jji 1 1 . re NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS NUTRIENT STUDY OF MESOSCALE THERMAL FEATURES OFF POINT SUR, CALIFORNIA by Walter Elof Hanson, Jr. September 1980 The sis Advisor: Eugene D. Traganza Approved for public release; distribution unlimited T197841 IINri.ASSTFTEn ?"«».,, SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS »«fil (W*,mt, Dmtm Cni»r«4) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE AT NUMll» READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM t. MICl'lCNT'S CATALOG NUHICM RERO 2. OOVT ACCCMIOM NO 4 Ti Tl£ . and luBiiMti Nutrient Study of Mesoscale Thermal Features off Point Sur , California •• Type of rsrort * period covered Master's Thesis; September 1980 • • PERFORMING org. rerort NUMBER 7. »uThO»Hi A. CONTRACT OR SRANT NUMICMM) Walter Elof Hanson, Jr io. rrooran element, rroject task AREA * WORK UNIT NUDUM t PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME amO ADDRESS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 It CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME UNO AOOREtS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 12. RERORT OATE September 1980 IS. NUMBER OF RASES 182 U. MONITORING AGENCY name A AOORESSTff dtllmrmtl Irmm Contrmllln* Oltlc*) IS. SECURITY CLASS, (at tnlm ripon) Unclassified ISA. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWN GRADING SCHEDULE l«. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT lot xht% **pmr, , Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17. OISTRISUTION STATEMENT at th» •fcarract mtt—1 In Mloem 20. II dttiaemtt trmm JtaRawfj IS. SURRLEMENTARY NOTES I* KEY WORDS I Continue on rmrtao •'»• II n»c»t*mrr jnW id+nltfy *r mloek numm+t) nutrients nitrate phosphate thermal fronts chemical fronts sea surface temperature satellite infrared imagery upwelling 20 ABSTRACT (Camtlntf an <••>»•«■•• •<««• II n«e«a««rr *»•" Hmmtltr »r »!•«* R—R—J Thermal patterns with the appearance of cyclonic motion and sharp thermal fronts frequently are seen in satellite IR images off the California coast near Pt. Sur. These thermal patterns are associated with distinctly structured upwelling systems. In nine seasonal cruises since December 1978, nutrient fronts are strongly correlated with thermal fronts. However, an upwelling which is well defined by the satellite detected DD , :°r7, 1473 (Page l) EDITION OF t MOV •■ IS OBSOLETE S/N 0103-014- ««0I UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TNIS RAOE (9hmn Dmta *n*fd) UNCLASSIFIED (teuwty CL«Miy*C»T)»i| Q» Twit »♦«»<•'««»— r»..« x.t**.* thermal front, may not be nutrient rich. A strong inverse linear correlation between nutrients and temperature though does exist for upwelling within an early stage of develop- ment. It is feasible, by utilizing limited in. situ data, to infer nutrient distribution within satellite detected, surface thermal patterns associated with upwelling. DD Form 1473 . 1 Jan 73 S/N 0102-014-6601 tceu« — PHOSPHATE ,. • _^--~— -•-' N — ^*" ^ yS~ .. -* .- " ' — -' ' k, - ELAPSED OiSTAWCE . km CO i LEO T TEMPERATURE NITRATE PHOSPHATE ElAPSEO OiSTftNCE Fig. 4 (cont'd) Nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface temperature versus elapsed distance along the track of the September 1979 cruise. 31 to phosphate, r = -0.91 for nitrate to temperature, and r = -0.66 for phosphate to temperature were obtained (Table I). Nutrient ratio and temperature are plotted over elapsed dis- tance in Figure 5. The linear correlation coefficient between nutrient ratio and temperature is r = -0.50. The linear regression analysis of nitrate/phosphate, nitrate/temperature, phosphate/temperature, and nutrient ratio/temperature (Figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9) yielded slopes of 13.85, -2.66, -1.00, and -7.72 respectively, and x-axis in- tercepts of 0.45 yM phosphate, 16.68°C, 16.77°C, and 16.53°C respectively. The x- intercept indicated that the environment is nitrate limited and determined the warmest temperature for which these regression lines could be applied. The major axis of the upwelling system appeared to parallel and be located in the vicinity of the Sur submarine canyon (Figs. 10, 11, 12, and 13). The largest area of the feature and the part which appears to curl cyclonically is south of the submarine canyon. The leading edge of the curl is located between the Sur and Lucia submarine canyons over the shelf slope, beyond the 1500 meter depth contour. The incremental change per kilometer of temperature and nutrient concentrations are plotted over elapsed distance in Figure 14. The oceanic front appears to be located at elapsed distance 13, 18, 39, 67, 166, 200, 312, 361, and 414 km (Table II) 32 EG 1 ic 2 s ELAPSED OISTANCE LEO 3 LEG 3 100 T A .•1 S ' . ••SIO LilUDCE fi»p«y oistAfice Fig. 5. Nutrient ratio and sea surface temperature versus elapsed distance along the track of the September 1979 cruise. 33 CLASSED DISTANCE r T leg e ceo I / /* *- ^ — " ■ r!»PEB«Tu»F 1 —---• ■ ■ - CLASSED oi$T»nce , hn Fig. 5 (cont'd) Nutrient ratio and sea surface temperature versus elapsed distance along the track of the September 1979 cruise. 34 Hi »£,« Mk 1 5 2 0 PHOSPHATE. M •* Fig. 6. Nitrate versus phosphate for the September 1979 cruise. 35 TEMPERATURE. C Fig. 7. Nitrate versus temperature for the September 1979 cruise. 36 0 (- 8 12 14 TEMPERATURE , "C Fig. 8. Phosphate versus temperature for the September 1979 cruise. 37 TEMPERATURE. *C Fig. 9. Nutrient ratio versus temperature for the September 1979 cruise. 38 SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 27-28 SEPTEMBER 1979 SCALE 1 : 750.000 DISTANCES IN KILOMETERS CONTOURS IN 'C 3H 10 -31.75 25 40 19. OS -12.70 6.35 0.00 6. 3S 12.70 19.05 25.40 31.75 J8.10 41.44 50.79 57.14 63.49 Fig. 10. Sea surface temperature map for the September 1979 cruise (contour interval, 0.5°C). Map generated from in situ data aided by IR imagery. 39 NITRATE 27 - 28 SEPTEMBER 1979 SCALE t : 750.000 DISTANCES IN KILOMETERS CONTOURS IN juM JO. 10 31.75 J'i.'iO -19.0b -12.70 -6.35 0.00 6 15 12. /0 19.05 25 10 31.75 38.10 t» 50.79 57. u 63. *49 Fig. 11 Surface nitrate map for the September 1979 cruise (contour interval, 1 uM nitrate). Map generated from in situ data aided by inferences from IR imagery. 40 PHOSPHATE 27-28 SEPTEMBER 1979 SCALE 1 : 730,000 0ISTANCE5 IN KILOMETERS CONTOURS IN ^M JI.7S -iS. 10 19.05 -12.10 6.15 0.00 6.35 12.10 II. US 25.10 31.75 11 50 /9 5'. II 63.19 Fig. 12 Surface phosphate map for the September 1979 cruise (contour interval, 0.2 yM phosphate). Map gener- ated by in situ data aided by inferences from IR imagery. 41 : N03 / P04 BER 1979 .000 METERS 1U. 11 -38.10 -31.15 -25. 