 to 20 gallons of water per acre. For best suppressan.
add ammonium sulfate to the spray solution at a rate of
2 percent by weight or 17 pounds per 100 gallons of
spray solution.

For suppression of Kentucky bluegrass cover! apply 6
fluid ounces of this product per acre. Do not add ammo-
nium sulfate.

For best result! mow cool-season grass cover in the
spring to even the height and apply the recommended
rate of this product 3 to 4 days after mowing. Avoid treat-
ing cool-season grass covers under poor growing condi-
tion! such as drought stress (drip irrigation), disease or
insect damage.

LOW-VOLUME APPLICATION (Florida and Texas)

For burndown or control of the weeds listed, apply the
recommended rate of this product in 3 to 30 gallons of
water per acre. Where weed foliage is dense, use 10 to
30 gallons of water per acre.

Annual Weeds

Goatwaed-Appty 2 to 3 quarts per acre of this product
plus 17 pounds of ammonium sulfate per 100 gallons
of water. Apply in 20 to 30 gallons of water per acre when
ptants are actively growing. Use 2 quarts per acre when
ptants are less than 8 inches tall and 3 quarts per acre
when ptants are greater than 8 inchei If goatweed is
greater than 8 indie! the addition of Krovar* II or Kar-
mex* may improve control- Use labeled rates for these
residual product!

Read and carefully observe the label claim! cautionary
statement! rates and all other information on the Krovar

11 and Karmex label!

Perennial Weeds

Apply when weeds are actively growing and at the growth
states listed in the "Perennial Weeds Controlled'' sec-
tion of this label If perennial weeds are mowed, allow
weeds to regrow to the recommended stage of growth.

S - Suppression, B ■ Bumdown, C - Control,

PC - Partial control

WEED RULER® RATE PER ACRE

SPECIES

Iqt

2qt

3 qt

5 qt

Bermudagrass

B

•

PC

C

Guineagrass

Texas and Florida Ridge

B

C

C

C

Florida Flatwoods

•

B

c

C

Paragrass

B

C

c

C

Torpedograss

S

•

PC

C

"Cibber is a trademark ol Cib*Gei© Corporation.

"Goal a i trademark of Rohm and Haas Company.

"Karma and Krarar art trademarks of L L du Pont de Nemours
and Company.

"Soicam a a trademark of Sandoz. Inc
"Surftan is a trademark of Elanco Products Company.

TREE CROPS

Citrus*: citron, grapefruit kumquat lemon, lime, orange,
pummelo. tangelo. tangerine, tangors.

Nuts**: almond, chestnuts, filbert macadamia. pecan,
pistachio, walnut
Pome Fruit*: apple, pear.

Stone Fruit***: apricots. Cherries, nectarines, olives,
peaches, plums/ prunes.

For cherries, any application equipment listed in this
section may be used in all states.

For citron and olives, apply as a directed spray only.

Any application equipment listed in this section may be
used in apricots, nectarines, peaches, and plums/ prunes
growing in Arizona, California, Colorado. Idaho. Kansas,
Kentucky, New Jersey. North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon,
Texas, Utah, and Washington, except for peaches grown
in the states specified in the following paragraph. In all
other states use wiper equipment only.

For PEACHES grown in Alabama. Arkansas, Florida,
Georgia, Louisiana. Mississippi, North Carolina. South
Carolina, and Tennessee only, apply with a shielded boom
sprayer or shielded wiper applicator which prevents any
contact of this product with the foliage or bark of trees.
Apply no later than 90 days after fust bloom. Applica-
tions made after this time may result in severe damage.
Remove suckers and low lunging limbs at least 10 days
prior to application. Avoid applications near trees with
recent pruning wounds or other mechanical injury. Apply
only near trees which have been planted in the orchard
for 2 or more years. EXTREME CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO
ENSURE NO PART OF THE PEACH TREE IS CONTACTED.

Tropical Fruit acerola, aterooya*. avocado*, banana
(plantains), breadfruit*, canister, caramboia*.
coffee****, dates*, figs*, guava, jaboticaba*, jackfruit*.
longan*. lyehee*. mango*, papaya, passion fruit*,
persimmons*, sapodilia, sapote. soursop, sugar apple*,
tamarind, tea. Allow a minimum of 1 day between last
application and harvest of guava and papaya. In coffee
and banana, delay applications 3 months after trans-
planting to allow the new coffee or banana plant to
become established.

NOTE:

*Allow a minimum of M days between last application
and harvest

**Allow a minimum of 21 days between last application
and harvest

***Allow a minimum of 17 days between last appli-
cation and harvest

****Allow a minimum of 28 days between last appli-
cation and harvest

VINE CROPS

Kiwi Fruit

Grapes: Any variety of table, wine, or raisin grape may be
treated with any equipment listed in this section.

In the northeast and Great Lakes regions, applications
must be made prior to the end of bloom stage of grapes
to avoid injury.

NOTE:

Applications should not be made when green shoots,
canes, or foliage are in the spray zone.

Allow a minimum of 14 days between last application
and harvest

Product protected by
U.S. Pat No. 4,405.531.

Other patents pending.

No license granted under any non-U.S. catena's).
EPA Reg. Na 524-326-2935 GPL-1100.04/CG

In case of a human health emergency involving this
product Call Collect day or night (314) 6944000.

Distributed by
Wilbur-Ellis Company
P.O. Box 16458
Fresno, CA 93755

*AdL

The 2,4-D Amine Weed Killer

ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

2,4-DIchlorophenoxyacetIc acid, dlmethylamlne salt* 46.8%

INERT INGREDIENTS: 53.2%

*2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic add equivalent 38.9% by weight or 3.8 pounds per gallon
•Isomer specific by AOAC method No. 6.D01-5

E.P.A. Reg. NO. 264-2AA E.P.A. Est. No. 264-MO-Ol

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

DANGER PELIGRO

PRECAUTION AL USARIO: Si usted no lee ingles, no use este producto hasta qua la etiqueta le haya sido explicado ampliamente.

For PRODUCT USE Information Call 1-800-334-9745
For EMERGENCY Information ONLY Call 24 Hours A Day 1-800-334-7577.

STATEMENT OF PRACTICAL TREATMENT

IF ON SKIN: Wash skin with plenty of soap and water. Remove contaminated dothing. Get medical attention.

IF SWALLOWED: If patient is conscious and alen, give 2 to 3 glasses of water or milk to drink. If available, give one tablespoon of
Syrup of Ipecac to induce vomiting. Alternatively, induce vomiting by touching back of throat with finger. Do not make an unconscious
person vomit. Get medical attention.

IF IN EYES: Rush with water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention, PREFERABLY AN OPTHAMOLOGIST.

IF INHALED: Move to an uncontaminated area. Get medical attention.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN

This product contains a phenoxy herbicidal chemical There is no specific anti
and symptoms of distress in the patient. Overexposure to materials other

PRECAUTIONARY

DANGER

HAZARDS

TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC

reatments should be based on observed signs
uct may have occurred.

MENTS

irreversfele eye damage. Avoid breathing vapors or spray mist
uct, wear goggles or safety glasses, protective dothing and
r handling and before eating, drinking or using tobacco. Remove

Harmful if swallowed. May be fatal if absorbed through the skint
Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. When handling
chemical resistant gloves. Wash thoroughly with soap and ,
contaminated dothing and wash before reuse.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

This produd is toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Drift/
apply diredly to water except as specified on the
apply when weather conditions favor drift frorfr
thoroughly deaned. (t/J /y

Do not contaminate water used for irrigati^nxV'domestic purposes (except as specifically recommended on this label) especially in
areas where grapes, cotton, tomatoes ormq¥(4uscept3)le plants are grown.

Do not treat irrigation ditches in areasn£rotawater will be used to overhead (sprinkler) irrigate susceptible crops especially grapes,
tomatoes, tobacco, and cotton. /-y

“may adversely affed aquatic invertebrates and non-target plants. Do not
not contaminate water when disposing of equipment washwaters. Do not
areas. Do not use the same spray equipment for other purposes unless

MIXING AND LOADING: Most cases of ground water contamination involving phenoxy herbiddes such as 2,4-D have been associated
with mixing/loading and disposal sites. Caution should be exerdsed when handling 2,4-D pestiddes at such sites to prevent
contamination of ground water supplies. Use of dosed systems for mixing or transferring this pesticide will reduce the probability of
spills. Placement of the mixing/loading equipment on an impervious pad to contain spills will help prevent ground water contamination.

Do not apply WEEDAR* 64 Broadleaf Herbidde diredly to, or permit to drift onto cotton, okra, grapes tomatoes, fruit trees,
vegetables, flowers or other desirable crop or ornamental plants which are susceptible to 2,4-D herbicide. Do not apply near
susceptible plants since very small quantities of the 2.4-D will cause severe injury during the growing or dormant periods. Crops
contaded by WEEDAR* 64 Broadleaf Herbidde sprays or spray drift may be killed or suffer significant stand loss with extensive
quality and yield redudion.

Do not apply when a temperature air inversion exists. Such a condition is charaderized by little or no air movement and an increase in
air temperature with an increase in height. In humid regions, a fog or mist may form. An inversion may be deteded by produdng a
smoke column and checking for a layering effect. If questions exist pertaining to the existence of an inversion, consult with beat
weather services before making an application.

102

Use coarse sprays to minimize drift. Do not apply witn hollow cone-type insecticide or other nozzles that n-ndcro h-n rl" '

PrHt from po'iii ~ t't/ „rr> aJ ,CJI ,u oa pos^ioie m ciuei to ootain coverage; (2)

oy increasing me volume ot spray mix per acre; (3) by decreasing the pounds of pressure at the nozzle tips; and (4) by using nozzles
which produce a coarse spray pattern; (5) by not applying when wind is blowing toward susceptible crops or valuable plants.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

It is a violation of Federal law to use this product In a manner Inconsistent with its labeling.

Read entire label before using this label.

GENERAL WORKER PROTECTION STATEMENTS

Do not apply this product in such a manner as to directly or through drift expose workers or other persons. The area treated must be
vacated by unprotected persons. Do not enter treated areas without protective clothing until sprays have dried. Because cenain
states may require more restrictive reentry intervals for various crops treated with this product, consult your State Depanment of
Agriculture for funher information. Written or oral warnings must be given to workers who are expected to be in a treated area or in an
area about to be treated with this product. Advise workers to stay out of fields during application and until sprays have dried. Regular
long-sleeved work clothing should be worn when working in treated fields. See PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS. STATEMENT OF
PRACTICAL TREATMENT and NOTE TO PHYSICIAN for information on accidental exposures. When oral warnings are given, warnings
shall be given in a language customarily understood by workers. Oral warnings must be given if there is reason to believe that written
warnings cannot be understood by workers. Written warnings must include the following information; appropriate signal word (DANGER
• PELIGRO), area treated with WEEDAR® 64 Broadleaf Herbicide, date of application, appropriate protective clothing, and reentry
interval (i.e. until sprays have dried).

StOraGE"and DISPOSAL ■

STORAGE

Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal. Store in original container in a dry secured storage area. Keep container
tightly closed when not in use.

PESTICIDE DISPOSAL

Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous. Improper disposal of excess pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate is a violation of Federal law
and may contaminate ground water. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to label instructions, contact your State
Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, or the Hazardous Waste representative at the nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance.

CONTAINER DISPOSAL

Triple rinse or (equivalent). Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or incineration, or.
if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

GENERAL CAUTIONS AND RESTRICTIONS

Do not apply WEEDAR" 64 Brcadleaf Herbicide through any type of irrigation system.

Do not use in or near a greenhouse.

RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS FOR USE ON CEREAL GRAINS

For aerial application on grain, apply WEEDAR* 64 Broadleaf Herbicide in 3 to 10 gallons of water per acre.

For ground application a minimum of 10 to 1 5 gallons ot water per acre is recommended for proper spray coverage.

Do not permit dairy animals or meat animals being finished for slaughter to forage treated grain fields within 2 weeks after treatment.

Do not feed treated straw to livestock if an emergency treatment as described below is applied.

RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS FOR USE ON CORN AND SORGHUM
Do not forage or feed fodder for 7 days following application.

RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS FOR USE IN FALLOWLAND AND CROP STUBBLE
Do not plant any crop for 3 months after treatment or until chemical has disappeared from the soil.

RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS FOR USE IN PASTURES AND RANGELANDS
Do not graze (dairy) cattle in treated areas for 7 days after application.

Do not cut forage for hay within 30 days of application.

Do not permit dairy animals or meat animals being finished for slaughter to forage treated fields within 3 days of slaughter.
RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS FOR USE ON CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM AREAS:

Use at least 2 gallons of water per acre by air and 5 gallons of water per acre by ground.

Do not harvest or graze treated Conservation Reserve Program areas.

Do not apply to grasses in the boot to dough stage if grass seed production is desired.

RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS FOR USE ON GRASSES FOR SEED PRODUCTION
Do not graze dairy animals or cut forage for hay within 7 days of application.

103

RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS FOR USE ON NON-CROPLAND
Do not graze dairy animals hr 7 days following application.

Use sufficient gailonage for thorough and uniform coverage.

RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS FOR USE IN STONE FRUIT AND NUT ORCHARDS
Do not apply to bare ground as injury may result

Do not apply immediately before irrigation and withhold irrigation for 2 days before and for 3 days after treatment.

Do not allow spray to drift onto or contact foliage, fruit, stems, trunks of trees or exposed roots as injury may result.

Do not apply to newly established or young orchards. Trees must be at least 1 year old and in vigorous condition.

Do not apply during bloom.

Do not graze or feed cover crops from treated orchards.

Do not make more than 2 applications per year.

Do not harvest stone fruit within 40 days of application.

Do not harvest nuts within 60 days of application.

MIXING INSTRUCTIONS

Mix WEEDAR* * 64 Broadleaf Herbicide only with water, unless otherwise directed on this label. Add about one-half the water to the
mixing tank, then add WEEDAR* 64 with agitation and finally the rest of water with continuing agitation.

NOTE: Adding oil, wetting agent, or other surfactants to the spray may increase effectiveness on weeds but also may reduce
selectivity to crops, resulting in crop damage.

COMPATIBILITY

If WEEDAR* 64 Broadleaf Herbicide is to be tank mixed with fertilizers or with other pesticides, compatibility should be tested prior to
mixing. To test for compatibility, use a small container and mix a small amount (0.5 to 1 qt) of spray, combining all ingredients in the
same ratio as the anticipated use. If any indications of physical incompatibility develop, do not use this mixture for spraying,
indications of incompatibility usually will appear within 5 to 15 minutes after mixing.

Read and follow all directions and precautions on this label and on the labels of any products for which a tank mixture is being
considered.

APPLICATION PROCEDURES

Apply by air or ground equipment in sufficient gailonage to obtain adequate coverage, except as otherwise directed on this label.

Use 2 or more gallons of water per acre for aerial application and 1 0 or more gallons of water per acre for ground application.

GENERAL INFORMATION

INJURY TO CROPS FROM THIS HERBICIDE MAY OCCUR. IF YOU ARE NOT PREPARED TO ACCEPT SOME DEGREE OF CROP
INJURY DO NOT USE THIS PRODUCT.

Crop varieties vary in response to 2.4-D and some are easily injured. Apply WEEDAR* 64 Broadleaf Herbicide only to varieties known to
be tolerant to 2,4-D. If you are uncertain concerning tolerant varieties or local use situations that may affect crop tolerance to 2,4-D,
consult your seed company, state Agricultural Extension Service or qualified crop consultant for advice.

Be sure that use of this product conforms to all applicable laws, rules and regulations. Certain states have restrictions pertaining to
application distances from susceptible crops. The applicator should become familiar with these laws, rules or regulations and follow
them exactly.

GENERAL WEED LIST

’beggarticks
bullthistle
coffeeweed
common cocklebur
common burdock
common evening primrose
common lambsquarters
hairy galinsoga
jimsonweed
‘knotweed

Annual and Biennial Weeds

'mallow (Venice or little)
marshelder

morningglory (common, ivy, wooly)

*musk thistleC**)
mustards (except blue mustard)
pepper weeds (except perennial)

"pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.)
prickly lettuce
ragweed (common or giant)
rough fleabane

•Russian thistle
Salsify (western or common)
•smartweeds (annual species)
sowthistles (annual or spiny)
sunflower
•vervains
vetches
wild carrot
wild lettuce
wild parsnips

104

Perennial Weeds

’bindweed (hedge, field, European)
blue lettuce
’Canada thistle
catnip
chicory
dandelion
’docks
’dogbanes

’These species may require repeated applications and/or use of the higher
conditions for application.

’’Control of pigweeds in the High Plains area of Texas and Oklahoma may
’’’Not registered for control of musk thistle in California.

’goldenrod
’ground ivy
healall
’hoary cress
•ironweed

Jerusalem-artichoke
many ffowered aster

’’nettles (including stinging)

’orange hawkweed
plantains

sowthistle (perennial)

’vervains
’wild garlic
’wild onion

rate recommended on this product label even under ideal
not be satisfactory with this product.

SPECIFIC USE DIRECTIONS

CEREAL GRAINS

CROP

AMOUNT OF WEEDAR® 64
PER ACRE

DIRECTIONS

Wheat, Barley, Oats and Rye
(not underseeded with legumes)

Postemergence

Annual and biennial broadleaf weeds

Perennial broadleaf weeds

1/2 to 2 pints’
1 to 2 pints*

Apply after grain is fully tillered (usually 4 to 8 inches
high) but not forming joints in the stem. Do not
spray grain In the boot to dough stage.

Wheat, Barley, Oats and Rye
(underseeded with legumes)

1/4 to 1/2 pint*

Apply after grain is 8 inches tall. Do not spray
grain In boot to dough stage. Do not spray
alfalfa or sweet dover unless the infestation is severe
and injury td these lequmes can be tolerated.

Emergency weed control in Wheat
Perennial broadleaf weeds

3 pints

Apply when weeds are approaching bud stage, after
the grain dough stage. Do not spray during the
boot to dough stage. The 3 pints per acre
application can product injury to wheat. Balance the
severity of your weed problem against the possibility
of crop damage. Where perennial weeds are
scattered, spot treatment is suggested to minimize
the extent of croD injury.

*Use the lower rate ri small annual and biennial weeds are the mapr problem. Use the higher rate if perennial weeds or annual and
biennial weeds are present which are in the hard-to-kill categories as determined by local experience. The higher rates increase the
risk of grain injury and should be used only where the weed control problem justifies the grain damage risk. Do not apply WEEDAR* 64
to grain in the seedling stage.

CORN AND SORGHUM

CROP

AMOUNT OF WEEDAR® 64
PER ACRE

DIRECTIONS

CORN (Field and Sweet)
Preplant

1 to 2 pints

To control emerged broadieaf weed seedlings or
existing cover crops prior to planting com, apply 7 to
14 days before planting. Do not use on light, sandy
soil, or where soil moisture is inadequate for normal
weed growth. Use high rate for less susceptible
weeds or cover crops such alfalfa.

Preemergence

2 to 3 pints

Apply 3 to 5 days after planting but before corn
emerges. Do not use on light, sandy soils or where
soil moisture is low.

Postemergence
Annual broadlea/ weeds
Perennial broadieaf weeds

1/2 to 1 pint
1 to 1 1/2 pints

Apply when weeds are small and com is less than 8
inches tall (to top of canopy). When corn is over 8
inches tall, use drop nozzles and keep spray off
foliage. Treat perennial weeds when they are in the
bud to bloom stage. Do not spray corn In the
tassel to dough stage. Corn treated with 2,4-D
may become temporarily brittle. Winds or cultivation
may cause stalk breakage during the period of time
when the com is brittle.

Grain Sorghum (Milo)
Postemergence

1 pint

Apply when sorghum is 6 to 15 inches talL H sorghum
is taller than 8 inches to top of the canopy, use drop
nozzles and keep spray off the foliage. Do not
treat during the boot, flowering or dough
stage.

RICE, SUGARCANE, FALLOWLAND AND CROP STUBBLE

CROP

AMOUNT OF WEEDAR®
64 PER ACRE

DIRECTIONS

Rice

1 to 2 1/2 pints

Apply when rice is in the late tillering stage of
development at the time of first joint development. Do
not apply after panicle initiation, after rice internodes
exceed one-half inch, at earty seedling, early panicle,
boot or heading stages. Consult local university or
Agricultural Extension Service specialists for more
soecific information on rates and timing of aoplication.

Sugarcane

Preemergence

Postemeraence

4 pints

1 1/2 to 2 oints

Apply before canes appear for control of emerged
broadieaf weeds. Apply after cane emerges and
through lay-by. DO NOT USE IN CALIFORNIA.

Fallowland and Crop Stubble
Annual broadieaf weeds

1 to 2 pints

Use the tower rate when weeds are small (2 to 3
inches tall) and actively growing. Use the higher rate
on older and drought-stressed plants.

Biennial broadieaf weeds

2 to 4 pints

Spray while musk thistles or other biennial species
are in the seedling to rosette stage and before flower
stalks become apparent. The lower rate can be used
in the spring during rosette stage. Use the highest
rate in the fall or after flower stalks have developed.

Perennial broadieaf weeds

2 to 6 pints

Spray weed in the bud to bloom stage or while in good
vegetative growth. Do not disturb treated areas for at
least 2 weeks after treatment, or until tops are dead.

Wild garlic and onion in crop stubble

4 to 6 pints

Apply to new regrowth of wild garlic or onion which
occurs in the fall following harvest of small grains,
com or arain sorghum.

