THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

FROM THE LIBRARY OF
COUNT EGON CAESAR CORTT

AGRIC.

LIBRARY

OBSERVATIONS

Barrenness

FRUIT TREES

OBSERVATIONS

FRUIT TREES.

AND THE MEANS OP

PREVENTION AND CURE.
By P. LYON.

* , •

Colere Deos, Colere Agros.

" By the sweat of thy brow, shalt thou earn thy food."

EDINBURGH :

PRINTED BT C. STEWART,

FOR WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, SOUTH BRIDGE STREET ;
AND ROBERT BALDWIN, PATERNOSTER ROW,

LONDON.

i

1813.

AGRfC.

TREATISE

ON THE MANAGEMENT

OF

FRUIT TREES.

Colere Deos, Colere Agros.

rt By the sweat of thy brow, shalt thou earn thy food.'

To the Great Society of the World, the fol*
lowing short Treatise is most respectfully
dedicated by their Fellow Member and

humble Servant.

'**;/> <{!uo .-tMi \

Fellow Members,

I thought I could not dedicate this little"
Work, with more propriety to any, than to
you ; seeing it was intended fpr the benefit
and instruction of your society. If I have
failed in accomplishing that end, I hope

M351737

2

you will be candid enough to impute it to
error in judgment, and not to any impuri-
ty of design. For I assure you, I have no
secret pastes, powders, potions, or plaisters
to sell, for the cure of fruit trees in any
disease or malady whatever. I have no
darling theory to support ; I have no doc-
trines to elucidate, by Phlogiston, Hydro-
gen, Carbon, Hydroguret, or any word an-
cient or modern, but what can be as well
explained by Chrononhotonthologus, or any
other word you please. I have made no
experiments for the purpose of discovery ;
I have only attempted to follow an universal
law of nature, and I was certain if I did not
mistake her path, she would not lead me
wrong.

Self-interest and the prejudices of educa-
tion, have ever been the banes of improve-

3

ment in useful knowledge, in every depart-
ment of life ; and horticulture has not es-
caped the influence. One man has trees ;
another has pastes, powders, potions, and
plaisters to sell; a third has been bred a
gardener, and must adhere td the practice
he has been taught, though that should be
contrary to every rule and law of nature,
reason, and common sense. And it re-
quires more than ordinary courage to differ
from a common received' opinion ; be-
cause a man's character, (than which, no-
thing can be dearer to him, both his happi-
ness as a social being, and his bread, if not
independent, resting on it) is sure to suffer;
as has happened in the present case ; the
author having been stigmatised with the
grossest defamation : folly, madness, &c. by
professional men, amateurs, connoiseurs,
&c. He has, however, had the consolation

4

of being countenanced by what they are
pleased to call ignorant men ; that is, men
of judgment, not influenced by any selfish
motive, or prejudiced by being bred garden-
ers, or having learnt from them ; for the ig-
norance of the one is only natural and open
to conviction, whereas that of the other is
taught, and completely shut to every ray of
reason, and defies all the powers of Nature.
So, would it be easier to convince ten thou-
sand Indians of truth and common sense,
than one fanatic in theology, physic, law,
or horticulture.

Nothing can shew the power of the prejudi-
ces of education and custom, or what maybe
called taught or acquired ignorance, over that
of natural ignorance, stronger than a prac-
tice that prevails among the medical tribe.
In rolling up a taper limb, they begin at the

5

small end, and roll towards the great ; the
consequence is, that the bandage will not stay
up, but constantly falls down towards the
small end ; because the last round of the
roller forming a greater circle than the for-
mer, slips over it, and so alternately, till
the whole falls down : whereas, were they
to begin at the great end, the last round of
the roller forming a lesser circle than the
former, would support it, and so support
each other to the end. This is an instance of
prejudice, shutting impenetrably the under-
standing, against the irresistible rays of ma-
thematical demonstration, which the sceptic
who doubts his own existence, never doubted.

Nor can such an instance be found a-
mong the vulgar and illiterate ; but when
we look at their theories, we cannot be
surprised at any practice. I shall take notice

6

of only one, the doctrine of inflamma-
tion ; and I would not have done that, had
it not been perfectly analogous to the sub-
ject I am about to treat of*, and to show

* Inflammation in the animal body may be defined, an
unequal distribution of the blood.

Canker in fruit trees may be defined, an unequal
distribution of the sap ; but to follow out the analogy
would carry us too far from the subject immediately in
view. This, however, may perhaps be the subject of
future discussion: but every body knows, that there
are two ways of making a vessel carry easy, by lessen-
ing the contents, and by enlarging the capacity of the
vessel.

The first (blood letting) is used as the only one ap-
plicable with success, on the animal body ; the other
(removing the outer bark) on- fruit trees; and both

7

the power of education, which will make
men believe any thing. It will, no doubt,
be thought presumption, to call in question
a doctrine which has the law of prescriptive
right hi its favour ; and it will be reckoned
something worse, to differ in opinion and
practice, from what has prevailed since the
creation of the world : but we are of opi-
nion that no time can make right that which
is wrong, nor wrong that which is right.

these operate in the same way : by relaxing the whole
fluid system, and so enabling every part to maintain
and perform its proper functions, and giving any weak-
ened or injured part, an opportunity of recovering its
lost power. For it is easily understood, that while
every part performs its functions in due proportion to
the whole, no disease will ensue ; but if, in any way,
the balance is lost, inflammation will take place in the
one, and canker in the other.

8

Inflammation, we are taught, is owing to an
increased impetus of the blood, in the ves-
sels of the part inflamed, occasioned by an
increased action of the vessels of that part
itself, and at the same time, there is an ac-
cumulation of the blood in these very ves-
sels in that part. This would appear mys-
terious to any person who had not studied
physic, how there can be an accummulation
of blood, where the propelling power is in-
creased : but to medical people it is quite
intelligible. We do not know what an en-
gineer would think, but a physician is not
obliged to think like an engineer.

We have indeed heard of a wonderful stone
in some place of Scotland, which moves by
a gentle touch, but if a greater force is ap-
plied, it will not budge.

Historians relate this story, but they do
not, so far as I know, attempt to account
for it ; but they wrote before the invention
of spasm.

"We explain inflammation by spasm, which
stops the blood in its course, and an increased
action of the vessels which pushes it on, and
both these are produced by the vis medica-
trix naturae. This kind of reasoning is
not confined to physic alone ; for when men
cannot explain any of the phenomena of
nature, in one progressive series of cause
and effect, they set up two opposite agents,
the one to do good, the other to do ill ;
and the magic lanthorn is carried over the
world, — Pull baker, pull devil ; pull devil,
" pull baker." .Push vessel, hold spasm ;
hold spasm, push vessel. The vis medica*

jc naturae brings on a spasm to remove the

10

spasm. This is like a man mounting upon
a load he is going to lift. That there is a
power in nature which tends to correct
errors and remove diseases, there is no
doubt ; but this power never acts in oppo-
sition to itself. The spasm or constriction,
the dilatation, the accumulation of blood,
and the increased impetus, all exist in the
same place, at the same time. Perhaps the
teachers of this doctrine are of an opinion,
which some say is founded on experience,
that to make any thing generally believed,
it is necessary to make it as absurd as pos-
sible, and to dash beyond all human com-
prehension. For when any thing is simple,
men begin to reason, and when they begin
to reason, they may begin to doubt. Gar-
deners dung their trees to give them
nourishment, and they bend the branches,
&c. to deprive them of nourishment, what

11

they call superfluous sap. Fortunately their
practice, like that of physic, is not deduced
from the theory ; for the very method they
take to deprive the branch of sap, gives it
more. If any person unprejudiced will
think but for a moment, and consider the
phenomena of inflammation,the tumefaction,
and redness, and the remote causes, burn-
ing, beating, bruising, compressing, over-
stretching, overloading, &c. and also the
methods of cure, he will be convinced that
the proximate cause is quite the reverse of
what is now taught, and that it is a
diminished action of the vessels of the part,
at least that their action is weaker, in
proportion, than the other parts of the
sanguiferous system ; and from this cause,
all the phenomena of inflammation can be
explained, in one progressive and connected
series of cause and effect, and all the

12

methods of cure appear consistent, accor-
ding to the laws of nature, without any of
that perplexity and contradiction occasion-
ed by setting up two opposite agents. And
any person will be convinced that the
power of vessels receiving such injuries,
and loaded with such burdens, cannot be
increased by any means the 'vis medicatrix
naturae can adopt, far less by a spasm which
adds to their burden.

But nothing, perhaps, has tended more
to retard improvements and discoveries,
than the invention of words without a
meaning : because we are apt to refer any
thing we do not understand to these terms,
and thus, thinking we understand it, rest
satisfied without further investigation.

So, in former times, every thing was re-

13

ferred to plastic powers ; very lately, in our
own time, Phlogiston explained every phe-
nomenon in nature.

Now Hydrogen, Carbon, Caloric, and
their allies, have supplanted Phlogiston in
all his prerogatives ; who succeeds them we
are not yet certain, but it is said there are
already strong symptoms of a revolution.
The nerves are thrown out like a bait to
fishes ; the patient and his friends catch it
greedily, and swallowing it like the apple
of knowledge, become as wise as the doc-
tor himself. My dear, says the wife, I
always told you it was the nerves was the
matter with that child, but you never
would believe me, now you see the doctor
says so too : the husband nods assent, and
all are satisfied they understand the disease.

14

'The people never heard of nerves, nor
ever dreamed it was a disease, till they
were taught by professional men ; now the
man who would venture to tell them it was
nonsense, would be reckoned mad. So
says the professor ; the parson says so too ;
and who dare speak or think after that ?

You must not take the bark off the trees,
the gardener says it will kill them ; they
will all be burnt alive by the heat of sum-
mer, and starved to death by the cold of
winter.

Another great bar to discovery is the
vanity and self-conceit of men ; who think-
ing themselves superior beings, despise
nature, and refuse to be taught by her.
Anxious to outstrip her, wherever they see
an effect, they leave her path, and, always

15

inclined to the intricate and marvellous, take
up some whimsical cause, (such as vermin
coming from a foreign land with the east
wind, the blossom being all burnt by fire
in a cold frosty night, the trees being bar-
ren from receiving too much sap, &c.) that
strikes their bewildered imagination, and
draws into darkness after them, thousands
who are too indolent or too pusillanimous
to think for themselves.