10 -19. OS -12.70 6.35 0.00 12.70 19. OS 2S.10 31 7S 38.10 50.79 57.11 63.19 Fig. 13 Surface nutrient ratio map for the September 1979 cruise (contour ratio interval, 1). Map generated by in situ data aided by inferences from IR imagery. 42 •Rift ft TEMPERATURE *C/ NITRATE.^* ■/««*> •mOSPHATE .i/m •- \ — ■ ■ *-*v. *'.' -*,. --, , .-1 . 1 \< ■*» •-<■ ' 1 . ■ 1 , s • - 1 ' 1/ u k/ -■' ELAPSED DISTANCE « ^^^ UGl LEO 3 ■ ■ '(»OE«Atu«£ *C/km NITRATE. ,.M/kn> ■ ■— PHOSPHATE AiM/kNI • ! ,** # , J .S*^*rJ \ j •^ "** Ic* \j • El*»>tO 0l»T4«Ct •« *$**$**: LEO 3 ! LeO -- TEMPERATURE. X/ •*• NITRATE >.M/Iim ■*- phosphate «a/iu *r± f LAPSE 0 DISTANCE Fig. 14 Incremental change per kilometer of temperature, nitrate, and phosphate versus elapsed distance along the track of the September 1979 cruise. Frontal transit occurred at peaks. 43 *s**ftfc TC MFC R AT U RE *C / NITRATE Mm/krr> pmOSPmate pM/ki LEO J LEG 6 s,'. ■'' s i ,n. •„• .tf-V — ' ' . •* '. / i ! i s V ' 1 V HXSID 0CS14NC1 -~ ^^fr ELAPSED DISTANCE «• « Fig. 14 (cont'd) Incremental change per kilometer of temperature, nitrate, and phosphate versus elapsed distance along the track of the September 1979 cruise. Frontal transit occurred at peaks. 44 The thermal and chemical gradients are both sharp and well defined despite a narrow spread of surface nutrient and temperature values between the ocean and the upwelling system, 0.01 to 4.36 uM nitrate, 0.03 to 0.96 uM phosphate, and 17.05 to 14.80°C. The oceanic front seemed to stay in close prox- imity to the 15.9°C, 1.7 yM nitrate, and 0.6 uM phosphate isolines. The oceanic front is outlined in Figure 3. Figure 15 shows the vertical thermal structure of the upwelling system. One hundred forty XBT probes were used with an average spacing of 4 km. The thermal feature is evident from 15 to 26, 43 to 64, 197 to 246, 372 to 383, and 408 to 428 km. The thermocline under the upwelling system was continuous but upwarped to within 20m of the surface. B. NOVEMBER 19 7 9 CRUISE The staff oceanographer at NESS began monitoring satellite images of the study area on 9 November. He noticed a discern- ible though weak thermal feature on 11 November. It extended 35 km southwest of Pt. Sur. From satellite observation, the thermal feature appeared to reach its maximum seaward extent of at least 60 km on 20 November. By 27 November it had become diffuse and by 28 November was indistinguishable. Due to intermittent cloud cover, no satellite information pertain- ing to a specific feature was therefore available when the ship departed 28 November. A prior cruise in the area from 26 to 27 November detected a frontal feature from in situ temperature measurements. 45 Fig. 15 Vertical temperature sections along the track of the September 1979 cruise [Johnson, 1980] . Vertical lines represent XBT drops. 46 Tin* 'GMT I 8 euMco DISTANCE W4MT ITS 8 »l 0 «S 9 19? I 9>9« 1970 199? JCH4 ?OTO JIT) 7 J» Ihm) 9 ?>99 J237 J2BS J330 ?379 CLJPStO OlSTiNCt 2379 2414 243S 24S9 249 S 234 4 (1ml 2«S8 2725 2798 2877 295 4 2961 300 1 Fig. 15 (cont'd) Vertical temperature sections along the track of the September 1979 cruise [Johnson, 1980]. Vertical lines represent XBT drops. 47 330 2 355 0 3601 3673 3719 37593785 383 2 385 8 388 4 394 8 396 2 < TIME (GMT) ; < > o ! 3 5 O o O N i : o < ? 8 § s a o o o ELAPSED DISTANCE 396 2 398 1 404 2 4K)8 412 2 413 8 423 J 425 7 42 On) 4461 450 3 433 3 460 4 4670 468 3 472 0 Fig. 15 (cont'd) Vertical temperature sections along the track of the September 1979 cruise [Johnson, 1980] Vertical lines represent XBT drops. 48 DISTANCE 472 0 476 0 (til) S4S T S90 7 Fig. 15 (cont'd) Vertical temperature sections along the track of the September 1979 cruise [Johnson, 1980] Vertical lines represent XBT drops. 49 As it happened, another distinctive thermal pattern was seen later in images on 28 November. This feature extended west of Pt . Sur and grew to maximum size by 6 December. It advected north and apparently merged with upwelling off Monterey Bay around 14 December (Fig. 16). Despite inter- mittent cloud cover, the best satellite image was taken during the study period at 2310 GMT, 29 November (Plate 2). The average wind was 3 to 5 m-sec from the northwest. The cruise plan had the ship transit south paralleling the coast. When the front was penetrated, an expanding square search would be followed to delineate the shape, center, orientation, and size of the feature. A ladder search pattern was then to be executed to provide additional transits across the major axis of the feature. When the expanding square search located a small feature south of Pt . Sur, the ship transited north along a front and then began a ladder search seaward. The first leg transected the major axis of a large feature located west of Pt. Sur. After the general location of a sharp thermal gradient was found about the feature, an expanding square search was begun in the vicinity of the leading edge (Fig. 17). The data herein, presented is associated with those meas- urements taken during this ladder search and final expanding square. In addition, seven oceanographic stations were occupied near the end of the study period. Nansen casts were made to sample temperature, salinity, and nitrate. 50 36IM : '. | , y^ i-'"'" SUR s1-' 2 1 - — 19 NOV 79 2 23 NOV 79 3 ■ 28 NOV 79 4 05 DEC 79 5 14 DEC 79 122W Fig. 16 Satellite feature observed from 19 November to 14 December 1979 [Johnson, 1980]. 51 MONTEREY PT SUR UPWELLING CAPE SAN MARTIN Plate 2. TIROS-N satellite image of the California coast for 29 November 1979. 52 SHIP'S TRACK 29-30 NOVEMBER 1979 SCALE 1 ■ 750.000 DISTANCES IN KILOMETERS TIME : GMT 1342 STATION TIME 1 2002 2 2134 3 2241 4 2343 5 0044 6" 0136 7 0300 121* 30' W CAPE SAN MARTIN Fig. 17 Track of the November 1979 cruise and outline (dashed line) of the oceanic front. 