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OF THE
MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
NEW SERIES.
PLL LILLIA
VOLUME XT.
10ND. ON 2
JOHN CHURCHILL AND SONS, NEW BURLINGTON STREET.
1863.
TRANSACTIONS.
A few words more on Brenzamin Martin. By Joun
Wixuams, Assistant-Secretary.
(Read Oct. 8th, 1862.)
In the introduction to my description of the Martin micro-
scope, read at one of the meetings of the Society during the
last session, I gave some particulars of the.life of Benjamin
Martin, the constructor of that beautiful instrument. I was,
however, unable to give any account of his early life. Since
that time I have met with some additional information
respecting that remarkable man which, although very scanty,
may still be considered of interest by the Society, as supplying
a deficiency in the former account. I have, therefore, with
your permission, to call your attention to “A few words
more on Benjamin Martin.”
Since my last communication I have ascertained that
Benjamin Martin was born of poor but well-conducted
parents, at Worplesdon, a small town or village between
Guildford and Woking, in Surrey, in the year 1704. He
commenced his career in that neighbourhood at a very early
age, as a ploughboy. Having a strong desire to acquire
knowledge, and being gifted with extraordinary perseverance,
he succeeded, by unremitting application, in teaching himself
reading, writing, and arithmetic, and acquired such profi-
ciency that he was able to undertake the instruction of others
in those useful and necessary arts. Having also a strong
inclination towards mathematical and philosophical specula-
tions, after a while he abandoned husbandry, and, devoting
himself to more congenial pursuits, persevered in such a
course of reading and study as, in a great measure, compen-
sated for the want of original education. How he supported
himself during this time is not clear, but it was pos-
sibly by teaching, and he appears to have first employed him-
self in this way at Guildford. About 1735 he settled, as a
VOL, XI. a
2 Witurams, on Benjamin Martin.
schoolmaster, at Chichester; and there, about 1740, as
appears from the advertisement quoted in my former account,
he constructed his pocket reflecting microscope.
His first literary production was the ‘ Philosophical Gram-
mar,’ published without date, before 1735, which was succeeded
by a number of useful introductory works, at the time they
were published of great value to the student. He appears
also, in one part of his career, to have read lectures in
London on various branches of natural and experimental
philosophy, which are said to have been well attended, and to
have given much satisfaction.
I have taken some pains to ascertain the various works
published by Martin, and have appended to this account as
complete a list as I could make out. In the course of the
necessary investigations for that purpose I have met with
several curious particulars connected with them, and relating
either to the author or to their publication, which may, per-
haps, be of some interest. They are chiefly from incidental
notices or advertisements in the works themselves. Thus, in
the ‘Young Man’s Memorial Book,’ published in 1736, at the
end are two separate announcements of ‘‘ Books published for
J. Noon.” In the first of these, which is of an earlier date
than that of the book it is appended to, we read, “ Just pub-
lished, the ‘ Philosophical Grammar,’ &c., &. By Benjamin
Martin.” ‘This was his first work. This announcement is
succeeded by the following :—‘‘ November 20, 1735. Next
week will be published, ‘A New and Complete System or
Body of Decimal Arithmetic,’ &c., &. By Benjamin Martin,”
thus giving almost the very day of the publication of that
work, and also proving that the ‘ Philosophical Grammar’
had not long preceded that date, viz., 1735. In the second
- announcement, which is evidently of the date 1736 (that of
the work in which it occurs), we find, “In the press, and
next February will be published, in two volumes, ‘The Young
Trigonometer’s Complete Guide, &c., &. By Benjamin
Martin.” In the ‘Description of both the Globes,’ &c. (with-
out date, but evidently published after Martin had opened his
shop in London), we find an advertisement or notice, to which
I call attention, as showing how widely spread was the renown
that Martin had acquired as an optician. It is as follows :—
““N.B.—Whereas the Jews, pedlars, &c., in all parts of
England, sell visual glasses with the initials of my name
(B.M.) upon them, and pretend on that account that they
are of my make and were bought of me, I thought it neces-
sary to undeceive the public, by assuring them that I never
sold any to those who hawk goods about the country, they
Witzrams, on Benjamin Martin. 3
dealing in a sort of glass too bad for any but themselves to
recommend, or for any one to buy who knows anything of
optical glass, or has more regard to the safety of his eyes and
the preservation of his sight than the saving of his money.”
In the same work is given “ A Catalogne of Philosophical,
Optical, and Mathematical Instruments, made and sold by
Benjamin Martin, at his shop, the sign of Hadley’s Quadrant
and Visual Glasses, near Crown Court, Fleet Street.”” The
prices are mentioned, and among them we find, “ Large
parlour compound microscope, £3 13s. 6d.; ditto, in brass,
£5 5s.; solar microscope, £5 5s.; Wilson’s ditto, with appa-
ratus, £2 12s. 6d.; ditto, small, £1 7s.; Dr. Lieberkuhn’s
opaque microscope, £2 12s. 6d.; ditto sto, £3 13s. 6d.;
aquatic microscope, £2 12s. 6d.; ; universal compound micro-
scope, £5 5s.; pocket compound ditto, £2 2s.” This list is
curious, as showing the cost of various microscopes at that
time.
Martin also published a few prints, of which a list is given:
They were—‘ Synopsis of Celestial Science,’ 1s. 6d. ; ‘ Orbit of
Comet of 1682 and 1759,’ 1s. 6d.; ‘Wonders of Cometary
World Displayed,’ 2s. 6d.; ‘New Map of the World,’ 1s. 6d.;
‘Map of 460 Miles round London,’ 6d.; ‘Map of 20 Miles
round London,’ 6d.; Transit of Venus over the Sun, J ips rr
6th, 1761,’ ls. 6d.
In conclusion, I append a list of works published by M Ban
between 1733 and 1773, a period of forty years, which I
have endeavoured to render as complete as possible. They
amount to forty, and are:—‘ Philosophical Grammar’ (the first
of his works); ‘ Elements of Geometry,’ 1733 ; ‘Spelling-Book
of the Arts and Sciences, for the use of Schools ;’ ‘ Decimal
Arithmetic,’ 1735 ; ‘Young Student’s Memorial Book,’ 1735;
‘ Description of the Globes,’ 2 vols., 1736; ‘ Memoirs of the
Academy of Paris,’ 1740; ‘Panegyric of the Newtonian
Philosophy,’ 1734; ‘On the New Construction of the Globes,’
1755; ‘System of the Newtonian Philosophy, 1759; ‘New
Elements of Optics,’ 1759; ‘ Mathematical Institutes,’ 1759-
64; ‘The Natural History of England,’ 1759; ‘ Biographia
Philosophica,’ 1764; ‘Introduction to the Newtonian Phi-
losophy,’ 1765; ‘ Institutions of Astronomical Calculations,’
1765; ‘Description and Use of the Air-pump,’ 1766; ‘ De-
scription of the Torricellian Barometer,’ 1760; ‘ Appendix to
Description of the Globes,’ 1766; ‘ Philosophia Britannica,’
3 vols., 1773; ‘Philosophical Magazine and Miscellaneous
Correspondence,’ 14 vyols.; ‘New Principles of Geography
and Navigation,’ 1758; ‘Familiar Introduction to Experi-
mental Philosophy ;’ ‘The Transit of Venus Explained ;’
4. TuLK, on Cleaning and Preparing Diatoms.
‘The Theory and Use of Hadley’s Quadrant Explained ;’
‘The Nature and Construction of Solar Eclipses ;’ ‘ Optical
Essays on Curious Subjects ;? ‘The New Art of Surveying
by the Goniometer;’ ‘The Principles of Pumpwork Ex-
plained ;? ‘The Young Gentleman and Lady’s Philosophy,’
1759; ‘A New Treatise on Perspective ; ‘ System of Optics,’
1740 ; ‘Logarithmologia,’ 1740; ‘Philology and Philosophical
Geography, 1759; ‘Philological Library;’ ‘ Philological
Grammar ;’ Description of both Globes, the Armillary
Sphere,’ &c.; ‘Description of his newly invented Pocket
Reflecting Microscope ;’ ‘ Bibliotheca Technologica.’
This list is taken partly from the works themselves, in
which there are frequent advertisements of his publications,
and partly from summaries in various biographical accounts
of Benjamin Martin.
On Creanine and Preparine Diatoms.
By J. A. Tuxk.
Berievine that a short description of the method of
‘Cleaning and Preparing Diatoms for Preservation,” which
I have found advantageous, may be of some service to those
who are unacquainted with and about to commence the
practice of that art, I am induced to record it; and if it be
found to lighten their labours, and to produce the satisfactory
results I anticipate, my object will have been accomplished.
_ It is unnecessary to state where to look for diatoms, as that
has been sufficiently pointed out by Professor Smith, in his
work on the ‘ British Diatomacez,’ by Dr. Arthur 8. Donkin,
in the sixth volume, ‘Trans. Mic. Soc. ;’ by the editors of the
‘Micrographic Dictionary;? by Mr. Ralph, in the fourth
edition of ‘Prichard’s Infusoria;? by Mr. Roper, in the
‘Trans. Mic. Soc.,’ vol. ii; by Mr. Tomkins, in ‘ Recreative
Science,’ vol. ii; by Mr. Tuffen West, in ‘ Recreative Science,’
vol.i; and by many other experienced writers, who, to-
gether with the above-mentioned gentlemen, have nearly ex-
hausted the subject.
I will, therefore, commence with describing, as briefly as
T am able, a plan for collecting, cleaning, and mounting a
fresh-water gathering, taken from off the mud of a road-side
ditch; and I may remark that any other description of
gathering, guanoes and fossil deposits, may be cleaned and
Tux, on Cleaning and Preparing Diatoms. 5
mounted in the same manner, of course omitting such of
the detailed operations as are evidently unnecessary.
Diatoms are readily collected from the mud when the
latter has only a few inches or no water at all over it, pro-
vided only it is i a moist state; and the plan I adopt, and
which was suggested to me by my friend Mr. Currie, of
Addlestone, is gently and lightly to detach the diatomaceous
stratum lying upon the surface of the mud by the aid of a small,
thin, old, silver salt-spoon, having its bowl-edge in the same
plane as its shank ; thus, the lighter and smaller the spoon is
the more valuable it will be found to be. If carefully per-
formed, by this operation a small portion of the diatomaceous
stratum, in some cases entirely, in others almost entirely,
free from siliceous particles, will be lifted, and may be trans-
ferred into the collecting bottle. It is as well to have in the
bottle some water, into which the spoon can be immersed,
when the forms will readily diffuse themselves in the fluid.
Or if the mud from which the collecting is to be made has
no water over it, but yet is moist, another method of gather-
ing the forms may be adopted, namely, to roll over the
diatomaceous stratum a rather large camel-hair brush,
when the frustules will become entangled in the hairs of the
brush, and may be separated from them by immersion in the
water in the collecting bottle. Having by either of these
means obtained a sufficient quantity of the material, and
suppose it to consist of forms not quite clean, the next
operation is to strain it through a piece of thin silk gauze,
by which means any large pieces of vegetable matter are got
rid of. It should then be placed in a small, unglazed saucer,
with about +” of water above it, and exposed for a few
hours to the influence of the sunlight, which in many
instances will cause the diatoms, which may be known by
their brown colour, to rise to the surface of the impurities ;
and they may then be separated by means of a camel-hair brush
rolled over them in the manner already described. Also in
this case the diatoms may frequently be obtained absolutely
pure, and requiring no further preparation than boiling in
nitric acid and washing in clean water. However, it may be
found that they have not risen to the surface of the impurities,
or if they have, they cannot be collected by the brush free from
silica, in either of which cases the whole of the gathering
in the saucer may be transferred into a large, wide-mouthed
bottle, six inches high and two and a quarter inches diameter
inside, a few drops of nitric acid added to kill the forms, and
the bottle two thirds filled with clean, it need not be distilled,
water, and the whole well shaken. The mass is then allowed
6 Tuk, on Cleaning and Preparing Diatoms.
to subside, and the discoloured water poured off. This wash-
ing operation ought to be successively performed until the
supernatant water remains colourless, for by this means a
great deal of very minute matter is advantageously got rid of.
If itis thought advisable, the washed mass may now be
subjected to the action of boiling sulphuric acid and chlo-
rate of potash, according to the method described by Mr.
Arthur M. Edward, in ‘ Jour. Mic. Soc.,’ vol. vii; or if not, it
may at once be transferred, if of considerabie bulk, into a
Florence flask ; but if of only small amount, into a test-tube
six inches long and one inch diameter, allowed to settle—
the supernatant water being poured off as close as possible—
covered by a quantity of strong nitric acid, sp. gr. 1:5, equal
to its own bulk, and boiled for five or ten minutes. It is
then poured into the large six-inch bottle, which should be
about one half filled with clean water, with which it is well
shaken, allowed to settle for twelve hours, when the acid
water is poured from off it, and a similar amount of clean
water again added to it. Again the fluid is violently shaken
for upwards of five minutes, for the purpose of breaking
down and getting rid of the flocculent siliceous matter or
mucus with which the diatomaceous frustules are generally
connected, and from which they can be completely separated
by no other means that I am acquainted with, and for the
knowledge of which fact | am indebted to the kindness of
Dr. Greville, who communicated it to me.
The mass is again allowed to settle, until the superimeum-
bent water appears tinged only with a slight milkiness; the
water is then poured off. This operation of washing is suc-
cessively repeated until the water, after standing for half an
hour above the settlings and examined under a microscope,
is seen to contain in suspension no very minute siliceous
particles. Any larger particles which may be present will
have subsided along with the forms, and will be got rid of in
the next, the most important, operation.
The mass is now placed in a small, thin, flat-bottomed,
porcelain evaporating basin, say of two and three-quarter
inches diameter and half an inch deep, with so much water as
will half fill the basin; the latter is put upon a table, and its
contents allowed to subside, but not quietly, for during the
subsidence a very gentle whirling or gyrating action is given to
the water, similar to that by which the gold-washer separate;
the gold from the gravel in his round, iron washing-vessel.
The diatomaceous frustules beimg comparatively light and of
large superficial area, are more readily acted upon by the
moving water than the solid, small masses of siliceous matter
Tux, on Cleaning and Preparing Diatoms. *
are, which, in proportion to their weight, are of small super-
ficial area; the consequence is, if the whirling motion is
gradually reduced in force until it is altogether discontinued,
it will be found that the mass has arranged itself about the
centre of the basin, the siliceous particles being below, and
the diatoms lying as a stratum upon them. The latter may
now easily be separated.
Again the slight whirling motion is given to the vessel, when
immediately a cloud of diatoms is seen to rise up from the
mass into the centre of the water. Into this cloud the capil-
lary end of a small dipping-tube, three and a half inches long
and a quarter inch diameter inside, is inserted, at an inclined
angle, when at once a portion of the pure diatoms will enter
it, and from this they may be blown into a small bottle. By
successively performing this operation a very large proportion
of the diatoms may be obtained in a pure state, and fit for
mounting. However, there are certain heavy, compact forms,
which will not readily rise in the whirling process, such, for
example, as Amphitetras antediluviana, Triceratium Favus,
Biddulphia turgida, &c., &c., which will be found at the
bottom of the vessel along with the silica. These may be
advantageously picked out with a fine needle under a simple
microscope.
By a little practice and dexterity in the whirling process,
so as to produce a less or greater amount of motion of the
water, the lighter forms may be collected separate from those
more dense, for the former will rise on a very gentle action
being given, whilst the latter will require rather more motion
to stir them.
The forms thus collected may then be washed in the small
bottle two or three times with distilled water, when they
will be in a satisfactory state for mounting.
It is requisite so to apportion the water in the bottle to
the quantity of forms, as that when the latter are laid on the
cover they appear to be neither too abundant nor too scant.
The slide and the cover about to be used should be made
scrupulously clean, and this is best done by placing on them
a small quantity of a solution of Ward’s washing powder
(a packet of which can be procured at any grocer’s shop for
one penny, and which will be found most useful for removing
balsam or grease from slides), well rubbing them with the
finger, and drying them with a clean cloth. Any filaments
from the cloth should be picked off with a needle under the
microscope.
The cover should then be made to adhere to a slide, by
8 Tux, on Cleaning and Preparing Diatoms.
first breathing on the latter, and then pressing the cover
down upon it with a needle-point.
The bottle contaming the forms is now well shaken, and
the small dipping-tube is immersed into the fiuid to such a
point that the liquid ascends into the tube about half an inch.
The capillary opening of the tube is then made to touch the
middle of the cover, when at once the liquid will diffuse
itself over the latter, but will not overflow its edges. It is
then dried very slowly under a large glass shade, otherwise
the forms will segregate together, after which it is ready for
mounting, either dry or in balsam. I will describe how the
latter operation should be performed.
A drop of Canada balsam, taken out of the balsam bottle
on the head of a common pin which has been immersed into
it, is transferred to the centre of the slide, and the cover,
one end of which has first been made to rest on the slide,
gently laid over it, when, by capillary attraction, the balsam
will diffuse itself through the forms and under the whole of
the cover, and yet without extending beyond its limits.
There are these advantages attending this plan: the forms
being next to the glass cover, no considerable thickness of
balsam has to be looked through when they are seen under
the microscope, and by the use of the pin’s head the
quantity of balsam used may be so gauged as to necessitate
no after-cleaning of the slide from superfluous balsam. The
slide is then placed on its edge half an hour or an hour,
when any air-bubbles which may have been entangled by the
forms will have found their way out of the fluid balsam by
the edges of the cover, after which the slide may be put aside
to harden the balsam gradually, or it may be exposed to
"heat not greater than the finger can pleasantly bear, when
the balsam will harden more rapidly.
The preservation of diatoms in a dry state is performed
in the usual manner.
A ring of gold size is made on a slide by means of the
whirling table, and over this a ring of asphalt when the
former is dry. When the asphalt is dry, or nearly so, the
shde is heated until the asphalt becomes soft, when the cover
with the forms on it, as above described, is quickly placed
upon it, and its edges pressed with a needle-point, so that
they adhere to the asphalt at every part. The mounting
may then be finished by placing another ring of asphalt
round the edge of the cover. By this plan the asphalt will
not run under the cover and spoil the preparation.
On the Poorocraruic DELINEATION of Microscopic OBJECTS.
By R. L. Mappox, M.D.
(Read Nov. 12th, 1862.)
On the construction of the microscope, its appendages and
uses, much has been written; still it is to be marked, and
with regret, that the page devoted to its conjoined applica-
tion with photography bears so insignificant a proportion,
when we see that the tendency of the present day is to
employ each for the purpose of scientific observation and
illustration. In a degree, this may have arisen from the
trouble or difficulty peculiar to the study, and the paucity
of attempts to reduce the art to a position calculated to
advance its use. Doubtless, each individual has adopted
methods peculiar to himself, which he has employed for
some supposed, if not real, advantage; therefore, if only
these, so far as they have been made known, were briefly
enumerated, it would considerably guide others, and greatly
tend to facilitate its use.
Yet it seems likely, without aid from opticians, that we
shall be subject to perpetual vibrations, “ without important
additions ;”” nevertheless, it cannot be desired that we yield
to our exigencies by assigning “‘a limit to the discoveries of
future ages,’ prescribe to science her boundaries, restrain
the active and insatiable curiosity of man within the circle of
his present acquirements, and thus rather accommodate his
wants to the narrow spirit of prejudice, neglect, and disap-
pointment, than strive to participate in the common advance-
ment of applied photography.
Unfortunately there is little encouragement given to ad-
vocate its use, even when its usefulness is acknowledged,
and the common remark, that “its employment must be
very limited, for, unless the object to be represented lies in
one plane, you cannot, by the microscope, obtain definition
over its entire surface,’ at once prejudices the question, and
consigns us to still chiefly rely on woodcuts, with their errors,
omissions, and the “distinct folds of their accustomed
drapery.’ It should be remembered we are not in a position
to limit its use, nor assign, without experiment or trial,
the number of diameters an object, whether primarily or
secondarily, can be enlarged, before the eye detects any
offending error; rather would it be in harmony with the
basis upon which the science of experiment has been reared
to first acknowledge the want, then encourage the effort,
10 Manpox, on the Delineation of Microscopic Objects.
and, no doubt, as in the parts now considered necessary
appurtenances to the microscope, we should, ere long, find
the deficiency supplied.
Again, much objection has been taken to the application
of photography for obtaining drawings of microscopic objects,
not simply, as stated, in an optical point of view, but also
from the reason that we are accustomed to learn all we can
of any object under observation by every means placed at
our disposal, these being gathered, as it were, by the draughts-
man, and combined by his skill to represent that which he
has separately observed; whilst in the employment of pho-
tography we must rest content, if in one drawing, with what
we consider the best general view of the object, or some parti-
cular part. Here, however, we have this advantage, there
are no notable mistakes of relative magnitude, distance, or
separation of parts, upon the strict correctness of which
much in scientific observation depends; also, parts incapable
of being easily, if at all, rendered by the hand can by its
use be traced in more than mere outline; for it is possible,
in very many cases, though needing considerable patience,
to obtain some shadows and markings in objects which are
commonly, if not entirely, ignored by the artist, even with
the advantage of continued examination. Whatever may be
his legitimate omissions, all must admire his great skill in
beautiful delineation, and appreciate his work—work which
will, no doubt, increase with the employment of photography
for the purpose here advocated.
The general application of Mr. Wenham’s excellent
arrangement for giving sterecopicity to objects by means of
the binocular microscope will, probably, tend to greatly
alter the ordinary methods of rendering engravings or draw-
ings of microscopic subjects, especially when viewed as opaque
bodies, and we shall then, perhaps, be more ready to appre-
ciate their photographic representation.
If we divide the advantages of photomicrography into
their twofold character, we shall find the one derived from
the facility with which an object can be rendered in its chief
or general aspect, thus affording considerable assistance for
its recognition by others, retaining in its freshness much in-
tact, even in its minutiz, which often becomes greatly
altered when preserved in any of the usual media; whilst
the other tends to an opposite direction, and points at once
to the difficulty experienced when we attempt the photo-
graph of portions or entire surfaces of minute objects with
their details ; the opprobrium and perplexity here combine.
The correctness of the position assumed will, I trust,
Manpox, on ihe Delineation of Microscopic Objects. 11
be in part somewhat verified by the prints for your obser-
vation that accompany this paper. Untouched, unpressed,
prepared with little care, they are simply intended to show
the general and the partial application of photomicrography,
and, however feebly they may represent either, the infancy
of the art must be remembered, and the failings forgotten in
the effort to render them more acceptable.
The midge, sand-hopper, Entomostraca, section of the
pith of Hydrangea, of scalariform duct of Macca or Racca,
the seaweeds, Fragilaria and Zygnema, will sufficiently
illustrate its first application, and the prints of the several
diatoms will show its employment in its second character ;
the former being casually mounted without preparation,
the latter as commonly prepared by microscopists.
The apparatus may briefly be stated as a microscope
attached by means of telescope tubes to an expanding
camera, the whole fixed on a stout board, four feet six
inches long, supported by double triangle legs ; the illumina-
tion is either by a plane or concave mirror, or Abraham’s
achromatic prism, preference being given to the latter; the
condensing lens, a Coddington of small angular aperture.
Strong sunlight, if possible, is employed in all cases; a
slow collodion, iron developer, and the ordinary means used
to strengthen the negative, if, on examination by a lens, the
details be seen sufficiently perfect. Slght obliquity of the
light has generally been attempted, especially when the
surface of the object was not flat. The long eye-piece has
been occasionally used, and I think, gives what 1s commonly
called “ depth of focus,” but certainly at a little loss of defi-
nition. The main difficulty lies, not in obtaining a negative,
but one that, when nicely printed, gives something of the
character of the object when seen by a weak, reflected light ;
for the prints may be said to scarcely resemble objects seen
by transmitted light. In fact, we are hardly yet familiar with
the representation of microscopic objects by its means, and
therefore we rather at once unjustly revert to the illustra-
tion by engraving for a comparison. ‘There is a considerable
danger of producing a weak negative from over-exposure
where the field is not well filled by the object, and especially
if we seek to render the details when the object itself is
coloured. Success appears to me much to rest, ceteris
paribus, in the illumination of the object, im the plans for
which there is a wide field, from ordinary daylight to con-
centrated sunlight, from the mirror to the prism, from
the achromatic to the simple condenser, from direct to
oblique transmitted light, from concentrated to obliquely
12. Manpvox, on the Delineation of Microscopic Objects.
reflected light, to which may be added polarized and artificial
illumination and the employment of coloured media.
Finding how much the appearance of an object may be
altered by the direction of the illuminating pencils, as will be
recognised in some of the photographs of the Coscinodiscus,
&c., where the focus remained unaltered, the plan of deter-
mining the constant focus for a certain objective and object
has been seldom attended to, but in most cases trials
have been repeated until the appearance of the negative
seemed satisfactory, due regard being made for the common
** over-correction’’? where necessary. As the objects are
focussed in sunlight, it must be remembered there is a
chance, without some care, of softening the cementing medium
of the lenses of the object-glasses or of “ firmg” the object.
The advantage of the prism was noticed more than three years
since, and consists in the readiness with which the centring
of the object-glass and condenser can be recognised on its
surface, and a trifling alteration given to the course of the
rays entering them.
A few stereophotographs have been taken by the plan sug-
gested by Professor Wheatstone, also by the method pro-
posed by Mr. Smith; the best negative was fractured by a
fall, but its definition was barely satisfactory. That of the
animal (parasite?) found on the Brittle Star was by the
plan of masking the alternate half of the front lens of the
objective, as also of the Brittle Star, seen by transmitted light.
The print of the former appears rough, as the object was
mounted without other preparation than gentle washing, its
edges being covered by Diatomaceze. No particular scale
has been adopted as regards the magnitude of the image, it
being generally preferred to render the object about the size
usually chosen by microscopists; still many of the negatives
will bear considerable amplification, if required.
However inadequately this subject is now placed before
you, it possesses in itself a sufficient charm and interest to
claim your attention to the extended variety of a “ beau-
teous garniture’ that can be‘made to unfold its exquisite
tracery by the simple means advocated, enable us “ to imitate,
in some faint degree, and to admire, at least, where we cannot
imitate, the perfection” that adorns even Creation’s lowhest
forms.
18
Descriptions of New and Rare Diatroms. Series VIII.
By R. K. Grevintz, LL.D., F.R.S.E., &e.
(Communicated by F. C. 8. Roper, F.R.S.)
PLAGIOGRAMMA.
Plagiogramma Robertsianum, un. sp., Grev.—Valve lanceo-
late, obtuse; costz 2, centrical; striz very fine, about 30 in
"001". Length -0018” to 00380”. (Pl. I, figs. 1, 2.)
Hab. Port Stephen, New South Wales; Dr. Roberts.
Unquestionably distinct, with finer strie than in any
species previously described. Indeed, under a moderately
magnifying power, they are invisible. The frustules vary, to
some extent, in shape and size; the more minute examples
being somewhat elliptical, the larger ones narrower in pro-
portion to their length, and, generally, slightly constricted
below the apices, where a few very minute, raised points are
situated. These come out most distinctly in the front view,
but even then require careful adjustment.
CAMPYLODISCUS.
Campylodiscus ornatus, n. sp., Grev.— Valve uearly circular,
much bent, with two bands of radiating canaliculi, the mar-
ginal one narrow, the inner one much broader, the canaliculi
distant, with two rows of puncta between them ; central space
filled with faint, obscurely moniliform, radiating lines, and bor-
dered with a row of oblong granules. Diameter ‘0056’. (Fig. 3.)
Hab. On Tridacna, West Indies; F. Kitton, Esq.
An exquisitely beautiful diatom, having some relation to
Campylodiscus Horologium, in its circular form, distant cana-
liculi, and intercanalicular puncta; but differing from it in
the much-bent valve and in the double band of canaliculi,
besides various minor points. In the inner band, which is
about twice the breadth of the outer one, the long canaliculi
alternate with very short, imperfect ones, while in the outer band
they are all equal, and correspond in number with the perfect
and imperfect canaliculi, taken together, of the inner band.
Campylodiscus Wallichianus, n. sp., Grev.—Valve circular,
with a defined, broadly linear, central space ; canaliculi about
48, concentric, with extremities very slender, and armed with
minute spines. Diameter -0040". (Fig. 4.)
Hab. Dredged off St. Helena by Dr. Wallich, in from
fifteen to forty fathoms. Harvey Bay, Queensland, and Port
of France, New Caledonia, Dr. Roberts.
14 GREVILLE, on New Diatoms.
This most graceful species in some respects closely re-
sembles my Campylodiscus Normanianus. The form of the
central space is precisely similar, and the number of the
canaliculi is about the same. It is, however, a much more
delicate species. The canaliculi are far more slender ; indeed,
the sharpness and fineness of the lines are most striking at
the first glance. Dr. Wallich correctly remarks, in his notes
upon his St. Helena dredgings, which he has most kindly
placed in my hands, that the canaliculi, when seen in a favor-
able point of view, exhibit themselves as the angular edge of
elevated ridges. In an accurate sketch by him, now before
me, the canaliculi pass quite across the central space, closely
and very minutely beset with spinule; I have also seen a
similar specimen from New Caledonia, but it is an excep-
tional case, as they rarely traverse more than a third of the
distance, and often not so much. ‘The irregularity, however,
of the central markings in this genus are now too well known
to have any influence over specific diagnosis.
Campylodiscus Robertsianus, nu. sp., Grev.—Valve circular,
with an oval central space and prominent radiating coste
of equal length, the ridge of which is composed of minute,
oblong cellules, in pairs. Diameter ‘0050. (Fig. 5.)
Hab. Harvey Bay, Queensland; Dr. Roberts.
One of the most exquisite species of this charming genus.
The valve is bent and concave. The costz or canaliculi re-
semble sharply prominent ribs, along the crest of which are
disposed longitudinally numerous minute, oblong cellules, in
pairs, which in some lights might be hastily taken for short
lines. The nearest ally of this remarkable species is unques-
tionably C. diplostichus, also a native of the Australian seas,
where it was obtained from the stomachs of Ascidians by Dr.
Macdonald. I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Roberts,
of Sydney, for a series of gatherings from the Southern
Pacific, which, having very recently arrived, are mostly un-
examined. I rejoice, however, in having an early opportunity
of dedicating so well-marked a species to Dr. Roberts, who,
from want of leisure, has been prevented from carrying out
his intention of investigating the Diatomacez of the Southern
Ocean.
Campylodiscus crebrecostatus, n. sp., Grev.—Valve nearly
circular ; canaliculi imperfectly radiating, very numerous, 6
in 001", forming a broad, marginal band, the outer portion
being bent back, so as to form a ridge along the middle of
the band; central space elliptical, closely filled with fine
transverse coste, interrupted by a narrow median line of
blank space. Longest diameter ‘0037". (Fig. 6.)
GREVILLE, on New Diatoms. 15
Hab. Port Jackson, New South Wales; Dr. Roberts.
In a mounted slide presented to me by Dr. Roberts I find
the beautiful Campylodiscus now described. In the dry pre-
paration the valve is of a dark-blue colour. The canaliculi
are fine and sharp, and the separation between the marginal
band and the central space is marked by a very narrow blank
line. The ridge which runs along the middle of the band of
canaliculi is so prominent that, at first sight, there appears to
be a solution in the continuity of the canaliculi, which, how-
ever, is not the case. The costz in the centre are not in the
slightest degree moniliform. It is a robust species for its size.
Navicula Lewisiana, un. sp., Grev.—Valve elongated, linear
oblong; strize very fine, parallel; median line terminating
considerably within the apices in a linear, elongated nodule,
the base of which rests in a socket. Length -0076" to -0122”.
(Fig. 7.)
Navicula, n. sp.? or sporangium of N. rhomboides? Lewis,
‘ Notes of Diatom. of the U.S. Seaboard,’ p. 6, pl. u, fig. 3.
Navicula, n. sp.? or sporangium of N. rhombaides? or N.
fossilis, Enr. Lewis, in ‘Mic. Journ.,’ n. ser., vol. ii, p. 161.
Hab. India (Sunderbunds); Dr. Wallich. Mud from
oysters, St. Mary’s River, U.S.; tidal mud from Savannah
River, U.S.; marsh at Fernandina, Florida; Dr. F. W. Lewis.
Mouth of the River Berbice; Dr. Abercrombie. Sierra Leone,
in gathering communicated by Frederick Kitton, Esq.
Of this diatom Dr. Lewis remarks that “‘it is nearly allied
to Nav. rhomboides and crassinervia, more particularly to var.
B of the first named, and, perhaps, notwithstanding its marine
habitat, ought to be regarded as a variety of one or other of
these species.” Dr. Lewis, however, at the same time re-
gisters it as a doubtful new species, and I am myself certainly
disposed to consider it as really distinct. With regard to
mere figure, the frustules of both Nav. rhomboides and crassi-
nervia are decidedly lanceolate, whereas those of the diatom
now before us have the sides nearly parallel at the middle,
and although gradually narrowing as they approach the apex,
are still, at that part, broadly rounded. And I am not aware
that we have any authority for assuming that the sporangial
condition would cause so radical a change in the frustular
form. In the absence of any such evidence, it appears
to be a safer proceeding to treat it asnew. But the differ-
ence in form is, indeed, the least argument in favour of such
a conclusion. ‘The terminal nodules alone constitute an
essential peculiarity. They are situated at a considerable
distance from the apices, are elongated, apparently cylindrical,
and are, besides, connected in so curious a manner with the
16 GREVILLE, on New Diatoms.
median line, as to render an observation on that organ expe-
dient before proceeding with my description. The term
central or median line is, at present, used with great latitude,
and seems to be held to include, not only the truly simple
central line, which extends longitudinally throughout the
valve, but also, in various instances, two additional lines
which run close to and parallel with it. In the present case
it becomes necessary to distinguish between them, and, until
a better name be suggested, I shall call these additional lines
the extra-median lines. In N. Lewisiana the true median
line, which is very slender, passes to the base, and, as it were,
supports the terminal nodule. The extra-median lines are
very much stronger, incrassated, and somewhat convex oppo-
site the central nodule, and on reaching the terminal nodules
suddenly expand, increase in bulk, and embrace the lower
part of the nodule exactly as a porte-crayon holds a pencil—
a comparison which I perceive, from Dr. Wallich’s notes, we
have both made independently of each other. The frustule
is diaphanous, even under considerable magnifying power,
and the striz strictly transverse and parallel, and so fine that
they cannot be exhibited by the engraver. According to Dr.
Lewis, they are 50 to 60 in ‘001”, while Dr. Wallich makes
them 85 in ‘001”. I confess that I have been unable to
estimate them satisfactorily. In the ‘ Microscopical Journal’
(vol. ii, p. 155, n. ser.) is a partial reprint of Dr. Lewis’s
original pamphlet, in which this species is referred, with a
question, to N. fossilis, Ehr., as well as to N. rhomboides, a
suggestion which does not occur in the original pamphlet
itself. That diatom, however, has, I believe, never been
described, and we only know it by the figures in ‘ Mikro-
geologie’ (pl. 10 I, fig. 6). Judging from these figures, it
is a minute species, with the striz visible and highly oblique,
« few radiating ones being very conspicuous opposite the
central nodule. It seems quite clear, therefore, that it has
no affinity with the very fine and curious diatom under con-
sideration.
I have attempted in vain to render the frustule of N.
Lewisiana stationary under examination, in order to obtain a
drawing of the front view. That, however, given by Dr.
Lewis, “ linear and slightly inflated,” appears to be correct.
In one or two immaterial points this species is subject to
irregularity. The terminal nodules vary in length, and the
forceps-like receptacle is sometimes closed upon the nodule,
while at others it slightly expands. The size of the frustule
is also uncertain. The specimens from Sierra Leone are the
largest I have seen, one in my possession being nearly a
GREVILLE, on New Diatoms. 17
third longer than the individual figured. Those kindly com-
municated by my friend, Dr. Abercrombie, of Cheltenham,
from Berbice, are generally small, and occur along with fine
varieties of N. permagna of Bailey, which I hope to illustrate
in a future paper. In the same gathering is also a long
Pleurosigma, apparently intermediate between P. Baliicum
and P. longinum. (Brightwell, ‘Mic. Journ.,’ vol. vii, p. 180,
plate ix, fig. 7.)
Navicula Johnsoniana, n. sp., Grev.—Valve somewhat con-
vex, elliptical-oblong, with slightly produced, obtuse extremi-
ties, and a transversely rounded, stauros-like blank space in
the centre ; strize very oblique, conspicuously lineato-punctate.
Length 0034” to 0040". (Fig. 8.)
Hab. New Zealand; C. Johnson, Esq. Harvey Bay,
Queensland, in a dredging communicated by Dr. Roberts.
Again I have the pleasure of recording one of the many
discoveries of my esteemed and venerable friend, Mr. John-
son, of Lancaster. It is only recently that he detected the
present diatom in his New Zealand slides, and kindly pre-
sented me with one containing several specimens. I had,
however, scarcely prepared my description before I recog-
nised the same thing in an Australian dredging transmitted
by Dr. Roberts, in which it appears to be exceedingly rare.
It is a somewhat remarkable species, being intermediate be-
tween the genera Navicula and Stauroneis, and I have been
mainly induced to place it in the former, on account of the
nodule being sufficiently definite apart from the rounded
blank space into which it expands on each side, and because
this blank space is unequal, being always larger on one side
than the other, asin many Pinnularie. The most striking
feature in the valve is the conspicuous, remote, oblong
puncta, and the very oblique striz into which they are dis-
posed. The median line is prominent, and there is a
straight parallel row of puncta on each side. A difference
exists between the New Zealand and the Australian examples.
In the former the frustules are oblong, the puncta larger,
and the striz 16 in ‘001."” In the latter the frustules are
elliptical-oblong, the puncta much smaller, and the striz 22
in ‘001’. ‘This is certainly a considerable discrepancy, but_
the recent study of these wonderful little vegetables has led
to the conclusion that far too much importance was formerly
attached to number in the markings, and that it would be
desirable to establish characters, if possible, upon other
grounds. I had prepared drawings of both forms; but not
having room in the plate for both, I have given the Austra-
lian, on account of the more highly developed central-nodular
VOL. XI. b
18 GREVILLE, on New Diatoms.
blank space. In the New Zealand frustules it is very con-
siderably smaller. .
Navicula notabilis, n. sp., Grev.—Valve oval, with extra-
median lines, and near them a parallel uninterrupted line of
minute granules on each side, and with a band of marginal
granules, composed of three or four longitudinal contiguous
series, the intermediate wide blank space obscurely striated.
Length :0020” to :0030”. (Fig. 9.)
Hab. Cook’s Reef, Torres Straits; G. Norman, Esq.
A singularly rich and delicate species, totally distinct from
all that I am acquainted with. The whole valve seems to be
made up of microscopic strings of beads. Even the extra-
median lines which run close to the true median hne are
very minutely punctate. Then comes another straight line
of fine granules on each side, scarcely more distant from the
extra-median lines than they are from each other, not con-
tracted in the slightest degree opposite the central nodule,
and converging just before reaching the ends. Between
these lines and the margin the space is divided into two
equal parts, the one being blank, or at least only obscurely
transversely striated, the other filled up with about four rows
of granules, following the curve of the margin. The two
inner of these rows are distinctly defined ; the others are more
or less confluent. The only variation I have observed is in
size and in the tendency of the smaller specimens to approach
a circular form.
Navicula luxuriosa, n. sp., Grev.—Valve elliptical, some-
what obtuse; strize composed of distinct oblong puncta, so
arranged as to form longitudinal lines contracted opposite
the nodule; the margin, as well as an intra-marginal line or
ridge, also; composed of close puncta. Length -0030” to
0038.” (Figs. 10, 11.)
Hab. Port Stephen, New South Wales, in a dredging com-
municated by Dr. Roberts.
It is utterly impossible for the pencil to convey any idea of
the exceeding beauty of this little object. Under a mode-
rately magnifying power the delicate striation is scarcely
perceived ; but the intra-marginal line at once strikes the
_ eye, as well as the indication of wavy longitudinal lines.
Under a higher power the surface of the valve is seen to be
undulated ; the intra-marginal line, especially, forming a pro-
minent ridge, leaving a sort of channel between it and the
margin. The median is accompanied by parallel extra-
median lines, straight at the sides and converging towards
the ends. Then follow three longitudinal, convex lines of
puncta, contracted opposite the nodule, at which point they
GREVILLE, 0n New Diatoms. 19
occupy a space of about half the distance from the nodule to
the margin. ‘The only species which appears by description
to approach this diatom is N. costata; but on consulting the
figure given by Kiitzing (‘Bacill.,’ plate in, fig. 56), it is
evident that there is no connection whatever between them.
The latter has no extra-median lines, and although the valve
is said to be “ longitudinaliter punctato-costata,” the punc-
tate character arises, not from puncta in the direction of the
transverse striation, but from circular puncta arranged at in-
tervals along either one or two longitudinal lines. The
remarkable intra-marginal line of puncta so conspicuous in
N. luxuriosa is wholly wanting.
Navicula? Cistella, n. sp., Grev.—Valve quadrangular,
about twice as long as broad, the angles rounded and some-
what dilated ; surface marked with delicately punctate, longi-
tudinal lines; transverse striz very fine, parallel. Length,
0015” to 0025”. (Figs. 12—14.)
Cocconeis ? quadrata; Roper, MS.
Hab. Dredged off Lyme Regis, in eight fathoms’ water by
the Rev. J. Guillemard, 1855; F. C. 8. Roper, Esq. Harvey
Bay, Queensland, in a dredging communicated by Dr. Ro-
berts, of Sydney; not unfrequent.
It is not a little imteresting that after I had described this .
ambiguous, minute diatom from the antipodes, I should be
informed by my most obliging friend, Mr. Roper, that it was
actually discovered some years ago on our own shores. The
very accurate drawings made by himself in 1855, and now
lying before me, leave no doubt to be entertained on this
point. But the real nature of the frustule seems to have been
doubtful from the first. Mr. Roper regarded it as possibly a
Cocconeis. The late Professor Smith, to whom specimens
were submitted, could make nothing of it, and would not
venture to refer it to any genus. In now publishing it as a
doubtful Navicula, my object is to attract such attention to-
wards it as may lead to its generic settlement. Looking at the
side view, it is certainly as much like a Cocconeis as a Navicula;
but the front view, which Mr. Roper had not seen, seems to
point more towards the latter. After all, that acute diatomist
may be correct in his conjecture (in Jitt.), that it may belong
to an unknown filamentous form. And, indeed, before I had
communicated with him, I had myself remarked in my MS.,
—$So little, indeed, does the frustule resemble a Navicula,
that in hastily passing the slide across the field of view it
might be taken to belong to one of the Melosiree.” It must
be understood, therefore, that its present position is simply
20 GREVILLE, 0n New Diatoms.
provisional. The valve is somewhat opaque, and varies con-
siderably in size and in relative length and breadth; the ends
are very slightly convex, rounded and inflated at the corners,
and the sides generally more or less convex opposite the cen-
tral nodule, very rarely straight. The longitudinal lines are
curved outwards opposite the nodule, in number about 21 in
‘001’, and most exquisitely punctate. The transverse striz
are fine, and require careful manipulation for their resolution.
The front view has straight sides and ends, the angles
rounded. The whole frustule is very solid and compact.
AMPHIPRORA.
Amphiprora oblonga, n. sp., Grev.—Large; front view ob-
long; wings not deeply constricted; greatest breadth at a
point about half way between the constriction and the ends;
curve of the lateral plates reaching the constriction. Length
0060” to -0085”. (Fig. 15.)
Hab. Harvey Bay, Queensland; Dr. Roberts.
Here is a large Amphiprora, which I cannot refer to any
described species, and yet it may be found eventually to be
merely an extreme aberrant form. Unfortunately, although
I have seen many examples, I have been unable to fix upon
any side view as indubitably identified with it. If I knew
any described species to which I could trace it, even as a
remote variety, I would gladly do so; but the very circum-
stance of this perplexity renders a figure desirable, and I give
it a provisional name, which may be cancelled whenever its
‘relations shall have been conclusively established. Speci-
mens occur much larger than the one figured, and, conse-
quently, greatly exceeding in size A. maxima of Gregory,
with which I was at first mduced to compare it. But that
diatom is very much more broadly truncate, the widest part
being near the ends and the constriction very deep, whereas,
in the present species, the widest part is halfway between the
end and the constriction, and the latter comparatively quite
shallow. The character of the marginal curve im the two
species appears to me to be essentially distinct. It would —
require a careful examination, however, of a long series of
examples of the different species in order to ascertain finally
how much dependence may be placed on the character to be
derived from the curve of the lobes. My own impression is
that a peculiarity exists in the curve of most of the species,
GREVILLE, on New Diatoms. 21
especially when taken in connection with the constriction,
which may be recognised throughout all the variations of
each species. This, however, is only an impression produced
on my own mind after, it must be confessed, a too limited
suite of observations. I find that Dr. Wallich obtained an
Amphiprora at St. Helena, which he also compared with
A. maxima; but he remarks in his notes, written at the
time (accompanied by a very careful sketch), that the curve
of the lobes is different. They appear, indeed, to differ
both from those of A. maxima and the subject of the present
notice.
TRANSACTIONS.
MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.
ANNUAL MEETING.
Report of Council.
According to custom the Council have to make their
annual report on the progress and state of the Society during
the past year.
The number of members reported at the last anniversary
was 317. During the past year 383i members have been
elected, making a total of 348. This, however, must be re-
duced by 11 resigned, making a final total of 337. It is with
much satisfaction the Council have to state that no deaths
have been reported during the past year.
The reports of the auditors, and of the library, the cabinet,
and instrument committees, will give the necessary informa-
tion as regards the finances, the additions to the library and
cabinet, and the state of the instruments at present belonging
to the Society.
The Journal has as usual been published regularly, and
circulated among the members.
Report of Committee for investigating the condition and
performance of the Society’s Microscopes.
We have to state that the object-glasses belonging to the
Society are all in serviceable condition, and the best of their
date. Their performance is equally creditable to their respec-
tive makers. But as such improvements have since been made
that they must be considered inferior to what most of the
members are now in the habit of employing—these improve-
ments consisting of increased aperture, more perfect flatness
VOL. XI. ¢
24. Report of Library Committee.
of field, and superior definition—we recommend that a set of
object-glasses, up to + inclusive, be purchased by the Society
for the instruments now in their possession by the respective
makers, and also achromatic condensers; those belonging
to the Society being very imperfect.
In addition to this there is great need for a parabolic
condenser, or some approved form of dark field illumination.
Mr. Ross has made a most munificent offer through Mr.
Reade, stating that, on returning his old instrument, now in
our possession, he will present the Society with d new one,
having the binocular arrangement and all accessories, with
a set of new objectives up to 1th. We have accepted this
offer on behalf of the Society.
Names of Committee,
C. BRooKeE.
EK. G. Loss.
Dr. MILueR.
Rev. J. B. READE.
F. H. Wenuam.
Report of the Library Committee to the Council of the Micro-
scopical Society.
The large additions made to the Library in 1861 have
rendered unnecessary any purchases during the past year,
but your Committee have to report an accession of thirteen
volumes and seventy-nine pamphlets, &c., presented to the
Library since our last anniversary—the number of works
lately acquired being more than the present book-case can
well accommodate. Your Committee, with the sanction of the
Council, are about to procure another, which they trust will
make the entire Library more available for the members.
They also wish again to draw the attention of the members
to the fact, that the three volumes of ‘Original Transactions,’
with many interesting plates, may still be had at the reduced
price of One Guinea.
Jno. Miiyar.
F. W. Rover.
25
Auditors’ Report.
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26 The President’s Address.
The President then delivered the following Address:
The Prestpent’s Appress for the year 1863.
By R. J. Farrants, Esq.
GENTLEMEN,—This is the twenty-third anniversary of the
Society. In the usual retrospect of our affairs for the past
year, the subject which, on this occasion, properly has prece-
dence is the proceedings (and their result) of the Committee
appointed at the last annual meeting to confer with the
Council on ‘the publication of our ‘'Transactions,’ and the
supply to the members of the ‘ Quarterly Journal of Micro-
scopical Science.” Your Committee, having inquired into
the matter referred to them, made a report to the Council,
which led to a conference between that Committee and a
Committee of the Council appointed for the purpose. The
whole subject was fully considered at the conference, and a
course of action recommended to the Council, in conformity
to which they resolved to rescind the agreement then in force.