To look for vermin at home, is below
their exalted ideas; and are they to stoop to
believe that the sap vessels are contracted
to such a degree by cold, that the circula-
tion is entirely stopt, and the young leaves
and tender blossom wither and die ? If they
would take the trouble to look, they would
see that it is not the blossom thatjlrst suffers,
in cases of this kind, but the tender stalk on

16

which it grows, and that the blossom will
appear healthy a considerable time after the
effect on this is quite visible.

What has led gardeners and connoisseurs
to think, that bending the branches gives
them less sap, I do not know, as I have
little intercourse with them or their writ-
ings y perhaps it has been from observing
that the middle or main stem of a tree,
growing most vertically, grows most luxu-
riantly ; but they seem to have satisfied
themselves with the first apparent cause
that presented, without reasoning or consi-
dering, that the main shoot receives its sap
in a direct line, whereas the branches receive
theirs laterally. But it is as obvious, that, by
whatever power the circulation of the sap is
carried on, the bent branches must have, at
least, the advantage of gravity in their fa-
vour.

17

Such cases occur in every department of
life, which it is unnecessary to take notice
of here.

Canker explains every malady of fruit
trees, and we are told that May mists are
injurious to the fruit. But what wiser or
better are we by knowing that May mists
are injurious to the fruit, and that canker
hurts the trees ?

It is certainly true, that moist, calm, cold
weather, in the month of May, is unfavour-
able to the fruit crop : but seeing we cannot
alter the weather, we ought to inquire into
the way and manner it becomes hurtful,
that we may prevent its bad effects, as far
as is in human power.

The month of May is the season when
the trees are in blossom, which, in moist,

c

18

calm, cold weather, does not expand quick-
ly, and fall off as in dry, warm, windy wea-
ther, but rather curls together, and forms
a receptacle for the vermin, which, lodging
in it, corrodes, and kills the fruit whilst
setting.

The canker will be found to be nothing
but decayed rotten bark, first occasioned,
generally, by the stricture of the bark not
allowing a free circulation of the juices,
which break out in pear and apple trees, as
the gum in the cherry, but not forming by
itself a solid substance, like the gum, escapes
common observation, at any part weaker by
nature or injury, and is afterwrards increased
by these insects nestling and depositing their
ova in it.

The usefulness of fruit for sick and heal-

19

thy, the scanty portion the country affords,
compared with the trees planted, render it
a subject worthy of the most serious atten-
tion to discover any means to increase the
quantity, by making the trees more pro-
ductive. This is the intention of the fol-
lowing short essay. How far it has answer-
ed the purpose, let it speak for itself j

i

* For facts are stubborn chields, and downa be denied."

As I was not bred a gardener, and never
read any of their books, it cannot be expect-
ed that I can be acquainted with their
terms, but I have studied to be as intelli-
gible as I could, in using common language,
and language further than being intelligible
is not the object of this essay. I have used
the words " outer and inner bark," because
they are common, and generally understood
in round terms.

20

By outer bark, then, I mean not only the
transverse, but also a part, less or more, of
the longitudinal, except that very thin,*
smooth part next the wood, which remains
entire when the trees burst their bark.

Whether the longitudinal is all one bark,
or more, I have not made it my study to
determine : but a separation or division can
very easily be made, and is frequently made
by nature. I have, however, to avoid cir-
cumlocution, been under the necessity of
dividing it into two, which I have distin-
guished by inner and inmost.

By inner bark I mean less or more of the
longitudinal, except the inmost, by which
I mean that very thin smooth part next the
wood, which remains entire when the trees
burst their barks, either by nature, or when

, • • .

assisted by art. This inmost bark appears
to be, in some respects, very similar to the
periosteum in the animal body, and might
not improperly be called the periligneum.
It resists putrefaction to a high degree, and
remains sound long after all the rest of the
bark is completely rotten. It possesses a
considerable degree of elasticity, which is
the cause of its remaining entire when the
inner bark rends, and by this quality yields
to the circulation of the sap.

By transverse bark, I mean that external
thin membrane whose fibres run across the
tree, by some called Epidermis.

When I use the word peeling, it is to be
understood I mean taking off the outer bark
as above defined.

OBSERVATIONS

ON

THE BARRENNESS

FRUIT TREES,

AND THE

MEANS OF PREVENTION AND CURE.

THIS subject, which has attracted so much
attention, and undergone so much investi-
gation, seems still involved in great obscu-
rity.

If my observations can throw any light
upon it, or tend to lead others to any use-

23

ful discovery, I shall consider my pains well
bestowed, and myself amply rewarded.

The first thing necessary to be done, is
to investigate the causes.

The principal of these appear to me to
be Vermin, Constriction of the J3ark> and
superabundant Blossom.

These causes, though they may exist se-
parately, are often combined together, and
depend for their continuance and extension
on one another,

As the first of these causes, viz. Vermin^
appears to be the most common and most
general, and likewise as the other causes
will, in a great measure, be obviated by the

mode of treatment I propose for this, I
shall begin with it.

When fruit trees grow old, the outer
bark cracks and rends into thousands of
fissures and crevices, where the vermin de-
posit their ova, which, coming to life in the
spring, attack and destroy first the blossom
and leaves of the small short branches on
the trunk, and large branches, and soon ex-
tend their depredations over the whole tree.

From this will be seen the reason why
fruit trees are so often barren near the
trunk, and bear only on the extremities of
the branches, and frequently on the upper
branches only. For, though the progress
of the vermin is very rapid, yet, in fine
weather, the fruit on the extremities will
get set before they reach it.

25

From this cause the fruit buds are first
destroyed, and from the constriction of the
bark, they are seldom or ever replaced, so
that almost the whole branch remains ever
after barren.

To destroy these vermin, and prevent
their depredations, many means have been
suggested, such as washing with different
liquids. Perhaps a liquid may be found
capable of destroying them, and it is not
unlikely that plain water may do it ; but of
this I have no experience j I only make the
supposition from always finding their ova in
parts of the tree most sheltered from the
rain, that is, the inclined side of the trunk,
and under side of the horizontal and pend-
ent branches. But the difficulty of appli-
cation seems unsurmountable, as well as the
effect uncertain. The ova of these insects

26

are generally laid so deep and secure in the
fissures and crevices, and so completely
covered by the bark, that it is impossible to
make any liquid reach them.

Smoaking, tying hair-ropes, §c. round the
trees, laying certain substances upon the
ground, about the root of the tree, are not
worth taking notice of.

As the ova of these insects are lodged in
the fissures and crevices of the outer bark,
the means I propose to destroy them, is to
take off the outer bark completely from the
trunk and large branches, as far at least, as
it is cracked and scaly, by which they will
be effectually dislodged, and must inevitably
perish when driven from their nidus. At
the same time it will relieve the tree from
the constriction of the dry and hardened

27

bark, which injures its health, and renders
it more subject to the attack of vermin ;
for it is observed that the vermin more rea-
dily prey upon the weak and sickly plant,
than the more healthy and vigorous :
hence it is easy to see how these two causes
act together, to the injury of the tree and
fruit; the one rendering them more subject
to the attack of the other, which carries
them on to total destruction : and it has been
observed that the vermin are more destruc-
tive in a cold than in a warm season, which
has made some imagine it more favourable
to their production ; but this is a mistake ;
the cold is not directly favourable to the
production of vermin, but by causing decay
of the vegetable which either produces or
fosters them. We see this in all putrifying
animal and vegetable substances. If the
yermin have penetrated through the inmost

28

bark, it likewise must be cleared away, and
the wood scraped round to the sound inmost
bark. To facilitate this operation, the
small short branches upon the trunk and
large branches ought first to be cut away
close to the wood.

It will often happen in young trees, and
in older ones where the bark is not cracked
by age, that fissures and crevices will be
formed by wounds, by stumps of branches de-
cayed or cut off, by the branches rubbing on
one another, and perhaps by diseases not well
known ; one of which, it is not unlikely, is
constriction of the bark, for where the outer
bark was quite smooth, and apparently
sound, I have found the inner and inmost
bark diseased. In this case, the diseased
part must be entirely cut out, to the wood,
and carried round till you come at sound

inmost bark, as in the case of vermin. If
the disease penetrate to the wood, and go
all round, in the same circle or parallel,
that tree or branch has no chance to live,
it ought therefore to be cut off. If, how-
ever, any part of the wood is fresh, it may
be preserved by putting in a piece of fresh
bark, from another part of the tree, or from
another tree ; or it can be preserved by
another substance, such as a piece of linen
rag, to conduct the sap till a new bark is
generated.

Peeling cannot be of so much service to
wall trees, in regard to the vermin, they
mostly residing and depositing their ova in
the wall, and not in the bark of the tree j
but it is of equal service in regard to the
constriction.

so

The proper season for peeling or taking
off the outer bark is winter, or early in
spring, when the inmost bark adheres firmly
to the wood, and is not easily torn offj
though it may be done at any season, but
requires more caution and dexterity.
'

The best instruments for this operation,
are a cooper's shave or drawing knife,
formed into a triangle (Fig. l.J9 and a
drawing knife somewhat similar to a ferrier's
drawing knife, for the clefts, which can be
easily made of an old sickle (Fig. 2.J.
Many objections have been made to this
practice, because it is new, and in direct
opposition to the opinion of professional
men, which will be taken notice of after-
wards. A special objection has been stated
against peeling of cherry trees, " that it
will cause them gum j" but this is not found-

31

cd on either reason or experience. The
effect is quite the reverse ; it prevents them
gumming, because it removes the constrio
tion, and allows the gum and juices to dis-
perse freely over the tree : whereas, when
the tree-is bark-bound, the gum and juices
cannot disperse over the tree, but must
burst out at some wound, crack, or stump
of a decayed branch. The peeling of cherry
trees, however, requires to be done with a
little more caution than that of pear and
apple trees ; not to cut too deep, nor too late
in the season. On the trunks of old cherry
trees the bark is so thick, that it requires little
dexterity to avoid danger ; and the younger
ones and branches may be relieved by taking
off the transverse bark only ; which is not
difficult to do, as it is not perfectly trans-
verse, but spiral, and winds off like yarn
irom a clue 5 aud the operation may be

32

begun in October, but not continued be*
yond December. We see the cherry and
other stone fruit, as well as the pear and
apple trees, universally burst their bark
and throw off the transverse, which they
never regain, and that they neveVjear well
till they do so.