53 Because of contamination in the combined working reagent, no reliable phosphate concentrations could be measured on the Autoanalyzer . The inverse correlation between nitrate and temperature [Fig. 18 and 19) was strong, r = -0.93. The regression line of nitrate to temperature had a slope of -3.24 and an x-intercept of 14.74°C. The feature extended seaward in a southwesterly direction from a point near the coast ca- 20 km north of Pt. Sur. At a position ca« 20 km west of Pt. Sur, it appeared to curl cyclonically (Figs. 20 and 21). Unlike the September feature, this upwelling system did not appear to extend beyond the shelf slope to depths greater than 1200m The incremental change per kilometer of temperature and nitrate are plotted over elapsed distance in Figure 22. The oceanic front appears to be transited at elapsed distances 151, 196, 203, 231, 257, and 270 km. The thermal and nitrate gradients are sharp and well defined. The steepest appear to occur near the equatorward edge of the curl. Compared with the September cruise, the nitrate gradient at the front is greater for the December feature, whereas the temperature gradients show no great variation (Table II) . The spread of the surface temperature and nitrate values between the ocean and the upwelling fea- ture, 15.50 to 11.85°C and 0.12 to 9.92 yM nitrate, was greater in magnitude than the September cruise. The oceanic 54 TCMPER&TURE NITRATE LAPSED OtST*NCe -'■ mpe hature Si T RAr E N ./ CLAPSEO OISTANCC H NiTR*re ^L. eLAPSCO OiSTAMCI.hr* It LEO » LEG 11 LEG 12 " LEG « LEG 10 r~ -.. . TEMPCRATUKE M /^ ^\ 'i_ ■ ■■■■ NlTSATS »■ I 1 _^ y\ f V, / V~M X- /~ 1 10. •j **- • / \ >*\ . ELAPSEO 01 STANCE h m Fig. 18 Nitrate and sea surface temperature versus elapsed distance along the track of the November 1979 cruise. 55 3. ! la "8 la lEG ' IIS < — Tn»»es» TURE *C/h« ■««■ nitrate ptB/t ** ELAPSEO DISTANCE Fig. 22 Incremental change per kilometer of temperature and nitrate versus elapsed distance along the track of the November 1979 cruise. Frontal transit occurred at peaks. 59 front seemed to closely approximate the 14.0°C and 2.5 uM nitrate isolines. The oceanic front is noted in Figure 17. Figure 23 shows the vertical profile of the upwelled feature based on 40 XBT profiles. The vertical thermal structure is apparent from elapsed distance 179 to 216, 226 to 247, 275 to 290, and 298 to 319 km. The thermocline under the upwelling system is continuous and shows no great pertur- bations . The data obtained from the seven Nansen casts appears in Figures 24 and 25. Because of the increase in nitrite as depth increases, the actual concentration of nitrate below the surface layer can be less than the values recorded (see Methods: Nutrients). Station 7 was taken near the major axis of the upwelling system, whereas station 2 sampled the warmer oceanic water to the south of the feature. Stations 3, 4, 5, and 6 were all taken in close proximity to the oceanic front. An in- trusion of warmer oceanic water into the central region of the feature appeared to have been recorded at station 1. The Nansen cast data showed that the upwelling system apparently corresponded to a 26.4 a tongue of water upwarping close to the coast and travelled seaward near the surface. The nitrate concentrations seem to closely agree with the density struc- ture. 60 300 TIME (GMT) 0015 ELAPSEO DISTANCE (km) TIME (GMT) 0459 ELAPSED DISTANCE (km) 60 I 0605 0616 100 6 103 I 0715 074 3 0755 1)7 8 126 7 129 5 0838 O90» 143 2 152 3 Fig. 23 Vertical temperature sections along the track of the November 1979 cruise [Johnson, 1980] . Vertical lines represent XBT drops; heavy lines represent bottom topography. 61 TIME (GMT) 0905 0945 WIS ELAPSED OISTANCE 152 3 162 0 171 9 (km) 200 TIME (GMT) 1345 1448 ELAPSED DISTANCE 228 3 2431 (km) 1600 1634 1647 1745 1818 570 274 1 278 0 293 0 303 0 Fig. 23 (cont'd) Vertical temperature sections along the track of the November 1979 cruise [Johnson, 1980]. Vertical lines represent XBT drops; heavy lines represent bottom topography. 62 °r\ time (GMT) 1818 1850 1918 1934 2045 2210 2310 0015 0120 ELAPSED DISTANCE 303 0 309 8 315 8 320 6 328 5 341 1 3489 365 2 376 7 (kml Fig. 23 (cont'd) Vertical temperature sections along the track of the November 1979 cruise [Johnson, 1980]. Vertical lines represent XBT drops. 63 STA 1 ■ M.1MT1 V. 'e»PF»»Tu«f -c • 3tut \ STA 3 s»u«itv t. r(M(l*TO« X ^ STA 4 SALINITY. «. \ \ STA 5 SALINITY. -L I TENPtftATUKI *C Ml I"* AT C mm M3|W4 a 5fO 7 STA 6 SALINITY 1> 1X3 MJWI NITRATE. >■• STA 7 STA 2 Ocean Reference Station STA 7 Cold Core Station STA 3, 4, 5, 6 Frontal Station Fig. 24 Salinity, temperature, and nitrate versus depth at seven stations on the November 1979 cruise. 64 SALINITY % NITRATE. -* 32.3 34.3 0.7 33.a . \ ■ \ S • / v . \ STA 1 L NITRATE. 0* 34 3)0 7 '*• STA 3 k NITRATE. -» Z '0 N \ STA 5 V S*I.INITY. % NITRATE. »M \ SALINITY. *. 313 NITRATE. -«• 3S.8 ui '* STA 2 \ NITRATE -* 358 v l» . i • • \ \ \ • STA 4 ^ ^, L SALINITY.*. NITRATE. „« 34 3)0.7 \ \ STA 6 < \ STA 7 Fig. 25 T - S and T - N diagrams of seven stations on the November 1979 cruise. 65 C. JUNE 1980 CRUISE Satellite monitoring of the waters off Pt . Sur on 9 June indicated a pulse of upwelled water had surfaced just before the ship departed Monterey en route to the study area. Plate 3 was the best image of the surface thermal feature, taken at 2242 GMT 9 June 1980, four hours prior to the com- mencement of the study. The wind during the study period, June 10 and 11, averaged between 11 and 13 m*sec and was blowing from the northwest. With the feature located by satellite thermal patterns, a five-pointed star track was planned so that crossings of the feature and coastal upwelling could be made. By halving the ship's speed during front transits, finer resolution data was to be obtained to compare the poleward and equatorward fronts for differences in thermal and nutrient gradients. The cruise plan was modified because of rough seas. After three crossings of the feature, the front analysis was given priority. A modified ladder track maneuvered the ship back and forth across the oceanic front. Before concluding the study, the ship transected the upwelling along its major axis. The ship's track is shown in Figure 26. The correlation coefficients were r = 0.96 for nitrate to phosphate, r = -0.96 for nitrate to temperature, r = -0.92 for phosphate to temperature, and r = -0.96 for nutrient ratio to temperature (Figs. 27 and 28). Linear regression analyses between the above parameters yielded slopes of 18.05, -4.24, 66 MONTEREY PT SUR UPWELLING CAPE SAN MARTIN Plate 3. TIROS-N satellite image of the California coast for 9 June 1980. 67 SHIP'S TRACK 10 -11 JUNE 1980 SCALE 1 : 750.000 OISTANCES IN KILOMETERS TIME : QMT 39. 10 -31 7S .25.10 -19. OS -13.70 -6. JS 0.00 6. 35 12.70 19. OS JS.10 31. IS 36.10 11 ■'. SO. 79 57. lit 63.19 Fig. 26 Track of the June 1980 cruise and outline (dashed line) of the oceanic front. 68 ELAPSED O'STANCE vr; i\W i- — ; 4 PHOSPHATE ^ ^ > i • - — M ^y v s elapsed oi3'»N._e HIT AATE PHOSPHATE ELAPSEO DISTANCE . km Fig. 27 Nitrate, phosphate, and sea surface temperature versus elapsed distance along the track of the June 1980 cruise. 69 fLAPSfO oi»T*»ce TSMP6BATURE NO, - PO,' tLAPStO OtSTAMCC In Fig. 28 Nutrient ratio and sea surface temperature versus elapsed distance along the track of the June 1980 cruise. 