ME 11 NUMBER 2 Western Australian Herbarium Department of Conservation and Land Management Western Australia NUYTSIA Published by the Department of Conservation and Land Management, Locked Bag 1 04, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983. All papers should be submitted to Dr Barbara Rye, Editor, Nuytsia. Email: Barbarar@herb.calm.wa.gov.au SCIENCE PUBLICATIONS UNIT Coordinator: K.F. Kenneally Editor: M.R.L. Lewis Assistant Editor: J.W. Searle The journals Nuytsia and CALMScience are products of the Science Publications Unit which links the work of two CALM divisions: Science and Information, and Corporate Relations. They form part of the latter's Programs and Publications section. Their purpose is to present the scientific work of CALM to a professional readership on a regular basis. NUYTSIA EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE B.L. Rye (Nuytsia Editor) J.R. Wheeler (Assistant Editor) T.D. Macfarlane N.G. Marchant J.W. Searle (Editorial Assistant/Page Preparation) ENQUIRIES Enquiries regarding distribution and subscriptions should be addressed to the Marketing Manager, Corporate Relations Division, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983. Phone: (09) 334 0296 Fax: (09) 334 0498 © Copyright CALM, 1997. ISSN 0085-4417 All material in this journal is copyright and may not be reproduced except with the written permission of the publishers. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia CONTENTS Page Three new species of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae: Phyllantheae) for the Northern Territory, one new species for Western Australia, and notes on other Phyllanthus species occurring in these regions. By J.T. Hunter and J.J. Bruhl 147 New Sauropus (Euphorbiaceae; Phyllantheae) taxa for the Northern Territory and Western Australia and notes on other Sauropus occurring in these regions. By. J.T. Hunter and J.J. Bruhl 165 Six new species of triggerplant (Stylidium: Stylidiaceae) from south-west Western Australia. By A. Lowrie and K.F. Kenneally 185 Eight new species of triggerplant {Stylidium'. Stylidiaceae) from northern Australia. By A. Lowrie and K.F. Kenneally 199 Acacia colei var. ileocarpa (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), a new taxon from the tropical dry-zone of north-west Australia. By M.W. McDonald and B.R. Maslin 219 A revision of Gardenia (Rubiaceae) from northern and north-western Australia. By C.F. Puttock 225 Three new annual species of Schoenus (Cyperaceae) from the south-west of Western Australia. By B.L. Rye 263 New species of Cyperaceae in Western Australia. By K.L. Wilson 269 Short Communications A new subspecies of Lamhertia echinata (Proteaceae). By G.J. Keighery 283 Occurrence and spread of Sea Spurge {Euphorbia paralias) along the west coast of Western Australia. By G.J. Keighery and J. Dodd 285 The Rhamnaceae of the Kimberley Region of Western Australia. By B.L. Rye 287 Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora 293 Publication date ofNuytsia Volume 11 Number 1 293 Notes for Authors 294 Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983 Cover Nuytsiaflorihunda (Labill.) R. Br. ex Fenzl (Loranthaceae) - the Western Australian Christmas Tree is one of the few arborescent mistletoes in the world. This endemic tree is a semi-parasite common in sandy soil from the Murchison River to Israelite Bay, The journal is named after the plant, which in turn commemorates Pieter Nuijts, an ambassador of the Dutch East India Company, who in 1 627 accompanied the “Guide Zeepard” on one of the first explorations along the south coast of Australia. Cover design by Sue Marais Photograph A.S. George Nuytsia 1 1(2): 147-163 (1997) 147 Three new species of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae: Phyllantheae) for the Northern Territory, one new species for Western Australia, and notes on other Phyllanthus species occurring in these regions John T. Hunter and Jeremy J. Bruhl Department of Botany, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia Abstract Hunter, J.T. and Bruhl, J.J. Three new species of/’/ty/Zartt/twi (Euphorbiaceae; Phyllantheae) for the Northern Territory, one new species for Western Australia, and notes on other Phyllanthus species occurring in these regions. Nuytsia 1 1(2): 147-163(1997). Phyllanthus cauticola,P. prominulatus and P. sulcatus from the Northern Territory, and P. baeckeoides from Western Australia are described. Notes are presented on the nomenclatural problems of previously named taxa from these regions. A key to the species of Phyllanthus L. from the Northern Territory and Western Australia is presented. Introduction The taxonomy of Phyllanthus L. species (Euphorbiaceae: Phyllantheae) has presented a problem within Australia due to the lack of a continent-wide treatment since Bentham (1873). In our revision of the Phyllantheae for the “Flora of Australia”, new taxa have been delimited and nomenclatural issues have been highlighted (e.g. Hunter&Bruhl 1996, 1997). This paper presents full descriptions of new Phyllanthus species we recognize for the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Other papers dealing with new taxa and issues in other states will be presented in other Australian taxonomic journals. Detailed coverage of affinities, phy logeny and unusual morphological features are beyond the scope of this paper and we refrain from ad hoc discussions of such matters. They will be dealt with after further investigations, in subsequent papers. Methods Sampling and Organization of Data. Significant proportions of the Phyllanthus specimens held by the herbaria AD, BRI, CANB, DNA, HO, MEL, NSW, PERTH and QRS, and historically important Phyllanthus specimens from A and GH were provisionally sorted into taxa. Close inspection of these taxa and subsequent re-sorting of specimens formed the basis for our decisions on the status of these taxa. Ten representative specimens (where available) of these taxa were chosen for detailed analysis of quantitative micromorphological characters. Macromorphological characters (qualitative and 148 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) quantitative, e.g. leaf length) were scored in all available material. Selection of the ten specimens for study was based on specimen quality in terms of the amount and number of developmental stages displayed. A DELTA (Dallwitz 1980; Dallwitzet a/. 1 993) list of 395 characters and their states has been created by the authors for the Phyllantheae (Bruhl & Hunter unpublished). This was used to score attributes measured in selected specimens, together with those measured in all available material. Fresh material was used where possible, but in most instances floral measurements were based on re-hydrated material. Mature leaves only were used for scoring leaf characters. Terminology. For purposes of consistency across the members of the Phyllantheae, the perianth segments of Phyllanthus are referred to as sepals. Further developmental investigations need to be carried out to confirm this interpretation (Webster pers. comm.). Terminology for seed surface characters fol lows that of Steam ( 1 992). A bordered h ilum is indicated by a discoloured and often raised region surrounding the hilum. This character is most obvious in Phyllanthus fuernrohriiF. Muell. (see Hunter & Bruhl 1996: Figure 1 A, C). There are sometimes differences between the leaves of branches, referred to as ‘branch leaves’, and those on ultimate branchlets referred to as ‘branchlet leaves’. Phyllanthoid branching is indicated by a reduction of the leaf that subtends a branch/branchlet to a scale-like structure, as illustrated by Webster (1970). Branch leaves exhibiting intermediate reduction in size, but still clearly laminate, are referred to as ‘reduced’ . Care should be taken where leaves may have fallen, to check for a leaf scar which will always be present. The term ‘prominulous’ is as given by Steam (1992). Citation. Type specimens of all relevant taxa have been seen by one or both of the authors, unless stated otherwise. Photographs of type specimens examined at BM and K are held at NE, together with photographs taken of type specimens on loan to NE. A list of all specimens studied will be deposited at NE. An INTKEY dataset for interactive identification will be made available on completion of our study of the Australian Phyllantheae. Taxonomy 1. Phyllanthus aridusBenth, FI. Austral. 6: 1 10 (1873). Type: Northern Australia, Barren Shores of Brunswick Bay and Port Warrender, Vansittart Bay, N.W. Coast, A. Cunningham {holo: K). Phyllanthus polycladus W. Fitzg. nom. illeg. non P. polycladus Urb., Symb. Antill. 1: 333 (1898) - P. hesperonotos Govaerts& Radcl.-Sm., Kew Bull. 5 1 : 1 77 (1 995). Type: Edkins Range, Western Australia, August 1 905, W. V. Fitzgerald 1437 {holo: NSW). Phyllanthus sp. C, Wheeler et al. , Flora of the Kimberley Region 624 ( 1 992). Distribution. Phyllanthus aridus occurs chiefly in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, but is also known from sporadic localities south of Darwin in the Northern Territory. J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New species of Phyllanthus 149 Notes. The name Phyllanthus aridus seems to have been little used within Australia, especially in recent decades. More commonly the name Phyllanthus polycladus W. Fitzg. (see Wheeler et al. 1 992) has been applied to specimens referable to P. aridus. Phyllanthus aridus has priority over P. polycladus. In any case, the latter is a secondary homonym of P. polycladus Urban, a North American species with no close affinity to P. aridus. The recentpublication of P/7>’//(5t«t/tMS'/tes'/?ero«o/o^Govaerts&Radcl.-Sm. overlooked the priority of the name Phyllanthus aridus. Govaerts & Radcliffe- Smith (1995: 177) state that “the species is found in the south of Western Australia”, yet we have seen no specimens of P. aridus from southern Western Australia. Phyllanthus aridus is a variable species that is in need of further close study, and may prove to contain more than one entity. One variant is distinguished by its linear leaves and very long pedicels (see Dunlop 8223 DNA, Aplin 5013 DNA), whereas most populations of this species possess elliptic leaves and shorter pedicels. 2. Phyllanthus baeckeoides J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, jp. nov. A Phyllanthus calycino habitu dioeis, stipulis rubris ovatis, pedicellis brevioribus, fructibus et seminibus parvioribus, differt. Typus-. Merolia Station, Western Australia, 25 August 1 989, A. L. Payne2A92 (holo: PERTH 01165577) [male]. Dioecious shrubs, 0.5- 1 .5 m tall. Branchlets persistent, rounded, 2.5-7 cm long, 0.4-0. 7 mm wide, glabrous. Stipidespershtent, free, 0.7-2. 1 mm long, red, ovate, chartaceous, entire or sometimes lacerate, glabrous; base truncate to cordate; apex acute to acuminate. Branch leaves normal. Branchlet leaves alternate, distichous, jointed, symmetrical, concave, held close to the stem. Petiole 0.4-0. 8 mm long, 0.2-0.4 mm wide, glabrous. TaOT/>Ja2.5-14.3 mm long, 0.8-2.4 mm wide, elliptic, light-green tomid-green, obscurely veined, glabrous; base symmetrical, rounded to obtuse; apex recurved, ecaudate, rounded to retuse, mucronate; margins revolute. Bracts and bracteoles deciduous. Inflorescences indeterminate, axillary, sessile. Maleflowers solitary; pedicels 0.8-3. 5 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, free, ascending to divergent, 2-3 .9 mm long, 1 .3-2.7 mm wide, white to yellow, elliptic to circular, emarginate, retuse, rounded to obtuse, glabrous; disk comprising discrete lobes, 2-3.1 mm wide, lobes lenticular; stamens 3, 1 -whorled, erect; filaments completely connate, erect, terete, 1 .2-2.6 mm long; anthers extrorse, erect to ascending, oblong, 0.9- 1 .4 mm long; locules parallel. Female flowers solitary; pedicels at anthesis and in fruit2.2-2.8 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, glabrous; sepals free, 6, 1 .5-3 mm long, 1 .2-2. 1 mm wide, elliptic, circular to ovate ascending to divergent, green to yellow, with a distinct white margin, retuse to obtuse, glabrous; disk crenate, 1 .5-2. 1 mm wide; styles 3, free although connate at the base, erect to ascending, red, 0.7- 1 . 1 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, narrow-terete, glabrous; ovary 0.5-1 .2 mm long, 0.9- 1 .9 mm wide, transversely ellipsoid, apically depressed, smooth, glabrous. Fndt a capsule, septicidal, transversely ellipsoid, apically depressed, 2.4-2.9 mm long, 3.7-4 mm wide, yellow-brown or green, cartilaginous, smooth, glabrous, grooved septicidally; column persistent, ‘lanceolate’ to obtrullate, 1 .4- i .8 mm long! ^eeiisyellowto yellow-brown, prismatic, laterally compressed, 1 .8-1 .9mm long, 1 .3- 1 .5 mm wide, smooth; hilum slightly depressed, circular to ovate, cavity more or less basal. (Figure 1 A-C) Specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA [precise localities withheld]: Mt Clifford, Severne 360269 (PERTH); White Cliffs Station, 24 July 1 988, S. Petty 2083 & 2084 (PERTH); Laverton, Sep. 1 990, Barret s.n. (PERTH). 150 Nuytsia Vol. II, No. 2 (1997) Figure!. A-C Phyllanthus haeckeoides A - leaf, B - branchlef C - male flower; D Pcarpentariae D - fruit enclosed by sepals; E-F P. exitis E - fruit, F - seed; G-H P promimilatus G - branchlef H - leaf I-K, P. scaher I - branchlef .1 - leaf detail. K. - branchlet; L-M P sukatiis L - leaf M - leaf detail; N-0 P. reticulatus N - branchlet, O - fruit; P-S P. virgatus - branchlets. Scale bars: A, C, D, E, If J, M = 2 mm; B, G, I, K, L, P, Q, R, S = 5 mm; F = I mm; N = 1 cm; 0 = 4 mm. Drawn from S. Petty 2083 (PERTH) (A,B,Ql; VJ. Neldner 2755 (BRI) (D); G.L Wightman 2573 cS M. Clark (DNA) (E,F); MO. Parker 739 (DNA) (G,H,); G.L. Webster 18628 (NSW) (I,J), M.E. Phillips 1418 (CBG) (K); C.R. Dunlop 6107 A J. Taylor (DNA) (l.,M,), K.P'. Kenneally 10468 (PERTH) (N,0); C.R. Dunlop 8673 N.G. White (DNA) (P); J R Clarkson 4816 (BRI) (Q); T..4. /lalliday 450 (BRI) (R); ID. Cowie 1453 A C.R Dunlop (DNA) (S). Drawn by D. Mackay. J.T. Hunter & JJ. Bruhl, New species of Phyllanthus 151 Distribution. Only known from localities near Laverton. Habitat. Known from granite outcrops, and red-lateritic and sandy-clay soils. Flowering and fruiting period. July to September. Conservation status. CALM Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority One. AROTAP code (Briggs & Leigh 1988) of 2E- W is suggested. This species is known only from a few close localities and a handful of specimens, none within a reserve. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the superficial resemblance of the plants in flower to Baeckea L., a genus in the Myrtaceae. 3. Phyllanthus cauticola J.T. Hunter & J. J. Bruhl, sp. nov. P. exili affmi sed habitu pendenti, ramulis rotundatis, laminis latioribus et sepalis masculinis majoribusdiffert. Kakadu National Park [precise locality withheld], Northern Territory, April 1993, J.T 1589, J. Bruhl & J.L. Egan (holo: DNA; iso: BRI, DAY, NE, PERTH). Monoecious shrubs. Branches rounded, 8-9.5 cm long; 0.2-0. 3 mm wide, the upper parts of the branchlets are often red, papillose. Stipules persistent, free, 0.4-0.9 mm long, red, narrowly triangular, chartaceous, entire, glabrous to papillose; base rounded to obtuse; apex acute. Branch leaves normal. Branchlet leaves alternate, distichous, jointed, symmetrical, plane. Petiole 0.6- 1. 5 mm long, 0. 1 -0.4 mm wide, glabrousto papillate. Lamina9.3- 1 3.2 mm long, 3.7-4. 1 mm wide, obovate, light-green tomid-green, paler below, pinnately veined, obscurely veined, glabrous to sparsely papillate; base symmetrical, obtuse to attenuate; apex erect, ecaudate, rounded to emarginate and sometimes cuspidate, mucronate; margins plane. Bracts and bracteoles deciduous, glabrous. Inflorescences unisexual or occasionally bisexual with the sexes mixed, indeterminate, axillary, sessile. Male flowers solitary; pedicels 0.4-0.6 mm long, glabrous;sepals6,free, ascending, L8-2mmlong,0.9-L I mm wide, white toyellow,elliptictoovate, obtuse to acute, glabrous; disk comprising discrete lobes, about 1 mm wide, lobes lenticular; stamens 3, 1 -whorled, erect; filaments completely connate, erect, terete, 0.7 mm long; anthers extrorse, erect to ascending, oblong to elliptic, 0.6-0. 7 mm long; locules parallel. Female flowers solitary; pedicels at anthesis2-2.3 mm long, 0. 1 -0.2 mm wide, intTuit2.7-3.3 mm long, 0. 1 -0.2 mm wide, glabrous or sometimes papillate; sepals free, 6, 1 .6-2.3 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, elliptic, at anthesis ascending and incurved, in fruit ascending, white, green to yellow, with a distinct white margin, obtuse to acute, glabrous; disk crenate, 0.6-0.8 mm wide; styles 3, free, divided for about half their, length, erect to recurved, red, 0. 3-0.4 mm long, about 0. 1 mm wide, narrow-terete, glabrous, branches entire, linear; ovary 0.7-0.9 mm long, 0.7-0.8 mm wide, globose to ellipsoid, smooth, glabrous. Fruit a capsule, septicidal, globose to ellipsoid, 2-2.2 mm long, 0.9-2 mm wide, yellow-brown to green, cartilaginous, smooth, glabrous, grooved septicidally; column persistenfnarrow oblongtoTanceolate’, L3-L5mm long. SeeJs bi-coloured with the upperhalfred and the lower halfyellow, prismatic to crescentifonn, laterally compressed, 1 .7- 1 .8 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, smooth;hilum markedly depressed, bordered, circular, cavity more or less basal. Distribution. Known only from a small population at the type locality within Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory. Habitat. Grows horizontally then pendulously from the sides of sandstone cliffs. 152 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Flowering and fruiting period. April. Consen’ation status. A ROTAP code (Briggs & Leigh 1988) of 2EC-Y is suggested. The species is at present only known from the type locality. Etymology. In reference to the habit of the whole plant as it projects horizontally from sandstone outcrops. Notes. Phyllanthus cauticola is unusual in having elongated fruits and seeds, characters of Phyllanthus in Australia that are otherwise only known from P. exilis. These attributes are similar to those seen in Sauropus, however, a floial disk confirms the inclusion of P. cauticola in Phyllanthus. The seed of P. cauticola is unusual in being bi-colourous, a state not seen in other members of the genus. 4. *Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 582 (1805). Type. Ph. Niruri proxim Fankerb, 9 Jan[uary] 1 799 (holo: BM). Phyllanthus leaiS. Moore, J. Linn. Soc.(Bot.) 45: 217 (1920). Type: North Australia, June- July 1886, T.S. Lea (holo: BM). Distribution. This tropical weed has a sporadic and disjunct distribution within Australia. It is known from Darwin, and Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory and from the Torres Strait Islands, Townsville and Mackay in Queensland. Notes. Phyllanthus debilis is probably native to tropical Asia (Airy Shaw 1980). Until now P. debilis has not been recognized as oecurring in Australia. Most collections of this species have been misidentified as P. amarus Schum. Phyllanthus debilis can be readily distinguished from P. amarus by the possession of six sepals rather than five. Based on herbarium collections, P. debilis appears to have been introduced into Australia twice. The earliest known collection from Australia is the type specimen of R. leai, 1886 from Darwin. No more specimens of P. debilis appear to have been made until 1980, when it was again collected in Darwin. 5. Phyllanthus eutaxioides S. Moore, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 45:216(1 920). Type. East Coast [sic], R. Brown 3617(/io/o:BM). Phyllanthus sp. Golden Sands, Dunlop etai, Flora of the Darwin Region 2: 233 (1995). Distribution. Phyllanthus eutaxioides is restricted to the Darwin Region and the Gove Peninsula of the Northern Territory. Notes. Although the name P. eutaxioides is valid, it seems not to have been used within Australia other than in Moore’s original designation. Dunlop et. al. ( 1 995) have referred to this species as P. ‘Golden Sands’ in the “Flora of the Darwin Region”. Phyllanthus eutaxioides is variable and appears to have three variants: one (e.g. DNA 24813; DNA 24814) has larger stipules and leaves than the type variant, and a disc that is more inflated; another (e.g. DNA 5731; DNA 9440; MEL 226369) differs from the type variant in being papillose to scabrous on the stems and leaves. In both these variants the anther filaments are not fully fused, while they are in the type variant. For illustrations of P. eutaxioides see Dunlop et. al. (1995) [asP. ‘Golden Sands’]. Further studies of this complex are warranted. J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New species of Phyllanthus 153 Although Phyllanthus eutaxioides is restricted to the Darwin region and the Gove Peninsula within the Northern Territory, the type specimen locality is given as ‘East Coast’. It appears that this was a mistaken locality, as Robert Brown, at the time of collecting this specimen, was in the Gulf of Carpentaria or part of Antrim’s [Arnhem] Land (Dawson 1958). 6. Phyllanthus exilisS. Moore, J. Bot. 64:97(1926). Type\ GrooteEylandt, February 1925,5'. Moore 109(/io/o:K). Phyllanthus sp. aff. virgatus, Dunlop et al, Flora of the Darwin Region 2: 233 (1995). [Phyllanthus trachygyne auct. non Benth., Wheeler etal, Flora of the Kimberley Region 622 (1992).] Distribution. Phyllanthus exilis is a common species from the west coast of the Kimberley region of Western Australia to the Gulf country in Queensland. Notes. Phyllanthus exilis, while a valid name, has not been used within Australia since its original publication. Most commonly specimens of P. exilis have been determined as P. trachygyne Benth. (Wheeler et al. 1 992) which is a synonym of P. virgatus Forst. f. Intriguingly both the name and description of P. trachygynehy Bentham (1873) indicate that its ovary is waned. Flowever, the lectotype of P. trachygyne does not have a warted ovary and neither do any of the collections that otherwise conform to the type description. By contrast, specimens of the vegetatively similar P. exilis do have warted ovaries. Indeed, until we examined the ovary, fruits and seeds of type specimen of P. exilis, we were unable to determine to which species the type belonged. The fruit and seed are illustrated in Figure 1E,F. For further illustrations see Wheeler (1992) [as P. trachygyne} and Dunlop et al. ( 1 995) [as P. sp. aff. virgatus]. 7. Phyllanthuslacerosus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35:386(1980). Type', black clay plain, Negri-Stirling area, 17°10’ S 129°15’ E, Northern Territory, 3 May 1974, Dunlop3561 (holo:K.). Phyllanthus sp. A, Jacobs & Harden, Flora of New South Wales 1 : 397 (1990) Phyllanthus sp. A, Wheeler eta/.. Flora of the Kimberley Region 623 (1992). Notes. Independently, James & Harden (1990) and Wheeler (1992), treated P. lacerosus under Phyllanthus sp. A. The distribution of P. lacerosus indicates that it is not naturalized (as suggested in Wheeler 1992), but native. Hunter & Bruhl (1997) present a full description along with notes on distribution and synonyms. For illustrations see Wheeler (1 992) [as P. sp. A] and James & Harden ( 1 990) [as P. sp. A]. 8. Phyllanthus prominulatusJ.T.Hunter& J.J. Bruhl, sp. nov. P. virgato affini a quo ramis angularibus as ellipsoideis, brevioribus, venis follorum manifesto prominulis, sepalis femineis fructiferus brevioribus differt. Typus'. Kapalga [precise locality withheld]. Northern Territory, G.M. WightinanlO {holo: DNA). 154 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Monoecious herb. Branchlets persistent, angular to ellipsoid, slightly winged, 0.6-1. 7 cm long, 0.3-0. 6 mm wide, glabrous. Stipules persistent, free, 0. 5-0.7 mm long, red-brown, ovate to triangular, chartaceous, entire, glabrous; base cordate to amplexicaul; apex acute to acuminate. Branch leaves normal. 7?ra«c/2/e//eavex alternate, distichous, jointed, brown when dry orremaininggreen, symmetrical, planeto concave. /’e//o/e0.3-0.8mm long, 0. 1 -0.4mm wide, glabrous. LaminaS-S.S mm long,2.4-4.8 mm wide, elliptic, circular to obovate, light-green, paler below, pinnately veined, adaxially prominently veined, abaxially prominulous, glabrous; base symmetrical, rounded to obtuse; apex erect, ecaudate, obtuse to rounded, mucronate; margins plane, thickened; midrib abaxially raised with 4-8 raised parallel lateral veins per side, with marginal loops. Bracts and bracteoles deciduous, glabrous. Inflorescences at least sometimes bisexual with the sexes mixed, indeterminate, axillary, sessile. Male flowers solitary or sometimes clustered, 2-5 per cluster; pedicels 0.4-1 .2 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, free, ascending to divergent, 0.3-0.7 mm long, 0.2-0.5 mm wide, themargins are sometimes lobed once on each side (hastate), white to yellow, elliptic, circular, to ovate, obtuse and acute, glabrous; disk comprising discrete lobes, 0.2-0.4 mm wide, lobes lenticular; stamens 2-3, 1 -whorled, erect; filaments free to connate forabouthalf their length, erect, terete, 0. 