Notwithstanding this operation, some
vermin may still arise from some part being
missed, or they may come from some other
quarter, and infest the blossom. In this
case I propose sweeping and beating off the
blossom, which not only dislodges immense
numbers of the vermin, but deprives them
of their receptacles.

In beating, the stroke should be sharp,
and $wice or thrice repeated on the same
branch, because the vermin are not easily
dislodged.

33

I have practised this for five successive
years, and have always increased it, sweep-
ing and beating ruder and ruder every year;
and so far from being deterred on account
of knocking off the blossom and young fruit,
I have <m that very account been encour-
aged to it, both from the produpe, and
observing that the trees in general have too
much blossom. It is not, however, to be
done to every tree at random, for some
trees in some seasons do not require it ; this
seems to depend on the species of the tree,
and the time of blossom. If the time of
blossom is before or after the season of the
vermin, for they too have their season, the
fruit may escape ; hence it happens, that
sometimes the early, sometimes the late,
and sometimes the intermediate, is the best
crop. The same thing may happen from
the weather, but this we cannot remedy,
E

34"

and it certainly would be improper to sweep
a tree of spare blossom, not infested.
There is much less danger of destroying the
sound fruit by sweeping and beating, than
could a priori be imagined : the diseased,
losing its hold, falls easier to the Jb^ush or
stroke.

The operation of sweeping and beating
should be begun as soon as any symptoms
of vermin appear ; that is, the curling of
the blossom and leaves near the trunk and
large branches, and should be continued
every day, or every other day, till the fruit
is fairly set, or the season of the vermin
past. I say fairly set, because it often hap-
pens that the fruit is destroyed, and falls
off, after it is apparently set, and thus de-
ceives the husbandman, and blasts his
hopes.

35

With regard to wall trees, they cannot
so well be beat, but they can be easily
swept. It is not my object to take notice
of different kinds of walls, but I believe the
best will have crevices, where the vermin
deposit ^%feeir ava ; it will therefore be
necessary to sweep the wall carefully and
completely before the blossom opens ; which
will in a great measure prevent their depre-
dations. If, notwithstanding, they attack
the blossom, it likewise must be swept off.
The use of sweeping, so far as relates to the
vermin, will in a great measure be super-
seded by the practice of peeling.

«

The next cause is constriction of the

bark. This appears to be a more frequent
disease, and more dangerous than is com-
monly imagined. It is indicated by the un-
equal growth of the tree, in all parts, and

36

most commonly between the stock and
graft ; by the tree swelling more where the
bark has been cut, or torn off by accident ;
by the canker, indurations, contractions,
,and rotting of the bark appearing in differ-
ent parts of the tree ; by the bar*,: ^rending
of its own accord ; by the inner bark rend-
ing after the outer bark has been taken off,
frequently in the very instant, and often not
stopping at the peeled part, but running a
great way above, bursting both inner and
outer bark. This completely shows that
the disease rests in the outer bark.

In this case a longitudinal incision, or a
partial peeling, may prove a cure ; but it is
more certain and complete to peel all round,
from the surface of the earth, or rather a
little below it, where the bark is soft and
yielding, the whole trunk and larger

3T

branches, as far as the bark will admit of
division.

If the bark bound the tree like a
hoop or cord, by being fixed only at the
two end&>ji longitudinal incision would be
a complete cure ; but as the bark is fixed
all round, such a cure must be very incom-
plete. It may, however, be useful on the
branches of wall trees, where the flower buds
are thick, and cannot be easily peeled, with-
out destroying these. It may likewise be
of considerable service on cherry trees,
where the stricture depends chiefly on the
transverse bark, which, being more lightly
attached to the longitudinal than that of
pear and apple trees, when cut, sometimes
separates itself all round. This disease, or
rather cause of diseases, is of the most se-
rious nature, because it always increases it-

38

self. The bark, losing its health along with
that of the tree, becomes tougher, which
makes the stricture still stronger.

It may perhaps be thought necessary I
should inform at what age, that,.y4 the ear-
liest period, the trees should be peeled. It
is difficult to fix a particular date for differ-
ent species, varieties," soils, and situations;
some species and varieties growing faster
than others, and all growing faster or slower,
according to the soil and situation. It must
therefore be regulated by the symptoms of
constriction before mentioned, or as soon as
the bark will admit of division. As the tree
advances in age, the bark thickens and har-
dens ; the peeling therefore must be carried
further up every year.

The practice of grafting shews that a

39

stricture takes place very early ; for I be-
lieve it will seldom succeed where the graft
is more than one year old ; and as it is bet-
ter preventing diseases than curing them, it
may be proper to remove the outer bark
before atij^f these symptoms appear ; I
have accordingly done so to a number of
trees, (pear and apple,) of two years old,
which have both produced fruit, and grown
well to the wood.

A little time, and further observation, may
however determine this question with ma*
thematical accuracy, as far as relates to the
different kinds of trees % but whatever the
exact proportion may be, it will be in an in-

* I see no impossibility but soil may be applied to
this rule.

40

verse ratio to the power of the transverse
bark; hence the operation will require to
be performed much earlier on pear and
apple, than on cherry trees.

The last cause I have to take^otice of is
superabundant blossom. This cause oper-
ates in two ways in rendering the tree bar-
ren ; by affording more receptacles and
lodging for the vermin ; and by requiring
more nourishment than the tree can give, so
that the fruit either perishes for want of
support, or is destroyed by the increase of
the vermin, occasioned by the decay of the
blossom. For it is observable, that, in this
case, when the fruit sets unequally, there is
some chance of a tolerable crop ; and if this
did not often happen, the blossom being
generally so abundant, I am of opinion we
seldom would have any fruit ; but where it

41

sets equally, there is little or no chance.
The reason of this appears to be, that, when
some get the start of others, they draw the
nourishment to themselves ; in consequence
the others quickly die, by which more sup-
port is gfo$n to the living : but when they
all partake equally, the whole nourishment
is exhausted, and the whole fruit perishes.
This may be exemplified by supposing a
ship at sea with one hundred men, and one
months provisions, but by stress of weather
she is driven out of her course, and they
find it will be two months before they can
reach port. It is clear, that, by throwing fifty
men overboard, fifty lives would be saved,
because one month's provisions for one hun-
dred men, will serve fifty men two months.
In this case it might be reckoned cruel, and
the men might be put on short allowance,
but we cannot apply this cruelty to trees,

42

and we do not yet know of any method of
putting them on short allowance ; and if we
did, it is not likely they would thrive ; for
we find that even other animals cannot suf-
fer equal privations and viscissitudes with
man : besides, where is the port>fc&ey are to
get supply ? The tree therefore ought to be
relieved early, by destroying a part of the
fruit.

As I do not know what this superabun-
dant blossom is owing to, (but it appears
to be a very general, if not universal law of
nature, to provide for loss. This is observ-
able in the animal world, as well as the ve-
getable ; and though we cannot understand
the reason, the fact is certain) so I cannot
propose a preventative : but the indications
of cure will be, to diminish the quantity
of fruit, which may be done by cutting off

43

a number of the branches, and sweeping off
the fruit, when in blossom ; and to increase
the quantity of nourishment by peeling ;
but this is only limited, and a radical cure
still remains a desideratum. I expect,
howevej, that the practice of peeling will
soon throw some light on this subject.

There is an objection to the practice of
cutting off the branches, though stated here,
and common among gardeners, which they
say they do because the tree has too much
wood -, but I never could learn from them
the meaning of this phrase. It is true they
say it is because the tree does not bear fruit,
but they do not inform us how the quantity
of wood should prevent the tree from bear-
ing fruit.

How far this practice has succeeded with

44

them I know not, nor do I know whether
they have made a distinction between trees
of a spare and profuse blossom ; but I know
that I have a number of trees very thick of
wood, which bear very great crops j but all
these have a very spare blossom ? and I
likewise know, that it is of advantage to the
crop in this climate, where the fruit is so
often destroyed by the inclemency of the
weather, for a tree to be thick of wood;
for I have often observed the fruit of a
thick-wooded tree destroyed on that point
of the compass whence the storm proceed-
ed, and preserved on the opposite side, when
that of the thin-wooded tree was destroyed
altogether.

These observations, without any comment,
were given in to the Caledonian Horticul-
tural Society, on the 1st September, 1812,

45

to be read at their meeting, on the 8th of
that month, when the author was present to
have given any explanation that might have
been required, as far as he was able, and
that any of the members of that Society
might J^ave an opportunity of seeing the
effects of* 'the operation, when the fruit was
upon the trees. As that was not done, for
reasons best known to themselves, and fear-
ing it might share the same fate if given to
any other particular society, he resolved to
give it to the world at large, where he still
had hopes it had a chance to meet with some
more friendly, and, though a stranger , might
be taken in. But, as in this case, he could
not be present with every one into whose
hands it might come, it became necessary
to enter into some explanation.

As many inquiries are made how I was

46

led to this practice, I find it necessary to
give some account of it.

First of all, then, I was led to it by a say-
ing I had frequently heard, " that May
mists were injurious to the fruij^' As I
never either admit or reject a common
opinion without evidence, I set about satis-
fying myself by observation, when I found
it in some measure just. The next thing
that occurred to me was, in what manner it
became injurious.

Upon examining the blossom, I found a
small worm in almost every one, which had
not shed off, as in dry windy weather, but
had curled together, and formed a nidus
for the vermin ; not but the vermin settling
in the blossom will produce this effect, but

47

moist weather is certainly more favourable
for it.

f I next inquired whence the vermin pro-
ceeded. By observing that the blossom
nearest*tJ)£ trunk and large branches was
first attacked, I concluded that the vermin
came from the tree itself. I was farther
confirmed in this opinion by observing that
the old trees were more infested than the
young, and that all the trees were first and
most infested nearest the root, where the
bark was most cracked and rent.