70 -0.64, and -2.07 respectively, and x-axis intercepts of 1.07 yM phosphate, 13.47°C, 13.88°C, and 13.97°C respectively (Figs. 29, 30, 31, and 32) . The major axis of the thermal and nutrient patterns are parallel to and directly over the axis of the Sur submarine canyon (Figs. 1, 33, 34, 35, and 36). The leading edge of the thermal feature appeared to curl cyclonically in the vicinity of the head of Sur submarine canyon. The crossing of the oceanic front appeared to have occurred at elapsed distances 14, 36, 112, 158, 172, 206, and 222 km (Fig. 3 7). The sharp and well defined thermal and chemical gradients at the front seem to be less than in the November feature but greater than in September (Table II). However, the spread of temperature and nutrient concentrations is the widest for the June cruise; 13.77 to 9.04°C, 0.29 to 19.98 yM nitrate, and 0.91 to 2.31 yM phosphate. The oceanic front appeared to closely approximate the 11.5°C, 8.8 yM nitrate, and 1.6 yM phosphate isolines. Figure 26 shows the oceanic front. The vertical temperature profile was generated from 23 XBT profiles. The thermocline under the upwelling was discontinuous and appeared to surface in the vicinity of the oceanic front. 71 A »A I " 0*O • s II ' m* ^ ' „% f ■# 0 a 0 * 1 • . 2 i^p"'* ■0 4*, • iff* * " ^ K!r * • 4° -81 ■ iSS" ■aBr ,' # . ft ■ f 5" :.-i: • * . Je ." atp 10 1 5 ?0 PHOSPHATE. ^M Fig. 29 Nitrate versus phosphate for the June 1980 cruise 72 ( • • % a * » * * • ©« *° - * 0 9 .1, o o^ 1 J 9 * 12 TEMPERATURE. "C Fig.* 30 Nitrate versus temperature for the June 1980 cruise. 73 TEMPFRATUPE . 'C Fig. 31 Phosphate versus temperature for the June 1980 cruise. 74 "SKTSi, 12 TEMPERATURE . C Fig. 32 Nutrient ratio versus temperature for the June 1980 cruise. 75 SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 10 -11 JUNE 1980 SCALE 1 : 750.000 DISTANCES IN KILOMETERS CONTOURS IN 'C '-HU.114 -36.10 -31. '5 -55.110 -19.05 -IJ.70 -6.35 0.30 6.35 !J.»0 '9.35 J5. 10 3:. ''5 38. :3 KH It 50.79 S'.U 63.19 Fig. 33 Sea surface temperature map for the June 1980 cruise (contour interval, 0.5°C). Map generated from in situ data aided by IR imagery. 76 NITRATE 10-11 JUNE 1980 SCALE 1 : 750.000 DISTANCES IN KILOMETERS CONTOURS IN ^M -HH.1H -38.10 -31.75 -2S.H0 -U.OS -IJ.70 -6.35 0.00 6.35 12.70 13.05 ?S . 10 31.75 36.10 «H. 01 50.79 57.11 i! II Fig. 34 Surface nitrate map for the June 1980 cruise (contour interval, 1 yM nitrate). Map generated by in situ data aided by inferences from IR imagery. 77 PHOSPHATE 10-11 JUNE 1980 SCALE 1 : 750,000 DISTANCES IN KILOMETERS CONTOURS IN rM -»».»» -38.10 -31. ''S -J5.I40 -19.05 -12.70 -6.35 0.00 S.3S IJ.'O 19.35 IS. 40 3 1 . '5 38.10 .11 S3. 49 Fig. 35 Surface phosphate map for the June 1980 cruise Ccontour interval, 0 . 2 jjM phosphate). Map generated from in situ data aided by infer- ences from IR imagery. 78 / / :j NUTRIENT RATIO = N03 / P04 10-11 JUNE 1980 SCALE 1 750.000 DISTANCES IN KILOMETERS -38.10 -31. '5 -25. <0 -19. OS -12. JO -S.3S COO E. 3S .2.70 19.05 25. YO 31.75 Fig. 36 Surface nutrient ratio map for the June 1980 cruise (contour ratio interval, 1). Map generated from in situ data aided by IR imagery. 79 K*' LEG l LEO 2 -....— 'liPtSilUSt *C/ •—•— II IT NAT I #.•/■»*« ---. PHOSPHATE. ^M/ki LiAC ■ r-f ^ (L.'SiD DISTANCE -'LEG 2 LE Mil HATE ,»■/«* PHOSPHATE ^M/knt n> '.. •/* r__ ^ H^.K . LEG I I LEG T V ' i ■ 1 1 1 ■ — i in u?/ . H 1 T7 _^V 4-^U W tunto OISTANCE tt«P6 Ulult T/ha» MtTMATC. /■■/%•• PHOSPHATE .^a/h« / y ! i > J- if* ELAPSED DISTANCE ■ M AT ANO, A»Q.' TEMPEPATUPE *C/k NlTIATC,A«fVM" PHOSPHATE >••/*•« a ."■ j >>„ II I ELAPSED OlSTANCE Fig. 37 Incremental change per kilometer of temperature, nitrate and phosphate versus elapsed distance along the track of the June 1980 cruise. Frontal transits occur at peaks. 80 CO CO >* -J < < ►H O < 00 CO w as a w ttS OS < w 2 1 O O rH i f- •C to J 1 u 3 (C o u; cu o o 1 O a. ai Crt cn CM " i i t *tl H CM p- 1 tO OI 1 CO cn 1 cn CO 1 to * 1 I i i CM cn 1 ,fl. tO 1 3 00 1 to ai 1 CM cn 1 3 CM 1 OI 1 CO cn 1 (0 cn 1 cnlco J 1 \\ O O 3 0. Z O _ Qu £ co co o 10 3 O 00 o IO 3 O CM lO a 3- O 1 1 1 r- o rH CL u o w a: i U 3 H O HO 0 Z CL | h-t r-« co r-4 rH CM rH CO CO CO rH O 3 rH co oi CO rH p* to 1 1 1 CO 80 CO r-l X, i rH ai CM cn O CM rH en a> CM r-l cn p~ CO r-l Ifl CO IO rH 00 10 to rH 3 p- 3 rH 3 CO r-t colco O 3 Z O 1 CL 00 CO co CM CM o 3" LO (O rH CM .O CD rH 3 CO in rH to CO CO r-l 1 1 1 LO O CO rH U co u_ 1 O J -J o CO Ol fc- cn p- 1 to go 3 ie i 00 3" 1 CO en 1 o o r-i 1 1 1 1 3 CO 1 § r 00 cn CO 1 H CM r-l 3 IO 1 cn cn 3 1 to CO rH 1 to to CM 1 3 CM CO t 3 CM 3 1 m 1 O z CO co 1 3 o a. 0 +-> 3 00 CM • r-l CO 0 +J CM cn oo rH 0 -H lO lO rH • r-l a 0 +J CO p- cm • rH , rH 0 w tO CM LO • rH o 0 4-* co o to a 1 o *-> CM CO O • rH a 3 J co < 1 > 3 O a cl u > £ os a, u to O •H CO p- cn J • • i-i o 0 +-> 3" CO lt lO • • r-l O o +-• IO CM O 3" • • CM a o rH r-l CO a> • ■ CM a • o co U. 1 o o 0 4-> <-D rH 3- • tO CO • CM CM 0 V o r-l r-l • rH CM 0 ■P rH rH Ol • CM CO • CM o 0 +-> o rH LO • LO CM • rH O 0 4-» rH ai 3- • rH O • CM o O *j to CO rH • O 3- O 0 4-< CM ai CM • r-l • rH o CO c_> 0 0 *-> o p- o • lO CM . M cn 0 4-> O O • O CM • rH rH rH 0 V O IO o • 3- CO 0 ♦-» (O CO 3 • • i~\ r-i r-l 0 4J O CM CO . CM f- • 1-1 CM r-l 0 W ^1 o o • CO P- 3 rH 0 +-> o LO lO • CO LO • r-l rl r-l 0 4-> (■» p« 3 • O co • rH u CO ei CJ cn p» o u p> CL < cn r~ CL a. < on c~ B TJ ai p* < cn r- CL u CO CO > o O 00 5 81 TABLE II GRADIENTS AND OBSERVED VALUES AT THE OCEANIC FRONT CKIJISC I'O', I . TIOIJ 0 RADII: NT AT PKOIIT iM NO /** H PO„ km OBSERVED VALUES AT ri'.ONT T °C M" "0"3 fXM P04- poniTion on n'ntJT where '-.i-aiji i.trr: ; and value:, mealuked DEC 79 0.17 0. 38 1.09 2.b7 0.07 0.16 11.? 11.1 9.0 10.0 1.0 1.0 u;a«/*i APR 79 0.3S 0.34 0.31 0.34 0.29 2.13 1.74 1.43 1.93 2.33 0.15 0.10 0.09 0.13 0.13 10 11 10 10 11 14, a, 15, 11, 12, 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.3 u)AR/vi JUN 79 0.45 0 .44 2.05 2.56 0.12 0.19 13.2 13.4 7.1 1.2 0.7 0.4 AUG 79 0.4.1 0.39 1.56 0.83 0.08 0.04 15.5 16.5 7.0 4.0 0.8 0.3 u)A*™ SEP 79 20 17 33 12 15 ,21 ,18 ,20 ,16 29 37 60 44 41 60 37 49 01 OS ,04 .04 ,04 ,04 ,03 .04 0.06 15. 15. 16. 16. 15. 15. 16, 16. 15, 1.3 1.8 2.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 0.6 2.