106

established grass pastures, rangeland, and conservation reserve*

PROGRAM AREAS

WEEDS

AMOUNT OF WEEDAR®
64 PER ACRE

DIRECTIONS

Annual broadleaf weeds

Biennial and perennial broadleaf
weeds

2 pints
2 to 4 pints

Apply when weeds are small and actively growing and
prior to bud stage. Spray while musk thistles or other
biennial species are in the seedling to rosette stage
and before flower stalks become apparent. The lower
rate can be used in the spring during rosette stage.
Use the highest rate in the fall or after flower stalks
have developed. Do not apply to newly seeded areas
until grass is well established. Do not apply to grass in
the early boot through milk stage if grass seed
production is desired. Bentgrass and legumes may be
injured by this treatment.

CONSERVATION RESERVE PROGRAM AREAS

WEEDS

AMOUNT OF WEEDAR® 64
PER ACRE

DIRECTIONS

Annual broadleaf weeds
in young grasses

In established grasses

1/2 to 1 pint
1/2 to 2 pints

Apply to actively growing annual broadleaf weeds.
Use 1/2 to 1 pint when weeds are small; use higher
rates on older weeds. Do not apply to young grasses
with fewer than 6 leaves or prior to tillering, as
excessive injury may result. Do not apply more than 1
pint until grasses are well established as excessive
injury may result.

Biennial and perennial broadleaf
weeds

In established grasses

2 to 4 pints

Treat when biennial weeds are in the seedling to
rosette stage and before flower stalks become
apparent Treat perennial weeds in the bud 10 bloom
stage. Apply to actively growing weeds.

GRASSES FOR SEED PRODUCTION

WEEDS

AMOUNT OF WEEDAR® 64
PER ACRE

DIRECTIONS

Annual and perennial broadleaf
weeds

2 to 4 pints

Apply to established stands in spring from tiller to
early boot stage. Do not spray in boot stage.
New spring seedings may be treated with the lower
rate after grass seedlings have at least 5 leaves.
Perennial weed regrowth may be treated in the fall. DO
NOT USE IN CALIFORNIA.

NON-CROPLAND

fencerows, roadsides, drainage ditches, golf courses, cemeteries,
parks, turfgrass, and other grass areas

WEEDS

AMOUNT OF WEEDAR® 64
PER ACRE

DIRECTIONS

Annual broadleaf weeds

Biennial and perennial broadleaf
weeds

2 to 4 pints
4 to 8 pints

Treat when weeds are young and actively growing.
Perennial weeds should be near the bud stage, but
not flowering at application. Do not use on susceptible
southern grasses such as St. Augustine. Do not
apply to newly seeded areas until grass is well
established. Bentgrass, clover, legumes and
dichondria may be injured by this treatment.

107

SPOT TREATMENT IN NON-CROP AREAS

Mix 2 to 3 fluid ounces of WEEDAR* 64 Broadleaf Herbicide in 3 gallons of water. Wet all weeds and stems thoroughly. For best results,
treat when weeds are actively growing.

FORESTRY - TREE INJECTION

For controlling species such as alder, aspen, birch, blackgum,
cherry, oak, sweetgum, and tulip poplar

Make injections as near to the root collar as possible, using one injection per inch of trunk dbh (4 1/2 feet). For resistant species such
as hickory, injections should overlap. For best results, injections should be made during the growing season. May 15th through
October 15th.

For Dilute Injection: Mix 1 gallon of WEEDAR® 64 Broadleaf Herbicide in 19 gallons of water for dilute injections.

For Concentrate Injections: Use 1 to 2 mi of concentrate WEEDAR® 64 Broadleaf Herbicide per injection. The injection bit must
penetrate the inner bark.

STONE FRUIT AND NUT ORCHARDS

WEEDS IN CROP

AMOUNT OF WEEDAR® 64
PER ACRE

DIRECTIONS

Annual broadleaf weeds

3 pints

For control of weeds on the orchard floor, apply using
coarse sprays and low pressure in suffident volume
of water to obtain thorough wetting of weeds. Treat
when weeds are small and actively growing. Do not
use on light, sandy soil. DO NOT USE IN
CALIFORNIA.

WEEDS AND BRUSH IRRIGATION CANAL DITCHBANKS
(Seventeen Western States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas,

Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon,

South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming).

For control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds, apply 1 to 2 quarts of WEEDAR® 64 Broadleaf Herbicide per acre in approximately
20 to 1 00 gallons per acre. Treat when weeds are young and actively growing before the bud or early bloom stage. For harder-to-control
weeds, a repeat spray after 3 to 4 weeks using the same rates may be needed for maximum results. Apply no more than two treatments
per season.

For woody brush and patches of perennial broadleaf weeds, mix 1 gallon of WEEDAR* 64 in 150 gallons of water. Wet foliage
thoroughly using about 1 gallon of solution per square rod.

SPRAYING INSTRUCTIONS

Apply with low pressure (10 to 40 psi) power spray equipment mounted on a truck, tractor, or boat. Apply while traveling upstream to
avoid accidental concentration of chemical into water. Spray when the air is fairly daim, 5 mph or less. Do not use on small canals (less
than 10 ds) where water will be used for drinking purposes.

Boom spraying onto water surface must be held to a minimum and no cross-stream spraying to opposite banks should be permitted.
When spraying shoreline weeds, allow no more than 2 foot overspray onto water with an average of less than 1 foot overspray to
prevent introduction of greater than negligible amounts of chemical into the water.

Do not allow dairy animals to graze on treated areas for at least 7 days after spraying. Water within treated banks should not be fished.

AQUATIC WEED CONTROL

For use In ponds, lakes, reservoirs, marshes, bayous, drainage ditches, canals, rivers and streams that are
quiescent or slow moving.

NOTICE TO APPUCATORS

State and Local Coordination: Before application, coordination and approval of local and state authorities may be required,
either by letter of agreement or issuance of speaal permits for such use.

Fish Toxlchy « Oxygen Ratio: Fish breathe oxygen in the water and a water • oxygen ratio must be maintained. Decaying weeds
use up oxygen. To avoid fish kill from decaying plant material do not treat more than one half the lake or pond at one time. For large
bodies of weed infested waters leave buffer strips of at least 100 feet wide and delay treatment of these strips for 4 to 5 weeks or unt9
the dead vegetation has decomposed.

Wind Velocity • Ground or Surface Application: Do not apply when wind speeds are at or above 10 mph. Air Application:
Do not apply when wind speeds are at or above 5 mph. The restrictions do not apply to subsurface applications used in weed control
programs.

■*- - — . ... u»tmw wwvivs au*r treatment unless an approved assay shows that the

water does not contain more than 0.1 ppm 2.4-D add. Do not treat irrigation ditches in areas where water will be used to overhead
sprinkler irrigate susceptible crops espedally grapes, tomatoes and cotton.

108

Potable Water: Delay the use ol treated water for domestic purposes for a period of three weeks or until such time ■»- ■»•—«•••*./*
— Kr).,.

Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipe) - Directions For Use

WEEDAR* 64 will control water hyacinth with surface and air applications.

Amounts to Use: 2 to 4 quarts (4 lb. acid equivalent per gallon) per acre. Spray the weed mass only. Use 4 quarts when plants
are matured or when the weed mass is dense.

When To Apply: Spray when water hyacinth plants are actively growing. Repeat as necessary to kill regrowth and hyacinth plants
missed in the previous operation.

How To Use - Surface Application: Use power sprayers operated with a boom or spray gun mounted on a boat, tractor or truck.
Thorough wetting of foliage is essential for maximum control. Use 100 to 400 galJA of spray mixture. Special precautions such as the
use of low pressure, large nozzles and thickening agents should be taken to avoid spray drift in areas of sensitive crops. For DIRECTA-
SPRA™ operation use WEEDAR* 64 with 1 pint of drift control agent in SO to 100 gallons of water. For other applications, follow the drift
control agent label for mixing directions. Air Application: Use drift control spray equipment or thickening agents mixed into the spray
solution. Apply 1 .0 gallon per acre of WEEDAR* 64 through standard boom systems with a minimum of 5 gallons of spray mix per acre.
For MICROFOIL* drift control spray systems, apply WEEDAR* 64 in 12 to 15 gallons spray mix per acre.

2.4-D Acid Equivalent 1/2 lb. Tib! 2 lbs. 3 lbs. 4 lbs.

WEEDAR* 64 1 pt. 2 pts. 2 qts. 3 qts. 4 qts.

Water Milfoil (Myrlophyllum spicatum) - Directions For Use

For Eurasian Water Milfoil in programs conducted by the Tennessee Valley Authority in dams and reservoirs of the TVA system.
WEEDAR* 64 will control water milfoil with surface, subsurface and air applications.

How To Use: To control water milfoil when less than 5 gallons of concentrate per acre is recommended, dilute the concentrate with
water to apply a minimum of 5 gallons of spray mix per acre. Do not treat within 1/2 mile of potable water intakes. ShoreGne areas should
be treated by sub-surface injection applied by boat to avoid aerial drift. Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from target
area. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment washwaters.

Open Water Areas: To reduce contamination ar.d prevent undo exposure to fish and other aquatic organism, do not treat water
areas that are not infested with aquatic weeds.

Amounts To Use: Apply 2.5 to 10 gallons of WEEDAR* 64 per acre. The higher rate is used in areas of greater water exchange.
These areas may require a repeat application.

When To Apply: For best results, apply in spring or early summer when milfoil starts to grow. This timing can be checked by sampling
the lake bottom in areas heavily infested with weeds the year before. .

Subsurface Application: Apply 2.5 to 10 gallons of WEEDAR* 64 per acre as a concentrate directly into the water through boat
mounted distribution systems.

Surface Application: Apply 2.5 to 10 gallons of WEEDAR* 64 per acre in a minimum spray volume of 5 gallons mix per acre.

Air Application: Use drift control spray equipment or thickening agents mixed into the spray solution. Apply 2.5 to 10 gallons per
acre of WEEDAR* 64 through standard boom systems with a minimum of 5 gallons of spray mix per acre. For MICROFOIL* drift control
spray systems apply WEEDAR* 64 in 12 to *.5 gallons spray mix per acre.

109

LIMITED WARRANTY AND DISCLAIMER

The manufacturer warrants that this product conforms to the chemical description on the label; that this product is reasonably fit for the
purposes set forth in the directions for use when it is used in accordance with such directions; and that the directions, warnings and
other statements on this label are based upon responsible experts’ evaluation of reasonable tests of effectiveness, of toxicity to
laboratory animals and to plants, and of residues on food crops, and upon reports of field experience. Tests have not been made on aU
varieties or in all states or under all conditions. THE MANUFACTURER NEITHER MAKES NCR INTENDS. NOR DOES IT AUTHORIZE
ANY AGENT OR REPRESENTATIVE TO MAKE ANY OTHER WARRANTIES. EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. AND rT EXPRESSLY EXCLUDES
AND DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FUN ESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE

THIS WARRANTY DOES NOT EXTEND TO, AND THE BUYER SHALL BE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR, ANY AND ALL LOSS OR
DAMAGE WHICH RESULTS FROM THE USE OF THIS PRODUCT IN ANY MANNER WHICH IS INCONSISTENT WITH THE LABEL
DIRECTIONS, WARNINGS OR CAUTIONS.

BUYER’S EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AND MANUFACTURER’S OR SELLER’S EXCLUSIVE LIABILITY FOR ANY AND ALL CLAIMS,
LOSSES. DAMAGES. OR INJURIES RESULTING FROM THE USE OR HANDLING OF THIS PRODUCT, WHETHER OR NOT BASED IN
CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE. STRICT LIABILITY IN TORT OR OTHERWISE SHALL BE LIMITED, AT THE MANUFACTURERS OPTION,
TO REPLACEMENT OF, OR THE REPAYMENT OF THE PURCHASE PRICE FOR THE QUANTITY OF PRODUCT WITH RESPECT TO
WHICH DAMAGES ARE CLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL MANUFACTURER OR SELLER BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECTOR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OR HANDLING OF THIS PRODUCT.

NOTICE TO BUYER

Purchase of this material does not confer any rights under patents governing this product or the use thereof in countries outside of the
United Sates.

THIS SPECIMEN LABEL IS INTENDED FOR USE ONLY AS A GUIDE IN PROVIDING GENERAL INFORMATION
REGARDING THE DIRECTIONS, WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF THIS
PRODUCT. AS WITH ANY AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL, ALWAYS FOLLOW THE LABEL INSTRUCTIONS ON THE
PACKAGE BEFORE USING.

Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company Form No. 93482

P.O. Box 12014, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive Printed USA • 9/91

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709

WEEDAR and MICROFOIL are registered trademarks of RHONE-POULENC.

Z linCCTA-SrrvA is a UdUwmar* or RnONc-rOuLcNC.

Cl 991 Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company EPA Approval: 6/24/91

Made in USA.

110

Environmental Assessment

Noxious Weed
Management Plan

Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks

Region Seven

August 1996

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES . . iii

LIST OF FIGURES v

1.0 THE PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Noxious Weeds on Region 7 Properties 2

1.2.1 The Setting and Current Conditions ...................... 2

1.2.2 Noxious Weed Treatment History 5

1.3 Noxious Weed Management Goals 12

1.4 Programs and Legal Framework Affecting Region 7’s Weed Plan 12

1.4.1 Wildlife Management Area Management Plans ............. 12

1.4.2 County Weed District 5-Year Plans 13

1.4.3 House Bill #395 13

1.4.4 Other Noxious Weed Management Plans ............ 13

1.4.5 Noxious Weed Trust Fund Environmental Impact Statement ... 14

1.4.6 Other Applicable Laws and Regulations 14

1.5 Decisions to be Made 14

1.6 Public Concerns and Issues . 15

2.0 TREATMENT METHODS AND ALTERNATIVES . 16

2.1 Treatment Methods 16

2.1.1 Chemical Methods 16

2.1.2 Non-chemical Methods 18

2.2 Description and Comparison of the Alternatives 18

2.2.1 Alternative 1: Status Quo 19

2.2.2 Alternative 2: Integrated Noxious Weed Management ....... 19

2.2.3 Alternative 3: Chemical Methods 20

2.2.4 Alternative 4: Non-Chemical Methods 20

23 The Preferred Alternative 21

2.4 Cumulative Effects and Irreversible or Irretrievable Commitments ..... 21

3.0 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL

IMPACTS ..... 22

3.1 Air Quality 28

3.1.1 Current Conditions 28

3.1.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts . 28

3.2 Soils and Geology 29

3.2.1 Current Conditions 29

3.2.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts 29

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued

Page

3.3 Groundwater 31

3.3.1 Current Conditions 31

3.3.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts 31

3.4 Surface Water 34

3.4.1 Current Conditions 34

3.4.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts 35

3.5 Fish and Wildlife 38

3.5.1 Current Conditions 38

3.5.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts 39

3.6 Vegetation 46

3.6.1 Current Conditions 46

3.6.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts 48

3.7 Recreation 50

3.7.1 Current Conditions 50

3.7.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts 51

3.8 Human Health 52

3.8.1 Current Conditions 52

3.8.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts 53

3.9 Cultural and Historic Resources 56

3.9.1 Current Conditions 56

3.9.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts 56

3* Environmental Review Criteria 58

4.0 SUMMARY 60

5.0 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS 63

6.0 REFERENCES 64

7.0 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Herbicide Efficacy on State-Declared Noxious Weed

Species Properties of Commonly Used Herbicides

APPENDIX B Fish and Wildlife Species Recorded in Latilongs

Corresponding with Department of Fish, Wildlife and
Parks Region 7

u

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Total expenditures by Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife
and Parks Region 7 for weed management on its Wildlife
Management Areas and on its Fishing Access Sites and State
Parks combined during fiscal years (July 1 - June 30) 1989 and
1994 . . 5

Table 2. Noxious weed species present and status on Department of
Fish, Wildlife and Parks Wildlife Management Areas in Region
7 6

Table 3. Noxious weed species present and status on Department of
Fish, Wildlife and Parks Fishing Access Sites in Region 7, by
drainage 7

Table 4. Noxious weed species present and status on Department of

Fish, Wildlife and Parks State Parks in Region 7 . 10

Table 5. Herbicides proposed for use on Department of Fish, Wildlife
and Parks Region 7 properties, registered trade name and
application rates on a per acre basis according to manufacturer
label recommendations. 16

Table 6. Summary of environmental impacts resulting from the

implementation of the Noxious Weed Management Plan
emphasizing Integrated Noxious Weed Management 22

Table 7. Maximum concentrations not to be exceeded in drinking water
for herbicides proposed for use by Department of Fish, Wildlife
and Parks in Region 7. Information provided by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Drinking
Water, 1990 37

Table 8. A partial list of fish and wildlife species in southeast

Montana 38

Table 9. Median lethal dose (LD^) for domestic animals expressed in
milligrams per kilogram for 7 herbicides proposed for use on
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Park properties in Region 7 ....... 41

m

LIST OF TABLES, continued

Table 10.

Table 11.

Table 12.

Page

Routine and extreme dose levels of 2,4-D and glyphosate
compared to the median lethal dose (LD^) for various animal
species. Table is adapted from the United States Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Northwest Area

Noxious Weed Control Program Final Environmental Impact
Statement, 1985 43

Plant species of concern on Department of Fish, Wildlife and
Parks properties in Region 7, as identified by the Montana
Natural Heritage Program, 1995 47

Summary and comparison of environmental impacts resulting

from the implementation of each Alternative 62

IV

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.

Page

Properties owned by or leased to the Department of Fish,

Wildlife and Parks in Region 7 3

v

1.0 THE PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION

1.1 Introduction

As mandated by the County Noxious Weed Control Act of 1979 (MCA 7-22-2115), "it is
unlawful for any person to permit any noxious weed to propagate or go to seed on his
land..." The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (DFWP) owns or leases
approximately 18,000 acres in southeast Montana. Administratively, this land area is known
as Region 7. DFWP proposes to manage noxious weeds on its properties in Region 7 by
implementing a Noxious Weed Management Plan (Plan) (1996). The Plan outlines an
integrated approach to weed management and would be used to guide site-specific, weed
treatments beginning in the spring of 1996. The Plan would also be used to guide weed
treatments under cooperative weed management projects in which Region 7 may participate.

Overall direction for noxious weed management is provided by DFWP’s recently adopted
Mission statement (DFWP 1992):

"to provide for the stewardship of the fish, wildlife, parks and recreational
resources of Montana, while contributing to the quality of life for the present
and future generations."

The primary goal of the program continues to be that stated in a general DFWP weed
control policy adopted in 1983:

"to prevent to the extent feasible, the reproduction and distribution of
agriculturally undesirable plant species throughout department lands or from
department lands onto adjacent lands."

In accordance with the Montana Environmental Policy Act (MEPA), DFWP must examine
and identify potential impacts of its actions on the natural and human environments. This
Draft Environmental Assessment (EA) describes the direct, indirect, and cumulative effects
of the proposed implementation of the Plan which is based on the concept of Integrated
Noxious Weed Management. In addition, the EA presents alternatives to implementation
of the Plan and describes the potential direct, indirect, and cumulative effects of
implementation of these alternatives.

1

1.2 Noxious Weeds on Region 7 Properties
1.2.1 The Setting and Current Conditions

Exotic (non-native) weedy plants have been noted in Montana throughout this century. In
the past few decades, some species have become significant components of local vegetation
communities, actually dominating some sites. DFWP draws a distinction between "weedy"
species and "noxious" species. DFWP recognizes the value of some weed species (e.g.
common dandelion) to wildlife as food and/or cover. As declared in law, "noxious" weeds
are those species which are very aggressive and successful competitors for nutrients,
moisture, and space and thereby encroach into a vegetation community. Important factors
related to weed encroachment include proximity to water, site disturbance caused by humans
or some other agent, and seed dispersal. The Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact
Statement for the State of Montana’s Noxious Weed Trust Fund provides a discussion of the
origins of noxious weeds as well as the environmental and economic effects once they
become established (Montana Department of Agriculture [MDA] 1991).

DFWP Region 7 boundaries overlap portions of Big Horn, Carter, Custer, Dawson, Fallon,
Garfield, Prairie, Richland, Rosebud and Treasure Counties. Region 7 includes 10 Wildlife
Management Areas, 23 Fishing Access Sites, and 6 State Parks. On three Fishing Access
Sites, the DFWP leases acreage from other landowners who are responsible for
maintenance and weed control activities. Figure 1 illustrates the locations of DFWP
properties within the Region.

Wildlife Management Areas (WMA’s) are managed to meet the needs of wildlife, preserve
habitat, and provide recreational opportunities. Fishing Access Sites (FAS’s) provide public
access to high quality angling opportunities. State Parks (SP’s) preserve unique, natural,
cultural, historical, and recreational resources. Noxious weeds are present on all but a few
sites, the number of noxious weed species and the size and degree of infestation varies
considerably from site to site. Some patches consist of a few plants, while others are larger
and more dense. Tables 2, 3, and 4 summarize the status of noxious weeds on Region 7
properties.

Of the 15 State-declared noxious weed species, approximately seven occur on Region 7
properties. These are Canada thistle, Leafy spurge, Spotted knapweed, Russian knapweed,
Field bindweed, Dalmatian toadflax, and Purple loosestrife. Additionally, 11 species are
declared noxious by the counties which overlap DFWP Region 7 boundaries. These are
identified in the Plan. Some of these species occur on DFWP properties, with Common
burdock. Salt cedar and Black henbane being the most frequent.