In putting it to the test, I found it put
beyond all manner of doubt : for, in per-
forming the operation of peeling, I discov-
ered thousands of the ova of these insects,
which, as appears by a miscroscope, are a

48

beautiful transparent globe, perhaps the
most perfect in nature.

I frequently found the worm which had
deposited them along with them, sometimes
alive, but oftener dead : and I £>aiid them
generally so securely lodged under the outer
bark, sometimes in the inner and inmost,
and even into the wood, that I saw no pos-
sible means of destroying them but by
taking off the outer bark, and even the in-
most, and part of the wood, where they had
penetrated so far. The only obstacle that
now presented itself was, the danger of kill-
ing the tree, and thus rendering the cure
worse than the disease. This, however, I
considered as nothing but a common preju-
dice, which required nothing but courage
to oppose, because I had every encourage-
ment nature could hold out to me. I had

49

long observed that the tree was nourished
principally by the juices circulating between
the bark and wood.

Experiments have been made in different
countries ^ascertain how trees were nou*
rished and received their increment ; but
none of these, so far as I know, were con-
clusive, or could possibly be so. These
experiments were, barking the trees ; by
which it was found that the trees all died in
three years after. But this, so far from
warranting their conclusion, (that the trees
are nourished solely from the bark, and re-
ceived their increment by the periligneum
being every year converted into, and conso-
lidated with, the rest of the wood,) that it
sets it completely aside ; because, if the
trees had been nourished solely by the bark,
they could not have lived three years ; and

G

50

*

that they do not receive their increment in
the above manner, requires no experiment
to determine ; for every body knows that
the trees acquire their increment in that
season of the year when the periligneum is
separated from the wood by th^s^p. Be-
sides, nothing can be more evident, than
that the wood is possessed of sap vessels,
or tubes. This can be shown by a very

simple experiment : take a piece of a branch,

•
or the like, bark it clean, and put^ne end

into the fire, the tubes or sap vessels being
contracted at that end, and the sap rarified
by the heat, will be seen to pass off at the
other end in the form of steam, or fluid,
according to the density of the wood. And
there are some, as the cane, which have
these tubes so large, that water will readily
pass through them. So that, all that their
experiments could determine was, that the

51

bark is necessary to the life and growth of
the tree. There can be no doubt, however,
that the tree receives its increment chiefly
from the juices circulating between the
wood and periligneum ; for we observe that
a new ting or stratum of wood is added
every year to the circumference of the old
wood : how this is done, is more difficult to
understand ; but we know that solids are
formed from water and the finest fluids, by
a deposition of minute particles, as in petri-
faction and ossification, and it is highly pro-
bable that the wood is formed in the same
manner, the old wood serving as a nucleus.

I had observed the bark crack and rend
in a thousand places, which I could not
conceive to be any thing but an effort of
nature to throw off an incumbrance.

52

I observed that where she had succeeded^
there was a fresh, healthy bark below, and
the tree or branch healthy : but where she
had failed, the outer bark stuck into the
inner like a dry hardened scab in the ani-
mal body, till by its pressure i^ htid stopt
the circulation, destroyed the inmost bark,
and materially injured the health of the
tree or branch ; and where it went all round,
killed it entirely. I had frequently observ-
ed a very small portion of the inmost bark,
alone, preserve a tree or large branch alive
and healthy. I observed that the trans
verse bark was always, sooner or later, de-
stroyed by nature, and never again replaced,

'

I had that universal law of nature, that
man is to live by industry, " By the sweat
of thy brow shalt thou earn thy food," and
I did not conceive that we were to have

53

fruit without labour, more than any other
crop.

By the indications of constriction before-
mentioned, I was led to the practice of
peeling In, general.

»

Since I commenced this practice, many
objections have been made to it by profes-
sional men. First, the trees were all to be
killed by the cold of winter, " starved to
death." Seeing they survived this, they
were all to be burnt up 'with the heat of
summer. Finding they withstood this also,
they were all to die in three years of a
fingering illness. The third year is now
arrived, and they are neither dead nor sick,
but more healthy than ever, and promised
a good crop, which I have no doubt they

54

would have performed as they had done the
two last years bygone, had it not been for
the extreme severity of the weather, in the
time of blossom and setting. And several
trees of great age, with which every means
proposed by professional nieiyhiid been
used, but never bore fruit, have, since peel-
ed, produced very good crops. In corrobo-
ration of what I here state from my own
knowledge, I beg leave to insert a paragraph
from a letter I received from a respectable
gentleman in the neighbourhood of Glas-
gow: —

u Mr PATRICK LYON,

LANCEFJELDJ near Glasgow, 15th March 1813.
« Dear Sir, '

<c It gives me much pleasure to inform
you of an experiment made in imitation of

55

the one with which I saw you engaged, ift
December, 1811.

** When I came home, I caused a cutler

make me an instrument similar to the one

/

you shewed me, for barking your trees, andr
commenced my operations 'on an old Scotch
Carnock, with a very hard and corrugated
bark, which regularly produced plenty of
blossom, but seldom or ever any fruit. I
began among the small branches near the
top, and continued working downwards,
destroying in my progress many thousands
of insects, with their eggs. Most of the
professional men blamed me for spoiling a
good tree. In spring it produced a profu-
sion of flowers, which they declared useless,
and the last it would ever shed. In autumn,
however, it yielded as much fine fruit as it
could possibly carry. The bark is now in

56

a healthy and vigorous state, and the tree

has every appearance of bearing a large crop
this season.

(Signed) <c JAMES HARDIE, Jun."

Another argument has been Brought for-
ward against the practice of peeling, "that
nature would not have given the bark, had
it not been for some useful purpose." This
is certainly true, when applied to sound in-
most bark, because it is so essential that the
tree cannot live without it ; as the juices
which nourish the tree are carried on be-
tween it and the wood : but it is difficult
to conceive the use of dry hardened scabs :
and though the whole bark may be neces-
sary at an early period to carry on the cir-
culation, as it is then very thin and yield-
ing, and cannot much injure the tree by its

57

stricture ; yet, at a more advanced period,
it seems not only unnecessary, but hurtful.

So the food that is necessary for the
young animal, is not only unnecessary, but
unfit fof the old. And it may be observed,
that the transverse bark, which is the prin-
cipal cause of almost all the maladies of
fruit trees, is always destroyed by nature,
and never replaced.

We do not suppose that nature gives any
thing in vain ; but we see, as in the trans-
verse bark, and in the blossom, that when
she has served her purpose, she throws them
aside ; and when we observe her too weak,
or too tardy, it is4 our duty to assist her.
But the vanity of man makes him think that
nothing is of use in nature but what is for
his own. He fancies the earth was made
H

58

for him. The sun and moon were made
for him, and the stars are only as so many
brass nails to adorn the roof of his carriage.
Further, if we are not to venture to take off
the bark because nature has given it, we
ought not to root out weeds, because nature
has given them also ; and why destroy the
vermin ? They too are the gift of nature. If
we were to follow out this mode of reason-
ing, where would it lead us ? Nature could
have produced crops without weeds, and
fruit without trees. She could have pro-
duced the fruits of the earth without tilling
and sowing : Why not loaves and rolls
ready made, and then there would have
been no occasion for sowers, reapers, mill-
ers, or bakers ? Nay, nature could as easily
have made man to live without food : but
in that state what he would have been we can
have no conception. I can give no other

59

•reason for these productions of nature, than
that they are to make man industrious.
The stricture of tlie outer bark, however,
which gives rise to the greatest part of the
labour on fruit trees, can easily be explain-
ed, wifchout referring to the final cause,
^i

The outer bark forming a greater circle
than the inner, would require to expand
faster, but is prevented, being rendered
more rigid by exposure to the weather, and
is burst by the growth of the tree*. But

* If we were to reason, or rather imagine, like the
medical tribe, we would not suppose that the bark was
burst by the growth of the tree, but that the vis medi-
catrix naturae brought on a spasm or constriction to
remove the constriction.

60

frequently before the tree can overcome the
resistance of the bark, it is materially in-
jured in its health, and when it fails altoge-
ther, dies. It may be observed, from the
straps on wall trees, that a very slight stric-
ture checks the growth of a tree or«branch?
and produces canker.

And it may be observed, that fruit trees
seldom bear well till they burst the bark,
and then they are soon after infested by the
vermin ; so that they never are, at best but
a few years, in what can be called a good
bearing state.

A question has been started, whether the
vermin is the cause or effect of the canker?
The vermin certainly is not the general
cause of the canker, though I believe they
may sometimes produce it topically j nor is

61

the canker the exciting, but only the pre-
disposing cause of the vermin; as is the
rending of the bark, wounds, injuries, &c.
and I do not find that these produce even
topical canker, in a tree not bark-bound.
So woffnds on the animal body in good
habit, heal up without any bad consequence ;
whilst, on a bad habit, the slightest scratch
often becomes serious, and sometimes fatal.

The stricture of the bark, however, must
be viewed in a very different light ; for it is
undoubtedly the general cause of the
canker, by not allowing the juices to dis-
perse freely over the tree, which bursting
out at any weak part, form with the bark,
this ragged substance called canker. For
we know, that all stagnant animal and ve-
getable juices, when exposed to the air, are
much given to putrefaction, and communi-

62

cate it to, and promote it in, other bodies.
Accordingly, we observe the sap of the tree
first breaking out like sweat upon the sur-
face of the bark, soon corroding the outer
bark, next communicating the disease to
the periRgneum and the wood.^

Sometimes contractions, indurations, and
rotting of the bark, are. produced without
this ragged appearance, which are equally
dangerous, as they are effects of the same
cause.

And it will be found that the disposi-
tion of the trees to canker, is, ceteris paribus,
in proportion to the transverse strength or
power of the bark, i. e. the aggregate power
of the transverse baric, and the transverse
cohesion of the longitudinal, taken toge-
ther. So the disposition to canker will be,

63

as the transverse power of the respective
barks to the force exerted by the growth ot
the tree. This force it will be difficult to
ascertain ; but it cannot be thought irra-
tional to suppose it, under similar circum-
stances^ nearly the same. This seems to
be supported 'by what follows.