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 NOV 7 9 45 ,76 ,51 ,76 .45 .35 66 53 03 23 77 21 14 14 14 13 14 13 JUN 7 9 0.27 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.59 1.28 1.07 0.97 1.25 2.49 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.09 11.1 11.6 11.1 11.6 12.1 9.8 9.0 8.6 8.4 8.3 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 U)4Urt\ j — COLD 3 5\ 82 IV. DISCUSSION A. SATELLITE DETECTED THERMAL PATTERNS COMPARED TO IN SITU SURFACE MAPS Inferring the distribution of surface nutrient concen- trations from surface thermal patterns detected by satellites appear feasible from the correlation of in situ nutrients and temperature. In this study sea surface nutrient maps were generated for comparison with satellite detected thermal patterns formed by upwelling systems off Pt. Sur, California. For example, the surface nitrate and phosphate maps for the June 1980 feature (Figs. 34 and 35) appear similar to the thermal distribution (Fig. 33) with regard to the general location of the nutrient feature, its center, and the orien- tation of the major axis. However, the nutrients exhibited a highly structured pattern with sharp gradients within the feature which was not predictable from the satellite image. The magnitude of the difference between the distribution implied by the image and the actual surface distribution of nutrients within the feature varied among the April, Sep- tember, November 1979 and June 1980 upwelling systems. (The other features lacked sufficient data to construct surface nutrient maps.) The thermal and spatial resolution of the AVHRR (1°C and 1.1 km respectively) could account for some of the difference. However, the relative ranges of the 83 nutrient values compared to the range of the temperature varied too much in different features at different times to be satisfactorily explained by the lack of resolution alone. B. NUTRIENT- TEMPERATURE CORRELATION AND "ACTIVE UPWELLING" SYSTEMS To better evaluate these differences, regression analyses were applied to in situ values of nutrients and temperature within the different features which formed at different times of the year (Fig. 38). Although there were variations, the slopes for all features were negative. A strong inverse linear correlation existed in five of the seven features observed since December 1978 (Table I) . This implied that regression lines between nutrients and temperature might be useful in describing the distribution of nutrients with re- spect to surface temperature patterns. The variations in slope of these regression lines suggests that the relation- ship of nutrients to temperature might depend on numerous factors. These may include the temperature and nutrient characteristics of the source water, the depth from which the water was advected, wind stress and bathymetric effects, surface dynamic processes (viz., mixing, advection, and heat exchange) and biological processes. Because of the complexity of the problem, trends were investigated with a view toward developing indices for prediction of nutrient distribution. The strong inverse correlations between temperature and nutrients occurring in five cruises suggested that ' active 84 CRUISE DATES Z • \ S ■*\ .?> f\ ' \ *\ 13 11 "I ' I 10 12 » 13 11 14 13 ia is 17 ii is SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE. *C Fig. 38 Summary of regression lines for nitrate, phosphate, and nutrient ratio versus temperature 7 DEC 1978 - 10 JUN 1980. 20 JAN, oceanic water; 7 DEC, 30 APR, 8 AUG, and 10 JUN upwelled water from below thermo- cline; remaining cruises "upwelled" water from above thermocline. 85 upwelling' systems had occurred. This was readily apparent for the April 1979 and June 1980 cruises for which the ver- tical temperature profiles showed the thermocline surfacing near the edge of the surface thermal feature. This break, through the thermocline, would have permitted the advection of nutrient-rich, "biochemically new" water [Traganza e_t al . , 1980], to the surface waters within the feature. This seems to be supported by the high nutrient concentrations, high nutrient ratios, and low temperatures below 10°C observed inside the feature (Figs. 27 and 28, respectively). Although satellite history of the November 1979 cruise suggests the observed feature was sampled during a stage of 'active upwelling', XBT data indicate that the system appeared not to have penetrated the thermocline. The thermocline under the feature was continuous and did not appear to be perturbed by the shallow (ca. 50m) upwelling system. This would have accounted for the moderate level of nitrate observed at the surface inside the feature. The December 1978 and June 1979 cruises did not collect vertical temperature data. From the wind data and the mod- erate levels of nitrate and phosphate, the upwelling system observed on the June 1979 cruise was assumed ' active ' [Conrad, 1980]. Because the nutrient levels were similar in magnitude to the November 1979 cruise, this feature could be representative of a shallow upwelling. 86 As the December 1978 cruise had low temperatures, high nutrient concentrations and nutrient ratios similar to those of the April 1979 and June 1980 cruises, the feature observed could have been associated with a discontinuity in the ther- mocline permitting deep upwelling. Thus, strong linear correlations between nutrients and temperature may be assumed for 'active upwelling' systems. C. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOURCE WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND THE OCEANIC FRONT The ability to determine the initial condition of the upwelled water was considered a major factor in prediction. The nutrients in this subsurface source water would provide the maximum nutrient concentrations observed in the upwelled surface water. The nutrient concentrations and temperature were expected to be a function of depth and ambient water mass. The depth of the source water is most likely tied to the duration and strength of wind or other forcing functions, e.g., internal waves [Johnson, 1980]. Within an ' active upwelling, T the surface is replenished by vertical advection of source water. The properties char- acteristic of the source water are confined to the surface feature by the oceanic front. For every feature studied, the maximum gradient analysis of in situ temperature and nutrients (see Methods: Definition of Front and Calculation of its Grad- ients) showed the nutrient fronts coincided within +.6 km to the thermal front (Figs. 14, 22, and 37). Thus, the thermal 87 front detected in satellite imagery closely approximates the nutrient front. Since nutrients are linearly related to temperature, thermal gradients are well represented within a satellite image, and the nutrient fronts and thermal front coincide, the features were examined to see if the sharpness of the thermal front might reflect the range of nutrients within the feature. The sharpness of the thermal front was not found to be a dependable measure of the nutrient