2

a *s

Master Legend for Department Property

Fishing Access Sites

1. Diamond Willow

2. Sidney Bridge

3. Gartside Dam

4. Intake

5. Hollecker Pond

6. Johnson Reservoir

7. Fallon Bridge

8. Powder River Depot

9. Bonfield

10. Kinsey Bridge

11. Roche Juane

12. Far West

13. East Rosebud

14. West Rosebud

15. Amelia Island

16. Myers Bridge

17. South Sandstone

18. Twelve Mile Dam

19. Broadus Bridge

20. Rush Hall Reservoir

21. Culbertson Bridge

22. Little Powder River

Wildlife Management Areas

1. F Island

2. Seven Sisters

3. Elk Island

4. War Dance

5. Three Mile Island

6. Badlands

7. Fort Keogh Islands (2)

8. Howard Valley

9. Sanders

10. Issac Homestead

State Parks and Administrative Sites

1. Makoshika

2. Medicine Rocks

3. Pirogue Island

4. Miles City Fish Hatchery &
Region Seven Headquarters

5. Hell Creek

6. Rosebud Battlefield

7. Tongue River Reservoir

4

122 Noxious Weed Treatment History

Past weed management efforts on Region 7 properties have varied in method and intensity
based on the noxious weed species present and their abundance. Typically, herbicide
applications, mowing, and manual techniques (pulling or clipping) have been the primary
treatment methods. Biological control experiments have also been initiated, with the first
releases on Gartside Fishing Access in 1986. In 1989, biocontrol agents were released on
several FAS’s. In 1992, biocontrol agents were released at Intake Fishing Access. New
releases have been conducted at Makoshika State Park within the last few years. DFWP
has practiced an informal version of Integrated Noxious Weed Management since the
passage of the County Noxious Weed Control Act in 1979. Table 4 illustrates DFWP
Region 7 weed management expenditures for materials, personnel, and contracted services
during fiscal years 1989 and 1994.

Table 1. Total expenditures by Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
Region 7 for weed management on its Wildlife Management Areas and on its
Fishing Access Sites and State Parks combined during fiscal years (July 1 -
June 30) 1989 and 1994.

Property Type

Fiscal Year 1989

Fiscal Year 1994

Wildlife Management Areas

$4,500*

Unknown

Fishing Access Sites and

State Parks combined

$5,190*

$3,187*

1 Total includes personnel, contracted services, and materials.

5

Table 2. Noxious weed species present and status on Department of Fish,

Wildlife and Parks (DFWP) Wildlife Management Areas in Region 7.

MAP KEY
NUMBER

DFWP PROPERTY
NAME and ACREAGE

WEED SPECIES
PRESENT

WEED STATUS
SIZE1 DENSITY2

6

Badlands (2.3)

none

3

Elk Island
(1,208.5)

Canada thistle

3

LDB

Russian

knapweed

18

MD

Leafy spurge

1/8

LDA

Field bindweed

3

LDA

1

F Island (94.7)

none

7

Fort Keogh Islands
(79)

none

8

Howard Valley (.18)

none

10

Issac Homestead
(1,168.5)

Russian

knapweed

2

LDB

Canada thistle

5

MD

Poison hemlock

1/64

LDA

other weed
species

14

LDB

9

Sanders (.26)

none

2

Seven Sisters (635.3)

Leafy spurge

1/16

LDA

Canada thistle

2

LDB

Field bindweed

2

LDA

5

Three Mile Island
(8.1)

none

4

War Dance (11.5)

none

1 Size - page 11

2 Density - page 11

6

Table 3. Noxious weed species present and status on Department of Fish, Wildlife and
Parks (DFWP) Fishing Access Sites in Region 7, by drainage.

MAP KEY
NUMBER

DFWP PROPERTY
NAME and ACREAGE

WEED SPECIES
PRESENT

WEED STATUS
SIZE1 DENSITY2

YELLOWSTONE RIVER DRAINAGE

16

Meyer’s Bridge (15)

Russian

knapweed

1/8

LDA

Canada thistle

1/4

LDA

other weed
species

1/4

LDA

15

Amelia Island
(238.8)

other weed
species

1/4

LDA

14

Rosebud, West (8.6)

Canada thistle

1/4

MD

Russian

knapweed

1/64

VLD

13

Rosebud, East (29)

Canada thistle

1/64

LDA

other weed
species

.5

LDA

12

Far West (32.8)

other weed
species

1/64

VLD

11

Roche Juane (1)

other weed
species

1/16

LDA

10

Kinsey Bridge (27.7)

Purple

loosestrife

1/4

MD

Field bindweed

1/16

LDA

Leafy spurge

1/16

LDB

other weed
species

1/2

LDA

7

Table 3. (cont.)

MAP KEY
NUMBER

DFWP PROPERTY
NAME and ACREAGE

WEED SPECIES
PRESENT

WEED SPECIES
SIZE* DENSITY2

YELLOWSTONE RIVER DRAINAGE (cont.)

9

Bonfield (58)

other weed
species

1/8

LDA

7

Fallon Bridge (5.34)

Leafy spurge

2

LDB

Canada thistle

1/16

LDA

other weed
species

1/16

HD

4

Intake (52.6)

Leafy spurge

3

LDA

2

Sidney Bridge (3.3)
(site acquired, not
developed as of
plan date)

unknown

1

Diamond Willow
(100)

Canada thistle

3

LDB

Field bindweed

3

LDA

POWDER RIVER DRAINAGE

22

Little Powder River (40)
leased, owner
responsible for
weed control

unknown

19

Broadus Bridge (2.9)

unknown

8

Powder River Depot
(2.4)

Leafy spurge

1.2

LDB

TONGUE RIVER DRAINAGE

18

12 Mile Dam
(26.3)

Canada thistle

1/4

LDB

other weed
species

1/8

LDA

8

Table 3. (cont.)

MAP KEY
NUMBER

DFYVP PROPERTY
NAME and ACREAGE

WEED SPECIES
PRESENT

WEED SPECIES
SIZE1 DENSITY2

PONDS AND RESERVOIR’S

3

Gartside Dam (160)

Canada thistle

1

MD

5

Hollecker Pond (24.4)
leased, owner
responsible
for weed control

Canada thistle

1/4

VLD

6

Johnson Reservoir
(60)

other weed
species

1/16

LDA

Canada thistle

1

LDA

20

Rush Hall Reservoir
(24.8)

leased, owner
responsible
for weed control

Canada thistle
Leafy spurge

17

South Sandstone
Reservoir
(360)

Canada thistle

1/32

LDA

Field bindweed

1/32

LDA

Spotted

knapweed

1/64

VLD

1 Size - page 11

2 Density - page 11

9

Table 4 Noxious weed species present and status on Department of Fish, Wildlife and
Parks (DFWP) State Parks in Region 7.

MAP KEY
NUMBER

DFWP PROPERTY
NAME and ACREAGE

WEED SPECIES
PRESENT

WEED SPECIES
SIZE1 DENSITY2

5

Hell Creek (260)

Canada thistle

1/4

HD

other weed
species

1/16

LDA

1

Makoshika (8832.4)

Leafy spurge

15

MD

Canada thistle

1

MD

other weed
species

12

LDA

2

Medicine Rocks
(320)

Canada thistle

1/4

MD

other weed
species

1/4

LDA

3

Pirogue Island
(2103)

Leafy spurge

5

MD

Canada thistle

2

LDA

other weed
species

.5

LDB

6

Rosebud Battlefield
(3052)

Spotted

knapweed

1/8

LDB

Dalmation

toadflax

1/16

LDA

Common burdock

30

LDA

Canada thistle

30

LDB

other weed
species

33

LDB

7

Tongue River
Reservoir (641.8)

other weed
species

1/8

LDA

4

Miles City

Fish Hatchery (245.6)

other weed
species

5

LDB

4

Region Seven
Administrative Sites
(7.6)

none

1 Size - page 11

2 Density - page 11

10

1

SIZE: total acres or partial acres for each species, respectively:

1 acre = 43,560 ft2 (200’ x 200’)
1/2 acre = 21,780 ft2
1/4 acre = 10,890 ft2 (100’ x 100’)
1/8 acre = 5,445 ft2

1/16 acre = 2,722 ft2 (50’ x 50’)

1/32 acre = 1,361 ft2

1/64 acre = 680 ft2 (25’ x 25’)

< 1/64 acre estimation in square feet

4 ______

DENSITY: number of weed stems in the population, respectively:

VLD: very low density — one or a few individual plants, accounting for a very small proportion
of the vegetative ground cover; native species well represented

LDA: low density - A - individual plants clumped in small areas, accounting for a small
proportion of the vegetative ground cover; native species well represented

LDB: low density - B — individual plants scattered throughout site, accounting for a small
proportion of the vegetative ground cover; native species well represented

MD: moderate density - individual plants numerous, accounting for a moderate proportion
of the vegetative ground cover; native species present

HD: high density -individual plants abundant, accounting for a high proportion of the ground
cover; native species present, but not well represented

VHD: very high density -individual plants very abundant, accounting for almost all of the
vegetative ground cover; native species almost absent

11

13 Noxious Weed Management Goals

Region 7’s noxious weed management goals are derived from statutory requirements, DFWP
policies, as well as ecological considerations. They are to:

• Meet legal requirements (including the County Noxious Weed Control Act and the
Montana Environmental Policy Act) to manage plants declared as noxious weeds by
the State and by the Big Horn, Carter, Custer, Dawson, Fallon, Garfield, Prairie,
Richland, Rosebud and Treasure county weed boards.

• Develop and implement an integrated approach to noxious weed management and
a strategy to prioritize treatment areas.

• Attempt to contain, reduce or eradicate weed populations depending on the location
and status of the population.

• Prevent the introduction and establishment of new noxious weed species to the extent
feasible.

• Work cooperatively with adjacent landowners and the County Weed Boards to enable
consistent and sound weed management efforts.

• Conduct treatments in an ecologically responsible manner to maintain fish, wildlife,
and vegetation resources and protect human health and safety.

• Involve the public in the planning process.

1.4 Programs and Legal Framework Affecting Region Ts Weed Plan

DFWP Region 7’s implementation of its Plan is subject to the policies and programs of this
and other agencies, as well as to state and federal laws. These are briefly discussed below.

1.4.1 Wildlife Management Area Plans

Site specific integrated resource management plans for the WMA’s are in various stages of
development and/or revision. These plans detail management objectives, current conditions,
and strategies to meet desired future conditions. Noxious weed management is an element
of these plans. Region 7’s Plan identifies goals and treatment strategies for each WMA
which are consistent with each Area Management Plan.

12

1«4 2 County Weed District 5-Year Plans

The County Noxious Weed Control Act provides for the creation of County Weed Districts
and a County Weed Board to implement noxious weed control programs within their
respective counties. The Board is responsible for preparing a Plan which identifies noxious
weeds requiring treatment in that county (including those county-declared species) and
outlines procedures for control actions. DFWP is obliged to consult these plans. Also, the
DFWP is committed to coordinating with local County Weed Boards. The kind of activities
that typically require interagency coordination include release of biocontrol agents and "War
on Weeds" community projects which are implemented with funds approved through the
State’s Noxious Weed Trust Fund Grant Program. Furthermore, DFWP has contracted with
County Weed Districts over the years to conduct herbicide applications on some of its
properties. Contracting will likely continue in the future, subject to a particular District
having the time and personnel resources to accept such contracts.

1.43 95 MT Legislature’s House Bill #395

This Plan has also been prepared in anticipation of the encouragement state agency weed
control efforts will receive from the 1995 Montana Legislature’s House Bill #395 (MCA 7-
22-2151). The measure, in a broad sense, requires state agencies to enter into cooperative
agreements with local weed district boards for the purpose of integrated noxious weed
management on state lands. The measure also requires agencies to formulate 6 year weed
management plans for lands administered by each agency. The DFWP R-7 Weed
Management Plan will serve as the "umbrella" document for R-7’s cooperative agreements
and 6 year plans under (MCA 7-22-2151). This Plan and accompanying Environmental
Assessment (EA) will provide the guidelines and objectives for weed control management,
including treatments selected in the 6 year plans.

1.4.4 Other Noxious Weed Management Plans

The Montana Department of Transportation is developing a weed plan. This plan would
have bearing on Region 7’s program if road reconstruction activities occurred or if weed
management efforts were completed on state highways that border Region 7 lands.

Noxious weed management on DFWP properties will be affected by the weed management
activities of its neighbors. Some DFWP properties in Region 7 are bordered by the Bureau
of Land Management (BLM). The BLM completed an Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS) on noxious weed control in 1985.

DFWP Region 5, bordering Region 7 to the west, has already completed its Management
Plan and EA process. Region 6, bordering Region 7 to the north, is in the process of
developing a weed management plan.

13

1.4.5 Noxious Weed Trust Fund Environmental Impact Statement

The Montana Department of Agriculture completed an EIS on the State’s Noxious Weed
Trust Fund Grants Program. If DFWP were to participate in any grant program, either as
a sponsor or as a cooperator, DFWP’s activities would be subject to the particulars of that
document which include environmental review of proposed actions by MDA and fulfilling
grant application requirements.

1.4.6 Other Applicable Laws and Regulations

• Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (P.L. 92-516, FIFRA) and Code of
Federal Regulations 40 CFR (Part 171).

• Montana Environmental Policy Act (MCA 75-1-101 etseq.) and rules (ARM 12.2.401
et seq.).

• Montana Weed Control Act (MCA 80-7-801 et seq.).

• Montana Water Quality Act (MCA 75-5-101 et seq.).

• Montana Agricultural Chemical Groundwater Protection Act (MCA 80-15-100 et
seq. ).

• Montana Pesticides Act (MCA 80-8-801 et seq.).

1.5 Decisions to be Made

In accordance with MEPA, this Draft Environmental Assessment identifies potential impacts
on the natural and human environment that may result from the proposed action,
implementation of the Noxious Weed Management Plan (based on the concept of Integrated
Noxious Weed Management) or from the implementation of one of the reasonable
Alternatives. It should provide the Region 7 Supervisor (decision maker) with adequate
information to determine whether or not significant impacts would occur if the proposed
action were to be implemented.

The Regional Supervisor must decide whether to continue to manage noxious weeds in the
same manner and to the same extent as in the past (Status Quo Alternative), to accept one
of the other three Alternatives presented in this document, or to accept one of the
Alternatives with changes such as mitigation measures.

Once an Alternative is selected, the Regional Supervisor will decide whether or not the
proposed action will have significant adverse impacts on the human and natural
environments. If no significant adverse impacts would result, then the final EA will state
the reasons for this finding and that the EA is the appropriate level of analysis. The Plan,

14

revised to incorporate findings of the EA, would be implemented. Also, these findings
would be articulated in the Decision Notice which completes the EA process. If impacts
are judged to be significant, an EIS may be completed to further investigate the proposed
action.

1.6 Public Concerns and Issues

Region 7 is the sixth out of eight DFWP regions to produce a region-wide weed
management plan and environmental assessment. In an attempt to address some concerns
prior to the public comment period for Region 7’s draft documents, the following issues
have been distilled from comment opportunities, public meetings and scoping sessions in
other regions:

• What weed treatment methods does DFWP propose to use? How will these methods
affect the natural and human environment?

• Herbicide use can have negative impacts if handled improperly or used in sensitive
areas. What are the potential impacts to resources such as air, groundwater, surface
water, fisheries, wildlife, wildlife habitat, and native plant communities? What are the
potential impacts to recreationists and DFWP employees?

• Certain weed species have become established on Region 7 lands, while others have
not. How will DFWP Region 7 prioritize treatment activities?

• The noxious weed problem does not stop at DFWP property boundaries. How will
DFWP address weed problems on adjacent lands? How will DFWP work with other
interested parties such as County Weed Boards, state and federal agencies, adjacent
landowners, lessees, and volunteer groups?

• Poor land management practices such as those which extensively disturb the ground
and soil surface facilitate noxious weed establishment. How will the DFWP monitor
and modify these activities to curtail the spread of noxious weeds on its properties?

• Public education and awareness about noxious weeds and their management are very
important. What role will DFWP have in public awareness? Also, what involvement
will the public have in management decisions?

These issues are addressed herein, and the draft plan and environmental assessment will be
publicized and made available for a 30-day public review and comment period. The
documents will be available at FWP headquarters and regional offices, as well as at county
libraries and weed district offices in the affected counties. If there is a significant amount
of concern or opposition to the proposed alternative during the comment period, a public
meeting will be held to hear and address any concerns. Following the review period, a
Decision Notice will be issued incorporating comments and revisions.

15

2.0 TREATMENT METHODS AND ALTERNATIVES

2.1 Treatment Methods

The noxious weed management goals of DFWP are to attempt to prevent the introductions
of new noxious weed species and to discourage the spread of established species on DFWP
properties. In discussing how to meet these goals, DFWP distinguishes between chemical
and non-chemical treatment methods. These categories are outlined below. Various
combinations of these methods are incorporated into the Alternatives which will be
discussed subsequently.

2.1.1 Chemical Methods

Chemical treatment methods involve the use of herbicides to kill weeds directly or the
application of soil sterilants which prevent the germination of noxious weed seeds. Over the
past half-century, chemical herbicides have been developed to treat a variety of weed
species. While the benefits of chemical methods include efficacy and low cost, there are
valid concerns about any application of chemicals to the landscape.

The herbicides 2,4-D, picloram, glyphosate, and clopyralid are proposed for use on Region
7 lands. These herbicides may be used alone or in combination as recommended by label
directions. Table 5 lists the chemicals and formulations proposed for use. Appendix A
summarizes herbicide properties and lists the target noxious weed species and the efficacy
of herbicide treatments. Other herbicides, which have been approved by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and licensed for use in Montana, may be
considered in the future as they become available.

Table 5. Herbicides proposed for use on Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
Region 7 properties, registered trade name, and application rates on a per
acre basis according to manufacturer label recommendations.

Common Chemical Name
2,4-D amine
picloram
glyphosate
clopyralid
clopyralid
clopyralid + 2,4-D
2,4-D ester

Registered Trade Name
Weedar 64, various
Tordon 22K
Ruler
Stinger
Transline
Curtail

Hi-Dep, various

Application Rates

1- 3 quarts

1 pint - 2 quarts
16 ounces - 4 quarts
1/4 - 1 1/3 pints
1/4-1 1/3 pints

2- 2 2/3 pints

1-3 quarts

16

The use of herbicides would depend on the treatment objective, season of application, stage
of plant growth, topography, species present, effectiveness of treatment, equipment
limitations, and potential environmental impacts. Herbicide and application rate selection
would depend on the target species, other vegetation present, presence of sensitive plant or
animal species, soil type, presence of surface waters, wetlands, shallow groundwater or
groundwater recharge areas, and proximity to human habitation or use sites. Appendix H
in the Plan contains label instructions of each herbicide proposed for use.

Herbicides would always be applied according to manufacturer label directions, regardless
of what Alternative is selected. Changes in application rates, recommended by research
institutions, would be considered if these rates do not exceed label directions. Chemical
applications would be supervised or conducted by licensed applicators and in compliance
with Federal requirements.

Aerial applications of herbicide are not proposed for the property groups under this Plan.
This is due to the small size and presence of surface water at the majority of the properties
and the desired protection of recreation site values such as non-target vegetation, (for
example cottonwood, Ponderosa pine and juniper trees and a multitude of shrub and forb
species). Another significant consideration is the presence of plant species of special
concern on a number of the properties.

Vehicle-mounted sprayer (hand gun or boom) applications will be used primarily in open
areas that are readily accessible by vehicle. Boom sprayers, which are fixed, provide less
flexibility and would be used only where feasible to treat concentrated weed patches. The
hand gun would be used for spot treatment of weeds. Spot treatments would be selected
over broadcast methods. Regardless of spray method used, sprays would be applied in a
manner that gives the best possible coverage with the least amount of drift. Hand
applications would utilize backpack spraying and wiper application. Backpack sprayers
would be used on small or scattered patches in rough terrain or environmentally sensitive
areas. Contact systemic herbicides, such as glyphosate, would be used to treat individual
plants or for seed bed preparation.

Precautions for use would include:

• During application periods, weather conditions (including forecasted precipitation
events) and temperatures would be monitored by contractors and weed management
personnel.

• Calibration checks would be conducted, when feasible, to ensure that equipment is
functioning correctly.

• Label requirements would be followed for all herbicide applications; further
precautions may be determined to be necessary during the pre-treatment review
process.

17

2.12 Non-Chemical Methods

Manual methods involve grubbing or topping with hand tools and hand-pulling. These
methods may effectively eradicate annual or biennial weed species in small or sparse
populations, primarily by preventing seed production and distribution as long as treatment
occurred prior to seed ripe. Annual re-treatment is required. Because these methods are
labor intensive, their application would be limited primarily to environmentally or culturally
sensitive areas and very small populations.

Cultural methods include mowing, tilling, reseeding, grazing, and other agricultural
techniques. These methods may effectively reduce some noxious weed species, although
implementation is often limited by topography and access. These methods can be costly and
time consuming. Furthermore, disruption of the soil surface may create new microsites
vulnerable to noxious weed encroachment. Burning, as a weed treatment method by itself,
is generally of limited effectiveness.

Biological methods describe the introductions of host-specific natural enemies (insects or
pathogens) on individual plants within a noxious weed population. Biological control agents
can effectively stress noxious weeds and reduce seed production and viability. Use of
biocontrol agents would not eliminate the species but can reduce the population to a
tolerable level, particularly when used in combination with other treatment methods.
Biological control may be the only method possible in some areas. These areas may include
those that are inaccessible to mowers or where other treatment methods are not possible
or cost effective to implement. Initial acquisition costs of biocontrol agents are high.
However, as populations establish themselves on a site, insects can be collected and released
to other sites.

