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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

LIBRARY

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MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

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OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUMB III.

honolulu, hawaii

Bishop Museum Press

1907-1917

COxNTENTS.

[Basal paginatiou.]

Number i (1907).

PAGE

Reprint of the original descriptions of the genus Achatinella, with

additional notes bj' E. \V. Thwing (pis. I-III) 1-196

Number 2 (1908).

Notes on Hawaiian land shells, by Henry A. Pilsbry and C. Mon-
tague Cooke, Jr. (pi. 1\', unnvimbered in text) 197-218

Number 3 (1917).
Some new species of Amastra, by C. Montague Cooke, Jr. (pls.V-VII) 219-250

Number 4 (1917).

The Hawaiian rat, bj- Witmer vStone (pi. VIII) 251-260

Notes on the Hawaiian rat, by John F. G. Stokes (pis. IX-XV) 261-274

Index 275-277

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES OPP. PAGE

I-III. Achatinellidae 196

IV. Hawaiian species of Helicina 199

V-VII. New species of Amastra 250

VIII. Rattus hawaiiensis, type 274

IX. Rat and other material from Kahoolawe 274

X. Map of east end of Oahu 274

XI. XII. Popoia islet 274

XIII, XIV. Hawaiian rats 274

XV. Hawaiian piilmonates attacked by rats 274

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. III. — No. 1.

REPRINT Oif THE

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTIONS

OE THE

GENUS ACHATINELLA

WITH ADDITIONAl, NOTES BY

n. W. THWING.

HON0LUI<Uj H, I.

Bishop Museum Press.
1907.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Sanford B. Dole, IvL.D. ..... President

Henry Holmes ...... Vice-President

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Joseph O. Carter ...... Treasurer

Samuel M. Damon William O. Smith E. Faxon Bishop

MUSEUM STAFF

William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) . . Diredlor
William H. Dall, Ph.D. . Honorary Curator of Mollusca
John F. G. Stokes . . Curator of Polynesian Ethnology
Wm. Alanson Bryan . Taxi lermist, Curator of Ornithology
I/EOPOLD G. Blackman , . Assistant, and Adling Librarian
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John J. Greene Printer

iUL 29 190;

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

OF THE

BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY.

Vol. III. — No. 1.

REPRINT OF THE

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTIONS

OF THE

GENUS ACHATINELLA

WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES BY

:e. w. thwing.

honolulu, h. i.

Blshop Museum Press.

1907.

PREFACE.

There has been a demand on the part of coUedlors for original
descriptions of Hawaiian land shells, many of which are now out
of print. While the present paper does not claim to be complete,
it is hoped that these descriptions will prove of some assistance to
those w'ho study the Genus Achatinella, and who have found
difficulty in securing the original descriptions.

As Dr. C. Montague Cooke of the Museum staff is at present
vigorously collecT:ing and studying the Hawaiian Land Shells,
I have, with the consent of the Trustees, asked Mr. E. W. Thwing,
whose studies of these interesting shells have been very extensive
to aid in the good work by ferreting out from almost forgotten
places the original descriptions. The results of his careful and
very considerable labor are presented in the following paper.

WM. T. BRIGHAM.

INTRODUCTION.

For a correct grouping and synonymy of the Genus Achatinella
two things are exceedingly necessary : first, an exact knowledge
of the geographical distribution of the shells, a knowledge only to
be gained by personal collecfling ; and second, the ability to com-
pare shells colledled with the original types which have been
described. Figures and plates without exact habitat are compara-
tively of little value, and are often very misleading. Few writers
on this subject have been able to qualify in both of these requisites,
and as a result great confusion has arisen, and many so-called new
species have been added which have no right to be called such.

The present writer does not lay claim to the ability to give a
correct grouping. It is simply the aim to present, as far as possi-
ble, the original descriptions, with such additional notes regarding
locality, varieties, etc., as have come from the collecfting and study
of many thousands of these beautiful shells. The writer's own
colledlion is one of the most extensive in the Islands, containing
over 30,000 examples.

One of the greatest difficulties in giving the correct names to
shells found is the fact that very few of the earlier descriptions
give valley or place where the shell is found. It was only in later
years when the shells were studied in their native homes that this
point was found to be of first importance. Shells from one end of
the mountain range, which forms the backbone of the island of
Oahu, are quite different from shells found in the middle of the
range or at the other end. A figure or description might not
always clearly show the difference, as often exceptional forms of
two widely separated groups may look similar. To one, however,
who is given a hundred shells from each distinct locality the differ-
ence would be very manifest. For example, a colledlor with fifty
A. cestus Newc. from Palolo (or, more exacflly, the near-by valley
of Wailupe) would never confuse them with fifty A. hir^ida Newc.

(V)

vi Introdiinion .

from the Ewa district. It is true that Dr. Newcotnb's plate of
A. cestzis looks much like some forms of A. hwgida, but with the
shells before one the many real differences would be clear.

While different species may be found in the same locality,
and indeed on the same tree, as a rule, with some exceptions, the
same species is not found in widely separated localities. This
seems to be one of the distin(5live characteristics of this genus.
Each species has for its home or metropolis, a valley or a succes-
sion of valleys where it may be found in abundance. As we leave
this metropolis the examples found become fewer and fewer.
Many species are both sinistral and dextral, others rarely so, some
never both. Some species are very constant in color marking and
shape, others vary greatly. During a dry season, or on exposed
and dry ridges, mature shells will be smaller and less shining than
under other conditions. A shell should not be described as a new
species without a sufficient number of examples from a definite
locality, to show the various color varieties.

In this paper there has been no definite attempt to reduce the
number of species, although this is a work that should certainly
be done. Some attempt, however, has been made to give a natural
grouping, and with the original descriptions and a good series of
the shells, each student and colledlor will be able to decide for
himself to a large extent what shells are true species, and what
names should be considered as synonyms, or simply color varieties.
The descriptions are arranged as far as possible in geographical
groups under each sedlion, the shells of Oahu first being con-
sidered. It is only by a careful study of the geographical locali-
ties of the shells that the species can be corredlly separated. Mr.
D. D. Baldwin has given much valuable information in his dis-
cussion of the "Geographical Distribution of the Achatinella," as
will be seen from the following extract from his excellent paper: —

"The facts relating to the geographical distribution of the
Achatinella and the development of so large a number of species
within the limits of small areas, are very remarkable and interest-
ing, and have presented problems bearing on the theories of evolu-
tion. Each island has its own peculiar species, and not only
species, but its own peculiar types, or groups of species of similar
form. Again, on the islands where there has been a full develop-
ment of Achatinella, each principal mountain ridge and valley has
its own peculiar species which are found nowhere else ; the species

IntroduHion. vii

of each ridge or valley being often connedled with those of the
next by intermediate varieties.

"Another important fact observed in the distribution of the
Achatinella is, that on a mountain chain with many culminating
peaks, the tendency is to a divergence of species ; while on an in-
dividual mass of mountains concentrating toward a single culmi-
nating peak, the tendency is to a convergence of species.

"The strudture of the Hawaiian Islands is volcanic ; and in
studying the distribution of shells over them it is important to note
the relative ages of the several islands. Geologically speaking
Kauai is the oldest ; next in the series is Oahu ; then Maui with the
adjoining islands of Molokai and L,anai ; and last comes Hawaii,
in the southern portion of which volcanic fires are still raging.

"Oahu. — The development of Achatinella on this island, both
as regards number and variety of form and color, has been greater
than on any other island of the group. Unlike most of the other
islands, which have individual mountain masses, Oahu has two
true ranges or chains of mountains, a longer and a shorter one,
with many independent culminating peaks. The aggregate length
of the two ranges is fifty miles. The sides of these ranges the
entire length are furrowed with deep valleys separating lofty
ridges. These valle^^s and ridges are the home of the Achatinella.
Each valley and ridge has its own distinct species which are con-
ne(fted with those of the next valley and ridge by a multitude of
intermediate varieties presenting minute gradations of form and
color. These two ranges of mountains have alreadj' furnished 227
distinct described species of Achatinella. The number of varieties
has been estimated as high as 800 or 900. All these species and
varieties are found in an area of less than 120 square miles, and
a considerable portion of the longer range remains yet to be ex-
plored. These species have all the various shapes from globose
conical to ovate and elongate conical, and present almost every
possible shade and variety of coloring, pure white to jet black, and
all the shades of green, rose, yellow, brown and ash. Sometimes
several of these colors are combined in one species, either in regular
or irregular bands, or tessellated, marbled or zigzaged designs.

"\Ve.st Maui. — On this part of Maui we have the converse of
Oahu. Its individual mass of mountains, clustering around one
common centre peak. 2000 feet higher than any part of Oahu, fur-
nishes only 30 described species of Achatinella, each principal

viii hi troduclion .

valley and ridge has its own peculiar species or varieties ; but all
the arboreal species can be referred to seven leading types, these
differ much from the Oahu types, and do not present the same
varieties of form or color. The prevailing colors are white and
dark brown with all the intervening shades of either, plain or
variously arranged in bands or zigzaged lines.

"East Maui.— The distribution of Achatinella on this part
of Maui is not fully known. All its mountain gorges and ridges
concentrate around the rim of the immense crater of Haleakala, a
circumscribing bound of nearly thirty miles in extent. The almost
impenetrable forest on the mountain slopes to the east and south
of the crater, comprising a belt of twenty miles long and six
miles wide, remains unexplored, and its molluscan life is unknown.
The woodlands on the northwest slope of the mountain facing
West Maui furni.sh 29 described species of Achatinella ; but they
are the same or unmistakable counterparts of those found on West
Maui. The narrow depression of land between East and West
Maui has led many to infer that they were originally separate
islands; this similarity of shell types would .seem to indicate that,
if ever separate, they must have been united before the develop-
ment of molluscan life : otherwise we should expect to find the
types of East and West Maui differing as much from each other as
do tho.se of Maui and the contiguous islands of Molokai and Lanai.

"MoLOKAi,— The distribution of Achatinella on this island
presents some new features not ob.served on any other island.
The island is forty miles long with a width of only .seven miles ; it
is about one-third the size of Oahu, and, like it, has a mountain
range extending nearly thirty miles through its length. The range
is furrowed on each side by deep valleys. Some of these moun-
tain gorges are very wide and cut deep into the narrow axis of the
island. The larger ones have proved an effe(5lual barrier to the
migration of the shells. The island is thus divided into three
natural sedlions, and each sedlion retains its own peculiar species
without intermingling with those of the next se(5lion. Molokai
furnishes 25 described species which are about equally divided
between the three secflions of the island. These shells exhibit
more variety of form and color than those of Maui, and have peculi-
arities which separate them entirely from types of other islands.

"Lanai. — This is the smallest and most arid of the shell-
producing islands. Its area is 100 square miles, of which prob-

In troduclion . ix

ably not over oue-teiith is suited for the support of mollusks. The
island is, however, notable as tjie home of A. magna, Adams, the
largest shell of the whole Achatinella family. Specimens in our
cabinet measure iVi in. long. The whole number of species of
Achatinella on Lanai is 13, and they exhibit peculiarities of type.

"Kauai. — This is the oldest and most verdant island of the
group. It lies to the west of Oahu and is separated from it by a
channel wider than occurs between any of the other islands. Its
extensive forests, luxuriant vegetation and moist climate render it
peculiarly well adapted for the abode of Achatinella ; and one
would naturally expect to find here a larger and, if possible, higher
development of the family. But we are doomed to disappointment.
The island yields no arboreal species. The shells are all terres-
trial, and those classed with the Achatinella belong to the plainest
forms of the Amastra and Leptachatina groups ; 5 species to the
former and 18 to the latter group. Kauai, however, does furni.sh
a very peculiar and interesting group of large terrestrial shells,
remarkable for their elongate, turreted form. The generic name
Carelia has been provided for the group. It embraces 7 species.
Specimens of Carelia turricula, Migh., in my cabinet measure 3 in.
long. This group has no claims to a place in the Achatinellinae
family as classed by Mr. Gulick. It lacks the peculiar twnst of the
columella and other generic characfters of that family. Living
specimens of the Carelia are now exceedingly rare, but at some
period in the history of Kauai they were very abundant. The
alluvial deposits near the coa.sts of portions of the island contain
multitudes of these shells in a semi-fossil state, which have been
washed from the mountains by the freshets of ages past. The
small neighboring island of Niihau also has a single species of
Carelia found in sand and mud deposits. No living specimens are
found there now.

"Hawaii. — This island embraces within its bounds two-thirds
of the total area of the whole group. It is also supposed to be the
most recently formed of the islands. The volcanic forces are still
at work here. Its extensive fore.sts are as well adapted for the
support of Achatinella as those of any of the other islands. But
it furnishes only a single arboreal species and 5 terrestrial. The
arboreal species is A. physa. It was first described by Dr. New-
comb in Proceedings Zoological Society, London, 1853. In a
subsequent number of the same journal Mr. \V. H. Pease refers to

X hityodiidion .

this same shell as a 'species rarel}' met with on the mountains of
Hawaii.' Its centre of producflion is the Kohala range of moun-
tains, notably the most ancient portion of the island, and it now
exists there in unparalleled abundance. During a recent visit to
the locality, in a few minutes I colle(fled several hundred speci-
mens, picking them from trees and low bushes as rapidly as one
would gather huckleberries from a prolific field. The shell ap-
pears to be slowly migrating into the adjoining districts of Hama-
kua and Kona, and assuming new shapes and varieties of coloring.
One of these varieties in our cabinet is almost worthy of assign-
ment as a new species. The conchologists of a few centuries hence
will no doubt be naming Achatinella from the different distridls of
Hawaii of manifold forms and gaud)' colors, which have developed
through the mysterious processes of e\'olution from the now humble
A. physa of the Kohala mountains."

Althotigh but a few years have passed since the above was
written, this same A. pliysa has been found on Hawaii in a large
variety of shades and colors, and with Ijeautiful dark bands, show-
ing that the changes of locality, rainfall, food and other conditions,
constantly tend to change the size and color of the shells.

For study and comparison it is much better to have the shells
of a colle(5lion arranged according lo the localities in which they
live. Thus the descriptions of the Achatinella may be arranged
in the following sections, geographically :

I. AcHATiNKLi-A (Syu. Apex). — I. Oahu, main mountain
range from s.e. to n.w. 2. Waianae Mountains.

II. AcH.\TiNELLA.STKUM. — Oalui, main mountain range
from s.K. to N.w.

III. Bttijmki.la. — Oahu, main mountain range from s.K.
to N.w.

I\'. Paktulina. — I. Oahu. 2. Molokai. 3. Lanai. 4. Kast
Maui. 5. West Maui. 6. Hawaii.

\'. Laminkij.a. — I. Oahu. 2. Molokai. 3. Lanai. 4. Maui.

\'I. Pkkdicei.la. — I. Molokai. 2. Maui.

VII. NicwcoMHiA. — I. Molokai. 2. Maui.

\'II1. Amastra. — I. Oahu. 2. Molokai. 3. Lanai. 4. Maui.
5. Hawaii. 6. Kauai.

Introdiicliov . xi

Nearl}' all the shells described in this paper are represented
by examples in my own colle(5lion, and many of them by a large
series. Mr. D. D. Baldwin has continualh' furnished me with
valuable assistance in the study and arrangement of this genus.
Prof. W. T. Brigham and Mr. J. F. G. Stokes, of the Bernice
Pauahi Bishop Museum at Honolulu, have very courteously
allowed me the use of all material on the subject at their com-
mand. The large collections of Rev. O. P. Emerson and Mr.
U. Thaanum have been carefully examined, as well as many other
collections. Mr. CM. Cooke Jr. has very kindly permitted me
to use his careful notes on the type shells at present in the collec-
tion of the British Museum.

In some cases the descriptions have been published several
times, and where the earlier work could not be secured the descrip-
tion is taken from a later publication, which is that indicated by
the reference.

Honolulu, January, 1904.

I.

Section ACHATINBLI/A Swainson.

(Syn. APEX Von Martens.)

/. Bcginuijig at the souih-castcni cud oj the island oj Oahii.
I. Achatinella cestus Newcomb.

A. cestus Xewc. P. Zool. Soc. [,ondon, 1S53, p. 132; pi. xxii, fig. S.

Shell solid, ventricose, sinistral or dextral, pointed at the
summit; whorls 6. rounded, corded above, last one tumid ; aper-
ture subovate : columella short, strough' tuberculate ; lip slightly
expanded, thickened within ; colour of tip black, second and third
whorls white, three last white, yellowish or black or mixed, with
a white cincture traversing the sutures and cutting the body whorl
below the centre, with or without a broader band below, some-
times with blotches or tessellations of black and white or longi-
tudinal undulating lines of the same colors ; columella chestnut ; lip
same color, interrupted with white. Long. 14/20, lat. 8/20 poll.*

A fine shell, approaching A. siniitans \^simiilans\ of Reeve,
which it resembles in form, but from which it differs striking!}"
in its markings. — Newc.

Hab. Palolo. — Newx. Niu and Wailupe.
This shell does not seem to be related to any other of this
secftion. It is onlv found in the eastern vallevs of Oahu.

LORATA GROUP.
2. Achatinella lorata Ferussac.

Helix \Cochlogeiia\ lorala Fer. Prodrome. 1822, p. 60.

Testa flextrorsa, ovato-conica, vertice acuto, nitida, striata, alba, colore
epidennali ; epidermide unicolore vel fasciis ornato ; anfractibiis 5 1-2, tequa-
liter cresceiitibus ; sutiiris niarginatis ; apertura ovata, alba ; coKimclla

*One pollex equals one inch. (13)

14 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

arcuata, eminente ; rima umbilicali non distincta. (Ouoj' & Gaimard, Voy-
age Uranie et Physicienne. )

Shell dextral, ovately conical, apex acute, shining, striated,
white, with an epidermal color; epidermis unicolored or marked
with bauds; whorls 5 1-2, regularly increasing; sutures mar-
gined; aperture ovate, white; columella arcuate, protruding;
iimbilical cleft not distinct.

Animal light flesh-colored ; tentacles, tentacular sheath and
front above, dark brown ; outer margin of mantle gray ; tentacles
wide apart, short, moderately clubbed; foot rather broad and thin,
when extended as long as the shell. — Newc.

A. veyitrosa of Pfeiffer forms a very striking variety, with the
whorls rounded, aperture contracfted, and the whole shell pressed
together. — Newc.

Hab. Manoa to Halawa. — Bald.

The Io7'ata group is a very extehsive one, covering a wide
territorv and including manv color varieties.

3. Achatinella pallida Nuttall.

. I . /Hillidii Null. JayS CataloKue of Shells.

Shell acuminately ovate, rather solid, whorls flatly convex,
obliquely somewhat rudely striated, margined round the upper part,
the groove being rather distinct from the sutures, columella short,
broadly callous; white, more or less banded with brown or chest-
nut-black, lip and columella brownish-flesh. (Rve. Conch. Icon.
Achat.)

Hab. Oahu. — Nutt. Pauoa and Nuuanu.

This is in fact onlv a varietv of A. lorata Fer.

4. Achatinella nobilis Pfeiffer.

.(. luihilis Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 202.

A. testa subimperforata, dextrorsa, turrita, solida, striatula, nitida, ful-
vida vel griseo-vircnle, saturatius strigata ; spira exactc conica, apice alba,
acuta ; sutiira Icviltr marginata ; anfr. 6 1-2-7 planiusculis, ultimo 2-5 longi-
tudinis subiequante, infra medium obsolete subaiigulato ; apertura obliqiia,
obauriformi, inlus alba ; perist. expansiusculo, margiiie dtxtro intus late
labiato, columellari subadnato. Long. 23, diani. 11 mill.

Shell hardly perforate, dextral, ttirreted, solid, somewhat stri-
ated, shining, tawn\- or grayish-green, strongly striped ; spire mark-
edly conical, apex white, actite ; suttire lightly margined ; whorls
6 1-2-7, rather flat, the last nearly equal to 2-5 of the length, obso-
letely angled below the periphery ; aperture obli([ue, nearly auri-

Qyiirinal Dcscriptio)is of Achatinclla. 15

form, white within ; peristome somewhat expanded, the right
margin much thickened within, subadnate to the columella.

Hab. Oahu. — Pfr. Nuuanu.

This should be classed with A. lorata Fer., as a long and
sometimes pure white form of that shell.

5. Achatinella ventrosa Pfeiffer.

A. -•cntiosii Pfr. V . Zool. Soc. London. I\S5. p. 6: pi. xxx. fig. 20.

A. Ic-sta imperforata, ovato-conica. solidula, striata, allxi, deorsuin t-jii-
(k-nnidf fulva. nigro-strigata vestita ; spira conica, obtu.sa ; aiifr. 5 1-2. infla-
tis. ultimo spira paiilo l)reviort-. basi rotiindato ; apertura fere diagonali,
late anrifoniii, intvis alba ; plica columellari cras.sa, deiitiforiiii ; ])erist. iulus
labiato, niargine dextro recto, substricte descendeiite. levitcr antrorsmn
arcuato, columellari brevi, adnato. Long. 17 1-2, diam. 11 mill.

Shell (dextral) imperforate, ovate-conical, .somewat solid,
striated, white, below epidermis tawny and black striped, spire
conical, obtuse ; whorls 51-2, swollen, la.st a little shorter than the
spire, rounded at the ba.se ; aperture nearly diagonal, broadl}-
auriform, white within; the columellar fold thick, tool-like; lip
thickened within, the right margin erect, posteriorly contracted,
anteriorly lightly arcuate ; columella short, adnate.

Hab. H. I. — Xewc. Manoa to Halawa.

This shell ma}- be classed with the lorata group, although it
has a large variety of color and form.

6. Achatinella pulchella Pfeiffer.

A. t>iiUkdla Pfr. P. Zool. .Soc. London, 1S55, p. 6: pi. xxx. fig. 2.

A. testa imperforata, ovato-conica, sublaevigata, nitida, fulva, fasciis
nigro-viridibus et interdum fascia mediana alba ornata ; spira conica, versus
apicem acutem attenuata, alba, sutura filomarginata ; anfr. 5 1-2. convexi-
usculis. ultimo 3-7 longitudinis subiequante, rotundato ; apertura fere diago-
uali. subtetrogono. auriformi ; plica columellari supera, dentiformi, valida ;
perist. intus valide labiato, margine dextro recto, strictiu.sculo, columellari
reflexo. subadnato. Long. 15 1-2, diam. 10 mill.

Shell imperforate, ovately conical, nearl>- smooth, shining,
fulvous, marked with greenish black bands and sometimes a white
band at the periphery ; spire conical, apex subacute, white ; suture
narrowly margined; whorls 5 1-2, slightly convex, the last almost
equal to 3-7 of the length, rounded; aperture nearly- diagonal,
nearly tetragonal, auriform ; columellar fold high, strong, denti-
form ; lip strongly thickened within, right margin straight, some-
what contracted, refiexed at the columella, subadnate.

Hab. Halawa to Waipio.

This may be only a blunted form of A. lorata Fer.

l6 Oii_i>inal Descriptions of Achaiinclla.

DECORA GROUP.
7. Achatinella decora Ferussac.

Arlialiiia ilccdia Ktr. I'crussac &. Deshayes, Hist. Nat. Moll., p. 191, pi. civ. fig.s. 5, 6, 7.

A. testa .sini.strorsa, globoso-aciiminata, soHda, albida, fasciis briinnei.s
cincta; anfractibu.s 5 1-2, superioribu.s planis, et viltimis convexis ; sutiira
inarginata ; cohmiella siiperne valide dentata ; apertura obverse auriformi ;
peristomate incrassato, intus violaceo-labiato. Long. 20, lat. 14 mill.

Shell siui.stral, globosely acuminate, solid, whitish, encircled
with brown bands; whorls 51-2, the upper flat, the last convex;
suture margined ; columella strongly dentate above ; aperture ob-
versely auriform ; lip thickened, violet-margined within.

Animal longer than the shell ; of a light gamboge yellow, with
slate-colored tentacles and tentactilar sheath, posteriorly and supe-
riorly slightly sprinkled with slate ; mantle of a bluish yellow.
— Newc.

Hab. Nuuanu and Kalihi.

The type shells contained one A. decora and one A. perversa
Swain., two distinct species, which fact has caused much con-
ftision in placing these shells.

8. Achatinella vittata Reeve.

A. viltata Rve. Rve. Conch. Icon. Achat. I,ondon, 1850; .sp. g.

Shell dextral, globosely conical, rather ventricose, whorls
rather broadly marginated round the upper part, columella callous,
.scarcely toothed, lip rather thickened ; white, encircled with lines
and fillets of pale brown, black at the apex.

This species is met with in Nuttanu Valley, some three miles
from Honolttlu. The inflated variety designated as A.globosa by
Dr. Pfeifler, is not tmcommon. The typical specimen of this
species in the Cumingian colledlion is more elongated than is com-
mon, but is entirely satisfa(5lory in establishing in my mind the
claims of this species. — Newc.

A dextral form of A. decora Fer. — Bald.

Hab. Patioa Ridge.

9. Achatinella simulans Reeve.

.(. iiDiiihim Rve. Rve. Coiicli. Icon. .^chat. I.omloti, iS^o; sp. 15.

Shell globosely conical, sinistral, sharp towards the apex,
whorls conspicuotisly margined at the sutures, columella short,
flatly callous; white, encircled with a very few light brown lines,

Orig^inai Descriptioiis of Achatiiiella. 17

with an intense brown band around the columella, lip and col-
umella tinged with light purple.

Hab. Bottom of Nuuanu \'alle3'.

This species in coloring is so like A . decora that Mr. Reeve gave
it the name of the "Allied Achatinella." He said, however, that
the spire is more acuminate, and the last whorl not so broad and
ventricose. I think without doubt it is the same as x4 . decora.

10. Achatinella albofasciata Smith.

Apex albofiiMialus Sm. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1.S73, p. 7S; pi. ix., fig. 21.

Testa sinistrorsa (interdum dextrorsa), perforata, globoso-conica, incre-
menti lineis leviter striata, badia, saturatius strigata ; anfract. ultimus zonis
albis 2-3 (media semper lata) cinctus ; apex albus ; anfract. 6, primi 4 plani-
usculi, CEeteri convexi ; sutura albo distincte marginata ; apertura intus rube-
scens; perist. leviter dilatatum, intus incrassatum, rubescens, medio fascia
alba externa notatum ; plica columellaris valida, rosacea, ejns apice alba.
Long. 19, diam. 12 1-2 mill.

Shell sinistral (sometimes dextral), perforate, globosely coni-
cal, finely striated with lines of growth, reddish brown, more
darkly striped ; the last whorl encircled with 2-3 white bands (the
median always broad); apex white; whorls 6, first 4 rather flat,
the others convex ; suture distincftly margined with white ; aper-
ture reddish within ; peristome slightly expanded, thickened within,
reddish, marked in the middle iDy the external white band ; col-
umellar fold strong, rosy, the apex of which is white.

This species, of which there are several specimens in the
British Museum collection, some sinistral and others dextral, I am
unable to locate with any yet described. — Sm.

Hab. H. I. — Sm. Nuuanu.

This seems to be the light brown and white variety of A . decora
Fer. found on the Kalihi side of Nuuanu Valley.

II. Achatinella globosa Pfeiffer.

A.globosa Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p, 7; pi. xxx, fig. 25.

A. testa subimperforata, dextrorsa, conico-globosa, tenuiuscula, striatula,
alba, lineis fuscis cingulata ; spira brevi, convexiusculo-conica, subaciita ;
sutura levi, submarginata ; anfr. 5, modice convexis, ultimo ventroso, spi-
ram subaequante, basi f usco ; apertura obliqua, subtetragono-ovali, intus
margaritacea ; plica columellari levi, vix torta ; perist. acuto, fusco-limbato,
intus albo-sublabiato, margine columellari incrassato, subadnato. Long. 17,
diam. 11 1-2 mill.

Shell dextral, nearly imperforate, conically globose, rather
thin, somewhat striated, white, encircled with brown lines ; spire

Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. II,?;o. 3.-2.

1 8 Origmal Descriptions of Achatinella.

short, slightly couvexly conic, subacute ; suture lightly impressed,
submarginate ; whorls 5, moderately convex, the last ventricose
nearly as long as the spire ; brown at the base ; aperture oblique,
subquadrangularly oval, pearly within ; columellar fold inconspicu-
ous, hardly twisted ; lip acute, brown-margined, inner edge of lip
white, margin thickened at the columella, subadnate.

Hab. H. I. — Frick. Nuuanu.

Its appearance is very similar to A. decora Fer., and if found
in Nuuanu Valley is undoubtedly that shell. Mr. Baldwin places
it as an inflated variety.

TURGIDA GROUP.
1/ 12. Achatinella turgida Newcomb.

A. tiirgida Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 134; pi. xxii, figs. 10, loa.

Shell ventricose, pointed at the apex, sinistral or dextral,
smooth, polished, gradually enlarging for four turns and then very
rapidly, the last two forming most of the shell ; suture slightly
impressed, beneath which revolves a linear depression ; aperture
subovate ; columella short, terminating in a strong conical tubercle
projedling into the aperture; outer lip simple, thickened within,
slightly tinged with pink or brown ; tubercle the same ; fauces
white ; coloring ejitremely various, ground white, yellow or black,
with (or without) longitudinal zigzag lines, transverse bands or
blotches covering the surface. Long. 14/20, lat. 11/20 poll.

Hab. Ewa. — Newc. The metropolis of this shell is Waipio.
This and the following three shells may be placed together
as the turgida group.

13. Achatinella polymorpha Gulick.

Apex polymorpha Gk. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1873, p. Si ; pi. x, fig. 5.

Testa dextrorsa, subperforata, globoso-conica, nitida, incrementi lineis
(haud spiralibus) striata, dilute brunnea, zonis pluribus strigisque cyaneo-
nigris ornata, zona lata nivea ad peripheriam cincta ; sutura leviter margin-
ata, brunnea; anfract. 6, primi 4 convexiusculi albidi, Cicteri convexi ; spira
leviter concava ; apertura alba ; perist. margine brunneo tinctum, intus in-
crassatum ; plica columellaris valida, albida. Long. 17, diam. 12 mill.

Var. A. Testa cervina, sutura brunnea.

Var. B. Testa alba, zonis panels basique brunneis ornata; sutura brunnea.

Shell dextral, subperforate, globosel}' conical, shining, stria-
ted with lines of growth (not spiral), light brown, marked with
many bands and bluish black stripes, encircled with a broad snow-
white band at the periphery; suture slightly margined, brown ;

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 19

whorls 6, first 4 somewhat convex, whitish, the rest convex ; spire
slightly concave ; aperture white ; lip tinged with brown at the
margin, thickened within; columellar fold strong, whitish.

Hab. The typical forms are found in Waipio and Wahiawa
on Oahu. Varieties are sometimes found in Kalaikoa and Aho-
nui. — Gk.

Mr. Gulick says : It is most nearly allied to A. versicolor Gk.,
and A. tubcrans Gk.

14. Achatinella cookei Baldwin.

A. (Vt/Xv/ Bald. P. Acad. Phil., 1S95, p. 220; pi. x, fig. 15.

Shell dextral, subperf orate, solid, globose, with spire regularly
conical, apex subacute ; surface shining, marked with fine incre-
mental lines; the apical whorls smooth. Color, basal portion
below the periphery' jet black or sometimes brownish black, the
apex white, rest of the shell very light brown, darker on the sutural
margin. Whorls 6, margined above, the first three plain, the rest
convex, the last inflated; suture well impressed. Aperture very
oblique, oval, white within ; peristome obtuse, slightly thickened
within, narrowly reflexed, the columellar margin forming an obtuse,
sinuous ridge, with the small umbilical cleft almost covered by it ;
extremities united by a thin callus ; color purplish brown on both
face and the reflexed portion ; columella terminating in a strong
flexuous tubercle, tinged with purplish brown. Length 21,
diam. 15 mm.

Animal : Mantle dark slate with a narrow brown band en-
circling the outer edge. Superior portion of foot light brown,
mottled with slate, under surface dingy white.

This species is rare and very local in its distribution. It has
affinities with A. turgida Newc, which is found in the same district,
but differs somewhat in form and in the peristome. We are un-
acquainted with the animal of /l. turgida. If it proves identical
with that of A. cookei, the latter must rank as a variety of the
former. — Bald.

Hab. Waiau, Ewa. — Bald.

Somewhat related to A. turgida Newc.

15. Achatinella ovum Pfeiffer.

A. {,AchatineUastt~um) ovum Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1856, p. 334.

A. testa sinistrorsa, imperforata, globoso-conica, solida, uguloso-striata,
nitidula, albida ; spira concaviusculo-conica, apice acuta ; siitura profunde
marginata ; anfr. 5 1-2, superis planis, sequentibus convexis, ultimo inflate,

20 Original Descriptions of Achatinella .

spira vix breviore ; plica columellari crassa, tuberculiformi, pallide lilacea ;
apertura diagonali, sinuato-semicirculari ; perist. recto, nigro-fusco, limbato,
intiis crenato-labiato. Long. 19 t-2, diam. 13 mill.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, globosely conical, solid, roughly
striate, rather shiny, whitish; spire concavely conical, apex acute;
suture deeply margined ; whorls 51-2, the upper plain, the follow-
ing convex, the last inflated, hardly shorter than the spire ; colu-
mellar fold thick, tuberculiform, pale lilac ; aperture diagonal,
.sinuously semicircular ; lip erect, blackish brown, margined, crenu-
lately thickened within.

Hab. Oahu. — Newc. Nuuanu.

FORBEvSIANA GROUP.
16. Achatinella forbesiana Pfeiffer.

A . forbesiana Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, is,s5. P- ,S ; pl- xxx, fig i(S.

A. testa subperforata, dextror.sa vel sinistrorsa, ovato-conica, solida, con-
ferte striatula, nitida, grisea a'cI albida, fa.scii.s crebris grisei.s vel fuscis,
ssepe conflueiitibus picta ; spira exacte conica, sur.sum alba, apiculo nigro
acutiu.sculo ; sutura marginata ; anfr. 6, convexiiisculis, ultimo spira paulo
breviore, rotundato ; apertura obliqua, obauriformi ; plica columellari supera,
valida, nodiformi ; perist. fusculo vel carneo limbato, margiue externo
breviter expanso, columellari crasso, subadnato. Long. 19, diam. 10 1-2 mill.

Shell subperforate, dextral or sinistral, ovately conical, solid,
closely striated, shining, gray or whitish, marked with numerous
gray or brown bands, often confluent ; spire markedly conical,
white above, with a somewhat acute black-tipped apex ; suture
margined ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the last a little shorter
than the spire, rounded ; aperture oblique, obauriform ; columellar
fold high, strong, tuberculiform; lip margined with brownish or
flesh color, with the external edge slightly expanded, thickened
at the columella, subadnate.

Hab. Waialua, Oahu. — Bald. Near Waipio.

17. Achatinella coniformis Gulick.

Aprx coniforwh Gk. P. Zool. ,Soc. London, 1873, p. So; pL ix, fig. 2,^.

Testa sinistrorsa (interdum dextrorsa), globoso-conica, nitida, incre-
menti lineis oblique (baud spiralibus) striata, brunnea, dilute brunneo stri-
gata, lineis spiralibus pluribus albidis indistincte cincta ; sutura saturate
brunneo marginata; spira leviter concava ; anfract. 6 1-2, primi 3 1-2 con-
vexiusculi, albidi, caeteri convexi ; apertura recede ns, alba ; perist. paulu-
lum dilatatum intusque incra.ssatum, margine dilute ro.seo (vel brunneo)
tinctum ; plica columellaris valida. Long. 18, diam. 12 mill.

Var. Testa sinistrorsa, cinereo-fusca, albo strigata, et lineis paucis Spi-
ralibus albis cincta ; sutura brunnea.

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 21

Shell sinistral (sometimes dextral), globoseh' conical, shining,
striated obliquely with lines of growth (not spiral), brown, striped
with light brown, indistinctly encircled with many whitish spiral
lines ; suture richly margined with brown ; spire slightly concave;
whorls 61-2, first 31-2 somewhat convex, whitish, others convex ;
aperture receding, white ; perist. slightly dilated and thickened
within, with the margin tinged with pale rose (or brown); colu-
mellar fold strong.

Hab. Kalaikoa and Ahonui ; rare in Wahiawa and Hele-
mano. — Gk.

18. Achatinella neglecta vSmith.

Apix iii'iih-diii Sin. P. Zool. Soc. London. 1S73, p. 78; pi. i.x, fig. 22.

Testa vel sinistrorsa vel dextrorsa, impcrforata, globoso-couica, incre-
inenti lineis leviter striata, dilute brunnea, saturatius vel cinereo strigata ;
regio umbilicalis sttpe castanea ; apex albiis ; spira coiicaviuscula ; aiifract.
6, primi 4 planiusculi, cteteri convexi ; siitura saturate castaneo distincte niar-
ginata ; apertura intus albida ; perist. fuscescens, intus incrassatuni ; plica
columellaris valida, rubescens. Long. 17. diam. 11 1-2 mill.

Shell sinistral or dextral, imperforate, globosely conical, finely
striated with lines of growth, pale brown .striped with deeper brown
or gray ; often che.stnut near the umbilicus ; apex white ; spire
somewhat concave ; whorls 6, first 4 more or less flat, the others
convex ; suture distincflly margined with deep chestnut : aperture
whitish within ; lip brownish, thickened within ; columellar fold
strong, reddish.

In form this species agrees very fairly with some varieties of
lugubris Chem.; but it has shorter spire and blunter apex than the
usual form of that species. The coloration is of a different char-
acter.— Sm.

Hab. Wahiawa.

Dr. Cooke found that, in the type examples, the dark suture
and the characteristic bands would seem to place this shell in
the forbcsiana group.

19. Achatinella flavida Gulick.

Apex flaTiiiiii Gk. 1*. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73. p. 80; pi. x, fig. i. ui.

Testa dextrorsa (intendum sinistrorsa) breviter ovato-conica, paruni
nitida. incrementi lineis (haud spiralibus) striata, plusve minusve flavida,
anfract. medio zona lata fusca ( basi interdum zonis 2-3) cincta ; sutura an-
guste fusco (interdum albo ) niarginata ; anfract. 6, convexiusculi, primi 3
semper albi ; spira fere recte conica, vix concava ; apertura albida, recedens;
perist. pallide roseum. aliquanto dilatatuni, intus incrassatum ; plica col-
umellaris magna, rosea. Long. 20. diam. 12 1-2 mill.

Var. A. Testa dextrorsa vel sinistrorsa, subgloboso-conica, flava, zonis
2-6 fuscis aut cinereo-fuscis cincta.

Var. B. Testa omnino flava.

22 Original Descriptions oj Aciiatindla .

Shell dextral (sometimes sinistral), short ovate-conic, hardh-
shining, striated with lines of growth (not spiral), more or less
bright yellow, the whorls encircled in the middle with a broad
brown band (sometimes 2-3 bands at the base); suture narrowly
margined with brown (sometimes with white); whorls 6, slightly
convex, the first 3 always white ; spire almost perfectly conical,
hardly concave ; aperture whitish, receding ; lip light rose, some-
what expanded, thickened within; columellar fold large, rose.

Affinities . It is most nearly allied to A. tiibcrans Gk.
Remarks. In Kalaikoa all are dextral ; in Ahonui one-tenth
are sinistral. — Gk.

Hab. The metropolis is in Kalaikoa, on Oahu ; it is also
found in Ahonui. — Gk.

Named from its yellow color.

20. Achatinella tuberatis Gulick.

Apex tuhei tins Gk. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1873, p. Si ; pi. .v, fig. 3.

Testa dextrorsa, globoso-conica, nitida, itlcrementi linei.s (baud spirali-
bus) striata, cinereo strigata, zonis pluribus albidis nigro-fuscisque inter-
rupta ; sutura niarginata, pallida; anfract. 6, primi 3 albidi, convexiu.sculi,
caeteri convexi ; spira concava ; apertura alba ; perist. aliquanto dilatatuni,
intus incrassatutn, dilute roseo-fusco tinctvim ; plica columellaris valida,
albida. Long. 20, diam. 13 1-2 mill.

Var. A. Testa alba, fusco luteoque varie zonata.

Var. B. Testa subflava, nigro-fusco crebre zonata.

Shell dextral, globosely conical, shining, striated with lines of
growth (not spiral), striped with ash, separated into many whitish
and blackish brown bands ; suture margined, whitish ; whorls 6,
first 3 whitish, somewhat convex, the others convex ; spire con-
cave; aperture white ; lip somewhat expanded, thickened within,
tinged with light rose brown ; columellar fold strong, whitish.

This is a dextral species. Sinistral forms are found only in a
few specimens passing into other species. — Gk.

Affinities. It is most nearly allied to A.flavidus Gk.

Hab. The metropolis of this species is Kalaikoa, on Oahu.
It is also found in Ahonui ; and single specimens have been
brought from Wahiawa and Helemano. — Gk.

21. Achatinella leucorrhaphe Gulick.

Apex leueoirkaplie Gk. V. Zool. Soc. London, 1H73, p. 79; pi. x, fig. 2.

Testa dextrorsa, breviter ovato-conica, incrementi lineis (baud spirali-
bus) striata, grisea, strigis saturate cinereis irregulariter interruptis, line-
isque spiralibus paucis albis indistinctis ornata ; sutura late niveo ujarginata;

Original Descriptions of Ac/iaiijiclla. 23

anfract. 6 1-2, apex nigrescens, priini 4 albi, subplani, cteteri convexi ; aper-
tura pan'a, subauriformis, alba; perist. leviter dilatatum intusque incrassa-
tum; plica columellaris magna, rosea. Long. 19, diam. 12 mill.

Var. Testa ovato-conica, griseo saturate cinereoque regulariter strigata;
spira recte conica.

Shell dextral, short ovate-conic, striated with lines of growth
(not spiral), gray, irregularly broken by dark ash stripes, and
marked with a few indistinct white spiral lines ; suture broadh-
margined with snow white ; whorls 6 1-2, apex blackish, first 4
white, nearly flat, the others convex ; aperture small, subauri-
form, white ; lip slightly expanded and thickened within ; col-
umellar fold large, rose.

No sinistral form of this species has been found. — Gk.

Hab. Kalaikoa. A variety with spire regularly conical is
reported to have been found in Waimea. — Gk.

22. Achatinella versicolor Gulick.

Apex versicolor Gk. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1873, p. 80; pi. i.x, fig. iS.

Testa sinistrorsa, globoso-conica, nitida, incrementi lineis (hand spirali-
bus) striata, griseo-alba, nigro-fusco irregularitcr strigata et zonata, basi nigro-
f usca ; sutura leviter marginata, alba ( interdnm brunnea ) ; spira leviter
concava ; anfract. 6, primi 3 pallidi, convexiusculi, caeteri convexi ; apertura
alba, recedens ; perist. aliquanto dilatatum, intus limbatum dilute roseo-fusco
tinctum ; plica columellaris valida, palide rosea. Long. 19, diam. 13 mill.

Var. Testa griseo-alba vix strigata ; anfract. ult. ad peripheriam ba-
si mque nigro-fusco zonatus.

Shell sinistral, globosely conical, shining, striated with lines
of growth (not spiral), grayish white, irregularly striped and
banded with blackish brown, blackish brown at the base ; suture
lightl}- margined, white (sometimes brown); spire slightly concave;
whorls 6, first 3 light, somewhat convex, the others convex : aper-
ture white, receding ; lip somewhat expanded, tinged within the
margin with light rose brown ; columellar fold strong, pale rose.

Affinities. It seems to be an intermediate form between
A. decorus Fer. and A. tiiberans Gk, This species is always sin-
istral.— Gk.

Hab. Ahonui and Kalaikoa, on Oahu. — Gk. Wahiawa.

23. Achatinella innotabilis Smith.

Apex innotabilis Sm. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73. p. 78; pi. ix. fig. 17.

Testa sinistrorsa, subperforata, globoso-conica, incrementi lineis leviter
striata, cervina, saturatius strigata (interdvim lineis spiralibus paucis albis
fuscisque ornata); apex fere albus, nucleo rubro-corneo ; anfract. 6, primi 4
planiusculi, cteteri convexi; sutura distincte marginata; apertura intus
pallidc rubescens ; perist. leviter dilatatum, intus incrassatum; plica col-
umellaris magna. Long. 18 1-2, diam. 11 1-2 mill.

24 Orighial Discriptions oj Achatinella.

Shell sinistral, subperforate, globosely conical, finely striated
with lines of growth, dun, darker striped (sometimes marked with
a few spiral white and brown lines); apex almost white, nucleus
reddish horn ; whorls 6, first 4 somewhat plain, the others convex;
suture distindlly margined ; aperture pale reddish within ; lip
slightly expanded, thickened within ; columellar fold large.

Of a uniform fawn color, with darker stripes of the same hue,
the apex being paler (almost white) and the nuclear whorl reddish
horn-colored. — Sm.

Hab. H. I.— vSm. Kalaikoa.

Dr. Cooke found the type to be a small decoraAWie: shell with
a ground color of light chocolate, or white or light yellow brown,
and with very narrow white or brown bands on the last whorl ;
color of suture slightly darker.

24. Achatinella albospira Smith.

Apex albospira Sin. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 77; pi. x. fig. S.

Testa dextrorsa, subperforata, breviter ovato-conica, parum nitida, in-
crementi lineis (baud spiralibus) striata, alba, zona peripberiam supra et
basi livido-brunnea ; sutura levittr marginata ; anfract. 6, primi 4 convexi-
usculi, caeteri convexi ; apertura alba; perist. intus incrassatum ; plica col-
umellaris valida, alba, reflexa, rimam parvani fere tegens. Long. 17, diam.
10 mill.

Var. Testa alba, zonis paucis flavis peripheriam supra ornata basimque
versus flava zonis paucis saturatioribus cincta.

Shell dextral, subperforate, short ovate-conic, shiny, .striated
with lines of growth (not spiral), white, a livid brown band above
the periphery and on the base ; suture finely margined ; whorls 6,
first 4 somewhat convex, the others convex ; aperture white ; lip
thickened within; columellar fold strong, white, refiexed, almost
concealing the small umbilicus.

Hab. Reported to be from Ewa. — Sm.

This shell seems very nearly allied to A. turhiniforviis vSm.,
a shell found in Lihue. The brown color is generally more marked
on the last whorl, however. The shell is named from its pure white
spire, which seems to stand out from the inflated body whorl. An
almost pure white example has been reported from Wahiawa.

25. Achatinella tumefacta Gulick.

Apex tumefacliii Gk. P. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1S73, p. hj ; pi. ix, fig. jo.

Testa perforata, sinistrorsa, globoso-conica, nitida, incrementi lintis
spiralibusque indi.stinctis striata, alba, zonis paucis olivaceo-fuscis cincta ;
sutura marginata; spira vix concava ; anfract- 6. primus nigresctjus, primi

Orij^inal Descriptions of Achatinella. 25

3-4 convexiusculi, caeteri convexi ; apertura recedens, alba ; perist. dilatatuni,
intus incrassatum ; plica columellaris valida, alba. Long. 19. diam. 12 mill.

Var. A. Testa olivaceo-fusco strigata, zonis 1-3 albis intemipta ; sutura
albo marginata.

Var. B. Testa cervina vel nigro vel fusco strigata ad peripheriam zona
lata alba interrupta ; sutura albo marginata.

Shell sinistral, perforated, globosely conical, shining, striated
with lines of growth and indistinct spiral lines, white, encircled
with a few olive-brown bands ; suture margined ; spire hardly con-
cave ; whorls 6, the first blackish, first 3-4 slightly convex, the
others convex, aperture receding, white; lip expanded, thickened
within ; columellar fold strong, white.

Affinities. It is related to A. decorus Fer. (syn. .1. pcyvcrsus
Swain.), which is found in Helemano and Kawailoa. It is distin-
guished by its smaller size, its concavely conical spire and its paler
colour, which is differently distributed. The three upper whorls of
A. decorus are of a yellowish tinge ; in this species they are white,
terminated with a black dot, which is not found in the typical
forms of the other species. — Gk.

Hab. Wahiawa ; rarely in Helemano. — Gk.

This species is never dextral.

LUGUBRIS GROUP.
a6. Achatinella lugubris Chemnitz.

Turbo lugubris Chem. Conch. Cab., xi, 1795, p. 278; pi. ccix, figs. 2059, 2060.

Testa dextrorsa, trochiformis, polita, nitida, argxite striata ; anfractibus
5, primoribus conicis, attenuatis, ultimo gibbo, ventricoso: suturis apice non
duplicatis, rcliquis marginatis, linea distinctis adnata ; colore nigro apice
albido luteo ; apertura intus alba, semilunata ; peristomate intus incrassato ;

columella clausa. ( Quoy et Gaimard, Voyage Uranie et Physicienne.

P- 479- )

Shell dextral, trochiform, polished, shining, distinctly .striated:
whorls 5, the upper conical, attenuated, the last gibbous, ventri-
cose ; suture not duplicate on the apex, the rest margined ; color
black, yellowish white at the apex; aperture white within, .semi-
lunate ; peristome thickened within ; imperforate.

A. lugubris was first described as Turbo apex fulva b> Captain
George Dixon in the narrative of his Voyage Round the World
(London, 1789), p. 354, in which he .says : "At the .same islands
(Hawaiian) are great plenty of beautiful shells, such as Cyprcea
Tigrina, Mauritiana, Talpa, and others of that genus; and num-
berless species of the smaller kinds, of which last the natives form

w

26 Original Descriptions of AchatincUa.

necklaces, bracelets, and other ornaments : one of these necklaces
afforded a singular species of the Helix genus of Linnaeus, which
I am informed is a fresh water shell. It is outwardly smooth, has
seven spires, and is of a black-brown colour, except the tip, which
is pale yellow : the inside is smooth and white, and the mouth is
marginated within. It is remarkable for a knob or tooth on the
columella, but which does not wind round it, consequently ex-
cludes it from the Valuta genus of Linnaeus, to which at first sight
it appears to be related. As I presume it to be a species hitherto
undescribed, I have taken the liberty to give it the trivial name of
Apex Fulva, or the Yellow Tip. A figure of it, in two views, is
given in one of the following plates."

Hab. H. I. — Dixon. Kawailoa. — Bald. Waialua.

This shell, the first of the Achatinellidae CA-er described, is
very rare now, if not extinct. Some dark forms of A. s^viftii Newc.
approach near to it, but yet seem to be distinct. The shells
grouped with this are also sometimes classed as the szoi/tii group,
but the older name is better.

27. Achatinella pica Swainson.

A. pica Swain. Zool. III., iii, p. 99, fig. t, 1832.

A. testa trochiformi, nigra; apice columellseque basi albis.

Shell trochiform, black ; apex and base of the pillar white.
Shell 7-10 of an inch long, body whorl convex, spire conic ; the three
upper whorls white or fulvous, without any convexity, and form-
ing a conic point. Suture thickened, and margined by a sulcated
groove. Interior of the aperture and base of the pillar white ; the
latter tinged with rose color; margin of the outer lip within, bor
dered with black.

Mr. Swainson, in the Quart. Journ. of Sci., Lit. and Art, vol.
XXV, Jan. to June, 1828, gave the following interesting notes on
the shells : "The shells forming the present group are all of a
small size ; the largest not equalling an inch in length. In gen-
eral they resemble Bidinii, both as regards form, and the propor-
tionate length of the spire, the principal whorl being more or less
ventricose ; but in some it is sufhcientl}^ short to render the shell
trochiform. This circumstance, joined to the thickened and some-
what proje(5ling base of the columella, induces me to believe, that
the proposed type of the genus has been mistaken by Lamarck for

Original Descriptions of Achatinella . 27

a marine shell, and described, in his Systcvic, under the name of
nionadonta seminigra. This supposition cannot, however, be veri-
fied, unless by a reference to the specimen he described. It is also
rendered somewhat doubtful, as he does not quote the figures, in
Dixon's Voyage Round the World, which (although I have not
the book this moment before me) accurately represent my A. pica.
In this, as well as in all the other species, the thick and abruptly
truncated base of the pillar gives it the appearance of an obtuse
tooth, covered with a white enamel. The extreme margin of the
outer lip is acute, but it is internally bordered by a thickened rim.
These characters, in all the species I have yet seen, are strongly
developed, and render this group one of the most conspicuous in
the family of Helicina.'''

Hab. Islands of the Pacific Ocean. Waialua, foot of Kawai-
loa gulch.

This is without doubt the same shell as A. lugjibris Chem.

SWIFTII GROUP.
38. Achatinella swiftii Newcomb.

A. swiftii Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 133; pi. xxii, fig. g, grt.

Shell ventricose, pointed at the apex, smooth, polished, shin-
ing; whorls 6, slightly rounded above, the last strongly inflated,
distindlly margined above ; lip purplish rose, thick and slightly
subrefledled ; aperture ovate; columella short, terminating in a
tubercle of the color of the lip; three first whorls white, the lower'
with very fine and numerous markings of black and white arranged
longitudinally to the shell, giving it a grayish aspect : fine obso-
lete white lines traverse the shell transversely, and a white sutural
line is traced on the last two whorls. Long. 14/20, lat. 10/20 poll.

Var. A. With a broad fascia cutting the body whorl.

Var. B. Yellowish ground color, with few markings.

Animal of a bluish slate, deeper on the head and tentacles,
and on the posterior part of the foot above ; longer than the shell ;
bottom of foot greenish white, mantle black. — Newc.

Unfortunately the type figured in the Zoological Proceedings
is not the usual pattern of the shell, but is one of the more uncom-
mon varieties.— Newc.

This species approaches A. turgida, but is distinct in appear-
ance, locality and habits. — Newc.

28 Original Desci'iplions of Achatinella.

Hab. District of Ewa. — Nevvc. Helemauo to Waliiawa.

Dr. Newcomb places A. valida Pfr. and A. apicata Newc. as
syuouyms of this shell. A. swijtii forms a conuecliug link between
the many shells of the forbesia7ia group and those of the Ingubris
group.

29. Achatinella apicata Newcomb.

A. apicata Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 210.

.\. Icsta iniperforata, globoso-conica, solida, Ijevigata. nigricaiite vcl
fusca, pallide irregulariter radiata et subfasciata ; spira conica, apice acuti-
uscula, cinnaiiiomea vtl hepatica ; anfr. 6, superis plaiiis, penultiino convexo,
ultimo globoso, 2-5 loiigitudinis vix lequante ; apertura obliqua, subtetra-
gono-ovali ; plica colum. supera. deiitiformi, lilacea ; perist. recto, intus
lilaceo-labiato, marginc colum. perdilatato, incrassato, adnato. Long. 18 1-2,
diam. 12 mill.

Shell imperforate, globoseh- conical, solid, smooth, blackish
or brown, irregularly striped and banded with lighter color ; spire
conical, apex somewhat acute, yellowish or purplish brown ;
whorls 6, the upper flat, next to the last convex, and last globose,
hardly equal to 2-5 of the length ; aperture oblique, subquad-
rangularly oval ; columella fold high, tooth-like, lilac; lip erect,
margined within with lilac, somewhat dilated at the margin of the
columella, thickened, adnate.

Hab. H. I. — Newc. Wahiawa and Helemano.
The sutural band is generally colored red or black, and the
shell is usuallv dextral.

30. Achatinella gulickii Smith.

Apex >ii<lickii Sni. P. Zool, Soc. London, iiSy^, p. 7'S ; pi. ix, fig, 19,

Testa ,sinistrorsa (interdum dextrorsa), globoso-conica, nitida, incrc-
menti lineis (baud spiralibus) .striata, dilute brunnea, cinereo strigata, zona
alba ad periplieriam cincta ; sutura brunneo marginata ; spira leviter con-
cava ; anfract, 6, primi 3-4 pallidi, convexiusculi, cieteri convexi ; apertura
alba, reccdens; perist. paululum dilatatum, intus incrassatum, dilute roseo-
fusco tinctum ; plica columellaris niediocriter valida, albida. Long. 19,
diam. 13 mill,

Var. Testa dextrorsa ; anfract, primi 3 pallidi, sequeiites 2 ct anfract.
ultimi dimidium superius cinereo-fusco strigati, dimidiuni inferius flaviun,
cinereo-fusco zonatum.

Shell sinistral (sometimes dextral), globose-conic, shining,
striated with lines (not spiral) of growth, pale brown, striped with
gray, encircled at the periphery by a white band ; suture margined
with brown ; spire slightly concave : whorls 6, the first 3-4 pale,
somewhat convex, the others convex : aperttire white, receding :
lip slightly dilated, thickened within, colored with pale rose-brown;
columellar fold moderately strong, whitish.

Originai Descriptiom of Achatinella. 29

Var. Shell dextral ; first 3 ^Yho^ls pale, the following 2 and
the upper half of the last whorl striped with gray-brown, the lower
half yellow, banded wnth gray-brown.

Affinities. It is allied to A . apicatiis Newc . , and A . lilacetis Gk .
Remarks. In Ahonui two-thirds of the specimens are sinis-
tral : in Kalaikoa only about one-eighth are sinistral. — Sm.

Hab. Most abundant in Kalaikoa and Ahonui, but it is some-
times found in valleys to the west as far as Waialee. — Sm.

31. Achatinella valida Pfeiffer.

A. 7'tilida Pfr. 1'. Zool. Soc. London, 1855. p. 6; pi. xxx, fig. 24.

A. testa iinperforata. dextror.sa (rarius sinistrorsa), ovato-conica, solida,
.sublaevigata, cinereo-fusca. pallide subfasciata et nigro strigatula ; spira ele-
vata, conica, apicc fusca, acuta; siitura marginata, alba; anfr. 6, prirnis 3
planis, sequeiitibus convexiitsciilis. ultimo 2-5 longiti;dinis subttquente, in-
flato ; apertura obliqua, truncato-auriformi ; plica columellari supera, nodi-
formi, paruni torta ; perist. fusco limbato, margine dextro subrecto, stricti-
usculo. columcllari dilatato, appresso. Long. 21 1-2, diani. 13 mill.

B. Nigra, pallide interruptc lineolata vel fasciata.

Shell dextral (more rarely sinistral), imperforate, ovately
conical, solid, smooth, a.shy brown with fine pale bands and black
stripes; spire elevated, conical, apex brown, acute; suture mar-
gined, white ; whorls 6, fir.st three flat, the following somewhat
convex, the last inflated, equal to 2-5 of the length ; aperture ob-
lique, truncate-auriform ; columellar fold high, nodiform, slightly
twisted ; lip margined with brown, nearly erect at the right mar-
gin, somewhat constricted, expanded at the columella, appressed.

Hab. H.I. — Frick. Helemano to Waialee.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. swiftii Newx.

Ur. Cooke found the type shells to be longer and narrower
than the typical swiftii, and it may come from the Waianae side of
Waialua.

32. Achatinella cinerosa Pfeiffer.

A. cinerosa Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. z, pi. xxx, fig. 5.

A. testa dextrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, solida, subltevigata,
nitida, fusco-grisea, lineis fuscis et albis radiata ; spira conica, apice acuti-
uscula, alba; sutura subcrenulata, albo-marginata ; anfr. 6, vix convexius-
culis, ultimo spira paulo breviore, basi rotundato ; apertura parum obliqua,
truncato-auriformi ; plica columellari torta, valida, dentiformi ; perist. crasse
albo-labiato, margine dextro substricto, breviter expanso, columellari crasso,
adnato. Long. 21, diam. 11 mill.

B. Fulvida, fusco radiata, sutura concolore.

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovately conical, .solid, smooth,
shining, brown-gray, striped with brown and white lines ; spire
conical, apex somewhat acute, white ; suture subcrenulate, white-

30 Original Descriptions of Achatinelta.

margined; whorls 6, hardly convex, the last a little shorter than
the spire, rounded at the base ; aperture slightly oblique, trunc-
ately auriform ; columellar fold twisted, strong, tooth-like ; peris-
tome thickly white-lipped, right margin constricfled, expanded a
little, thickened at the columella, adnate.

Hab. Helemano.

This seems to be only another form of A. swiftii Newc.

33. Achatinella lilacea Gulick.

Apex likiceus Gk. P. Zool. Soc. r,ondon, 1S73, p. 79, pi. x, fig. 4.

Testa dextrorsa, globosa-conica, nitida, incrementi lineis (haud spirali-
biis) striata, lilaceo-cervina, albida strigata ; sutura dilute marginata ; an-
fract. 6, primi 3 subplani, albi, cseteri convexi ; anfract. ult. medio interdum
obscure obtusatim angulatus ; apertura albida ; perist. dilute roseo-fuscum,
paululum dilatatum, intus incrassatum ; plica columellaris valida, pallide
rosea. Long. 21, diam. 12 1-2 mill.

Shell dextral, globosely conical, shining, striated with lines of
growth (not spiral), lilac-fawn, whitish striped; suture lightly
margined ; whorls 6, first three nearly flat, white, the others con-
vex ; the last whorl sometimes obscurely obtusely angled at the
middle; aperture whitish ; lip pale rose-brown, very slightly ex-
panded, thickened within ; columellar fold strong, pale rose.

Affinities. It is readily distinguished from A. apicatns Newc.
by the color of the apex, which is chestnut in that species, but
white in this. Sinistral specimens are very rare. — Gk.

Hab. The metropolis of the species is Ahonui, on Oahu.
It is also abundant in Kalaikoa, but becomes very rare in Wahiawa,
Helemano and Kawailoa.

34. Achatinella vespertina Baldwin.

A. vespertina Bald. P. Ac. Phil., 1895, p. 219, pi. x, fig. 14.

Shell dextral, minutely perforated, solid, globose, with the spire
conical, lateral outlines slightly concave, apex subacute ; surface
shining, striated with delicate growth lines ; apical whorls smooth.
Of a uniform delicate cream color, lighter on the upper whorls and
sutures ; sometimes wdth a few faint, white transverse lines on the
lower whorl. Whorls 6, narrowly margined above, the first three
plain, the rest slightly convex, the last somewhat inflated; suture
lightly impressed. Aperture very oblique, oval, white within ;
peristome white, acute, thickened w'ithin, somewhat expanded, the
basal margin slightly refledled, the columellar margin forming a
sinuous ridge around the umbilicus, extremities united by a very
thin callosity ; columella terminating in a strong, round, white
tubercle. Length 21, diam. 14 1-2 mill.

Original Descriptions of Achatinella . 31

Animal when extended in motion, longer than the shell.
Mantle and tentacles brown, the latter with the head above, of
darker shade. Foot light yellow, the superior portion of darker hue.

The nearest allied species is A. suiftii Newc; but the shape
and color of the shell, separate habitat, and difference of animal,
entitle it to rank as a distinct species.

The native Hawaiians firmly believe in the power of the
Achatinella to produce musical sounds. Hence the Hawaiian
name, "pupu kanioe," singing shells. Their legends ascribe to
them a vesper song. — Bald.