This having been done, proposals were offered by the editors
of the ‘ Journal,’ to which the Council assented, and a new
arrangement was settled, to take effect from the commence-
ment of the present year. This arrangement the Council
believe to be a fair one, and trust it will be mutually advan-
tageous to the parties interested in it. While it continues in
force the members of the Society will be supplied with a
copy of the ‘Journal,’ together with the ‘Transactions,’ as
has been usual of late years, and our finances be considerably
benefited.
The reports which have been read show a satisfactory state
both as regards members and finances. It is gratifying to
find that the number of members suffers no diminution, not-
withstanding the establishment of numerous provincial socie-
ties with similar objects to our own. The existence, in full
activity, of the Microscopical Societies of Bradford, Hull,
Manchester, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Southampton, is known
to us by their proceedings published in the ‘ Microscopical
Journal. I hope, however, the Metropolitan Society will
still continue a centre of union to many, if not to all engaged
in microscopical observations. That this hope is not ground-
less is proved by the steady increase of the number of mem-
bers shown by the annual reports of the last ten years.
ee ee”) |! a
The President's Address. 27
In 1853 the total number of members was 207
5» 1854 zs , 298
» 1856 53 fs 241
5. 1858 6 ie 267
» 1860 B ss 985
5» 1862 > 4 317
We now have 337 members contributing to our funds,
many of them contributing also to our ‘Transactions,’ and,
still more, regularly attending our meetings, and taking part
in the proceedings. This increase is not accidental, it is con-
tinuous and regular, and may be fairly referred to the opera-
tion of a cause connected with the constitution and character
of the Society.
Happily there are no neon notices; at least, I am not
aware of the death of any member during the year.
I am pleased at being able to speak favorably of the pro-
gress made in the improvement of our collection of objects,
so long an opprobrium to us.
In 1858 the cabinet contained only . 351 slides.
», 1860 the number had increased to 663 _,,
» 1862 the number was... . 882 ,,
And now, by presentations during the year, and some pur-
chases which, for the first time, the Council have been able to
make from the Society’s funds, the number is raised to 1100.
I am also now able to tell you that the Council have de-
termined to appropriate a portion of the balance at their
command to improving the microscopes of the Society. A
committee has been appointed to examine the instruments,
objectives, &c., to settle what is most urgently required, and
to advise the Council as to the best mode of procedure. The
deficiencies at present are confessedly very great, but we
hope soon to have sets of objectives of the best construction,
with the latest improvements, of the eminent makers of the
respective instruments, so that the glasses accompanying
them may again be, what they originally were, the best attain-
able, and examples of what the science and skill of our leading
opticians enable them to accomplish.
And now I have much pleasure in communicating to you a
most generous act of Mr. Ross. When spoken to on this
subject, he spontaneously, liberally offered to present to the
Society one of his best microscopes, with objectives and ap-
paratus complete, to replace the old but excellent instrument
made for the Society in 1841 by the late Mr. A. Ross, his
father. I am authorised to state that an instrument for this
purpose is now in hand, and, when completed, will be pre-
sented to the Society.
298 The President’s Address.
Messrs. Powell and Lealand, and Messrs. Smith, Beck, and
Beck will supply any objectives required of them, at prices
which will leave them no gainers by the transaction, and will
barely cover the cost of production. Messrs. Smith, Beck,
and Beck also write me as follows :—‘‘ Having been informed
that Mr. Ross has promised to present to the Society one of
his best microscopes, complete in every respect, we have con-
sidered whether we should, on our part, make any gratuitous
addition to the above offer (which refers to the hberal terms
on which they will supply any glasses ordered from them) ;
and we have determined not to do so at present. The exist-
ing arrangements of the Society admit of so few and of such
short opportunities for the use of the microscopes by the mem-
bers, that any increase in the present number of instruments
would confer no real benefit in any way. Whenever the So-
ciety may provide fit accommodation for the proper use of
good serviceable microscopes, as well as the means of frequent
access to them, the gratuitous contributions then from most,
if not from all of the makers, will, no doubt, be very con-
siderable. We are quite prepared to do our part ; but probably
a present of more than one stand, or some arrangement of
instruments adapted to the particular wants of the members
generally, would be of more service to the Society than merely
another complete microscope, many of the accessories to which
would probably never be used. That the future of the Society
may be so prosperous as to test this promise of ours to the
utmost, and at no distant period, is the sincere wish of yours
very truly, “ Smitu, Beck, anp BrEcK.”
Last year, on this occasion, I was fortunate in having to
announce the gift to the Society, by Mr. Peters, of his instru-
ment for microscopic writing. Soon after it was known that
this instrument was in the possession of the Society, intima-
tions were given to the Council that it would be an acceptable
addition to the collection of wonderful objects then being
prepared at South Kensington. The Council were led to
believe they would not be justified in withholding from public
inspection an instrument so ingeniously contrived, and by the
use of which such marvellous results had been attained.
Finally, the Council determined on sending it to the Inter-
national Exhibition. It was admitted to the building on
Monday, May 5th; on Wednesday, 7th, a notice of it ap-
peared in the ‘ Times,’ which at once directed public attention
to it; and it continued to excite much interest during the
whole of the time the Exhibition was open to the public.. The
simplicity and completeness of its arrangements were highly
commended by those, foreigners or countrymen, best able
:
E
.
;
;
The President’s Address. 29
to appreciate the difficulties to be overcome, and the admirable
manner in which the task was accomplished. I have much
satisfaction in adding that a medal was awarded to Mr, Peters,
as the award states, for ingenuity of construction. The in-
strument is now, by permission of the Council of King’s
College, in their museum.
The International Exhibition afforded an opportunity of
comparing the microscope stands and glasses of English and
foreign makers. In this competitive examination the English
opticians fully maintained the supremacy which, by general
repute, was assigned to them; indeed, anything nearer to
perfection than a first-class microscope, as supplied by the
principal London houses engaged in the manufacture of these
instruments, can scarcely be expected. The makers, however,
are not content to remain without striving still further to
improve both stand and glasses.
Messrs. Powel and Lealand now regularly supply a =,” ob-
jective, remarkable for clearness of definition, of large but not
extravagant aperture. The demand for these glasses, I am
informed, far exceeds the expectations of the makers: this I
believe is, in great measure, owing to the fact that the com-
bination allows sufficient space between it and the covering
glass to render its use comparatively easy and agreeable,
instead of merely possible.
Mr. Ross has greatly improved his microscope stand by
various additions and alterations. The rotatig stage is
now only one third of its former thickness, and being well
chamfered on its under side, there is a large increase of
working room for all the illuminating apparatus used beneath
the stage; the mechanical stage has been also reduced one
third of its former thickness. By the use of the same
diameter of tube as that adopted by Messrs. Smith, Beck,
and Beck, the whole of the sub-stage, with the apparatus
fitting into it, has been very much diminished in bulk. This
is also one more step towards uniformity of size in the
fittings of first-class microscopes by the various English
makers. Both the circular part of the main stage and also
that of the sub-stage are graduated ; the former enables the
instrument to be used as a goniometer, and the latter will be
found very useful in investigations with polarized light.
To the mirror has been added a double arm, for the more
efficient resolution of lined objects by simple oblique light.
The whole instrument has been reduced more than one
third in weight, and as this has been accomplished by a simpli-
fication of the construction, and reduction of unnecessary
thickness in the upper and moying parts, its steadiness has
thereby not been impaired, .
30 The Presideni’s Address.
Such is a description of the instrument intended for the
Society, which, by the kindness of Mr. Ross, I have had an
opportunity of inspecting and examining.
Mr. Ross has also constructed a new achromatic con-
denser, giving a large field with great intensity, intended for
use with both high and low powers : it adapts to the diaphragm
plate of the microscope, for the modification of the illumi-
nating pencil, and, in combination with the polarizing prism,
will be found a great advantage, as in polarization one half of
the light is thrown away.
The “ Kelner’s Orthoscopic Eyepieces,” though not new,
have this year met witha very greatly increased demand, due
to the recognition of the advantage which their very extended
field gives for purposes of exhibition.
An improved compressor consists of a base plate, across
which is fitted a dovetailed slide, carrying the lower glass.
At one end of the base plate is another short, vertical, dove-
tailed slide, moved by a milled head and screw; and again on
to this, parallel to the base plate, a frame, which holds the
upper glass. Both glasses can be removed for cleaning with
great facility ; the pressure appliec is completely under control,
and as the glasses remain parallel whatever the separation,
the object under manipulation is not slid about by unequal
pressure.
Messrs. Smith, Beck, and Beck remark, ‘‘ The most notice-
able feature of the past year has been, that microscopists are
returning to the use of object-glasses of moderate aperture,
but with the corrections made as perfect as possible.” This
they think ‘‘ may be attributable to the introduction of the
binocular principle, which opens up a new field of observa-
tion amongst general objects which mostly require illumina-
tion from above.’”’ Very few of the better class of instru-
ments, I am told, are now made with a single body, and
great numbers have been returned to the makers, to have
binocular adaptation.
From memoranda kindly furnished by the three firms
above-mentioned, I am able to state that the demand for
microscopes has continued to increase, ‘in spite of the bad
state of trade generally, and the entire stoppage of any
supply to America.” ‘The number of microscopes sold by
these three houses during the year is considerably above
600; “the sale of instruments of the very highest class
maintains its full proportion of increase ;” the number ex-
ceeds 100. One of these houses alone has supplied to the
public during the last year 360 object-glasses of the very
highest character.
The demand for mounted objects for the microscope is, I
The Presidenit’s Address. Ba!
learn, proportionate to the demand for instruments; so great
indeed is it, that it is with difficulty the supply keeps pace
with it.
We have had the usual number of ordinary meetings, with
the usual annual soirée, the full attendance at which may be
accepted as additional evidence of the interest taken by a
large portion of the public in microscopical pursuits.
Our members have not failed to furnish material for con-
sideration and discussion at the ordinary meetings. On one
evening only the Council were not provided with a written
communication to submit to the meeting, and on that occa-
sion the unusual and unexpected deficiency was amply com-
pensated by the valuable observations and interesting discus-
sion elicited on subjects extemporally introduced by the Rev.
J. B. Reade and Mr. H. Deane, which I shall presently have
to notice.
We have had several communications on methods of pre-
paring objects for examination with the microscope :—
1. The first of these was “ On the Preservation and Mount-
ing of Microscopic Objects in Minute Tubes.” By Dr. Guy.
(Read March 12th; published in ‘ Trans. Mic. Soe.’ vol. x,
N.S:; -p. 77.)
The mode of preparing the tube, introducing the object,
and securing it, by sealing both ends of the tube, are
fully and clearly explained, and the classes of objects to
which the method is especially adapted are indicated. Such
are chemical sublimates, as of arsenious acid, antimony ;
some volatile chemical substances, as camphor, iodine, sul-
phur, &c.; small seeds, pollen, and starch, and’small “ cylin-
drical objects, as the antenne of insects, and the stamens
and pistils of most plants.” Minute insects, also, may be
well preserved in this way. The advantages of the plan,
when appropriate, are, the objects are preserved from pres-
sure or distortion, and the necessity of using any preservative
medium is superseded, as the exclusion of air and moisture,
by sealing the tubes at both ends, answers every purpose of
preservation. Specimens of objects thus mounted were ex-
hibited. One particularly remarkable was a stamen of the
rhododendron, which had been enclosed in the tube more
than nine months, and was then as fresh and clear as when
first introduced.
2. “On a Revolving Disc-holder for Opaque Objects.”
By Mr. Richard Beck. (Read June 11th; published in
‘Trans. Mic. Soc.,’ vol. x, N.S., p. 101).
The author gave a short description of the apparatus which
is designed to facilitate the examination of objects under
82 The President’s Address.
Lieberkuhn illumination, and the instrument was exhibited.
It affords ready means of bringing into view any part of the
object under examination: it has many advantages over the
usual forceps attached to the stage, for which it is a con-
venient substitute. The author states that, by the use of
this little instrument, he has “ ascertamed many facts which
he never could satisfactorily determine before.”
A. 8. A paper “On Cleaning and Preparing Diatoms,” by
J. A. Tulk,”” communicated by Dr. Millar, was read
October 8th., published ‘Trans. Mic. Soc.,’ vol. xi, N.S.,
JA,
2 The author gives directions for collecting the diatoms, so
that from the first the gathering may be as free as possible
from foreign admixture. He then explains how all inpurities
unavoidably present may be removed. Finally, he gives full
details of the manner of mounting the prepared specimens
either in Canada balsam, or in.the dry way. Many a micro-
scopist, without doubt, will gratefully acknowledge his obli-
gations to the author for these practical hints.
At our last meeting, when there was no paper, the Rev.
J. B. Reade communicated a method of separating Desmidiz,
which he had practised with great success. It consists in
taking advantage of the endowments of the living organisms,
whence it results that they become firmly attached to ap-
propriate surfaces, while any impurities that may be mixed
with them may be readily diffused through the water which
contains them.
Putting the gathering into a wide shallow vessel, as a
common soup plate, and covering it completely with water,
the whole is set aside for ten or twelve hours, by which time
the living organisms will have become fixed to the surface of
the plate; then, by slightly tilting the plate, and gently
agitating the water, the foreign substances will be diffused
through the liquid, and by pouring off the water, will be re-
moved with it; this may be repeated, if necessary, without
detaching the Desmids. Finally, having added a little clean
water, the Desmids may he gently separated and easily trans-
ferred to the receiving bottle perfectly clean and free from
all foreign matter.
Two papers were read ‘‘ On the Application of Photography
to the representation of Microscopie Objects as seen through
the Microscope.”
4. The first of these, On Micro-Stereography,” by Mr.
J. Smith, was read May 14th.
The plan adopted by the author to obtain match pictures
was to cover in succession the right and left half of the
The President’s Address. 33
objective, and to take a picture in each state. By this, method
he succeeded in getting pairs, which, combined, gave good
stereoscopic effects.
5. The second of these papers, “On the Photographic
Delineation of Microscopic Objects,” by R. L. Maddox, M.D.,
was communicated by Mr. Shadbolt. (Read November 12th ;
published ‘ Trans. Mic. Soc.,’ vol xi, N.8., p. 9.)
The author, admitting the difficulties attending the attempt
to produce well-defined and useful representations of objects
as seen through the microscope, and that pictures so obtained
can at best only give a general view of an object or of some
particular part, still regards the process as advantageous,
because in the pictures there can be “no notable mistakes of
relative magnitude, distance, or separation of parts, upon the
strict correctness of which much in scientific observation
depends; also parts incapable of being easily, if at all, ren-
dered by the hand can by its use be traced in more than mere
outline.” Strong sunlight, if possible, is used on all oc-
casions, though this is attended with the risk of softening
the cementing medium of the lenses of the object-glass. In
the discussion which followed the reading of the paper, the
Rev. J. B. Reade remarked, that the injury of the object-
glass might be avoided by the dispersion of the heat rays,
which could be effected by an arrangement he had long ago
used for that purpose; and Mr Highley suggested that the
heat rays could be intercepted if the illuminating pencil
were made to pass through a solution of alum.
6. A paper “On the Scales of some Species of thysa-
noura,” by Mr. Richard Beck, was read March 12; pub. in
‘Trans. Mic. Soc.,’ vol x, N.S., p. 83.
The author considers the scales of some of these insects
as test objects of great value, as affording the means
of determining the exact condition of a combination as to
the centring of its component lenses, and its corrections for
aberration and dispersion. The proper scales (known gene-
rally as Podura scales) are really obtained from a species of
Lepidocyrtus ; but the precise species is not yet certainly de-
termined. The author mentions the difficulty of finding the
insects, gives the results of his experience in searching for
them, adds instructions for capturing them when their
haunts are ascertained, and for transferring their scales to
the glass which thenceforth is to bear them. He tells us
there is danger of the insects hopping away and effecting their
escape before the transfer is completed, but assures us this
may be secured by a moderate dose of chloroform, which he
administers by dropping a little near them upon the paper
34. The President’s Address.
which has been used to receive them. The vexed question of
the structure of the scales is fully considered, particularly
whether the wedge-shaped markings possess individuality as
little scales, or are mere inequalities on the surface of the
membrane. The opinion of the author is that the markings
are more or less elevations or corrugations on the surface,
which answer the simple purpose of giving strength to a very
delicate membrane. Seven shies illustrating the paper were
presented as an addition to the Society’s collection of
objects.
7. “A Description of a New Parasite in the Heart of the
Edible Turtle,” by Dr. A. Leared, was read May 14, and is
pub. in ‘ Quar. Jour. Mic. Soc., vol. ii, N. S., p. 168.
This parasite, an undescribed species of Distoma, which the
author provisionally names constrictum, was found in great
numbers in the cavities of the heart of the turtle. The
development and migrations of the Entozoa is a subject of
great interest which has not received in this country the
attention it deserves.
The parasites met with by Dr. Leared were undoubtedly
immature animals; their larval condition and the situation
where they were found, in the full current of the blood,
suggest the idea that they were in the act of migrating, for
we can hardly suppose the cavities of the heart to have been
their permanent abode. If this conjecture be correct, it is
the only instance (as far as I am aware) where the animals
have been caught on their journey to the place where they
were ultimately to be developed.
8. A paper “On the Generation of Acari ina Nitrate of
Silver Bath,” by R. L. Maddox, M.D., communicated by
Mr, Shadbolt, was read May 14, pub. in ‘ Trans. Mie. Soc.,’
Vol tac DLS:, op.96.
The facts narrated I think scarcely support the title. All
that is clearly made out is, that the msects were found in
considerable numbers on the surface of the solution.
9. A second paper on the same subject, also communicated
by Mr. Shadbolt, was read Nov. 11. In this it is stated
that the insects were covered with a secretion which appeared
to protect them from the action of the nitrate of silver. How
the insects obtained admission under the circumstances
mentioned is not easy to understand; but remembering how
extensively these little animals are diffused, and the difficulty
of finding any situation entirely free from them, we can
scarcely infer, in the absence of all evidence as to their origin,
that they were propagated and developed in the solution on
the surface of which they were found.
The President’s Address. 35
10. “ Descriptions of New and Rare Diatoms’” (series vi).
By R. K. Greville, LL.D. (Communicated by Mr. Roper,
was read May 14th; published in ‘Trans. Mic. Soc.,’ vol. x,
WN..S., p..89).
11. “ Description of New and rare Diatoms” (series viii).
By Dr. Greville. (Also communicated by Mr. Roper, was
read Noy. 10th; published in ‘ Trans. Mic. Soc.,’ vol. xi,
N.S., p. 13.)
Note.—No. vii of this series was not communicated to this
Society. It is published in ‘ Quart. Journ. Mic. Soc., vol.
un, N.S., p. 231.
12. “On some New Species of Diatomacee.”’ By J.
Staunton, Esq. (Read June llth.) Twelve slides illus-
trating the paper were at the same time presented, and are
added to the collection of objects.
13. “On Fungus Destruction of Lozenges in a dry At-
mosphere.” By F. M. Rimmington, was communicated by
Mr. Tuffen West. (Read June 11th; published in ‘Trans.
Mic. Soc.,’ vol. x, N.S., p. 103.)
The point of interest, as remarked by Mr. West, is the
great amount of deliquescence caused by the fungus in a
perfectly dry atmosphere.
B. Vibrio Tritict.—Some interesting facts in connection
with these animals were mentioned to the Society at the last
meeting, by Mr. H. Deane. The long time they maintain
their vitality is well known; how long is not determined.
Mr. Deane has had some diseased wheat for ten years, in
which, when last examined, a year ago, the animals were
found alive and in full activity. He also mentioned a
remarkable fact known to him, viz., that on a particular piece
of land, whenever wheat is grown, it is always infested with
vibrio, no matter what the length of time since the previous
wheat crop, or what crops have been grown in the mean-
time.
Having completed this retrospect of the year, and given a
short account of the thirteen papers which have been read at
our ordinary meetings, it only remains for me to congra-
tulate you on the present state of the Society, and its pro-
spects for the future, and to thank you for the kind support
and assistance uniformly afforded me during the two years I
have occupied the chair I am shortly to resign to the gentle-
man appointed to succeed me,—one whose thorough ac-
quaintance with the mechanical and optical properties of the
microscope, whose familiarity with all the details of microsco-
pical investigation, and whose scientific and general attain-
ments, eminently fit him for the office of President.
36
A Monoerara of the genus Auuiscus. By R. K. Grevitiz,
LL.D., F.R.S.E., &e.
(Communicated by F. C. S. Rorrr, F.L.S., &c., and read March 11th.)
Ir is impossible to be engaged in the study of natural
science at the present time, and especially im the more prac-
tical departments, without being perpetually involved in the
questio vexata, What is a species? Evenin working out the
following monograph of the small genus Auliscus, I have
found myself beset with difficulties; and without doubt
some of my conclusions will be challenged by labourers in
the same field, who hold (with perfect right) what they
assume to be the most orthodox views. But who is to
decide between conflicting opinions? And so the question
again recurs, What is a species? It is singular that what
appears at first sight to be so clear in theory, should be
found practically in the direst confusion. Naturalists of the
greatest reputation are not agreed on even the first step.
Thus, Professor J. G. Agardh, in his ‘Theoria Systematis
Plantarum,’ after quoting various eminent naturalists, re-
marks— “Ex his, que breviter attulimus, satis, credo,
apparet, tres nostre etatis vel excellentissimos nature inves-
tigatores in illa, quam proposuimus, queestione dijudicanda,
inter se dissentire. Schleidenius sola individua, Lindley
species, Friesius species et genera a natura vult constituta,
majores omnes ordines ab arte inventos esse.”
“ A species,’ says Professor Walker-Arnott, “im the Lin-
nean sense of the word .... is formed by our Maker, as
essentially distinct from all other species, as man is from the
brute creation: ‘Species tot numeramus, quot diverse
forme in principio sunt create,’ Linn. It ought neither
for convenience to be united with others, nor be split into
several on account of newly detected diversities of form ;
but the difficulty is to ascertain what is such a primitive
or natural species, and how to characterise it so as to include
those numerous varieties and individuals now existing on the
surface of the globe which have sprung from it, but of which
none may bear greater resemblance to the original or typical
form than they now do to each other.”* This is sufficiently
disheartening ; and Bentham, than whom a higher authority
can scarcely be quoted, is not more encouraging. ‘ The
species,” he remarks, “ in the ordinary traditional accepta-
* ¢ British Flora,’ ‘ Introduction,”
j
:
GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus. 37
tion of the word, designates the whole of the individuals
supposed to be descended from one original plant or pair of
plants. But this definition is practically useless; for we
have no means of ascertaining the hereditary history of
individual plants. .. . Believing, however, as I do, that there
exist in nature a certain number of “groups of individuals
the limits to whose powers of variation are, under present
circumstances, fixed and permanent, I have been in the
habit of practically defining the species as the whole of the
individual plants which resemble each other sufficiently to
make us conclude that they are all, or MAY HAVE BEEN all,
descended from a common parent.”* Here, it will be per-
ceived, everything ultimately depends upon the judgment of
the observer.
Agassiz speaks with the utmost confidence, and apparently
sees no difficulties at all. “It was a great step,” he says,
“in the progress of science, when it was ascertained that
species have fixed characters, and that they do not change in
the course of time..... Geology only shows that at dif.
ferent periods there have existed different species; but no
transition from those of a preceding into those of the follow-
ing epoch has ever been noticed anywhere... . nothing fur-
nishes the slightest argument in favour of their mutability.
On the contrary, every modern investigation has gone only
to confirm the results first obtained by Cuvier, and his views,
that species are fixed.’’+
In amusing contrast to Agassiz, we have the astounding
deductions of Mr. Darwin, who writes—‘“ I can entertain no
doubt, after the most deliberate study and dispassionate judg-
ment of which I am capable, that the view which most natu-
ralists entertain, and which I formerly entertained, namely,
that each species has been independently created, is erroneous.
I am fully convinced that species are not immutable.... I
believe that all animals have descended from at most only four
or five progenitors, and plants from an equal or lesser number.
. «. Probably ail the organic beings which have ever lived on
the earth have descended from some one primordial form, into
which life was at first breathed.” Alas! for the fixity of species !
The shades of Linnzus and Cuvier are not to rest in peace.
Dr. Joseph Hooker, in his most valuable and interesting
“ Introductory Essay ”’ to the ‘ Flora of New Zealand,’ adheres
to what may be called the popular view of the question, in
assuming that “ all the individuals of a species (as I attempt
to confine the term) have proceeded from one parent (or
* ‘Nat. Hist. Review,’ vol. i, p. 133.
+ ‘Essay on Classification,’ pp. 75—78.
38 GReEvILLE, on the genus Auliscus.
pair), and that they retain their distinctive (specific) cha-
racters.” And he also assumes that “species vary more
than is generally admitted to be the case.””*
In adopting these assumptions, for they express my own
convictions, we still have to acquire a practical insight into
the laws which govern the limitation of species and the
range of variation. So involved in obscurity are those laws,
that one of the most cautious and philosophical naturalists in
America does not hesitate to say—“It is by no means
difficult to believe that varieties are incipient or possible
species, when we see what trouble naturalists, especially
botanists, have to distinguish between them,—one regarding
as a true species what another regards as a variety, when the
progress of knowledge continually increases rather than
diminishes the number of doubtful instances; and when
there is less agreement than ever among naturalists as to
what is the basis in nature upon which our idea of species
reposes, or how the word is to be defined.” + This is strikingly
illustrated in the most recent works devoted to the Flora of our
own country. Scarcely two of our leading botanists take the
same view of what constitutes (in practice) a rigid diagnosis.
In five of the British genera of flowering plants (admittedly
difficult and testing examples), the following differences
occur in two Floras. According to Professor Babington
there are 24 species of Ranunculus, 45 of Rubus, 17 of Rosa,
32 of Hieracium, and 70 of Carex. According to Mr.
Bentham there are 13 species of Ranunculus, 5 of Rubus,
5 of Rosa, 7 of Hieracium, and 47 of Carex; being a dif-
ference in only five genera of one hundred and eleven species.
This extraordinary contrast might possibly be attributed to
certain extreme views entertained by the authors of these
Floras. This may be the case, and parties who differ from
them both will no doubt say so; but who is to decide? The
matter is infinitely complicated by other and equally dis-
tinguished botanists holding not exactly an immediate posi-
tion, but oscillating in a most irregular manner between the
extremes. Sir W. J. Hooker and Professor Walker-Arnott
describe in their British Flora 4 species of Ranunculus fewer
than Babington, and 7 more than Bentham; of Rubus, 34
species fewer than Babington, and 6 more than Bentham; of
Rosa, 2 more than Babington, and 14 more than Bentham ; of
Hieracium, the same number as Babington (32—one extreme
being here reached), and 25 more than Bentham; of Carex,
* ‘Flora of New Zealand,’ “ Introductory Essay,” p. viii.
+ Professor Asa Gray, ‘Nat. Selection not inconsistent with Nat.
Theology,’ p. 5.
a
}
|
GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus. 39
3 fewer than Babington, and 20 more than Bentham! Well
may the humble student fall back upon the old proverb,
“Who shall decide when doctors disagree’? On the one
side is a war-cry against too many species; on the other an
alleged tendency in the opposite direction. ‘ The time may
ere long arrive,” says Professor Walker-Arnott, ‘‘ when what
are now called genera or subgenera will alone be considered
species, and another Linnzus be requisite to reduce the
chaos to order.’’*
If such difficulties beset the botanist among the higher
orders of vegetation, we need not be surprised to find them
multiplied when we descend to.the more obscure and simple
forms of organized life. Dr. Carpenter has been unable to
discover anything approaching to fixity of species among the
Foraminifera. ‘The impracticability,” he remarks, “ of ap-
plying the ordinary method of definition to the genera of
Foraminifera becomes an absolute impossibility in regard to
species. For whether or not there really exist in this group
generic assemblages capable of being strictly limited by well-
marked boundaries, it may be affirmed with certainty that,
among the forms of which such assemblages are composed,
it is the exception, not the rule, to find one which is so
isolated from the rest by any constant and definite peculiarity,
as to have the least claim to rank as a natural species.” +
The Diatomacee, while not, perhaps, in quite so hopeless a
predicament, are in a very unsatisfactory state, notwithstand-
ing the labours of Ehrenberg, Kiitzing, Smith, Ralfs, and
others. With regard especially to the determination of
species and limits of variation the greatest uncertainty pre-
vails. A few years ago I remarked in another place—“ In
the present state of our knowledge it would appear that
scarcely any one character taken by itself is to be relied on,
and that even a combination of characters which may be
sufficient for the determination of species in one genus may
be unsatisfactory in another; and where groups or sections
happen to be what is called exceedingly natural, the difficulty
is greatly increased. Indeed, it often becomes a question
whether it is best to leave a doubtful variety to embarrass
the diagnosis, or to separate it under a provisional character.
No law can be laid down on this subject which shall prac-
tically be a clear and unerring guide. Among the Diatomacee,
the process of self-division, by means of which any deviation
from the normal condition of a species becomes stereotyped
and perpetuated with inconceivable rapidity, complicates the
* © Brit. Flora,’ “ Introduction.”
+ ‘Introduction to the Study of the Puraminifera,’ p. 56.
VOL, XI.
40 GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus.
idea of a species to an extent unknown among the higher
orders of vegetables. For example, let a represent a species
of diatom. By some unknown cause one of its progeny, B,
becomes so changed as to constitute a well-marked variety.
Another of its progeny, c, undergoes a different but equally
decided change; and possibly the same thing may occur in
others. Now these varieties or aberrations from the typical
condition may be propagated, according to the late Professor
Smith’s calculation, at the rate of a thousand millions in a
single month. Then, as there is no reason why B and c
should not also have an indefinite number of nonconformist
children, all removed in one character or another a second
stage from the type, and producing duplicates by thousands
of millions, it is manifestly impossible to say where the con-
fusion is to end. But thisis notall. By the process of con-
jugation, what Mr. Thwaites calls ‘sporangial frustules,’
are produced, which are very much larger than the ordinary
size of the parents; and these, it is presumed, multiply equally
freely by self-division, and are equally hable, from accidental
causes, to have their deviation from the normal type perpe-
tuated. Such is the theory; and to arrive at anything like
fixed specific distinctions would seem to be almost a hopeless
endeavour. Nevertheless, by correcting processes unknown
to us, we cannot doubt that the typical characters of real
species are preserved.’’*
There is, besides, another element to be taken into account
connected with the process of conjugation above referred
to. Professor Smith remarks, “Cases have fallen under my
notice which seem to indicate that the further process of re-
production consists in the resolution of the contents of the
sporangium into a ‘ brood’ of diatoms having the same form
and specific characters as the original frustules which origi-
nated the sporangia.”’+ And he adds, in speaking of Cocco-
nema Cistula, “forms of every size intermediate between the
minutest frustule in the cyst and the ordinary frustules en-
gaged in the conjugating process were easily to be detected ;
and the conclusion was inevitable, that the cysts and their
contents were sporangia of the species with which they were
associated, and indicated the several stages of the reproductive
process.” Every diatomist must be familiar with similar
“broods ” of Cocconeides, looking just like broods of young
spiders. Now, the chief point of interest here is, what be-
comes of these broods? How do they increase in size?
Minute as the individuals are compared with the parents,
* «Edin New Phil. Jour.,’ vol. x, new series, p, 26.
+ ‘Brit. Diat.,’ vol. ii, p. 15.
GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus. 4)
they are enveloped in a siliceous case. It cannot be by self-
division, as they would then be stationary. We are accustomed
to hear of the unsatisfactory state of certain frustules, being
attributed to their probably young condition. This may
be very convenient, but what is meant by it? Is a frustule
which has arrived (by some process or other) at its ordinary
size supposed to become more perfect by successive self-
division? It is evident that all this uncertainty adds greatly
to the labour of determining both species and the range of
variation.
In addition to all that has been said, the following excellent
observations of Professor Asa Gray must not be omitted:
“Everywhere,” he says, “‘ we may perceive that Nature secures
her ends and makes her distinctions on the whole manifest
and real, but everywhere without abrupt breaks. We need
not wonder, therefore, that gradations between species and
varieties should occur. . . . . From the nature of the
case, the classifications of the naturalist abruptly define
where Nature more or less blends. Our systems are nothing,
if not definite. They are intended to express differences,
and perhaps some of the coarser gradations. But this evinces
not their perfection, but their imperfection. Even the best
of them are to the system of Nature what consecutive patches
of the seven colours are to the rainbow.”* Among the
Diatomacee particularly, the maxim Natura non agit sal-
tatim applies with far greater force than among more highly
organized vegetables, rendering the lines of specific separation
very hard to find. So that in the very imperfect state of our
knowledge of these microscopic forms, it would be rash in
the extreme to dogmatise on the subject of species. What
is therefore most required is, a more extensive acquaintance
with the forms of diatomic life. Materials must be accumu-
lated before they can be reduced to order; and, as in all
similar cases, this can only be accomplished at the risk of
encumbering both genera and species more or less with a pro-
visional nomenclature. This has been the inevitable history of
every department of progressive science. Some parties,in their
wholesome horror of doubtful species, seem disposed to assume
that every discovery must be an old friend with a new face ;
and to maintain that all new species or supposed new species,
should be kept in retentis until every doubtful point in their
history and structure is cleared up. This would be to lock
up indefinitely a large number of interesting discoveries, and
to retard the progress of science in this particular department,
which can scarcely be compared with any other. It appears
* “Nat. Selection not inconsistent with Nat. Theology,’ p. 25.
42 GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus.
to me that the time has not yet arrived when the introduction
of a doubtful species is to be regarded as so serious an intru-
sion. Besides, as I have already observed, it requires almost
as much caution to call a new form a questionable variety of
some known species, as to put it down at once a questionable
species. A series of doubtful varieties is exceedingly incon-
venient by weakening the original definition, especially when
we are only groping our way to what really constitutes specific
difference, and consequently a reliable diagnosis in this very
peculiar tribe.
Avuiscus, Ehr., Bail.
Frustules cylindrical or discoid; valve circular or oval, un-
dulated, with two (three, or four?) opposite circular, flattened,
submarginal processes, and four groups of lines radiating
from the centre; two of them converging towards the pro-
cesses, and two expanding towards the margin.
It is remarkable how much uncertainty appears to exist
with reference to the species of this small genus. This has
been owing partly to our ignorance in not knowing what part
of the structure furnished the most trustworthy characters,
and partly to the very small number of examples in collec-
tions. So little are the American species of my late lamented
correspondent, Professor Bailey, understood, viz., A. radiatus,
pruinosus, punctatus, and celatus, that Dr. Lewis remarks—
““They vary much in their markings, and occasionally ap-
proach so near each other in general character as to make it
very doubtful whether they ought to be kept apart.” ‘This
want of confidence in Professor Bailey’s species has induced
me to reproduce figures of the whole of them, as those which
accompany his original descriptions are extremely vague and
deficient in detail. It is true, however, that some of the Aulisci
do sometimes resemble each other so closely as to render the
task of discrimination exceedingly difficult. Until recently
the number of processes was regarded generically as two.
A. pruinosus, indeed, not unfrequently occurs with three.
Within the last two months, however, not only has another
species been discovered with three, but two species with four
processes; one of these will be found described as 4. John-
sonianus ; the other is not in a sufficiently perfect state
for description, although several valves of it have been seen,
all of them showing tolerably distinctly the alternate pro-
cesses of the subjacent valve; so that the disc is ornamented
of ees isk
GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus. 43
with a circle of eight visible processes. It seems doubtful,
therefore, whether some species may not actually possess three
or four processes.
* Radiating lines costate (not punctate). Valve mostly
oval, or slightly oval; in the first three species occa-
sionally circular. “
Auliscus sculptus (Smith), Ralfs; valve circular or inclining
to oval, with indistinct umbilicus, and two lateral rounded
depressions ; costz in four sets, radiating from the centre,
two of them converging to the processes, and, along with the
rounded depressions, forming a well-defined 4-lobed figure or
quatrefoil; the costz within the depressions strong, few, un-
equal, quite. smooth (no apiculi), and appearing to terminate
abruptly within the edge of the cavity; marginal coste strong,
distant ; diameter ‘0020” to -0035”. (Pls. II & IIL, figs. 1—3.)
Auliscus sculptus, Ralfs in Pritch. Inf., 1861, p. 845, pl. vi,
fig. 3.
Enpodiscus sculptus, ‘Sm. Brit. Diat., vol. i, p. 25, pl. iv,
fig. 42; ‘Mic. Dict.,’ pl. xu, fig. 31.
Hab. Poole Bay, 1851; Professor Smith; Barking Creek,
on the Thames, F. C. 8. Roper, Esq.; Ipswich, F. Kitton,
Esq.; Penzance, J. Ralfs, Esq.; Westport Bay, Ireland, G. M.
Browne, Esq.
I have been quite unable to discover any strongly definitive
character between this, the earliest known species, and the
one immediately following; and those naturalists who are
influenced by what has been called a “righteous horror’ of
uncertain species would, no doubt, be in favour of their union ;
but im that case we should have fig. 1 at one end of the series,
and fig. 6 at the other, which would surely be an extreme
view. ‘The single desire to study these two species, and the
singular deficiency of materials, has alone caused a twelve-
month’s delay in the preparation of this small monograph.
I have at length, however, in addition to an ample series of
A. celatus, had an opportunity, through the kindness of Mr.
T. G. Rylands, and other friends, of examining a considerable
number of the present species; and the result is, on the
whole, satisfactory to my own mind, although it may not be
equally so to others who have not had the same opportunity
of tracing minute differences. It will be at once perceived
that there is no difficulty in referring specimens, as they ordi-
narily occur, to their respective places. It is only where
exceptional frustules approach each other that any embar-
rasment is experienced. ‘The principal features in A, sculp-
44. GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus.
tus, as compared with A. celatus, are as follow :—1. The form
is usually circular, while in A. celatus it generally tends to
oval. 2. The lateral depressions are deeper. 3. The coste
within the depressions are strong, unequal, not radiating
symmetrically, like a fan, but generally pomting in different
directions, and apparently terminating abruptly before reach-
ing the outer curved edge of the depressions. 4. A much
greater tendency in the costz of the depressions to anasto-
mose. 5. The entire absence of apiculi. This character,
although a minute one, seems to be of importance. I have
examined very many examples of 4. celatus, and never found
apiculi wanting, excepting in one instance, which I have
given at fig. 7. Occasionally there are, in A. sculptus, a few
narrow, transverse cellules, formed by anastomosis, just be-
neath the outer curve of the depressions; and sometimes a
transverse costa is visible, followmg the line of the ridge
below its summit, from which branch off at right angles the
strong coste which proceed to the margin. This transverse
costa is probably always present, concealed within the margin
of the cavity, as the marginal coste are certainly not (all of
them, at least) continuations of those within the depressions.
Mr. Ralfs, under A. ovalis, in Pritchard, remarks—“ The
truncated processes do not, in general, correspond exactly
with the longer diameter of the valve, but are placed a little
on one side in opposite directions.” This I have ascertained
to be the case in all those species which deviate from the
circle. If a straight line be drawn through the middle of
the valve in its longest diameter, the two processes will in-
variably be seen more or less on the opposite sides of the
line; and such is the rule with our present species itself,
whenever it assumes a slightly oval form.
Auliscus celatus, Bail.—Valve slightly imclining to oval
(must rarely circular), with indistinct umbilicus ; radiating
costee next the margin, strong, distant ; central area 4-lobed,
2 of the lobes composed of finer costz converging to the pro-
cesses ; the intermediate lobes depressed, containing radiating,
often more or less anastomosing lines, and studded with
minute apiculi, which are sometimes confined to the outer
edge of the lobes. Diameter :0022” to :0065”. (Figs. 4—7.)
Auliscus celatus, Bail.—‘ Notes on New Species of Mice.
Organ.’ (‘ Smithson. Contrib.,’ vol. vii), p. 6, figs.3,4; Ralfs,
in Pritch., 1861, p. 845.
Hab. In sand washed from West India sponge, and in
soundings from Mobile Bay, U.S.; Prof. Bailey. Mud from
New London Harbour ; Delaware River mud, rare, U.S.; Dr.
Lewis. Californian and Ichaboe guanos, C. Johnson, Esq.
3
GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus. 45
R.K.G. Bolivian guano and Monterey stone, G. M. Browne,
Esq. Bass’ Straits, C. Johnson, Esq. ; New Zealand, G. M.
Browne, Esq.; Harvey Bay, Queensland, New Caledonia,
and Woodlark Island, in dredgings communicated by Dr.
Roberts; R.K.G.; Brodick Bay, Island of Arran, R. K. G.
Having already referred to this species under the previous
article, I am not called upon to enter into many additional
details. The most essential character, perhaps, resides in
the apiculi, which are sometimes so numerous as to render
the whole area of the depressions quite rough, surrounding
even the umbilical space; while, in other cases, they are few
and scattered, or occur only. on the ridge or outer curve
of the depressions. Typical specimens seem to exhibit two
or three minute apiculi or tubercles on the coste, following
exactly the curve of the depression. In the Arran example
(fig. 4), which much resembles A. sculptus, there are very
few apiculi, and they are so situated; but, in addition to
this character, the radiating costz of the depressions are
continued to the margin. The range of size is extraordinary.
Those from Ichaboe guano, obtained, I believe, only by Mr.
G. M. Browne and myself, are so far beyond the average
dimensions, that it is probable they may be sporangial. I
am not disposed to place any reliance on the presence or
absence of anastomosing lines among the coste of the de-
pressions, as they appear to be sometimes nearly, if not quite
absent. A few may be occasionally perceived in the neigh-
bourhood of the umbilical space; while they are sometimes
so numerous as almost to amount to reticulation, only being
too irregular to deserve that name. Not unfrequently
the depressions, instead of forming semicircular lobes, unite
with the umbilical space, and resemble an oblong bar
stretched across the valve, scarcely dilated at each end, and
rough with apiculi. The depressions are considerably more
shallow than in the preceding species, or, in other words,
the undulation of the surface is less prominent. No cha-
racter of any value can be obtained from the marginal
costee, which, although generally distant, are sometimes
double the ordinary number. A very fine valve, kindly com-
municated by Mr. Brightwell, and obtained from sponge
sand, without any specified locality, and named A. sculptus,
I take to be the present species. There are, indeed, no
apiculi, but the coste within the depressions pass into a
perfect anastomosing network, unlike anything I have seen
in A. seulptus ; and the marginal cost are very numerous,
Auliscus elegans, n. sp., Grev.—Valve circular, with a
small, round umbilical space ; radiating coste proceeding to
46 GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus.
the processes, widely converging and forming obcordate
groups ; centrical spaces between the umbilicus and the mar-
ginal coste, more or less minutely reticulated. Diameter
0032". (Fig. 8.)
Hab. Patos Island guano, C. Johnson, Esq.; R. K. G.
Surface of the valve much undulated. Processes large,
with a broad border. ‘The sets of costee leading to the pro-
cesses suddenly converging. The space between the umbi-
licus and the costee of the margin, extending so as to partially
enclose the converging sets, being filled up with a network of
minutely anastomosing lines. Marginal costz less robust
than in either of the preceding species. The umbilical space
is distinctly defined ; but there is no conspicuous quatrefoil.
Auliscus racemosus, n. sp., Ralfs, MS.— Valve nearly
circular, with definite umbilicus and row of marginal puncta ;
costee converging to the processes delicate, terminating im
little clusters of minute granules on each side of and below
the processes. Diameter 0024". (Fig. 9.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, Cambridge estate, C. Johnson,
Esq. Communicated by J. Ralfs, Esq.; R. K. G.
An interesting little species, of which several specimens
exist. It is not improbable that a larger number of ex-
amples would show some difference in the amount of the
punctation ; for there are indications of puncta within the
marginal circle, and the lateral sets of radiating lines which,
in the specimens before me, terminately shortly im faint
granules, may, in other cases, be more fully developed. But
the character derived from the clusters of granules termi-
nating the costz, is so distinct and remarkable, as to leave no
doubt regarding the validity of the species.
Auliscus reticulatus, n. sp., Grev.— Valve broadly oval, with
indistinct umbilicus; marginal radiating coste forming a
rather narrow border, within which the whole area is divided
into 4 lobes; the lateral ones very large, and filled with
a reticulation of anastomosing lines; converging lines also
often anastomosing. Diameter ‘0035. (Fig. 10.)
Hab. Cape of Good Hope, G. M. Browne, Esq. From
Melobesia, on Haliotis tuberculata, Peru, F. C. S. Roper,
Esq.
In the large proportion which the internal 4-lobed space
bears, to the entire valve this species differs from all the pre-
ceding, and in the very large comparative size of the lateral
lobes, it differs most remarkably from its nearest allies,
certain extreme varieties of A. celatus. The marginal coste
form a narrow band, often narrower than in the individual
represented in the plate; and the line of separation between
GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus. 47
this band and the depressed lateral lobes is sharply defined ;
the transition from the strong, simple, somewhat distant
coste to the network of anastomosing lines being quite
abrupt. The processes are small, and situated very near to
the margin. .In afrustule from the Cape of Good Hope the
reticulation is confined to the side lobes of the quatrefoil ;
but in the beautiful Peruvian specimen figured, which belongs
to my friend Mr. Roper’s cabinet, it extends to the lobes
connected with the processes, in which, however, the con-
verging cost preserve their distinctness; the reticulation
being produced by sharp lines anastomosing transversely at
different angles.
Auliscus mirabilis, n. sp., Grev.—Valve broadly oval, with
large, definite umbilical space, and marginal border of oblong
cellules, each cellule penetrated at the base by a short line ;
area within the border, with the exception of the converging
coste, more or less filled with a reticulation of anastomosing
lines. Diameter :0040". (Fig. 11.)
Hab. Monterey stone; G. Norman, Esq., G. M. Browne,
Esq., R. K. G.
An exquisitely beautiful diatom, and rare as beautiful. It
was first brought under my notice by Mr. Norman, but his
specimen had unfortunately sustained some superficial injury.
That subsequently supplied by Mr. Browne leaves nothing to
be desired. My own specimen is a fragment. The general
effect of the ornamentation of the valve is exceedingly rich,
and resembles a lace pattern; indeed the whole might be
transferred with little modification to lace manufacture. The
processes are large, very conspicuous, irregularly circular,
with a very broad unequal border. The umbilical space de-
fined, and oval in the direction of the processes. The costz
which converge to the processes very clear and sharp; those
which radiate towards the margin anastomosing, so as to fill
the lateral space even to the sides of the processes with an
irregular network. The structure immediately within the
margin is quite peculiar, being composed of a close row of
large oblong cellules, penetrated by a small line or spine,
which reaches past the middle of each cellule.
Auliscus ovalis, Arn.—Valve oblong-oval; cost all deli-
cate, several of the lateral ones opposite the umbilicus crested
near the margin with minute apiculi. Long diameter -0040”.
(Fig. 12.)
_ Auliscus ovalis, Avrn.—Ralfs, in Pritch. Inf., 1861, p. 846.
Hab. Algoa Bay and Peruvian guanos; Ralfs, F. Kitton,
Esq., Prof. Walker-Arnott, G. Norman, Esq., R. K. G.
The form of this species is alone sufficient to distinguish
48 GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus.
it from all others. The radiating cost are all slender and
somewhat faint; those passing from the umbilicus to the
processes widely converging ; some of the lateral ones rough
for a short distance from the margin, with very minute api-
culi. Umbilicus rather indistinct. Processes-generally very
large, not truly circular, but often tending to a very obtusely
triangular figure, sometimes very broadly ovate.
** Radiating lines punctate or scabrous. Valve strictly
circular (except in A. punctatus, which is nearly so).
Auliscus pruinosus, Bail—vValve circular, with a large,
smooth umbilicus ; radiating lines all minutely scabrous, be-
coming close and numerous towards the margin. Diameter
"0055". (Fig. 13.)
Auliscus pruinosus, Bail.‘ Notes on New Sp. of Mic.
Organ.’ (‘Smithson. Contrib.,’ vol. vii), p. 5, figs. 5—8.
Ralfs, in Pritch. Inf., 1861, p. 845. (PI. vi, fig. 1.) (Bad.)
Hab. In estuaries, &c., from Massachusetts to the Gulf
of Mexico; Prof. Bailey. At Black Rock, Long Island ;
Dr. Lewis. Var. with three processes in Savannah River
mud; Dr. Lewis. Georgia; F. Kitton, Esq.