2.2 Description and Comparison of the Alternatives

Four Alternatives for noxious weed management were considered. They are: Status Quo,
Integrated Noxious Weed Management, Chemical Methods, and Non-Chemical Methods.
The MEPA requires the consideration of a "No Action" alternative in which the proposed
action (management of noxious weeds in this case) does not take place. However, under
the County Noxious Weed Control Act, DFWP is legally required to manage noxious weeds
on its properties, as any other landowner in Montana. Thus, the "No Action" alternative is
not meaningful in the context of noxious weeds and will not be considered per se. Instead,
DFWP will consider the implementation of a "Status Quo" Alternative in which there is no
change in the current management program. Four Alternatives for noxious weed
management are described below. Each Alternative incorporates some or all of the
treatment methods available: manual, cultural, biological, and chemical. However, each
Alternative, in emphasizing a different method(s), would have different potential impacts
to air quality, soils, water quality, wildlife/fisheries, vegetation, recreation, human health,
and cultural/historic resources. Chapter 3.0 discloses these impacts.

18

2.2.1 Alternative 1 (Status Quo)

Under Alternative 1 (Status Quo), noxious weed management would continue along the
course set over the past several years. Previous weed treatment activities in Region 7
included an emphasis on chemical methods, with some use of manual, cultural, and
biological methods. Under this Alternative, no particular effort to integrate noxious weed
management with other resource management programs would be made, nor would we plan
a coordinated effort to manage noxious weeds. Field personnel would simply react to weed
outbreaks as they occurred. Under this Alternative, chemicals methods would still be
applied according to manufacturer label instructions, but the additional safeguards outlined
in the Noxious Weed Management Plan would not be implemented. Biological control
agents already introduced would run their courses, but insect populations would not be
supplemented or redistributed to any great degree. Periodic consultation with County Weed
Boards would occur but active participation in new, coordinated treatment initiatives or
public awareness programs would not.

If this Alternative is selected, then, noxious weeds would likely spread on and from Region
7 lands because this Alternative does not describe a proactive management strategy.
Weed-free areas would likely be encroached upon as noxious weed seed reserves build up
and species spread to ecological tolerance. This Alternative would not adequately protect
state resources nor would DFWP management goals and stewardship responsibilities be met.
The potential loss of wildlife forage, the change in vegetation communities, and decreases
of aesthetic quality would be significant.

2 22 Alternative 2 (Integrated Noxious Weed Management)

This Alternative calls for a program which integrates preventive measures with biological,
manual, cultural, and chemical treatment methods in a proactive fashion. The Plan details
this approach, defined as Integrated Noxious Weed Management. Its goal is the long-term
prevention and reduction of noxious weeds from DFWP properties, whether for established
populations or new ones. This approach permits consideration of and planning for other
resource management objectives.

Alternative 2 provides the best opportunity for long-term weed management with minimal
impact to the environment. The Plan promotes flexibility during the treatment design and
planning processes. It allows a variety of treatment methods to be used as site-specific
conditions warrant and incorporates many additional safeguards to ensure that other
resources are not adversely affected by noxious weed treatment. Herbicide use would still
present some risks, but they would be considerably less than those expected under other
Alternatives. If this Alternative is selected, prospects for long-term prevention and
reduction of noxious weeds on DFWP properties are good — while at the same time
preserving other resources.

19

2 23 Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods)

Chemical herbicides would be the primary treatment method except where there is a high
risk of environmental contamination or label directions preclude the use of herbicides.
Biological control agents (insects and pathogens) already introduced would be permitted to
run their course, but new introductions or re-distributions would not take place since
herbicides may limit the viability and success of biocontrol agents. Manual or cultural
treatment methods would not be considered. Measures to help prevent noxious weed
encroachment could still be implemented.

Under this Alternative, the risk of environmental contamination through chemical over-
application or accidental spill is highest, as is the chance of adversely affecting non-target
plant or animal species. This would not be due to willful misuse, but rather because the
total amount of chemicals used would be significantly higher under this Alternative than any
other. Cumulative effects of chemical applications may occur if adjacent landowners also
apply herbicides regularly. Ground and surface water and the associated resources would
be at greatest risk. Concerns for human health are the greatest under this Alternative.

If this Alternative is selected, prospects for long-term reduction are good because chemicals
are generally effective. However, chemical applications would be precluded in some settings
because of manufacturer label restrictions (e.g. riparian zones). Thus, noxious weeds would
persist in such settings. In general, the integrity of other resources can not be guaranteed
under this Alternative since the primary objective is the reduction of noxious weeds through
chemical methods.

2.2.4 Alternative 4 (Non-Chemical Methods)

Weed management emphasis would be toward containment of current weed populations.
This Alternative emphasizes manual, cultural, and biological control methods. Herbicides
would not be used, nor would DFWP Region 7 participate in cooperative programs which
use or emphasize herbicides. Biological control methods would be accentuated and new
pathogens would be introduced as they become available. Preventive methods that would
not require major new funding by Region 7 could be implemented.

If this Alternative is selected, prospects for long-term success would be good only in areas
where weeds patches are relatively small or well-confined and the rate of weed spread is
relatively slow. Biological control treatments would have some impact on rate of spread but
many researchers believe that more organisms (insects and pathogens) need to be developed
and introduced to make biological control an effective tool (Story 1989). Also, several
Region 7 properties are too small to sustain biocontrol organisms. In areas where
populations are large or weed plants are well established with a seed source, prospects for
long-term success under this Alternative are poor. The rate of spread will likely out-pace
treatment activities. Coordination with adjacent landowners would be essential for this
Alternative to be even marginally successful.

20

23 The Preferred Alternative

The preferred Alternative, Integrated Noxious Weed Management (INWM), is briefly
described below. The reader is referred to the Plan for a more detailed discussion. Some
elements of Alternative 2 are also incorporated under Alternatives 1, 3, and 4.

DFWP’s strategy is to employ the concept of INWM, as defined in the Plan. This concept
is a systems approach to reduce pest damage to tolerable levels. This strategy seeks to tailor
weed management activities to the treatment needs and site characteristics of a particular
weed patch. First, weed management and treatment priorities are established. Then,
treatment methods and techniques are selected, including natural predators and parasites,
environmental modifications, and herbicides when necessary and appropriate. This
approach allows the most flexibility for managing noxious weeds as site conditions change,
treatment techniques improve, and funding opportunities arise. This approach is consistent
with state law and the noxious weed plans developed by the counties.

2.4 Cumulative Effects and Irreversible or Irretrievable Commitments

In order to evaluate potential cumulative impacts to the environment, similar actions of
adjacent landowner, federal, state, and county weed control boards would need to be
considered. Of primary concern would be the potential cumulative effects on ground and
surface waters resulting from herbicide application. Without coordinated efforts
(communication, planning, and monitoring) contamination is possible.

The irreversible commitment of resources refers to the consumption or loss of resources that
cannot be reversed, except possibly in the extreme long term. In the broadest sense, none
of these Alternatives would result in the irreversible commitment of resources. However,
some rare plant populations could be lost if proper mitigation measures are not followed,
as would be the case under Alternatives 1, 3, and 4. Alternative 2 (INWM) is the only
Alternative requiring such safeguards as sensitive plant inventory prior to chemical or
cultural treatment activities.

The irretrievable commitment of resources refers to the consumption or loss of resources
for a short period of time such as 50 to 100 years. In the absence of all noxious weed
management activities, wildlife cover and forage, recreation values, and aesthetic values
could be irretrievably committed. Continuation of the current management direction
(Alternative 1, Status Quo) could result in the continued spread of noxious weeds and
further alteration of resources that DFWP is charged to maintain or enhance. Under
Alternatives 1, 3, and 4, some rare plant populations could be impacted by treatment
activities if proper mitigation measures are not followed. Only Alternative 2 (INWM)
includes safeguards and guidelines to prevent the irretrievable commitment of resources or
loss of rare plant populations.

21

3.0 THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND
ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

I

I

This chapter provides the basis for comparing the Alternatives presented in Chapter 2.
Based on the issues identified in Section 1.6, this section of the EA describes the natural
resources that may be affected by implementation of the preferred Alternative or one of the
other Alternatives. Potential impacts are addressed in two ways and analyzed in relation
to the treatment methods proposed under each Alternative. First they are discussed
generally for all Region 7 properties and for each Alternative because most impacts could
occur on any site. Secondly, site specific impacts are discussed where specific resources may
be negatively affected or where site conditions or characteristics may affect program
implementation. The impacts of allowing noxious weeds to spread are also addressed.
Table 6 summarizes the environmental impacts resulting from the selection of the preferred
Alternative, or implementation of the Plan which emphasizes the concept of Integrated
Noxious Weed Management.

Table 6. Summary of potential environmental impacts resulting from the
implementation of the Noxious Weed Management Plan, emphasizing the
concept of Integrated Noxious Weed Management

Unknown

None

Minor

Poten-

tially

Signifi-

cant

Can Impact
Be

Mitigated

1. LAND RESOURCES Will the proposed action result in:

a. Soil instability or changes in geologic substructures?

X

yes1

b. Disruption, displacement, erosion, compaction, moisture loss, or over-covering
of soil which would reduce productivity or fertility?

X

yes1

c. Destruction, covering or modification of any unique geologic or physical
features?

X

d. Changes in siltation, deposition or erosion patterns that may modify the channe
of a river or stream or the bed or shore of a lake?

X

e. Exposure of people or property to earthquakes, landslides, ground failure, or
other natural hazards?

X

22

Unknown

None

Minor

Poten-

tially

Signifi-

cant

Can Impact
Be

Mitigated

2. AIR Will the proposed action result in:

a. Emission of air pollutants or deterioration of ambient air quality? (also see
#13 (c)).

X

yes1

b. Creation of objectionable odors?

X

yes1

c. Alteration of air movement, moisture, or temperature patterns or any change in
climate, either locally or regionally?

X

d. Adverse effects on vegetation, including crops, due to increased emissions of
pollutants?

X

3. WATER Will the proposed action result in:

a. Discharge into surface water or any alteration of surface water quality,
including but not limited to temperature, dissolved oxygen or turbidity?

X

yes1

b. Changes in drainage patterns or the rate and amount of surface runoff?

X

i

yes

c, Alteration of the course or magnitude of flood water or other flows?

X

d. Changes in the amount of surface water in any water body or creation of a new
water body?

X

e. Exposure of people or property to water related hazards such as flooding?

X

f. Changes in the quality of ground water?

X

yes1

g. Changes in the quantity of ground water?

X

Increase in risk of contamination of surface or ground water?

X

l

yes

L Effects on any existing water right or reservation?

X

T

j. Effects on other water users as a result of any alteration in surface or ground
water quality?

X

yes1

k. Effects on other water users as a result of any alteration in surface or ground
water quantity?

X

Unknown

None

Minor

Poten-

tially

Signifi-

cant

Can Impact
Be

Mitigated

4. VEGETATION Will the proposed action result in:

a. Changes in the diversity, productivity or abundance of plant species (including
trees, shrubs, grass, crops, and aquatic plants)?

X

yes1

b. Alteration of a plant community?

X

' yes1

c. Adverse effects on any unique, rare, threatened, or endangered species?

X

yes1

d. Reduction in acreage or productivity of any agricultural land?

X

e. Establishment or spread of noxious weeds?

X

5. FISH/WILDLIFE Will the proposed action result in:

a. Deterioration of critical fish or wildlife habitat?

X

b. Changes in the diversity or abundance of game animals or bird species?

X

c. Changes in the diversity or abundance of nongame species?

X

d. Introduction of new species into an area?

X

e. Creation of a barrier to the migration or movement of animals?

X

f. Adverse effects on any unique, rare, threatened, or endangered species?

X

yes1

g. Increase in conditions that stress wildlife populations or limit abundance
(including harassment, legal or illegal harvest or other human activity)?

X

24

4 1

Unknown

None

Minor

Poten-

tially

Signifi-

cant

Can Impact
Be

Mitigated

6. NOISE/ELECTRICAL EFFECT Will the proposed action result in:

a. Increases in existing noise levels?

X

b. Exposure of people to severe or nuisance noise levels?

X

c. Creation of electrostatic or electromagnetic effects that could be detrimental to
human health or property?

X

d. Interference with radio or television reception and operation?

X

7. LAND USE Will the proposed action result in:

a. Alteration of or interference with the productivity or profitability of the existing
land use of an area?

X

b. Conflict with a designated natural area or area of unusual scientific or
educational importance?

X

c. Conflict with any existing land use whose presence would constrain or
potentially prohibit the proposed action?

X

d. Adverse effects on or relocation of residences?

.

X

8. RISK/HEALTH HAZARDS Will the proposed action involve:

a. Risk of an explosion or release of hazardous substances (including, but not
limited to, oil, pesticides, chemicals, or radiation) in the event of an accident or
other forms of disruption?

X

yes1

d. Affect an easting emergency response or emergency evacuation plan or create
a need for a new plan?

X

Creation of any human health hazard or potential hazard?

X

yes1

Unknown

None

Minor

Poten-

tially

Signifi-

cant

Can Impact
Be

Mitigated

9. COMMUNITY IMPACTS Will the proposed action result in:

a. Alteration of the location, distribution, density, or growth rate of the human
population of an area?

X

b. Alteration of the social structure of a community?

X

c. Alteration of the level or distribution of employment or community or personal
income?

X

d. Changes in industrial or commercial activity?

X

e. Changes in cultural diversity or uniqueness?

X

f. Increased traffic hazards or effects on existing transportation facilities or
patterns of movement of people and goods?

X

10. PUBLIC SERVICES/TAXES/UnLITIES

a. Will the proposed action have an effect upon or result in a need for new or
altered governmental services in any of the following areas: fire or police
protection, schools, parks/recreational facilities, roads or other public facility
maintenance, water supply, sewer or septic systems, solid waste disposal, health, oi
other governmental services? If any, specify:

X

b. Will the proposed action have an effect upon the local or state tax base and
revenues?

X

c. Will the proposed action result in a need for new facilities or substantial
alterations of any of the following utilities: Electric power, natural gas, other fuel
supply or distribution systems, or communications?

X

d. Will the proposed action result in increased use of any energy source?

X

26

Unknown

None

Minor

Poten-

tially

Signifi-

cant

Can Impact
Be

Mitigated

11. AESTHETICS/RECREATION Will the proposed action result in:

a. Alteration of any scenic vista or creation of an aesthetically offensive site or
effect that is open to public view?

X

yes1

b. Alteration of the aesthetic character of a community or neighborhood?

X

c. Alteration of the quality or quantity of recreational opportunities and settings?

x

yes1

12. CULTURAL/HISTORIC RESOURCES Will the proposed action result in:

a. Destruction or alteration of any site, structure or object of prehistoric, historic,
or paleontological importance?

X

yes1

b Physical change that would affect unique cultural values?

X

yes1

c. Effects on existing religious or sacred uses of a site or area?

X

yes1

13. SUMMARY EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANCE

Does the proposed action, considered as a whole:

a. Have impacts that are individually limited, but cumulatively considerable? (A
project may result in impacts on two or more separate resources which create a
significant effect when considered together or in total.)

X

b. Involve potential risks or adverse effects which are uncertain but extremely
hazardous if they were to occur?

X

c. Potentially conflict with the substantive requirements of any local, state, or
federal law, regulation, standard or formal plan?

X

|d. Establish a precedent or likelihood that future actions with significant
environmental impacts will be proposed?

X

p. Generate substantial debate or controversy about the nature of the impacts that
would be created?

X

Mitigative measures outlined in the Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Noxious Weed Management Plan, Region 7 (1996).

27

3.1 Air Quality

3.1.1 Current Conditions

Air quality in Montana is regulated through the Federal Clean Air Act and the Montana
Clean Air Act. These laws establish ambient air quality and emission standards. Herbicides
themselves are not regulated under the Federal Clean Air Act. Air quality within Region
7 is generally very good. However, localized high winds may create localized high
particulate counts.

Other areas in southeast Montana have intermittent minor conditions that may cause
temporary pollution problems but are not persistent and do not exceed federal and state
standards.

3 .12 Analysis of Potential Impacts

General

Chemical treatment methods have the potential to affect air quality when chemical particles
are suspended in the atmosphere. Impact severity depends on the type of chemical, the
chemical concentration, and the duration of suspension. The drift of airborne spray particles
may adversely affect air quality depending on the size of the particle and wind conditions.
These effects are expected to be short-term.

Cultural treatment methods could temporarily increase dust levels if large areas were
mowed, tilled, or reseeded. Biological and manual methods would not affect air quality.
Overall, air quality would not be significantly affected by implementation of any of the
Alternatives. Under Alternative 1 (Status Quo), Alternative 2 (Integrated Noxious Weed
Management) and Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods), there would be short-term, minor
effects associated with chemical odors in the immediate vicinity of a spray site. Chemical
odors, resulting from a petroleum-based carrier medium in the herbicide, are released
during the application process and could be perceived as unpleasant or offensive. The
amount of chemical in the air would be elevated for only a short time. Additionally, some
spray particles would drift away from the' application location. Only Alternative 2
(Integrated Noxious Weed Management) minimizes these short-term impacts since
guidelines for chemical applications (beyond those included on manufacturer labels) are
included in the Plan. The Plan specifies that applications would be conducted when weather
conditions (wind speed and turbulence) are suitable, nozzles on spray equipment would be
adjusted to prevent aerosol dispersion, and herbicide formulations with relatively low
volatility would be used. Alternatives 2 (Integrated Noxious Weed Management) and 4
(Non-Chemical) may increase dust levels as a result of cultivation or other agricultural
practices which disrupt soils.

28

Site Specific Impacts

Region 7 properties that may be more significantly affected by changes in air quality would
include those sites used frequently by the public or DFWP employees. Examples include
Makoshika SP, Tongue River SP, and any of the FAS’s within a short drive of a major
population center. Determining when low public use periods occur (for example, time of
day or day of the week) at a particular site and restricting spray activities to those periods
would reduce the potential for impact. Private property owners with residences near DFWP
property boundaries may also be affected by chemical treatments.

3.2 Geology and Soils

32.1 Current Conditions

Southeast Montana has a diverse geologic history. The landscape has been shaped by
depositional, erosional, and glacial forces. As such, the geology and soils of the region are
highly variable. Soil profile characteristics vary widely. Soils may be coarse or fine textured,
falling into various classifications of sandy, silty, or clayey.

Some DFWP sites have soils that are wet much of the year or have a water table within five
feet of the surface. They are associated with rivers, lakes, reservoirs and depressions where
groundwater is near the surface, where "perched" water tables occur in clayey soils, or where
irrigation practices maintain an elevated water table.

322 Analysis of Potential Impacts

General

Soils could be adversely affected under all Alternatives. The nature and extent of these
impacts vary for each Alternative, depending on the method of noxious weed treatment
emphasized. Soil properties themselves may dictate the feasibility of certain treatment
methods.

Soil loss and reduced site productivity are the primary concerns with non-chemical treatment
methods. Cultural treatments such as mowing and livestock grazing may involve a certain
level of ground disturbance. This could reduce vegetative cover and expose the soil surface,
making it susceptible to wind and water erosion. These activities could also cause soil
compaction which would increase the potential for surface run-off as well as reduce the
infiltration of water necessary for revegetation. Tilling and reseeding may leave soils
temporarily exposed and more susceptible to erosion by wind and water or to subsequent
noxious weed encroachment. Manual treatment methods could also reduce vegetative cover,
with similar results. Biological methods are not expected to affect soils (BLM 1985).

29

Potential impacts to soils from chemical application include the accumulation of chemical
residues (loading), the alteration of soil flora and fauna, and an increase in salt content.
Soil contamination through loading is the primary concern with chemical treatment methods.
The magnitude of impacts depends on several properties related to both the herbicide and
the soil environment. Appendix A summarizes pertinent herbicide properties in soils.

Little is known of the consequences of chemical loading in Montana soils, although it’s most
likely to occur when persistent herbicides are used repeatedly (Sparks 1989). The
breakdown and movement of herbicides in soil is influenced by chemical, physical, and
microbial processes. By remaining in the soil environment, persistent herbicides can provide
residual weed treatment for up to five years depending on the soil conditions and the
herbicide. During that time there is the potential for herbicides to be transported within
and between soil layers. Watson et al. (1989) documented movement of picloram to
increased soil depth as application rate increased. Furthermore, 365 days after the
application, the chemical was still detectable.

Herbicides which target broadleaf plants tend to give a competitive advantage to grass
species. However, if grass populations are slow to recover, the soil surface may be exposed,
thus increasing the erosion potential. The litter layer created by dead plant material may
offset increased erosion risks by mitigating raindrop impact and promoting infiltration. No
evidence was found showing that herbicide use adversely affects soil organisms over the
long-term (Audus 1976).

Under Alternative 1 (Status Quo), chemical applications would continue at their current
intensity levels. Potential impacts would be those described above. The impacts may be
more pronounced under this Alternative because chemical applications would proceed
according to manufacturer label instructions without any additional safeguards, as would be
the case under Alternative 2 (INWM). Noxious weeds would likely continue to proliferate
and spread. Furthermore, if weeds become well established, a monoculture may result if
weeds out-compete all other species. This, in turn, would increase the exposure of soil
surfaces and cause an increase in soil erosion. (Rice et al. 1992).

Under Alternative 2 (INWM), the risk of soil contamination due to over-application of
herbicides would be greatly reduced because other treatment methods would also be used.
In addition, the concept of INWM tailors a treatment strategy to a particular site and its
noxious weed status; thus, chemicals would not be applied in marginal settings where label
instructions permit use but other resources values dictate otherwise. Under this Alternative,
all chemical treatments would take place under the guidelines presented in the Plan.
Impacts from manual and cultural methods would be related to alteration of vegetative
cover and exposure of the soil surface, as described above.