Hab. Kawailoa. — Bald.

PERVERSA GROUP.
35. Achatinella perversa Swainson.

A. pet-iei'sa Swain. Zool. 111., iii, p. 99, fig. 2, 1832.

A. testa sinistrorsa, sub trochiformi, fusca faciis transversis nigricantibus
lineisque longitudinalibus ; apice suturaque albis.

Shell reversed, subtrochiform, fulvous brown, with darker
transverse bands, and longitudinal lines ; apex and suture white.

Shell less trochif orm , but somewhat larger than the last \_A . pica
Swain.]. The terminal whorls of the spire are likewise formed in
the same manner; these, together with the suture, the pillar, and
the aperture, are pure white. The rest of the shell is a drab-col-
oured brown, variegated hy transverse blackish bands and lines ;
and sometimes by others, in a waved direction, near the suture.
The spiral line, which follows the suture, and the tip of the shell,
both of a pure white, renders this a very elegant species. — Swain.

Animal long as the shell ; light grey color, tentacles and
sheath light brown with a bar of brown across the front, upper
tentacles alone clavate, strongly swelling at their base ; granula-
tions large. There are several varieties of this species, one of
which has so near an approach to A. decora, as to lead to their
being confounded with each other. They are, however, widely
separated in locality, and the animals are even more distinct in
markings and habits than the shells themselves. — Newc.

Hab. Helemano to Kawailoa.

The following three species, although not closely related to
A. perversa, are placed in this group on account of their geo-
graphical position. This grouping of the shells is intended largely
as an aid in cabinet arrang-ement.

L^

32 Original Descriptions of Achati7ielia.

36. Achatinella napus Pfeiffer.

A. nafiiii Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. lyOndon, iS.ss, p. 5, pi. xxx, fig. 19.

A. testa imperforata, dextrorsa, turrita, solida, striatula, nitidula, albida,
fasciis griseo-carneis et interdum linei.s ca.staueis cingulata ; .spira elongato-
conica, apice alba, acuta; sutvira distincte marginata ; anfr. 6 1-2. .superis
plaiiis, .sequeiitibus convexiusculis, ultimo 1-3 longitudinis subitquante,
rotundato ; apertura diagoiiali, truncato-auriformi ; plica columellari svipera,
mediocri, leviter torta ; perist. intus labiato, margine dextro recto, colu-
mellari subdilatato, adnato. Long, ig 1-2, diam. 10 1-2 mill.

Shell dextral, imperforate, turrited, solid, somewhat striated,
shiny, whitish, encircled with grayish flesh -colored bands and
sometimes chestnut lines ; spire elongate-conic, apex white, acute;
suture distindtly margined ; whorls 6 1-2, the upper flat, the fol-
lowing somewhat convex, the last nearly equal to 1-3 the length,
rounded ; aperture diagonal, truncate-auriform ; columellar fold
high, not large, lightly twi.sted ; peristome thickened within, right
margin erect, somewhat expanded at the columella, adnate.

Hab. Waialee.— Bald.

Dr. Cooke found the type shell rather narrow for a shell of
this sec5lion. The third and fourth whorls are light brown, with
broad and narrow white or light brown bands ; the suture is brown.

37. Achatinella leuco^ona Gulick.

Apex leticosomn Gk. P. Zool. Soc. London, 187,3, p. S3; pi. x, fig. 6.

Testa subperforata, dextrorsa, globoso-conica, nitida, incrementi lineis
(liaud spiralibus) striata, griseo-brunnea, saturate griseo-brunneo strigata,
ad peripheriam zona alba interrupta ; sutvira di.stincte albo marginata ; spira
recte conica ; anfract. 6, primi 3 convexiusculi, caeteri convexi ; apertura alba;
perist. paululum dilatatum, dilute roseo-fusco tinctum, intus incrassatum;
plica columellaris valida, alba. Long. 19, diam. 12 mill.

Shell subperforate, dextral, globose-conical, shining, striated
with lines of growth (not spiral), grayish-brown, striped with dark
grayish-brown, separated at the periphery by a white band ; suture
distincflly margined with white ; spire decidedly conical ; whorls 6,
fir.st three slightly convex, the others convex ; aperture white ;
lip very slightly dilated, tinged with ro.se-brown, thickened within ;
columellar fold .strong, white.

Affinities. It is related to and passes into A. naptis Pfr.,
which is also found in Waialee ; but the usual forms are distin-
guished by having a shorter spire and a white suture, and in 1)eing
free from the yellowish hue of that species.

Remarks. This species is always dextral. — Gk.

Hab. The metropolis of this species is in Waialee. A few
specimens have also been found in Wahiawa. — Gk.

Orii^inal Descriptions of Achatinella. 33

38. Achatinella leucophaeus Gulick.

Aftex h'ucoplurus Gk. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1873, p. 82, pi. ix, fig. 16.

Testa sinistrorsa, subperforata, ovato-conica, parum nitida, incremcnti
lineis et transvtrsim indistinctc exilissime striata, dilute cervina, dilute
fusco strigata et zonata ; sutura distincte albo niarginata ; anfract. 7, .sub-
convexi ; apertura alba ; perist. paululuni dilatatum, intus valide incrassa-
tum, dilute fusco tinctum ; plica columellaris valida, albida, aliquanto
reflexa, rimam parvum fere tegens. Long. 22, diam. 12 mill.

vShell sinistral, subperforate, ovate-conical, hardly shining,
transversely, indistincftly and very finely striated with lines of
growth, light fawn, striped and banded with light brown ; suture
distin(5lly margined with white; whorls 7, subconvex ; aperture
white ; lip slightly dilated, strongly thickened within, tinged with
light brown ; columellar fold strong, whitish, somewhat reflexed,
almost concealing the small cleft.

Affinities. It is allied to A. pcrvcrsns Swn., and A. validus
Pfr., but it is of a paler colour and more elongate form.
Remarks. It is always sinistral. — Gk.
Hab. Waialee.— Gk.

Waianae Mountains^ OaJm.

MUSTELINA GROUP.
39. Achatinella mustelina Mighels.

A. )nustelina Migh. P. Boston Soc, ii, 1845, p. 21.

Shell dextral, conical, dark brown, with a light revolving
band at the suture, perforate ; whorls 7, convex ; aperture oblong;
lip simple, acute. Length i, diam. 9/20 inch.

Animal of a grass-green, through different shades more or less
intense ; tentacles light slate.

A very curious variety of this shell is met with, in form re-
sembling A. decora. It is polished, of a roseate, ashy hue above,
and the inferior half of the last whorl deep brown or black. The

Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. II, No. 3.-3.

34 Original Descriptions of AcJiati)iclla.

animal is, however, identical with A. mustcUna, and it is met with
in the mountains of Waianae, on the island of Oahu, the central
region for niustclina. — Newc.

Hab. Waianae Mts. — Migh. Mt. Kaala. — Bald.

i/ 40. Achatinella multilineata Newcotnb.

.1. niul/iliiirala Newc. P. Zool. Soc. r.ondon, 1853, p. 13S ; pi. .xxii, fig. 23.

Shell dextral or sinistral, solid, elongately conical, whorls 6,
rounded, margined above; lip expanded below and slightly sub-
refle(fled, above acute and thickened within ; columella short, stout,
slightly twisted, with a callus spread over and nearly closing the
umbilicus ; aperture oblong-ovate ; colour of columella, lip and
suture white, sometimes tinged with yellow; shell white, with or
without numerous transverse lines of a brown or black colour.
Long. 19/20, lat. 10/20 poll.

This species makes a near approich to A . niusiclina of Mighels,
but is more elongate in form, with the lineations much stronger,
and never passes into the variety of niustclina with the depressed
spire and obese body whorl. The localitv is also different, which
is always worthy of particular remark in examining the shells of
this genus.— Newc.

Hab. Rolaupoko. — ^-Newc. Northeast side Mt. Kaala.

/ 41. Achatinella bicolor Gulick.

A. bicuhr OV.. Pfeiffer, Mon. lUl. Viv.. iv, 1S59. p. 529.

T. subperforata, globoso-conica, solida, leviter striata, nitida. alljida,
fusculo oblique strigata ; spira conica, apice acutiuscula, alba; suture late
impresso-m irgiuata ; anfr. 5 1-2, superi plini, penultinius convexior, ulti-
mus spiram fere lequan-i, gloliosus, iufra peripheriam nigro-c istaneus ; aper-
tura obliqui, sul)auriformis ; plica coluniellaris alta, nodiformis; perisl.
intus labiatuni, fusco-linib ituni, niirgine dextro breviter exp\nso, colu-
mellari dil itato, subadn ito. Long. 16 1-2, diani. 11 mill. \\^. ^ 1-2, mill.
longa, 5 lata.

Shell subperforate, globose-coiiii-al. solid, liglnl\- striattd,
shining, whitish, ohli(|uely striped with 1 rown ; spire conical,
apex somewhat acute, white ; suture broadh impressed-margiiicd;
whorls 5 1-2, the upper fiat, the ue.xt to tfie last somewhat convex,
the last globose, almost equ il to tlie spire, black-chestnut below the
periphery; aperture oblique, subiuritorm: columellar fold ])r()nii-
nent, nodiform ; lip thickened within, edged with brown, tlie right
margin shortly expanded, dilated at the columella, subadnate.

Hab. Lihue. — Pfr. Waianae Mts.

Orii^inal Descriptions of Achatinclla. 35

4a. Achatinella sordida Newcomb.

A. sordida Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London. iS5^, p. 139; pi. xxiii. fig. 27.

Shell elongately conical, solid ; whorls 7, slightly rounded,
margined above ; aperture small, somewhat contra cled ; lip sub-
reflecled below, acute above, thickened within ; columella short,
slightly twisted, with an expanded callus partially covering a
shallow small umbilicus ; colour variable ; ground white, variously
banded and striped transversely with brown or black. Long.
18/20, lat. 9/20 poll.

This species, like the A. midti/ineata, is drawn from the group
of A. mustclina, the variations in character, with different locali-
ties and the peculiarity of habits in each, demanding their sepa-
ration.— Newc.

Hab. Lihue. — Newc. Waianae Mts.

43. Achatinella concavospira Pfeiffer.

.-) . (lUiliiiiflla) concavospira Tfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S59. p. 30.

T. subperforata, dextrorsa, ovato-turrita, solida, striatula, nitida, albida,
fasciis et strigis angustis coffeaceis ornata ; spira concavo-turrita, apice acuti-
iiscula, alba ; sutura valde marginata ; anfr. 7, primi 3 plani, st-quentes con-
vexi, iiltimus rotundatus, 2-5 longitudini.s subcequan.s ; plica columellaris
supera, nodiformis, alba ; apertura obliqua, obauriformis ; perist. hepaticum,
margine dextro expansiusculo, columellari perdilatato, rcflexo, subadnato.
Long. 21 1-2, diam. 11 1-3 mill.

Shell subperforate, dextral, ovate- turreted, solid, somewhat
striated, shining, whitish, ornamented with narrow coffee-colored
bands and stripes ; spire concave-turreted, apex slightly acute,
white; suture strongly margined; whorls 7, first three flat, the
following convex, the last rotundate, nearly equal to 2-5 the length;
columellar fold high, nodiforni, white; aperture oblique, nearly
auriform; lip liver-colored, with the right margin slightly ex-
panded, greatly dilated at the columella, reflexed, subadnate.

Hab. Waianae Mts., eastern range.

44. Achatinella turbiniformis Gulick.

Aprx liiibmi/ormti Gk. P. ZooL Soc. London. i>>73. p. M. pL x. fig. 7.

Testa dextrorsa subperforata, .subgloboso-conica, parvim nitida, incre-
mcnti lineis (baud spiralibus ) striata ; alba, lineis paucis transversis fuscis
basim versus cincta ; sutura distincte marginata ; spira leviter concava ; an-

36 Ori}rinat Descriptions of Achati)icUa.

fract. 6, primi 3 convexiusculi, Cctteri convexi ; apcrtura alba ; pcrist. niar-
gine tenui, dilute fusco iutus linibatuni ; plica columellaris nitdiocriter
valida. Long. 17, diam. 11 mill.

Shell dextral, subperforate, .subglobosely conic, hardly shin-
ing, striated with lines (not spiral) of growth; white, encircled
towards the base with a few transverse brown lines ; suture dis-
tin<5lly margined ; spire slightly concave ; whorls 6, first 3 slightly
convex, the others convex ; aperture white ; lip thin at the mar-
gin, edged within with light brown ; columellar fold moderately
strong.

It is allied to A. tubcrans Gk., but has a much narrower spire.
Remarks. All the specimens found are dextral. — Gk.

Hab. Kalaikoa and Lihue. — Gk. Waianae Mts. — Bald.

The habitat of this shell is rather doubtful, .so that it is diffi-
cult to place with any certainty ; probably from the Lihue side
of the Waianae Mts.

11.

Section ACHATINBI.I/ASTRUM Pfeiffer.

Beginning witJi tJic Southeastern end of OaJni.

FUIvGENS GROUP.
45. Achatinella fulgens Newcomb.

A.fuigens Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 131, pi. xxii, fig. 24, 24a.

Shell elongately conic, polished, shining ; whorls 6, flatly con-
vex ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture ovate ; columella short,
tuberculated; lip simple, ribbed within; colour rich chestnut-brown,
with a broad white sutural fascia cutting the centre of the last
whorl ; apex and columella white. lyong. 18/20, lat. 8/20 poll.

Var. A. White, with broad chestnut bands.

Var. B. Chestnut-coloured above, yellowish below, with two
black and one white band, the columella dark brown ; of large
size, measuring 22-20X 10-20 of an inch.

This last variety may, upon further examination, prove to be
a distinct species. The locality of this last is Makiki Valley,
"Mauka roa," or far back in the mountain range. An examina-
tion of the respecftive animals will resolve the doubt. — Newc.

Hab. Niu. — Newc.

This and the following seven species are very nearly related,
and form a very interesting group. They are all found in the dis-
trict between Niu Valley and Makiki ; all are sinistral, and the
great number of color varieties run one into the other. Over one
thousand examples of this varied group are in the author's colledlion.

46. Achatinella buddii Newcomb.

A. buddiiTSewc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 155; pi. xxiv, fig. 73.

Shell sinistral, conically ovate, solid ; whorls 6, convex,
slightly margined above ; suture moderately impressed, banded
with white; aperture ovate; lip acute, thickened within; col-
es?)

38 Original Descriptions of Acliatinella.

umella short, with a terminal plication ; colour jellowish (or cinna-
mon), slate or fawn ; columella and aperture white. Long. 16/20,
lat. 9/20 poll.

This uncommon species I take pleasure in dedicating to Dr.
B. W. Budd of New York, who has largely contributed in assist-
ing others to build up a scientific reputation in the ITnited States.
— Newc.

Hab. Palolo. — Newc.

A. buddii, as found today, seems to agree well with the origi-
nal type, except that it often lacks the black spot found on the tip
of the older shells.

47. Achatinella phaeo^ona Gulick.

A. pluTozoyici Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi. p. 215. pi. vii, fig. 40.

Shell sinistral, scarcely perforate, oblong-ovate, solid, shining,
striated, white, with from i to 6 black or chestnut bands Aarying
in width ; apex subacute ; spire convexly conical ; suture mar-
ginate, moderately impressed ; whorls 7, moderately convex ; col-
umellar fold central, white, strong ; aperture a little oblique.
Innately rounded ; peristome acute, well thickened within ; with
columellar margin dilated, adnate, or sometimes slightly detached;
parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.86 in. (22 mill.), breadth 0.50 in. (12 2-3 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.64 in. (16 1-4 mill. ).

Length of aperture 0.43 in. (11 mill.); an average sized
specimen.

Length of a large specimen 1.20 in. (25 2-5 mill.).

Average weight 10.50 grains.

Station. On the Kukui {Alcurites triloba) and Ki {Cordyline
terminal is) .

Var. A. With one broad band encircling the base.

Var. Br With two dark bands, one entering the aperture, the
other revolving above the suture. This and Var. A are some-
times found in Kailua, Oahu.

Var. C. White, with three or four bands at the base.

Var. D. Without bands, but more or less streaked with
fawn-brown.

Var. E. Dark brown, with two white bands, one sutural, the
other on the periphery of the body whorl.

Var. F. Brown, with one or more black bands.

Var. G. Ash or olive-brown, with one or more light bands.

Var. H. Chestnut or olive-brown, with fine black spiral lines.

Original Descriptions of Acliatiiieua. 39

Smaller, with outlines of spire less convex ; passing into
A. pluinata. Average weight 5.30 grains.

Var. I. White, with numerous chestnut bands on the lower
part of the whorls.

Var. J. Light olive-brown, with dark bands.

Var. K. Dark brown, with narrow wdiite bands.

Var. L. White, with one or two broad black bands at the base.

Var. M. Elongate, white, with two black bands, one revolving
above the suture, the other entering the aperture, sometimes a
third accompanies the sutural margin.

Var. N. White, with from three to five crowded bands at base.
Var. O. Pure white.

Remarks. May be grouped with A. buddii and A.fulgeiis
Newc, but differs in its more solid strucfture, its thicker lip and
columellar fold, and in the more convex outline of its spire. It
also lacks the black tip which characfterizes A. buddii. The typi-
cal varieties found in Keawaawa are rare, the sterile regions afford-
ing but few trees, which occupy the ravines near the summit of
the ridge.

The varieties of Kailua (I, J and K) pass into A. phnnata
Nob.; and var. M of Olomana bears a strong analog}- to A. zonata
Nob. and A. fornwsa Nob., which are found at the opposite end of
the mountain range constituting the backbone of the island. — Gk.

Hab. Species, and varieties A-H, Keawaawa ; vars. I-K,
Kailua ; vars. L-O, Olomana. — Gk.

48. Achatinella plumata Gulick.

A. plumata Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi. p. 217, pi. \4i, fig, 41.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, .stri-
ated, cinereous, with oblique brown streaks ; apex subacute, spire
conic ; with outlines slightly convex : suture marginate, moder-
ately impressed, white; whorls 6 1-2, somewhat convex; col-
umellar fold central, white, strong ; aperture somewhat oblique,
truncatel}' auriform ; peristome subacute, well thickened wnthin ;
with columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.90 in. (23 mill.); breadth 0.48 in. (12 1-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.63 in. (16 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.44 in. (11 mill. ) .

Average weight 8.50 grains.

46 Original Descriptions of Achatinelta.

Var. B. Bluish grey, suture of the same color, lip thinner.

Var. C. Of ashy chestnut color, with black bands.

Var. D. Pale, streaked with light fawn-brown, sutures white.

Var. E. Irradiated with light brown, sutures the same, lip
less thickened, columellar fold tuberculate.

Var. F. With one or two broad chestnut bands, otherwise
like var. E.

Var. G. With three bands, usually black, one of which is
sutural.

Var. H. With a white belt encircling the base between two
broad black bands, one of which enters the aperture.

Var. I. White or yellowish at the base, reddish-gray above,
with a dark spiral line between.

Var. J. Fawn-colored, darker towards the apex.

Var. K. Greyish pink mounted with brown, yellow at the base.

Smaller and more elongately ovate. Length 0.77 in. (19 1-5
mill.); breadth 0.41 in. (10 2-5 mill.).

Var. L. Grey radiated with black and brown, with sutures
white.

Var. M . Streaked with grey and brown with sutures of the
same color.

Var. N. Dark chestnut, lighter towards the apex.

Var. O. White with two or three broad black or chestnut
bands.

Var. P. Of cinnamon color with one black band at the base.

Var. Q. Plumbeous above, greenish yellow at the base.

Of full size, but thinner than the typical varieties, with the
first three whorls usually white; pass into A . ftdgens Newc,
which is found in the same locality.

Var. R. Of greyish-fawn color, with sutures white.

Var. S. Cinnamon or chestnut, variously banded with dark
or pale lines ; one specimen dextral.

Var. T. Brownish grey, with one or more black bands at base.

Var. U. Cinereous, with numerous pale spiral lines.

Var. V. Cinereous above, passing into dark brown on the
periphery of the body whorl and greenish yellow at the base.

Var. W. Of a grayish-yellow hue throughout.

Var. X. Bright fawn color, with a broad white belt on the
periphery of the last whorl.

Original Descriptiovs of Achativelta. 41

Rather thin with lip acute and scarcel}- thickened within ;
pass into A. Incddii Newc, found in the same locality-. Average
weight 5.30 grains.

Var. Y. Dark brown or cinnamon throughout.

Var. Z. Grey, with fine black lines.

Var. AA. Yellowish white or grey, with two broad black or
chestnut bands, one entering the aperture.

Var. BB. Brown or slate, with two white bands, one sutural,
the other on the periphery of the whorl.

Var. CC. Greyish pink, with one or two broad white bands
at the base.

Var. DD. Grey above, yellow at the base.

Var. EE. White, with broad pale bands of grayish pink.

Var. FF. Fawn, with a narrow black band entering the aper-
ture, and sometimes with a dark sutural line.

\'ar. GG. White or pale greyish pink, with one or two narrow
slate or chestnut bands.

Var. HH. White above, brown at the base.

Var. II. Bright chestnut, with white sutures, light pink
columella.

With spire more convex and colors less streaked ; pass into
A . phoeozoiia , vars . I-O .

\'ar. JJ. Light brownish grey, with several black spiral lines.

Var. KK. Brown or slate colored, with two white bands,
I sutural, the other on the periphery of the last whorl.

Var. LL. With a broad black zone at the base.

Var. MM. Olive brown, with 2 dark bands, a broad one
entering the aperture, the other narrower, revolving above the
suture.

Var. NN. Light fawn, with i or 2 white bands at the base.

Var. 00. White, with oblique yellowish streaks.

Var. PP. Fawn-colored, plain or wfth dark brown bands ;
sutures white ; approaches A. ccrvina Nob.

Remarks. A neat species, differing from A. phceozona in its
smaller size, more conic spire, and in the streaked arrangement of
its colors. The typical specimens are much thicker and heavier
than A. biiddii Newc, and it never has the black tip of that spe-
cies. We have seen but one dextral specimen, which has been
mentioned under var. S'.

42 Original Descriptions of Achaiinclia.

Hab. Species, and varieties B-K, Niu ; var. L-Q, Wailiipe;
vars. R-X, Waialae ; (vars. R, S and V are sometimes found in
Palolo:) vars. Y-II. Palolo ; vars. JJ-PP, Kailua.— Gk.

49. Achatinella versipellis Gulick.

A. versipellis Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, p. 224, pi. vii, fig. 4412 and 446.

Shell dextral or sinistral, imperforate, acuminatelj- oblong,
solid, shining, striated, of lively ash-color, more or less streaked
and waved with brown, with several interrupted brown bands on
the upper parts of the whorls ; apex .somewhat obtuse ; spire con-
vexly conical ; suture margined, moderately impressed ; whorls 6,
convex ; columellar fold central, white, .strong ; aperture trun-
cately auriform, white within, a little oblique, in sinistral speci-
mens very oblique ; peristome thickened within ; with external
margin unreflecfted, compressed, edged with brown ; columellar
margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.80 in. (20 1-3 mill.), breadth 0.40 in. (10 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.59 in. (15 mill.).

Average weight 8.60 grains.

Station. Principally on the leaves of the Ki {Cordyline ter-
minalis) and leie {Fn'vcinetia scandens) .

Var. B. Rich brown, with light streaks and waves.

Var. C. Yellow at the base, with one or more l)rown bands
above.

Var. D. Yellow at the base, and white above, without bands.

Var. E. Nearly pure white.

Var. F. Ash or yellow gray, without bands.

Remarks. A rare and beautiful species, found in the most
rugged but verdant regions of western Kailua. About a third of
the specimens are sinistral.

Hab. Pohakunui, in Kailua. — Gk.

Found on the other side of the island, but perhaps related to
the shells of i\\^/nlge7is group.

50. Achatinella pexa Gulick.

A. fiexa Gk. Ann. Iac. New York, vol. vi, p. 197, pi. vi, fig. 26.

Shell sinistral, deeply perforated, ovate-conic, thin, shining,
finely .striated, microscopically very minutely decussated ; a.sh-
colored, streaked with white and brown, and banded with brown
spiral lines ; apex subacute ; spire conical ; suture simple, slightly
impressed ; whorls 6, somewhat conve.x ; columella white, obso-

Original Descriptions of Achatinel/a. 43

letely plaited ; aperture oblique, truncately oval, light brown
within ; peristome scarcely thickened within ; with external mar-
gin anteriorly reflected, arcuate ; coluniellar margin dilated, not
appressed ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.76 in. ( 19 1-3 mill. ), breadth 0.42 in. ( 10 2-3 mill.).

Length of body w^horl 0.53 in. (13 1-2 mill.).

Weight 2.50 grains.

Remarks. Somewhat resembles A. biiddii Newc, in style of
coloring, but lacks the black tip of that species, and decidedly
differs in the refiecfled lip, and deeply perforated umbilicus.

Hab; Hawaiian Ids. — Gk. Niu.

51. Achatinella fusco^ona vSmith.

A. fusco'iDia Sni. P. Zool. Soc. London. If573, p. 76; pi. ix. fig. g.

Testa sinistrorsa, ovato-conica, perforata, parum nitida, incrementi lineis
et transversim (sub lente) miniitissime striata, albida, plusve niinusve dilute
fusco oblique strigata, transversimque obscure lineata vel zonata ; sutura dis-
tinctc fusco marginata, aiifract. 6 1-2, convexi, ult. amplus ; apex nigrescens;
apertura alba; perist. tenue, intus leviter limbatum ; plica coluniellaris
valida, rubescens ( interdum albida). Long. 21, diam. 12 mill.

Var. Testa elongato-conica ; sutura zona latissima fusca cincta. Long.
23 1-2, diam. 11 mill.

Shell sinistral, ovately conic, perforate, hardly shining, trans-
versely and very minutely striated with lines of growth, whitish,
more or less obliquely striped with light brown, and transverse!}'
obscurely lined or banded ; suture distin(5lly margined with brown,
whorls 6 1-2, convex, the last broad; apex blackish; aperture
white ; lip thin, lightly edged within ; coluniellar fold strong, red
(sometimes whitish ) .

Var. Shell elongately conic ; suture encircled with a very
broad brown band.

Affinities. It is intermediate between A. adusta Rve. and
A. buddii Newc.

Hab. Makiki, on Oahu ; two or three specimens have been
found in Palolo.

Mr. Baldwin places this shell with A . buddii Newc. It is also
very near to A. pexa Gk. Dr. Cooke found the type shell to be a
white variety of A. buddii.

52. Achatinella augusta Smith.

A. auguila Sni. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 74: pi ix, fig. 7.

Testa sinistrorsa, ovato-conica, nitida, incrementi lineis et transversim
exilissimc striata, viridis, saturate viridi strigata lineisque spiralibus viridi-
bus rutisque obscuris cincta, infra suturam albam zona flava ornata ; sutura

44 OHgifial Descriptions of Achahnella.

flistilicte albo marginata ; anfract. 6 1-2, primi 4 convex! usculi, ca?teri con-
vex!; apertura alba; perist. tenue, intus d!lute fusco t!nctum; pHca col-
umellaris valida, fnsco-rosea. Long. 24, cHani. 12 1-2 mill.
Var. Testa onin!no flava, snturam !nfra zona alba cincta.

Shell sinistral, ovate-conical, shining, transversely and finely
striated with lines of growth, green, striped with dark green, and
encircled with green and faint red spiral lines, ornamented by a
yellow band below the white suture ; suture distinctly margined
with white ; whorls 61-2, first 4 slightly convex, the others con-
vex ; aperture white ; lip thin, tinged with light brown within ;
columellar fold strong, rose-brown.

Var. vShell entirely yellow, encircled by a white band below
the suture.

Affinities. This species is, on the one hand, closely related
to A. phimata Gk., from which it is distinguished by its green and
yellow epidermis, which is entireh- wanting in that species, and to
A./idgens Newc, from which it differs in being without the broad
black bands, which belong not only to the epidermis, but to the
solid part of the shell of A . fulgms. It has been described b}-
Newcomb and Pfeiffer as a variety of the latter species.

Hab. Palolo and Wailupe. — Sm.

DIVERSA GROUP.
53. Achatinella diversa Gulick.

A. dive) sa Gk. Ann. Lye. Xevv York, vol. vi, p. 220, pi. vii, fig^. 42a and 42*.

Shell sinistral, very rarely dextral, imperforate, ovately or
elongately conic, solid, shining, striated, white or variously painted
with yellow or green ; apex subacute ; spire conic ; suture mar-
ginate, moderateh' impressed; whorls 6 1-2, somewhat convex;
columellar fold central, strong, rose or white ; aperture oblique,
truncately auriform ; peristome acute, thickened within ; with
columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.83 in. (21 mill.), breadth 0.45 in. (11 2-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.61 in. (15 1-2 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.42 in. (10 2-3 mill.) ; an average
specimen.

Greatest length 0.99 in. (25 mill.).

Average weight 8.00 grains.

Var. A. Pure white, except the columella, which is fre-
quently lilac or rose. PI. vii, fig. 42a.

Var. B. White, with one black band. PI. vii, fig. 42/*.

Orighial Descriptions oj Aihatinella. 45

Var. C. White, with two dark bands, one entering the aper-
ture. Approaches A. fidgcns Nevvc.

Var. D. White, with yellow or green base.

Var. E. Yellow, with white bands.

Var. F. Yellow, fading towards the apex. '

Var. G. Green, fading towards the apex.

Var. H. Green, passing into gray or brown towards the apex.

Var. I. Green, with white bands.

Remarks. Differs from A. plumata Nob. in the chara(5ler and
arrangement of its colors, and from A . fu/gcns Newc. in the ab-
sence of the white sutural band, and the two broad black central
bands which characfterize that species.

The specimens found in Niu do not present the green varie-
ties, but incline more to white ; and are also thicker and more
ovate in form than those found in Palolo. The average weight of
full grown specimens from Niu is about 9.00 grains, that of the
Palolo specimens is 7.20 grains.

I have six or eight dextral specimens belonging to varieties
D, E, Gand I.— Gk.

Hab. Palolo, Waialae, Wailupe and Niu. — Gk.

The author's own collecftion exhibits a fine series of these
beautiful shells. Many of the various color varieties form con-
nedling links with other groups ; the shell has been well named.

54. Achatinella trilineata Gulick.

A. trilineata Gk. .\nn. Lvc. Xevv York, vi, p. 226, pi. vii, fig. 46.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, finely
striated, white above, yellow or green at the base, with three black
bands, one sutural, one entering the aperture, and the other between
the two, revolving just above the suture ; apex somewhat obtuse ;
spire conical, slightly convex ; suture with narrow margin, mod-
erately impressed ; whorls 6 1-2, rather convex; columellar fold
central, white or rose, strongly developed ; aperture truncately
auriform, white within ; peristome thickened within, with external
margin unreflecled, arcuate, acute ; columellar margin dilated,
adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.S5 in. (21 3-5 mill.), breadth 0.48 in. (12 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.59 in. (15 mill.).

Average weight 8.60 grains.

Var. B. With oblique reddish brown streaks above, the base
green or j^ellow.

Var. C. Yellowish or green throughout, excepting the bands.

46 Or/o/'/m/ Descriptions of Achatiiiclla.

Var. D. White at the base, and also above.

Var. E. Covered with obli(|ue reddish-brown streaks.

Var. F. Apex tipped with l)lack, passing into A. biiddii Newc.

Var. G. Green or yellow, except the black bands, and a
narrow line of white.

Var. H. White, with several fine spiral black lines accom-
panying the broader bands.

Var. I. With black bands very broad, occupying half the
surface or more.

Var. J. With two black i^ands, one sutural, the other pa.ss-
ing above the suture.

Var. K. With two black bands, one sutural, the other enter-
ing the aperture ; rare.

Var. L. With several narrow bands on the upper part of the
whorls.

Remarks. Dextral specimens of this species are very rare ;
I have obtained but two. Varieties J and K have been found only
in Palolo. As in the preceding species, the specimens found in
Niu are of the lighter colored varieties, and more solid than those
of the other valleys. — Gk.

Hab. Palolo, Waialae, Wailupe and Niu. — Gk.

The charaAeristic feature of this species is its prominent black
bands. This and all the color varieties of A. diversa are very
closely related to the members of \\\^ fulgcns group. The metrop-
olis of all these shells is the territory including the valleys of Niu,
Wailupe, Waialae and Palolo. Mr. Gulick, who has given such
full descriptions of the species of this and the ftdgens group, adds
the following notes in regard to the species found in this secflion :

"The variation of the species, both in form and color, and the
shading of tlie \'arieties of different species into one another, has in
many instances been noted ; but the affinities are more complicated
than would appear from the descriptions. From this cause, together
with the perplexity arising from dextral and sinistral varieties, from
lack of specimens representing many of the forms of the genus, and
from inability to ascertain the geographical relations of the species,
unavoidable errors found their way into Reeve's Monograph of the
genus, from which confusion has arisen in the nomenclature of the
species of this group especially. Additional error has since been
introduced, b>- the description, under new names, of certain speci-
mens of well known shells, which the demand for new and beauti-
ful species had subjecfted to artificial treatment. So successful was
the deception that some are still received as genuine, which I am
persuaded belong to this class.

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 47

"^ A . vidpina Fer. was described as sinistral species, and ac-
cordingly the name was applied to only sinistral specimens.
The dextral varieties of this species were described by Reeve
under the names of A. producta and A. bilineata, while the name
vidpina was transferred by him to another species, which we
have described as A. varia, to which was added, as a variet)^
the distinct species A. livida Swains., and also by Pfeiffer,
A. steicarti Green. Other dextral specimens which have been
described by Dr. Newcomb under the names A. venulata and
A. hybrida, differ from the dextral type chiefly in the arrangement
of the color, which I think are not specific charac5lers, if indeed
they are natural. A. venulata, Var. A, I take to be the green
variety of A. stetvarti. A. johnsonii and A. apt list re Newc; are
fine specimens of A. byronii, the one entirely, and the other par-
tially deprived of its epidermis. The name A. bjronii h^s given
place to A. pulcherrima, which belongs to a species similar in out-
line, but of very distinct affinities. A. livida Swains, is much
smaller than A. vidpina Fer. and quite distinct. Its allied species
are A. curta, recta, undulata, cmersonii l<ie\xc., and A . glauca Nob.
It has the colored suture of the first, and the greenish lead color
of the last two.

"The difference between A. producta Rve. and A. vidpina Fer.
is no greater than is constantly found between dextral and sinistral
varieties; and A. bilineata Rve. has long been considered by Dr.
Newcomb and others as only a variety of A. producta; there are
also sinistral specimens lined in the same manner, which differ
from the typical A. vidpina in no other respect.

"My specimens of A. venulata, hybrida, johnsonii and aplustre,
were, I think, from the same source as Dr. Newcomb 's, and pur-
ported to come from the same localit}', which was then yielding
many new species. I have since explored all that part of the
island, and none of these species were found, nor any whose affini-
ties indicated an approach to the home of such forms. But as I
departed from the valleys near Honolulu into Kolau, I found the
varieties and species differing more and more from that type. The
unavoidable inference is, that instead of being from Kolau, they
are from the valleys near Honolulu, where A. vulpina, and stewarti
abound. The strength of this inference will be best appreciated by
those who are acquainted with the limited distribution of the groups,
as well as of the species of this genus, and the relation between
their geographical distribution and the graduation of their types.

"Moreover the peculiar markings of these specimens do not
extend within the aperture, where they would also appear if nat-
ural. The pink band of A. aplustre is cut off abruptly at the aper-
ture, in entire variance from the laws of the arrangement of color
which prevail in this genus.

48 Origi)ial Descriptions of Achatinclla.

"Dr. Newcomb has followed iu restoring A. livida, making it
luclude, beside Svvainsou's t3'pe, A . cmcrsofiii Nevv-c, A.glauca
Nob., and A. reevci Ad. If A. eme^'sonii and glaiica are to be
merged in A. livida, would not a consistent system of classification
require that A. recta and undulata should likewise be placed under
A. carta, since the relation is similar? "

VULPINA GROUP.
55. Achatinella vulpina Ferussac.

A. vulpina Fer. Prodrome ; IJinat;ons, p. 60, No. 429

Shell accuminately oblong, sinistral, sometimes rather ventri-
cose, whorls somewhat flatly convex, columella .short, callous,
dentately plicate, lip of the aperture but little thickened; olive or
whitish, with oblique light red-brown streaks, variously painted
with spiral black or greea or brown bands and lines, columella
purple-rose. — Rve. Conch. Icon. Achat. London, 1850; sp. 29.

The colouring of this species is extremely variable ; there is,
however, but one prevailing idea in its manner of distribution.
The columella is of a livid purple-rose in all the varieties. — Reeve.

This is one of the most common shells met wiih on Oahu, and
passes through numerous slight variations, which have led to their
description as distinct species. Mr. Gulick, who has very minutely
studied cabinet specimens, places the A. producta Reeve, as a syno-
nym of this species, and claims that in that gentleman's Mono-
graph he gives A. varia Gul. erroneously as the true vulpina.
Specimens exist in the French colledlion which pa.ssed under the
e5-e of Ferussac, and are labelled ''A. vulpina' which answer to
the shells as figured by Reeve. No doubt can exist of the correct
references by European authors to this species. The dextral
viilpi7ia differs greatly from the shell described by Mr. Reeve as
producta. The figure in P'erussac is from one of those unfortunate
individuals discolored b>" the hot bath. — Newc.

Hab. Palolo to Manoa.

• The following is the description of MM. Quoy and Gaimard

on page 477 and plate 68, figs. 13 and 14 in the Zoology of

Voyage ..•• Uranie et Physicienne, Paris, 1824: —

Testa sinislrorsa, conica, elonsrata, vertice obtuso ; nitida, arj^ute striata;
epidermidf fulvo vel rufo-fu^aci ; apice pallido ; anfractibiis 5 1-2 convexi
usculis, suturis distinctis, diiplicatis ; apertura semi-liuiata, alba ; peristo-
matf intus incrassato; coluiiit-lla allja vel rosea, arcuata ; rima umbilicali
lata non distincta. (a) Rufa, unicolore, pi. 68, fig. 13. (b) Rufa, fascia
brunea, pi. 68, fig. 14.

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 49

56. Achatinella stewarti Green.

Achaliiia s/e:i.ar(t Green. Contrib. Macl. Lye. Phila.. I, No. 2 (1827, July), p. 47, pi. iv, figs. 1-4.

A. testa sinistrorsa — ovato — oblonga — lutesceiite, minutissime striata —
colore varia, nunc unicolore, nunc divertissime fasciata — columella rosea —
glabro tenue — intus albido. — Stewart's Journal, London, 1828, p. 404.

Stewart's Achatiua.^Shell heterostrophe — conical — oblong —
about one inch in length and half an inch in diameter — whorls six
or seven, rotmded and marked with numerous oblique and delicate
striae — apex rather obttise, and not eroded — a deeply impressed
line along the upper part of the whorls, parallel with the suture,
periostracha smooth and very glossy, colour and markings exceed-
ingly various, the ground colour is usually greenish or some shade
of yellow, sometimes a single blackish coloured band accompanies
the suture, sometimes this band is doubled and of different shades,
and on many specimens there are two bands, one at the suture and
one in the middle of the whorls. In some varieties the base of the
body whorl is dark brown, the rest of the shell being of a dark
form, and not unfrequently the whole shell is without an}' mark-
ings whatever ; in which case the colour is yellow, the aperture,
when inverted is ear-shaped, the trttncation of the columella is
rounded and thickened in a remarkable manner at its edge ; along
the inner margin of the outer lip there is a strong callous ridge, as
in most of the species of this genus, which gradually attenuates
towards the edge of the lip, which is thin and sharp inside, white
and pinkish round the columella. This splendid little Achatina
was brought from Oahu, one of the Sandwich Islands, by the Rev.
C. S. Stewart. — Green, in Stewart's Journal.

Hab. Manoa and Tantalus.

57. Achatinella varia Gulick.

A. Z'aria Gulick. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, p. 222, p, vii, fig. 43.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, acuminately oblong, solid, shining,
finely striated, white, streaked with brown, with a black line be-
neath the suture, and green or brown at the base ; apex somewhat
acute ; spire elongately conic ; suture margined, lightly impressed;
whorls 6. flatly convex ; columellar fold central, brown or rose,
strong; aperture oblique, truncately auriform, white within; per-
istome thickened within : external margin unreflecfted, arcuate;
columellar margin dilated, adnate, usually margined with black;
parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.85 in. (21 3-5 mill.); breadth 0.41 in. (10 2-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.56 in. (14 mill.).

Length of a large specimen 1.06 in. (27 mill.); breadth 0.51
in. ( 13 mill. ).

Average weight 6.70 grains.

Occ.\sioN.\L P.\PERS B. P. B. M,, Vol. II, No. 3. — 4.

50 On'^iiial Descriptions of Achatinclla.

Var. B. White above, green or yellow at the base.

Var. C. Greeu at the base, white above, with one or more
green bands.

Var. D. Green, brown, or yellow at the base, upper whorls
radiated with white and brown, and banded with green or yellow.

Var. E. Radiated with white, and reddish brown.

Var. F. White except the suture and columella.

Var, G. Green or yellow ; passing to A. stezvarti Green.

Var. H. Green with one narrow, white, spiral band, passing
just above the suture.

Var. I. Yellow with white sutures, and a dark brown band
revolving beneath.

Var. J. Chestnut brown at the base, becoming paler towards
the apex, with several obscure, spiral, brown lines.

Remarks. The metropolis of the species is Palolo Valley,
where it is very abundant. In Waialae and Wailupe, which lie
to the east, it gradually becomes more rare, and disappears in
Niu, which has furnished me but one specimen of Var. F. In
Manoa, on the west, it soon disappears, being found only on the
mountain ridge that separates it from Palolo. Dextral specimens
are very rare : I have a few from Waialae.

This shell has been described and figured by Reeve as A. tnil-
pina Fer., and others have followed him ; but a comparison of his
figures with Ferussac's leads me to doubt his corredlness, and after
an acquaintance with the species in their native valleys, I do not
hesitate to separate them as distinct.

The shell here described corresponds more nearly to what I
have placed as Var. C. — Gk.

Hab. Palolo, Waialae and Wailupe. — Gk.

This species is very variable and is closely related to the shells
of the diver sa group.

58. Achatinella tricolor Smith.

A. tricolor Sin. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 76; pi. ix, fig. 6.

Testa sinistrorsa, ovato-subconica, imptrforata, nitida, incrt-mL-nti lineis
oblique et transversim subtili.ssime striata, alba, anfractuum medio zona lata
flavo-olivacea cincta basimque versus viridi strigata ; sutura distincte satu-
rate fusco marginata ; anfract. 6 1-2, convexi, priini 2-3 albi vel rubescentes;
apertura alba; perist. tenue, intus leviter limbatuni ; plica coluniellaris
valida, rosacea. Long. 22, diam. 10 1-2 mill.

Var. A. Testa alba, zona unica olivacea medio cincta.

Var. B. Testa flavida, zona latissima castanea subbasali cincta.

Shell sinistral, ovate -subconical, imperforate, shining, ob-
liquely and transversely very finely striated with lines of growth,

Original Dcscriptioyis of AcJiatiyiclla. 51

white, encircled at the whorls by a broad ^-ellowish olive band
and striped towards the base with green ; suture distincftly mar-
gined with dark brown ; whorls 6 1-2, convex, first 2-3 white or
reddish ; aperture white ; lip thin, lightly edged within ; colu-
mellar fold strong, rosy.

\'ar. A. Shell white, encircled at the middle by a single
olive band.

Var. B. Shell yellow, encircled near the base by a very broad
chestnut band.

Hab. loleka, in Heia. — Sm.

This is nearly related to A. varia Gk.

PRODUCTA GROUP.

59. Achatinella producta Reeve.

./. producta Reeve. Rve. Conch. Icon, .\chat.. London, 1850, sp. 13.

Shell somewhat elongately conical, dextral, whorls convex,
slightly margined at the sutures, columella conspicuously callous-
toothed, apex rather small ; olive-green, apex, columella, and
interior of the aperture white.

Mr. Gulick is quite correct in placing A. hybrida and venidata
as synonyms of this species. The artistic skill of the "late Consul-
General of France," as displayed upon these shells, proved quite
sufficient to deceive their describer, and lead to a wrong "diag-
nosis."— Newc.

The animal is strongly granulated above ; when young, of a
])ale flesh, when adult, of a slate color, with the tentacular sheaths
of a dark slate. — Newc.

Hab. Mauoa to Xuuauu. — Bald. Tantalus.

This is the first named of a group of very common shells found
from Manoa Valley to Nuuanu. These shells are very nearly
allied to the older A. vidpina Fer., and should perhaps more
properly be grouped with that species, which is usually found in
Palolo. The description of A. hybrida Newc. is not given, as it is
simply a manufactured variety from A. producta Reeve.

60. Achatinella bilineata Reeve.

A. bilineata Reeve. Rve. Conch. Icon, .\chat.. London. rSso, sp. 22.

Shell oblong-conical, dextral, rather ventricose towards the
base, whorls rounded, columella dentately plicate ; bright yellow.

i/

^

/

52 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

conspicuously encircled round the middle with two close black
lines.

Hab. Manoa to Nuuanu.

Dr. Cooke saj'S, from a comparison of the types, that this is
only a banded form of A. produda.

6i. Achatinella johnsoni Newcomb.

A. johnsoni Newc. V. Zool. Soc. London, 1.S53, p. 147, pi. xxiii, fig. 50.

Shell dextral, conically elongate ; whorls 7, slightly rounded,
superiorly indistincflly margined ; suture rather deep ; aperture
subov^ate ; columella with a strong plication, pink, margined with
black ; color of shell white or pinkish, banded with two or more
narrow black lines, one or two of which are central, one sutural,
and one usually broader inferiorly on the last whorl. L,ong. 18/20.
lat. 9/20 poll.

The following form an allied group: A. produda, hybrida,
aplustre, venulata and johnsoni.

Hab. Koolau. — Newc.

Dr. Cooke found the type to be a white shell with dark bands,
a banded variety of A. produda Reeve. Dr. Newcomb dedicated
this species to the Rev. Mr. Johnson of Kauai.

6a. Achatinella aplustre Newcomb.

A. aplustre Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 147, pi. xxiii, fig. 51.

Shell conical, dextral ; whorls 7, rounded ; suture moderately
impressed, simple ; aperture semi-ovate ; lip thin, with a callus,
terminating in a twisted plait, bluish white tipped with brown;
three first spiral turns white, the others with a broad central pink
band, margined by two deep black bands ; on the last whorl,
superiorly and inferiorly, is a broad bright green band. Long, i,
lat. 10/20 poll.

The gaudy coloring of this species alone separates it from the
A. johnso7ii Nob. It belongs to the same sedlions with A . produda
Reeve, which may be taken as the type of a group of species num-
bering some half-a-dozen, and which require still further additions
to render it complete. — Newc.

Hab. Koolau. — Newc. Manoa.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. johnsoni Newc, and it is
without doubt the same shell, with more of the green color. It

Origiiial Descriptions of Achatineila. 53

comes very near to forms of A. triliyieata Gk., found further east.
Dr. Cooke considers that the shells from which this species was
described were artificially modified from A . trilineata or A . joJmsoni.

63. Achatineila solitaria Newcomb.

A. solitaria Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 150, pi. xxiv, fig. 60.

Shell ovately conical, dextral ; whorls 6, flatly convex ; suture
slightly impressed ; aperture ovate ; lip acute, thickened within;
columella white, short, broad and abruptly twisted ; colour light
chestnut, with darker longitudinal stripes, green at the base ;
a white sutural band for the last two and one-half whorls,
and a brown brown band on the suture above. Long. 14/20,
lat. 8 1-2/20 poll.

But a solitary specimen of this species has been obtained.
Its characters are, however, sufficiently striking to warrant us in
giving it a place as a distinct species. — Newc.

Hab. Palolo. — Newc.

I should place this very near to A. producta Reeve. Dr. Cooke
found the type specimen was marked similar!}- to A. diinkeri Pfr.,
which is a variety of A. producta.

64. Achatineila venulata Newc.

A. venulata Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 146, pi. xxiii, figs. 48, 48(1.

Shell dextral, elongately conic; whorls 7, convex, slightly
margined above ; suture well impressed ; aperture subovate ; lip
simple, thickened within ; columella strongly plicate, twisted, of a
pinkish hue ; colour of shell white, or pinkish white, with longi-
tudinal veins of green or olive-green epidermal matter. Long.
21/20, lat. 10/20 poll.

Var. Sinistral, with a deep black sutural band.

Hab. Koolau. — Newc.

This shell is in fact only a form of A . producta Rve. It is said
to have been a manufactured variety.

65. Achatineila dunkeri Pfeiffer.

A. dttnkeri (Cuming, MSS.) Pfr. P. Zool. Soc, London, 18.55, P- 20S.

A. testa imperforata, oblongo-turrita, solidiuscula, laevigata, pallide car-
nea, strigis confertis fusculis ornata, lineis i vcl 2 nigris sttpe cincta ; spira
turrita, apicc acutiuscula, alba ; sutura levitcr marginata, pallida ; anfr. 6 1-2

J

54 Oj'ioinal Dcscriptioyis of Achatinella .

vix convexiiisculis, ultimo 2-5 longitudinis fere a=-quante ; apertura obliqua,
truncato-auriformi ; plica cohnn. alba, valida, dentiformi, subsulcata ; perist.
recto, aciito, pone limbiim fusculum albo labiato. Long. 24, diam. 11 mill.

Shell imperforate, oblong-turreted, somewhat solid, smooth,
pale flesh-colored, ornamented with close brown .stripes, often en-
circled by one or two black lines; spire turreted, apex somewhat
acute, white ; suture lightly margined, pale ; whorls 6 1-2, scarcely
convex, the last almost equal to 2-5 the length ; aperture oblique,
truncate-auriform ; columellar fold white, strong, dentiform, sub-
sulcate ; peristome erect, acute, with white lip behind the brown
edge.

Hab. Pauoa and Tantalus.

This is a common shell found near Honolulu, and certainly
comes very near to A.producta Rve. Both sinistral and dextral
examples occur.

OLIVACEA GROUP.
66. Achatinella olivacea Reeve.

A. olivacea Rve. Conch. Icon. Achat., London, 1S50, sp. 20.

Shell oblong-conical, sinistral, whorls convex, thinly margined
round the upper part, columella with a twisted plait ; dark green-
olive, encircled with rather obscure brownish lines, columella and
interior of the aperture white.

Hab. Manoa to Nuiianu. — Bald.

This group is very nearly related to the prodnda group.

/ 67. Achatinella prasinus Reeve.

A. pi asinus Rve. Conch. Icon. Achat., London, 1S50, sp. 27.

Shell oblong-conical, sinistral, whorls convex, obliquely some-
what rudely impressly striated, columella short, twisted-plaited ;
very dark green, encircled with obscure dark lines, white at the
apex, columella white.

There is a slight peculiarity of form, and a very distinct
arrangement of colors in this species. — Newc.

Hab. Nuuanu and Kalihi.

It seems to be one of the dark green forms of A. olivacea Rve.

v/

68. Achatinella castanea Reeve.

A. cailatiea Rve. Conch. Icon. Achat., I^ondon, 1S50, sp. 24.

Shell oblong-conical, sinistral, rather obtuse at the apex,
whorls convex, thinly margined round the upper part, columella

Oris;iyiaI Descriptions of Achaihiel/a. 55

dentately plicate ; burnt yellow, lower half of the last whorl bright
chestnut, sometimes chestnut throughout, columella and interior
of the aperture white.

Hab. Makiki to Nuuanu.

A great many color varieties are found, from almost jet-black to
rich bright chestnut, with and without bands. The author's collec-
tion contains a very extensive series of these beautifully colored
shells.

69. Achatinella adusta Reeve.

A. adusla Rve. Conch. Icon. Achat., London, 1S50, sp. 30.

Shell acuminately oblong, somewhat turreted, sinistral, whorls
rounded, columella short, callous, toothed ; dark chestnut, darker
toward the base, with a spiral black band beneath the sutures,
columella pinkish.

Hab. Makiki to Nuuanu.

This is only a variety of A. castanea Rve. It is distinguished
by a black sutural band,

70. Achatinella ernestina Baldwin.

A. ernestina Bald. P. Acad. Phil., 1S95, p. 217, pi. x, figs. 5, 6.

Shell sinistral, subperforate, moderately solid, ovatelj- conical;
apex subacute ; surface shining, obliquely striated with delicate
growth lines, under a strong lens exhibiting numerous, very close,
and minute decussating striae ; apical whorls smooth, scarcely
decussated. Color yellow, lighter above ; variously striped with
transverse, dark chestnut bands, the more constant being one bor-
dering the suture, one at the periphery, spiral above, and one
encircling the base. Whorls 6, narrowly margined above, some-
what convex ; suture moderately impressed. Aperture oblique,
oval, faintly exhibiting the dark bands of the exterior ; peristome
acute, .somewhat thickened within, slightly expanded, white, the
coloring of the exterior bands appearing on the inner edge ; col-
umella white, terminating in a prominent, oblique, tortuous fold.

Length 21, diam. 12 mm.

The animal, when extended in motion, as long as the shell.
Mantle light brown, sprinkled with black and margined on the
outer edge with an interrupted reddish-yellow line. Superior por-
tion of foot light brown, thickly studded with small slate spots ;
under portion of foot light brown with a slate tinge. Tentacles
dark slate.

This species is found near the mountain ridge separating the
habitats of A. castanea Rve. and A . fnscolineata Sm.; and in gen-
eral appearance and chara(5ters it is intermediate between these

56 Original Descriptions of Achatiyiella.

species. It is much smaller than the former and rather larger than
the latter, and differs from them both in the arrangement of the
colors. Transition forms between it and both of them are numer-
ous. An item of specific value is the difference in the exterior
appearance and color of the animals. — Bald.

Hab. Nuuanu Valley. — Bald.

This shell forms a connecfling link between this group and
the colorata group.

BELLULA GROUP.
^ 71. Achatinella bellula Smith.

A. hellula Sni. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 77, pi. ix., fig. 8.

Testa dextrorsa, elongato-siibconica, imperforata, nitida, incrementi
lineis levissime striata, dilute castanea (spira pallidiore) saturatius strigata
lineisque paucis siibcastaneisobsoletis et zona fere nigra (interdumdeficiente)
infra peripheriam cincta ; anfract. 6 1-2, parum convexi ; sutura leviter cas-
taneo marginata ; apertura brevis, longitudinis 2-5 ^quans, intus alba ;
perist. margine tenue, intus leviter incrassatum ; plica colvimellaris sub-
valida, purpurea. Long. 20, diam. 10 mill.

Shell dextral, elongate-subconic, imperforate, shining, very
lightly striated with lines of growth, light chestnut (spire paler)
more darkly striped and surrounded by a few obsolete chestnut-
like lines and an almost black band (sometimes absent) below
the periphery; whorls 6 1-2, hardl}- convex ; suture lightly mar-
gined with chestnut ; aperture short, equal to 2-5 the length, white
within ; margin of the lip thin, lightly thickened within ; columel-
lar fold quite strong, purplish.

Hab. Pauoa and Nuuanu.

A great variety of color markings are found in this species,
among which are the following :

Var. A. Reddish brown, without bands or lines.

Var. B. White with one black band on the last whorl.

Var. C. Pure white.

Var. E. A yellowish-white shell with several black bauds,
approaching A. mtdtizonata Bald.

Var. F. Yellowish color with no bands.

Var. G. Shell white with brown bands.

72. Achatinella ligata Smith.

A. lii(ala Sm. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 76, pi. ix, figs. 12, 13.

Testa dextrorsa (vel sinistrorsa) elongato-ovato-subconica, mediocriter
nitida, incrementi lineis transversimque minutissime striata, albida, luteo-
olivaceo plusve minusve strigata, zonis plerumque duabus pallido-fuscis

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 57

cincta altera supra altera peripheriam infra ; anfract. 5 1-2, convexii:sculi ;
sutura distincte marginata, saturate fusco ligata ; aperttira alba ; perist. intus
leviter limbatuni ; plica columellaris valida, rosea. Long, ig, diam. 10 mill.

Var. A. Testa elongation Long. 21, diam. 9 mill.

Var. B. Testa alba, in anfr. ult. zonis angustis pluribus flavis cincta.

Shell dextral (or sinistral) elongate-ovate-subcouic, moder-
ately shining, transversely and minntely striated with lines of
growth, whitish, more or less striped with yellowish-olive and often
encircled by two pale-brown bands, the one above, the other below
the periphery ; whorls 5 1-2, somewhat convex; suture distinctly
margined, wound with dark browm ; aperture white, lightly edged
within ; columellar fold strong, rose.

Var. A. Shell more elongate.

Var. B. Shell white, encircled on the last whorl b}' many
narrow j-ellow bands.

AfiSnities. It has somewhat the aspect of dextral forms of
A. varia Gk., but is more elongate and cylindrical. — Sm.

Hab. Reported from Waimalu. — Sm. Xuuanu to Halawa.

The light striped forms of A. belhda Sm. seem to come very
near to this shell. Named from the dark brown sutural band.

73. Achatinella multi^onata Baldwin. t^

.-I. multizonata Bald. P. Acad. Phil., 1895, p. 215, pi. x, figs, i, 2.

Shell dextral, imperforate, moderatelj^ solid, elongately conical,
apex sub acute, surface shining, striated with fine lines of growth,
under a strong lens showing very numerous, extremely minute de-
cussating striae ; apical whorls smooth, scarcely decussated ; color
white, variously striped with numerous dark brown lines and
bands, some on the base and others spiral. Whorls 6, lightly
marginate above, convex ; suture lightly impressed ; aperture ob-
lique, oval, white, the dark bands of the exterior visible within ;
peristome acute, thickened within, slightly expanded, white, the
dark lines of the exterior marked on the inner q^<\^q^ ; columella
purplish brown, terminating in a strong, obliqtie, torttious fold,
lyength i8, diam. lo mm.

Animal when extended in motion, longer than the shell.
Mantle brown, lighter on the outer edge. Foot above and below^
light brown ; posterior portion tapering. Tentacles long and
slender; these, with the head above, slate color.

A great variety of transition forms occur between this species
and A. belltda Sm., which is found on the neighboring mountain
ridges of Nuuanu Valley, and is a much larger shell. The ani-
mals of the two extremes are specifically different. The mantle of

58 Original Descriptions of Achatinelia.

the latter is black, whereas that of the former is brown, and that
of the intermediate forms varies from black to brown.

Hab. Nuuanu Valle)'. — Bald.

Dr. Cooke, in his paper on the Distribution and Variation of
A. multizonata from Nuuanu Valley, has divided this shell into
tweut3'-five color-varieties, using the letters A-T and V-Z. He
goes on to say that :

"These color-varieties fall naturally into seven groups. The
first of these groups, and also the largest, is made up of the color-
varieties A-H. It is easily recognized, as none of the shells are
marked with dark bands or lines. The shells vary from white to
yellow. The apex is white to light brown ; never striped. The
columella is usually white, sometimes purple. This group repre-
sents about 37 per cent, of A. vndtizo7iata. Of this group 63 per
cent, were found on lehua, about 16 per cent, on Straussia, and
17 per cent, on guava.

"The second of these groups contains the color-varieties I-M.
The shells are white to yellow, sometimes marked with brown.
All the shells of this group are encircled at the periphery by a dark
brown band, or two brown lines. The apex in ever}^ case is white
or light brown. The columella is usually purple, almost never
white. This group is only found from sub-ridges I-XIV. It con-
tains nearly 19 percent, of the specimens of A. midtizonata. Of
this group 53 per cent, were found upon lehua, 15 per cent, on
Straussia, and 24 per cent, on guava ; 48 per cent, of this group
were found on subridges IX-XIII.

"The third of these groups contains the color-variety N. This
color-variety is so distinct from all the other color-varieties that it
is thought best to place it in a group by itself. All the specimens
came from sub-ridges III-V, 62 per cent, coming from sub-ridge
IV. About 40 per cent, were found on lehua, 21 percent, on
Straussia, and 27 per cent, on guava.

"The fourth group contains the color-varieties 0-Q. This
group is distributed over nearly the whole range of the species.
It is absent, however, from sub-ridges IX-XI. The shells of this
group are striped with from four to fifteen lines or bands. The
apex is striped with a light brown band. The columella is iisually
purple ; in only a very few cases is the columella white. Of this
group 48 per cent, came from sub-ridge XIV ; 44 per cent, were
found on lehua, 12 per cent, on Straussia, and 43 per cent on guava.

"The fifth group is made up of color- varieties R-T. The
shell is white, variously striped ; the apex is white ; columella is
usually purple. About 60 per cent, were found on lehua, 15 per
cent, on Straussia, and 19 per cent, on guava. This group is dis-

Original Descriptions of Achatinclla. 5^

tributed over nearly the whole range of the species ; only five
specimens were found below sub-ridge XIV.

"The sixth group is made up of the color-varieties V-Y. The
shells are variously colored from a rich mahogany brown to a pink-
ish purple. The apex is usually banded ; in some cases it is white.
The columella is usually purple. All except two specimens came
from sub-ridges XV-XVII ; 75 per cent, were found upon lehua.
This group comes nearest, in color, to A. bellula Sm., but differs
in form and size from that species.

"The seventh group is made up of the color-variety Z. This
color-variety agrees with several of the other color-varieties in the
markings of the lower whorls, but differs from them in the very
dark banded apex. Of this group 96 per cent, were found on sub-
ridges I and II ; 70 per cent, were found on guava, and 23 per
cent, on lehua."

COLORATA GROUP.
74. Achatinella colorata Reeve. '^

A. colorata Rve. Conch. Icon. Achat., London, 1S50, sp. iS.

Shell oblong-conical, dextral, whorls flatly convex, columella
with a twisted plait, aperture small ; yellow, encircled with a very
broad green band, sutures black-brown, columella light pink.

Hab. Ahuimanu. — Hartman. Kalihi. — Bald.

This and the following nine species may be well grouped
together as the colorata group. All are found in the valleys be-
tween Nuuanu and Halawa.

75. Achatinella ampla Newc

A. ampla Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 137, pi. xxii, fig. ig.

Shell dextral, conically-ovate, polished ; whorls 5, rounded;
suture simple, banded with a black stripe ; aperture large and
white ; outer lip simple, acute, thickened within ; columella short,
white or roseate, terminating in a twisted plait; apex obtuse, •
roseate ; epidermis light green or olive above, of a deeper colour
on the last whorl. Long. 14/20, lat. 10/20 poll.

Hab. Koolau. — Newc.

Baldwin calls this a large variety of A. colorata Rve. It looks
to me very much like A. adiista Rve., but both colorata and adnsta
are sinistral, while this is dextral.