distribution within a feature. The thermal gradients at the fronts of the December 1978, April and September 1979, and June 1980 features had similar magnitude, 0.12°C/km to 0.38°C/km (Table II). Within the December, April, and June features high concentrations, 8.3 to 23.1 yM nitrate and 1.0 to 2.3 yM phosphate were ob- served. These surface values were considered the result of 'active' deep upwelling. However, the September feature had significantly different nutrient concentrations, 0.6 to 4.3 yM nitrate and 0.5 to 0.9 yM phosphate. The vertical temper- ature profile of the September cruise showed a continuous though greatly perturbed thermocline under the surface feature (Fig. 15). The low nutrient concentrations and nutrient ratios, together with the vertical temperature date [see Johnson, 1980] , suggest that a shallow upwelling or mixing in the upper layer caused the feature. The satellite history of the feature revealed the thermal patterns were becoming 88 indistinguishable at the time of the cruise. The lack of strong correlation in the nitrate to phosphate and nutrient to temperature regressions also suggested that the feature was dissipating. The June, August, and November 1979 fea- tures also showed differences between nutrient distributions despite their similar thermal fronts. D. NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION PREDICTION REQUIRES GROUND TRUTH Because of the inability to describe adequately and there- fore predict the nutrient distribution from satellite detected thermal patterns alone, ground truth data are needed. In that the linear correlation was strong between nutrients and temperature, an indicator of active upwelling, for the five features mentioned earlier, the sum effects of the initial conditions, boundary conditions, and dynamic processes appear confined to altering the slope of the nutrient to temperature regression line and its intercept. E. THE FEASIBILITY OF SATELLITE PREDICTION AIDED BY LIMITED IN SITU SAMPLING A test, therefore, was conducted to determine how good a satellite prediction could be, using source water temperature and nutrient characteristics in a regression equation to forecast surface nutrient concentrations. The regression line is bounded by the coldest temperature in the feature and the warmest oceanic water temperature. 89 1. Use of the Oceanic Water Temperature as an Intercept for a Predictive Regression Line The temperature (T) intercepts computed from in situ nutrient/temperature regression equations were compared with the warmest oceanic temperature to determine if a trend could be seen that would be useful in developing a regression equa- tion to forecast nutrient concentrations. The phosphate/ temperature T- intercept was always greater (warmer) than the nitrate/temperature T-intercept. Because the oceanic en- vironment appeared to be nitrate-limited (nitrate goes to zero while phosphate is still present, see Figs. 6 and 29), the phosphate/temperature line would have to be extrapolated to reach the temperature axis, thus greater (warmer) temper- atures. This would be an over estimate of the actual oceanic water temperature. The difference, T -T. . , for r ' ocean intercept' active upwelling systems as defined by nutrient values and concentrations ranged from -0.21 to +0.61°C for nitrate/ temperature and -0.18 to +0.27°C for phosphate/temperature regression equations (Table I) . Within the thermal resolu- tion (.5°C) of the satellite sensor, the T-intercept might therefore be considered equivalent to the temperature of the oceanic water. 2. Hypothesis That Nutrient/Temperature Relation within Source Water Is Linear Strong linear correlations were seen between both nutrients and temperature and their gradients in the November 90 1979 shallow upwelling system and June 1980 deep upwelling system. From satellite history, these features appear to have been observed during an initial stage of development indicating the water upwelled from its source depth had been in contact with the surface for a day or less. Therefore, the source water nutrient and temperature characteristics should be linearly related. If this is the case, and the source water regression line is known (from recent or his- torical data), this relation could be used, along with the oceanic water temperature as a T-intercept, to provide a first approximation of the nutrient distribution reflected by the surface thermal patterns. In order to test this hypothesis, source water char- acteristics were examined using T - S and T - N diagrams from the shallow upwelling November 1979 Nansen casts (Fig. 25). The 2 and 25m T - N samples for station 7 (located near the coldest water in the feature) and stations 3, 4, 5, and 6 (located near the front) were plotted on the T-N diagram for station 2, which was representative of the oceanic environment (Fig. 39). The 25m samples were tightly clustered on the station 2 curve between the 25 and 50m depths, suggesting that the water had upwelled from that depth. The 2m samples of the ocean front stations were skewed off the station 2 reference curve toward warmer, lower nutrient water. However, station 7 varied little between the surface and 25m depth. Apparently station 7 was nearest the area where the source 91 CD i iri CO s * E E • m UJ CM CM K- o • < QC h- ■~ z O* - jr «o ./ o CO ^•' CO o o "e o o n E o o • /e CM ** o >' E E E o H- CM lO o z CM ui ^B -1 < 0) CO CO • 1 1 L_ i. i_ 1 1 1 _.l 16. 11. 12. 10. 6. TEMPERATURE, *C Fig. 39 T- S and T-N diagram for station 2; ocean reference, with 25m (solid circles) and 2m (open circles) data from stations 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 added to identify source water. 92 water first came in contact with the surface. The ocean front station data were obtained in this source water after it had been affected by mixing, heat exchange, and other processes, dynamical and biological. 3. The Effects of Wind Mixing and Heat Exchange to the Atmosphere on Surface Water near Oceanic Front The difference in 2 and 25m temperatures could be associated in part with the mixing caused by the 3 to 5m#sec winds during the November cruise and the atmospheric thermal exchange associated with a low percentage of cloud cover and ca. 10 hours of daylight observed. Over the one day, the upwelled water known to have been in contact with the surface the longest (which was assumed to be the water at the oceanic front) was predicted to be ca.. 0.8°C warmer [James, 1966]. This agreed with what was observed on the T - N diagram (Fig. 39) . 