30

Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods) entails the management of noxious weeds through the
exclusive use of chemicals. The greater use of chemicals, especially those that are relatively
persistent (e.g. picloram), could lead to chemical loading and thus soil contamination. In
addition, since chemicals would be the only method of treatment, there would be a greater
risk of a chemical spill with the increased handling and transport under this Alternative.
If non-target species are affected to a significant degree, the overall reduction in vegetative
ground cover may increase exposure of the soil surface with the aforementioned potential
outcomes.

Alternative 4 (Non-Chemical Methods) would eliminate the potential for herbicide impacts
to soils. However, as discussed above, manual and cultural treatments may cause erosion
and productivity losses.

Site Specific

Increased erosion could occur on any DFWP site. Likewise chemical applications could
cause the impacts described above on any site. Impacts to soil resources would be most
pronounced on those sites where soils are fragile and/or not well-developed. All of the
Alternatives could lead to erosion or soil contamination. However, each Region 7 site
would be susceptible to erosion if noxious weeds are allowed to proliferate.

3 3 Groundwater

33.1 Current Conditions

Groundwater is an important resource. In addition to agriculture and commercial industries,
it is used for municipal and rural residential purposes. Across Montana, 96% of the public
water supplies are derived from groundwater (Montana Department of Health and
Environmental Sciences [DHES] 1992). Groundwater is also important because of its
interaction with surface waters through recharge areas. In fact, most perennial streams in
Montana are recharged by groundwater. Thus, maintaining groundwater purity is important
for many reasons. With localized exceptions, groundwater quality in Region 7 is good.

3 33 Analysis of Potential Impacts

General

Herbicides can impact groundwater through point source discharges (e.g. accidental spills,
uncontrolled releases during mixing, or releases at storage facilities). These impacts are
often more severe than those of non-point source discharges. Deluca et al. (1989)
documented contamination of domestic water supplies from point source discharges.

31

Non-point source releases of herbicides also have the potential to contaminate groundwater.
Seven pesticides have been detected in groundwater studies in Montana. Of the seven, only
2,4-D and picloram are proposed for use on DFWP Region 7 properties. Detection levels
for all seven pesticides were below established health protection levels (DHES 1992).
Leaching, one type of non-point source release, may result from either the one-time
application of a chemical unsuitable for the particular soil type or location or from the
repeated application of chemicals to specific areas (loading). Severed factors influence this
occurrence. These include the herbicide’s behavior in soil (i.e. persistence, mobility,
adsorption, and microbial degradation), soil properties (texture, permeability, organic matter
content, and depth), water solubility, depth to groundwater, and precipitation. Appendix A
summarizes general herbicide properties for the proposed active ingredients. A brief
summary of research findings to date for herbicides proposed for use on Region 7 properties
follows.

The half-life of a herbicide is the time required for half the amount of the active chemical
ingredients to become inert through degradation by natural processes. Half-life depends on
application rate and the environment to which the chemical is introduced. According to the
pesticides background statements put out by the U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA]
(1984), picloram can have a half-life of more than four years in arid regions and
approximately one month under conditions of moist soils with a high organic matter content.
This relatively long persistence in soil and a poor affinity to soil (Watson et al. 1989), could
result in leaching if picloram is applied to shallow groundwater areas (within 10 feet of the
surface) and/or highly permeable soils. Studies of various soil types indicate that picloram
is usually confined to the upper 1 foot (30 cm) when application rates are low (less than 1
lb/acre) (USDA 1984, Rice et al. 1992). However, at rates of 3 to 9 lb/acre, picloram can
readily move to depths greater than 3 feet (approximately 1 meter), even in relatively arid
regions. The Plan recommends the Tordon 22K* formulation of picloram, which suggests
rates of 1 lb/acre or less for broadleaf weeds on non-cropland, range, and pasture. Use
would be precluded on lands with water tables that reach to within 5 feet of the soil surface.

Lateral movement of picloram has been reported in soils (National Research Council of
Canada 1977). Also of concern are soils which are within 20 inches of bedrock. Soils
"saturated" with herbicide could potentially leach through to bedrock, migrate along the
bedrock surface, and arise downslope in off-target areas. Also, bedrock fissures could
become conduits moving herbicides to groundwater. The extent to which this could occur
is unknown.

Clopyralid persists for one to three months. Rice et al. (1992) found that clopyralid applied
at rates of < 1 lb/acre in bunchgrass communities did not persist for more than one year nor
was the herbicide detectable below 25 cm. Because its adsorption to soil is low, leaching
potential and mobility of clopyralid is high. The primary method of degradation is microbial
activity in the soil; photo degradation is insignificant (Colby et al. 1989).

32

With a persistence of one to four weeks, 2,4-D is rapidly degraded by soil microbial activity.
Photo degradation is minor. Since 2,4-D adsorption to soil is only moderate, it has a
relatively high mobility and a moderate leaching potential (BLM 1985).

Glyphosate persists for up to one month. Glyphosate is readily adsorbed by soils, but
microbial degradation of the chemical is slow. Leaching potential is low, but the potential
for surface run-off is high (Colby et al. 1989).

Under Alternative 1 (Status Quo), herbicide use would continue at current levels of
intensity. There would be a moderate risk for herbicide contamination of groundwater
because herbicides with moderate to high leaching potential (2,4-D, clopyralid, and
picloram) would still be used by DFWP. The additional safeguards proposed in the Plan,
however, would not be implemented. Biological control agents already introduced would
not affect groundwater sources.

Under Alternative 2 (INWM), there is the potential to contaminate groundwater because
herbicides with moderate to high leaching ability (picloram, 2,4-D, and clopyralid) would be
used. However, the chemical applications would be conducted as specified by guidelines
outlined in the Plan. The non-chemical treatment methods (cultural, biological, and
manual) incorporated into this Alternative would not impact groundwater.

Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods) emphasizes herbicide use. Because this Alternative
would increase the total volume of herbicides released into the environment, it presents the
greatest risk to groundwater resources. Herbicide use would be outright prohibited in a
number of settings because of the extent of sensitive groundwater areas, resulting in the
proliferation of noxious weeds at these sites.

Alternative 4 (Non-Chemical Methods) would not affect groundwater resources associated
with Region 3 properties.

Site Specific

To assess potential risks to groundwater on specific sites from chemicals, a procedure
originally developed for the Lewis & Clark County Conservation District could be used in
Region 7 (Lacey 1991). Risk of chemical contamination is determined for a site based on
depth to seasonal or permanent water table, soil permeability, organic matter content,
flooding hazard, and percent slope. A risk index based on these variables would be
calculated on a scale between 1 and 100 and divided into four categories or classes of risk.
Risk factors and classes would then be assigned to a soil map unit prepared by the Soil
Conservation Service. This procedure could be implemented in the future as soil mapping
is completed in the Region 7 area.

33

Due to the interplay between surface and groundwater and the high variability in soil
textures of river floodplains in southeast Montana, Fishing Access Sites would be of concern
as well. Furthermore, groundwater is used as a public drinking water supply on 5 DFWP
properties in Region 7. They are:

Tongue River SP Medicine Rocks SP

Makoshika SP South Sandstone Reservoir FAS

Intake FAS

Broadscale applications with high herbicide rates are not recommended on these sites.
Decreasing application frequencies and reducing the concentration of active ingredient in
herbicide formulations would also reduce contamination risks.

3.4 Surface Water

3.4.1 Current Conditions

Many of the properties administered by DFWP in Region 7 are associated with surface
waters and have high recreation values associated with them. Surface water quality in
Montana is regarded as generally good. This is also true in Region 7. Properties in Region
7 located on state classified waters are on the Yellowstone, Tongue, Powder and Missouri
Rivers. The Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers are classified B-3, the Tongue River B-2, and
the Powder River C-3. Waters classified as B-3 are suitable for drinking, culinary and food
processing purposes after conventional treatments. Waters classified as B-3 are suitable for
bathing, swimming and recreation; growth and propagation of non-salmonid fishes and
associated aquatic life, waterfowl and furbearers; and agricultural and industrial water
supply.

Waters classified as B-2 are similar to B-3, except they are marginally suitable for growth
and propagation of salmonid fishes. Waters classified as C-3 are unsuitable for growth and
propagation of salmonid fishes and only marginally suitable for other uses.

The Yellowstone, Missouri, Tongue, and Powder Rivers fully support the designated uses.
Infrequent departures do not affect designated uses. Several communities, including Miles
City and Glendive, utilize the Yellowstone River for community water supplies.

34

3.4.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts

General

There is public and agency concern for chemical contamination of the environment, in
general and water resources, in particular. Herbicides may reach surface waters through
non-point sources such as surface runoff, groundwater discharge, spray drift, and erosion of
soil containing herbicides. Point source releases may occur during cleaning, mixing or
loading activities or from accidental spills. One other avenue of water contamination stems
from the potential for cumulative impacts to surface water quality through repeated
chemical treatment of a particular site.

The potential for non-point source discharge of herbicides to surface waters is a function
of herbicide characteristics, application rate, soil type, slope, vegetation, the length of time
between application and rainfall, and the presence or absence of an untreated buffer
between the application site and surface water. Picloram and 2,4-D have both been
reported to enter surface water through runoff (MDA 1991). However, a study conducted
under field conditions by EPA measured runoff of picloram a short distance downstream
from the application site. The authors concluded that picloram does not present a serious
threat to surface water quality (Evans and Dvseja 1973). Because the characteristics of
clopyralid are similar to picloram, the runoff potential of clopyralid should be similar. The
chemical glyphosate strongly adsorbs to soil particles and would be unlikely to enter surface
waters through leaching. However, erosion of soil particles themselves to surface waters
may cause the introduction of glyphosate after a precipitation event.

Little surface water contamination due to herbicide run-off from treated areas would be
expected after major or minor storm events. After major storm events, instream dilution
rates would be greatly enhanced whereas, during a minor storm event, runoff would be
insufficient to mobilize any herbicides not bound to vegetation or soils. Sassman et al.
(1984) found that the highest potential for herbicide contamination via run-off occurred
when a moderate-sized storm event happened shortly after an area had been treated. In
these situations, they found as much as three percent of the chemical applied to the
watershed entered surface waters. However, in a highly porous, granitic watershed in
Montana Watson et al. (1989) was unable to detect any picloram in surface waters during
90 days of monitoring after application of 1 lb/acre of this herbicide.

Aerial drift has the lowest potential to cause measurable contamination of surface water.
At the application rates proposed, incidental drift into water bodies would result in very low,
usually undetectable, instream or in-lake concentrations of these substances. Furthermore,
if label instructions are followed and treatment areas are carefully planned with use of
buffer zones, even incidental drift into surface waters should not occur.

35

Point source discharge from accidental chemical spills pose the greatest risk to surface water
quality. The introduction of large quantities could contaminate drinking water supplies and
instream uses for several miles below the spill. But, even in this worst-case situation, surface
water contamination would be predominately short-term and acute rather than long-term.
This is because the herbicides planned for use by Region 7 are low to moderate in toxicity
and relatively short-lived in the environment.

All Federal and State laws and guidelines concerning the maintenance and enhancement of
water quality are applicable to DFWP. For example, as legal standards, the Federal Safe
Drinking Water Act establishes maximum contaminant levels for potentially toxic substances
in drinking water supplies (Table 7). The Environmental Protection Agency’s [EPA] Gold
Book provides additional protection guidelines for the health and welfare of aquatic life and
wildlife (EPA 1986). Revisions to and/or inclusion of new substances in EPA’s Gold Book
occur periodically.

Other weed treatment methods may affect surface water quality by increasing sediment
delivery to water courses. Intensive cultural treatments (e.g. tilling and reseeding) would
produce the highest volume of sediment eligible for transport to a surface water course.
Despite decreasing vegetative cover of a site, manual methods would not produce nearly as
much overland runoff and erosion as tilling because manual methods are usually limited to
very small populations whereas cultural methods are usually applied to a much larger land
area. Biological methods would not affect surface water quality.

Under Alternative 1 (Status Quo), existing treatment regimes would continue. Surface water
impacts would stem from the potential for chemical run-off from treated areas, accidental
spills, or aerial drift during application. These risks are discussed above. Additional
safeguards proposed under the Plan and embodied in Alternative 2 (INWM) would not be
implemented under Alternative 1. Biological control agents already introduced on some
properties would not impact surface waters.

Alternative 2 (INWM) attempts to minimize the environmental consequences of herbicide
treatments by diversifying weed treatment methods to incorporate non-chemical methods.
Where chemicals are applied, all precautions/restrictions proposed in the Plan which apply
to shallow groundwater areas will be implemented during treatments near surface waters.
For example, herbicide loading, mixing, and storage areas will be located at least 500 feet
from open water or shallow groundwater. If mixing and loading of chemicals were to occur
on site, open water would not be used for mixing to prevent contamination from back
siphoning. Chemicals would not be applied less than 50 feet from any surface water unless
a wick applicator is used. Picloram, the most persistent of the herbicides proposed for use,
will not be applied on the immediate banks of a water body, below the high water level of
a stream, or in identified sensitive groundwater areas. Biological, manual, and cultural
methods would not impact surface waters, although cultural methods may temporarily
increase sediment delivery to surface waters until vegetation has become established.

36

Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods) presents the highest probability of adversely impacting
surface waters. The potential impacts would be as described above. Because chemical
treatment is the only method proposed in this Alternative, the potential for accidental spills,
run-off from treated areas, or aerial drift to contaminate surface waters is heightened.

Alternative 4 (Non-Chemical Methods) presents the least risk to surface waters because
chemical treatment methods are not incorporated into this Alternative. There is the
potential, however, to increase sediment delivery to surface waters in the short term from
cultural treatment methods. Biological, manual, and cultural methods would not impact
surface waters, although cultural methods may temporarily increase sediment delivery to
surface waters until vegetation has become established.

Site Specific

Site specific impacts may occur on any property with surface water. Along with FAS’s,
WMA’s and SP’s also have perennial streams. In addition, those properties with surface
waters used by the public for boating or swimming could be impacted. For example,
Tongue River and Hell Creek State Parks are quite popular with the boating public in
southeast Montana.

Table 7. Maximum concentrations not to be exceeded in drinking water supplies for
herbicides proposed for use by Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks in
Region 3. Information provided by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water, 1990.

Compound
Formulation
Level Og/1)

Status of
Listing

Maximum Contaminant
Level 0*g/l)2

Drinking Water
Equivalent

clopyralid

no data available

no data available

2,4-D/amine

P1

70

400

glyphosate

P

700

4000

picloram

P

500

2000

1 P = proposed for listing

2 ^g/1 / parts Per billion

37

3.5 Fish and Wildlife

3.5.1 Current Conditions

Roughly corresponding with DFWP Region 7 boundaries, the southeast corner of Montana
embodies some of the richest and most diverse flora and fauna across Montana. There are
over 400 vertebrate species known to occur in latilongs 36, 37, 38, 39, 46, and 47, where a
latilong is a unit of land encompassed by one degree of latitude and one degree of
longitude. Appendix B, compiled from several sources as cited, lists the species that have
been documented in the latilongs corresponding with Region 7. Sue big game species, 71
other mammal species, over 280 bird species, 8 amphibian species, 10 reptile species, and
54 fish species are known to occur in this area (Elser et al. 1980). With some exception,
many of these species use Region 7’s properties for seasonal or year-round habitation.
Waterfowl, upland bird and big game hunting, wildlife viewing, and fishing are primary
recreational uses and management focuses of DFWP Region 7.

Table 8 presents a partial list of fish and wildlife species which occur in Region 7.

Table 8. A partial list of fish and wildlife species in southeast Montana.

Terrestrial

Raptors

Waterfowl

Upland Game Birds

Aquatic

White- tailed deer

Bald eagle1

Canada goose

Ring-necked pheasant

Shovelnose sturgeon

Mule deer

Golden eagle2

Mallard

Gray partridge

Paddlef ish2

Bighorn sheep

Peregrine falcon1

Pintai l

Sage grouse

Rainbow trout

Elk

Osprey

Shove ler

Sharp-tailed grouse

Brown trout

Antelope

Swainson's hawk

Gadwall

Turkey

Brook trout

Mink

Red- tailed hawk

Widgeon

Northern pike

Muskrat

Kestrel

Wood duck

Black bullhead

Beaver

Northern harrier

Green winged teal

Yellow bullhead

Weasel

Ferruginous hawk2

Blue winged teal

Channel catfish

Coyote

Rough- legged hawk

Great blue heron2

Burbot

Red fox

Cooper's hawk

Sandhill crane

Bluegill

Mountain lion
Bobcat

Sharp- shinned hawk

White pelican2
Canvasback
Scaup
Redhead

Small mouth bass
Largemouth bass
White crappie
Black crappie
Yellow perch
Sauger
Walleye

1 Species listed under the Federal Endangered Species Act.

2 Species of Special Concern, as identified by the Montana Natural Heritage Program.

38

3.5.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts

General

Fish

Region 7, as part of the Mission of DFWP, is charged with protecting and enhancing fish
and wildlife populations and their habitats. Fish populations suffer from the loss or
degradation of habitat caused by resource development or other human activities. One
threat to fish habitat is the impairment of water quality. Degradation of water quality may
directly impact fish populations by preventing the successful completion of a life history
stage. Indirect impacts on fishery resources result from negative effects on the aquatic
community at lower trophic levels such as vegetation or insects. Furthermore, indirect
impacts may result by obstructing the interplay between aquatic and terrestrial environments
as they may occur, for example, with loss of the riparian vegetation stabilizing a streambank.

Under Alternative 1, (Status Quo), the existing treatment regimes would remain in place.
Chemical treatments would continue at their current locations. Biocontrol agents would
persist, as well. This Alternative may impact fishery resources if chemicals are introduced
into surface waters. Introduction may result from leaching, accidental spill, aerial drift
during application, or as run-off from treated areas after a precipitation event. The
discussion of the potential impacts to surface waters summarizes these concerns. However,
once herbicides are introduced into surface waters, the toxicity to fish and other aquatic life
varies greatly depending upon the species in question, the chemical formulation, and
percentage of active ingredient. According to criteria established by the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (1980), none of the chemicals proposed for use by DFWP are highly toxic
to fish and aquatic life (i.e. having a lethal dose to 50% of those tested [LC50] less than 1.0
parts per million [ppm], where LC^ is the concentration of toxicant that is fatal to 50% of
the tested organisms over a specified time). Established populations of biocontrol agents
are not expected to impact fishery resources.

Under Alternative 2 (Integrated Noxious Weed Management), all methods of noxious weed
management may be utilized. The integrated approach will attempt to minimize impacts
to fishery resources from chemical treatment activities through implementation of the
guidelines contained in the Plan. The Plan further minimizes potential consequences to fish
by requiring that only the amine formulation of 2,4-D and the Rodeo® formulation of
glyphosate be applied near surface waters. Both of these herbicides have been shown to be
only slightly toxic to trout (i.e. having LG^ values ranging from 100 to 1000 ppm). Also,
these compounds readily adsorb to soils, which minimizes their mobilization into surface
waters, and they do not persist in the environment for long periods.

39

Cultural methods which disturb the soil surface (e.g. plowing) may result in short-term
increases in sediment delivery to a surface water until the site is revegetated. Increased
sediment delivery may impact fish populations because excessive sedimentation is negatively
correlated with salmonid spawning success and the survival of fish embryos. Manual and
biocontrol treatments methods likely would not increase sediment delivery or affect water
quality and would not impact fishery resources.

Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods), in emphasizing chemical treatment methods, has the
greatest potential to impact fishery resources. Direct impacts could occur if instream
concentrations of herbicides exceeded levels that are toxic to resident fish. Indirect
food-chain impacts could occur if in-stream levels become elevated enough to become toxic
to aquatic vegetation (particularly algae) or insects.

Because of its reliance on cultural, manual, and biological treatment methods, Alternative
4 (Non-Chemical Methods) has the greatest potential to increase sediment delivery to
surface waters. Since manual and biological methods are not as successful at keeping pace
with noxious weed seed production, cultural methods would likely comprise a large portion
of the treatment activities. Some cultural methods (e.g. plowing) may increase surface
runoff to surface waters, leading to increased sediment delivery which could affect spawning
success. However, since chemicals would not be used, potential chemical contamination of
surface waters would not be possible.

Wildlife

Wildlife populations also suffer from loss or degradation of habitat caused by resource
development or other human activities. In the context of noxious weeds, human-influenced
disturbance has affected wildlife habitat to the point that noxious weeds are encroaching
upon some vegetation communities. Encroaching non-native weed species can alter the
balance of structure and species composition in vegetation communities. Most native plant
communities provide wildlife with diverse, high quality food and cover resources which could
be reduced if vegetation communities become dominated by well-established noxious weeds.
However, noxious weed treatment activities may also have some negative consequences to
wildlife and wildlife habitat because vegetation is altered or removed. For example, a few
wildlife species benefit directly from the presence of noxious weeds. Some birds eat weed
seeds and others seek cover in dense weed patches. Small mammals have also been known
to use weed seeds as a food source.

Wildlife populations and habitats can be positively and negatively affected by all
Alternatives considered in this EA. Each Alternative includes some level of noxious weed
treatment. Diminished grass and forb production due to noxious weed encroachment and
proliferation may negatively affect habitats for many wildlife species during various seasons
of the year. But under all Alternatives, weed treatment activities could disturb wildlife using
an area. An indepth discussion of the positive and negative aspects of each Alternative
follows.

40

Under Alternative 1, (Status Quo), the current noxious weed treatments would continue.
Chemical applications would proceed and previously introduced biocontrol agents would
persist until they could no longer be sustained by the weed population or died of other
causes. Under this Alternative, weeds would likely flourish and expand their distributions.
The detrimental effects of noxious weed encroachment into wildlife habitat have already
been discussed. Since there would be some degree of chemical treatment activity, wildlife
could be directly or indirectly affected by chemicals introduced into the environment as a
result of weed management activities.