A most charming diatom, scarcely to be recognised by the
published figures. In none of the specimens which I have
seen is there any trace of the bevelled edge described by
Professor Bailey, and which in his figure has the appearance
of a broad border. Nor are the processes so very remote
from the margin; but this I apprehend to be a variable
character in several of the species. The most graphic idea
I can give of the general appearance of the valve, arising
from the numerous plumose, rough lines, is that conveyed by
the term frosted—a disc of the most exquisite and sym-
metrical frost-work. The umbilicus is a clear, circular, blank
space, from which the lines radiate, at first rather widely,
but soon approximating from the addition of intermediate
lines, like the lamellae in many Agarici, become fine and
extremely numerous as they approach the margin. When
closely examined they are seen not to be punctate, but
rather resemble delicate scratches on glass, the roughness
of the edges causing the frosted appearance. The processes
are large and handsome, with a broad border. I have availed
myself of Mr. Kitton’s kindness, and given a representation
of the three-process variety from a splendid example in his
cabinet.
Auliscus radiatus, Bail. ?—Valve circular, with obsolete um-
bilicus, and striated marginal border ; lines all regularly and
conspicuously punctate, those converging to the processes
GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus. 49
forming a narrow, obovate group, those radiating to the
margin straight. Diameter 0045". (Fig. 14.)
Auliscus radiatus, Bail.? ‘Notes on New Sp. of Mic.
Organ.’ (‘ Smithson. Contrib., vol. vii), p. 6, fig. 13?
Hab. In mud, New York harbour, and in the mud of the
Hudson River at West Point; Rockaway, Long Island,
U.S.; Prof. Bailey. Fossil at Kaighu’s Point, New Jersey ;
New London harbour, U.S.; dredged, Dr. Lewis.
The diatom described under this name by Professor Bailey
is, he says, “‘a minute species, presenting the characteristic
mastoid processes of the genus Auliscus, but having no dis-
tinct umbilicus, and having only slight indications of the
peculiar curved lines of the preceding species” (A. celatus).
His figure is also that of a minute species, and exhibits not
the very slightest indication of any curved lines at all. It
will be perceived, from the specimen which I have figured
from Mr. Kitton’s cabinet, that it is anything but minute;
that the lines which converge to the processes are quite evi-
dent and well-defined, and that there is a remarkably con-
spicuous border, which does not appear in Bailey’s figure, nor
is it referred to in his description. Under these circumstances
I should, perhaps, be justified mm regarding our present
diatom as distinct. Mr. Kitton, however, is decidedly of
opinion that they form one species, and I therefore leave the
question undecided until some information be obtained of
Prof. Bailey’s species. In the event of the one before me
being ascertained to be truly different, I wish it to bear the
name of Baileyi. In Mr. Kitton’s specimens there is no
distinct umbilicus, but an indefinite space, irregularly filled
up with puncta. All the lines are composed of a single row
of minute puncta, the lateral ones not plumose, but straight.
The border is very striking, beimg composed of an imner line,
and the space between it and the margin crossed with rather
distant striz. It seems scarcely credible that if such a border
existed in the examples which Prof. Bailey obtained from
three localities, he should have overlooked it.
Auliscus punctatus, Bail.—Valve nearly circular, with sub-
distinct umbilicus; whole surface more or less punctate,
but generally so irregularly that it is difficult to trace the
radiating lines. Diameter ‘0030’. (Figs. 15, 16.)
Auliscus punctatus. Bail. Notes on New Sp. of Mic.
Organ.’ (‘Smithson. Contrib.,’ vol. vii), p. 5, fig. 9. Ralfs,
in Pritch. Inf., 1861, p. 845.
Hab. “ Often associated with A. pruinosus in the stations
given for that species,’ Prof. Bailey. Rice-field mud,
Savannah river, rare; Dr. Lewis. Patos Island guano; C.
Johnson, Esq. Monterey Stone; F. Kitton, Esq.
50 GREVILLE, on the genus Auliscus.
This species is in a very unsatisfactory state, and it may be
doubted whether specimens have been seen in a really perfect
condition. Taving myself had no opportunity of examining
many individuals, I can say but little regarding it. In one
example now before me, the puncta are so disposed over the
entire surface that not the very slightest trace of a line
of any kind can be perceived. Inone specimen figured, the
radiating lines are partially visible. Ina valve I have from
Virginia there are comparatively few puncta, and the
characteristic lineation is of course conspicuous. The late
Professor Bailey compared A. punctatus with A. pruinosus, and
supposed that it might prove to be a variety of that species.
He remarks, however, that “ the sparsely punctate basis of
the one (pruinosus) with the closely punctate surface of the
other (punctatus) appear to offer a sufficient distinction
between them.” I apprehend that if these two species are
to be compared at all with each other, a better criterion exists
in the totally different character of the punctation.
Auliscus Peruvianus (Kitton), Grev.— Valve circular,
with close radiating lines of very minute puncta, and a row
of marginal apiculi; processes very small, each surrounded
by a cirelet of minute apiculi. Diameter about 0039”.
(Fig. 17.)
Auliscus Peruvianus, Grev.—‘ Trans. Mic. Soc.,’ vol. x,
p- 25, pl. i, fig. 6 (very coarsely engraved).
Eupodiscus? Peruvianus ; Kitton, MS., Ralfs, in Pritch.
Inf., 1861, p. 938.
Hab. Peruvian and Californian guanos; F. Kitton, Esq.,
Dr. Macrae, C. Johnson, Esq., R. K. G.
As I have already mentioned in the tenth volume of the
Society’s ‘Transactions,’ Mr. Ralfs first imdicated the re-
semblance of this diatom in certain of its characters to an
Auliscus. nA Wyatt’s Fl. Danm., vol. v, No. 234.
3 5 Har., Br. Alg., 1841, p. 206.
5 33 Kiitz., Bac., 1844, t. 12, f. 1,.2, 3, 4
op S 53 .1hcgs De Ale., 1849, p- 113.
45 __, hy. Ger, 1845, p. 108.
welitia flabellata, Grev., Sc. Che: Fl, 1897, t. 289.
Kehinellu flabellata, Carm. MSS., 1826.
55 Ss Ehr., Infus., "1838, $ail9; fee
55 Bail., Sil. Jour., 1842, <5) Alii me BE
Licmophora Meneghiniana, eal Bac., 1844, p: 123.
a wil laeie e., Consp., 1830, p. 4d.
"6 Ag., SRG: Alg. Kur., 1835, t. 2.
_ splendida, W. Smith, Syn., 1853, t. 26, f. 233.
‘i Ralfs in Pritch. ‘Inf., 1861, aes
Meridion radians, Ag., Sys. Alg., 1824, p. 2 (in part).
Gomphonema flabellatum, Kiitz., Linnea, 1833, p. 571.
5 argentescens, Kiitz., Lin., 1833, p. 571.
This is decidedly the most common and best known of the
two species or varieties of which the genus is composed, and
is generally noticed as the larger plant. Agardh, m 1824,
in the earliest notice of it, under the name of Meridion
radians, describes it as * frustulis lineari-cuneatis,” and in
the ‘Conspectus,’ in 1830, as “ Plantula magnifica.” Dr.
Greville, in the ‘Scot. Cryp. Fl.,’ vol v, No. 289 (in describing
Ezillaria flabellata), and in Hooker’s ‘Brit. Fl.” p. 408,
states the frustules to be linear-wedge-shaped, and stems
from one third to half an inch in height. Captain Carmichael,
in the MSS. ‘ Algze Appinensis.’ in Sir W. Hooker’s library
at Kew, describes the frustules as “ linearis-cuneatis,” and
calls it the “ largest and most beautiful of the tribe.” Pro-
fessor Harvey, in the ‘ Brit. Alge,’ appears simply to follow
Dr. Greville’s description in Hooker’s ‘ Brit. Fl’ Ehrenberg,
in the ‘Infusionsthierchen, states the frustules to be
“lineari-cuneatis truncatis,” and Kiitzing, in the ‘Bacillarien,’
says, “bacillis gracilibus lineari-cuneatis.” Ralfs, in the
last edition of Pritchard’s ‘ Infusoria,’ evidently follows Pro-
fessor Smith in naming the species, but in describing his L.
splendida, he states it to “ differ from the other species of the
genus by its longer and narrower frustules. I, at one time,
thought that Agardh’s L. argentescens of the ‘Consp. Crit.
Diat,’ p. 41, was identical with Dr. Greville’s splendida, as
he states the valves to have “ frustula cuneata ;” but, at the
same time, he says, “‘the plant is three to six lines in height,”
and from authentic specimens I have had kindly sent me by
Dr. Greville, I find it is certainly the same as flabellata, and
it was probably only separated, as suggested by Mr. Ralfs, for
Roper, on the genus Licmophora. 59
its silvery lustre when dried. Looking at all these previous
authorities, it is surprising to find Professor Smith applying
Agardh’s name of flabe//ata to the cuneate variety, and
uniting in the synonymy, the ZL. radians of Kiitz., which is
the true L. splendida of Greville, with the species described
by Ag. in the ‘ Conspectus,’ p. 41, and the Evillaria flabellata
of Greville, which are identical with the form to which he
gives the name of splendida. There appears to be the same
confusion in the localities given, as the Torbay specimen of
Mrs. Griffiths, and those of Salcombe of Mr. Ralfs, have the
linear-cuneate form, which is the true flabellata, Ag., not the
L. splendida of Smith.
2. Licmophora splendida, Grev.
Frustules cuneate, truncate; F.V. broadly club-shaped ;
stipes branched ; tufts usually one to three lines in height.
Marine on Small Algz and Zostera.
Syn. Licmophora splendida, Grev., Hooker’s Br. Flor., 1838, p. 408.
sf 3 Har., Brit. Alg., 184], p. 206.
Eichinella ventilubrum, Carm. MSS., 1829.
~Licmophora radians, Kiitz., Bac., 1844, t. 11, f. 4.
5¢ a Kiitz., Spec. Alg., 1849, p. 113.
a flabellata, W. Smith, Syn., 1853, t. 26, f. 234, *
s £ Ralfs in Pritch. Inf., 1861, p. 771.
Meridion radians, Ag., Sys. Alg., 1824, p. 3 (in part).
Echinella splendida ? Uhr., Inf., 1838, t. 19, f. 2.
This form, whether it be a different species, or merely a
variety, does not seem to be so well known as that previously
described, but it appears to have been separated by all writers
on the genus since the time of Agardh from its smaller size
and the decidedly cuneate form of its frustules. Dr. Greville,
in the ‘ Brit. Flor.,’ p. 408, says it is “nearly allied to fladel-
lata, but smaller and less divided, and frustules more broadly
wedge-shaped ; tufts two or three lines in height.” Captain
Carmichael describes the frustules as having “‘ terminali latis-
simi,” and notices the peculiar arrangement of the endochrome
as having the appearance of “ bars or ocelli,” which occurs in
some of the gatherings I have, and is shown in tab. xxvi,
fig. 234 of the ‘Synopsis.’ Kiitz. describes L. radians as
with frustules “ cuneatis, basi acutis, apice latioribus.” Mr.
Ralfs copies Professor Smith, but is doubtful if both ought
not to be referred to one species; and yet, with these cha-
racters by the earliest observers of the form, Professor Smith
has applied the name of splendida to the linear-cuneate and
60 Rover, on the genus Licmophora.
large variety, and mixed up the true Licmophora flabellata
of Kiitz. and Echinella flabellata of Ehr. in his synonymy with
the L. splendida of the ‘ British Flora.’
That in many cases there is great difficulty in clearly ascer-
taining the species really described by the earlier writers, I
am quite ready to admit, as we are almost dependent on short
descriptions and imperfectly drawn figures; and even speci-
mens named by Kiitz. and Agardh I have found to be erro-
neous. I have seen a gathering named Rhipidophora grandis,
by Kiitzing, which is the true L. flabellata of Agardh, and of
two gatherings by Agardh of L. argentescens ; one was L. fla-
bellata, the other a mixture ofa large Synedra with a Rhipido-
phora. That Professor Smith’s transposition of the names in
this genus has arisen from some similar cause I have little
doubt, and that, without looking with sufficient care into the
synonymy, he has depended on specimens which have been
erroneously named, or of which the names kad been trans-
posed. It is hardly possible that so careful an observer as
Dr. Greville, after his description of Evillaria flabellata in the
‘Scot. Cryp. Flora,’ and his subsequent account of it as
L. flabellata in the ‘ Brit. Flora,’ could have intentionally sent
the small and widely cuneate form of which he made the
species splendida to Professor Smith, as stated in the ‘Sy-
nopsis,’ as the true flabellata of Agardh. But I am still more
at a loss to understand how in the ‘ Synopsis’ the locality,
“Saltcoats, Dr. Landsborough, from Dr. Greville’s ‘ Her-
barium,’ ”’ could be placed under the splendida, as described
by Professor Smith, as I have had an opportunity of examin-
ing Dr. Landsborough’s gathering, which has the widely
cuneate valves of the true sp/endida of the ‘ Brit. Flora,’ and
is synonymous with the L. radians of Kiitzing. Dr. Lands-
borough, in speaking of this gathering in 1851, two years
prior to the appearance of the ‘ Synopsis,’ says, “This plant
has not been found by any since its discovery at Appin by
Captain Carmichael, till it was got in considerable abundance
by D. Landsborough, junr., in September, 1848, at low water-
mark, in a creek formed by trap-dykes in the parish of Ar-
drossan. Hoping it was the L. splendida I sent it to Dr.
Greville, and was gratified by his pronouncing it that rare
plant. The fans were spread out, in many cases, so as to
form more than a semicircle, the rays numbering ten to
twenty-six. Each ray or frustule was wedge-shaped and a
little denticulated at the top; the upper part was amber-
coloured, and each ray had a lighter-coloured dot in the
middle of this portion. These bright dots formed a crescent
of sea gems. Under this amber-coloured portion there was a
Rover, on the genus Licmophora. 61
pellucid band, the lower part of the fan being amber-coloured,
like the upper.’”’*
With respect to Captain Carmichael’s specimens from
Appin, as far as I can gather from his MSS., the LZ. flabel-
lata, Ag., was described in 1826, and has the long, linear-
cuneate frustules of the true flabellata, not the cuneate form,
as would be imagined by the statement of the ‘ Synopsis ;’
whereas the Echinella ventilabrum, which was, I believe, the
foundation of the L. splendida of Greville, and has the broadly
cuneate valves, appears to have been described in 1829, which
accounts for its non-appearance in the ‘ Scott. Cryp. Flora’:
of Dr. Greville, which appeared in 1827.
With respect to the size of the valves given in the ‘ Synop-
sis,’ there is the same discrepancy as in the other points
noticed, and I should imagine they were both taken from a
mixture of the two forms. Professor Smith gives ‘0033 to
0078 as the length of his splendida, and :0033 to ‘0058 as
the length of his flabellata, or ‘0055 and :0045 as the average
length of each. I have carefully measured fifteen gatherings
of the linear-cuneate variety, from Appin, Cumbrae, and Ayr-
shire, in Scotland; Neyland, in South Wales; Torbay, in
the south of England; Bantry Bay, in Ireland; from the
north and south of France, and Venice; and find they range
from 006 to ‘011. And in nine gatherings of the broad
cuneate variety, from Appin, Cumbrae, and Saltcoats, in
Scotland ; Paignton, Exmouth, and Salcombe, in the south of
England; the north of France, and Venice, the valves range
from 0035 to ‘0051. The average of all the gatherings of
each variety being respectively ‘0073 for the linear frustules
and 0048 for the cuneate forms, showing a considerable dif-
ference from those before quoted from the ‘Synopsis.? The
frustules in the same gathering are generally very persistent
in size, but I have one gathering from Dunbar, named L,
flabellata by Dr. Landsborough, in which the stipes is gone
and most of the valves separated. This contains a mixture of
the cuneate and linear-cuneate varieties, but the former all
range from *0045 to ‘0050, the latter from ‘0065 to :0070, and
there is no evidence to show that they are from the same plant.
From a careful consideration of the foregoing particulars
I can only arrive at the conclusion, that Professor Smith, in
describing the species of Licmophora, by some intermixture
of, or examination of wrongly-named specimens, has reversed
the true names of the species in the ‘Synopsis ;’ and that
both in the measurements, synonymy, and localities given to
* Lands. ‘ Pop. Brit. Seaweeds,’ p. 337.
62 Roper, on the genus Licmophora.
each, some belong to one and some to the other species; and
that the Licmophora splendida of the ‘Synopsis’ is the true
L. flabellata of Agardh, and the L. flabellata the true L.
splendida of Greville.
It is also, I think, clearly proved that the only ground for
considering them as true species is that they differ in the
size and comparative breadth of the frustule and (on the
evidence of several observers) in the size of the plant, but that
there is no decided structural peculiarity. As it is highly
probable that a more extended examination of living speci-
mens may show that this is owing to habitat and the nature
of the plant on which they grow—the larger forms growing
on those that offer a firm and decided support to the stipes,
whilst the smaller may be confined to the weaker and more
filiform algee—I consider that, as far as we at present know,
they ought to be considered rather as varieties than true
species, and that both ought to be classed under the name of
Licmophora flabellata, Ag.
TRANSACTIONS.
Descriptions of New and Rare Diatoms. Series IX.
By R. K. Grevittz, LL.D., F.R.S.E., &e.
(Communicated by F. C. S. Roper, F.R.S.)
(Read May 138th, 1863.)
(Pl. IV and V.)
Tue species described in this paper were obtained from a
sample of Barbadoes earth (Cambridge estate), communicated
a few months ago to my veteran friend in diatomic research,
Mr. Johnson, of Lancaster. Extensively as this remarkable
deposit had been examined, it is most extraordinary that in
the small sample referred to, a host of new things—genera
as well as species, should have been discovered; while it is
equally curious that many forms common in _ previously
examined portions of the same deposit should here be
absent. Some of the most smgular as well as beautiful of
these diatoms are in the hand of my friend and acute fellow-
labourer, Mr. Ralfs, and will enrich the supplement to
Pritchard’s ‘ History of Infusoria,’ upon which he is at present
engaged.
Poropiscus, nov. gen., Grev.
Frustules free, disciform, composed of two discs, united by
an intermediate, ring-like zone; discs very convex, minutely
radiato-cellulate or punctate, with a conspicuous central
pseudo-opening or pore.
This genus is evidently closely allied to Coscinodiscus,
differing chiefly in the remarkable pore-like pseudo-opening,
which is not a mere blank circular space produced by the
absence of cellulation at the apex, but a well-defined, concave,
apparent orifice, provided with a thickened margin. All the
species hitherto discovered—and they are confined to the
Barbadoes deposit—are very convex, with a minute structure
of distinctly radiating puncta (cellules under a sufficiently
magnifying power). In nearly all the species certain of the
VOL. XI.
64 GREVILLE, on New Diatoms.
radiating lines are continued from the margin to the apex,
and divide the disc into- faint but perceptible compartments.
The surface is either plain or armed with variously arranged,
minute spines. The first and last of the following species oc-
curred to myself some years ago, when I was engaged upon the
examination of Barbadoes earth, in working out the remark-
able Asterolampre contained in that deposit; but no others
had been observed, until my friend, Mr. Johnson, commenced
the investigation of the sample of the deposit from Cambridge
estate, which has yielded so prolific a harvest of beautiful
and curious new diatoms. The species of the present genus
not described in this paper will be published by Mr. Ralfs,
along with many other new and remarkable objects, in the
forthcoming supplement to Pritchard’s valuable work on the
‘ Infusoria.’
Porodiscus elegans, n. sp., Grev.—Disc very convex, un-
armed, divided into compartments by pairs of the radiating
lines of very minute puncta, extending from the margin to
the centre. Diameter ‘0020’ to -0033". (Pl. IV, fig. 1.)
Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge and other localities ;
C. Johnson, Esq., R.K.G.
This species is distinguished by the disc being divided into
numerous compartments, by pairs of radiating lines of puncta,
very distinctly seen under a moderately magnifying power,
and at the same time being quite destitute of spies. It is
the most frequent species, three or four valves sometimes
occurring in a single slide. The connecting zone is rarely
seen in situ.
Porodiscus major, n. sp., Grev.—Disc with a very large
pseudo-opening ; the radiating puncta very minute, irregular,
and interrupted for some distance round the opening, after-
wards becoming regular, with faint, equidistant rays, formed
by pairs of the longest lines. Diameter of pseudo-opening
0006”. (Fig. 2.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit from Cambridge estate, in a slide
communicated by C. Johnson, Esq.
I have not seen an entire valve of this species, but from
what remains in the specimen before me it is probably not
less than -0040" or ‘0050" in diameter. The margin of the
pseudo-opening is somewhat crenate or plicate, in consequence
of the lines of puncta being somewhat thickened at their
termination. From its large size, it is easily seen that there
is no real perforation; and that it is simply concave, and
closed by a diaphragm. For a space round the pseudo-
opening equal to the diameter of the opening itself the
puncta are exceedingly irregular; many of the radiating
GREVILLE, on New Diatoms. 65
lines are interrupted, and here and there the puncta are
either altogether wanting or look as if they had been
shaken out of their places. At present it is impossible to
say whether this centrical irregularity is accidental or other-
wise.
Porodiscus conicus, n. sp., Grev.—Small; disc conical,
unarmed, with an obtusely truncate apex; radiating lines
of puncta extremely minute. Diameter -0014". (Fig. 3.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit from Cambridge estate ; C. John-
son, Esq.; rare. noes
The smallest of the species hitherto discovered, and oc- -
curring not unfrequently in perfect frustules. The length of
the connecting zone is considerable, and that of the entire
frustule, when both valves are symmetrical, about :0040".
The valve is decidedly conical, but obtusely truncate at the
top when seen in profile. It hardly ever happens that the
valves are equal in the same specimen; indeed I do not think
that I have seen a single example perfectly symmetrical,
one valve being almost always considerably shorter than the
other. The length of the connecting zone gives the frustule
a cylindrical appearance.
Porodiscus nitidus, n. sp., Grev.—Dise convex, unarmed,
the longest lines of puncta single (not in pairs), alternating
with two or three series of shorter ones; puncta distinct, all
of them becoming much more minute towards the margin.
Diameter °0026”. (Fig. 4.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; C. John-
son, Esq.
Dise much less crowded than in the three preceding species,
and the puncta larger and more distinct. A certain number
of the lines reach from the margin to the centre; a second
series very nearly so; a third are considerably shorter, and
the last extend but little beyond the margin. It is a scarce
species.
Porodiscus oblongus, n. sp., Grev.—Disc elliptical-ob-
long; pseudo-opening large. Long diameter about 0028”.
(Fig. 5.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit.
A species by no means rare in some specimens of the
deposit which I investigated a few years ago, but it does not
seem to occur in those which have recently been so carefully
examined from Cambridge estate. The form alone is suffi-
cient to identify it. The pseudo-opening is very large, the
radiating lines of granules are less crowded, and the granules
themselves larger than in any of the preceding species.
66 GREVILLE, on New Diatoms.
HETERODICTYON, noy. gen., Grev.
Frustules free, disciform; disc with radiate or scattered
cellules or puncta in the middle portion, and a circle of large
intra-marginal cellules.
This genus is allied on the one hand to Coscinodiscus, on
the other to Brightwellia. From the former it differs in the
circle of very large cellules, from the latter in the absence
of the spiral arrangement of the central cellulation. Besides
this distinction, the circle of large cellules seems to be more
associated with the marginal structure than in Brightwellia,
at least such is very decidedly the case in one of our species.
In the other there is an approach towards the last-mentioned
genus, the circle being further removed from the margin.
Perhaps the best character will be found to consist (taken in
conjunction with the circle of large cellules) in the absence
of the beautiful curved or spiral cellulation which marks the
three known species of Brightwellia.
Heterodictyon Rylandsianum, nu. sp., Grev.—Dise with
minute radiating puncta, and a circle of very large, linear-
oblong, marginal cellules. Diameter -0050". (Fig. 6.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate, in a slide
communicated by C. Johnson, Esq.
An exquisitely beautiful disc, and so well marked as to
require no extended description. Viewed apart from the
circle of large cellules which occupy nearly a fifth part of the
radius, there is no character to distinguish it from Coscino-
discus, and the resemblance to various species of that genus
is rendered more striking by the presence of a little central
cluster of cellules considerably larger than the puncta which
radiate from them. The large cellules of the margin are
parallel with each other, somewhat arched at their inner ex-
tremity, and arranged in groups of three, the middle one
being the longest. A narrow band of puncta is situated
between the base of these cellules and the margin.
Heterodictyon splendidum, un. sp., Grev.—Dise small, the
central portion occupied with remotely scattered, large, round
cellules, and surrounded with a circle of large hexagonal
cellules, having an exterior border of coarse, moniliform striz.
Diameter -0023”. (Fig. 7.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; C. John-
son, Esq.
A remarkable, ornamental species, and illustrative of the
generic name, as no fewer than three conspicuous structures
GREVILLE, on New Diatoms. 67
unite in its composition. The central and larger space has
round cellules, so remotely and irregularly disposed as to
render it unlike a diatomic structure. Then comes the cha-
racteristic circle of large, equal, hexagonal cellules, which
exhibit the singular peculiarity that the marginal angles of
the hexagons are not quite completed. Lastly, between the
large cellular circle and the margin the space (equal in
breadth to the diameter of the large cellules) is filled up with
radiating, robust, moniliform striz, which take the place of
the narrow marginal band of puncta seen in the preceding
species. It must be confessed that in general appearance the
two species differ exceedingly, and it is by no means im-
probable that the present one may be ultimately separated.
FENESTRELLA, nov. gen., Grev.
Frustules free, disciform; disc with a minute, radiant
cellulation, interrupted in the middle by linear bands, com-
posed of parallel lines of cellules, each band terminating in
a fiat ocellus.
This genus is composed for the reception of a solitary but
most curious diatom, the relations of which it is not easy to
define. The groundwork of the disc is very much that of
Coscinodiscus, being composed of radiating lines of cellules,
with a marginal row of puncta. But a couple of circular
ocelli, at little more than half the radius from the centre,
although not conspicuous, are sufficiently evident, and show
that we must look for affinities elsewhere. These ocelli are
not processes, but definite blank spaces in the cellulation, and
have therefore no connection with Eupodiscus or Aulacodiscus.
Another peculiarity is a broad, linear-oblong band passing
across the middle of the disc, and composed of about eight
rows of cellules; or perhaps it would be more correct to say
that two opposite sets of rows of cellules meet at their bases
in the centre, and at the other extremity converge as they
terminate in the occelli, with which they are evidently con-
nected. There is no umbilicus, the band of cellules intercept-
ing, as it were, the meeting of the radiating lines, the only
indication of the central point being a slight interruption in
the continuity of the cellules, not sufficiently definite to con-
stitute a character. The convergence of these lines of cellules
towards the ocelli seems to pot to some alliance with dw-
liscus, but, on the other hand, there is none between the
mastoid processes of that genus and the ocelli of the present
one.
68 GREVILLE, on New Diatoms.
Fenestrella Barbadensis, n. sp., Grev. (Fig. 8.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate, in a slide
communicated by C. Johnson, Esq.
The diameter of the disc is ‘0040’. Parallel lines lead-
ing to the ocelli, 8 in ‘001’. The most remarkable
feature in the disc, composed, as it is, of a radiating cellula-
tion, is the absence of a central point, there being neither
umbilicus nor centre of radiation, the band above described
lying like a bar across it.
CRASPEDOPORUS, noy. gen., Grey.
Frustules free, disciform ; disc divided into radiating seg-
ments, the alternate ones dilated towards the margin, and
bearing an intra-marginal ocellus or pseudo-opening.
In one species of this most curious genus the structure is
distincthy cellulate, but so irregularly as to bear no resem-
blance in this respect to Actinoptychus (Khr.) and its allies,
the walls of the cellules being thin and cobwebby. In the
other species the structure is more dense and opaque, and
scarcely any approach to cellulation can be perceived. There
are no septa, but the radiating segments or compartments
are defined by an undulation, or, perhaps, a slight fold,
the ocelliferous segments being very slightly raised above
the plane of the intervening spaces. The ocelli or pseudo-
openings are large and conspicuous, and appear to be concave
or foveate, with a somewhat prominent border, especially on
the side next the margin of the valve. In general character,
the genus would take its place among the Coscinodisci, but
the thickened and somewhat raised border of the ocelli
shows more affinity with the Hupodiscee.
Craspedoporus Ralfsianus, nu. sp., Grev.—Valve cellulate ;
ocelliferous compartments numerous, narrow and linear next
the central space, becoming spoon-shaped towards the margin ;
ocelli suborbicular. Diameter -0045”. (Fig. 9.)
Hab. Barbadoes earth, from Cambridge estate ; John Ralfs,
Esq. A fragment, in a slide communicated by C. Johnson,
Esq.
Structure an irregular network. Central space about a
fourth of the diameter of the disc, and somewhat more dense.
Ocelliferous rays eight, nearly lear for half their length,
then dilating into a spoon-like extremity, in which the
pseudo-opening is situated near the margin. The ocelli have
a distinct border, which is sometimes so much raised next
the margin as to cause it to resemble a little pocket. The
GREVILLE, on New Diatoms. 69
fragment in my own cabinet (half a disc) had, when perfect,
nine ocelliferous rays.
Craspedoporus Johnsonianus, n. sp., Grev.—Valve not visi-
bly cellulate, with five ocelliferous compartments; ocelli or
pseudo-openings large, transversely oval, close to the margin.
Diameter ‘0025’. (Fig. 10.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate ; C. John-
son, Esq.
In this species the compartments into which the disc is
divided are more equal, and it consequently bears some
general resemblance to ”
E.
Eupodiseus, 73.
punctulatlus, n. sp., Grev.,
ps
73.
simplex, 2. sp., Grev., 73.
»
»
F.
Farrants, R. J., president’s address,
aie n. sp., Grev., 67.
a Barbadensis, i.
Grev., 68.
Sp-5
Formation of intercellular substance |
of cartilage, 95.
G.
Greville, R. K., a monograph of the
genus Auliscus, 36.
>
and rare diatoms, Series VIII,
13.
AX; 63.
be) >
Heterodictyon, n. g., Grev., 66.
Rylandsianum, n. sp.,
Grev., 66.
* splendidum,
Grev., 66.
39
n. Sp.;
Es
Licmophora, ¥. C. 8. Roper on the
genus, 53.
i definition of, 57.
se flabellata, Ag., 57.
splendida, Grev., 59.
ce)
M.
Maddox, R.L., on the photographic
delineation of microscopic objects,
Martin, Benjamin, afew more words
on, by J. Williams, 1.
Microscopical Society, annual meet- |
ing of the, 23.
‘3 if auditor’s re-
port, 25.
>> 3)
dress, 26.
descriptions of new |
president’s ad- |
INDEX TO TRANSACTIONS.
N.
Javieula, 15.
» ? Cistella, n. spa iGrerm
19.
» dohnsoniana, un. sp., Grev.,
ie ,
» Lewisiana, un. sp., Grev.,
Tb.
» ‘uxuriosa, n. sp. Grev.,
» notabilis, n. sp., Grev.,
18.
Nerves of the cornea, J. V. Ciaccio
on the, 77. :
O.
Ossification, observations on the pro-
cess of, by Dr. Beale, 95
¥, process of, 102.
PB
Peponia, n. gen., Grev., 75.
» Barbadensis, vn. sp., 76.
Photographic delineation of micro-
scopic objects, R. L. Maddox on
the, 9.
Plagiogramma Robertsianum, nu. sp.
Grev., 13.
Porodiscus, n. g., Grev., 63.
. elegans, nu. sp., 64.
a conicus, N. Sp., 65.
i M07, W. SP., 65.
Bs nitidus, n. sp., 65.
5 oblongus, n. sp., 65.
R.
Roper, F. C.S., on the genus Licmo-
phora, Agardh, 53.
iy
Thaumatonema, n. g., Grev., 76.
5 Larbadense, n. sp.,76.
Triceratium, 75.
fs lineatum, n. sp., 75.
Tulk, J. A., on cleaning and prepar-
ing diatoms, 4.
W.
Williams, John, a few words more
on Benjamin Martin, 1.
TRANSACTIONS OF MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I,
Illustrating Dr. Greville’s paper on New Diatoms.
Series VIII.
Fig.
1.—Plagiogramma Robertsianum, front view.
2.— eS - side view.
3.—Campylodiscus ornatus.
4,— 3 Wallichianus.
5.— = Robertsianus.
6.— 55 crebrecostatus.
7.—Navicula Lewisiana.
8— ,, Johnsoniana.
9— ,, notabilis.
1,U— ,, luxuriosa.
12.— ,, ? Cistella, front view.
1g |) ey 8 side view.
15.—Amphiprora oblonga.
All the figures are x 400 diameters.
CORRIGENDUM IN SERIES VII.
The walls of the cellules in Yriceratiwm Davyanum are unfortunately ren-
dered much too thick by the engraver. he figure is, in other respects,
faithfully executed.
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TRANSACTIONS OF MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES II & III,
Illustrating Dr. Greville’s Monograph of the genus
Auliscus.
Fig.
1—3.—Auliscus sculptus.
4—7.— 4, celatus.
c= 5, elegans.
9— 4, racemosus.
10.— ,, ~ reticulatus.
ll— ,, mirabilis.
12.— ,, ovalis.
13.— ,, pruinosus.
14.— 4, radiatus.
15,16.— ,, punctatus.
17.— ,, Peruvianus.
18.— ,, Macreanus.
19.— ,, elaboratus.
20.— ,, Johnsonianus.
21— ,, Ralfsianus.
22— ,, n.sp.? from Japan. Very imperfectly repre-
sented by the engraver.
All the figures are x 400 diameters.
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TRANSACTIONS OF MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES IV & V,
Illustrating Dr. Greville’s paper on New Diatoms,
Series IX.
Fig.
1.—Porodiscus elegans.
2.— = major.
3.— Fs conicus.
4,—— 3, nitidus,
5.— 3 ovalis.
6.—Heterodictyon Rylandsianum.
7.— - splendidum.
8.—Fenestrella Barbudensis.
9.—Craspedoporus Ralfsianus.
10.— 3 Johnsonianus.
11.—Aecetinodiscus Barbadensis.
12.—Aulacodiscus inflatus.
13.— 5 MAMMOSUS.
14,— 33 Kilkellyanus.
1b6.— Pe angulatus.
16.— “a spectabilis.
17.— Bs pallidus.
18.— » £ paradoxus.
19.—Liupodiscus punclulatus.
20.— fa simplex.
21.—Auliscus nebulosus.
22:— 4, parvulus.
23.— ,, ambiguus.
24.—Triceratium lineatum.
25.—Peponia Barbadensis.
26.—Thaumatonema Barbadense.
All the figures are x 400 diameters.
Tare 79 del
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TRANSACTIONS OF MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES VI & VII,
Illustrating Dr. Ciaccio’s paper on the Nerves of the Cornea,
and of their Distribution in the Corneal Tissue of Man
and Animals.
ig.
= Ose of the largest nerve-trunks from the cornea of the sparrow, show-
ing the manner in which the nerves branch, the nuclei connected
with the primitive nerve-fibres, and the relative position of the
latter in the trunks as well as in the branches. x 150.
2.—Shows the manner in which the bundles of nerve-fibres are arranged in
the formation of the network in the cornea of the sparrow. Two
triangular bodies are also seen in connection with these bundles.
x 700.
3.—One of the quadrangular bodies found in connection with the nerves
distributed to the cornea of the sparrow. Bundles of nerve-fibres
are observed to arise from it in four different directions. Some of
the fibres, in passing from one bundle to another, flank one of the
‘sides of the small body, while others seem to proceed directly
from it. A nucleus and granular matter are also seen in the part
within. x 750.
4.—From the cornea of the sparrow. A. Small, triangular body, with
nucleus aud granular matter, connected with bundles of nerve-
fibres. B. A very small bundle of fibres, which, on meeting
. another bundle, nearly at a right angle to it, divides into two finer
ones, which run in opposite directions, parallel with the other
bundle. x 350.
5.—A rather large nerve-trunk, just at its entrance into the corneal tissue.
The fibres, of which it is made up, are seen to be nucleated, but
they have not the slightest appearance characteristic of dark-bor-
dered fibres. On the contrary, the fibres bear a great resemblance
to the so-called gray or gelatinous fibres of the sympathetic. From
the cornea of theeel. x 250.
6.—Very small bundles of nerve-fibres forming networks. From the
cornea of the ecl. x 350,
7.~One of the branches resulting from the fourth division of a large nerve-
trunk from the cornea of the frog. The course and continual change
of the relative position of the nerve-fibres is well shown. More-
over, in the point where the branch undergoes division, is seen a
fine fibre, which seemed to be a single fibre, but really divides into
two finer ones, which go in opposite directions. ‘This fact is very
frequently observed in the distribution of nerves to the cornea of
the frog. No nuclei are observed in connection with the fibres
forming the branch, x 350.
PLATES VI & VIL (continued). :
Fig.
§—a ands. Two ultimate branches of two different nerve-trunks, from
the cornea of the frog, showing very distinctly the precise manner
in which the one branch anastomoses with the other. The anas-
tomoses are effected by the mutual change of the fibres. x 350.
9.—From the cornea of the frog. Bundles of nerve-fibres, forming
networks. Connected with them may be seen a triangular body,
from which fibres proceed in different directions. Some fibres of
the bundles pass close to this body without any intimate connec-
tion with it. The triangular body contains granular matter, which
appears to have collected in two places, assuming the appearance
of two dark spots. x 350.
10.—Triangular body, from which fibres spring in three different directions.
From the cornea of thefrog. x 350.
11.—Network of pale nerve-fibres, and network of the branches of the
cornea-corpuscles, from the cornea of the frog. These two kinds
of networks lie on different planes, aud the relation between them
is well shown. x 350.
12.—Shows the course, size, and relative position of the primitive nerve-
fibres in the branches of the nerves distributed to the cornea of the
mouse. X 350.
13.—Nervous plexus in the cornea of the mouse. The general arrangement
of the bundles of nerve-fibres in the formation of the plexus, and
the special bodies connected with them, are well seen. x 250.
14.—One of those special bodies which are seen in connection with the
nervous plexus of the cornea of the mouse. Besides a nucleus, it
contains granular matter. Bundles of fibres proceed from it in
three different directions. 350.
15.—Another body of the same kind, in which the nucleus has undergone
division. From the cornea of the mouse. x 350.
16.—From the cornea of man. Small nerve-branch, which divides into two
smaller ones; and from the pressure to which the thin section of
the cornea has been subjected, the nerve-fibres of one branch ap-
pear-separated from one another. x 350.
17.—Shows the manner in which the fine bundles of nerve-fibres are
arranged in the formation of the plexus existing in the human
cornea. X 850.
i
it GF TIAL
+ Ty Satdliptes temewenk oe phag
After Mr. Rainey.
ote of an Ineh
1000 AF ule
SCALE. 1
—— of an Ineh — * 1700,
70,000
L. S. B., ad nat
TRANSACTIONS OF MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VIII,
To illustrate Dr. Beale’s observations on the Formation of
the so-called Intercellular Substance of Cartilage. (See
p. 90.)
Fig. 1—Section of cartilage from the temporal bone of the common frog.
The so-called “cell” is seen to consist of granular matter, in which smali
globules and a nucleus are embedded. Owing to change occurring after the
removal of the cartilage, a slight interval appears to exist between the outer
part of the granular matter and the matrix, but in the living state there is
no such interval. The nucleus and the granular matter around constitute
the author’s “ germinal matter.’ The oil-globules deposited in it correspond
to secondary deposits. The matrix between the masses of germinal matter
constitute the author’s “formed material.” Two of the masses of germinal
matter are undergoing subdivision. The septa are not produced by the
growing-in of the matrix, but the outermost part of the masses of germinal
matter is converted into the matrix.
Fig. 2.— Germinal matter” and surrounding formed material—costal car-
tilage—of a kitten at birth. The germinal matter exhibits zones, which are
coloured with carmine, and exhibit different degrees of intensity as we pass
from the outer one, which is faintly coloured, to the spot in the centre, which
is intensely coloured. It is clear that these zones are all composed of material
of the same general characters, so that it would be very unreasonable to call
the outer zone “ cell-contents,” the next “nucleus,” the next “nucleolus,”
and the spot in the centre “nucleolulus.” The outermost zone is struc-
turally continuous with the matrix, and is gradually being converted into
matrix. The matter of which all these zones are composed is “ germinal or
living matter.’ The matrix around is formed and lifeless, but was once
* germinal matter.”
Figs. 3 and 4.—Cartilage from the frog, showing the germinal matter
shading into and becoming gradually converted into “ matrix” or formed
material.
Figs. 5, 6, 7, and 8, represent sections of the cartilage of the ribs taken
from corresponding spots. Kaitten.—Fig. 5, at birth; fig. 6, at six weeks
old; fig. 7, young but nearly full-grown cat; fig. 8, adult cat. These
drawings show the gradual separation of the masses of germinal matter from
each other as the matrix increases in the intervals between them, and the
gradual increase in size of the masses until the tissue attains its adult
condition.
Figs. 9 and 10.—Drawings copied from Mr. Rainey’s work illustrating
his views upon the mode of formation of lacune. He states that no nucleus
or cell exists in any of the spaces represented in fig. 9, and that the calea-
reous particles are deposited in the matrix independently of the “cells” of
the cartilage. No “nuclei” or “cells” (masses of germinal matter) are re-
presented in either of these drawings, but the author maintains that when
the sections were fresh several such bodies must have existed.
TRANSACTIONS OF MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IX,
To illustrate Dr. Beale’s views upon the Formation of Bone
(‘ Transactions,’ p. 103), the changes occurring in “ Pro-
toplasm” (‘ Mic. Journ.,’ p..260), and the Structure of
the so-called “‘ Unipolar Nerve-cells’” from the Sympa-
thetic Ganglia of the Frog (‘ Mic. Journ.,’ p. 304).
Fig. 11.—Thin section of the frontal bone of the frog, showing the for-
mation of four lacune.
Fig. 12.—T wo lacune in a further stage of formation. The “canaliculi”’
commence at the intervals between the particles of calcareous matter depo-
sited in matrix of the cartilage.
Fig. 13.—Two recently formed lacune from the frontal bone of the frog.
Fig. 14.—A diagram showing the mass of germinal matter with calcareous
particles deposited in the matrix around it. The author considers that
masses of germinal matter existed in each of the spaces left in Mr. Rainey’s
figure (Plate VIII, fig. 9).
Fig. 15 —Mucus-corpuscle from the mucus of the throat, showing the
different forms it assumed within a minute. The nuclei are seen in the
centre of the parent mass. Portions of this have moved away some dis-
tance, and two are detached. These would grow and form new mucus-
corpuscles. Nuclei might arise in the portions detached. The movements
observed seem to be independent of the nucleus. The nature of these
movements has not yet been explained, but Dr. Beale calls them ‘‘ vital”
movements. (See ‘ Mic. Journ.,’ vol. iii, N.S., p. 260.)
Fig. 16.—A so-called “ unipolar” nerve-cell, with, 1st, a s¢raight, and 2nd,
a spiral, fibre emanating from it. The fibres continuous with these are seen to
pursue opposite directions. ‘The straight fibre is continuous with the central
part of the material, of which the body of the ‘‘cell” is composed, and the
spiral fibre with the peripheral part of the same. Both fibres are nucleated,
and a large nucleus and nucleolus are seen in the upper part of the cell.
The specimen from which this drawing was taken was coloured with car-
mine. ‘The nucleolus was most intensely coloured, then the matter around
this (nucleus). The matter around the nucleus was paler, and that portion
at the lower part of the cell which is gradually undergoing conversion into
the “spiral fibre” was not coloured at all. The nerve-fibres were not
coloured, but all the nuclei embedded in these fibres were darkly coloured.
(See ‘ Mic. Journ.,’ vol. iii, N. §., p. 304.)
EG Ast oy
TRANS. MICR, SOC., VOL. XI., N.S., PE 1X
x 1700.
Fig. 16.
Of an Inch ee 7 ()l),
Tou
SCALE.
of an Inch — x 1700.
10,000
L, 8, B., ad nat.
QUARTERLY JOURNAL
OF
MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE:
EDITED BY
EDWIN LANKESTER, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.,
AND
GEORGE BUSK, F.R.C.S.E., F.R.S., Sxc. L.8S.
VOLUME III.—New Series.
With Allustrations on Wood and Stone, —
LONDON:
JOHN CHURCHILL AND SONS, NEW BURLINGTON STREET.
1863.
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ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.
On the DeveLorpMEN’ of StrrpeD Muscutar Frisre in Man,
Mamaia, and Brrvs. By J. Locxnart Cxarxe, F.R.S.
(Continued from page 231, vol. ii.)
On the Development of Muscular Fibre in Man.
In man the development of striped muscular fibre is on
the same plan as in birds and mammalia, but presents some
points of difference that deserve consideration. In its early
stage one does not observe those striking forms that appear
in the chick between the sixth and seventh days of incuba-
tion (Pl. XI, fig. 9), and in the sheep or ox at a correspond-
ing period. From the fourth to the fifth week of utero-
gestation is about the earliest period at which this tissue can
be distinguished with certainty from some others. In a fetus
of three fourths of an inch in length it forms a gelatinous
mass, consisting, as in the other cases described, of fibres
and nuclei imbedded in a semifluid, granular blastema.
Pl. I, fig. 18 represents fibres from a fcetus three fourths
of an inch in length; and fig. 19 both fibres and free
nuclei from another foetus, of one inch in length. In the
formation of these fibres, as in similar cases already de-
scribed, granular processes of condensed blastema extend
from the sides or from around the nuclei; and along the
surface of these a new substance forms, until they become
partially or completely invested. At first the investing
substance appears only on one side, in the form generally of
a plain band or fibre (see fig. 18 a), but subsequently is seen
also on the other. Sometimes, however, it is deposited in
the shape of distinct, longitudinal fibrille, until the surface is
completely covered (fig. 18 4) ; and sometimes these fibrillz
are at once or soon after divided into particles, which, when
close together and on the same level, appear as transverse
strie (fig. 18d). Seen under a power of 420 diameters,
these two rows of particles had the appearance of short, trans-
verse lines. On one side of them are the remains of the
granular layer of blastema, ready to be converted into
VOL. II],—NEW SER. A
2 CLARKE, ON STRIPED MUSCULAR FIBRE.
another fibrilla or row of particles. But even when the sur-
face of the fibre is perfectly plain, with the exception of the
two lateral borders, it may be resolved into fibrilla by the
influence of certain reagents, particularly chromic acid.
The diameter of the same fibre varies at different parts of
its course, and the nuclei it contains are located at variable
distances from each other. Sometimes, however, three or
four are heaped closely together, one overlapping the other ;
and sometimes two are in contact at their edges, having just
undergone the process of division. The fibres arrange them-
selves side by side, with the nuclear enlargements of one a
little above or below those of another, so that their respective
curvatures admit of their lying in close contact. PI. I, fig. 19 d
represents three fibres disposed in this way, but intentionally
separated a short distance from each other. Sometimes they
may be seen to increase in diameter or in the number of
fibrille by the adhesion of fresh nuclei, from which new
granular processes of blastema extend along their edges
(fig. 20 a, 6). Each of their lateral borders constitutes one
fibrilla or more; but, except under the influence of chromic
acid or some other reagent, it is only occasionally that the
fibrillee are resolved into particles or granules, which are in
some cases exceedingly fine (see fig. 19 a).
The muscular tissue of the heart in the same feetus differed
in some respects from that of the trunk. The free nuclei
were more densely crowded together, but the granular blas-
tema was less abundant. All these bodies gave off processes,
which, in many instances, were mere fibres, but in others
they were broad at their attachment to one side or end of
the nucleus, from which they tapered off into fibres, so as to
present a funnel-shaped appearance (see fig. 21 a).* During
the first formation of the muscular fibres the nuclei, with their
processes, were disposed side by side, as represented in fig.
216. When formed, they were, in general, more uniformly
granular than those of the trunk, more varied in shape, and
irregular in breadth, and gave off branches by which they
were connected in a kind of plexus or anastomosis. In some
cases they were joined together by broad expansions of con-
densed blastema (something like the webb in a frog’s foot),
in which much finer branches might be frequently seen in
* From their appearance there is reason for believing that these funnel-
shaped bodies are rudimentary nerve-cells in the substance of the heart ; for
they bear a striking resemblance to the rudimentary cells which I found in
the intervertebral ganglia of the foetus (see ‘Phil. Trans.’ for the present
year, 2ud part). Some of the fusiform bodies belong to the tendinous tissue,
and are of stronger outline than the others.
CLARKE, ON STRIPED MUSCULAR FIBRE. 3
process of formation. Fig. 21 ¢ represents different kinds of
these fibres. In the bundles which they form they lie in
such close apposition that they appear to be almost cemented
together. One of these is represented at fig. 2le. At its
lower part the fibres have become separated. At the sides
of such a bundle it was not uncommon to find oval nuclei
with processes which divide into branches, as shown in the
figure. Sometimes several nuclei appeared to be joined to-
gether by a condensation of the intervening blastema, in
which at the same time a kind of plexus of fibres, of very
small but variable diameter, became developed (fig. 21g). In
the heart the fibrille were much more frequently resolved
into particles or sarcous elements, and therefore the appear-
ances of transverse strie were much more common than in
the trunk.