The relative powers of the different barks
can be ascertained pretty accurately, when
it will be found that the trees most given to
canker, and those which continue longest
in an apparent healthy state, without bear-
ing, have the strongest bark transversely,
and that those which have the weakest bark
transversely, are the greatest bearers, and
least given to canker.

This both accounts for the canker, and
€* how full-grown fruit trees, especially

64

some of the finer sorts of French pears,
which, though apparently in a very healthy
and luxuriant condition, are yet in a state
of almost total barrenness." For the very
cause which, at last, destroys them altoge-
ther, preserves them longer in thh appa-
rent healthy state, viz. the ''strength and
firmer cohesion of the bark, which con-
tinues to stretch longer without bursting,
and forming residence for the vermin, than
those of weaker cohesion ; yet they are
really and truly bark-bound, which prevents
them receiving that nourishment fit for
bearing fruit. And it may be observed,
that these trees, though they may continue
for a number of years in this apparent
healthy state, at last break out into one
universal canker.

As the stricture of the bark is the cause

65

of the barrenness and canker of these trees,
is it not probable that it is also the cause of
their fruit not coming to maturity in this
climate ? the cold contracting the sap
vessels and rendering the bark more rigid.
And thtfugh we cannot suppose any means
can supply the place of climate > yet they
may assist, to some degree ; hence it is not
irrational to conclude, that taking off the
outer bark may be a means of maturing
these fruits better. I have not had suffi-
cient experience to speak fully on this
point; but I certainly had finer fruit of
these kinds, than I had been accustomed to
see, or that these trees ever produced be-
fore they were peeled, and a much greater
quantity, though every means hitherto used
had been tried; and accordingly we find
these trees bear better, and are less given

66

to canker, upon the wall, than on stand-
ards.

I have made a few trials of the relative
strength of different barks. For example,
the beurre, (yellow) an indifferent fear, but
a great bearer, and little given to canker ;
the French bergamot, a very fine pear, but
very shy bearer, frequently continues long
in an apparent healthy and luxuriant con-
dition, but almost totally barren. Taking,
then, the power of bark of the beurre for
1. that of the French bergamot will be
1,7142 fere, or as 7 to 12, almost a dupli*
cate ratio.

But when the transverse bark, on which
the stricture chiefly depends, is taken by
itself, the difference will be found still
greater: thus, taking the power of the

67

transverse bark of the beurre for 1. that of
the French bergamot will be 2.1666, or as
6 to 13 ; that of the jargonell will be 2.2,
or as 5 to 1 1 ; that of the muscat, (a tree
very much given to canker,) will be 2.8, or
5 to 14T; that of the longueville will be 2.8,
or as 5 to 14.

Any person may make as many experi-
ments of this kind as he pleases, but we
think these sufficient to establish the gene-
ral principle. Perhaps some species of trees
may be more given to canker, in some soils
and situations, and other in others ; but
this can make no alteration either in the
rule or practice ; and it is believed that
those on which the above experiments were
made, are much given to canker and bar-
renness, in every soil and situation, in this
climate. And on several hundred of trees,

68

of many different kinds, and of all ages, not
one bit of canker is to be found, where the
outer bark has been taken off, some three
years past, some two, and some one.

-

From these observations, no doubt can
remain, that the stricture of the bark is the
cause of the canker, indurations, contrac-
tions, rotting, vermin, &c. The radical
cure, therefore, will be, to remove the
stricture, by taking off the outer bark,
which I have found confirmed by ex-
perience; and I have found this practice
not only answer all the expectations I had
formed of it, but far exceed them. I ex-
pected to render the tree more healthy, and
I expected to increase the quantity of fruit ;
but experience has shewn, that it will not
only increase the -quantity, but also improve
the quality 5 that it will renovate the old

trees, and promote the growth of the young j
and that it will bring old trees, which be-
fore were always barren, and young ones,
sooner into a state of bearing. And I have
every reason to believe, that it will make
the tr£ks bear every year, by converting
the wood buds into fruit buds ; for almost
all those trees which were peeled three years
ago,, have had two very abundant crops,
and promised equally well this year, but
were blasted in the blossom, by the severity
of the weather ; and there were innumer-
able instances of strong healthy blossom on
the wood of last year, upon trees of all ages,
and many different species, some of them,
notwithstanding the inclemency of the sea-
son, bearing fruit. And, however strange
it may appear, it is a fact, that I have had
instances of these trees bearing fruit on the
wood, of the current year, and coining to

70

maturity, though late in the season, and
have of these on their way at present*

When the trees are peeled, they send out
numerous young healthy shoots from the
trunk and large branches, whi&i will
come to bear fruit before the old ones
fail *, and thus give a constant supply,
without the loss of time, as in the com-
mon way of cutting down and grafting :

* Fig. 3, a swan egg pear tree, 100 years old, which
has been for several years past in a complete state of
decay. The young healthy shoots upon the trunk and
large branches, as far as peeled, not one of which died
in winter ; and those of the present year are too numer*
ous to be represented on a superficies. Some of these
of the current year measure 3 feet 9 inches in length,
and 2f inches in circumference, and have sent out

71

whereas unpeeled trees seldom send out
young shoots from the trunk and large
branches ; and when they do, these seldom
come to any perfection, but generally die
the first winter ; because, from the stricture
of the Itark, they c[p n°t receive the proper
nourishment, and are festered at the root,
or offset, by the vermin and rotten bark of
the trunk or branch from which they grow.

These shoots may be very useful for
grafting and budding, as the trees produce
them in such abundance, and very strong,
and as young shoots are often very difficult
to be found on old trees.

branches 1 foot 3 inches long. Most of the trees have
pearly the same appearance, and making wood at the
extremities of the bearing branches.

72 i

Some have imagined, that these shoots
from the trunk and large branches of peel-
ed trees, would hurt the growth on the ex-
tremities. This at first sight appears a ra-
tional supposition, but experience has shewn
the reverse ; for these trees which have sent
out thousands of these shoots, have grown
more on the extremities since, than they
had done for many years before.

The reason of this appears to be, that, by
removing the stricture of the bark, a freer
circulation of the juices is given, to nourish
every part ; and accordingly I have found
those trees sending out innumerable shoots
from the trunk and large branches, growing
well at the extremities, and bearing fruit
abundantly at the same time.

It is said that all efforts which have

73

hitherto been made to propagate healthy
trees, of those varieties which have long
been in cultivation, have been entirely un-
successful ; that the grafts grow well for two
or three years, after which they become
canker£fl and mossy.

I have not had time or opportunity to
know whether the same consequence will
follow the young shoots from the trunk and
large branches of peeled trees ; but as these
shoots are themselves healthy, and the trees
from which they are taken rendered heal-
thy by the peeling, it is, I think, highly
probable that they will continue to grow
healthy when grafted upon new stocks,.

If this should succeed, those finer varie-
ties which are said to be wearing out, may
be preserved,

K

74

If we may be allowed to reason from
analogy, we have every reason to believe
that the offspring of these trees will be
healthy. For we know, that, in the animal
system, whilst the parent labours under
certain diseases, the offspring wilFbe in-
fected ; but after the parent is completely
free from the disease, the offspring will be
as free as if the parent had never laboured
under such disease.

If it is true, which I believe cannot be
denied, that the roots of fruit trees are more
durable than the trunk and branches, we
have every reason to conclude, that the
shoots, grafted upon the roots, will be a
means of preserving these varieties to a
later date than any that has hitherto been
adopted, so far as I know. And I see np

75

reason why they may not be preserved to
the end of time, as well as that of animals.

These shoots will be very beneficial in
re-thickening old trees, which have become
so thin of wood as to afford no protection
against the fruit-destroying blasts.

I am aware of an obstacle which will oc-
cur to many : that the bark will again
thicken, and become rigid, by exposure to
the weather ; but this is only the longitudi-
nal, whose cohesion is preserved by the
transverse, which, when once destroyed,
either by nature or art, is never again re-
placed : so that the same degree of stricture
can never after take place ; nor can the like
receptacles be formed for the vermin. The
longitudinal bark, when freed of the trans-
verse, always rending freely and open,
leaves no cover.

76

It is not, however, to be imagined that
any means can be devised to enable the
fruit to resist perfectly every possible attack
of the weather, or supply the place of cli-
mate ; but if any means can be discovered
to make it stand the storm better^ it is
doing something. And if we can render
the tree more healthy, the blossom will be
stronger, to resist the attack of the vermin j
and if one kind of weather is more favour-
able to vermin than another, we may,
therefore, properly say, that these means
defend the tree and blossom against the
weather. But will not a tree which is strong
and healthy, resist the direct inclemency of
the weather better than one which is weak
and sickly ? which we consider as a predis-
ponent cause. So the cold wax does not
yield to the seal, but melted, receives the
impression from the slightest touch* Not

77

that it is to be imagined that we can re-
move completely, all the causes which de-
stroy fruit ; and if we could, it is more than
probable it would cost us more labour to
destroy the superabundant produce, than to
moderate the effects of the destroying
causes. Besides, it does not appear, though
we could remove all these causes complete-
ly, either proper or necessary so to do.
For, as every part of the creation, from the
highest planet to the lowest invisible in-
sect, vegetable and atom, seems dependent
on another, it cannot be thought absurd to
suppose that nature provides for loss in
every individual part to support another.
If it were otherwise, that beautiful harmony
and connection between the parts which
now exists, would be lost. But here we
must stop, because we can never trace the
chain of cause and effect to the extremity,

78

either above or below, nor understand the
prime and moving cause of all things ; but
if we can trace the causes of good and evil,
so far as to enable us to promote the effects
of the one, and prevent those of the other,
we ought to be satisfied. In this vievr it be-
comes a necessary law of nature, that one
part of the creation should, to a certain ex-
tent, destroy another. So, even the vermin
may be necessary to destroy, to a certain
extent, the produce of fruit trees. But
when those become too numerous, and too
powerful, it is the business of man to pre-
serve the balance ; and this seems to be
all he has to do, and all he can do — to
check the operations of nature, when too
violent, and to support and assist them
when too weak ; and ,for this purpose na-
ture has endowed him with superiorjpowers.
By destruction, it must be understood I

79

mean only change of form and place ; ab-
solute destruction or annihilation is non-
sense. " Omnia mutantur, nihil intent"

If trees, like animals, exhale any thing
bythe surface, noxious to themselves, as
they certainly inhale something salubrious
from the atmosphere, removing the rough,
corrugated, dry bark, may be as necessary
to their health, in these respects too, as
cleanliness is to that of animals.