6o Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

76. Achatinella cuneus Pfeiffer.

A. (uneus I'fr. P. Zool. Soc. I<ouclon, 1855, p, 205.

A. testa iinperf. , sinistr., oblongo-turrita, solida, striatula, nitida, albida
vel lutescente, fasciis angustis fuscis varie ornata ; spira convexo-conica,
apice alba, acutiuscula ; sutura tilo castaneo marginata ; anfr. 6, planiusculis,
ultimo 1-3 longitudinis paulo superante ; apertura fere diagonal!, seniiovali,
iiitus alba; plica coluni. mediocri, oblique subtorta ; perist. acuto, intus
labiate, inargine columellari adnato. Long. 18, diam. 8 mill.

Shell imperforate, sinistral, oblong-turreted, solid, somewhat
striated, shining, whitish or yellowish, varioush' ornamented with
narrow brown bands ; spire convex-conic, apex white, somewhat
acute ; suture margined with a chestnut line ; whorls 6, somewhat
plane, with the last a little more than 1-3 the length ; aperture
almost diagonal, semioval, white within ; columellar fold small,
obliquely twisted ; lip acute, thickened within, adnate to the mar-
gin of the columella.

Hab. Kalihi to Moanalua. — Bald.

77. Achatinella diluta Smith.

A. diluta Sm. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 74, pi. ix, fig. 14.

Testa dextrorsa, ovato-subconica, nitida, incrementi lineis transversimque
indistincte minutissime striata, dilute luteo-virens, lineis pluribustransversis
viridibus obscuris cincta ; sutura leviter marginata; anfract. 5 i-^, convexi-
usculi ; apertura alba ; perist. tenue, intus leviter incrassatum ; plica colu-
mellaris valida, alba. Long. 18, diam. 9 mill.

Shell dextral, ovate-subconic, shining, transversely and indis-
tindlly minutely striated with lines of growth, light yellowi.sh-green,
encircled by many transverse obsctire green lines ; suture lightly
margined; whorls 5 1-2, somewhat convex; aperture white; lip
thin, slightly thickened within ; columellar fold strong, white.

Hab. Kalihi.

^ 78. Achatinella cucumis Gulick.

A. ciicumh Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, 1S56, vol. vi, p. 225, pi. vii, fig. 45.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, acuminately oblong, solid, shining,
striated, green ; apex rather obtuse ; spire turreted ; suture mar-
gined, impressed ; whorls 6, convex ; columellar fold central, white,
moderately developed ; aperture oblique, sinuately oval, white
within ; peristome thickened within ; with external margin un-
refledled, arctiate, acute ; columellar margin dilated, adnate ;
parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.74 in. (19 mill.), breadth o.3cS in. (9 2-3 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.50 in. ( 13 mill.).

Average weight 5.20 grains.

Original Descriptions of Achatindla. 6i

Var. B. Of a burnt yellow color.

Var. C. With one or more obscure brownish spiral lines.

Remarks. The shell figured in var. B is the most attracftive
in coloring though not the most abundant.

Hab. Kalihi.— Gk.

79. Achatinella virens Gulick.

A. virens Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, 1S5S, vol. vi, p. 254, pi. viii, fig. 73.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, striate,
green or yellowish ; apex subacute, yellowish white ; spire con-
vexly conic ; suture margined, chestnut, moderatel}' impressed ;
whorls 6, convex ; columellar fold central, strong, rose or some-
times white ; aperture ol)lique, truncately auriform, white within;
peristome thickened within, acute ; with external margin un-
refle(5led, arcuate ; columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal
margin wanting.

Length 0.75 in. (19 mill.), breadth 0.40 in. (10 mill.).

Length of bod}- whorl 0/50 in. (13 mill.).

Weight 5.20 grains.

Station. On the Lama, Hao, Ohia {Eugenia nialaccensis),
and Kukui {Aleurites triloba).

Remarks. This species completes the gradation between
A. stewarti Green and A. colorata Rve. — Gk.

Hab. Halawa and Nuuanu. — Gk.

80. Achatinella fuscolineata Smith.

A. fuicoliiicata Sm. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 75, pi. ix, figs. 2, 217.

Testa sinistrorsa, ovato-conica, imperforata, nitida, incremeiiti lineis
oblique et transversim subtilissime striata, virenti-flava, viridi strigata,
lineis (3-5) fuscis peripheriam supra cincta ; sutura distincte fusco margin-
ata ; anfract. 6 1-2, convexi, primi 3 albi ; apertura alba; perist. album (in-
terdum fuscum), margine acuto intus limbatum ; plica columellaris valida,
rosea (interdum alba). Long. 19, diani. 10 mill.

Var. A. Testa virenteor.

Var. B. Testa minor, subtestacea, dilute castaneo strigata transver-
simque saturate fusco superne zonata.

Shell sinistral, ovate-conic, imperforate, shining, obliquely and
transversely minutely striated with lines of growth, greenish yel-
low, striped with green, encircled' above periphery with i^-,-^) brown
lines; suture distinctly margined with brown; whorls 6 1-2, con-
vex, first 3 white ; aperture white ; lip white (sometimes brown).

>^

62 Original Descriptions of AchatincUa.

with margin acute edged within ; columellar fold strong, rose
sometimes white.

Var. A. Shell greener.

Var. B. Shell smaller, subtestaceous, striped with pale chest-
nut and transversel}' banded above with dark brown.

Hab. The typical form of this species is found in Kailua, in
Oahu ; but varieties which are constantly classed with it are found
in nearly all the valleys between Palolo and Halawa. — Smith.

Dr. Cooke found the type to agree with shells from Moanalua;
the body whorl is yellow.

8i. Achatinella consanguinea Smith.

A. consaiigiihira Sm. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 73, pi. ix, fig. 3.

Testa sinistrorsa (inderdum dextrorsa), imperforata, nitida, incrcnienti
lineis oblique et transversim (sub lentu ) subtilissime striata, olivaceo virenti-
cinereoqutj varie strigata ; anfract. ultimi dimidium inferius castaiieum colo-
ribus pnecedentibus strigatuin ; sutura distincte saturate fusco marginata ;
anfract. 6 1-2, convexi, primi 3 1-2 rubescentes ; apertura alba ; perist. intus
fusco tinctum, alboque limbatum ; plica coluinellaris valida, rosacea. Long.
18, diam. 10 mill.

Var. Testa spiraliter olivaceo obscure zonata.

Shell sinistral (sometimes dextral), imperforate, shining, ob-
liquely and transversely (microscopically) very minutely striated
with lines of growth, variously striped with olive green-gray ; the
lower half of the last whorl chestnut striped with the preceding
colors ; suture distincftly margined with dark brown ; whorls 6 1-2,
convex, the first 3 1-2 reddish; aperture white; lip colored with
brown within, and edged with white ; columellar fold strong, rosy.

Var. Shell indistindlly spirally banded with olive.

Hab. Ahuimanu. — Sm.

82. Achatinella analoga Gulick.

.). analoga Gk. Ann. I,yc. New York. 1S56, vol. vi, p. 227, pi. vii, fig. 47.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, oblong-conic, solid, shining, finely
striated, green, yellow, or white, with three black spiral bands, one
sutural, one entering the ajierture the other revolving above the
suture ; apex obtuse ; spire turreted ; suture margined, moderately
impressed ; whorls 6, convex ; columellar fold central, brown or
white, moderately developed ; aperture oblique, sinuately oval,
white within ; peristome thickened within ; with external margin
unrefledled, arcuate, acute ; columellar margin dilated, adnate ;
edged with brown ; parietal margin wanting.

I

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 63

Length 0.72 iu. (iS 1-3 mill.), breadth 0.37 in. (7 2-5 mill.).
Length of body whorl 0.48 iu. (12 mill.).
Average weight 4.80 grains.

Var. A. Yellowish white.

Var. B. Brown j-ellow.

Var. C. Green.

Var. D. Green or yellow at the base, and white above.

Var. E. With but one or two black bands.

Var. F. With four or five black bands.

Remarks. Inhabits ravines near the centre of the main moun-
tain ridge of Oahu, and is allied to A. colorata Rve. and A. aincjis
Pfr., from that region, but represents, in its bands and general style
of coloring, A. trilincata Nob., one of the group of larger shells
found in the more eastern valleys. I have before me one dextral
specimen. — Gk.

Hab. Halawa.— Gk.

83. Achatinella longispira Smith.

A. longispii a Sm. I'. Zoo]. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 73, pi. ix, fig. 5.

Testa sinistrorsa, elongato-subconica, imperforata, nitida, incrementi
lineis et transversim subtilissime striata, flava, zonis angustis spiralibus (,4-6)
viridibus fuscisque promiscue ornata ; sutura distincte saturate fusco mar-
ginata ; anfr. 6 1-2, convexi, primi 3 1-2 albidi ; apertura longitudinis 2-5
tequans, alba; perist. margine acuto intus litnbatum; plica columellaris
valida, rosacea. Long. 21, diam. 10 mill.

Var. A. Testa brevior, ovato-conica. Long. 18, diam. 10 mill.

Var. B. Testa flava, zonis modo viridibus ornata.

vShell sinistral, elongate-subconic, imperforate, shining, trans-
versely very finely striated with lines of growth, yellowy promis-
cuously ornamented with (4-6) narrow spiral green and brown
bands ; suture distincftly margined with dark brown ; whorls 6 1-2,
convex, first 3 1-2 whitish ; aperture equal to 2-5 of the length,
white ; lip with margin acute, edged within ; columellar fold
strong, rosy.

Var. A. Shell shorter, ovate -conic.

Var. B. Shell yellow, ornamented with green bands.

This species is most nearly allied to A. analoga Gk., which is
readily distinguished from this by the two black lines upon the
periphery of the whorl. The black or dark brown lines of that
species belong to the solid substance of the shell, while the green
and j-ellow bands of this species belong to the epidermis. — Sm.

Hab. Halawa. — Sm. Moanalua to Halawa.

/

64 Original Descriptions of Acliatinclla.

CASTA GROUP.
84. Achatinella casta Newcomb.

A. cas/a Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 134, pi. xxii, fig. 12.

Shell couically elongate, solid, polished, shining, dextral or
sinistral ; whorls 6, rounded, margined above ; aperture subovate,
rather small ; lip simple, thickened within ; columella short, with
a strong plaited brownish tooth ; colour white or jellow, with ex-
tremely variable transverse bands of black, brown, pink or white,
variously arranged. Long. 13/20, lat. 6 1-2/20 poll.

This species is readily distinguished from any yet described.
Its northern limit is the valley below Mouna Rua [sic^, and half a
dozen ravines, south, in the District of Ewa. — Newc.

Hab. Kwa. — Newc. Halawa to Waipio.

85. Achatinella pygmaea Smith.

A. fiygmcra Sm. P. Zool. Soc. London. 1S73, p. 75, pi. ix. hg. 11.

Testa sini.strorsa, ovato-conica, nitida, incrementi lineis traiisvtrsimque
exilissime striata, flavescens ; sutura k-vitcr marginata ; aiifract. 5 1-2, con-
vexi, primi 3 1-2 albi ; apertura alba ; perist. leviter limbatixm ; plica colu-
mellaris mediocriter magna, rosea. Long. 14, diam. 8 mill.

Var. Testa albida, linea supra zonaque brunnea peripheriam infra cincta.

Shell sinistral, ovately conic, shining, transversely very finely
striated with lines of growth, light yellow; suture lightly margined;
whorls 5 1-2, convex, first 3 r-2 white ; aperture white ; lip lightly
edged ; columellar fold moderately large, rose.

Var. Shell whitish, encircled above the periphery by a brown
line and below by a brown band.

i\ffinities. It is somewhat allied to A. casta Newc, but is
much smaller and heavier in proportion to its size. — Sm.

,JIab. Waipio. — Sm.

86. Achatinella concolor Smith.

. /. conctiUn Sni. P. Zool. Soc. London. 1S73, p. 75, pi. ix, fig. i.

Testa sinistronsa, ovato-conica, nitida, incrementi lineis et transversim
(anfract. primis 3 modo) striata, flava (dilute brunneo interdum strigata);
sutura distincte marginata ; anfract. 6, convexi, primi 3 albidi ; apertura
alba; perist. tenue; plica columellaris valida, rosea. Long. 19, diam. 10 mill.

Shell sinistral, ovate-conic, shining, transversely striated on
the first 3 whorls only with lines of growth, yellow (sometimes
striped with pale brown); suture distin(5lly margined ; whorls 6,

Original Descriptions of Achatinclla. 65

convex, first 3 whitish ; aperture white ; lip thin ; columellar fold
strong, rose.

Hab. Ewa. — Frick. Halawa.

87. Achatinella juddii Baldwin.

A.juddii'&al^. P. Ac. Phila., 1^95, p. 216. pi. x, figs. 3, 4.

Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, pyramidally conical, apex
obtuse ; surface shining, covered with very delicate incremental
lines ; the nuclear whorls smooth. Color light gray, shading into
light chestnut on the apical whorls, the gray more intense under
the cuticle ; with two black lines, one below and one at the
periphery, the latter faint and continued on the spire ; between the
lines a white band which revolves on the suture to the very tip of
the apex. Whorls 6, margined above, slightly convex; suture
lightly impressed. Aperture oblique, oval, white, the light gray
of the exterior surface exhibiting a darker shade within ; peris-
tome acute, slightly thickened within, a little expanded, columellar
margin very slightly reflecled, white, the coloring of the exterior
dark lines reappearing rather more intense on the inner edge ; col-
umella white, terminating in a moderately developed flexuous fold.
Length 15, diam. 9 1-2 mm.

No opportunity for an examination of the animal has yet oc-
curred. The shell is typically very distinct from an}' other known
species. The light chestnut band on the apical whorls is a char-
acteristic and invariable feature. The basal portion of the shell
sometimes has a j-ellowish hue. In immature shells the colors are
more intense.

Named in honor of Hon. A. F. Judd, Chief Justice of the
Repu])lic of Hawaii, by whose son the shell was discovered. — Bald.

Hab. Halawa.— Bald.

88. Achatinella papyracea Gulick.

A. papyyacfa Gk. Ann. I,vc. New York. vol. vi. 1S56, p. 229, pi. vii, fig, 4S.

vShell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, polished, finely
striated, light grey, or of leaden ash color, with obscure, brown
spiral lines ; apex subacute ; spire convexly conical ; suture mar-
ginate, impressed; whorls 5 1-2, moderateh- convex ; columellar
fold central, usually white, slightly developed, and not strongly-
twisted; aperture oblique, sinuately oval, white or gray within ;
peristome scarcely thickened, with external margin unreflecfted,
arcuate, acute; columellar margin narrow, adnate ; parietal mar-
gin wanting.

Occ.\siox.\L Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. II, No. 3. — 5.

66 Original Descriptions of AchatincUa.

Length 0.65 in. (16 1-2 mill.), breadth 0.38 in. (9 2-3 mill.).
Length of body whorl 0.48 in. (12 mill.).

Of a large specimen, length 0.74 in. (19 mill.); breadth 0.41
in. (10 2-5 mill.); length of body whorl 0.53 in. (13 1-2 mill.).
Average weight 2.50 grains.
Var. B. Without the brown lines.

Station. On the Hala {Pandanus odoratissimns) and other trees.

Remarks. A thin, papyraceous shell, a few specimens of which
I had the good fortune to obtain from a native girl of the mountain,
who regretted the time spent in gathering them, as several had
been crushed among her heavier shells. — Gk.

Hab. Kalaikoa, Ahonui and Wahiawa. — Gk.

89. Achatinella juncea Gulick.

A.juncca Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1S56, p. 230. pi. vii, fig. 49.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, elongately and acuminately ovate,
thin, shining, finely striated, snow white ; apex somewhat acute ;
spire couvexly turreted ; suture margined, well impressed ; whorls
6, convex ; columella white, with a light twisted fold near the body
whorl ; aperture oblique, oval, white within ; peristome moderately
thickened; with external margin slightly expanded anteriorly,
arcuate, acute ; columellar margin narrow, adnate ; parietal mar-
gin very thin.

Length 0.65 in. (16 1-2 mill.), breadth 0.30 in. (7 3-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.44 in. (11 1-5 mill.).

Weight 1.50 grains.

Var. B. With two or three brown spiral bands.

Station. On the Ahakea.

Remarks. A neat, delicate species, nearly allied to A. papv-
racca Nob., but sufficiently characfterized as a distinct species. — Gk.

Hab. Kalaikoa, Wahiawa and Helemano. — Gk.

This is somewhat related to the casta group.

90. Achatinella lehuiensis Smith.

A. Irhttinnii Sni. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73. p. 76, pi. i.\, fig. 4.

Testa sinistrorsa, ovato-conica, subnitida, incrementi lineis tran.svLr-
simque exilissimt- striata, alba, zona purpiireo-fusco strigata, et zonis diiabus
fuscis altera supra altera peripheriam infra (et interdum aliis ) cincta ; sutura
submarginata ; anfract. 5 1-2, convex! ; apertura alba ; perist. tenue ; plica
columellaris valida, rosea. Long. 17, diam. 10 mill.

Shell sinistral, ovate-conic, scarcely shining, and transversely
very feebly striated with lines of growth, white, having a band
striped with purple-brown, and encircled by two (and sometimes

I

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 67

more) brown bands, the one above, the other below the periphery ;
suture submarginate ; whorls 5 1-2, convex ; aperture white ; lip
thin ; columellar fold strong, rose.

Hab. Lihue. — Sm.

PULCHERRIMA GROUP. '/

91. Achatinella pulcherrima Swaiuson.

A. [iiilcliert'iina Swain. Zool. 111., iii, 1S33, p. 123. pi. 3. fig. 2.

A. testa ovato oblonga, sub-cylindracea, alba vel flava, fasciis castaneis
ornatis ; labii margine fusco.

Var. A. Aurantia, sutura castanea.

Shell ovate oblong, subcj-lindrical, white or yellow, with broad
bands of chestnut ; margin of the lip brown.
Var. A. Golden yellow, stiture chestntit.

This very elegant species is about eight-tenths of an inch
long, and is much more slender than any of the preceding. It
varies soraevvhat in form, some specimens being more ventricose
than others, and also in the number and colour of its bands. The
ground colour is a deep and rich chestnut, with from one to three
bands of orange, yellow, fulvous, or white : the marginal groove to
the suture is very close and distinct in all. The golden yellow
variety is without bands : in all the colours are remarkablly rich
and vivid. — Swain.

Hab. Wahiawa to Kawailoa. — Gk.

The pulcherrima group includes a large variety of shells of
various colors from almost pure white to very dark brown, with and
without bands. All are dextral. A. byronii Wood, comes very
near to this group, but I have not been able to secure the descrip-
tion of that shell.

92. Achatinella melanostoma Xewcomb. ^^

A. melanoitoma Xewc. P. Zool. See. London, i'--53. p. 132, pi. xxii. fig. 7.

Shell dextral, polished, solid, conical ; whorls 6, plano-convex,
slightly margined above ; suture moderate, accompanied by a black
revolving band ; aperture subovate ; lip black, thickened within ;
columella short, brownish red, terminating abruptly in a strong
plait or tuberosity ; colour yellowish or umber, with or without
transverse brown lines. Long. 14/20, lat. 7/20 poll.

Hab. Ewa. — Newc. Waipio to Wahiawa.

The very black lip marks this member of \.\).& pulcherrima group.

68 Original Descriptioyis of Achatifiella.

^ 93. Achatinella limbata Gulick.

A. limbata Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1S5S, p. 252, pi. viii, fig. 70.

Shell dextral, imperforate, conic, solid, shining, striate, some-
times rugose, green or yellow ; apex rose, frequently' faded in ma-
ture specimens ; spire conic, suture margined, black, moderately
impressed ; whorls 6, convex ; the last subangulated ; columellar
fold central, white, strong : aperture rather re(5langularly auriform,
white within; peristome black, slightly thickened within; with
external margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.76 in. (19 1-3 mill.), breadth 0.44 in. ( 1 1 1-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.50 in. (13 mill.).

Average weight 6.70 grains.

Station. On the Pua, Ahakea, Hao, Naupaka {Scivvola cha-
missoiajia) , and Ohia {Eugenia vialaccensis) .

Remarks. It differs from A . mclanostovia Newc. in being more
rugose, with rose colored apex and subangulated body whorl. — Gk.

Hab. Ahonui and Kalaikoa. — Gk.
V 94. Achatinella recta Newcomb.

A. tccta Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 145, pi. .vxili, fig. 45.

Shell usually dextral, solid, pyramidal ; whorls 6, but slightly
rounded, margined above ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture
subovate ; lip simple, thickened within ; columella short, twisting
to unite with the inner lip ; colour various, usuall}' yellow, plain, or
with two black bands on the last whorl, one of which is lost in the
aperture, the other becomes sutural. Long. 14/20, lat. 7/20 poll.

The shell above described is peculiar for its solidity and rigid
aspect. It possesses none of the graceful curves which give to this
genus so much of its beauty. The largest size yet discovered is
given in the measurement. — Newc.

Hab. Waialua. — Newc.

The shell is generally white or whitish >ellow on the body whorl,
and is marked by a narrow brown band just above the suture.

95. Achatinella nympha Gulick.

A. iiynipha Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1S5S, p. 251, pi. viii, fig. 69.

Shell dextral, imperforate, oblong-ovate, solid, shining, very
lightly striated, \ellow or chestnut, sometimes lined wilh brown ;
apex subacute ; spire convexly conic ; suture narrowly margined,
moderately impressed ; whorls 6, somewhat convex ; columellar
fold central, white, strong ; aperture truncateh' auriform, white
within; peristome white, strongly labiate ; with external margin

Original Descriptioyis of Achatinella. ^9

scarcely refledted, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, adnate ;
parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.73 in. (18 1-2 mill.), breadth 0.40 in. (10 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.50 in. (13 mill.).

Average weight 6.30 grains.

Station on the leaves of the Naupaka {Sccevola chavtissoia7ia)
and other trees.

Remarks. Helemano is the metropolis of the species, but it
is sometimes found in the other valleys above mentioned. — Gk.

Hab. Ahonui, Wahiawa, Helemano, Kawailoa, and Wai-
mea. — Gk.

This species includes the very light forms of the piilcherrhna
group.

96. Achatinella mahogani Gulick.

A. mahogavi Gulick. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. v-i, 1858, p. 254, pi. viii, fig. 72.

Shell dextral, imperforate, turreted, solid, shining, striate,
reddish chestnut; apex obtuse, rose; spire concavely turreted;
suture lightly margined, moderately impressed ; whorls 6, convex ;
the last inflated, with the base black chestnut and regularly
rounded ; columellar fold central, white, strong ; aperture trun-
cately auriform, white within ; peristome margined with brown,
thickened within ; with external margin scarcely refle(5led anteri-
orly, arcuate ; columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin
wanting.

Length 0.81 in. (20 3-5 mill.), breadth 0.43 in. (11 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.48 in. (12 mill.).

Average weight 8.00 grains.

Remarks. It lacks the black color of lip and suture which
cliara(fterizes A. melanostoma Newc. and A. limbata Nob., and also
differs in the general form and color. — Gk.

Hab. Ahonui and Kalaikoa. — Gk.

This includes the very dark chestnut forms.

LIVIDA GROUP (CURTA GROUP).
97. Achatinella livida Swainson.

A. livida Swain. Zool. 111., 1S32, pi. cviii, fig. 2.

A. testa sinistrorsa, ovata, obtusa, livide-fusca ; spira incrassata, sutura
fulva.

Shell reversed, ovate, obtuse, livid brown, spire thickened,
suture fulvous.

-5^

yo Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

A small, iinbauded species, scarcely exceeding half an inch
long, and perfedlly resembling, in form, the green variety of buli-
mus citrimis. The three specimens, now before me, are reversed ;
varying from a light olive brown, to a livid purplish colour, which
lies in longitudinal shades, and gradually changes to white on the
terminal whorls of the spire ; the suture is marked by a narrow
band of deep fulvous : aperture white, tinged with purple. — Swain.

Dr, Newcomb very corredll}- unites A. livida Swains., A. em-
ersonii l>i ewe. and A.gla^ica Gul. He says: "I am sorry to be
obliged to place so many synonyms under this species. The verj*
short description and unsatisfacflory figure given by Swain.son,
have doubtless contributed to this result. A complete series to
connect the extremes of these varieties will demonstrate the neces-
sity of making at least a dozen more species, or to include them
all under one. Mr. Gulick is mistaken in supposing that the
variety figured by Mr. Reeve is not found on the island of Oahu.
This and all the other varieties are met with in the District of
Waialua, and it is an interesting fact, that all the species described
by Mr. Swainson are from the same district."

Hab. Waialua.— Bald.

In the type shell, of A. livida Swains., Dr. Cooke found the
first three whorls white, the fourth and fifth whorl greenish gray,
suture brown, lip dark, and columella white. This group of short
shells is often called the Curta group.

98. Achatinella curta Newcomb.

A. cnrta Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 144, pi. xxiii, fig. 43.

Shell conical, sinistral, polished ; whorls 5, rounded, margined
above, the last very ventricose ; aperture ovate ; lip simple, slight-
ly thickened within ; columella short, with an abrupt callous ter-
mination ; suture but slightly impressed ; colour yellow or chestnut,
plain or with a black sutural band, rarely with two -or more on the
last two whorls; columella white or light brown. Long. 12/20,
lat. 8/20 poll.

The rounded whorls and obese appearance of this shell are
strikingly characteristic. It is a rare species and extremely limited
in its range. — Newc.

Hab. Waialua. — Newc.

The cu7-ta or livida group includes a number of shells of much
the same size, but having a great variety of colors. They all come
from the district near Helemano and Waialua.

I

I

Original Descriptions of Achatinetia. 'ji

99. Achatinella emmersonii Newcomb.

A. emmersonii Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 156, pi. xxiv, fig. 74.

Shell conical, polished, dextral, rather solid ; whorls 6, round-
ed ; margined above ; suture distinct ; aperture subovate ; colu-
mella short, tuberculate ; lip acute, margined with black within;
aperture internally pure white ; exterior of shell uniform pearly
white. Long. 11/20, lat. 8/20 poll.

This shell in its general aspect is the complete counterpart of
A. mighelsiana of Pfeiffer. The latter species is from Molokai.
This is clearly distinct, as maj- be seen from a cursory examina-
tion of the two species. — Newc.

Hab. District of Waialua. — Newc.

Dr. Cooke found the type shell to be a light variety of A. livida
Swains.

100. Achatinella undulata Newcomb. ^'

A. tindulata Newc. P. Boston Soc, vol. v, 1S55, p. 218.

Shell sinistral or dextral, rather solid, acutely conical, shin-
ing, polished ; with longitudinal oblique fine striae; microscopically
spirally striate ; whorls 6, rounded and marginal above ; suture
well impressed ; aperture sub-ovate ; columella short and plicately
twisted ; lip acute, thickened within. Color light olive alternating
with slightly undulating chestnut lines and bands, rarely marked
by transverse black fasciae : columella and aperture white. Long.
12/20. lat. 6/20 poll.

Remarks. This species, very variable in color and size, has
in all cases the undulating markings by which it acquires its name.
The specimen illustrated varies in the latitude from that given
above b}' 2/20 in., and is more obese in consequence. — Newc.

Hab. Waialua. — Newc.

loi. Achatinella glauca Gulick.

A.glauca Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1S5S, p. 232, pi. \iii, fig. 51.

Shell sinistral, rarely dextral, imperforate, acuminatel}- ovate,
solid, shining, striated, fawn or lead colored, with two black bands,
one entering the aperture ; apex somewhat acute, white ; spire
conic, with slightly convex outlines ; suture marginate, moderately
impressed ; whorls 6, convex ; columellar fold central, white or
pale pink, moderately developed ; aperture sinuately oval, white
within ; peristome thickened within ; with external margin un-

72 Oj'iginal Descriptions of Achatinclla .

reflecfled, arcuate, acute, bordered with brown ; coluniellar margin
dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.66 in. (17 mill.), breadth 0.36 in. (9 mill.).

lycngth of body whorl 0.44 in. (11 1-5 mill.).

Average weight 3.90 grains.

Var. B. With a third brown sutural line.

Var. C. With one black spiral band passing above the suture.

Var. D. With a white band encircling the base between the
two black bands ; very rare.

Remarks. This species bears the same relation to A. livida
Swains., that A. recta Newc. bears to A. curta Newc. — Gk.

Hab. Kawailoa. — Gk.

102. Achatinella contracta Gulick.

A. contracta Gk. Ann. Lvc. New York, vol. vi, 1S58, p. 239, pi. viii, fig. 59.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, broadly conic, solid, shining, stri-
ated, ash or fawn colored, with two black bands, one sutural, the
other revolving just above the suture on the spire, and encircling
the base near the periphery of the body whorl ; apex somewhat
acute, white with brown suture ; spire regularly conic ; suture
marginate, moderately impressed ; whorls 5 1-2, slightly convex ;
the last large ; columellar fold central, white, strong; aperture
truncately auriform, white within; peristome thickened within;
with external margin unrefledled, arcuate, subacute ; columellar
margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.53 in. (13 1-2 mill.), breadth 0.36 in. (9 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.39 in. (10 mill.).

Average weight 4.00 grains.

Remarks. The sutural band is sometimes wanting, and some
specimens have another band entering the aperture. I have but
one specimen from Hauula, which is of the latter mentioned variety,
and rather larger than those from Kaawa.

It is allied to A. zonata Nob. and A. undulata Newc. — Gk.

Hab. Kaaawa. — J. S. Emer.son. Hauula. — Gk.

103. Achatinella delta Gulick.

A. delta Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1S58, p. 231, pi. viii, fig. 50.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, conic, obliquely truncated at the
base, solid, shining, striated, yellow at the base, paler above, with
two or three ash -brown bands ; apex rather obtuse, white ; spire
conic ; suture marginate, lightly impressed ; whorls 5 1-2, slightly

Original Descriptions of Achatinetta. 73

convex ; columellar fold central, white, strong ; aperture trunc-
ately auriform, white within ; peristome thickened within ; with
external margin unrefiecfled, arcuate, acute ; columellar margin
dilated, adnate, white ; parietal margin wanting.

lyCngth 0.63 in. {16 mill.), breadth 0.42 in. (10 2-3 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.46 in. (11 2-3 mill.).

Average weight 4.70 grains.

Var. B. Without bands.

Var. C. With one black spiral line.

Var. D. With two broad black bands.

Remarks. In Wahiawa, which is the metropolis of the species,
var. A is the most abundant ; var. B is more widely diffused, being
occasionally found in each of the above mentioned localities ;
vars. C and D are very rare ; the former approaches A. contrada
Nob., and the latter passes into an unusual variety of A. emersonii
Newc. The most nearly allied species is^^. ctirta Newc, which is
readily distinguished by its peculiar marking and smaller size. — Gk.

Hab. Kalaikoa, Ahonui, Wahiawa and Helemano. — Gk.

104. Achatinella rhodorhaphe Smith.

A. rhodorhaphe Sm. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1873, p. 74, pi. ix, fig. 10.

Testa sinistrorsa, breviter ovato-conica, imperforata, nitida, incrementi
lineis et transversim (sublente) exilissime striata, flava, suturam infra zona
lata dilute rosea cincta ; anfract. 6, convexi, primi 3 albi ; sutura distincte
niarginata ; apertura alba ; perist. margine acuto intus limbatum ; plica col-
umellaris valida, rosea (interdum alba). Long. 15, diam. 8 1-2 mill.

Var. Testa flava, suturam infra castaneo zonata.

Shell sinistral, shortly ovate-conic, imperforate, shining, trans-
versely (microscopically) very feebly striated with lines of growth,
yellow, encircled below the stiture by a broad pale rose band ;
whorls 6, convex, first 3 white ; suture distincftly margined ; aper-
ture white ; lip with margin acute, edged within ; columellar fold
strong, rose (sometimes white).

Var. Shell j-ellow, encircled below the suture with chestnut.

Hab. Helemano and Kawailoa. — Gk.

105. Achatinella herbacea Gulick.

A. herbacea Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1S5S, p. 233. pi. viii, fig. 52.

Shell sinistral, sometimes dextral, imperforate, ovate-conic,
solid, shining, striated, of a dull color ; apex rather obtuse, white;
spire conic, suture marginate, moderately impressed ; whorls 6,
convex ; columellar fold central, white, strong ; aperture truncately

74 Original Descriptions of Achatinelta .

auriform, white within ; peristome slightly thickened within ; with
external margin unrefletled, arcuate, acute ; columellar margin
dilated, adnate ; parietal margin very thin.

lycngth 0.71 in. (18 mill.), breadth 0.41 in. (ro 2-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.50 in. (13 mill.).

Average weight 4.40 grains.

Var. B. With a black sutural band ; columellar fold usually
white, sometimes lilac.

Var. C. Yellow, with smoother surface, approaching A. recta
Newc.

Station. On the trees of the Pua, Ahakea, and Ohawai {Lo-
belia grimesiana) .

Remarks. Dr. Newcomb has placed this with A . curta Newc,
but I consider it quite distinct. About a fifth of my specimens
are dextral. — Gk.

Hab. In the forest between the streams of Waimea and Ka-
wailoa. — Gk.

This shell seems to connect this group with the albescens group
of shells found near Waimea and Kahuku.

I

ALBESCENS GROUP.
106. Achatinella albescens Gulick.

A. albescens Newc. Ann. L,yc. New York, vol. vi, 1S58, p. 237, pi. viii, fig. 57.

Shell sinistral, sometimes dextral, imperforate, ovate-conic-
solid, shining, striated, white or sometimes yellowish ; apex some,
what acute ; spire convexly conical ; suture marginate, well im-
pressed ; whorls 6, somewhat swollen beneath the suture, and
slightly flattened in the middle ; columellar fold central, white,
strong; aperture truncately auriform, white within; peristome
thickened within ; with external margin unreflecfted, slightly arcu-
ate ; columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.70 in. (18 mill.), breadth 0.42 in. (10 2-3 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.51 in. (13 mill.).

Average weight 4.60 grains.

Station. On the leaves of the Pua, Ahakea, and Lama.

Remarks. Nearly a third of the specimens from Waimea and
Pupukea are dextral, but in Waialee. the metropolis of the species,
they are always sinistral. — Gk.

Hab. Waimea, Pupukea, Waialee, Kahuku, and Hauula.
— Gk.

Original Descriptions of Achatineila . ^5

Many of the shells of this group are closely related to some of
the shells of the livida or curta group. They are all found farther
west, and as a rule are more slender in shape.

107. Achatineila ^jonata Gulick.

A. zonata Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1858, p. 237, pi. \-iii, fig. 5S.

Shell sinistral, sometimes dextral, imperforate, ovate-conic,
solid, shining, striated, white or yellowish, with a brown sutural
band, and two black bands, one entering the aperture ; apex some-
what acute; spire conical, with outlines slightly convex; suture mar-
giuate, moderately impressed ; whorls 6, convex ; the last regularly
rounded ; columellar fold central, rose or white, moderately de-
veloped ; aperture semiorbicular, white within ; peristome slightly
thickened within ; with external margin unrefle(5led, arcuate,
acute ; columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.65 in. (16 1-2 mill.), breadth 0.40 in. (10 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.49 in. (12 2-5 mill.).

Average weight 4.60 grains.

Remarks. The dextral specimens are for the most part found
in Waimea and Pupukea. — Gk.

Hab. Waimea, Pupukea, Waialee, Kahuku, and Hauula.
— Gk. Kaaawa. — J. S. Emerson.

108. Achatineila dimorpha Gulick.

A. dimorpha Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1858, p. 236, pi. viii, fig. 56.

Shell sinistral, sometimes dextral, imperforate, turreted, solid,
shining, striated, white or yellow, with a brown sutural band ;
apex rather obtuse ; spire turreted ; suture marginate, moderately
impressed ; dark brown ; whorls 6, convex ; columellar fold cen-
tral, white or rose, moderately developed ; aperture truncately
ellipsoidal, white within ; peristome slightly thickened within ;
with external margin unreflec5led, arcuate, acute ; columellar mar-
gin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.70 in. (18 mill.), breadth 0.37 in. (9 2-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.45 in. (11 2-5 mill.).

Average weight 4.00 grains.

Station. On the leaves of the Pua, Ahakea, and other trees.

Remarks. This and A. zonata Nob., which inhabit the same
valleys, correspond to A. curta and A. recta Newc, which are
similarly associated in the valleys of Waialua, an adjoining dis-
trict of the same island. — Gk.

Hab. Waimea, Pupukea, Waialee, and Kahuku. — Gk.

76 Original Descriptions of Achatiyiella.

109. Achatinella cognata Gulick.

A. cogtia/a Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1S5S, p. 240, pi. viii, fig. 60.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate, conic, solid, shining, stri-
ated, of pale rosy fawn color, with a brown sutural band ; apex
subacute ; spire convexly conic ; suture marginate, brown, lightly
impressed ; whorls 6, slightly convex ; columellar fold central,
rose-colored, strong ; aperture truncately auriform, within white
lightly tinged with rose ; peristome thickened within ; with exter-
nal margin unrefledled, arcuate, acute ; columellar margin dilated,
adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.75 in. (19 mill.), breadth 0.40 in. (10 mill.).

lycngth of body whorl 0.53 in. (13 1-2 mill.).

Average weight 5.60 grains.

Var. B. White.

Var. C. Pale green.

Remarks. Allied to A. dimorpha Nob. — Gk.

Hab. Hakipuu. — Gk. Waikane. — Frick.

iio. Achatinella scitula Gulick.

A. scitula Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1S58, p. 241, pi. viii, fig. 61.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, elongately ovate, solid, shining,
striated, streaked with brown and pale fawn ; apex subacute ;
spire convexly elongate ; suture marginate, moderately impressed ;
whorls 6 1-2, convex; columella with a moderately developed
white fold near the body whorl ; aperture sinuately ellipsoidal,
white within ; peristome well thickened within ; with external
margin unrefle(A;ed, slightly compressed in the middle, with the
anterior edge arcuate ; columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal
margin wanting.

Length 0.82 in. (21 mill.), breadth 0.42 in. (10 2-3 mill.).

Length of body whorl, 0.53 in. (13 1-2 mill.).

Average weight 4.80 grains.

Remarks. There is a green variety which passes into var. C
of the last described species. But in that species the suture and
columella are dark, while in this they are light colored. — Gk.

Hab. Hakipuu. — Gk.

Mr. Sykes places this with A. decipiens Newc, a shell gener-
ally, but perhaps incorrecStly, placed in Secflion Bulimella. It may
be related to that shell. The decipie?is group is very hard to place
with certainty.

Original Descriptions of Achatinella . 77

III. Achatinella formosa Gulick.

A.formosa Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 185S, p. 235, pi. viii, fig. 55.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, acumiuatel}' ovate, solid, shining,
striated, white, with two black bands, one entering the aperture,
sometimes with the upper part of the whorl of a pale slate color ;
apex somewhat acute ; spire convexl}- conic ; suture marginate,
well impressed; whorls 6 1-2, convex; columellar fold central,
white, strong ; aperture truncateh* auriform, white within ; peris-
tome thickened within ; with external margin unrefle(5ted, arcuate,
acute; with columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin
wanting.

Length 0.80 in. (20 1-3 mill.), breadth 0.42 in. (10 2-3 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.55 in. (14 mill.).

Average weight 6.00 grains.

Var. B. With the two bands uniting in one broad black belt.

Var. C. With numerous black spiral lines.

Station. On the Ki {Cordyline tcrminalis) and other leaves.

Remarks. A rare species, and of great interest on account of
its affinities, which connect it with species so different from each
other. A. g/aiica, delta, phceozona, and zonata are certainly not
very similar ; but this species seems to connect itself diredlly with
varieties of each of these species. — Gk.

Hab. Waimea. — Gk.

112. Achatinella csesia Gulick.

A. ctrda Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1S5S, p. 234. pi. viii, fig. 53.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, stri-
ated, so streaked with white and fawn as to have a grey appear-
ance ; apex somewhat acute ; spire convexly conic ; suture mar-
ginate, moderatel}' impressed ; whorls 6 1-2, convex ; columellar
fold central, white, moderately developed ; aperture sinuately
oval, white within ; peristome thickened within ; with external
margin unrefle(5led, arcuate, acute, edged with brown ; columellar
margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.72 in. (18 1-3 mill.), breadth 0.42 in. (10 2-3 mill.).

Length of body whorl, 0.50 in. (13 mill.).

Average weight 4.00 grains.

Remarks. This with A . concidcns and A . formosa Nob. , which
are found in Waimea, correspond to A. Jindidata Newc, A. cmcr-
sonii Newc, A. glauca Nob. found in Kawailoa. — Gk.

Hab. Waimea. — Gk,

78 Original Descriptions, of Achatinella.

113. Achatinella concidens Gulick.

A. concidens Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1858, p. 234, pi. viii, fig. 54.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, stri-
ated, brown banded with white ; apex somewhat acute ; spire con-
vexly conic ; suture marginate, white, moderately impressed ;
whorls 6 1-2. convex; columellar fold central, white, moderately
developed ; aperture truncately oval, white within ; peristome
thickened within ; with external margin unreflecfled, arcuate ; col-
umellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.79 in. (20 mill.), breadth 0.43 in. (11 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.55 in. ( 14 mill.).

Average weight 4.75 grains.

Remarks. My specimens of this species are more or less
bleached and faded. Continued search was made for living speci-
mens, but without success. — Gk.

Hab. Waimea. — Gk.

Corresponds to A. cnicrsonii Newc. of Kawailoa.

III.

Section BUI/IMBI/I/A Pfeiffer.

Bcginnuig luitJi the SoiitJieasteni e7id of Oa/iu.

VIRIDANS GROUP.
114. Achatinella viridans Mighels.

.). viiidaiii Migh. P. Boston See, ii, 1S45, p. 20.

Shell dextral, elongate-conic, green, with light streaks inter-
mixed, imperforate ; whorls five, convex, with a revolving, slightl}'
impressed line below the suture ; aperture subovate, stained with
a pink color just within the margin : lip slightly thickened. L.
3-4, diam. 7-15 inch.

Animal light grey ; tentacles and tentacular sheath dark slate;
mantle thick, yellowish brown ; tentacles strongly clubbed, short
and robust, when extended, longer than the shell. — Newc.

Hab. Nuuanu to Waialae.

t/

115. Achatinella subvirens Newcomb.

A. i,ubvhcns Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 136, pi. xxii. fig. iS.

Shell conically ovate ; whorls 6, rounded and margined above;
suture distinct and lined with white ; aperture ovate, expanding
below; lip thickened ; columella short, flat and obliquely truncated;
colour of epidermis light green, interspersed with a lighter shade
arranged longitudinally ; columella, lip and aperture white.
Long. 15/20, lat. 7/20 poll.

Var. A. Pure white.

Var. B. Brown or chestnut replacing the green colour.

Through var. A this species approaches a variety of A. rutila,
and through var. B, A. dccipiois. It is readily distinguished from
the first by its smaller size, greater solidity, stronger striae and more

(79)

1/

8o Original Descriptions of AchatincUa.

elongate form ; from the latter by its less acuminate form, white
suture, less solidity and their widely separated localities. — Newc.

Hab. Niu. — Newc.

ii6. Achatinella rutila Newcomb.

A. rutila Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 13S, pi. xxii, fig. 21.

Shell ovately conic; whorls 6, rounded, the last margined
above ; suture well marked ; aperture subquadrate ; lip exjianded,
subrefle(5led, strongly thickened within ; columella short, termi-
nating in a strong twisted plait ; colour a light straw, olive or brown.
Long. 17/20, lat. 9/20 poll.

Animal small in proportion to the shell, of a uniform yellowish
white, retra(5tile part of upper tentacles of a light brown ; tentacles
filaform and slightly clubbed; foot very broad, long as the shell;
mantle same colour as animal. — Newc.

It will be seen by comparing the animal of this species with
that of A. viridans, that they are clearly distinct ; and Dr. Pfeiffer,
by taking an extreme variety of this species for his A. macrostoma ,
thus gives evidence in its favor. This last named is in the collec-
tion of Mr. Gumming. — Newc.

Hab. Niu. — Newc.

117. Achatinella tseniolata Pfeiffer.

A. tcruiolaia Pfr. P. Zool. See. London, 1S46, p. 3S.

Ach. testa ovato-oblonga, solida, striatula, nitida, alba, fasciis variis
fuscis, (leorsuni obsoletioribus ornata ; s])ira conica. acutiusciila ; anfracti-
bus 6 convexiusculi.s, ultimo 4-9 longitudinis siibaquanlc ; columella alba,
superne valide dentato-plicata ; apertura irregulariler semiovali, intus alba,
nitida ; peristomate extus brevissime incrassato, intus valde labiato, margine
columellari dilatato, reflexo, appresso. Long. 20, diam. medio 11 mill.

Shell ovate-oblong, solid, somewhat striated, shining, white,
ornamented with various brown bands, more obsolete below ; spire
conic, somewhat acute ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the last nearly
equal to 4-9 of the length ; columella white, strongly dentate-
plicate above ; aperture irregularly semioval, white within, shin-
ing ; lip very shortly incrassate without, strongly thickened within,
dilated at the margin of the columella, reflexed, appressed.

Hab. Palolo and Niu. — Bald. Waialae.

This and the following, although showing distinct characfter-
istics, can be grouped with A. viridans Migh., found near by.

Original Descriptions of AcJiatinella. 8i

ii8. Achatinella rubiginosa Xewcomb.

A. fubigiiioi^i Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London. 1853. p. 154, pi. xxiv. fig. 6g.

Shell dextral. solid, ovately conical ; whorls 6, rounded, mar-
gined above ; suture well impressed : lip lightly subreflecled,
thickened within : aperture ovate : columella short, strongly den-
tate, with an expanded callus covering the umbilicus ; colour a
bright reddish brown, with a white band accompanying the sutures;
columella and lower and outer portion of last whorl white. Long.
15/20, lat. 8/20 poll.

This species passes into the white variety* of A. tceniolata of
Pfeiffer ; but in the latter species the mantle of the animal is of a
dark slate-colour, and in the present species it is of a light flesh-
colour. The marking is characteristic of the species, the rusty hue
varying in intensit}- and quantity of surface covered in different
specimens. — Newc.

I defer to the opinion of Dr. Pfeiffer in placing A. rubiginosa
as a synonym of his A. tccniolata. The form of the shells is nearly
identical, and although differing in marking, the principal ground
of separation originally was a difference in the animals. The
dark chestnut shell is furnished with a light, and even the immacu-
late variety of tccniolata with a brown-colored mantle. — Newc.

Hab. Palolo. — Newc.

Dr. Cooke found this shell to be simi)ly the brown variety of
A. tceniolata Pfr.

^

ABBREVIATA GROUP.
119. Achatinella abbreviata Reeve.

.). abbreviata Rve. Kve. Conch. Icon. Achat.. London. 1S50. sp. ig.

Shell ovate, somewhat ventricose, dextral, whorls convex,'
margined round the upper ]iart, spire rather short, obtuse at the
apex, columella callous, twisted ; olive-j-ellow, with a black-brown
line at the sutures, lower part of the last whorl very dark green,
apex black.

Animal light grey, covered with numerous granulations of a
dark slate ; mantle, a dirty yellow ; tentacles but slightly clubbed;
when extended, nearl\- as long as the shell.

A. nivosa is this shell full}- developed, with the epidermis
removed so skilfully as to escape detection at the time it was
described. — Newc.

Hab. Palolo.

OCC.^SION.^L P.A.PERS B. I'. B. JI.. VOL. II. NO. ;.— 6.

ly^

82 Original Descriptions of Achatinclla.

I20. Achatinella nivosa Newcomb.

A. vivosa Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 132, pi. xxii, fig. 6.

Shell dextral, conical; whorls 6, rounded, margined above;
suture moderate ; aperture subovate ; columella short, twisted into
a flexuous plate inferiorly ; lip simple ; apex of shell obtuse ; colour
above brownish, below pure white, ornamented with beautiful
longitudinal green or brownish interrupted stripes, with or without
one or more piuk colored or brown transverse bands ; columella
pink or white. Long. 14/20, lat. 8/20 poll.

This beautiful species belongs to the same group with A. ab-
brcviata and A. bacca.

Hab. Niu. — Newc.

This description is given here, although Dr. Newcomb after-
wards admitted it to be only a nianufa(5tured variety from A. ab-
breviata Rve.

y 121. Achatinella bacca Reeve.

A. hacca Rve. Rve. Conch. Icon. Achat., London, 1850, .sp. 45.

Shell abbreviately conical, dextral, rather ventricose, whorls
convex, margined round the upper part, columella plicately twisted;
very dark chestnut, sutures yellowish, columella pinkish.

Animal of a greenish slate above, tentacles and sheath dark
brown, mantle yellowish green; length, when extended, equal to
the shell. — Newc.

Hab. Palolo.

This is the dark, sometimes almost black variety of A. ab-
brcviata Rve.

SOWERBYANA GROUP.
122. Achatinella sowerbyana Pfeiffer.

A. soivnhyana Pfr. P. ZooL Soc. London, iSss, p. 4, pi. xx.x, fig 14.

A. testa sinistrorsa, imperforata, conico-oblonga, solidula, subkevigata,
glutinoso-nitente, fulvo-lutescente, saturatius subradiata ; spira convexius-
culo-conica, subacuta ; sutura marginata ; anfr. 6, vix convexiiisculis, ultimo
spira paulo breviore, basi .saccato-rotiiudato ; apertura obliqua, obauriformi,
intus alba; plica columellari supera, valida, torta, rosea; peri.st. roseo-
labiato, margine externo breviter expanse, columellari dilatato, adnato.
Long. 18, diam. 9 mill.

B. Paulo minor, flavo-albida, basi castanea vel vindula,

Original Descriptions of AcliatincIIa. 83

Shell sinistral, imperforate, couic-oblong, somewhat solid,
quite smooth, glutinous-shining, tawny-golden 3'ellow, more darkly
radiated ; s[)ire somewhat convex-conic, subacute ; suture mar-
ginate ; whorls 6, hardly convex, the last a little shorter than the
spire, base saccate-rotundate ; aperture oblique, obauriform, white
within ; columella fold high, strong, twisted, rose ; lip thickened,
rose, outer margin slightly expanded, columellar margin dilated,
adnate.

B. Slightly smaller, yellow- white, chestnut or greenish at
the base.

Hab. Nuuanu and Kalihi.

Dr. Cooke found the type of this shell to have the first and
second whorls white, third, fourth and fifth whorls yellowish,
suture of a slightly darker yellow than the ground color, lip and
columellar plait pink. The figure looks much like a shell now
known as A. lyonsiana Bald.

123. Achatinella fuscobasis Smith.

Bi<limclla fiticoban:, Siu. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73. p. 77, pi. ix, fig. 15.

Testa ovata, sinistrorsa, nitida, alba, anfract. ultimis flavescens, zona
inediana basique fuscis ornatus ; anfract. 6, convexiusculi ; sutura distincte
marginata ; apertura alba ; perist. crassum, fuscum ; plica colutnellaris
valida. Long. 16, diam. 10 mill.

Shell ovate, sinistral, shining, white, last whorl yellowish,
ornamented with a brown band at the periphery and a brown base;
whorls 6, somewhat convex, suture distincl;ly margined ; aperture
white ; lip thickened, brown ; columellar fold strong.

Hab. High up on Mount Kaala on the Mokuleia side, on the
island of Oahu. — Sm.

There may be a mistake as to the habitat. I have never found
a shell anything like this from the Waianae mountains. The de-
scription and figure agree exacftly with A. luteostotna Bald., banded
variety, a shell found high up on Mt. Olympus, the ridge back of
Manoa and Palolo valleys. Shell named because of its beautiful
brown band.

124. Achatinella lyonsiana Baldwin. i^

A. lyonsiana Bald. P. Acad. Phil., 1S95, p. 21S, pi. x, fiffs. 9-11.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, solid, ovate ; spire convexly coni-
cal, apex obtuse ; surface shining, striated with delicate growth
lines ; apical whorls smooth. Color white, with two reddish-brown

84 Original Descriptions of Acliatinclla .

bands, one encircling the base, the other passing aronnd the per-
iphery and revolving on the spire just above the suture ; the two
bands are sometimes confluent, and often the shell is uniform white,
without bands. Whorls 6, narrowly margined above, somewhat
convex ; suture moderately impressed. Aperture oblique, white
within, sinuately oval ; peristome white, rather obtuse, thickened
within, basal and columellar margins slightly expanded, extremi-
ties united by a very thin callus ; columella terminating in a strong,
tortuous white fold. lycngth 17, diam. ir 1-2 mm.

Animal. Mantle black, sometimes mottled with white, mar-
gined with a narrow line of lighter shade. Superior and under
portion of foot light brown. Tentacles, tentacular sheath, and
front above very dark brown.

This distinct species is dedicated to Prof. A. B. Lyons, of
Oahu College, who has done much to stimulate the study of the
Hawaiian land fauna. — Bald.

Hab. Konahuanui Mt., at an altitude of about 3000 feet
above sea level. — Bald.

This may prove to be closely related to A. soxccrbyana Pfr.
found on the Kalihi ridges.

135. Achatinella luteostoma Baldwin.

A. h.Uoitoma Bald. P. Acad. Thil., i.'i95. p. 217, pi. x, fig.s. 7, S.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, solid, ovate, spire convexly coni-
cal, apex obtuse ; surface shining, marked with fine growth lines,
under a strong lens seen to be decussated by close, extremely mi-
nute spiral striae, apical whorls smooth. Color white, wnth a red-
dish-yellow lip. Whorls 5 1-2, margined above, slightl}' convex.
Suture moderately impressed. Aperture oblique, sinuately oval,
white within. Lip obtuse, thickened within, columellar margin
very slightly reflexed, extremities united by a very thin yellowish
callus. Columella reddish-yellow, terminating in a strong tortu-
ous fold. Length 15 1-2, diam. 9 1-2 mm.

It is BuIinicUa rosea Swains., var. Hartman, Proceedings
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel])liia, Jan. 31, 1S88, p. 30.

In occasional examples the basal portion l)elow the periphery
is light brown, and sometimes a bright chestnut spiral band en-
circles the periphery.

Dr. Hartman in his valuable Synonymic Catalogue of Achati-
nella, has noted this species as a small variety of A. rosea vSwains.
When w^e sent him the shell we were unaccjuainted with the animal.
This proves very different from that of A. rosea ; and further, the
habitat of the two species are separated by a forty mile range of

07'iginal Descriptions of Acliaiinella. 85

wild mountain ridges and valleys which do not contain any spe-
cies intermediate or connecfling the two. — Bald.

Hab. Palolo to Niu. — Bald. High up on the ridge.

Related to A. lyonsiana Bald., but always smaller.

126. Achatinella hanleyana Pfeiffer.

.-/. InuileviDia Pfi. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p, 202.

A. testa subriuiata, dextrorsa, globoso-conica, solida, laevigata ( sublente
exilissime spiraliter striata), nitida, fulva, castaiieo-radiata ; spira conica,
apice luinuto, coriieo ; sutura lilo creiiulato marginata ; anfr. 5, superis planis,
sequeiitibus modice convexis, iiltimo spiram fere teqiiante, rotiindato ; aper-
tura obliqua, truncato-auriformi, intus alba; plica colum. supera. valida,
dcntiformi ; perist. intus labiato, margine dextro brevitcr reflexo, columellari
dilatato, calloso, subadnato. Long. 18, diam. 11 mill.

Shell subrimate, dextral, globose-conic, solid, smooth (under
a lens verj' minutely spirally striated), shining, tawny, radiated
with chestnut; spire conic, apex minute, horn color; suttire mar-
gined with a crenulate thread ; whorls 6, the upper flat, the follow-
ing moderately convex, the last almost eqtial to the spire, rotund-
ate ; aperture obliqtie, trtmcate-auriform, white within ; columellar
fold high, strong, dentiform ; lip thickened within, the dextral
margin slightly expanded, columella margin dilated, calloused,
subadnate.

Hab. ?

It is a question just where this shell should be placed. vSykes
places it with the Section Apex, while Baldwin places it with the
SecSlion Btilimella.

RUGOSA GROUP.
127. Achatinella rugosa Newcomb.

.). rugosa Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 1,5s, pL xxii, fig'.s. 22, 2217.

Shell dextral, conical, glossy ; whorls 6, rounded, margined
above; suture well impressed ; lip expanded, of a reddish brown
at the margin, thickened near the edge ; columella white, short,
twisted, and with a strong callus spread over the timbilictts ; aper-
ture stibrhomboidal ; striae longitudinal, numerotis, and on the
last whorl rugose ; colour of epidermis of a deep green, a light or
dark umber, sometimes alternating and arranged with the strice
with or without pale green transverse lines. L,ong. 14/20, diam.
8/20 poll.

Hab. Ewa. — Newc. Waipio.

l^

86 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

This nia}' be classed with the following A. dccipiens and simi-
lar shells, which are found on the other side of the island of Oahu,
just over the high mountain ridge. I agree, however, with
Sykes, "that this may prove to be only a roughened form oiA.
by ronii Wood.'' This and the following rather elongate shells
might better be placed in Sedlion Achatinellastrum rather than
here, but I have not as yet made the change.

^ 128. Achatinella decipiens Newcomb.

A. decipir)is Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 153, pi. xxiv, hg. 6S.

Shell conically elongate, solid; whorls 6, slightly rounded,
margined above ; aperture elongately ovate ; lip subrefledled ; col-
umella short, obliqviely twisted, with an expanded callus; suture
slightly impressed ; strise numerous, longitudinal, oblique ; colour
white with yellow transvere bands, or yellow with white transverse
lines, and longitudinal chestnut-coloured stripes. Long. 16/20,
lat. 7/20 poll.

This species cannot be confounded with any other than the
A. subvircns in one of its varieties, the distincftive marks of which
are given under that species. — Newc.

Hab. Kahana. — Newc.

This seems quite distinct from A. S2ihvirens, its habitat is on
the other side of the island, and with the three following shells
forms a natural group. They are so elongate that they might well
be considered as belonging to vSecftion Achatinellastrum. At this
point it is difficult to draw the line between the two secSlions.

129. Achatinella multicolor Pfeiffer.

A. multicolor Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 4, pi. xxx, fig. 11.

A. testa imperforata, dextrorsa vel sinistrorsa, coiiico-oblonga, solida,
striata et sublente niinutissime decvissata, nitida, lutea vel albida, fasciis
iiigro-castaneis varie ornata, rarius unicolore ; spira elongato-conica, apice
subatteiuiata, acutiusciila ; .sutura marginata ; anfr. 6, plaiiiusculis, iilliino
2-5 longitudinis subiuqiiante, basi rotundato ; apertvira oljliqua, truncalo-
obaurifoniii ; ])lica coluinellari suptra valida, torta ; pcrist. nigro-liinlxilo,
niargiiic cxterno .substricto, brevilcr expan.so, columellari dilatato, suljad-
nato. Long. 17, diani. 9 mill.

Shell imperforate, dextral or sinistral, conic-oblong, solid,
striate, and under the lens very minutely decussate, shining, yel-
low or white various!}- ornamented with black-chestnut bands,
rarely unicolored ; spire elongate-conic, apex subattenuate, some-
what acute ; suture margined ; whorls 6, quite flat, the last nearly

Original IDescripiions cf Achatinclla. 87

equal to 2-5 of the length, base rotuudate ; aperture oblique, trun-
cate-obauriforni ; columellar fold high, strong, twisted ; lip edged
with black, outer margin contraded, slighth- expanded, columellar
margin dilated, subadnate.

Hab. Kahana.

130. Achatinella corrugata Gulick.

A. coriitgata Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, 1858, vi, p. 248, pi. viii, fig-. 66.

Shell dextral. imperforate, ovate, solid, .shining, striated, green;
apex subacute, pale ; spire convexly conic ; suture margined, mod-
erately impressed ; whorls 5 1-2, convex; the last rugose; colu-
mellar fold central, white, strong; aperture truncately auriform,
white within ; peristome thickened within, white, sometimes mar-
gined with brown ; with external margin scarcely refiedled anteri-
orly; columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.72 in. (18 1-3 mill.), breadth 0.40 in. (10 mill.).

Length of bod}' whorl 0.50 in. (13 mill.).

Average weight 5.30 grains.

Remarks. The color is often nearly black, and sometimes
reddish yellow.

It has been placed by Dr. Newcomb with his A. decipiens, but
is more nearly allied to A. riigosa Newc. From the latter it differs
in its usually white lip, and the more convex outlines of its spire.
The color also fades gradually towards the apex, instead of termi-
nating abruptly in white, as in A. ritgosa. vSinistral specimens
have been found. — Gk.

Hab. Hakipu. — Gk.

131. Achatinella torrida Gulick.

A. lorrida Gk. Ann. I,yc. New York, 1S5S, vi. p. 250, pi. viii, fig. 68.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, some-
what rugose, green or fulvous ; apex subacute, chestnut ; spire
conic; suture lightly margined, white, moderately impressed;
whorls 6, convex ; columella with a strong white fold near the
body whorl ; aperture oblique, truncately auriform, white within ;
peristome white, thickened within ; with external margin scarcely
reflecfted anteriorly, slightly compressed ; columellar margin
dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.68 in. (17 1-3 mill.), breadth 0.38 in. (9 2-3 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.48 in. (12 mill.).

Average weight 4.50 grains.

Var. B. With black spiral lines.

y

88 Orisiinal Descriptions of Achatinetla.

Remarks. I am in doubt concerning the limits of variation
of this species. \'ar. B may be distinct. — Gk.

Hab. Kahana, Kaaawa, and W'aikane. — Gk. Waiolu. — J.
S. Kmerson.

Mr. Baldwin rightly classes this as the sinistral form of A.
corruoafa (ik.

OVATA GROUP.

132. Achatinella ovata Newcomb.

.1. <i~'atn N'ewc. P. Zool. Soc. Iv<jndon, 1.S53, p. 130. pi. xxii, figf. 2, la .

Shell dextral or sinistral, elongately ovate ; whorls 6, slightly
margined above, rounded ; suture moderately impressed ; aperture
subovate, entirely margined with black ; columella short, plicate,
strong and twisted ; lip thickened and slightly expanded ; colour of
shell pure white or yellowish white, with or without obsolete
brownish bands above. Long. 18/20, lat. 10/20 poll.

A very beautiful species, distinguished by its glossy black
lip contra.sting finely with the white of the shell. — Newc.

Hab. Kahana. — Newc.

This and all of the following Kahana shells may be grouped
together.

133. Achatinella Candida Pfeiffer.

.(. catidnia Pfr. 1". Zool. Soc. I.ondon, 1S55, p. 2, pi. x.kx, fig. 4.