4. Determination of Depth From Which Source Water Was Advected It was postulated that a nutrient source depth range could be determined by the depths at which the cold tempera- ture in the center of the feature, T , and the temperature of the ocean front, T r , were found on a temperature versus de.pth profile, obtained, e.g., with an XBT. From these depths a range of nutrient values could be measured by .in situ sampling. The change in nutrients versus the change in temperature over the depth range, corresponding to T - TV , 93 could be a first approximation of the slope, m, for a regres- sion equation to predict nutrient concentrations within the surface feature. This slope approximation could be combined with the oceanic water surface temperature as described earlier to compute the nutrient CN) intercept, b, whereby the total regression equation, N = mT + b, can be formulated. The conditions for which this approximation would be best suited are those in which there were not thermal exchanges with the environment and changes in nutrient concentrations due to biological activity. Accuracy of the application to IR satellite data would depend on the extent of agreement between the surface temperature inferred from the satellite image and the actual surface temperature. 5. A Hindcast of Nitrate' Concentration Using Data from the November 1979 Cruise The November 1979 cruise station 2 vertical tempera- ture profile showed the nitrate source depth range for 11.85°C, T , and 14.0°C, Tf , to be 40 to 14m respectively. The nitrate range between these depths was 11.7 to 3.9 yM. The slope for this line, therefore, was ca. -3.7. A second approximation correcting for wind mixing and thermal exchange with the atmosphere [James, 1966] used 13.2°C for Tf to gen- erate a slope of ca. -3.1. The oceanic water surface temper- ature used to predict the N-intercept, b = -mT, was 15.50°C. From these few measurements, a predictive regression equation was formulated. 94 The predictive regression equation computed from 333 in situ measurements was compared with the equations developed using the slope derived from source water characteristics and the temperature of the ocean water used as the T-intercept. The nitrate concentrations for 11.85° and 14.0°C were computed. The best fit linear regression (correlation, r=-0.93) based on underway in. situ measurements was: N = -3.24 T + 47.74. where N = yM nitrate and T = °C temperature. The predictive regression equation, assuming no thermal exchange with the environment, was: N1 = -3.7T + 57.35 The second approximation which corrected for wind mixing and atmospheric thermal exchange was: N2 = -3.1 T + 48.05 a. Comparison of Predicted Nitrate Concentration to That Computed by Regression Analysis of Observed Data The solution to the equations are as follows: for Tc of 11.85°C, N = 9.82 yM, H = 13.5 yM, and N2 = 11.3 yM nitrate; for Tf of 14.0°C, N = 2.94 yM, N, = 5.5 yM, and 1 L N, - N N? = 4.7 yM nitrate. The percentage of error ( x 100 £ N2 - N N and x 100) , associated in predicting the nitrate N concentration at the cold center or most recently upwelled water appears to be ca. +37% for the first approximation, 95 N, , and ca. +15% for N2 which accounted for wind mixing and thermal exchange. In the vicinity of the ocean front, the percentage of error increased; for TV of 14.0°C, N, had an error of c_a. +98% whereas N~ had an error of ca. +581. In both hindcasts the nutrient concentrations predicted were higher than those computed from the equation based on in situ surface measurements. Both hindcasts also deteriorated in reliability proceeding away from the cold center of the fea- ture. The predictive equation which corrected for wind mixing and thermal exchange with the atmosphere had significantly less error than the equation that did not. Because nitrate and temperature are nonconservative within the upper layer of the ocean, the 15% error derived from linear regression should be considered reasonable. In all, the longer the up- welled water is in contact with the surface layer of the ocean, the more complex the interactions with the physical and biological environment may become, and the more unreal- istic the simple predictive equations. b. Summary of Conditions for Which This Test Appeared Satisfactory This hindcast was applied only to a shallow up- welling system which satellite history showed to be in an initial stage of development. The prediction was based on knowledge of the temperature of the sea surface within the coldest thermal pattern detected, surface temperature of the oceanic front detected by thermal patterns, a vertical 96 temperature and nutrient profile within the upper 200m of the ocean seaward of the oceanic front, and atmospheric parameters to hindcast ocean-atmosphere thermal exchange [James, 1966]. In this special case, given this limited ground truth, it was possible to hindcast within 15% error the maximum nutrient concentration in an upwelling system detected by satellite imagery. It therefore seems reasonable to assume that at least the major patterns of nutrient dis- tributions can, with further research, be inferred using satellite imagery and limited ground truth (i.e., data from buoys and AXBT's) . 97 V. CONCLUSIONS 1. Inference of nutrient distribution by satellite detected upwelling systems is feasible. 2. Active upwelling systems are expected to have strong inverse linear correlations between nutrients and temperature. 3. The nutrient front position can be approximated closely by the thermal oceanic front. 4. The nutrient distribution within a feature can not be related to the sharpness of the thermal front. 5. To predict nutrient distributions, ground truth as well as satellite detected thermal patterns are required. 6. A linear regression can be used to forecast nutrient maxima for upwelling systems in the initial stage of develop- ment aided by only limited in. situ data. 7. The approximation of nutrient concentrations by linear regression can be improved by estimating the effects of wind mixing and thermal exchange with the atmosphere. 8. With greater knowledge of source water character- istics (from in situ monitoring or historical data) , stage of development (inferred from satellite images and in situ monitoring), and dynamic processes (wind mixing, advection, and heat transfer) a forecast of nutrient distributions with a surface thermal feature could be made. 98 APPENDIX A Listing of Surface Data: Time, Latitude, Longitude, Elapsed Distance, Nitrate, Phosphate, Nutrient Ratio, ATP, AATP/ATP, Chlorophyll, Temperature a. \j c «-««-«r-r-tr~r~wi/'v/<'/,T;ajj •—m-a* u> ■£. -o -C <£ •* -O ■» c • •••••••••••••••••••••••••»••••••••••••••••••••••• «.