Quere, May not forest trees be peeled with
advantage ? especially the oak, whose bark is
so valuable in manufacture, and whose wood,
to the wealth and defence of the nation ? but
which last is lost, being cruelly cut down
for the sake of his bark before he is fit for
this service. I had no forest trees to prac-
tise upon, but I have as little doubt of the

80

result, as I had of that of fruit trees, which
will be not only to preserve the oak till he
is fit for ship-building, but likewise increase
the quantity of both wood and bark.

FINIS,

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KERB'S VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.

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Or, DICTIONARY of ARTS, SCIENCES, and MISCELLANEOUS
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PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS.

A TREATISE ON NEW PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, for va-
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This Volume contains the description and method of using a variety of
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This Work contains also an extensive set of experiments on light and
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dpjjrtftieuiuthia volume are made and sold by Messrs W. Harris and Coijft-
pany, 50, High Holborn, London.

M'CRIE'S LIFE OF KNOX.

The LIFE of JOHN KNOX : containing Illustrations of the History of
the Reformation in Scotland ; with biographical Notices of the principal
Reformers, and Sketches of the Progress of Literature in Scotland, du-
ring a great Part of the Sixteenth Century, to which is subjoined an Ap-
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By THOMAS M'CRIE, D.D. Minister of the Gospel, Edinburgh. Second
Edition, corrected and greatly enlarged, in 2 Volumes Octavo, with Por-
traits of KNOX and REGENT MURRAY. Price 11. is. boards.

" How unfair, and how marvellously incorrect these representations (of
Knox's character) are, m?iy be learned from tbe perusal of the work before
us ; — a work which has afforded us more amusement and more instruction, than
any thin.; we ever read upon the subject ; am\ which, independent of its theo«
logical merits, we do not hesitate to pronounce by far the best piece of history
whii h has appeared since the commencement of our critical career. It is ex"-
tremely accurate, learned) and concise, and at the same time very full of spirit
and animation ; exhibiting, as it appears to us, a rare union of the patient re-
search and sober judgment which characterize the more laborious class of
historians, with the boldness of thinking, and force of imagination which is
sometimes substituted in their place. It affords us very great pleasure to bear
this public testimony to the merits of a writer who has been hitherto unknown,
we believe, to the literary world, either of this or the neighbouring country ;
— of whom, or of whose existence at least, though residing in the same city
with ourselves, it never was our fortune to have heard till his volume was pnt
into our hands; and who in his first emergence from the humble obscurity in
which he has pursued and performed the duties of his profession, has presented
the world with a work which may put so many of his contemporaries to the
blush, for the big promises they have broken, and the vast opportunities they
have neglected."— EDINBURGH REVIEW, No. XXXIX.

'* Every page of his book gives full testimony that the writer of it is, by na-
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ligious liberty. He is a learned man, and an independent thinker " — " No
Scotsman should ever pronounce the name of Knox without veneration and
gratitude. Beyond all question or controversy, be was the greatest benefactor
to his native country whom her history records."— CHRISTIAN OBSERVER,
January 1813.

Boohs printed for William Blacfauood, Edinburgh.
LESLIE ON HEAT AND MOISTURE.

A short Account of i?xperiments and Instruments, depending on the Rela-
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SOMERVILLF/S SERMONS.

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Octavo, price 10s. 6d. boards.

The following Works by the same Author.

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II. The History of Great Britain during the Reign of Queen Anne.
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SCOTTISH ADVENTURERS.

THE SCOTTISH ADVENTURERS ; OR THE WAY TO RISE. An
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By the same Author,

I. Poems. The Third Edition, corrected and enlarged, beautifully printed
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WILLDENOW'S BOTANY.

THE PRINCIPLES OF BOTANY, AND OF VEGETABLE PHYSIO-
LOGY. Translated from the German of D. C. WILLDENOW. A New
Edition, with the Author's last Corrections and Improvements. In one
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" We have not hitherto had any introductory botanical treatise which
comprehends all the branches of botanical knowledge. Lee's Introduction
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an explanation of the system of Linnaeus, and of terms employed by him.
Berkenhout's Botanical Lessons is nothing more than an explanation of the
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likewise gives a very full account of the different natural and artificial sys-
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the Continent, contains almost every thing connected with botany.

" Upon the whole, however, it is our duty to say, that the same diligence
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•wish to become acquainted with the science, as the most complete intro-
ductory treatise on the subject hitherto published."—
No. XXI.

1

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FLOWER DRAWING.

PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR LEARNING FLOWER-DRAW-
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EX TENTAMINIBUS METR1CIS Puerorum in Schola Regia Edinensi
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SOR CUVIER. By ROBERT KERR, F.R.S. and F.A.S. Ecm.

10

Boobs printing for Williant Blacktuood, Edinburgh.
THE

ESSAYES OF A PRENTISE,

IN THE

DIVINE ART OF POESIE.

Imprinted at Edinbrugh, by Thomas Vautrouillier. — 1584.
CUM PRIVILEGE REGALI, 4TO.

The POEMS of KING JAMES VI. (I.) of which the present Volume
contains the First Essays, though in point of merit they do not rank very
high, will always be considered curious and interesting, not only on account
of the high rank of the author, but as exhibiting a specimen of what he re-
garded the essence of poetry and criticism. As a royal poet, though he
must yield the palm to his ancestoi s, King James I. and V , he certainly
excels his predecessors and successors on the throne of England The
most curious and valuable article in the volume, is the " Treatise on the
Airt of Scottis Pbesie," which unfolds rules, the observation of which he
considered essential in the composition of verse. With some petfe... 7 they
display considerable learning, and are constructed on the best modejs^tbiiL.,
by the excellent Scottish poets who preceded him. This publication is not
included in the folio edition of the works of James I., and is at present
very seldom to be met with. Thece considerations have induced the pub-
lishers to offer a new edition to the public, exhibiting a perfect fac simile
of that of 1584. A Memoir, containing Strictures and Observations on
the Work, and Remarks explanatory of the ** Revlis and Cautelis to be
obseruit and eschewit in Scottis Poesie," will be prefixed, and the Editor
hopes to be enabled to illustrate the subject from some unpublished MSS.

The number proposed to be printed is limited to One Hundred, and it is
requested that persons who wish to possess the work will send in their
names as early ?>s possible to the publishers, WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, and
JOHN BALLANTYNE and Co. Edinburgh.

LETTING OF HVMORS.

The LETTING of HVMORS BLOOD in the HEAD-VAINE. With a
new Morissco, daunced by seuen Sutyres, vpon the bottome of Diogenes
Tubbe. Imprinted at London by W. W. 161 1.

*#* " The curiosity of the present age has been much directed towards the
fugitive pieces of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. both as illustrating
obscure passages of Shakespeare, and of our earlier dramatists, and as con-
taining an authentic record of the private life of our forefathers. This little
work will be found to gratify, in no common degree, the curioua antiqua-
ry who investigates these subjects; and as the original volume is rare, and
bears a high price among collectors, it is hoped that the present very limited
impression may rehder the knowledge which it contains accessible to some
•who may not have an opportunity to consult the original edition. A very
few notes are added, less with the purpose of illustrating the epigrams and
satires, than of shewing, in some degree, their connection with the literature
and domestic history of the age in which they were written.

" The literary merit of a rare work is a postponed object of enquiry to the
Bibliomaniac; but even in this point of view something may be said for the
credit of our unknown author. He anatomises in his rugged numbers the
follies of the time in which he lived with a satirical force not inferior to that
of Hall or Donne."— Editor's Preface.

APOCRYPHA TO MACKLIN'S BIBLE.

MESSRS CADELL and DAVIES respectfully inform the possessors of
the magnificent edition of the SACRED SCRIPTURES, published by the
late Mr MACKLIN, that it will shortly be completed by the publication of
the APOCRYPHA, printed in the same size and manner by Mr BENSLEY,
and forming a volume similar to those of the OLD and NEW TESTA-
MENT.

It will be illustrated with Historical Engravings by Messrs C. Heath, Land-
seer, Bromley, Golding, &c. and head and tail pieces wholly by Mr Land-
seer, from pictures and drawings which were the last work of the late Mr
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No more copies will be printed than are previously subscribed for.

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Subscriptions are received by T. CADELL and W. DAVIES, in the
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MRS MONTAGU'S LETTERS, SECOND PORTION.
LETTERS of Mrs ELIZABETH MONTAGU, with some of the Let-
ters of her Correspondents; Vol. lit. and IV. published by her Executor
and Nephew, MATTHEW MONTAGU, Esq.

DON QUiXOTE,

Splendidly embellished from Pictures by Mr SMIRKE.
This new publication of the celebrated work of CERVANTES will consist
of a revised translation, carefully compared with, and corrected from, the
best editions of the Spanish original, and illustrated by forty engravings, be-
sides head and tail pieces to the several books, by Messrs Heath, Raimbach*
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strong, &c. executed in the most highly-finished manner, from pictures by
Robert Smirke, Esq. R.A. and will be brought forward in four handsome
volumes. A few copies, with proof impressions of the plates on India pa-
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THE ARABIAN ANTIQUITIES OF SPAIN,

By JAMES CAVANAH MURPHY, Architect ; Author of the Description of

Batalha, &c.