A. testa (Itrxtrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, striatula, parum nitida,
Candida; spira convexo-conica, vt-rticc minuto, nigro, acutiusculo ; sutura
levi, tilomarginata ; aiifr. 6 1-2, planiusculis, ultimo 3-7-4-9 longitudinis
tequante, obsolete angulato, Ixisi rotundato ; apertura obliqua, trvincato-
auriformi ; plica columellari niediocri, supera, obliqua, subcompressa ;
perist. fusco-violaceo, intus valide labiato, tnargine dextro expanso. colu-
mellari dilatato, piano, crasso, adnato. Long. 22, diam. 11 mill.

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovate-conic, slightly striate, hardly
shining, white ; spire convex-conic, tip minute, black, somewhat
acute; suture slight, narrowly margined ; whorls 6 1-2, somewhat
flat, last equal to 3-7-4-9 of the length, scarcely angulated, base
rotundate ; aperture oblique, truncate-auriform ; columellar fold
moderate, high, obliqtie, stibcompressed ; lip brown-violet, strongly
thickened within, dextral margin expanded, columellar margin
dilated, fiat, thickened, adnate.

Hab. Kahana.

This is the white variety of A. ovata Newc.

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 89

134. Achatinella fricki Pfeiffer.

A.Jiicki Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London. iSss, p. 3. pi. .xxx, fig-. 7.

A. testa subimperforata, dextrorsa, vel sinistrorsa, oblongo-ovata, solida,
Icviter striata, nitida, coloribus pervaria ; spira convexiusculo-conica, acuta;
sutura anguste marginata ; anfr. 6, vix convexiusculis, ultimo 3-7 lougitudi-
nis subtequante, basi rotuudato ; apertura obliqua, obauriforuii ; plica colu-
mellari supera, torta, valida ; perist. cxpausiusculo, obtuso, violaceo vel
nigro labiato et limbato, margine dextro substricto. Long. 20-21, diam.
10 1-2 mill.

vShell siibini perforate, dextral or sinistral, oblong-ovate, solid,
lightl}- striate, shining, variotish- colored ; spire somewhat con-
vex-conic, acute ; sntnre narrowly margined ; whorls 6, hardh'
convex, the last nearly eqtial to 3-7 of the length, base rottindate ;
aperttire obliqtie, obaiiriform ; colnmellar fold high, twisted, strong;
lip somewhat expanded, obtuse, lipped and edged witli violet or
l)lack, dextral margin contracted.

Hall. Kahana.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. ova fa Newc.

135. Achatinella faba Pfeiffer.

A. {JliiliDiella) /aha Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. I,(nidon, iSsg, p. 30.

T. imperforata, dextrorsa, ovata, solidula, irregulariter striata, nitida,
alba; spira convexo-conica, apice acutiuscula ; sutura simplex; anfr. 5, con-
vexiusculi, ultimus spira paulo longior, rotundatus ; plica columellaris
supera, valida, nodiformis ; apertura parum obliqua, obauriformis ; perist.
intus crasse labiatum, margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari retlexo,
adnato. Long. 16, diam. 10 1-2 mill.

Shell imperforate, dextral; ovate, somewhat solid, irregtilarly
striated, shining, white ; spire convex-conic, apex somewhat acute;
stiture simple : whorls 5, somewhat convex, last a little longer than
the spire, rottmdate ; coltimellar fold high, strong, nodiform ; ap-
erture hardly oblique, obauriform ; lip thickly edged within, dextral
margin shorth' expanded, columellar margin reflexed, adnate.

Hab. :•

Allied to A. ovata, fricki, &c. — Pfr.

136. Achatinella vidua Pfeiffer.

A. vidua Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S5S, p. ,>, pi. xxx. fig. 10.

A. testa subimperforata, dextrorsa, conico-ovata, striatula, sublente mi-
nutissime decussata, nitida, saturate fusca, cieruleo-albido bifasciata ; spira
convexo-conica, apice obtusula ; sutura subsimplice ; anfr. 6, vex convexi-
usculis, ultimo spira paulo breviore, basi rotundo ; apertura parum obliqua,
truncato-oblonga ; plica columellari obsoleta, vix torta; perist. intus valide
labiato, margine dextro angustc reflexo, columellari dilatato, subadnato.
Long. 18 1-2, diam. 10 mill.

K

go Original Dcscriptiovs of Achatinclia.

Shell siibimperf orate, dextral, conic-ovate, someAvhat striate,
under a lens very minutely decussate, shining, dark brown, en-
circled with two blue-white bands ; spire convex-conic, apex some-
what obtuse ; suture quite simple ; whorls 6, hardly convex, the
last slightly shorter than the spire, base rotundate ; aperture
hardly oblique, truncate-oblong ; columellar fold obsolete, scarcely
twisted ; lip strongly thickened within, dextral margin narrowly
reflexed, columellar margin dilate, subadnate.

Hab. Kahana.

This seems to be a dark form of A. ovata Newc.

137. Achatinella cervina Gulick.

A. ceiTiHa Gk. Ann. I^vc. New York, iNsS, vi, p. 241, pi. viii, fipf. 62.

Shell sinistral, scarcely perforate, ovate-conic, rather thin,
shining, striated, fawn-colored, with obscure brown spiral lines ;
apex subacute ; spire convexly conic ; suture obsoletely margined,
moderately impressed ; whorls 6, convex ; columellar fold central,
white, sublamelliform, well twisted ; aperture sinuately oval, white
within ; peristome slightly thickened within ; with external mar-
gin unreflecfled, arcuate ; columellar margin dilated, adnate ; pa-
rietal margin wanting.

Length 0.7S in. (20 mill.), breadth 0.45 in. (11 2-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.55 in. (14 mill.).

Average weight 3.80 grains.

Remarks. I have ventured to separate this from A. ovata
with which Dr. Newcomb placed it, who supposed that its lack of
some of the important chara(5leristics of that species was owing to
the immaturity of specimens. But even if the specimens were all
immature, unless my eye is greatly deceived in tracing its affini-
ties, it may be safely considered more nearly allied to A. buddii
Newc, or indeed to all the numerous species of that secftion of the
genus, than to any one of the species of the Se(5lion Bulimella
Pfeiffer, to which A. ovata Newc. belongs. — Gk.

Hab. Kahana ; verv rare. — Gk.

138. Achatinella obliqua Gulick.

A. ohligita Gk. Ann. I.yc. New York, vi, 1S5S, p. 245, pi. viii, fijj. 63.

Shell sinistral, subperf orate, ovate, obliquely truncated at the
base, solid, shining, striated, of ashen-lead color, with a broad
white band beneath the suture ; apex obtuse, of a yellowish white
color ; spire convexly conical ; whorls 6, subconvex, the last large;
columellar fold central, white, strong ; aperture oblique, trun-
cately auriform, nearly white within; peristome white, thickened

Original Descriptio7is of Achatinelta. 91

within ; with external margin somewhat reflecfted, arcuate ; coki-
mellar margin forming an obtuse, sinuous ridge with a small
umbilical cleft behind it ; parietal margin thin.

Length 0.90 in. (23 mill.), breadth 0.50 in. (13 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.65 in. (16 1-2 mill.).

Average weight 9.00 grains.

Remarks. It is allied to A. ovata Newc, with which it is
associated geographically, but differs from it in its broader form
and wdiite lip. The dark coloring of the body whorl abruptly ter-
minates near the external margin of the peristome, leaving a white
border about an eighth of an inch in width around the outside of
the lip, whereas in A. bulimoidcs and other allied species the color
becomes darker on this portion of the shell, though the lip itself be
white. Dextral specimens are very rare. The coloring of the
darker portion of the shell varies in different specimens from a
dirty cream to slate color, but the ashy color given in the descrip-
tion is the most common. — Gk.

Hab. Kahana. — Gk.

139. Achatinella spadicea Gulick.

A. spadicea Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vi, 185S, p. 247. pi. viii, fig. 65.

vShell sinistral, imperforate, conic-ovate, solid, shining, stri-
ated, chestnut-brown, with a white sutural band ; apex rather
obtuse ; spire convexly conic ; suture marginate, moderately im-
pressed ; whorls 6, convex ; columellar fold central, white, strong;
aperture truncately auriform, subangulated, white within ; peris-
tome thickened within, very dark brown ; with external margin
scarcely refledled anteriorly, compressed ; columellar margin
strong, callous, adnate ; parietal margin very thin.

Length 0.73 in. (18 1-2 mill.), breadth 0.43 in. (11 mill.).

Length of bod}' whorl 0.50 in. (13 mill.).

Average weight 640 grains.

Remarks. The white sutural band is continued up to the very
tip of the nuclear whorls, in a manner quite different from what is
seen in the bands of A . obliqva and other species of this group. — Gk.

Hab. Kahana. — Gk.

140. Achatinella oomorpha Gulick.

A. oomorpha Gk. .\nn. Lye. New York, vi, 1S5S, p. 246, pi. viii, fig'. 64.

Shell dextral, perforate, ovate, solid, shining, striated, ash, or
ash-brown, with two obscure brown bands, white beneath the suture;
apex rather obtuse, chestnut-brown ; spire convexly conical ; suture
marginate, moderately impressed; whorls 6 1-2, convex; colu-
mellar fold central, white, strong ; aperture truncately auriform,

92 Original Desa-iptions of Achatinelia.

white within ; peristome thickened within ; with external margin
slightly refle(5led anteriorly, arcuate, white, or brown ; columellar
margin reflecfled, detached, white ; parietal margin very thin.

Length 0.80 in. (20 1-3 mill.), breadth 0.44 in. (11 1-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.55 in. (14 mill. ) .

Average weight 7.00 grains.

Remarks. Sinistral specimens are sometimes found which
resemble A. obliqiia, but are readily distinguished by the darker
coloring around, and upon the lip. I have from Hauula a few
specimens which seem to belong to this species. Some of them
are nearly white. — Gk.

Hab. Kahana. — Gk.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. obliqua Gk. as a dextral

variety.

141. Achatinelia rotunda Gulick.

.•(. rotunda Gk. Ann. Lvc. New York, vi, 1S5S, p. 249, pi. viii, fig, 67.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate, obliquely truncated at the
base, solid, shining, striated, of black chestnut color, with a broad
white or yellowish chestnut band beneath the suture ; apex obtuse,
chestnut ; spire convexly conic ; suture margined, black, well im-
pressed ; whorls 6, convex ; the last large, rounded ; columellar
fold central, white, strong; aperture oblique, truncately auriform;
peristome black, slightly thickened within ; with external margin
slightly reflecfted anteriorly, arcuate ; columellar margin dilated,
adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.83 in. (21 mill.), breadth 0.50 in. (13 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.61 in. ( 15 1-2 mill.).

Average weight 8.80 grains.

Remarks. There is a variety with two black bands which
re.sembles certain forms of A. ovata Newc, but is distinguished by
its black suture and its thinner and more regularly arcuate lip.
Its bands are also deep black, while those of A. ovata are brown
as those in A. hidimoides Swains. — Gk.

Hab. Kaaawa and Kahana. — Gk.

BULIMOIDES GROUP.
142. Achatinelia bulimoides Swainson.

A. hiilinioidrs Swain. Zool. 111., iii, ]). loS, fig. i, 1S32.

A. testa ovato-oblonga, subvciilricosa, albente, fasciis castaneis ; spira
incrassata, apice fusco.

Original Descriptions of AchatiiicIIa. 93

Shell ovate, oblong, subventricose, whitish, with chestnut
bands ; spire thickened, the lip pale brown.

The ground colour, in some specimens, is pale chestnut or
ferruginous, banded with darker shades, and another of pure
white : in others the upper half of each whorl is whitish, and the
lower chestnut, marked by darker bands : the suture is scarcely, if
at all margined by a groove ; the aperture and pillar white. — Swain.

Hab. Kawailoa.

This has now become a very rare shell. On one occasion,
after a careful search, only one dead shell was found. The habitat
of this shell is not far from where the A. 7-osca is found. For that
reason it is grouped with that shell. It is, however, quite distinct.

143. Achatinella rosea Swainson.

A. rosea Swain. Zool. 111., iii, p. 123, fig. i, 1.S33.
A. testa siiiistrorsa, pallide rosea, fasciis albis obsoletis.
Shell reversed, pale rose-colour, with obsolete white bands.

I place this, for the present, as a variety of the last, to which,
except in being reversed, it bears a close resemblance in size, form
and general habit. It is entirely of a pale and delicate rose colour,
with two obsolete bands of white on the body whorl ; the margin
of the lip and columella are of a deeper rose colour, and the aper-
ture white. It should be obsei^-ed, that the marginal groove,
which is scarcely perceptible in the last, is, in this, verj^ distinct.
— Swain.

Animal, when young, of a bright straw yellow, with ocular
apendages tinged with brown. In the adult, the color is a uni-
form light gray, with mantle and tentacles dark brown. — Newc.

Hab. Wahiawa to Helemano.

This is one of the most attraclive of the Achatinellge. A large
number of color varieties can be found, from pure white to bright
rose ; yellowish brown and even greenish varieties have been found.

<^

GLABRA GROUP.
144. Achatinella glabra Newcomb.

A. slabia Xewc. V. Zool. Soc. London. 1853, ]). 139, pi. xxii. fig. 25. ^

Shell conically ovate, glossy ; whorls 6, somewhat inflated,
margined above ; suture well marked ; aperture ovate ; lip slightly
subreflecled, dark brown edged with black, thickened within ;

94 Original Descriptions of AcJiatincIla.

columella short, robust, expanded, and terminating in a twisted
plait ; colour bluish slate, much lighter on the upper portion of the
whorls ; sometimes transversely banded with white or chestnut.
Long. 17/20, lat. 9/20 poll.

Hab. Kolaupoko. — Newc.

145. Achatinella platystyla Gulick.

.!. /'hily.\lvlii c;k. Anil. I,yc. New York, vi, 1S56, p. 196, pi. vi, fig. J,=,.

Shell dextral, perforate, elongately ovate, rather thin, shining,
finely striated, microscopically very faintly decussated, pale brown
above, ash-brown at the base ; apex rather obtuse ; spire convexly
conic; suture scarcely marginate, well impressed; whorls 6 1-2,
convex ; columellar fold central, white, slightly twisted ; aperture
a little oblique, semioval, bluish white within ; peristome yellow-
ish white, thickened within ; with dextral margin anteriorly re-
fledted, arcuate ; columellar margin broadly refle(5led, flattened,
not appressed ; parietal margin very thin.

Length o.So in. (20 1-3 mill.), breadth 0.41 in. (10 2-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.55 in. (14 mill.).

Average weight 4.50 grains.

Remarks. A rare mouse-colored species, in affinity nearly
allied to A. dubia Newc, but in color bearing a striking resem-
blance to A. glabra Newc, a shell of quite another group, found
in the same locality with this.-— Gk.

Hab. Kawailoa. — Gk.

This seems to be the same as A. glabra Newc Both New-
comb and Sykes consider it so.

y/ 146. Achatinella elegans Newcomb.

A. clci^am Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S33, p. 149, pi. xxiv, fig. 57.

Shell conically elongate, polished, shining, rather solid ;
whorls 6, plano-convex, margined above ; suture well impressed ;
aperture subovate ; lip white, expanded, subreflecfted, somewhat
contra(5led in its centre, thickened within ; columella short, flat
and lightly toothed; colour light and dark brown alternating, longi-
tudinally arranged in lineations or broad patches ; sometimes with
a white sutural band, and an additional one on the body whorl.
Long. 18/20, lat. 8/20 poll.

Hab. Hauula. — Newc.

Original Descriptions of Acliadnella.

95

2. IVaianae Mouulaiiis^ OaJiii.

147. Achatinella lymaniana Baldwin.

.1. lyiiianiaiia Bald. P. Ac. Phila., 1S95, p. 219, pi. x, figs. 12, i,s.

Shell sinistral, ver}' minutel}' perforated, solid, ovate ; spire
convexly conical, apex subacute ; surface shining, covered with
fine incremental lines, under a strong lens showing minute decus-
sating stria? ; apical whorls smooth, when not eroded. Color dark
i:)urplish brown, sometimes with longitudinal or transverse white
flecks or zigzag lines ; a white line traversing the suture ; apex
light chestnut. Whorls 6, very lightly margined above, somewhat
convex; suture moderately impressed. Aperture oblique, white
within, sublunate ; peristome acute, thickened within, expanded,
the columellar margin slightly refiexed and covering the small
perforation, color white on both face and the reverse ; columella
white, terminating in a slightly developed flexuous fold. Length
20 1-2, diam. 11 1-2 mm.

No opportunit}' for an examination of the animal has yet oc-
curred. This species is typically very distinct from any other
known species of the bulimoid secflion of Achatinella. — Bald.

Hab. Waianae Mts. — Bald.

This species is the only one of the secflion found in the Waia-
nae Mts.

i^

lY.

Skctiox PARTULINA Pkkifkkr.

/. Shr/ls fioiu OaJiii.

148. Achatinella dubia Newcomb.

./. dnbia Xewc. P. Zool. Soc. London, iS.s.s, p. 152, pi. xxiv, fig. 65.

vShell dextral or .sinistral, tliiir, conically elongate ; whorls 6,
with finely decussating striae ; suture simple ; aperture ovate ; lip
expanded, slightly reflected ; columella white, bulimoid except in
adult specimens (which exhibit a callus); umbilicus small and
perforate ; colour light corneous with radiating zigzag lines and
blotches of a light colour. Long. 16/20, lat. 7/20 poll.

The above shell approaches in its characters very near to the
genus Bulimus. It is referred to this genus from its disposition to
be either sinistral or dextral ; from its animal being viviparous ;
and from old specimens exhibiting a flat, twisted columellar tooth.
It forms the terminus of a series of four species herein described ;
the others a.veA. hclcna, A. pliysa and A. grisea, all heterostrophe
species. — Newc.

Hab. Waianae. — Newc.

Dextral examples are much more common than sinistral.

149. Achatinella morbida Pfeiffer.

,). (BiiliDirlla) iiuobida Pfr, 1". Zool. Soc. London, i.Ssy, p. ;,o.

T. sul)]K'rforala, .sini.strorsa, ovato-Uirrila, solidula, .striata ct .strii.s coii-
fcTtis .spiralilni.s .sublt-utt decussata, alba, fusco varie strigala ct fasciala ;
spira elonj^ala, gracilis, apice acvitiiiscubi ; sutura simplex ; aiifr. 6 1-2 vix
convexiusculi, ultinius spira paulo Ijrcvior, conwxus ; plica columcllaris
alba, brevis, obliqua ; apertura obli(|ua, o1)auriformis ; perist. incras.satum,
breviter cxpansum, margint coluincllari pcnlilalato, late adnato. Long. 19,
(liain. 9 mill.

Shell subperforate, sinistral, ovate-turreted, somewhat solid,
striate and under a lens decussate with close spiral striae, white,
variously striped and banded with brown ; spire elongate, slender,

(Of)

On'o;iiial Dcscrify/ions of Achatinclla. 97

apex somewhat acute ; suture simple ; whorls 6 1-2, scarcely con-
vex, the last a little shorter than the spire, convex ; columellar
fold white, short, oblique : aperture oblique, obauriform ; lip
thickened, shortly expanded, widely dilated at the margin of the
columella, broadly adnate.

Hab. Oahu.— Bald.

Dr. Cooke found the type shell to be near to .1. diibia Newc.

Shells from Molokai.

BELLA GROUP.
150. Achatinella bella Reeve. •-

A. bclla Kvc. Conch. Icon. Achat., London, 1850. sp. 17.

Shell conical, dextral, wdiorls rather ventricose, columella with
a twisted plait ; olive-yellow, sutures black-brown, then white-
banded, last whorl brown and white-banded.

Hab. Kalae to Waikolu.— Bald.

There is a large variety of color markings found in this species.
Some examples are almost pure white ; others approach very
nearly to the following, A. mighelsiana Pfr.

151. Achatinella mighelsiana Pfeiffer.

A. i>iig/irUni)ia I'fr. 1'. /.ool. Soc. London, 1^47. p. 231.

.\ch. tt'sta ovato-coniformi Ifevigata, opaca, nitida, nivea, .strigi.s cincrcis
variegata ; .spira conica, apicc acutiu.scula ; .sutura submarginata ; anfracti-
'bus 5 1-2 convexis, ultimo infra medium linea nigricante (interdum diipli-
cata) cincto ; plica columellari valida, dentiformi, basi castanea ; apertura
semiovali, fusco-marginata ; peristomate simplice, acuto. Long. 17, diam.
8 mill.

Shell ovately coniform, smooth, opaque, shining, snow-white,
variegated with ash-colored stripes ; spire conical, apex somewhat
acute; suture submarginate ; whorls 5 1-2, convex, the last en-
circled below the periphery by blackish line (sometimes doubled);
columellar fold strong, tooth-like, base chestnut ; aperture semi-
oval, margined with brown : lip simple, acute.

Hab. Kalae.— Bald.

OCCASION.\L P.A.PERS B. P. B. M., VOL. II, NO. 3.-7.

-u^

^I

98 (hii^ina/ Pcscr/ptioiis of Achaii)iclla.

This is gcneralh- a white shell, with the exception of the black
band mentioned above ; however, some examples have a dark
sutural band, like A. bclla Rve., and others are pure white with
no bands of an\- kind.

TlvSSIvLLATA GROUP.
152. Achatinella tessellata Newcomb.

A. lr<>.rUala N'ewc. P. Zool. Soc. I.ondon, 1S5,;, p. i;,<j, I>I. xxiii, fig. 26.

vShell sinistral, oblong-ovate, solid ; whorls 6, convex, the last
somewhat inflated ; white or fawn-coloured ground, very finely
shagreeued, plain, or variously striped with transverse black or
chestnut bands ; the upper whorls always tessellated black and
white ; aperture white or roseate, ovate, effuse below ; columella
short and broadly callous; lip expanded, thickened within and
semirefle(5led ; animal light grey, tentacles black, mantle slate-
colour, lyoug. 21/20, lat. 12/20 poll.

Found at Kalai on Tutui trees, and on the Ijroad leaf of the Ti.
Has some resemblance to virgulata Mighels, but the tessellated
top at once distinguishes it.

Animal dark slate above, tentacles of same color; strongly
granulate, bottom of foot light olive ; mantle black ; as long as
the shell ; movements sluggish. — Newc.

Hab. Kalae to Waikolu.— Bald.

153. Achatinella rufa Newcomb.

A. I ii/a Newc. I'. Zool. Soc. London, is.s,^, p. 130. pi. xxii, fig. ,;.

Shell conically ovate, solid; 6 whorls, flatly com-ex, with decus-
sating striae ; columella strongly callous ; suture j^lain, moderately
impressed ; umbilicus small and open ; lij) expanded, and subreflect-
ed l)elow ; ground colour brownish red, covered with an ei)idermis
of a mottled brown and white, the latter arranged on the central
whorls in fine zigzag markings, which are lost on the last whorl in a
uniform grayish umber. The inferior half of the last whorl ( usually )
encircled by a broad white band. I^ong. iS/20, lat. 10/20 poll.

This is a very rare species, the numbers found scarcely fur-
nishing materials for a description to fix or determine the perma-
nent characters.

Animal light flesh colour, tentacles slightly tinged with brown,
mantle dark brown, longer than the shell, movejnents lively. —
Newc.

On'i^inal Descriptions of Achatinclla. gg

Hab. Kalae.— Bald.

Over one huiidred examples of this shell are in the author's
collection. The zigzag markings on upper whorls of a few ex-
amples look somewhat like those of A. tcsscllata Newc.

154. Achatinella proxima Pease.

Hclictci pioxhiiiii Pease, r. Zool. Soc. London, 1862, p. 6.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, oblong-ovate, ventricosc, rather
solid, finely striated transversely ; striae somewhat fiexuous, grau-
ulose, and interrupted, more regular and conspicuous beneath the
sutures. Whorls 6, convex, marginated, the last somewhat produced
obliquely and flattened on the middle, so as to give in some speci-
mens a subangulated appearance at the base. Aperture somewhat
oblique, of an oblong ovate form ; columellar fold strong. Colour
chestnut-brown, striped and mottled irregularly with dark or brown
and white ; columella and inner edge of aperture purplish red.

Hab. Waikolu.— Bald.

155. Achatinella theodorei Baldwin.

A. tlici\ioit-i Bald. P. Ac. Philad. 1*^95. p. 226, pi. x. fig. 27.

Shell sinistral, subperforate, rather thin, elongately conical,
apex subacute ; surface shining, sculptured with somewhat irregu-
lar incremental striae, and under a lens exhibiting extremely close
and minute decussating spiral striae ; nuclear whorls smooth.
Color dingy white, striped and mottled irregularly with longitudi-
nal dark brown streaks. Whorls -, lightly marginate above,
slightly convex: suture moderately impressed. Aperture oblique,
o\al, purplish brown within; peristome acute, margined with
brown, ver>- lightly thickened within, columellar margin slightly
reflexed, columella terminating in a slight, flexuous, brown fold.
Length i8 1-2, diam. 9 mm.

The animal has not as }et been observed. The shell belongs
to the group of small elongately conical Partulina, for which Mr.
Harper Pease proposed the name Perdicella as a subgeneric title.

The nearest allied species is A. oriiata Newc, which is of
much smaller size, more delicate markings, has a peripheral dark
band and inhabits a different island. — Bald.

Hab. Kawela.— Bald.

It seems to be somewhat related to the smaller forms of
A. proxi])ia Pse.

z^

lOO (hi^/iial Dcsoiptions of .\chati)icUa .

DWIGHTII GROUP.
156. Achatinella dwightii Newcomb.

.i. d.cightii Newc. Ann. I,vc. New York, vi. 1S55, p. 145.

Shell oblong-conical, sinistral, solid ; surface covered with ob-
liciue longitudinal striae, cut across by very numerous fine, slightly
undulating, cross striae ; whorls 6, flatly convex, crenulated at the
sutures ; suture simple, well marked ; aperture ovate ; columella
broad, short, and slightly twisted; outer lip expanded, sub-
refle(5led below; sub-umbilicated. Color a greyish white, with
numerous blotches, and zigzag markings of brown, more obscure
on the last whorl ; aperture and lip of a dingy white. Long. 19/20,
lat. 9 1/2/20 poll.

Remarks. This is also a rare species, offering but few varie-
ties, the only variation from the type being the one figured, in
which the suture, instead of being simple, is, in the last whorl,
strongly corded. — Newc.

Hab. Kamalo.^Bald.

A series of over one hundred examples is in the author's col-
le(5lion, showing type forms and also darker brown varieties w^ith
a white band on the last whorl. This with the following two shells
may be grouped together.

157. Achatinella compta Pease.

Paituliiia Kouf'la Pse. J. Conchyl. x\ii, 1S69, p. i7,s.

T. sinistrorsa, aiitfustc jierforata, solidiuscula, oblongo-conica, spira oljso-
lete transversiiii tt-nuitt-r rugoso-striata (ad anfractum iilliniuin rugis cvaii-
tscentibus) et longitudiiialittr striis teiiuibus, irrcgiilaribus impressa; spira
tiirrita aut oblongo-conica ; sutura iniprtssa; tiiifr. 6, con\-fxi, intfrdum
supra subangulali, ultiinus 1-2 longitudinis lestte aquaiis; apertura vcrti-
calis, ovata ; ])lica colunif llaris supcra, valida, alba ; labro vix expanse, intus
calloso ; jiluniljuo-grisLa, lincis vtl fasciis ruftsceiiti-fuscis ciiigulata ; aiifr.
ullimus ad basin fascia alba ornatns. Long. 25, diani. 13 mill.

Shell sinistral, narrowly perforate, somewhat solid, oblong-
conic, with the spire obsoletely, transversely, thinly wrinkled to
striate (the wrinkles disappearing on the last whorl) and longi-
tudinally marked with thin, irregular striae; spire twisted or
oblong-conic ; suture impressed ; whorls 6, convex, sometimes
times sub-angulate above, the last equal to half the length of the
shell ; aperture vertical, ovate ; columellar fold high, strong, white;
lip hardly expanded, thickened within ; lead colored, encircled by
reddish brown lines or bands, the last whorl with a white band
on the base.

Original Descriptions of Achatinclla. i6f

Hab. Kawela. — Pease.

In appearance, very similar to A. splcndida Newc, found on
Maui. It is nearly related to A. dwio/itii Newc.

158. Achatinella mucida Baldwin.

^1. »iiicida Bald. P. Ac. Philad., 1895, p. 222, pi. x, fig. 23.

Shell sinistral, very minutely perforated, solid, acuminately
ovate, conic, apex rather acute ; surface shining, marked with
fine growth lines, and under a lens decussated by very delicate,
close, spiral striae. The shell of an ashy color, irregularl}' dis-
tributed over the surface, giving it a mucid appearance ; with a
dark brown band at the peripher}' which becomes sutural, extend-
ing both above and below the suture, and a small patch of the
same colour around the umbilicus ; also with a few inconspicuous
brown lines on the base and above the periphery, the latter con-
tinued above ; apical whorls generall}' denuded of cuticle, and
then of a light chestnut color. Whorls 7, slightly convex ; suture
moderately impressed. Aperture oblique, oval, livid white within;
peristome acute, slightly thickened within, expanded, basal and
columellar margins narrowly reflexed, light brown on both face
and the reverse ; columella tinged with brown, terminating in a
strong, plaited, projecfling tooth. I^ength 21 i/2,diam. 11 1/2 mm.

This species is found in the region intervening between the
habitats of A. rcdjieldii Newc. and A. compta Pse.; and it has
cliara(5leristics connecting it with each of these species. It is
smaller than either, and differs from both in the coloration, par-
ticularly from the former in the absence of the white sutural band.
—Bald.

Hab. Makakupaia. — Bald.

VIRGULATA GROUP.
159. Achatinella virgulata Mighels.

Pallida 7iiygiila/a Migh. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hi.st., vol. ii, 1S45, p. 20.

Shell ovate-conic, light fawn color, beautifully adorned with
dark brown bands, more or less numerous, imperforate ; whorls
five, convex ; incremental striae delicate ; aperture oblong ; lip re-
flected, slightly infle(5ted. L,ength i in., diam. 3-5 in.

Animal of a uniform bluish white, including the tentacles and
mantle ; tentacular sheath marked with a light brownish line. —
Newc.

Hab. Kaluaaha to Halawa. — Bald.

I02 Orioinal Descriptions of Achafinella .

i6o. Achatinella redfieldi Newcomb.

.(. ii'dfii-ldi Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, iS.s,,, p. 131 ; pi. \xii, fig. 5.

Shell conically elongate, sinistral ; whorls 6, margined above,
striated longitudinally ; suture well impressed ; aperture subovate;
columella brown, flat and twisted ; lip subrefledled, of the colour of
the columella ; colour of shell light fawm passing into deep chest-
nut, paler above, plain or variously marked with brown bands, and
obscure undulations on the third whorl only : a white band traverses
the sutures. Long. 20/20, lat. 9/20 poll.

This species belongs to the native group of "Pupu Caniobi,"
[Kaneohe] or singing snails, and it is with pleasure that we dedi-
cate it to J. H. Redfield, Ksq., of New York. It is not an abundant
species. Found on Tutui, Ohia and Ti trees. — Newc.

Animal as long as the shell, greyish aljove, sprinkled slightly
with brown, tentacles of same color, mantle slate, bottom of foot
of a greenish grey. — Newc.

Hab. Mapulehu. — Bald.

This .shell seems to be intermediate between the d'cn'oJifii and
vi7\ouIata groups.

161. Achatinella polita Newcomb.

./. piilila Newc. Ann. I.\c. New York, vi, 185^;, p. 32.S.

Shell dextral, polished ; whorls 5, convex, margined above;
suture well defined ; aperture oblong-ovate ; columella strongly
tuberculate, with purple tip ; lip simple ; colour yellow, upper
whorls tinged with umljer ; sutures with or without a black Itand;
aperture within white or dark purple. Long. 12/20, lat. 6 1/2/20
poll. — P. Zool. vSoc. London 1S53, p. 143.

This species shows two varieties with and without the sutural
band. The aperture of tlie first is purple within, of the second a
pure white. — Newc.

Animal of a uniform yellowish white including tentacles ; ten-
tacular sheath slightly tinged with brown ; mantle black. — Newc.

Hab. Kaluaaha to Halawa. — Bald.

This does not go well with any of the groups of this sedlion.
Perhaps it might be ])laced with the brlla group, but it is a much
smaller shell.

162. Achatinella dolium Pfeiffer.

.(. dvUion I fr. 1'. Zool. Soc. T.ondon, 1S55, p. 5., pi. .\xx, fijj. is.

A. testa ])erforata, ovato-conica, tt-nuiuscvila, leyiler strialiila, ])ariiiii
nilentf, i)alli(lf lutcscenlc, fasciis cl strigis aii}.iiislis, fusculis \ariegala ; spira
conica, acutiiiscula ; sutura vix iiiaigiiiala ; anfr. 6, coii\t-xis, iiltiiiu) s])iiam

Original Descriptions of AcJiati?ic//a. 103

paulo superante, ventroso, basi subcompresso ; apertura obliqua, obauriformi,
intus alba; plica cohimellari alta, dcntiformi, alba; perist. tenui, intus sub-
labiato, margine dextro anguste expanse, columellari dilatato, patente.
Long. 17, diam. 10 mill.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, quite thin, lightly striated, hard-
\\ shining, pale j-ellow, variegated with narrow brownish bands
and stripes ; spire conic, somewhat acute ; suture hardly margin-
ate ; whorls 6, convex, the last slightly longer than the spire, in-
flated, base subcom pressed : aperture oblique, obauriform, white
within; columella fold high, dentiform, white: lip thin, slightly
thickened within ; dextral margin narrowly expanded, columellar
margin dilated, spreading.

Hab. Kalae.

It is doubtful just where to place this shell. From the plate
it is a dextral shell of about the size of A. bella Rve., and may be
related to the yellowish forms of that shell. Dr. Cooke found the
shell in the British Museum under this name, to be in shape like
a small virgulata. The fourth and fifth whorls are of a dull yellow-
ish brown color, with numerous bands of a slightly darker shade
on the fifth whorl.

J. S fir lis from Lanai.

163. Achatinella crassa Xewcomb. i/'

A. oiissa Xewc. V. Zool. Soc. London, i->53. p. 155. pi. xxiv, fig. 71.

Shell dextral, conical, solid, pointed at the apex ; last whorl
ventricose ; .striae decussating; whorls 6, rounded ; suture moder-
ate; aperture subovate ; columella short, terminating in a very
strong plait ; lip white, broadly expanded and subreflected ; um-
bilicus open ; colour dark chestnut sprinkled with white, with
a white subcentral band on the la.st whorl. Long. 16/20, lat.
10/20 poll.

This shell in form approaches the genus Partula. Having
obtained the specimens alive, I have been enabled to examine the
animal, and can find no marks to distinguish it from the common
type of the genus Achatinella. — Newc.

Hab. Koele. — Perkins.

I04 Oriojnal Descriptions of Achaiiiiella .

VARIABILLS GROUP.
y 164. Achatinella variabilis Newcomb.

A. variabilis Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S5,:;, p. 154, pi. xxiv, fifj. 70.

vSliell siuistral or dextral, conically acuminate, polished, shin-
ing ; whorls 6, rounded, lightly margined above ; aperture round-
ly ovate ; columella short, armed with a strong tubercle of a rose-
ate colour; lip expanded, acute; colour of shell white, yellow, black
and other shades, plain or with from one to six bands of various
colours on the last whorl. Long. 14/20, lat. 8/20 poll.

This is the most variable species in markings that has yet been
found among the Achatinellae. It is extremely difficult to find two
(except the plain ones) precisel}- alike in this respect. — Newc.

Hal). Above Waiapaa. — Perkins.
' 165. Achatinella semicarinata Newcomb.

.-1. st'yiiiiiii nnihi Xewc. 1'. /,nol. Soc. London, i^^.?. p. i,=,6. pi. xxiv, fig. 76.

Shell dextrorsal, solid, ovately conical, longitudinally sub-
striated ; whorls 5, flattened, marginate above the last, angulated
in the middle and semicarinated ; aperture ovate ; columella end-
ing in a tortuous, obtuse, dentiform plait ; outer lip anteriorly
produced, strongly- marginate within ; colour pale yellow ; aperture
white internally.

A straw-coloured conical species, with the last whorl partially
surrounded with an elevated keel.— Newc.

Hab. Lanaihale.

166. Achatinella lactea Gulick.

A. hutra Gk. .\nn. Lye. New York, vi, 1836, p. 19.S, pi. iv, fig. 27.

Shell siuistral, perforate, acuminately ovate, solid, shining,
finely striated, and microscopically very finel}' decussated, color
ivory white ; apex acute ; spire conical, with outlines slightly con-
vex ; suture marginate, slightly impressed; whorls 6 1-2, flatly
convex ; columellar fold central, brown, strong ; aperture oblique,
sinuately oval, reddish brown within ; peristome white, thickened
within ; with external margin arcuate, slightly reflected anteriorly;
columellar margin dilated, slightl}' detached ; parietal margin thin.

Length 0.S6 in. (22 mill.), breadth 0.45 in. ( i \ 2-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.59 in. ( 15 mill. ).

Weight 8.00 grains.

Remarks. A rare shell allied to A . variabilis Newc, but well
chara(5feri/.ed as a distinct species. — Gk.

Hab. Above Waiapaa. — Perkins. ^

Original Descriptions of Achaiinella . 105

167. Achatinella hayseldeni Bakhvin.

A. haysfldi-iii Bald. Nautilus, x, 1S96, p. 31.

Shell sinistral, miuutely perforated, rather solid, ovately coni-
cal, apex subacute : surface shining, marked with delicate incre-
mental striae, and under a lens exhibiting ver}- close, minute,
decussating spiral lines; embryonic whorls faintly cross-lined.
Color generally of a uniform reddish brown ; sometimes the color-
ing of the middle portion of the whorl shades into white on the
apical whorls, and in some examples a white line revolves below
the suture. Whorls 5 1-2, slightly convex, narrowly margined
above, the last carinated or angulated at the periphery, the angle
becoming almost obsolete towards the aperture : suture distinctly
impressed and often margined above by the continuation of the
peripheral keel. Aperture oblique, subovate, white within with
a pinkish tinge ; peristome white, rather obtuse, thickened within,
the basal and columellar margins slightly reflexed ; columella ter-
minating in a strong, flexuous, white fold. Length 17 1-2, diam.
10 mm.

Animal when extended in motion longer than the shell . Mantle
slate color with a brown band encircling the outer edge. Foot
above and below almost white with a yellowish tinge. Tentacles
white tinged with slate.

This species is allied to P. stmicarinata Newc. which is found
in another district of the same island. The latter is a light straw-
colored, more conical, and invariably dextral shell. The animals
of the two species are somewhat similar, but sufBciently different
to warrant the separation. — Bald.

Hab. Lanaihale. — Perkins.

4. East Maui Shells.

PORCELLANA GROUP.
168. Achatinella porcellana Xewcomb. ^

A. porci'llana Xewc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53. p. 146, pi. xxiii. fig. 47.

Shell rather solid, conical, polished, shining ; whorls 5, round-
ed, margined above; aperture ovate; lip exanded, thin at the
margin, thickened within ; columella short, tubercular ; colour of
a porcelain whiteness, with a light fawn-coloured band encircling
each whorl, the last whorl having two. Long. 12/20, lat. 6/20 poll.

io6 Original Dcsniptiovs of Achatinella.

Hab. Huelo.

This shell is found in large numbers from Makawao to Nahiku,
Maui, and with its several varieties, forms quite a large group.

169. Achatinella nattii Baldwin & Hartman.

A. natlii Bald. & Hart. P. Ac. Phila. 1SS8, p. 34, pi. i, fig. 3.

Shell dextral, turbinate, spire half the length; whorls 5, pol-
ished, the last two rapidly enlarged and inflated. Suture impressed,
columella yellow, stout and twisted. Color bright gamboge yel-
low, with one white and three wide chestnut bands beneath the
suture, the latter visible from within the aperture ; aperture round
ovate, white, labium white, slightly thickened within. I^ength
16, diam. 10 mm. Length ap. 8, diam. 5 mm.

Hab. Makawao to Honomu. — Bald.

This, with the preceding A . porcellana Newc, and A.flcviingi
Bald. (MS), and also A. ivailuacnsis Sykes, form a group very
similar in appearance and which run together. They correspond
very well to the various forms of the A. i-eda Newc. of Oahu.

170. Achatinella wailuaensis Sykes.

A. 'unilKa^iisis Syke.s. Fauna Haw., lyoo, vol. ii, p. 32s. pi. xi. figs. 19, 20.

T. (lextrorsa, subperforata. nitida, turrita, solidula, levissime striata,
alba, lincis castaneis picta, apud peripheriam zona alba, in sutura linea nigro-
castanea notata ; anfr. 5-5 1-2, regulariter crescentes, conyexi ; apertura auri-
formis; margine columellari plica fusca mediocri munita, margine dextro
acuto, callo parietali tenuissimo. Long. 15.5, alt. 8.4 mill.

Shell dextral, subperforate, shining, turreted, somewhat solid,
very lightly striated, white, colored with chestnut lines, marked
about the periphery by a white zone, in the suture by a black-
che.stnut line ; whorls 5-5 1-2. regularly increasing, convex ; aper-
ture auriform, furnished at the margin of the columella with a small
brown fold, dextral margin acute, parietal with a very thin callus.

Hab. Wailua. — Perkins.

Very nearly related to A. porcellana Newc.

MARMORATA GROUP.
171. Achatinella marmorata Gould.

A. mariiioi ala Oould. 1'. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1S47, p. 200.

vShell dextral, rather solid, of an elongated, acutely conical
form, composed of six convex whorls, which are somewhat shoul-
dered superiorly ; the la.st large in proportion, and ventricose ;

Original Descriptions of AchatineUa. 107

surface delicately striated Avitli lines of growth : colour a duskj'
chestnut, marbled with white, irregular, and angular markings,
generally arranged somewhat in longitudinal stripes, the whole
seeming to be coated with a very thin ash-coloured epidermis.
Aperture moderately large, ovate, the lip slightly expanded ; the
columellar fold white, compressed, nearly transverse, and standing
out very prominently. Length 7-8. breadth 1-2 in. — U. S. Ex.
Ex., vol. xii, p. 85.

Animal light pea green, strongly granulated, one-third longer
than the shell, tentacles light slate ; mantle and base of foot same
color as the body. Dr. Pfeiffer allows niarmorata Gould, but places
adamsii Newc. as a synonym of A. perdix Rve. I have clearly
established the identity of my shell with that of Dr. Gould, and do
not doubt the specific difference of marviorata and perdix. As Mr.
Reeve's description dates 1850, those who do not concur in this
opinion must place A. perdix as a synonym of A. marmorata.
— Newc.

Hab. At the foot of Mt. Haleakala.— Gould. Makawao.

This shell is very rarely sinistral. In over one thousand ex-
amples only one sinistral specimen was found.

172. AchatineUa adamsii Newc.

.-) . adayiiiu P. Zool. Soc. London, 1^5,;. p. 137. pi. xxii, fig. 20.

Shell dextral, conically acuminate, whorls 6, finely striated
transversely, roughly striated longitudinally ; suture deeply im-
pressed ; lip expanded ; columella terminating in a .strong abruptly
twisted plait : interior of shell of a leaden blue colour, exterior
dark chestnut, irregularly mottled and striped with white. Long.
18/20, lat. 9/20 poll.

This species makes the nearest approach in form to A. perdix
of Reeve, an immature specimen of which is figured in his Mono-
graph, figure 43. The locality of this latter species is the almost
inaccessible ravines of the mountainous districts around Lahaina,
W. Maui. The A. perdix is arboreal, and the A. adamsii lerres-
trial in its habits. — Newc.

"Hab. Makawao.

Baldwin places this with A. marmorata Gould.

173. AchatineUa plumbea Gulick.

A. pliDiibea Gk. Ann. I.yc. New York. iv. I^56. p. 215, pi. vii, fig. 39.

Shell dextral, sometimes perforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining,
irregularly striated, very finely decussated, lead-colored, with a
white band on the periphery of the last whorl ; apex subacute ;

io8 Original Descriptions of Achatinetia.

spire conical; suture margiuate, well impressed; whorls 6 1-2,
very convex ; coluniellar fold central, white, strong ; aperture
slightly oblique, sinuately oval, bluish white within ; peristome
brown, thickened within ; with dextral margin arcuate, scarcely
refle(5led ; coluniellar margin dilated, white, sometimes slighth^
detached ; parietal margin wanting.

IvCngth 0.90 in. (23 mill.), breadth 0.50 in. (13 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.64 in. (16 1-2 mill.).

Average weight 6.00 grains ; least weight 4.30 grains.

Var. B. Globose conic, spire shortened, with concave out-
lines, body whorl inflated.

Var. C. Without the white band on the body whorl.

Station. On the trunks of the Aiea and Kukui {Aleuritcs
triloba). — E. Bailey.

Remarks. A. adamsii Newc. differs from this in shape, and
is covered with a brown unpolished coat more or less broken up
with clouds and waves of white ; moreover, I believe, that A.
adamsii is admitted to be a synonym of A . viarmorata Gould. — Gk.

Hab. Kula. — E. Bailey.

174. Achatinella grisea Newcomb.

A. ifiisea Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 153, pi. xxiv, fig-. 66.

vShell sinistral, inflated below, pointed at the summit; whorls
6, rounded, not margined ; aperture ovate ; columella .short, flat
and but slightly twisted ; lip expanded, thickened within ; suture
well impressed ; umbilicus opened ; colour above greyish white
mottled with light brown, below ashy grey ; the body whorl en-
circled by a narrow white band. Long. 16/20, lat. 9/20 poll.

Hab. Makawao. — Newc.

This seems unrelated to any of the other shells. It comes
very near to A. physa Newc, a shell from the island of Hawaii.

175. Achatinella eburnea Gulick.

A. churnea Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vi, 1S56, p. 199, pi. vi, fig. 28.

Shell sinistral, usually perforate, ovate-conic, somewhat solid,
shining, striated, very minutely decussated, ivory white ; apex
rather acute; spire concavely conical ; suture slightly marginod,
lightly impressed ; whorls 6, slightly convex ; the last large, eb-
li(iuel\- i)roduced, and angulated above the aperture ; coluniellar
fold central, white, .strong, nearly transverse ; aperture oblique,
truucately auriform, white within; peristome thickened; with

Orioinal Descriptions of Achatinclla. 109

external margin reflected anteriorly, arcuate ; columellar margin
dilated, slightly detached ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.95 in. (24 mill.), breadth 0.54 in. (14 mill.).

lycngth of body whorl, 0.66 in. (17 mill.).

Average weight 9.00 grains ; greatest weight 13.00 grains.

Var. B. Brownish yellow, with a white girdle on the periph-
ery of the last whorl, waved with white and yellow on the third
whorl.

Var. C. With body whorl rounded, not augulated.

Station. On the trunks of trees, quite exposed. — K. Bailey.

Remarks. This species is the analogue of A. tappa)iiana C.
B. Ad., found on W. Maui, but differs from it in its more ventri-
cosc form, its augulated body whorl, and more regularly curved
lip, besides the difference in coloring. — Gk.

Hab. Honuaula. — E. Bailey.

This and the two following shells, are not related to any of the
group of this part of Maui.

176. Achatinella germana Newcomb.

A. gcrniana Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London. 1S53. p. 151, pi. xxiv. fig. 61.

Shell dextral, ovately conical; whorls 6, flatly convex; aper-
ture ovate ; lip acute, thickened within ; columella brown, short
and tubercular ; colour chestnut, with fine obsolete darker trans-
verse lines ; a white band traverses the last sutural whorl and cuts
the body whorl centrally ; around the columella is a broad w^Jiite
band, losing itself in the aperture. Long. 16/20, lat. 8/20 poll.

Closely resembles the A. so/iiaria, and but for the widely dis-
tant localities, might be taken for a variety of the same species.
The markings and columellse are, however, quite distinct. — Newc.

Hab. Makawao. — Newc.

Dr. Cooke found in the type shell the apex and first whorl to
be of a dark color, second whorl of a slate color, third whorl of a
slate brown, and the fourth whorl brown.

177. Achatinella anceyana Baldwin.

A. aiurmna Bald. P. Ac. Phila., 1S95, p. 223. pi. x, fig. i^.

Shell dextral, imperforate, rather thin, ovately conical, apex
obtuse; surface shining, striated with fine growth lines, under a lens
exhibiting a beautiful pattern of close, delicate, decussating, spiral

no On'ohial Dcsoipiions of Aclialinclla.

stricL- which extend to the very apex. Color reddish brown becom-
ing; paler towards the summit ; with two yellow bands, a broad
one encircling the umbilical region, a narrow one at the periphery,
the latter margined above with a delicate white line, which is
continued on the spire just above the suture and becomes lost on the
last whorl ; also with a narrow white line revolving below the
suture to the very tip of the apex. Whorls 5, convex, not mar-
ginate ; suture distinctly impressed. Aperture a little oblique,
oval, white, distincftly exhibiting the dark coloring of the exterior;
peristome acute, slightly thickened within, the coloring of the out-
side appearing on the inner edge : columella brown, terminating
in a well developed, fiexuous fold. Length 14 1-2, diam. 9 mm.

x\nimal when extended in motion longer than the shell. Mantle
light brown mottled with black, outer edge encircled with an in-
terru]~)ted orange band. Foot above and below a very light brown,
superior portion with a slate tinge, posterior portion tapering and
sometimes with a yellowish tinge. Tentacles long, light slate.
Head above minutely granulated.

This species was collected in the forest of the exterior slope
of the extinct Haleakala crater, at an altitude of 4000 feet above
sea level. Owing to its peculiar habit of living on the foliage near
the tops of trees, it has escaped previous observation. The species
has no known congeners. It is remarkable for the constancy of
its delicate color lines. Over two hundred examples before me
show only trifling divergence in this respect. — Bald.

Hab. Makawao. — Bald.

NIVEA GROUP.
178. Achatinella nivea Baldwin.

.(. ;//.',■,; IJahl. 1'. Acad. IMiil.. iS.,5, j). 2zz. pi. x, fij;. iw.

vShell sinistral, subperforate, somewhat solid, acuminately ovate-
conic, apex acute ; surface highly polished, obliquely striated with
fine lines of growth, and under a lens showing very close and deli-
cate decussating spiral stria ; nuclear whorls faintly decussated.
Color white, encircled with a narrow, pale chestnut band on or a
little below the periphery. Whorls 7, slightly marginate above,
flatly convex, the last with a somewhat angular periphery and
flattened base. Suture slightly impressed. Aperture oblique,
roundly oval, white, the chestnut band of the exterior visible
within. Peristome white, acute, thickened within, expanded, basal
and columellar margins narrowly reflexed, extremities joined by a
very thin white callus. Columella white, terminating in a moder-
ately developed, flexuous plait. Length 24, diam. 14 mm.

Oriirinal Descripiions of AcliatiiuIIa. iii

Animal when extended in motion longer than the shell. Mantle
densely black with minute brown flecks and a broad yellowish
band encircling the outer edge. Tentacles and superior portion of
foot brown with a slight slate tinge ; under portion of foot light
brown. Front above covered with light granulations.

I have before me over five hundred examples of this species,
which are without variety in color or shape. The peripheral
chestnut band is a constant feature. It may be readily distin-
guished from A. tappaniayia Adams, by its more slender form and
convex spire, by the sub-angulated periphery, flattened base, and
more polished surface. The color of the animals is also very differ-
ent ; and the habitats are separated by twenty-five miles expanse
of low dry land, which is destitute of forest, and molesting life.
In character of shell and animal it has some affinity with the pre-
ceding species ; and, considering the remote habitats, the two may
be regarded as distinct, but allied species. — Bald.

Hab. Makawao to Huelo. — Bald.

179. Achatinella dolei Baldwin. 1/

A. dolci Bald. P. Acad. Phil., 1^595. p. 221, pi. x. fig,s. 17. iS.

Shell sinistral, minutely perforated, somewhat solid, acumi-
nately ovate-conic, apex acute ; surface shining, marked with deli-
cate incremental striae, under a lens exhibiting extremely close,
minute, decussating spiral striae; nuclear whorls faintly cross-lined.
Color white, encircled below the periphery with a brownish black
band, and at the periphery and above with more or less numerous,
delicate, chestnut, spiral lines, which become fainter on the middle
whorls and obsolete above. Whorls 6 1-2, narrowly margined
above, convex ; the last somewhat inflated, roundly angulated at
the periphery and flattened on the base ; suture deeply impressed.
Aperture oblique, roundly ovate, flattened on the basal margin,
white, exhibiting the brown markings of the exterior ; peristome
acute, angled at the periphery, slightly thickened within, expand-
ed, basal and columellar margins narrowly reflexed ; columella
terminating in a long, flexnous, white plait. Length 24 1-2,
diam. 14 mm.

Animal when extended in motion longer than the shell.
Mantle intensely black with a broad outer margin of yellow and a
conspicuous orange spot in the center of the margin. Foot taper-
ing behind, above and below light yellow. Tentacles long and
slender, light slate. Head above slightly granulated.

We found this .species very plentiful at the above locality, in
the humid forests of the exterior slope of Haleakala crater, at an
altitude of 7000 feet above sea level. The dark band below the
periphery is a constant feature. The nearest allied species is

112 (hi'iiiiial Dcso-iptions of .Icha/Juclla .

A. sp/riidida Newc, of West Maui. It differs, however, from this
in the sub-atigulated peripher}', flattened base, and the untessellated
upper whorls. The animals are also different, and the habitats
widely separated. — Bald.

Hab. Honomanu. — Bald.

This shell is very rarely dextral. In over two thousand ex-
amples Mr. Baldwin found only two full grown dextral specimens.

i8o. Achatinella fusoidea Newcomb.

A. fiisoidra Newc. Ann. Ia'C. New York, vi, 1856. p. 144.

vShell .sinistral, rather solid, elongately produced : whorls 6-7,
scarcely rounded (excepting the last), margined above; suture
well impressed ; aperture roundly ovate, small ; columella very
short, robust and twisted ; lip simple above, slightly expanded
below, color .straw yellow. lyong. 15/20, lat. 5 1/2/20 poll.

Remarks. This is an exceedingly rare species, but two speci-
mens having come under my observation, one of which serves for
the illustration, the other in the cabinet of the late Hugh Cuming
of London. — Newc.

Hab. Haleakala. — Newc.

IVest Maui Shells.

SPLENDIDA GROUP.
181. Achatinella splendida Newcomb.

./. if'li-iiiiuia Xcwc. 1'. Zool. Sou. London, i^.s.v p. 131. pi. -x.xii. fig. 4.

Shell sinistral or dextral, solid ; whorls 6, with finely decus-
sating striae ; body whorl somewhat inflated ; suture moderately
impressed, margined below; aperture ovate ; lip expanded ; colu-
mella short, broad and twisted ; two upper whorls tessellated with
chestnut and white, with numerous chestnut-coloured transverse
lines and fillets on the outer whorls, traced on a polished white
ground ; markings correcflly lined superiorly, and irregularly
serrated inferiorly. Long. 20/20, lat. 11/20 poll.

Var. A. Bright chestnut banded with white, not .serrated.

Var. B. White, with numerous black transverse bands.

Hab. Wailuku, on kukui trees. — Newc. Mauna Hoomaha.
— Thaanum.

Original Descriptions of Achatijiclla. 113

182. Achatinella baileyana Gulick.

A. bailcya>ia Gk. Aun. Lye. Xeiv York, vi, 1S56, p. 202, pi. vii, fig. 31.

Shell sinistral, perforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, fineh-
striated, microscopicall}- very minuteh' decussated, with fine ob-
lique white streaks, and narrow black spiral lines ; apex subacute,
tessellated, spire conic with slightly convex outlines; whorls 61-2
or 7, moderately convex scarcely margined ; body whorl regularh'
rounded, equal to 66-ioo of the length; columellar fold violet,
strong, superior, aperture somewhat oblique, not expanded, round-
ly semioval, very pale violet within ; peristome scarcely reflected,
thickened within; with columellar margin refle(5led, not impressed;
parietal margin wanting.

L,ength 0.85 in. (21 3-5 mill.), breadth 0.50 in. (12 2-3 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.40 in. (10 mill.).

Average weight 7.0 grains.

The dimensions of a large specimen are as follows:

Length 1. 00 in. (25 2-5 mill.), breadth 0.53 in. (13 i-2mill.).

Length of aperture 0.45 in. (11 2-5 mill.).

Weight 7 grains.

Var. B. Regularly conical, rather broad at the base; with
spire shortened; whorls nearh" 7, convex, not margined; aperture
very oblique, semiorbicular, pale blue within.

Length 0.75 in. (17 mill.), breadth 0.51 in. (13 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.34 in. (8 2-3 mill.).

Weight 6.00 grains.

Var. C. Ovate-conic, marble-gra}', bands usually wanting,
within the aperture pale lilac, w'horls somewhat swollen beneath
the sutures, columella not so short. This variety passes into the
white variety of A. splendida Xewc.

Var. D. Lightly tinged with pink both within and without.

Remarks. Dr. Newcomb pronounces this to be a variet}- of
his A. splendida, but I think the differences too well marked for a
doubt in regard to its distinct character. — Gk.

Hab. Wailuku Mountain. — (Ed. Bailey )Gk.

183. Achatinella gouldii Newcomb.

A. gouldii Xewc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 129, pi. x.vii. fig. i.

Shell conically ovate; whorls 6, flatly convex, margined above,
but slightly; sutures slightly marked; aperture ovate; columella
lightly callous; lip expanded and subreflected below; color 3'ellow-
ish white; with zigzag lines of brown on the third whorl, and

Occasion.^!. P.^pers B. P. B. M., Vol. III.— S.

114 Qjiginal Descriptions of Achatinclla.

brown liueatious more or less numerous encircling the three lower
whorls; aperture and lip yellowish. Found on kukui trees. Long.
17/20, lat. 9/20 poll.

Hab. Wailuku. — Newc. Mauna Hoomaha, Houokowai. —
Thaanum.

184. Achatinella talpina Gulick.

A. talpina Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi, 1S56, p. 212, pi. vii, fig. 38.

Shell dextral, slightly perforate, elongate, ovate-conic, rather
thin, subcorneous, not shining, finely striated, beneath the lens
scarcely decussated, brown with a whitish band encircling the base,
covered with a thin brown ash velvety epidermis; apex somewhat
obtuse, tessellated with white and chestnut; spire regularly coni-
cal; suture simple, moderately impressed ; whorls nearly 7, con-
vex ; the last regularly rounded, equal to 62/100-67/100 of the
length; columella strongly plaited above; aperture semiorbicular,
brownish white within; peristome thickened within, scarcely re-
flecfled anteriorly; with coluniellar margin white, and refiecled
over the deep perforation ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.85 in. (21 3-5 mill.), breadth 0.47 in. (12 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.36 in. (9 mill.).

Average weight 5.50 grains.

Var. B. With apex corneous, without tessellations; very rare.

Var. C. Ventricose ; spire short, curvilinear. A small speci-
men has the following dimensions :

Length 0.67 in. (17 mill.), breadth 0.42 in. (10 2-3 mill.).
Length of aperture 0.30 in. (7 2-3 mill.).
Average weight 4.50 grains.

Station. On the Kukui {Aleiuites viohiccana). — E. Bailey.

Remarks. This species passes into A. Gouldii Newc. Much
handling gradually removes the epidermis from the shell, leaving
the surface more or less polished. — Gk.

Hab. Wailuku, rare.— (E. Bailey)Gk.

The same as Gouldii Newc. — Bald.

185. Achatinella induta Gulick.

.-/. indiita Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, vol. vi. 1S56, p. 207, pi. vii, fig-. 34.

Shell dextral, perforate, conic-ovate, solid, unpolished, micro-
scopicalh' very minutely and obsoletely decussated, brown; apex
subacute, tessellated with white and chestnut; spire convex and
conical; sutures lightly impressed, not margined; whorls 6, slight-
ly convex ; the last equal to 66/100-72/100 of the whole length;

Original Descriptions of Adiatinella. 115

columellar folds strong, white, nearly transverse; aperture slightly
oblique, sinuously oval, bluish white within ; peristome thickened
within; with anterior margin slightly reflecSled ; columellar margin
dilate, white, unattached; parietal margin very thin, or wanting.

Length 0.83 in. (21 mill.), breadth 0.50 in. (12 2-3 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.40 in. (10 mill.).

Average weight 6.70 grains.

Var. B. Ash-brown, with whitish streaks in spots. This
variety passes into A. iindosa Nob.

Var. C. With a white baud on the periphery of the last
whorl ; very rare .

Var. D. Small, ovate-conic. The dimensions of one of the
smaller specimens are as follows:

Length 0.70 in. (18 mill.), breadth 0.40 in. (10 mill.).
Length of aperture 0.34 in. (8 2-3 mill.).
Weight 4.00 grains.

Var. E. Lip considerably expanded and refiecfted, slightly
thickened within, columella broadly reflecled. This variety pre-
sents a remarkable feature; appearing as if the bod}- whorl had
been enlarged, and the lip expanded by a second growth after the
shell had been perfe(5T:ed, and the lip thickened. The second
growth forms a broad lip, sometimes an eighth of an inch or more
in width, from the interior callous ridge to the edge. This lip
seems to be of the same material as the thickening within, the ex-
terior being of an unpolished ivory color, not covered with the
brown coat which clothes the rest of the shell. The interior of
both the lip and columella is of polished ivory-white; aperture
within the lip bluish white. Specimens presenting more or less of
the features of this variety are not rare.

Station. On the Ilima (Sida) and other bushes. — E. Bailey.

Remarks. This species is characterized by its unpolished
brown exterior. — Gk.

Hab. Mountain ridges of Wailuku.— (E. B.)Gk.

186. Achatinella radiata Gould.

A. radiata Gould. P. Boston Soc. Xat. Hist., ii, 1S45, p. 27.

Testa solida, ovato-conica, lineolis castaneis, flavidis et albidis longitudi-
naliter picta, iiiterdum fascia mediani vel basali alba; anfract. 6 convexis;
sutura marginata, albida ; apertiira ovata, peristomate reflexo, flavido; plica
lata; umbilicata. Long. 3-4, lat. 9-20 in.

vShell solid, ovate-conic, longittidinall}- colored with chestnut,
yellow and whitish lines, sometimes with a median or basal white

,/

ii6 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

band; whorls 6, convex; suture margined, whitish; aperture ovate,
lip reflexed, yellowish; fold broad; umbilicated.

Hab. Sandwich Islands. — Gould. (?)

This may belong to the island of Oahu, perhaps with A. diibia
Newc.

i86a. Achatinella densilineata Reeve.

Paiiula drmiliin'ala Rve. Rve. Conch. Icon. Partula, sp. 9; pi. ii, fig. 9.