In foetuses of one and a half or two inches in length the mus-
cular fibres of the trunk, which were first developed, had in-
creased considerably in diameter ; but many smaller ones were
either formed or in process of formation. Fig. 22 represents
several fibres in different states of development, from an arm
of a human fcetus about two inches in length. Their increase
in diameter depends, in some places, partly on a certain in-
crease in the size of the nuclei which they contain, but chiefly
on the deposition of new layers of the substance or the fibrille
by which they are invested, and which, therefore, extend the
breadth of the original borders. In the majority of instances
these new layers are deposited nearly equally round the axis,
but in many others they are added—at least for a variable
length—more thickly on one side, as shown at a, fig. 22; so
that from this cause, as well as from the size and relative
distance from each other of the nuclei, the same fibre may
vary in diameter at different parts of its course. It is flatter
also in some parts, and gradually assumes a more cylindrical
shape and uniform structure throughout its entire thickness.
Numerous nuclei lie on its surface, along which granular
processes may be frequently seen to extend from one to the
other, as the foundation of new fibrille (see fig. 226). In all
the larger fibres, and in most of those of intermediate size,
the striz are beautifully marked, but have often a different
aspect in different fibres and in different parts of the same
fibre. On each side of the axis there is commonly observed
a very remarkable border of transverse striz, corresponding
to the plain lateral borders, and indicating the depth of the
fibrillation. Fig. 22y is an exact representation of a large
and strongly marked fibre from the same foetus. Its striated
border, under a sufficient magnifying power, was easily re-
solved into several rows of sarcous particles, like those re-
4, CLARKE, ON STRIPED MUSCULAR FIBRE.
presented at a, 0, fig. 20, in which, particularly, in a, if we
suppose a number of other fibrillee of the same kind to be
deposited round the nucleus a’ and its granular prolongations,
we should have a general resemblance to the fibre now under
consideration, in which it was easy to see, by changing the
focus, that the whole of its upper surface consisted of fibril
similar to those at its sides. When the granular axis has
disappeared, and the fibre throughout is composed of fibrillee,
and is therefore of uniform structure, the lateral bands, as
bands, of course, disappear; while the nuclei, in many in-
stances, reach the surface, in consequence of the unequal
deposition of material around them. In other cases, how-
ever, the nucléi have seemed to disappear by breaking up
into granules; but I am not sure that this is a natural histo-
logical change. In the embryo of the fowl, when the fibres are
changing from the condition represented at a, fig. 12, to that at
a, fig. 13 (Pl. XI)—that is, when the axis is disappearing, and
the fibre is becoming a compact bundle of fibrillee—the nuclei
seemed as if they were escaping to the surface between the
fibrille, as it were, by pressure, for many of them were partly
between and partly without the fibrille. I have not wit-
nessed the same appearances in mammalia, nor have I seen
the same reed-like structure of the fibres as is represented at
a, fig. 12, where the nuclei seem as if they were compressed
by the lateral bands stretched over them at intervals.
Up to the time of birth nothing of importance remains to
be observed. Fig. 23, Pl. I, represents three muscular fibres
from the leg of a human foetus of three and a half months;
one of them is left blank.
Such are the results of my own observations on the deve-
lopment of striated muscular fibre. Let us now consider
how far they agree with the theories and observations of pre-
vious inquirers.
It is well known that, according to Schwann, every mus-
cular fibre is at first developed from round nuclear cells,
which arrange themselves in linear series and coalesce at
their points of contact. The septa by which they are sepa-
rated then become absorbed, so that there results a hollow
cylinder,—the secondary cell of muscle, within which the
nuclei of the original cells are contained, generally lying
near together on its wall.*
In 1849-50 Lebert published some investigations on the
development of the same tissue in vertebrate animals,t+
opposing at the same time the theory of Schwann. Speak-
* ‘Microscopical Researches,’ &c., p. 141.
+ ‘Aunales des Sciences naturelles.’
CLARKE, ON STRIPED MUSCULAR FIBRE. 5
ing of the origin of the muscular cylinders, he says—
« J’avoue que la théorie cellulaire ne me rend pas bien
compte de leur premiére formation, et je n’ai pas pu con-
firmir leur mode de développement par alignement et fusion
de globules, mode indiqué par plusieurs physiologistes dis-
tingués.”* According to him, the first traces of the mus-
cular fibres make their appearance as fusiform, somewhat
oval, cylindrical, or irregular corpuscles or cells, which he
calls the myogenic bodies, and in which certain indications
of longitudinal striz are already observable; (‘‘ corpuscules
fusiformes, ovoides ou irréguliers ;’” “corps ou cellules myo-
géniques ;” “ espéces de longues cellules irreguliérs’”). He
confesses, however, that he was unable, by ‘direct observa-
tions, to determine the mode of origin of these bodies—
* dans loiseau, comme dans les autres vertébrés, la premiére
origine des cylindres musculaires ne peut pas encore étre
précisée par observation directe.”+ It seemed to him that
they were formed by a coalescence of all sorts of pieces, and
that the nuclei within them were only accidentally inclosed.{
It is evident that the “corps ou cellules myogéniques” of
Lebert correspond to the bodies which I have described and
represented as appearing in the chick between the sixth and
seventh day of incubation (see Pl. XI, fig. 9, c, d,e, f); but of
their mode of origin, as already shown, he was unacquainted.
Neither does he make any mention of the smaller fibres which
are formed at an earlier period, as I have already described.
In 1854 a paper, by Mr. Savory, of London, “ On the
Development of Striated Muscular Fibre in Mammalia,”
was read before the Royal Society, and in 1855 was pub-
lished in Part II of the ‘ Phil. Transactions.’ The results of
these investigations are completely at variance with the cell
theory of Schwann. The following is a brief statement of
the principal facts connected with the plan of development.
The first stage consists of the aggregation and adhesion of
the free cytoblasts or nuclei into clusters, and their invest-
ment by blastema to form elongated masses, which are irre-
gularly cylindrical or somewhat flattened. The nuclei thus
aggregated next fall into a single row, while the surrounding
substance at the same time grows more transparent, and is
arranged in the form of two bands, which border the fibre,
and increase in thickness by the addition of fresh blastema to
their external surface. ‘The fibres next begin to lengthen,
while their nuclei part from each other, and as the distances
* © Annal. des Sciences nat.,’ 1849, p. 352.
+ Ibid.
} Ibid., p. 377.
6. CLARKE, ON STRIPED MUSCULAR FIBRE.
between the latter increase the bands which separated them
fall in and coalesce, so that the diameters of the fibres
decrease. Soon after the nuclei have separated some of
them begin to decay by breaking up into irregular clusters of
granules, which themselves soon disappear. At this period
the strize first become visible within the margin of the fibre,
and then pass gradually towards the centre. The fibres now
begin to increase in size by means of the surrounding cyto-
blasts. These become attached to their exterior, and invested
by blastema, which generally forms a continuous layer be-
tween them. The nuclei subsequently sink into the sub-
stance of the fibre, and an ill-defined elevation, which soon
disappears, is all that remains.
Now, while this account and that which I have given as the
result of my own investigations differ from each other in
many particular points, they still very nearly coincide in
regard to the general principle or plan upon which the fibres
originate in the blastema. In the first stage of their forma-
tion, however, the nuclei are far from being always aggre-
gated in clusters, or even in contact with each other in linear
series, as may be seen in birds, mammalia, and especially in
man, in whom such an arrangement never occurs (figs. 4,
5, 14, and 18); and even when they are in contact or overlay
each other their adhesion always takes place by means of a
certain quantity of blastema, as at c¢, figs. 5, 6, and 14,
When they are at some distance from each other, the blas-
tema which cements them in a larger or smaller quantity is
more or less enclosed as an axis by the condensed substance
of the lateral bands, and contributes to the extension of these
bands or to the formation of separate fibrille around the rest
of the fibre, which, however, increases in diameter by the
deposition of fresh material on its surface (fig. 4 a, 6, ¢;
fig. 5 a, b, d.) In many instances, particularly in the
younger fibres, the nuclei are crowded together in close con-
tact, as represented by Savory, and sometimes they overlap
each other, as represented at ¢, fig. 5. When several of them
are compressed closely together they frequently seem as if
they were undergoing a process of division, and such a pro-
cess does actually take place in many instances within the
fibres, where the nuclei frequently occur in pairs or in rows
of three or four.
My observations on the first stage of development of mus-
cular fibre in the human foetus, with many of the drawings, were
made at the beginning of the present year (1861). Those in
the chick I made in the following June and July; and while
occupied with the same subject in mammalia during the
CLARKE, ON STRIPED MUSCULAR FIBRE. 7
month of October, my attention was directed to a recent
paper on the development of striated muscular fibre by
Deiters, of Bonn.* This author’s observations were made on
the tissue formed during regeneration of the tail of the tad-
pole. The conclusions at which he arrives are as follows:
1. Striated muscular fibre results from the transforma-
tion of a structure belonging to the class of connective
tissues.
2. This transformation proceeds directly from the con-
nective-tissue-cells, which, however, preserve their spindle
and stellate shapes. .
3. The essential nature of the process consists in this—
that the cells deposit the striated substance on their outer
cell-wall, so that it possesses the relation of an intercellular
substance.
4. This substance shows itself at first in the form of a
simple, long, smooth, and frequently transversely striated
band or border of condensed material (Verdickungssaum),
which corresponds to our fibrilla, and increases by the con-
tinual deposition of new layers on its outside.
5. The deposition takes place mostly on one side, but may
occur on other sides.
6. During this process the cells multiply by a considerable
increase in the number of the nuclei. At the same time
the striated border increases in length, and may extend very
far beyond the cell.
7. The cells do not lie immediately behind one another,
but either side by side or obliquely behind each other,
somewhat in the fashion of tiles.
8. The formative cells are connected with the connective-
tissue-cells of the tendons.
9. The sarcolemma is the last product of the developed
primitive bundles; it is not cell-membrane.
From some of these statements it is obvious that, as
regards the manner in which the muscular fibres first make
their appearance in the blastema, there is a general coinci-
dence of this author’s views with those put forth by Savory,
as well as with my own. The chief points of difference are
the following :—Ist. That although, according to Deiters,
the muscular fibres are not formed directly by the coalesced
substance of nucleated cells, as maintained by Schwann and
others, yet that nucleated cells are the real agents in their
development. 2nd. That these “formative cells’ are not
* ‘Beitrag zur Histologie der quergestreiften Muskeln,’ von Dr. Otto
Deiters. Reichert’s u, Du Bois-Reymond’s ‘ Archiv,’ Heft iii und iy,
8 CLARKE, ON STRIPED MUSCULAR FIBRE.
ultimately inclosed by the striated substance to which they
give origin.
With respect to the first of these statements, the question
to be decided is, whether these formative bodies are to be
regarded as true nucleated celis. In the regenerate tissue of
the tadpole, according to Deiters, they are real cells, possess-
ing distinct envelopes. Now, although in this particular
case I am not prepared to offer any opmion from direct
observation, since the season had already passed for making
the necessary examination before the publication of the
Deiters’ paper, yet I think I may safely assert that im
man, mammalia, and birds, the granular substance surround-
ing the nuclei, and concerned in the development of the
muscular fibres, have no envelope or cell-wall in the proper
sense of the word, and that these bodies are not entitled to
be considered as nucleated cells.* It is true, as I have already
shown, that the granular substance sometimes assumes the
form of a fusiform cell; but, if the process of development
be examined in very young embryos, the tapering or conical
prolongations of the nucleus may be observed in different
stages of formation, and to consist frequently, at first, of
delicate streaks of the finely granular blastema. But it
very commonly happens, as I have also shown, that the
intervening blastema cements the nuclei together, without
forming a separate mass around each. In other instances, as
represented at e, fig. 11, inthe chick, and at m, fig. 14 (Pl. XI),
in the pig, a fibre originates in the blastema, between series
of nuclei, at some distance asunder, which are each con-
nected with the fibre by a more or less globular, oval, or
fusiform mass. Fig. 14, like the others, is an exact repre-
sentation of a fibre from the dorsal muscles of a foetal pig of
not quite an inch in length, The granular blastema on the
left border of the middle nucleus had not yet actually
assumed the appearance of a fibre. The free edges of these
delicate and variously shaped masses of blastema are at first
frequently uneven, ragged, or, at least, not sharply defined,
and contrast strongly with the very distinct and well-defined
wall of the nucleus itself. But when a fine fibre or lateral
band has formed along each side of one of the masses
surrounding the nucleus, and has joined its fellow at both
ends (as at the lower part of m, fig. 14; the upper part
of e, fig. 11, and elsewhere), this investing substance has
* Tt is necessary to state that an abstract of my present communication
was received by the Royal Society of London, on November 21, 1861; read
January 16, 1862; and published in No. 48, vol. xi, of the ‘ Proceedings of
the Royal Society.’
CLARKE, ON STRIPED MUSCULAR FIBRE. 9
frequently the appearance of a cell-wall, so that the body
might be taken for a true nucleated cell, giving origin to a
process or fibre. Such would be the case at fand g, fig. 14,
if the lateral band were a little finer, and were joined at
each end of the mass by another from the opposite side. I
have examined such a multitude of specimens from embryos
of all ages, with so much care, that I can scarcely see how
any unbiassed and candid inquirer, who has devoted the
same attention to the subject, can arrive at any other conclu-
sion than the one I have just drawn.
In the opinion of Deiters, the muscular fibre and striated
mass is to be considered in the light of an intercellular sub-
stance, secreted by the so-called nucleated cells. Whether it
be a product of secretion or not, I leave out of the question ;
but supposing these bodies to be true nucleated cells, with cell-
walls, it is quite certain that their separate existence, as such,
is far from being a necessary condition for the development
(secretion) of the muscular fibres; for by the descriptions
and figures of Dieters himself, it is shown that several of
these cells frequently coalesce to form either a continuous
band or tube,—in which the nuclei are disposed in linear
series,—or an irregular mass, in which they lie without any
order, so that in these cases the process of secretion would
be carried on, not by separate cells, but by tubes, bands, or
irregular masses formed by the coalescence of cells. However,
there is little doubt that the muscular substance is the result
of some process carried on by the nuclei themselves. Now, ac-
cording to my own opportunities of observation, the organic
muscular-fibre-cell is developed on the same plan as the
striated fibre in its first stage, viz., by the formation of sar-
cous substance around a nucleus encrusted with blastema ;
so that the latter kind of fibre, instead of being the product of
a nucleated cell, would appear to be itself a kind of cell-
formation, which at first finds its prototype in the organic
muscular-fibre-cell, and in which the investing sarcous sub-
stance represents the cell-wall.
10
On the GenpraL Anatomy, HistoLtocy, and Puysio.oey of
Limax maximus (Moquin-Tandon). By Henry Lawson,
M.D., Professor of Physiology in Queen’s College,
Birmingham,
Ir has often occurred to my mind that the objects by
which we are almost invariably surrounded are not unfre-
quently those with whose characters and history we are least
acquainted. How many are there who, though on terms of
intimacy with the utmost minutiz of some arabesque, or
specimen of medieval ornamentation, can accurately depict
from memory alone the pattern of a well-known carpet or
the design of a drawing-room’s tapestry? If so common-
place a comparison be not inadequate to the subject, I beg to
offer it as one of the circumstances which instigated the re-
searches, upon which the results stated in the following pages
have been based.
The variety of L. maximus selected for dissection has been
in most instances the dark one, with occasional examinations
of the mottled specimens ; the chief morphological distinc-
tion between the two, being the possession by the latter of a
distinct shell, the material of which in the former is usually
found in a condition of disintegration, mingled with the
mucous exudation of the sac in which it is contamed. We
find, according to the philosophic investigations of Prof.
Huxley,* that the slug, like other pulmonata, develops in the
embryonic state, an abdomen or mass of tissue anterior to the
anal aperture, in this way causing the intestine to bend, with
its concavity facing the nervous region of the body, and hence
it comes under the category of molluscs, exhibiting a “ neural
flexure” of the archetype of this naturalist.t The arrange-
ment of the organs included im the economy of gasteropodous
creatures is generally stated to partake of irregularities, to
be devoid of co-ordination, and to be asymmetrical. I cannot
say that I have been forcibly impressed by the truth of these
dogmas, for to me, a very decided symmetry is apparent, and
that too, in many instances, of the bilateral type. Thus, in
the nervous, the circulatory, and the special sense systems,
* © On the Morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca, as illustrated in the
Anatomy of certain Heteropoda and Pteropoda collected during the Voyage
of H.M.S. ‘Rattlesnake’ By T. H. Huxley, F.R.S.” ‘Philosophical -
Transactions,’ 1853.
t+ Some difficulty is at first experienced in endeavouring to realise this
change, but the author’s explanation (vide note, p. 51, of memoir referred
to) renders the matter most explicit.
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 11
we find the constituent organs equally divided between the
two sides of the body, and there are two salivary glands and
two principal divisions of the liver, one of each lying on either
side of the median line. The lungs we may also, to some
extent, distribute with reference to a central plane; and, finally,
there remain but the generative and digestive apparatuses,
which, though seemingly aberrant, we are not warranted in
concluding to be asymmetrical till better acquainted with their
phases of development. In a rude way we may look on this
animal as a tough, elongated pouch, containing viscera, and
having attached to its dorsal surface, on its anterior third, a
convex and in some measure pyramidal cap, which is com-
posed of the so-called mantle; this, in vertical section, is
dome-shaped, and is a perfectly closed cavity, in which is
placed the loose mass of calcareous particles of the shell ;
below, it is limited by a delicate, transparent membrane, which
lies upon the heart and pericardial gland, and appears by a
process of splitting to pass beneath these latter also, in this
manner completely separating them from the great visceral
chamber subjacent (see Pl. II). I propose to treat of the
anatomy of Limax after the following scheme:
1. Tegumentary system. 5. Circulatory system.
2. Muscular system. 6. Nervous system.
3. Digestive system. 7. Special sense and glandsystem.
4, Respiratory system. 8. Reproductive system.
Integument.—The skin system is of the musculo-cutaneous
type, and may be said to consist of three coats, an outer or
dermoid, a middle or muscular, and an internal or fibro-vas-
cular, and calcareous. The first resolves itself into two layers,
a more external stratum, which is transparent, and, so far as I
could observe, structureless, and in some instances detachable,
and within this a bed of fusiform endoplasts, imbedded in a clear
matrix, and which assume the fibrous appearance of connec-
tive tissue as they approach the next coat, from which they
are inseparable. The muscular or central lamina is also com-
posed of two layers of fibres, the most external being longi-
tudinal, and those within them transverse, yet the line of
distinction cannot be clearly drawn, for as you advance
inwards you find the outer fibres gradually losing the longi-
tudinal and by assuming an oblique position, in this way
passing almost insensibly into the truly transverse ones; the
fibres, at best, are indistinct, and are composed of elongate
endoplasts. The inner coat consists of meshes of connec-
tive tissue, tunneled for the conveyance of the venous blood,
and impregnated with round, granular particles of carbonate
12 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
of lime, which give that portion lining the visceral chamber
a pure, white, lustrous aspect. I have not entered into the
shell question in these pages, because the shell in its mature
form is more or less structureless, and its homologies can only
be arrived at by an appeal to development, the study of
which in this animal I have not devoted sufficient atten-
tion to.*
Muscular System.—The muscles in this animal are not
numerous, as, indeed, they are not in any mollusk, and may
be conveniently grouped under two heads—those blended
with the integument, and those distinct. The former I have
already described. The isolated muscles are very few in
number, and embrace those of the tentacula, and the retractors
of the head. In both cases they are flattened bands, of a
glistening, semi-transparent appearance, and are made up of
long, fusiform endoplasts, with dark nuclei, and surrounded by
a clear periplast. The retractor of the head is along, tough, flat
band, which arises from the integument of the right side,
about the middle of the antero-posterior plane, and, passing
beneath the viscera reaches the nervous collar of the gullet;
here it comes through the circlet of nerves and beneath the
cesophagus, and on approaching the head bifurcates, the
two filaments thus produced being inserted into the musculo-
fibrous tissue of the head, with which they become continuous.
The tentacular are much more complex in mode of arrange-
ment, and are three in number for each side of the body.
These three are united in such a manner as to give rise to a
more or less perfect equilateral triangle, whose base lies in
the longitudinal plane, with the apex pointing laterally and a
little upwards; the posterior extremity of the base is con-
tinuous with the dense skin of the foot, to which it is attached,
and the anterior side is prolonged and blended with the tissue
of the foot in the median line and just below the mouth.
From the apex of the triangle springs the superior tentacle,
and from the muscle constituting the base arises the inferior
one; hence, if the basal cord contracts, the superior tentacle
will be drawn in; if the posterior side of the triangle is
shortened, the inferior tentacle will be brought in; and should
the anterior band be stimulated, it will tend more or less by
its contraction, to place both tentacula in a position to allow
of eversion by the usual means. A glance at the semi-
schematic figure on Pl. II will suffice to make these remarks
intelligible.
* For an admirable memoir on this subject, consult “ Beitrage zur Ent-
wickelungsgeschichte der Land-Gasteropoden,” by Carl Gegenbaur, in
Siebold und Kolliker’s ‘ Zeitschrift,’ &c., for 1852.
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 13
The Digestive System, with the appendages which appertain
to it, forms the bulk of the slug’s viscera, and in treating of
it we have to speak of the following parts :—head, salivary
glands, gullet or pro-stomach, stomach, liver, and intestine.
The head is the most anterior portion of the body, and when
deprived of the tentacula and integument which cover it
appears as a solid, glistening, white structure, of a more or
less spherical form, viewed from above, in profile seeming
oval, the large end behind, and having, projecting from its
posterior inferior border, a small, whitish, semi-transparent
papilla. On its two sides, above, are seen the superior ten-
tacles, and beside and beneath, various branches from the
cephalic or supra-cesophageal ganglia; moreover, the two
most anterior ganglionic masses are strongly united to its
external lateral surfaces, and their branches wind around it
as before described. It is about + inch long in an antero-
posterior direction, and measures + inch transversely. In-
teriorly it is hollow, has in front an aperture—the mouth
—and receives at the most superior border of its pos-
terior surface the commencement of the gullet; its cavity
resolves itself distinctly imto two—the upper or true
mouth, and the lower or pharynx—which must be described
separately.
The mouth lies superiorly, and has its position indicated
by the conception of a right line uniting oral orifice and
gullet, and which is horizontal; the outer opening is provided
below with a fleshy lip (a modification of the general integu-
ment), which is partially divided by vertical slips into squarish
segments, and plays the part of an inferior jaw. Above, the
lip is absent, its place being taken by a very distinct and
perfect maxilla. This is a horny or chitinous structure,
about + inch wide and + inch long, which is soldered to the
palate; it is of a brownish colour, and of a somewhat tri-
angular outline, the base in front notched, and bent down-
wards at right angles to the rest, thus performing the
office of teeth; the apex pointing to the cesophagus, and the
whole non-dental surface constituting, as it were, a second
palate ; behind, and close to its junction with the gullet, are
seated the openings of the salivary glands.
The pharynx or inferior cavity is a kind of pocket or diver-
ticulum, which I can compare only to an inverted and bi-
sected hollow cone, flat behind and angular in front; it is
lined with a roughened membrane, and has, pointing from
it downwards and backwards into the visceral cavity, the
papillary process above alluded to, which organ can, by an
eversion, be brought forwards so as to lie obliquely in the
14 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
pharyngeal sac. The roughened membrane with which the
pharynx and tongue (for so the papillary organ must be
termed) are covered, when seen under the microscope, is a
very pretty object. It is covered by a multitude of closely
set spines of a calcareous nature, arranged in linear order, side
by side, the lines being placed one behind the other; each
spine consists of a central portion or body, which is elliptical,
and an exquisitely slender curved hooklet springing from this
latter; the poits of the hooklets all project backwards, and
the spines are placed one behind the other, and not alternately,
with an exceedingly small, rounded process rising from the
membrane between every pair. The functions of the head
are two, those of prehension and mastication, deglutition
being achieved through the contractions of the gullet. Now,
the first, as I take it, is performed by the jaw and lips, which,
grasping the leaf or other portion of vegetable matter, bring
it within reach of the pharynx ; arrived here, it is acted on
by the salivary fluid which has been thrown into the pha-
ryngeal bag, then by a series of compound movements of the
tongue it is submitted to a rasping process between the
hooklets of this latter and those of the pharynx, and eventu-
ally, having been reduced to a state of very fine division, it
is tilted backwards by the tongue, and being now within the
grasp of the cesophagus is gradually carried onward to the
stomach. The head is principally composed of connective
tissue, but about the oral orifice on the inferior border, a con-
siderable band of nucleated, unstriped fibres may be observed ;
a few fibres of a similar description are mingled with the
layers of connective web, and the tongue [beneath the spinous
coat] is almost entirely muscular.
The salivary glands are two in number, extremely delicate
in texture,.and of a pale-white colour ; they lie on either side
of the esophagus, in the respiratory region, being covered by
the heart and pericardial gland, and resting in part upon the
great supra-cesophageal ganglia ; they are bound to the gullet
by numerous arterial branches common to both, and are
flattened and leaf-like in appearance. Hach gland has a
length of = inch, from side to side measures about | inch, and
pours its secretion into the mouth by a long and narrow duct,
which passes anteriorly from the gland, beneath the great
ganglia, to the orifice of the gullet immediately above the
pharynx, and in which I, less fortunate than Miller, have
not detected ciliated epithelium. In general structure these
glands are loose, and are made up of a number of minute
lobules, arranged in clusters upon the terminal ramifications
of the ducts. Microscopically, each lobule is of an oval shape,
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 15
filled with transparent fluid, and contains, floating in this
latter, many well-marked circular endoplasts, with nuclei
in their interiors, and has attached to its inner edge a deli-
cate twig from the excretory duct (Pl. II, fig. 3).
The gullet is a canal, at first narrow as it leaves the mouth,
but having passed the nervous collar it widens so as to re-
semble a funnel, and its walls become more dense and mus-
cular; it is usually of a dark-brown colour, this being for the
most part owing to a quantity of bile, which it nearly always
contains, and which renders it not unlikely that much of the
true digestive process is gone through here. Like the other
division of the alimentary canal, the cesophagus exhibits the
tendency to curve spirally in its passage from head to
stomach, and though prior to its passage through the second
nervous circle it is horizontally situate in the median lime,
yet, between this and the stomachal sac, it turns to the left
and downwards, and again bending to the right in the central
axis and, equidistant from the head and caudal extreme of
body, it terminates in the stomach. It is related above to
the heart, pericardial gland, lung-sac, nervous masses, ante-
rior lobe of liver, and large and small intestines, the rectum
just passing over it between the head and ganglionic centre ;
it rests upon the foot (having the pedal gland below it) and
inferior nervous masses ; is bounded on the right by the ante-
rior portion of the reproductive organs, on the left by a fold
of the large intestine, and on both sides by the tentacula
and their muscular apparatus. It is little more than two
inches in length, has a calibre of + inch at the cardiac orifice
of the stomach, and measures diametrically ~; inch as it
leaves the mouth. Histologically, the cesophagus is identical
with the other divisions of the alimentary canal except the
stomach, and therefore the sketch of its microscopic anatomy
will suffice for all, except the latter. Two coats enter into
its composition, a fibro-muscular and pseudo-mucous, neither
of which, however, can be detached without injury to the
other. The first, most external, or visceral layer, when ex-
amined under a low power, presents to the eye a collection of
muscular and connective tissue fibres, nerves, and blood-
vessels, mingled heterogeneously together; but if the larger
branches of the latter be carefully teased out, and a small
section submitted to a much higher power, it is then seen
that the outer coating is composed of two distinct strata of
nucleated, non-striated, muscular fibres, crossing each other
pretty nearly at right angles, and, blending with them
and pursuing an undulatory course, a few fibres of the
elastic connective tissue (fig. 4). The muscular fibres are
absent in some localities, thus leaving small rectangular
16 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
spaces between the strata. The second lamina is with diffi-
culty prepared for examination ; it is perfectly transparent,
and, so far as I could observe, entirely devoid of epithelium,
ciliated and non-ciliated, and perfectly structureless, seeming
to be a kind of protective glazing, thrown out over the exter-
nal coat.
The stomach is an oval-shaped bag, of a dark-brown colour,
into one end of which open together, the gullet and intestine,
so that these latter appear almost continuous, and the stomach
itself looks as though it were a diverticulum (fig. 1). It
is placed in the centre of the antero-posterior plane, inclin-
ing a little to the left; to its dextral end are attached the
gullet and intestines, its sinistral extreme being free; it is
supported by the foot and oviduct, has the ovary behind, the
two bile-ducts in front, and the liver on either side and on
its superior edges. Above, it is in relation to the inner surface
of the integument only, and therefore it is one of the struc-
tures seen on removing the dorsal covering. It is about + inch
long, ;2; inch deep, and + inch wide. As in the gullet, so
here, we have two separate laminee—the outer or muscular,
the inner or mucous. The external coat is made up of three
rather well-marked, muscular layers—circular, longitudinal,
and oblique—which present the same appearance as those of
the cesophagus, with this exception, that, whilst the nuclei in
the fibres of the latter were short, in those of the stomach
they are large, distinct, and fusiform; the imner layer is
nothing more than a bed of oblong endoplasts, resting upon
the outer; a zone of indifferent tissue, or a protomorphic line
(to use Prof, FIuxley’s expression), being interposed.*
The intestine is a tube, musculo-membranous in character,
as wide as the gullet for about one third of its length, but
gradually diminishing in diameter as it approaches the anus ;
from this peculiarity, that portion of the gut which is nearest
the stomachal cavity must be termed the larger, and the
remaining division of the canal the smaller intestine. Except
toward the anal aperture, it is of a dark, brownish-green
colour, which is due in some measure to the vegetable and
biliary contents. In its entirety it averages a length of seven
inches, is of equal capacity with the gullet as it leaves the
stomach, and measures not more than ~; inch at the anal
orifice. It is better, in treating of its relations, to assume
that it is a single tube, and in this way avoid the difficulty of
drawing the exact line between the greater and lesser gut.
The intestine, then, leaving the pyloric end of the stomach,
travels obliquely, forwards and upwards, beneath the liver, and
* T have not seen the spinous coat, so often alluded to in popular treatises
ou microscopic anatomy.
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. Bey
above the cesophagus, where it is covered by the integument
only, to the right lateral respiratory region ; arrived here, it
makes a sudden turn, and passes beneath the gullet to the
left; next it curves slightly upwards and then downwards—still
being upon the left—and descends again, coursing beneath the
cesophagus and toward the right side; it now ascends, and,
going to the left above the gullet and below the liver, it is
lost sight of ; continuing its course upon the left, it approaches
the stomach, its convexity reclining against this organ. At
this point, by a perfect sigmoid flexure, it encloses a portion
of the liver (being still, however, beneath the upper part of
this latter), winds to the right across the cesophagus, and, pass-
ing under one of its own folds, and, finally, beneath the heart
and pericardial gland and above the gullet, it terminates in
the anus at the superior angle of the pulmonic orifice, being
here retained in situ by the united muscles of the retractor
capitis, which are looped around the gut. The anus is closed
by a circular band of elastic tissue, which encircles this tube
at its junction with the integument.
The liver is by far the largest and most complete gland in
the economy of this animal, aud when separated from the
other organs with which it is connected, appears as two
separate structures, exhibiting what we should not have been
led to expect, similarity of size and form; these are of a
dark-brown colour, and have their under surfaces crowded
with exquisite white, arterial ramifications. The liver shows
the general tendency to assume a twining arrangement, for
we find it adapting itself to the various folds of the intestine,
aud so embracing the latter, that, a separation of the two
involves some delicate dissection. Each lateral division is
conjoined to the stomachal end of the cesophagus by its wide
and easily distinguished hepatic duct; that of the left side
pouring its secretion into the gullet about 4 inch anterior
to that of the right. Each is of an irregular oblong shape,
bearing some likeness in outline to a lanceolate, acute leaf,
with notched edges, and consists of numerous large and
small lobes, bound loosely together by a web-like connective
tissue, and attached to branches of the principal duct; it
measures about 2 inches in length, and at its widest part
is more than + inch in breadth, but in some specimens
which I examined the liver did not exceed 1 inch in length,
and was proportionally narrow. Every lobe may be divided
into a number of component lobules, and each of the latter
comprises seven or ten still smaller structures of an uneven
polyhedral type, within whose walls may be observed nume-
rous endoplasts, some of them large, with yellow or lght-
VOL, IlI.—NEW SER. B
18 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
brown contents, others small, without nuclei, and also a con-
siderable amount of loosely floating granular particles. The
duct, on entering one of the lobules, divides into several
branches, which surround the many-sided compartments,
and become eventually indistinguishable from the fibrous
septa; but never have I detected a communication between
duct and theca, the two portions of the organ being as sepa-
rate as they are in the human liver, according to the view of
a recent investigator.* Had there been any distinct con-
nection, it could not have remained unobserved, since it is
easily perceived when it does exist, as in the salivary gland.
The bile is a dark-brown liquid, with a faintly unpleasant
odour and a nauseous sweetish taste, which is poured in large
quantity into the gullet when the animal has been without
food for some days. Under the microscope it seems a trans-
parent fluid, suspending many clusters of brown granules,
and nucleated and non-nucleated endoplasts.
General remarks.—Lebert, in a communication to Miiller’s
‘Archives’ for 1846, has given many figures of the head,
tongue, and spinous membrane of Limax, but in some in-
stances, I conceive, he has not accurately depicted the struc-
ture and form of these organs. The palate, judging from
his sketch, seems but a mere slip proceeding from the central
portion of the jaw, which is not the case, the whole
palate and jaw forming, when flattened out, a complete
triangle, two of whose sides are slightly concave outwards.
Again, he has certainly mistaken the arrangement of the
processes attached to the lingual membrane, inasmuch as he
has placed them in alternate rows, and has omitted the inter-
vening mammillary elevations. The head, also, I fancy, is too
much prolonged. Finally, his representation of the muscular
fibre I cannot reconcile to anything I have perceived. It
might, at first sight, seem difficult to put faith in Mr. H.
Jones’s views of the liver’s functions, the conditions under
which the hepatic circulation is carried on here being differ-
ent from those we meet among vertebrata, but this apparent
difficulty disappears when we know that if the special secre-
tion were thrown out into the visceral cavity, it would at once
be taken up by the veins.
Respiratory System.—The function of respiration is carried
on by means of atmospheric ‘air introduced into a special
cavity, containing uumerous blood-vessels upon its surface,
* “On the Structure, Development, and Function of the Liver.” By
C. Handfield Jones, M.D., F.R.S. ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1853.
ee Oe ee
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 19
and this cavity is termed the lung. The respiratory organ
is usually described as being a ring surrounding the heart ;
this, however, is not correct; it is a double sac, one pocket
of which is situate on the right, and the other on the
left side, having two channels of communication, by means
of which the air is conveyed to every portion of the vascular
surface. 'These pouches are placed in the thoracic region of
the body (fig. 5), and are constituted externally of the general
integument, and within of a delicate fibrous membrane,
which also serves to define their limits; their upper borders
are bounded by the inferior surface of the shell, and below
they are separated from the viscera by a septal fold of their
inner membrane, which also forms a posterior partition be-
tween the lung and abdomen; anteriorly they are closed in
by the same structure, and internally they are related to the
heart and pericardial gland, which are placed between the
two sacs. The connecting channels cross the body, one in
front of the pericardial gland and heart, and the other im-
mediately behind them. The air is admitted through an
orifice of an elliptical or doubly cuneate form, which is upon
the right side near the middle lateral line, and at about
+ inch from the right upper tentacle. The great veins which
convey the blood to the lung are two in number, one for
each of the pockets, in the external walls of which they are
grooved, being merely, as it were, ploughed channels in the
integument, which have been covered in by fibrous membrane.
Each sends off several branches from its upper and lower
edge, which respectively pass upwards and downwards,
curving in their course, with their concavities facing each
other, and terminate in the border of the pericardial gland.
In the outer portion the vessels are, as I mentioned above,
but passages in the integument (which here, from the particles
of carbonate of lime imbedded in it, is white, as in the other
regions of the body), but internally they lie between two
transparent layers of membrane, and from this circumstance
are easily observed in their passage to the pericardial gland.
Each division or sac of the lung measures about + inch
in length, and is a little more than a + inch from above
downwards. The width is variable, depending, as it
does, upon the condition of the body as to contraction or
elongation. The course of the blood through the pulmonary
vessels is more properly described under the head of—
Circulatory System.—The course of the blood, in its passage
through the bodies of molluscs, has long been misunderstood.
Heretofore it has been thought that a perfect circulation ex-
20 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
isted, that is to say, a complete series of channels, by which
the nutrient fluid was conveyed from the propelling organ to
the various regions of the body, and returned to the heart.
Milne Edwards* has done much to correct the errors of the
earlier investigators; but as his observations do not extend
to Limax, and since the latter genus and that of Helix, the
course of whose circulation has been traced, are so widely
distinct anatomically, the mode in which the blood is car-
ried to and from the heart and pulmonary organs of the slug,
has not as yet been distinctly explained. I have most care-
fully pursued the examination of this subject, occasionally
with the assistance of injections prepared with new milk, and
the result has been the adoption of the following view. The
blood, having been expelled from the heart, travels through
the short aorta and its two divisions, in this way reaching the
head, reproductive organs, intestinal sanal, and liver, and,
having arrived at the terminal ramifications of the arterial
vessels, is poured through their open extremities into the ab-
dominal and sub-thoracic cavities, thus bathing the external
parietes of the viscera; these cavities are continuous, and
clothed without by the general integument, in whose walls
the various channels are tunneled. Now, the veins begin as
minute apertures,t which admit the blood hitherto contained
in the visceral chamber, allowing it to pass into their smaller
branches ; from these it then flows into the larger vessels,
and is finally transmitted by the great pulmonary vein of
each side, to the respiratory sacs. It is here that difficulty
has been invariably experienced, in tracing the channels by
.which the blood travels to the heart, some contending that a
portion flowed to the so-called kidney, whilst the remainder
was brought on to the heart by a large pulmonary vessel ;
others that the blood was here poured into a sinus or lacuna.
Both these ideas I conceive to be erroneous, the more so as
I have been unable, after the closest scrutiny, to detect any
single pulmonary vessel which might of itself convey the
blood to the heart; and besides that, the relations and cha-
racter of the quasi kidney have been most certainly misin-
terpreted. The circulation in this locality is most complete
and peculiar, and can be seen with more or less distinctness
by removing the mantle, and membrane of the shell-sac.
When this has been done, it will be observed that the blood
travels in the direction I have endeavoured to indicate
diagramatically (fig. 6), viz., having been poured by the
* © Ayn. des Sci. nat.,’ viii, 1847.
t+ The merit of this discovery is, I believe, due to Cuvier; vide for
Aplysia, ‘Ann. du Mus. d’histoire nat.,’ ii, p. 299.
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 21
great pulmonary vein of either side into the numerous lesser
ramifications of the lung-membrane, and been in this way
fully exposed to the atmospheric air, it flows in two principal
directions, according as it has passed from the upper or lower
borders of the great lateral veins. That which has been sent
upwards travels in obedience to the limits of the pulmonary
sac, first superiorly, then horizontally, and finally inferiorly,
till it gains the external edge of the pericardial gland; and
eonversely, that which left the under surface of the vein
courses first inferiorly, then horizontally, and eventually as-
cends, till it arrives at the same position as the rest. Here,
then, we find all the blood which has traversed the respiratory
reticulation at one period or other of its career, and from
this it passes internally, through the pericardial gland, in a
perfectly centripetal manner, till it has reached its inner
border; this latter expands, and constitutes, by a double,
sector-like fold of membrane,—whose arc is confluent with the
anterior division of the gland, and the junction of whose sides
is intimately attached to the heart,—a capacious sinus. Into
this expansion the blood is next introduced, flowing readily
into it at its immediate union with the gland, and being con-
veyed from the posterior internal border of the latter by a
canal partly circular, whose concave edge lies against the
heart, whose convexity is continuous with the gland, and
whose two orifices open into the lacunal cavity referred to.
From the sinus the blood is transmitted to the heart by an
aperture of communication between the former and the base
of the latter. Finally, by the contractions of the heart it is
propelled onwards through the aorta and its divisions (regur-
gitation into the sinus being prevented by a small fold of
membrane acting as a valve) to the different systems of organs,
and so on, as before. The heart is a thin muscular bag, of a
somewhat triangular or pyriform description, and of a faintly
marked flesh-like colour; it is placed in the thoracic region,
being surrounded by the pericardial gland, bounded below
by the fibrous membrane separating the heart-chamber from
the visceral sac, and above by the floor-tissue of the shell-
bag; it lies obliquely, its apex pointing backwards and to the
right, and its base in the opposite direction. It measures a
4+ inch in length, and + inch or thereabouts in width. It
is wrong to describe the heart as being composed of an
auricle and ventricle; it is a simple bag, having but one
cavity, and not presenting any division, either by constric-
tion or otherwise. It is almost wholly formed of non-
striated muscular bands, interlaced in the most complex
manner, and freely united to each other at their extremities.
22 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
The fibres, if they may be so termed, are filled with long,
spindle-shaped endoplasts, containing clear nuclei. Examined
under a low power, a very interesting arrangement is observed
in connection with the contractile structure. A number of
muscular cords are seen upon the internal surface of the heart,
which are thus disposed :—they pass from two centres, which
are situate about the middle of the lateral surfaces, in a radi-
ate manner, being continuous at their extremities with the
ordinary fibres ; and in this way they form two stellate eleva-
tions, much resembling the muscular cords in mammalian
hearts, and probably serving a similar purpose. The true
auricular chamber is the sinus to which I have already
alluded, but it is not contractile. The heart gives about twenty
pulsations in the minute, each contraction being succeeded by
a dilatation, and then an interval of repose following; during
the period of rest the sector-like expansion is gradually fill-
ing and becoming convex; on the moment of the heart’s
dilatation, by the tendency to vacuum occasioned, it is emptied
of its contents, and then, contraction ensuing, the blood is
rapidly driven through the arteries. The arterial system
consists in the aorta, with its branches and their numerous
divisions. The aorta arises from the apex of the heart, and
on attaining a length of + inch it divides into two branches,
measuring each =}; inch in diameter, which continue together
for a distance of 1 inch till they reach the intestinal fold ; then,
both having crossed the gut, one branch becomes recurrent, and,
passing beneath the intestine,runs downwards and forwards pa-
rallel with the rectum and beneath the generative organs, heart,
and pericardial gland, and becomes lost in supplying the gullet
and organs of the head. The posterior branch passes backwards
towards the stomach, and in this course gives off about twenty
branches to the intestine and liver, the intestinal branches
being given away distinctly, and passing over the latter organ
to their destination. These vessels divide and subdivide ex-
tensively, and form the most exquisite ramifications upon the
alimentary canal, with which they contrast very markedly,
being themselves of a pure white colour, whilst the intestine,
from its vegetable contents, is green. Arrived at the stomach,
the main artery bifurcates, one branch passing backwards to
supply the ovary and caudal lobe of the liver, the second being
sent to the stomach and left division of hepatic gland, upon
the inferior surface of whose lobes the most beautiful arbo-
rescent ramifications may be observed. I am not disposed to
coincide with the view of Erdl,* that a capillary network
exists—
* ‘De Helicis algire,’? Bruxelles,
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 23
Istly. Because it is not discoverable.
2ndly. Because the rootlets of the veins terminate by aper-
tures.
8rdly. Because the whole of the viscera in the posterior part
of the body are completely unattached below to the venous
integument; and as the principal arterial supply is to the
inferior surfaces, had there been any intervening series of
vessels, the integument and viscera would be adherent to each
other in this locality. The arteries are composed of nucleated
muscular fibres, having buried in them clusters of calcareous
granules, which give the snow-white colour to those vessels.
I cannot say I have been enabled to confirm the truth of
Von Siebold’s assertion, that the arterial extremities are
formed of calcareous particles alone, the organic tissue being
completely absent ; for in every specimen I examined, where
it was possible to arrive at any clear decision, I most dis-
tinctly observed, mingled with the lime-granules, long, nu-
cleated endoplasts. The veins, as I before stated, are merely
channels ploughed in the musculo-fibrous tissue of the skin,
covered on their inner surface by a fold of transparent mem-
brane; the great lateral vein of either side begins near the
caudal extremity of the body, and travels forward horizontally
to the lung-sac, at a distance of about + inch from the median
sulcus of the foot. It increases in calibre as it approaches
the lung, and on its journey receives several branches from the
upper and lower divisions of the integument.*
The pericardial gland or kidney, as it has been styled, is,
in my opinion, no more an urine gland than is the heart or
liver; nor, indeed, can I see any just reason why it has
received this appellation; for I conceive the assertion of
Jacobson,+ that it contains uric acid, is of no weight whatever,
seeing that it is based upon the idea that murexide is pro-
duced when the dried kidney has been subjected to the action
of nitric acid and ammonia. Undoubtedly these reagents give
rise to a reddish stain (which I fancy does not need the am-
monia to its production), but it is equally true that a portion
of the liver, when placed under similar conditions, will give
apparently the same results. Moreover, the statement that
this gland possesses an excretory duct is entirely without
foundation, and I can only account for its origin, by sup-
posing that in emaciated individuals the rectum has been
mistaken for a duct leading to the respiratory orifice. Not-
withstanding the most patient and persevering endeavours
* For the development and characters of the blood, see the admirable memoir
of Mr. Wharton Jones (‘ Phil. Trans.,’ 1846), to which nothing can be added,
+ Meckel’s ‘ Archives,’ vi, p. 370, 1820,
24. LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
to discover something which might be construed into a duct,
I have failed signally to detect anything of the kind. This
gland constitutes a sort of collar surrounding the heart,
is bordered externally by the lung, and within by the semi-
circular canal and sector-like sinus; it is of a dark, reddish-
brown colour, and measures from side to side (including
heart and sinus), more than + inch. It is made up of a great
number of lamellz, placed against each other like those
of a fish gill, and viewed under the microscope, each of them
is seen to be composed of numerous irregular vacuoles, con-
taining within them solid, round, non-transparent, incom-
pressible nuclei. Between the lamellz many blood-vessels
may be observed travelling from the lung to the heart-
sinus, and giving off several branches, which, passing between
the vacuoles, anastomose frequently. The pericardium
embraces this organ and the heart in its folds, forming on
the one hand, the floor of the shell-sac, and on the other
the roof of the thoracic gut-chamber, and, being perfectly
transparent, admits of our observing most satisfactorily the
movements of the heart and sinus (fig. 5). I do not appre-
ciate the necessity for assuming that there is any kidney
in the economy of Limax; nor, if I did, should I therefore
conclude, that this gland was its representative simply
because one of the compounds discoverable in the urine of
man, was found, or said to have been found, here also; for,
pursuing the same line of argument, had not the kidney of
man been discovered, its being known that urea is found in
the sudoriparous secretion, would constitute a valid reason for
asserting that the human kidney was located in the skin. From
the descriptions of some of the earlier anatomists an im-
mense deal of confusion has resulted, owing to the kidney
being, according to one or other, termed the muciparous
gland, organ of the purple, &c., and these being, in turn, con-
founded with portions of the reproductive apparatus.