1-0.3 mm long; anthers extrorse, divaricate, elliptic to circular, 0. 1 -0.2 mm long. Female flowers solitary or sometimes clustered, 1-2 per cluster; pedicels jointed, at anthesis 0. 3-1.1 mm long, 0. 1-0.2 mm wide, in fruit 1-2.7 mm long, 0.1-0.2 mm wide, glabrous; sepals free, 6, 0.3-0.5mmlong,0.2-0.3mm wide, elliptic to ovate, atanthesis ascending todivergent, in fruit divergent to reflexed, white, green to yellow, with a distinct white margin, obtuse to acute, glabrous; dlskcrenate, 0.4-0. 6 mm wide, glabrous; styles 3, free, divided for half or more of their length, divergent to recurved, yellow to green, 0.2-0.3 mm long, 0.1 -0.2 mm wide, narrow-terete, glabrous, branches linear; ovary 0.2-0. 5 mm long, 0.3-0. 7 mm wide, transversely ellipsoidandapically depressed, smooth, glabrous. Fruit a capsule, septicidal, transversely ellipsoid and apically depressed, 0.8-0.9 mm long, 1 .5- 1 .8 mm wide, yellow-brown, red-brown to green, cartilaginous, smooth, glabrous, grooved septicidally; column persistent, angular-ovoid to ‘ lanceolate’, 0.3-0.5 mm long. Seer* pallid-brown to red-brown, prismatic, laterally compressed, 0.6-0. 7 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, granulate; hilum slightly depressed, circularto ovate, cavity more or less basal. (Figure 1G,H) Selected specimens examined. NORTHERN TERRITORY [precise localities withheld]: Munmalary Station,/* .K. Latz 3890 (DNA); Kapalga, G.M 20 (DNA); Berry Springs, MO. /’arder 739 (DNA);HaywardCreek,/./). Cowie\2Q2&G.J. Leach(fM/K). Distribution. Known from a few isolated localities within Kakadu National Park and around Darwin, Northern Territory. Habitat. Known from sedgeland and damp places within savanna woodland. Flowering and fruiting period. April to May. Conservation status. A ROTAP code (Briggs & Leigh 1988) of2EC-N is suggested. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the obviously prominulate veins on the leaves. Notes. The Phyllanthus virgatus complex is morphologically similar to P. prominulatus, from which it can readily be distinguished by its distinctive, delicate and prominulous leaves. 9. PhyllanthusscaberKlotzsch, PI. Preiss 1: 179(1845). Type: InlitorerupestripromontoriiCape Riche, 18Nov[ember] \ Preiss 1200 (/lo/o: K). (Figure II-K) J.T. Hunter & JJ. Bruhl, New species of Phyllanthus 155 Phyllanthus scaber Klotzsch var. angustifolius Muell. Arg., Prodromus 15: 372 (1866). Type'. In Nova-Hollandia austro Occident, ad King George’s Sound (Cuming qui misit anno 1 860, in hb. DC.) (/ro/o;G-DC). Phyllanthus scaber Klotzsch var. pallidi/lorusMueW. Arg., Prodromus 15: 372 (1 866). Type: Ad King George’s Sound Novae-Hollandiae (Cuming qui misit anno 1 860, in hb. DC.) (holo: G-DC). Phyllanthus maitlandianus Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 35:338(1 904). Type: Hab. In distr. Irwin pr. Chapman River ad latera vallis umbrosa in calcareis humosis flor. m . Sep. Diels 4131 {holo: n. v. , presumed destroyed atB). Distribution. Phyllanthus scaber has a disjunct distribution predominantly along the western and southern coasts and islands of Western Australia. Notes. This species shows much morphological variation. In general, though, the most common variation is in leafsize and shape. Some specimens have wide leaves and others have very narrow leaves. The latter have often been identified as Phyllanthus maitlandianus. The narrowness of the leaves is not a constant character, however, as there is much variation between specimens, and even within a single collection. We therefore treat Phyllanthus maitlandianus as a synonym of P. scaber. 10. Phyllanthus sulcatus J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, sp. nov. P. urinaria affmlsed caulibusellipsoideisbrevioribus,ramulisbrevioribus,fructu minus verrucato, seminibus parvioribus, et depressione extra hilum adest differt. Typus: 1 5 km S of Kakadu National Park Headquarters, Jabiru, Burdulba River area flats. Northern Territory, 13 May 1988, A. A. Munir 5614 {holo: AD', iso:DhlA,'NE). [Phyllanthus urinaria auct. non L.: Wheeler e/ a/.. Flora ofthe Kimberley Region 622 (1992); Forster & Henderson, Queensland Vascular Plants: Names and Distributions 116(1 993).] [Phyllanthus leai auct. nonS. Moore: Dunlop e/tz/.. Flora ofthe Darwin Region 2: 231 (1995).] Monoecious annual herb, to 0.3 m tall. Branchlets persistent, ellipsoid to flattened, ribbed, 1 -4 cm long, 0.2-0.4 mm wide, glabrous to papillose in longitudinal rows. Stipules persistent, free, 0.4- 1 .7 mm long, cream to pink, lanceolate, ovate to triangular, membranous, with a distinct white margin, entire to lacerate, glabrous; base truncate, rounded, cordate to sagittate; apex acute. Branch leaves reduced leaf- like to scale-like with the branches bearingmodified leaves that are broadly ovate in appearance but are not reduced in size, upper branches are subtended by scales, pallid-brown, glabrous. Branchlet leaves alternate, distichous, jointed, symmetrical, plane. Petiole 0.2-0. 7 mm long, 0. 1 -0.4 mm wide, glabrous. Lamina 5.2-12 mm long, 1 .7-6 mm wide, oblong to ovate, mid-green, paler below, pinnately veined, abaxially prominulous, glabrous to glabrescent with younger leaves sometimes scabrous along the major veins; base sometimes ± oblique, rounded to cuneate; apex erect, ecaudate, acute, obtuse o7 rounded, mucronate, with a small callous; margins serrate to serrulate, plane; midrib abaxially raised with 3-7 lateral veins with marginal loops. Bracts and bracleoles deciduous, glabrous. Inflorescences unisexual, branchlets with distal males, indeterm inate, axillary. Peduncles only on female flowers, 0.2-0. 9 mm long at anthesis, otherwise sessile. Male flowers at least sometimes clustered, 1-2 per cluster; pedicels 0. 1 -0.4 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, free, ascending to divergent, 0.3-0. 8 mm long, 0.2-0.5 mm wide, white 156 Nuytsia Vol. II, No. 2 (1997) to yellow, elliptic, ovate to obovate, rounded to acute, glabrous; disk comprising discrete lobes, O. 2-0.5 mm wide, lobes lenticular; stamens3,l-whorled, symmetrical, erect; filaments completely connate, erect, terete, c. 0. 1 mm long; anthers extrorse, erect, connate, oblong to elliptic, 2-3 mm long; locules parallel. Female flowers solitary, sessile at anthesis; pedicels present only in fruit, jointed; sepals free, 6, 0.5-1 mm long, 0.2-0.4mm wide, lanceolatetotriangular, at anthesis ascending to divergent, in fruit divergent to reflexed, white, yellow-brown to green, with a distinct white margin, rounded to acute, glabrous; disk crenate, 0.4-0.6 mm wide; styles 3, free, divided for about half or less o f their length, erect to ascending, white to yellow, 0. 1 -0.4 mm long, 0. 1 -0.2 mm wide, narrow-terete, glabrous, branches entire, linear; ovary 0.4-0. 7 mm long, 0.6- 1 .4 mm wide, transversely ellipsoid, apically depressed, often red in colour, colliculate, glabrous. Fruit a capsule, septicidal, transversely ellipsoid, apically depressed, 1 . 1 - 1 .4 mm long, 1 .9-2 .4 mm wide, red-brown to red, cartilaginous, verrucate towards the apex, glabrous, grooved septicidally ; column persistent, angular-ovoid to broadly barrel shaped, 0.3 -0.7 mm long. Seeds yellow to black, prismatic, laterally compressed, 0.7-1 .2 mm long, 0.5-0. 9 mm wide, prominently sulcate; hilum markedly depressed, centrally constricted, cavity more or less basal or sometimes slightly displaced towards the centre, extra-hilum lateral depression present. (Figure 1 L,M) Selected specimens examined. QUEENSLAND: 12.4 km N of Mareeba, along road to Mt Malloy, Z). /fa^ri7Q335B(BRl);NormanRiverCrossingonNormanton-Croydonroad, near Glenore homestead, 18 km outofNonnanton, V.J. Neldner 2420 & T.D. Stanley {WS). NORTHERN TERRITORY : 1 5 km S of Kakadu National Park Headquarters, Jabiru, Burdulba River area, A. A. Munir 5614 (AD); Mary River, C R. Dunlop 8381 & B.A. Wilson (DNA);10 miles [16 km] W of Borroloola,A^. Henry6\ (DNA); Alligator River, C.Z?. Dunlop6\01 &J. 7qy/or(DNA); ‘Westmoreland’, 3 0 km E of the Q/NT border, for N W Queensland, R. Pullen 9191 (MEL); 30 km N of Cape Crawford, J. T. Hunter 1 539, J. J. Bruhl & J. L Egan (NE). Distribution. Known from Darwin in the Northern Territory, east across the Gulf country to Cooktown in Queensland. Habitat. Occurs in periodically inundated areas such as the margins of swamps, lagoons, dams, stream and river flats. Flowering and fruiting period. March to September. Etymology. In reference to the distinctly furrowed seeds. Notes. Phyllanthus urinaria, a pan-tropical species, is morphologically similar to P. sulcatus, and specimens ofthe latterhave been misidentified asE. z/rwaria (Wheeler etal. 1 992). Pliyllanthus sulcatus can, however, be distinguished by branchlet, fruit and seed characters (Table 1). Dunlop etal. (1995) have presented a description referable to P. sulcatus as P. leai, which is a synonym of P. debilis (see discussion above). Phyllanthus sulcatus and P. urinaria are the only two Australian species of Phyllanthus that have pedunculate female flowers. For illustrations see Wheeler et al. (1992) [as P. urinaria] and Dunlop et al. (1995) [as P. leai]. J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New species of Phyllanthus 157 Table 1. Comparison of selected characters for side atus and P. urinaria P. sulcatus P. urinaria Branchlets Ellipsoid to flattened Rounded to angular Branchlet length 1-4 cm 6.5-16.5 cm Stipules With a white margin Without a white margin Inflorescences Always unisexual Sometimes bisexual Female flowers Solitary 1 or 2 per axil Femalesepal margin With a white margin Without a white margin Female sepal shape Lanceolate to triangular Elliptic to ovate Fruitsculpturing Sparsely warted Densely warted Seed length 0.7- 1.2 mm 1.4- 1.9 mm Seed width 0.5-0.9mm 1-1.5 mm Hilum Markedly depressed Slightly depressed Hilum constriction Present Absent Extra-hilum depression Present Absent 11. Phyllanthus virgatusG. Forst., FI. Ins. Austral. Prodr.: 65 (1786). Type: Tahiti, Banks &Solander {llecto or holo\ BM n.v.). (Figure IP-S) Phyllanthus simplexRetz., Obs. Bot. 5: 29 (1789). Ty/ze: none cited. Phyllanthus )7iinutiflorusMue\\.Arg., Lmnaea34:75(lS65)-PhyllanthussimplexRetz. var. minutiflorus (Muell. Arg.)Domin, Beit. FI. Pflanz.Aust. 877 (1927). 7)zpe: Upper Victoria River, F. Mueller {lsyn\R), Upper River Victoria,/^. Mueller {7 syn'. K),), River Victoria, nearthe Main Camp, May 1856, F. Mueller {Isyn-. K), Victoria River, Arnhem Land, 1 863, F. Mueller {7syn\ G-DC). Phyllanthus beckleri'W[\ie\\.Axg.,Unnaea3A-.lA{n65). Fyzpe: Clarence River, 5eczt/ez-668(z7.v., location unknown). Phyllanthusfilicaulis Benth., FI. Austral. 6:11 1 (1 873)-F. simplexRetz. var.yz/zcazz&(Benth.)Domin, Beit. FI. Pflanz. Aust. 876 ( 1 927). Type: New England, C. Stuart {holo: K). Phyllanthus trachygyneBer\th.,F\.Austva\. 6: 103(1873). Type: Port Darwin, F/zzz/fe 668 (here designated lecto: K); Shultz 1 1 2 {syn: K, n.v.), 660 {syn: K), 788 {syn: K). Phyllanthus simplex Retz. var. leiospermus Benth., FI. Austral. 6: 11 1 (1873) - Phyllanthus simplex subvar. leiospermus (Benth.) Domin, Beit. FI. Pflanz. Aust. 876 ( 1 927) as biospermus. Type-. Narran River, Mitchell (n.v., location unknown). 158 Nuytsia Vol. II, No. 2 (1997) Phyllanthus minutiflorus'MueW. Kxg.\?ir. gmcillimusYiQnih. ,¥\. A\istra\. 6'. 1 12(1873). 7)(pe: Moreton Bay, July 55, F. Mueller (holo: K). Phyllanthus eboracensis S. Moore, J. Linn. Soc. (Botany) 45: 216 (1920). Type: Cape York, Daemel {holo: K). Phyllanthus simplex Retz. var. myrtifolius Domin, Beit. FI. Pflanz. Aust. 876 (1927). Type: Nordost- Queensland: Mischwalder bel Cairnes, auf Sand, Xll 1 909, Domin («. v., location unknown). Phyllanthus simplex Retz. veat.pinifolius Domin, Beit. FI. Pflanz. Aust. : 877 ( 1 927). Type: Qld: Sandsfeinhuyel der Dividing Range bei Pentland, 11 1910, Dow//7(«.v., location unknown). Phyllanthus sp. B, Wheeler et ai, Flora of the Kimberley Region 624 ( 1 992). Distribution. The pan-tropical Phyllanthus virgatiis is one of the most widespread and common Australian Phyllanthus species (Table 2), occurring from the Kimberleys in Western Australia, through northern and arid Australia, to as far south as Sydney in New South Wales. Table 2. Distribution of Northern Territory and Western Australian species of Phyllanthus within Australia based on the regions adopted by Hnatiuk (1 990) Taxon Distribution *P. amarus K. Schum. & Thom P. aridus Benth. P. baeckeoides J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl P. calycinus Labill. P. Carpentaria^ Muell. Arg. P. cauticola J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl *P. debilis Klein, ex Willd. P. erwinii J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl P. eutaxioides S. Moore P. ex i I is S. Moore P. flagellaris Benth. P.fuernrohrii F. Muell. P. indigoferoides Benth. P. lacerosus Airy Shaw P. lacimelliis Airy Shaw P. maderaspatensis L. P. oblanceolatus J. T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl P. prominulatus J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl 4,25,43,45,53,55,44,59,60 1,2,4,25,26 10,15 16, 17, 18, 19,20,21,2223,2436,39,40 25, 26, 27, 43, 44, 46, 45, 49, 5 1 , 53, 54, 55, 65 25 25,45,53,55 4,29,30,47 25 1,2,3,4,25,26,43 25 28,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,43,47,48,50,51,55,56,63,68, 69 1,25,45 1,2,3,25,26,27,43,53,49 29, 3 1 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,47, 70, 7 1 , 72 1,2,3, 4, 7, 12, 14, 18,25,26,27,31,34,43,44,45,46,47,49, 50,51,53,54,55,56,68 29,30,34,35,69,70 25 J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New species of Phyllanthus 159 Table 2 continued Taxon Distribution P. scaber Klotzsch P. reticulatus Poiret P. sulcatus J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl P. virgatus G. Forster P. urinaria L. P. saxosus F. Muell. * P. tenellus Roxb. 1.2.3.4.25.26.45 21,33,34,35,36,37,38,40,41,42,74 14,16,21 25.26.43.45 3,45,53,54,57,52,59,60,62,63 1,25 1,2,3,4,7,12,25,26,27,28,29,43,44,45,46,48,49,50,51, 52,53,54,55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 65,68, 70 Notes. The type of P. virgatus cited here follows the treatment of Smith (1981), and as accepted by Webster ( 1986). Phyllanthus virgatus forms a heterogeneous, cosmopolitan species complex. Due to the extreme variability of this species, both within and between regions, and the lack of consistent characters, we have included the following taxa within the limits of P. virgatus: P.filicaulis Benth., P. minutiflorus Muell. Arg., P. simplex Retz., P. beckleri Muell. Arg., P. eboracensis S. Moore and P. trachygyne Benth. It is likely, however, that after in-depth research, some of these taxa may be reinstated and others recognized. The specimen Shultz 668 (K) was chosen to lectotypify P. trachygyne as it was a diagnostic female specimen, richer in material than Shultz 660 (K), and we had access to fragments of the specimen. Key to Phyllanthus species of the Northern Territory and Western Australia 1 Branch leaves scale-like (phyllanthoid branching) 2 1: Branch leaves normal or sometimes reduced leaf-like 7 2 Leptocladus shrubs, 0.6-5 m tall; leaves 1 4.4-22 mm wide; secondary veins 8-15 per side; male pedicels 0. 8-6.2 mm long; male sepals 0. 8-2.2 mm wide; male disk lobes ellipsoid; female sepals 0.7-2. 3 mm wide; stamens 5 ; ovary 0.6-1 .5 mm long, 1-2.8 mm wide; fruit aberry, 2. 5-7.6 mm long, 3.7-12.9mmwide P. reticulatus (Figure 1N,0) 2: Herbs to 0.8 m tall; leaves 1 .7-9.8 mm wide; secondary veins 3-8 per side; male pedicels 0. 1 - 1 .6 mm long; male sepals 0.2-0. 9 mm wide; male disk lobes lenticular; female sepals 0.2- 1 mm wide; stamens 3 ; ovary 0.3-0. 8 mm long, 0.3-1.4mmwide;fruitacapsule, 1-2.3 mm long, 0.7-2.4mm wide 3 3 Leaf base oblique, margins serrate, veins abaxially prominulous; female inflorescences pedunculate; ovary colliculate; fruit verrucate; native herbs 4 3: Leaf base not oblique, margins entire, veins not abaxially prominulous; female inflorescences not pedunculate; ovary smooth; fruit smooth; weedy herbs 5 4 Branchlets rounded to angular, 6.5-16.5 cm long; stipules without a white margin; inflorescences sometimesbisexual; female flowers 1 or 2 per axil; female sepals elliptic to ovate, without a white margin; fruit densely colliculose; seed 1 .4- 1 .9 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide; hilum slightly depressed, not constricted, extra-hilum depression absent P. urinaria 160 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) 4: Branchlets ellipsoid to flattened, 1 -4 cm long; stipules with a white margin; inflorescences always unisexual; female flowers solitary; female sepals lanceolate to triangular, with a white margin; fruit sparsely colliculose; seed 0.7- 1 .2 mm long, 0.5-0. 9 mm wide; hilum markedly depressed, constricted, extra-hilum depression present P. sulcatus 5 Petiole 0.6- 1 .8 mm wide; sepals 5; female flowers solitary; style merely notched P. amarus 5: Petiole 0. 1-0.3 mm wide; sepals 6 rarely 5; female flowers 1 -5 per axil; style divided for half or more of its length 6 6 Branchlets rounded, smooth; sepals 6 rarely 5; lamina margins undulate; stamens 4-6, free; seeds granulate to aculeate *P. tenellus 6: Branchlets flattened, ribbed; sepals always 6; lamina rounded, margins not undulate; stamens 3, connate; seeds striate *P. debilis 7 Plants dioecious 8 7: Plants monoecious 13 8 Lamina variously hairy, but not papillate 9 8: Lamina glabrous, or sometimes papillate 10 9 Prostrate subshrub to 0.15 m tall; stipules lacerate to erose, 0.5- 1.5 mm long; lamina4.9- 1 4.8 mm long, margins revolute; female perianth not growing in fruit leaving the fruit exposed; ovary and fruit glabrous P. flagellaris 9: Erect shrub or subshrub 0.2-1 m tall; stipules entire, 1.4-2. 8 mm long; lamina 1 0-25.2 mm long, margins plane; female perianth growing and enclosing fruit; ovary pubescent and fruit pilose P.carpentariae (Figure ID) 10 Branchlets ellipsoid to flattened; male sepals 0.5-0.9 mm long, red to red-brown; female pedicels 0. 1-0.2 mm wide in fruit; female sepals 0.4- 1 .2 mm long; ovaiy' and fruit warted with a rounded apex P. exilis 10: Branchlets rounded; male sepals 0.8-4 mm long, white, yellow or green; female pedicels 0.2-0. 5 mm wide in fruit; female sepals 1 . 1 -2.8 mm long; ovary and fruit smooth with a depressed apex 11 1 1 Branchlets 0.4-0. 7 mm wide; male sepals 2-3 .9 mm long, 1.3-2. 7 mm wide; maledisk2-3.1 mm wide; female sepals 1.2-2. 1 mm long, 1. 4-2.1 mm wide; filaments connate completely, 1 .2-2.6 mm long; anthers 0.9- 1 .4 mm long; style divided less than half way; seeds smooth P. baeckeoides 1 1 : Branchlets 0.6- 1 .2 mm wide; male sepals 0.8-2 mm long, 0.8-2 mm wide; male disk 0.6- 1 .3 mm wide; female sepals 0.4- 1 .6 mm long, 0.6- 1 .6 mm wide; filaments free or connate for only half way, 0.2-0.7 mm long; anthers 0.3-1 mm long; style undivided; seeds sculptured 12 12 Female pedicels at anthesis 2-5 mm long; filaments free or connate for half their length; anthers 0.7- 1 mm long; style 1 .2-2.4 mm long; fruit 4. 2-4. 7 mm wide; column 1 .2-2 mm long; seeds 2. 1-2.3 mm long, striate P. saxosus 12; Female pedicels at anthesis 0.7-2 mm long; filaments always free; anthers 0. 3-0.4 mm long; style 0.3- 1 .2 mm long; fruit 1 .5-4. 1 mm wide; column 0.6- 1 mm long; seeds 1.3- 1.9 mm long.colliculate P.scaber 13 Branchlets ribbed 14 13: Branchlets smooth 15 J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New species of Phyllanthus 161 14 Branchlets angular; stipules 1 .7-5.2 mm long; lamina 1 9-30 mm long, prominulous; male pedicel 1 .2-4.3 mm long; seeds smooth or finely striate P. lacerosus 14: Branchlets rounded; stipules 0.6- 1 .4 mm long; lamina 5.5- 1 8 mm long; male pedicel 0.3-1 mm long; seeds rugose to ribbed P. lacunellus 15 Female sepals enlarging and enclosing fruit 16 15: Female sepals not enlarging in fruit, fruit exposed 17 16 Male pedicels 4. 2-9. 5 mm long; female pedicels 3. 5- 14.5 mm longatanthesis; fruit 3-5.2 mm long, 5-6.6 mm wide; seed 2.5-3 .9 mm long, 1 .8-2.5 mm long P. calycinus 16: Male pedicels 0.4-1 .7 mm long; female pedicels 1-4.8 mm long; fruil2.2-4.3mm long, 2.5-5.2 mm wide;seedsl.7-2.2 mm long, 1.2-1. 8mm wide .... P. carpentariae 17 Fruit ellipsoid, apex rounded not depressed; seeds elongated (distinctly longer than wide; falcoid) and bicolorous, yellow and red; filaments completely connate; plant growing pendulously from sandstone outcrops P. cauticola 17: Fruit transversely ellipsoid, apex depressed; seeds not elongated (only slightly longer than wide), only one colour; filaments free to connate; plant not growing pendulously from sandstone outcrops 18 18 Seeds rugose; hilum slightly depressed, not bordered; fruit smooth and glabrous; filaments free P_ erwinii 18: Seeds granulate to tuberculate; hilum slightly depressed, not bordered; fruit smooth to verrucate, hairy or glabrous; filaments free or connate 19 18: Seeds smooth or rarely striate {P. aridus); hilum slightly or markedly depressed, bordered or not bordered; fruit smooth, hairy or glabrous; filaments free or connate 21 19 Leaf margins not thickened; female sepals 0.8-2 mm long, 0.6-2 mm wide; styles merely notched; stipule base rarely caudate p. maderaspatensis 19: Leaf margins thickened; female sepals 0.3- 1.2 mm long, 0.2-0. 7 mm wide; styles divided for half or more of their length; stipules commonly and distinctly caudate 20 20 Branchlets angular to ellipsoid, ± winged, 0.6-1 .7 cm long; leaves prominently veined and prominulous; female sepals 0.3-0. 5 mm long in fruit; rare species restricted to Darwin and Kakadu regions P.prominulatus 20: Branchlets rounded, never winged, 5.5-30 cm long; leaves obscurely veined; female sepals 0.9-1 .2 mm long in fruit; widespread and common species p. virgatus 21 Male pedicels <1 mm long 22 21: Malepedicels l-6.8mm long 23 22 Branchlets papillose; stipule glabrous to papillose; lamina glabrous to papillose, paler below; male pedicels glabrous; female flowers 1 -2 per axil; hilum not bordered P. aridus 22: Branchlets scabrous to puberulous; stipules scabrous; lamina puberulous, both sides of equal intensity; male pedicels hairy; female flowers only 1 peraxil; hilum bordered indigoferoides 23 Hilum slightly depressed, not bordered; plants glabrous, rarely not; stipules cream; inflorescences unisexual; female flowers only 1 peraxil; filaments connate P.eutaxioides 23: Hilum markedly depressed, bordered; plants glabrous or hairy; stipules yellow-brown, red-brown or rarely cream; inflorescences at least sometimes bisexuaffemaleflowers l-3peraxil;filamentsfreetoconnate 74 162 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) 24 Hairy shrub; branchlets rounded to ellipsoid; stipules 0.8-3. 2 mm long; male sepals 1 .3-2.5 mm long; male disk 1-1.4 mm wide; female disk 1 . 1 - 1 .9 mm long; anther filaments 0.6- 1 .3 mm long; styles 0.6- 1 .3 mm long P. fuernrohrii 24; Glabrous herb or small shrub; branchlets flattened to ellipsoid; stipules 1 .2-2.5 mm long; male sepals 0.7- 1 .7 mm long; male disk 0.6- 1 mm wide; female diskO.7- 1 .3 mm wide; anther filaments 0.2-0. 6 mm long; styles 0.2-0. 7 mm long P. oblanceolatus Acknowledgements We wish to thank the heads of the follow ing herbaria for the loan of specimens: A, AD, BM, BRI, CANB, CBG, DAV, DNA, GH, HO, K, MEL, NSW, PERTH, QRS. Thanks also to the heads of A, BM, BRI, CANB, CBG, DNA, G, GH, K, LINN, MAREEBA, MEL, NSW, QRS for access to facilities and specimens; Clyde Dunlop and Judy Egan (DNA) for assistance with field work; Grady Webster (DAV) for helpful comments; David Mackay (NE) for the illustrations; Paul Wilson (PERTH), Laurie Adams (CANB), Anne Harrison andFrances Quinn (NE) forthe Latin descriptions; Ian Cowie (DNA), Frances Quinn and Bruce Thomson (Dept, of Environment, Qld) for comments on the manuscript; the director of the Australian National Parks Service and the state equivalents in New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, and South Australia for permission to collect in service areas; Research School of Biological Sciences (ANU) for financial supportto J. J. Bruhl for visits to G, K and LfNN. This project was supported by funding from Australian Biological Resources Study. References Airy Shaw, H.K. (1980). The Euphorbiaceae of New Guinea. Kew Bulletin Additional Series VIII. (Royal Botanic Gardens- Kew.) Bentham, G. (1873). “Flora Australiensis.” Vol. 6. (L. Reeve: London.) Briggs, J.D. & Leigh, J.H. (1988). “Rare or Threatened Australian Plants.” Special Publication No. 14. (Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service: Canberra.) Dallwitz, M.J. (1980). A general system for coding taxonomic descriptions. Taxon 29: 41-46. Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A. & Zurcher, E.J. (1993). “User’s Guide to the DELTA System.” (Division of Entomology, CSIRO: Canberra.) Dawson, W.R. (1958), “The Banks Letters: A Calendar of the manuscript correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks preserved in the British Museum, the British Museum (Natural History) and other collections in Great Britain.” (British Museum, Natural History: London.) Dunlop, C.R., Leach, G..I. & Cowie, I.D. (1995). “Flora of the Darwin Region.” Vol. 2. (Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory: Darwin.) Govaeerts, R. & Radcliffe-Sniith, A. (1995). New names and combinations in Euphorbiaceae - Phyllanthoideae. Kew Bull. 51(1): 175-178, Hnatiuk, R.J. (1990). “Census of Australian Vascular Plants”. Australian Flora and Fauna Series 1 1. (Bureau of Flora and Fauna, AGPS Press: Canberra.) Hunter, J.T. & Bruhl, J,J, (1996). Three new species of South Australian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae: Phyllantheae). ,1. Adelaide Bot. Card. 17: 127-136. Hunter, J.T. & Bruhl, J.J, (1997). Two new species of Phyllanthus and notes on Phyllanthus and Sauropus in New South Wales. Telopca 7(2): (in press). James, T.A. & Harden, G.J. (1990). Euphorbiaceae. In: Harden, G.J. (cd.), “Flora of New South Wales.” Vol. 1. pp. 389-430. (New South Wales University Press: Kensington.) Smith, A.C. (1981). “Flora Vitiensis Nova.” Vol. 2. (Pacific Tropical Garden: Lawai, Hawaii.) Steam, W.T. (1992). “Botanical Latin.” 4"' edn (David & Charles: Melksham.) J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New species of Phyllanthus 163 Webster, G.L. (1970). A revision of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) in the continental United States. Brittonia 22: 44-76. Webster, G.L. (1986). A revision of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) in Eastern Melanesia. Pacific Science 40; 88-105. Wheeler, J.R. (1992). Euphorbiaceae. In: Wheeler, J.R, et al.. “Flora of the Kimberley Region.” pp. 589-629. (Department of Conservation and Land Management: Como.) 164 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Nuytsia 1 1(2): 165-184 (1997) 165 New»S'fl«rapH5(Euphorbiaceae: Phyllantheae) taxaforthe Northern Territory and Western Australia and notes on other Sauropus occurring in these regions John T. Hunter and Jeremy J. Bruhl Department of Botany, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia Abstract Hunter, J.T. and Bruhl, J.J. New Sauropus (Euphorbiaceae: Phyllantheae) taxa for the Northern Territory and Western Australiaandnotes on other Smrropwsoccurringin these regions. Nuytsia 1 1(2): 165-184(1 997). Eight new species of Sauropus Blume are described and notes are provided on their distribution and conservation status: S. arenosus, S. dunlopii, S.filicinus, S. gracilis, S. paucifolius, S. rimophilus, S. salignus, and S. torridus. A new combination, S. stenocladus (MuqW. Arg.) J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl is made and a new subspecies, S. stenocladus suhsp.pinifolius, is described. Notes and synonymy are provided forS trachyspermus{¥.M\xc\\.)A\r^S\\!dm. A key to all species and subspecies of Sauropus occurring within the Northern Territory and Western Australia is presented. Introduction The Australian species of Saur opus (Euphorbiaceae: Phyllantheae) were originally included within Synostemon F. Muell. Airy Shaw (1980: 670), however, considered that was “too close to Sauropus ” and that the former could not be maintained as a separate genus. There are 26 species of Sauropus in Australia. All species of Sauropus in Australia are endemic, except for S. macranthus Hassk., which is native to north east Queensland, New Guinea and the Pacific islands. Werecognize 12new species, fourendemictoQueensland(seeHunter&Bruhl 1997), and eight restricted to the Northern Territory and/or Western Australia. This paper presents full descriptions of the new Sauropus species we recognize within the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Nomenclatural notes are presented for Sauropus trachyspermus,ar\ev/ combination is made with S. stenocladus, and a key to the species of Sauropus of this region is provided. Methods Sampling and Organization of Data. Significant proportions of the Sauropus specimens held by the herbaria AD, BRl, CANB, DNA, HO, MEL, NSW, PERTH and QRS, and historically important Sawropys 166 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) specimens from A and GH were provisionally sorted into taxa. Close inspection of these taxa and subsequent re-sorting of specimens formed the basis for our decisions on the status of these taxa. Ten representative specimens (where available) of these taxa were chosen for detailed analysis of quantitative micromorphological characters. Macromorphological characters (qualitative and quantitative, e.g, leaf length) were scored in all available material. Selection of the ten specimens for study was based on specimen quality in terms of the amount and number of developmental stages displayed. ADELTA(Dallwitz 1980;Dallwitzeta/. 1993) list of395charactersand their states hasbeen created by the authors for the Phyllantheae (Bruhl & Hunter unpublished). This was used to score attributes measured in selected specimens, together with those measured in all available material. Fresh material was used where possible, but in most instances floral measurements were based on re-hydrated material. Mature leaves only were used for scoring leaf characters. Terminology. For purposes of consistency across the members of the Phyllantheae, the perianth segments of Sauropus are referred to as sepals. Further developmental investigations need to be carried out to confirm this interpretation (Webster pers. comm.). Terminology for seed surface characters follows that of Steam ( 1 992). A bordered hilum is indicated by a discoloured and often raised region surrounding the hilum. This character is most obvious in Phyllanthus fuernrohrii F. Muell. (see Hunter & Bruhl 1 996, Figure 1 A, C) There are sometimes differences between the leaves of branches, referred to as ‘branch leaves’, and those on ultimate branchlets referred to as ‘branchlet leaves’. Phyllanthoid branching is indicated by areduction ofthe leafthat subtends a branch/branchletto a scale-like structure, as illustrated by Webster ( 1 970). Branch leaves exhibiting intermediate reduction in size, but still clearly laminate, are referred to as ‘ reduced’ . Care should be taken where leaves may have fallen, to check for a leaf scar which will always be present. Citation. Type specimens of all relevant taxa have been seen by one or both of the authors. Photographs of type specimens examined at BM and K are held at NE, together with photographs taken of type specimens on loan to NE. A list of all specimens studied will be deposited at NE. An INTKEY dataset for interactive identification will be made available on completion of our study of the Australian Phyllantheae. Taxonomy 1 . Sauropus arenosus J.T. Hunter & J. J. Bruhl, sp. nov. S. /nw//osimilissedstipulisovatis,squamisbrunneis, lamina acuta, sepalismasculinis libris,antheris brevioribus, stylis connatis differt. Typus: sandhills EofGregory Range, Western Australia, 2 1 May 1947,7?. Z). 7?qycel873 (/?o/o: PERTH; PERTH 0 1 6407 1 2; Ao: PERTH : PERTH 0 1 640720, PERTH 0 1 640747). J.T. Hunter & JJ. Bruhl, New Sauropus taxa 167 [Sauropus huntii auct. non (Ewart & Davies) Airy Shaw: J.W. Green, Census of the Vascular Plants ofWestem Australia. 108(1985).] Dioecious i/zrwfe, 0.5-0. 8 m tall. SrawcWeA rounded, 14-30cmlong, 1-4 mm wide, pilose to hirsute. Stipules persistent, free, 2.3-6 mm long, cream to yellow-brown, ovate to depressed ovate, glabrous to scabrous; base truncate to rounded; apex acuminate to acute; margins dentate to lacerate. Branch leaves scale-like, pallid-brown, glabrous to scabrous. Leaver alternate, distichous, jointed. PetioleQ.6-\.5mm long, 0.7-1 .8 mm wide, glabrescent or with persistent indumentum. Lamina usually asymmetrical, although a few may appear symmetrical, plane, but may appear twisted, 1 3 .6-29.2 mm long, 5-15.4 mm wide, elliptic to ovate, mid-green, blue-green or grey-green, obscurely pinnately 4-6 veined per side, pilose to hirsute, spreading, sparse; base usually oblique, rounded to obtuse; apex erect, acuminate to acute, mucronate; margins plane, thickened (more so abaxially). Bracts and bracteoles persistent, glabrous. /«//oA-exce«ce indeterminate, axillary, sessile. A/a/ey7owe/-s'2-4percluster;pedicels0.2-l mm long, with indumentum; sepals 6, free, erect, 0.9-2. 8 mm long, 0.5- 1 .4 mm wide, green, elliptic to obovate, rounded, obtuse to acute, fleshy, abaxially sparsely pilose; stamens 3, symmetrical, erect; Filaments completely connate, erect, terete, 0.2-1 mm long; anthers erect, linear, 0.4-0.9 mm long, ± apiculate, 0-0.1 mm long, cream; locules parallel. Fe/?7a/e77oH’m solitary;pedicelsatanthesis0.8-2.5 mm long, 0.3-0. 8 mm wide, in fruit 1 .5-4.5 mm long, 0.3- 1 mm wide, with indumentum; sepals free, 6, at anthesis erect to ascending, in fruit divergent to recurved, green, obtuse to acute, fleshy, abaxially spatially pilose to hirsute, 1 .6-4. 1 mm long, 0.9-2. 3 mm wide, elliptic, ovate to obovate; styles well developed, 3, connate, notched, erectto recurved, green, 0.5- 1 .3 mm long, 0.2-0. 6 mm wide, narrow-terete, glabrous to pilose, linear; ovary 1 -2.8 mm long, 0.7- 1 .9 mm wide, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, puberulous. Fra/rasepticidal capsule, ovoid to ellipsoid, 6.8- 1 0 mm long, 5. 5-8.5 mm wide, green, smooth, puberulous, pilose or hirsute, grooved septicidally; apex obtuse; column persistent, obconical, 5-9.2 mm long. 5ee<* yellow-brown, crescentiform, laterally compressed, 6-8 mm long, 1 .5-3.5 mm wide, prominently ruminate; hilum slightly depressed, elliptic, more or less basal. (Figure 1 A-C) Selected specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Kimberley Division, small shrub on dune flank and crest, T.J. Fatchen 950 (AD); Kimberley Division, T.J. Fatchen9\l (AD); Great Sandy Desert, J.S. Beard323\ (PERTH);28kmSWofWell35, Canning StockRoute,yl.S. George 15657 (PERTH); just N of Tobin Lake, Great Sandy Desert, A.S. George 15593 (PERTH); 37 km SW of Gravity Lakes, Great Sandy Desert, A.S. George 15562 (PERTH); 14 km SW of Gravity Lakes, Great Sandy Desert, A.S. George 15558 (PERTH); Beyond the IVIareo[?] Range, G//es(MEL). Distribution. Restricted to the Canning region of Western Australia. Habitat. Scrub and arid shrubland on red sand dunes. Flowering and fruiting period. May. Conservation status. CALM Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority Three. A ROTAP code (Briggs & Leigh 1988) of 3VaW is suggested. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the restricted occurrence of S. arenosus on sand swales and dunes. Notes. Sauropus arenosus is morphologically close to S. huntii, which it has been determined as in the past, but many characters can be used to separate them (Table 1). 168 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Figure I . A-C Sauropus arenosus A - branch, B - branchlet, C - fruit; D-E S- torridus D - habit, E - flowering branchlet; F-G S. elachophylins F - branchlet, G - leaf detail; Fl-1 S. glaucus H - brachlet, I - female flower; J-K S. stenocladus subsp. pinifotins J - branchlet, K - female flower; L S stenocladus subsp. stenocladus - male flower. M-O S. dunlopii M - branchlet, N - female flower, O - male flower. Scale bars; A, D = 4 cm; B, E, F, H, J, M = 5 mm; C = 4 mm; G, 1, K, N = 2 mm; l,,0 = I mm. Drawn from A S. George 15558 (PERTH) (A,B),‘ TJ Fatchen 950 (AD) (C); K.F. Kenneally 7720 (PERTH) (D,E); M. Parris 9199 (CBG) (F,G); J.J. Bruhl 1281, .I T Hunter & J.L. Egan (NE) (H); K. M. Manning 487 (DNA) (1); D. Bownman 179 <6 B. Wilson (DNA) (J); I D. Cowie 1437 & C.R. Dunlop (DNA) (K), L. A. Craven 5701 (MEL) (L); J.T. Hunter 1579, J Bruhl A J.L. Egan (NE) (M); J. Russell-Smith 4899 <6 Lucas (DNA) (N); J.T. Hunter 1575, J.J. Bruhl A J.L. Egan (NE) (O). Drawn by D. Mackay. J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New Sauropus taxa 169 Table 1 . Comparison of selected characters for Sauropus arenosus and S. huntii S. arenosus S. huntii Branch scales Pal lid brown Green Stipules Ovate to depressed ovate Triangular to narrowly so Margins Dentate to lacerate Entire to erose Branchlet leaves Apex Acute to acuminate Obtuse, rounded to obcordate Margin Thickened Not thickened Male sepals Free Connate Shape Elliptic to obovate Circular, ovate to trullate Anther length (mm) 0.4-0.9 1-2.6 Female pedicel length At an thesis (mm) 0.8-2.5 2-6.5 Length in fruit (mm) 1. 5-4.5 2.8-8 Styles Connate Free Division Merely notched V ariously divided 2. Sauropus dunlopii J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, sp. nov. S. glauco similis sed sepalis masculinis brevioribus, pedicello femineo breviore, antheris majoribus et seminibus brevioribus differt. Typus: Kakadu National Park stage 3, Northern Territory, 20 April 1993, J.T. Hunter \ 51 5, J.J. Bruhl & J.L. Egan (holo: DNA;«o: AD,BR1,CANB,DAV,K,L,NE,NSW). Dioecious shrubs, 0. 1 -0.3 m tall. Branchlets persistent, rounded, ribbed, 2- 1 2.5 cm long, 0.4-0.9 mm wide, hirsute. Stipules persistent, free, 0.4-0.9 mm long, cream, yellow-brown to red-brown, ovate, narrowly triangular or triangular, chartaceous, pilose; base truncate, rounded or obtuse; apex acuminate to acute; margins entire. Branch leaves normal, reduced or scale-like; scales red-brown, chartaceous, pilose. Branchlet leaves alternate, distichous, jointed, grey. Petiole 0. 3-0.7 mm long, with persistent indumentum. Lamina asymmetrical, concave, 2.1-10 mm long, 0.8-3 .2 mm wide, elliptic, oblong or oblanceolate, mid-green, concolourous, sub-coriaceous, often wrinkled, hirsute, base oblique, rounded to obtuse; apex erect, acute to obtuse, mucronate to apiculate; margins plane, thickened. Bracts and bracteoles persistent, with indumentum. Inflorescence indeterminate, axillary, sessile. Maleflowers solitary; pedicels 0.5-1 mm long, with indumentum; sepals 6, shortly connate, erect to ascending, 0.8- 1 .6 mm long, 0.4-0.9 mm wide, yellow or green, obovate, rounded to obtuse, fleshy, pilose; stamens 3, 1-whorled, symmetrical, erect; fdaments completely connate, erect, terete, 0.6- 1 .3 mm long; anthers 170 Nuytsia Vol, 11, No. 2 (1997) extrorse, erect, oblongto elliptic, 0.3-0. 5 mm long, ± apiculate, c. 0. 1 mm long, red-brown; locules parallel. Female flowers solitary; pedicels at anthesis and in fruit 0.2-0. 8 mm long, 0, 3-0.5 mm wide, with indumentum; sepals free, 6, 1 - 1 .4 mm long, 0.3-0. 8 mm wide, ovate, green oryellow, rounded to obtuse, fleshy, hirsute; styles well developed, 3, free, divided to halfway, erect, red, 0.4-0.7 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, narrow-terete, glabrous to pilose; style branches linear; stigmatic surface papillate; ovary 0.7- 1 . 1 mm long, 0.9-1 .4 mm wide, turbinate, smooth, pubescent. Fruit a septicidal capsule, ovoid to ellipsoid, green, cartilaginous, smooth, pilose; column persistent, narrowly oblong. Seeds yellow-brown to red-brown, smooth, mature seeds not seen. (Figure lM-0) Specimens examined. NORTHERN TERRITORY : Coronation Hill, Kakadu National Park, J. T. Hunter 1565, J.J. Bruhl & J.L. Egan (NE); Kakadu National Park, stage 3, J.T. Hunter 1570, J.J. Bruhl & J.L. Egan (NE); Katherine Gorge National Park, sandstone plateau, L.A. Craven 6724 (DNA). Distribution. This species is only known from Kakadu N ational Park and Katherine Gorge in the Northern Territory. Habitat. Known from tropical woodland. Flowering and fruiting period. April. Conservation status. A ROTAP code (Briggs & Leigh 1988) of 2 VC is suggested. Etymology. In honour of Clyde Dunlop (DNA) who has contributed broadly to botanical knowledge, especially of the Top End of Australia. Notes. Sauropus dunlopii grows low to the ground superficially resembling a fern, with grey-green leaves. It can be distinguished from 5. stenocladushyiht shorter male and female flower parts, the long filaments and short anthers, and its hairyness. 3. Sauropus filicinus J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, sp. nov. S. rimophilo similis sed foliis ellipticis, sepalis masculinis brevioribus, pedicello femineo breviore, antherls brevioribus, et stylis libris differ!. Typus'. Kakadu National Park [precise localitywithheld],NorthemTerritory,April 1993, J.T. Hunter J.J. Bruhl & J.L. Egan {hole. DNA: we designate one of several unmounted specimens by ourtag“holo oL Sauropus filicinus'"-, iso'. CANB, NE). Dioecious dwarf pendulous shrubs. Branchlets rounded, 8-24 cm long, 0.4-0. 5 mm wide, glabrous to sparsely puberulous. persistent, free, 0.4-0. 7 mm long, red-brown to red, triangular, glabrous to puberulous; base truncate, rounded, to obtuse; apex acuminate to acute; margins entire. Branch leaves scale-like, red-brown, glabrous to puberulous. Branchlet leaves alternate, distichous, jointed, brown when dry or remaining green. Petiole 0.2-0. 8 mm long, 0.3-0.4 mm wide, glabrous or with indumentum. Lamina symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical with one side ofthe mid-vein wider than the other, plane or rarely concave, 7-12 mm long, 3.9-9. 1 mm wide, elliptic, circular to ovate, light-green to dark-green, paler below, pinnately 3-9 veined per side, glabrous to densely puberulous; base oblique, rounded to obtuse; apex erect, acute, obtuse to rounded, mucronate or appearing apiculate in some; margins entire, plane, ± thickened (more noticeable on the abaxial surface when occurring). Bracts and J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New Sauropus taxa 171 bracteoles persistent, glabrous or with indumentum. Inflorescence indeterminate, axillary, sessile. Male flowers 3-15 per cluster; pedicels 0.6- 1.2 mm long, glabrous or with indumentum; sepals 6, shortly connate, erect to ascending, lobes 0.4-0. 9 mm long, 0.6-0. 9 mm wide, green to pink, elliptic, glabrous to sparsely abaxially puberulous; apex rounded; stamens 3, symmetrical, erect; filaments completely connate, erect, terete, 0.4-0.6 mm long; anthers extrorse, erect, elliptic, 0.5-0. 6 mm long; apiculum c. 0. 1 mm long, red-brown; locules parallel. Female flowers solitary; pedicels at anthesis and in fruit 0.3-0. 8 mm long, 0.2-0.4 mm wide, glabrous or with indumentum; sepals free, 6, at anthesis erect to ascending, in fruit divergent, reflexed or recurved, rounded to obtuse, fleshy, glabrous to abaxially puberulous, 0.8-1 .4 mm long, 0. 1-1 . 1 mm wide, obovate to obtrullate; styles well developed, 3, free, divided for about half their length, divergent with lobes erect, red to pink, 0.7-1 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide, clavate, glabrous; branches linear; ovary 0.7-0. 8 mm long, 1-1.3 mm wide, ovoid, ellipsoid, to globose, colliculate, glabrous. f>-M/7asepticldal capsule, ellipsoid, with±observablevenation,5.5-7.5 mm long, 4-5mmwide, red-brown, green or grey, smooth, glabrous to puberulous; apex rounded; column persistent, angular- ovoid to narrow oblong, c. 5 mm long. 5ee<*red-brown, crescentiform, laterally compressed, 5.2-6 mm long, 1 .8-2.3 mm wide, smooth, winged; hilum slightly depressed but very elongated, taking up much of the length of the seed, oblanceolate, cavity more or less central. Specimens examined. NORTHERN TERRITORY: Darwin &Gulf: EastAlligatorRiver, Byrnes21\9(BK\). Distribution. Both collections seen of this species come from Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory. Habitat. Sauropus filicinus grows pendulously from the crevices of sandstone cliffs. Flowering and fruitingperiod. Flowering specimens have been collected in April and August. Fruiting specimens have only been collected in April. Conservation status. A ROTAP code (Briggs & Leigh 1988) of 2ECtY is suggested. Etymology. In reference to the fem-like appearance and habit. Notes. Sauropus fdicinus is morphologically close to 5. rimophilus but differs in habit and in having longer sepals, and shorter pedicels, anthers and seeds (Table 2). Plants are variously glabrous to very hairy; our collection from one population included individuals that were glabrous or with a distinct indumentum. 4. Sauropus gracilis J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, sp. nov. S. glauco similis sed planta monoecia, pedicello masculo longiore, filamentis brevioribus, et sepalis femineis longioribus differt. Typus-. Arnhem Land, [precise locality withheld]. Northern Territory, K. Brennan 2283 {holo: DNA; iso\ CBG, NE, OSS : OSS 9495, PERTH). Monoecious perennial plants. Branchlets persistent, rounded, 12-24 cm long, 0. 3-0.4 mm wide, glabrous. S/pw/es persistent, free, 0.5-0. 8 mm long, yellow-brown to red-brown, triangular, membranous, glabrous; base truncate to rounded; apex acuminate to acute; margins entire. Branch leaves scale-like yellow to pallid-brown, glabrous. Branchlet leaves alternate, distichous, jointed. Petiole 0.3-0.6 mm 172 Nuytsia Vol. II, No. 2 (1997) long, 0.2-0.4mm wide, glabrous. La/w/«asymmetrical to slightly asymmetrical, concave, 9.5- 12 mm long, 1.4-3 .4 mm wide, elliptic to oblanceolatc, grey-green, paler below, obscurely pinnately veined, glabrous; base oblique, rounded; apex erect, acuminate to acute, mucronate; margins thickened, sometimes only slightly so. Bracts and bracteoles persistent, glabrous. Inflorescence unisexual or sometimes bisexual with the sexes mixed, indeterminate, axillary, sessile. Ma/ey?owers' 2-3 per cluster; pedicels 1.8-3 .2 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, connate for half their length or less, erect and ascending, 1 .2-1.9 mm long, 0.7- 1.2 mm wide, green, elliptic to ovate, obtuse to acute, glabrous; stamens 3, symmetrical, erect; filaments completely connate, erect, terete, 0. 3-0.4 mm long; anthers extrorse, erect, oblong to linear, 1-1.1 mm long; apiculum 0.05-0. 1 5 mm long, red-brown; locules parallel. FemalefloM’ers solitary; pedicels at anthesis and in fruit 0.7-1 mm long, 0.2-0. 3 mm wide; sepals 6, persistent, free, at anthesis erect to ascending, in fruit divergent to reflexed, red-brown or green, fleshy, glabrous; apex rounded to obtuse; 1 .3- 1 .8 mm long, 0.4-0.8 mm wide, somewhat keeled; styles well developed, 3, free, divided formuch less than halftheir length, erect, ascending to divergent, green, 1-1.1 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, narrow-terete to obloid, glabrous; style branches linear; ovary 0.6-1 mm long, 0.7-0.8 mm wide, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, glabrous. Fn-/g/ey(CBG); Kakadu National Park, 8 km NNE of Mt Evelyn, K.A. Menkhorst3 1 4 (DN A); c. 70 km S of Jabiru, LA. Craven & G. Whitbread 7673 (MEL); Kakadu National Park, UpperKoolpinCreek,7?Msse/7-Sm/t725518A(£ LMcas(DNA). Distribution. Sauropus rimophilus is known to occur from Jabiru in Kakadu National Park to Upper Katherine, Northern Territory. Habitat. This species grows perpendicularly then pendulously from cracks and crevices on more or less vertical faces of the sandstone escarpment. Flowering and fruiting period. Flowering March, April, and June and fruiting March and April according to herbarium specimens and our observations. Conservation codes. A ROTAP code (Briggs & Leigh 1988) of2EC-Y is suggested. Etymology. The specific epithet alludes to the occurrence of this species in crevices of sandstone escarpments J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New Sauropus taxa 175 Table 2. Comparison of selected characters for Sauropus filicinus and S. rimophilus (measurements in mm) S. filicinus S. rimophilus Male sepal shape Elliptic Obovate Male sepal length 0.4-0.9 1. 3-3.3 Anther length 0.5-0.6 1.2- 1.7 Female pedicel length in fruit 0.5-0.7 1-1.6 Styles Free Connate Ovary length 0.7-0.8 1.2-1. 6 Fruit width 4-5 5.5-6.5 Seed length 5.2-6 6.8-9 Notes. Sauropus rimophilus appears to be morphologically similar to S. filicinus. Both species are restricted to sandstone cliffs in the Kakadu area. The former however, is larger in most floral parts and has connate styles (Table 2). 7. Sauropus saiignus J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, sp. nov. .S. stenoclado iuhsp. pinifolio similis sed caulibus angularibus, folds latioribus, sepalis masculinis libris, filamentis longioribus, et antheris brevioribus differt Typus: Osborne Island, Bonaparte Archipelago, Western Australia, 28 June 1973, P.G. Wilson 1 1 107 (holo: PERTH: PERTH 01641840). Sauropus sp. B, Wheeler eta/., Flora of the Kimberley Region 628 (1995). Monoecious 5/trMfa. firanc/t/eA angular, ribbed, 8-15. 5cm long,0.4-0. 6mm wide, persistent, free, 1 -7 mm long, narrowly triangular to triangular, glabrous; base truncate to rounded; apex acum inate to acute; margins entire. Branch leaves scale-like, yellow, pallid-brown, to green, glabrous. Branchlet leaves alternate, distichous, jointed. Petiole 0.6-1 mm long, 0.2-0.4 mm wide, glabrous. Lamina symmetrical, concavetoplane, 10.6-15.7mm long, 4.9-8 mm wide, elliptic andobovate, light-green tomid- green, paler below, obscurely pinnately veined, glabrous; base oblique, obtuse to cordate; apex erect, acute to obtuse, muticous to apiculate; margins plane. Bracts and bracteoles deciduous, glabrous. Inflorescenceumssxual or sometimes bisexual with distal females, determinate, axillar>'. Male flowers 1-4 per cluster; pedicels 0.5-1 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, free, erect to ascending, 0.6-1 .1 mm long, 0. 