Shell acuminately conical, rather thin, umbilicated, sutures
of the spire impressed, whorls rather flattened and finely margined
at the upper part, rounded and slightly angled at the lower; colu-
mella flatly reflecfted, obsoletely plicate; aperture ovate; lip but
little refle(5led; whitish, very thickly painted with oblique rust and
ash lines.

Hab. ?

Mr. Baldwin has placed this with A. radiata Gld. as probabl}^
from Maui. It maj', however, come from some other locality.

TEREBRA GROUP.

187. Achatinella terebra Newcomb.

A. terebra Newc. P. Zool. Soc. I^ondon, iSs,^, p. 144, pi. xxiii, fig. 40.

Shell turreted; whorls 6, rounded, last one inflated, margined
above; suture well impressed; aperture elongate-ovate; lip slightly
refledled, thickened within ; columella short, terminating in a
prominent twisted plait; stride decussating; color light yellow, with
wave-like brown-coloured markings, nearly obsolete on the upper
whorls; lip, columella and aperture wdiite. Long. 16/20, lat. 6/20
poll.

Hab. Honokowai. — Bald.

188. Achatinella attenuata Pfeiffer.

A. attenuata Ffr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 4., pi. xxx, fig. 12.

A. testa subperforata, ovato-tiirrita, tenuiuscula, striatiila et .sublente
gi-anulata, alba, .strigis corneis sacpc aiigulosis picta; spira concavo-turrita,
obtusula; sutura distincte filomirginita ; aiifract. 5 1-2, superis planis, se-
quentibus convexi.s, ultimo 3-7 longitudinis .sul)iequante, rotundato, basi sub-
compresso; apertura oblique, subtetragono-aurifonni; plica columellari vali-
da, compre.ssa, lingu'ceformi; perist. acuto, breviter expanse, intus labiato,
margine basali cum columellari dilatato intus angulum forinante.

Shell subperforate, ovate-turreted, somewhat thin, slightly
striated and under a lens granulated, white, often colored with

Otigmal DescriptioJis of Achatinella. 117

light brown zigzag stripes; spire concave-turreted, slightly obtuse;
suture distiucftly very finely margined; whorls 5 1-2, the upper
flat, the following convex, the last nearly equal to 3-7 of the length,
rotundate, base subconi pressed; aperture oblique, subtetragonal-
auriform; columella strong, compressed, tongue-like; lip acute,
shortly expanded, thickened within, basal margin with the dilated
columellar margin forming an angle within.

Hab. Honokowai. — Bald.

This shell seems to be the same as A. terebra Newc.

189. Achatinella lignaria Gulick.

A. lignaiia Gk. Ann. Lj-c. New York, vi, 1S56, p. 209, pi. vii, fig. 35.

Shell dextral, perforate, ovate-conic, solid, more or less shin-
ing, microscopically minutely decussated, yellowish ivory white,
sometimes streaked; apex subacute, white, obliquely marked with
brownish yellow; spire regularlj' conical; suture moderately im-
pressed, scarcely margined; whorls 6 1-2. somewhat convex; the
last equal to 66-100 of the length; columellar folds strong, white;
aperture somewhat oblique, sinuously oval; peristome thickened,
sometimes slighth^ expanded and refle(5ted anteriorly; columellar
margin dilated, white, unattached; parietal margin wanting.

I^ength 0.80 in. (20 1-3 mill.), breadth 0.41 in. (10 2-5 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.35 in. (9.00 mill.).

Average weight 5.50 grains.

Var. B. More ventricose ; aperture nearly semiorbicular.
This variety passes into A. induta.

Var. C. More elongate.

Length 0.75 in. (ig 1-3 mill.), breadth 0.36 in. (9.00 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.31 in. (8 mill.).

Average weight 3.50 grains.

This variety approaches and passes into A. terebra Newc.
The two species are, however, distincftly characterized; the latter
being more strongly sculptured, having the aperture more elon-
gately oval, and the suture more distincftly margined.

Var. D. With black or brown spiral bands. This passes
intOy4. splendida Newc, but is distinguished by its smaller size
and stronger columellar folds. Rather rare.

A'ar. E. White. This passes into A. attemiata Pfr.

Var. F. Pale ash color. Passes into A. laidosa Nob.

Var. G. Pale vellowi.sh brown. Passes into A. crocea Nob.

Ii8 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

Station. On the Alii and other low trees, in damp elevated
regions. — (E. B.)Gk.

Remarks. This species differs from A. induta Nob. in its
smaller size, more acuminate form, lighter color, and in the pol-
ished exterior of some of its varieties.

Hab. Wailuku.— (E. B.)Gk.

Newcomb places this species with A. tercbra Newc.

190. Achatinella crocea Gulick.

A. crocea Gk. Ann. Lye. New York, 1S5S, vi. p. 211, pi. vii, fig. 36.

Shell dextral, perforate, conic-ovate, solid, scarceh' shining,
lightly striated, and microscopically distincth' decussated with
crowded undulating spiral lines, orange-yellow; apex subacute,
obliquely marked with white and yellow; spire conical; suture
simple, slightly impressed; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the last
slightly flattened in the middle, equal to 0.71 of the whole length;
columellar fold moderately developed, white; aperture slightly
oblique, sinuoush^ oval, snowy white within; peristome not ex-
panded, moderately thickened within; with columellar magin
dilated, white, unattached; parietal margin wanting.

Eength 0.70 in. (18 mill.), breadth 0.40 in. (10 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.37 in. (9 2-5 mill.).

Weight 4.00 grains.

Hab. Waihee; rare.— (E. B.) Gk.

Baldwin places this with A. lignaria, as a color variety.

TAPPANIANA GROUP.
191. Achatinella tappaniana C. B. Adams.

A. tappaniana Ad. Contrib. to Conch., 1S50, p. 126.

Shell reversed, elongate ovate-conic; pure white, with one
narrow brown spiral band ai the periphery of the last whorl; with
ver}^ unequal and irregular transverse striae, and numerous exces-
sively minute wrinkled spiral impressed lines; apex subacute;
spire elongate, with the outlines a little curvilinear; whorls nearly
even, moderatel}^ convex, and more or less subangular, margined
above, with a well impressed suture; aperture ovate; lip well
thickened within the margin, expanded much anteriorly, but not
alone; columellar fold strong.

Length 1.06 in., breadth .55 in.

Length of aperture .44 in.

Hab. Lahaina.

Original Descriptions of Achatinclla. 119

192. Achatinella fasciata Gulick.

A. fasciata Gk. Ann. Lj-c. New York, 1S56, vi. p. 201, pi. vii, fig-. 30.

Shell sinistral, sometimes perforate, ovate-conic, solid, shin-
ing, finely striated, microscopically very minutel}- and faintly de-
cussated, white, with brown bands; apex subacute, white, with a
brown line above the suture; spire regularh* conical; whorls 6 or
7, convex, not margined; the last rounded, equal to 65-100 of the
length ; columellar fold white, superior slighth' developed, moder-
ately twisted ; aperture somewhat oblique, roundh' oval, white
within; the bands sometimes appear in pale brownish stripes on
the inner surface; peristome white, slightly thickened, subrefiecled
anteriorly; with columellar margin reflected, scarcely adnate; pa-
rietal margin wanting.

Average length 0.87 in. (22 mill.), greatest length 0.97 in.
(25 mill.), breadth 0.45 in. (11 1-2 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.39 in. (10 mill.).

Average weight 6.80 grains, greatest weight 9.00 grains, least
weight 6.00 grains.

Var. B. Thicker and more elongate, with dark brown or
black bands; lip well thickened within and deeply colored on the
edge opposite the bands; columella slightly toothed.

Var. C. A'entricose, conical; one specimen has the following
dimensions: length 0.S6 in., breadth 0.54 in., length of aperture
0.40 in.

Station. On the Wiliwili {Erythrina monosperma) .

Remarks. Has been confounded with A. tappaniana and A.
splcndida Newc, but is smaller than the former, with fainter sculp-
turing and more regular conical spire; it also differs in its dark
bands, rounded body whorl, less reflected lip, and slight columellar
fold. It resembles A. splefidida Newc. in its brown bands, but is
otherwise quite distinct. A nuclear character which distinguishes
it from either of the above is the spiral line on the first whorls. — Gk.

Hab. Honokawai.— (S. T. Alex.)Gk.

]\Ir. Baldwin calls this a banded variety of A. tappaniana Ad.

193. Achatinella ampulla Gulick.

A. a»ipulla Gk. Ann. Lvc. New York, vi, 1S56, p. 200, pi. \A\, fig, 29.

Shell sinistral, sometimes slightly perforate, elongate, sub-
pyriform, rather thin, finelv striate, scarcely decussate beneath the
lens, white, with a broad chestnut band encircling the base, and
revolving within the shell beneath the suture, sometimes with fine
spiral lines above; apex subacute; spire coucavely conical, some-

I20 Original Descriptioiis of Achaiinclla.

times decollated; whorls 6 1-2, couvex, margined above; the last
inflated, equal to 66-100 of the length; columella white, plaited
near the whorl, strongly. twisted, not tuberculate; aperture rounded;
peristome expanded, refle(5led, very slightly thickened; with colu-
mellar margin reflected, adnate, or slightly detached ; parietal
margin wanting.

Length 0.90 in. (23 mill.), breadth 0.51 in. (13 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.40 in. (10 mill.).

Weight 6.00 grains.

Remarks. This species differs from A . fasciata Nob. , to which
it is closely allied, in the concave outlines of the spire, in its in-
flated body whorl, and more expanded and reflected lip. — Gk.

Hab. Honokowai.— (vS. T. Alex.)Gk.

Mr. Baldwin places this with tappa)iiana Ad.

PERDIX GROUP.
194. Achatinella perdix Reeve.

A. perdix Rve. Rve. Couch. Icon. Achat., London, 1S50, .sp. 43.

Shell ovate, ventricose, rather thin, dextral, spire exserted,
somewhat obtuse at the apex; whorls 6 in number, couvex, mar-
gined round the upper part, obliquely sculptured flexuous im-
pressed lines; columella plicateh' twisted, rather callous; whitish,
painted and variegated throughout with olive-brown, sutures and
columella white.

Animal bluish white; upper tentacles and sheath slate-colored;
basal margin of foot bordered with light slate; bottom of foot and
mantle greenish white; when extended, not longer than the shell.
Few species of the genus pass through a greater variet}- of changes
than this, in form and markings. My colle(5fion numbers over
twenty, which may fairly be classed as varieties. Of many of
them I have examined the animal, and find no difference in color,
or so slight as to call for no special notice. — Newc.

Hab. Lahaina. — Bald.

195. Achatinella pyramidalis Gulick.

A. pyiamidalis Gk. .\iin. Lye. New York, vi, 1S56, p. 204, pL vii, fig. 32.

vShell dextral, very rarely sinistral, imperforate, p^-ramidal,
rather solid, shining, chestnut or ash-brown, with a white or yel-
lowish baud encircling the base, with oblique white or brown
markings on the second and third whorls, bluish white within the
aperture; apex subacute; spire regularly conical, sometimes de-

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. I2i

collated; whorls 6 1-2, convex, margined with white; finelj- stri-
ated transversely, and microscopically decussated with faintly im-
pressed wrinkled spiral lines; the last regularly rounded, eqvial to
65-100 of the length; columellar fold well developed, white, oblique,
semioval; peristome thickened within, very slightly refleclied; with
columellar margin dilated, adnate or slightly detached; parietal
margin wanting.

Length 0.85 in. (21 3-5 mill.), breadth 0.45 in. (i i 2-5 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.38 in. {9 2-3 mill.).

Average weight 5.70 grains.

The dimensions of a large specimen are as follows:
Length o.go in. (23 mill.), breadth 0.47 in. (12 mill.).
Length of aperture 0.40 in.
Average weight 6.00 grains.

Remarks. This shell differs from the A. splcndida Xewc, in its
smaller size and pyramidal form, with spire less convex, body whorl
less ventricose, aperture smaller and less oblique, lip less expanded
and reflected. It also differs in being without perforation, and is
ver}' rareh' sinistral. — Gk.

The A. pcrdix Reeve differs from this in its broader and more
ventricose form, its more convex spire, with whorls more swollen,
with aperture broader, and frequently subangulated; the arrange-
ment of colors is also different. Looking only at the t} pe of this
species, it would be placed in the same group with A. splcndida,
3'et is so closely connected b\- intermediate varieties with A. pcrdix
that it has hitherto been considered a variet}' of that species.

Var. B. With black basal bands. A small .specimen has the
following dimensions: length 0.80 in.; breadth 0.43 in.; length of
aperture 0.35 in.; weight 4.00 grains.

Var. C. Without band. I have a small specimen of the brown
variety of A. splcndida Xewc. which closely resembles this.

Var. D. With apex chestnut brown, not tessellated; very rare.

Var. E. With irregular white spots. This variety passes into
A. perdix .

Hab. Lahaiua.— (S. T. Alex.)Gk.

196. Achatinella ustulata Gulick.

A. jistulata Gk. Ann. Lye. Xew York, v-i, 1S56, p. 211. pi. vii, fig. 37.

Shell sinistral, perforate, ovate-conic, obliquely produced at the
base, solid, scarcely shining, striated, and microscopically distinclh-
decussated, brown, with a whitish band encircling the base; apex
subacute, tessellated with white and brown; spire conical, some-
what curvilinear; suture simple, lighth" impressed, marked with a

122 Original Descriptions of Achatinclla.

narrow white line; whorls 6 1-2, moderateh' convex; the last large^
equal to 72-100 of the length; coluniellar fold strong, white, ob-
lifiue; aperture very oblique, sinuoush' oval; peristome thickened
within, refledled anteriorly; with coluniellar margin dilated, white,
unattached; parietal margin wanting.

Length i.oo in. (25 2-5 mill.), breadth 0.57 in. (14 1-2 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.52 in. (13 1-5 mill.).

Weight 10.00 grains.

Station. On the Mamaki {Pipturus albidus) .

Remarks. This species is more ventricose than A. pcrdix
Rve., and differs in having the whorls more convex, the suture
simple, the aperture more oblique, and the sculpturing more dis-
tinct. I have received but two specimens, for which I am indebted
to the brothers James and Samuel Alexander. — Gk.

Hab. Beautiful Valley.— (S. T. Alex.)Gk.

197. Achatinella undosa Gulick.

A. undosa Gk. Ann. Lye. Xew York, vi, i^sn, p. 205, pi. vii, fig. 33.

Shell dextral, deeply, narrowly umbilicate or perforate, acumi-
nately ovate-conic, solid, shining, finely striated, and microscopi-
cally very faintly decussated, lead-gray, streaked and waved with
black, brown and white; apex subacute, tessellated with white
and chestnut; spire conic; whorl 6 1-2, somewhat swollen above,
slightly margined; the last equal to 0.65 of the length; columella
white, moderately plicate; aperture somewhat oblique, sinuously
oval; peristome thickened within, slightly refiecfted anteriorly; with
coluniellar margin dilated, unattached; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.93 in. (23 mill.), breadth 0.47 in. (12 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.42 in. (10 2-3 mill.).

Average weight 5.50 grains.

The dimensions of a large specimen are as follows:

Length i.oo in. (25 1-5 mill.), breadth 0.50 in. (12 2-3 mill.).

Weight 8.00 grains.

Var. R. Much smaller.

Length 0.74 in. (19 mill.), breadth 0.42 in. (10 2-3 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.33 in. (8 2-5 mill.).

Weight 4.00 grains.

Var. C. With interrupted dingy white bands encircling the
base; (juite rare.

\'ar. D. Ventricosely ovate; spire short; whorls 6, swollen,
the last flattened in the middle; rare.

Original Descriptions of Achatindla. 123

One specimen is of the following dimensions:

Length 0.85 in. (21 3-5 mill.), breadth 0.52 in. (13 2-5 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.43 in. (11 mill.).

Weight 7.00 grains.

Var. E. Finely and faintly streaked with whitish lines.

Var. F. Whitish marble gray ; lip, columella and fauces
ivory white.

Var. G. Exterior ashy, without polish; lip ivory white; colu-
mella plicate: passes into A. indiita Nob.

Var. H. Variegated with black, white and brown, perforate,
columella more distinctly plicate: passes into A. pcrdix Reeve.

Station. On the Ilima (Sida), Ki {Cordyline tcrminalis) and
other low bushes. — E. Bailey.

Remarks. This species is smaller in size and more acuminate
in form than A. perdix, and differs in having the umbilicus open
and deeply perforated, and the columellar fold less prominent. — Gk.

Hab. Mountain ridges of Waihee. — (E. Bailey)Gk.

Baldwin places it with A. perdix Rve.

6. Shells from Haiuaii.

PHYSA GROUP.
198. Achatinella physa Newcomb.

A.pliysa Xewc. P. Boston Soc, 1S55, p. 21S.

Shell sinistral, pointed at the summit, strongly inflated below,
rudely striated obliquely; whorls 6, first five flatly convex, the
last largely inflated and obsoletely carinated; suture simple and
deeply impressed; columella short, slightly callous, broad, and
partially covering a deep umbilicus; aperture large, semiovate;
lip subrefle(5led below, thin and simple above. Color of a dingy
white, occasionally marked with yellow flammules, internally of a
light lemon 3-ellow, sometimes white. Length 18-20, breadth
12-20 poll.

Originally described in Zoological Proceedings, London, 1854,
plate 24, fig. 64, in an immature state.

Hab. Mauna Kea and Kohala Mts.

Fine specimens are now found beautifulh* banded.

124 Oi'iginal Descriptions of Achatinella.

199. Achatinella hawaiiensis Baldwin.

A. ha-Liaiiensis Bald. P. Ac. Philad., 1895, p. 225, pi. x, figs. 24-26.

Shell sinistral, minutely perforated, very thin, acutely conical,
apex acute; surface rather lustreless, covered with fine lines of
growth, and under a lens showing extremely close and delicate
decussating spiral lines; nuclear whorls faintly decussated. Color
very variable, plain brown or dingy white, sometimes irregularly
striped or mottled with brown or white, the base uniformly brown,
but sometimes with undulating markings of brown and white; the
only constant characters being a brown, sometimes interrupted,
line at the periphery, bordered below with a broader white line.
Whorls 6, slightly convex, the last inflated. Suture lightly im-
pressed. Aperture oblique, oval, brown, the peripheral brown
and white bands distindlly marked within. Peristome acute, not
thickened within, external margin straight, basal expanded, the
expanded portion being ver}^ thin and fragile, the columellar mar-
gin reflecfted over the minute perforations; color white on both
face and the reverse. Columella white, very slightly developed,
plain and smooth. Length i8, diam. lo 1-2 mm.

Animal when extended in motion longer than the shell. Mantle
almost white, margin of a darker shade. Foot above and below
dingy white, superior portion sometimes flecked with gray. Ten-
tacles of darker shade.

This species also belongs to the group of A. physa New^c, but
is readily distinguished b}' its smaller size, smoother surface, deli-
cate lip, and arrangement of colors. The habitats are also wideh^
separated, and the animals differ. — Bald.

Hab. Hamakua. — Bald.

200. Achatinella horneri Baldwin.

A. /loniri i Bald. 1'. Ac. Philad., 1895, p. 224, pi. x, fig. 20-22.

Shell sinistral, minutely perforated, thin, globose with a short
acutely conical spire, apex acute; surface shining, striated with
fine incremental lines, and under a lens exhibiting very close and
delicate and decussating spiral striae; embryonic whorls faintly
cross-lined. Color dull white, encircled at the periphery with a
faint brown zone, which is continued on suture, also with a very
small patch of the same color around the umbilicus. Whorls 6,
the upper five slightly convex, the last very much inflated, forming
the greater part of the shell; suture distin(5tly impressed. Aper-
ture oblique, subrotund, very large, white within, distincflly
showing the external peripheral band, peristome margined with
light brown, rather thin, very slightly thickened within, expanded,
basal and columellar margins narrowdy reflecfted, extremities

Original Descriptions of Achatindla. 125

slightly convergent and united by a thin callus; columella light
brown, very slightly developed, plain and smooth. Length 24,
diam. iS mm.

Animal in motion longer than the shell. Mantle black, mar-
gined with gray. Foot above and below gray, the superior por-
tions lightly granulated. Tentacles light gra}'.

There occurs also a pure white form of the shell without the
peripheral band, and a form white with a light chestnut band on the
apical whorls. The animals of these varieties vary only a trifle
from that of the typical form.

This species belongs to the group of A. physa Newc, but is
easily distinguished by its much more inflated body whorl, and
smaller spire, its smoother and polished surface. The habitats of
the two species are widely separated and the animals are entirely-
different. The animal of A. physa mantle and foot, is a dingy
white with a greenish yellow tinge.

We dedicate the species to Mr. J. Lewis Horner, the young
naturalist to whom science is indebted for the discovery of this

species. The)^ are valuable additions to

the shells of the Island of Hawaii, which has heretofore furnished
only one described arboreal species of Achatinella. — Bald.

Hab. Hamakua. — Bald.

V.

Section LAMINBI/I/A Pfeiffer.

Shells from OaJiu.

GRAVIDA GROUP.
201. Achatinella gravida Ferussac.

A. gravida Fer. Deshayes Hist. Moll., ii, p. 192, pi. civ, figs. 3, 4.

A. testa sinistrorsa, inflata; spira conica, acuta; epidermide brunneo-
fugaci; anfractibus 5 1-2, suturis non duplicatis; apertura semilunata, alba ;
peristomate intiis incrassato; columtlla alba costa distincta unita; rima um-
bilicali.

Shell sinistral, inflated; spire conic, actite; with a brown de-
ciduous epidermis; whorls 5 1-2, with the suture not duplicate;
aperture almost lunate, white; lip thickened within; columella
with a single distinct white rib; subperforate.

The suffiisa Rve. is a roseate variety with the epidermis re-
moved. This occasionall}- occurs while the animal still inhabits
the shell. In the Imperial Museum the original type of Ferussac
is preserved, with a specimen of A. straminea Rve. as a variety,
on the same tablet. — Newc. (Ann. Lye. New York, vi, p. 307.)

Hab. Niu to Kalihi.

202. Achatinella dimondi Adams.

A. dinuindi Adams. Ann. Lye. New York, v, 1S52, p. 42.

vShell reversed, thick, long ovate-conic; dingy white or very
pale yellowish brown, with a blackish margin to the aperture when
mature; with a greenish black fugacious epidermis; with trans-
verse striae rather slight, very unequal and irregular, without
spiral striae; apex subacute; spire rather long, with the outlines
moderately curvilinear; whorls nearly 7, quite convex, with the
suture well impressed; last whorl often somewhat flattened on the

Origi7ial Descriptions of Achatinella. 127

middle; aperture subovate, with the columellar fold well devel-
oped, with the deposit on the inner side very thin; labrum sharp,
not reflected, well thickened within.

Length i in., breadth .5 in.

Length of aperture .38 in.

Hab. Palolo to Kalihi.

This species is the same as A. gravida Fer.

203. Achatinella suffusa Reeve.

A. sng^usa Rve. Rve. Icon. Conch., London, 1S50, pi. ii. fig. 11.

Shell sinistral, oblong-ovate, whorls convex, somewhat rudel}^
striated, columella with a twisted plait, aperture simple; pinkish-
white, brown-red at the apex, interior of the aperture flesh-pink.

Hab. Kalihi.

This shell is commonly called the ''■pink gravida'', and is a

variety of that shell.

204. Achatinella straminea Reeve.

.-1. straminea Rve. Rve. Icon. Couch., London, 1S50, pL v, fig. 38.

Shell acuminately oblong, sinistral, whorls convex, obliquely
striated, columella strongl}* twisted-plaited; straw-colored, un-
spotted.

Animal of a viuiform light flesh-color, oral aperture margined
with a line of orange.

Hab. Pauoa to Palolo. — Bald.

SAXGUIXEA GROUP.
205. Achatinella sangninea Xewcomb.

A. sangui)iea Xewc. P. ZooL Soc. London, 1S53, p. 135; pL \xii, fig. 15.

Shell accuminately oblong; w^horls 7, convex below, plano-
convex above; suture distinctly marked; aperture subovate; colu-
mella armed with a twisted plicate tooth; lip simple; colour of shell
from roseate to sanguineous thickly covered with black lineations,
forming chainwork and zigzag markings on the three lower whorls;
denuded of epidermis above; apex mammillate and black. Long.
18/20, lat. 8/20 poll.

Animal as long as the shell, anterior superior portion a dark
brown, with tentacles of the same color, posteriori}- cut up into

128 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

squares and other geometrical figures by light-colored lines.
Mantle light flesh color, bottom of foot light green.

The type of Dr. Pfeiffer's species is a large sized A. sangiiinca,
with the black markings carefully removed by design or accident.
This specimen is in the magnificent museum of Mr. Cuming. —
Newc. (Ann. I^yc. New York, vi, p. 326.)

Hab. Lihue. — Newc. Wahiawa and Waianae Mts.
206, Achatinella ferussaci Pfeiffer.

.(. Icrnsiaci I'fr. I'. Zool. Soc. Londoti, 1S55, p. 20,;.

.\. testa siiiistrorsa, perforata, turrita, solida, subritditer striata, nuda,
coccinea ; spira elongata, subconcavo-conica, apice fusca, obtiisiuscula ;
sutura profunda, siibcrenata; antra. 7 1-2, superioribus planiusculis, sequen-
tibus convexis, iiltimo globoso, 1-3 longitudinis non iequante ; apertura
diagonali, sinuato-semicirculari; columella distincte biplicata; plica supera
oliliqua, obtusa, altera conipressa, illi su1)parallela; perist. nigro-linibato,
margine externo recto, acuto, columellari dilatato, patente. Long. 24, diam.
II mill.

Shell sinistral, perforate, turreted, solid, quite roughly stri-
ated, without an epidermis, scarlet; spire elongate, slightl^^ con-
cavel}' conic, apex brown, somewhat obttise; suture deep, slightly
crenulate; wdiorls 7 1-2, the upper somewhat flat, the following
convex, the last globose, not equal to one-third of the length;
aperture diagonal, sinuately semicircular ; columella distindtly
biplicate; the upper fold oblique, obtuse, the other compressed,
nearly parallel to the first; lip edged with black, external margin
erect, acute, columellar margin expanded, spreading.

Hab. Helemano.

This is the same as A. sangiiinca Newc.

2. SJicIls from Molokai.

YEN LIST A GROUP.
207. Achatinella venusta Mighels.

A. -ri-iiiista Mii^li. P. ]io.stuii Soc, ii, 1S4.S, p. 21.

vShell sinistral, conical, bod}- whorl large and tumid, reddish
yellow, beatitiftilly ornamented with black zigzag lines, more or
less numerous and regular, perforate; whorls 6, convex; aperture
subovate; lip simple, acute. L,ength 3-5, diam. 4-15 in.

Animal slender, body flesh color with black puncta down the
sides; tentacles very black, superior ones long, inferior ones short.

Original Descriptions of Achatinclla. 129

When extended, two-thirds as long as the shell. — Newc. (Ann.
Lye. New York, vi, p. 311.

Hab. Mapulehu. — Bald.

208. Achatinella citrina Pfeiffer. "^

A. citrina Pfr. Rve. Icon. Conch. Achat., London, 1S50, pi. v, fig. 33.

Shell elongately conical, sinistral, spire somewhat accuminated>
whorls rounded, finely striated, the last finely obsoletely keeled,
columella much twisted, two-plaited, aperture rather small; bright
citron yellow.

Hab. Kalae to Waikolu.— Bald.

209. Achatinella helvina Baldwin.

A. inirina Bald. P. Acad. Phil., 1S95, p. 227, pi. xi, fig. 30.

Shell sinistral, imperforate or subperf orate, sometimes nar-
rowly and deeply perforated, rather thin, elongately conical, apex
rather acute; surface scarcely shining, covered with very fine in-
cremental striae; nuclear whorls smooth; color uniform white or
ding}' 3'ellow, with a few black markings on the upper whorls;
whorls 6 1-2, lightly margined above, convex; suture deeply im-
pressed; aperture a little oblique, oval, white, with the tint of the
outside; peristome simple, thin, margins conne(fted with a thin
orange-yellow callus; columella biplicate; the terminal plication a
thin, oblique lamellar plait, the inner one less prominent, tortuous,
of an orange-yellow color. Length i8, diam. lo mm.

Animal extended in motion as long as the shell. Mantle and
foot above and below very light brown. Tentacle very dark slate,
with a sprinkling of slate on the sides of the foot. Posterior por-
tion of foot very tapering and thickly studded with minute red
spots. A remarkably prolific species; 4 or 5 embryonic shells in
successive stages of growth often observed in the oviducts. A jaw
is present and the dentition is the same as that of the Amastra
species. The tooth formula of this species is 32.1.32X io8:=702o.
The central tooth is a little wider than usual. — Prof. Gwatkin.

This shell differs from all its congeners in its strongly bipli-
cate columella, and the pecviliar soft parts of the animal. The
typical forms are found in the small valley of Ohia on Molokai.
Departing from this locality on either side, modified forms without
the biplicate columella are somewhat common. — Bald.

Hab. Ohia Valley, near Kaluaaha. — Bald.

OCC.4SIOXAL Papers B. P. B. :m.. Vol. III.— 9.

130 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

210. Achatinella depicta Baldwin.

A. dcputa Bald. P. Acad. Phil., 1895. p. 22S, pi. xi, fi^s. 33-35-

Shell sinistral, sometimes slightly perforate, rather thiu, elon-
gately conical, apex subacute; surface shining, striated with very
delicate growth lines; nuclear whorls smooth; color light yellow
or reddish yellow, plain or marked with numerous black, auasto-
mizing veins; apex almost black in some examples; whorls 7,
faintly margined above, somewhat convex, suture distincflly im-
pressed ; aperture a little oblique, oval, white or pinkish, the
outside markings visible within; peristome simple, very thin; colu-
mella white, subplicate, tortuous, abruptly terminating in a thin
lamellar plait. Length 15 1-2, diam. 6 1-2 mm.

Animal extended in motion shorter than the shell. Mantle
very light brown. Foot above and below almost white. Tentacles
short, light brown.

This species is allied to A. alexandri Newc, from the Island
of Maui, and to A. 7'cniyi Newc, from the Island of L,anai, but
differs from both in the color and habits of the animal. — Bald.

Hab. Kamalo. — Bald.

J. Shells from Lauai.

REMYI GROUP.
211. Achatinella remyi Newcomb.

A. remyi Newc. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, iS66, p. 215, pi. xiii. fig. 13.

Shell accuminately elongate, striae numerous, well defined,
obliquely longitudinal; whorls 7, rounded, minutely margined
above or plain; suture rather deep; aperture subovate; columella
slightly callous, with a terminal lamellar plait ; color salmon,
painted with numerous zigzag black lines continuous from the
summit to the base of the shell; lip margined within with reddish-
purple. IvOng. 14/20, lat. 6/20 poll.

Remarks. This species is of great rarity, only a few speci-
mens having been coUedled. It is not so robust a shell as the pre-
ceding, with which it had aflfinities, as also wdth sanguinea and
pida. The measurements from adult specimens give the following
results, viz : A. pida ^ 19/20X8 1-2/20 ; A. tcfrao, 15/20X9/20;
A. sanguinea 18/20X8/20; A. remyi, 14/20X6/20. — Newc.

Hab. Mountains behind Koele.

Origi7ial Descriptions of Achatiyiella. 131

312. Achatinella tetrao Newcomb.

A. tetrao Newc. Ain. Jour. Conch., iSbo, ii. p. 214, pi. xiii, figs. 11, 12.

Shell sinistral, acutely conical, pointed at the summit, inflated
below; whorls 6, rounded; suture deep; aperture subovate; colu-
mella short and broadly plicate; color white, covered with a thin
epidermis, with black and brown undulations often so dense as to
cover most of the shell; a broad sutural carmine band is a constant
charadler; aperture within white; columella and adjoining portion
of the base of the shell pink or orange. Long. 15/20, lat. 9/20 poll.

Remarks. There is a beautiful group of these finely painted
acuminate Achatinellse, commencing with A. venusta Mighels, and
containing the following series: A.vcmista Mighels, A.citrina
Mighels, A. rcmyi Newc, A. sanguinca Newc, A. tetrao Newc,
A. picta Mighels. The four central islands of the group are repre-
sented b}- these species, the first two from Molokai, sangidnea from
Oahu, picta from Maui, the other two from Lahaiua. — Newc.

A fine, light colored variety, with a rosy tip, is occasionally
found, but is much less common than those with a dark epidermis
studded with small, white triangular markings. — Newc.

Animal, above tessellated brown and white; mantle of a dusky
yellow; bottom of foot of same color; margined with white; ten-
tacles long and of light brown; motions timid. — Newc. (An. Lye
New York, vi, p. 334.)

Hab. Mountains and behind Koele. — Perkins.

It may be noted that A . feritssaci Pfr. has been omitted from
this association as the typical shell in Mr. Cumings collection is a
worn, rather large sized sanguinca.

213. Achatinella concinna Newcomb.

A. concinna Newc. P. Zool. See. London, 1853, p. 157. pi. xxiv, fig. 79.

Shell dextrorsal, umbilicated, longitudinally very finely stri-
ated, rather shining; whorls 6, convex; suture impressed; aperture
ovate; columella short, straight, the margin reflected, furnished
anteriorly with a spiral plait; outer lip simple, acute; color pale
yellow; the uppermost whorls rosy.

Hab. Koele side of highest point, and near Koele at 3000
feet. — Perkins.

This shell does not belong in the Remyi group, but being from
Lanai is placed here at the end.

132 Original Descriptions of Achatinclla.

4. Shells from Maui.

PICTA GROUP.
214. Achatinella picta Mighels.

A.picta Migh. P. Boston Soc, ii, 1S45, p. 21.

Shell sinistral, short, thick, conical, light yellow, with black
zigzag lines, more or less numerous, perforate; whorls 6, convex;
aperture campanulate; lip simple, acute. Length 7-10, diam- 2-5.

Hab. Lahaina and Makawao. — Bald. Haleakala, at 4000
feet, and lao Valley. — Perkins. Moomuku, Kahana and Hono-
kohau, West Maui. — Thaauum.

215. Achatinella alexandri Xewcomb.

A. ahwaiidii Newc. Am. Jour. Couch., ii, iS66, p. 216, pi. xiii, fig. 14.

Shell perforate; left-handed, elongatel}- subc_vlindrical, shin-
ing, reddish brown, with painting elongate, inosculating black
veins; wdiorls 6, convex, regularl}' but slowly increasing; apex a
little obtuse, suture moderately impressed; not emarginate; aper-
ture small, subovate; lip acute; columella white, short, almost
straight, truncate, terminating by a twisted plait passing within.
Long. .6, diam. .25 in.

Remarks. This species is more cylindrical than any of its
congeners, resembling most A. remyi Newc, which is longer, not
umbilicate, more pointed at the apex, with a twisted, not truncate
columella.

From venusta and citrina Mighels, it varies both in form and
color. With some varieties of picta it claims analogy only in the
general plan of painting. Its striking characfteristics are its blunt
apex, slightly rounded wdiorls, small aperture, short and white
columella, umbilicus, and general plan of coloring.

Hab. K. few specimens were colledted at an elevation of 7500
feet on West Maui by the Rev. J. M. Alexander, to whom the species
is dedicated. — Newc. Puu Kukui. — Thaanum. Top of West
Maui. — Bald.

216. Achatinella bulbosa Gulick.

.'(. bulbosa Gk. Ann. Lvc. New York, 1S5S, vi, p. 2.53, pi. viii, fig. 71.

vShell sinistral, imperforate or sometimes slightly perforate,
subpyriform, rather solid, unpolished, striate, 3'ellowish white,
covered with irregular streaks of black epidermis, which blend in

07-2ginal Descriptions of Achatinella. 133

broad patches towards the base: apex acute; spire concavely conic;
suture simple, well impressed; whorls 7, convex, the last large;
columellar fold central, brown, lamelliform, nearly transverse;
aperture oblique, sinuately lunate, pale pink within; shading to
brown near the columella; peristome thin, acute; with external
margin unreflecled, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, adnate,
or sometimes slightly detached; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.85 in. (21 3-5 mill.), breadth 0.52 in. (13 1-5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.60 in. (15 1-2 mill.).

Average weight 7.00 grains.

Station. On trees and vines. — Rev. J. M. Alexander.

Remarks. I have a dextral specimen, which is the only one
I have seen belonging to an}' species of this group. — Gk.

Hab. Honuaula.— (E. Bailey. )Gk. Kula.— Rev. J. M. Alex-
ander.

217. Achatinella erecta Pease.

A. erecta Pease. J. Conchyl., xvii, 1S69. p. 174.

Shell dextral, imperforate, somewhat solid, turreted, irregu-
larly finely striated, scarce!}- shining, covered with a thin epider-
mis; whorls 7, convex, the last equal to 2-5 of the length; suture
impressed; columellar fold laminate, callous, hardly oblique: ap-
erture ovate: columella arcuate; straw color or yellowish, with a
purplish apex. Long. 15, diam. 71-2 mill.

Hab. Kahakuloa, West Maui. — Thaanum.

I do not know of any other species with which this may be
compared. It is not included in the Picta group.

^

/

y

VI.

Section PBRDICBI/I/A Wm. H. Pease.

S/iclh from Alolokai.

218. Achatinella helena Newcomb.

A. helena Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 151, pi. xxiv, h^. 63.

Shell ovate-couical; whorls 5, rouuded; suture deep; aperture
ovate; columella slightly callous; striae finely decussated; color
rufous; alternating with broad, longitudinal, zigzag lines of white
covering the entire shell, with or without a white band encircling
the last whorl. Long. 10/20, lat. 5 1-2/20 poll.

Within the coil of the Ki tree leaf, as it starts from the trunk.
— Ne wc .

Hab. Kamalo to Kalae. — Bald.

2. SJicUs from East Maui.

MAUIENSIS GROUP.
219. Achatinella mauiensis Newcomb.

A. >ii(!iiiei/iis Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55. p. 207.

Shell subperforate, ovate-oblong, slender, longitudinally irreg-
ularly striate under the lens spirally and densely decussately stri-
ate, not shining, white, with broad, serrated longitudinal, brownish
streaks ; spire regularly conical, apex obtuse ; suture smooth,
scarceh' submargined ; whorls 5 1-2, flattened, the last equal to
2-5 of the shell; base subattenuated; aperture oblong, not oblique;
columellar plication obsolete; lip simple, straight, brown-margined;
columellar margin refiexly arched, partially adherent. Long. 5,
lat. 25 in.

Remarks. This species might, with more propriety, be placed
under Bulimus, as the Genus Achatinella was originally defined

( i:.4 )

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 135

by Swainson. This has, however, been enlarged by Dr. Pfeiffer
to include the numerous late additions of aberrant forms with
which Swainson was not acquainted. — Xewc.

Hab. Makawao to Huelo. — Bald.

220. Achatinella ^ebrina Pfeiffer.

A. zebrina Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p, 202.

A. testa imperforata, destrorsa, tenuiuscula, laevigata (sublente minu-
tissime decussata), nitida, albida, strigis fulgurantibus nigro-castaneis ela-
gantissime picta; spira subturrita, apice obtusa, fusca; sutura filomarginata;
anfr. 5 modice convexis, ultimo 3-7 longitiidinis fere aequante; apertura vix
obliqua, truncate oblonga, intus lilacina; plica colum. supera, torta, callosa,
vix promincnte; perist. simplice, recto, fusco-limbato. Long. 12 1-2, diam.
6 mill.

Shell imperforate, dextral, quite thin, smooth (under a lens
very minutely decussate), shining, whitish, very beautifull}' col-
ored with shining black chestnut stripes; spire subturreted, apex
obtuse, brown; sutvire finely margined; whorls 5, moderately con-
vex, the last almost equal to 3-7 of the length; aperture scarcely
oblique, truncate-oblong, lilac within; columellar fold high, twist-
ed, thickened, hardly prominent; lip simple, erect, edged with
brown.

Hab. Makawao to Huelo. — Bald.

221. Achatinella zehra Newcomb.

A. zebia Xewc. Ann. Lvc. Xew York, vi, 1S55, p. 142.

Shell dextral, conically elongate, shining with microscopic
decussating striae; whorls 5 1-2, rounded, narrowly margined
above; suture well marked; aperture ovate; lip thin; columella
short, abruptly terminating in a large prominent plait; color of
epidermis yellowish white, alternating with longitudinal chestnut
lines; base of umber color, with a revolving line of the same color
above. Long. 11/20, lat. 5/20.

Hab. East Maui. — Xewc. Makawao.

Dr. Cooke found the type shell to be different from zebrina
Pfr. The apex is dark, on the third and fourth whorl are irregu-
lar brown and white stripes, a dark narrow band followed b}' a
narrow light band encircles the base; the lower part of the base is
dark brown.

136 Original Descriptions of Achatinclla .

2,2,z. Achatinella fulgurans Sykes.

PerdiceUa fulgurans Sykes. Fauna Haw., 1S90, vol. ii, p. 329, pi. xi, fig-- 5.

T. siibperforata, dextrorsa, ovato-turrita, nitida, sublente lineis spirali-
bus confertim sciilpta, albida, strigis fulgurantibus castaneis elegaiitissime
picta, sutura inodice impressa, apice obtusulo; anfr. 5 1-2, plano-convexi,
iiltimus 2-3 longitudinis testa iequans ; apertura ovato pyriformis, intus
lilacina; peristoma inargine dextro simplici, coliimellari subreflexo; plica
coluinellaris torta, subprominens, mediocris, rapide ascendens. Long. 16,
lat. 8; long, apert. 8.1, lat apert. 4.9 mill.

Shell subperforate, dextral, ovate-turreted, shining, under a
lens densely marked with spiral lines, whitish, most beautifully
colored with shining chestnut stripes, suture moderately impressed,
apex somewhat obtuse; whorls 51-2, plano-convex, the last equal
to 2-3 of the length of the shell; aperture ovate-pyriform, lilac
within; lip simple at right margin, columellar margin subrefiexed;
columellar fold twisted, quite prominent, moderate, ascending
rapidly.

This pretty shell is akin to P. zebrina Pfr., but may be readily
separated from it by its greater size, by being much broader in
proportion to the length, and by the color-pattern being finer in
design and more zigzag. — Sykes.

Hab. Makawao to Huelo. — Bald.

J. Shells fro in U^cst Maui.

223. Achatinella ornata Newcomb.

A. oriiala Newc. P. Zool. Soc. I^ondon, 1S53, p. 149, pi. xxiv, fig. 55.

Shell sinistral, acutel}' pyramidal, shining; whorls 6, plano-
convex, margined above; suture well impressed; aperture subquad-
rate in adult, subovate in immature shells; lip slightly thickened
at the edge; columella broad and flattened; surface of shell covered
with alternating undulations or zigzag markings of white and
black arranged longitudinally, with the subcentral transverse black
band, sometimes margined with a white one below on the last
whorl. Long. 10/20, lat. 4/20 poll.

This is an extremely rare species, found in a limited locality
in a deep ravine at the back of Lahaina. — Newc.

Hab. Lahaina. — Newc.

This does not seem related to any of the other shells found in
this part of Maui.

Oiiginal Descriptions of Achatinella . 137

224. Achatinella minuscula Pfeiffer.

A. miiiiisciila Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 4, pi. xxx, fig 14.

T. subiniperforata, sinistrorsa, ovato-turrita, tenuiuscula, subltnte mi-
nute decussata, vix nitidula, fuscescenti-albida; spira turrito-conica, apice
obtusiuscula ; sutura simplex; anfr. 5 vix convexiusculi, mediani fusco-
variegati, ultimus spira paulo brevior, fascia fusca circumdatus et basi
rotuiidata fusco-areolatus; columella vix plicata; apertura parum obliqua,
semiovalis; perist. simplex, acutum, margine columellari superne dilatato,
reflexo. Long. 10, diam. 5 mill.; ap. 4 1-2 mill., longa, 2 2-3 lata.

Shell subimperforate, sinistral, ovate-turreted, quite thin, un-
der a lens minutely decussated, hardly shining, brownish-whitish;
spire turreted-conical, apex somewhat obtuse ; suture simple;
whorls 5, scarcely convex, the middle variegated with brown, last
a little shorter than the spire, encircled b}- a brown band, base
rotundate, brown-areolate ; columella scarcely plicate ; aperture
hardly oblique, semioval; lip simple, acute, margin of the colu-
mella dilated above, reflexed.

Hab. Lahaiua. — Bald.

y

VII.

Section NBWCOMBIANA Pfeiffer.

Shells from Molokai.

NEWCOMBIANA GROUP.
225. Achatinella newcombiana Pfeiffer.

BnlhiiHi newcombianus Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S51, p. 261.

B. testa sinistrorsa, vix siibperforata, ovato-turrita, tenuiuscula, plicis
validis longitmlinalibiis siilcisque spiralibiis sculpta, olivaceo-fusca; spira
turrita, gracili, obtusula; anfractibus 5 1-2, summis planis, sequentibus con-
vexiuscvilis, ultimo 3-7 longitudinis subaequante, medio inflato; columella
callosa, substricte recedente; peristomate recto, acuto, margine extenio levi-
ter arcuato, subrepando, columellari reflexo, subappresso. Long. 14 1-2,
diam. 5 1-2 mill.

Shell sinistral, scarcely subperforate, ovate-turreted, some-
what thin, marked with strong longitudinal folds and spiral sulca-
tions, olive-brown ; spire turreted, slender, somewhat obtuse ;
whorls 5 1-2, the upper flat, the following somewhat convex, the
last nearly equal to 3-7 of the length, with the middle inflated;
columella thickened, constricted below; lip erect, acute external
margin lightly curved, slightly turned back, columellar margin
refiexed, subappressed.

Hab. Kaluaaha. — Bald.

This species is nearh^ allied to A. plicata. — Bald.

226. Achatinella pfeiflferi Newxomb.

A. p/ciffcri Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, iSs.v p. 150, pL xxiv, fig. 58.

Shell sinistral, acuminate, turreted, whorls 6, flatly convex;
suture deep; aperture oblong-ovate; columella plain and smooth;
outer lip simple; surface irregularly cut up into furrows, ridges
and tubercles by deep longitudinal sulcations, crossed by strongly
developed transverse striae; color brown, with white longitudinal
line on the upper whorls. Long. 14/20, lat. 4/20 poll.

Hab. Molokai.

Baldwin places this with nczvcombiana Pfr.

( 138 )

Origi?ial Descriptioyis oj AchatincUa. 139

PHILIPPIANA GROUP.
227. Achatinella philippiana Pfeiffer.

A. philippiana Pfr. Malak. Blatt. iv, 1S57, p. S9.

T. sinistrorsa, subimperforata, fusiformi-turrita, tenuiuscula, longitudi-
naliter striata et striis confertis spiralibus subundulatis decussata, fusca;
spiro gracilis, apice acutiusciila; sutura marginata; anfr. 6, supremi plani,
corneo et albo strigati, ultimus convexior, 2-5 longitudinis subaequans;
columella subsiniplex, non plicata; apertura obliqua, angulato-semiovalis;
perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis, externo fusculo
limbato, columellari superne dilatato, subadnato. Long. 15-15 1-2, diam. 6
mill.

Shell sinistral, subimperforata, fusiform-turreted, quite thin,
longitudinally striated and decussated with close spiral wavy lines,
brown; spire slender, apex somewhat acute ; suture marginate;
whorls 6, the upper flat, striped with horn color and white, the last
more convex, nearly equal to 2-5 of the length; columella quite
simple, not plicate ; aperture oblique, angulate-semioval ; lip
simple, erect, with margins joined by a very thin callus, external
margin edged with brownish, margin of the columella dilated
above, subadnate.

Hab. Makakupaia. — Bald.

228. Achatinella cinnamomea Pfeiffer. ^^

A. (ne'iucombia) cinnamomea Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S5S, p. 22.

T. imperforata, sinistrorsa, fussiformi-turrita, solidula, opaca, longitudi-
naliter plicatiila, spiraliter sublirata et brevissime granulata, cinnamomea;
spira elongata, subrectilinearis, apice acutiuscula; sutura subsimplex; anfr. 6
vixconvexiusculi, superi fusco et albido marmorati, ultimus 2-5 longitudinis
subaequans, infra medium attenuatus, castaneus ; columella simplex, re-
cedens; apertura parvum obliqua, semiovalis, basi subangulata; perist. sim-
plex, rectum, acutum. Long. 19, diam. 5 mill.; ap. 7 2-3 mill., longa. 3 lata.

Shell imperforate, sinistral, fusiform-turreted, somewhat solid,
opaqtie, longitudinally plicate, somewhat spirally Urate and very
shortly grantilate, yellowish-brown; spire elongate, subrectilinear,
apex somewhat acute; stiture qttite simple; whorls 6, scarcely con-
vex, the upper mottled with white and brown, the last nearh' equal
to 2-5 of the length, attenuate below the peripher3% chestnut; colu-
mella simple, receding; aperture hardly oblique, semioval, slightly
angled at the base; lip simple, erect, acute.

Hab. Mapulehu. — Bald.

229. Achatinella perkinsi Sykes. ^

Nc'LCombia perkinsi Sykes. P. Malac. Soc. London, ii, 1S96, p. 130.

T. sinistrorsa, anguste perforata, elongata-fusiformis, solida, cineraceo-
fusca, striis vel strigis fuscis fulgurantibus eleganter picta; spira gracilis
apice obtuso. laevi; anfr. 6 1-2, planiusculi, ultimus 1-2 altitudinis testae

140 Oiiginal Descriptions of Achatinclla.

subcequans; sutura marginata ; columella subplicata ; apertura parum ob-
liqua, semiovalis, basi subangulata; peristoma simplex, margine columellari
superne dilatato, adnato. Alt. 25, diam. max. 7.5 mm., apert. alt. 7.5, lat.
4 mm.

Shell sinistral, narrowly perforate, elongate-fusiform, solid,
ashy-brown, elegantly colored with shining brown striae or stripes;
spire slender, apex obtuse, smooth whorls 61-2, somewhat flat, the
last nearly equal to 1-2 of the length: suture margiuate; colu-
mella subplicate; aperture hardly oblique, semioval, subangulated
at the base; lip simple, dilated above the margin of the columella,
adnate.

Hab. Molokai mountains.

This species is said to be larger and more solid than A. phil-
ippiana Pfr., and of a lighter color.

PLICATA GROUP.

230. Achatinella plicata Mighels.

A. plicata Migh. Rve. Icon. Conch. London, 1S50, pi. vi, fig. 44.

Shell accuminately turreted, slender, rather thin, sinistral,
whorls six in number, convex, sculptured throughout with numer-
ous sharp spiral keels, sutures rather excavated, columella callous,
plait obsolete, aperture small, lip simple; brownish-white, obscure-
ly waved at the apex.

Hab. Kalae.— Bald.

231. Achatinella gemma Pfeiffer,

A. (nciCioiihia) geniDia Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 185S, p. 22.

T. subimperforata, sinistrorsa, oblongo-turrita, solidiuscula, striatula et
spiraliter lirata (liris planiusculis, conferte sulcatis), alba; spira turrita,
apice acutiuscula; svitiira submarginata; anfr. 7, siiperi plani, obsolete fusco,
variegati, sequentes convexiusculi, ultiuuis 2-5 longitudinis subarquans-
niedio lira aciitiore subcarinatus; columella leviter ])licata; apertura parum
obliqua, obauriformis; perist. subsimplex, margine columellari subreflexo,
externo expansiuscido. Long. 17, diam. 6 1-2 mill.; ap. 7 mill., long 3 lata.

B. Fulvo-lutescens, anfractibus superis saturate corneo-strigatus.

Shell subimperf orate, sinistral, oblong-turreted, somewhat
solid, slightly striate and spirally lirate (lirce somewhat flat, closely
sulcate), white; spire turreted, apex somewhat acute; suture sub-
marginate; whorls 7, the upper flat, obsoletely maculated with
brown, the following somewhat convex, the last nearly equal to
2-5 of the length, subcariuate at the periphery with a rather acute

Original Desa-iptions of Achatinclla. 141

lira: columella lightly plicate; aperture hardly oblique, obauri-
form; lip quite simple, columellar margin subreflexed, external
margin somewhat expanded.

B. Brownish-yellow, striped on the upper whorls with dark
horn color.

Hab. Hawaiian Ids. — Frick.
Equals A. plicata Migh.

232. Achatinella sulcata Pfeiffer.

A . sulcata Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S58, p. 22.

T. subperforata sinistrorsa, oblongo-turrita, solidula, striatula et liris
confcrtis, in anfr. supcrioribus compressis, turn rotundatis cincta, castanea,
nitidula; spira regularita attenuata, apice acutiuscula; sutura siibsimplex;
anfr. fere 6 planiuscula, supremi albo-flammulati. iiltimus 2-5 longitudinis
subacquans, basi saccatus, saturatius castaneus; columella levissime plicata;
apertura obliqua, acuminato-ovalis; perist. tenue, margine columellari su-
perne dilatato, reflexo, externo expansiusculo. Long. 12 1-2, diam. 5 2-5
mill.; ap. 5 2-3 mill, longa, 3 1-3 lata.

Shell subperforate, sinistral, oblong-turreted, somewhat solid,
slightly striated and encircled with close lirae, in the upper whorls
compressed, then rottmdate, chestnut, somewhat shining; spire
regtilarly attenuate, apex somewhat acute; suture quite simple;
whorls nearly 6, almost flat; the upper white-flammulate, the last
nearly equal to 2-5 of the length, base saccate, dark chestnut;
coltimella very lightly plicate; aperture oblique, acuminate-ovate;
lip thin, columella margin dilate above, reflexed, external margin
somewhat expanded.

Hab. Pohakupili.— Bald.

Nearl}^ related to A. plicata Migh.

233. Achatinella canaliculata Baldwin.

.-I. canaliculata liald. P. .-Vc. Phila.. 1895, p. 226, pi. x, figs. 28, 29.

Shell sinistral, very minutely perforated, somewhat solid,
acuminately turreted, apex subacute; surface sculptured through-
out with numerous acute .spiral keels, which become blunter as
they approach the apex, the interstices between the keels exhibit-
ing under a lens very delicate growth striae. Color brown, upper
whorls tessellated with brown and white. Whorls 6, slightlv con-
vex, lower ones somewhat flattened at the base; suture lightly
impressed ; aperture oblique, oval, livid white or light brown,
within; peristome acute, very lightly thickened within, expanded,
columellar margin reflected over the small perforation, margined
with light brown on both face and the reverse; columella very
slightly developed, plain and smooth. Length 14, diam. 6 1-2 mill.

^^^

142 07'ighial Descriptions of Achatiiiella.

Animal when extended in motion as long as the shell. Mantle
slate color margined with brown. Foot light slate, studded on the
side and head above with spots of deeper shade. Tentacles short
and slender, dark slate.

The nearest allied species is A. sulcata Pfr., from which it may
be distinguished by its small size and more acute keels; The ani-
mals also differ and the habitats are widely separated. — Bald.

Hab. Halawa.— Bald.

SJiells from Maiii.

234. Achatinella cutningii Newcomb.

A. ctimingii Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 150, pi. xxiv, fig. 59.

Shell sinistral, acuminate, turreted; whorls 6, margined above,
planulate ; suture moderately impressed ; aperture oblong-ovate;
columella slightly callous; outer lip thin, elliptical; numerous
striae, obliquel}' transverse and well marked, traverse the entire
shell, with longitudinal incremental striae more or less developed;
color brown, with obsolete white undulations on the superior
whorls. Long. 16/20, lat. 4/20 poll.

This species, with the preceding, form, with the A. plicata of
Mighels, a group of an excentric and extremely interesting type.
— Newc.

Hab. Haleakala. — Newc.

YIIL

Section AMASTRA.— H. & A. Adams.

/. Shells from Oahu. A. — Main mountain ridge.

235. Achatinella tristis Ferussac.

A. iriiiis Fer. Rve. Conch. Icou. Achat., London, 1S50, pi. v, fig. 37.

Shell globosely ovate, rather solid, dextral, spire short, acute
at the apex, whorls convex, columella arched, with a twisted plait;
5-ellowish-cream color or brownish, covered with a black fugacious
epidermis, apex brown-red.

Hab. Nuuanu to Palolo. — Bald.

236. Achatinella fuliginosa Gould.

A.fuliginosa Gld. P. Boston Soc, ii, 184S, p. 2S.

T. imperforata, ventricoso-ovata, apice acuta, tenui, pallidc virescente,
epidermide nigricante induta; anfr. 6, supra subtabulatis, striis incremcnti,
et striis volventibus inequalibus dccussatis ; apertura parva, semilunari;
latro simplici intus incrassato, faucc cte rule see nte; plica acuta. Long. 7-10,
lat. 2-5 poll.

Shell imperforate, ventricose-ovate, apex acute, thin, pale
greenish, covered with a blackish epidermis; whorls 6, nearly fiat,
unequally decussate with lines of growth and revolving striae; ap-
erture small, semilunate; lip simple, thickened within, aperture
bluish; fold acute.

Hab. Nuuanu to Palolo. — Bald.

This shell is generally placed with A. tristis Fer.

237. Achatinella ventulus Ferussac.

A. voitnlus Rve. Rve. Icon. Conch., London, 1S50, pi. iv, fig. 31.

Shell oblong, cylindrical, dextral, whorls flath' convex, ver)^
finely impressed striated, columella short, arched, thinly twisted-
plaited; aperture small; very dark brown, with a pale band be-
neath the sutures, covered with a slight epidermis, interior of aper-
ture bluish.

(143)

^

144 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

Animal intensely black; superior tentacles rather long; bottom
of foot and mantle very light gray; motions quite lively. — Newc.

This shell in the Imperial Museum is a dead and worn speci-
men, but its identity with mdampoidcs could not be mistaken.
— Newc.

Hab. Nuuanu to Palolo. — Bald.

238. Achatinella melampoides Pfeiffer.

A. melampoides Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. [.ondon, 1S51, p. 262.

A. testa oblonga, solida, rugulosa-striata, vix nitidula, saturate fusca;
spira convexo-conica, acutiuscula; sutura inipressa, submarginata; anfr. 6,
vix convexiusculis, ultimo spira paiilo breviore, basi rotundato ; apertura
verticali, sinuato-ovali; perist, recto, acuto, intus labiato, margine columel-
lari calloso, albo, appresse reliexo. Long. 13, diam. 5 2-3 mill.

Shell oblong, solid, roughl}^ striated, scarcel}- shining, dark
brown; spire convexly conical, somewhat acute; suture impressed,
subniarginate; whorls 6, scarcely convex, the last a little shorter
than the spire, rotundate at the base; columella with an acute
tubercle; aperture vertical, sinuately oval; lip erect, acute, thick-
ened within, columellar margin callous, white, appressed, reflexed.

Hab. Palolo to Nuuanu.

This equals A. ventiihis P'er.

239. Achatinella turritella Ferussac.

A. gravida Fer. Hist. :Mo11., Paris, 1S20-1S51, ii, pt. 2. p. 196, pi. civ, fig. 13.

A. testa solidula, longitudinaliter striata, rugosa, apice obtusiuscula,
rufa; anfractibus septem convexis, ultimo 1-3 longitudinis sequante; aper-
tura ovali; columella torta, lilacina, basi appendicula dentiformi instructa;
peristomate simplici, margine columellari nitido, reflexiusculo. 18X8 mm.

Shell somewhat solid, longitudinally striate, rough, apex
somewhat obtvise, red; whorls 7, convex, the last equal to 1-3 of
the length; aperture ovate; columella twisted, lilac, furnished with
a small tooth-like appendage at the base; lip simple, margin of
the columella shining, reflexed.

Hab. Palolo to Kalihi.

240. Achatinella oahuensis Green.

Aclialin oa/iiteiisis Green. Stewart's Jour., London, 1S28, p. 407.

Shell dextral, oblong; al)out 3-4 of an inch in length, and 1-4
of an inch in diameter ; whorls 7-8, slightly rounded ; sutures
deeply impressed and creuulated; periostracha finely striated, and
of a light dirty reddish-brown colour; body whorled with an obso-

Original Descriptions of Achatinclla. 145

lete carina; apex chestnut colour; columella plaited, as in A.
stezvartii; outer lip thin; inside pinkish, darker near the edge.

Hab. Palolo near Nuuanu.

This equals A. turritella Fer.

241. Achatinella inornata Mighels.

A. inoryiata High. P. Boston Soc, ii, 1S45, p. 21.

Shell dextral, elevated, turreted, sometimes straw-colored,
sometimes dark brown, unadorned, perforate; whorls 7, convex;
aperture subovate; lip simple, acute. Length 3-4, diam. 3-10.

Hab. Kalihi to Palolo.— Bald.

This seems to be the same as A. turritella Fer.

242. Achatinella breviata Baldwin.

Anias/ra breviata Bald. P. Ac. Phil., 1S95, p. 231, pi. xi, figs. 45,46.

Shell dextral, very minutely perforated, rather thin, globosely
conical; apex rather acute; surface not polished, covered with fine
incremental lines, the nuclear whorls smooth; color corneous-
brown, destitute of an epidermis; whorls 6, slightly convex; suture
well impressed; aperture a trifle oblique, oval, livid white within;
peristome simple, thin, extremities abruptly terminating in a thin
lamellar plait. Length 12 1-2, diam. 7 1-2 mm.

Hab. Palolo and Halawa.

243. Achatinella vetusta Baldwin.

Amaiia vetusta Bald. P. Ac. Phil., 1895, p. 233, pi. xi, fig. 50.

Shell fossil, dextral, imperforate, solid, ovately conical, apex
rather acute; surface sculptured with somewhat regular, close rib-
strise in the diredlion of the growth lines, with a few faint cross
lines; the embryonic whorls radiately sulcated; color of living
shell unknown; whorls 61-2, very slightly convex; suture lightly
impressed; aperture sinuately oval, a little oblique; peristome
flatly blunt, thickened on the inner edge, margins united with a
thick calosity; columella flexuous, abruptly terminating in a small,
thin plait. Length 13, diam. 71-2 mm.

Hab. Near Honolulu.

244. Achatinella rubicunda Baldwin.

Aniastra rubicunda Bald. P. Acad. Phil., 1S95, p. 229, pi. xi, fig. 38.

Shell dextral, imperforate, rather solid, elongately ovate-
conic; surface lustreless, striated with irregular growth striae;

Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. III. — 10.

146 Original Descriptio7is of Achatinclla.

embryonic whorls smooth; color reddish, with traces of a decidu-
ous, thin, brown epidermis; whorls 7, slightly convex; suture well
impressed; aperture elongately oval, a trifle oblique, rather small,
purplish red within; peristome simple, thin, margined with dark
purple; columella white with a purple tinge, flexuous, abruptly
terminating in a thin, slightly curved lamellar plait. Length 19,
diam. 9 mm.