The Nervous System is composed of four separate gan-
glionic masses, two superior and two inferior, which, by con-
necting cords, constitute three distinct rmgs. The first ring
lies upon, the second surrounds, and the third is placed im-
mediately beneath, the gullet, and springs, as it were, from
the second. The two latter are by far the most distinct,
and from the circumstances of their size and contiguity have
been generally supposed to embrace the entire nervous
system. The anterior ganglia are two in number, exceed-
ingly minute, measuring about =; inch in length, and
situate on either sideof the enlarged oval organ or head,
a eee
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 25
being at the superior and posterior border of this structure ;
they are of a dumb-bell shape, slightly curved, their concave
edges embracing the convexity of the head; they are of a
whitish-yellow colour, but do not contain as muck. calca-
reous matter as the ganglia of the posterior divisions ; they
are attached to each other by their posterior expan-
sions, through the medium of a strong, nervous filament,
4 inch in length. From their anterior extremities eight
nerves pass off, four on each side, to supply the various
portions of the gustatory and linguze-prehensile apparatus ;
finally, from each posterior extreme, a minute, lingual twig is
seen passing to the superior surface of the gullet, and two long
internuncial branches, which take their course backwards,
on the upper surface of the cesophagus, for a distance of
about 2 inch, and terminate in the second circle. This
is formed of two irregular, oblong pieces (one lying on
the gullet, and the other beneath it), and a connecting
nerve, which passes vertically downwards on each side,
and which, though apparently a single flattened structure, is
actually composed of two riband-like nerves, from which
no branches are given. The upper ganglion-mass is slightly
concave, both anteriorly and posteriorly, but more so behind
than in front; it is composed of two ganglia, which have
become completely amalgamated, and which are indicated
by a transparent colourless spot at each extreme. That the
ganglia are not merely contiguous, I have satisfied myself,
and, from my own repeated observations, must give unquali-
fied denial to the assertion of Von Siebold,* that the gan-
glia, though fused into one in Murex and others, are not
so in Limax. This nerve-mass is easily seen on removing
the heart, intestine, and reproductive organs, and is the more
readily perceived on account of its snowy whiteness, which I
imagine is due to the presence in large quantity of calcareous
granules, for when the structure has been for some time im-
mersed in acetic acid the colour is lost, and the mass becomes
transparent. From the translucent and crescentic ends of
this supra-cesophageal mass, four pairs of nerves arise; of
these, the first pair passes to the superior tentacles, supplying
these organs with filaments, and transmitting a branch to the
eye, which is the true’ optic nerve ;+ the second pair is
also distributed after many divisions to the inferior tentacula
and lips; the third pair runs downwards and forwards, and,
* See ‘ Vergleichenden Anatomie,’ Burnet’s translation, note 9, p. 235.
+ Johannes Miiller (* Ann. des Sci. nat.,’ xxii, 1831) maintains this view
also, which, so far as I can see, is the correct one. It is strange, however,
that Siebold contends for the distinctness, from its origin, of the optic nerve.
26 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
after a slight degree of ramification, is lost in the tissue and
muscles of the lower tentacles; the fourth and most posterior
pair passes forwards, and, being lost upon the mouth and
adjacent structures, deserves the name of buccal. The third
ring we now arrive at. It is about as wide as the second
(which measures transversely somewhat more than + inch) ;
indeed, its upper ganglionic mass is nothing more than the
inferior expansion of the latter (fig. 8). Its superior com-
ponent is oblong, iregular, and not very symmetrical,
slightly convex anteriorly and concave behind, with its
noduliform extremities pointing forwards; it is united
directly by fusion to the lower mass. The latter is com-
posed of three ganglia, soldered to each other in an arciform
manner, the concavity directed upwards. The two portions
of this ring are so closely related, that, to the naked eye the
existence of an intervening space is barely perceptible. It is
from this congeries of ganglionic centres that the different
viscera and the great pedal muscles receive their nervous
filaments, which, though numerous at the periphery, are
referable to five primal pairs, and an azygos central branch
proceeding to the posterior surface of the head. The first,
passing from the superior extremities of the mass, supplies
the heart, part of the gullet, stomach, and the lungs. The
divisions of this pair are peculiar, for many of the threads,
after separation, again unite, thus forming a very rudimentary
plexus. The second, third, and fourth pairs all origmate in
the lateral portions of the ring, and terminate in the walls of
the intestine, the reproductive organs, and the liver. The
fifth pair is the most inferior, and arises from the inferior and
internal border of the external walls of the ring, leaving a
central and included space, from which vo nerves start. The
nerves comprised in this couple are “ the great pedal ;” they
direct their course backward on either side of the great cen-
tral gland (?), and beneath all the viscera, and after having
transmitted three or four branches to the musculo-connective
tissue of the foot, terminate at a distance of 2 inches from
their origin, in that portion of the pedal organ just beneath
the ovary, and last lobe of liver.
Histology of Nervous System, and general remarks thereon.
—The nerves viewed under the microscope present rather the
aspect of connective tissue than the tubular appearance
characteristic of vertebrate nervous fibres, the outer edge of
each individual nerve seeming denser and to have undergone
more decided differentiation than the imner portion. On
entering the ganglion the nerve splits up into a considerable
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 27
number of delicate threads, which become lost between the
endoplasts of the ganglion itself. On no occasion have I been
enabled to discover the division of the ganglion into compart-
ments, as described by Von Siebold. I have carefully pre-
pared sections with the assistance of Valentin’s knife, and
have subjected these slices to the action of the compressorium,
and in both cases the same appearance was presented to the
eye, Viz., an opaque periplast, consisting of fatty matter and
calcareous particles (as evidenced by transparence ensuing on
immersion in a mixture of acetic acid and ether), imbedding
numerous large, and readily perceivable endoplasts of the fol-
lowing kinds :
A, With an outer wall, granular contents, and a well-
defined nucleus and nucleolus.
B. With two outer walls, the substance between the two
clear and non-granular; the interior filled with a granular
material, a nucleus, and two or three well-marked nucleoli
(fig. 7).
Both varieties were of an irregularly elliptical outline,
large and small, but never pedunculated. From KEhren-
berg’s observations on Arion, I had expected to find tailed
globules in Limax, but they have no existence. Anderson’s*
woodcut is calculated to mislead, because he has not given
the proper number of nerves arising from either the superior,
or inferior ganglia, and, besides, he has faller’ into error in
representing two pairs ‘of filaments as united to the bands
connecting the supra- and infra-cesophageal centres ; and one
would suppose from his engraving, that the pharyngeal
nervous masses had no direct connection with the others. It
might be objected to the foregoing account, that, I have taken
no cognizance of the splanchnic series as a special system ;
but I would reply, that on this subject I hold the opinions or
M. Claude Bernardy+ to be in the main correct.
Sense System.—Organs of Hearing.—lIt is stated in most
works on the anatomy of molluscs that these organs are
represented bya pair of transparent, membranous saccules,
containing either siliceous or calcareous particles termed
otolites, and placed upon the inferior nervous masses. I
frankly confess that I have never succeeded in finding them
present in Limax. I have taken great pains to detect them,
but in vain, and although naturally anxious to discover some
* “Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology ;’ ;’ Article “ Nervous System ;”
Division ‘‘ Comparative Anatomy.
+ ‘Med. Times and Gazette,’ vol. for 1861; and ‘Journ. de Physiologie,’
28 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
apparatus which I could set down to their credit, up to this
time my efforts have been unsuccessful. From this cireum-
stance I am led to suspect that in this creature no auditory
mechanism really exists, and this suspicion is somewhat
strengthened by the fact, that, the so-called ear-vesicles are
said to be among the first detectable organs in the embryo,
which I should not suppose probable as regards an appendi-
cular mechanism or sense-capsule. ‘Tio speak more plainly,
if we were informed, that, in the embryonic life of a verte-
brated animal, the most well-marked system was the auditory,
should we not be inclined to fear there was some blunder in
either the statement or the observation? And, besides, if
the otolitic capsules be locatedupon the lower nervous centres,
as is asserted, and thus virtually buried in the viscera, how
are the sonorous impressions to be received from without ?
Surely, this would not be an advantageous arrangement of
parts, nor in obedience to the simplest laws of acoustics.
For the only method by which a vibration could be conducted
to the receiving vesicle would be through the mouth and
cesophagus, so that the familiar expression “ swallow” should
not be at all inapplicable.
Organ of Touch—Some state that the tactile sense is
resident in the inferior tentacula, these bemg, according to
the same authorities, provided with bulbous enlargements
similar to those of the upper ones. Respective of their func-
tion I can offer no comment, but I cannot just now endorse
the opinion that nervous expansions exist here ; an enlarge-
ment of some kind is occasionally observed, but I am not
prepared to admit its nervous character. Moquin-Tandon*
attributes to these tentacles the sense of smell.
Tuste.—This faculty, I am disposed to thin/, resides in the
rugose integument forming the lateral boundary of the mouth ;
this portion of the labial organs is supplied on each side with
a branch of the inferior tentacular nerve, and here a peculiar
and interesting nervous arrangement may be observed. The
branch, on reaching the tegumentary fold alluded to, widens
as it approaches its extremity, and terminates in a pectinate
expansion, which is imbedded in the delicate skin of the lip ;
this comb-shaped structure results from the division of the
final portion of the filament for about + inch distance into
a series of minute twigs, which pass off on either side, and
become lost in the neighbouring tissue.
* ‘Vistoire naturelle des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles,’ tome i.
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 29
Organ of Vision—The eyes are two in number, and are
situated, one at the extremity of each superior tentacle, and
are recognisable as a pair of black spots within the membranes
by which they are surrounded. By delicate manipulation
the eye, together with the tentacular and optic nerve, may be
separated from the surrounding darkly stained connective
tissue, and then is seen the origin of the nerve of sense from
the extremity of the tentacular branch. The latter, just
before it terminates in the end of the tentacle, expands mto
five or six short, thick, and unequal divisions, thus exhibiting
a palmate end, the fingers being arranged in such a position
as would be assumed by those of the human hand, when
grasping a large ball, and from the centre of the palm, so
constituted, a very fine nervous thread travels to the eyeball,
the intervening distance being exceedingly short. This at-
tenuate nerve having reached the eye, apparently enters the
posterior part of the sphere, but, so far as I could observe, it
becomes blended with the membrane of the ball, which is a
connective-tissue structure, and after the choroidal pigment
has been completely removed, the two tissues, those of the
optic nerve and sclerotic, appear, not only continuous, but
identical in structure, and this peculiarity, although at first
sight anomalous, is at once appreciable by an appeal to in-
vestigations, of my friend, Prof. Beale,* into the structure and
homologies of connective tissue. Indeed, I very much doubt
that any structure resembling a retina, has ever been observed
in pulmonates, and this idea is borne out by the fact that,
Von Siebold, in speaking of the organs of vision generally,
among cephalopora, writes, “The internal surface of the
choroid is covered by a whitish pellicle, which is undoubtedly
the retina ;” adding afterwards, “ Kthn affirms that he has
seen this white pellicle in Paludina,” as if he hesitated to
accept the onus probandi himself. I confess I am sceptical
as to its existence, having never observed the faintest trace of
it myself. The sclerotic membrane forms a more or less
spherical sac, which is quite transparent at a point opposite
the apparent penetration of the nerve; internally this sac is
lined with exceedingly fine, black, granular pigment, which, so
far as I could observe, is not enclosed in cells, but is bedded
in the inner wall of the sclerotic, and for the most part is
disposed in regular lines, long and short alternately, which
assume the horizontal position. The eyeball owes its globu-
lar form to being filled with a thick, tenacious, perfectly
transparent, vitreous humour ; this is very well observed by
* See ‘Quart. Journ. of Micros. Science’ for Oct., 1861; ‘ Med.-Chir.
Review,’ Oct., 1862; ‘ Archives of Medicine ;’ &c.
30 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
exerting compression on the sac, when, a portion of the wall
being ruptured, the contained gelatinous matter is gradually
forced out in a worm-like manner, or exactly as is the semi-
fluid oil colour from the leaden tube of an artist. The cornea
is at once perceived, and on two or three occasions I have
teased from it a small, solid, transparent, pointed, elliptical
body, which I dare say serves the function of crytalline lens,
but I do not think this is easily or often detected. The
integument is attached to the eyeball in front, but I cannot
imagine it passes over it, else I should suppose there was a
second cornea, unless, indeed, it were termed conjunctiva.
Yet Siebold states that the integument passes over the eye-
ball as a thin, transparent lamella. Siebold also asserts that
in no case can ganglionic globules be seen in the expansion
of the so-called optic nerve, but why, I cannot think, it being
a matter of the greatest ease to discern the very well-marked
elliptical endoplasts, with their nuclei and granules.
The pedal gland consists of a central canal closed behind,
open in front, traversing the internal portion of the tissue
of the foot, from the posterior extremity of the creature to the
integument immediately beneath the mouth, and having
attached to its lateral borders clusters of endoplasts, which
simulate the structure of follicles. Between these clusters
numerous blood-vessels lie, and therefore, did we suppose a
water-vascular system to exist, we might conceive of the
aqueous fluid being through this channel introduced into the
blood. Various functions have been assigned to this organ,
among which not the least seemingly absurd is that of smell,
which Leidy* has set down to it.
Reproductive System.—The organs which collectively make
up this system are, as we might anticipate, akin to those
represented in the genus Helix. They are those of the two
sexes combined ; that set which is characteristic of either sex
being morphologically complete in every individual, and not,
as Steenstrupt would have us believe, the non-abortive
moiety of a complex apparatus, which exhibits a complete
bilateral symmetry. For perspicuity, the parts comprising
this machinery may be thus classified, as in the case of
Helix:
1. Female. 3. Androgynous.
2. Male. 4, Appendicular.
* Silliman’s ‘American Journal of Science,’ 1847; and ‘Ann. Nat.
Hist.,’ xx, 1847.
+ ‘Untersoegelser over Hermaphroditismus Tilvaerelse i Naturen,’
1845, p. 76.
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. SE
The female portion, as with Helix, comprises the ovary,
oviduct, albumen-gland, uterus, and vagina. The ovary, un-
like that of the snail,* is not a mere flattened expansion,
almost inseparably united to the lobules of the liver; but is
a thick, imperfectly egg-shaped, oblong gland, of a purplish-
brown colour, divided coarsely into three or four lobes, and
these again into innumerable lobules, which project in every
direction, being more loosely bound together than in Helix.
It is situate beneath the final and posterior lobe of the liver,
and immediately behind the stomach; it is bounded below
by the musculo-cutaneous structure of the foot, upon which
it lies almost freely, being merely attached to the inferior
portions of the liver by loose filaments of connective tissue.
It is 3 inch long, 1 inch wide, and + inch thick, but in the
unimpregnated condition it is diminished in bulk by about
one third of the whole. Viewed under a medium power, the
lobules appear as small cavities, of an irregular, spherical
shape, which seems due to compression, these being
filled with a transparent fluid and numerous endoplasts con-
taining granules; to each group of five or six lobules a slight
branch of the oviduct is adherent, but it cannot be traced
to any individual lobule, appearing, as it were, to become
continuous with the connective tissue which serves to unite
them in bundles.
In the anatomy of this organ I have been more than ever
convinced of the error of H. Miiller’s views, for if any second
vesicle existed within the ovarian lobule, I could not have
failed to detect it; but nothing bearing the faintest resem-
blance to an included saccule could be discovered; nor have
I detected the presence of zoosperms, although I have oc-
casionally seen them in small numbers within the ovarian
follicles of the snail. The ovary is provided with a tolerably
large blood-vessel, one of the main branches of the superior
division of the aorta, and the chief peculiarity of the cir-
culation is this :—the arterial vessel, having sent several
branches to the gland, passes from it, and is distributed to
the posterior lobe of the liver. At the middle of the anterior
inferior border of the egg-gland enters the oviduct, a deli-
cate conduit, cylindrically tubular throughout, a little convo-
luted anteriorly, and containing no second canal, which is
very slightly larger at its anterior than at its ovarian extremity,
and is of a pearly-white colour. It is situate between ovary
and uterus, being placed at first beneath the liver and
stomach, but afterwards, assuming a superior position, lies
* “The Generative System of Helix aspersa,” by the author. ‘ Quart.
Journ. of Micros, Science’ for Oct., 1861,
32 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
between the pro-stomach and the duodenal bend of intestine,
the ovarian artery running beside it, and, finally, about the
middle of the body, it becomes confluent with the posterior
portion of the uterus. It measures about 21 inches in length,
and in width =}, inch behind and =; inch in front.
The albumen-gland resembles that of the snail; it is, how-
ever, less compact, and more linguaform than boat-shaped,
and is usually of a yellowish-white aspect both externally
and within; it is continuous anteriorly with the uterus, and
it is not easy to draw a decided line of demarcation between
the two, the albumen-gland seeming but a solid continuation
of the uterus, on which, moreover, it is folded back, (when in
its normal position) and retained by almost gossamer folds of
connective tissue. It les with the uterus beneath the liver,
and inferior to, and to the right of, the various folds of
intestine. In the impregnated individual it attains a length
of 1 inch, and a breadth of 1 of an inch at its widest
portion, for it tapers gradually in the posterior direction.
Owing to the existence of several transverse divisions,
it is resolved into many segments or lobules, each of which
assumes a rudely indicated wedge-shape, and is adherent
internally along the inferior mesial line [to a slender branchiet
of the oviduct, which traverses the gland from end to end.
Microscopically, the anatomy is similar to that of Helix—an
enormous assemblage of albumen-globules and fibres. I
have never noticed any distinction, as regards opacity,
between the component lobules of this gland, but on two
occasions I have found it entirely absent. The uterus may
be regarded as the tubular prolongation of the albumen-
gland, which has just received the termination of the egg-
duct. It is a vessel of considerable calibre, and of a pure,
translucently white colour; it is thrown into about a hundred
transverse folds, which give it, to an extraordinary observer,
the semblance of as many little pockets lying side by side
on a string, and which may be due to a shortening (rela-
tively) of one side of the tube, thus giving rise to a corrugated
or plicated appearance on the other, by forcing it into a
series of puckers. It is located between the white-of-egg-
gland and the vagina, to which its anterior end is con-
joined, and makes two or three serpentine windings in its
passage from behind forwards ; it is accompanied by a medium-
sized artery, and has upon its (as it seems) shortened
border, the testicular follicles, firmly adherent. It is placed
in the purely abdominal region, and beneath the liver,
gullet, and folds of the alimentary canal, lying more or less
to the right side of the body, and retained in situ by various
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 33:
ligamentous filaments of connective tissue. When separated
from its attachments, it is a little more than 21 inches
in length; whilst in calibre, at its widest point, and even
when undistended by ova, it reaches } inch in fully developed
specimens. Structurally, it possesses all the features of in-
elastic connective tissue, with a few nucleated fibres, which
have the aspect of involuntary muscle. It is contracted
anteriorly and infundibuliform, and is continued as a strong,
straight, white duct, about + inch long and +: inch wide,
which I term the vagina, and this, in its turn, opens
into an expansion of the cloaca, for which I would propose the
name of egg-sac, and of which I shall speak presently. The
male section of the generative organs includes the testis,
with the vas deferens and penis, which latter are virtually
one and the same organ. The sperm-forming gland is
a simple and prolonged structure, being constituted of
a repetition of similar parts, each of which follows the
follicular type; it is commonly of a whitish-yellow colour,
and from this circumstance may at once be distinguished
from the uterus, which otherwise, to a careless observer,
might seem to be part and parcel of it. Beimg strongly united
to the shortened border of the uterus, it has the same rela-
tions and position as that vessel, and is of the same length,
but in breadth is not more than ~,; inch at its widest
part. It consists of a narrow duct—cecal at its posterior
extremity, which lies against the albumen-gland, and free
in front, where it is continued as vas deferens—to one side*
of which is attached a collection of follicles, which secrete
the sperm, and pour their contents into the common ex-
cretory duct. Each follicle is of an ovato-lanceolate out-
line, the apex pointing outwards, and from its surface nu-
merous papillary elevations rise, which I fancy are lesser fol-
licles, thus giving to the whole gland a higher position as re-
gards organization than that of Helix ; indeed, it is remarkable
that two animals so very closely related zoologically should
exhibit such well-defined differences in the minute structure
of their glandular mechanisms. Here, however, as in the
snail, I observed, on compressing a portion of a follicle, very
many squamose, oval endoplasts, occasionally nucleated; the
testicular duct leaves the uterus as this passes into the vagina,
and is now called the vas deferens. This channel, I should
think, has been incorrectly designated ; for although in other
molluses it is easy to trace the point of union between it and
* This affords a marked contrast with the same organ in Helix, in which
a double row of follicles is found (vide ‘Dub. Quart. Journ. of Science,’
April, 1861).
VOL. III.—NEW SER. c
34 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
the penis, yet in Limax the one is so completely the prolonga-
tion of the other, that, it is impossible to indicate either the
commencement of penis or the termination of vas deferens ;
hence this tube may be looked on as the penis. It is of a
transparently white colour, a little wider in front than be-
hind, and takes its course from the testicle posteriorly, to the
generative outlet, in the following manner. It first curves
outwards and to the left, and then, turning in the opposite
direction, approaches the right side of the body, passmg over
the uterus and beneath the rectum; here, placed in the right
lateral region, and covered by the membrane of the lung, it
travels anteriorly as far as the cloaca, when, bending at an
acute angle, again below the rectum, it insinuates itself be-
tween the ovary and duct of the spermatheca, posterior to
the latter, and, finally, after lying beneath the aorta and
above the egg-sac, it opens by a rounded aperture into the
cloaca. The androgynous division involves the sperm-
sac and its duct. The former is a spherical expansion of the
latter, with an exceedingly thin, transparent, easily ruptured
coat, upon the outer surface of which several arterial twigs
ramify, producing, by the contrast between their white
branches and the transparent groundwork, a very beautiful
appearance. I cannot think how Treviranus* could have
supposed that this vesicle was a urinary organ, for it has
not the slightest connection with the so-called kidney, and,
on the other hand, is decidedly attached to the generative
outlet by its duct. It is situate on the left of the uterus, by
whose anterior fold it is embraced, has the gullet below it,
and is covered by the right anterior lobe of the liver. In the
unimpregnated animal it is empty, wrinkled, and triangular
shaped, with a length of ;°, and a breadth of + an inch;
but subsequent to coition it is distended with semen (which,
contrary to the assertion of Von Siebold, is not at this period
fully developed), assumes the globular form, and has a
diameter a little over 2% inch. Its microscopic structure
is that of connective tissue, simulating here and there a fibril-
lated constitution, which disappears under the influence of
caustic potash, and having a few of the nucleated endoplasts
of non-striated muscle. It empties its contents imto the
cloaca, through the duct of the spermatheca. This is a strong
and short canal, uniting the sac and outlet. Starting from
the former, it travels to the right beneath the aorta and
uterus, and, curving across the penis, with the egg-sac to its
left, it communicates with the cloaca by a circular open-
ing, just beside the penis and at its dextral border. It is
* © Zeitschrift fiir Physiologie,’ i.
rs:
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 35
about + inch long, and somewhat more than ;4; inch in dia-
meter.
The appendicular series embraces the egg-sac and cloacal
glands. The first is a conical, papillary extension of the
hinder portion of the outlet, its apex towards the left and
front, and its base in the opposite direction. Interiorly, it 1s
hollow, and receives at its greatest diameter the orifice of the
vagina, which projects into it something in the manner of
“‘prolapsus ani.” I do not know that any function has been
ascribed to this cavity, and in the absence of any other office,
and from the fact that, during the deposition of ova each egg
remains within it for some time, I would suggest that it may
serve to place the ovum in a position to receive the attach-
ment of the peculiar threads which connect the deposited ova.
It measures 2 inch or thereabouts in length, and has a thick-
ness varying between 1+ and 1 inch, and is composed of
muscular and connective bands intermingled.
The cloacal glands, so far as I am aware, have not been
heretofore described, yet they are numerous and interesting,
and deserve notice, because in Limax the multifid vesicles of
the Helicide do not appear; and, therefore, it is likely that,
be their function what it may, it is here performed by these
cloacal organs. They present in their entirety to the naked
eye a purplish-brown, tripy, pilose aspect, and surround
closely the internal or abdominal surface of the cloaca, from
its anterior extremity to the egg-sac; their ducts pierce the
cloacal walls, and may be seen externally (on the inner or
non-abdominal side) as a cluster of minute apertures. If a
thin, carefully prepared section be made, with Valentin’s knife,
the following structures are observed. An immense quantity
of dark follicles, lying in indifferent tissue, and recalling at
first sight the Meibomian glandules of the eyelid; each
follicle is compound, being composed of a central stem or
channel, which, as it passes towards the outer surface, sends off
three or more lateral branches, and to the end of each of these
a dark, spherical, grape-like vesicle is united, which, when
ruptured by compression, shows its contents to be a liquid
matter containing endoplasts and granules (fig. 2). The
common generative outlet I have not yet described, for as
it belongs to no section in particular, it could not have
been referred to till the other regions were disposed of.
Divested of its glandular appendages, it is a very simple tube,
about + inch long, and as wide also when distended; into its
posterior part open the penis and the sperm-sac-duct; it is
attached to the egg-sac behind, and in front, where it forms
the generative aperture—which is closed by an elastic band—
36 LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS.
is lost in the general integument. It is upon the right side,
about midway between the pulmonic orifice and night upper
tentacle, and in a plane about | inch lower.
The eggs of this creature are deposited during the months
of August and September, usually under large stones, but
seldom in the earth; they are about twenty in number,
collected together by means of glutinous threads which adhere
to them. The egg is spherical, of an opaque white, measures
about + inchin diameter, and consists of two coats, a quantity
of albumen, and the yelk-mass. The outer coat, and that
in which the opacity is observed, appears glistening and
granular under the microscope when viewed by reflected
light ; when isolated, it is found to be exceedingly tough, and
to be composed of some material having a fibrillated structure
apparently, and bearing in its substance particles of carbonate
of lime, for, when acted on by weak acetic acid, an effer-
vescence results, and the opacity vanishes. The fibres of
which it seems made up are not real, but due possibly to the
wrinkling to which the membrane is exposed in submitting
it to examination ; at all events, when a portion of it has, by
careful manipulation, been flattened out, and allowed to remain
for some time in a solution of caustic potash, the fibrillation
disappears, anda clear, structureless membrane remains. The
inner coat is transparent, but presents the falsely fibred aspect
of the outer one. The yelk is a yellowish mass, presenting
the usual granular aspect, and built up of rounded endoplasts
oil-globules, and coloured granules.
. General remarks.—In contrasting the reproductive appa-
ratus of Limax with that of Helix, as concerns position, form,
and structure, we find that, while occupying the same place
as that of Helix with relation to the viscera among which it
lies, it presents many characters, morphologically and histo-
logically, which were not observed in that of the latter genus.
We miss here the dart-sac, multifid vesicles, flagellum,
and spermatheca-cecum, which are so fully developed in
Helix. The first has no representative ; the cloacal glands
may be a substitute for the second; and since it is probable
that the third and fourth are mutual adaptations—the one
owing its development to the requirements of the other—it
follows that the non-development of the one is consequent
upon the teleological absence of the other. Here, too we‘
observe no cloacal valves, aud from this it is probable that
the function which in a former memoir I attributed to these
organs is not the incorrect one. It is not a little surprising
that Moquin-Tandon, who has given a rude engraving of a
Rim pusye PR LDR ICS Er ge gs
LAWSON, ON LIMAX MAXIMUS. 37
portion of the reproductive apparatus, should have overlooked
the glandular character of the outlet, and not less so that he
should have represented the egg-sac as being of acrescentic
form, and termed it the “ horned appendage.” Moreover, I
can with difficulty imagine that he has ever seen the spermatic
particles, for he figures these latter (as though he had been
looking at tadpoles or, more probably, at pictures of human
semen), with gigantic spherical heads, whereas, actually, they
only exhibit an approach, and a very faint one, to a capital
extremity, in the form of a little spiral coil. The testicular
and uterine divisions of the genital system are supplied witb
blood by a lateral vessel, which passes from the vaginal end
to the albumen-gland, lying upon the border of the uterus,
and transmitting branches to this structure and to the testis.
With regard to the distinctness of the latter organ, I may
state that its excretory duct is not the semi-canal which
Prevost* took it for; I have, after a little manipulation, suc-
ceeded in isolating completely its lower or anterior end,
together with its continuation, the penis. The retractor
muscle of the intromittent tube is often absent, but when
present is a simple band, arising from the integument above
the foot.
It is almost impossible to describe the anatomical peculi-
arities of a creature so highly organized as that of Limax,
with the accuracy, and perspicuity which are desirable ; hence,
doubtless, in the foregoing very general account there may,
of course, be errors, not only in observation, but in induction.
These—should they exist—it is hoped, may soon be pointed
out, by others more skilled in the examination of molluscan
organisms than the author, who can only add, in conclusion,
that his sole object in the communication of these researches,
has been the advancement of biologic science, by an effort
to elucidate what seemed to him, a subject left too long in
obscurity.
* © Ann. des Sciences nat.,’ xxx.
33
Note on Dr. Watuicn’s Microscopic “ Jaw.”
By G. Buss, F.R.S.
In the October number of the ‘ Annals of Natural History’
(p. 804) is described and figured an organism contained in a
muddy deposit dredged up at St. Helena, and regarded at
that time by its discoverer, Dr. Wallich, as the lower jaw of
a vertebrate animal, although, as he confesses, he had not
then submitted it to any detailed examination.
The minute size, however, and general characters of the
specimen, when it was exhibited at the meeting of the British
Association at Cambridge, led many at once to doubt the
propriety of this determination. Opinions, nevertheless, ap-
pear to have been very widely divided as to the real nature
of the object. Ina subsequent notice respecting it, in the
December number of the same journal (p. 441), Dr. Wallich,
in retracting his former opinion, as having been too hastily
formed, states that the specimen had been pronounced by
different observers to be—the mandible of a fish—a portion of
the lingual ribbon of a Mitra—the claw of a minute crusta-
cean—part of the manducatory apparatus of Notommata or
an allied species,—and lastly, a valve of the pedicellaria of some
species of Echinus, in which last view he is himself now in-
clined to agree.
As it would appear, therefore, that there must be some-
thing peculiar in a structure about which such diversity of
views can be entertained; and as Dr. Wallich, in his latter
communication, has cited me as the author of the last opi-
nion in the above list, it may perhaps be interesting to some,
that the grounds upon which it is formed should be stated.
As none of the drawings hitherto given of the organism
afford anything like a correct notion of its real appearance,
I have had the accompanying figures prepared by an artist,
wholly, I believe, unaware of the nature of the disputes about
it, and whose representation, therefore, may be regarded as
uninfluenced by any preconceived opinion.
Of the various opposed views above enumerated, it appears
to me, and will perhaps also appear to most others, that
the only ones requiring serious consideration are that advo-
cated by myself and that so ingeniously supported by Mr. C.
Spence Bate, in the December number of the ‘Annals of
Natural History’ (p. 440). That gentleman, whose opinion
in such a matter, if he had had an opportunity of inspecting
the specimen itself, would, of course, carry the very greatest
BUSK, ON DR. WALLICH’S MICROSCOPIC “ JAW.” 39
weight, suggests that the so-termed “jaw” may be the dac-
tylosor moveable claw of a minute crustacean (Phrosina).
But, with all due allowance for the circumstance that this
‘ : s+
Vip ‘
A Mi
WON my,
=~ = hy
opinion appears to have been based only upon the inspection
of the original very faulty figure given by Dr. Wallich, it
seems to me that, even with this allowance, an insuperable
objection to Mr. Spence Bate’s view would arise from the fact
that the ‘‘ second row of marginal armature” is really placed
as if it were the second ramus of an actual jaw, and not, as
he erroneously interprets or appears to interpret the figure
(‘Ann. Nat. Hist., x, p. 304), in the same line or plane, but
above the first row, as I understand him to mean.
There can be no doubt, as he or any one would see on a
glance at the specimen itself, that the two serrated margins
are placed one behind the other, as the alveolar borders of a
jaw would be. This being the case, it is needless, I should
fancy, any longer to entertain the question of the object being
the claw of a crustacean, in which the serrations or denticles,
if there be any, are always placed in a single median row.
But having negatived this view, upon what grounds is the
thing to be regarded as the valve of a pedicellaria? This
may be explained in a few words, and will, I hope, be found
to be satisfactorily elucidated by the adjoimed figures. Of
these, fig. 1 represents the ‘‘jaw” as it is exhibited in Dr.
Wallich’s preparation, in which the object is unfortunately
a good deal obscured by foreign matter. Fig. 2 is the side view
of a valve of the pedicellaria of Echinus lividus, of which some
40 BUSK, ON DR. WALLICH’S MICROSCOPIC “ JAW.”
mounted specimens have been kindly furnished by Dr. Wallich,
whilst fig. 3 shows the corresponding part of the pedicellaria
of a species of Amphidotus, as I am informed by Mr. R.
Beck, to whom I am indebted for the illustration. The figures
of several other pedicellarian valves might have been added,
all differing more or less inter se, though agreeing in essential
structure; but I have thought the above examples would be
sufficient for the present purpose. I would remark, however,
in passing, that a full account and accurate figures of the va-
rieties which exist in the pedicellarie of various Echinide
and Asteride, would afford a subject for a very useful and
interesting paper, and might assist, perhaps, very considerably,
in the discrimination of species or genera in those families.
In those cases that I have examined, and probably in all,
the pedicellariz of the Echinide consist of three valves, arti-
culated apparently in a complex manner to each other, and
furnished with appropriate processes for the attachment of
the muscles by which they are moved. It is not my intention,
nor, in fact, im my power, to describe fully the mechanism of
these organs, but simply here to point out in a few words the
essential points regarding them, so far as they throw lght
upon the structure of the “ jaw.”
Each valve consists of a spoon-shaped distal portion, at the
base of which is a strong, curved, arched process, like a door-
knocker, and on either side of the same part an irregular pro-
cess or condyle, by which the valve appears to be connected by
a ligamentous tissue with those next toit. Viewed on the inner
or concave side, the valve will be seen to be strengthened by
a prominent median ridge or kelson, from which a ridge passes
off obliquely forward on each side, nearly to the edge of the
spoon-shaped portion. This kelson posteriorly or towards
the base of the valve, rises into a strong, bluntly-toothed pro-
cess, generally, I believe, connected to the sides of the base,
or to the external condyles above mentioned, by a slender
caleareous areh. To this rough eminence of the kelson I
conceive the occlusor muscles or muscle to be attached, whilst
the dilators are doubtless imserted in the door-knocker
appendage below. The anterior part of the kelson some-
times also supports one or more sharp denticles,* but
in some cases, as for instance, I think, in Echinus sphera,
* [had entirely overlooked the median tooth in the “jaw,” and was
quite unaware of the occurrence of any in that situation, in other Pedicel-
larize, until it was pointed out to me by my friend Mr. R. Beck, to whose
quick sight and ready assistance I am much indebted on the present as I
have been on other occasions. 4
iets —
HENDRY, ON THE NERVE-CELLS IN THE OX. 41
this median armature is wanting in the “spoon,” whose
edges also in that species are armed, not with sharp denti-
cles as in all other instances I have as yet seen, but with
blunter transverse ridges—presenting, in fact, pretty nearly
the same difference that exists between the dentition of
Mustelus levis, and that of other dog-fish. The only other
essential point to which I need refer, is the serration or den-
tition, as it might well be termed, on the edges of the valve.
This armature usually consists of a series of very fine teeth,
extending from the hinder end of the border throughout its
whole length, except at the point where it may be interrupted,
as appears usually to be the case, by one or more considerably
larger denticles on each side, or at the apex. Besides this, the
margin may be either straight, as in Amphidotus and Echinus
sphera and the “jaw,” or scalloped as in Kchinus lividus.
And doubtless numerous other variations will be met with.
Now, upon inspection of the figures, it will be seen that all
these parts, except the hinder door-knocker process, which is
wanting in every specimen, being easily detached from the rest
of the valve, are exhibited in the “jaw.” The letters in each
figure are applied to the corresponding parts.
a. The serrated margin.
6. The larger denticles.
c. The median ridge or kelson, with a large denticle in front.
d. The lateral condyles.
On the Nerve-Cetts of the Spinat Corp in the Ox.
By W. Henpry, Surgeon (Hull).
Tue careful and patient manipulation required in order to
display and mount the nerve-cedls of the cord has undoubtedly
tended to retard any general knowledge of these most singular
and interesting bodies, whose structure and relations have
hitherto remained in comparative obscurity. They are nume-
rous and well-defined corpuscles, exeeedingly variable in size
and form, and furnished with conspicuous circular nuclei and
nucleoli, of a yellowish colour, and usually presenting towards
one or other extremity a pigmentary matter of a peculiar
kind. They are also furnished with one or more processes,
42 HENDRY, ON THE NERVE-CELLS IN THE OX.
and hence have been designated, wnipolar, bipolar, or roulti-
polar cells. The processes in question are described as anas-
tomosing filaments, or as branches connecting one cell with
another, or as continuous with the peripheral nerve-fibres.
In some cases, again, they appear to have free terminations im
the surrounding tissues. But these are questions upon which
all observers are not satisfactorily agreed; nor is this a matter
of surprise when we consider the extremely minute portions
subjected to microscopical examination, the necessary pre-
liminary preparation required, and the unavoidable disturb-
ance of parts, all tending to interfere with if not wholly to
destroy the normal arrangement of such delicate structures.
Nevertheless, keen research, multiplied observations, and
careful description of what is seen, may eventually lead to a
more perfect knowledge of the distribution of those parts
wherein at present some ambiguity may exist.
It is no easy matter, under most circumstances, correctly to
determine the question of the attachments of the processes
just referred to, some lying above and others below the cells,
whilst others, again, abruptly terminate short of, or apparently
extend beyond them ; some of these appearances seeming to
be produced by the rough usage employed to bring the objects
properly into view. And in many instances in which we
might feel inclined to believe in the union or continuity of
the processes with nerve-filaments, or with other processes of
the same kind, the employment of higher magnifying powers
(1 inch) will in some cases resolve these connecting filaments
into capillaries, which are so distributed and so completely
encircle the cells, that but for the characteristic nuclei in the
walls of the capillary vessels, very incorrect inferences might
be entertained as to their true nature. From careful and re-
peated observation, however, my own conviction is, that
anastomoses do exist between one cell and another, and that
the processes do likewise become connected or continuous
with nerve-fibres, and that free terminations are also to be
met with, although it is not improbable that the latter may
be produced in consequence of the manipulation to which the
parts are subjected.
The nucleated vessels I have observed in the spinal cord of
the ox, in close apposition with the nerve-cells, have a
diameter of +-,,th, =-+,;th, and ;,,,th of an inch, whilst
the nuclei in their walls are about =,,"" in length, and
are of a roundish or oval shape, with a breadth of -2,,°", or
equal in some cases to that of the vessel itself. Vessels un-
doubtedly exist below and above these measurements, but the
extremes are not now sought for. The nerve-filamer’
HENDRY, ON THE NERVE-CELLS IN THE OX. 43
present a more homogeneous structure, and, asa further dis-
tinction, the blood-vessels may frequently be traced in con-
nection with others containing altered blood-corpuscles, their
nature being thus placed beyond all doubt.
My present object is not so much to enter fully into the
histology of the cord as to endeavour to awaken new interest
in the subject, and to offer certain suggestions with respect
to manipulation, by which the investigation may be rendered
more easy and satisfactory.
I would, in the first place, recommend the experimenter to
obtain a foot or two in length of the cord of the ox, to cut
this up into pieces two or three inches long, and then to
place these in a wide-mouthed quart stoppered bottle contain-
ing a solution of chromic acid, of a moderate yellow colour.
Other portions may be preserved in spirits of wine. After a
few days the investigation may be commenced, it being by no
means necessary to wait for some months, as is usually stated
to be requisite, before sections can be made. These should
be made with a sharp razor, with which the larger portions
are to be cut into lengths of about 1 inch. On the surfaces
thus exposed, the arrangement of parts in the interior of the
cord will be seen. Its substance consists of a white external
and a gray or cineritious internal substance, disposed in the
form of two crescentic masses, one on either side and placed
back to back, united by a transverse band or commissure.
Of the horns, or cornua as they are termed, of each crescent,
the anterior are short and thick, whilst the posterior are
longer, slenderer, and more divergent. Besides this, the cord
will now be seen to be partially divided into two halves by an
anterior and posterior median fissure, the former not so deep
but wider than the latter, and both occupied by a vaseular
membrane or tissue.
It will be found convenient to have the following articles
and reagents at hand, and in readiness for immediate use.
One or two pair of surgeon’s forceps, several common
sewing needles, a razor, several glass slides, box of round,
thin, glass covers, three or four watch-glasses, one or two wine-
glasses, two or three glass rods, blotting-paper in slips of
one inch square, one or two cloths, basin of water for clean-
me slides, &c., lancet or two, and a pair of sharp scissors—
so—
1. A solution of moderately dilute caustic soda, in a watch-
glass.
2. Dilute acetic acid, in a wine-glass.
3, Water, in a wine-glass.
4, Creosote and naphtha solution, in watch-glass.
44 HENDRY, ON THE NERVE-CELLS IN THE OX.
5. Microscope, with one inch objective in focus, and
illuminated to examine progress.
Then take up one of the smaller sections of the cord, and
with a pair of forceps lay hold of a small portion in or about
the transverse commissure, or in one of the cornua, as being
the parts which promise the most successful yield. This
fragment may then be immersed for a few moments in the
solution of caustic soda, and then transferred to the acetic
acid, to neutralize the soda, and render the tissue somewhat
clearer. After a minute or two transfer it to the vessel of
water to remove the acid, &c., and then place it in the
creosote or preservative solution. All this is but the work
of a few minutes, and with a careful avoidance of a too pro-
longed destructive immersion in the soda-solution, a number
of a similar smal] particles of the cineritious substance may
thus be passed through the successive stages, before they are
placed in the preservative solution preparatory to micro-
scopical examination.
Any of the little portions so prepared may now be taken
up with the forceps, and placed upon a glass slide, and
broken up in more minute particles (size of pins’ heads),
which are again to be teased-out with needles as finely as
possible, aided by a drop of the solution. These particles
should then be so arranged that, upon moderate pressure,
they shall not run together, it being desirable that they
should be mounted and examined separately. The fluid
may now be withdrawn by blotting-paper, and the remainder
of the slide wiped dry; a drop of the solution is then to be
placed in the middle, and the thin glass cover, previously
breathed upon, applied by means of the forceps, all air-
bubbles being carefully excluded. Moderate pressure is
applied with the points of the forceps, and the surplus fluid
absorbed at the edges; the slide being every now and then
placed under the microscope to examine progress, until the
appearances are rendered as distinct as they can be. The
cover is now, probably, slightly adherent, and a due supply
of solution being inclosed, the whole is to be cleansed and
dried without disturbing the object, and, at the end of a few
minutes, the slide may be tranferred to the turning-plate,
and finished off with a border of varnish.
I have various slides in my possession prepared in this
manner, which have kept for several weeks. Their ultimate
durability I know not, but the measures adopted have served
for my own investigations, as well as for the exhibition to
others of a class of objects, which I should conceive to be
2 CO TN ty oF era airlines
STRETHILL WRIGHT, ON BRITISH ZOOPHYTES. Ad
thus as readily and perfectly illustrated as by any other pro-
ceeding hitherto promulgated.
Measurement of the cells—The utmost variety exists in
the magnitude and form of these bodies ; they are usually de-
scribed as globular in man, and Carpenter assigns them a
diameter of from ;,,th to =1,th of an inch.
Kolliker gives a diameter of from ‘05’ to 06" for the larger
variety, which, being reduced to fractional parts of the Eng-
lish inch, shows a range of from ,1,th to +4,th of an inch.
My own measures of the cells in the ox, which, though for
the most part are of a peculiar elongated form, are some of
them more globular, average—
In length, from 1th to -;1,th of an inch.
In breadth Py 4th eee!
OME LCOS ee eee te
Mieco, ti 5, =e, 5.
Kolliker gives to the age in man a diameter of 0:0015’”
to ‘008’, or from 7,5 to +,},,th of an rss inch, a to
the nucleolus one of 0-0005’" to -003”” eth
of an English inch.
In th of an inch square, or the ;1,th part of a square
inch, I have counted forty-nine large, elongated cells ; whence
it may be estimated that there are between three and four
hundred thousand nerve-cells in a cubic inch of the cineri-
tious substance in the ‘spinal cord of the ox. How vast,
therefore, must be their number computed throughout the
entire length of the cord; how complex their relations, and
how marvellous their functions, whether we regard them as
active centres of growth and reparation, or the source them-
selves of nervous power.
547 9
OsBsERVATIONS ov British Zooruytes. By T. SrrerHiLye
Wraieut, M.D., F.R.C.P. Edin.
1. On Reproduction in quorea vitrina. Communicated to
the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, November 27th,
Gare (Pl. LV).
In vol. i of Agassiz’s ‘Natural History of the United
States’ the following passage occurs:—“
LEUCKART, ON DEVELOPMENT OF ECHINORHYNCHUS. 63
and more the aspect of a cervical appendage to the proper
body.
In the meanwhile, the worm has gradually become so large
as almost completely to fill the interior of the embryo. But
notwithstanding this, the latter has undergone no change,
except in the continued multiplication of the yellow granules
beneath the contractile cortical layer, and the appearance
of vesicular cells (0°007 mm.) in that layer. It contracts
and stretches itself as be‘ore, and is in continued motion
within its host. Its movements, however, appear on the whole
to be less effective than they were, owimg to its free move-
ments being interfered with by the worm in its interior.
Having traced the young Echinorhynchus up to this stage
of development, I expected every moment to witness its
liberation from the original embryo. But I was again
astounded to find that this liberation never took place. The
embryonic body, with its cortical layer and yellow granules, is
persistent during the whole of life, and gradually becomes closely
attached to the worm, which is developed from the metamor-
phosis of the nucleus in the manner above described. It is
transformed, in fact, into the tunics external to the muscular
sac, and which from their thickness and granular texture, as
well as from the existence in them ofa distinct vascular system,
as has been long known, constitute one of the most striking
characters of the Acanthocephali.
Properly speaking, however, it is not actually the whole
embryonal body which is transformed into this tunic. The
original cuticle, together with the spines, is thrown off, as
soon as the Echinorhynchus occupies the whole interior of
the embryo. But this shedding of the cuticle is in any
case of but little importance, and scarcely to be com-
pared to the mode in which Nemertes slips out of its
Pilidium.
It should, moreover, be remarked, that I have not directly
observed the shedding of the embryo-cuticle, and only
conclude that it takes place from the circumstance that
Echinorhynchi of about 1 mm. in length no longer present
the embryonic form of head, and are not furnished with
spines. The primary embryonic body, which at first might
be regarded as, to a certain extent, an independent animal,
after the loss of the original euticle accommodates itself
more and more accurately to the form of the Echinorhynchus.
And this is the more remarkable when it is considered that
the growth of the latter from this time proceeds at a very
rapid pace.
As at an earlier period in the inclosed worm, so now in
»
64 LEUCKART, ON DEVELOPMENT OF ECHINORHYNCHUS,
the entire body may be distinguished a somewhat ventricose
oval trunk, contaming the reproductive organs, whose sexual
differences are now very manifest, suspended by the ligament,
and a much contracted cylindrical neck, inclosing and almost
entirely occupied by the proboscis-sheath with its contents.
In worms of a large size, even at this stage, the extremity of
the neck, which corresponds to the anterior vesicular expan-
sion, or proboscidian vesicle before described, but which at
this time has become much contracted, and transformed into
a slender muscular apparatus (m. retractor proboscidis), is
prolonged in the form of a distinct though sma!l capitulum.
The anterior border of the proboscis-sheath is inserted into
the neck of this capitulum, in which, notwithstanding the
absence of the hooklets, even now the future proboscis can-
not fail to be recognised.
As growth continues, however, the connection between the
muscular sac and the enveloping body becomes closer and
closer. At first there exists between them a continuous
interspace filled with the remains of the fluid parenchyma,
which is so abundant in the embryo, and this parenchyma,
with its yellow granules, may be seen to be propelled in
any direction, in obedience to the contractions of the body,
but, by degrees, this movement becomes limited to certain
spots, and confined more and more to narrow passages. In
other words, the muscular membrane and external layer con-
tinue to grow more and more together, m consequence of
which the original space is transformed into a system of inter-
communicating canals.
* I must also mention that the motions of the worm, after
the shedding of the embryonic cuticle, become not only
weaker and more limited in extent, but also gradually assume
a different character. In place of the earlier creeping or
crawling movement, will now be remarked nothing but still
slower oscillatory motions in the extremities of the body,
and move or less extensive constrictions, limited for the most
part to the trunk, and dependent, doubtless, upon the action
of the newly-formed muscular walls, although their histo-
logical development has at this period made but little pro-
gress.
When the worm, by continued growth, especially of the
genital organs, has acquired a length of about 4 mm., the
appearance of the hooklets marks its entrance into the last
stage of development. The hooklets arise first on the summit
of the head, but it is very remarkable that they do not spring
from the outer cuticular tunic, but from the inner membrane,
which might be regarded as the limitary layer of the original
~
LEUCKART, ON DEVELOPMENT OF ECHINORHYNCBUS. 65
proboscis-cavity. They are developed from a special layer of
cells which originate in the subcuticular granular layer, and
which is especially related to the inner tunic of the head. Before
the hooklets, which first make their appearance, are fully
formed, the formation of the rest begins, so that the entire
proboscis is soon completely armed. But as soon as this
armature is completed the proboscis is retracted, the retrac-
tion commencing by the introversion at first of the vertex
into the neck, and afterwards when the introversion by the
continued growth of the body extends beyond this part, into
the proper cavity of the body. Thus it is only at a later
period that that peculiar conformation is assumed which has
been so often remarked in the Echinorhynchi, frequently met
with in an encysted condition in the flesh and intestines of
fish, and what has been compared with the conditions pre-
sented in the Cysticerci. The form of the Echinorhynchi is
at first rather slender, and almost fusiform. It would seem to
require some time to assume the rounded shape.