5-0.9 mm wide, white oryellow orgreen, elliptic, ovate to obovate, rounded, obtuse to acute, glabrous- stamens 3, symmetrical, erect; filaments connate most of their length or completely connate, erect, terete 0.6-1 mm long; anthers extrorse, erect to divaricate, oblong to elliptic, 0.2-0.4 mm long, not apiculate; locules parallel. Female flowers solitary ; pedicels jointed, at anthesis 0.7- 1 .5 mm long, 0. 1 -0.2 mm wide' in fruit 1 -2. 1 mm long, 0.2-0. 3 mm wide, glabrous; sepals 6, persistent, free, at anthesis erect to ascending’ in fruit divergent to re flexed, white, green oryellow, obtuse to acute, glabrous, 1 . 1 -2 mm long, 0.4- 1 mm’ wide, elliptic to obovate; styles well developed, 3, free, divided formuch less than halftheir length, erect 176 Nuytsia Vol. II, No. 2 (1997) to ascending, yellow to green, 0.3-0.5 mm long, 0. 1 -0.2 mm wide, narrow-terete, glabrous; style branches linear; stigmatic surface papillate; ovary 0.7-0.9 mm long, 0.7-0.9 mm wide, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, glabrous. Fra/tasepticidal capsule, explosive, ovoidtoellipsoid, 3.5-4 mm long,4-5.2 mm wide, green, smooth, glabrous, grooved septicidally; apex rounded to obtuse; column persistent, rhomboid to ‘lanceolate’, 1 .5-2 mm long. Seei* red-brown, crescentiform, laterally compressed, 2.9-3.6 mm long, 1 .4-2. 1 mm wide, smooth; hilum slightly depressed, not bordered, elliptic, cavity more or less central. Specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 2.5 km N of Face Point, Carson Escarpment, G.J. Keighery 1 0668 (PERTH); Osborne Island, Bonaparte Archipelago, P. G. Wilson 11107 (PERTH). Distribution. Only collected from the Carson Escarpment and Osborne Island in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Conservation codes. CALM Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority One. AROTAP code (Briggs & Leigh 1988) of 2E is suggested. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the weeping willow-like habit of this species. 8. Sauropus stenocladus (Muell.Arg.) J.T. Hunter & J. J. Bruhl, comb. nov. Phyllanthus stenocladus Muell. Arg., Flora oder Allgemeine Botanische Zeitung 47: 536 (1864). Type-. Port Essington, Northern TemXoxy, Armstrong SQ'i {holo: K). Notes. Airy Shaw (1980) transferred the Australian species of Synostemon to Sauropus. He treated Phyllanthus stenocladus as a synonym of Sauropus glaucus. The type of P. stenocladus does not conform to the type or description of S. glaucus. We therefore recognize P. stenocladus as a distinct species and transfer it to Sauropus, and recognize a new subspecies. The autonym has priority over the three taxonomic synonyms listed below. 8a. Sauropus stenocladus (Muell. Arg.) J.T. Hunter & J. J. Bruhl subsp. stenocladus Phyllanthus lissocarpus S. Moore, J. Linn. Soc. (Botany). 45: 215 (1920); Sauropus lissocarpus (S. Moore) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35: 680 (1980). Type'. Groote Eylandt [Northern Territory], s.d, R. Brown 3606 {holo: BM). Sauropus glaucus var. glaber Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35: 676 (1980). Type: Doing! airstrip [Northern Territory], 23 June 1972, J. Must \050{holo: K). Sauropus latzii Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35: 680 (1980). Type: Wessel Islands, rare in lateritic gravel, 1 Oct[ober] 1972, Latz3362 (/?o/o: K; Ao: DNA). Dioecious 0.3-1 m tall. Branchlets persistent, rounded to ellipsoid, ribbed, 2.2- 17 cm long, 0.4-0 .6 mm wide, glabrous or rarely scabrous to hirsute. Stipules persistent, free, 0.5- 1 .2 mm long, yellow- brown to red-brown, ovate to triangular, chartaceous, glabrous; base truncate, rounded or obtuse, apex acuminate to acute; margins entire. Branch leaves normal, reduced or scale-like, red-brown, chartaceous, glabrous. Branchlet leaves alternate, distichous. Petiole 0. 1-0.6 mm long, glabrous. Lamina asymmetrical, concave, 5.5- 1 8.5 mm long, 0.6-2.4 mm wide, linearto elliptic, grey-green, concolourous. J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New Sauropus taxa 177 sub-coriaceous, wrinkled, glabrous; base oblique, rounded to obtuse; apex erect, acute to obtuse, mucronate to apiculate; margins revolute to plane, thickened. Bracts and bracteoles persistent, glabrous. Inflorescence indeterminate, axillary, sessile. Male flowers 1-6 per cluster; pedicels 0.5- 1 .5 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, shortly connate to connate for halftheir length, erect, 2-2.6 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, yellow, linear, obovate or oblanceolate, rounded to obtuse, fleshy, glabrous; stamens 3, 1 whorled, symmetrical, erect; filaments completely connate, erect, terete, 0.8-1 mm long; anthers extrorse, erect, oblong to linear, 1 . 1 - 1 .5 mm long; apiculum 0. 1 -0.4 mm long, red-brown; locules parallel. Female flowers s.o\\Xz.ry, pedicels at anthesis and in fruit I -2.2 mm long, 0.3-0.6 mm wide, distally dilated, glabrous; sepals free, 6, 2-3 .2 mm long, 0.7- 1.4 mm wide, obovate to oblanceolate, yellow, rounded to obtuse, fleshy, glabrous; styles well developed, 3, free, divided about halfway or more, erectto divergent, red, 0.8- 1 .3 mm long, 0.2-0.4 mm wide, narrow-terete, glabrous; style branches linear; stigmatic surface papillate; ovary 0.8-1 .3 mm long, 1-1 .4 mm wide, turbinate, smooth, glabrous. Fnnf a septicidal capsule, explosive, ovoid to ellipsoid, 4. 8-5. 6 mm long, 4-5.5 mm wide, green, cartilaginous, smooth, glabrous; column persistent, narrow oblong, 3. 7-4. 5 mm long, yellow-brown to red-brown, crescentiform, laterally compressed, 4.8-5. 2 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, smooth, winged; hilum slightly depressed, not bordered, oblanceolate, cavity more or less basal. (Figure 1 L) Selected specimens examined. NORTHERN TERRITORY: Port Essington, Holtzes.n. {MEL 1003725); Nabungwa, Groote Ey landt, J. Waddy 647 (DN A); on Katherine road, 4 km past Giddy River Crossing’ 3 1 km from Gove Airport, 1 9 Nov 1 989, P.I. Forster s.n. (BRI); Gove Road, 7.6 km S Dahl inbuy, turn-off M.J. Clark 1 544 (DNA); 22 km W of Liverpool river on the Oenpelli Rd, M.J. Clark 1139 (DN A). Distribution. From Darwin to Groute Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Territory. Flabitat. Known from tropical woodland. Flowering and fruiting period. January to December. Notes. This subspecies can be distinguished from subspecies pinifolius by its wider leaves and smooth rather than viscid or crustaceous appearance. Specimens of Sauropus stenocladus have been misidentifled as S. elachophyllus, a north Queensland species, but the two can be distinguished, ;>3tera//a,bythe smooth leaves oftheformer(Figure IJ) and the wrinkled (when dry) leaves ofthe latter. (Figure IF-G) 8b. Sauropus stenocladus subsp. pinifolius J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, subsp. nov. A subsp. stenoclado differt planta distincte viscida, folds multo angustioribus et ramulis costatis. Typus: LitchfieldNational Park, aboveFlorenceFalls,NorthernTerritory,24 April 1993, J.J. Bruhl\21% & J.L. Egan {holo: DNA; iso\ NE). Monoecious shrubs, 0.2-0.6 m tall, plant viscid and turn ing crustaceous on drying giving a warty or scabrous appearance. rounded to ellipsoid, ribbed, 4-22 cm long, 0.4-1 mm wide, glabrous. Stipules persistent, free, 0.3- 1 .2 mm long, yellow-brown, red-brown or red, ovate, narrowly triangular or triangular, chartaceous, glabrous; base truncate, rounded or obtuse; apex acuminate to acute; margins entire. Branch leaves scale-like, pallid-brown to red-brown, chartaceous. Branchlet leaves alternate, distichous, jointed, grey. 7’e//o/e0.2-0.6mm long, glabrous. Law ma asymmetrical, concave, 3. 5- 16 mm 178 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No, 2 (1997) long, 0.3- 1 .6 mm wide, linear, concolourous, sub-coriaceous, glabrous; base oblique, rounded to obtuse; apex erect, acuminate, acute or obtuse, mucronate to apiculate, often bent to one side; margins revolute or plane, thickened. Bracts and bracteoles persistent, glabrous. Inflorescence with males and females on different branches, indeterminate, axillary, sessile. Maleflowers 1 -4 percluster; pedicels 0.2- 1 .3 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, shortly connate to connate for half their length, erect, 0.8-2 mm long, 0.4-0. 9 mm wide, white orred-brown, linearto oblanceolate, rounded, obtuse or acute, fleshy, glabrous; stamens 3, 1 whorled, .symmetrical, erect; filaments completely connate, erect, terete, 0. 1 -0.5 mm long; anthers extrorse, erect, oblong to linear, 0.8-1 mm long, ± apiculate, 0-0. 1 mm long, red-brown; locules parallel. Female flowers soWidixy, pedicelsatanthesis and in fruit 1-6 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm wide, glabrous; sepals free, 6, 1 .8-3 .2 mm long, 0.5- 1 mm wide, linearto oblanceolate, red-brown oryellow, rounded, obtuse or acute, fleshy, glabrous; styles well developed, 3, free, divided half way or more, erect or divergent, red or green, 0.7- 1 .4 mm long, 0.2-0.6 mm wide, narrow-terete, glabrous; style branches linear; stigmatic surface papillate; ovary 0.8- 1.5 mm long, 0.8-1. 4 mm wide, turbinate, smooth, glabrous. /v-z//7asepticidal capsule, explosive, ovoid to ellipsoid, 8-9.5 mm long, 7-8.5 mm wide, green, cartilaginous, smooth, glabrous; column persistent, narrow oblong, 7. 5-8. 5 mm long. Seeds yellow-brown or red-brown, crescentiform, laterally compressed, 8-9 mm long, 2. 5-2. 8 mm wide, smooth, winged; hilum slightly depressed, not bordered, oblanceolate, cavity more or less basal. (Figure 1 J-K) Selected specimens examined. NORTHERN TERRITORY : Litchfield National Park, above Florence Falls, J.J. Briihl\21?,&J.L. EganQSE)-, Litchfield National Park, track to lost city, /.Z). Cowie 1437 & C.R. Dunlop(DNA.y, 10 km SEofNourlangie Ranger Station, Pine Creek road, L./l. Craven510\ (DNA); Jim Jim Creek, C. Dunlop6200&J. Toy/or (NSW); Stapleton Park, D. Bowman \19&B. fT;7so«(DNA); Arnhem Hwy, 3 .4 km W of Shady Camp turn-off, I.D. Cowie 1 367 <& /?. Booth (DNA); Tabletop Range, C. DM/7/op6795(DNA);NitmilukAmpitheatre,M £ivam3395(DNA);65kmfromPineCreekonUDPFalls road, C.H. Gittins (BRI). Distribution. From Litchfield to Katherine in the Northern Territory. Habitat. Known from tropical woodland. Flowering and fruiting period. January to December. Etymology. The subspecific epithet is in reference to the very narrow and linear leaves. Notes. This subspecies is easily recognizable by its very narrow branchlet leaves and crustaceous appearance on drying. 9. Sauropus torridus J.T. Hunter & J. J. Bruhl, sp. nov. S. ochrophyllo similis sed stipulus triangularibus, sepalis masculinis brevioribus, pedicello femineo longiore, antheris longioribus, et seminibus longioribus differt. Typus: Mitchell Plateau, N of Mining Camp top of plateau, Western Australia, 18 June 1976, K.F Kenneally 5092 {holo: PERTH: PERTH 0 1 64077 1 ). [Sauropus ochrophyllus auct. non (Benth.) Airy Shaw: J. W. Green, Census of the Vascular Plants of Western Australia: 108 (1985).] J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New Sauropus taxa 179 Phyllanthussp. B, Wheeler e? a/., Flora of the Kimberley Region 624 (1992). Dioecious perennial plants. Branchlets persistent, ellipsoid, 5.5-17 cm long, 0.6-1. 5 mm wide, glabrous to sparsely papillose or scabrous. Stipules persistent, free, 0.5- 1 .6 mm long, yellow-brown to red-brown, triangular, glabrous or papillose to scabrous; base truncate to rounded; apex acuminate to acute; margins entire. 6ra«c/7/eovex reduced leaf-likeor scale-like, pallid-brown to red-brown, glabrous or papillose to scabrous. Branchlet leaves alternate, distichous, jointed, brown when dry. Petiole 0.5- 1 .6 mm long, 0.5- 1 . 1 mm wide, glabrous or with persistent indumentum, /.awmctsymmetrical although some slightly falcate, plane, 11.5-35 mm long, 4-19.6 mm wide, elliptic to obovate, obscurely pinnately veined, glabrous or sparsely papillose to scabrous; base oblique, attenuate; apex erect, acute, mucronate to apiculate, occasionally with a small callous; margins plane, not thickened. Bracts and hracteoles persistent, glabrous or with indumentum. Inflorescence indeterminate, axillary, sessile. Male flowers 1-2 per cluster; pedicels 0.6- 1.3 mm long, glabrous; sepals6, variously connate, erect, lobes 1 7-24 mm long or to 44 mm includingtube, sepals 0.7- 1 .2 mm wide, elliptic to ovate, fleshy, glabrous; apex rounded to obtuse; margins lacerate to erose; stamens 3, symmetrical, erect; filaments completely connate, erect, terete, 0.6-0. 8 mm long; anthers extrorse, erect, linearto elliptic, 3-3 .4 mm long; apiculumO. 8-0.9 mm long, red-brown; locules parallel. /^eOT<3/e//owe/-.v solitary; pedicels atanthesis 0.8- 1 .5 mm long, 0.5-0. 7 mm wide, in fruit 6.2-9. 5 mm long in fruit, 0.5-0. 7 mm wide; sepals persistent, 6, free, at anthesis erect, in fruit divergent to reflexed, white to yellow, fleshy, glabrous; apex rounded, obtuse to acute; 1 .8-4.5 m m long, 0.4- 1 .3 mm wide, linear, elliptic, obovate, to oblanceolate; styles well developed, 3, free, variously divided, erect to ascending, red, 1-1.7 mm long, 0.2-0. 5 mm wide, narrow-terete, glabrous to papillose; style branches linear; stigmatic surface papillate; ovary 0.8- 1 .4 mm long, 0.2-0. 5 mm wide, ovoid to globose, smooth, glabrous, sometimes appearing glaucous. Fruit a septicidal capsule, ovoid to ellipsoid, c. 8.5 mm long, c. 10 mm wide, red-brown, smooth, glabrous, grooved septicidally; apex rounded to obtuse; column persistent, narrow oblong to ‘lanceolate’, 5. 1-6.5 mm long. LS’eer/s red-brown, prismatic, laterally compressed, 6. 9-7. 6 mm long, 3. 3-3. 8 mm wide, smooth, sometimes w ith a minor wing; hilum slightly depressed, not bordered although the region around the hilum is distinctly paler in colour, ovate, cavity more or less basal. (Figure 1 D-E) Selected specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Surveyors vine thicket, Mitchell Plateau, NW Kimberley, K.F. Kenneally S561 (PERTH); Airstrip, 5 km NW of mining campsite Mitchell Plateau, N Kimberley, K.F’. Kewrea/Zy 7720 (PERTH); 43. 8 km N of campsite of Port Warrender track, Mitchell Plateau, N. Kimberley, K.F. KenneallyS56\ (PERTH). NORTHERN TERRITORY: Mt Wells, 15 July 1886, J.E. Tennison Woodss.n. (MEL). Distribution. Known only from the Mitchell Plateau in Western Australia and Mt Wells in the Northern Territory. Flowering and fruiting period. August to October. Conservation status. CALM Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority Two. A ROTAP code (Briggs & Leigh 1988)of2xE-Wy is suggested. Only one collection has been seen from the Northern Territory, and that specimen was collected in 1886. No subsequent collections have been made in the Northern Territory, where this species may now be extinct. Etymology. The specific epithet means hot place and refers to the locality of the collections which are from the tropical north. Notes. Very few specimens of this species have been seen. Only one male specimen is known, and the fruit measurements are based on only one mature fruit. Therefore, caution must be applied in regard to 180 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) the measurements given here. Morphologically, Sauropus torridus is similar to S. ochrophyllus, but differs in having shorter sepals, and longer pedicels, anthers and seeds (Table 3). Table 3. Comparison of selected characters for Sauropus ochrophyllus and S. torridus (measurements in mm) S. ochrophyllus S. torridus Stipules Linear, lanceolate, or narrow triangular Triangular Lamina base Truncate, rounded or obtuse Attenuate Male sepals Free Connate Male sepal length 2.8-5.4 1. 7-2.4 Male sepal apex Rounded to obtuse Acute to acuminate Anther length 1. 3-2.6 3-3.4 Female pedicel in fruit 3.5-5 6.2-9.5 Femalesepal length 1.6- 1.8 0.7- 1.2 Seed length 5.8-6.2 6.9-1.6 10. Sauropus trachyspermus (F. Muell.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35; 685 (1980) - Phyllanthus trachyspermusV .MvlcW. Soc. Viet 1:14(1855)- Glochidiontrachyspermum{¥.Mm\\.) H.Eichler, Flora of South Australia Supplement 2nd edn21 0(1 965). Type: junction oftheDarlingand Murray Rivers, [New South Wales or Victoria], F. Mueller (MEL). Phyllanthus rhytidospermusF. Muell. ex Muell. Arg., Linnaea34: 10{\855)-Glochidionrhytidospermum (Muell. Arg.) H. Eichler, Flora of South Australia Supplement 2nd edn 210(1 965). Type: Depot Creek, Upper Victoria River [Northern Territory], F. Mueller {holo: MEL). Sauropus hubbardii Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35: 611 (1980). Type: Nonda, between Hughenden and Cloncurryinmixedgrasslandinheavy dark brown soil, 160m [Queensland], 6 Feb[ruary] 1931, Hubbard & Winders 7295 {holo: K). Sauropus sp. A, Wheeler eta/.. Flora of the Kimberley Region 628 (1992). Distribution. Sauropus trachyspermus is the most widespread and common Sauropus species within Australia, with a far greater range than the other species from Northern Territory and Western Australia (T able 4). It grows from the Kimberley region of Western Australia across northern and central Australia, down to western Victoria. Notes. It is likely that this species forms a complex of at least two if not more species. Airy Shaw (1980) separated Sauropus hubbardii on the basis of larger habit and leaves, obtuse to rounded sepals, and completely divided styles. We, however, found that these characters were not constant and that these J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New Sauropus taxa 181 features varied widely within SaMro/twi/rac/Tysperntw str. and 5. hubbardii. Certainlythere are very low-growing variants and variants that have been found over 2 m tall. This variation in habit does not seem to co-vary with any other feature that we recorded for the species. While features of seed sculpturing showed some promise in separating these variants, no clear co-varying discontinuities were found. Table 4. Distribution of Northern Territory and Western Australian species of Sauropus within Australia based on the regions adopted by Hnatiuk (1990) Taxon Distribution S. arenosus J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl 6,12 S. brunonis (S. Moore) Airy Shaw 25 S. crassifolius (Muell. Arg.) Airy Shaw 7,13,14,15,16 S. ditassoides (Muell. Arg.) Airy Shaw 25 S. dunlopii LT. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl 25 S.filicinus J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl 25 S. glaucus (F. Muell.) Airy Shaw 25 S. gracilis J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl 25 S. huntii (Ewart & O. Davies) Airy Shaw 26,27,28 S. ochrophyllus (Benth.) Airy Shaw 25 S. paucifolius J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl 25 S. ramosissimus (F. Muell.) Airy Shaw 29,31,35,43,56,65,68,70 S. rigem (F. Muell.) Airy Shaw 29,34,47,54,55,48,56,70 S. rigidulus (F. Muell. ex Muell. Arg.) Airy Shaw 25 S. rirnophilus J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl 25 S. salignus J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl 1 S. stenocladus (Muell. Arg.) J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl 25 S. torridus J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl 1,25 S. trachyspermus (F. Muell.) Airy Shaw 1 , 2, 3, 4, 1 2, 14, 25, 26, 27,28, 29, 30, 3 1 , 34, 3 5, 43,45,47,48, 50, 5 1 , 53,54, 55, 56, 68, 70, 71 , 73,74 182 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Key to the Sauropus species and subspecies of the Northern Territory and Western Australia 1 Branch leaves only ever scale-like (Phyllanthoid branching) 1: Branch leaves normal, reduced in size or if scale-like then with a mixture of normal and/or leaves reduced in size over the plant 2 Stipules white, cream, yellow-brown or green 2: Stipules red, red-brown or black 3 Plants monoecious; branchlets ribbed and glabrous; lamina 0.2-4. 5 mm wide; fruit3.56mm long; seed2.5-5mm long S.trachyspermus 3: Plants dioecious; branchlets not ribbed, with indumentum; lamina4.7-l 5.4 mm wide; fruit 6.8- 1 0.6 mm long; seed 5.9-8.2 mm long 4 4 Lamina apex acute to acuminate, margins thickened; male sepals free; anthers 0.4-0. 9 mm long; female pedicel length at anthesis 0.8-2. 5 mm long, in fruit 1 .5-4.5 mm long; styles connate S. arenosus 4; Lamina apex obtuse, rounded to obcordate, margins not thickened; male sepals connate; anthers 1-2.6 mm long; female pedicel length at anthesis 2-6.5 mm long, in fruit 2.8-8 mm long; styles free S. huntii 5 Branchlets ribbed b 5: Branchlets not ribbed, although some may be finely striate 7 6 Stems angular; leaves green, 4.9-8 mm wide, elliptic to obovate, margins not thickened, paler below; sepals elliptic, ovate or obovate; male sepals free; filaments 0.6-1 mm long; anthers 0.2-0.4 mm long; styles divided less than halfway, 0. 3-0.5 mm long S. salignus 6; Stems rounded to ellipsoid; leaves grey, 0.3- 1.6 mm wide, linear, margins thickened, concolourous; sepals linear to oblanceolate; male sepals connate; filaments 0. 1 -0.5 mm long; anthers 0.8-1 mm long; styles divided more than halfway, 0.7- 1 .4 mm long S. stenocladus subsp. pinifolius 7 Stipules ovate, glabrous; scales often purple in colour; male sepals free; female flow-ers 1-2 per cluster; seeds undulate S. crassifolius 7: Stipules triangular to narrow-triangular, with indumentum; scales brown to red-brown; male sepals fused if only basally; female flowers solitary; seeds smooth 8 8 Lamina base cordate; female pedicel at anthesis 1-3.5 mm long S. ditassoides 8; Lamina base various but never cordate; female pedicels at anthesis to 1 .2 mm long 9 9 Stipules 0.8- 1.6 mm long; lamina concave, concolourous; erect and not growing out of sandstone cliffs S. rigidulus 9: Stipules 0.4- 1.2 mm long; lamina plane to convex, paler below; growing pendulously, or horizontally from sandstone cliffs 10 10 Male sepals obovate, 1 .3-3.3 mm long; female pedicel length in fruit 1-1.6 mm; anther length 1.2- 1.7 mm; styles connate; ovary length 1.2- 1.6 mm; seed length 6.8-9 mm long S. rimophilus 10: Malesepals elliptic, 0.4-0.9 mm long; female pedicel length in fruit 0.5-0. 7 mm; anther length 0,5-0. 6; styles free; ovary length 0.7-0. 8 mm; seed length 5.2-6 mm long S. filicinus 11 Plants viscid S. ramosissimus 11: Plants not viscid 12 J.T. Hunter & J.J. Bruhl, New Sauropus taxa 183 12 Branchlets spinose, leaves pseudo-verticellate S. rigens 12; Branchlets not spinose, leaves never pseudo-verticellate 13 13 Plants pilose to hirsute, rarely glabrous; filaments 0.05-0.3 mm long; anthers 0.2-0.4 mm long; not apiculate S. brunonis 13: Plants glabrous or scabrous, if hirsute then lamina only to 3.2 mm wide; filaments 0.3- 1 .6 mm long; anthers 0.3-3 .4 mm long; usually apiculate 14 14 Lamina0.6-3.8mmwide 15 14: Lamina4-35mmwide 18 15 Plants monoecious; leaves green when dry, paler below; flowers green; male pedicels 1 .8-3 .2 mm long; female sepals 1 .3- 1 . 8 mm long; filaments 0.3-0.4 mm long; anthers 1-1.1 mm long; growing from sandstone cliffs S. gracilis 15: Plants dioecious; leaves greyish when dry, concolourous; flowers yellow when fresh; male pedicels 0.5- 1 .5 mm long; female sepals 0.4- 1 mm long; filaments 0.4-1 mm long; anthers 0.3-0. 5 mm long or 1 . 1-2.7 mm long; growing in tropical woodland 16 16 Plants hirsute; lamina margins plane; male flowers solitary; sepals obovate; male sepals shortly connate, 0.8- 1 .6 mm long; female pedicels 0.2-0. 8 mm long at anthesis; female sepals 1-1.4 mm long at anthesis; anthers 0.3-0. 5 mm long; apiculumc. 0.1 mm long; style 0.4-0. 7 mm long S.dunlopii 16; Plants glabrous or rarely scabrous; lamina margins plane to revolute; male flowers 1-6 per cluster; sepals linear to oblanceolate; male sepals variously connate, 2-4.5 mm long; female pedicels 1-8 mm long at anthesis; female sepals 2-4.9 mm long at anthesis; anthers 1 .1-2.7 mm long; apiculum 0. 1 -0.6 mm long; sty le 0. 1 -0.6 mm long 17 17 Branchlets notribbed; lamina 8-43 mm long, 1 .5-8 mm wide, commonly elliptic to oblanceolate and more or less straight; male sepals 3. 6-4. 5 mm long; anthers2.4-2.7mm long; fruit 7-9.5 mm long; column 7-8.5 mm long; seeds 8-9.2 mm long S. glaucus (Figure 1 H,I) 17: Branchlets ribbed; lamina5.5- 18.5 mm long, 0.6-2.4 mm wide, commonly narrow and bent to one side; male sepals 2-2.6 mm long; anthers 1. 1-1 .5 mm long; fruit4. 8-5.6 mm long; column 3. 7-4.5 mm long; seeds 4. 8-5. 2mm long S. stenocladus subsp. stenocladus 18 Branchlets angular and ribbed; lamina paler below, usually only 1-3 leaves per plant S. paucifolius 18: Branchlets ellipsoid to flattened; lamina concolourous, leaves many per plant 19 19 Male sepals free; anthers 1 .3-2.6 mm long; apiculum 0. 1 -0.4 mm long, cream; seeds 5.8-6.2 mm long S. ochrophyllus 19: Male sepals fused; anthers 2.4-3 .4 mm long; apiculum 0.4-0. 9 mm long, red-brown; seeds 6. 9-9.2 mm long 20 20 Male sepals 1 .7-2.4 mm long, 0.7- 1 .2 mm wide, elliptic to ovate; female pedicels at anthesis 0.8- 1 .5 mm long; anthers 3-3 .4 mm long; apiculum 0.8-0. 9 mm long; column 5. 1-6.5 mm long; seeds 6.9-7.6 mm long S. torridus 20: Male sepals 3 .6-4.5 mm long, 0.3-0. 6 mm wide, oblanceolate; female pedicels at anthesis 2-8 mm long; anthers 2.4-2. 