This work, elegantly printed in large folio, will consist of numerous en-
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representing the most remarkable remain* of the SPANISH ARABS now
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towers ; courts, halls, and domes; baths, fountains, wells, and cisterns ; in-
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encaustic paintings, and sculptured ornaments; town-houses and villas:
bridges, mills, subterraneous granaries, ccc. accompanied by descriptions of
these various objects; an illustration of the architecture, sculpture, painting,
and Mosaics of the Arabs ; an account of their progress in sciences and arts,
undSr the Eastern and Western Caliphs. To which will be prefixed a ge-
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frorn the earliest accounts to the expulsion of the Moors from Spain.

The first Volume, which is ju;l published, contamb near one hundred en
gravings by Messrs Fittler, Landseer, Ruffe, Porter, Le Keux, Armstrong,
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A number is published every two months, containing six portraits, each
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An extensive preface is contained in the first number ; and t^^gs^together
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list of the subscribers will be printed.

FORSYTES EXCURSION IN ITALY.

REMARKS on ANTIQUITIES, ARTS, and LETTERS, during an Ex-
cursion in Italy in the Years 1802 and 1803. By JOSEPH FoRSYTH,
Esq. in one volume 8vo. price 12s. in boards. Just published.

A NEW MODERN ATLAS, BY JOHN PINKERTON.

The Maps are engraved in the size called Colombier, so as to correspond
•with the vvorks of D'ANVILLE, from drawings executed under Mr PINKER-
TON'S direction ; with all the advantages afforded by the latest improve-
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state of the arts can admit.

It is calculated that the work will be completed in twenty numbers, (fif-
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Copies of each number1 are neatly put together, with the maps carefully
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out any fold, to those who prefer them in that state.

In the last number will be given a geographical memoir, reciting the cha-
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constructed, with directions for a general arrangement.

DR CLARKE'S TRAVELS.— VOLUME THE THIRD.
TRAVELS in various Countries of EUROPE, ASIA, and AFRICA, by

EDWARD DANIEL CLARKE, LL. D. Vol III. elegantly printed in quarto, ,

and illustrated with numerous Engravings.

This volume will form the second section of the Travels in Greece, Egypt,
and the HoJy Land ; completing the second part of the whole work, accord-
ing to the plan originally proposed by the author, and will contain his Voy-
age up the Nile to Grand Cairo, his observations upon the Pyramids of
Dji'za and Saccara; a description of the remains of the City of Sai's, in the
Delta ; an account of the antiquities of Alexandria, particularly of Pompey's
Pillar and the Cryptae of Necropolis ; his subsequent voyage and travels in
Greece, Macedonia, Thrace, &c. &c.

% T. Cadett and W. Davies, Strand, London.

PROFESSOR STEWARTS PHILOSOPHY OF THE HU-
MAN MIND, — VOLUME THE SECOND.

ELEMENTS of the PHILOSOPHY of the HUMAN MIND, by Du-
GALD STEWART, late Professor of Moral Philosophy, and Fellow of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh ; Honorary Member of the Imperial Academy
of Sciences at Petersburg}), and Member of the American Philosophical So-
ciety held at Philadelphia. Volume the Second, in Quarto.

MESSRS LYSONS' MAGNA BRITANNIA;
VOLUME THE SIXTH, CONTAINING CORNWALL.

The Magna Britannia will form a concise topographical account of the
several counties of Great Britain, by the Rev. 'DANIEL LYSON, A.M. F.R.S.
F.A. and L.S. Rector of Rodmorton, Gloucestershire, and SAMUEL LY-
SON, Esq. F.R.S. and F.A.S. Keeper of his Majesty's Records in the Tower
of London. Handsomely printed in 4to. with numerous engravings of maps9
antiquities, &c. &c.

*£* A few copies on imperial paper, with proof impressions.

BRITANNIA DEPICTA — PART VI.
„ , . • 'CONTAINING TWENTY-FOUR VIEWS IN CORNWALL.

A Series of Views of the most interesting and picturesque Objects in the
several Counties of Great Britain, engraved from Drawings by Messrs Fa-
rington, Hearne, Turner, Alexander, Smith, &c.

** * These two last-mentioned works, which illustrate each other, are
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arranged in the same manner, (the counties alphabetically,) and printed on
paper of corresponding size and quality.

LONDON AND WESTMINSTER ; ANCIENT AND MODERN.
Being a general History and' Survey of these Cities, founded principally
upon STRYPE'S edition of Stow ; with Introductions, Notes, and Supple-
ments, bringing the whole down to the time of publication. Elegantly
printed in royal quarto, and illustrated by numerous engravings. A few co-
pies on imperial paper, with proof impressions.

THE HISTORY OF THE CITY OF DUBLIN,

Ecclesiastical, Civil, and Military, from the earliest Accounts to the pre-
sent Period ; with an Appendix, containing a View of the several Charters,
Grants, and Immunities, now extant, and an Abstract of all the Acts of
Parliament relative to the City ; extracted from the national Records, ap-
proved Plistorians, many curious and valuable Manuscripts, and other au-
thentic Materials. By JOHN WARBURTON, Esq. Deputy Keeper of the
Records in Birmingham Tower, and the REV. JAMES WHITELAW, M.R.
I.A. Vicar of St Catherine's in that City, (Author of " An Essay on the Po-
pulation of Dublin.") Handsomely printed in 4to. and illustrated by ancient
and modern maps of-the city, numerous views of the principal buildings, &c.
by the most eminent artists

*# * A few copies are printed on royal paper.

MR HAGGITT ON GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE.

Two Letters to :i Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, upon the Subject
of Gothic Architecture, by the REV. JOHN HAGGITT, Rector of Ditton,
near Cambridge. Just published, in royal 8vo. price 10s. 6d. boards.

MR ADOLPHUS'S POLITICAL STATE OF THE BRITISH

EMPIRE.

A general View of the Domestic and Foreign Possessions of the Crown,
— the Laws, Commerce, Revenues, Offices, and other Establishments, Mi-
litary as well as Civil. By JOHN ADOLPHUS, F.S.A. (Author of" The His-
tory of England, from the Accession of King George III. to the Conclusion
of Peace in the Year 1783,") 4 vols 8vo,

Preparing for Publication by Cadcll and Davies, Strand, London*

MR WES! ALL'S FOREIGN SCENERY.

A Series of Views of Picturesque ana Romantic Scenery in Madeira, the
Cape of Good Hope, Timor, China, Prince of Wale-'s Island, Bombay, Mah-
ratta Country, St Helena, and Jamaica, from Drawings made in those
Countries, by WILLIAM WESTALL, A.R.A. Engraved by the most emi-
nent artists, in the Hue manner, in an uniform size with Messrs Hearneand
Byrne's Antiquities of Great Britain, and each View accompanied by a de-
scriptive account.

** * Two numbers are already published, a third will appear very soon,
and the publication will be continued occasionally.

CULLODEN PAPERS :

Consisting of an extensive and interesting Correspondence from the Year
1 625 to 1748 \ throwing much new light upon that eventful Period of Bri-
tish History, but more particularly-' relating to the Rebellious in 1715 and
1745 ; and including many Letters from the unfortunate Lord Lovat, and
other distinguished Persons of the Time. The whole published from the
Originals in the Possession of DUNCAN FORBES, of CULLODEN, Esq To
which will be prefixed, an Introduction, including Memoirs «i£^h^Right
Honourable Duncan Forbes, Lord President of the Court of Sessi&JHJn
Scotland. Handsomely printed in quarto, and illustrated by engravings ot
a portrait of the Lord President, of Roubiliac's celebrated monument to
his memory, and of fac-similes of the most interesting signatures.

MOSHEIM'S COMMENTARIES, TRANSLATED BvMaViDAL.

COMMENTARIES on the AFFAIRS of the CHRISTIANS before the
Time of CONSTANTINE THE GREAT ; or, An enlarged View of the
Ecclesiastical History of the First Three Centuries. Accompanied with co-
pious Illustrative Notes and References. Translated from the Latin of JOHN
LAURAXCE MosHEiM.DJD. late Chancellor of the University of Gottingen.
By ROBERT STUDLEY VIDAL, Esq KS.A. Just published in 2 vols, 8vo.

price ll- is. boards.

MR HUNTINGFOKD's PINDAR.

PINDARI CARMINA juxta Exemplar Heynianum ; Quibus accesserunt
Notac lieyiiianae; Paraphrases Benediciina ; et Lexicon Pindancum; ex
Integro Darnmii Opere Etymologico excerptum, et justa Serie dispositum:
digessit et edidit HENRICUS HUNTINGFORD, Colfegii Novi apud Oxon.

,Socius. 8vo*

KOX'S CORRESPONDENCE WITH MR WAKEFIELD.

CORRESPONDENCE between the Right Hori CHARLES JAMES
FOX, and the Rev GILBERT WAKEFIELD ; chiefly on Subjects of
Greek Criticism, MTO. Just pubii^fn -.r.'} price 9s. boards.

DR BANCROFT ON PERMANENT COLOURS.

A new and enlarged edition of

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES concerning the Philosophy of PER-
MANENT COLOURS, and the best means of producing them by Dyeing,
Calico Printing, &c. By EDWARD BANCROFT, M.D. F.R.S. in 2 vols 8vo.

FALCONER'S UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY OF THE
MARINE ,:— Improved by DR W. BURNEY.

A copious Explanation of Technical Terms and Phrases employed in the
Construction, Equipment, Furniture, Machinery, Movements, and Military
Operations of Ships ; interspersed with such parts of Astronomy as will be
found useful to Practical Navigators: The whole illustrated with a' variety
of Modern Designs of Shipping, "together with separate Views of their Masts,
Sails, Yards, and Rigging. To which will be annexed a Vocabulary of the
French Sea-terms and Phrases, collected From the works of the most cele-
brated French Writers. Originally compiled by WILLIAM FALCONER, Au-
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the Naval Academy, Gosport. In one volume quarto.

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LORD NELSON.

The LIFE of NELSON. By ROBERT SOUTHEY ; beautifully printed in
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printed in post 8vo, price 15s.

j^*^ Many Lives of Nelson have been written : one is yet wanting, clear
and concise enough to become a Manual for the young Sailor, which he may
carry about with him till he has treasured up the example in his memory and
in his heart. In attempting such a work, the author proposes to himself to
write .*he eulogy of our great naval Hero ; for the best eulogy of Nelson is
— £u faithful history of his actions ; the best history is that which shall relate
them most perspicuously. — —*-*••

THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE,

Or, the INFLUENCE of SCENERY on the MIND and HEART. In Two
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PERSIA.

GEOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR of the PERSIAN EMPIRE ; interspersed
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Envoy to the Court of Persia. Handsomely printed in 4to. 21. 2s. or with
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THE ANTHOLOGIES :

A COLLECTION of the most beautiful POEMS of the Minor Poets of
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PRIVATE LIFE 6FTHE MAHRATTAS.
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MUSEUI\T CRITICUM ;

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early Greek Historians, mentioned by Dionysius Halicarnassus. IV. On
the Middle Voice of the Greek Verb. V. Bibliographical Account of the
Editions of JEschylus. VI. Porsoni Adversaria. VII. Burncy's Phile-
mon. VIII. Gaisford's Account of Dr Clarke's Manuscripts. IX. Bre-
dow's Literae Parisienses. X. Elmsley's Euripides Heraclid*. XI. List
of Classical Books, recently imported.

Booh printed for John Murray, Albemarle* Street, London.

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IEX RECENSIONE PETRI EMLSLEY, A.M. qui Annotationes suas et
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SKETCH OF THE SIKHS;

A singular Nation, who inhabit the Provinces of the Penjab, situated be-
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GALLERY OF ENGRAVINGS.

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SUBSTANCE OF THE SPEECH

Of W. H0SKISSON, Esq. in the House of Commons, in a Committee of
the Whole House, upon the Resolutions proposed by the Chancellor of
the Exchequer respecting the State of the Finances and the Sinking Fund
of Great Britain, on Thursday, the 25th of March, 1813. 8vo. 3s. '

RUSSIAN VOYAGE TO JAPAN.

A VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD, in the Years 1803, 4, 5, and 6; by
the command of his Imperial Majesty, Alexander Lin the Ships Nadesh-
da and Neva : under the Orders of Captain A. J. Von Krusenstern. Tran-
slated from the German, (now printing at Berlin,) by RICHARD BELGRAVE
HOPPNER, Esq. Handsomely printed in One large Volume 4to, with a
Map and other Plates.

%* This Voyage is extremely interesting, not only as being the first ever
undertaken by Russia round the World, but as replete with accurate and va-
luable information. Its principal object was to carry out M. De Resanofl^
Ambassador Extraordinary from the Court of Russia to the Empire of Ja-
pan, with a view of establishing a communication. It contains a particular
account of this Embassy, and an interesting description of the Manners and
Customs of the several Tribes and Nations of the Great Pacific, hitherto so
little known.

FINE ARTS.

EPOCHS of the FINE ARTS. By PRINCE HOARE, Esq. Secretary to the
Royal Academy. Crown 8vo. 15s.

PR^ELECTIONES ACADEMIC OXONII,

HABITUE, AB EDVARDO COPLESTON, S.T.B. Coll. Oriel. Socio, Poe-
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bendario. In One Volume octavo, price 15s. boards.

MR CAMPBELL'S REMARKS ON POETRY.

CRITICAL and BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES of the BRITISH POETS*
with occasional Selections from their Works. By THOMAS CAMPBELL,
Esq. Author of the Pleasures of Hope. Printed uniformly with Mr El-
lis' Specimen?, in 4 vols post Svo,

VALUABLE WORKS

RECENTLY PUBLISHED

BY ROBERT BALDWIN,

47, PATERNOSTER-ROW, LONDON,
AND WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, EDINBURGH.

TRAVELS IN SWEDEN,
During the Autumn of 1812; illustrated by Maps, Portraits, and other

Plates. By THOMAS THOMSON, M.D. F.R.S. L. and E. &c. Elegantly

printed in 4to. Price 2l. -2s.

*#* This Journey, though undertaken by Dr Thomson principally with
a view to Geognostic Researches, which alone in such a country would fur-
nish ample materials for a volume, is by no means confined to that subject.
It enabled the author to obtain much valuable information respecting the
political state and resources of Sweden, so peculiarly interesting at the pre-
sent moment. The work is embellished and illustrated by thirteen piates,
which are, — 1. A Portrait of the Crown Prince. — i^. Portrait of the late
— King Gustavus Ailolphus. — 3. Map of Sweden. — 4. Map of Stockholm. —
5. Map of Gothland. — 6. Map of Nerike. — 7. Map of Sconia — 8. View of
the Mountain Taberg. — 9. View of the Hill Kinnekulle. — 10. The P'alco
Umbrinus.— 11. The Mine of Fahlun.— 12. Section of Ditto.— 13. Geolo-
gical Structure of the Provinces.

The following Works by the same Author,
I.— ANNALS OF PHILOSOPHY,

Or, Magazine of Chemistry, Mineralogy, Mechanics, Natural History, Agri-
culture, and the Arts.

%* This Work is continued in Monthly Numbers, price 2s. 6d. each ; the
first of which appeared in January, 1813. As the best illustration of the
Plan of the Work, a List of the Contents of the five first Numbers is now
printed, and may be had (gratis) of the principal Booksellers of the United
Kingdom.

II.— HISTORY OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY,

From its Institution to the End of the 18th Century, 4to. 2l. 2s.
#% The object of this work is to present an Analysis of the Labours of
the Royal Society from the commencement; to show how far the sciences
are indebted to its institution ; and how much each owes to British, how
much to foreign assistance. Biographical Sketches of many of the most il-
lustrious members are interspersed ; and the Appendix contains two com-
plete Lists of the Fellows of the Royal Society down to the period of its
publication : the one chronologically, the other alphabetically arranged.

PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS.

The PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS of the ROYAL SOCIETY
of LONDON, from their Commencement in 1665 to the Year 1800,
abridged. With Notes and Biographical Illustrations, by CHARLES HUT-
TON, LL.D. F.R.S. GEORGE SHAW, M.D. F.R.S. FL.S. RICHARD
PEARSON, M.D. FS.A. The Work complete, with a copious Index, in
18 vols 4to, with very numerous plates, price 3sl. 6s. 6d. or on large pa-
per, 63l.

The extreme difficulty of procuring a complete set of the TRANSACTIONS
of the ROYAL SO-.FETY, which comprise an unrivalled treasure of facts and
discoveries in every branch of demonstrative and experimental knowledge,
has for a long time caused a reprint of that valuable work to be most eagerly
desired. It has consequently been several times projected, but as often
abandoned on account of the immense exponce which would have attended
the undertaking. At last it was determined to publish an Abridgement of
the Work, but upon a plan which should render it a substitute for the ori-
ginal, as complete as moderate limits and a reasonable price would allow.

Boohs printed for Robert Baldwin, Paternoster-Row, London.

REV. THOMAS SCOTT'S BIBLE.

Thfe HOLY BIBLE, containing the Old and New Testaments, according
to the public Version ; with explanatory Notes, practical Observations,
and copious Marginal References. By "THOMAS SCOTT, Rector of Astorj
Sandford, and formerly Chaplain to the Lock Hospital. In Six vols 4to.
** * More than twenty years have now elapsed since the first edition of this
arduous undertaking was completed ; and the author has been, in a very uncom-
mon degree, favoured by Divine Providence subsequently to superintend three
editions of the work. During that period he has employed a considerable part
of his time in improving on what may properly be called the first hasty rougU
draft, and many years have almost wholly been devoted to it. Of these im-
provements, the Marginal References, an undertaking which exclusively em*
ployed the author full four years as his unremitting labour, may be considered,
as the chief; but his studies having led him to apply to the original languages,
and to a variety of sources of information before unexplored by him, he must
think that the work has been very greatly improved in all respects ; and he
trusts that it is become, in a considerable measure, more adequately entitled to
that favourable reception by which it has been hitherto distinguished.

As very few complete Copies are remaining, the new Edition will proceed
with all possible dispatch ; and to accommodate those persons to whom it
may be convenient to take the work in smaller portions, it is now publish^,,
ing in Parts at 5s. each.

THE DEVOTIONAL FAMILY BIBLE,

With Notes and Illustrations, partly original, and partly selected from the
most approved Expositors, ancient and modern. By JOHN FAWCETT,
D.D. In Two Volumes royal 4to. Price, in boards, 5l. 5s. or elegantly
printed on super-royal paper, 81.

* *# A peculiar and interesting feature of this edition of the Holy Scriptures
consists in the great variety of Devout Aspirations with which the chapters are
closed. As each of these aspirations is the effusion of the author's mind after
studying the chapter to which it is subjoined, they may be considered as aptly
tending to inspire the reader with the Faith, Hope, and Charity, which are the
grand objects of the perusal of the Sacred Volume. The Notes, which are nu-
merous, are the result of the labour of a very long life; and it has been the au-
thor's endeavour to adapt them, by their plainness and simplicity, to the un-
learned reader ; though, from the use he has made of the researches of the most
learned commentators, it is presumed that they will be found not destitute of
interest or utility to the more critical enquirer.

THE REFORMERS' BIBLE.

The HOLY BIBLE, containing the Old and New Testaments, according t»
the authorized Version: with short Notes, by several learned and pious
Reformers, as printed by Royal Authority, at the Time of the Reforma-
tion. With additional Notes and Dissertations. Illustrated by 25 En-
gravings including Maps. In one Volume 4to. Price in boards, si. or
beautifully printed on royal paper with proof impressions of the Plates,
'price 4l 1 6s.

An Apocrypha is printed uniform with the above. Price of the demy paper,
7s. — royai 12s.

* *» The Dissertations prefixed to each Book are written expressly for this
edition; the Notts on the New Testament are those by Theodore Beza; and
those of the Old Testament are such as were affixed to the Bibles published by
authority between the years J5GO and J616t and written by those learned and
pious Reformers who were driven into exile by the persecution of Queen Mary :
on which account the present Work is distinguished by the appellation of THE
REFORMERS' BIBLE.

LIFE OF LUTHER.

TIieLIPE of LUTHER, with an Account of the early Progress of the Re-
formation. By ALEXANDER JBowjER. In One Volume Octavo, price

12s. boards.

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