Hab. Konahuanui Mt.
/ 245. Achatinella textilis Ferussac.

Helix ( Helicterei) textilis Fer., Voy. Freycinet, Zool., p. 482.

Testa dextrorsa, ovata, vertice acuminata, striis longitudinalibus et
transversalibus ctelata; epidermide luteo vel rufo-fugaci; aiifractibus 5; ap-
ertura semilunata; peristomate intus incrassato; columella brevi, costa dis-
tincta inunita; rima umbilical! vix distincta.

Longeur, six lignes devix tiers; diametre, trois lignes trois quarts.

Shell dextral, ovate, apex acuminate, engraved with longi-
tudinal and transverse striations, epidermis yellow or fugitive
red ; whorls 5 ; aperture semilunate ; lip thickened within ; colu-
mella short, furnished with a distinct fold; umbilical cleft scarcely
distinct.

246. Achatinella microstoma Gould.

.-J. iiiiooitoiiia Old. P. Boston Soc, ii, 1S45, p. 2S.

T. ovata imperforata, solida, epidermide fusco-virescente; anfr. 6, ulti-
mo ventricoso; apertura parva, ovato-rotundata, fauce livida; labro simplici,
intus incrassato; columella profundc sinuosa, callo crasso obtecta ; plica
valida. Long. 3-5, lat. 7-20 inch.

Shell ovate, imperforate, solid, with a brownish green epider-
mis; whorls 6, with the last ventricose ; aperture small, ovate-
rotundate, bluish; lip simple, thickened within; columella strongly
twisted, covered with a thick callus; fold strong.

Hab. Nuuanu and Kalihi.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. textilis Fer.

247. Achatinella undata Baldwin.

Ainastra jiiidata Bald. V. Acad. Phil., 1S95, p. 230, pi. xi, fig-. 39.

Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, ovate; spire convexly coni-
cal, apex rather acute, base somewhat attenuated; surface lustre-
less, closely and rather evenly ribbed in the direction of the growth
lines, nuclear whorls finely radiately sulcated with prominent rib-
strise; color light brown and dark chestnut, alternating in irregular
longitudinal undulations; whorls 6, slightly convex; suture mod-
erately impressed; aperture a trifle oblique, sublunate, rather

O rig 1 71 a I Descriptions of Achatinella. 147

small, white within; peristome acute, slight!}- thickened within;
columella white flexuous, abruptly terminating in a thin, slightly
arched lamellar plait. Length 17, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Xuuanu.

248. Achatinella badia Baldwin.

Amasira badia Bald. P. Ac. Phil., 1895, p. 230, pi. xi, fig. 40.

Shell dextral, imperforate, rather thin, elongately ovate-conic;
surface shining, sculptured with delicate, rather close thread-like
rib-striae in the direction of the growth lines; embryonic whorls
radiateh' sulcated; color dark chestnut-brown, with light brown
zigzag or undulating lines and markings; whorls 61-2, slightly
convex; suture moderately impressed; aperture oval, a trifle ob-
lique, livid white within, showing the brown color of the exterior;
peristome acute, very lightly thickened within; columella white,
flexuous, abruptly terminating in a thin slightly arched lamellar
plait. Length 20 1-2, diam. 10 1-2 mm.

Hab. Ewa.

249. Achatinella antiqua Baldwin.

AmaUta anliqua Bald. P. Ac. Phil., 1S95, p. 233, pi. xi, fig. 47.

Shell fossil, dextral, narrowly but deeply perforated almost to
the apex; solid, elongately ovate, apex subacute; surface sculptured
with rude irregular lines of growth, apical whorls smooth; color
of living shell unknown; whorls 6, convex; suture well impressed;
aperture a trifle oblique, sublunate; peristome thickened within,
columellar margin adnate, slighth* expanded over the umbilicus,
extremities somewhat converging and united by a thick parietal
callosity- ; columella flexuous, terminating in a narrow plait.
Length 20, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Ewa.

250. Achatinella peasei Smith. u^

Aniastra peasei Sin. P. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1S73. p. 86, pi. x, fig. 13.

Testa dextrorsa, globoso-ovato-conica, subperforata, nitidiuscula, incre-
menti lineis leviter striata, epiderniide pertenui induta; anfract. 6, primi 4
fusco-rubescentes convexiusculi, penultimus magnus inflatus ultiniusque
palidiores; spira supra anfract. penult, subito in conum producta; sutura
simplex; apertura parva, spiram non tequans, subquadrata, intus rubescens;
perist. tenue; columella recta, leviter reflexa, rimam parvam fere tegens,
plica tenui subbasali miinita, labroque callo pertenui juncta. Long. 17,
diam. 10 mill.

Shell dextral, globo.se-ovate-conic, subperforate, somewhat
shining, lightlj- striate with lines of growth, covered by a very thin
epidermis; w^horls 6, the first 4 brown-reddish somewhat convex,

148 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

next to the last large, inflated and with the last paler; spire above
the next to the last whorl suddenly extended into a cone; suture
simple; aperture small, not equal to the spire, subquadrate, reddish
within; lip thin; columella erect, lightly reflexed, almost covering
a small cleft, furnished with a subbasal thin fold, and joined to the
lip by a very thin callus.

Hab. ?

251. Achatinella nigrolabris Smith.

Amaslra nigruhibrii Sra. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1873, p. 85, pi. x, fig. 9.

T. dextrorsa, globoso-conica, perforata, parum nitida, longitudinaliter
rugose (baud spiraliter) striata, saturate nigro-fusca, suturam infra zona lata
dilute sordido-carnea cincta ; anfract. 6 1-2, primi 3 1-2 subplani ccEteri con-
vexi ; sutura baud marginata, apertura alba ; perist. margine tenui nigro-
purpureo, intus leviter, limbatum; columella rosea, plica laminteformi basali
(et interdum tuberculis 1-2) munita. Long. 20, diam. 12 mill.

Shell dextral, globose-conic, perforate, hardh^ shining, longi-
tudinally roughly (not spirally) striated, dark black-brown, en-
circled below the suture with a broad, pale, dirty, flesh-colored
band; whorls 6 1-2, first 3 1-2 somewhat flat, the rest convex;
suture not marginate; aperture white; the thin margin of the lip
black-purple, lightly thickened within; columella rose, furnished
with a lamina-like basal fold (and sometimes with 1-2 tubercles).

Affinities. It is allied to Am. spirizona Fer., which is con-
fined to another range of mountains, is found almost exclusively
on the ground, and has a spire somewhat convex, while this is
regularly conical. — Sm.

Remarks. This species is invariably dextral. — Sm.

Hab. The metropolis of the species is Wahiawa. It is also
found in all the valleys from Kalaikoa to Waimea.

252. Achatinella rudis Pfeiffer.

A. rudis Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 5, pi. xxx, fig. 17.

A. testa subimperforata, ovato-turrita, solida, ruditer striata, fulvo-
fusca; spira elevato-conica, acutiuscula; sutura simplice, levissime crenulata;
anfr. 7 1-2, modice convexis, ultimo 2-5 longitudinis vix formante, rotundato;
apertura obliqua, sinuato-ovali; plica coluniellari mediana, laminceformi,
subtransversa ; perist. simplice, recto, acuto, margine columellari dilatato
reflexo, subadnato. Ivong. 21, diam. 11 1-2 mill.

B. castanea, fascia mediana et basi lutescentibus, spira minus elongata.

Shell subimperf orate, ovate-turreted, solid, roughly striate,
yellowish brown ; spire elongate-conic, somewhat acute ; suture
simple, very lightly crenulate; whorls 71-2, moderately convex,
the last hardly forming 2-5 of the length, rotundate; aperture ob-
lique, sinuately oval; columellar fold median, lamelliform, sub-

Origitial Descriptions of Acliatinella. 149

transverse; lip simple, erect, acute, with the columellar margin
dilated, reflexed, subadnate.

Hab. Wahiawa.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. nigrolabris Pfr. It is also
closely related to A. spirizona Fer. from the opposite range of
mountains.

253. Achatinella decorticata Gulick.

A. decorticata Gk. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1873, p. 84, pi. x, fig. 14.

T. ovato-conica, dextrorsa, incrementi lineis leviter striata, castanea,
labrum versus nigrescens ; anfract. 6-61-2, convexiusculi, primi 3 politi;
sutura simplex, palida; apertura intus dilute sordido-caerulea; perist. tenue
intus nigrescens, vix incrassatum; plica columellaris tenuis. Long. 16, diam.
8 1-2 mill.

Shell ovate-conic, dextral, lightly striate with lines of growth,
chestnut, blackish toward the lip; whorls 6-6 1-2, somewhat con-
vex, first three polished; suture simple, pale; aperture light dirty
blue within ; lip narrowly blackish within, scarceh- thickened;
columellar fold thin.

Afhnities. It is allied to Am. elliptica Gk., the metropolis of
which lies to the northwest of this, and to Am. inflata Pfr., which
is found in the valleys to the east. — Gk.

Remarks. It is always dextral. The specimen figured is
from Kawailoa. — Gk.

Hab. The metropolis of the species is Kawailoa. It is also
found in Helemano, Opaitila, Waimea, Waialee and Kahuku.

254. Achatinella elliptica Gulick.

A»iast>-a elliptica Gk. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1873, p. S3, pi. x, fig. 15.

T. dextrorsa, ovata, haud nitida, incrementi lineis leviter striata; an-
fract. 5 1-2 convexi, primi 4 1-2 fu.sco-cornei, et ultimus pallidior, epider-
mide saturate olivacea (anfr. ult. antice partim detrita) vestiti; spira sub-
turrita, sutura simplex; apertura alba, antice roseo tincta (interdum alba);
perist. tenue, intus levissime incrassatum; columella arcuata, labro callo
teniii juncta, dente compresso subbasali munita. Long. 15, diam. 8 1-2 mill.

Shell dextral, ovate, not shining, lightly striate with lines of
growth; whorls 51-2 convex, first 41-2 brownish horn color, and
the last lighter, covered with a dark olive epidermis (partly worn
awa}' on the upper portion of the last whorl); spire subturreted,
suture simple; aperture white colored with rose above (sometimes
white); lip thin, verN' lightly thickened within; columella curved,
united to the lip b}- a thin callus, furnished with a subbasal com-
pressed tooth.

Station. On the ground in the forest.

150 Original Descriptions of AchatincUa.

Affinities. It is allied to Am. rubcns Gould, and Am. dccorti-
cata Gk., but it is thinner, smaller, and darker in color than the
former, and has a more convex spire than the latter. — Gk.

Remarks, It is always dextral. — Gk.

Hab. The metropolis of the species is Waialee. It is also
found in Kahuku and Hanula, and rarely in Kawailoa.

/ 255. Achatinella inflata Pfeiffer.

A. {LamineUa) inflata Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 203.

A. testa imperforata, conico-globosa, subruditer striata albida, epider-
mide nigra infra suturam late fasciatim detrita obducta; spira inflata, in
coniini brevem, acutum tertninata; anfr. 5 1-2, nltimis 3 perturgidis, ultimo
spiram a;quante ; apertura obliqua, sinuato-ovali, intiis alba; plica colum.
subtransversa, alte ascendente, perist. recto, intus labiato, margine colum.
dilatato, calloso, adnato. Long. 16 1-2, diam. 10 mill.

B. Minor, anfractu ultimo superne castaneo, basi pallido, vel coloribus
obversis.

Shell imperforate, conic-globose, quite roughly striated, whit-
ish, covered with a black epidermis, worn away in broad bands
below the suture; spire inflated, terminating in a short cone, acute;
w^horls 51-2, the last 3 much inflated, the last equal to the spire;
aperture oblique, sinuately oval, white within ; columellar fold
subtransverse, ascending, deep within, lip erect, thickened within,
at the margin of the columella dilated, incrassated, adnate.

Hab. Koolauloa. — Bald.

256. Achatinella rubida Gulick.

Amastva rubida Gk. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73. p. 84, pL x, fig. 12.

Testa dextrorsa, elongato-ovata, incrementi lineis striata, dilute rubro-
castanea (t^pidermide nigrescenti raro induta ) ; anfract. 6, convexiusculi,
primi 2 ktvcs fusci; sutiira simplex ; apertura parva, intus subpurpurea;
perist. tenue; plica columellaris tenuissima. Long. iS, diam. 9 mill.

Shell dextral, elongate-ovate, striated with lines of growth,
pale reddish chestnut (rareh' covered with a blackish epidermis);
whorls 6, somewhat convex, first 2 light brown; suture simple;
aperture small, nearly purple within ; lip thin ; columellar fold
very thin.

Station. On the ground in the forest.

Affinities. It is allied to Am. clliptica Gk., but differs in be-
ing more elongate in form, thicker in strudlure, and for the most
part destitute of epidermis. — Gk.

Hab. Kahuku. — Frick.

257. Achatinella transversalis Pfeiffer.

A. {Laininella) tiamieisalii Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 204.

A. testa subrimata, ovato-conica, solida, confertim striata, lineis spirali-
bus impressis distantibus subdecussata, nigro-rufa, epiderniide fulvo-grisea,

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 151

guttatim et fasciatim interrupta, obducta; spira inflato-conica, acuta; anfr.
6 convexiusculis, ultimo 2-5 longitudinis subLSquante; apertura parum ob-
liqua, sinuato-ovali ; plica colum. lamaeformi, subbasali, fere transversa;
perist. recto, intus albido vel roseo tenuiter labiato. Long. 12, diam. 6 mill.

Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, solid, closely striated, sub-
decussate with impressed distant spiral lines, black-red, covered
with a brown-gray epidermis, broken up by spots and bands; spire
inflated-conic, acute; whorls 6 slighth^ convex, the last nearl}^
equal to 2-5 of the length; aperture hardly oblique, sinuately oval;
columellar fold laminella-like, subbasal, almost transverse ; lip
erect, narrowly edged within with white or rose.

Hab. Keawaawa. — Bald.

258. Achatinella luctuosa Pfeiffer.

A (.Laminella) luctuosa Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. I,ondon, 1S55, p. 204.

A. testa imperf., dextr., oblongo-conica, solida, striatula, nitidula, bi-
colore; spira inflato-conica, apice acuta; sutura crenulata; anfr. 6, sunimis 4
nigris, subplanis, penultimo pallido, convcxiore, ultimo 2-5 longitudinis sub-
sequante, superne pallide ft:lvescente, infra peripheriam nigricante; apertura
parum obliqua, sinuato-semiovali, intus alba; plica colum. laminseformi,
subbasali, triangulari; perist. recta, acuto, nigro-limbato. Long. 16, diam.
8 mill.

Shell imperforate, dextral, oblong-conic, solid, somewhat stri-
ated, slightl}' shining, bicolored ; spire inflated-conic, apex acute;
suture crenulate; whorls 6, the 4 upper black, nearly flat, the next
to the last pale, more convex, the last nearly equal to 2-5 of the
length, pale brownish above, below the periphery blackish; aper-
ture scarcely oblique, sinuately semioval, white within; cohimel-
lar fold lamiualike, subbasal, triangular; lip erect, acute, edged
with black.

Hab. Waialee. — Bald.

259. Achatinella sericea Pfeiffer.

A. {La»iiiifl!a) iei icca Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S59. p. 31.

T. imperforata, dextrorsa, ovato-conica, solida, subruditer striata, striis
spiralibus minute granulato-decussata, serica, saturate brunnea; spira con-
vexo-conica, acutiuscula; anfr. fere 6 convexi, ad suturam pallidiores, ulti-
mus 2-5 longitudinis tequans, circa columellam albidus ; columella lamina
compressa, brevi, obliqua munita; apertura obliqua, elliptica; perist. simplex,
rectum, margine dextro fere semicirculari, cum columellari calloso angula-
tim juncto.

vShell imperforate, dextral, ovate-conic, solid, somewhat rough-
ly striated, minutel}- granulately decussate w4th spiral lines, silk)-,
dark brown; spire convexly conic, somewhat acute; whorls almost
6 convex, paler at the suture, last equal to 2-5 of the length, whit-
ish about the columella; columella ftirnished with a compressed,

152 Oi'iginal Descriptions of Achatinella.

short, oblique fold; aperture oblique, elliptical; lip simple, erect,
dextral margin almost semicircular, forming an angle with the
columellar fold.

Hab. Waialua(?).— Bald.

260. Achatinella porphyrostoma Pease.

A. porphyrostoma Pease. J. Conchyl., 1869, p. 172.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, crassa, elongato-conica, rugoso-striata; sub
epidermide fusca, rugosa, densa, flavescens; spira convexo-conica; anfr. 6,
convex!, ultimus subinflatus, 1-2 longitudinis testae iequans ; sutura bene
impressa; apertura subelliptica, ad basin subangulata; columella recta, plica
columellaris laminttformis, crassa, fere transversa ; perist. simplex; colu-
mella labroque purpurascentibus; apice rubenti-fusco.

Shell dextral, imperforate, thick, elongate-conic, rugose-stri-
ated; under the brown epidermis rugose, thick, brownish; spire
convex-conic; whorls 6, convex, the last subinflated, equal to 1-2
the length of the shell; suture well impressed; aperture subellip-
tical, subangulated at the base; columella erect, columella fold
laminalike, thick, almost transverse; lip simple ; columella and
lip purplish; apex red-brown.

Hab. ?

261. Achatinella solida Pease.

Amas/ra solida Pse. J. Conchyl. xvii, 1S69, p. 173.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, crassa, elongato-ovata; anfr. 6, convexi, ulti-
mus vix inflatus, interdum ad basin rotundato-angulatus, 1-2 longitudinis
testae baud sequans; apertura late elliptica, ad basin subangulata; plica colu-
mellaris crassa, subbasalis, fere transversa; perist. rugosum, callosum, mar-
ginibus callo crassa junctis ; castaneo-fusca, apice rubenti-fusco; apertura
albida. Long. 15, diam. 8 mill.

Shell dextral, imperforate, thick, elongate-ovate; whorls 6,
convex, the last hardly inflated, sometimes rotundate-angulate at
the base, hardly equal to 1-2 the length of the shell; aperture
broadly elliptical, subangulated at the base; columella fold thick,
subbasal, almost transverse; lip rugose, thickened, with the mar-
gins joined b}' a thick callus ; chestnut-brown, apex reddish-
brown; aperture whitish.

Hab. ?

262. Achatinella subrostrata Pfeiffer.

A. {Latiiiiit'Ua) subrostrata Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1S59, p. 31.

T. imperforata, dextrorsa, ovato-conica, solida, irregulariter .striata,
nitidula, fusca, fulvo-nebulosa ; spira ventroso-conica, apice acutiuscula;
anfr. 6, superi 4 vix convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, 2-5 longitudinis sub-
sequans; lamina columellaris fere basalis, acuta, obliqua; apertura vix ob-

Original Descriptions of Achatiiiella. 153

liqua, irregulariter semielliptica, ad columellam angulata, quasi in rostrum
producta; perist. rectum, intus albolabiatum, margine dextro subrepando,
columellari parum dilatato, adnato. Long. 15, diam. 8 mill.

Shell imperforate, dextral, ovate-conic, solid, irregularh- stri-
ated, somewhat shining, brown, blotched with tawny; spire ven-
trose-conic, apex somewhat acute; whorls 6, the upper 4 hardly
convex, the last rotundate, nearly equal to 2-5 of the length; colu-
mellar fold almost basal, acute, oblique; aperture hardly oblique,
irregularly semielliptical, angulate at the columella, extending
somewhat like a beak ; lip erect, thickened with white within,
dextral margin slightly reflexed, scarcely dilated at the columella,
adnate.

Hab. ?

263. Achatinella tenuilabris Gulick.

Amastra tenuilabris Gk. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 83, pi. x, fig. 16,

Testa dextrorsa, ovato-conica, baud nitens, incrementi lineis subrugose
striata, sub epidermide fulvida (in anfract. ult. infra suturam plerumque
detrita) alba; anfract. 5 1-2, convexiusculi; apertura subquadrata, alba spi-
ram nonaequans; perist. tenue; columella recta, plica parva medio munita,
labro callo tenuissimo juncta. Long. 15, diam. 8 mill.

Shell dextral ovate-conic, scarcely shining, almost roughly
striate with lines of growth, tawny under the epidermis (often on
the last whorl worn away below the suture), white; whorls 5 1-2,
somewhat convex; aperture subquadrate, white, not equal to the
spire; lip thin; columella erect, furnished at the middle with a
small fold, joined to the lip by a thin callus.

Hab. ?

It is doubtful where to place this shell. Mr. Gulick says it
may be allied to A. flavescens Newc, found on the Island of
Hawaii.

264. Achatinella conicospira Smith.

Amaitra conicospira Sm.. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. S6, pi. x, fig. 10.

Testa ovato-conica, dextrorsa, incrementi lineis striata, sordide albida,
epidermide olivacea partim induta; anfract. 7, planiusculi, primi 3-4 dilute
rubescentes, sequentes 2 fusco-purpurascentes ; spira recte conica ; sutura
simplex; apertura sordide alba; perist. tenue, intus fuscescens, baud incras-
satum; plica columellaris tenuis. Long. 20 1-2, diam. 10 mill.

vShell ovate-conic, dextral, .striate with lines of growth, dirty
white, partly covered with an olive epidermis; whorls 7, somewhat
flat, first 3-4 pale reddish, the following 2 brown-purple; spire
exadlly conical; suture simple; aperture dirty white; lip thin,
brownish within, scarcely thickened; columellar fold thin.

Hab. ?

/

154 Orii^iyial Descriptions of Achaiinella.

B. Waianae Mountain SJiclls.

265. Achatinella spiri^ona Ferussac.

AcJiatina spirizona Fer. Hist. Moll., ii, pt. 2, p. 196, pi. civ, figs. 14, 15.

A. testa ovato-acuta, longitudinaliter striata, nigricanti brunnea, fascia
carnea vel fulvida ad sutiiram ornata; spira conico-acuta; anfractibus sep-
ttm planiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo inflate, 2-5 longitudinis vix
superante, angusto, aiigulo antice evanescente; apertura oblongo-ovali, intus
livida; peristomate simplici, acuto ; columella medio plica acuta, contorta,
lamelliformi, albida instructa. 24X13 mill.

Shell ovate-acute, longitudinally striate, blackish brown, orna-
mented at the suttire b}' a flesh-colored or tawny band; spire conic-
aciite ; whorls seven somewhat flat, slowly increasing, the last in-
flated, scarcely more than 2-5 of the length, contradled, with an angle
disappearing antically; aperture oblong-ovate, bluish within; lip
simple, acute; columella ftirnished at the middle with an actite,
twisted lamelliform, whitish fold.

Hab. Mt. Kaala.

266. Achatinella acuta Swainson.

A. acuta Swain. Zool. 111., iii, p. gg, fig. 3, 1832.

A. testa ovato-oblonga, castanea, fascia marginali fulva; spira longius-
cula, apice acuto, nigro.

Shell ovate-oblong, chestnut, with a marginal ftilvous band;
spire somewhat lengthened, acute, the tip black.

vShell somewhat pyriform; the spire being pointed, and con-
siderably longer than the aperture. The colour is a deep reddi.sh
chestnut, the suture having a marginal band of fulvous white,
but without any groove. The apex is blackish, the pillar twisted,
and but slightly thickened.

Hab. Mt. Kaala.

Dr. Newcomb places this with A. spirizona Fer.

267. Achatinella chlorotica Pfeiffer.

A. chlorotica Vix. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 203.

A. testa subperforata, ovato-conica, solida, ruguloso-striata, albida, epi-
dermide virente strigatim variegata; spira conica, acutiuscula, anfr. 6, siiperis
convexiusculis, penultimo turgido, iiltimo 2-5 longitudinis subaequante, ro-
tundo; apertura obliqua, truncato-ovali, intus alba; plica colum. supera,
levissima, fere nulla; perist. simplice, recto, margine colum. parum dilatato,
sublibero. Long. :8, diam. 10 1-2 mill.

07'iginal Descriptions of Achatinella. 155

Shell subperforate, ovately conical, solid, roughly striated,
whitish, poorly variegated with a greenish epidermis; spire conic,
somewhat acute; whorls 6, the upper slightly convex, the penulti-
mate inflated, the last nearlj^ equal to 2-5 of the length, rotundate;
aperture oblique, truncately oval, white within; coluniellar fold
high, very minute, almost obsolete; lip simple, erect, scarcely di-
lated at the margin of the columella, nearly free.

Hab. Mt. Kaala.

This is the same as A. spirizona F/r.

268. Achatinella albida Pfeiffer.

A. albida Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 203.

A. testa perforata, ovato-turrita, tenui, irregulariter striata, albida, epi-
dermide pallide fulvescente strigulata; spiraconica, apice acutiuscula; sutura
levissime creiiiilata; anfr. 6, superis planis, sequentibus convexioribus, ulti-
mo 2-5 longitudinis vixaequante, rotuudato. peripheria obsolete subangulato;
apertura parum obliqua, sinuato-ovali; plica coUim. mediana, lamiiiteformi,
obliqua; perist. simplice, recto, margine colum. breviter reflexo, sublibero.
Long. 17, diam. 9 1-2 mill.

Shell perforate, ovately turreted, thin, irregularly striate,
whitish, striped with a pale tawny epidermis; spire conic, apex
somewhat acute; suture very lightly crenulate; whorls 6, the upper
fiat, the next more convex, the last scarcely equal to 2-5 of the
length, rotundate, obsoletely subangulated at the periphery; aper-
ture hardly oblique, sinuately oval; coluniellar fold median, lamelli-
form, obliqtie; lip simple, erect, colttmellar margin shortly re flexed,
nearly free.

Hab. Mt. Kaala.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. spirizona Fer.

269. Achatinella intermedia Newcomb. x^

A. inteymedia Xewc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 135, pi. xxii. fig-. 13.

Shell dextral, subcylindrical; whorls 7, rounded; suture rather
deep; aperture small subovate ; columella with a small flexuous
plait; lip acute; striae numerous, well developed and longitudinal
through the shell; color uniform dark brown, usually lighter at the
suture, interiorly of a bluish w^hite or slate color; columella bluish
white. Long. 14/20, lat. 7/20 poll.

Hab. Under Mt. Kaala.

This shell is intermediate between A. cylindrica and the more
cylindrical forms of A. spirizona. — Newc.

l/

156 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

1/ 370. Achatinella cylindrica Newcomb.

A. cylindrica Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 134, pi. xxii, fig. 11.

Shell dextral, elougately cylindrical, tapering to a point at the
summit; whorls 7, slightly rounded; suture moderate; aperture
oblong-ovate; columella terminating in a flexuous tooth; surface
of shell longitudinally strongly striate, of a light horn color, en-
circled with numerous small bands. Long. 16/20, lat. 6/20 poll.

This species, with the following, are found, like their nearest
analogues, on the ground, viz.: A. porphyrea and spirizona, which
latter species, by almost insensible gradations, passes into A. turri-
tella, a shell apparently of quite a different type. — Newc.

Animal light gray, marbled with dusk}- triangular patches,
mantle light gray, tentacles dark, granulations strong. A dorsal
and two obscure lateral white lines extend from the head along the
animal. — Newc.

Hab. Near Mt. Kaala.

271. Achatinella porphyrea Newcomb.

A. po)phyiea Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 136, pi. xxii, fig. 16.

Shell rather solid, acuminately conical ; whorls 7, subcari-
nated above, plano-convex ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture
subovate, contracted below; lip thin; columella short, terminating
in twisted plait; epidermis thin and black; striae longitudinal and
strong; color beneath epidermis of a leaden hue, with numerous
transverse brown lines encircling the shell. Long. 15/20, lat.
8/20 poll.

This species belongs to the same group with A . spirisona Fer.,
A. cylindrica and A. intermedia Nob., but which are quite distinct
in specific charadlers. They are all terrestrial, not arboreal spe-
cies.— Newc.

Hab. Near Mt. Kaala.

272. Achatinella grossa Pfeiffer.

,). K'oisa Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 204.

A. testa imperforata, dextrorsa, conico-ovata, solida, subruditer striata,
castanea; spira ovato-conica, apice acuta, nigricante; sutura pallida crenu-
lata; anfr. 7, sutnmis planis, laevigatis, sequentibus sensim coiivexioribus,
ultimo 2-5 loiigitudinis siibaequante; apertura obliqua, sinuato-ovali, intus
albida; plica coluin. laniinseformi, subtriangulari, fere transversa; perist.
recto, acuto, inarginibus callo albido junctis, dextro intus sublabiato, colu-
mellari adnato. Long. 23, diam. 11 mill.

Shell imperforate, dextral, conically ovate, solid, somewhat
roughly striated, chestnut; spire ovately conic, apex acute, black-
ish; suture pale, creiiulate; whorls 7, the upper flat, smooth, the

Origi?ial Descriptions of Achatinella. 157

following gradually becoming more convex, the last nearly equal
to 2-5 of the length; aperture oblique, sinuately semioval, whitish
within; columellar fold laminiform, subtriangular, almost trans-
verse; lip erect, acute, with the margins by a white callus, dextral
margin somewhat thickened within, columellar margin adnate.

Hab. Near Mt. Kaala.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. porphyrca Newc.

273. Achatinella crassilabrum Newcomb.

A. crassilabrum Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 141, pi. xxiii, fig. 31.

Shell conically ovate, pointed at the apex, ventricose below,
solid; whorls 6, rounded; aperture ovate; lip very much thickened
within ; columella short, terminating in a strong oblique plait;
longitudinal striae strong, surface of the last whorl often marked
with cicatrices; bod}' whorl yellowish white, other whorls dark
brown or black. Long. 12/20, lat. 6/20 poll.

Hab. Near Mt. Kaala.

274. Achatinella variegata Pfeiffer.

A. -L-ariegata Pfr. Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1S49, p. 90.

T. subperforata, solidula, oblongo-turrita, striata, fuscescenti-lutea,
strigis epidermidis brunnete variegata; spira turrita, apice rubescens, acuti-
uscula; sutura profunda, non tnarginata; anfr. 7 convexi, ultimus 2-5 longi-
tudinis a^quans ; columella subbiplicata, plica infera transversa, compressa,
lamelliformi, alba; apertura semiovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, acutum,
margine columellari fornicato-reflexo, perforationem simulante. Long. 17,
diam. 8 mill.; ap. oblique 7 mill, longa, medio 3 1-2 lata.

Shell subperf orate, somewhat solid, oblong-turreted, striated,,
brownish-yellow, variegated with epidermal stripes of brown; spire
turreted, apex reddish, somewhat acute ; suture deep, not mar-
ginated; whorls 7 convex, the last equal to 2-5 of the length; colu-
mella subbiplicate, lower fold transverse, compressed, lamelliform,
white; aperture semioval; lip simple, erect, acute, columellar mar-
gin arched-refiexed, similar to an umbilicus.

Hab. Waianae Valley. — Bald.

275. Achatinella decepta C. B. Adams.

A. decepta Adams. Contrib. to Conch., 1S50, p. 127.

Shell rather thick, ovate-conic, much elongated; ding}- white
or very pale yellowish brown; with a dark brown or greenish epi-
dermis, which is interrupted more or less in transverse stripes, and
often terminates abruptly on the periphery of the last whorl; with
irregular transverse striae; without spiral striae ; apex subacute;.

^

158 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

spire long, with outlines moderately curvilinear, whorls nearly
7 1-2, rather convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl
rather small; aperture small, ovate; lip sharp, not expanded, mod-
erately thickened within ; columellar fold moderately developed.
Length .72, breadth .33 in.; length of ap. .25 in.

Hab. Waianae Valley. — Bald.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. varics;ata Pfr.

/ 276. Achatinella rubens Gould.

A. rubens. P. Boston Soc, ii, 1S45, p. 27.

Testa elone;ato-ovato, crassa, straminea, apice castanea, aiitice erube-
scente; anfr. 6, convexis, sutura impressa, epidermide fusco hie et illic ob-
tectis; apert^lra ovata, labro gimplici intiis incrassato, rosaceo, fauce alba,
plica tenui; iinperforata. Long. 3-4, lat. 2-5 poll.

vShell elongately ovate, solid, straw color, apex chestnut,
reddish ventrally, whorls 6, convex, suture impressed, here and
there covered with a brownish epidermis; aperture ovate, lip simple,
thickened within, rosy, further within white, columellar fold thin;
imperforate.

A plain species but well marked by its colors, especially by
that of the aperture. — Gould.

Hab. West mountains of Oahu. — Newc.
y 277. Achatinella cornea Newcomb.

A. cornea Newc. P. Zool. Soc. lyondou, 1S53, p. 141, pi. xxiii, fig. 32.

vShell irregularly acutely conical; the apex pointed; last whorl
inflated; thin, corneous, with minute longitudinal striae; whorls
7, rounded ; aperture subovate ; lip thin, translucent; columella
straight, white and armed with a transverse plaited tooth ; color
uniform dark horn ; columella and tooth white. Long. 10/20,
lat. 5/20 poll.

Hab. Waianae Mts. — Bald.

278. Achatinella elongata Newcomb.

A. elongata Newc. Ami. Ia'C. New York, vi, 1S53, p. 26.
A. anila Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 142, pi. xxiii, fig. 36.

Shell acutely' turreted, sinistral ; whorls 7, rounded ; suture
deep; stride numerous, longitudinal and well defined; aperture
ovate ; lip simple ; columella plicate ; color of epidermis brown.
Long. 10/20, lat. 4 1/2/20 poll.

But a solitary specimen of this shell has been found; but its
characfters are clearly marked, and no described species resembles
it in form.

Original Descriptions of Achatindla . 159

The two names for this species grew out of a change made by
ni}' friends in New York upon the publication of my paper, to
avoid the repetition of a name by Swainson.

Believing that the cause of science would be subserved b}-
illustrations of this with other species, I furnished, with some re-
vision of the descriptions, a manuscript for the Zoological Society
of lyondon. The great distance of the Sandwich Islands prevented
all corre(5lious in the copy or proofs, hence the double name to the
same species. The figure (plate 23, fig. 36) in the Zoological
Proceedings is not of this shell, but is made from A, soror, and is
the same as fig. 38 of the same plate. A. acuta is longer, and not
so wide as this species. — Newc.

Hab. Lihue. — Newc.

279. Achatinella reticulata Newcomb.

A. jeticulata Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 14S, pi. xxiv, fig. 54.

Shell conically ovate; whorls 6, much rounded: suture moder-
ate except at the junction of the last whorl, which is deep; aper-
ture small, ovate ; columella short with a plicate tooth, nearlj^
transverse; color brown or chestnut, with white transverse lines
and markings laid on to the epidermis in various patterns like lace
work or embroidery. Long. 12/20, lat. 7/20 poll.

Hab. Mt. Kaala.

280. Achatinella conspersa Pfeiffer.

Achatinellastrum conspersa Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p, 7, pi. xxx, fig. 26.

A. testa imperforata, dextrorsa, conico-ovata,, tenuiuscula, conferte stri-
ata, satiirate fusca, maculis .sordide albidis, strigas angiilosus formantibus
conspersa; spira convexo-conica, apice acuta; sutura simplice; anfr. 6, supe-
ris planiusculis, penultimo convexiore, ultimo 3-7 longitudinis suba^quante,
rotundato; apertura parum obliqua, sinuato-elliptica; plica columellari sub-
basali, conipressa; perist. simplice, recto, margine columellari nuUo. Long.
18, diam. 10 1-2 mill.

Shell imperforate, dextral, conic-ovate, somewhat thin, closely
striated, dark brown, poorly spotted with white blotches, forming
zigzag stripes ; spire convex conic, apex acute ; suture .simple;
whorls 6, the upper somewhat fiat, the next to the last more con-
vex, the last nearl}' equal to 3-7 of the length, rotundate ; aper-
ture hardly oblique, sintiate-elliptical ; columellar fold subbasal,
compressed; lip simple, erect, without columellar margin.

Hab. Near Lihue.

This approaches A. reticulata Newc.

l^

i6o Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

281. Achatinella micans Pfeiffer.

A. {I.aminella) mu-aiis Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S59, p. 31.

T. subperforata, dextrorsa, turrita, solicUila, sub epidermide lutea,
glutinoso-micante alba; spira regulariterattenuata, apice acutiuscula; sutura
subcrenata; anfr. 7 convexiusculi, ultimus 1-3 longitudinis vix superans,
rotundatus; lamina columellaris parviila, obliqua ; apertura vix obliqua,
subovalis; perist. simplex, rtctum, margine columellari. Long. 16, diam.
7 2-3 mill.

Shell subperf orate, dextral, turreted, somewhat solid, uuder
the yellowish epidermis, white with a glutinous sheen, spire regu-
larly attenuate, apex somewhat acute ; suture slightly crenulate;
whorls 7 somewhat convex, last barely more than 1-3 of the length
rotuudate; columellar fold small, oblique; aperture scarcely oblique,
suboval; lip simple, erect, slightly dilated at the margin of the
columella, nearly free.

Hab. Waianae Mts.

282. Achatinella albolabris Newcomb.

A. alholnbi is Nevvc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 149, pi. xxiv, fig. 56.

Shell conically ovate; apex acute; whorls 6, rounded, not
margined ; aperture ovate ; columella short, plicately toothed; lip
semilunar, thickened and white; color dark umber, with a yellow
sutural line; within bluish w'hite. Long. 14/20, lat. 6 1/2/20 poll.

We are compelled to separate this and another, the A. reticu-
lata, from A. nucleola of Gould, from which they differ in import-
ant and permanent characfters.

The .shell figured by Mr. Reeve, though not a fine specimen,
clearly belongs to this species. A. nucleola Gould is quite distinct,
and is found on the island of Kauai, not Oahu, where this species
is met wdth. — Newc.

Hab. Waianae. — Newc. Kapalama and Kalihi. — Bald.

283. Achatinella pellucida Baldwin.

Amastra pellucida Bald. P. Ac. Phil., 1895, p. 231, pi. xi, figs. 41, 42.

Shell dextral, imperforate, very fragile, thin, translucent,
globosely conic, apex rather acute; surface lustreless, sculptured
with fine incremental lines, apical whorls smooth ; color light
brown, apex darker; destitute of epidermis; whorls 5 1-2, some-
what convex; suture moderateh' impressed; aperture oval, a trifle
oblique, livid-white within ; peristome simple, thin ; columella
white, flexuous, abruptly terminating in a thin lamellar plait.
Length 12 1-2, diam. 8 mm.

Ongi7ial Descriptions of Achatinella. i6i

Animal of a uniform brown color; the head above and tentacles
of a darker shade. The action of the heart is plainly visible
through the thin texture of the shell.

Hab. Waianae Valley. — Bald.

284. Achatinella tenuispira Baldwin.

Amaitia tenuiipira Bald. P. Ac. Phil., 1S95, p. 232, pi. xi, fig. 51.

Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, acuminateh- turreted, spire
conical, apex subacute; surface lustreless, covered with somewhat
rude, irregular incremental striae ; the embryonic whorls very
finely radiately sulcated; color light brown, upper whorls darker;
covered with an earthy brown, fugacious epidermis; whorls 7,
somewhat convex, in some examples slightlj^ margined above;
suture well impressed; aperture oval, oblique, rather small, light
brown within; peristome simple, acute, extremities united with a
callosity ; columella subbiplicate, light brown, tortuous, abruptly
terminating in an oblique, dentiform plait. Length 17, diam.
61-2 mm.

Hab. Kaala Mt.— Bald.

284 a. Achatinella frosti Ancey.

Amastra frosli Anc. Mem. Soc. Zool. France, v (1892), p 719.

Testa minute et angustissime rimata, conoideo-turrita, nitida, striis in-
crementi minutis pliciformibus plus ininusve obsoleta impressa, luteo-sta-
minea vel fulvido-lutea, lineis spiralibus numerosis varie dispositis, exiliblis,
persaepe conjunctis, badiis cincta. Spira elongata conoideo-attenuata, acuta.
Anfractus 8, primi concolores, planulati, sequentes paulatim convexiusculi,
sutura impressa, ultimus major, subattenuatus, rotundato-ovalis. Apertura
distincte obliqua, haiad ampla, irregulariter ovalis, supra attenuata. Colu-
mella modice incrassata, albida, plica acuta, prominente, unica, a basi remote
oblique armata. Peristoma simplex, acutum, marginibus callo nitido in
adultis junctis. Long. 20, diam. 8 1-2, alt. apert. 7 mill.

Shell minutely and very narrowly perforate, conoidally tur-
reted, glossy, more or less obsoletely impressed with minute plicae-
like strife of growth, 3'ellowish straw-color or tawny yellowish,
encircled by numerous chestnut spiral lines, which are variously
placed, narrow, often united; spire elongate, conoidalh' attenuate,
acute; whorls 8, the first unicolorous, somewhat flat, the rest very
slightly convex, with an impressed suture, the last large, sub-
attenuate, rotundate oval ; aperture distincftly oblique, not large,
irregularly oval, attenuate above; columella moderately thickened,
whitish, furnished with a single oblique, prominent, acute fold,
remote from the base; lip simple, acute, in adults with the margins
united by a glossy callus.

Hab. Waianae. — Bald.

Occasional P.\pers B. P. B. M., Vol. III. — ii.

i62 Original Descriptiojis of Achatinella.

285. Achatinella heliciformis Ancey.

AiiiUitra lu'liciformis Auc. liul. Soc. JIalac. France, vii, 1890, p. 340.

Testa heliciformis, depressa, late umbilicata (umbilicus apertus, pro-
fundus, angulo circumdatus, circa 2 millim., saltern adaequans), baud nitida,
fusca, rugoso-striatula, solidula. Spira depressa, latissime couica, obtusi-
uscula. Anfractus 5, regulariter crescentes, convexiusculi, sutura impressa,
ultimus carinatus, supra convexo-declivis, infra convexus, antice longi-
uscule vixque deflexus. Apertura obliqua, lamina columellari acuta, vol-
vente simplicique armata, emarginata, irregulariter circularis, extus angulata,
basi rotundata ; marginibus remotis, columellari recto-declivi cum basali
angulum efformans. Diam. maj. 10, min. 9; alt. 6; alt. ap. 3 1-2 millim.

Shell heliciforni, depressed, broadly umbilicate (umbilicus
open, deep, angled at the margin, at least equal to about 2 mm.)
not glossy, brown, roughl}' striatulate, somewhat solid; spire de-
pressed, very broadly conic, somewhat obtuse, whorls 5, regularly
increasing, slightly convex, with an impressed suture; the last cari-
nate, convexly sloping above, convex below, descending gradually
and for a distance in front; aperture oblique, furnished with an
acute, revolving and simple columellar fold, emarginate, irregu-
larly circular, angulate without, rotundate at the base; margins
remote, columellar margin straight-sloping, forming an angle with
the basal margin.

Hab. Waianae. — Bald.

Shells from Molokai.

286. Achatinella nubilosa Mighels.

A. nitbilosa Migh. Proc. Bost. Soc, ii, 1S45, p. 20.

Shell dextral, ovate, conic, thin, variously mottled with dark
brown on a light ground, imperforate; whorls 6, convex; aperture
semicircular; lip simple, acute. lyeugth 7-10, diam. 2-5 in.

Dr. Mighels gives the locality of his species as Oahu, but the
shell known toda}- as A. nubilosa Migh. is found only on Molokai.
Reeve's description of the species ficon. Conch. Achat., London,
1850, sp. I ) is as follows : Shell ovately oblong, dextral, whorls
rounded, longitudinally plicately striated, slightl}' crenulated at
the sutures, columella furnLshed with a single compressed mar-
ginal plait ; of a flesh-tinged straw color, irregularl}- striated and
reticulated with blackish olive flames, interior of the aperture
whitish.

Animal tessellated black and gray (when in motion), tentacles
deep black, bottom of foot and mantle dark brown. — Newc.

Hab. Kalae.— Bald.

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 163

287. Achatinella humilis Xewcomb.

A. humilis Xewc. Am. Jour. Conch., ii. iS66, p. 211, pi. xiii, fig. 4.

Shell elongatelj- conical, longitudinally rudely striate; whorls 7,
rounded above flattened centrally, last one obscurely carinated
superiorly; suture deep, simple; apex acute; aperture subrotund;
lip acute, slighth- thickened within ; columella flattened with a
thick plait ; color of shell pale salmon, covered with a densely black
epidermis; columella and a deep margin of the outer lip within
dark brown ; interior of aperture bluish white. Long. 14-20,
lat. 7-20 in.

Remarks. We have very little variety to note in this species,
which was obtained in considerable numbers at the locality- men-
tioned above on only one occasion. Subsequent researches of the
same ground failed in obtaining specimens. — Xewc.

Hab. Kalae, on the ground under low bushes. — Xewc.
288. Achatinella uniplicata Hartman.

A. uniplicata Hartman. P. Ac. Phil., iSSS, p. 50. pi. i. fig. 7.

Shell dextral, solid, elongate oval, occasionallj- cylindrical,
whorls 7, slighth' rounded, the last somewhat inflated, suture im-
pressed, longitudinally striate, aperture suboval, white; a single
white elongate twisted plica within; outer lip acute, color of the
shell a pale ochre-yellow, concealed by a black epidermis. ly. 20,
d. 9; aperture 28 [sic], d. 4 mill.

Obs. This shell is from a different island from A. biplicata
Xewc, which it resembles, the latter possesses more coarse longi-
tudinal striae, and has a double plicae [sic] within, and the aper-
ture is red, while 2i7iiplicata has a single plicae [sic], and the ap-
erture is white. The Pease collection contained a large number
of duplicates marked "new^ species" by Mr. Pease. — Hart.

Hab. Kamalo. — Bald.

289. Achatinella umbrosa Baldwin.

Amastra jimbrosa Bald. P. Ac. Phil., 1S95, p. 229, pi. xi, figs. 36, 37.

Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, globosely ovate-conic; sur-
face lustreless, covered with close, rather regular growth striae;
the low^er whorls spirally maleated; the embr\-onic whorls finely
radiateh' sulcated; color w4iite, apex dark chestnut; nearlj- the
whole surface covered with irregular streaks of a black, fugacious
epidermis, worn ofl in front of the aperture; whorls 6, slighth' con-
vex, the last somewhat inflated; aperture ovate, a little oblique,
white within; peristome acute, thickened within, expanded; colu-
mella white, flexuous, abruptly terminating in a somewhat thick
lamellar plait. Length 21, diam. 12 1-2 mm.

i^

y

164 Ofdginal Descriptions of Achatinella.

Animal extended in motion longer than the shell. Mantle
dark brown with a margin of lighter shade. Foot light brown,
the superior portion and sides studded with large spots of deeper
shade. Tentacles short, stout, verj' dark brown. — Bald.

Hab. Kamalo. — Bald.

290. Achatinella puUata Baldwin.

Amastra pullata Bald. P. Ac. Phil., 1S95, p. 228, pi. xi, figs. 31, 32.

Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, elongately ovate; surface
lustreless, covered with rather close, irregular, growth striae; the
embryonic whorls finely radiately sulcated ; color light brown;
covered with a black fugacious epidermis, dense on the last whorl,
more sparsely distributed on the upper whorls, worn off in front of
the aperture; apex dark brown; whorls 7, convex; suture well im-
pressed; aperture oval, a trifle oblique, white within with a pur-
plish tinge; peristome acute, slightly thickened within, edge dark
purple; columella purplish white, flexuous, abruptly terminating
in a broacl, thin, .slightly arched lamellar plait. Length 23, diam.
II 1-2 mm.

Unlike most of the Amastra [sic], which generally have dark
dingy colored animals, this species has a beautiful, almost white
animal. The after portion and edges of the foot under a lens are
seen to be closely studded with minute pink spots which give
these parts a delicate pink hue. — Bald.

Hab. Waikolu.— Bald.

291. Achatinella violacea Newcomb.

A. viclact'a Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 135, pi. xxii, fig. 14.

Shell dextral, ovately oblong, solid; suture plain and deeph^
impressed ; aperture OA^ate ; columella short, terminating with a
white twisted plait ; lip simple, color violaceous suffused with
white. Long. 21-20, lat. 11-20 poll.

Hab. Mapulehu to Halawa. — Bald.

292. Achatinella petricola Newcomb.

.-(. pi'liicula Newc. Am. Jour. Cotich., iS66, ii, p. 211, pi. .xiii, fig. 6.

Shell dextral, acutely conical, longitudinally coarsely striated;
whorls 6, rounded, sometimes the last one inflated; suture simple,
well impressed ; aperture ovate ; lip acute, .slightly thickened
within; columella rather long, with a subCentral revolving plait;
often with an umbilicus; color dark corneous, outer and columellar
lips margined externally with white or yellowish white. Long.
.5, lat. .25 in.

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. 165

Remarks. Specimens of this species var}- sufficieiith' iu the
umbilical region, perhaps, to warrant their separation. Dr. Pfeiffer,
the highest possible authority, has founded his species upon what
I consider but a variety with a very open umbilicus, of which the
figure furnishes a typical illustration. There is, however such a
gradation between different specimens with an open umbilicus and
those which are closed, that I have not found it possible to draw a
line between the two extremes, to determine where one ceases to
be m.y petricola and becomes the typical iimbilicata of Dr. Pfeiffer.

It may not, however, be entirely uninteresting to naturalists
to know the reason of the specific name given to this little shell,
which, to the author, recalls a scene of thrilling interest. On the
Island of Molokai, as on some others of the Hawaiian group, may
be found, in the mountain regions, deep gorges inaccessible to
man, with precipices of two thousand feet or more, requiring to be
scaled to reach the deep, dark, narrow vale which some convul-
sion of Nature has opened in the mountain ridge. On such a
mountain, so densely covered w4th bushes four or five feet high,
dead specimens of what was at once detected as an unknown species
were found. Desirous of obtaining a supply, the writer deter-
mined upon making his wa}' over the bushes to an apparent open-
ing a few rods distant. In effedling this object, the branches of a
friendly tutui tree were seized and used to drag the body forward.
The opening was reached, but, to my surprise, my body was pois-
ing itself over a precipice, which, to my .startled imagination, knew
no bottom. Resting on the yielding tops of the bu.shes, with no
support but the friendly tutui branch, the position was one that
called for immediate and decided retrograde acftion, which was,
fortunately, effedled in safety. On the rocks which formed the
upper rim of the precipice some twenty or more specimens were
obtained, and no shells in my cabinet have a .stronger claim on my
affecftionate regard than these plain Achatinellse, which live above
the clouds on the bushy cliff and along the stony rim of this terri-
ble precipice.— Newc.

Hab. On the rocky sides of a pali or precipice. — Newc.
Mapulehu. — Bald.

293. Achatinella umbilicata Pfeiffer.

A. {Lamiiiella) umbilicata Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 205.

A. testa angustissime sed aperte umbilicata, dextr., ovato-conica, tenui,
striata, opaca, fusca ; spira convexiusculo-conica, apice acuta; anfr. 6 vix
convexiusculis, ultimo spira paulo breviore, basi angulato; apertura elliptica,
utrinque angulata, plica colum. compressa, profunda, subtransversa; perist.
simplice, acuto, margine colum. subdilatato, omnino libero.

Shell narrowdy but openly umbilicated, dextral, ovate-conic,
thin, striated, opaque, brown; spire somewat convexh' conic, apex
acute; whorls 6 scarcely convex, the last a little shorter than the

v/

1 66 Original Descriptions of Achatifiella.

spire, augulated at the base; aperture elliptical, angulate on botli
sides; columellar fold compressed, deep, subtransverse; lip simple,
acute, slightly dilate at the margin of the columella, entirely free.

Hab. Mapulehu. — Bald.

294. Achatinella simularis Hartman.

A. simularis Hartman. P. Ac. Phil., iSSS, p. 252, pi. xiii, fig. 7.

Shell dextral, ovate-conic, whorls 51-2, slightly rounded,
bod}^ whorl somewhat inflated, two-thirds the length, suture
slightly impressed; epidermis dark browm with black zigzagged
lines and linear striae, body whorl a dark red color beneath the
epidermis, aperture semiovate, dark red, columella straight, with
a white twisted plait near the base. L. 15, w. 7, apt. 6; diam.
apt. 3 mill.

Hab. Mapulehu. — Bald.

A. simularis Hart. var. roseolincta Syke.s. P. :Malac. Soc. London, ii, 1896, p. 130.

Differs from the type in the colour being of a very much lighter
shade, the apex, however, being of the usual duskj" tint; the shell
is also more ovate and shorter, and the lamina is slightly more
horizontal. I had proposed to describe this shell as a new species,
but a few specimens of the variable A. simulaj-is show a slight
approximation, and it will, I think, onlv prove to be an extreme
variety.

Hab. Molokai Mts. — Perkins.

295. Achatinella citrea Sykes.

Amastra citrea Svkes. P. Malac. Soc. London, ii, 1S96, p. 129.

Testa dextrorsa, imperforata, ovato-fusiformis, solidiuscula, nitidula,
flavida, suboblique valde striata, apice resinaceo, acutulo ; anfr. 6, plano-
convexi, primi mediocrita plicati, ultimus 2-3 altitudinis testie aequans,
epidermide nigro-brunneo leviter indutus; sutura impressa; apertura ovato-
lunata; columella contorta; lamina valida, alba; peristoma simplex, margine
dextro recto, acuto. L,ong. 15, diam. max. 8 mm.

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovate-fusiform, somewhat solid,
slightly shining, yellowish, subobliquely strongly striate, apex
resinaceous, .slightly acute ; whorls 6, plane-convex, the upper
moderately plicate, the last equal to 2-3 the length of the shell,
slightly covered with a blacki.sh iDrown epidermis; suture impressed;
aperture ovate-lunate ; columella twisted ; columellar fold strong,
white; lip simple, dextral margin erect, acute.

Hab. Molokai. — Hutchison, Baldwin.

Original Descriptions of Achatinclla. 167

296. Achatinella modesta C. B. Adams.

A. »ioiit's/a Adams. Contrib. to Conch., 1S50. p. 12S.

Shell rather thick and short, ovate-conic; dingy reddish or
ash-brown; more or less covered with a ding}- dark brown epider-
mis; with fine irregular transverse striae, which are coarser on the
upper w^iorls; without spiral striae; apex subacute; spire short, with
the outlines quite curvilinear; whorls 6, moderately convex, with a
well impressed suture; last whorl rather ventricose; aperture ovate,
somewhat acute above ; lip sharp, not expanded, moderately
thickened within; columellar fold well developed, quite oblique.
Length ,54, breadth .3 in.; length of aperture .26 in.

Hab. Molokai.— Bald.

297. Achatinella mucronata Newcomb.

A. 7iiucyonaia Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 146, pi. xxiii, fig. 49.

Shell elongate-ovate; whorls 6, rounded; suture above lightly
impressed, becoming deep at the junction of the last whorl; aper-
ture small, ovate; lip simple; columella with a twisted plait; the
last whorl contracfted and covered with a dense black epidermis;
the superior whorls white, with numerous arrow-headed brown
markings. Long. 14/20, lat. 6 1/2/20 poll.

Hab. Maui. — Xewc. Molokai. — Bald.

298. Achatinella ftisiformis Pfeiffer.

A. fttiifoinii's Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 5, pi. xxx, fig. iS.

A. testa imperforata, fusiformi-oblonga, tenuiuscula, striatula, saturate
fusca, pallide conspersa et oblique lineolata; spira convexio-conica, apice
nigra acuta; sutura simplice; anfr. 7, vix convexiusciilis, ultimo 2-5 longitu-
dinis formante, basi attenuato; apertura obliqua, ellipsoidea; plica columel-
lari levi, compressa, subduplicata; perist. simplici, recto, margine dextro
regulariter arcuato, columellari anguste adnato. Long. 14, diam. 6 2-3 mill.

Shell imperforate, fusiform-oblong, somewhat thin, slightly
striate, dark brown, mottled and obliqueh' striped with lighter
color; spire convexh- conical, apex black, acute; suture simple;
whorls 7, scarcely convex, last equal to 2-5 of the length, attenuate
at the base; aperture oblique, ellipsoidal; columellar fold minute,
compressed, subduplicate; lip simple, erect, dextral margin regu-
larly arcuate, columella margin narrowly adnate.

Hab. Molokai.— Bald.

This, according to Mr. Baldwin, is the same as A. vnicronata
Newc.

/^

1 68 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

299. Achatinella villosa Sykes.

Amastra {LamineUa) villosa Sykes. P. Malac. Soc. London, ii. 1S96. p. 129.

Testa elongato-turrita, sinistrorsa, subiniperforata, crassula, pallide-
cornea, epidermide brunneo induta; aiifr. 7-7 1-2, convexi, longitudinaliter
et irregulariter valde striati ; siitura bene impressa ; apertvira lunata, fere
recta; peristoma rectum, acutum, albidum ; lamina coli:mellaris parva.
Long. 20, lat. 7 mm.

Shell elongate-turreted, sinistral, subimperf orate, tbickish,
pale born colored, covered witb a brown epidermis; wborls 7-7 1-2,
convex, longitudinally and irregtilarly strongl}- striate; suture well
impressed; aperture lunate, almost erect; lip acute, wbitisb; colu-
niellar fold small.

Hab. Molokai. — Perkins.

?. SJiclls from Lanai.

1/

300. Achatinella biplicata Newcomb.

A. biplicata Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53. p. 156, pi. xxiv, fig. 75.

Shell dextral, elongately cylindrical; wborls 7, rounded, lon-
gitudinally strongly striated ; suture deep ; aperture small, sub-
ovate; inner lip lather callous; columella biplicate; outer lip acute,
submarginate within ; color ros}-, parth- concealed with a thiu
brown epidermis; upper whorls black; aperture red within.

Hab. L,anai. — Newc.

301. Achatinella nucula Smith.

A. nucula Sm. P. ZooL Soc. London, 1S73, p. 85, pL x, fig. 19.

Testa globoso-conica, dextrorsa, incrementi lineis striata, partim leviter
malleata, sordide albida, epidermide fusco-olivacea partim induta; anfract.
5 1-2, primi 4 1-2 planiusculi, iilt. globosus ; sutura subcrenulata ; apertura
albida; perist. incrassatum; plica columellaris tenuis. Long. 12, diam. 8 mill.

vShell globose-conic, dextral, striated with lines of growth,
in one part lightly malleate, dirty whitish, in another part covered
with a brown-olive epidermis; whorls 5 1-2, first 41-2 somewhat
flat, the last globose; suture subcrenulate; aperture whitish; lip
thickened; columellar fold thin.

Hab. Mountains.

302. Achatinella moesta Xewcomb.

A. iiiocila Xevvc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 157, pi. x.xiv, fig. 77.

vShell dextrorsal, turrito-conical; whorls 7, convex, longitudi-
nally striated; aperture small, ovate, slightly contracted; coltimella

Original Descriptions of Achatiyiella . 169

straight, with a strong, white, spiral callus in the middle; color
reddish brow^u; the upper whorls black, the middle ones with black
zigzag lines, the last covered with a dark brown epidermis.

Hab. Lanai.

303. Achatinella obscura Newcomb. i^

A. obscuia Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 157, pi. xxiv. fig. 78.

Shell dextrorsal, turreto-conical ; whorls 7, longitudinally
striated, rather convex, marginate superiorl}-; suture slightly im-
pressed; aperture small, ovate; columella subtortuous, fvirnished
with a spiral lamina; outer lip acute, simple; color dirtj' fulvous,
covered with a blackish brown epidermis; the upper whorls black.

Hab. Lanai.

Messrs. Baldwin and Sykes place this with A. moesta Newc.

304. Achatinella magna C. B. Adams. ^

A. magna Ad. Contrib. to Conch.. 1S50. p. 125.

Shell thick, ovate-conic, elongate; blacki.sh brown at the apex,
reddish brown on the middle whorls, and ash colored on the lower
whorls; with unequal, irregular, very coarse transverse strise, with
close set transverse arcuate ribs near the apex, and some indistinct
raised spiral lines on the lower part of the last whorl; apex sub-
acute; spire rather long, with the outlines quite curvilinear; whorls
7, rather convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl abrupth^
angular; aperture ovate, acute above, with an extremely thick
deposit on the inner side, with a very large compressed columellar
fold. Length 1.33, breadth .7 in.: length of ap. .61 in.

Hab. Lanai. — Bald.

Described from a single specimen.

305. Achatinella grayana Pfeiffer.

A. {LamincUa) grayana Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London. 1855. p. 204.

A. testa imperf., dextr., ovato-conica, solidula, nitidula, griseo-carne^,
fasciis castaneis deorsum evanescentibus varie picta; spira inflato-conica,
apice acuta, nigra; anfr. 6 1-2, superis planis. radiato-plicatis, peiiultimo
convexo, ultimo spiram fere aquaiite, leviter striato; apertura subverticali,
acuminato-ovali ; plica coluua. mediana, subtransversa, triangulari; perist.
simplice recto, margine colum. vix dilatato, adnato. Long. 21 1-2, diam.
12 mill.

Shell imperforate, dextral, ovate-conic, somewhat solid, some-
what shining, grej'-fiesh colored, variously- marked below with
fading chestnut bands; spire inflated conic, apex acute, black;
whorls 6 1-2, the upper flat, radiately plicate, the next to the last

ijo Original Descriptions of AchatiyicUa.

convex, the last almost equal to the spire, lightly striate; aperture
subvertical, acuminate-ovate ; columellar fold median, subtrans-
verse, triangular; lip simple, erect, scared}' dilated at the margin
of the colmella, adnate.

Hab. lyauaihale. — Perkins. Oahu(?). — Bald.

306. Achatinella baldwinii Newcomb.

A. balihi'hiii Xewc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 155, pi. xxiv, fig. 72.

Shell dextral, conically elongate, striated longitudinall}' ;
whorls 7, slightly convex, not margined; suture simple, well im-
pressed ; aperture elongate-ovate ; columella long, with a white
plicate tooth ; lip acute, margined within with brown ; aperture
bluish white; labrum with a white deposit ; color of shell light
brown, with traces of a thin, black epidermis; first four whorls
black. Long. 21-20, lat. 10-20 poll.

Hab. lyanai.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. ?nagna Ad.

307. Achatinella pusilla Newcomb.

A. pusilla Newc. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, iS66, p. 211, pi. xiii, fig. 5.

Shell dextral, conically ovate ; apex acute ; whorls 6, plano-
convex ; suture above but lightly compressed ; below strongly
marked; lip simple; columella short, with a twisted plait; epider-
mis light brown, often encircled by narrow white bands. Long.
14/20, lat. 4/20 in. var. major; long. 8 1/2/20, lat. 4/20, in. var.
minor.

Remarks. The double name oi pusilla and piilla was in con-
sequence of Dr. Pfeiffer, of Cassel, publishing in my name several
species which I had forwarded Mr. Cuming, in Zool. Proc, without
knowing that they were already described by me in the Annals of
the N. Y. Ivyceum. The specimens were probably forwarded un-
der the name given by Dr. Pfeiffer. — Newc.