7 mm long; apiculum 0.4-0.6 mm long; column 7-8.5 mm long; seeds 8-9.2 mm long S. glaucus (Figure 1 H,l) 184 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Acknowledgements We wish to thank the heads of the following herbaria for the loan of specimens: A, AD, BM, BRI, CANB, CBG, DAV, DNA, GH, HO, K, MEL, NSW, PERTH, QRS. Thanks also to the heads of A, BM, BRI, CANB, CBG, DNA, G, GH, K, LINN, MAREEBA, MEL, NSW, QRS for access to facilities and specimens; Clyde Dunlop and Judy Egan (DNA) for assistance with field work; Grady Webster (DAV) for helpful comments; David Mackay (NE) for the illustrations; Laurie Adams (CANB), Paul Wilson (PERTH), Anne Harrison and Frances Quinn (NE) for the Latin descriptions; Frances Quinn and Bruce Thomson (Dept, of Environment, Qld) for comments on the manuscript; the director of the Australian National Parks Service and the state equivalents in New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, and South Australia for permission to collect in service areas; and Research School ofBiological Sciences (ANU) for financial support to J.J. Bruhl for visits to G, K and LINN. This project was supported by funding from Australian Biological Resources Study. References Airy Shaw, H.K. (1980). A partial synopsis of the Euphorbiaceae-Platylobeae of Australia (excluding Phyilanthus, Euphorbia and Calycepeplus). Kcw Bulletin 35: 577-700. Briggs, J.D. & Leigh, J.H. (1988). “Rare or Threatened Australian Plants.” Special Publication No. 14. (Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service: Cartberra.) Dallwitz, M.J. (1980). A general system for coding taxonomic descriptions. Taxon 29: 41-46. Dallwitz, M.J., Paine, T.A. & Zurcher, E.J. (1993). “User’s Guide to the DELTA System.” (Division of Entomology, CSIRO: Canberra.) Elnatiuk, R.J. (1990). “Census of Australian Vascular Plants.” Australian Flora and Fauna Series 1 1. (Bureau of Flora and Fauna, AGPS Press: Canberra.) Hunter, J.T. & Bruhl, J.J. (1997). Four now rare species of Sauropus Blume (Euphorbiaceae: Phyllantheae) from north Queensland. Austrobaileya (in press). Steam, W.T. (1992). “Botanical Latin.” 4“’ edn (David & Charles: Melksham.) Webster, G.L. (1970). A revision of Phyilanthus (Euphorbiaceae) in the continental United States. Brittonia 22: 44-76. Nuytsia 1 1(2): 185-198 (1997) 185 Six new species of triggerplant (Stylidium: Stylidiaceae) from south-west Western Australia Allen Lowrie' and Kevin F. Kenneaily^ '6 Glenn Place, Duncraig, Western Australia 6023 ^Science Publications Unit, Corporate Relations Division, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983 Abstract Lowrie, A.andKenneally, K.F. Sixnewspeciesoftriggerplant(5'(y/(a'/M/M: Stylidiaceae)from south- west Western Australia. Nuytsia 1 1(2): 185-198(1997). Six new species from the south-west of Western Australia, Stylidium burbidgeanum, S. glabrifolium, S. kalbarriense, S. torticarpum, S. tylosiim and S. udusicola Lowrie & Kenneally, are described and illustrated. Three of these species have conservation priority. Introduction Six miscellaneous new species of triggerplant {Stylidium: Stylidiaceae) from the south-west of Western Australia are described and illustrated. They belong to the following subgeneric and sectional classifications as devised by Mildbraed (1908): Stylidium burbidgeanum belongs to subg. Nitrangium Endl. sect. Thyrsiformia (Benth.) Mildbr.; S. udusicola belongs to subg. Tolypangium Endl. sect. DespectaMMhx.-^andiS. glabrifolium, S. kalbarrienseandS. torticarpum belong to subg. Tolypangium Endl. sect. Saxifragoidea Mildbr. Taxonomy Stylidium burbidgeanum Lowrie & Kenneally, sp. wov. (Figure 1) S. neg/ectoMildbr.affinisedfoliisc. 15mmlongls,hypanthioc. 6mmlongo,sepalis5adbasimomnino discretls, corolla c. 1 1 mm lata, et appendicibus lateralibus labelli carentibus differt. 7>pm 5.- On Watherooroad, 2km eastof Brand Highway, Western Australia, 30°21'S, 1 15° 30' E, 27 October 1989,^. Lowrie296{holo: PERTH 04431308; iso: MEL). Creeping jcerenma/ herb with 2-4 (sometimes more) leafy major axes up to 6 cm long arising from bulb-like bases of the old tufts elevated up to 5 cm above the soil surface by wiry prop roots; lower leaves 186 Nuytsia Vol. II, No. 2 (1997) Figure 1. Stylidium hurbidgeanum A - habit of flowering plant; B - leaf; C - hypanthium and sepals; D - corolla; E - lateral view ot gynostemium tip (with stigma at right); F - front view of gynostemium tip (with stigma at right); G - back of gynostemium; H - labellum. Scale bar = I mm. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Six new species of triggerplant from south-west WA 187 scattered along the major axis; upper leaves in a terminal tuft, each with a small apical (not sharp) proj ection . Leaves linear, 5 - 1 5 (m ostly 1 0- 1 2) mm long, 1 - 1 .2 mm wide, terete in the upper part, sem iterete in the lower part with margins hyaline, minutely serrate, non-mucronate at first, becoming mucronate at anthesis. Inflorescence a dense spike, to 5 cm high (including the scape), densely covered with long and short glandular hairs; bracts, linear, 3-4 mm long; bracteoles 2-2.5 mm long. Hypanthium lanceolate, figure 8-shaped in section, sessile, c. 6mmlong,c. l.Smmwideatthebase.c. 1 mwideattheapex, covered with dense glandular hairs. S'epa/s 5, all free to the base, c. 2 mm long. Coro//a predominantly pink, lobes laterally paired; anterior lobes obovate, c. 2.5 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide; posterior lobes obovate, curved, c. 5.5 mm long, c. 2.7mm wide;abaxial surface very palepink, sparsely glandular. TTjraa/ and petal bases white, with a purple mark between the white and the pink zones of each corolla lobe; appendages absent. Labellum boss attached to the baseofthecorolla tube sinus, round, c.0. 8 mm long, c. 0.7 mm wide, without basal appendages, margins near the base with a few glandular hairs. Gynostemium c. 5 mm long; anthers green with grey pollen, with a few short marginal translucent-white moniliform hairs; stigma elliptic, cushioned, c. 1 . 1 mm long, c. 0.6 mm wide. Capsule c. 1 mm long. Seeds unknown. Other specimen examined. WT3STERN AUSTRALIA; South end of Banovich Rd, first creek crossing c. 2.5kmNofthe Jurien Bay road, 30° 12' S, 115° 12'E,27Nov. 1988,/!. Lowrie s.n. (PERTH). Distribution and habitat. Known from two regions of south-western Australia, Kalbarri National Park and the area from Badgingarra and Mt Lesueur north-east to the Green Head road. Grows in loamy soil on winter-wet creek margins and adjacent watersheds and in white silica sand in winter-wet depressions. Flowering period. October-November. Conservation status. This species occurs in two widely separated regions, neither of which is under threat. Etymology. The epithet, burbidgeanum is in honor of Dr Allan Burbidge, Principal Research Scientist, CALM, who first discovered this species north-east of Mt Lesueur. Affinities. The nearest relative to Stylidium burbidgeanum is S. neglectum Mildbr. From S. neglectum, S. differs in having leaves c. 1 5 mm long, hypanthum c. 6 mm long, 5 sepals all free to the base, corolla c. 1 1 mm wide, and labellum without lateral appendages. Stylidium glabrifolium Lowrie & Kenneally, s/?. nov. (Figure2) S. lineato Sond. affinis sed foliis et scapis glaberrimis differ!. Typus: On Great Northern Highway, between Bindoon and New Norcia [precise locality withheld]. Western Australia, 26 October 1991, A. Towne429(/7o/o.PERTH04452437; AoiMEL). Perennial herb] rhizome short, often supporting more than one leafy rosette; leaves deciduous during dormancy but a central compact cluster of small fleshy scale-like juvenile leaves is retained. Leaves basal, appressed to the soil, elliptic-spathulate, narrowing into a petiole, thin coriaceous, striate with flabellate venation; lamina6- 18 (mostly c, 10) mm long, 5-9 (mostly c. 8)mmwide,marginsveryfinely hyallned translucent-white, not scarious; petiole linear, c. 8 mm long. Inflorescence an unbranched raceme, 1 9-40 cm high (including the scape); scape with appressed alternate linear bracts 3-6 mm long. rrrnTTimTTT 188 Nuytsia Vol. II, No. 2 (1997) Hgure 2. Stylidiiim glabrifolimn A - habit ot flowering plant; B - leaf; C - hypanthium and sepals; D - corolla; E - throat appendages, enlarged; F - lateral view of gynostemium tip (with stigma at right); G - front view of gynostemium tip (with stigma at right); H - back of gynostemium; I - labellum. Scale bar = 1 mm. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Six new species of triggerplant from south-west WA 189 glabrous; bracts, linear, 2.5-4 mm long, glabrous; pedicels 8- 1 4 (mostly 8- 1 0) mm long, distally glandular; bracteoles narrowly ovate, 1-2 mm long, glabrous. Hypanthhm clavate, c. 2 mm long, c. 1 .5 mm diam. at anthesis, with sparse glandular hairs. Sepals 5, all free to the base, elliptic, obtuse, c. 3 mm long, glabrous. Corolla predominantly pale yellow fading quickly to creamy white, lobes laterally paired; anterior lobes elliptic, c. 6.3 mm long, c. 3 mm wide; posterior lobes elliptic, c. 6mm long, c. 3 mm wide; abaxial surface colouring similartoadaxial surface, glabrous. TTtroat pale green, appendages 6, c. 0.7 mm long, entire and bi- (sometimes tri-) furcate, blackish maroon, reddish at base, with 3 mound-like silvery appendages with a yellow margin; bordering the throat near the labellum but hidden by the gynostemium in the set position is a smooth pale green swelling. Labellum boss attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, pale green, ovate, c. 0.8 mm long, c. 0.7 mm wide; basal appendages yellow, c. 0.3 mm long, papillose; apical point yellow, c. 0.7 mm long; corolla tube c. 1 mm long. Gynostemium c. 6 mm long; anthers pale yellow, pollen yellow; stigmac. 0.5 mm diam., mushroom-like, c. 0.5 mm long. Capsule unknown. Seeds unknown. Distribution and habitat. Known only from the type location north of Bindoon in south-western Australia. Grows in clayey sand am.ongst small, scattered flat granitic alluvial rocks in a watershed surrounded by laterite soils and Eucalyptus wandoo forest. Flowering period. October. Chromosome number, n = 14 (A. Lowrie 429). Conservation status. CALM Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority Two. This species is only known from one small location bordering a rehabilitated gravel pit on a flora reserve. Etymology. From the Latin glabri - glabrous and folium - leaf, in reference to the smooth leaves. Affinities. The nearest relative to Stylidium glabrifolium is S. lineatum Sond. From S. lineatum, S. glabrifolium differs by having glabrous leaves and scape, hypanthium with sparse glandular hairs, entire and bi- (sometimes tri-) furcate blackish-maroon throat appendages, and 3 mound-like silvery light-reflecting appendages. Notes. The pale yellow flowers of Stylidium glabrifolium bear throat appendage projections as well as silvery mirror-like mounds. Similar mirror-like mounds have also been discovered in S. squamellosum DC., S. cymiferum Lowrie & Carlquist and S. tylosum. The mirror-like mounds are convex and so reflect sunlight regardless of the sun’ s position throughout the day. The sunlight reflection signals are further enhanced by flashing as the flowers quiver even in the lightest breeze. The glistening mounds contain no nectar but act as a ruse to entice any flying insects that might act as pollinators. This deception is not without reward as nectar is available to the pollinator within the corolla tube. This nectar reward ensures the pollinator is deceived more than once, permitting cross-pollination. Stylidium kalbarriense Lowrie & Kenneally, ip. nov. (Figure 3) S. macrocarpo (Benth.) Erickson and Willis affmi sed mucrone unguiformi ad apicem foliorum adultorum affixo, marginis lateralibus laevibus albis, carina minute serrata, sepalisglandulosis, stigmate duplo-tumidiformi, capsula glandulosa nec leviter convoluta differt. 190 Nuytsia Vol. II, No. 2 (1997) Figure 3. Stylidium kalbarriense A - habit of flowering plant; B - leaf, enlarged section left, enlarged lateral view of leaf tip. mucro and 3-lobed claw-like attachment, right; C - hypanthium and sepals; D - corolla; E - abaxial surface ot corolla; F - lateral view of gynostemium tip (with stigma at right); G - front view of gynostemium tip (with stigma grown out, right); H - back of gynostemium (with stigma at right); I - labellum. Scale bar = 1 mm. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Six new species of triggerplant from south-west WA 191 Typus: 20 km east of Kalbarri, on Ajana-Kalbarri road, south side of road, Western Australia, 27° 46' S, 1 14° 1 8’ E, 4 September 1992, /t. Lowrie 63% {holo: PERTH 04452445; iso\ MEL). Perennial herb', stem short; leaves in a basal tuft at soil level or elevated above the soil surface by prop roots 1-1.5 cm long. Leaves oblanceolate, 1-4.5 (mostly 2.5-3) cm long, terete in section, 1- 1.7 mm wide, with a white mucro 1 mm long, subterminally attached, becoming claw-like in adult leaves by its 2 smooth lateral white hyaline margins and a minutely serrate keel. Inflorescence 1 -4, the central inflorescence dominant and up to 12 cm high (including the scape), when more than one arising from the basal tuft of leaves; lateral inflorescences when present of a lesser height; scape glabrous; inflorescence glandular, of cymose branches with 2-3 flowers; bracts linear with an apical mucro, 2- 3 mm long. lanceolate, pedicellate, 6. 5-lOmm long, c. 1.2 mm wide, figure 8-shaped in section, glandular. Sepals 5, all free to the base, 2-2.5 mm long. Corolla predominantly white, lobes laterally paired, anterior lobes obovate-elliptic, c. 3 . 8 mm long, c. 2.3 mm wide; posterior lobes obovate, c. 4 mm long, c. 2.3 mm wide; abaxial surface of each lobe white with adistinctive dark red wine-coloured and glandular oblanceolate serrate margined zone along the mid vein. T/rroat white, bordered by reddish marks; appendages absent. Labellum boss attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, green, ovate, c.0.7mmlong,c. 0.7 mm wide; basal appendages dark red, c. 0.6 mm long, c. 0.3 mm wide, distally3-lobed, papillose, margins and apex dark red, beard-like, papillose, corolla tube c. 1 .5 mm long. Gynostemium c. 9.5 mm long; anthers green; pollen white, with marginal translucent-white moniliform hairs; stigma a double dome-like projection, c. lmmlong,c. 0.4mm wide. Capsulec. 1.5 cm long, not twisted atmaturity. Seeds orange, c. 0.5 mm long. Other specimen examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Murchison Gorge, 30 Aug. 1 984, R. Bates3%94 (PERTH); Kalbarri, 15 Aug. \ 966, R. Ericksons.n. (PERTH);Kalbarri-AdjanaRd,8Sep. \966, R.V. Smith 66/375 (MEL, PERTH); on the road to The Loop, Kalbarri National Park, 8Aug. 1990,^. Lowries. n. (PERTH). Distribution and habitat. Occurs in the Kalbarri National Park region of south-western Australia, on pale yellow sandy soils in heathland. Flowering period. August-September. Conservation status. Common in Kalbarri National Park and not under threat. Etymology. The epithet, kalbarriense refers to the Kalbarri region where this species occurs. Affinities. The nearest relative to Stylidium kalbarriense is S. wacractirpMw (Benth.) Erickson & Willis. From S. macrocarpum, S. kalbarriense differs by having glandular sepals, all free to the base, the stigma a double dome-like projection and the capsule glandular and not twisted. Stylidium torticarpum Lowrie & Kenneally, s'jC). nov. (Figure 4) Species capsula matura valde torsiva congeneribus diversa. Typus: South end of Banovich Rd, 0.1 km south of the creek crossing, Mt Lesueur region, Western Australia, 1 8 October 1991 ,^. Lowrie 4\4{holo-. PERTH 0445246 1 ; iso: MEL). 192 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Figure 4. Stylidium torticarpum A - habit of flowering plant; B - leaf; C - hypanthium and sepals; D - corolla, E - lateral view of gynostemium tip (with stigma at right); F - front view of gynostemium tip (with stigma at right); G - back of gynostemium; H - labellum; 1 - seed capsule showing the 360“ twisting at maturity. Scale bar = 1 mm. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Six new species of triggerplant from south-west WA 193 Perennial herb-, rhizome short, thick and densely leafy. Leaves basal, narrowly linear, 3-10 (mostly 9) cm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, triangular in section; margins hyaline white and minutely serrate; apex with a red mucro c. 0.5 mm long. Inflorescence up to 20 cm high (including the scape), rose-coloured, densely glandular hairy throughout, simple only at tip but otherwise composed of cymose branches with 2-3 flowers; bracts, linear, 4-8 mm long. Hypanthiim linear, sessile, c. 9 mm long, c. 1 .2 mm diam, and not twisted at anthesis, densely covered with glandular hairs. Sepals 5, all free to the base, c. 3 mm long. Corolla predominantly pale or dark pink, lobes laterally paired; anterior lobes obovate, c. 4.5 mm long, c. 2.5 mm wide; posterior lobes oblanceolate, c. 5.5 mm long, c. 2.5 mm wide; abaxial surface pink, white at the base, glandular. T’A/'oaf white, without appendages, bordered by a very dark pink margin. Labellum boss attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, ovate, c. 1 mm long, c. 0.8 mm wide; basal appendages c. 0.5 mm long, papillose, margins towards the apex provided with a few glandular hairs, corolla tube c. 1 .5 mm long. Gynostemium c. 9 mm long; anthers grey with blue-grey pollen, withmarginal translucent- whitemoniliformhairs; stigma elliptic, cushion-like, c. 1 .5 mm long,c. 1 mm wide. Ca/Jra/eslightly twisted whenjuvenile, markedly twisted atmaturity. dark brown, c. 0.8 mm long, minutely tuberculate. Other specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Cockleshell Gully, l5Nov. 1946, C.A.Gardner 84 1 0 (PERTH); S end of Banovich Rd, 0. 1 km S of creek crossing, Mt Lesueur region, 1 8 Oct. 1991, A. Lo-wrieA\9 [in fruit] (PERTH); 3 km Non Banovich Rd from Jurien Rd,27 Oct. 1989, A. Lowrie s.n. (PERTH); Arrowsmith River crossing on Robb Rd, 6.7 km E of Brand Highway, Shire of Three Springs, 28 June 1996,^. Lowries.n. (PERTH);c. 0.5km NofLimpfieldFarmgate.afewkmEofMazzaRoadon Marchagee Track, Herschell Range, Shire of Coorow, 30 Oct. 1 996, M. Hancock s.n. (PERTH). Distribution and habitat. Endemic to south-western Australia. Known only from two locations in the Mt Lesueur region on winter-wet creek margins and adjacent watersheds in red loam soil, one location in the Herschell Range east of Mt Lesueur, and one location along the Arrowsmith River north of Eneabba. Flowering period. October. Chromosome number. Stylidium torticarpum is a polyploid with n = 28 (A. Lowrie 414), compared to n=l4(A. Lowrie 279) in S. ricae. Conservation status. CALM Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority Two. This species is known from two populations in the Mt Lesueur region, one location in the Herschell Range, and one location on the Arrowsmith River, all of which are not under threat. Etymology. From the Latin torti - twisted and carpum - fruit, in reference to the markedly twisted seed capsule. Affinities. IhQntarQSXrQiariwQtoStylidiumtorticarpum is5. n'caeCarlquist. S. torticarpum diikrsLrom 5. r/cae in chromosome number and in the following morphological characters: leaves linear ratherthan oblanceolate, not channelled but triangular in sectional view, minutely serrate; inflorescence with cymose branches ratherthan simple; sepal apex obtuse ratherthan acute; and capsule markedly twisted c. 360° rather than slightly twisted c. 90°. 194 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Figure 5. Stylidium tylosum A - habit of flowering plant; B - leaf; C - hypanthium, sepals and attachment to the scape, with enlargement (above) of bract, bacteoles and mound-like swelling at the base of the pedicel; D - corolla; E - throat appendages, enlarged; F - lateral view of gynostemium tip (with stigma at right); G - front view of gynostemium tip (with stigma at right); H - back of gynostemium; 1 - labellum. Scale bar = 1 mm. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Six new species of triggerplant from south-west WA 195 Stylidium tyiosum Lowrie & Kenneally, ip. nov. (Figure 5) S. c>’»7//eTOLowrie&Carlquistaffinisedplantis parvis, inflorescentiaracemosaflorumpedicellatorum altemorum constata, corollae appendicibus faucis 6 tumulis argentiis 6, bracteis et bracteolis una aggregatis supra tumulum ad basim pedicelli positis, appendicibus labelli differt. Typus: Moodiarrup Rd West, 2.1 km east of Gibbs Road, east of Moodiarrup, Western Australia, 33 ° 3 6' S, 1 1 6° 47' E, 3 1 October 1 994, A. Lowrie 1 082 {holo: PERTH 04452488; iso'. MEL). Perennial herb', stem short, single or branched; leaves basal and rosette. Leaves oblanceolate, petiolate, 4.5-8 mm long, 0. 8-1.8 mm wide, oblong in section, with a few glandular hairs on the adaxial surface. Inflorescence solitary, a raceme of alternate flowers; scape and inflorescence glabrous (except for a few scattered glands on the pedicels); bracts c. 1 .5 mm long; bracteoles c. 1 mm long, grouped together and located on a large mound-like swelling (visible in live specimens only) at the base of the pedicel. Hypanthium turbinate, tube shorter than the sepals, 1 .5-2 mm long, c. 1. 1 mm wide, glabrous. Sepals 5, all free to the base, 2-3 mm long. Coro/Zayellow, lobes laterally paired; anterior lobes obovate, c. 5.5mm long, c. 3 mm wide; posterior lobes obovate-elliptic,c. 5 mm long, c. 2.5 mm wide; abaxial surface of each lobe yellow with a little purple staining (appearing brown) blotched along the midvein, glabrous. Throat appendages 6, the longest c. 0.7 mm long, horn-like, dark yellow, the tips often brown, with 3 large silver coloured light -reflecting mounds. Labellum boss attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, yellow, narrowly ovate, c. 0.7 mm long, c. 0.3 mmwide; basal appendages yellow, c. 0.2 mm long, c. 0.2 mm wide, apical point c. 0.5 mm long; corolla tube shorterthan the sepals. Gy’rtoi'te/M/Mwc. 5.5 mm long, anthers black with yellow pollen; stigma cushion-like. Capsule unknown. Seeds unknown. Other specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: On private property c. 1 km diagonally in from the comer of Knight and Washpool Roads, c. 9 km N of the Porongump Range, 34° 35' S, 1 17° 51' E, 2 1 Oct. 1991,/’. Mann .?. n. (PERTH). Distribution and habitat. Endemic to south-western Australia. Known only from one collection in the Moodiarrup region and another collection c. 170km to thesouth-east in the Porongurup region. Grows in sandy clay in watershed run-off areas from granite outcrops. Flowering period. October-November. Conservation status. CALM Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority One. This species is only known from two populations, one in the Moodiarrup region on public land, the other in the Porongurup region on private property. Neither one is currently under threat. Etymology. From the Greek tylos - lump or swelling, in reference to the large mound-like swelling at the base of the pedicel. Affinities. The nearest relative to Stylidium tyiosum is S. cymiferum Lowrie & Carlquist. S. tyiosum is distinguished from S. cymiferum by its smallerplants;inflorescencearacemeofaltemate flowers; corolla throat appendages 6 with 3 silver-coloured mounds; bract and bracteoles grouped together, located on a large mound-like swelling at the base ofthe pedicel (visible in live specimens only); and labellum having basal appendages. 196 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Figure 6. Stylidium udusicola A - habit of flowering plant; B - leaf; C - lateral view of flower; D - corolla; E - throat appendages; F - throat appendages, enlarged; G - labellum; H - lateral view above and front view below of gynostemium tip; I - front view of gynostemium tip (with stigma grown out). Scale bar = 1 mm. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Six new species of triggerplant from south-west WA 197 Stylidium udusicola Lowrie & Kenneally, sp. nov. (Figure 6) S. petiolari Sond. affini sed scapo infra inflorescentiam bractiis omato, appendicibus faucis 4, V-shaped, tumuloideis differt. Typus: On the comer of Richardson Rd and Great Northern Highway, north-east of Miling, Western Australia, 30° 29' S, 1 1 6° 26’ E, 28 September \99\,A. Lowrie337 (holo: PERTH 044525 1 8; iso: MEL). Bulbous perennial herb with ephemeral upper parts; bulb covered with brown scale-like papery sheaths; leaf petioles arising from the bulb apex appressed for much of their length to the base of the scape below the soil, leaves on the soil surface basal and rosetted. Leaves broadly ovate, fleshy, petiolate; laminae. 6.5mm long, c. 5.5mm wide, hyaline on margin, c. 0.5 mm thick andgull-winged in section. Inflorescence solitary, slightly racemose (including scape) up to 12 cm long; scape glabrous, bearing 1 -5 (mostly 2-3) bracts c. 3 mm long; pedicels glandular; floral bract c. 3 mm long; bracteoles c. 2 mm long. Hypanthium c. 4 mm long, c. 1 .5 mm wide, glabrous. Sepa/s 5, all free to the base, subulate, glabrous with afinemarginal translucent-white hyaline, c.2. 