When the introversion of the neck begins will be observed
for the first time the commencement of the so-termed
“‘lemnisci,”’? which are at first short and contracted. With
respect to the origin and relations of these organs to the peri-
pheral vascular system, I am at present unable to make any
positive statement. Nor have I as yet investigated the
changes undergone by these entozoa after they have reached
the intestine of their ultimate host ; but this investigation
shall be undertaken on the first opportunity. Considering
the relatively high development of the young parasites, these
changes, it may be presumed, will be found to be but simple,
and probably passed through in the course of a few days,
whilst the metamorphosis of the embryo, up to the formation
of the Echinorhynchus, occupies, on the whole, about six
weeks.
In conclusion, I would, moreover, remark that the parasitism
of the young Echinorhynchi is not unfrequently fatal to their
entertainer. This is particularly the case in those instances
in which the parasites are numerous—in some I have seen
fifty or sixty,—and in the later stages of their development.
In the young state, these entozoa, notwithstanding the free-
dom with which they exert their boring powers, are but little
injurious.
Giessen ; Aug. 28th, 1862.
VOL. IIT.—NEW SER. E
REVIEWS.
On the Germination, Development, and Fructification of the
Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the
Conifere. By Dr. WitHEeLm Horrmeister. ‘Translated
by Frepertck Currey, M.A., Sec.L.8. London: printed
and published for the Ray Society, by Robert Hardwicke.
Waeruer or not Linneus intended by the term Crypto-
gamia to express a doubt about the sexuality of flowerless
plants which one day might be cleared up, there is no doubt
that many of the earlier observers suspected that the same
conditions of reproduction existed in the lower as well as the
higher plants. It was not, however, till the remarkable dis-
coveries of Suminski with regard to the fructification of ferns,
and the demonstration, not only of the existence, but of the
function of sperm-cells and germ-cells in these cryptogams,
that general attention was drawn to the subject. Ditto,
210 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
Presented by
Mikroskopische Studien aus dem Gebiete der mensch-
lichen Morphologie von J. Gerlach : . Ditto.
F. C. S. Roper, on the Genus Liemophora (paper) . The Author.
Intellectual Observer, Nos. 15 and 16 ; . The Editor.
Popular Science Review, No.7. : . Ditto.
Photographie Journal, No.131 . : . Dita:
Journal of Photography, Nos. 186 to 189. Ditto.
Transactions of the Linnean Society, Vol. XXIV, Part 1 ‘The Society.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Nos. 64.and65 Purchased.
Six Slides of Sulphate of Cadmium G. Norman, Esq.
Two Slides—Jsthmia enervis, Triceratium areticum . _C. Baker, Esq.
Two Shdes—Liemophora flabellata, Lic. splendida pl Cua Roper, Esq.
June 10th.
Planta Cryptogamica da ordem dos cogumelos do genero
Aspergillus, especie Glaucus, Dr. Carlos May Figueira The Author.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, No. 74 . The Society.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society, No. 26 . . Ditto.
Intellectual Observer, No 17 : : . The Editor.
Photographic Journal, No. 133. : ~ Ditto:
Journal of Photography, Nos. 190 and 191. . Ditto
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, No. 66 Purchased.
Nine Slides—Zoophytes from Australian Algee (3),
Isthmia enervis (2), Licmophora flabellata, Meridion
circulare, Rhabdonema arcuatum (2) i . J. Stainton, Esq.
W. G. Srarson, Curator.
LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SociETY, MANCHESTER.
MICROSCOPICAL SECTION.
March 16th, 1863.
Mr. JosEPH SIDEBOTHAM, Vice-President of the Section, in
the Chair.
Mr. Watson presented specimens of Jungermannia tomentella
and asplenoides, collected on Baguley Moor.
Mr. Sidebotham presented specimens of the following mosses, in
fruit: —Fissidens ewilis, F. adiantoides, Grimmia pulvinata, Weissia
controversa, Bryum atropurpureum, &c., in a good state for micro-
scopical examination.
Mr. J. G. Dale, F.C.S., presented a specimen of crystallized film
of picrate of aniline; and in a note to the secretary explained his
method of preparation from picric acid and aniline. ‘The equiva-
lent of picric acid is 229 ; that of aniline is 93; and when dissolved
in strong alcohol in those proportions by weight, mixed and set
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. 211
aside, the picrate of aniline will crystallize in yellow needles. The
film for the microscope is formed from a solution of these needles
in absolute alcohol, a drop of which being spread over a clean, hot
glass slide, the crystallized film is at once produced by the rapid
evaporation of the alcohol, if the slide be at the proper degree of
heat, which can only be found by repeated trials. If too hot, the
salt will melt and become partially decomposed ; if not hot enougb,
it will be crystallized in needles, or be deposited as an amorphous
film. When properly crystallized, circular radiated discs will ap-
pear, with more or less regularity, showing with the polariscope
very brilliant colours, and a black cross in the centre. The crys-
tallized films may be mounted in zew soft balsam; but a mixture
of chloroform and balsam dissolves them immediately.
The Natural History Society presented for distribution amongst
the members a number of beetles not required for the museum.
Mr. Nevill reported upon the fossil foraminiferous shells found
in the Montreal deposit, presented by Mr. R. D. Darbishire at the
last meeting. They were mostly in a fine state of preservation,
and many were as perfect as recent shells. He found—
Polystomella, Entoselenia marginata,
Nonionina umbilicatula, + globosa, very fine,
Polymorphina lactea, Patalina corrugata,
Miliolina seminulum, Textularia,
Entoselenia squamosa, var. sca- _Dentalina,
lariformis, Lagena vulgaris.
Ditto, of a peculiar form and
rare,
The Polystomella and Nonionina were in great profusion; the
other kinds were scarce; but Mr. Nevill was of opinion that re-
markably fine specimens might be found of all the various kinds, if
there were a larger quantity of material to operate upon. Mr.
Nevill was indebted to the worthy President of the section, Pro-
fessor Williamson, for verifying the names, and he presented to the
section mounted and named slides for the cabinet. No Diatomacez
were found amongst the material.
Dr. Alcock exhibited a young living salmon, about fourteen days
old, attached to part of the ovum. Dr. Alcock particularly called
attention to the form of the vertebral column, which, whilst young,
is similar to that of the lower grade of cartilaginous fishes when
fully grown; the skeleton of the salmon, however, becomes gradu-
ally changed, until at maturity it is that of the higher class of
osseous fishes.
Dr. Alcock also exhibited a lingual riband of the Patella athletica,
from Bray, in Ireland; he compared it with that of the common
limpet, Patella vulgata, and pointed out the differences in the form
of the teeth.
Dr. Roberts exhibited some mounted specimens of blood-cor-
puscles from an albuminous urine, which showed an appearance as
212 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
if the contents of the cells had separated from the ceil-wall, and
become aggregated round the centre like a nucleus. When these
corpuscles were treated with magenta, the central portion was
either not coloured at all or only faintly so, whereas the circum-
ferential portions became deeply tinted. By treating fresh blood
with an excess of a solution of carbolic acid, this appearance could
be produced at will. In the blood-corpuscles of the fowl a similar
effect was produced by the carbolic-acid solution: the cell-contents
appeared to detach themselves from the cell-wall and to collect
round the nucleus. The appearances presented strongly suggested
the idea that the cell-envelope of the blood-disc was a double mem-
brane; that the inner separated under certain circumstances from
the outer membrane and shrank in toward the centre. Dr. Hensen,
of Kiel,* seems to have convinced himself that such is the case in
the blood-disc of the frog, and he compares the inner membrane to
the primordial utricle of the vegetable cell. Of the prolongations
described by Dr. Hensen as stretching rapidly between the shrunk
inner membrane and the outer one, Dr. Roberts saw nothing. If
the said view of the structure of the blood-cells were substantiated,
it would greatly facilitate the explanation of the appearances pro-
duced in these cells by magenta and tannin.
Mr. Charles O’ Neill, F.C.S., exhibited a mounted fibre of Orleans
cotton, torn by a gradually increasing weight suspended to its ex-
tremity. It had sustained a weight (gradually increased) of 162
grains for many minutes. Mr. O’Neill stated that there were 143
such fibres in -01 grain of cotton, each fibre therefore weighing
less than the ten thousandth part of a grain. The strongest fibres
were capable of supporting more than two million times their own
weight. He is engaged in making experiments upon the tensile
strengths of various fibres by a special apparatus, but they are not
yet completed.
Mr. Brothers exhibited a number of fresh-water insects, larva, &e.
Mr. Parry exhibited the transverse section of a fossil palm, from
the Island of Antigua.
The following gentlemen were elected officers of the Society for
the ensuing year:—President: Edward William Binney, F.R.8.,
I.G.8. Vice-Presidents: James Prescott Joule, LL.D., F.R.S.,
F.C.S., &c.; Robert Angus Smith, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. ; Joseph
Chesborough Dyer; Edward Schunck, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S.
Secretaries: Henry Enfield Roscoe, B.A., Ph.D., F.C.S.; Joseph
Baxendell, F.R.A.S. Treasurer: Robert Worthington, F.R.A.S.
Librarian, Charles Fredrik Ekman.
Of the Council: Rey. William Gaskell, M.A.; Frederick Crace
Calvert, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.; Peter Spence, F.C.S.; George Mosley;
Alfred Fryer; George Venables Vernon, F.R.A.S. :
* €Siebold und Kolliker’s Zeitschrift’ for 1861, p. 263.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. 213
April 2th, 1863.
Professor WILLIAMSON, F.R.S., President of the Section, in the
Chair.
Mr. Charles O’ Neill, F.C.S., aud Mr. John Shae Perring, M.Inst.
C.I!., were elected members of the section.
Mr. John Slagg, jun., and Mr. H. A. Hurst, were elected
auditors of the treasurer’s accounts.
Mr. Alfred Fryer presented for distribution amongst the members
a number of impressions of an engraving of the Acarus sacchari
found in raw grocery sugar, from Mauritius.
Mr. Brothers stated that he had made some observations upon
the circulation in plants, and he found that a degree of heat which
would cause free circulation in Vallisneria entirely destroyed it in
Chara vulgata. Mr. Brothers also described the appearances pre-
sented by the cilia of Melicerta ringexs, which he had the unusual
opportunity of observing whilst the animal was outside its case in
a dying state. As the motion of the cilia gradually became fitful
and then ceased, it was apparent that tle cilia of the inner row are
much longer than those of the outer row, over which the former
appear to bend and to crush off whatever may be adhering to them
into the channel between the two rows. Thus are produced the
wavy lines and apparent onward progression of the cilia, which
render this, under suitable illumination, so brilliant and interesting
a microscopical object.
Mr. Charles O’ Neill, F.C.S., made a communication “ Upon the
Appearances of Cotton Fibre during Solution and Disintegration.”
These experiments referred to the application of Schweizer’s sol-
vent. Two strengths were used; the weaker contained oxide of
copper, equal to 4:3 grs. metal per 1000 and 47 grs. dry ammonia ;
the stronger contained 15-4 grs. metal and 77 grs. dry ammonia
per 1000. The latter is about the most concentrated solution which
can be made. Referring to the researches of Payen, Fresny, Peligot,
Schlossberger, and others, who have employed this solvent, the
author said the only experimenter who seemed to have worked in the
same direction with himself, and that apparently only to a small
extent, was Dr. Cramer, whose paper he had only been able to see
in a translation appended as a note to a memoir of M. Payen, in
‘Comptes Rendus,’ p. 319, vol. xlviii.
Mr, O’ Neill considers that cotton exhibits, under the action of
this solvent, (1) an external membrane distinct from the true cell-
wall or.cellulose matter; (2) spiral vessels situated either in or
outside the external membrane; (3) the true cell-wall or cellulose ;
and (4) an inner medullary matter. The external membrane is
insoluble in the solvent, and may be obtained in short, hollow
cylinders by first acting upon the cotton with the dilute solvent, so
as to gradually remove the cellulose, and then dissolve all soluble
214 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
matters by the strong solvent. If the strong solution is first ap-
plied, the extraordinary dilation of the cellulose bursts the external
membrane, and reduces it to such a state of tenuity that it is in-
visible. This membrane is very elastic, appears to be quite imper-
meable to the solvent, and when free from fissures protects the
enclosed matter from its action. It is not seen in cotton which has
been submitted to the action of alkaline acids and bleaching powder,
being either chemically altered, or, what is most probable, entirely
removed.
The spiral vessels are unmistakeably apparent, running round
the fibre in more or less close spirals, sometimes single, sometimes
double and parallel, and at other times double and in opposite
directions, or again seemingly wound close and tight round the
cylinder. They are well seen in the spherical swellings or beads,
but are prominent at the points of strangulations of long ovals
formed when the ends of the fibres are held tightly. They collect
in a close mass, forming a ligature, and are frequently ruptured,
the ends projecting from the side of the fibre.
The cellulose is enormously dilated by the weaker solvent, and
expands the external membrane into beautiful beads, which are
doubtless the result of the spiral vessels acting as ligatures at the
points of strangulation; at the open end of a fibre it can be seen
oozing out as a mucilaginous substance. The stronger solution
bursts the beads, or dissolves all the cellulose into a homogeneous
mass, amidst which the empty cuticular membrane and the spiral
vessels remain nearly unacted upon.
The substance called medullary matter is seen occupying the
axes of the fibres; it is nearly insoluble in the solvents, It may
be well seen projecting from the open end of a fibre where the
cellulose is exuding, and often remains im situ when the fibre has
quite disappeared. It has many appearances of being a distinct
body, but the author in some cases thought it might be only the
thickened or modified inner cell-wall; in others it looked like a
shrunk membrane, probably the dried-up primordial utricle. It is
generally absent or indistinct in old cotton, or cotton which has
been submitted to bleaching agents.
Mr. O'Neill intends to submit further details when his investiga-
tions are more advanced.
Mr. Hepworth stated that he had observed spiral markings in
Sea Island cotton, not subjected to chemical action, and that he
es calculated there would be about 50,000 spirals to an inch of
bre.
A PAPER
On the Structure of the VatveE of the DIATOMACES.
By Cuarues Stopper.
From ‘ Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Iist.,’ vol. ix, p. 2, 1862.
There are recorded a few observations which mention the exist-
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. 215
ence of more than one plate of silex in the valve of some three or
four species of diatoms. Mr. Shadbolt (‘Trans. Mic. Soc.,’ Ist
series, vol. ili, p. 49) describes the valve of Arachnodiscus Japoni-
cus as consisting of two layers. Mr. Ralfs (‘ Pritchard’s Lnfusoria,’
4th ed., p. 839) says the valves of Actinoptychus undulatus “ fre-
quently consist of two dissimilar plates, one having the usual
character, the other being triradiate and minutely punctate, and
which has been described as a new species by Mr. Roper, who first
observed it detached from the true valve. He and others have since
found the plates in situ.’ Dr. F. W. Lewis (‘ Notes on New and
Rarer Species of Diatomaceze,’ Phil., 1861, p. 6), describing Navi-
cula marginata, speaks of ‘‘the outer siliceous plate.” Schleiden
(‘ Pritchard,’ 4th ed., p. 41) speaks of ‘‘two leaves lying one over
the other.” Mr. Brightwell says of the lorica of T’riceratium, that
“the valves are resolvable into several distinct layers of silex,
dividing like the thin layers of tale.’ (Pritchard, p. 49.) These
are all the authorities I can find that intimate the existence of more
than one plate of silex in the valve.
Ehrenberg describes several species of diatoms as “ veiled ’’—a
most happy term as expressive of the appearance of those species
to which it is applied. Neither Ehrenberg nor any other microsco-
pist has offered any explanation of the cause of this appearance.
Among the species thus distinguished are the four species of Helio-
pelta, though the fact is not mentioned in any of the published
descriptions, all of which are more or less imperfect.
Some time ago I found a broken specimen of Heliopelta, which
exhibited clearly portions of the valve with the normal characters
of the genus, and, extending beyond the broken edges, portions of
another and inner plate of an entirely different structure. A few
months since, Mr. J. 8S. Melvin gave me specimens of a diatom, as
possibly a new species. On examination of these I found that he
had obtained the inner plate of the valve of Heliopelta Leuwenhoehii
entire and perfect. I have since found other specimens in my own
collection. This plate under low or medium powers shows only
exquisitely fine lines; but with a high power (-4,) it is resolved into
minute spherical granules of silex, arranged in paralleled rows,
radiating towards the margin of the disc, placed in contact with each
other, and cemented together at their peripheries, the cement filling
the interstices. There is a distinct line corresponding to the divisions
of the compartments of the outer plate; a triangular blank at the
junction of these lines with the margin, a conspicuous feature in the
view of the perfect frustule; a star-shaped blank in the centre, the
rays of the star being in number one half of that of the compart-
ments of the disc. Heliopelta has the disc divided into six to twelve
rays or compartments, one half of them having distinctly hexagonal
areolz, the alternate half having an entirely different -kind of mark,
which has never been perfectly described or figured. Dr. Carpenter’s
description is, perhaps, the best, but his figure is one of the most
inaccurate. (‘Carpenter on the Microscope,’ Phil., p. 290.) The
blank star of the inner plate is also a conspicuous feature of the per-
VOL, III.—NEW SER. Q
216 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
fect disc, and the rays of this star always coincide with the compart-
ment last described. The inner plate also shows marks indicating
the position of the marginal (improperly so-called) spines; and under
a high power shows also faint impressions of the areolee of the outer
p ate, which I consider proof that the two plates were in actual con-
tact. It is this inner plate that gives the veiled appearance to this
aud other diatoms, and I take the “veil” in all cases as a visual proof
of the existence of the inner plate. Dr. Carpenter says of He/iopelta,
that a minute granular structure may be shown to exist over the
whole of the valve—‘* that the circular areolation exists in a deeper
ayer of the siliceous lorica.”’ f
Now, Il am certain that Dr. Carpenter was mistaken in this last
remark, though, perhaps, not in what he saw. He had simply
observed a valve with the inside toward the eye. I have repeatedly
seen them in this position, and with the same effect. I have also
found what I take to be the inner plate of an Omphalopelta entire ;
but the evidence of its connection with that genus is not quite
complete.
A few weeks since I found a broken specimen of Coscinodiscus ;
the hexagonal areola were large and distinct, and extending beyond
the broken edges, just as described in the Heliopelta, was another
part of the disc, which was simply granular, with a milky aspect.
This is the inner plate of the valve of that genus. Since that I
have found numerous examples of the same kind, and am now
satisfied that they are quite common, and that others as well as
myself must have seen them often before, without being aware of
their nature. Like the corresponding plate of Heliopedéa, this is
composed of spherical granules of silex, but instead of being in
close contact, they are distant, and joined or cemented together by
a thin plate of silex, the arrangement and place of the particles
being governed by that of the hexagons of the outer plate, one
granule being placed against each hexagon. By careful adjustment
of the focus of the instrument, with a power proportioned to the
size of the areolz, the granules can be seen in the centre of-the
hexagons ; care must, however, be taken not to confound an optical
effect with the appearance of the granules; each areole is a minute
lens, and so refracts the light as to give a bright or dark dot as
the focus is changed, and the granules themselves contribute to
this effect. Practice, however, will enable one to distinguish these
effects.
The species Eupodiscus, Argus, and Rogersi, present strong evi-
dence of the inner plates; so, also, do some specimens of Isthmia
nervosa, of Epithemia, Achnanthes, and Polymyaus coronalis. I
think I have seen indications of them in several otber genera. In
some of the Pinnularia and Navicula there are appearances which
I can explain only on the supposition that the valve is composed
of two plates, as suggested by Schleiden. Sufficient, I think, has
been proved to warrant the generalisation that the valve of the
Diatomacez consists of at least two plates of silex, the inner one
of a structure more or less differing from that of the outer, giving
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. 217
that peculiar appearance to those species described as veiled,—partly
the cause of the dots in the hexagonal areole of some species,—and
often, probably, explaining the varying descriptions and figures of
different writers.
There is a difference of opinion among diatomists as to the shape
of the dots or marks of the very finely marked kinds, such as the
whole of the genus Pleurosigma, Smith, Gyrosigma, Hassal, Mr.
Wenham, by magnifying photographs of P. angulatum to 15,000
diameters, has proved, as [ think, that the areole of that species
(and undoubtedly of all the species with diagonal lines) have hexa-
goual areolee, exactly like those of Coscinodiscus. Professor O. N.
Rood, of ‘Troy, by the same process, has obtained photographs of
the same species (7000 diameters), which he thinks prove the
areolee to be circular. Professor Rood’s photographs show some
indications of the hexagonal form, and I believe the difference be-
tween his figures and Mr. Wenham’s must be owing to some
difference in the manipulation. The areolee of the coarsely marked
forms being unquestionably hexagons, it is probable, from analogy,
that those of the finer forms are so also. Mr. Wenham, as quoted
by Professor Rood, ‘‘states that he has ascertained by a 345th that
the markings of this object are due to spherical particles of quartz.”
(‘Am. Jour. Science,’ Nov., 1861, p. 336.) This observation, with
the discovery of the inner plate of the Coscinodiscus, and its struc-
ture, makes the analogy of the structure of the two genera complete,
and may be considered as proving the existence of the inner plate
in this genus.
Another point in the structure of the valve has been a subject of
much difference of opinion—some contend that the areole are ele-
vations, others that they are depressions. Dr. J. W. Griffiths gives,
in the ‘ Micrographical Dictionary,’ his reasons for considering them
to be depressions. I have reasons for thinking that neither party
has the true explanation of the structure. My opinion is that the
exterior of the shell is smooth or nearly so, and that the borders of
the hexagons, or other shaped areolze, and costze of the costate forms,
are internal projections from the outer plate, as on the under side
of the leaf of the Victoria Regia, intended to give strength to the
cell with the smallest quantity of material. This will explain the
trace of the hexagons seen on the inner plate of Heliopelta, as only
the projecting wall of the areola would come in contact with the
inner plate. Dr. Griffiths reasoned that the areolee were depressions
because they were the thinnest parts of the shell; the facts are
correct, but the inference may not be, as there is another explanation
of the phenomena.
In company with Dr. C. T. Jackson, I have dissolved a shell of
Coscinodiscus under the microscope, with caustic potash, and found
that the area of the cellules was dissolved before the walls, and that
therefore they are the thinnest parts, as Dr. Griffiths judged from
the optical effect.
218 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
Huxtit Micro-PuHiLosorpHicaL Socinrry.
The fifth sessional course of papers delivered by the several mem-
bers of this society terminated on March 20th last. These were
mostly of an interesting character, and the meetings were generally
well attended. An increasing interest in microscopical research is
manifest, and several additional applications for membership have
been made. Several new instruments have latterly been introduced
from the manufactory of Mr. Cooke, optician, of Hull, of exquisite
workmanship, compact design, and perfect stability. The society
in its pecuniary resources may be said to flourish, and withal to
present every fair prospect of utility and success.
An abridgment of some of the papers may be stated as under:
George Norman, Esq., the President of the society, in intro-
ducing the subject of diatomaceous deposits, stated his fears that
in the short time allowed for his paper little more than a discursive
glance could be given to the subject, and that, perhaps, on some
future occasion he would bring the subject again before the mem-
bers.
The occurrence of Diatomacez in a fossil state is, on the autho-
rity of Ehrenberg, constant in the chalk rocks. The President
stated that, so far as his own experience went, no traces had been
found in true chalk; perhaps, however, in the Paris beds the case
might be different.
The possibility of the flint nodules in chalk being the amorphous
state of former siliceous frustules was next touched upon. The
most important deposits occur in the pliocene and plistocene for-
mations immediately following the cretaceous rocks. ‘lhe enormous
deposits of Maryland, Virginia, and Algiers, were probably to be
. referred to this period. ‘lhe fresh-water deposits of Finland, Bo-
hemia, North America, Dolgelly, Toome Bridge, &c., were probably
of a far more recent date; these were all, at some remote period,
the beds of former lakes and morasses. The President alluded to
the extensive deposit he had himself visited at Toome Bridge, in
the county of Antrim. More recent deposits still are found under-
laying peat beds, containing diatoms, with few exceptions, identical
with forms now found living. The very ancient peat beds found
about twenty-five feet beneath the alluvium of the district of Hull
and neighbourhood contained very slight traces of Diatomacee. A
sample taken from a deep excavation at Spring Head had furnished
very sparingly Pinnularta cardinalis, a species which had hitherto
never been found recent. The ancient peat deposit and sunken
forest cropping out of the sands at Hornsea contained also Pennu-
laria cardinalis, mixed with many recent forms. This great bed
was probably the bed of a former mere like the existing Hornsea
Mere.
The President proceeded to state that, in all probability, the site
of the present Hornsea Mere would, at some future time, furnish a
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. 219
diatomaceous deposit more or less rich. The sea would in time
wear away the narrow piece of land separating the mere from the
ocean sand, and mud would be deposited over the entire area, and
the mass of diatomaceous frustules, the accumulation of ages, would
be consolidated into a white mass, such as we find in any ordinary
deposit, the long rotting process having removed the brown endo-
chrome. An instance was given of the gradual formation of such
deposits before our eyes. Only the past summer the President had
obtained a piece of tolerably white deposit from the bed of the
Spring Ditch, which was in course of being filled up; it contained
all the recent species which have been known to exist there by the
previous examinations of microscopists. This once favorite locality
is now destroyed through the extension of public works.
In conclusion, the President hastily glanced over the various uses
these deposits were turned to, instancing such commercial products
as tripoli, plate powder, floating bricks for powder magazines on
board ship, &c.
The clays eaten by the natives of South America and in the in-
terior of Africa were also, probably, diatomaceous deposits like the
well-known Berg-Mehl of Lapland.
Mr. H. Prescott produced a paper, entitled “The History and
Physiology of a grain of Barley,” illustrating the germination of
barley in its most rudimentary form, and then tracing its growth
into a plant and the further development and structure of stem,
root, flowering, spike, spikelets with floral appendages, sexual
organs, pollen, starch, &c.
The peculiarities of growth of stem (straw) structure and the
various appearances of the inflorescence during different stages of
development were illustrated by numerous etchings.
On another occasion during the session, Mr. Prescott (‘On the
Structure of certain Seeds’’), failing time and opportunity to give
the meeting the benefit of any special studies that he might be
competent to undertake, which were still incomplete, thought that
a work bearing immediately on the subject, prepared for the use of
Government by Drs. Hooker, Carpenter, Graham, Lindley, &c. (a
copy of which he was fortunate enough to possess), might have
some interest for the meeting. Sketches and letterpress were both
valuable, as showing how master minds commanded and carried
through the working out of a subject quite new to themselves. In
this instance, as in the determination of gennine and adulterated -
coffee, the meeting would not fail to observe how well the micro-
scopic characters of the substances had been preserved in drawings
which bore the stamp of truth upon them. The elaborate re-
searches of Dr. Graham and others on the gravities of the different
substances in solution were equally admirable.
Mr. Hunter’s paper, ‘‘On the Structure of Animal Hairs,” was
illustrated by numerons slides, including different coloured human
hair, hairs from the several classes of animals, insects, &e., and
hairs from different parts of the body of the same species. Much
emphasis was laid upon the difficulty of identifying individual hairs,
220 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
and also the want of a suitable medium for permanent mounting of
specimens; the inefficiency of Canada balsam was shown by speci-
mens otherwise mounted (fluids) exhibited in contrast, although
balsam might answer best for dark ground and polariscope investi-
gations.
The so-called whale hair was handed round the tables—a sub-
stance showing most of the microscopic properties of both hair and
bone. The excellent felting properties of the hairs of the Carni-
vora and Rodentia was dwelt upon, and also the striking differences
in those of the Ruminantia.
The adulterations practised by some workers in ornamental hair
was illustrated by specimens mixed with hair from the alpaca and
some species of goat.
Beautiful slides from the Ornithorhyncus and Gopher (from the
banks of the Mississippi, lowa) were compared ; the only two kinds
examined having the combined properties of wool and hair from
the same root.
Mr. Ball, of Brigg, in Lincolnshire, read a very interesting paper
“©On the Anatomy of the Snail,’ which was illustrated by exquisite
dissections and preparations of all the principal organs. ‘The lan-
guage of ordinary comment fails to give due expression to the
Society’s appreciation of this gentleman’s labours and microscopic
productions.
Mr. Stather effectively exhibited the powers of the binocular
microscope.
A paper ‘On the Stings, Ovipositors, and the cutting parts of
the Proboscides of Insects”? was produced by Mr. Hanwell, show-
ing the general resemblance of these parts, in some instances as to
nearly appear identical. The nature of the true sting was shown,
the incising apparatus attached to the head compared with it, and
a classification made of the forms of the instruments used, from the
simple lancet to the more complicated apparatus of the highly
organized insects; the beautiful adaptation of means to ends, as
exhibited in the various kinds of ovipositors, was dwelt upon. The
paper was well illustrated by numerous slides prepared by this
gentleman.
Dr. Kelbourne King delivered an article “On the Nervous Tis-
sues,”’ illustrated by slides of the nerve-cells, of considerable interest
and beauty, and calculated to awaken the further attention of ana-
tomists and physiologists to these very important structures. Pre-
parations variously mounted in naphtha solution, glycerine and
gelatine—the two latter both plain and coloured with carmine—
were handed round, but, notwithstanding the beauty of carmine
preparations, in these instances the naphtha solution appeared to
afford a more minute structural detail.
Mr, Hendry exhibited the saccharo-polariscope, and the opposite
order of colour phenomena of grape and cane sugars, with great
effect ; also delivered a paper, with illustrations, ‘On Spermatozoa,”’
in the absence of Dr. A. M‘Millan, otherwise engaged; and upon
a third occasion introduced the subject of the connective tissues.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. 221
The session now terminated, embodying in its series of subjects
matter amply adapted to call forth the active energies of its various
members.
Wm. Henpry, Hon. See.
A Paper
On the EMBRYOGENY of CoMATULA ROSACEA (Linck). By Pro-
fessor Wyv1ILLE Tuomson, LL.D., F.R.S.E., M.R.LA., F.G.S.,
&e.
(From ‘ Proceed. Roy. Soc.,’ Feb. 5, 1863.)
Arter briefly abstracting Dr. W. Busch’s description of the early
stages in the growth of the young of Comatula, the author details
his own observations, carried on during the last four years, on the
development and subsequent changes of the larva. After complete
segmentation of the yolk, a more consistent nucleus appears within
the mulberry mass still contained within the vitelline membrane.
The external, more transparent, flocculent portion of the yolk lique-
fies and is absorbed into this nucleus, which gradually assumes the
form of the embryo larva, a granular cylinder contracted at either
end and girded with four transverse bands of cilia. This cylinder
increases in size till it nearly fills the vitellme sac, gradually
increasing in transparency, and ultimately consisting of delicately
vacuolated sarcode, the external surface transparent and studded
with pyriform oil-cells, the inner portion semifluid and slightly
granular.
The vitelline membrane now gives way, and, usually shortly after
the escape of the larva into the water, the third ciliated band from
the anterior extremity arches forwards at one point; and in the
space thus left between it and the fourth band, a large pyriform
depression indicates the position of the larval mouth. At the same
time a small, round aperture, merely separated from the posterior
margin of the mouth by the last ciliated band, becomes connected
with the mouth by a short, loop-like canal, passing under the band,
and fulfils the function of an excreting orifice. A tuft of long cilia,
which have a peculiarly undulatory motion, is developed at the
posterior extremity of the body. The larva now increases rapidly
in size, assuming somewhat the form of a kidney bean, the mouth
answering in position to the Aé/um. It swims freely in the water,
with a swinging, semirotatory motion, by means of its ciliated bands
and posterior tuft of cilia.
Shortly after the larva has attained its definite independent form
ten minute calcareous spicula make their appearance, imbedded
within the external sarcode-layer of the expanded anterior portion
of the larva, The ten spicula are arranged in two transverse rings
of five, the spicula of the anterior row symmetrically superposed on
those of the posterior. By the extension of calcareous network,
222 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES,
these spicula rapidly expand into ten plates, which at length form
a trellis enclosing a dodecahedral space, open above and below,
within the anterior portion of the zooid. Simultaneously with the
appearance of these plates, a series of from seven to ten calcareous
rings form a chain passing from the base of the posterior row of
plates backwards, curving slightly to the left of the larval mouth,
and ending by abutting against the centre of a large cribriform
plate, which is rapidly developed close to the posterior extremity
of the larva. Delicate sheaves of anastomosing calcareous trabeculae
shortly arise within these rings, and the series declares itself as the
jointed stem of the pentacrinoid stage, the basal and first inter-
radial plates of the calyx being represented by the already formed
casket of caleareous network. The skeleton of the Crinoid is thus
completely mapped out within the body of the larva, while the
latter still retains its independent form and special organs.
Within the plates of the calyx of the nascent Crinoid two hemi-
spherical or reniform masses may now be detected—one superior, of
a yellowish, subsequently of a chocolate colour; the other inferior,
colourless and transparent. The lower hemisphere indicates the
permanent alimentary canal of the Crinoid, with its glandular
follicle; the upper mass originates the central ring of the ambu-
lacral system, with its czeca passing to the arms. ‘The body of the
Crinoid is, however, at this stage entirely closed in by a dome of
sarcode, forming the anterior extremity of the larva. After swim-
ming about freely for a time, averaging from eight hours to a week,
and increasing rapidly in size till it has attained a length of from
1 to 2 mm., the larva becomes sluggish, and its form is distorted
by the growing Crinoid. The mouth and alimentary canal of the
larva disappear, and the external sarcode-layer subsides round the
calcareous framework of the included embryo, forming for it a
transparent perisom. The stem now lengthens by additions of
trabeculee to the ends of the joints. The posterior extremity
dilates into a dise of attachment. ‘The anterior extremity becomes
expanded, then slightly cupped; the lip of the cup is divided into
five crescentic lobes, corresponding to the plates of the upper ring;
and finally five delicate tubes, ceeca from the ambulacral circular
canal, are protruded from the centre of the cup, the rudiments of
the arms of the Pentacrinoid. At some stage during the progress
of these later changes the embryo adheres, and at length becomes
firmly cemented to some permanent point of attachment.
The author states his views as to the morphological and physio-
logical relations of the larval zooid. He believes that all the pecu-
liar independently organized zooids developed from the whole or
from a part of the segmented yolk in the Echinoderms, and which
form no stage in the development of the perfect form of the species,
must be regarded as assimilative extensions of sarcode, analogous
in function to the embryonic absorbent appendages in the higher
animals. For such an organism the term ‘‘ pseudembryo”’ is pro-
posed. In the Echinoderm subkingdom, although constructed
apparently upon a common plan, these pseudembryos present cyn-
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. 223
siderable range of organization, from a somewhat complex zooid
provided with elaborate natatory fringes, with a system of vessels
which are ultimately connected with the ambulacral vascular system
of the embryo, with a well-developed digestive tract, and in some
instances with special nervous ganglia, to a simple layer of absorbent
and irritable sarcode which invests the nascent embryo. The pseud-
embryo of Comatu/a holds an intermediate position. It resembles
very closely in external form and in subsequent metamorphosis the
“pupa stage” of the Holuthuride, the great distinction between
them being that in the Holothuride the pupa has already passed
through the more active ‘‘ Auricularian’’ stage, while the analogous
form in Comatula has been developed directly from the egg.
West Kent Naturat History anp MicroscopicaL Socrery.
February 18th, 1863.
List of Officers.
President.—Frederick Currey, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., See.L.8.
Vice-Presidents.— John Penn, Esq., F.R.S.; John F. South, Esq.,
F.R.C.S.; and James Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S.
Treasurer.—ll. G. Noyes, Esq., M.D. Lond., M.R.C.P.L.
Hon. Secretaries.—Messrs. E. Clift and W. Groves.
Council. W. H. Brown, Esq., F.R.C.S.; M. Corder, Esq. ;
William Groves, Esq. ; W.G. Lemon, Esq., B.A.; Rev. R. H. Mar-
ten, B.A.; Flaxman Spurrell, Esq., F.R.C.8. : John Standring, Esq. ;
George Sweet, Esq.; James Taylor, Esq.; William Walton, Esq. ;
J. Jenner Weir, Esq.; Rev. J. G. Wood.
REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1862.
Read at the Annual Meeting, February \8th, 1863.
Frepertck Currey, Hsq., President, in the Chair.
The council of the West Kent Natural History and Microscopical
Society have the gratification of informing the members that the
prosperity of the society, both in respect to numbers and finances,
on which they felt they might justly congratulate them at the last
general meeting, still continues to attend it. They have indeed to
regret the loss of three of the former members, who have been re-
moved by death, and the withdrawal of five others, whilst twenty-
four new members have been admitted. And the council are re-
joiced to see, in the lengthened list of names, a proof of increasing
interest in the subjects the study of which the society seeks to
promote.
224. PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
The meetings during the past year have been well attended, and
several of them have been rendered extremely instructive by the
exhibition of various rare and novel objects connected with natural
history or microscopical research.
A paper was read in October by James Glaisher, Esq., one of the
Vice-Presidents, and a very crowded meeting, at which many ladies
were present, listened to him with much pleasure as he detailed the
particulars of his late balloon ascents, made at the suggestion of the
British Association, and conveyed to his hearers, in a pleasing and
popular form, and by the aid of excellent diagrams, the scientific
results obtained by his aérial voyages. A paper also was read in
March by J. Slade, Esq., giving an interesting account of ‘ Shell
Structure.”
The past summer was not favorable for field-meetings ; one only
took place. The members who attended it were well pleased with
the results. Botany was the science selected for illustration, and a
list of about 240 plants met with in the day’s excursion was drawn
up by J. Mathewson, Esq.
The second soirée given by the society was held in June. About
300 ladies and gentlemen were present. More than fifty micro-
scopes belonging to members were placed on the tables, and many
objects of interest were exhibited. Among these were magnificent
specimens of algee and ferns from Australia and Japan ; British
birds’ eggs; insects from various foreign countries, shells, &ec.;
with numerous fossils and other geological specimens. The room
was beautifully decorated with choice exotics, lent by John Penn,
Esq., and refreshments were supplied to the company.
The additions to the library during the past year have been—
Williamson’s.‘ British Foraminifera.’
Carpenter’s ‘Introduction to the Foraminifera.’
Currey’s ‘ Hoffmeister’s Cryptogamic Botany.’
‘The Microscopic Journal’ for 1862.
‘Popular Science Review’ for 1862.
‘Manchester Philosophical Transactions,’ presented by the
Manchester Literary and Scientific Society.
A cabinet has been purchased for the reception of microscopic
slides, and more than fifty have been presented ; and it is hoped
that members obtaining any rare or,interesting object will forward
a duplicate for the use of the society. Soundings still continue to
be received from various parts of the world, some of which have
been examined, and several objects, especially Foraminifera, have
been obtained from them.
The number of members is now 113, including eight honorary
members.
The auditor’s report will show that the funds are in a satisfactory
condition.
Rules.
1, The society shall be called Tor West Kent Naturat Hrs;
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES, 225
TORY AND MricroscopicaL Society, and have for its objects the
promotion of the study of natural history and microscopic research.
2. The society shall consist of members who shall pay in ad-
vance 10s. Gd. each per annum, and of honorary members.
3. The affairs of the society shall be managed by a council, con-
sisting of a president, three vice-presidents, treasurer, two secre-
taries, and twelve members, who shall be elected from the general
body of ordinary members.
4, The president and vice-presidents shall not hold office longer
than two consecutive years; and the two members of council who
have attended the least number of meetings during the preceding
year shall retire, and be ineligible for the following year.
5. The president and other officers and members of council shall
be annually elected by ballot, The council shall prepare a list of
such persons as they think fit to be so elected, which shall be laid
before the general meeting, and any member shiall be at liberty to
strike out any or all of the names proposed by the council, and sub-
stitute any other name or names he may think proper.
6. The council shall hold their meetings on the day of the
ordinary meetings of the society, one hour before the commencement
of such meeting. No business shall be done unless five members
be present. ‘
7. Special meetings of council shall be held at the discretion of
the president or vice-presidents.
8. The council shall prepare and cause to be read at the annual
meeting a report on the general affairs of the society for the pre-
ceding year.
9. Two auditors shall be elected, by show of hands, at the ordi-
nary meeting held in January. They shall audit the treasurer’s
accounts, and produce their report at the annual meeting.
10. Every candidate for admission into the society must be pro-
posed and seconded at one meeting, and balloted for at the next;
and when two thirds of the members present are in favour of the
candidate, he shall be duly elected.
11. Each member shall have the right to be present and vote at
all general meetings, and to propose candidates for admission as
members. He shall also have the privilege of introducing two
visitors to the ordinary and field-meetings of the society.
12. No member shall have the right of voting, or be entitled to
any of the advantages of the society, if his subscription be six
months in arrear.
13. That the annual meeting shall be held on the third Wednes-
day in February, for the purpose of electing officers for the year en-
suing, for receiving the reperts of the council and auditors, and for
transacting any other necessary business.
14. Notice of the annual meeting shall be given at the preceding
ordinary meeting.
15. The ordinary meetings shall be held on the fourth Wednesday
in the months of October, November, January, February, March,
April, and May, and the third Wednesday in December, at such
226 PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
place as the council may determine. The chair shall be taken at
8 p.m., and the business of the meeting being disposed of, the
meeting shall resolve into a conversazione.
16. Field-meetings may be held during the summer months at
the discretion of the council; of these due notice, as respects
time, place, &c., shall be sent to each member.
17. Members shall have the right of suggesting to the council
any book or object to be purchased for the use of the society.
18. All books in the possession of the society shall be allowed
to circulate among the members, under such regulations as the coun-
cil may deem necessary.
19. The microscopical objects and instruments in the possession
of the society shall be made available for the use of the members,
under such regulations as the council may determine; and the
books, objects, and instruments shall be in the custody of one of
the secretaries.
20. The council shall have power to recommend to the mem-
bers any gentleman, not a member of the society, who may have
contributed scientific papers, or otherwise benefited the society, to
be elected an honorary member; such election to be by show of
hands.
21. No permanent alteration in the rules shall be made, except at
the annual meeting, or a meeting specially convened for the pur-
pose by the president, and then by a majority of not less than two
thirds of the members present, of which meeting one month's
notice shall be given.
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.
Descriptions of New and Rare Dtatoms. Series X.
By R. K. Grevitie, LL.D., F.R.S.E., &e.
(Plates IX and X.)
RvuTiLaRiA, nov. gen., Grev.
Frustutes free, elongated, compressed, with a convolute
or nodulose central nodule (no median line or terminal
nodule), and minute radiate or decussato-punctate structure.
Valve (linear, keeled?) with a longitudinal row of puncta.
This is a most remarkable fossil genus, and its systematic
position exceedingly perplexing. I have reason to believe
that Mr. Kitton, of Norwich, who kindly sent me his cabi-
net specimens for examination, was the discoverer of the
first species, which he obtaimed from the Monterey deposit,
and named provisionally Nitzschia Epsilon, on account of the
resemblance of the nodule to the Greek letter. But this
nodule, conspicuous for its glistening appearance, as well as
for its singular convolution, appeared to me to separate it
from Nitzschia. Unfortunately no single valve occurred
among the specimens found by Mr. Kitton and myself; and
being unable with the instruments then in my possession to
satisfy myself regarding the structure, I sent the specimens
to my friend Mr. T. G. Rylands, who ascertained that the
frustule was really Nitzschoid, in so far that the valves were
keeled and furnished with a row of puncta. Still, the ex-
traordinary nodule forbade its association with the true
Nitzschie, aud I laid the subject aside until further informa-
tion could be obtained.
Recently two other diatoms have been discovered by Mr.
C. Johnson in the Barbadoes deposit, which are evidently
VOL. III.—NEW SER. R
228 GREVILLE, ON NEW DIATOMS.
closely allied to the Monterey specimens, having the peculiar
glistening nodules, Nitzschoid form, and marginal puncta.
Jn these the intimate structure is more visible; the pale
puncta distinctly radiating from the centre, and becoming
decussate towards the ends. There can be no doubt, I
think, that the three diatoms constitute a very natural genus.
As I have been unable to ascertain positively whether the
valves of the Barbadoes species are keeled (although I be-
lieve them to be so), I have inserted this character doubt-
fully. It will be perceived that I have framed the generic
character on the assumption that this little group belongs,
with Nitzschia, to the Fragilariee, and that the figures con-
sequently represent the front view. But it must be confessed
that, for a front view, the appearance is not a little strange.
Rutilaria Epsilon (Kitton), n. sp., Grev.—Frustule lanceo-
late, with linear, elongated, obtuse apices; nodule very
large, with three conspicuous convolutions. Length ‘0080’.
(Pl. EX dis. 12)
Nitzschia Epsilon, Kitton, in litt.
Hab. Monterey deposit; F. Kitton, Esq., C. Johnson,
Esq., R. K. G.
Frustules transparent, minutely and faintly punctate, the
puncta forming decussating lines ; margin with a row of dark,
conspicuous puncta. Central nodule very glistening, large,
occupying the greater part of the diameter of the frustule,
composed of a semilunate body, with the horns, as it were,
convolute, and having secondary horns arising out of and
a little to the exterior of the others, also more or less convo-
lute. A few large scattered puncta are generally present on
each side of the nodule. Although there are no terminal
nodules, there is sometimes the appearance of them, owing,
apparently, to some peculiarity of structure influencing the
transmission of light at the apices. The most remarkable
feature in this diatom is the nodule, which, as a rule, is
symmetrical, but here it is the reverse, and so whimsical in
its configuration that it may be compared to some old-
fashioned drawer-handle represented in alto-relievo.
Rutilaria ventricosa, n. sp., Grev.—Frustules ventricose,
with short, linear extremities; nodule circular, nodulose ;
puncta radiating, decussate towards the ends. Length about
0040". (Fig. 2.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; C.
Johnson, Esq., R. K. G..
A much smaller species than the preceding, and relatively
shorter, but not unlike it in general form. The nodule,
however, is quite different, being circular, with some ap-
GREVILLE, ON NEW DIATOMS. 229
pearance of being lobed or convoluted. The puncta dis-
tinctly radiate from the centre, until they reach the linear
extremities, where they decussate. The extremities vary
somewhat in breadth, and the apices are either obtuse or
subacute.
Rutilaria elliptica, n. sp., Grev.—Frustules elliptical, with
a slight contraction towards the acute apices; nodule circu-
lar, somewhat nodulose; puncta radiating, decussate at the
ends. Length about 0040". (Fig. 3.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; C.
Johnson, Esq., R. K. G.
The same size as the last, buf well distinguished by its
elliptical form.
CAMPYLODISCUS.
Campylodiscus undulatus, n. sp., Grev.—Disc nearly cir-
cular, with a linear, median space, and about 25 costz on
each side, which are separated by a longitudinal furrow into
apparently two series. Diameter about 0042". Coste 4 in
7001". (Fig. 4.)
Hab. Bermuda, in mud brought up on the fluke of an
anchor ; kindly communicated by George Norman, Esq.
This species is nearly related to Campylodiscus striatus
of Ehrenberg, figured by Mr. Brightwell in the seventh
volume of the ‘ Journal of Microscopical Science,’ but is, at
the same time, abundantly distinct. It is a larger and
much finer species, with nearly double the number of costz,
and in the character of the latter differing essentially. In C.
striatus there are really two series on each side, the narrow
hyaline space between them forming an actual interruption,
while near each extremity of the median line they unite, a
short line, at least, only passing between them. In our
present species, on the contrary, the narrow hyaline space
which divides the apparent two series of coste is, in
reality, a deep furrow, round the bottom of which the costz
are carried, as is easily seen towards each end, where, as the
furrow becomes gradually shallow, the costz are plainly con-
tinuous.
GRAMMATOPHORA.
Grammatophora Moronenis, n. sp., Grev.—Septa straight ;
margin very coarsely striated; striz 11 in ‘001’. Length
0025”. . (Fig. 5.)
Hab. Deposit at Moron, in the Spanish province of Seville.
230 GREVILLE, ON NEW DIATOMS.
I have not seen the lateral view of this species, but in the
small section of the genus characterised by straight septa
the coarse striz at once distinguish it.
CoscINODISCUS.