Hab. Lanai.

308. Achatinella pulla (Newcomb) Pfeiffer.

-f. piilla Xewc. V. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 209.

A. testa imperforata, acumiiiato-ovata, solida, distincte striata, lutescente
epiderinide, fusca varie fasciata, vel praeter fasciam pallidam omnino ob-
ducta; spira inflata, versus apicem acutiim attenuata; sutura palida; anfr. 6,
primis ])lanis, penultinio modice convexo, ultimo ,3-7 lon.iritudinis subte-
quante; a])ertiira paruiri obliqua, sinuato-ovali; ])lica coluin. dentiformi, sub-
acuta, alba; perist. simplice, recto, margine columellari adiiato. Long. 11,
diam. 6 mill.

Original Descriptions of Achatinclla. 171

Shell imperforate, acuminately ovate, solid, distinctly striate,
epidermis yellowish, variously banded with brown, or often en-
tirely covering a light band ; spire inflated, near the acute apex
attenuate; suture pale ; whorls 6, the first flat, the penultimate
moderately convex, the last nearly equal to 3-7 of the length; aper-
ture scarcely oblique, sinuately oval ; columellar fold toothlike,
subacute, white; lip simple, erect, columellar margin adnate.

Hab. Mountains of Lanai.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. pnsi/la Xewx.

309. Achatinella aurostoma Baldwin.

A. aiiioitoina Bald. Nautilus, x, 1896, p. 31.

Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, elongateh' ovate, spire conical,
apex subacute; surface lustreless, striated with somewhat irregular,
coarse growth striae; the embryonic whorls finely radiately sulcated;
color light brown, apex dark chestnut ; the lower whorls covered
with a black fugacious epidermis which is generally dense on the
last whorl and more sparsel}' distributed on the other whorls;
whorls 6 1-2, somewhat convex; suture W'ell impressed; aperture
ovate, a little oblique, of an orange-yellow^ color within; peristome
simple, acute, not thickened within, extremities united by a thick,
orange-tinted, parietal callosity; columella orange-yellow, flexu-
ous, abruptly terminating in a thin, slightly curved lamellar plait.
Length 25, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Lanai.

310. Achatinella fraterna Sykes.

Amas/ia (Lamiite/la) fyaterna Sykes. P. ^Malac. Soc. London. 1S96, ii, p. 129.

Testa sinistrorsa, ovato-tiirriformis, tenuis; sutura irapressa; anfr. 6 1-2-7,
convexiusculi, longitudinaliter striati, epidermide fusco vel nigro-corneo
induti; apertura ovata, mediocris; peristoma rectum, acutum, lamina medi-
ocri. Long. 10. diam. max. 5.5 mm.

Shell sinistral, ovate-turreted, thin; suture impressed; whorls
6 1-2-7, somewhat convex, longitudinalh- striate, covered with a
brown or blackish horn-colored epidermis ; aperture ovate, not
large; lip erect, acute, fold moderate.

Hab. Mountains behind Koele. — Perkins.

311. Achatinella longa Sykes.

Aniasira longa Sykes. P. Malac. Soc. London, 1896. p. 128.

Testa dextrorsa, elongata, subperforata, solida, substriata, epidermide
nigro-fusco induta, apice acutiusculo; sutura simplex; anfr. 7, modice plani,
ultimus plus quam 1-2 altitudinis testae aequans ; apertura sinuato-semiovalis,

y

172 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

intits albida; columella superne parum plicata, turn lamina parva transyersim
munita; peristoma simplex, rectum. Alt. 11 3-4, diam. max. 6 1-2 mm.

Shell dextral, elongate, subperforate, solid, substriate, cov-
ered with a blackish-browu epidermis, apex somewhat acute;
suture simple; whorls 7, quite flat, the last equal to more than 1-2
the length of the shell; aperture sinuately semioval, whitish within;
columella hardh- plicate above, the fold, when present, is small,
transverse; lip simple, erect.

Hab. I^anai.

4. Shells Jroni IVest Maui.

312. Achatinella assimilis Xewcomb.

A. assimilis Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p, 14S, pi. xxiii, fig. 53.

Shell conicall}' elongate, acute above ; whorls 7, rounded;
suture well impressed; aperture small, ovate; columella very short,
plicate, twisted; lip acute, slightly thickened within; color white
or salmon, sometimes the lower half of the last whorl white, and the
rest of salmon; within pure white. Long. 1 1/20, lat. 5 1/4/20 poll.

This species might be mistaken for a dwarf variety of A.
mastersi. Its habits are quite different, its locality distant, and
the shell has an aspect quite distinct from the small varieties of
A. mastersi as found on West Maui. — Newc.

Hab. West Maui.

313. Achatinella carinata Gulick.

A»uiitia caiiiiata Gk. V. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 83.

This is the var. agghitinans of the species obesa, Newc, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 143, pi. 23, fig. 39a, where it is thus described:
"vShell somewhat cariuated on the last two whorls, with the keel
extended by agglutinations, giving it a pagoda-like form."

Station. On the ground. — Gk.

Affinities. It is allied to Am. obesa Newc, but that species,
which is confined to East Maui, is nearly globose with an evenly
rounded body whorl, while this is strongly carinated ; that also
has but little of the rough bark-like epidermis with which this is
loaded. — Gk.

Hab. Wailuku.— Gk

Mr. Baldwin places this with obesa Newc.

original Dcscriptio7is of Achatinclla. 173

314. Achatinella soror Newcomb. ^

A. sot or Xewc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 143, pi. xxiii, fig^. 3S.

Shell sinistral, conically turreted; whorls 7, rounded ; suture
deepl}' impressed; aperture subovate, small ; lip simple; columella
very short, terminating in a twisted plicate tooth; epidermis thin,
dark corneous above and light corneous below. Long. 12-20,
lat. 5-20 poll.

Var. A. Last whorl white, shell solid. Length 9-20, breadth
5-20 in.

Var. B. Shell thin, dark corneous, polished. Length 10-20,
breadth 4-20 in.

This species is the complete analogue of A. aaita found in
Oahu: it has a more ventricose aspect, and the striae are more de-
veloped in the A. acuta. — Xewc.

Hab. Maui. — Xewc. Lahaina. — Bald.

315. Achatinella ellipsoidea Gould.

A. ellipsoidea Gld. P. Boston Soc, ii, 1847, p. 200.

Testa solida, ellipsoidea. Itevis, epidermide luteo interdum fusco zonato
induta; spira anfr. 6, convexiusculis ; sutura impressa ; apertura parva, an-
gusta; peristomate acuto, nigro ; plica columellari fere trans^^rsa, tenui.
Lat. 7-20, alt. 7-10 poll.

Shell solid, ellipsoidal, polished, covered with a 3^ellow epider-
mis sometimes with a brown zone ; whorls 6, somewhat convex;
suture impressed; aperture small, narrow; lip acute, black; colu-
mellar fold almost transverse, thin.

Hab. West Maui.— Bald.

316. Achatinella pupoidea Xewcomb.

A. pupoidea Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 144. pi. xxiii, fig. 42.

Shell dextral, c^-lindrically elongate; whorls 7, rounded; suture
deep, aperture small, subovate; lip simple; columella short, lightly
toothed; epidermis thin, of a light brown, beneath which the bod}'
whorl is white, the three above pinkish, and the others leaden;
brown zigzag undulations are sometimes found on the upper por-
tions of the lower whorls. Long. 14/20, lat. 5/20 poll.

Hab. East Maui. — Xewc. West Maui. — Bald.

Mr. Baldwin places this with ellipsoidea Gld.

t^

174 Ofiginal Descriptions of Achatinella.

5. SJicUs from East Maui.
317. Achatinella mastersi Newcomb.

A. 7>iasleisi Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 153, pi. xxix, fig. 67,

Shell dextral, thiu; whorls 7, rounded, slightly rugose above,
the last strongly inflated; apex acute, suture well impressed; aper-
ture ovate; lip simple; columella short with a thiu lamellar plait;
color of shell white or rich chestnut, with traces of a thin brown epi-
dermis; within white or bluish white. Long. 16/20, lat. 8/20 poll.

This species I dedicate to S. I. Masters, Esq., who has been
indefatigable in his researches on the islands of Oahu, Maui and
Lanai, and who has furnished many choice and beautiful shells of
this genus before unknown to science.

The size varies much in this species and the color is also vari-
ous, running from pure white through various tints to a light
mahogany. The lower part of the shell is not unfrequently white,
and the upper portion bright chestnut or rose-colored. — Newc.

Hab. Makawao.

/ 318. Achatinella nana Baldwin.

A)iiai/ra nana Bald. P. Ac. Phil., 1S95, p. 232, pi. xi, figs. 48, 49.

Shell dextral, imperforate, rather thiu, ovately conical, apex
subacute; surface lustreless, striated with fine incremental lines,
the two and one-half embr3^ouic whorls finely, radiately sulcated;
the color varies from light to dark brown, the basal half of the
body whorl sometimes of lighter shade than the upper portion;
covered with a black or earthy brown, fugacious epidermis, often
laid on with alternating undulations, or zigzag markings; whorls
6, somewhat convex; suture impressed; aperture oval, a little
oblique, white with a purplish tinge; peristome simple, very thin;
columella purplish-white, flexuous, abruptly terminating in a thin
lamellar plait. lycngth ii 1-2, diam. 6 1-2 mm.

Animal when extended in motion as long as the shell. Mantle
light brown. Foot above and below brown with spots of deeper
shade on the sides. Tentacles and front above almost black.

This is one of the smaller of the Aviast7-a forms. It is about
the size of Amastra petricolor Newc. from Molokai. — Bald.

Hab. Makawao.— Bald,
y 319. Achatinella affinis Newcomb.

A. affinis Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 142, pi. xxiii, fig. 35.

Shell acutely conical; whorls 6, rounded, not margined; suture
well impressed ; aperture ovate ; lip thin; columella with a white

Original Desc7'iptions of Achatinella. 175

lamellar twisted tooth; color white, roseate or salmon, with traces
of dark brown epidermis; last whorl lighter colored than the upper
one. Long. 12/20, lat. 5 3/4/20 poll.

Hab. Kula. — Newc.

320. Achatinella gonistoma Pfeiffer.

A goniiloma Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 203.

A. testa rimata, dextrorsa, turrita, solida, oblique striatula, subepider-
tnide decidua fulva carneo-grisea; spira eloiigato-conica, apice acuta; sutura
subcrenata; anfr. 8 planiusculis, penultimo convexiore, ultimo 1-3 longitu-
dinis vix suprante, rotundato; apertura obliqua, elliptica, utrinque angulata;
plica colum. subbasali, compressa, obliqua; perist. recto, basi producto, mar-
ginibus callo junctis, dextro intus sublabiato, columellari subdilatato, adnato.
Long. 16, diain. 7 2-3 mill.

Shell perforate, dextral, turreted, solid, obliqueh' striated,
flesh}' gray under the deciduous, tawu}- epidermis; spire elou-
gately conical, apex acute; suture subcrenate; whorls 8, somewhat
flat, the next to the last slighth' more convex, the last slightly
more than 1-3 of the length, rotundate; aperture oblique, ellipti-
cal, angulate on both sides; columellar fold subbasal, compressed,
oblique; lip erect, extended at the base, the margins united by
a callus, the dextral margin slightly thickened within, the colu-
mellar margin slightly dilated, adnate.

Hab. Kula.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. affinis Newc.

321. Achatinella rustica Gulick.

Aynastra rustica Gk. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. S4, pL x, fig:. 17.

Testa dextrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, incrementi lineis leviter stri-
ata, subepidermide olivacea, dilutissime rubescens; anfract. 6, conyexiusculi,
primi 2 fortiter, tertiusque levius sulcati; sutura simplex, parum profunda;
apertura par\'a, spiram nonsequans, subrubescens; perist. arcuatum, tenue;
columella brevis, plica inconspicua munita, labro callo pertenui juncta.
Long. 14 1-2, diam. 7 1-3 mill.

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovate-conic, lightly striated with
lines of growth, under the olive epidermis very light reddish;
whorls 6, somewhat convex, the first two strong!}- and the third more
lightly sulcate; suture simple, hardh' deep; aperture small, not
equal to the spire, slightly reddish; lip curved, thin; columella
short, furnished with an inconspicuous fold, joined to the lip b}' a
very thin callus.

Affinities. It is allied to Am. affinis Xewc, but is readily dis-
tinguished b}' its convex spire.

Remarks. It is always dextral.
Hab. Kula.

y

176 Original Descriptions of Achat inella.

322. Achatinella conifera vSmith.

Amasha couifera Sni. I". Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. S5, pi. x, fig^. 11.

Testa ovato-conica, dextrorsa, incrementi lineis leviter striata, dilutis-
sime rubicundula, epidermide fusco-olivaceo partim induta ; anfract. 6 1-2,
convexiusculi, primi 2 1-2-3 rubidi fortiter radiatim sulcati, ad bases lira
spiral! cincti ; siitura simplex; apertura albida ; perist. tenue, nigrescens,
vix incrassatum; plica columellaris tenuis. Long. 17, diam. 9 mill.

Shell ovate-conic, dextral, lightly striated with lines of growth,
very light red, partly covered with a brown-olive epidermis; whorls
61-2, somewhat convex, the first 2 1-2-3 reddish, strongly radi-
ately sulcate, encircled spirally at the base by a ridge ; suture
•simple ; aperture whitish ; lip thin, blackish, scarcely incrassate;
columellar fold thin.

Hab. Kula.— vSm.

It is allied to Am. rustica Gk.

323. Achatinella malleata Smith.

Amastra malleata Sni. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S73, p. 85, pi. x, fig. iS.

Testa aciito-ovata, dextrorsa, incrementi lineis striata, concinne malleata,
sordide albida, epidermide fusco-olivaceo varie picta ; anfract. 6, convexi-
usculi, primi 3 fortiter radiatim sulcati; sutura simplex; apertura alba; per-
ist. tenue, intvis levissime incrassatum; plica columellaris tenuis. Long. 14,
diam. 8 mill.

Shell acutely ovate, dextral, striate with lines of growth, pret-
tily maculate, dirty white, variousl}^ colored with a brownish olive
epidermis; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the first 3 strongly radi-
ately sulcate; suture simple; aperture white; lip thin, very lightl}^
thickened within; columellar fold thin.

Hab. Kula. — Sm.

It is always dextral and is allied to A. rustica Gk. — Sm.

This seems to be the same as A. affinis Newc.

324. Achatinella obesa Newcomb.

A. obesa Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 143, pi. xxiii, fig. 39.

Shell depressed, conical, solid, inflated; whorls 5, rounded,
striate; suture well marked; apex acute; aperture ovate; columella
with a strong white tooth; lip thickened within; color of epidermis
dark umber; aperture white. Long. 8-20, lat. 7-20 poll.

Var. agghitinans .

Shell somewhat carinated on the last two whorls, with the keel
extended by agglutinations, giving it a pagoda-like form.

This is the most depressed of the genus, but distindlly pre-
serves the generic characters, and in the variety exhibits a habit

Original Descriptions of Achaii?iella. 177

in land shells found, perhaps, only in Hclicijia agghdinans of
Sowerby.

Entire animal of a sooty black ; superior tentacles strongl}'
clubbed, lower ones with a light colored tip, granulations large;
longer than the shell; motions very slow and timid. — Newc.

Hab. Haleakala. — Newc. Makawao and Kula. — Bald.

325. Achatinella nigra Newcomb. t^

A. nigra Newc. Am. J. Conch., ii, 1866, p. 210, pi. xiii, fig. 3.

Shell dextral, globosely acuminate, rather solid; the two lower
whorls inflated, the superior ones subulate ; whorls 6, the last two
cut up on the surface into rude cicatrices by longitudinal striae,
crossed by revolving elevations, irregularly distributed; superior
whorls flattened, wdth closely crowded, strong, longitudinal striae;
suture simple, well impressed; aperture round ovate; columella
short, terminating in a lamellar tooth; color yellowish -white, with
a thin black epidermis. Long. .70, lat. .45 in.

Remarks. This species occupies a middle space between A.
obcsa Xob., and A. kaiiaiejisis. In adult specimens the lip is thick-
ened by a heavy white deposit, and the tooth from the same cause
changes from a lamellar to a nodulous form, as in the specimen
figured. — New'C.

Hab. Ulupalakua. — Bald.

326. Achatinella gigantea Newcomb.

A. gigantea Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 136, pi. xxii, fig. 17.

Shell dextral, elongate-oval, apex pointed; whorls 7, strongly
striate, slightly carinated superiorly on the last whorl, inferiorly
on the penultimate; columella slightly arched, terminating inter-
nally in a slight callosity, externally continued to unite with the
outer lip: columellar lip with a strong deposit spread over the
surface; outer lip simple ; suture deep ; .striae longitudinal ; color
light plumbeous externally, internally pale lilac. L,ong. i 1/2,
lat. 12/20 poll.

This species, the largest ^-et described, belongs to the same
group with A. violacea, from Molokai, and A. baldivinii, from
L,anai. — Newc.

Hab. Haleakala. — Newc.

327. Achatinella hutchinsonii Pease.

Helicier hutchinsonii Pease. P. Zool. See. London, 1S62, p. 7.

Shell acuminately turreted, sinistral, imperforate: whorls 7,
flatly convex, coarsely and irregularly striated longitudinally, not

OccABiOMAL Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. III.— 12.

U^

178 Oi'igiual Descriptions of AcJiatiiiclla.

margiuated ; sutures somewhat rude, well impressed ; aperture
ovate, about 2-5 the length of the shell ; columellar fold slight,
oblique tortuous ; shell covered with an earth3'-brown epidermis;
apex of a darker colour; aperture and columella white, shining.

Hab. Makawao and Kula. — Bald.

328. Achatinella farcimen Pfeiffer.

A. {La)H!)!eI!a) farcimen Pfr. I'. Zool. Soc. London, 1S56, p. 334.

A. testa sinistrorsa, subperforata, oblonj^o-conica, solidula, rugulosa, sub-
epidermide nigricaiite albida; spira superne in conum acuttim nudum termi-
nata; anfr. 7, superis planis, 2 viltiniis perconvexis, ultimo 1-3 longitudinis
paulo superante, medio subangulato; plica columellari compressa, obliqua;
apertura obliqua, semiovali, intus alba; perist. simplice, recto, margine colu-
mellari subpatente. Long. 19, diam. 9 mill.

Shell sinistral, subperf orate, oblong-conic, somewhat solid,
rough, whitish under the blackish epidermis, the upper part of the
spire terminating iji an acute bare cone; whorls 7, the upper flat,
the last 2 very convex, the last a little more than 1-3 of the length,
subangulate at the middle ; columellar fold compressed, oblique;
aperture oblique, semioval, white within; lip simple, erect, slightly
spreading at the margin of the columella.

Hab. Maui.

6. Shells from Haivaii.

1/ 339. Achatinella melanosis Newcomb.

A. »ie.'anosis Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S53, p. 144, pL xxiii, fis- 4i-

Shell dextral, thin, conically depressed; apex acute; whorls
5, rounded, the last inflated; suture well impressed; aperture sub-
rotund; lip simple, thin; columella straight, white, and terminat-
ing in a verj^ oblique plait; color black. Long. 8-20, lat. 5-20 poll.

Hab. Hawaii.
\/ 330' Achatinella flavescens Newcomb.

A. /Ia7Via'?/s Newc. P. ZooL Soc. London, 1S53, p. 151, pi. .xxiv, fig. 62.

Shell dextral, conical ; whorls 6, slightly rounded ; suture
simple, well impressed ; striae numerous, longitudinal and well
developed ; aperture semiovate ; lip simple ; columella .short, with
an oblique plaited tooth ; color of shell externally of a uniform
light reddish colour, internally white or pale rose. Long. 13-20,
lat. 6-20 poll.

Original Descriptions of Achatinella. I'-jC^

This species belongs to a group, at the head of which stands
A. rubens of Gould. Its specific charadler is sufficiently marked.
It is one of the three large species thus far obtained on the large
island of Hawaii. — Newc.

Hab. Hamakua, Kau and Olaa.

331. Achatinella henshawi Baldwin.

Amaitra hensliazi.'i Bald. Xautilus, Bostou, 1903, p. 34.

Shell dextral, imperforate or subperf orate, solid, ovately coni-
cal, apex subacute ; surface lustreless, striated with somewhat
irregular lines of growth; embryonic whorls under a lens showing
ver}' delicate radiating sulcations; color varies from light to very
dark brown, the upper whorls generally much darker than the
body whorl; the lower whorls with traces of a deciduous, brown
epidermis; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the last one with a light
carination at the periphery; suture well impressed; aperture ovate,
a little oblique, livid white within; peristome acute, slighth' thick-
ened within, extremities united with a thin, livid- white parietal
callosity; columella white, flexuous, abruptly terminating in a thin
lamellar plait. Length i8, diam. lo mm.

Found in damp woods at the roots of ferns and nearly buried
in trash, at altitudes of from 1800 to 4000 feet. — Bald.

Hab. South Koua.— Bald.

This seems to be the same as A. flavcscens Newc, found at
Hamakua and Kau.

332. Achatinella senilis Baldwin.

Ama:>tra icniiis Bald. Xautilus, Boston, 1903. vol. xvii. p. 35.

Shell fossil, dextral, deeply perforated, the perforation pene-
trating to the apex; moderately solid, globose with a short conical
spire, apex acute; surface sculptured with coarse, irregular growth
lines, with a few irregular cross striae or ridges on the three lower
whorls ; embryonic whorls under a lens exhibiting delicate and
regular sulcations ; color of the living shell unknown; whorls 7',
convex; aperture sinuateh* oval, a little oblique; peristome simple,
acute, not thickened within, extremities joined by a thick parietal
calosity; columella terminating in a slight, flexuous fold. Length
23, diam. 18 mm.

This and the following species were discovered and sent to me
b}^ Mr. Eugene Horner, of Paauilo, Hawaii. They were found at
a place called Palihoukapapa, on the Hamakua slope of Mauna
Kea, at an elevation of 4000 feet. The shells were imbedded in
the earth about one foot below the surface.

I So Original Descriptions of Achatiyiella.

Prof. Henshaw reports other similar localities on the island of
Hawaii, where there are extensive deposits of fossilized land shells
about a foot below the surface of the humus. Nearly all the known
genera of Hawaiian land shells are represented in these deposits
b}^ species, some still extant, others probably now extinct. The
deposit of earth above the fossilized shells indicates several hun-
dred years of antiquity. — Bald.

Hab. Hamakua. — Bald.

333. Achatinella fossilis Baldwin.

A»!asti-a fossilis Bald. Nautilus, Boston. 1903, vol. xvii, p. 35.

Shell fossil, dextral, minutely perforated, somewhat solid;
elongately conical, apex rather acute; surface striated with some-
what irregular growth lines; embryonic whorls under a lens exhib-
iting very delicate and regular sulcations; color of living shell
unknown; whorls 7, slightly convex; aperture oblique, ovate; per-
istome simple, very thin, columellar margin slightly expanded
over the umbilicus; columella terminating in a fiexuous thread-
like plait. Length 18, diam. 9 mm.

This shell in shape resembles some of the forms of Aviastra
turritella Fer., which is found on the island of Oahu. — Bald.

Hab. Hamakua. — Bald.

334. Achatinella saxicola Baldwin.

Amastya saxicola Bald. Nautilus, Boston, 1903, vol. xvii, p. 36.

vShell dextral, imperforate, rather solid, elongately ovate-conic,
apex subacute; surface lustreless, sculptured with delicate growth
lines; embryonic wdiorls smooth and polished; color reddish-brown,
tending to lighter shade on the middle whorls; apex pearly white;
destitute of the usual fugacious epidermis of this genus; whorls 7,
slightly convex ; suture well impressed ; aperture ovate, a little
oblique, pinkish within; peristome simple, acute, not thickened
within, extremities joined by a very thin, pinkish parietal callo.sity;
columella white, fiexuous, terminating in a moderately developed
lamellar plait. Length 20 1-3, diam. 10 mm.

This shell seems to live among and under rocks to an unusual
degree. It is found on old lava flows attached to the under side
of rocks, or in loose .soil and trash at the base of bunch grass
growing on lava flows. The locality is very arid. — Bald.

Hab. Kau.— Bald.

Original Descriptions of Achatinella.
/. Shells from Kauai.

335. Achatinella nucleola Gould.

.-!. nucleola Gould. P. Boston Soc, ii, 1S45, p. 2S.

Testa solida, imperforata, ovato-globosa, livido-castanea, apice pallida,
ad suturam et antice albida; anfr. 6, postice subtabulatis; apertura rotuiidata,
labro simplici; coiumella excavata, callo obtecto; plica parva. Long. 9-20,
lat. 1-4 poll.

Shell solid, imperforate, ovately globose, bluish chestnut, apex
pale, whitish autically and at the suture, postically somewhat flat;
aperture rotundate, lip simple; columella arcuate, covered with a
callus; fold small.

Hab. Hanalei. — Bald.

336. Achatinella brevis Pfeiffer.

A. brevis Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S45, p. 90.

Ach. testa ovata, brevi, solida, oblique striatula, nitida, fusca ; spira
conica, acutiusciila; anfractibus 6 couvcxiusculis, ultimo 1-3 longitudinis vix
superante, subgloboso; columella breviter arcuata, acute dentata; apertura
rotundato-lunari; peristomate simplice, albo. Long. 11, diam. 6 1-2 mill.

Shell ovate, short, solid, obliqueh' striated, shining, brown;
spire conic, somewhat acute ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last
slightly more than 1-3 of the length, subglobose; columella slightly
arctiate, acutely dentate ; aperture rotundate-lunate ; lip simple,
white.

Hab. Hanalei.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A. ^nicleola Gld.

337. Achatinella anthonii Xewcomb.

A. anthonii Newc. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, ii)66, p. 2io. pi. xiii, fig". 2.

Shell couically ovate, solid, blackish-brown, longitudinally
striate; whorls 6, inflated; suture moderately impressed; apex ob-
tuse ; aperture obliquely ovate, subaugulate below ; lip simple,
thickened within; columella short, straight, with a somewhat cal-
lous plication below the middle; white banded below the suture,
and of a dirty white in the umbilical region. Length 15, diam.
10 mm.; ap. length 6, diam. 4 1-2 mm.

Remarks. Excepting in size, and in being more ventricose,
this species makes a near approach to A. nucleola Gld. It is more
than quadruple the size of nncleola, and not acute at the summit,
by which it can at once be distinguished from that species. For

1 82 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

this and the preceding species I am indebted to Rev. Mr. Johnson
of Koloa. It is named after the eminent naturalist John G.
Anthon}^ Esq., of Cincinnati, Ohio.

The specimen seledled for figuring is more obese than usual,
and less elongated. A well marked variety has the last whorl of
pale straw. — Newc.

Hab. Kauai. — Bald.

338. Achatinella kauaiensis Newcomb.

A. kauaiensis Newc. Am. Jour. Conch., ii. 1S66, p. 209, pi. xiii, fig. i.

Shell imperforate, dextral, trochiform, solid, strongly striated
and decussated, above blackish-brown, the carina and base dirty
white colored; suture crenulated, 7 whorls, flath' convex, the last
with a cord-like keel in the middle; aperture irregular h' quadrate;
columella short, twisted, with one fold. Long. 9-10, lat. 8-10 in.
Aperture, long. 4-10, lat. 5 1-4/10 in.

Remarks. This is undoubtedh' one of the most singular forms
presented in the genus, and of extreme rarity. The specimen
selecfted for the figure varies from the type in being provided upon
the back of the last whorl with three instead of one keel. Kauai
is the most western of the large islands of the Sandwich group,
and by geologists is considered as the oldest of the series; and it
is worthy of remark that not a typical arboreal species of this
genus has been met with, nor one ornamented with a variety of
painted patterns, as upon the islands farther east. — Newc.

Hab. Kauai.

339. Achatinella knudsenii Baldwin.

Aniaslra k)iudsenii Bald. P. Ac. Phil., 1895, p. 231, pi. xi, figs. 43, 44.

Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, elongately ovate, spire coni-
cal, apex subacute ; surface lustreless, coarsely and irregularly
wrinkled by growth striae ; embryonic whorls very finely radiately
sulcated; color very dark brown, tending to a lighter shade on the
elevated portions of the lower whorl; whorls 7, the three lower
ones strongly angulated a little below the suture, the last one with
a cord-like keel at the peripher}' and numerous coarse cross striae
above and below the periphery; suture well impressed; aperture
oblique, elongately oval, dark purple inside with a satin-like lustre;
peristome acute, not thickened within; columella terminating in a
long, narrow, flexuous, pearly-white plait. Length' 33, diam.
17 mm.

Both this species and Amastra kauaiensis Newc. are charadler-
ized b}- the long, flexuous thread-like columellar plait which is

Origiiial Descriptions of AchatincUa. 183

peculiar to the genus Carelia of Kauai. Examination of the ani-
mals ma}- prove them both aberrant forms of that genus.

The species is very rare. We dedicate it to Mr. A. Knudsen,
the young naturalist who discovered it. He writes that it is of
very limited distribution, being found far up the mountain only
in an isolated tract of wood land which escaped the forest fires of
twent}' years ago. In three days' diligent search he found only
twelve living examples.— Bald.

Hab. Halemanu. — Bald.

340. Achatinella cyclostoma Baldwin.

Amastra cyclostoma Bald. P. Ac. Phil., i^ys. p. 234, pi. xi, fig. 53.

Shell dextral, narrowh^ but deeply perforated, the perforation
penetrating to the apex, somewhat solid, oblately globular with a
short conical spire, apex acute; surface lustreless, sculptured with
close, obliquely descending, fiexuous growth lines, which become
concentric around the umbilicus: the embryonic whorls smooth or
with delicate, radiating sulcations ; color brown, darker on the
spire; whorls 6, the upper ones rather flat, rapidly increasing; the
last one large, forming the greater part of the shell, strongly angled
at the peripher\-, the angle becoming almost obsolete towards the
aperture, deflexed in front a trifle below the carina, surface above
the angle flat, slighth- convex towards the aperture, and rounded
below the angle ; suture w^ell impressed ; aperture very oblique,
sinuately circular, a small segment cut off by the penultimate
whorl, livid-white within, exhibiting the exterior coloring through
its substance; peristome rather obtuse, slightly thickened within;
unreflecled, extremities slightly converging and united by a very
thin callosity; columella livid-white, broad and flat, terminating
in a slight, flexuous plait. Altitude 15, diani. 18 mm.

Hab. Makaweli.— Bald.

341. Achatinella rugulosa Pease.

A. rugulosa P.se. P. Zool. Soc. London, iS6<5, p. 649; J. Conch., xviii,, 1S70, p. 95.

T. ovato-conica, crassa, rimata, oblique rugoso-striatula, epidermide ru-
gosa, briinnea induta, sub epidermide castanea, ad marginem labii et circa
basin albida, apice nigricans; anfr. 6 convexis, interdum vix inflatis; sutura
impressa; apertura ovata, verticalis; plica columellaris valida, callosa, com-
pressa, fere transversalis; labro incrassato. Long. 12, diam. 9 mm.

Shell ovate-conic, thick, with an umbilical cleft, obliqueh-
rugose-striated, furnished with a rough, brown epidermis, under
the epidermis chestnut colored, at the margin of the lip and around
the base whitish, apex blackish ; whorls 6 convex, sometimes
scarcely inflated; suture impressed; aperture ovate, vertical; colu-
mellar fold strong, thickened, compressed, almost transverse; lip
thickened.

Hab. Kapaa. — Bald.

i^

184 Original Descriptio7is of Achatinella .

342. Achatinella extincta Pfeiffer.

A extincta Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 204.

A. testa perforata, ovato-turrita, solida, striatula, cretacea ; spira elon-
gata, sursum attciiuata, acuta ; anfr. 7 vix convexiusculis, ultimo 1-3 longi-
tudinis non attingente, juxta perforationem subcompresso; apertura vix ob-
liqua, rhombeo-ovali, basi angulata ; plicata colum. compressa, fere a ba si
ascendeiite; perist. simplice, recto marginibus callo crasso, subnodifero junc-
tis, columellari dilatato, libero. Long. 16, diam. 7 1-2 mill.

Shell perforate, ovately turreted, solid, somewhat striate, chalky;
spire elongate, attenuate above, actite; whorls 7 scarcely convex,
the last not reaching 1-3 of the length, subcompressed adjoining the
umbilicus; aperture scarcely oblique, rhomboidal-oval, angulate
at the base; columellar fold compressed, almost ascending from
the base; lip simple, erect, with the margins united by a thick
nodiform callus, columellar margin dilated, free.

Hab. Kauai, Matii and Oahu. — Bald.

343. Achatinella similaris Pease,

A. riigulosa P.se.. var. siinihn ii. J. Cotich., xviii, 1S70, p. 96.

T. subfossilis, latius umbilicata ; plica columellaris parum promiuens:
apertura ad basin subangulata.

Shell subfossil, broadly umbilicate ; columellar fold liardh'
prominent; aperture subangulate at the base.

Hab. Mana.— Bald.

344. Achatinella sphserica Pease.

Aniastra spharica Pse. P. Zool. Soc. London, iS6q, p. 649; J. Conchj-L xviii, 1S70, p. 94.

T. globosa, solida, umbilicata, dextrorsa, epidcrmide oblique rugoso-
striata induta; spira brevis, conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 5, vix inflatis; sutura
impressa. simplex ; apertura rotundata ; plica columellaris valida, linguae-
formis, callosa; fusca, apertura alba, apice nigra. Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill.

Shell globose, solid, umbilicate, dextral, covered with an epi-
dermis obliquely rugose-striated ; spire short, conical, somewhat
acute; whorls 5, scarcely inflated; suture impressed, simple; aper-
ttire rotundate ; columellar fold strong, tongtie-like, thickened;
brown, aperture white, apex black.

Hab. Kauai. — Pse. Lanai. — Bald.

ADDENDA.

345. Achatinella irregularis Pfeiffer.

Amas/ra ii}eg;ular!s Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1855, p. 205.

A. testa imperf., dextr. , tenuiuscula, londitudinaliter confertim plicata,
nigricante, interdum albido-fasciata; spira irregulari, conica, obtusa; sutura
subcrenata; anfr. 5 1-2 celeriter accrescentibus, convexis, penultimo gibbo,
ultimo 3-7 longitudinis subttquante, infra medium l^Eviore, interdum corneo;
apertura vix obliqua, ovali-oblonga; plica coli;m. supera, parum prominente;
perist. simplice, margine dextro antrorsum subarcuato, columellari dilatato,
adnato. Long. 9, diam. 4 1-3 mill.

Shell imperforate, dextral, quite thin, longitudiualh' closely
plicate, blackish, sotnetimes banded with white ; spire irregular,
conic, obtuse; suture subcrentilate; whorls 5 1-2 rapidly increas-
ing, convex, the penultimate gibbous, the last nearl}- equal to
3-7 of the length, smoother below the peripher}', sometimes corne-
ous; aperture hardly oblique, oval-oblong ; columella fold high,
hardly prominent; lip simple, dextral margin slightly arcuate be-
low, columellar margin dilated, adnate.

Hab. ?

346. Achatinella alba Nuttall. i^

A. alba Nuttall. Jay, Cat. Shells, Ed. iii, 1S39. p. 58 (nomen. .sohnn).

This shell equals A. lorata Fer. (white variet}-).
Hab. Oahu.

347. Achatinella vestita Mighels.

A. veitita Migh. Proc. Bost. Soc, ii, 1845, p. 20.

vShell sinistral, acuminate-conical, light brown, or white, with
beautiful, narrow, dark brown bands, more or less numerous, im-
perforate; whorls 6, convex; aperture semilunate; lip refle(5led.

Average length i in., diam. 1-2 in.

Hab. Waianae, Oahu. — Migh.

348. Achatinella seminigra Lamarck.

Monodonta seminigi a Lam. Hist. Nat. .\iiini. Paris. 1843, vol. ix, p. 181.

M. testa oblique conica, imperforata, keviuscula, inferne nigra, superne
alba; dente columellari albo; labro simplici.

(185)

1 86 Original Descriptions of Achatinclla .

Shell obliquely conical, imperforate, somewhat smooth, black
below, white above; columellar tooth white; lip simple.

Hab. Waialua, Oahu.

This equals Apex fidva Dixon or A. lugubris Chem.

349. Achatinella monarcha Pfeiffer.

A. monarcha Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 3, pi. xxx, fig. 9.

A. testa iinperforata, ovato-conica, solida, oblique striatula, parum nitida,
griseoalba, lineis fuscis varie cincta; spira elevato-conica, acutiuscula; sutura
leviter marginata, subcrenulata; anfr. 6, convexiusculis, ultimo spira paulo
breviore, basi rotundato; apertura obliqua, late obauriformi; plica columel-
lari supera, obliqua, mediocri ; perist. sublabiato, margine dextro breviter
expanse, cohnnellari crasso, flexuoso, adnato. Long. 20, diam. 10 1-2 mill.

Shell imperforate, ovately conical, solid, obliquely striate,
hardly shining, grayish white, variously banded with brown lines;
spire elongately conical, somewhat acute, suture slightly margin-
ate, subcrenulate ; -\vhorls 6, somewhat convex, the last a little
shorter than the spire, rotundate at the base; aperture oblique,
broadly obauriform ; columella fold high, oblique, of moderate
size; lip slightly thickened, dextral margin shortly expanded, colu-
mellar margin thickened, tortuous, adnate.

Hab. Sandwich Ids.— Frick. Waianae Mts., Oahu.

The fiofure srives a shell like A. nndtilineata Newc.

350. Achatinella swainsoni Pfeiffer.

A. i7iainsonl Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 4, pi. xxx, fig. 13.

A. testa sinistrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, solidula, subltevigata,
nitida, albida, fulvo tenuiter strigata ; spira conica, apice fulva, acutiuscula,
sutura marginata ; anfr. 5 1-2, convexiu.sculis, ultimo 3-5 longitudinis sub-
tequante, infra suturam turgido, basi rotundato; apertura fere diaganali ob-
auriformi; plica cokimellari supera, valida, nodiformi; perist. nigro-fvisco
limbato, margine cxterno reflexiusculo, intus crasso labiato, columellari
crasso, flexuoso, adnato. Long. 20, diam. 11 mill.

B. Virenti-lutea, anfr. ultimo antice castaneo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovately conical, somewhat solid,
nearly smooth, shining, whitish, faintly striped with tawny; spire
conical, apex tawny, somewhat acute, suture marginate; whorls
51-2, slightly convex, the last nearly equal to 3-5 of the length,
swollen below the suture, rotundate at the base; aperture nearly
diagonal, obauriform; columellar fold high, strong, nodiform; lip
edged with blackish brown, external margin somewhat refiexed,
densely thickened within, columellar margin thickened, tortuous,
adnate.

B. Greenish yellow, with the last whorl chestnut above.

Original Descriptions of AchaiincUa. 187

Hab. Sandwich Ids. — Frick.

Mav be a variet}- of A. sordida Newc. from the Waianae Mts.,
Oahti.

351. Achatinella crassidentata Pfeiffer.

A. ci ai,iidt:ntata Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 6, pi. xxx. fig. 23.

A. testa imperforata, sinistrorsa, solidula, striatula, paruni nitida, alba,
fasciis non niillis luteis ornata, interdum basi virenti-lutea ; spira conica,
apiceobtusula; sutura marginata; anfr. 5 1-2, convexiiisciilis, ultimo 3-7 longi-
tiidinis subLtquante, basi rotundato; apertura diagonali, sinuato-semiovali;
plica columcllari siipera, crassissima, dentifornii; perist. simplice, inargine
externo aciito, Icviter arcuato, columellari brevi, angusto. Long. 20, diam.
II mill.

Shell imperforate, sinistral, somewhat solid, slighth- striate,
hardly shining, white, ornamented with several 3'ellowish bands,
sometimes greenish yellow on the base ; spire conical; apex some-
what obtuse ; suture marginate ; whorls 51-2, slightly convex,
with the last nearly equal to 3-7 of the length, rotundate at the
base; aperture diagonal, sinuately semioval; columellar fold high,
very thick, tooth-like; lip simple, external margin acute, slightly
arcuate, columellar margin short, narrow.

Hab. Sandwich Ids. — Frick. Palolo to Waialae, Oahu.

This shell agrees with A. diversa Gk.

352. Achatinella hybrida Newcomb.

A. hybvida Xewc. P. Zool. Soc. London. 1S53. p. i-t;. pi. xxiii. fig. 52.

Shell dextral, conical ; whorls 6, rounded, margined above,
the last somewhat inflated; suture well impressed; columella white
or brownish, terminating in a twisted plait; aperture ovate, white;
lip simple, thickened within ; striae longitudinal, fine ; colour of
shell green, or brown on the la.st whorl, above white, with fine
longitudinal veins of the colour of the epidermis. Long. 18-20,
lat. 10-20 poll.

Hab. Kolau, Oahu. — Xewc.

This .shell is a manufactured variety from A. produda Rve.

353. Achatinella macrostoma Pfeiffer.

A. macrostoma Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 2, pi. xxx, fig. 6.

A. testa dextrorsa, imperforata, conico-ovata, solidula, levissime stri-
atula, nitida, fulva, fasciis non nullis pallidis et fuscis variegata; spira conica,
obtusula; sutura submarginata; anfr. 5 1-2, modice convexis, ultimo spiram
aequante, supernc turgido, medio attenuato, basi rotundato; apertura parum
obliqua, ampla. obauriformi, intus alba; perist. albo, leviter labiato, mar-
gine dextro expanso, superne valde curvato, columellari dilatato, adnato.
Long. 21 1-2, diam. 11 mill.

ly

1 88 Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

Shell dextral, imperforate, conically ovate, somewhat solid,
very lightly striate, shining, tawny, ornamented with several pale
and brown bands; spire conical, somewhat obtuse; suture submar-
ginate; whorls 51-2, moderately convex; with the last equal in
length to the spire, turgid above, diminishing at the middle, base
rotundate; aperture hardly oblique, large, obauriform, white with-
in ; lip lightl}- thickened, with dextral margin expanded, strongl^^
arcuate above, columellar margin dilated, adnate.

Hab. Sandwich Ids. — Frick. Palolo to Waialae, Oahu.

This seems to be the same as A. viridans Migh., a somewhat
lighter varietv.

354. Achatinella radiata Pfeiffer.

A. radiata Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London. 1S45, p. S9.

A. testa ovata, solidula, leviter striata, nitida, viridi et luteo radiata,
strigis intercurrentibus nigricaiitibus ; spira conica, obtusiuscula ; sutura
marginata; anfractibus 5 1-2 vix convexiusculis, ultimo spira paulo breviore;
columella dente brevi calloso rubello munita; apertura oblongo-ovali; perist.
intus fusco-rubello-labiato. Long. 19, diam. 10 mill.

Shell ovate, quite solid, lightly striate, shining, striped with
green and yellow, with blackish stripes between ; spire conic,
somewhat obtuse; suture marginate; whorls 5 1-2 scarcely convex,
the last a little shorter than the spire ; columella furnished with a
short, thickened, reddish tooth ; aperture oblong-oval; lip thick-
ened with brownish red within.

Hab. Nuuanu to Palolo, Oahu.

Mr. Baldwin places this with A . viridajis Migh.

355. Achatinella oviformis Xewcomb.

A. oviformis Newc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 208,

A. testa sinistrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, solida, striatula, subepi-
dermide nitida, olivacea alba, fusco 1-3 fasciata; spira convexo-conica, apice
acutiuscula, alba; sutura profunde marginata; anfr. 5 vix convexiusculis,
ultimo 3-7 longitvidinis subaequante; apertura fere diagonali, auriformi; plica
colum. mediocri, dcntiformi, rubella ; perist. recto, marginibus callo tenui
junctis, externo intus labiato, columellari dilatato, adnato. Long. 17, diam.
8 2-3 mill.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovately conical, solid, somewhat
striate, under the epidermis shining, olive white, with 1-3 brown
bands; spire convexly conical, apex somewhat acute, white; suture
deeply margined ; whorls 5 scarcely convex ; last nearly equal to
3-7 of the length; aperture almost diagonal, auriform; columellar

Original Descriptions of Achatinclla. 189

fold small, tooth-like, reddish; lip erect, the margins united by a
thin callus, the external margin thickened within, columellar mar-
gin dilated, adnate.

Hab. Kahana, Oahu.

Considered a variety of A. multicolor Pfr.

356. Achatinella planospira Pfeiffer.

A. planospi) a Pfr. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p, 3, pi. xxx, fig. S.

A. testa imperforata, dextrorsa, ovato-pyramidata, solida, conferte stri-
ata et siiblente obsoletissinie decussata, nitida, nigricante, fasciis non nullis
albis vel luteis, angustis ornata; spira conica, acutiuscula; siitura lineari, mar-
ginata; anfr. 5 1-2, planis, ultimo spira paulo breviore, obsolete angulato,
basi rotundato ; apertura obliqua, obauriformi ; plica columellari supera,
valida, torta, alba; perist. crasse albo-labiato. margine dextro repando, brevi-
ter expanso, columellari adnato. Long. 19, diam. 9 1-2 mill.

Shell imperforate, dextral, ovateh- pyramidal, solid, closely
striate and under a lens obsoletely decussate, shining, blackish,
ornamented with several narrow white or yellowish bands; spire
conical, somewhat acute; suture marginate ; whorls 5 1-2, fiat,
with the last slightly shorter than the spire, obsoletely angulate,
base rotundate ; aperture oblique, obauriform ; columellar fold
high, strong, twisted, white; lip heavily thickened, white, dextral
margin spreading, slightly expanded, columellar margin adnate.

Hab. Sandwich Ids. — Frick. Kahana, Oahu.

This is a variety of A. decipicns Xewc.

357. Achatinella fulva Xewcomb.

A./ulza Xewc. P. Zool. Soc. London, 1S55, p. 20S.

A. testa subperforata, turito-conica, solida, striatula et sub lente subtilis-
sime decussata, nitida, luteo-fulva ; spira subconcavo-conica, apice alba,
acuta; sutura filomarginata; anfr. 6 1-2, superis planis, sequentibus convexis,
ultimo 1-3 longitiidinis paulo sviperante, infra suturam turgido, basi saccato;
apertura obliqua, subtctragono-auriformi; plica colum. supera, nodiformi,
aurantiaca ; perist. recto, int\is labiato, margine dextro substricto. Long.
18 1-2, diam. 9 mill.

Shell subperf orate, turreted-conic, solid, somewhat striate and
under a lens very finely decussate, shining, ^-ellowish tawny; spire
subconcave-conic, apex white, acute; suture margined with a line;
whorls 61-2, the upper flat, the following convex, the last a little
more than- 1-3 of the length, below the suture inflated, saccate at
the base ; aperture oblique', subtetragonal-auriform ; columellar
fold high, nodiform, golden; lip erect, thickened within, dextral
margin slightly constric1:ed, columellar margin dilated, arched-
reflexed.

Hab. ?

1/

igo Original Descriptions of Achatinella.

358. Achatinella reevei Adams.

A. reeiei Adams. Ann. Lye. New York, v, 1S52, p. 44.

Although the name A. radiata Pfr. appears in Dr. Pfeiffer's
Hel. Monog. as a synonym of A. viridans Migh., yet Mr. Reeve,
in his beautiful monograph of this genus, has represented this spe-
cies under the name of A. radiata^ and has given another species
with Dr. Mighel's name. Dr. Mighel and myself about the same
time received this very distinct species, and having seen it in his
collection, I cannot doubt the correcflness of Dr. Pfeiffer's syno-
nymy. Some other specimens before me appear to be very exactly
represented by Mr. Reeve's figure of A. viridans, and are most
uearl}^ allied to a group consisting of A. pulclierriina Swains., A.
castajiea Rve., A. abbreviata Rve., etc. I propose for Mr. Reeve's
A. viridans the name which stands at the head of this paragraph.
— Adams.

il

li

INDEX

abbreviata, 8i

pi. i, fig. 22
acuta, 154.
adamsii, 107
adusta, 55
affinis, 174
alba, 185
albescens, 74

pi. i, fig. 20
albida, 155
albofasciata, 17
albolabris, 160
albospira, 24
alexandri, 132

pi. iii, fig. 4
ainpla, 59
amplustre, 52
ampulla, 119
analoga, 62
ancej-ana, 109

pi. ii, fig. 15
anthoni, 181
antiqua, 147
apicata, 28
assimilis, 172
attenuata, 116
augusta, 43
aurostoma, 171

bacca, 82
badia, 147
baldwini, 170
baileyana, 113
bella, 97

pi. ii, fig. 5
bellula, 56

pi. i, fig. 15
bicolor, 34

bilineata, 51
biplicata, 168

pi. iii, fig. 19
breviata, 145
brevis, 181
buddii, 37
bulbosa, 132
l)ulinioidcs, 92

pi. ii, fig. I

csesia, 77
canalici:lata, 141
Candida, 88
carinata, 172
casta, 64

pi. I, fig. 17
castanea, 54
cervina, 90
cestus, 13

pi. i, fig. 1
clilorotica, 154
cinerosa, 29
cinnamomea, 139
citrca, 166
citrina, 129
cognata, 76
colorata, 59

pi. I, fig. 16
compta, 100
concavospira, 35
concidens, 78
concinna, 131

pi. iii, fig. 2
concolor, 64
conicospira, 153
conifera, 176
coniformis, 20
consanguinea, 62

conspersa, 159
contracta, 72
cookei, 19
cornea, 158
corrugata, 87
crassa, 103

pi. ii, fig. 10
crassidentata, 187
crassilabruni, 157
crocea, 118
cucumis, 60
cumingii, 142

pi. iii, fig. 12
cuneus, 6(j
curta, 70
cyclostoraa, 183
cylindrica, 156

deccpta, 157
decipiiriis, 86
decora. 16

pl- I. fig- 3
decorticata, 149
delta, 72
densilintata, 116
depicta, 130
diluta, 60
dimondi, 126
dimorpha, 75
di versa, 44

pi. i, fig. II
dolei, 1 1 1
doliuin, 102
dubia, 96

pi. ii, fig. 4
dunkeri, 53
dwigbtii, 100

pi. ii, fig. 7

( 193 ;

194

Index .

ebiirnea, io8

pi. ii, fig. 14
elegans, 94
ellipsoidea, 173
elliptica, 149
elongata, 158
emersoni, 71
erecta, 133
ernestina, 55
extincta, 184

faba, 89
farcimen, 178
fasciata, 119
ferussaci, 128
flavescens, 178
flavida, 21
forbesiana, 20

pi- I, fig- 5
formosa, 77
fossilis, 180
fraterna, 171
fricki, 89
frosti, 161

pi. iii, fig. 18
fulgens, 37

pi. i, fig. 10
fulgurans, 136
fuliginosa, 143
fulva, 189
fuscobasis, 83
fuscolineata, 61
fuscozona, 43
fusiformis, 167
fusoidea, 112

gemma, 140
germaiia, 109
gigantea, 177
glabra, 93

pi. ii, fig. 2
glauca, 71
globosa, 17
goniostoma, 175
goiildii, J 13
gravida, 126

pi. ii, fig. 23
grayana, 169

grisea, 108
grossa, 156
gulickii, 28

lianleyana, 85
hawaiiensis, 124

pi. ii, fig. 22
hayseldeni, 105
helena, 134

pi. iii, fig. 5
heliciformis, 162

pi. iii, fig. 17
helvina, 129
hensliawi, 179
herbacea, 73
horneri, 124
humilis, 163
hutchinsoni, 177

pi. iii, fig. 24
hybrida, 187

indiita, 1 14
inflata, 150
innotabilis, 23
inornata, 145
intermedia, 155
irregularis, 185

johnsoni, 52
juddii, 65
juncea, 66

kaiiaiensis, 182
knudsenii, 182

pi. iii, fig. 25

lactea, 104
lehuiensis, 66
leucopha'us, 33
leiicorrhaplie, 22
leucozona, 32
ligata, 56
lignaria, 117
lilacea, 30
limbata, 68
livida, 69

1)1. i, fig. 19
longa, 171

longispira, 63
lorata, 13

pi. i, fig. 2
luctuosa, 151
lugubris, 25

pi. i, fig. 6
luteostoma, 84
Ij'maniana, 95

pi. ii, fig. 3
lyoiisiana, 83

pi. i, fig. 23

macrostoma, 187
magna, 169
maliogani, 69
malleata, 176
mar mo rata, 106

pi. ii, fig. 13
mastersi, 174
mauiensis, 134

pi. iii, fig. 6
melampoides, 144
melanosis, 178
melanostoma, 67
micans, 160
microstoma, 146
mighelsiana, 97
miniiscula, 137

pi. iii, fig. 8
:nodesta, 167
moesta, 168
monacha, 1S6
morbida, 96
mncida, loi
mucronata, 167
multicolor, 86
multilineata, 34
multizonata, 57
mustelina, 2^2>

pi. 1 , fig. 9

napus, 32
nana, 174
nattii, 106
neglecta, 21
newcomliiana, 138
pi. iii, fig. 9
nigra, 177

Index.

195

nigrolabris. 148

pi. iii, fig. 15
nivea, no

pi. ii, lig. 16
nivosa, 82
nobilis, 14
nubilosa, 162

pi. iii, fig. 21
nucleola, 181
nucula, 168

pi. iii, fig. 20
n^'inpha, 68

oahuensis, 144

obesa, 176

obesa var. agglutiiians,

176
obliqua, 90
obscu'-a, 169
olivacea, 54

pi. i, fig. 14
oomorpha, 91
ornata, 136

pi. iii, lig. 7
ovata, 88

pi. I, fig. 25
oviformis, 188
ovum, 19

pallida, 14
papyracea, 65
peasei, 147
pellucida, 160
penlix, 120

pi. ii, fig. 20
perkinsi, 139
perversa, 31

pi. i, lig. 8
petricola, 164
pexa, 42
pfeifferi, 138
phiL'ozona, 38
philippiana, 139

pi. iii, tig. 10
physa, 123

pi. ii, tig. 21
pica, 26

picta, 132

pi. iii, fig. 3
planospira, 189
platystyla, 94
plicata, 140

pi. iii, fig. II
plumata, 39
plumbea, 107
polita, 102

pi. ii, fig. 9
polymorpha, 18
porcellaiia, 105

' pi. ii, fig. 12
porphyrea, 156

pi. iii, fig. 16
porph^'rostoma, 152
prasinus, 54
producta, 51

pi. i, fig. 13
proxinia, 99
piilchella, 15
pulchcrrinia, 67

pi. i, fig. 18
pulla, 170
pullata, 164
pupoidea, 173
pusilla, 170
pygmaea, 64
pyratnidalis, 120

radiata Gld., 115
radiata Pfr., 188
recta, 68
redfieldi, 102
reevei, 190
remyi, 130
reticulata, 159
rhodorhaphe, 73
rosea, 93
rotunda, 92
rubens, 158
rubicunda, 145
rubida, 150
rubiginosa, 81
rudis, 148
rufa, 98

rugosa, 85

pi. i, fig. 24
rugulosa, 183
rustica, 175
rutila, 80

sanguinea, 127

pi. ii, fig. 24
saxicola, 180
scitula, 76
semicarinata, 104
semi nigra, 185
senilis, 179
sericea, 151
similaris, 184
simulans, 16
simularis, 166
simularis var. roseo-

tincta, 166
solida, 152
solitaria, 53
sordida, 35
soror, 173
sowerbyana, 82
spadicea, 91
sphaerica, 184
spirizona, 154
splendida. 112

pi. ii, fig. 17
stewarti, 49
straminea, 127
subrostrata, 152
subvirens, 79
suffusa, 127
sulcata, 141
swainsoni, 186
swiftii, 27

pi. 1, fig. 7

tteniolata, 80
talpina, 114
tappaniana, 118

pi. ii, fig. 19
tenuilabris, 153
tenuispira, 161
tcrebra, 116

pi. ii, fig. 18

196

Index .

tessellata, 98

pi. ii, llg. 6
tetrao, 131

pi. iii, fig. I
textilis, 146
theodorei, 99
transversalis, 150
tricolor, 50
trilineata, 45
tristis. 143

pi. iii, fig. 13
torrida, 87
tuberans, 22
tumefacta, 24
tiirbiniformis, 35
tiirgida, r8

pi. i, fig. 4
turritella, 144

uiiibilicata, 165
uinbrosa, 163

pi. iii, fig. 22

vxndata, 146
uiidosa, 122
undulata, 71
uniplicata, 163
ustulata, 121

valida, 29
varia, 49
variabilis, 104

pi. ii, fig. II
variegata, 157
ventrosa, 15
veiiluliis, 143

pi. iii, fig. 14
venulata, 53
veil vista, 128

pi. ii, fig. 25
versicolor, 23
versipellis, 42
vespertiiia, 30
vestita, 185

vetusta, 145
vidua, 89
villosa, 168
violacea, 164

pi. iii, fig. 23
vireiis, 61
virgulata, loi

pi. ii, fig. 8
viriilaiis, 79

pi. I, fig. 21
vittata, 16
viil])ina, 48

pi. i, fig. 12

waialuaensis, 106

zebra, 135
zebrina, 135
zonata, 75

PLATES

ACHATINKLI.A.— Plate I.

I. cestus Newc.

2. lorata Fer.

3. decora Fer.

4. turgida Newc.

5. forbesiaua Pfr.

6. lugubris Chem.

7. swiftii Newc.

8. perversa Swain.

9. mustelina Migh.

10. fulgens Newc.

II. diversa Gk.

12. vulpina Fer.

13. producta Rve.

14. olivacea Rve.

15. belhila vSm.

16. colorata Rve.

17. casta Newc.

18. pulcherrima .Swain.

ig. livida vSwain.

20. albescens Gk.

21. viridans Migh.

22. abbreviata Rve.

23. lyonsiana Bald.

24. rngosa Newc.

25. ovata Newc.

OCCASIONAL Papers B. P. B. yi.. Vol., III.

^^h

3

w

^

"^

k>

I

%

ACH.\TIXEI,i:,ID-^.

ACHATINKLLA.— Pi.ATE 11.

I. bulimoides Swain.

2. glabra Newc.

3. l3nianiana Bald.

4. dubia Newc.

5. bella Rve.

6. tessellata Newc.

7. dwightii Newc.

S. virgulata Migh.

9. polita Newc.

10. crassa Newc.

I I . variabilis Newc.

12. porcellana Newc.

13. inannorata Gld.

14. eburnea Gk.

15. auceyana Bald.

16. tiivea Bald.

17. splendida Newc.

18. terel)ra Newc.

ly. tappauiana Ad.

20. perdix Rve.

21 . physa Newc.

22. hawaiieusis Bald.

23. gravida Fer.

24. sanguinea Newc.

25. venusta Migli.

Occasional Papers H. F'. B. M.. Vol. III.

ACHATINEI^LID^.

achatini-:iJvA.-platk hi.

1 . tetrao Newc.

2. concinna Newc.

3. pi eta Migh.

4. alexandri Newe.

5. Helena Newc.

6. iiiauiensis Newc.

7. ornata Newc.

S. niinuscula Pfr.

9. newconibiana Pfr.

10. pUilippiana Pfr.

r [ . plicata Migli.

12. cuiningii Newc.

13. tristis I''er.

14. ventulus P'er.

15. nigrolabris Sni.

16. porphyrea Newc.

17. helicifonnis Anc.

18. frosti Anc.

19. biplicata Newc.

20. nucula Sm.

21 . mibilosa Migh.

22. unibrosa Pakl.

23. violacea Newc.

24. hutcliinsoni Pse.

25. knudsenii Newc.

Occasional Papers B. P. B. ISI.. Yoi,. III.

■th.

#•

i

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To replace plate ou page 198, Vol. Ill, of
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«-<%■

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13

14

Hawaiian Species of Helicina.

By Henry A. Pilsbry and C. ^[o^•TAf;^E Cooke, Jr.

Helicina, in company with other genera of the smaller
Hawaiian land shells, has so far received very little attention from
the local collectors. The present paper is based mainly on a
series collected for the Bishop Museum by the junior author.

The Hawaiian species are very seldom found alive in open
or partly open country. They are usually collected in rather damp
and heavily wooded sections of the islands. The only exception
is H. baldivini, which occurs in a rather open belt of hala {Pan-
dainis odoratissimiis) , on the fallen leaves.

The representatives of this genus, from the Hawaiian Islands,
seem to belong to three groups. The characters upon which these
groups pre based, at present, are only those of the shell.

I. Group of H. laciniosa. In this group the spire is conic or
depr _-d-conic, the periphery is more or less angular and the last
whod IS fiat or nearly flat above the periphery. This group con-
tains : lacifiiosa and its numerous varieties, oalnicnsis, stilailosa,
nuuamicnsis and baldzvini.

Ii. Group of H. rotelloidca. This group is characterized by
the shells having a somewhat rounded periphery, the whorls are
distil ctly convex. The species belonging to this group are as
follows: rotelloidca^ hazcaiiensis, kmidscni 2l\\A kanaiensis.

III. Group of H. uberia. In this group the periphery is
rounded, the whorls are nearly flat, the spire rather high with
distinctl}' convex outlines and the aperture is sometimes slightly
contracted. The species belonging to this group are: uberia and
its var. viagdalencs^ berniceia, lymaniana 2lwA juddii.

Helicina oahuensis, n. sp.

Fig. I.

The shell is lenticular, with the periphery acutely carinate,
slightly sinuous and minutely crenulated by the growth-striae,
thin, slightly diaphanous, striate with lines of growth, with two or
three faint impressed spiral lines on the upper portion of the whorls

[199] (3)

4 Haii'aiian Species of Helicina.

and strongly impressed just above and below the peripheral keel.
Color reddish alternating with somewhat zigzag light flammules,
which are almost white at the peripher)-, base brownish, except
around the callus where there are traces of reddish flammules.
Spire low conical, apex acute. Suture lightly impressed, mar-
gined above. Whorls nearly 4, almost flat, the last two slightly
projecting at the periphery ; the embryonic nearly smooth ; the
last flat above the carinate periphery, slightly convex below, not
descending in front. Aperture nearly triangular; outer lip thin,
forming a straight line above the peripher}-, arcuate below.
Callus whitish about the axis, the rest very thin, tran.sparent and
minutely punctate. Operculum wanting. Maj. diam. 5.0, total
length 2.7 mm.

Oahu : Waianae Mountains and Mt. Tantalus (Cooke).
The locality of the type specimen is, back of the Leilehua Ranch-
house, Waianae Mts.

Type No. 14,911, Bishop Museum.

This shell has been referred to H. sandzvichiensis. Soul., by
various authors and collectors. Its nearest relative is H. laciniosa,
Migh., var. delta, P. & C, from which it is easil}' distinguished
by its much more depressed contour.

Helicina laciniosa Migh.