Chemical applications could affect wildlife directly through the ingestion of treated plants
or by dermal absorption if an animal came into contact with treated vegetation. If properly
applied, it is unlikely that any species would receive toxic doses of herbicides. However, in
cases where animals are directly sprayed or fed exclusively on sprayed vegetation, some
could receive toxic doses (BLM 1985). Toxicides of various chemicals considered for use
cover a wide range. Tests on domestic animals have shown that the LD50 (lethal dose to
50% of those tested) for 2,4-D is the lowest (most toxic) of pesticides considered in this
assessment (Tables 9 and 10). For cattle (or for comparison, elk) grazing immediately after
spraying 2,4-D at prescribed rates and only on sprayed vegetation, ingestion of the chemical
would only be about 20% of the LD50 (Lolo National Forest 1989). For dogs (or for
comparison, coyotes), ingestion of a large quantity of meat from an animal that has eaten
heavily on sprayed vegetation would result in less than 1/400 of the LD50. It is difficult to
extrapolate the level of effects on domestic animals to wildlife. Nonetheless, based on this
data, it appears that neither deer nor coyotes could ingest enough of any pesticide through
normal eating behavior to be fatal.

Table 9. Median lethal dose (LD^ for domestic animals expressed in milligrams

per kilogram for 3 herbicides proposed for use on Department of Fish,
Wildlife and Park properties in Region 7.

Species

Picloram

2,4-D

Glyphosate

Mouse

2,000-4,000

368

(Rat)

8,200

375

4,320

Dog

-

100

••

Cat

-

820

-

Chicken

6,000

541

15,000 no effect

(mallard)

>2,000

-

>2,000

Pigeon

-

668

-

Rabbit

2,000

424

3,800

Cow

540

100

-

(Mule deer)

-

400-800

-

1 The data in this table were taken from Lolo National Forest (1989); Sassman et al. (1984); USDA (1988).
The reader should consult those documents for thorough discussions of herbicide toxicity.

Data not available

41

Monnig (1988) demonstrated that warm-blooded animals, when fed high concentrations of
2,4-D, picloram, and glyphosate, excrete the chemicals rapidly and do not retain pesticides
in internal organs. Analysis performed for the final EIS on eradication of cannabis on
federal lands showed that most large animals cannot receive lethal doses of herbicides
(2,4-D or glyphosate) and that it is very unlikely, in even the most extreme dose cases, that
small animals (such as mice or toads) would die (Table 10) (BLM 1985). This table
demonstrates that in a worst-case situation, no listed animal would receive a dose greater
than 11% of its median lethal dose for 2,4-D or 1% for glyphosate (BLM 1985). Thus, it
seems that most wildlife species are not likely to be affected directly by ingestion of
herbicides or herbicide-treated vegetation. However, none of these studies considered the
possible impacts of chemical treatment in areas used for fawning, nesting, or rearing of
young. It is possible that young animals could be negatively affected through direct contact
with or ingestion of herbicide. To date, no evidence exists to support this speculation.

Bio-accumulation of contaminants in the food chain was of critical importance with the
now-banned insecticides DDT and DDE, particularly for sensitive species such as raptors.
It has been shown that herbicides proposed for use under the Plan are metabolized readily
and excreted by mammals. Glyphosate, 2,4-D, and picloram do not bio-accumulate in fish
and mammals (EPA 1983, 1986, 1988; USDA 1984). No evidence was found in the
literature to support bio-accumulation problems from clopyralid.

Indirectly, chemical applications, may negatively affect wildlife over the short-term by killing
native broadleaf plant species which are important sources of seasonal food and/or cover.
Depending on the rate of application, the size of the area treated and the techniques used
to apply herbicides, there can be losses of non-target vegetation important to wildlife species
(BLM 1985). While woody species, such as sagebrush and willows, are highly valued for
their uses by wildlife, they can be acutely affected by herbicides and the negative effects are
long-term. Currently, established biocontrol agents are not expected to impact wildlife
resources, either directly or indirectly.

Alternative 2 (INWM) combines manual, cultural, biological, and chemical treatment
methods. By using an integrated approach to weed management, areas critical to wildlife
populations during specific seasons could be treated at times or by techniques that would
have the fewest negative impacts. Careful application of herbicides in sensitive areas, in
conjunction with biological, manual, or cultural techniques, offers the best solutions for
preserving the native vegetation component of wildlife habitat and the integrity of wildlife
resources. In situations where woody species are important to wildlife management goals
(e.g. WMA’s), non-chemical methods will be emphasized such as lifting, pulling, walking
over rough terrain, and operating equipment that may result in extremity injuries. These
risks would be kept to a minimum if Occupational Safety and Health Administration work
practices and standards are followed.

42

Table 10,

Routine and extreme dose levels of 2,4-D and glyphosate compared to
the median lethal dose (LDjq) for various animal species. Table is
adapted from the Bureau of Land Management Northwest Area
Noxious Weed Control Program Final Environmental Impact
Statement, 1985.

Species

Routine

Extreme

Median Lethal

Case Dose

Case Dose

Dose LD5Q1

Lab Animal

2,4-D

Flicker

13.700

123.33

472 (T)

Pheasants

Dove

8.710

41.35

472 (T)

Pheasants

Jay

12.850

97.95

472 (T)

Pheasants

Kingfisher

0.017

0.42

472 (T)

Pheasants

Owl

7.930

23.63

472 (T)

Pheasants

Mouse

39.640

197.90

380 (BE)

Mouse

Rabbit

5.520

44.70

424 (BE)

Rabbit

Deer

1.140

13.76

400 (A)

Mule Deer

Fox

2.020

9.27

100 (A)

Dog

Toad

18.040

139.90

200 (M)

tadpole

Snake

19.820

59.10

200 (M)

Toad

Eggs

9.420

47.10

No adverse effects
at up to 35mg/k

Hen eggs

Glyphosate

Flicker

7.2100

64.90

4,640

Quail

Dove

4.5900

21.78

4,640

Quail

Jay

6.7600

51.51

4,640

Quail

Kingfisher

0.0087

0.22

4,640

Quail

Screech Owl

4.1700

12.44

4,640

Quail

Mouse

20.8600

104.20

4,000

Rat

Rabbit

2.9100

23.53

3,800

Rabbit

Deer

0.6000

7.22

3,800

Rabbit

Fox

1.0600

4.88

3,800

Rabbit

Toad

9.4900

73.65

2

Snake

10.4300

31.10

-

Bird Eggs

4.9600

24.78

-

1 Dose (mg/kg) lethal to 50% of those tested; BE = Butyl Ester, A = Acid, T = Technical, and M = Amine

2 No data available.

43

This approach integrates treatment techniques with natural resource values and assures that
the proper technique will be used in sensitive areas to minimize impacts to other resources,
including wildlife. The Plan’s management objective for wildlife is to "protect existing,
diverse wildlife habitats from encroachment by weeds, while ensuring that threatened,
endangered, rare, or unique species are not adversely affected by weed treatments". The
Plan lists several management guidelines which describe the inherent mitigative aspects.
These address specific and general approaches to treating sensitive areas that will be
determined and delineated for each project regardless of the treatment method.

Direct impacts to wildlife under Alternative 2, resulting from chemical applications, are the
same as those described for Alternative 1. Indirect impacts to wildlife, resulting from
chemical applications, would also be similar to those described above. Other indirect
impacts may result from temporary displacement because important seasonal vegetation may
be disturbed during non-chemical treatments, such as mowing.

The establishment of biocontrol agents is not expected to affect wildlife, either directly or
indirectly.

Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods), emphasizes chemical methods in any situation requiring
noxious weed treatment. Direct and indirect impacts resulting from this Alternative are
similar to those discussed for Alternative 1. Furthermore, Alternative 3 poses the greatest
risk to wildlife resources because the risks of over-application, chemical spills, and drift
during application.

Under Alternative 4 (Non-Chemical Methods), non-chemical methods would be the only
means of arresting the encroachment of noxious weeds into desirable vegetation
communities. Vigorous application of manual and cultural methods under this Alternative,
may temporarily delay the establishment of noxious weeds in weed-free areas, but would
probably not effectively reduce weeds in vital habitats presently containing weeds. Direct
impacts to wildlife of non-chemical methods include the short-term displacement of animals
during treatment activities. Indirect impacts may result because non-target, native species
may be impacted during treatment. Noxious weeds may encroach upon scarified, cultivated,
or other disturbed soils if revegetation of native species is not rapid. The use of grazing
livestock, such as sheep, to reduce and contain weeds; in addition to possibly displacing
wildlife, may negatively affect non-target vegetation. If Alternative 4 (Non-Chemical
Methods) is selected, weeds will likely expand and continue to encroach upon desirable
plant communities.

Site Specific

Many properties in Region 7 (FAS’s in particular) incorporate surface waters which sustain
aquatic communities, including sport fisheries. These sites could be adversely affected by

44

inappropriately or improperly applied herbicides. If precautions and mitigation measures
outlined in the Plan and incorporated into Alternative 2 are followed, the risk of negatively
affecting the fishery resources is slight.

Species of Special Concern: As discussed previously, potential impacts to fishery resources
exist, but can be mitigated under Alternative 2. Currently, only the Pallid sturgeon
occurring in Region 7 is listed under the Endangered Species Act. Although not petitioned
for listing, the Northern redbelly dace, Sturgeon chub, Sicklefin chub and Blue sucker are
considered Montana Species of Special Concern. In addition, four other species are
considered rare in this region. Mountain whitefish. Rainbow smelt, mosquitofish, and White
bass. Therefore, chemical treatment activities should be considered carefully on FAS’s,
WMA’s and SP’s in the Yellowstone, Tongue, Powder and Missouri River drainages. In such
cases, all additional safeguards described in the Plan should be followed.

Wildlife

Direct negative effects to wildlife resources are likely to be minimal, as discussed previously.
Short-term, potential indirect effects of herbicide applications on wildlife vegetative food
sources do exist, especially for broadleaf forbs and woody shrubs. If chemical treatments
are not carefully conducted, important vegetative species could be affected. This could be
particularly true on the WMA’s which typically harbor ungulates during winter, the most
stressful season for wildlife. Emergent, floating, and submergent vegetation important to
waterfowl and other species could also be negatively affected by improperly applied
chemicals. If the additional safeguards outlined in the Plan (Alternative 2) are followed,
the risk of negatively affecting wildlife resources is minimal.

Species of Special Concern: As discussed previously, potential toxic effects from herbicides
is minimal for wildlife species in general. However, federally-designated, threatened or
endangered species require special consideration. Although not recognized under the
Endangered Species Act, Species of Special Concern also require consideration. For
example, the primary concern for Bald eagles is disturbance during nest building and
incubation (March through June). The proximity of nests to R-7 WMA’s, SP’s and FAS’s
makes implementation of weed management actions of some concern. W7eed treatments
would usually occur late May through September. The level of disturbance should be no
greater than that expected from typical recreationist use at these sites. Mitigation measures
include guidelines recommended by the Montana Bald Eagle Working Group (1991).

45

3.6 Vegetation

3.6.1 Current Conditions

The geology and topography of southeastern Montana yields a diverse pattern of vegetation,
including plains grassland, plains forest, and riparian. Vegetation resources on DFWP
Region 7 lands include rangelands, wetlands, riparian areas, and forested areas. Upland
shrub and grassland communities include sagebrush, greasewood, rabbitbrush, and short and
mid grasses including Blue grama, buffalograss, Western wheatgrass and Prairie sandreed.
Forbs occur in smaller amounts, including Fringed sagewort, Prickly pear, American vetch
and yucca. Lowland tall grass areas include Green needlegrass, Smooth brome, Canada
wildrye, and needle-and-thread. Ponderosa pine and Rocky Mountain juniper are the most
common tree species on dry forest sites. Riparian communities often include overstory
vegetation of cottonwood, Green ash, Russian olive and chokecherry. Tall shrub species
include willows, Buffalo berry, Red dogwood and short shrubs include snowberry and Wild
rose. Wetland marsh vegetation consists primarily of cattails, rushes and sedges.

During a survey of most Region 7 properties during the summer, 1991, noxious weeds were
documented on all but a few properties, though with considerable variation in abundance.
Canada thistle and Leafy spurge were the most common noxious weed species encountered.
Other "noxious" weed species declared by individual counties were also documented on
DFWP properties. The most common were Common burdock. Salt cedar, and Black
henbane. Noxious weeds are strong competitors for moisture and soil nutrients. The
possible effects of a decline in native vegetation resources on wildlife has already been
discussed previously.

Plant Species of Special Concern

The Natural Heritage Program system, a partnership between The Nature Conservancy and
state governments, was established in part as a clearinghouse to aid states in identifying and
studying rare species. Rare plant species are protected under the Federal Endangered
Species Act of 1973 (PL 93-205 as amended and rules 50 CFR Part 402). At this time, there
are no threatened or endangered plant species on Region 7 properties. However, according
to the Montana Natural Heritage Program, a number of plant species listed as Species of
Special Concern (because of limited distribution or small populations) occur on Region 7
properties. Table 11 summarizes these.

46

Table 11.

Plant Species of Special Concern on Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
properties in Region 3, as identified by the Montana Natural Heritage Program,
1993.

Common Name

Scientific Name

Status1

Location

Narrow leaf milkweed

Asclepias stenophylla

G4, SI

Medicine Rocks SP

Smooth goosefoot

Chenopodium subglabrum

G4, SI

Medicine Rocks SP

Schweinitzii flatsedge

Cyperus schweinitzii

G5, SI

Medicine Rocks SP

Silky prairie clover

Dalea villosa

G5, SI

Medicine Rocks SP

Moss phlox

Pholx andicola

G4, SI

Medicine Rocks SP

Narrowleaf penstemon

Penstemon angustifolius

G5, SI

Medicine Rocks SP

Sand bluestem/
needle-and-thread
community type

Andropogon hallii/
Stipa comata

G3, S3

Medicine Rocks SP

Silver sagebrush/
Long stolon sedge
community type

Artemisia cana /
Carex helophila

G3, S3

Medicine Rocks SP

Blue toadflax

Limaria canadensis
var texana

G4, SI

Makoshika SP

Rocky Mountain juniper/ Juniperus scopulorum
Little-seed ricegrass Oryzopsis micrantha

habitat type

G4, S3

Makoshika SP

1 Global ranks:

G2 imperiled; 6-20 occurrences
G3 threatened throughout range
G4 apparently secure
G5 demonstrably secure

State ranks:

51 critically imperiled in Montana; < 5 occurrences

52 critically imperiled in Montana; 6-20 occurrences

53 rare in Montana; >21 occurrences

54 apparently secure

2 Ranking not applicable.

3 This species is being taxonomically redefined as part of a species which extends from Alaska

to the southwest. The Montana Natural Heritage Program recommends that this taxa no
longer be considered for listing under the Endangered Species Act.

47

3.6 2 Analysis of Potential Impacts

General

The nature and extent of impacts on vegetation resources as a result of noxious weed
management would vary under each Alternative, as described below.

Under Alternative 1 (Status Quo), noxious weeds would be treated, but only at the current
intensity levels. Thus, it is likely that noxious weeds would continue to spread and that new
species would likely establish on DFWP properties. Because treatment activities would be
limited, it is also likely that noxious weeds would spread within Region properties and
beyond property boundaries. Under current direction, chemical treatments would continue.
Chemical treatments may affect non-target vegetation. This could result from the use of
non-selective herbicides, broad-scale application methods, or over application. Impact
severity would depend on the environmental conditions during application, application rate,
method, carrier, and the herbicide. Herbicides which are selective for broadleaf weed
species (such as 2,4-D and picloram) also kill native forbs, shrubs, and trees, thereby
potentially decreasing natural diversity. Grasses are tolerant of most broadleaf herbicides
and would benefit from treatment. Non-selective herbicides (glyphosate) can kill all
vegetation, which creates a setting conducive for the re-establishment of weeds. Established
biocontrol agents generally do not affect non-target vegetation resources because the agents
are host-specific to a particular noxious weed species (Littlefield 1993). However, there was
one reported incidence of an insect affecting a non-target species. Introduced to Musk
thistle, the Seed weevil Rhinocyllus conicus also plagued a rare, native thistle called
Longstyled thistle ( Cirsium longistylum) (Achuss and Schassberger 1991). The likelihood of
a similar outcome in the future is reduced because now screening tests are more rigorous
and include taxonomically related and morphologically similar native species (Littlefield
1993).

Alternative 2 (INWM), is expected to have the least impact on vegetation resources. This
Alternative specifies the implementation of the Plan which allows for flexibility in approach
and the use of optimum treatment methods for specific sites. Chemical treatments would
still be used; however, the Plan outlines precautions and use standards that are designed to
minimize or eliminate the potential adverse effects of herbicides on desirable vegetation.
Special attention is given to riparian and wetland areas. If these guidelines are followed
then impacts would be low. Manual methods, used in localized situations where weed
populations are small, would not adversely impact desirable vegetation. Cultural treatments,
such as mowing, can be a short-term solution to prevent seed production. Short-term effects
on desirable vegetation could occur. Tilling would be considered only for areas that had
previously been cultivated because soil disturbance increases the likelihood of weed
encroachment.

48

Use of grazing animals to treat weeds would have little impact on desirable vegetation as
long as herds are confined and use is carefully monitored since livestock will feed both on
weeds and desirable vegetation. Indirectly, compaction of a site could slow the recovery of
desirable plants. Because biological control organisms are host specific, no adverse impacts
to desirable vegetation are expected. This Alternative is the best solution for the long-term
management of noxious weeds and preservation of vegetation resources through
implementation of the Plan.

Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods) is expected to have the greatest impact on vegetation
resources. Since chemical treatments would be the sole method, non-target vegetation
would be adversely impacted, particularly woody species. The type and severity of such
impacts are discussed under Alternative 1. Although this Alternative would effectively
reduce noxious weeds, the magnitude of impacts to non-target, desirable vegetation could
be unacceptable.

Under Alternative 4 (Non-Chemical Methods), the emphasis would be on manual, cultural,
and biological control methods. These methods would likely have some adverse impacts on
non-target vegetation, as discussed for Alternative 2 (INWM). This Alternative would not
lead to long-term success at managing noxious weeds. Rather, noxious weeds would likely
proliferate.

Plant Species of Special Concern

Species of Special Concern are declared as such because their numbers are greatly reduced,
their habitat is declining or threatened, or because populations occur in a limited or non-
contiguous distribution. Studies addressing how noxious weeds affect species of concern are
few. Lessica and Shelly (1991) showed reductions in reproductive output of Sapphire
rockcress ( Arabis fecunda) where Spotted knapweed had invaded. Currently, the rates of
spread of Canada thistle and Leafy spurge appear to be the highest of the noxious weeds
encountered on DFWP Region 7 properties. It is known that noxious weeds are very
competitive and could crowd out Species of Special Concern. For those rare species whose
habitat coincides with areas susceptible to noxious weed encroachment, the threat may be
very high. For example, Medicine Rocks SP contains five Species of Special Concern all
rare throughout their ranges. In an effort to protect rare plants and plant community types
the Montana Natural Heritage Program indicates that the site should be evaluated for weed
invasion.

Rare plants typically occur in very small populations and usually in non-contiguous
distributions. Use of herbicides could cause a significant loss by eliminating population(s)
or reducing numbers within a population. Cultural methods could cause uprooting or
physical damage, loss of seed production, or outright destruction. Identification of rare plant
populations during treatment area planning would prevent losses. Identification of such
populations is only incorporated into Alternative 2, through the Plan. None of the other
Alternatives include any provisions for Species of Special Concern.

49

Site Specific

All Region 7 properties have desirable vegetation communities that could be impacted by
improper herbicide treatments, whether it be in a natural field setting such a WMA or a
landscaped setting such as the regional headquarters complex. Spot spraying and the use
of appropriate herbicide formulations would reduce the potential for short-term injury or
long-term plant community alteration. In the case of Species of Special Concern, impacts
resulting from weed management actions could be acute in the absence of knowledge of
these rare plants. Site specific impacts to populations of plant species of Special Concern
could occur on any of the DFWP properties supporting rare plants. Those plant species and
the DFWP properties on which they occur are listed in Table 11. All the plant species of
Special Concern listed in Table 11 could be affected by chemical treatments because these
species are either broad-leaved or woody, characteristics which most herbicides are not
selective against. Additional safeguards outlined in the Plan would decrease the risk of
negatively affecting these rare plants.

3.7 Recreation

3.7.1 Current Conditions

Southeast Montana draws much national and some international attention for its natural
resources and outdoor recreation opportunities. DFWP properties in Region 7 are part of
that attraction. These lands offer a wide variety of experiences such as waterfowl, upland
game bird and big game hunting, year-round fishing, camping, picnicking, swimming,
sailboarding, motorboating, canoeing, waterskiing, and wildlife viewing and photography.
Other sites provide opportunities to experience historical settings (e.g. Rosebud Battlefield
and Medicine Rocks SP’s) or unique geological features (e.g. Makoshika and Medicine
Rocks SP’s). In addition, DFWP properties offer a wide variety of landscapes in which to
recreate, ranging from river bottoms at FAS’s, Yellowstone River bottoms or islands on a
WMA, or the site of an historical event. Healthy, native plant communities are a significant
part of the recreational experience, from both ecological and aesthetic perspectives.