Coscinodiscus scintillans, n. sp., Grev.—Dise with a cir-
cular umbilical space and radiating lines of small, distinct,
brilliant granules, the long ones wide apart, with 2—3 short,
very irregular intervening lines at the margin; margin
striated ; long lines of granules 4 or 5 in:001; marginal
strie 15 in 001”. Diameter 0032”. (Fig. 6.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; G. M.
Rrowne, Esq.
A. very beautiful species, which I have only observed in
some slides which Mr. Browne obligingly sent for my in-
spection, the disc in question being one of the objects to
which he particularly directed my attention. The great
distance between the lines of granules which reach the centre
is the leading character; and the very irregular imtervening
lines, varying in length from a couple of granules only, to a
third of the radius, help to individualise it. The granules
are singularly brilliant.
Coscinodiscus griseus, n. sp., Grev.—Dise gray, convex,
depressed in the centre, with a somewhat indefinite umbi-
licus; granules equal, in close radiating lines ; margin pro-
minent, with a row of extremely minute puncta on its inner
boundary. Diameter about -0035”. (Fig. 7.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate ; in slides
communicated by C. Johnson, Esq.
I am not aware of any described species with which the
present one can be confounded. But I am under an im-
pression that one of the same colour, and in some other
respects very similar, exists in the same deposit, differing,
however, essentially in the presence of a row of marginal
tubercles. There is an umbilicus in our present species, but
it is generally more or less filled up with a little cluster of
granules. The lines are crowded in the centre, more distinct
as they approach the margin. The very minute puncta con-
nected with the latter are easily overlooked.
ASTEROLAMPRA.
Asterolampra Moronensis, n. sp., Grev.—Valve subcir-
cular ; areolated segments somewhat square at the base ; um-
bilical lines with an angular bend, radiating from a central
GREVILLE, ON NEW DIATOMS. 231
point ; median ray narrow, the rest (6) linear, slightly dilated,
and as if notched at the margin. Diameter ‘0030.” (Fig. 8.)
Hab. Deposit at Moron, in the province of Seville; G.
Norman, Esq., R. K. G.
A very distinct species belonging to the section composed
of Ehrenberg’s genus Asteromphalus, characterised by one of
the rays being much narrower than the rest, and by two of
the radiating umbilical rays being approximated. It appears
to have most affinity with 4. Darwinii in the angular bend
of the median lines, but in no other feature. In a general
sense, the valve may be called circular; but it is not strictly
so, for in the numerous specimens I have examined it is
more or less unequal at the margin; so much so occasionally,
as to have a somewhat cornered appearance. The umbilical
lines are sometimes divided near their origin, as in A. Bredis-
soniana and A. variabilis. The rays are exceedingly well
marked, by being invariably dilated at their marginal ex-
tremity, and by having the appearance of being notched, or
as if a shadow indicated a funnel-shaped termination of the
ray-tube.
TRICERATIUM.
Triceratium Robertsianum, nu. sp., Grev.—Valve with con-.
vex sides, obtuse angles, pseudo-nodules, and a wide hexa-
gonal cellulation, the external row of cellules twice the size of
the rest; those at the angles rounded and much smaller.
Distance between the angles about ‘0054”. (Fig. 9.)
Hab. Curteis Straits, Queensland ; very rare ; in a dredging
communicated by Dr. Roberts, of Sydney.
This fine species belongs to the group of which 7. Favus is
the type, and which requires to be carefully studied, as the
extent of variation in 7. Favus itself is by no means clearly
ascertained. In the rare diatom now before me there is no
ambiguity, the outer row of large cellules being of a very re-
markable character. The angles also are peculiar, the cellules
which occupy them being rounded and much smaller, a
vacant space being left immediately below the pseudo-nodule.
The cellules in the centre are about 5 in ‘001’. Those of
the marginal row scarcely 3 in ‘001”.
Triceratium prominens, n. sp., Grev.—Valve with straight
sides, obtuse angles, and very prominent pseudo-nodules ;
centre slightly inflated; granules remote, large, in radiating
lines, and increasing in size from the centre to the margin,
where the lines are 4—5 in ‘001’. Distance between the
angles 0040". (Fig. 10.)
232 GREVILLE, ON NEW DIATOMS.
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, Cambridge estate; C. Johnson,
Esq.
The granules are distinct and remote over the whole valve;
not circular, but rather slightly quadrate, mimute in the
centre, but increasing in size as they radiate to the margin,
which is striate. Pseudo-nodules vertical relatively to the
plane of the valve, obtuse, and extremely prominent.
Triceratium disciforme, n. sp., Grev.—Valve nearly circu-
lar, with no perceptible pseudo-nodules; granules (rather
cellules) very large, subquadrate, radiating, mcreasing in size
from the centre to the margin, where the lines are 5 in 001”.
Distance between the angles about ‘0035”. (PI. X, fig. 11.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; C.
Johnson, Esq., R. K. G.
In this curious species the valve is so nearly circular that
the first specimen which came under my observation I took
to be a Coscinodiscus. The angles, in fact, project so very
little beyond the circular line as to be hardly perceptible,
and are only discovered by looking for them. The structure
is cellulate, but at the first glance seems coarsely granulate.
Triceratium cinnamomeum, n. sp., Grev.—Valve of a
reddish colour, with slightly concave sides and obtuse angles,
minutely punctate; puncta forming a line which projects
from each angle fully half way towards the centre, while
along the margin they are arranged in arch-like series.
Distance between the angles about ‘0030”. (Fig. 12.)
Hab. Deposit at Moron, in the province of Seville; G.
Norman, Esq., C. Johnson, Esq., R. K. G.
This little species, which is not rare in the Moron deposit,
is characterised invariably by its reddish-brown colour, and
by the line formed by two rows of puncta, which projects
inwardly from the angles. There are, besides, not unfre-
quently, three or four additional uncertain lines radiating
very irregularly from near the centre. The latter, however,
although evident enough in some examples, are scarcely per-
ceptible in others. In the centre of the valve the puncta
are not crowded. ‘Towards the margin they are 18 in -001”,
arranged in more or less arched lines, which, under a power
of 400 diameters, form a remarkable and conspicuous cha-
racter.
Triceratium inflatum, nu. sp., Grev.—Valve with very con-
vex sides and somewhat obtuse angles, and several vein-like
lines reaching from the margin about half way to the centre ;
surface with remotely scattered puncta, which become
smaller and more numerous at the margin. Distance between
the angles 0035”. (Fig. 15.)
GREVILLE, ON NEW DIATOMS. 233
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; C.
Johnson, Esq.
I do not know any described species to which this diatom
can be referred. The central remotely scattered puncta are
rather large, while those near the margin are minute. There
is no pseudo-nodule.
Triceratium lineolatum, n. sp., Grev.—Valve with nearly
straight sides, somewhat obtuse angles, and prominent pseudo-
nodules ; surface entirely filled with minute, uniform, radiating
cellules, while 4—5 short vein-like lines project inwards
from the sides. Breadth between the angles about :0042”.
(Fig. 16.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; C.
Johnson, Esq.
Quite distinct from every species in this large genus. The
vein-like lines are generally four on each side, and reach
scarcely half way to the centre. Although the structure is
minute, it is evidently cellulate under a power of 300 or
400 diameters.
Triceratium lobatum, n. sp., Grev.—Small ; valve distinctly
3-lobed, with no perceptible pseudo-nodules; lobes ovate,
having about 4 short vein-like lines on each side, and being
more or less filled up with scattered puncta. Distance be-
tween the angles about :0022”. (Fig. 13.) ,
A very beautiful and well-marked little species. The
peculiar form is constant, resembling a 3-lobed leaf, while
the short parallel limes may be compared to the veins. The
puncta are not equally visible in all specimens, being some-
times irregularly scattered and most conspicuous near the
margin; but in perfect examples the puncta (which, in fact,
constitute a regular cellulation) are equally distributed over
the valve, except im the centre, where there is a partially
blank triangular space.
Triceratium denticulatum, nu. sp., Grev.—Valve with con-
cave sides and rounded angles ; margin with numerous short,
tooth-like striz, the middle with a few minute puncta ar-
ranged in a triangular form, leaving the centre blank ; to-
wards the angles a few scattered large puncta. Distance
between the angles ‘0025”. (Fig. 14.)
Hab: Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; C.
Johnson, Esq.
In general form the frustule may be said to be slightly 3-
lobed. The marginal striz are very short and rather robust,
forming an even line, except quite at the angles, which are
left blank, but there is no pseudo-nodule.
Triceratium constans, n. sp., Grev.—Valve with straight
234 GREVILLE, ON NEW DIATOMS.
sides, obtuse angles and small circular pseudo-nodules;
whole area filled up with hexagonal cellules, about 5 in -001”
in the centre, becoming smaller towards the margin. Distance
between the angles 0040”. (Fig. 17.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; C.
Johnson, Esq., J. Ralfs, Esq., R. K. G.
A neat, well-defined species. The rather small pseudo-
nodules filling up the slightly rounded angles are not promi-
nent, but somewhat resemble the processes of an Auliscus.
The cellulation becomes gradually smaller in approaching
the margin, which is narrow, well-defined, and striated.
Triceratium tumidum, u. sp., Grev.—Valve with concave
sides, very rounded angles, filled with large, oval, tumid,
minutely punctate pseudo-nodules ; surface with very remote,
large, scattered puncta. Distance between the angles -0042”.
(Fig. 18.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; C.
Johnson, Esq.
Very distinct. The pseudo-nodules symmetrically rounded
and prominent.
Triceratium Normanianum, un. sp., Grev.—Valve with the
sides constricto-concave, angles dilated, widely hemispherical,
with a transverse line at about one third of the distance
between the lateral concavity and the summit; whole surface
filled with minute puncta, those of the centre radiating.
Distance between the angles about -0030”. (Fig. 19.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; G. Nor-
man, Esq. ,
Unquestionably very near 7. castellatum of West, but
differing from it in the lateral concavities being far deeper
and sharper, in the lobes or angles being more widely
dilated, in the central puncta being radiate, and in the
transverse lines which separate the angles from the centre
being situated nearer the ends. It appears to be an
extremely rare species, as it has only been seen by Mr.
Norman.
Triceratium subcapitatum, n. sp., Grev.— Small; valve
with straight or slightly convex sides, and very produced,
slender, somewhat capitate angles, having a transverse line
near the apex; surface minutely punctate, the puncta radiat-
ing, with 2—3 irregularly situated spmes. Distance between
the angles about ‘0020”. (Fig. 20.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; not un-
frequent.
The nearest ally of this minute species is 7. capitatum of
Ralfs. That diatom, however, is almost hyaline, the central
a
GREVILLE, ON NEW DIATOMS. 235
puncta quite obscure, while in the produced angles beneath
the capitate extremity there are a few large puncta. On
the other hand, in our present species radiating puncta
occupy the whole valve; there is also a row of marginal
puncta not to be seen in the other ; the produced angles are
narrower, and the apex much less rounded. With regard to
the spines, I have seen sometimes two, sometimes three
(doubtless the normal number), and sometimes have been
unable to detect them at all. Whether in the latter case
they had been broken off and left no trace, or whether they
are occasionally undeveloped, I am unable to say.
ENTOGONIA, nov. gen., Grev.
Frustules with the lateral view triangular, containing a
central triangular figure, having a broad border. divided by
transverse cost into punctate or cellulate compartments.
I propose this genus for the section of Triceratium of
which for some time 7. marginatum of Brightwell was the
only representative. In my Series IV, (Trans. Mie. Soc.,’
vol. ix) I added six additional species, and in Series VII a
seventh. Having now obtained four other species, I have
been led to consider whether this most remarkable group
ought not to be removed from Triceratiwm altogether. 'The
species are exclusively fossil, and confined to the Barbadoes
deposit. Their structure is quite peculiar, bemg composed of
one triangle within another, the space exterior to the inner
triangle being simply a very broad border, divided into com-
partments by transverse coste. In the angles is a more or
less complex arrangement of a pseudo-nodule, with a blank
space immediately beneath it, and often various short lines.
With regard to the species, it is impossible to say whether
the characters I have selected for the diagnosis are perma-
nent, as I am not aware of any analogy to guide me, and our
knowledge of the whole group is very limited. There
appear to be two natural sections, in which the species may
be arranged as follows
Secr. I. Central triangle blank.
Entogonia Abercrombieana, Grev.—Triceratium Abercrom-
bieanum, Grev. ‘Trans. Mic. Soc.,’ vol. ix, p. 83, Pl. X, figs.
7—9.
Entogonia inopinata, Grev.
l.c., p. 84, fig. 10.
Entogonia gratiosa, Grev.—Triceraiium gratiosum, Grev.,
1.6.5 p. 85, figs. 12, 13.
Triceratium inopinatum, Grev.,
236 GREVILLE, ON NEW DIATOMS.
Entogonia approximata, Grev.—Triceratium approximatum,
Gtev2 1) ep» S4piiel i
Entogonia variegata, Grey. — Triceratium variegatum,
Grev., l.c., p. 85, fig. 14.
Secr. II. Central triangle filled up with various markings.
Entogonia marginata (Brightw.), Grev.—Triceratium mar-
ginatum, Brightw., 1. c., p. 82, fig. 5.
Entogonia pulcherrima, Grey.—Triceratium pulcherrimum,
Grev., |. c., p. 82, fig. 6.
Entogonia amabilis, n. sp., Grev.—Valve with slightly
convex sides and somewhat obtuse angles; the border com-
partments punctate ; pseudo-nodule circular, very prominent ;
central triangle with slender radiating costz, the angles pene-
trating a circular pseudo-nodular space. Distance between
the angles about -0042”. (Fig. 21.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate.
This is very similar to EH. pulcherrima in the radiating
coste of the inner triangle, but the manner in which the
outer angles are filled up is totally different. Instead of the
oblong pseudo-nodule, with the lateral costee continued round
it, we have in the species before us a very prominent cir-
cular one, and no cost passing round it at all; and instead of
a pseudo-nodular blank space forming a continuation of the
oblong outline of the pseudo-nodule, without any contraction
between the two, we have a circular pseudo-nodular blank
space immediately beneath the pseudo-nodule itself.
Entogonia venulosa, n. sp., Grev.—Valve with straight
sides and obtuse angles ; the broad border divided into punc-
tate compartments by perfect and imperfect coste ; central
triangle punctate, with a few radiating and transverse costee ;
- pseudo-nodular blank space somewhat cup-shaped, and sepa-
rated from the pseudo-nodule. Distance between the angles
about :0032”. (Fig. 22.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate ; G. Nor-
man, Esq.
Perfectly distinct in the minutely punctate inner triangle,
which is also traversed by a few costz, those in the immedi-
ate centre radiating. It is peculiar, also, in the pseudo-
nodular blank space being separated from the pseudo-nodule
by a punctate compartment or band. The pseudo-nodule is
roundish, and fills up the angles.
Entogonia Davyana, Grev.—Triceratium Davyanum, Grev.,
l. c., vol. xi, p. 232, Pl. X, fig. 4.
Entogonia conspicua, n. sp., Grev.—Valve with straight
GIGLIOLI, ON THE GENUS CALLIDINA. 237
sides and sub-obtuse angles; compartments of the border
with large, remote cligicey central triangle with smaller,
radiating, oblong cellules ; pseudo-nodular blank spaces trans-
versely oblong ; pseudo-n nodules large, fillmg up the angles.
Distance between the angles 0025”. (Fig. 23.)
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate ; G. Nor-
man, Esq.
In this fine species we have, for the first time, the imner
triangle filled up with cellules only, there being no veins or
cost in this part whatever. These oblong cellules do not
form radiating lines, but they all occupy a radiating position.
Those of the lateral ‘compartments are more or less circular,
large, and few (5 to 7 for the most part) im each. The
pseudo-nodules are very large, fillmg up a_ considerable
angle, minutely punctate, and in juxtaposition with the large,
transversely oblong, pseudo-nodular blank spaces. ‘The
margin is striated, an exceptional character in the genus.
Entogonia punctulata, n. sp., Grev.—Valve with straight
sides and obtuse angles; inner triangle filled up with minute
radiating puncta; lateral compartments remotely punctate ;
pseudo-nodules large, rounded, having a_ hemispherical
blank space at their base. Distance between the angles
about -0030”.
Hab. Barbadoes deposit, from Cambridge estate; G. Nor-
man, Hsq., R. K. G.
This species differs so obviously from the preceding that it
is unnecessary to enter into a minute description. In gene-
ral habit it resembles some of the species of the first section,
but the punctate inner triangle and non-striated margin at
once separate it. There is a very striking appearance of a
pore at the outer extremity of each of the costee which
divide the border into compartments, a feature I have not
observed in any of the other species.
On the Genus Catiipina (Ehr.); with the Description and
Anatomy of a New Species. By Henry Gicuio.t.
Tue genus Callidina was founded in 1830 by Ehrenberg,
to receive the then only known species C. elegans, discov ered
by the Prussian zoologist himself in Berlin. This genus
belongs to the Philodinade, and its members are character
238 GIGLIOLI, ON THE GENUS CALLIDINA.
ised by the total absence of eye-spots, the smallness of their
trochal disc, and the vivacity of their movements.
I intend to describe briefly the three known species, and
to dwell more minutely on the fourth, which I discovered
last winter, and believe to be new. Before commencing I feel
it my duty to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Gosse, who
contributed not a little to lessen the difficulties I encountered
in working out the affinities of the last-mentioned species by
the generous loan of his valuable drawings and MS. observa-
tions. I shall give the species in the order they were dis-
covered and described.
Callidina elegans,* Khr.—Body spindle-shaped; trochal
disc small. The digestive canal, which is figured filled with
a dark-blue colouring matter, is a narrow, wavy tube, dilating
distally, and not occupying the whole breadth of the granular
mass which surrounds it; the mastax is very indistinctly
figured, but in the text Ehrenberg describes it as being pro-
vided with many delicate teeth. The total length of the
animal is ‘37. It was first observed in a pond near Berlin.
Callidina constricta,+ Dujard.—This species was first dis-
covered at Toulouse, in 1840. Its mastax, according to
Dujardin, presents “une rangée de petites dents paralléles.”
The trochal dise is much constricted, whence its name.
Truly the characters of this species are very similar to
those of the preceding one, the only difference being in the
length, which here is ‘5.
Callidina bidens,{ Gosse.—This species was first observed
by Mr. Gosse, in London, in 1849. He describes it as being
spindle-shaped, ;4,th of an inch in length, and possessing
only two teeth in the mastax. Mr. Gosse expresses a doubt
whether this may not be C. elegans of Ehrenberg, but the
number of teeth is quite different. It is, however, more than
hikely that Dujardin’s and Ehrenberg’s species are identical.
None of the above-described species are parasites.
Callidina parasitica, mihi.—This species may or may not
be distinct from the preceding one; I firmly believe it is. It
certainly differs from C. bidens in its parasitism; moreover,
many other minor differences exist, in the size and shape of
different organs; but as it is no easy matter in these days to
define the true characters required to constitute a species, I
shall leave it to future investigators to decide. ;
Last winter, while engaged in examining the contents of
* Ehrenberg, ‘ Infusionthierchen,’ p. 482, pl. lx, fig. 1.
tT PF. Dujardin, ‘ Infusoires,’ p. 658, pl. 17, fig. 3.
+ P. H. Gosse, ‘Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist,” vol. viii, 2nd series, 1551,
p- 502.
i
:
'
GIGLIOLI, ON THE GENUS CALLIDINA. 239
the digestive and perivisceral cavities of Gammarus Pulex, in
search of Gregarine, 1 first came across this species. At first
I thought that I had got hold of a second entozoic Rotifer,
and some time elapsed before I discovered my error, and
that, instead of infesting the interior, it occurs as an epizoic
parasite on the thoracic and abdominal appendages of Gam-
marus Pulex and Asellus vulgaris, inhabiting chiefly the
branchial plates. It fastens itself on the bodies of these fresh-
water Crustaceans by means of the two suckers placed at the
extremity of its last caudal segment; it often changes place,
crawling over the body of its victim in a leech-lhke manner.
I have found this species in no other situation, not even on
other freshwater animals or on aquatic plants; and though I
have examined about seven or eight hundred Gammari from
different localities, I have not found one free from these Cal-
lidmee. On Asellus they are not so constant.
The body of C. parasitica is fusiform, and may be divided
into a head, a neck composed of two false segments, a body
or trunk consisting of one segment, and a caudal termination
composed of six false jomts (Pl. XI, figs. 1, 2). The penul-
timate caudal segment terminates in a pair of moderately
large claspers ; the last one terminates in a point, and sup-
ports two soft, cylindrical, protrusible appendages, which
terminate distally mm a sucker (fig. 8). In a specimen I
measured they were -,,!,,th of an inch in length; that of the
claspers being ),,th of an inch.
The body is very transparent and colourless; no angular
prominence exists on its central part, as in C. dbidens ;* the
caudal extremity is comparatively long. C. parasitica does
not swim much, as the preceding species, but it creeps a good
deal, the proboscis and calcar being extended while the
trochal disc is retracted. Its movements are precisely like
those of a leech. It creeps in the followmg manner :—the
suckers at the extremity of the tail fix themselves, the body
is then stretched to the utmost, and its anterior portion is
fixed (how, I was unable to make out) ; the tailis now drawn
up, and the body contracted. All this goes on with great
rapidity. The outer chitinous integument of the body or
trunk is often thrown into strongly marked longitudinal
ruge; they generally appear when the creature diminishes
the width of its body.
The C. parasitica differ much in size; the largest adult
one I measured, when fully extended, was =!,th of an inch in
length and =1,th of an inch in breadth; the smallest was
* P, H. Gosse, MSS., vol. iii, 1849, p. 9.
240 GIGLIOLI, ON THE GENUS CALLIDINA.
about ,1,th of an inch in length and +3,,ths of an inch in
breadth.
Muscular system—On compressing the animal suddenly
and violently, I saw several longitudinal and some transverse
muscles (fig. 2), which were certainly not striated. Other
muscles also exist, and often the tissues under the external
integument contract within it, formimg a sinuous outline,
very likely under muscular action (fig. 1).
As in all Philodinade, the trochal disc is double, or rather
bilobed; it is small, and surrounded by a single circlet of
short cilia (fig. 2); it is rarely extended, the cilia continu-
ally vibrating, even when it is retracted. In small individuals
the trochal disc is about -;,ths of an inch across.
Digestive system.—In the middle of the trochal disc, on
the ventral side, is a ciliated, protrusible, wedge-shaped pro-
boscis, having at its extremity the oral aperture; it is not
thick and rounded, as described by Mr. Gosse in C. bidens,
and it never projects when the trochal disc is extended. The
oral aperture (fig. 3) leads into a long, narrow, buccal funnel,
richly ciliated internally (fig. 3), and dilated in the middle ;
it narrows again, and leads into the pharyngeal bulb or mas-
tax, which is highly muscular, trilobate, and armed with a
pair of moderately sized jaws, each possessing two teeth (fig.
3). A short cesophagus follows, leading into a large pyriform
stomach (fig. 3), composed distinctly (as the rest of the in-
testine seems to be) of two membranes, the inner one sup-
porting numerous cilia; it gradually narrows into the intes-
tine, which has a bend on the left if the animal is considered
in its natural position (fig. 1) ; the intestine gradually widens
into a broad cloaca or rectum, richly ciliated, which opens
externally on the left side of the dorsal aspect of the second
segment of the tail (fig. 1) in a small anus, which is slightly
-protrusible, and not ciliated; the intestine also appears not
provided with cilia. The particles of food are constantly
undergoing a revolving movement in the stomach, as also
the feecal granules in the cloaca. In a large specimen the
total length of the alimentary canal was {th of an inch; the
pharyngeal bulb was ;4,,th of an inch in length and —3,,ths
of an inch broad ; the cesophagus was ;,!,,th of an inch long ;
the stomach -3,,ths of an inch in length; and the intestine
was =,!;,th of an inch in breadth.
Now, Mr. Gosse* considers in C. bidens the whole mass
surrounding the alimentary canal, from beneath the mastax
to where the intestine dilates and forms the cloaca, as the
* MSS., vol. iii, 1849, pp. 981, fig. 88 e.
GIGLIOL1, ON THE GENUS CALLIDINA. 241
digestive tube itself; as indigo swallowed, diffused itself
throughout this mass: while I am positive that a distinct
alimentary canal exists, as I have above described ; at any
rate, such is the case in C. parasitica, in which its walls are
so tenacious that, having crushed accidentally one of these
creatures, I had the pleasure to see nearly the whole alimen-
tary canal float out free and disengaged from the granular
mass which invests it, through the ruptured integuments.
No so-called salivary or pancreatic glands exist, and the
substance surrounding the digestive tube is one homogeneous
cellulous mass, of a yellowish-green colour, and even with the
highest magnifying powers I could detect no follicules or ccecee
in its substance.
Water-vascular system.—This consists of a large, irregular,
rounded vesicle, situated on the ventral side of the cloaca
(fig. 2) ; it contracts rhythmically at regular intervals (about
30”); I could find no communication between it and the
cloaca, or any special outlet of its own. Running into it,
about its middle, are two extremely small, convoluted water-
vessels, which run up along the sides of the body. I have
traced them till under the trochal disc, in which I suppose
they terminate coecally. Even with one of Smith and Beck’s
largest first-class microscopes, with a linear power of 1300
diameters, I could make out no transverse branches or vi-
bratile bodies, though they exist, no doubt. In fig. 2 the
water-vessels are represented considerably larger in propor-
tion than they really are.
Nervous system and sense organs.—Just beneath the trochal
disc, on the left side of the ventral aspect of the buccal funnel,
I saw in several individuals a small mass, which may be the
ganglion, though I will not be sure about it. I could make
out no ramifications proceeding from it, neither could I make
out anything corresponding to the ciliated fossa.
The calcar (fig. 5) is large and well developed; it is not
cihated at its extremity (at least, with very high powers I
could detect no such thing), but trilobate, the external lobes
being more or less elongated. It is constantly protruded,
feeling around, and is, beyond a doubt, a tactile organ.
When the creature is contracted it appears on the median
line (fig. 4), and when the trochal disc or proboscis is ex-
tended it generally appears on one side (fig. 2); it is rarely
retracted as in fig. 1. No eye-spots exist in young or adult ;
and Mr. Gosse has observed that his C. bidens thrives well
in the dark, but when exposed to a strong light it soon dies ;
this is very interesting, for many other animals are in the
same predicament, and C. parasitica, living on G. Pulex and
242 GIGLIOLI, ON THE GENUS CALLIDINA.
A. vulgaris, which frequent the roots and under leaves of
aquatic plants, exists necessarily in darkness. I do not
know, however, if they perish when exposed to the light,
not having made the experiment.
Reproductive organs.—As yet I have not met with a single
male individual of this species; that is, I have not seen any
not provided with an alimentary canal. I have observed
many small ones without ovaries, but they were, doubtless,
young. This is remarkable, considering the large number I
have examined. The females have one or two ovaries, the
latter number being the commonest; they are large, irregu-
lar, oval bodies, situated one on each side of the digestive
apparatus (figs. 1, 2), and consisting of a finely granular
mass, in which may be seen, more or less distinctly, germinal
vesicles and ee (fig. 9). The length of an ovary I mea-
sured was ;6.,ths of an inch, and its: breadth —2,,ths of an
inch. I could make out no distinct oviduct. An ovum,
which could not have been long laid, measured +3 ; = 2 ti On aan
inch in its long diameter, and 5 ” ths of an inch in its short
one (fig. 6). The ova, when deposited, adhere, by their
posterior and smaller extremity (where the posterior part of
the embryo’s body is afterwards developed), to the appendages
of the crustacean on which the mother lives (fig. 7).
Development takes place very soon; the egg, after the
blastoderm is formed, assumes a somewhat pear-shaped form.
Tn the largest ovum (fig. 7) the embryo is quite formed, the
trochal disc is entire, and the ciliary action was goig on
most vigorously when I observed it; the mastax is distinct,
and part of the alimentary canal can readily be made out.
The length of the mature egg is ;,°,,ths of an inch; the
ee ~@cths of an inch. The enclosed embryo was
— s_ths of an inch in length.
I found nothing corresponding to ephippial ova.
In the neck and tail exist a number of what old authors
thought to be glands, and which were very properly termed
by Professor Huxley vacuolar thickenings.
243
Nores on RapHIvEs.
By Epwin Lanxester, M.D., F.R.S.
Tue term Raphides (from pagic, a needle) was first applied
by De Candolle to certain needle-like crystals found in the
tissues of plants. The term has since been extended by
some writers to all crystals found in plants, whilst others,
adhering to the etymology of the word, apply it only to
erystals of an acicular form. Schleiden discards the word
altogether, and perhaps it would be better to get rid of a
term which has neither accuracy nor utility to recommend
it. The discovery of crystals in plants is due to Malpighi,
who first figured crystals found in a species of Opuntia in his
‘Anatomy of Plants.’ The needle-like crystals were after-
wards described by Rafn as occurring in the milky juice of
the Euphorbiacee. Jurin found the same kind of crystals in
the leaves of Leucojum verum. Raspail was the first to
demonstrate that many of these crystals were oxalate of
lime—a fact that Scheele had demonstrated with regard to
the crystals found in the roots of the common rhubarb. The
most elaborate and complete paper on this subject was pub-
lished by Edwin Quekett, and appeared in the appendix to
the third edition of ‘ Lindley’s Introduction to Botany’ in
1839. Since that time various observers have published
observations on this subject. The late Professor John Quekett,
in a paper in the ‘ Microscopical Transactions, showed that
many of these crystals had an organic basis. Mr. Rainey, in
his ‘ Researches on the Mineral Structure of Vegetable and
Animal Cells,’ has contributed many observations on the
presence of crystalline matters in vegetable cells. In the
January number of the ‘Annals of Natural History,’
Professor Gulliver, in a paper “On the Raphides of British
Plants,” says: “It appears to me that these raphides are de-
serving of more attention than they have yet received both in
relation to the structure and economy of vegetables, and as
affording a wide, interesting, and scarcely cultivated field of re-
search for the chemical phytologist.”” These raphides, he adds,
“may also be often useful as diagnostic characters in systematic
botany when others are not available; for example, a mere
fragment of one of the Onagracez or of the Lemnaceze may
be so surely distinguished simply by its raphides from some of
its near allies in other orders, that this fact ought henceforth
to be added to the description of the orders just mentioned,
independently of its value in other respects.”” ‘Though com-
VOL. IIT.—NEW SER. s
244. DR. LANKESTER, ON RAPHIDES.
mon in some orders, it is remarkable that the raphides are
so rare where they might be most expected, that I have not
a single note of their presence in young parts of the stem,
leaves, and flowers of British Oxalidaceze, Umbelliferee,
Labiatez, Euphorbiacez, or Polygonacez, and even among
Crassulacez. No crystals were found in Sedum Telephium
and S. acre,”
There can be no doubt of the important part that mineral
substances play in the organization of both plants and
animals, but the composition of these mineral matters, es-
pecially in plants, is but imperfectly known. The method
most relied upon for ascertaining their nature has been
chemical analysis, but where this has been resorted to, after
the destruction of the tissues of the plant by exposure to heat
changes take place in the composition of the minerals, which
render this method very uncertain. Fourcroy and Vauquelin,
as long ago as 1809, showed that the greater part of the
carbonates found in the ashes of plants were formed during
the burning from other salts of vegetable acids. They proved
that almost all plants contain acetate and malate of lime
dissolved in the sap, also citrate, tartrate, and oxalate of lime,
either dissolved or in a solid form. Certain elements are
also expelled by heat, as chlorine, so that chemical analysis
alone does not give us a satisfactory explanation of the com-
position of mineral compounds in plants. The careful use
of the microscope seems to offer a more satisfactory means of
ascertaining really what the nature of these substances is. A
large number of the salts present in plants are insoluble, and
they present slender crystals in the tissues of plants, and it
is these which have been observed by the microscope and
called Raphides. Even with regard to the soluble salts,
their forms might be made out by the evaporation of the
juices in which they are contained, in the same way as has
been so successfully pursued in making out the salts of the
biood and urine. There can be no doubt that this subject
affords an inviting field for research, and would amply repay
investigation. The researches of Mr. Attfield on the nature
of the efilorescence found on medicinal extracts show what
may be done in this direction. The fact that so large a
number of these crystalline productions are composed of
chloride of potassium is very interesting, as pointing to the
_probability that the form in which potassium exists in land
plants is really that of a chloride, and that the carbonates of
potash obtained from the ashes of land plants are formed in
the same way as the carbonates of soda from the sea plants,
which contain chloride of sodium. The extent of our know-
DR. LANKESTER, ON RAPHIDES. 245
ledge of the forms in which the soluble salts of plants exist
is very limited; the recorded facts with regard to the salts
which are insoluble are much more extensive; at the same
time the number of those which have been observed is not
large.
The most common of the insoluble salts is undoubtedly the
oxalate of lime. Schleiden says it appears to be present in
every plant, but this is undoubtedly an error. The state-
ment of Professor Gulliver with regard to the absence of
raphides in certain plants contradicts this assertion; and
what is very curious in his observations, is the fact that he
has not been able to discover these crystals in the British
Oxalidaceze. The acidity of the Oxalis has been usually as-
cribed to the presence of oxalic acid; and if this be true, it
is certainly very strange and curious that the oxalate of lime
should not be found in these plants. The oxalate of lime
occurs in two principal forms. First, as large, single crys-
tals, which are either elongated prisms, or octohedrons.
They are frequently more or less rounded, or assume a dumb-
bell form, arising from their crystallizmg in contact with
organic matters, as occurs with many other forms of crys-
tals. Such rounded bodies are seen in the milky juices of
plants, and have been regarded by Schultes and others as
possessing vital properties of much importance in relation to
the growth of the plant. Secondly, in the form of groups of
crystals. In this form they are frequently developed upon an
organic basis, and have been called by Meyen and others
crystal glands. Itis to some of these compound crystals that
Weddel applied the term Cystolithes.
With regard to the form assumed by these crystals there
has been some difference of opinion. Quekett took some
pains to discover their exact form, and says, “That the four-
sided is the ultimate form of these minute crystals is ren-
dered more probable by the occurrence of rhombohedral and
rhombic prisms, without pyramids of the same composition
in the same plant, but of much greater widths; and there
can be no doubt that these latter bodies and the acicular are
two modifications of crystal of the same substance. The
most decided proof of their being four-sided is obtained by
pressing lightly on the piece of glass which covers them
whilst examined under the microscope, when those which
appear six-sided instantly appear four-sided, owing to the
square crystal resting obliquely.”
The acicular crystals, to which the name raphides have
been more particularly applied, have been often described as
having the same composition as the larger single and com-
246 DR. LANKESTER, ON RAPHIDES.
pound erystals. They are prismatic in shape, and lhe toge-
ther in bundles of from twenty to thirty im a single cell.
They are sometimes enveloped in a gummy matter, which,
on being moistened, distends and bursts the cell in which
they are contained, and the crystals escape at both ends:
such cells have been called Biforines. TE. Quekett was one of
the first to point out that these crystals consist of phosphate
of lime. He says, if heated red hot they do not dissolve in
acids with effervescence—a fact which essentially distinguishes
them from the oxalate-of-lime crystals. The acicular crys-
tals appear to be much more abundant than any other kind.
This fact is interesting in connection with the supply of
phosphate of lime to the animal kingdom, and the existence
of these acicular erystals may be made to indicate the value
of plants which possess them, as food for man and domestic
animals.
Next to the oxalate and phosphate of lime in frequency
comes carbonate of lime. It assumes a variety of forms, but
is most frequently found in that of a pure rhombohedron.
Crystals of carbonate of lime are often found with those of
oxalate of lime in the Cactaceze. I have found it in every
part of the structure and on the surface of Chara hispida.
The next salt of lime which has been described as present
in the tissues of plants is sulphate of lime. It is found m
the form of double or single octohedrons, or in a tubular
form, as octohedrons above and below, with the end of the
prism obtuse. They even occur in a twin form, like the
gypsum crystals from Montmartre. They are found, accord-
ing to Schleiden, in Musaceze and Scitaminaceze.
Quekett refers to the presence of crystals in the fruit of
the grape as differing from those im the leaves. These may
be tartrate of lime. We might also expect here bitartrate of
potass. Any of the less soluble combinations of the organic
acids with the bases magnesia, potash, and soda, might be
found with the aid of the microscope.
Although silica is not usually enumerated by writers on
raphides and crystals in plants, it must evidently be re-
garded as one of the most important of the mineral con-
stituents of plants. I find nowhere any observations on
silica in plants in the form of crystals, although Quekett,
Schleiden, and others, speak of crystals of silica as occa-
sionally found. The presence of silica seems essential to
large groups of plants. As every one knows who reads the
‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ the Diato-
macee are almost entirely constructed of it. It forms the
framework of the Equisetaceze. Schleiden gives the follow-
DR. LANKESTER, ON RAPHIDES. 247
ing per-centage of silica in the ashes of species of Equi-
setum :—E. limosum, 94°85, E. arveuse, 95:48, E. hyemale,
97°52. A complete mould in silica of the whole structure of
these plants may be obtained by treating them with nitric
acid. ‘The palms contain large quantities of silica in their
stems. Lumps of silica, called tabersheer, are found in the
interior of some of the palms. The ashes of Calamus ro-
tang, according to Jablons, yielded 97:20 per cent. of silica.
John Quekett, in his lectures on ‘ Histology,’ has given
illustrations of the presence of silica in the glumes and
paleze of the cereal grasses. One of the most interesting
instances of the presence of silica amongst exogenous plants
is that of the stellate spicules on the under surface of the
leaves of Deutzia scabra. 'This very exceptional case shows
that the appropriation of these mimeral substances is no
mere general function of plant structure, but that it is the
result of the special organization of the plant.
The position of raphides has been a subject of controversy.
Raspail, who wrote on them in his usual wrong-headed way,
asserted that they were never found in the interior of cells,
but always in intercellular passages. Of course this was
easily refuted, but the converse was not true, that they are
always found m cells. The fact is, they are found in both
positions, and even in the free surfaces and in the spiral
vessels of plants. They have been found by Quekett loose in
the anthers, mixed with the pollen in Hemerocallis purpurea,
Anigozanthus floridus, and other plants. Of all the parts
of plants in which crystals are found, the stems of herba-
ceous plants are the most common. They are, however, founa
in the tissues of all parts of plants. Observations are want-
ing on the presence or absence and comparative numbers
of these crystals at different pericds of the growth of plants.
Professor Gulliver says, that ‘in old, decaying, or diseased
portions of Polygonacez, and in many other orders, crystals
are frequent.” Observations on these would be interesting,
as affording indications of the mineral composition of the
living plant.
Professor Gulliver has given an account of his observations
on raphides, as they occurred in order. It would be of
value to know what crystals are found in particular orders ;
it would throw light on the functions of plants, and explain
some of their economy. Already we know that some plants
grow on chalk soils, others on clay soils, whilst some again
require phosphoric acid, and others potassium or sodium in
excess. A minute analysis of crystals by the microscope
may lead to a better system of manuring for cultivated plants
248 DR. LANKESTER, ON RAPHIDES.
than any that have yet been suggested from the misleading
analyses of the ashes of plants.
The following are the orders and plants, as far as I can
find, in which raphides and erystals have been found :
CRYPTOGAMIA.
Atex.—Nostoc Muscorum, Conferva crystallifera. Cheeto-
phora, Hydrurus, Polysperma, and Spirogyra.
Cuarace®.—Chara hispida.
EquiseTacr&®.—Silica in the walls of cells of several species
of Equisetum.
ENDOGEN &.
Littacez.—Species of Aloe. Scilla maritima. Bulbs of
onion. Endymion nutans, in all parts of the plant (Gulliver.)
BRroMELIACER.—Agave Americana.
Aracex.—Calla Aithiopica, Caladium esculentum, Dieffen-
bachia Seguina.—Professor Gulliver says that he finds
raphides throughout the plant in Arum maculatum.
Iripacex.—In Iris pseudacorus, long prismatic crystals in
leaves (Gulliver).
TypHacex.—In Sparganium ramosum and S. simplex, in the
perianth, fruit, stem, and leaves.
Lemnaceaz.—Raphides most abundant in Lemna trisulca
and L. minor, but comparatively scanty in L. polyrhiza and
L. gibba. In L. minor abundantly, associated with starch
granules (Gulliver).
Cyprrace®.—Meyen and other observers have found
raphides abundant in Papyrus Antiquorum.
Mvsaczex.—Crystals of sulphate of lime have been found
in M. Paradisaica and other species of Musa, also in the order
Sc1TaMINER.
Oxcuipacea#.—In Epidendrum elongatum (Lindley), and in
Orchis Morio, O. mascula, O. maculata, and Habenaria chlo-
rantha (Gulliver).
ExoGENn&. .
Cactace®.—All the forms of oxalate of lime have been re-
corded in this order. Quekett especially mentions Opuntia |
crassa, and Lindley Cactus Peruvianus.
OnaGrace.—Gulliver says that true raphides occur in
such abundance in this order as to be quite characteristic,
especially in the netted-veined group. He adds that they
occur in all parts of these plants, so that a minute fragment
of any of them will serve to distinguish them from Lythracez
DR. LANKESTER, ON RAPHIDES. 249
and Haloragacee. In the latter order Schleiden says they
have been found in Myriophyllum, in the cells and in the
glands of the air-passages.
CaryorHyLLace&®.—The only species in which they have
been found by Gulliver is the Selene Armeria.
Oropancuace®.—Schleiden says that crystals of carbonate
of lime are found in Lathrea.
Saxirracaces®.—Crystals have been observed as excretions
in the edges of the leaves in Sazifraga Aizoon and S. longifolia.
Nycracinacem®.—Lindley mentions the existence of ra-
phides in great abundance under the cuticle of the Mirabilis
Jalapa.
Lrecumrnos#.—But few instances are recorded of crystals
in this large order. Professor Bailey 1s quoted by Balfour
as having found them in great abundance in Locust bark.
CapriroLiachz.— Meyen found an abundance of crystals
in the bark of Viburnum Lantana.
Tinracp&.—Quekett says he has observed two kinds of
crystals in the bark of the lime (Tilia Europea).
Evrnorsrace®.—In the milky juice of these plants crystals
are recorded as occurring, by several observers. Quekett says
he has found them in eascarilla bark.
Viraceaz.—The bark, leaves, stipules, and fruit of the
common grape contain crystals of more than: one sort
(Quekett).
Potyconacrm.—The various species of Rheum contain
oxalate of lime, more especially in their roots.
JuGLANDACEX.—Flattened prisms in hiccory bark (Carya
alba, J. Quekett).
Gatiacea®.—Gulliver found raphides in the ovary, corolla,
leaves, and other parts of Sherardia, Asperula, and six spe-
cies of Galium. ‘They are common in the corolla aud young
fruit, but scanty in other parts of Galiwm Mollugo.
Composita. — Professor Gulliver says of this order,
“* Raphides are less common in this order than other crystals,
and I have only found them in the ovary or fruit. They
were seen in Corymbifera, Cynarocephalie, and Cichoracez.
In Pulicaria dysenterica single oblong crystals, with angular-
pointed ends; in Senecio Jacobea and S. aquaticus, short, aci-
cular crystals ; in Arctium intermedium and two other species,
cubical crystals, —..th of an inch diameter; in Centaurea
nigra, single and double crystals, shaped like those of Pulicaria ;
in Carduus lanceolatus, C. palustris, and C. acaulis, some acicu-
lar forms, and a greater number like those of Pulicaria and
Centaurea; in Hypocheris radicata, Apargia auiumnalis, and
Crepis virens, minuter square or cubical crystals.”
250 DR. LANKESTER, ON RAPHIDES.
Urticace®.—In the milky juice of Ficus elastica; in the
tissues of Parietaria officinalis (Henfrey). Single crystals in
the bark of the common elm (Ulmus campestris, J. Quekett).
Pomacem.—Bark of the common apple-tree (Pyrus Malus,
J. Quekett).
Ev.macnacex.—Pith of Hleagnus angustifolia (J. Quekett).
Conrrer®.—E. Quekett mentions crystals in the bark of
Araucaria imbricata.
Crncuonace®.—In the barks of the various species of
Cinchona (E. Quekett).
PuytoLaceacE®.—Phytolacea decandra.
Cycapacrm.—Compound crystals in the stems (Schleiden).
Dioscornace®.—Raphides plentiful in the stem and leaves,
and still more in the perianth and stamens of Tamus com-
munis, Gulliver.
I have given the above summary as far as the materials
within my reach will enable me. I know it is very imper-
fect, but I believe, with Professor Gulliver, that the subject
is deserving of more attention than it has yet received, and
offers a capital field of investigation for the microscope.
Mr. Gulliver has set a good example in detailing the facts
which he has recorded in the life-history of our common
plants. The biography of our indigenous plants has yet to
be written, microscope in hand, and it is not till the minute
details of the cell-life of each plant has been recorded, that we
shall be in a position to arrive at the laws which govern the
life of the vegetable kingdom.
Before concluding, I would add a remark or two on the
uses of raphides. Link first propounded the notion that
the raphides were an abnormal condition, and resembled
calculi in animals, and Edwin Quekett regarded them as acci-
dental deposits. He succeeded, in fact, in forming artificially
oxalate-of-lime crystals in rice-paper, by immersing it first in
oxalate of ammonia and then in lime-water. This experiment,
indeed, showed that the formation of these crystals might be
the result of chemical laws, but it did not show that the
chemical force was not counteracted by other forces connected
with special conditions of the plant. Professor Gulliver’s
observations with regard to the Lemnas are especially inter-
esting, as showing that plants closely connected in structure,
and living under the same external circumstances, neverthe-
less produced these crystals in very different quantities.
The persistence of the same crystals in the same plants
clearly indicates that there is a relation between these bodies
and the life of the plant.
Some physiologists regard the raphides as representatives
DR. DUFFIN, ON PROTOPLASM. 201
of a skeleton in the animal kingdom, and I recollect, in
1837, Professor Grant, in his lectures at University College,
drawing a comparison between raphides and the siliceous
spicules of the sponges. When we consider the functions of
the siliceous deposits in so large a number of plants, I think
there can be little doubt that, in many cases, these mineral
deposits perform the same functions in the plant as in the
animal. At the same time, just as we find a large number
of mineral compounds in plants which do not subserve the
purposes of a skeleton, so in plants many of these mineral
substances probably perform this and even more important
functions in the life of plants.
What these are it is for careful observation to point out.
It is not sufficient that we know that certain mineral com-
pounds are necessary for the life of plants, but what we
require to know is how particular mineral compounds are
necessary to the life of plants, and the nature of the vital
processes which are thus affected by these agents.
Some Account of Protoptasm, and the part it plays in the
Actions of Livinc Brernes. By A. B. Durrin, M.D.,
Assistant-Physician to King’s College Hospital.
Ir will not be seriously contested that, of the constituents
of the cell, the so-called “ protoplasm” is deserving of particu-
lar attention, from its lability to change, its activity, and the
marked manner in which it participates in the vital pheno-
mena of living structures. Since the publication of H. v.
Mohl’s remarkable work, the botanists have long arrived at
the conclusion that, not only the formation of the cell-mem-
brane, but also the inner nutritional changes of the cell itself,
primarily depend upon the protoplasma.
As early as 1861* Max Schultze insisted upon the neces-
sity of a modification of the views generally entertained re-
specting the relation of the cell-membrane to the cell-con-
tents, and to the so-called intercellular substance of animal
structure, and he argued in favour of a higher position for
that part of the cell which corresponds to the protoplasm of
Mohl. He at the same period pomted out how materially a
careful study of the phenomena presented by the pseudo-
podia extended by the various Rhizopoda might assist in
* “Ueber Muskelkorperchen,” Reichert u. Du Bois Reymond’s ‘Archiv,’
1861
252 DR. DUFFIN, ON PROTOFPLASM.
elucidating the life of the essential cell elements. Unger*
had been already struck with the close similarity of the
mobile phenomena of the Polythalamize with those of the pro-
cesses of protoplasm stretched across the cavity of many
vegetable cells. Although he had not personally investigated
the former, he became convinced, from Schultze’s deserip-
tion, that a resemblance amounting to identity existed be-
tween their movements and the protoplasm streams of many
vegetable cells. Shortly prior to the appearance of Unger’s
work, Pringsheim,+ in opposition to the theory of the pri-
mordial utricle then prevalent, insisted that everything that
lay within the cell-membrane of a living vegetable cell
might have a complex disposition, but consisted essentially
of nothing but protoplasma and cell fluid. He admitted that
in the cortical layer of the protoplasma a distinct arrange-
ment into layers often occurred, and these he distinguished
as the cutaneous and granular layers of the protoplasma, but
he denied that the primordial utricle could be differentiated
as a membrane from the subjacent protoplasm. If in animal
cells, partly from their relatively smaller size and partly from
their greater average wealth in protoplasma, it is more rarely
possible to make a sharp demarcation between a cortical layer
of protoplasm and a cell-fluid, there nevertheless exists a dif-
ference in the constitution of the former, such that a cutane-
ous layer, destitute of or scantily supplied with granules,
encloses the remaining more granular material. The white
blood-cell may serve as an example. This is, however, very
different from a proper membrane.