8mm long. Cora//o white blushed pink with small reddish marks near the throat, lobes vertically paired; anterior lobes oblanceolate, slightly falcate but remaining erect (not benttowards or over each other like 5. pet/o/are Sond.), c. 6.5 mm long, c. 1 .3 mm wide; posterior lobes oblong-falcate, c. 7 mm long, c. 2.5 mm wide, often cruciate, abaxial surface of each lobe white, reddish along the midvein. Throat appendages 4, yellowish-white, those on the posterior lobes larger, V-shaped-undulate, mound-like, c. 0.5 mm high. Labellumhoss attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, reddish, narrowly ovate, c. 1 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide, without basal appendages; apical pointc. 1mm long; corollatube shorter than the sepals. Gynostemhme. Smmlong, anthers blackish brown, pollen purple, stigma almost double cushion-like. Capsule unknown. Seeds unknown. Other specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Dewar’s Pool-Bindoon road, 19.5 km E of Great Northern Highway, 3 1 ° 16'S, 116°20'E. 14 Sep. \ 99\,A.Lowrie396 (PERTH); BanovichRd, near creek crossingc. 2kmNof Jurienroad, 30° 12' S, 1 15° 12' E, 23 Sep. 1990, .4. Lowrie 276 (PERTH); c. 20 km EofKalbarri,27“46'S, 1 14° 1 8' E, 4 Sep. 1992,/!. lowne 633 (PERTH). Distribution and habitat. Known from four areas in south-western Australia: Dewar’s Pool, Miling, Mt Lesueur region and east of Kalbarri. A distance of c. 560 km separates the southernmost and northernmost populations of this species. Grows in clayey sand in winter-wet depressions; in red loam on creek margins; and on seepage areas on granite outcrop aprons. Flowering period. September-October. Conservation status. A common species and not under threat. Etymology. From the Latin wet and co/a -dweller in reference to this species preferred habitat. Affinities. The nearest rt\aX\y sio Stylidium udusicola\s,S.petiolare Sond. S. Mt/«s/co/a is distinguished from 5. /?e//o/are (in parenthesis) by its scape below the inflorescence bearing bracts (bracts on scape absent); throat appendages 4, V-shaped-undulate, mound-like (throat appendages 8, 6 tooth-like and 2 small bumps); and leaf laminabroadly ovate, (lamina narrowly elliptic). 198 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Acknowledgements We would like to thank Professor Sid James, Botany Department, University of Western Australia for the unpublished chromosome counts from the A. Lowrie flowerbud collections; Paul Wilson for his assistance with the Latin diagnoses; Barbara Rye for her comments, and the staff of the Western Australian Herbarium (PERTH). References Carlquisl, S. (1976). New species of Sty/ idium. and notes on Stylidiaceae from southwestern Australia, Aliso 8: 447-463. Erickson, R. (1958). “Triggerplants.” (Paterson Brokensha Pty Ltd: Perth.) Lowrie, A. & Cariquist, S. (1991). Studies in Stylidium from Western Australia: new taxa; rediscoveries and range extensions. Phytologia 71 (1): 5-28. Mildbraed, J. (1908). Stylidiaceae. In: Engler, E. (ed.) Das Planzenreich IV no.278 (35), 98 pp. (Verlag H R. Engelmann, Weinheim: Germany.) Nuytsia 1 1(2):199-217 (1997) 199 Eight new species of triggerplant (Stylidium: Stylidiaceae) from northern Australia Allen Lowrie' and Kevin F. Kenneally^ '6 Glenn Place, Duncraig, 6023. ^Science Publications Unit, Corporate Relations Division, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983 Abstract Lowrie, A. and Kenneally, K.F. Eight new species of triggerplant {Stylidium-. Stylidiaceae) from northern Australia. Nuytsia 11(2): 199-217(1997). Eight new species, 5. adenophorum, S. barrettorum, S. clarksonii, S. mucronatum, S. perizostera, S. prophyllum, S. rivulosum and S. turbinatum Lowrie & Kenneally, are described and illustrated. Introduction Three of the new species oftriggerplant (5/y//c/7M/«: Stylidiaceae) from northern Australia, Stylidium adenophorum, S. mucronatum and S. turbinatum, have been treated by previous authors as variants of/or S/Zootfu F.Muell. Followingthe leptotypificationofS.y7ooc///(Lowrie&Kenneaily 1994), further study has established that the three new species here described are morphologically distinct. Another new species, 5. rivulosum, also shows superficial morphological similarities to the S.floodii complex. Of the remaining four new species, S. barrettorum, S. perizostera and S. prophyllum are only known from the Kimberley, north-west Australia, while the fourth species, S. clarksonii is known only from north Queensland. Two ofthese Kimberley species are currently listed as priority flora for conservation. Taxonomy Stylidium adenophorum Lowrie & Kenneally, 5/7. «ov. (Figure 1) A S.floodii folio prope apicem pilis glandularibus 1 -3 ornatis, corolla appendicibus faucis 4, duobus aliformibus 1 .2 mm longis, duobus tumoriformibus statim dignoscendo. Typus: MountBarnettRoadhousepicnicgrounds,Kimberley; Western Australia, 16°45'S, 125°56'E, 1 1 June 1995,4. Lowr/e 1227 (/zo/o.- PERTH 04452542; «o: DNA, MEL). 200 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) R. LOlurie 1995 Figure 1, Stylidium adenophorum A - habit of flowering plant; B - leaf of basal tuft, enlarged section upper left; C - bypanthium and sepals; D - corolla; E - enlarged section of the corolla showing throat appendages; F - enlarged section of the corolla tube showing labellum on sinus; O - adaxial view of gynostemium column and stigma showing hinged portion (dotted) immediately below stigma, the dilated cunabulum with marginai papillae and the sensitive torosus (stippled). Scale bar for all = 1 mm. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Eight new species of triggerplant from northern Australia 201 Erect annual herb 5-25 cm (mostly 5-15 cm) high, with a glabrous stem 1 -3 cm long, lower leaves scattered and often caducous, upper leaves in a terminal tuft. Leaves terete, 8-30 mm long, c. 0.6 mm diameter, bearing a few glands near the apex, often with additional glands scattered along the leaf, rarely glabrous. Inflorescence racemose, scape glandular-hairy. Bracts subulate, 1 .5-3 mm long, sparsely glandular-hairy; pedicels slender, 3-10 mm (mostly 6 mm) long, glandular-hairy. Hypanlhium ellipsoid, 1.5- 1.8 mm long, c. 1 mm diam. at anthesis, glandular-hairy. Sepals 5, all free to the base, subulate, 1.5- 2 mm long, glandular-hairy. Coro/Za darkpink, lobes verticallypaired, abaxial surface alittle glandular; anterior lobes obovate, the apex entire or emarginate, c. 3.5 mm long, c. 1 .5 mm wide; posterior lobes obovate, apex deeply 2-lobed to emarginate,c. 4.5 mm long, c. 2.8mmwide. Throat appendages A, dmk pink; upper pair lanceolate, wing-like, c. 1.2 mm long; lower pair small, round, bump-like. Labellum attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, ovate, c. 0.7 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide. Gynostemium c. 5.7 mm long, hinged below the anthers, with a dilated cunabulum bearing 2 crowded marginal rows of short, non-glandular projections above the sensitive torosus, abaxial surface sparsely glandular- hairy. Capsule obovoid, 2.5-3 m long. Seeds pale orange, c. 0.2 mm long. NORTHERN TERRITORY: Towards Churchills HeadbyO.5 km on old road, c. 80 kmN ofTennant Creek, 1 8° 58' S, 1 34° 07' E, 1 0 July 1 993, D.E. Murfet 1808 (PERTH); Edith Falls Loop Walk, 14°10'S, 132°1 1'E, 19 June 1993, D.£. 1799 (PERTH); CaranbiriniWaterhoIe area SofBorroloola, 16° 1 6' 30" S, 136° 04’ 57" E, 1 1 May 1 996, 0.5. M«r/e/2421 (PERTH). QUEENSLAND: 24km SofWakookaOutstation,Cookdistrict, 14°45' I3"S, 144°30'50"E,28May 1993, V.J. Afe/(5fe/‘4050(DNA, K, MBA, MEL,NSW, PERTH); 36.3 km from Dixie Station onthetrackto Killamey, Cape York, Cook District, 15°20'S, 143° 27' E, 5 June 1989, J.R. Clarkson 8153 & V.J. Nelder {MBA, PERTH). WESTERN AUSTRALIA: On road to Ord Dam, 13.3 km S W ofVictoria Highway, Kununurra, 1 6° 0 1 ' S, 128°51'E,27June 1993, A. Lowrie 778(PERTH); Matchbox Creek, on road to Ord Dam, 19.9kmSW ofVictoria Highway, Kununurra, 16°02'S, ]28°47'E,27 June 1993, A. Lowrie 78l(PERTH); Onroad to Grevillea Gorge, c. 20 km N.W. of Beverley Springs, 16°36'S, 125° 36' E,6 June 1995,^4. Icmr/e 1183 (PERTH); c. 50 km N of Merry Creek crossing on road to Bachsten Creek, Mount Elizabeth Station, 12 June 1995, A. Lowrie 1252 (PERTH); 14 km W of Kununurra on Victoria Highway, 15° 46' S, 128° 36' E, 19 June 1995,^4. Lowrie 1323 (PERTH); Little Mertens Creek, c. 0.5 km W of 14° 49' 10" S, 125°43'08"E,28 Apr. \ 996, A. Lowrie 1408 (PERTH); c. 1 km WofLittleMertens Creek on walk trail to Mitchell Falls, c. L8km Wofl4°49' 10"S, 125°43'08"E,28Apr. 1996,^4. Lowr/e 1412(PERTH). Distribution. Occurs in northern parts of the Kimberley in Western Australia. Known from the Katherine, Tennant Creek and Boroloola regions in Northern Territory and the Cook district. Cape York region in north Queensland. Habitat. Grows in grey sands on flat plains in north Queensland; sandy plains bordering creek margins and on watershed areas in Western Australia and Northern Territory. Flowering period. April-July. Conservation status. A common species in the Kimberley and not under threat. The conservation status of this species in Northern Territory and Queensland is not known. Etymology. The specific epithet adenophorum is from the Greek adenos - gland and phoriis -bearing, in reference to the glands found on the leaves. 202 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Affinities. The nearest relative to Stylidiim adenophonim is S. floodii F. Muell. S. adenophorum is distinguished from S. floodii (in parentheses) by having terete leaves bearing a few glands near the apex, often with additional glands scattered along the leaf (leaves linear, acuminate, glabrous); corolla throat appendages4, upperpair lanceolate and wing-like, lower pairround and bump-like (throat appendages 5, crown-like); labellum c. 0.7 mm long, glabrous (labellum c. 0.4 mm long, glandular-hairy on margins and apex); gynostemium column c. 5.7 mm long, hinged below the anthers, with a dilated cunabulum bearing 2 crowded marignal rows of short, non-glandular projections above the sensitive torosus (gynostemium column strap-like c. 5 mm long, narrowing towards the anthers from the sensitive torosus). Notes. The outline shape of the corolla lobes of this species is commonly variable even within the same population. The anterior lobes range from narrowly to broadly obovate with the apex of lobes entire, emarginate or deeply 2-lobed. The degree of glandular cover to the leaf is also variable. In the western Kimberley, at least 1 to 3 glands are commonly present on some of the leaves on any given specimen. In the eastern Kimberley near Kununurra the degree of glandular cover to the leaves is greater. Specimens examined from Tennant Creek in the Northern Territory and the Cook district in Queensland show an even greater degree of glandular covering to the leaves. Stylidium barrettorum Lowrie&Kenneally,s/7. «ov.(Figure2) S. leptorrhizo F. Muell. affini sed folds glabris et appendicibus binatis faucis alatis ornatls differt. Typws. Grevillea Creek, Beverley Springs Station, Western Australia, 16°29'S, 125°21'E31 May 1992, Mathew D. Barrett A (holo: PERTFI 04452666; iso: DNA, MEL). Annual herb to 8-25 cm high. Leaves in a basal rosette, oblanceolate, basal portion petiolate, apex with acute point but not sharp, flat in section, margins with an extremely fine white hyaline, 1.5-6 cm long, 4-8 mm wide, glabrous. Inflorescence racemose, scape glandular. Bracts 1.5-4 mm long, glandular. Hypanthium narrowly obovoid, 1 .5-2.5 mm long, c. 1 .2 mm diam. at an thesis, glandular. Sepals ovate, 5 free to the base, 1-1.5 mm long. Corolla predominantly magenta, lobes vertically paired, abaxial surface mottled red and cream, glandular; anterior lobes broadly obovate, c. 4 mm long, c. 2.5 mm wide; posterior lobes fused for halfto two-thirds oftheir length, together cuneate in outline, c. 5 mm long, c. 3 mm wide. Throat white, striped pink; throat appendages 2, wing-like, opposite. Labellum attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, ovate, c. 0.8 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide. Gynostemium narrowly strap-like, c. 9.5 mm long, hinged below the anthers, with a dilated cunabulum bearing marginal rows of raised projections above the sensitive torosus, abaxial surface of this section glandular. Capsule obovoid, glandular, c. 3.5 mm long. orange, c. 0.2 mm long. Other specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Victoria Highway, 2.3 km NW oftheOrd Dam turnoff, SE of Kununurra, 15°57'S, 128°57'E, 16 June 1993, A. Z.owr/e715 (PERTH); GibbRiver road, Dawn Creek crossing, 1 5° 59' S, 127° 02’ E, 1 8 June 1993, A. LowriellQ ( PERTH); King Edward River crossing, l•5°07’S, 126°43'E, 18 June \993,A. LoM'ne724( PERTH); On walk trail from MertensCreek campsite to Mitchell Falls before the first rainforest thicket, Mitchell Plateau, 20 June 1993, A. Lowrie 730(PERTH);KingEdwardRivercrossing, 15°07'S, 1 26° 43' E, 24 June 1993, A. Lonr/e 767 (PERTH); Unamon Creek on road to Pago Mission, I4°06'S, 126°43'E, 26 June 1994, A. Lowrie 1021 (PERTH); On the margins of creek near Pago Mission ruins, 14° 08' S, 126° 43' E, 26 June 1994, A. Lowrie 1027 ( PERTH); Camping ground Just W of King Edward River crossing, 14° 52' 57” S, 126° 12' 09" E, 25 Sep. 1995, A. Lowrie 1337 ( PERTH); Peter Lacy’s camp, tributary of Bachsten Creek, 1 5° 59' 2 1 " S, 1 25° 1 9' 46" E, 3 1 July 1 996, A. Lowrie 1510 (PERTI 1). A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Eight new species of triggerplant from northern Australia 203 R. LoLurie 1995 Figure 2. Stylidium barrettorum A - habit of llowering plant; B - leaf of basal rosette, enlarged section C - hypanthium and sepals; D - corolla; E - enlarged section of the corolla tube showing labellum on sinus; view of gynostemium column and stigma showing hinged portion (dotted) immediately below stigma,' cunabulum with marginal papillae and the sensitive torosus (stippled). Scale bar for all = I mm. upper left; F - adaxial the dilated 204 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Distribution. Occurs in northern parts of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. There are no records to date from the Northern Territory. Habitat. In sandy soils, on floodways, thinly covered with cane grass {Sorghum species); on the banks of creeks and rivers; herbfields bordering creeks and rivers; amongst sandstone boulders in wet season seepage areas. Flowering period. May-September. Conservation status. A common species in the Kimberley and currently not under threat. Etymology. Named in honor ofthe Barrett family, former owners of Beverley Springs Station, whose sons Matthew and Russell Barrett collected many valuable botanical specimens from the region. Affinities. The nearest relative to Stylidium barrettorum is S. leptorrhizum F. Muell. S. barrettorum is distinguished from S. leptorrhizum (in parentheses) by having glabrous leaves (leaves sparsely glandular-hairy) and 2 wing-like throat appendages c. 1 .3 mm long (throat appendages 6, upper pair terete-falcate and c. 1 mm long, central pair pointed andc. 0.2mmlongandthelowerpairtriangularand c. 0.3 mm long). Notes. Stylidium barrettorum as well as S. rubriscapum W. Fitzg., S. dunlopianum S. Carlquist, S. claytonioides W. Fitzg., S. longicornu S. Carlquist and S. schizanthum F. Muell. have been observed in the field closing their flowers for the night. Well before sunset, the petals roll up along the length before they fold together. The flowers open the following morning only when they have been warmed by direct sunlight. Stylidium clarksonii Lowrie & Kenneally, sp. nov. (Figure 3) Herba annua ad 40 cm longa, caulis flaccidis. Folia linearia, dispersa sed aggregata ad basim inflorescentiae. Hypanthiumangusteoblanceolatum,2.5-3.5mmlongum,c. O.Tmmdiam.peranthesin. Sepalalanceolata,duoper 3/4 longitudinisconnata,tria ad basim discreta, 2-2.5 mm longa. Corollae lobi lateraliter binati; lobi antici obovati,c. 4.5 mm longi, c. 2.5 mm lati; lobipostici elliptici, c. 5.5 mm longi, c. 2.5 mm lati. Appendices faucis 2, tumuloideae, ad basim loborum posticum prope marginem faucis positi. Labellum ovatum; umbo margine glandulosus, c. 0.6 mm longus, c. 0.4 mm latus, ad basim sini corolla-tubi affixus. Typus: 4.7 km south of the Chester River crossing on the road east of the Mcllwraith Range towards Nesbit River, 1 3° 4 1' S, 1 43° 28' E, Cape York mapping site 802 (ROK29), Queensland, Australia, 2 1 June 1 993,,/./?. Clarkson 1 0 1 08 & V.J. Nelder{holo: PERTH 04453026; iso: BRl, DNA, K). Lax-stemmed annual herb to 40 cm long, basal portion of stem red. Leaves scattered along the lax stem, crowded a little when branching in the upper parts and at the base of an inflorescence, linear, flat in section, 10-25 mm long, c. 0.6 mm wide. Inflorescence paniculate, glabrous. Bracts2-M)mm long. Hypanthium narrowly oblanceolate, 2. 5-3. 5 mm long, c. 0.7 mm diam. at anthesis, glandular. Sepals lanceolate, 2 fused for three quarters of their length, 3 free to the base, 2-2.5 mm long. Corolla predominantly dull red, lobes laterally paired, abaxial surface greenish cream, glandular; anterior lobes obovate,c. 4.5 mm long,c. 2.5 mm wide; posterior lobes el liptic,c. 5.5 mm long,c. 2.5 mm wide. Throat yellow with dark red blotches near the petal bases; throat appendages 2, mound-like at the base ofthe A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Eight new species of triggerplant from northern Australia 205 Figure 3, Stylidium clarksonii A - hahit of llowering plant; B - leaf, enlarged section left; C - portion of an inflorescence showing mature hypanthium with three free sepals and the fusion of two sepals for three quarters of their length; D - corolla; E - enlarged section of the corolla tube showing labellum on sinus; F - adaxial view of gynostcmium column and anthers showing hinged portion (dotted) immediately below anthers (the abaxial surface of this section glandular) and the sensitive torosus (stippled). Scale bar for all = I mm. 206 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) posterior lobes near the rim of the throat. Labellum attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, ovate, margins of the boss glandular, c. 0.6 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide. Gynostemium narrowly strap-like, c. 7.5 mm long, hinged below the anthers (abaxial surface of this section glandular), slightly dilated towards the sensitive torosus, then narrowing towards the base. Capsule narrowly oblanceolate, sparsely glandular, c. 5.5 mm long. Seeds dark brown, c. 0.4 mm long. Other specimen examined. QUEENSLAND: 5.2 km S of the Hann River on the Laura to Musgrave road (15° 13' S, 143° 44' E), Cape York mapping site 8 (DIX 7), 31 May 1989, J.R. Clarkson 8006 & V.J. Neldneri^m, DNA, K, L, MBA, PERTH). Distribution. Known from two locations; Hann River region and c. 170 km further north at the type location in the Chester River region. Cape York, north Queensland. Habitat. In deep white sand at the foot of a gentle slope adjacent to broad drainage area with low woodland with Thryptomene oligandra and Grevillea pteridifolia (J. R. Clarkson 8006 & V.J. Nelder\ With Melaleuca viridiflora, Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa low open woodland with Xanthorrhoea yo/iraonn prominent in the scrub layer(J.R. Clarkson 10108& V.J. Nelder). Flowering period. May-June. Conservation status. Unknown. No attempt has been made to survey this species from north Queensland. Etymology. Named in honour of John R. Clarkson, principal botanist with the Queensland Herbarium and specialist in tropical botany based in Mareeba, Queensland. Affinities. The lax leafy-stemmed growth habit ofStylidium clarksonii is unique in comparison with all other known northern Australian triggerplants. Stylidium mucronatumLowrie&Kenneally,sp. nov.(Figure4) A S.floodii folio ad apicem mucrone aciculari, corolla appendicibus faucis 4, duobus teretibus ad apicem leviterdilatis 0.7 mm longis, duobus tumoriformibus statim dignoscendo. Typus: GrevilleaCreekc. 35 km north-west ofBeverley Springs Station, Kimberley, Western Australia, 16°33'S, 125° 10'E,7June 1995,^.10^^6 1 188 (/70/0; PERTH 0445271 2; Ao: DNA, MEL). Eveclannual herbS-\6cmimost\y 10-12cm)high,withaglabrousstem 1-1.5 cm long, lowerleaves scattered and often caducous, upper leaves in a terminal tuft. Leaves terete, 10-15 mm long, c. 0.6 mm diameter, bearing a needle-like mucro at the apex, glabrous. Inflorescence racemose, including scape glandular-hairy. Bracts subulate, 0.6-0. 8 mm long, glandular-hairy; pedicels slender, 4-7 mm (mostly 5 mm) long, glandular-hairy. Hypanthiiim ellipsoid, 1-1.7 mm long, c. 0.9 mm diam. at anthesis, glandular- hairy. Sepals 5, all free to the base, subulate, 0.6-0.9 mm long, glandular-hairy. Corolla predominantly pink with anterior lobe tips red, lobes vertically paired, abaxial surface yellow with red midvein, glandular; anterior lobes obovate-oblanceolate, c. 2.5 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide; posterior lobes obovate, apex emarginate, c. 3mm long, c. 2. 5mm wide. Throat appendages upperpairteretewiththeapexsiightly dilated, papillose, c. 0.7 mm long; lower pair small, round and bump-like, papillose. attached to the base ofthe corolla tube sinus, triangular, c. 0.3 mm long, c 0.2 mm wide. Gynostemium, c. 5.2 mm A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Eight new species of triggerplant from northern Australia 207 Figure 4. Stylidium mucronatum A - habit of flowering plant; B - leaf of basal tutf, enlarged section upper left; C - hypanthium and sepals; D - corolla; E - enlarged section of the corolla showing throat appendages; F - enlarged section of the corolla tube showing labellum on sinus; G - adaxial view of gynostemium column and anthers showing hinged portion (dotted) immediately below anthers, the dilated cunabulum with marginal brush-like rows of short, non-glandular hair- like projections and the sensitive torosus (stippled). Scale bar for all = I mm. 208 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) long, hinged below the anthers, with a dilated cunabulum bearing 2 crowded marginal brush-like rows of short, non-glandular hair-like projections above the sensitive torosus. Capsule obovoid, 2-2.5 mm long. Seeds pale brown, c. 0.2 mm long. Other specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Coolabah Creek, Beverley Springs Station, 6 June 1992, MZ). Ba/rett 19 (PERTH); c. 50 km W of Merry Creek crossing at 16° IT 52" S, 126° 02' 19" Eon road to Bachsten Creek, Mount Elizabeth Station, 12Junel995,^.Iow/7e 1251 (PERTH); Drysdale River crossing on road to Bachsten Creek, Mount Elizabeth Station, 1 6° 09 08 S, 125 58 16 E, 13 June 1995, A. Lowrie 1266 (PERTH); Headwaters of the Hann River, Mount Elizabeth Station, 16° 16' 48" S, 126°06'28"E, 14 June 1995,/!. Lowrie \299znd A. Lowrie 1307 (PERTH). Distribution. Known from Beverley Springs Station and Mount Elizabeth Station in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Habitat. Grows on the margins of creeks in sandy soils over sandstone. Flowering period. April-June. Conservation status. An abundant species at its known collection sites and not under threat. Etymology. The specific epithet mucronatum is from the latin mucronate - equipped with a mucro, in reference to the hard needle-like point at the leaf tips. Affinities. S. rubiscapum W. Fitzg. is similar to S. mucronatum in the distinctive red colour on the tips of anterior corolla lobes and the sharp apical mucro of the leaves. The two species are often found growing together but no hybrids have been observed. S. muconatum is easily distinguished from S. rubiscapum (in parenthesis), by its glandular-hairy ellipsoid hypanthium (glabrous turbinate hypanthium); sepals glandular-hairy, shorter than the hypanthium, (sepals sparsely glandular-hairy, longer than the hypanthium); leaves terete in section (lenticulate in section); and multiflowered scapes (uniflowered scapes ). Stylidium perizostera Lowrie &Kenneally,5p. nov. (Figure 5) S. claytonioides W. Fitzg. affini sed lobis anticis corollae pallido rubris, lobis posticis aurantiacis zona interiore hyalina flava et alba, scapis sparse glandulosis, hypanthio supra glanduloso, corollae tubo sepalo 2-plo longiore differ!. Typus: Near Roe River mouth, c. 4 km north-west of Mount Brookes, Mitchell Plateau, Kimberley, WesternAustralia,15°10’51"S, 125°22'00"E,2May 1996,zl.Zo>vNe 1 442 (Bo/o: PERTH 04452771; Ao:DNA,MEL). Annual herb up to c. 11 cm high, lower stem fleshy and c. 2 cm long. Leaves terete, up to c. 7.5 mm long, with a short blunt apical mucro, glabrous. /n/Zoreicence of few to many uniflowered scapes arising from the group of leaves on the upper stem, scape sparsely glandular. Hypanthium linear, continuous with the scape, c. 27 mm long, c. 0.7 mm diam. at anthesis, sparsely glandular only in the upper portion. Sepals fused together to form 2 lobes, marginally glandular, otherwise glabrous, c. 1 .5mmlong. Coro//a lobes vertically paired; anterior lobes pale red, broadly obovate, apex emarglnate. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Eight new species of triggerplant from northern Australia 209 Figure 5, Stylidium perizostera A - habit of flowering plant; B - leaf enlarged section upper right; C - hypanthium with sepals fused into two lobes; D - corolla; E - enlarged section of the corolla tube showing labellum on sinus; F - letf, adaxial view of gynostemium column and stigma showing hinged portion (dotted) immediately below stigma, the dilated cunabulum bearing curved and erect lateral wings and the sensitive torosus (stippled); righf lateral view in the set position Scale bar for all = 1 mm. 210 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) c. 3.5 mm long, c. 2.5 mm wide; posterior lobes withanarrow white zone separating the yellow basal portion from the orange distal portion, cuneate, apex emarginate, c. 6 mm long, c. 3.5 mm wide. Throat appendages absent. Labelliim attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, ovate, c. 0.6 mm long, c. 0.3 mm wide, apical point c. 0.2 mm long. Gynostemium strap-like, c. 8.5 mm long, hinged below the anthers, with a dilated cunabulum bearing curved and erect lateral wings that shroud the anthers as well as act as a rest to keep the stigmatic cushion free of the cunabulum surface above the sensitive torosus, glabrous. Capsule linear, sparsely glandular at the apex, similar in size and shape to the hypanthium at anthesis. Seeds brown, c. 0.2 mm long. Other specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: South central Bigge Island, Bonaparte Archipelago, 14°34'S, 125° 10'E,25May 1991, T. WillingAlQ, Roger Shivas&l. ^//e>^(spiritcollection),( PERTH); c. 4km SEofMitchell Falls, Mitchell Plateau, 14°50' 14"S, 125°40'45"E, 1 May \996, A. Lowrie 1423 (PERTH); gauging station on Camp Creek, 12km SWoftheminingcamp,Mitchell Plateau, 14°53'S, 125° 45'E,30Apr. 1982, KF. Kenneally%nQ{VEKY\\). Distribution. Known only from three widely scattered locations on the Mitchell Plateau and one location on Bigge Island in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Habitat. Grows in yellow sand over basalt along rocky creek line on south central Bigge Island; in beige coloured skeletal sandy soils over sandstone pavements in drainage lines of sandstone outcrops on the Mitchell Plateau. Flowering period. May-June. Conservation status. CALM Conservation Codes for Western Australian Flora: Priority Three. This species is poorly collected due to the lack of roads in the remote region of the west Kimberley where it occurs. All herbarium collections have been gathered on the Mitchell Plateau as well as on Bigge Island with the aid of a helicopter. Etymology. From the Greek peri - around and zostera - belt, in reference to the yellow-coloured apron on the orange posterior corolla lobes. Affinities. Thenearestrelative toS’/y/ifr/Mw perizostera is S. claytonioides W. Fitzg., both species having a terminal group of terete leaves on a short fleshy stem, the inflorescence of few to many uniflowered scapes and sepals fused together to form 2 lobes. S. perizostera differs from S. claytonioides (in parentheses) by its corolla anterior lobes coloured pale-red, posterior lobes orange with a yellow inner zone (lobes cerise, purple towards throat with yellow markings near the throat at the base ofthe prosterior lobes); scapes sparsely glandular (scapes glabrous); hypanthium upper portion glandular (hypanthium glabrous); and corolla tube, as measured to the labellum sinus, twice as long as the sepals (corolla tube one third longer than the sepals). Stylidium prophyllum Lowrie &Kenneally,s/7. «ov. (Figure 6) S.fissilobio F. Muell. affini sed corollae lobis integris, appendicibus faucis 4 et subulatis, labello ad basim sini tubi corollae affixo. Typus: On the road to Bell Gorge, 2 km west of Silent Grove camping area. Western Australia, 1 7° 03 ’ S, 125° 15’E, 5 June 1995,^. Lowrie 1 1 80 ("Jjo/o: PERTH 04452828; fro: DNA, MEL). A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Eight new species of triggerplant from northern Australia 211 Figure 6. Stylidium prophyllum A - habit of flowering plant; 15 - lower portion of the stem showing the bract-like leaves and enlarged section right showing the irregular shaped internal longitudinal air cavities; C - hypanthium and horizontal sepals, with almost total fusion of two sepals; D - corolla; E - enlarged section of the corolla tuba showing labcllum on sinus; F - adaxial view of gynostemium column and anthers showing hinged portion (dotted) immediately below the anthers, the dilated cunabulum and the sensitive torosus (stippled). Scale bar for all = 1 mm. 212 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Annual herb to 30 cm high, taller specimens leaning on nearby herbs for support, lower portions of stem inflated, containing irregular-shaped longitudinal air cavities. Leaves few, scale-like, triangular, to 1.5 mm long, glabrous, confined to the basal portions of the stem. Inflorescence oL\ ormore racemes arising from the dilated lower stem, often branching in the upper portions, glabrous. Bracts 1 -2 mm long. Hypanthium linear, 10-15 mm long, c. 0.6 mm diam. at anthesis, glandular only at the apex. Sepals oblanceolate, 3 free to base, 2 fused almost to apex c. 3 mm long, all horizontally positioned. Coro//a predominantly pink, lobes vertically paired, abaxial surface white; anterior lobes obovate-elliptic, c. 6 mm long, c. 3 mm wide; posterior lobes obovate-elliptic, c. 8 mm long, c. 4 mm wide. Throat white; throat appendages pink, 4, subulate, in opposite pairs. Labelhm attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, ovate, c. 1 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide, apical point c. 1 mm long. Gynostemium strap-like, c. 7 mm long, narrow between the hinge and the anthers, with a dilated and slightly concave cunabulum above the sensitive torosus, glabrous. Capsule linear, glabrous, similar in size and shape to the hypanthium at anthesis. Seeds brown, c. 0.2 mm long. Other specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 16.1 km Wof Kununurra, 15°46'S, 128°36'E, 1 8 Apr. 1 996, A. Lowrie 1391 (PERTH); On the road to Bell Gorge, 0.4 km W of Silent Grove camping area, 17° 04' S, 125° 15' E, 5 June 1995, A. Lowrie 1 178 (PERTH); Between Beverley Springs airstrip and homestead on creek margin, 16°43'S, 1 25° 28' E, 21 Apr. \ 995,A. Lowrie 1092 (PERTH). Distribution. Known from three areas in the Kimberley region of Western Australia: the Silent Grove region on Mount Hart CALM reserve, Beverley Springs and west of Kununurra. Habitat. In white sandy soils, black silty soils and sand and laterite soils on wet season seepage areas and floodways, growing long and lax up through dense grass in wetter areas, shortly erect and self supporting in open areas amongst open grass and herbs with Stylidium fissilobium F. Muell., S. costulatum Lowrie & Kenneally, Drosera derbyensis Lowrie, D. indica L, Byblis liniflora subsp. occidentalis Conran & Lowrie and Utricularia chrysantha R. Br. in Silent Grove region; with Drosera ordensis Lowrie, Byblis liniflora subsp. liniflora Salisb., Byblis liniflora subsp. occidentalis Conran & Lowrie, D. indica L, Utricularia tridactyla P. Taylor and Utricularia chysantha R. Br. west of Kununurra. Flowering period. May-June. Conservation status. CALM Conservation Codes of Western Australian Flora: Priority Three. Etymology. The specific epithet - prophyllum alludes to the scale-like prophylls that are confined to the basal portions of the stem. Affinities. ThcnedLresUc\a\.\\eXoStylidiumprophyllum \sS. fissilobium F. Muell, the two species having similar erect stem growth habit. S. prophyllum is differentiated from S. fissilobium (in parentheses) by having entire corolla lobes (corolla lobes bilobed atthe apex); 4 subulate throat appendages in 2 opposite pairs (3 round bumps with 2 v-shaped round-tipped appendages); and labellum attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus (labellum attached to the outer corolla tube wall below the sinus). Notes. The lower portions of the stem are inflated. In section, irregular-shaped internal longitudinal air cavities are revealed. This adaptation acts as a buoy-like floatation device to keep juvenile plants erect in shallow flooded habitats during the wet season. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Eight new species of triggerplant from northern Australia 213 Stylidium rivulosum Lowrie & Kenneally, ip. /tov. (Figure 7) AS.floodii F. Muell. lobisposticis corollaecuneatis, adapicem emarginatiset2/3 connatis, cunabulo gynostemii dilatato, fauci-appendicibus corollae 2, aliformibus 1 .5 mm longis recedit. Typus: On the road to Pago Mission (abandoned) from Honeymoon Beach on the margins of Unamon Creek, Kimberley, Western Australia, 14°06'S 126°43'E,26Junel994,/l.Z.ow/el022 (/to/o.- PERTH 04452879; iso: DNA, MEL). Erect annual herb 7- 1 4 cm high, with a glabrous stem 1 -2 cm long, lower leaves scattered and often caducous, upper leaves in a terminal tuft. Leaves linear, 1 0-25 mm long, c. 0.8 mm diam., apex pointed but not mucronate, glabrous. Inflorescence of many racemes, glandular-hairy; scape slender, 5-10.5 cm long, glandular-hairy. Bracts subulate, 0.8- 1.4 mm long, sparsely glandular-hairy; pedicels slender, 4-7 mm long, pendulous in fruit, glandular-hairy. HypanthiumobovoxA, L5-2.5mmlong, 1-1.5 mm diam. at anthesis, glandular-hairy. Sepals 5, all free to the base, broadly ovate, 1-1.2 mm long, glandular-hairy. Corolla pink, lobes vertically paired; anterior lobes obovate, the apex emarginate, c. 3.5 mm long, c. 2.5 mm wide; posterior lobes cuneate, apex emarginate, fused fortwo thirds oftheir length, c. 4.5 mm long, c. 2 mm wide; abaxial surface yellow with maroon streaky blotches, glandular. Throat appendages 2, lanceolate, wing-like,c. L5mmlong,c. 0.3mm wide, withsmalldarkerpinkmarkingsaroundtheentrance to the throat. Labellum attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, ovate, c. 0.6 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide. Gynostemium c. 8.5 mm long, hinged below the anthers, with a dilated cunabulum bearing 2 crowded marginal rows of short, non-glandular projections above the sensitive torosus; abaxial surface sparsely glandular-hairy a little below the anthers, otherwise glabrous. Capsule obovoid, c. 4 mm long. Seeds orange, c. 0.2 mm long. Other specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: On the road to Pago Mission (abandoned) from Honeymoon Beach on themarginsofGarlcarinangui Creek, Kimberley, 14°08' S, 126°43'E,26June 1994, A. Cowne 1019(PERTH);c. 0.5 km from start ofMitchell Falls walk trail from Little Merten’s campsite at 14° 49' 1 0" S, 1 25° 43' 08" E, 29 Apr. 1 996, A. Lowrie 1418 (PERTH); Tributary of the Mitchell River at the meeting of the freshwater and the saltwater tidal zone down stream of Mitchell Falls, 1 4° 40' S, 125° 38' E, 30 Apr. 1996, A. Lowrie 1422 (PERTH); c. 4 km SE ofMitchell Falls, 14° 50' 14" S, 125°40'45"E, \ May\996, A. Lowrie 1424(PERTH). Distribution. Known from widely separated locations over a distance of c. 295 km, from the Edkins Range in the south, northwards to the Mitchell Plateau and north-east to Kalumburu in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Habitat. Growing in sandy skeletal soils over sandstone on the banks of creeks; in the cracks of sandstone pavement along the margins as well as in thebedsofcreeks;andin sandy skeletal soilsalong the drainage lines and on the watersheds off sandstone outcrops. Flowering period. April-July. Conservation status. A common species at the known locations in the Kimberley and not under threat. Etymology. The specific epithet rivulosum is from the Latin rivulosus - a streamlet, in reference to the habitat where this species occurs. 214 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Figure 7. Stylidhim hvidosim A - habit of flowering plant; B - leaf of basal tuft, enlarged section upper right; C - hypanthium and sepals; D - corolla; E - enlarged section of the corolla tube showing labellum on sinus; F - adaxial view of gynostemium column and anthers showing hinged portion (dotted) immediately below anthers, the dilated cunabulum with marginal papillae and the sensitive torosus (stippled), Scale bar for all = I mm. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Eight new species of triggerplant from northern Australia 215 Affinities. The nearest relatives to Stylidium rivulosum are S. adenophorum, S. miicronatum, S. turbinatum mdS.floodii F. Muell. 5. rivulo.sum and S.JJoodii are distinguished from S. adenophorum, S. mucronatum and S. turbinatum by having glabrous linear leaves with the apex pointed but not mucronate. S. rivulosum is distinguished from S. floodii (in parentheses) by having corolla throat appendages 2, lanceolate, wing-like, (throat appendages 5, crown-like); labellum c. 0.6 mm long, glabrous (labellum c. 0.4 mm long, glandular-’^ airy on margins and apex); gynostemium column c. 8.5 mm long, hinged below the anthers, with a dilated cunabulum bearing 2 crowded marginal rows of short, non- glandular projections above the sensitive torosus (gynostemium column strap-like, c. 5 mm long, narrowing towards the anthers from sensitive torosus). Notes. The outline shape of the corolla lobes of this species is variable in the population at the type local ity. The anterior lobes range from obovate with the apex of lobes emarginate to almost cuneate with the apex deeply emarginate. This character has been observed on occasion in other populations. Stylidium turbinatum Lowrie & Kenneally, ,v/7. nov. (Figure 8) A S. floodii folio ad apicem mucrone parvo obtusoque, hypanthio turbinato in sectio pentagon i form i angulis manifesto verticaliter costatis, sepalis hypanthium superantibus, corolla appendicibus faucis sparse U-formatis, appendicibus duobus oppositis dentiformibus 0.3 mm longis, projectura labiacea revoluta inter appendices posita statim dignoscendo. Typus: 1.5 km east-south-east of the Elephant Rock end of the Sleeping Buddha hill formation south ofKununurra, Kimberley, Western Australia, 1 5° 50' S, 128°46' E, 25 April 1 995, A. Lowrie 1 095 (holo: PERTH 04452925; Ao: DNA, MEL). Erect annual herb 6- 1 5 cm (mostly 8- 1 0 cm) high, with a glabrous stem 2-5 cm long, lower leaves scattered and often caducous, upper leaves in a terminal tuft. Leaves terete, 1 0-20 mm long, c. 0.7 mm diameter, with a small bluntmucro at the apex , glabrous. Inflorescenceofmmy racemes, glandular-hairy; scape slender, 2-5 cm (mostly 2.5-3 cm) long, glandular-hairy. Bracts subulate, 1 -2.5 mm long, sparsely glandular-hairy. Pec/ZceA slender, 3-8 mm (mostly 6-8 mm) long, glandular-hairy. Hypanthiumt\irh\n?LtQ,, pentagonal in section, the angles distinctly vertically ribbed, 1-2.3 mm long, c. 1 mmdiam.atanthesis, glandular-hair>'.Se/?a/i5,all free to the base, subulate, 1 .2-1.5 mm long, glandular-hairy. Corollapmk, lobes vertically paired, abaxial surface a little glandular; anterior lobes obovate-oblanceolate, c. 2 mm long, c. 1 .5 mm wide; posterior lobes obovate, apex emarginate, c. 3 mm long, c. 2.3 mm wide. Throat appendages forming a sparsely glandular U-shaped arrangement of 2 opposite c. 0.3 mm long tooth- like projections with a lip-like ledge rolled under between. Labellum boss attached to the base of the corolla tube sinus, ovate, smooth, convex, with a hyaline margin, c. 0.5 mm long, c. 0.25 mm wide. Gynostemium c. 7.7 mm long, hinged below the anthers, with a dilated cunabulum bearing 2 crowded marginal brush-like rows of short, non-glandular projections above the sensitive torosus; torosus adaxial surface scabrid, abaxial surface glabrous; margins and abaxial surface of anthers sparsely glandular-hairy. Capsule obovoid, 2.5-3 mm long. Seeds pale orange, c. 0.2 mm long. 0//zerx/)£;c//Mem’exaw//7<2c/. NORTHERN TERRITORY: Howard Springs, I2°27'S, I31°03'E,20 June 1 990, P. Simmons 8 (PERTH); Howard Springs, 1 2°27’ S, 1 3 1 °03' E, 2 1 Apr. 1 994, A. Lowrie 8S6 (PERTH); Paddy Rd, off Bridge Mary Rd,Koolpinyah, 12° 23' S, 131° 1 l'E,29Apr. 1 995, yl.Lowr/el 125 (PERTH); Noonamah, 12°38'S, 13 1° 03' E, 24 July 1993, D.E. Murfe( 1824 (PERTH); Noonamah, 12°38's' 131°04'E,24Apr. 1994, Low/7e939(PERTH). WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Pack Saddle Plains Rd,S ofKununurra, 15°53'S, 128°44'E, 18 June 1994 , A. Lowrie 958 (PERTH); Cave Spring, N ofKununurra, 1 5° 34' S, 1 28° 48' E, 3 July 1 994, A Lowrie 1 050 (PERTH). 216 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Figure 8. Stylidium turbinatum A - habit of flowering plant; B - leaf of basal tuft, enlarged section upper left; C - hypanthium and sepals left with base view of hypanthium right; D - corolla; E - enlarged section of the corolla showing throat appendages; F - enlarged section of the corolla tube showing labellum on sinus; G - adaxial view of gynostemium column and anthers showing hinged portion (dotted) immediately below anthers, the dilated cunabulum with marginal brush-like rows of short, non-glandular hair-like projections and the sensitive torosus with scabrid papillae. Scale bar for all = 1 mm. A. Lowrie & K.F. Kenneally, Eight new species of triggerplant from northern Australia 217 Distribution. Occurs in theNorthem Territory from Darwin southwards to Katherine. Found at scattered locations around Kununurra in the east Kimberley in Western Australia. Habitat. Grows in sandy soils on the margins of creeks and floodways, watersheds and wet season herb fields. Flowering period. June-July. Conservation status. A common species in the N orthem T erritory and not under threat. Frequent around the Kununurra region and not under threat. Etymology. The specific epithet is from the latin turbinatus- obconical, in reference to the shape of the hypanthium. Affinities. The hypanthium shape, corolla lobes outline, and throat appendages of although smaller, are similar to those found in 5. rubiscapum W. Fitzg. S. turbinatum can be distinguished from S. rubiscapum (in parentheses) by the lack of the distinctive red colour marking on the tips of anterior corolla lobes (anterior corolla lobes tipped red); leaves terete, round in section, terminating with a short blunt apical mucro (leaves linear, lenticulate in section, terminating with a sharp apical mucro); and multi-flowered scapes (uni-flowered scapes). Acknowledgements We would like to thank Denzel Murfet, Paul Simmons, Matthew and Russell Barrett for their field observations; Gordon Graham for his companionship on expeditions to the Kimberley; the leaders and CALM volunteers on the 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1 996 i^ADSCO/’£ Expeditions for the opportunity to collect material of Stylidium in remote regions of the Kimberley; Paul Wilson for his assistance with the Latin diagnoses; Barbara Rye for her comments, and the staff of the Western Australian Herbarium. References Erickson, R. (1958). “Triggerplants.” (Paterson Brokensha Pty. Ltd.: Perth.) Mildbraed, J. (1908). Stylidiaceae. In: Engler, E. (ed.) “Das Planzenreich.” IV No. 278 (35), 98 pp. (Verlag H.R. Engelmann, Weinheim: Germany.) Lowrie, A. & Kenneally, K.F. (1994). Stylidium costulatum (Stylidiaceae), a new tropical species of triggerplant from the Kimberley, Western Australia and the lectotypification of 5', floodii. Nuytsia 9: 343-349. 218 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Nuytsia 1 1(2):219-223 (1997) 219 Acacia colei var. ileocarpa (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), a new taxon from the tropical dry-zone of north-west Australia M.W. McDonald' and B.R. Maslin^ 'CSIRO, Forestry and Forest Products, PO Box 4008, Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600 ^Western Australian Flerbarium, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983 Abstract M.W. McDonald and B.R. Maslin. Acacia coleivw. //eocarpa (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), anew taxon from the tropical dry-zone of north-west Australia. Nuytsia 1 1(2): 2 19-223 (1997). Acaciacolei var. ileocarpa M.W. McDonald & Maslin, a newly recognized variant of A. colei Maslin & L.A.J. Thomson, is described, illustrated and its natural distribution mapped. This variety differs most significantly from var. coleihy its tightly, irregularly colled ortwisted pods which are very similarto those found on the related species A. holosericea A. Cunn. ex Don and A. neurocarpa A. Cunn. ex Hook. Introduction In their reappraisal of the taxonomy of Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. ex Don (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae: section Julijlorae), Maslin & Thomson (1992) described^, co/et as anew species and noted a putative hybrid involving A. colei Maslin & L.A.J. Thomson and A. neurocarpa A. Cunn. ex Hook, (represented by Thomson LXT 1291-95 and 1300-05, all PERTH). Recent field studies and an examination of herbarium material now show this entity to be a variety of A. colei, described here as var. ileocarpa. It differs most significantly from the typical variety by its tightly, irregularly coiled or twisted pods (which are very similar to those found in the related species A. holosericea and A. neurocarpa). V ariety ileocarpa has commonly been misidentified as A. holosericea or A. neurocarpa or as a hybrid between A. colei and either A. holosericea or A. neurocarpa. Both varieties of A. colei have become widely planted in tropical dry-zones of West Africa (such as Senegal and Niger) where they are grown for amenity purposes, fuelwood production and, more recently, for human food. Taxonomy Acacia colei var. ileocarpa M.W. McDonald & Maslin, var. nov. (Figure 1) A varietate typica leguminibus arete irregulariter tortuosis differt. Typus: about 38 km east of Gibb River turnoff at Derby, on road to King Leopold Range, Western Australia, 1 3 October 1 992, B.R. Maslin 72 1 9 {holo: PERTH 2571714; iso: CANB, K). 220 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Figure 1. Acacia colei var. ileocarpa A - portion of fruiting branchlet (xO.5); B - larger than normal phyllode (xO.5). Drawn from M. McDonald 1936 (A) and A.N. Rodd 2837 (B). Differs most significantly from .4. co/e/ var. co/e/ in havingtightly, irregularly coiled ortwisted pods (curved, sometimes into an open circle, in var. colei). Other differences include its often orange-coloured terminal branchlets (brown in var. colei), commonly narrower phyllodes 10-25(40) mm wide (20-45(55) mm in var. colei) and slightly shorter seeds 3-3 .5(4) mm long (3.5-4 mm in var. colei). Selected specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: between Rober [Robe River] and Millstream, H. Demarz 7663 (BRI, PERTH); Gibb River road, 68.2 km SE of Windjana Gorge turnoff, C. E. Harwood & M. McDonaldCEU 474 (PERTH); Rockhole Creek, 1 1 km S W of Halls Creek on GreatNorthem Highway, B.R. A/t/s/zn 7306 (PERTH); GreatNorthem Highway, 16 km SW of Halls Creek (c.l km NE of tumoffto Carranya Station at Koongie Park),/?./?. jV/cti//n7155(PERTH); c. 400 m SoftheNegri River crossing, 1 36.6 km S along Duncan Highway (from turnoff at Victoria Highway), M. McDonald 1 93 1 (PERTH); “Palm Springs” (tributary of Fortescue River), 1 1 km W ofMillstream Station, .4. A^. RoddlZhl (PERTH); 1 7 km E of Halls Creek on Duncan Highway, L. Thomson EXT 1 29 1 - 1295 (all PERTH); Koongie Park, 0.1 kmN ofTanamiroad turnoff on GreatNorthem Highway,/,. 77/o/n^on EXT 1300-1303 (all PERTH); 4.5 km S of Great Northern Highway on Tanami road, L. ThomsonlDiT 1305 (PERTH). NORTHERN TERRITORY : 7 km SE ofNegri Riveron Duncan Highway, SSEofKununurra, B.R. Maslin 1 1 20A (PERTH); 23 .6 km S of theNegri River crossing along the Duncan Highway, M. McDonald 1 936 (PERTH). M.W. McDonald & B.R. Maslin, Acacia colei var. ileocarpa 221 Distribution. Acacia colei var. ileocarpa has a scattered distribution in the southern Kimberley region of Western Australia, it extends eastward to the western extremity of Northern Territory at the Negri River. It also occurs in the Pilbara region of Western Australia where it appears to be restricted to the F ortescue River drainage system. This Kimberley-Pilbara disjunct distribution pattern is not uncommon in Acacia and occurs also in other genera. The distributions of both var. ileocarpa and var. colei are shown in Figure 2. Although populations of var. colei and var. ileocarpa are normally allopatric some sympatric occurrences are known from a few locations in the Kimberley region, including Luluigui Station (west of Fitzroy Crossing), south of the Negri River crossing on the Duncan Highway (south of Kununurra) and at Rockhole Creek (south of Halls Creek). Herbarium specimens suggest that sympatry may occur in some Pilbara populations but this needs to be confirmed by further field observations. Habitat. In the southern Kimberley var. ileocarpa occurs in proximity to floodplains and drainage lines on clay loams (pH 5. 5-6. 5) derived from alluvia or limestone. It is commonly found in open or low open woodlands dominated by Corymbia grandifolia (R. Br. ex Benth.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson, C. confertiflora (F. Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson, Eucalyptus pruinosa Schauer, Lysiphyllum cunninghamii (Benth.) de Wit and shrub species such as Acacia monticola J.M. Black, A. tumida F. Muell. and A. thomsonii Maslin & M.W. McDonald. In the Pilbara it occurs on alkaline sandy loam (pH 7.5-8. 