The most heavily used roads, trails, campsites, and picnic areas have problems associated
with soil compaction, braiding of trails, and noxious weeds resulting from disturbance. As
indicated previously, noxious weeds occur on most DFWP properties in Region 7. Some
recreationists find that noxious weeds detract from their enjoyment of an outdoor experience
or particular site, while others don’t seem to mind. Yet other recreationists are unaware
of noxious weeds, how they are spread, and the repercussions of unchecked weed
proliferation upon natural and recreational resources. Thus, the impact of noxious weeds
upon recreationists will depend on the perspective of the recreationist. However, most
recreationists would likely be indirectly affected if weeds were allowed to spread unchecked.
This is because of the concurrent changes in desirable vegetation communities.

50

3.7.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts

General

The impacts of noxious weed treatment upon recreation vary with the type of treatment and
the type of recreation. Generally, recreation on DFWP properties is oriented towards foot
or horse travel as vehicles are restricted to established roads, trails, and parking areas.
None of the Alternatives are expected to affect vehicular access or the driving of any
motorized vehicle where they are permitted. However, while travelling on foot (or horse
back) and pursuing any of the recreational activities listed above, recreationists may be
impacted by the Alternatives, as described below.

Alternative 1 (Status Quo) would likely have a long-term negative impact on recreation
resources. Under this Alternative, weed treatments would continue, but weeds would likely
proliferate. Therefore, it has the potential to greatly affect recreation in the long run
through changes to vegetation communities and, potentially, wildlife resources. Treatment
of weeds, as currently practiced, would involve chemical applications and the established
biocontrol agent releases. Of- the two methods, chemical treatments would affect
recreationists in the short-term, whereas biocontrol agents would not. In some situations,
chemical applications may preclude public use for a period of time during and after the
application. Similarly, some recreationists may find chemical odors unpleasant and
offensive. Recreationists may be visually or aesthetically impacted since herbicides can
affect non-target vegetation.

Alternative 2 (INWM) would have the fewest long-term, negative impacts to recreation.
Under this Alternative, the Plan would be implemented which combines a wide variety of
weed treatments with site-specific planning with public awareness of the problems associated
with noxious weeds. Although DFWP’s mission does not include weed education, the agency
may cooperate with public awareness programs initiated by other organizations. Such
initiatives would help recreationists identify problem areas, understand where the most
sensitive areas exist, and give them the opportunity to be involved in weed management.
DFWP involvement may include a display at Regional Headquarters Offices or the
distribution of a noxious weed information sheet or brochure through the vehicle, boat, and
trailer registration system or through hunting and fishing license dealers. Other involvement
may include range tours of the WMA’s. This Alternative presents the best opportunity for
the long-term management of noxious weeds.

The Plan involves the use of chemical, biological, cultural, and manual methods of noxious
weed treatment. The impacts of chemical treatments would be similar to those described
above, but with the following exceptions. In contrast with Alternative 1, the Plan includes
safeguards and guidelines for application which would protect other resource values such
as recreation. These guidelines are intended to minimize short-term impacts on recreational
resources and public use of DFWP properties. Biological, manual, and cultural methods
would not affect recreation.

51

Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods) would have the greatest negative impacts to recreation.
By emphasizing herbicide treatments, this Alternative could cause the frequent closure of
sites to public use during application, long-term adverse effects on non-target vegetation,
and increased risk of exposure to chemicals by the public. Similar impacts as those
described under Alternative 1 could be expected under this Alternative. Some degree of
weed encroachment would still occur if treatments were not applied correctly or frequently
enough.

Alternative 4 (Non-Chemical Methods) prescribes the use of biological, manual, and cultural
methods to reduce noxious weed populations. These methods can be effective in certain
situations. However, as indicated previously in the discussion of vegetation, cultural
methods may actually lead to an increase in noxious weeds if not conducted properly.
Manual methods are time-consuming. Biocontrol methods require longer time intervals for
successful management of weeds. For these reasons, this Alternative may not treat noxious
weeds as effectively or efficiently as other Alternatives. Thus, over the long-term, recreation
may be impacted through the alteration of desirable vegetation communities. In the short-
term, however, this Alternative would have the least impact on recreation. Area closures
required during chemical applications would not be necessary under this Alternative.
Furthermore, biological, manual, and cultural methods would not affect recreational access
or pursuits.

Site Specific

Site-specific impacts could be anticipated under those Alternatives which include some
degree of chemical treatments and on those sites which sustain the greatest public use.
Some of the most visited properties in Region 7 include Makoshika SP, Tongue River SP
and FAS’s near population centers. Of the three Alternatives which include some provision
for chemical treatments (1, 2, and 3), the site-specific impacts would be greatest under
Alternative 1 (Status Quo) because no safeguards for non-target vegetation or other
resources would be implemented. Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods) would also result in
site-specific impacts at high visitation sites because herbicides would be the only method of
treatment, leading to increased frequency of application. Likewise, safeguards would not
be implemented under this Alternative either. Alternative 2 (INWM) would have the least
impact on highly visited sites because safeguards would be implemented and because
chemical treatments would be just one of the possible treatment methods.

3.8 Human Health

3.8.1 Current Conditions

Montana is recognized nationally for its clean, healthy environment. Implicit in a healthy
environment is clean air and water, securing healthy living conditions for humans. As noted
previously, Montana’s air and water quality are generally good, with isolated exceptions.

52

3.8.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts

General

General impacts to human health could be anticipated if air and water quality are degraded
for any reason. Of all the noxious weed treatment methods under consideration, chemical
methods pose the highest risk to air and water quality. Earlier sections of this document
specified potential impacts of noxious weed management activities on air and water
resources in general and more specifically from chemical methods. The following discussion
reviews these impacts from the perspective of human health. Those impacts would be most
pronounced on sites requiring the most intense noxious weed treatments and on those sites
where use by the public is high.

Alternative 1 (Status Quo) describes the continuation of current noxious weed treatment
methods and intensities: chemical applications without safeguards beyond manufacturer’s
labels and established biocontrol agents. Human health could be affected by herbicide use
under this Alternative. Detailed discussions on this subject can be found in the following
publications: Lolo National Forest Noxious Weed Management Draft EIS (1989); Human
Health Risk Assessment of Herbicide Applications to Control Noxious Weeds and
Poisonous Plants in the Northern Region of USDA Forest Service (Monnig 1988);
Northwest Area Noxious Weed Control Program EIS, Final and Supplement (BLM 1985,
1987). We rely on these analyses and highlight several concepts: exposure routes, bio-
accumulation, carcinogenic properties, and chemical additives.

The Northern Region assessment (Monnig 1988) is a "worst-case analysis" using several
conservative assumptions that purposely over-estimate the likelihood and severity of
exposure, accidents, and the resulting effects. Those assumptions include: higher

application rates than label recommendations, continuous application over an entire project
area, mixing and application errors that would not generally occur, human residences and
food sources much closer than would occur in most projects, skin exposure estimates for
workers failing to wear recommended protective clothing, and that there is no threshold or
safe level for exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing agents).

Human exposure routes are related to either direct contact with herbicides through spray
drift, spills, and sprayed vegetation or to indirect contact through consumption of
contaminated water, vegetables, fish, or grazing animals. The exposure risk is greatest for
those workers who apply herbicides without the appropriate protective equipment such as
clothing, respirators, and eye protection.

Unlike DDT, it appears that bio-accumulation does not occur with picloram, 2,4-D, and
glyphosate. These herbicides are water soluble and are excreted rapidly. A small
percentage of the population is hypersensitive to one or more of these chemicals and can
suffer severe and long lasting symptoms after small doses. Workers are at the highest risk.
Using proper application techniques and wearing recommended protective clothing can

53

reduce this risk. Additional precautions would be implemented when herbicides are applied
to high human use areas such as work places, campgrounds, and parks. Formulations of
glyphosate and 2,4-D registered for use in human occupation areas would be used.

Of the chemicals proposed for use in Region 7, 2,4-D presents the highest cancer risk based
on animal feeding studies. However, this risk is considered to be very low. Again, chemical
applicators would be at the highest risk. The Lolo National Forest EIS (1989) states that
"although human carcinogenic risk levels for these herbicides appear to be quite low,
scientific uncertainty still exists regarding the exact level of these risks." DFWP employees
are required to wear the appropriate protective equipment during applications to minimize
their exposure. Many chemical applications have been contracted out to county weed
control applicators in the past. The number of contracts would likely increase in the future
under Alternatives 1,2, and 3. This would minimize exposure to DFWP employees, but
county applicators will then be increasing their exposure. However, county applicators
usually have the ability to apply chemicals more safely because of their significant
investment in safety equipment and clothing.

2,4-D is a chlorophenol-type herbicide in the dioxin family of chemicals. The isomers of
dioxin vaiy in their toxicity but the "highly toxic dioxin" isomer found in 2,4,5-T is not found
in 2,4-D (Linnainmaa 1983). The Canadian government appears to have avoided this issue
by requiring that 2,4-D formulations have less that 10 parts per billion of any dioxin isomer.
This has effectively left only the amine formulation of 2,4-D on the Canadian market
(Tosine 1983).

Inert ingredients in herbicide formulations include surfactant, emulsifiers, diluents, and other
additives. These have come under scrutiny for possible toxicological and carcinogenic
effects. This concept has not been extensively researched. As of 1990, the EPA had fisted
about 115 inert substances which require further regulation or testing. Acute toxic effects
of the POEA family of chemicals, a surfactant used in the Roundup* formulation of
glyphosate, have been debated (O’Brien 1990). Furthermore, synergism, the possible
interaction of herbicide ingredients with other chemicals in the environment (pollutants and
other herbicides), has not been well studied.

This discussion points out the need for caution in the use of all herbicides, especially 2,4-D.
However, this Alternative does not include any provisions for safeguarding other resources
beyond that specified on chemical label instructions.

Established biocontrol agent populations would not impact human health. However,
biocontrol agents are not expected to keep pace with the rate of spread of many noxious
weed species and weed populations would likely expand. The spread and increase of
noxious weeds populations may increase pollen levels and subsequently exacerbate human
allergies.

54

Alternative 2 (INWM) also incorporates chemical methods, but such applications would be
conducted with safeguards and consideration for other resource values. Such considerations
would help diminish concern over exposure routes, bio-accumulation, carcinogenic
properties, and chemical additives. Furthermore, chemical treatments would only be used
in situations where other methods (biological, cultural, or manual) are not feasible. These
non-chemical methods are not expected to have significant impacts on human health.
Cultural methods may temporarily increase dust or pollen levels in the air, aggravating
allergies. Manual and cultural methods pose some risk to workers. These risks include
injuries typical of occupations requiring moderate to heavy physical labor such as lifting,
pulling, walking over rough terrain, and operating equipment that may result in extremity
injuries. These risks would be kept to a minimum if occupational safety and health
administration work practices and standards are followed.

Under Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods), chemical applications would be the only means
of treating noxious weeds. As such, this Alternative presents similar risks to human health
as those discussed under Alternative 1. However, Alternative 3 poses the highest risk to
human health because of the increased exposure to chemicals for both the public and
chemical applicators as a result of the increased frequency of application and increased
volume of chemicals introduced into the environment.

Alternative 4 (Non-Chemical) poses the lowest risk to human health because the most risky
method of weed treatment (chemical) is not incorporated. The impacts of non-chemical
treatment methods are highlighted in the discussion of Alternative 2. Human allergies may
be exacerbated by dust from cultural methods or from elevated pollen levels as non-
chemical methods may not keep noxious weeds in check as effectively as other Alternatives.

Site Specific

Site specific impacts to human health would be expected at those sites heavily visited by the
public, where public use is concentrated, such as in campgrounds and where the intensity
of noxious weed treatments is most pronounced. High public use is noted at the following
sites: Makoshika SP, Tongue River SP, and a few FAS’s near population centers.

Moreover, public use at these sites is often concentrated near campgrounds, picnic facilities,
restrooms, and boat ramps in the case of FAS’s. Those DFWP properties with established
noxious weed populations require the most intense treatments. Therefore, the potential
impacts of exposure to chemicals for the public, as well as for DFWP employees, is elevated.
These properties are: Makoshika SP, West Rosebud, Kinsey Bridge, and 12 Mile Dam FAS.

55

3.9 Cultural and Historic Resources

3.9.1 Current Conditions

Cultural resources are important to this and future generations. Cultural resources under
the care of DFWP are typically associated with, but not exclusive to, the State Parks system.
In Region 7, such cultural resources are preserved at a number of sites including Rosebud
Battlefield SP, the site of the 1876 battle between the US Army under Gen. George Crook
and the Cheyenne and Sioux under Two Moons and Crazy Horse. Medicine Rocks SP is
purported to have significant Native American cultural resources, in addition to it’s historical
significance as an eastern Montana landmark. It has been surmised that William Clark
(Lewis & Clark) camped on or near one of the small islands contained within Pirogue Island
SP. Most of these sites have noxious weeds growing within DFWP property boundaries.
Other miscellaneous "weedy" species which are not designated as "noxious" do occur. The
presence of noxious weeds may not directly threaten or harm a cultural or historic resource.
However, their presence may affect a site’s integrity and a visitor’s perception or
interpretation of the site.

3.9.2 Analysis of Potential Impacts

General

As described previously under recreation, the presence of noxious weeds may impair one’s
enjoyment of a site from an aesthetic point of view. In the case of cultural and/or historic
sites, the impairment may be more serious. Where noxious weeds occur in a setting where
cultural/historic resources are preserved, the treatment of noxious weeds may adversely
affect the resource depending on the method employed. In general, cultural methods
involving hard-edged tools or implements would have a greater potential for impact than
the other methods. Tilling, reseeding, or mowing activities could damage or destroy surface
and/or subsurface artifacts. As each cultural/historic resource within the State Parks system
is unique, the impacts of the various noxious weed management Alternatives are discussed
on a site-specific basis.

Site Specific

Alternative 1 (Status Quo) is the continuation of previous noxious weed treatment efforts
by chemical or biological means. This Alternative would not incorporate safeguards for
other resource values. As such, cultural and historical resources may be impacted by a lack
of consideration for their value during the planning stages of noxious weed treatment. Also,
under this Alternative, newly-established noxious weeds would likely proliferate. Increases
in noxious weeds would negatively affect the cultural and/or historic interpretation of a site.
Chemical treatments could impact non-target vegetation. This would be especially
detrimental at sites where the vegetation component contributes to the interpretation of the
site, as is the case at Rosebud Battlefield, Pirogue Island and Medicine Rocks state parks.
Cultural/historic sites in Region 7 would not be impacted by established biocontrol agents.

56

Alternative 2 (INWM) blends site treatment needs with resource values and appropriate
methods to achieve noxious weed reduction. Possible methods include chemical, biological,
manual, and cultural. This is the only Alternative which truly considers the importance of
cultural/historic resources and attempts to achieve management objectives without impairing
those values. Chemical treatments could impact non-target vegetation. This would be
especially detrimental at sites where the vegetation component contributes to the
interpretation of the site, such as Rosebud Battlefield, Pirogue Island and Medicine Rocks
state parks. However, such impacts would be minimized by implementation of the
guidelines outlined in the Plan. Cultural/historic sites would not be impacted by the
establishment of biocontrol agents or by manual treatment methods. Cultural methods may
have significant impacts if not properly planned or carried out. For example, possible battle
and soldier’s grave sites at Rosebud Battlefield could be disrupted by mowing or tilling
activities, but in requiring consideration of all site values, the Plan would minimize the
possibility of disruption.

Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods) emphasizes the use of chemicals without consideration
of site values and resources. Impacts of chemical treatments under this Alternative would
be similar to those described for Alternative 1, only the greater reliance on chemicals would
put non-target vegetation resources at even greater risk. Again, Rosebud Battlefield,
Pirogue Island and Medicine Rocks state parks could suffer the most serious impacts.

Alternative 4 (Non-Chemical Methods) only permits the use of non-chemical treatments.
Cultural/historic sites would not be impacted by the establishment of biocontrol agents or
by manual treatment methods. Cultural methods may have significant impacts if not
properly planned or carried out. For example, possible battle and soldier’s grave sites at
Rosebud Battlefield could be disrupted by mowing or tilling activities.

57

3* Environmental Review Criteria

Future noxious weed management activities proposed under the Region 7 Plan shall be
reviewed in accordance with the following Environmental Review Criteria. In some cases,
proposed activities may be determined by the DFWP to be categorically excluded from
further environmental review. Those weed management activities for which the answer to
every question below is "yes" are categorically excluded from subsequent review and can
proceed under the current documentation. Activities triggering a "no" response to any of
the questions below would prompt one of the following:

1) modification of the proposed activity to return it within the scope of the
environmental analysis contained in this document.

2) rejection of the proposed activity outright.

3) initiation of a separate environmental review process for the proposed activity.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTIVITY:

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW CRITERIA

YES

NO

Will the weed management activity be conducted using principles of good
judgement?

Will the application of non-aquatic-labelled herbicides to running or standing
water be avoided?

Will surfaced waters be buffered from the introduction of excessive amounts
of sediment as a result of weed treatment activities?

Will herbicides be mixed and loaded at least 500 feet away from open water?

Will wick applicators be used when applying non-aquatic-labelled herbicides
within 50 feet of surface waters?

Will aquatic-labelled herbicides be selected for areas with a sandy or gravelly
soil consistency and for areas with water tables within 3 feet?

58

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW CRITERIA

YES

NO

Will herbicide applications be avoided within 50 feet of high human use
areas?

Will herbicide treatment sites be posted prior to and for 24 hours after
herbicide application to notify the public that spraying activities will/have
occurred?

Will the use of mechanized power equipment (e.g. mowers) be postponed
when treatment sites are occupied by the public?

Will herbicide manufacturer label instructions be followed at all times?

Will herbicides be applied by licensed applicators?

Will aerial herbicide applications be avoided?

Will herbicide applications be suspended when rainfall is expected within 24
hours, air temperatures exceed 85°F, or wind speed exceeds 8 m.p.h.?

Will herbicide spray equipment deliver a median drop diameter between 200
microns and 800 microns?

Is an Herbicide Emergency Response Plan in place?

Are biological control agents approved for release by the Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service?

Will riparian vegetation and surface water banks be protected from excessive
disturbance resulting from weed management activity?

Will adverse impacts to rare, unique, threatened or endangered species
resulting from weed treatment activities be avoided?

Will wildlife habitat be protected from excessive deterioration or disturbance
during weed treatment activities?

Will Department personnel consider the impact of a weed treatment activity
on wildlife populations, diversity, and distribution?

Will cultural/historic resources be protected from physical damage during
weed treatment activities?

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS:

59

4.0 SUMMARY

Exotic (non-native) weedy plants have been noted in Montana throughout this century. In
the past few decades, some species have become significant components of local vegetation
communities, actually dominating some sites. The most competitive and aggressive species
have been termed ’’noxious." The Montana Legislature passed the County Noxious Weed
Control Act in 1979, making it unlawful for a landowner to permit any noxious weed to
propagate or go to seed on his/her land. This legislation also declared 15 non-native plant
species as "noxious" and gave counties the authority to add species to the list as was locally
necessary. Landowners are, by law, in compliance if a weed management plan has been
prepared.

As a landowner of approximately 18,000 acres in southeast Montana, the DFWP, Region
7, is required by local ordinances and state law to manage noxious weeds on its properties.
Beyond the legal requirement, it is the mission of the DFWP to "...provide for the
stewardship of the fish, wildlife, parks, and recreational resources of Montana, while
contributing to the quality of life for the present and future generations." Part of being a
responsible steward of land resources involves the treatment of noxious weeds. The DFWP
(Region 7) prepared a noxious weed management plan which outlines an integrated
approach to noxious weed management. The goal is the long-term reduction of noxious
weeds. It will be achieved using a variety of methods (including manual, cultural, biological,
and chemical) in which a particular technique is matched with the treatment needs of a
specific weed population, while considering and protecting the integrity of all resource values
on a particular site.

In accordance with the MEPA, the DFWP must examine and identify potential impacts of
its actions on the natural and human environment. This draft EA describes the direct,
indirect, and cumulative effects of the proposed implementation of the Plan. The EA also
presents Alternatives to the implementation of the Plan and describes potential impacts of
these Alternatives. The Alternatives are:

Alternative 1 (Status Quo): noxious weed management activities would continue over the
course set since passage of the County Noxious Weed Control Act, namely chemical
treatments without any particular safeguards beyond those indicated in the manufacturer
label instructions. Biological, manual, and cultural methods were also employed to a certain
degree. However, no particular effort was made to plan or coordinate weed management
efforts with other resource programs. This Alternative does not incorporate provisions for
other resource values.

60

Alternative 2 (Integrated Noxious Weed Management): implementation of the Noxious
Weed Management Plan which describes an approach integrating the management of
noxious weeds with site resource values to achieve adequate weed management without
negatively affecting other resources. Treatment methods would include manual, chemical,
biological, and cultural.

Alternative 3 (Chemical Methods): emphasis on chemical treatment methods for all noxious
weed management actions. No other methods would be used, with the exception of those
biological control agents already introduced.

Alternative 4 (Non-Chemical Methods): emphasis on manual, cultural, and biological
treatment methods for all noxious weed management actions. No chemical methods would
be considered.

The preferred Alternative is 2, which would implement the Plan. Potential impacts to the
natural and human environments are evaluated. Resources considered during the evaluation
were:

air quality soils and geology groundwater

surface water fish and wildlife vegetation

recreation human health cultural/historic resources

Table 12 summarizes and compares potential impacts resulting from each Alternative.

61

Table 12. Summary and comparison of environmental impacts resulting from the implementation of each Alternative.