To pass on to some account of the movements presented
by the pseudopodia of the Foraminifera. Max Schultze { de-
scribes them as threads of a transparent material rich in
granules, presenting a high degree of variability in their shape
and length. They pursue a diverging course, divide at acute
angles, and unite to form a kind of network. They are con-
stantly in motion, lengthening, shortening, subdividing,
uniting. They are also the seats of an inner activity which
affects even those fibres that are subject to none of the above-
named changes. This inner activity is the so-called granule
movement. It isa gliding, a flowing of the granules contained
in the substance of the filaments. With a greater or less
velocity they travel either to the periphery or to the root of
the thread, often, even in the thinnest threads, in both direc-
tions simultaneously. When granules happen to meet, they
* © Anatomie u. Physiologie d. Pflanzen,’ p. 280, 1855.
+ ‘Untersuchungen tiber d. Bau u. d. Bildung d. Pflanzenzelle,’ 1854.
{ ‘Das Protoplasma der Rhizopoden und der Pflanzenzellen’ von Max
Schultze, 1863.
DR. DUFFIN, ON PROTOPLASM. 253
either pass each other or move round each other till, after a
short interval, each pursues its original course, or the one
carries the other away with it. They often stop in the midst
of their career, and then return, but the majority reach the
extreme ends of the threads, and only then change their
direction. All the granules of a thread do not move with the
same velocity, but the one may overtake the other. Where
several threads coalesce, the granules may be observed to
pass from the one to the other. As such spots move, ex-
tensive collections of the material composing the filaments
may be found, and from these fresh independent processes
may originate. Many of the granules run evidently quite
on the surface of the threads, over which they may be dis-
tinctly seen to project. In addition to the small granules,
large collections of material resembling spindle-shaped swell-
ings or lateral intumescences may occasionally be seen
moving in the same manner as the granules. Even extra-
neous bodies which may chance to adhere to the filament
may participate in this movement.
That this remarkable movement of granules should be
brought into some relation with the contractility of the sub-
stance of the pseudopodia has never been questioned, since
we have no other expression wherewith to designate the
inner cause of independent animal movement than contract-
ility. As it is evident that the granules have no active faculty
of locomotion, but obey the impulses of the basic material,
this last must of necessity be considered as in a state of
flowing motion.
That a filament may lengthen, large masses of substance
must change their place, and this can often be watched in
the larger advancing nodules. If this great change in posi-
tion be admitted for larger portions of the substance of the
pseudopedia, it is obvious that such a change of locality cannot
be denied for smaller portions of it. Thus, the expression
flowimg movement of the basic substance is to be explained,
which, at the same time, gives some indication of the peculiar
consistence of these contractile pseudopodia which so closely
resembles that of a fluid.
Reichert* has objected that in the substance of pseudo-
podia of the Polythalamiz no granules exist, but that they
are an optical delusion, derived from waves on the surface of
the filaments, being mistaken for granules in their substance.
Against this, Max Schultze argues: 1. The sharp definition
and decided lustre of the bodies in question do not speak im
favour of their being only parts of the substance of the
* ¢ Monatsberichte d. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin,’ pp. 406—426, 1862.
254. DR. DUFFIN, ON PROTOPLASM.
filaments, as Reichert himself admits—that this has little
more refracting power than the surrounding water. Granules
which project literally from a thread pass into luminous points
when the tube is lengthened beyond that position m which
the movements are best observed. 2. With a high power it
will be seen that many of the granules circulatmg im the
threads of the Milolides have an oval or staff-like shape, and
although the majority of them have their long axis parallel
to that of the thread, they not unfrequently lhe at right
angles to some, only to roll over as they move onwards. In
short, these bodies often rotate, and this proves their corpus-
cular nature. 3. Reichert argues that the granular appear-
ance vanishes whenever the threads are extended im a quies-
cent state, but Schultze notices the extreme rarity of this
phenomenon, and asserts that, however thin the filaments,
seldom more than a second passes without a granule coursing
along it from some neighbouring thread. These extended
fibres in a quiescent state are just those that show the most
vivid play of the granule circulation. Frequently a few
granules may be seen to rest for a short while, as at the so-
called bridges, when these chance to stand at right angles
to the filaments they happen to unite. By artificial means
the granules may be brought to rest over considerable tracts
without, as Reichert supposes, any disappearance of them.
If a drop of distilled water be placed at the margin of the
glass covering an animal with its pseudopodia extended, the
movement of the granules becomes sluggish, and ultimately
stops without any other change bemg noticed in the filament ;
the granules are as distinct and numerous as before; the
basic substance appears totally unchanged. Should the in-
fluence of the distilled water be continued, small vacuoles
appear in the substance of the filament, enlarge, spread, and
‘acquire a frothy appearance, till the whole is destroyed by
the mereasing phenomena of imbibition. Similar results
may be obtained from solutions of iodine, weak acids, or
alkalies, and the electric current. The objection that the
phenomena of coagulation disturb the observation is met by
the following experiment. If an animal with extended
pseudopodia be crushed so that its capsule bursts and the
contents are extruded in dense masses, the extended threads,
wherever they are not mechanically incommoded, lie un-
changed, and retain their characteristic movements for a
while. Although their connection with the body of the
animal has been in many cases severed, the circulation of
the granules persists. But it becomes more and more tardy,
the filaments contract more and more to dense networks or
DR. DUFFIN, ON PROTOPLASM. 2090
extended aggregations, whence a few fresh threads may issue,
but im these the movement of the granules ultimately ceases.
Nevertheless the granules in the substance of the threads are
as distinct as before, till the diffusmg influence of the water
gradually dissolves the whole.
In order to give a clear insight into the consistence of the
substance of the pseudopodia, Schultze places a Miliolide in
the object-holder, with its pseudopodia extended. He then
notices that all the filaments that are lengthening rapidly
and in a straight line are rounded at their extremities so as
to form nodular swellings, either globular, heart-shaped, or
cylindrical. This terminal swelling is granular, like the rest
of the filament, and the granules are, like itself, in a constant
tremulous movement. The nodule advances as if feeling its
way, inclining hither and thither, and fresh granules continue
to flow in from the base of the thread, whilst others retire
along it. If the filament has advanced some way without
encountering any obstacle, it curves round, often at a tolerably
right angle, and moves now in the new direction as if aware
where to find other radiating pseudopodia. ‘The instant it
touches a neighbour, the nodular end breaks up like a vesicle
full of fluid, and mingles its contents with those of the fila-
ment it has encountered. When a broad filament meets a
narrow one it will coalesce with it, but pursue its original
course for a while, as if undisturbed. It is frequently to be
observed that just as one is expecting approaching fibres to
coalesce, they pass close to each other in different planes.
The coalescence does not ensue even on direct contact.
Consequently either an act of volition must assist, or an
obstruction has to be overcome, as when two drops of oil
will only flow together on being pricked with aneedle. That
volition comes into play is evident, since the filaments of
different individuals never unite, but retreat from each other
as from a determined foe. The passage of a granule from
one filament to another may be considered as conclusive
of their coalescence. It is very interesting to feed these
animals on carmine. The granules adhere to and circulate
within the pseudopodia, and the more minute the particles the
more rapid the motion. Some glide towards the peripheral
end of the filament; the majority are received into the in-
terior of the creature. One granule of carmine overtakes
the other, and if two meet, the one carries the other with it.
Schultze has even known masses of carmine produced by the
adhesion of many small ones to be dragged away, although
ten times the diameter of the threads. Even those threads
in which a centripetal stream is most marked, not only do
256 DR. DUFFIN, ON PROTOPLASM.
not shorten, but either retain their dimensions, or continue
to elongate. Similarly the centrifugal current persists in a
retracting filament. These experiments show the very slight.
consistence of the surface of the pseudopodia, that the move-
ment of the granules may be compared to a current, and
further they afford us a means of ascertaining what part of
the animal is destined for the reception and digestion of
nourishment.
The consistence of the pseudopodia is, however, lable to
considerable variations in different kinds of Rhizopods. The
relation is the same as in the protoplasm of different cells or
of the different parts of a cell. Among the Gromide the ex-
tremes are best observed in G. oviformis and G. Dujardinii.*
The latter is characterised by the completely hyaline cha-
racter of the threads it emits. They are very torpid in their
movements—so rigid and firm, as to show no tendency to
flow together even on contact. They present no movement of
their substance that can be compared with the granule
motion, still there is no evidence of their being composed of
loosely-aggregated threads. In G. oviformis, on the con-
trary, the whole mass of the pseudopodia is uniformly gra-
nular and difiluent. Many of the Miliolides occupy a position
intermediate to the two varieties of Gromia. But even in
the same animal firmer and more fluid hyaline and granular
substance may occur together in the pseudopodia. Just as
in many Ameebas a hyaline cortex encloses the granular in-
terior, and the two constitute the Ameeba, so there are pseu-
dopodia the axis of which is a hyaline, and, it would seem,
firm thread, on the surface of which the granular, softer ma-
terial moves about. This is the case with Actinophrys
Kichhorni. The pseudopodia have so little movement that
they look hke hard spines; still they consist of a contractile
material. Curves and coils are occasionally met with on them,
and they possess the faculty of retraction, but all changes of
shape occur very slowly. They are also endowed with the
granule movement, but this is restricted to the cortical sub-
stance. All the radiating filaments arise by means of their
hyaline axis from the interior of the body of the animal, but
the movable granular cortex comes distinctly from the
cutaneous layer of the Actinophrys. It is further remark-
able that several axial filaments, arising close together, but
from distinct points on the medullary substance, may be
apposed so as to constitute a common fibre. This union
generally occurs during their course through the cortical
* ¢Ueber d. Organismus d. Polythalamiw,’ taf. i and taf. vil.
DR. DUFFIN, ON PROTOPLASM. 2bi
substance, but may only ensue when they have quitted the
body of the animal. The lines of contact do not always
totally disappear. These compound radii are always enclosed
by a common sheath of the soft granular mass. Should the
axes only unite outside the body, the soft coverings of each
will coalesce, whilst the finer hyaline axes run side by side,
without becoming agglomerated. Thus Actinophrys Eichhornit
appears to contain in its pseudopodia both those substances
that are found separately in Gromia oviformis and Dujardinit.
The application of artificial means further illustrates the
structure of the pseudopodia of Actinophrys. If moderate
pressure be exerted on the animal so as to flatten it, the
pseudopodia will be slowly drawn back. The granular cortex
melts together to little, spindle-shaped nodules, and the pre-
viously smooth fibre appears varicose. The fibre continues
to retreat, and may become curved. Whenever one of the
spindle-shaped aggregations of the cortical substance touches
the surface of the animal, it flows in with a sudden jerk, as
when one drop of fat is merged into another. This is quite
decisive for the glutmous character of the material im ques-
tion, and proves that a special membrane does not exist on
the surface of the pseudopodia. Similar changes take place
on the addition of very dilute acids and alkalies, solutions of
strychnia and veratria, and under the influence of the mag-
neto-electromotor. ‘The influence of an elevated temperature
closely resembles that of the agents just alludedto. Between
35° and 38° C. the contraction of the pseudopodia begins.
The soft granular cortical substance becomes aggregated into
spindle-shaped masses on the surface of the axial thread.
The pseudopodia retreat altogether, and the animal might be
considered dead were it not for the slow progress of a few
granules in the interior, and that no haziness of the sub-
stance takes place. Schultze found Actinophrys Hichhornit
to remain alive till 42° C.
It is remarkable with reference to Kiihne’s* investigations
on the rigor mortis produced by heat, that even among in-
vertebrate animals great varieties exist as to the period of its
occurrence. Thus Vorticellz begin to die at 41° C.; Difflu-
gia, Actinophrys, and Ameeba (radiosa, Ehrenb.), remain
alive till 42° C. Anguilline, Turbellarize, Naiads, Rotiferze,
and Ostracodes, are in active life at 48° C.; and a few sam-
ples even till 45° C. If we trace the pseudopodia of Actino-
phrys Eichhornii to their roots on the surface of the darker
nucleus, they will be observed to lose themselves in the walls
* «Ueber die chemische Reizung d. Muskeln und Nerven,” Miller’s
‘Archiv,’ p. 315, 1860.
258 DR. DUFFIN, ON PROTOPLASM.
of the smaller alveoli. Schultze, in his attempts to trace
these radicles more accurately, encountered a number of cell-
like bodies in the cortex of the nucleus. These were particu-
larly distinct if the animal had been killed by a temperature
of 42° C. i, Inch; and he regarded it as a larval form, or series of
forms, bearing the same relation to some other (unknown)
Infusorium as the Strobila larva does to some of the
Meduse.
In the dust of Japan he followed the development of a
monad, first into what appeared to be a minute paramecium,
then into Lowxodes cucullulus (Dujardin), and finally into
Colpoda cucullus (Dujardin), and his experiments are quite
confirmatory of the supposition that many Infusoria now
classed as distinct types are really one and the same species
in different stages of development.
He also found, as stated by Dr Wallich, that certain
Ameebee (A. radiosa) are only another stage of others that
have been described as distinct types, just as in the case of
the Infusoria. Our space will not admit of our transcribing
more of these experiments, the recital of which was profusely
illustrated with diagrammatic plates, but we helieve our
readers will agree with us that they open out an entirely new
field for microscopists, and deal a heavy blow at the doctrine
of heterogenesis as at present understood. Mr. Samuelson’s
conclusions are in one sense rather amusing.
In drawing attention to the tenacity of life possessed by
the germs which were revived under his eye, he says that, in his
case, they survived the heat of a tropical sun and the warmth
olA PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
of his room; but in that of Dr. Pouchet (the leading partisan
of spontaneous generation), who obtaimed his dust from the
interior of the pyramids of Egypt, “they retained their life
2000 years, and then survived an oil bath of 400° of heat.
We cannot close these observations without referrmg to
a useful practical application of these experiments, suggested
by the author, and approved by the President of the Section,
Professor Rolleston, and by many gentlemen who were
present at the delivery of the lecture, namely—the exami-
nation of the air of hospital wards, in order to trace, if pos-
sible, the existence of germs likely to cause epidemic disease. .
Mr. Samuelson claimed no originality for this suggestion,
for he said that Dr. Pouchet had spoken of such an investi-
gation, but he believed that, with the peculiar views enter-
tained by the French naturalist, he could hardly be expected
to go to his work with an unprejudiced mind, and with a
chance of practical good resulting. He, therefore, recom-
mended our hospital surgeons to make the test. In this view
Professor Rolleston quite concurred, and several valuable
hints were thrown out as to the best means of conducting
the investigation.
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JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I,
Illustrating Mr. J. Lockhart Clarke’s paper on the Develop-
ment of Striped Muscular Fibre in Man, Mammalia, and
Birds.
Fig.
18.—Muscular and nerve-fibres from the trunk of a human feetus of six
weeks: @ are two fibres from the thigh in process of formation,
magnified 670 diameters. In the lower one two oval nuclei are
united by granular processes proceeding from one of their ends;
similar processes extend from their other ends; along one side
of the nuclei and processes a thick fibre or lateral band is laid
down ; in the upper fibre a border is formed on both sides, but. is
much finer on one side. 4 Is anotlhier fibre from the same region,
magnified 900 diameters ; it is in different states of development
at different parts, and is an object of great interest. On one side
of the nucleus, at c, there are two distinct but smooth borders,and
between these the surface of the fibre, as well as of the nucleus,
shows indications of longitudinal, but simple or unresolved,
fibrilla. On the opposite side of the nucleus, at d, the lower
border or band, as well as one of the fibrillee on the surface, has
already become resolved into sarcous elements, but the wpper bor-
der, except near the nucleus, has not yet been laid down, and the
eage of the fibre is somewhat ragged, with granular blastema,
which may be also seen between and beneath the fibrille and
sarcous elements deposited upon it. e Are four delicate nerve-
fibres from the same region of the same fcetus.
19.—Muscular fibres and free nuclei from the leg of a human feetus of two
months, magnified 420 diameters.
20.—Fibres from the same, magnified 670 diameters: a is a striated fibre,
consisting of at least two fibrillee; along one of its sides a nucleus
and a layer of blastema have been laid, upon which new fibrille ~
are to be laid down. & Is another fibre, in which the two fibrille
composing it are more distinctly seen; nuclei with granular pro-
cesses are seen along its edge; at ¢ part of the lateral bands have
become resolved into sarcous elements.
21.—Represents muscular fibres and free nuclei from the ventricles of
the heart of a human fetus ? inch long, magnified 420 dia-
meters: a, free nuclei of different kinds; 4, nuclei zz situ, with
granular processes and fibres; ¢, different kinds of fibres; d, a
fibrilla with fine branches resolved into sarcous elements ; e, fibres
collected into a bundle; at / the striations are seen.
PLATE I—(continued).
Fig.
22.—Muscular fibres from the back and leg of a human feetus, between the
second and third month: @,a fibre in which the investing sarcous-
substance has been formed more thickly on one side than on others.
By this unequal growth the nuclei are left near the surface at dif-
ferent parts of the fibre. 4. A fibre undergoing contraction, and
becoming more cylindrical and of more uniform structure ; on one
of its sides are two nuclei joined by granular process, for the de-
velopment of a new fibre; magnified 420 diameters. «¢, d, ef.
Smaller fibres from the thigh, magnified 670 diameters; at e the
transverse striz are very strongly marked; in the others are seen
numerous large and dark granules. g Is a larger fibre from the
same locality, magnified 670 diameters. 4. A small fibre from the
same, in the first stage of formation; two nuclei are joined end-
wise by a delicate granular substance, and give off tapering pro-
longations of the same delicate substance from their opposite
ends ; along one side of the wholea band or fibre has been formed ;
magnified 420 diameters. 7. Another fibre from the same; at its
lower part the lateral band or investing substanee has increased
in thickness, so that the axis is nearly obliterated, and the fibre is
of nearly uniform structure; the striations are also strongly
marked. 7. Two other fibres lying side by side; the larger has
thick, lateral bands, divided into fine transverse strize, with a dis-
tinct axis, which resembles the other younger fibre at its side; by
altering the focus the whole surface of the fibre was found to be
striated, as in the large fibre (g) in this figure, so that the axis is
invested by a tube of striated substance.
23.—Muscular fibres from a human fcetus of four months.
24.—Nucleated fibres of the tendon of a muscle of an arm of a human feetus
two months: 4, as they are arranged am sifu; a, separated, and
more highly magnified.
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JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES II AND III,
Illustrating Dr. H. Lawson’s paper on the General Anatomy,
Histology, and Physiology of Limax maximus (M.-Tand.).
PLATE IL.
Fig.
1,—Complete reproductive system of a fully formed specimen. 0, ovary;
ov, oviduct; A, albumengland ; v, uterus; 1, testis; v, vagina;
ve, vas deferens and penis; s, sperm-sac; D, duct of ditto; 5,
egg-sac; C, cloacal glands.
2.—Vertical section of cloaca, showing peculiar music-note-like glands.
3.—Cluster of ovarian lobules, as seen under compressorium.
4.—Compound, leaf-shaped follicle of testis, much enlarged.
5.—Sectional plan, of relations of heart, lungs, and viscera. 4H, heart;
Pg, pericardial gland; p, pericardium; ss, shell-sac; 1, lung;
§ 7, sub-thoracic visceral chamber; F, foot.
6.—Diagram of circulation. u, heart; a, aorta; vi, visceral chamber ;
LY, great lateral vein and branches; 1, lung; P, pericardial gland ;
s, sinus, which plays the part of auricle.
PLATE III.
1.—Entire digestive apparatus of a fully-developed individual. u, head;
s, salivary gland; G, gullet; st, stomach; 1, liver; 1, intestine ;
R, rectum.
2.—A lobule of the liver, highly magnified, showing gradual conversion of
the duct into the fibrous septa.
3.—Lobules of salivary gland, with circular contained endoplasts.
4,—Strata of muscular tissue from gullet, x 250, exhibiting intermingled
elastic fibres.
5.—Roughened or spinous membrane of tongue. L, single spine seen
laterally.
6.—Semi-schematic, vertico-longitudinal section of head. 0, oral orifice ;
T, tongue; P, pharynx; G, gullet.
7.—Ganglionic endoplasts, much increased.
8.—Whole nervous system, enormously enlarged. a, first circle; B,
second; C, third; PP, great pedal nerves ; Ph, pharyngeal ganglia ;
Sg, supra-cesophageal, and 1 g, infra-cesophageal, ganglia.
9,—Diagrammatic view of the relations of tentacular muscles. st, supe-
rior tentacle; rt, inferior ditto; ot, organ of taste (?); B, basal
muscle; p, posterior ditto; a, anterior ditto; s, half of second
pair of nerves; F, half of first ditto.
JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES IV, V, & VI,
Illustrating Dr. T. Strethill Wright’s paper on British
Zoophytes. —
PLATE IV.
Aiquorea vitrina.
Fig.
1.—Planula, directly after leaving the ovary.
2.—Same, a week old.
3.—Same, after having fixed itself to the tank and developed its sclero-
derm. (Planula now become a polypary.)
4.—Polypary putting forth a polyp-bud.
5.—Same, with young polyp.
6.—Empty polyp-cell.
Atractylis arenosa.
7.—Polyp-stalk, with two opposite ovaries, the scleroderm covered by
transparent colletoderm.
8.—Ovary, with colletoderm and scleroderm removed, showing layer of ova
packed between endoderm and ectoderm.
9.—Advanced stage of ovary: a, ruptured scleroderm; 4, ectoderm; ec,
endoderm; d, secreted cap of “colline.”
10.—Ovary ruptured, ova extruded into the cap of colline or zest. (The
letters correspond to those of fig. 9.)
PLATE V.
Vorticlava Proteus.
1.—V. Proteus contracted.
2, 3, 4, 5.—Same, in different states of extension and form.
6.—Diagram of the tissues of the polyp of V. Proteus: a, colletoderm at-
tached to subtentacular ridge, 4; c, ectoderm; d, endoderm.
Acharadria larynz.
7.—Polypary, with two polyps.
8.—Immature polyp.
Laomedea decipiens.
9.—Empty cell, showing the double appearance of its border.
PLATE VI.
Trichydra pudica.
1.—Polyp extended, showing the lax habit of the body and tentacles.
2.—Polyp withdrawing itself when disturbed.
3.—Young polyp, with only four tentacles.
4.—Polyp within its tube.
5.—Empty tube.
6.—Supposed Medusoid of Zrichydra pudica.
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JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VII,
Illustrating E. Ray Lankester’s paper on our Present Know-
ledge of the Gregarinide.
Fig.
a eee Aphrodite, mihi, from the intestine of Aphrodite aculeata.
Length x inch.
2.—Proboscis of WM. Aphrodite. a, External membrane; 4, internal
membrane.
3.—Variety of UM. Aphrodite. Length x inch.
4.—Monocystis Serpule, mihi, from Serpula contortuplicata. Length
tote inch.
5.—WM. Serpulae, with prolongation of membrane. Length yy inch.
6.—Two individuals of M. Serpule, closely attached, as in Stein’s genus
Zygocystis. Length 785 inch.
7.—Young individual of WZ. Serpule. Length 725 inch.
8.—Vesicle of I. Aphrodite.
9.—Vesicle of M. Serpule.
10, 11. 12.—Varieties of Gregarina Blattarum. Length 4 inch.
13.—Vesicle of G. Blattarum.
14.—Probable young (?) of G. Blattarum.
15,16.—M, Sabelle, from Sabella (Amphitrite) infundibula. Length
Tao inch.
17.—Encysted G.’Blattarum.
18, 19.—G@. Blattarum attached one to another.
20.—G. Biattarum, showing striated internal tunic.
21, 22, 23, 24.—Stages in encystation of Mozocystis Lumbricit. Diameter
of cyst yop Inch.
25.—Ordinary form of Monocystis Zumbrici. Length x85 inch.
26.—W. Lumbrici, variety with fringed envelope. Length 35 inch.
27.—Smaller form of same. Length +3; inch.
28.—M. peer with envelope composed of conical cells, si; inch in
ength.
29, 30, 31.—Pseudo-Navicule after their escape from the cyst, in various
stages of change. Length yo5 inch.
32, 33.—Pseudo-Navicule, Psorosperms, or spindelzells, from cyst of M.
LIumbrict. Length p55 inch.
34.—Nematode of Lumbricus escaping from the egg.
35.—Corpuscle from testis of If. Lumbrici, probably young of Monocystis.
Diameter yoy5 inch.
36.—Ameebiform corpuscle from the perivisceral fluid of Lumbricus.
Diameter 75 inch.
37.—M. Lumbrici, with fringed envelope. Length 35 inch.
38.—M. Lumbrici, containing nucleated granules. Length % inch.
JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VIII,
A. Illustrating Dr. Rorie’s paper on the Nervous System of
Lumbricus terrestris.
Fig.
1.—Ganglion from ventral chain of worm.
2.—Nerve-cells of sub-cesophageal ganglion.
3.—Ditto of supra-cesophageal ganglion.
4.—Ditto of one of the ganglia of Mytilus.
B. Illustrating Prof. Max. Schultze’s paper on the Structure
of the Valve in the Diatomacee.
Fig.
1 (1).—A siliceous vesicle produced by the slow decomposition of fluo-
silicic acid gas in a moist atmosphere. X 300 diam.
2.—Section of a vesicle, showing the elevations on the surface.
3 (4).—A diagrammatic figure to represent the laminated structure of the
elevations of the wall of the vesicle.
4 (5).—The moniliform arrangement of the siliceous particles of which the
wall of the vesicle is constituted.
5 (12).—A portion of the surface of a siliceous pellicle, with acuminate
elevations, hexagonal at the base.
6 (14).—To show the mode in which, by an alteration of the focus, the
appearance of the elevations alters, owing to their laminated
structure.
6a (14a).—A side view of the same.
7 (15).—The surface of a thin pellicle, not quite in focus.
8 (16).—The surface of a pellicle, strongly resembling that of a diatom.
9 (17).—The same, viewed on the side, and showing the dots to correspond
to elevations.
10 (19).—The surface of a pellicle covered with irregular-sized elevations.
11 (21).—The appearance of Pleurosigma angulatum photographed through
one of Hartnack’s immersion-lenses, No. 10.
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JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES IX & X,
Illustrating Dr. Greville’s paper on New Diatoms.
Series X.
Fig.
1.—Rutilaria Epsilon, front view.
2" 55; ventricosa, 5,
a— 5 elliptica, a
4.— Campylodiscus undulatus.
5.—Grammatophora Moronensis.
6.—Coscinodiscus scintillans.
7.— Pp griseus.
8.—Asterolampra Moronensis.
9.—Triceratium Robertsianum.
10.— a prominens.
11.— 5 disciforme.
12.— 35 clunumomeun.
13.— x lobatum.
14.— $5 denticulatum.
15.— 3 inflatum.
16.— ze lineolatum.
17.— a constans.
18.— = tumidum.
19.— oo Normanianum.
20.— » subcapitatum.
21.—Entogonia amabilis.
22.— a3 venulosa.
23.— 4 conspicua.
24,— 3 punctulata.
All the figures are x 400 diameters.
CORRIGENDUM.—SERIES IX.
I have committed an error in referring the diatom I have called Aulaco-
discus ? paradoxus to that genus. It is certainly an Omphalopelta. The
large, distinct granules, resembling so closely those of various Awlacodisci,
and the sort of line leading to the processes (not brought out by the
engraver) led me at first to doubt its true position.
JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XI,
Illustrating Henry Giglioli’s paper on the genus Callidina
(Ehren.), with a Description and Anatomy of a New
Species.
The letters have the same signification :
a, Trochal dise; 4, mouth; c, pharynx; d, mastax; e, esophagus; f, sto-
mach ; g, intestine ; 4, cloaca; 7, anus; , ovary ; /, cellular mass sur-
rounding the intestine; JZ, contractile vesicle; m, water-vessels;
n, calear; 0, ganglion (?); p, vacuolar thickenings; Q, head; &, body;
S, tail; ¢, claspers; w, suckers.
Fig. ‘
1.—Dorsal aspect of C. parasitica, with.the trochal disc retracted.
2.—Ventral aspect of C. parasitica, the trochal dise being expanded.
3.—Alimentary canal of C. parasitica, greatly magnified.
4.—C. parasitica attached by its suckers to part of an appendage of G.
pulex ; it is retracted, and shows the corrugations of the integu-
ment.
5.—Calcar, much enlarged.
6.—Ovum, recently deposited.
7.—Camera-lucida drawing of two ova attached to part of a thoracic
appendage of G. pulex ; they are magnified 210 diameters.
8.—Caudal appendages (from a camera-lucida drawing), highly magnified.
9.—Portion of ovary, greatly magnified, showing the germinal vesicles and
spots.
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JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XII,
Illustrating Dr. Keferstein’s paper on the genus Lucernaria.
he
Fig.
1.—Lucernaria octoradiata, Liam.
st. The stem.
¢. Tentacles.
p. Marginal papille.
p. Collection of thread-cells.
n. Collections of thread-cells in natatory-sac.
o. Oral tube.
r. Four lines of connection between the outer and inner mem-
branes of the disc.
7, The marginal space by which the different radial cavities com-
municate.
g. Reproductive organs.
m. Longitudinal muscles in the stem.
m'. Radial muscles in the natatory sac.
m’, Circular ditto.
2.—Transverse section of the bell of Z. octoradiata, carried parallel to the
border.
c. Gelatinous disc: a, external, 7, internal, formative membranes ;
z, intermediate substance, with numerous fine fibrille.
s. Natatory sae: g, sexual organs; 7, lines of connection between
the outer and inner membranes.
R. Radial canals.
3.—Radial section of the bell of L. octoradiata through the middle of a
radial canal (rn). Letters as before.
“4.—L. campanulata, Lamx., divided by a radial section at about half the
height of the bell.
o. Oral tube.
v. Stomach.
s. Point of attachment of the angle or point of the natatory sac to
the gelatinous disc.
st. Stem not cut across.
e. Orifices between the points, opening into the radial canals.
f. Internal oral tentacles.
t. Tentacles.
b. Tubercular swelling at the base of the fine tentacles placed
nearest to the arm.
Other letters as before. The reproductive organs on the right
side have been removed, so as to bring the radial muscular bands
clearly into view.
5.—One of the tentacles with a swollen base, viewed laterally.
6.—Tentacle of L. octoradiata.
lef
7.— a L. campanulata.
8.—Thread-cells from the capitulum of the tentacles of L. campanulata.
PLATE XII (continued).
Fig.
9.—Inner membrane lining the natatory sac of Z. octoradiata. x 260
diameters.
10.—Transverse section of the stem of Z. campanulata: a, outer, 7, inner,
cellular coat; z, transversely striated intermediate substance ; /, the
four internal ridges.
11.—Longitudinal section of the same, carried in the direction a 8 of the
foregoing figure ; &, cecal hollow in the pedal dise. Other letters as
before.
12.—Longitudinal section through ,the foot, in order to display the czcal
hollow more plainly. Letters as before.
13.—Transverse section through the stem of L. octoradiata.
4. The four longitudinal channels which replace the central cavity.
14.—Glandular inversion of the wall of the natatory sac (s) of Z. campanu-
lata, indicated at xz in fig. 4; z, orifice by which the thread-cells can
be expressed.
15.—Thread cells: a, with extended filaments still enclosed in the parent
cell. x 260 diameters.
16.—Internal oral tentacles of L. campanulata.
17.—Transverse section of the same, showing the extent of the glandular,
thickened part of its wall.
18.—Zoosperms of L, octoradiata,
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Distribution of finest nucleated-Nerve Fibres to the Hlementary Muscular Fibres of
the Mylo-hyoid Muscle of the little Green Tree Frog (Hyla Arborea). Drawn on the |
block by the Author, from a specimen magnified 1700 diameters (the first twenty-fifth |
made by Messrs Powell & Lealand). The diameter of each muscular fibre corresponds to |
that of a human red blood-corpuscle. .
SCALE. of an English Inch yew x 1700 diameters.
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JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XIII,
Illustrating Lionel S. Beale’s paper in the “ Proceedings ” on
Further Observations in favour of the View that Nerve-
fibres never end in Voluntary Muscle.
Distribution of finest nucleated nervefibres to the very narrow elementary
muscular fibres of the mylo-hyoid of the little green tree-frog (Hyla arborea),
magnified 1700 diameters. Drawn on the block by the author.
The elementary muscular fibres are marked g, 4, 7, &. & Isa very young
one, slightly stretched; ¢ is a fully formed muscular fibre; A, another
stretched in its central part. The nuclei of these fibres exhibit some differ-
ences in size and form. Nucleoli are distinct in all, and in the fibre marked
g the nuclei, which were coloured by carmine, exhibit three different in-
tensities of colour—the dark central spot, “nucleolus,” being most in-
tensely coloured, as indicated by the shading in the drawing.
a Is a nerve-fibre which was followed over more than twenty elementary
muscular fibres from a dark-bordered fibre. One of the subdivisions of this
fibre is seen at f, where it again runs with a very fine dark-bordered fibre
(0). ‘The dark-bordered fibre (0) was some distance higher up in the speci-
men, but its place has been altered in order to avoid the necessity for a still
larger drawing. Above 4 a nucleus of a very fine nerve-fibre is seen. Such
nuclei lie upon the surface of the muscular fibres, external to the sarco-
lemma. The nucleus often appears as if it were within the sarcolemma (c),
but the fibres proceeding from each extremity render such a position impos-
sible. The relation of these nerve-nuclei to the sarcolemma is seen at / in
profile. ‘The nuclei, as wellas the fibres for a certain distance, often adhere
to the sarcolemma very firmly ; but in the thin mylo-hyoid muscle the course
of the fibres over or under, but always ea¢erzal, to the muscular fibres, may
be readily traced if the muscular fibres be separated slightly from each other,
as represented in the drawing.
At d fine nerve-fibres accompanying the fine fibre continued from the
dark-bordered fibre, as described in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for
1862, are represented. Such fibres are also seen at e and f.
m,n, and o. Dark-bordered fibres, with nuclei near their distribution.
m Would probably pass over sixty or seventy muscular fibres, and z over
perhaps twenty, before it divided into fibres as fine as those seen at J, e, f; 7.
p. A very fine capillary vessel with a nerve-fibre running close to it.
q. A bundle composed of six very fine nerve-libres near their distribution,
These fibres exhibit a very distinctly beaded appearance, which is also ob-
served in many other fine fibres in different parts of the specimen.
Traces of connective tissue are seen in all parts near the fine nerve-fibres
and around the muscular fibres. Here and there some very fine connective-
tissue-fibres, which were not altered by acetic acid, are represented. ‘These
represent the remains of fine nerve-fibres, which existed in a state of func-
tional activity at an earlier period.
The drawing, with the exception of the position of the nerve-fibre (0)
above mentioned, is an actual copy from nature. ‘The relative position of
the muscular fibres, the form and general character of the so-called nuclei,
and the position and size of the nerve-fibres and their nuclei, have been care-
fully preserved.
1 have traced the very fine nerve-fibres in so many instances from one
trunk to another ramifying at a very considerable distance, that I cannot
believe any true terminations or ends exist.
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PN DEX TOS JOURNAL.
VOL. Ii, NEW SERIES.
A.
Acharadria larynx, T.8. W., n. g.
and sp., 50.
Amehidium parasiticum, 74.
Ameeboid bodies, J. B. Hicks on
vegetable, 137.
Aiquorea vitrina, T. S. Wright on
reproduction in, 45.
Asterolampra Moronensis, 230.
Atractylis arenosa, T. Strethill
Wright on reproduc-
. tion of, 47.
Pa miniuta, T.8. W., 48.
B.
Basidiolum fimbriatum, 74.
Beale, Lionel, ‘On the Anatomy of
Nerve-fibres and Cells,’ &c., ab-
stract and remarks on, by G. V.
Ciaccio, 97.
3 on nerve-fibres in
voluntary muscle, 308.
i on the structure of
nerve-cells in frogs, 302.
Biforines, 246.
Blake, James, on infusoria in mov-
ing sand, 204.
Blood-corpuscles, W. Roberts on
the action of tannin and magenta
upon the, 170.
British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, 310.
Brothers, Mr., on the cilia of Meli-
certa ringens, 213.
Busk, G., note on Dr. Wallich’s
“microscopic jaw,” 38.
C.
Callidina, on the genus, by Henry
Giglioli, 237.
Callidina bidens, 238.
» constricta, 238.
» - elegans, 237.
» parasitica, 238.
Campylodiscus undulatus, 229.
Carpenter, W., ‘The Microscope,’
&e., notice of, 72.
Carter, H. J., note on the colouring
matter of the Red Sea, 179.
Chambers, Dr. T. K., “On Mucus
and Pus,” in ‘Lumleian Lectures,’
notice of, 294.
Ciaccio, G. V., remarks on Dr.
Beale’s ‘ Observations on the Ana-
tomy of Nerve-fibres and Cells,
and on the ultimate distribution
of Nerve-fibres,’ 97.
Clarke, J. Lockhart, on the develop-
ment of striped muscular fibre in
man, mammalia, and birds, 1].
Clava nodosa, T. S. W., n. sp., 49.
Cohn, F., on the contractile fila-
ments of the Cynarez, 186.
Colouring matter of flowers, note
on the seat of, 78.
Comatula rosacea, Prof. Wyville-
Thomson on the embryogeny
of, 221.
Coscinodiscus griseus, 230.
ue seintillans, 230.
Crustacea, note on the occurrence
of parasitic sacs on, 73.
Curtis, Fred., on the improvement
of the compound microscope, 204. .
Cynareee, F. Cohn on the contractile
filaments of the, 186.
Cystolithes, 245.
D.
Dale, J. G., on the preparation of
crystallized films of picrate of
aniline, 210.
316
Davies, Thomas, the photography
of magnified objects by polarized
light, 201.
Davison, J., cell for viewing Euto-
mostraca, 137.
it on Kelner’s orthoscopic
eye-piece, 79.
Desmidee, Indian, notes on, by
Julian Hobson, 168.
Diatomaces, Max Schultze on the
structure of the valve in the, 120.
35 Charles Stodder on the
structure of the valve of the, 214.
Diatoms, descriptions of new and
rare, by Dr. R. K. Greville, 227.
note on the terms used
in the description of, 73.
Docidium, 169.
55 pristida, n. sp., 169.
Dry-mounting entomological objects,
by T. 8S. Ralph, 301.
Dufiin, A. B., M.D., some account
of protoplasm, and the part it
plays, 25].
E.
Eberth, Prof., on a new parasite in
tle muscles of the frog, 205.
Echinorhynchus, Rud, Leuckart on
the development of, 56.
Entogonia, n. g., Grev., 235.
5 Abercrombieanan.sp., 235.
$3 amabilis, n. sp., 236.
3 approximata, n. sp., 236.
% conspicud, N. Sp., 236.
» Davyana, n. sp., 236.
» gratiosa, n. sp., 235.
ae marginata, Nn. sp., 236.
ry, tnopinata, n. sp., 235.
», pulcherrima,n. sp., 236.
» punctulata,n. sp., 237.
os variegata,n. sp., 236.
venulosa, Nn. Sp., 236.
Entomostraca, Ji. Davison on a cell
for viewing, 137
Eolide, T. 8. Wright on the urti-
cating filaments of the, 52.
Hye-piece, Kelner’s orthoscopic, J.
Davison on, 79.
EF.
Flowers, on the seat of the colour-
ing matter in, 78.
Focal length of objectives, KR.
INDEX TO JOURNAL.
Nicholls, note on a plan for find-
ing, 75.
Foraminifera found in the Montreal
deposit, list of the, 211.
G.
Gammarus Pulex, 240.
Giglioli, Henry, on the genus Calli-
dina, with description of a new
species, 237.
Grammatophora Moronenis, 229.
Gregarinide, E. Ray Lankester on
our present knowledge of the, 83.
Greville, Dr. R. K., on new and rare
diatoms, 227.
Guyon, Geo., ona simple trough for
zoophytes, 201.
iH
Hendry, W., on the nerve-cells of
the spinal cord in the ox, 41.
Hicks, J. Braxton, note on vegeta-
ble amceboid bodies, 137.
Hobson, Julian, notes on Indian
Desmidez, 168.
Hoffmeister, W., ‘On the Germina-
nation, &c., of the Higher Cryp-
togamia,’ review of, 66.
iy rydractinia echinata, T. S. Wright
on the development of Pyenogon-
larvee within the polyps of, 51.
Hull Micro-philosophical Society,
report of the, 218.
I.
Illumination, coloured, by Dr. Mad-
dox, 300.
Infusoria, experiments on the forma-
tion of, in boiled solutions of or-
ganic matter, by Jefiries Wyman,
)
: » se) hee
= in moving sand, 204.
J.
“Jaw, microscopic,” G. Busk on
Dr. Wallich’s, 38.
K.
Keferstein, Prof., Sagitta, notice of,
134.
INDEX TO JOURNAL.
IL.
Lankester, Edwin, M.D., notes on
Raphides, 243.
Lankester, E. Ray, on our present
knowledge of the Gregarinide,
with descriptions of three new
species, 83.
Laomedea decipiens, T. 8. W., n. sp.,
49.
Lawson, Henry, M.D., ‘Manual of
Physiology,’ notice of, 290.
on the ‘general ana--
tomy, histology, and» physiology
of Limax maximus, 10.
Leuckart, Rud., on the development
of Echinorhynchus, 56
‘Life in the Atmosphere,’ by James
Samuelson, 310.
Light, some remarks, on by B. S.
Proctor, 151.
Limax maximus, H. Iaawson on the
general anatomy, histolegy, and
physiology of, 10.
Lucernaria, on ‘the genus, by O. F.
Miller, 265.
Tucernaria auricula, 282.
campanulata, 265, 283.
cyathiformis, 283.
octoradiata, 265, 283.
quadricorxis, 282.
stellifrons, 284.
Lumbricus ter restris, J. Rorie on the
anatomy of the nervous system in,
106.
Lynde, J. G., on the action of ma-
genta upon vegetable tissue, 146.
M.
Maddox, R. V., on coloured illumi- |
nation, 300.
Magenta, J. G. Lynde on the action |
of, upon vegetable tissue, 146.
agenta and tannin, action of, upon
blood-corpuscles, 170.
Manchester Literary and Philo-
sophical Society, Microscopical
section, proceedings of, Oct. 20th,
1862, 80.
= Nov. 17th, 1862, 82.
i Dee. 15th, ,, 141.
Jan. 19th, 1863, 143.
f Feb. 16th, ,, 145.
“ Mar. 16th, ,, 210.
Ss Apr. 20th, ,, 213.
317
Mecznikow, Elias, on the nature of
the Vorticella-stems, 285.
Melicerta ringens, on the cilia of, 213.
Micrasterias, 169.
3 Mahabuleshwarensis,
n. sp., Hobs., 169.
Microscope, F. Curtis on the im-
provement of the compound, 204.
Microscopical Society of London,
proceedings of, Oct. 8th, 1862, 80.
é 35 Nov. 12th, ,, 80.
55 Dec. 10th, ., SO.
Jan. 14th, 1868,146.
» anniversary, Feb. 11th,
1863, 140.
e Mar. Ist, 1863, 141.
= Ape. sth, ., 206:
= May 138th, ,, 207.
- June LOth, ,, 207.
list of presentations
to the, 208.
Micro-stereographs, F. H. Wenham
on the production of, 77.
Mucus and pus, by Dr. T. K. Cham-
bers, 294.
Miller, O. F., on the genus Lucer-
nara, 265.
Muscular fibre in man, mammalia,
and birds, J. Lockhart Clarke on
the development of, 1.
N.
Nematoda, A. Schneider on the
nervous system of the, 197.
Nerve-cells of the cord, W. Hendry,
on the, 41.
Nerve-cells of the frog, on the struc-
ture of, by Lionel Beale, M.B.,
302.
Nerve-fibres and cells, L. Beale on
the anatomy of, 97.
Nerve-fibres in muscles, by Lionel
Beale, M.B., 308.
Nevill, Mr., list of Foraminifera
shells found in the Montreal de-
posit, 211.
Nichols, R., plan for finding the
focal length of objectives, 75.
Nitzschia Epsilon, 227.
O.
Objects, microscopic, note by B. 8.
Proctor on a simple mounting
for any, 74.
318
P.
Pagenstecher, H. A., on the anatomy
of Sagitta, 192.
Parasites in the blood of the edible
turtle, note on, 73.
Photography of magnified objects by
polarized hight, 201.
Picrate of aniline, on the prepara-
tion of crystallized films of, 210.
Polarized light, on the photography
of magnified objects by, 201.
‘ Popular Physiology,’ 290.
Proctor, B. §., note on a simple
mounting for any microscopic ob-
jects, 74.
Ps some remarks upon
light, 151.
Protoplasm, some account of, by
A. B. Duffin, M.D., 251.
Pyenogon-larve within the polyps
of Hydractinia echinata, T. SB.
Wright on the development. of,
51.
Lis
Ralph, T.8., on dry-mounting ob-
jects, 301.
Raphides, notes on, by Edwin Lan-
kester, M.D., 243.
Red Sea, H. J. Carter on the colour-
ing matter of the, 179.
Roberts, W.., on peculiar appearances
- exhibited by blood-corpuscles
under the influence of solutions
of magenta and tannin, 170.
Rorie, James, on the anatomy of |
the nervous system in Lumbricus |
terrestris, 106.
Royal Society proceedings of, May |
7th, 302.
June 5th, 308.
Rutilaria elliptica, 0. Sp., Grev., 229.
» Epsilon, un. sp., Grev., 228.
Me ventricosa,n.sp., Grev., 228.
S.
Sagitta, Prof. Keferstein on, notice
of, 134.
» H. A. Pagenstecher, notes
on the anatomy of, 192.
|
| Samuelson,
INDEX TO JOURNAL.
James, on life in the
atmosphere, 310.
Schneider, Anton., on the nervous’
system of the Nematoda, 197.
Schultze, Max, on the structure of
the valve in the Diatomacez, as
compared with certain siliceous
pellicles produced artificially, 120.
Shea, John, M.D., ‘ Manual of Phy-
siology,’ notice of, 290.
Southampton Microscopical Society,
annual soirée of the, 148.
Stodder, Charles, on the structure
of the valve of the Diatomacee,
214.
Sunlight illumination of diatoms,
a is
Tannin and magenta, action of, upon
blood- corpuscles, 170.
| Thomson, Wyville, Prof., on the em-
bryogeny of Comatula rosacea, 221.
Triceratium cinnamomeum, U. Sp.
Grev., 282.
bs constans, n. sp., Grev.,
233.
a denticulatum, N. Sp.»
Grey., 233.
= disciforme, v. sp., Grev.,
232.
3 influtum, n. sp., Grev.,
232.
s. lineolatum, n. sp., Grev.,
32.
= lobatum, n. sp., Grev.,
233
Normanianum, n.
Grev., 234.
prominens, 1. sp., Grev.,
231.
SP.»
x ‘ Robertsianum, n. sp.
Grev., 231.
- subcapitatum, 0. Sp.
Grev., 234. ;
es tumidum, n. sp., Grev.,
234.
Trichodesmium LEhrenbergit, n. sp.,
Grev., 180.
Trychydra pudica, T. 5S. W., un. sp.,
50.
Turtle, note respecting parasites
found in the blood of the edible,
73.
INDEX TO JOURNAL.
U:
Urticating filaments of the Eolide,
T. S. Wright on the, 52.
Ni.
Vorticlaca proteus, T. S. W., n. sp.,
50.
Vorticella-stem, on the nature of, by
Elias Meczuikow, 285.
W.
Wenham, F. H., on the production
of micro- stereogr aphs, 77.
Pe on sunlight illumi- |
nation of diatoms, 300.
319
_ West Kent Natural History and Mi-
croscopical Society, report of, for
1862, 223.
rules of the, 224.
Wright, ike Strethill, observations on
British zoophytes, 45.
on the urticating
filaments of the Kolide, 52.
Wyman, Jeffries, experiments on
the formation of infusoria in boiled
solutions of organic matter, &.,
109.
Z.
Zoophytes, British, T. Strethill
Wright, observations on, 45.
G. Guyon on a simple
trough for, 201.
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