«lr wju\f'vfM^^wN-t" ^;u". ^u>^f c\j^>tr~ ^r^u>f\i ^nrn ■-<•*. ~r>j rvp--u- aj-r-r-vnufv " CT"-if\-c»r _i^ >•»••■■•••••■••••••••••■■■•«••••••«*•••■•••••«•••• e> -j «i« c: 111 V CM <-l «>J ao ooce cLctMf^'rr -rt^>cr>-»->r-i,f^ »-»i u- 3 J- f" «♦* r" n • f c -O vT f*> ce or- cor- o -J-r^.-;inr-'7*U **-*** cCr_,r.c,ecoe.rr.e.3c>c:c> ccrcrccccf1^ cc^c- — <-.->u".f» t LFirwr r-'ru-'tr. ro^nn j- r-r-i^c vT -t ^; —'J rr mr-r-r-i--v' r-mocer-i-i i i I i I i I rr'.'v — c — c ^"C c cr>c-*"z rccfFi»vri^H t\jf\,-;.--.-'.-ic — .-.- .—-: i i i i i i i i i i i i i i c <-• h i- IT. ». 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X. iC O — ")—»-».—-•<.• I — 'iyi— ^'/1 — Ci^l— T.^l— — X -M.-i.k.l.Bl.h.i." -w UJUJO JJ-* X — X— X'_)0'0"*,«--*\ill II " ^0O3(J * JL'JU J«^»,-*0 » * '» -UX-w-i H 'J O-U ^Ci Ca.13 w»t -1-1 j-i j-f u— »- j» \l a.TX TXTla. —• — — — — ^- ^ a. tfl-l^i^iii, j_~- ^.^ i.u*.-J uj£-'* — _j t — -j c -j_, x w-* 1 ^* ^^t t fcxu.u.xaxu m Jt *x. x ■— J- - — 1 - ^nrju.u.^ui}.x a.a.x.a.oix.^ik>»^u.Li.u.a.(_; ti j-j~-j/*.^a''i-i.^ j^^^-i^^^^^ n^ -1 — _ _■ •* ,.1 w -j w~* -1 — >_; -J — t iioi— >-- — — "jA^^i-^auu— "-o-1-— "Utji-u>-o— uq j>-x<-ii_i» :>•_>• >j- -»i_»» ->o -n^i> ^«--o»o %<>-> o 1-1-iioiioin ui '« co coconcr orfrgng r^fMiNc^m 'r>«> ■* miri JIOOIOJOO 1 a Uu'juuj --<—• «■•«•■ — _^_-._«— <_____ -3 oooooo o o uououoijuo'jooowj'jooa'jao'JOQoouTj'jooooo o a a ooiounuiuaooo 176 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anonymous, Technicon Industrial Systems Technical Publication No. TA 1-0170-20, Operational Manual for the Technicon Auto Analyzer II System, 1972. 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Bronsink, S.H., Microplanktonic ATP - Biomass and GTP - Produc- tivity Associated with Upwelling off Point Sur, California, Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 1980. Conrad, J.W., Relationships Between Sea Surface Temperature and Nutrients in Satellite Detected Oceanic Fronts, Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 1980. James, R.W. , Ocean Thermal Structure Forecasting, SP-105 Anti submarine Warfare Environmental Prediction Services, V. 5, p. 74-133, 1966. Johnson, J.E., Subsurface Dynamical Properties of Variable Features Seen in Satellite IR Imagery off Point Sur and Their Acoustic Significance, Master's Thesis, Naval Post- graduate School, Monterey, 1 98 0. 177 Maul, G. A., and Sidran, M, , "Atmospheric Effects on Ocean Surface Temperature Sensing from the NOAA Satellite Scanning Radiometer," Journal of Geophysical Research, V. 78 C12) , p. 1909, 1973. Paulson, G.P., A Study of Nutrient Variations in the Surface and Mixed Layer of Monterey Bay Using Automatic Analysis Techniques, Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 1972. Traganza, E.D., Nestor, D.A., and McDonald, A.K., "Satellite Observations of a Nutrient Upwelling off the Coast of California," Journal of Geophysical Research, V. 85(C7), p. 4101-4106, 1980. Traganza, E.D. , Conrad, J.W. , and Breaker, L.C., "Satellite Observations of a 'Cyclonic Upwelling System' and 'Giant Plume' in the California Current," (in press Journal of Geophysical Research) , 1980. 178 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST No. Copies 1. Defense Technical Information Center 2 Cameron Station Alexandria, VA 22314 2. Library, Code 0142 2 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 3. Chairman, Code 68 1 Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 4. Chairman, Code 65 1 Department of Meteorology Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 5. Director 1 Naval Oceanography Division Navy Observatory 34th § Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington, D.C. 20390 6. Commander 1 Naval Oceanography Command NSTL Station Bay St. Louis, MS 39529 7. Commanding Officer 1 Naval Oceanographic Office NSTL Station Bay St. Louis, MS 39529 8. Commanding Officer 1 Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center Monterey, CA 93940 9. Commanding Officer 1 Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity NSTL Station Bay St. Louis, MS 39529 179 10. Chairman, Oceanography Department U.S. Naval Academy Annapolis, MD 21402 11. Office of Naval Research (Code 482) Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity NSTL Station Bay St. Louis, MS 39529 12. Scientific Liaison Office Office of Naval Research Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, CA 92037 13. Library Department of Oceanography University of Washington Seattle, WA 98105 14. Library CICESE P.O. Box 4803 San Ysidro, CA 92073 15. Library School of Oceanography Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 16. Commander Oceanographic Systems Pacific Box 1390 Pearl Harbor, HI 96860 17. Dr. E.D. Traganza, Code 68 Tg Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 18. Prof. J.B. Wickham, Code 68 Wk Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 19. Dr. R.H. Bourke, Code 68 Bf Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 180 20. Mr. L.C. Breaker National Environmental Satellite Service 660 Price Avenue Redwood City, CA 94063 21. Mr. Ben Cagle Office of Naval Research Branch Office 1030 East Green Street Pasadena, CA 91106 22. Mr. Ronald Nagle Naval Environment Prediction Research Facility Monterey, CA 93940 23. CDR M.L. Sneiderman, Code 54 Zz Department of Administrative Sciences Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 24. Mr. Jerry Norton, Code 68 g Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 25. Mr. Dana Austin, Code 68 g Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 26. Ms. Bonita Hunter, Code 68 g Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 27. Ms. Andrea McDonald, Code 61 g Department of Chemistry Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 28. Captain W.W. Reynolds, Code 35 Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 29. Commander Area ASW Forces Sixth Fleet LCDR John W. Conrad U.S. Naval Support Activity, Naples FPO New York 09521 181 30. LT Carol Jori, Code 35 Department of Oceanography- Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 31. LT Sherman H. Bronsink HELSUPPRON Three Naval Air Station North Island San Diego, CA 92135 32. Commandant G-PTE-1 United States Coast Guard Washington, D.C. 20590 33. Commanding Officer USCG Oceanographic Unit Bldg. 159-E, Navy Yard Annex Washington, D.C. 20593 34. LT Walter E. Hanson USCG Oceanographic Unit Bldg. 159-E, Navy Yard Annex Washington, D.C. 20593 182 Thesi s H20A65 c.1 191431 Hanson Nutrient study of mesoscale thermal features off Point Sur, Cal i forni a* Thesis 191431 H20*{65 Hanson c.1 Nutrient study of mesoscale thermal features off Point Sur, Cal ifornia.