5) associated with tall open shrublands of A. bivenosa DC., A. farnesiana (L.) Willd., A. ancistrocarpa Maiden & Blakely and sometimes open woodlands of Eucalyptus leucophloia Brooker. Also found colonizing disturbed soils along roadsides. Figure 2. Distribution of A. colei var. colei (open circles) and A. colei var. ileocarpa (closed triangles). 222 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) Flowering and fruiting period. Variety //eocar/>aflowers during June-July and podsmatureSeptember- November. Variety colei has essentially the same flowering and fruiting period (see Maslin & Thomson 1992). Variation. Plants of var. ileocarpa display a range of variation in phyllode size and shape similar to or perhaps even greater than var. colei. Variety ileocarpa phyllodes are commonly 1 0-25 mm wide and as such tend to be slightly narrower (and often more attenuate) than those of var. colei. However, plants with wider than normal phyllodes (to 40 mm across and clearly within the range of variation for var. colei) occur scattered throughout the geographic range of the taxon (e.g. A.N. Rodd 2837, see Figure IB). Further field work is required to ascertain whether these specimens represent collections from young plants, because many taxa in th is group have a tendency to produce larger than normal phyllodes during this phase. Plants of var. ileocarpa from the Kimberley region have seeds 3-3.5 mm long and this appears to be a slight, but consistent, difference from var. co/e/ which occurs in the same area (seeds 3.5-4 mm long). In the Pilbara region, however, the seeds of var. ileocarpa tend to be slightly longer (to 4 mm). Affinities. In the absence of pods it is normally difficult to distinguish var. ileocarpa from var. colei. Judging from both field and herbarium observations pod curvature appears to be a consistent and reliable difference between the two varieties; even in sympatric populations no intergradation between the taxa has been observed for this character (see below under Genetics). Acacia colei var. ileocarpa is most readily distinguished from A. holosericea and A. neurocarpa (all of which have similar pods) by its phyllodes which lack a gland at the base of their apical mucro, are shallowly recurved towards their apices (straight in A. holosericea and A. neurocarpa) and have a different nervation pattern (see Maslin & Thomson 1992 for details). Genetics. The chromosome number (2n =78) recorded from progeny of plants grown in Maradi, Niger, show var. ileocarpa to be hexaploid (Helen Stace, pers. comm.). This is the same ploidy level as reported by Moran et al. ( 1 992) for var. colei. Moran also reported that/l. colei has an unusual breeding system and that individuals within populations have the same allozymic genotypes. The apparent “fixed” nature of their genetic make-up (perhaps due to selfing or apomixis) may explain why morphologically intermediate individuals are not present where the two have sympatric occurrences. Application of rank. In applying rank to this new taxon we have followed the basic premises outlined by Cowan & Maslin ( 1 995), namely, that taxa are biological entities with an evolutionary history, and they generally have geographic integrity and some degree of morphological distinctness. It is the subjective assessment of the importance of the morphological differences that contributes heavily to our determining what rank is applied to taxa. Therefore, one’s level of knowledge of the group being studied and capacity to assess the relative significance of variation patterns are important factors. Furthermore, the application of rank is commonly influenced by how past authors have regarded taxa within the group. Based on current knowledge it appears that there is only a single character (i.e. pod curvature) that consistently and reliably distinguishes A. colei var. ileocarpa from var. colei. Thus, in the absence of pods (which occur on the plants for a relatively short period of time) it is nonnally not possible to confidently place specimens in one variety or the other. Future studies may well reveal additional distinguishing characters and elucidate the genetic basis of the variation, leading to our varieties being treated as separate species. While we could have here treated var. ileocarpa as a cryptic species this M.W. McDonald & B.R. Maslin, Acacia colei var. ileocarpa 223 would not be in keeping with the general approach to ranking which is currently applied in Acacia. We therefore consider it most appropriate to treat the taxon as a variety ofy4. colei even though it sometimes occurs sympatrically with the typical variety. We regard this as a pragmatic, albeit perhaps temporary, solution because it enables non-fruiting specimens to be classified at least to species. Utilization. Both varieties of A. colei have shown potential for multipurpose use in tropical dry-zones of West Africa. In Senegal and Niger they have been grown as a source of fuelwood and for environmental rehabilitation (Thomson et al. 1994). Recently their seeds have been used as an alternative source of human food in these regions; the seeds are ground to produce a flour which can be incorporated into local recipes (Rinaudo etal. 1 995). Farmers near Maradi, Niger have shown a clear preference forvar. ileocarpa as it has good harvesting characteristics (Tony Rinaudo pers. comm.). Pods mature within ashort period oftime.theseeds areheld in thepodsafterripening and the compact clusters of pods are easy to harvest. Conservation status. Not considered to be under threat. Etymology. The varietal epithet is derived from the Latin - ileum, last part ofthe small intestine, alluding to the twisted and coiled state of its pods; and from the Greek - carpa, fruit. Common name. “Curly-podded Cole’s Wattle”. Acknowledgements Margaret Pieroni is thanked for preparing the illustration (Figure 1). Ian Brooker prepared the Latin diagnosis; Doug Boland, Chris Harwood, Steve Hopper and Lex Thomson provided useful comments on the manuscript; and Tony Rinaudo is thanked for providing information on plants grown in Maradi, Niger. Field work has been supported in part by the Seeds of Australian Trees (SAT) project implemented by the Australian Tree Seed Centre funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). The research was conducted at the Australian Tree Seed Centre and the Western Australian Herbarium. References Cowan, R.S. & Maslin, B.R. (1995). Acacia Miscellany 10. New taxa and notes on previously described taxa of Acacia, mostly section Juliflorae (Leguminosae; Mimosoideae), in Western Australia. Nuytsia 10; 15-62. Maslin, B.R. & Thomson, L.A.J. (1992). Re-appraisal of the taxonomy of Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. ex Don, including the description of a new species, A. colei, and the reinstatement of A. neurocarpa A. Cunn. ex Hook. Australian Systematic Botany 5: 729-743. Moran, G., Thomson, L., Grant, J. & Bell, C. (1992), Distribution of genetic variation within two dry-zone Acacia species and implications for their genetic improvement. In. House, A.P.N. & Harwood, C.E. (eds) “Australian Dry-zone Acacias for Human Food”, pp. 74-81. (CSIRO: Melbourne). Rinaudo, T., Burt, M. & Harwood, C.E. (1995). Growth and seed production of Australian Acacia species at Maradi, Niger. ACIAR Forestry Newsletter No. 19. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra! Thomson, L.A.J., Turnbull. J.W. & Maslin, B.R. (1994). The utilization of Australian species of Acacia, with particular reference to those of the subtropical dry zone. Journal Arid Environments 27: 279-295. 224 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No, 2 (1997) Nuytsia 1 1(2):225-262 (1997) 225 A revision of Gardenia (Rubiaceae) from northern and north-western Australia Christopher F. Puttock Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian National Herbarium, CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory Abstract Puttock, C.F. A revision of Gardenia (Rubiaceae) from northern and north-western Australia. Nuytsia 1 1 (2): 225-262 ( 1 997). The twelve species of Gardenia Ellis endemic to tropical Australia west of the Queensland Gulf country are revised. Gardenia dacryoides Puttock, G. faucicola Puttock, G. gardneri Puttock, G.jabiluka Puttock, G. kakaduensis Puttock and G. sericea Puttock are described as new to science. Gardenia megasperma var. arhorea Ewart is raised to species rank as G. ewartii Puttock. A new name, G. schwarzii Puttock and neotype are provided for G. petiolata O. Schwarz. Gardenia keartlandii Tate is reduced to a subspecies of G. pyriformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., and three new subspecies are recognized: G.pyriformissubsp. or/entofe Puttock, G. resinosasubsp. kimberleyensis Puttock and G. ewartii subsp.fitzgeraldii Puttock. Descriptions and a key to all taxa are provided. Introduction Gardenia Ellis (Rubiaceae) is a moderately large genus of 120-140 species confined to the tropics of Africa, Asia, Australia and the western Pacific region to Hawaii. The taxonomic treatment of the Australian species of Gardeniahas been divided into two sections, the eastern species confined to Cape York Peninsula, north-eastern Queensland, and the western species, occurring west of the clay plains of the Flinders and Norman Rivers of the Gulf country, north-west Queensland. All the north-eastern Queensland species formerly placed in Gardenia sd. have now been revised. These taxa have been placed in Gardenia (Puttock 1 988), Kailarsenia Tirveng. (Puttock 1 989) and Atractocarpus Schltr. & K. Krause (Puttock in press). Gardenia suffruticosaY . Muell., a species endemic to the Darwin and Gulf District of theNorthem Territory, has previously been transferred to Kailarsenia (Puttock 1 989, 1 994). Presented here is a taxonomic revision of the remaining western species oi Gardenia, all of which are endemic in Australia. Nineteen species of Gardenia are now recognized in Australia and all are currently placed in the subgenus Gardenia. A cladistic analysis of these species (Puttock & Quinn in press) revealed several groups that may warrant subgeneric status. However, the amount of homoplasy within the western group and the likel ihood of hybrid zones between several taxa make any subdivision of the Australian Gart/ew/a premature. The western species form a closely related group. In all these species the fruits are circular in transverse section, the placental pulp is pink, and the seeds are reddish brown in contrast to the claret 226 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) coloured seeds of north-eastern species. The flowers are white, 5- to 9-merous, turning yellow with age; the corolla tube is tubaeform or crateriform with the anthers affixed medially and partially exserted, and the stigmas are white. In most species the sclerification of the mesocarp of the fruit is highly developed. Species withoutmesocarp sclerification form a subgroup more closely related to G. vilhelmii, one ofthe north-eastern species. Twelve species are recognized within the region west of the Gulf country of Queensland, of which only three pose little taxonomic difficulty: G. dacryoides, G. kakadiiensis and G. sericea. One species, G. gardneri, remains poorly known and appears to have characters intermediate between its sister species, G. dacryoides and the more distantly related G. pyrifonnis subsp. pyriformis. There are two species complexes which present great difficulties for species determinations. These are the G. resinosa complex, which includes G. schwarzii, G. ewartii and G. megasperma; and the G.fucata complex, which includes G. pyriformis, G.faucicola and G.jabiluka. The two complexes are not entirely independent, with the possibility of gene flow between G. pyriformis subsp. keartlandii and G. resinosa subsp. kimberleyensis. With such taxonomic difficulties, the treatment presented here aims to identify the recognizable elements within the complexes, and by so doing draw attention to the continuing need to refine the understanding of all the taxa involved. A conservative approach would have hidden much ofthe observable diversity and led to the assumption that the taxonomic problems are resolved. The complexity of this savannah woodland group is comparable to the equally problematic subgenus Bergkias (Sonn.) Verde, of central and southern Africa (Verdcourt 1 979). Materials and methods Descriptions of taxa were made from dried herbarium specimens, ethanol or FAA (formalin-acetic acid-alcohol) preserved specimens, and living material. Data collection followed that described in Puttock & Quinn (in press). Morphological terminology used in this paper followsthat of Puttock (1988). The vertical extension of the calyx, generally regarded as calyx lobes, is termed ‘calyx spur’. In some species this structure is continuous with the hypanthium and may not be homologous with the calyx lobes. The terminology used for bark andblaze follows Hyland (1 982) with the exception ofsmoothht 'mg substituted for nondescript. Conservation status was determined from field observations, local knowledge and herbarium collections, using the standards provided by Briggs & Leigh (1996). All taxa were examined across their known distributional ranges in the field with the exception of Gardenia gardneri. Much ofthe material was collected during several field trips that resulted in a floristic survey ofthe Magela Creek catchment area ofNorthem Territory (Puttock & Waterhouse 1981). All species were also examined on herbarium material held at, or available for loan from, the following herbaria: AD,BISH,BR,BRI,BM,CANB,CBG,DNA,JCT,K,L,MEL,NSW,NY,PERTH,QRS,SYD,UNSW,US. Relatively little taxonomic literature dealing with Australian was published duringthe first half of this centuiy-, and this consists of little more than species lists, and likewise in the recent ecological and floristic studies such as the floristic surveys in the Kakadu and Kimberley regions. Generally the species names cited in these earlier accounts cannot be relied upon. For this treatment I have attempted to obtain all collections used in those published accounts and have listed the treatments under their appropriate species wherever possible. The calyx, which was the central taxonom ic character used by Bentham ( 1 867) in his key to the species, was found to be extremely variable within some species (e.g. G. resinosa) and is avoided in the current key for species where it is unreliable. The key presented here endeavours to use vegetative and fruit C.F. Puttock, A revision of Gardenia from northern and north-western Australia 227 characters wherever possible, since the flowering season is generally brief and flowers are not known for all taxa. As far as is known the corolla shape is uniform throughout this group and is only variable in size and number of lobes. Full descriptions of all species are provided to enable assimilation of this treatment with that of the north-eastern Gardenia (Puttock 1988). Key to northern and north-western species and subspecies of Gardenia 1 Leafy twigs slender, 1-2(3) mm in diameter 2 1 * Leafy twigs robust, 3 -9 mm in diameter 9 2 Leaves sessile or subsessile, glabrous or if indumentum present, minutely and sparsely scabrous; domatia absent 3 2* Leaves petiolate; indumentum sparsely sericeous to tomentose; domatia present 4 3 Leaves 30-45 mm long, with 9 to 1 1 pairs of secondary veins; corolla tube 15- 18 mm long; fruit ellipsoid, 13-l6mmlong G.faucicola 3* Leaves 1 8-22 mm long, with 7 to 9 pairs of secondary veins; corolla tube 8-9 mm long; fruit spherical, 6- 14 mm diameter G. jabiluka 4 Leaves with (9)10 to 13 pairs of veins 5 4* Leaves with 7 to 9(10) pairs of veins 6 5 Fruit spherical, 1 6-20(30) mm diameter; pedicel abruptly tapering into the fru it, rugulose when dry; indumentum on leaves sparse G.fucata 5* Fruit ovoid, 1 5-22(27) mm long; pedicel cylindrical, not tapering into the fruit; fruit, smooth when dry; indumentum on leaves dense G. pyriformis subsp. pyriformis 6 Fruitspherical,10-16mmdiameter,withpedicels2-5mmlong.... G. pyriformis subsp. orientalis 6* Fruit subspherical to ovoid, 22-35 mm long, with pedicels 5-35 mm long 7 7 Plants with grey mottled ochre to rusty yellow bark; fruit 22-30 mm long, with pedicels 5- 10 mm long G, pyriformis subsp. keartlandii 7* Plants with dark brown bark; fruit 30-35 mm long, with pedicels 1 0-35 mm long 8 8 Leaves with lamina ovate to elliptic; stipules (5)8- 1 7 mm long usually copiously resinous (north-western Northern Territory and eastern Kimberley, Western Australia) G. resinosa subsp. resinosa 8* Leaves with lamina oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic; stipules 3-6 mm long, not resinous (Mitchell Plateau, Western Australia) G. resinosa subsp. kimberleyensis 9 Leaves tomentose to sericeous 10 9* Leaves glabrous to minutely hairy 12 10 Fruit 20-25 mm long; bark glaucous mauve to dark brown; corolla tube 10-12 mm long; leaves subsessile, petioles 0-3 mm long G. sericea 10* Fruit 35-70 mm long; bark light grey, mottled ochre to rusty yellow; corollatube 15-25 mm long; petioles 3-15 mm long 1 1 1 1 Fruit narrowly obovoid to shortly fusiform; mesocarp 3-4 mm thick, possessing a rhomboid stony layer and thick putamen endocarp; pedicel 1 0- 1 5 mm long g. megasperma 11* Fruit broadly ellipsoid to subspherical; mesocarp c. 2 mm thick, without a rhomboid stony layer and endocarp a thin putamen; pedicel 3-8 mm long G. kakaduensis 228 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 2 (1997) 12 Leafytwigs5-9mmdiameter;calyxtubemorethan lOmmlong; calyx lobes flattened into radial blades 13 12* Leafy twigs 3-5 mm diameter; calyx tube less than 8 mm long; calyx lobes linear or absent, not flattened into blades 15 13 Fruit with laterally flattened calyx spurs more than 5 mm wide; leaves with 6 to 9 pairs of secondary veins, often covered with stieky resin; stipules bullet-shaped, mammilliform G. dacry aides 13* Fruit with narrow laterally flattened calyx spurs less than 5 mm wide; leaves with 10 to 1 5 pairs of secondary veins, not often covered with stickyresinandstipulesconical,notmammilliform 14 14 Fruits 20-30 mm long, smooth when dry; calyx spurs 5, laterally flattened, 4-5 mm wide G. gardneri 14* Fruits 30-55 mm long, striate when dry; calyx spurs 6(7), laterally flattened, 2-3 mm wide G. schwanii 15 Leaves ovate to elliptic, resinous G. resinosa subsp. resinosa 15* Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, not resinous 16 16 Fruits 30-45 mm long on erect, gradually tapering pedicels; leaves with 1 1 to 13 pairs of secondary veins G. ewartii subsp. ewartii 16* Fruits 20-30 mm long on reflexed, abruptly tapering pedicels; leaves with 8 to 10 pairs of secondary veins G. ewartii subsp. fitzgeraldii Descriptions Gardenia dacryoides A. Cunn. ex Puttock, sp. nov. Arborparvaresinoso-gummifera,flavescens,tenuissimehispida,foliissubrotundo-obovatisnervosis, axillis venarum foveolatis; fructus 4-5 alatis terminalibus. G. hansemannii forma calycis similis sed foliis fructibusque minoribus differt. Typus: rocky hillside [between King River pumping station and Kununurra], Gardner District, Western Australia, 1 November 1 969, D. //. Mackenzie 691101-15(8:/^. Lullfitz {holo: PERTH; iso: CANB 266208, Kununurra). Gardenia dacryoides A. Cunn. ms', S.J. Forbes et al., W. Austral. Naturalist 17:191 (1988). Gardenia megaspermaauct. pro parte', G. Bentham, FI. Austral. 3: 409 (1 867); W.V. Fitzgerald, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Western Australia 3: 109 (191 8); C.A. Gardner, Botanical notes. Kimberley region of Western Australia 92 (1 923); S.J. Forbes etal.,W. Austral. Naturalist 17:1 84 (1 988). Gardeniasp. nov. aff. wegiaspemaF. Muell., S.J. Forbes etal.,'^. Austral. Naturalist 17:184(1988). Gardenia sp., R.J. Petheram & B. Kok, Plants of the Kimberley Region of Western Australia 467, fig. 466 (1983). Gar(/e«/asp.B.,C.F. Puttock /«.J.R. Wheeler eta/., FloraoftheKimberley Region 913, fig. 2810(1992). C.F. Puttock, A revision of Gardenia from northern and north-western Australia 229 Facultatively deciduous small treeto 8 m high; trunk at breast height to 250 mm diameter; branches spreading. Bark to 20 mm thick, furfuraceous, light grey mottled yellow, ochre or orange; outer bark layered, with an orange to cream blaze; inner bark blaze fawn to cream. Wood brittle, cream to white. Leafy twigs 5-9 mm diameter, often copiously resinous, minutely hairy. Sz/jw/ey bullet-shaped, mammilliform, ( 1 5)20-25 mm long, 7-9 mm diameter, minutely hairy; colleters lanceolate, 0.5-0.9 mm long, 0. 1-0.2 mm wide. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, glossy, usually resinous, mid green to yellowish green above and below, with very dense, very short hairs; petioles 10-25(30) mm long, 3-5 mm wide, yellow; lamina ovate, 70- 1 8 0 mm long, 5 0- 1 20( 1 50) m m wide, with an obtuse apex and cordate to obtuse base; secondary veins (6)7 or 8(9) pairs, raised above and below, yellow, 50-60° to the midvein with weak intersecondary veins; tertiary venation very weakly percurrent to reticulate, opaque; ciliated pit domatia large and conspicuous. F/oweri minutely hairy, on pedicels 9- 1 2 mm long. Hypanlhium 1 0- 1 5 mm long, pale green, pronounced longitudinally ridges that are contiguous with the calyx spurs. Calyx 4(5)-merous; tube cylindrical, 10-12 mm long, coriaceous; lobes falcate-decurved coriaceous, laterally flattened spurs 1 5-25 mm long, 5- 1 0 mm wide. CoroZ/a tubaefomi, (7)8- or 9-merous, white at anthesis, tumingyellow; tube 25-32 mm long, 4-5 mm diameter at the base, 8- 1 0 mm diameter in the upper part, villose outside, long hairy inside; lobes ovate to elliptic, 1 8-32 mm long, 1 0- 1 5(20) mm wide, glabrous. Anthers 10-12 mm long, attached 4-5 mm from their apices, inserted 4-5 mm below the sinuses of the corolla lobes, partially included, the tips exceeding the corolla tube by 2-3 mm. Style 20-35 mm long, exceeding the corolla by several millimetres; stigmatic lobes 3 or 4, 12-14mmlong. (9vcf/>'with(5)7or8placentas. Fnz/fspherical to ovoid, ( 1 5)20-40 mm long, ( 15)20-30 mm diameter, smooth (not striate when dry) with 4(5) longitudinal ridges; abruptly tapering into a slender pedicel 12-25 mm long; calyx persistent, the spurs 25-45(50) mm long, 7-15 mm wide; exocarp pale green whilst developing, yellow when mature; mesocarp outer part parenchymatous with few fibres, inner part stony and fused to endocarp; endocarp brittle, 3-4 mm thick; placental mass malleable. Seedsh.l-A.l mm diameter, 1 .4- 1 .8 mm thick; hilum occupying one third to one half of the perimeter; seed coat brown; exotestal cells sinuate in outline; thickening of inner and lower tangentialwali with perforations. (Puttock 1 992; Figure281D) Additional specimens exammed(3S). WESTERN AUSTRALIA, GARDNER DISTRICT : Enid Falls (Site E5), Prince Regent River Reserve, 15°07'S, 125°33'E,withoutdate, IF/7so« 2 (PERTH); unnamed tributary of Mitchell River, 14°45'S, 125°38'E, 8Dec. 1982, Kenneally &663 (PERTH); near Mitchell River Falls, Mitchell Plateau, 14°49'S, 125°40'E, 13 Sep. 1 978, Bearfii8308 (PERTH); Little Falls, 14°49'S, 125°42'E, 17 June 1976, k'e«nea//v5036 (PERTH); Mitchell Falls track, 14°49'S, 125°43'E,31 May 1988, Wilson3\5 cfe Jacob5(NSW,UNSW);CampCreekgaugingstation, 12km SSWofCRA mining campsite, 14°53'S, 125°45'E,21 Apr. 1 982, Tfen/rea/Zy 8057 (PERTH); Camp Creek, 14°52'S, 125°46'E, 13 June \916,Kenneally 4797(PERTH);Crystal Creek, WofCrystal Head, near Port Warrender, 14°29'S, 125°47'E, 1 1 July 1987, PwffocZ: UN SW 20654 (UNSW); ditto, PMftocZrUNSW 20655 (UNSW); Ciy'Stal Creek area near gorge, 1 4°30'S, 1 25°47'E, 1 2 July 1 987, Puttock UNSW 20663 (UNSW); Vansittart Bay, 1 0 Aug. 1 92 1 , Gardner s.n. (PERTI 1 1 02 1 , 1 52 1 , NS W); base of Anjo Peninsula between Napier Broome Bay & Vansittart Bay, 14°03T5"S, 126°24'45"E,22May 1984,ForZ)e521 18(MEL,NSW,PERTH);SsideofGibbRiver crossing Kalumbururoad, 16°05'S, 126°30'E, 11 July 1987,Pzz«ociUNSW20640(UNSW);AnjoPeninsula, Sharp Point, 1 3°56'S, 1 26°32'E, 3 1 May 1 984, Forbes2256 (CANB, DNA,NS W, PERTH); Cape Anjo, 1 3°56'S, 126°34'E,2July 1973, Wilson 1 1294(PERTH);Kalumburu,250ct. 1974,/fo(7zZ2885(NSW);Nymphaea Creek, Drysdale River National Park, 14°49'S, I26°55'E, 13 Aug. 1975, A:e««ea//y 4290 (PERTH); near junction ofDrysdale River &Mogumda Creek, c. 15°02'S, 126°55'E,8 Aug. 1975, George 13572 (PERTH); SEofCape Londonderry, 13°53'S, 127°04'E,5 Aug. 1975,George 13345 (PERTH); 1.5 kmNofKing River crossing Gibb River road, 15°39'S, 128°05'E, 14July 1 987, /’z<«oc^UNSW20689 (UNSW); ditto, Puttock UNSW20690(UNSW);betweenKingRiverpumpingstation&Kununurra, 1 Nov. 1969, Mackenzie & Lullfitz 691101-15 (Kununurra, PERTH, CANB); hills round Wyndham, Sep. 1906, Fitzgerald s.n. (PERTH 1591,NSW);TheGrottoarea, 35 km from Wyndham on Kununurra road, 15°46'S, 128°16'E, 14 June 1 984, Rankin 2942 (DNA); lower Ord River, 23 Jan. 1 968, Leutertll (PERTH), [also] near 230 Nuytsia Vol. II, No. 2 (1997) Kununurra,23 Jan. \96^, LeiitertlX (CANB); ‘Ivanhoe’,22 July 1 952, Z,a«g/?e/