62

5.0 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS

Don Hyyppa
Neil Martin
Phil Stewart
John Little
Bemie Hildebrand
Scott Denson
John Ensign
Mike Backes
Jerry Dean
Mike Hathaway

DFWP Region 7, Regional Supervisor
DFWP Region 7, Regional Wildlife Manager
DFWP Region 7, Regional Fisheries Manager
DFWP Region 7, Regional Parks Manager
DFWP Region 7, Wildlife Biologist
DFWP Region 7, Wildlife Biologist
DFWP Region 7, Wildlife Biologist
DFWP Region 7, Conservation Specialist
DFWP Region 7, Parks Maintenance Supervisor
DFWP Region 7, Park Operations Specialist

63

6.0 REFERENCES

Achuff, P.L. and L. A. Schassberger. 1991. Weeds and rare native plants. Symposium,
Montana Academy of Sciences. Billings, Montana. Audus, L.J. 1976. Herbicides,
physiology, biochemistry, ecology. Editor. Second edition, vol. 2. Academic Press,
Inc. London, England.

Beaverhead National Forest. 1987. Environmental impact statement for noxious weeds and
poisonous plant control. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beaverhead National
Forest. Dillon, Montana. 58pp. + appendices.

Bergeron, D.C., C. Jones, D.L. Genter, and D. Sullivan. 1992. P.D. Skaar’s Montana bird
distribution, fourth edition. Special Publication, No. 2. Montana Natural Heritage
Program, Helena. 116pp.

Bureau of Land Management. 1985. Proposed Northwest Area noxious weed control
program final environmental impact statement. U.S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Land Management. Oregon State Office, Portland.

Bureau of Land Management. 1987. Supplement to the Northwest Area noxious weed
control program final environmental impact statement. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Oregon State Office, Portland.

Colby, S.R., E.R. Hill, N.E. Humburg, L.M. Kitchen, R.G. Lym, W.J. McAvoy, and R.
Prasad. 1989. Herbicide handbook. 6th edition. Weed Science Society of America.
Champaign, Illinois.

Deluca, T., J. Larson, L. Torma, and G. Algard. 1989. A survey of pesticide residues in
ground in Montana. Montana Department of Agriculture, Environmental
Management Division. Helena, Montana.

Elser, A.A., M.W. Gorges and L.M. Morris. 1980. Distribution of Fishes in Southeastern
Montana. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 136pp.

Environmental Protection Agency. 1983, 1986, and 1988. Pesticide fact sheets: 2,4-D,
picloram, metsulfuron, and dicamba.

Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Quality criteria for water with updates (Gold
Book). Publication 44015-86-001.

Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. Office of Drinking Water. Drinking water
regulations and health advisories.

64

Evans, J.O. and D. Dvseja. 1973. Herbicide contamination of surface runoff water.
Utah State University, Logan. Office of Research and Monitoring, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA-R2-73-266. 99pp.

Gallatin National Forest. 1987. Noxious weed control final environmental impact
statement. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gallatin National Forest. Bozeman,
Montana. 35pp. + appendices.

Holton, G.D. 1990. A field guide to Montana fishes. Montana Department of Fish,
Wildlife and Parks. 104pp.

Lacey, C. 1991. Groundwater and agrichemical protection pilot project. Unpublished
report and maps prepared for Lewis & Clark County Conservation District.

Lavelle, D. 1988. Use and preference of spotted knapweed by elk and mule deer on
two winter ranges in western Montana. Master’s thesis, University of Montana,
Missoula. 64pp.

Lessica, P. 1993. Botanist. Personal communications with Carolyn Sime, Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Lessica, P. and J.S. Shelly. 1991. The effect of the introduced weed ( Centaurea
maculosa) on Arabis fecunda , a threatened Montana endemic. Unpubl. report.
Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena. 19pp. + appendices.

Levine, C. 1993. Ecosystems Management Section, Water Quality Bureau, Montana
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences. Personal communications with
Carolyn Sime, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Linnainmaa, K. 1983. Non-mutagenicity of phenoxy acid herbicides
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D] and 4-methyl-2-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
[MCPA]. Pages 385-395 in Choudhary et al. Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans
in the total environment. Butterworth Publishers. Woburn, Massachusetts.

Littlefield, J. 1993. Insect Quarantine Lab, campus of Montana State University.
Personal communications with Carolyn Sime, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife
and Parks.

Lolo National Forest. 1989. Noxious weed management draft environmental impact
statement, amendment to the Lolo National Forest Plan. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Lolo National Forest. Missoula, Montana.

65

Lolo National Forest. 1991. Noxious weed management final environmental impact
statement, amendment to the Lolo National Forest Plan. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Lolo National Forest. Missoula, Montana.

McKenna, D. 1993. Associate Research Hydrogeologist, Montana Bureau of Mines and
Geology. Personal communications with Carolyn Sime, Montana Department of
Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Monnig, E. 1988. Human health risk assessment of herbicide applications to control
noxious weeds and poisonous plants in the Northern Region. U.S. Department of
Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Region RPT 88-9. Missoula, Montana. 218pp.

Montagne, C., L.S. Munn, G.A. Nielsen, J.W. Rodgers, and H.E. Hunter. 1982. Soils of
Montana. Montana Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin 744, Montana State
University, Bozeman. 95pp.

Montana Bald Eagle Working Group. 1991. Habitat management guide for bald eagles in
northwestern Montana. 29pp.

Montana Department of Agriculture. 1991. Draft noxious weed trust fund
programmatic environmental impact statement. Helena, Montana.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1983. Weed control program for
lands managed by the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 4pp.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1992. Creating a Vision for the
Future. Helena, Montana.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1993. Draft weed management plan
for Region 2. Prepared by Land and Water Consulting Inc. Missoula, Montana.
34pp. + appendices.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1993. Draft environmental analysis
for weed management for Region 2. Prepared by Land and Water Consulting Inc.
Missoula, Montana. 29pp. + appendices.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1993. Draft integrated noxious
weed management plan for Region 8. Prepared by OEA Research Inc. Helena,
Montana. 78pp. + appendices.

Montana Department of Fish Wildlife and Parks. 1993. Draft environmental
assessment of the integrated noxious weed management plan for Region 8. Prepared
by OEA Research Inc. Helena, Montana. 56pp. + appendices.

66

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1994. Draft noxious weed

management plan. Region 3. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks,
Bozeman. 78pp. + appendices.

Montana Department of Fish Wildlife and Parks. 1993. Draft environmental

assessment of the integrated noxious weed management plan for Region 3. Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Bozeman, Montana. 63pp. + appendices.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1994. Draft noxious weed

management plan. Region 1. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks,
Kalispell, Montana 59pp. + appendices.

Montana Department of Fish Wildlife and Parks. 1994. Draft environmental

assessment of the integrated noxious weed management plan for Region 1. Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Kalispell, Montana. 61pp. + appendices.

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1996. Draft noxious weed

management plan, Region 7. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks,
Miles City, Montana 76 pp. + appendices.

Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences. 1992. Montana water
quality: the Montana 305(b) report. Ecosystems Management Section, Water
Quality Bureau, Environmental Sciences Division. 42pp.

Montana Natural Heritage Program. 1995. Database search for Species of Special
Concern and threatened/endangered species in the vicinity of Montana Department
of Fish, Wildlife and Parks properties in Region 7.

National Research Council of Canada. 1977. Picloram: the effects of its use as a
herbicide on environmental quality. Pages 34-36 in NRCC No. 13684. Associated
Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality. Quebec, Canada.

Nelson, J., D. Wichman, P. Fay, and J. Connor. 1990. Montana weed control guide.
Montana State University Extension Publication EB-23. Bozeman, Montana. 113pp.

O’Brien, M. 1990. Roundup, Vision, POEA, and l,4,dioxane: why full formulations are
the problem. Journal of Pesticide Reform 9(4): 14-15.

Pence, D. 1993. Beaverhead National Forest. Personal communications with Carolyn
Sime, Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Phillips, G. 1993. Pollution Control Biologist and Water Quality Specialist for the
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Personal communications with
Carolyn Sime, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

67

Rice, P.M., DJ. Bedunah, C.E. Carlson. 1992. Plant community diversity after
herbicide control of spotted knapweed. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest
Service Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Research paper INT
460. Ogden, Utah. 6pp.

Sassman, J., R. Pienta, M. Jacobs and J. Cioffi. 1984. Pesticide background statements.
Volume 1, herbicides. Agriculture Handbook No. 633. U.S. Government Printing
Office. Washington, D.C.

Smith, Mark. 1993. Ecosystems Management Section, Water Quality Bureau, Montana
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences. Personal communications with
Carolyn Sime, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Soucek, P. 1993. Gallatin National Forest. Personal communications with Carolyn
Sime, Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Sparks, D.L. 1989. Kinetics of. soil chemical processes. Academic Press, Inc. San
Diego, California.

Story, J. 1989. Biological control: its potential for progress toward knapweed control in the
next 10 years. Pages 237-238 in P.K. Fay and J.R. Lacey, editors. Proceedings of the
1989 knapweed symposium. Montana State University, Bozeman.

Thompson, L. 1982. Distribution of Montana amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
Montana Audubon Council. Helena, Montana. 24pp.

Tosine, H. 1983. Dioxins: a Canadian perspective. Pages 3-14 jn Choudhary et al.
Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in the total environment. Butterworth
Publishers. Woburn, Massachusetts.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1984. Pesticide background statements. Volume 1,
herbicides. Agricultural Handbook 633. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1988. Draft environmental impact statement for
vegetation management in the Coastal Plain/Piedmont. Management Bulletin
R8-MB 15. Southern Region, Atlanta, Georgia.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Handbook of acute toxicity of chemicals to fish
and aquatic invertebrates. Resource Publication No. 137. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.

Watson, VJ., P.M. Rice, and E.C. Monnig. 1989. Environmental fate of picloram used
for roadside weed control. Journal of Environmental Quality 18(2): 198-205.

68

Workman, D. 1992. Fisheries Manager, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and
Parks. Personal communications with OEA Research Inc.

69

7.0 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Herbicide Properties and Efficacy on Target Noxious Weed Species

Fish and Wildlife Species Known to Occur in Region 7 of the Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX A

HERBICIDE EFFICACY ON STATE-DECLARED NOXIOUS WEED

SPECIES

PROPERTIES OF COMMONLY USED HERBICIDES

Herbicide Efficacy on State-Declared Noxious Weed Species

Efficacy Rating*

Excellent Good Fair Poor Insufficient

data

Category 1

Canada thistle

O.P.C

G

2.M.A

—

—

Dalmatian toadflax

—

D.P.G

2

—

—

Reid bindweed

—

D.P.G.2

M

C

—

Leafy spurge

—

P

D.G

2

— *

Diffuse knapweed

2.D.P

—

— -

—

G

Russian knapweed

• —

D.P.G.C

M

2

A

Spotted knapweed

D.P.G.C

—

2

— ■

St. Johnswort (goatweed)

—

P

—

2

D.G

Whitetop (hoary cress)
Category 2

-

D.G

2,A

P,M

Dyers woad

D**

2.P.G

— -

—

— *

Purple loosestrife

G

2.D

—

• —

— »

Sulfur cinquefoil

D.P.G

2

—

—

—

Category 3

Rush skeletonweed
Yellow starthistle

P

D

2

G

Common crupina

—

—

—

—

—

* Control ratings for the herbicides are as follows:

Excellent - >95% of weed population killed by single treatment
Good* one treatment per year maintains 85-94% suppression
Fair * 60-84% of weed population killed by single treatment
Poor * 1 0-59% of weed population killed by single treatment
Insufficient data * insufficient data exists to determine effectiveness

** C-ctopyralid, D-dicamba, G«glyphosate, P-pidoram, A-metsulfuron, M-MCPA, 2 - 2,4-D

*** Data sources conflict on 2,4-D efficacy for spotted knapweed; Data ranges from poor to excellent

References: USDI-Bureau of Land Management 1985; Nelson et al 1990; McCone 1991; Johnson 1991.

A-l

Properties of Commonly Used Herbicides

1 Toxicilv 1

1 Aquatic Organisms 0 ' Animal 00 !

Mallard

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in

CM

O

CM

o

o

o

CM

A

a

•

•

•

a

a

o

in

CM

A

o

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>2510 ii

relatively 1

■o

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o

to

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re

_>

'•9

re

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•

• •

o

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o

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APPENDIX B

FISH AND WILDLIFE SPECIES RECORDED IN LATILONGS CORRESPONDING
WITH DEPARTMENT OF FISH, WILDLIFE AND PARKS REGION 7.

Bird Species recorded in latilongs 21, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 43, 44 & 45. This list is
based on the species and sequence from Montana Bird Distribution. 4th edition, published
in 1992 by the Montana Audubon Council and the Montana Natural Heritage Program.

Common loon

Pied-billed grebe

Horned grebe

Red-necked grebe

Eared grebe

Western grebe

Clark’s grebe

American white pelican

Double-crested cormorant

American bittern

Least bitterns

Great blue heron

Great egret

Snowy egret

Cattle egret

Little blue heron

Green-backed heron

Black-crowned night-heron

White-faced ibis

Wood stork

Tundra swan

Trumpeter swan

Greater white-fronted goose

Snow goose

Ross’ goose

Brant

Canada goose
Wood duck
Green-winged teal
American black duck
Mallard

Northern pintail
Blue-winged teal
Cinnamon teal
Northern shoveler
Gadwall

American widgeon

Canvasback

Redhead

Ring-necked duck
Great scaup

Lesser scaup
Harlequin duck
Oldsquaw
Surf scoter
Common goldeneye
Barrow’s goldeneye
Bufflehead
Hooded merganser
Common merganser
Red-breasted merganser
Ruddy duck
Turkey vulture
Osprey
Bald eagle
Northern harrier
Sharp-shinned hawk
Cooper’s hawk
Northern goshawk
Broad-winged hawk
Swainson’s hawk
Red-tailed hawk
Ferruginous hawk
Rough-legged hawk
Golden eagle
American sestrel
Merlin

Peregrine falcon
Gyrfalcon
Prairie falcon
Gray partridge
Chukar

Ring-necked pheasant
Spruce grouse
Ruffed grouse
Sage grouse
Sharp-tailed grouse
Wild turkey
Virginia rail
Sore

American coot
Sandhill crane

Whooping crane
Black-bellied plover
Lesser golden-plover
Snowy plover
Semipalmated plover
Piping plover
Killdeer

Mountain plover
Black-necked stilt
American avocet
Greater yellowleg
Lesser yellowleg
Solitary sandpiper
Willet

Spotted sandpiper
Upland sandpiper
Whimbrel
Long-billed curlew
Hudsonian godwit
Marbled godwit
Ruddy tumstone
Red knot
Sanderling

Semipalmated sandpiper
Western sandpiper
Least sandpiper
White-rumped sandpiper
Baird’s sandpiper
Pectoral sandpiper
Dunlin

Stilt sandpiper
Buff-breasted sandpiper
Short-billed dowitcher
Long-billed dowitcher
Common snipe
Wilson’s phalarope
Red-necked phalarope
Pomarine jaeger
Franklin’s gull
Bonaparte’s gull
Ringed-billed gull
California gull
Herring gull
Glaucous gull
Sabine’s gull
Caspian tern

Common tern
Forster’s tern
Least tern
Black tern
Rock dove
Mourning dove
Black-billed cuckoo
Yellow-billed cuckoo
Common barn-owl
Eastern screech-owl
Great horned owl
Snowy owl
Northern pygmy-owl
Burrowing owl
Long-eared owl
Short-eared owl
Northern saw-whet owl
Common nighthawk
Common poorwill
Chimney swift
White-throated swift
Calliope hummingbird
Belted kingfisher
Lewis’ woodpecker
Red-headed woodpecker
Yellow-bellied sapsucker
Red-naped sapsucker
Downy woodpecker
Hairy woodpecker
Black-backed woodpecker
Northern flicker
Olive-sided flycatcher
Western wood-pewee
Eastern wood-pewee
Willow flycatcher
Least flycatcher
Hammond’s flycatcher
Dusky flycatcher
Eastern phoebe
Say’s phoebe
Great crested flycatcher
Cassin’s kingbird
Western kingbird
Eastern kingbird
Homed lark
Purple martin

Tree swallow

Violet-green swallow

Northern rough-winged swallow

Bank swallow

Cliff swallow

Bara swallow

Steller’s jay

Blue jay

Pinyon jay

Clark’s nutcracker

Black-billed magpie

American crow

Common raven

Black-capped chickadee

Mountain chickadee

Red-breasted nuthatch

White-breasted nuthatch

Pygmy nuthatch

Brown creeper

Rock wren

Canyon wren

House wren

Winter wren

Sedge wren

Marsh wren

Golden-crowned kinglet
Ruby-crowned kinglet
Eastern bluebird
Mountain bluebird
Townsend’s solitaire
Veery

Gray-cheeked thrush
Swainson’s thrush
Hermit thrush
Wood thrush
American robin
Gray catbird
Northern mockingbird
Sage thrasher
Brown thrasher
American pipit
Spraque’s pipit
Bohemian waxwing
Cedar waxwing
Northern shrike
Loggerhead shrike

European starling
Solitary vireo
Warbling vireo
Red-eyed vireo
Tennessee warbler
Orange-Crowned warbler
Nashville warbler
Northern parula
Yellow warbler
Magnolia warbler
Cape may warbler
Black-throated blue warbler
Yellow-rumped warbler
Townsend’s warbler
Palm warbler
Blackpoll warbler
Black-and-white warbler
American redstart
Ovenbird

Northern waterthrush
MacGillivray’s warbler
Common yellowthroat
Wilson’s warbler
Yellow-breasted chat
Western tanager
Rose-breasted grosbeak
Black-headed grosbeak
Lazuli bunting
Indigo bunting
Green-tailed towhee
Rufous-sided towhee
American tree sparrow
Chipping sparrow
Clay-colored sparrow
Brewer’s sparrow
Field sparrow
Vesper sparrow
Lark sparrow
Sage sparrow
Lark bunting
Savannah sparrow
Baird’s sparrow
Grasshopper sparrow
LeConte’s sparrow
Fox sparrow
Song sparrow

Lincoln’s sparrow
Swamp sparrow
White-throated sparrow
White-crowned sparrow
Harris’ sparrow
Dark-eyed junco
McCown’s longspur
Lapland longspur
Smith’s longspur
Chestnut-collared longspur
Snow bunting
Bobolink

Red-winged blackbird
Western meadowlark
Yellow-headed blackbird
Rusty blackbird
Breer’s blackbird
Common grackle
Brown-headed cowbird
Orchard oriole
Northern oriole
Rosy finch
Pine grosbeak
Purple finch
Cassin’s finch
House finch
Red crossbill
White-winged crossbill
Common redpoll
Hoary redpoll
Pine siskin
American goldfinch
Evening grosbeak
House sparrow

Fish species known to occur in southeast Montana. This list is based on Distribution of
Fishes in Southeastern Montana, by Elser, AjL, M.W. Gorges and L.M. Morris, 1980.
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, U.S. Bureau of Land Management.
136pp.

Pallid sturgeon

Shovelnose sturgeon

Paddlefish

Goldeye

Mountain whitefish

Rainbow trout

Brown trout

Brook trout

Rainbow smelt

Northern pike

Carp

Goldfish

Golden shiner

Creek chub

Northern redbelly dace

Flathead chub

Sturgeon chub

Lake chub

Emerald shiner

Sand shiner

Brassy minnow

Plains minnow

Wester silvery minnow

Fathead minnow

Longnose dace

River carpsucker

Blue sucker

Smallmouth buffalo

Shortnose redhorse

Longnose sucker

White sucker

Mountain sucker

Black bullhead

Yellow bullhead

Channel catfish

Stonecat

Burbot

Plains killifish

Mosquitofish

Brook stickleback

White bass

Rock bass

Green sunfish

Pumpkinseed

Bluegill

Smallmouth bass

Largemouth bass

White crappie

Black crappie

Yellow perch

Sauger

Walleye

Iowa darter

Freshwater drum

Amphibian, reptile and mammal species recorded in latilongs 36, 37, 38, 39, 46, and 47.
These lists are based on Distribution of Montana Amphibians. Reptiles, and Mammals by
Larry S. Thompson, published in 1982 by The Montana Audubon Council.

AMPHIBIANS

Tiger salamander
Long-toed salamander
Tailed frog
Plains spadefoot

Boreal (western) toad
Boreal chorus frog
Spotted frog
liopard frog

REPTILES

Snapping turtle
Painted turtle
Spiny softshell turtle
Eastern short-horned lizard
Northern sagebrush lizard
Rubber boa

Racer
Bull snake

Western spiny softshell turtle
Common garter snake
Western garter snake
Prairie rattlesnake

MAMMALS ■ REGION 7

Masked shrew
Merriam shrew
Little brown myotis
Yuma myotis
Long-eared myotis
Silver-haired bat
Big brown bat
Hoary bat
Black bear
Raccoon
Shorttail weasel
Least weasel
Longtail weasel
Mink

River otter
Badger
Striped skunk
Coyote
Red fox
Swift fox
Mountain lion
Bobcat

Yellowbelly marmot
Blacktail prairie dog
Richardson ground squirrel
Thirteen-lined ground squirrel
Least chipmunk
Eastern gray squirrel

Eastern fox squirrel
Red squirrel
Northern pocket gopher
Wyoming pocket mouse
Ord kangaroo rat
Beaver

Western harvest mouse
White-footed mouse
Deer mouse

Northern grasshopper Mouse

Bushytail woodrat

Meadow vole

Prairie vole

Longtail vole

Sagebrush vole

Muskrat

Meadow jumping mouse
Porcupine
Whitetail jackrabbit
Mountain cottontail
Eastern cottontail
Desert cottontail
Elk

Mule deer
Whitetail deer
Pronghorn antelope
Bison

Bighorn sheep