Helicina laciniosa Mighels, P. Bost. Soc, ii, 1845, P- I9- Helicina laciniosa
Gould, U. S. Exp. Exp., Moll., pi. vii, fig. 108. Helicina sandiuichiensis
Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., ii, 1852, p. 529, pi. xxx, figs. 1-5.

Unfortunately we do not have before us a typical shell of this
species, though some of its numerous varieties are the most abund-
ant of the Helicinae found on the Hawaiian Islands. Specimens
which would be hard to separate from this species, except as varie-
ties, occur on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii.

From Souleyet's description it would be hard to separate his
species from laciniosa even as a variety. //. bro)niiana, Phil., and
H. dissolropis, Ancey, have been retained as varieties. Both of
these differ but slightly from Mighel's description. Probably the
form described by Mighels is one of the extremel}- local forms and
it does not seem to have been rediscovered by any of the later col-
lectors. Gould's description (U. S. P>p. Exp., Moll., p. 99, pi.
vii, fig. 108) agrees closely with that of Mighels. Unfortunately

[200]

Hawaii a7i Species of Heliciiia . 5

the figure does not agree very closely with the description .
Mighels gives the diameter as 3.8 mm; Gould's measurements
are: axis 2.5, base 3.8 mm.

^var. bronniana (Philipi).

Helicinia bronniana Philipi, Zeitsch. Malak., iv, 1847, p. 124. Helicina
rotelloidea Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab., Helicina, p. 23, pi. iii, figs. 40-43.

This variety is decidedly larger than the typical laciniosa.
Philipi does not mention any spiral lines. The flat whorls and
the rotundate-angulate peripher)- bring his species verj- close to
the typical laciniosa. This is probably one of the very local forms.

Philipi's measurements are : alt. 4.2, diam. 5.25 mm.

var. dissotropis (Ancey).

Helicina dissotropis Ancey, P. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 127, pi. vii,
figs. 22. 23.

M. Ance}', in a note, says, "Surely not a variety of H. sajid-
zvic/iiensis, Souleyet, of which I have typical specimens from the
Waianae Mountains, Oahu (D. D. Baldwin)." The shells dis-
tributed by Mr. Baldwin as H. sandzvichiensis Souleyet are not this
species — which equals H. laciiiiosa Migh. — but H. oahuensis.

In the variety dissotropis the shell is more compressed and
flattened and the periphery is more angulated than in the typical
form of laciniosa.

M. Ancey's measurements are : diam. 4.2, alt. 2.25, alt. apert.
(oblique) almost 2 mm.

The habitat is : Oahu, Xuuanu (Thaanum).

var. delta, n. var.

Fig. 2.

The shell is somewhat lenticular, carinate at the periphery,
striate with lines of growth, with 4-6 low and not very conspicu-
ous spiral ridges grouped above and below the peripheral keel.
Bright red, distinctly and closely marked with numerous zigzag
\'ellowish white flammules. Spire depressed conic, apex subacute.
Suture lightly impressed, margined above. Whorls 4)^, nearly
flat, the embryonic smooth, the penultimate slightly projecting,
the last flat above the carinate periphery, slightly convex below,

[201]

6 Hawaiian Species of Hdicina.

not descending in front. Aperture oblique, semicircular-triangu-
lar, not contracted ; outer lip with a thin edge. Callus thin,
whitish about the axis, the rest transparent, minutely punctate.
Operculum corneous, thin, minutely punctate.

Maj. diam. 4.4, total length 2.9 mm.

Kauai : Ekaula, below Puukapele.

Type No. 14,901, Bishop Museum.

This variety somewhat approaches H. oahuensis. It is, how-
ever, quite closely related to H. laciniosa. This is the nearest
relative to laciniosa so far reported from the island of Kauai.

var. gamma, n. var.

Fig- 3-

The shell is biconic, acutely carinate at the periphery, nearly
smooth, finely striate with lines of growth, without spiral lines,
but distinctly impressed just above and below the peripheral keel.
Color light cinnamon, nearly uniform, overlaid with a thin yel-
lowish cuticle. Spire depressed-conic, apex subacute. Suture
simple. Whorls 4, nearly flat, the embryonic nearly smooth, the
second and third slightly convex, the last flat above the carinate
periphery, convex below, descending slightly in front. Aperture
oblique, subtriangular, not contracted ; outer lip with a thin edge.
Callus thick and whitish about the axis, the rest very thin and
transparent, minutely punctate. Maj. diam. 5.0, total length
3.5 mm.

Oahu : Ewa (Cooke), Wahiawa (Lyman, Cooke).

Type No. 14,902, Bishop Museum.

This is one of the most distinct of the varietal forms of
laciniosa. The relatively high spire and pronounced carination
easily distinguish it from the other varieties.

var. beta, u. var.

Fig. 4.

The shell is globose-conic, with the periphery rotundate-angu-
late, nearly smooth, faintly striate with lines of growth, encircled
at and immediately below the peripher}' with three raised, rounded
keels. Color a uniform dull claret, spire slightly eroded. Spire
conic, with slightly convex outlines, apex slightly obtuse. Suture

[202]

Haivaiian Species of Helicina . 7

faintly impressed, simple, indistinctly margined above on the
third whorl. Whorls 4^^, slightly convex, the embryonic slightly
eroded, the last rotuudate-angulate, slightly descending in front.
x\perture oblique, nearly semicircular, not contracted; outer lip
with a thin edge. Callus thick, minutely punctate. Operculum
dull claret, minutely punctate. Maj. diam. 4.5, total length
4.0 mm.

Oahu : Kapalama (Lyman ).

Type No. 14,903, Bishop Museum.

This variety differs not only in size and in its relative propor-
tions, but also in its dull claret color which has not been observed
in any of the other varieties of this species.

var. alpha, n. var.

Fig- 5-

The shell is globose-conic, with the periphery strongh' angu-
lar, quite smooth, striate with lines of growth and encircled with
5-7 impressed spiral lines, the two most prominent being just above
and below the peripheral keel. Color a nearly uniform light cin-
namon red with a slight suffusion or spotting from incipient surface
decay, sometimes broken by very indistinct lighter flammules.
Spire straightly conic, apex rather acute. Suture scarcely im-
pressed, indistinctl}- margined. Whorls nearl}- 4, almost flat, the
embryonic very minutely transversely striate, the last nearly flat
above the strongly angular periphery, very convex below it, slight-
ly descending in front. Aperture oblique, subtriangular, not con-
tracted ; outer lip thin. Callus quite thick, whitish about the
axis, the rest nearly transparent, minutely punctate. Operculum
reddish corneous, thin, very minutely punctate. Maj. diam. 3.2,
total length 2.6 mm.

Oahu: Mt. Tantalus (Cooke).

Type No. 14,904, Bishop Museum.

This variety comes nearer the true H. laeiniosa in form and
sculpture than any of the other varieties of this species mentioned
herein. It differs in its higher spire and smaller size. It is inter-
mediate between H. laeiniosa Migh. and H. sulculosa Ancey.

[203]

8 Haivaiiaii Species of Hclicina.

Helicina sulculosa Ancey.

Helicina sulculosa Ancej', P. Malac. vSoc. London, vi, 1904, p. 127, pi. vii,
fig- 25.

This species and H. laciniosa Migh. var. alpha are very closely
related. The spire of the former is more depressed, the whorls
are slightl}- more convex and the aperture is more rounded.

This is the only species so far reported from the island of
Hawaii. M. Ancey's measurements are : diam. 3.33, alt. 2.5, alt.
apert. 1.5 mm.

Hawaii: Olaa (Thaauum).

Helicina hawaiiensis, n. sp.

Fig. 6.

The shell is depressed with a conical spire, periphery rounded,
quite thin, nearly smooth, under a strong lens minutely striate
with lines of growth and, in type specimen, with five fine raised
spiral striae, two above, one encircling and two below the periphery.
Color a dull yellowish green interspersed with a few irregular
light reddish flammules above. Apex somewhat acute. Suture
simple, well impressed. Whorls 3^3, convex, the embryonic mi-
nutely striate, the last rounded with the base somewhat flattened,
slightly descending in front. Aperture elongate-semicircular, not
contracted ; outer lip thin. Callus small, thin, transparent, mi-
nutely granulose. Operculum whitish, thin, granulose. Maj.
diameter 5.5, total length 3.7 mm.

Oahu.

Type No. 58,384, Phil. Ac. Nat. vSci.

This species approaches H. knudscni in form. Its larger size,
the absence of forwardly descending wrinkles and the presence of
raised spiral lines enable it to be easil}^ distinguished from the
Kauaian species. Its closest relative is H. rolelloidca Migh. The
two differ considerably in size, color pattern, etc.

Helicina knudseni, n. sp.

Fig- 7-
The shell is depressed with a conic spire, the periphery
rounded, quite thin, nearly smooth, minutely striate with lines of
growth, under a strong lens these are intersected, almost at right

[204]

Hazuaiian Species of Helicina. 9

angles, by very fine, close, forvvardly-descending wrinkles. Color
light brownish-red, darker on the spire, interspersed with irregular,
zigzag yellowish white flammules forming spots on the peripher}^
and absent on the base except close to the callus. Apex some-
what obtuse. Suture simple, well impressed. Whorls about 3^ ,
quite convex, slightl}^ projecting above the suture, the embryonic
nearly smooth, the last somewhat flattened above and below the
rounded periphery, not descending in front. Aperture nearly
semicircular; outer lip thin. Callus whitish about the axis, the
rest transparent, thin, granular. Operculum punctate, of a light
cinnamon color. Maj. diam. 4.9, total length 3.6 mm.

Kauai: Olokele (type loc), Waiakoali (Cooke).

Type No. 14,905, Bishop Museum.

This species has nearly the same form as H. rotclloidea Migh.
It is easily distinguished by its larger size, the absence of spiral
striae, and the peculiar sculpture of the forwardly descending
wrinkles over the growth lines.

Helicina kauaiensis, n. sp.

Fig. 8.

The shell is subglobose-conic, with the periphery well rounded,
quite thin, nearh- smooth, under a lens minuteh' striate with lines
of growth, with several (in the type specimen about eight) widel}-
spaced, thin, raised spiral cuticular striae, three above, one on,
and the rest below the periphery, the upper striae extended on the
spire nearl}^ to the embryonic whorls. Color orange-red, with
distinct light yellow flammules at and above the periphery. Spire
convexly conical, with the apex slightly acute. Suture simple,
well impressed. Whorls 3^, distinctly convex, under a lens the
embryonic whorls are transversely striate, the last rounded, not
descending in front. Aperture slightly oblique, semicircular, not
contracted ; outer lip thin. Callus slightly whitish about the axis,
the rest very thin, transparent, very minutely punctate. Maj.
diam. 3.2, total length 2.4 mm.

Kauai : The upper part of Milolii (Cooke).

Type No. 14,906, Bishop Museum.

This species recalls H. rotelloidea Migh. , in form. It is slightly
larger, darker colored, with more distinct flammules, higher spire,
and is also distinctly marked with spiral cuticular striae.

[205]

lo Hatvaiian Species of Helicina .

Helicina rotelloidea Migh.

Fig. 9.
Helicina rotelloidea Mighels, Proc. Bost. Soc, ii, 1845, P- i9-

The shell is depressed, with a low conoidal spire and a well
rounded peripher}^ thin, nearly smooth, dull, under a lens show-
ing minute lines of growth and two or three faint spiral lines above
the periphery. Color a uniform dull cinnamon more reddish on
the spire (sometimes of a uniform light greenish yellow). Spire
convexly conoidal, apex subacute. Suture simple, well impressed.
Whorls 3^3, distinctly convex, at first slowly and regularly then
rapidly increasing, the last wide, well rounded, convex below the
periphery, hardl}^ descending in front. Aperture quite oblique,
semicircular, not contracted ; outer lip thin. Callus thin, becom-
ing thick and whitish about the axis, the outer portion transparent,
of the color of the shell, very minutely punctate. Operculum very
thin, whitish, minutely punctate. Maj. diam. 3.0, total length
2.0 mm.

Oahu : Nuuanu (Cooke). This species is somtimes terrestrial
in habitat. It is usually found on growing plants two or three feet
above the ground.

Type of the above description. No. 14,907, Bishop Museum.

Mighels' t)^pe is probably lost. Unfortunately the species is
insufficiently described and there are no figures of authentic speci-
mens of this species. Pfeiffer's figures (Conch. Cab., Helicina,
pi. iii, figs. 40-43) undoubtedly refer to H. broniiiana Phil.
Mighels' measurements (2.5-5.8 mm.) include at least two spe-
cies, the smaller of which has been chosen to represent the species.

The specimen selected differs from his description in the ab-
sence of "obscure light spots." These are, however, found in
other specimens from another part of Nuuanu Valley.

H. rotelloidea is characterized by its small size, convex whorls
and rounded periphery.

Helicina nuuanuensis, n. sp.

Fig. 10.

The shell is subglobosely conic, slightly angular at the peri-
phery, thin, nearly smooth, minutely transversely striate and with
four or five fine raised spiral striae, of which two are above, the

[206]

Ha7vaiia7i Species of Helicina. ii

rest below, the slightly angular peripher}'. Color of a uniform
greenish yellow or cinnamon brown. Spire conoidal, apex obtuse.
Suture simple, well impressed. Whorls 334^, flatly convex, slowly
and regularly increasing, the last flattened and sloping above the
slightly angular periphery and very convex below it, gradually
descending in front. Aperture oblique, semicircular, not con-
tracted ; outer lip thin. Callus thick and white near the axis, the
rest very thin, of the same color as the shell, minutely punctate.
Operculum very thin, of the same color as the shell and minutely
punctate. Maj. diam. 2.9, total length 2.5 mm.

Oahu : Nuuanu, upper part (Cooke).

Type No. 14,908, Bishop Museum.

Nuuamiensis is easily distinguished from the other Hawaiian
species. In size it approaches H. rotclloidea Migh., but differs by
its higher spire, less convex whorls, the last of which is flattened
above the inconspicuous peripheral angle. It is apparently most
nearly related to H. laci>nosa Migh.

Helicina berniceia, n. sp.

Fig. II.

The shell is globosely depressed, with a rounded peripher^^
quite thin, smooth, minutely marked with growth -striae. The
spire is rather high, with convex outlines and a slightly conoidal
summit. Suture simple, slightly impressed. Whorls 4, very
slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last rounded, slightly
flattened below, hardly descending in front. Aperture oblique,
semicircular, not contracted ; outer lip thin. Callus thin, smooth.
Operculum wanting. Maj. diam. 3.5, total length 3.1 mm.

Kauai: L,imahuli, fossil (Judd, Cooke).

Type No. 14,909, Bishop Museum.

This species is somewhat related to H. laciniosa Migh., though
it lacks the spiral lines and the angular periphery. Its nearest
relative appears to be H. niiua7iue7isis , from Oahu. From this
species it differs slightly in size, in the convexity of the spire and
whorls, and the lack of spiral lines. At present this species is
only known in its fossil state.

This species is dedicated to Bernice Pauahi Bishop, in whose
memory the Museum, which bears her name, was founded.

[207]

12 Hazcaiian Species of Helicina .

Helicina lymaniana, u. sp.

Fig. 12.

The shell is semiglobose, with the periphery rounded, quite
thin, nearly smooth, not polished, minutely striate with lines of
growth and with a few slightly raised longitudinal striae on the
last whorl. Color a pale dull red under a yellowish cuticle. Spire
very convex. Suture well impressed, simple. Whorls about 4,
slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last slowly but rather
deeply descending in front, well rounded. Aperture contracted,
very oblique, small, semicircular; outer lip slightly thickened,
minutely duplicate above. Callus whitish, reddish towards the
outer edge, thick, minutely punctate. Operculum wanting. Maj.
diam. 3.0, total length 3.0 mm.

Oahu : Waialua (Lyman).

Type No. 14,910, Bishop Museum.

Another form from Waihiawa, Oahu, though slightly larger,
undoubtedly belongs to this species.

Lymaniana is somewhat related to H. uberta Gld. Its smaller
size and more globose form easily separate it from Gould's species.

Helicina juddii, n. sp.

FiK- 13-

The shell is semiglol:)ose. with a flattened base and a rounded
periphery, solid, nearly smooth, but under a lens fine growth-lines
are seen intersected at right angles b}' fine, close, forwardly de-
scending wrinkles. Spire elevated, with convex outlines. Suture
simple, well impressed. Whorls 4^, slightly convex, the last
rather abruptly descending in front, rounded at the peripher}^ and
above, flattened below. Aperture contracted, semicircular, very
oblique ; outer lip thickened within, though thin at the edge, du-
plicate above the peripher}'. Callus very thick, smooth. Opercu-
lum wanting. Maj. diam. 4.8, total length 4.6 mm.

Kauai : Koloa beach, in a fossil state (Judd).

Type No. 14,898, Bishop Museum.

This species is easily recognized by its semiglobose form,
flattened base, large size and bv the minute corrugation of its sur-

[208]

Haivaiian Species of Helicina. 13

face. It is only known, at present, from bleached specimens found
on the Koloa beach.

So far this is the only representative of the group related to
H. jcbei'ta from the island of Kauai.

Helicina uberta Gould.

Helicina uberta Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc, ii, 1847, p. 202. Helicina uberta
Gould, U. S. Exp. Exp., Moll., p. 94, pi. vii, fig. 114.

Gould reported the habitat to be Maui and Oahu. The only
locality from which typical forms are collected at present is in the
Waianae mountains. Specimens from back of Leilehua, in the
Waianae mountains, agree very closely with the type shell (No.
5516, Smithsonian Institution).

var. magdalenae (Ancey).

Fig. 14.
Helicincr via,o;dalencp Aucey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vii, 1890, p. 342.

The variety is only found on the Pauoa side of Mt. Tantalus.
No representatives of the typical form or of the variet}' have been
reported, so far, from the region between the Waianae mountains
and Mt. Tantalus.

The variety differs from the typical form in size, and in the
former there is usually an impressed spiral line just below the peri-
phery. A shell of the type form measures: maj. diam. 4.5, total
length 3.8 mm.

The variety is from 4.9-5.6 mm. in diameter, while the total
length is from 3.3-4.0 mm. The variety is usually of a redder
color. Both the variety and the typical form are characterized b}-
a thick, pinkish parietal callus.

Helicina baldwini Ancey.

Helicina baldwini Ancey, P. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 126, pi. vii,
fig. 24.

This is the largest species so far reported from the Hawaiian
Islands. It is chiefly characterized by its relative large size,
depressed conical form which is angular at the periphery, and

[209]

14 Hawaiian Species of Helicina.

by several faint impressed spiral lines, above, on and below the
periphery. M. Ancey's type measured: maj. diam. 6.0, alt. 4.0 mm.
A rather large specimen from the type locality measures: maj.
diam. 7.6, total length 4.8 mm.

The species has only been reported from Kipu, Kauai.

Preseyited Augtist 2j, igoy.

[210]

A New Species of Lyropupa from Hawaii

By C. Montague Cooke, Jr.

I^yropupa truncata, n. sp.

The shell is rimate, sinistral, cylindrical, dark brown, cla-
thratulate, with about 14 well developed lamelliform costae on the
last whorl (between the costae 5-8 minute striee) and with 3-4
raised spiral striae on each whorl. Spire cylindrical, apex almost
flat, giving the shell a truncate appearance.
Suture simple, depressed. Whorls 5, the
embryonic without transverse costae but
with numerous minute close spiral striae,
increasing rather rapidl}', the rest convex,
clathratulate, increasing slowly, the last
slightly narrower than the penultimate,
with two distinct longitudinal depressions
corresponding to the palatal plicae. Aper-
ture perpendicular, quadrate ovate, with
7 folds, viz.: three parietal lamellae, — the
angle lamella slightly arcuate, extending
nearly to the margin of the peristome, the
parietal a little deeper situated, strongly
developed, and a minute dentiform infraparietal lamella ; a deeply
situated but well developed columella lamella ; three nearly
parallel palatal plicae, — the lower palatal extending nearly to
the peristome, the upper palatal more deeply situated and a
very short deeply situated basal plica. Peristome continuous,
slightly expanded. Length 2.6, diam. 1.66, length of ap. i.i,
diam. of ap. i.o mm.

Hawaii: Kohala Mts. (Thaanum).
Type No. 15,411, Bishop Museum Coll.

This is one of the most distinct species of Lyropitpa so far re-
ported. In fresh specimens this species is distinctly clathratulate,
as are, also, L. lyj-ata Old., from West Maui {iiec L. lyraia (Gld.)

[211] fi5)

1 6 A Ncxv Species of Lyropupa from Hawaii.

Ancey, from Hawaii) and L. clathratula Auc, from Hawaii. The
transverse striae are strongly developed, with cuticular margins
which are easily broken. As in Z. clathratula, the spiral striae are
cuticular and are probably deciduous. The apex is almost flat,
giving the shells somewhat truncate appearance. The aperture
is furnished with more lamellae and plicae than any other species
of the genus so far reported.

Presented June 2^ , igoS.

[212]

Three New Species of Amastra from Oahu

Bv C. Montague Cooke, Jr.

During the last few months Mr. Irwin Spalding has found a
number of interesting forms of Amastra. Three of these are en-
tirely distinct from any of the species already described. Some of
the other forms do not agree with any description but may be re-
ferred, as varieties, to some of the spceies already described.
It seems strange that all of the three species described here are
found within five miles of Honolulu.

Amastra irwiniana, n. sp.

Fig- 3-
The shell is minuteh- (though distinctly) perforate, dextral,
globosely conical, with slightly concave outlines, thin, distinctly
irregularly and closely striate with lines of growth, not glossy,
the upper whorls and the base of the last whorl light brown with
a slighth' yellowish tinge, the upper portion of the last whorl of
a dark chestnut. Spire slightly concavely conic, apex acute.
Suture simple, well impressed. Whorls 6%, the embryonic slight-
ly swollen, the fourth and fifth slightly flatter, the last convex,
tumid, with an almost obsolete angle at the periphery, tapering
towards the base. Aperture rather large, bluish within, in the
form of a slightly oblique sector of a circle, very slightly oblique.
Columella straight; columellar fold almost median, rather large,

Oc.P.B. p. B. M.,VOL.ni.,No. 2— 2. [213] . ^^''^

1 8 Three New Species of Amastra from Oahn.

thin and slightly oblique. Outer margin of lip thin, slightlj'
thickened within, erect, regularly curved, forming an angle with
the base of the columella ; columellar margin thin, reflexed above
the umbilicus. Umbilicus minute, semicircular. lycngth 11.2,
diam. 7.2, length of ap. (diagonal) 5.9 mm.

Oaliu : Summit of lyanihuli, at 2700 ft. (Spalding).

Type No. 16,633, Bishop Museum Coll.

This species is undoubtedly related to A. breviata Baldwin.
It is, however, smaller, with a more acute and slightly concave
spire, and the arrangement of its color is different.

A second specimen has the following measurements : length
10.8, diam. 6.9 mm.

Amastra spaldingi, n. sp.

Fig. 2.

The shell is imperforate, dextral, cylindrically ovate, some-
what thin, irregularly and faintly striate with lines of growth, the
third whorl distinctly and diagonally striate, the third and fourth
whorls having a distinct spiral thread just above the sutures, the
first three whorls light brown with a yellowish tinge, the lower
three of a uniform dark resinous chestnut. Spire subcjlindrical,
with slightly convex outlines, apex somewhat obtuse. Suture
simple, hardly impressed. Whorls 6^ , increasing somewhat regu-
larly, the embryonic somewhat convex, the rest flatly convex, the
last cylindrical, tapering gradually towards the base. Aperture
subp^-riform, bluish within, scarcely oblique. Columella nearly
straight, hardly twisted ; columellar fold basal, rather small, thin,
oblique, flexuous. Outer margin of lip regularly curved, erect,
thin, forming a slight angle with the base of the columella ; colu-
mellar margin thin, appressed, adnate. Length 18.9, diam. 9.6,
length of ap. (diagonal) 8.1 mm.

Oahu : Summit of Konahuanui, at 3300 ft. (Spalding).

Type No. 16,451, Bishop Museum Coll.

A. spaldingi is not closely related to any of the already de-
scribed species. Its nearest congener is, probably, the species
wrongly described and figured b}- Reeve as A. ventulus Fer.

[214]

Three Neiv Species of Amastra from Oahn. 19

(Conch. Icon., Achatinella, No. 31). It is much larger than any
specimens of Reeve's species and more cylindrical in outline.
The spiral thread on the third and fourth whorls is peculiar, as
are the rather pronounced striae on the third whorl.

A second specimen, in the Bishop Museum collection, is
younger, with 6-f- whorls. It is slighth* more convex in outlines
and measures : length 17.2, diam. 9.7 mm.

Amastra davisiana, n. sp.

Fig. I.

The shell is perforate, dextral, subconic, with slightly convex
outlines, obtusely and faintly angular at the periphery, with a
somewhat flattened base, rather solid, nearly smooth, distincth-
and almost regularly striate just below the sutures, slightly glossy,
dark reddish brown, with an indistinct broad dark band just above
the periphery and continued on the spire just above the sutures.
Spire almost conic, apex very obtuse. Suture minuteh- crenulate,
scarcely impressed, yellowish along its edge. Whole 6^, the
embryonic rather large (for the genus), the rest increasing slowly
and very regularly, almost flat, the last descending slightly near
the aperture. Aperture small, subquadrate, oblique, bluish with-
in. Inner margin of the columella slightly diagonal, outer margin
nearly straight; columellar fold nearly basal, strong, thick,
slightly oblique. Outer margin of lip thiu, slighth' thickened
within, nearly .straight above, curved below, forming something
of an angle with the base of the columella ; columellar margin
thin, reflexed above the umbilicus. Umbilicus small, semicircular.
Length 16.5, diam. 9.2, length of ap. (diagonal) 7.0 mm.

Oahu : About a mile from the summit of Konahuanui (Davis) ;
summit of Konahuanui (Spalding).

Type No. 16,454, Bishop Museum Coll.

I know of no species to which this is at all related. It is en-
tirely distinct from any of the other species of Amastra. The
blunt apex and ver}^ regularly coiled and almost flat whorls are
verv peculiar. The single tvpe specimen was originall)' collected

' [215]

20

Three Netv Speeies of Amastra from Oahu.

by Mr. Elmer Davis, about a mile from the summit of Kona-
huanui. Additional specimens were found later by Mr. Spalding
at the summit. These are smaller, slightly darker and have about
% less whorls. One of these (No. 16,453, Bishop Museum) meas-
ures : length 14.4, diam. 8.5 mm.

[216]

Presented June 20, igo8.

Amastra (Laminella) kuhnsi.

Bv C. Moxtagup: Cooke Jr.

Specimens of a Laminella from West Maui under the name
of Laminella erecta Pease were kindly sent the Bishop Museum
by Mr. D. Thaanum. The shells were, I think, identified by Mr.
D. D. Baldwin. Irately the specimens were compared with Pease's
description and were found to differ considerably from the descrip-
tion. As there is no description with which it agrees I venture to
describe it as a new species. I have followed Mr. Sykes in plac-
ing Laminella as a subgenus of Amastra.

Amastra (Laminella) kuhnsi, n. sp.

The shell is minutely perforate, sinistral, elongate!}- conical,
nearly solid, minutely and irregularly striate wnth lines of growth
(the striae slightly stronger just below the
sutures), the first four whorls glossy, the rest
somewhat glossy, cinnamon brown (apex
darker), with a few indistinct irregular zig-
zag transverse brown lines on the penulti-
mate and last whorls. Spire elongately conic,
apex obtuse. Suture minutely crenulate,
slightly oblique, well impressed. Whorls 6,
the embryonic smooth, convex, the rest in-
creasing slowly and regularly, convex, the
last somewhat rotundate, tapering towards
the base. Aperture rather large, broadly
subovate, oblique, w^hitish within. Columella
nearly straight ; columellar fold median, oblique, not strongly de-
veloped, thick, blunt. Outer magin of lip convex, erect, thin;
columellar margin thin, adnate above, below free, reflexed over
the umbilicus. Umbilicus minute, circular. Length 13.4, diani.
6.5, length of ap. (diagonal) 5.5 mm.

West Maui: Kahakuloa (Kuhns, Baldwin).

Type No. 15,142, cotypes 16,662, Bishop Museum Coll.

[217] (21)

22 Aniastra {Laminella) kuhnsi.

This species differs from A. crccta Pse., as all the specimens are
sinistral and are minutely perforate. The brown epidermis covers
the whole of the shell and is not fugacious as in all the other
species of Laminclla. The darker zigzag markings are in the
epidermis and are, also, not fugacious. There is a straw-colored
variety of which I have seen a single specimen.

[218]

Presented July ;^, igo8.

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BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP Mtl^Ul'l^, OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY

Vol. Ill — No. 3

SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMASTRA.

BY

C. MONTAGUE COOKE, JR.

honolulu, h. i.

Bishop Museum Press

19,17

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OCCASIONAL PAPERS

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BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
. POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
^ NATURAL HISTORY

Vol. Ill — No. 3

1:

f SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMASTRA.

C. MONTAGUE COOKE, JR.

honolulu, h. i.

Bishop Museum Press

1917

Some New Species of Amastra.

Bv C. Montague Cooke, Jr.

Nearly all the material treated of in the present paper has-
come to the Bishop Museum since the visit of Dr. Pilsbry to the
Hawaiian Islands in 191 3. Six of the species and varieties, found
in the following descriptions have been taken alive : two of the
species are only known from recently dead specimens : the rest
(nineteen species and varieties) are described from specimens
found in more or less recent Pleistocene deposits.

All the Holotypes of the following species and varieties are in
the collection of the Bishop Museum. The color-terms used in
the descriptions of the living species are taken from Ridgway's
Color Standards and Nomenclature, 1912. Dr. Pilsbry's classifi-
cation in the Manual of Conchology, Vol. XXI, has been followed
and the proper position of each of the following species can be
found by referring to the Systematic List of Amastrae on page 137.

The illustrations were prepared from photographs of the
Holotypes. Figures 2 and 3 plate B and 3 and 7 plate C, were
photographed by Mr. Dean H. Lake of the Museum Staff, the
rest bv Mr. R. K. Bonine.

Subgenus Kauaia.
Section Armiella.

A. ricei, n. sp.

PI. C. Fig. I.

The shell is imperforate, dextral, elongate, ovate-conic, solid;
in fresh dead specimens the color is benzo-brown with a broad,
yellowish white band below the sutures and a basal patch of the
same color. Spire elongate, with convex outlines and an acute

[221] (3)

4 Neiv Species of Amastra.

apex. First embryonic whorl smooth and polished, slightly con-
vex; the second flat with rather strong nearl}- straight uneven
striae. The post embryonic whorls are regularly and closely sculp-
tured with coarse growth-wrinkles; the last two in addition hav-
ing very faint close irregular, spiral striae. The last whorl cylin-
drical, ascending rather rapidly just back of the peristome. Aper-
ture rather long and narrow, its regularly curved outer margin
furnished with a well defined lip-rib. Columella slender, nearly
perpendicular, its outer margin impressed into the surface of the
shell and furnished near its base with a low, blunt, oblique fold.
The latter terminating graduall}- close to the outer margin of the
columella.

Length 24.0, diam. 12.2, apert. 10.9 mm.; 6^ whls. (Holotype)
" 24.7, " 13.0, " 10.6 " 6^ "

" 23.9, " 12.2, " 10. o " by'i "

Kauai : In the Kauaiula branch of Milolii valley (C. A. Rice).

Type and cotype No. 41,993, paratypes No. 16,062, Bishop
Museum.

Oul}^ five recently dead specimens were taken by Mr. Rice of
which uo two are exactly similar in the characters of the last
whorl. In the type specimen and one other, the last whorl is
rounded at the periphery. In a third specimen, there are three
narrow parallel furrows on the periphery. In this specimen there
is an oblique angle where these lines meet the margin of the aper-
ture, which is flattened above. In the two remaining specimens
there is a low oblique keel on the periphery- and the last half of
the last whorl is slightl}^ shouldered just above the suture. The
■upper half of the peritome is slightly flattened.

At first glance this species appears to be closeh' related to
A. a«///(?;// especially as both species have almost the same color-
pattern and the surface sculpture is somewhat similar. In A.
ricei, however, the form and sculpture of the embryonic whorls is
almost like that of A. knudsejii and A. kaiiaiensis, \.\\.o\x^\X\^
strict are not as coarse as in either of these two species. It is
interesting to note that A. ricei is probably a connecting link
between the sections Arniiclla and Aviastiella .

\_11'2.'\

Neil' Species of Amastra. 5

var. r. armillata, u. var.
PI. A. Fig. 8.

The shell is somewhat similar to A. ricei with the following
differences; the fourth and fifth whorls are slightly swollen, and the
surface is more coarsely but not as closely sculptured with growth -
wrinkles. The periphery is distinctly carinated on the last whorl;
the carina is margined along its upper edge by a deep narrow
sinus. The lower half of the last whorl descends rather rapidly,
with the carina appearing slightly above the suture. The outer
margin of the aperture is distinctly modified by the carina. The
upper portion being flattened, the low^er evenl}' arched. The colu-
mellar fold is weak, thread-like, very oblique and deeply situated.
Length 22.7, diam. i2.i,apert. io.omm.;6)2 whls. (Holotype)
" 24.6, " 12.0, '■ 10. o " 7 "

Kauai: Milolii (A. F. Judd).

Holotype and cotype No. 41,994, Bishop Museum.

This variet}' is represented in the collection of the Bishop
Museum by two dead specimens. It is not known whether they
were from a Pleistocene deposit or simply old surface shells. The
main interest attached to these specimens is the extreme develop-
ment of the peripheral carina, so that the external margin of the
aperture is modified to a greater degree than in any of the speci-
mens of the typical form.

Subgenus Cyclamastra.
( Umbilicata Series. )

A. juddii, u. sp.

PL B. Fig. 5.

The shell is perforate, dextral, conic, thin, nearly smooth,
irregularly sculptured by distant blunt growth-wrinkles, in its
fossil state of a dirty whitish color. Spire conic, with nearh-
straight outlines. Embryonic whorls worn, nearly smooth, con-
vex; the following whorls slighth- convex, the last large, convex,

[223]

6 N'c'w Species of Aviastra.

tapering gradually to the base. Aperture large, very oblique,
subquadrate in outline, with a very convex outer margin, and
furnished with a thick broad lip-rib, obtusely angulate at the base
of the columella and having a thick parietal callus. Columellar
fold basal in situation, rather strong, subtransverse, terminating
abruptly back of the columellar margin. Umbilicus small, cleft-
like nearly closed by the thickened callus of the outer margin of
the columella.

Length 11.5, diam. 6.9, apert. 5.5 mm.; 6 whorls. (Holotype)

Kauai: (Judd).

Holotype No. 41,995, Bishop Museum.

This species is represented by the single type specimen in the
collection of the Bishop Museum and two or three additional
specimens in the Judd collection. It is entirely unlike anj^ other
species of Cycl aviastra from Kauai. Its nearest relative appears
to be A. 7unbilicata from Oahu. From this species it is most easily
distinguished by its flatter whorls, greater proportional width, and
broad aperture.

A. thurstoni, n. sp.

PI. B. Fig. 2.

The shell is narrowly perforate, accuminately turreted, rather
thin ; spire with convex outlines, slowly tapering to the rather
acute summit. The surface is rather strongly and almost regularly
plicated, the plicae are not sharp and gradually diminish in
height towards the apex, stopping abruptly at the 2)2 whorl.
Whorls seven, the embryonic, convex, at first increasing rapidly
then more slowly, almost smooth, very faintly striate. The fourth
contracted, less convex than the remaining whorls; the last long,
tapering towards the base, indistinctly angulate about the margin
of the perforation. Umbilicus contracted slightly at its mouth,
compressed, narrow. Aperture somewhat oblique, subrhomboidal,
furnished just within the outer lip with a thick blunt callus.
Columella narrowly triangular. Columellar fold basal in position,
oblique, extending nearly to the margin.

Length 14.4, diam. 6.3, apert. 5.5 mm.

Oahu : Manoa, in excavation for Mr. R. Mist's house (Thurs-
ton, Oestergard and Cooke).

Holotype No. 40,631, Bishop Museum.

[224]

New Species of Aviastra. 7

This extremely rare and interesting species is entirely distinc
from any other species of Amastra. The Pleistocene deposits in
Manoa are rather interesting as the shells do not occur in layers
as in most deposits but in rather small pockets, containing from a
few cc. to maybe half a liter. These pockets are literally full of
shells, mostlj' in fragments, and belong to a number of genera.

A. thursfoni dinars from all the other species of Cyclamastra by
its proportionately long and slender spire and distinct plicate sur-
face. It is not closely related to any of the known Oahuan species,
but appears to be related to A. fragilis of Molokai, with which it
agrees in having a narrow perforation and attenuated spire. It
differs, however, in having more whorls, the spire is proportion-
ately more attenuate and the surface more distinctly plicate.

A. gfouveii, n. sp.

PI. C. Fig. 3.

The shell is narrowly perforate, conic, very thin, translucent,
irregularly striate, covered with a uniform dresden-brown epider-
mis, slightly lighter below the periphery. Spire narrowly conic,
with an acute apex. Whorls nearly 7, covex ; the embryonic dis-
tinctly very finely but regularly striate ; the rest irregularly striate,
the striae arcuate, blunt; the last whorl rather short, rotundate,
bluntly angulate at the margin of the perforation. Aperture rather
broad, slightly oblique, with its outer margin almost regularly
cun^ed, hardly angulate at its junction with the columella, and
with scarcely any thickening along the outer margin of the peris-
tome. Columella straight, narrow, arched above the narrow com-
pressed perforation, furnished near its base with a minute deeply
seated oblique fold.

Length 12.4, diam. 6.2, apert. 5.0 mm. (Holotype)

Oahu : Wailupe, east side a little more than half way up the
ridge, on the dead leaves of Ki { Cordyliiie terminalis)

Holotype No. 40,547, paratypes No. 40,548, Bishop Museum
and in Gouveia collection.

A. gonveii is very closely related to A. umbilicata Pfr., and is
undoubtedly derived from the same stock, being probably, a high
altitude relative of this lowland species. There are a number of

[225]

8 Neiv Species of Amastra.

more or less important characters which separate it from A . wnibili-
cata. Its spire is longer and more conic in outline. Its last whorl is
more rotund and shorter with a flatter base. Its perforation is
decidedly narrower and is without the distinct ridge around its
margin. Its aperture is wider with a more convex peristome and
is decidedly less angular at its junction with the columella ; its
columellar fold, similar in position, is not as strong, thinner,
slightly more oblique and more deeply seated.

The onl}' other close relative from Oahu is A. sola Pils., to
which it is very closely related. It differs by its longer and more
conic spire, flatter and less excavated base. The embryonic shells
of these two species are entirely different. Those oiA.gouveii
are longer, more acute, darker colored, much more distinctly stri-
ate, and hav^e a proportionally narrower aperture than those of
A. sola.

A. elephantina, n. sp.

PI. B. Fig. 3.

The shell is openly perforate, globosely conic, rather thin for
a shell of its size, in its fossil state white with the entire margin
of the aperture pinkish . Embryonic whorls slightly convex , almost
smooth, somewhat darker than the rest of the whorls. Subsequent
whorls convex, the penultimate and last are distinctly distantly
though somewhat irregularly .striate, between the coarser striae
are numerous (6-10) fainter striae. The last whorl is very large
and tapers towards the base, it is contracted along the margin of
the umbilicus forming a blunt rounded keel. The aperture is
rather small, slightly contracted, with a thick heavy pinkish callus
within its outer lip. Columella very broad, furnished near its
base with a low thick slightly obliciue fold. The parietal margin
is covered with a rather thick pinkish callus.

Length 24.4, diani. 15.3, apert. 12.2 mm.; 6^ whorls.

Oahu: Waimano gulch (Thaanum).

Holotype No. 40,719, Bishop Museum. Paratypes in Thaanum
collection and that of Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.

The present species is very closely related to A. ajiiiqua,
Baldwin. It differs, however, in size, more globose outlines and

form of aperture which is not as distinctly angulate at the base as

[226J

Neiv Species of Amastra. 9

in Baldwin's species. The diameter of the perforation is less in
proportion than in A. antiqua or its variet}^ A. a. kaivaihapaiensis .
Onh- four specimens of this species were taken by Mr. Thaa-
num in a ver\' rich pocket of fossiliferous earth. The pocket
contained about a bushel of earth and in it were thousands of shells
and shell fragments.

A. tnodicella, n. sp,

PI. A. Fig. 7.

The shell is openly perforate, dextral, thin, fragile. In its fossil
state of a pale brownish- white. The embryonic whorls are
minutely, though distinctly, striate, convex. The rest of the whorls
are convex, sharply and irregularly striate with growth-wrinkles,
becoming coarser on each succeeding whorl. Sutures rather deep.
Aperture rather large and broad for a shell of its size, with a very
convex outer margin, not distinctly biangular as in most of the
species of this subgenus. The columella is narrowly triangular
with a straight outer margin. Columella fold very weak, diago-
nal, and extending nearly to the base of the columella. Umbilicus
minute, nearly circular, with a rounded edge.

Length 9.3, diam. 5.4, apert. 4.1 mm.; 5J2 w^hls. (Holotype)
" II. o, " 5.6, " 4.4 '' 6 "

Hawaii: Waikii station, in the land of Waikoloa, about
6,000 feet elevation.

Holotype and cotype No. 41 ,969. paratypes No. 41 ,970, Bishop
Museum.

This species is intermediate between A . 2iltima and A . fragilis,
the latter from the island of Molokai. It differs from the former
by its much smaller umbilicus, slightly more convex spire and the
aperture is not as distinctly biangular. Besides the surface is
rougher and more deeply sculptured with growth-striae. It agrees
with the latter species in the size of umbilicus and form of aper-
ture. It differs, however, in its less attenuate spire, greater pro-
portional breadth and more compact form.

The specimen from which the second set of measurements was
taken is much larger than any of the other specimens and differs
considerably from them. It is a loosely coiled shell with an indis-
tinct suprasutural angle on the penultimate whorl. In this speci-
men the columellar fold is very weak. It is represented by a faint

line which does not reach the margin of the columella.

[227]

lo New Species of Amastra.

A. umbilicata var. pluscula, n. var.

PI. C. Fig. 2.

The shell is umbilicate. The umbilicus being decidedly
wider than in A. 7imbilicata; broadly conic, rather thin, in its fossil
state of a light brownish-red color and beginning on the back of the
last whorl shading to an almost pure white at the margin of
the aperture. The aperture is large, oblique, strongly convex
along its outer margin and scarcely angulate below. Columella
slightly oblique, furnished with a very minute oblique fold deep
within. Umbilicus nearly circular furnished with a distinct spiral
sulcus opposite the columellar fold.

Length 13. i, diam. 7.2, apert. 6.2 mm.; 6^3 whls. (Holotype)
12.7, " 7.3, " 6.2 " 6>4 "
11.4, " 6.4, " 5.2 " 6% "

Hawaii: Kapulehu, in the district of North Kona, about
18,000 feet elevation (Gouveia).

Holotypes and cotypes No. 41,978, paratypes No. 41,979.
Bishop Museum and in the Gouveia collection.

This species is very common in its fossil state along the govern-
ment road between Waimea and North Kona. A number of the
specimens have such a fresh appearence that it does not seem
possible that they have been very long dead. Most of the
specimens were found in earth under lava blocks. It differs prin-
cipally from A. 2ilfinia by its larger size and less convex whorls.
This variety differs from typical A. umbilicata viorticiyia not only
by its larger umbilicus but also by its proportionally wider and
larger aperture which is not distinctly angled below, and its much
less developed columellar fold.

Subgenus Amastra .

Section Aiviastrella.

( Rug ulosa Series . )

A. remota, n. sp.

PI. a. Fig. 3.
The shell is imperforate, dextral, solid, long-ovate, in its fossil

state whitish below shading to a pale russet above and without

[228]

Neiv Species of Atnastra. ii

auy iudication of a light zone below the sutures. Spire with con-
vex outlines, blunt. Embryonic whorls large, rounded, smooth,
the first increasing rapidly, flattened above. The post-embryonic
whorls are slightly convex, roughly sculptured with coarse, slightly
oblique, irregular growth-wrinkles, and on the last two whorls
encircled by numerous faint spiral striae, the surface appearing
under a strong lens to be minutely pitted ; the last whorl cylin-
drical, tapering very gradually towards the base. The aperture
is oblique, narrow, its outer margin furnished with a strong thick
and blunt lip-rib. The columella is not as short as in A. anthoni,
narrowly triangular, thick-callus. The columellar fold is low,
blunt, diagonal, nearly basal in position and extends nearly to
the margin of the columella.

Length 18.0, diam. 9.3, apert. 8.2 mm.; 6 whls. (Holotype)
" 18.9, " 9-3, " 8.0 " bVz "
17.5, " lo.o, " 8.4 " 6

Kauai : Pleistocene deposits of the southwestern bluff of
Kalalau valley about 100 feet elevation (Knudsen and Cooke).

Holotype and coty pes No. 41,996, paratypesNo. 15,657, Bishop
Museum.

A . rcmota is undoubtedl)- closely related to A . ayithoni. It dif-
fers from Newcomb's species by its much larger and flatter embry-
onic whorls, more cylindrical and less conic outlines. There is no
doubt that both species are derived from the same stock as the
granular surfaces of both are almost identical though slightly
coarser in the best preserved specimens of A. reniota. In two
specimens of this species, the aperture is very oblique and narrow,
the last whorl descending very rapidly just before terminating at
the peristome.

A. rugulosa var. fastigata, n. var.

PL B. Fig. I.

The shell is minutely perforate or imperforate, dextral. long-
conic, nearly solid, in its fossil state of a pale bluish-white. The
spire is conic, with nearly straight outlines, pointed at the apex.
The embryonic whorls are extended, convex, nearly smooth,
polished. The rest of the whorls slightly convex, irregularly
finely sculptured with rather close growth-wrinkles ; the last sub-

[229]

12 New Species of Amastra.

cylindrical, in some cases, the surface showing an indication of
indistinct malleation. The aperture is slightly oblique, rather nar-
row, with a regular convex outer margin, furnished with a thick
strong lip-rib. Columella short, almost perpendicular. Columel-
lar fold submedian in position, rather weak, terminating gradualK-
close to the margin of the columella.

I^ength 12.5, diam. 6.7, apert. 5.8 mm.; 65'2 whls. (Holotype)
'' 13-6. " 7.2, " 5-7 " 6>^ "
" 10.8, " 6.2, " 5.0 " 6^ "

Kauai: Pleistocene of Koloa (Stokes) ; Mahalepu and Kipu-
kai (Cooke).

Holotype and cotypes No. 41,997. paratypes No. 35,809,
Bishop Museum.

Very abundant in the Pleistocene deposits under the sand
dunes of all the above localities, associated with, but not as abund-
ant as A. similaris. This form is for the present placed as a
variety of A. rugulosa, though it may prove ultimately to be
worthy of specific rank. The shells of this variet}^ are for the
most part slightly longer and considerably narrower than those of
A. rugulosa or any of its varieties. The narrow extended embry-
onic whorls are also a distinctive character. This variet}- is
geographically related to A. r. normalis, live specimens of which
are still abundant on the northern slopes of the mountain range,
which cut off the southern beaches from the rest of Kauai.

A. rugulosa var. annosa, n. var.

PL A. Fig. 9.

The shell is perforate, dextral, elongate-conic, rather thin,
in its fossil .state of a dull tawny olive color. The embryonic
whorls are nearly smooth, the other whorls (due to the slightly
worn state of all the specimens) are indistinctly obliqueh'- and
irregularly sculptured with growth-wrinkles. The aperture is
diagonal, oblic[ue, slightly contracted above, with a very convex
outer margin, furnished with a thick lip-rib. Columella narrowly
triangular, slightly bent backwards, its outer margin indistinctl}'
thickened and united with the outer margin of the peristome by a

thin parietal callus. Columellar folds weak, oblique, terminating

[230]

New Species of Amastra. 13

gr ichially far within the margin. Umbilicus rather small, semi-
circular in cross section.

Length 13. i, diam. 7.4, apert. 6.0 mm.; 6>3 whls. (Holotype)
13.4, " 7.8, " 6.3 " 6^ "
II. 3, " 6.2, " 5.1 " 6
" II. 2, " 7.0, " 5.0 " dYx "

Kauai : Pleistocene deposits of Hanamaulu plains south of
Wailua river (Dole and Cooke).

Holotype and cotypes No. 41,998, paratypes No. 19,476,
Bishop Museum.

This extremely variable form is abundant in road cuttings on
the coastal plain south of the Wailua river. There are several
distinct forms found associated in the different deposits. The
typical form described above might be considered a distinct species
if it did not occur with numerous intergrades of other form which
closely approach A. rugulosa normalis. A constant differentiating
character between all these specimens of annosa and iiorvialis is
the very weak, oblique, deeply situated columellar fold of the
former. Some of the specimens of annosa at first glance seem to
belong to the subgenus Cyclaviastra but the embryonic whorls are
less convex than those of any species of this subgenus.

All the specimens of this variety are openly perforate except
those of a rather rare narrow form. The third series of measure-
ments given above is taken from one of the narrow imperforate
examples ; the first and second series of measurements are of
t\pical examples ; while the last is from a specimen which in
form and position of the aperture closely approaches nonnalis.
In the t^-pical form the aperture is slight!}- diagonal and contracted
above.

{Plavesce^is Series.)
A. flavescens var, emortua, n. var.

PI. A. Fig. 6.

The shell is imperforate, conic, solid. In its fossil state of a
very light vinaceous color, the surface nearh- smooth, indistinctly
and irregularly sculptured with growth-striae. The spire is elong-
ate-conic, with slightly convex outlines. The embrvonic whorls

[231]

14 Netv Species of Amastra.

are very smooth, larger than those of A. fJavescens and the first is
slightly flattened on top. The rest of the whorls are uniformly
slightly convex. The aperture is rather narrow, with a regularlj'
curved outer margin which is scarcely thickened within. The
columella is narrow, slightly twisted. The columellar fold is
strong, oblique, and terminates abruptly close to the margin of the
columella. There is a faint indication of an angle on the periphery
of the last whorl.

Length 19.2, diam. 10.3, apert. 8.8 mm.; dYi whls, (Holotype)

" 18.7, " 9-7, " 8.3 " ^y-z "

" 18.0, " 9.2, " 7.6 " 6^ "

Hawaii : Huehue in the district of North Kona, on the north-
western slopes of H ualalai about i , 700 feet elevation ( A . Gouveia ) .

Holotj'pe andcotypes No. 41,971, paratypes No. 41,972, Bishop
Museum.

By its size and form this variety is easily separable from A.
flavescens Newcomb. It is placed as a variety of Newcomb's species
on account of its close relationship to A.f. saxicola. Paratypes
of saxicola in the Bishop Museum collection are smaller, narrower
and with less convex whorls.

A rather distinct race of eniortua is found in the same deposit.
In this race the whorls are slightl}' more convex, the surface
glossy, and more strongly sculptured. The aperture is smaller
and in most of the specimens there is an additional columellar fold
above the usual one. The last series of measurements given above
is of a specimen of this race. These two races are so intimately
connected by intergrading specimens, that it seems unnecessary to
separate them.

( Mela n osis Series . )
A. whitei, n. sp.

PI. C. Fig. 4.

The shell is imperforate, dextral, elongate-conic, nearh- solid,
very slightly translucent, light browuish-vinaceous, covered more
or less by a cuticle of a dresden-brown color. Spire conic with
slightly convex outlines and an acute apex. The embryonic
whorls slightly lighter in color than the rest, very slightly convex,

[232]

New Species of Amastra. 15

almost smooth, iudistiuctly and irregularly striate; the later whorls
convex, lusterless, sculptured with indistinct irregular growth-
lines. The last is slightly angular at the periphery, the angle
being continued on the penultimate whorl just above the suture.
The aperture is somewhat narrow, the outer lip is regularly curved,
slightly thickened within and margined with black. The colu-
mella is narrow, flattened and closeh- appressed to the shell. The
columellar fold is rather large, oblique, terminating abruptly at
the margin of the columella.

I^ength 12.6, diam. 6.8, apert. 5.5 mm.; 6 whls. ( Holot} pe )
12. 1, " 6.8, " 5.5 " 6 "

Hawaii: Kahauloa. elevation 3,250 feet; Keauhou elevation
2,000-2,400 feet (ly. A. Thurston and T. C. White).

Holotypes No. 41,964, paratypes No. 39,642, Bishop Museum.

At first sight this Amastra appears to be a form of A. conica.
It differs, however, from A. conica and its varieties {gyrans and
kohalcjisis) in its thicker shell, closed perforation, besides the em-
bryonic whorls are slightly more convex and the apex less pointed .
Some of the specimens are more distinctly' keeled at the periphery
than the holotype. It is, however, in the immature specimens that
the differences are more apparent. The shells are broader in pro-
portion to their length and there is a strong distinct keel at the
peripher}'. A. z>.'Iiitci\i3iS a much stronger, less oblique columellar
fold than either A . c. gyrans and A . c. kohalensis.

An immature specimen with five whorls measures ; length
9.3 diam. 5.0 mm. There is a minute perforation below, but the
upper part of the columellar is appressed to the shell for more than
half its length. A. zchitei ma^' ultimately prove to be related to
A . 7)icla7iosis, which Newcomb claimed to have been collected near
the localities mentioned above.

A. conica var. gentilis, n. var.

PI. A. Fig. I.

The shell is imperforate or nearly so, elongate-conic, rather
solid. In its fossil state the lower whorls are white, gradually be-
coming darker as they ascend. The spire is narrowly conic, with
very slightly convex outlines, the whorls are nearly flat and separ-
ated by a very shallow suture. The aperture is rather narrow.

'"233]

1 6 N'cw Species of Amastra.

Columella very slender, furnished with a low oblique fold.

Length 13.4. diam. 6.9, apert. 6.0 mm. ; 6 whls. (Holotype)
14.3, " 6.9, " 6.4 " 6 "
13.3. " 6.2, •' 5.7 " 6 "

Hawaii: Waikii station, land of Waikoloa about 6,000 feet
elevation.

Holotypes and cotypes No. 41,967, paratypes No. 41,968,
Bishop Museum.

This variety differs from conica by its less convex whorls and
absence of a perforation ; from w-aLX. gyrans it differs by its thicker
shell and less convex whorls, especially those of the embryonic
stage. It is easily separated from var. kohalensis by the less convex
outlines of its spire, shallower sutures, longer and proportionally
narrower aperture, more solid shell and absence of a perforation.
The supsrsutural keel of the penultimate whorl is not as strongly
developed \\\ gentilis as in A. eo7iica and its two varieties. In an
immature specimen of five and one half whorls, this keel is repre-
sented as a rather faint raised line.

A. spicula, n. sp.

PI. A. Fig. 2.

The shell is imperforate or minutely perforate, ovate-conic,
solid. In its fossil state of a glossy whitish color. The spire is
conic with slightly convex outlines, contracted above. The em-
bryonic whorls are almost flat, viniformly minutel}- striate; the
third and fovirth whorls are slighth' more convex, more coarsely
and less regularl}- striate with growth-wrinkles, the penultimate
whorl is ver_v irregularly striate with faint revolving striae above
gradually becoming malleate below. The last whorl is maleate
with a distinct angle just above the peripher>-, the angle being
continued just above the sutures of the fourth and fifth whorls.
The aperture is rather large with a strongly curved outer margin.
The columella is very narrow and slender, the upper portion of its
outer margin being appressed to the shell. The columellar fold
is rather weak, oblique, terminating rather abruptly near the
margin of the columella.

Length 17.5, diam. 10.4, apert. 8.3 mm.; 6)4 whls. (Holotype)
" 16.8, " 9.2, " 7.9 " 6)4. "
" 18.9, " lo.i, " 8.5 " 7 "

[234J

Netv Species of A mast ra. 17

Hawaii: Waikii station in the land of Waikaloa about
6.000 feet elevation (Judd).

Holot3-pe and cotypes No. 41,965, paratypes No. 41,966,
Bishop Museum.

This species does not seem to be closely related to any of the
other species from Hawaii. Its pointed apex and the striation of
the embryonic whorls place it in the melanosis series. A. senilis is
undoubtedly the closest relative of this species known at present.
Tae former is larger, wider and has a rather wide and open
umbilicus.

The specimens of A. spiciila which have been examined vary
considerably in form from each other. They all agree, however,
in having a closed or nearly closed perforation, and the degree of
malleation is fairly constant. The sharp and pointed apex is by
far the easiest character by which we can recognize this species.
The first specimens were found by Mr. Judd, and it is probably
not very abundant as onh- nine examples have been examined.

Immature specimens of about five whorls are either perforate
or imperforate. In perforate specimens the columella is straight
and narrow and furnished with a low oblique fold. In imperforate
specimens the columella is slightly twisted and is furnished with
a low oblique fold. Immature specimens are distinctly angled or
carinate at the periphery.

A. viriosa, n. sp.

PI. C. Fig. 6.

The shell is openly perforate, ovately conical, thick ; the color
of the cuticle is brussels brown, the under-color of the last whorl
is pale olive-buff, the rest of the whorls being of a vinaceous-fawn.
The upper part of the spire is almost straightly conic ; the penul-
timate and last whorls are rather strongly convex, slightly should-
ered above. The embryonic whorls are nearly fiat, almost smooth,
much darker than the rest of the whorls; in young specimens,
under a strong lens, they are very minutely and almost regularly
striate. Later whorls are coarsely irregularly striate and in some
specimens the last whorl is more or less irregularly malleate. The
aperture is rather small for a shell of its size, somewhat contracted
above and without a distinct thickening along the outer lip. The

O. p. B. p. B. M. Vol. Ill, No. 3.— 2. [235]

1 8 Nezv Species of Aviastra.

columella is slightly oblique, bent backwards below and flattened
above the perforation. The columellar fold is rather weak, oblique,
submedian in position and does not quite reach the margin of the
columella.

Length 20.6, diam. 1 1 .7, apert. 8.4 mm.; 7 whls. (Holotype)
" 20.0, " 12.3, " 9.0 " 7 "
20.5, " 12.0, " 9.4 " 7 "

18.0, " II. 8, " 9.2 " 6,23 "

Hawaii : Kahauloa and Kealakekua elevation 4,360 feet and
near boundary between Keokea and Kiilae elevation 3,700 feet
(L. A. Thurston and T. C. White); Keei elevation 2,950 (A. F.
Judd).

Holotype No. 41,963, cotypes and paratypes No. 39,661,
Bishop Museum.

This interesting species was first collected by Mr. Judd in
February, 1915. His material consisting of a .single live immature
specimen and a few adult dead and bleached specimens. During
August of the same year, Messrs. Thurston and White, collected
a fine series of this species at the type locality and a few additional
spacimens at the second locality mentioned above.

A. viriosa is unlike any species so far reported from Hawaii.
Its nearest relative is probably the extinct A. senilis from Waimea.
The latter is a larger species, much more roughly sculptured and
has a larger perforation, besides being much broader in proportion
to its length.

An immature specimen with four whorls is broadly conic,
with a distinct peripheral angle. It measures length 9.1, diam.
8.4 mm. The embryonic whorls are very finely and regularly
striate and there is an indication of three slightl}- raised spiral
striae. The post embryonic whorls are smoother and glossier than
the embryonic. The umbilicus is very distinct about half a mm.
in diameter and obliquely angled along its margin. The columel-
lar fold is oblique, broad and low and extends nearly to the margin.

A. fragosa, n. sp.

PI. A. Fig. 4.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate, dextral, conic, very thin, in
its fossil state of a pale dirty white. Spire acutely conical, con-
tracted above, with slightlv concave outlines and a very acute apex.

[236]

r

New Species of Amastra. 19

The embryonic whorls are elongate, nearly flat, very faintly and
minutely striate. The following whorls are indistinctly flattened
above, convex below and indistinctly shouldered above the sutures,
rather irregularly sculptured with oblique coarse growth -wrinkles.
The last whorl is rounded, tapering towards the base aud slightly
contracted around the umbilicus. Aperture somewhat oblique,
contracted slightly above, with its outer margin thin and regularly
strongly arched. Columellar narrowly triangular, its inner margin
slightly oblique, the outer margin thin and slightly arched above
the umbilicus. Columellar fold not strong, nearly transverse,
terminating very gradually at the outer margin of the columella.
Umbilicus subcircular, its margin rounded and slightl}' contracted,
enlarged within.

Length 13.7, diam. 8.0, apert. 5.6 mm.; 7 whls. (Holotype)
" II. 8, " 7.2, " 5.2 " 6^2 "

Hawaii: Pleistocene at Kapulehu, about three miles north
of Huehue and nearly the same elevation (A. Gouveia).

Holotype No. 41,976, paratypes No. 41,977, Bishop Museum.

This species is closely related to the following A. pagodula.
Immature specimens of both species are similar though the adults
have an entirely different appearance. In an immature specimen
of A. fragosa there is a distinct peripheral keel not quite as strongly
developed as in specimens of A. pagodula of about the same age.
The immature specimens of both species are quite separable as the
spire of A . fragosa is longer, sharper and slightly concave-conic.
In some of the adult specimens of this species there is a slight
tendency to form an indistinct angle at the periphery. When this
character is present, the margin of the aperture is not modified as
the angle disappears before reaching the aperture.

Embryonic specimens of both species exhibit about the same
characters. Those of A. pagodula are slightly broader in propor-
tion to their length the whorls increasing more rapidly and not as
compact or closely coiled as in ^. fragosa.

A. pagodula, n. sp.

PI. B. Fig. 4.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate, dextral, conic, thin, in its
fossil state of an ochraceous-orange on the upper whorls, the last

[237]

20 New Species of Amastra.

lighter colored shading to a broad white patch behind the peris-
tome. Spire conic, with an acute apex and almost straight out-
lines. Embryonic whorls somewhat extended, flatly convex, the
first smooth and polished, the second minutel}' closely striate.
The following whorls are nearly flat, obliquely sculptured with
rather coarse irregular growth- wrinkles. The last whorl is short,
strongly carinate (the carina appearing above the suture of the
last two whorls), with a flattened base, somewhat contracted about
the umbilicus. The carina is slightly granulose, flattened below
and its lower margin being bordered by a shallow sulcus. The
aperture is small, very oblique, distinctly contracted above, nearly
quadrate, in outline, the outer margin modified by the carina form-
ing an obtuse angle; above the carina the margin is somewhat
flattened, below regularly slightly arcuate, forming an angle with
the base of the columella and furnished wath a thin delicate lip-rib.
The columella is narrowly triangular, its inner margin slightly
oblique, the outer margin thin, semierect. Columellar fold large,
nearly basal in position, subtransverse, ending abruptly at the outer
margin of the columella. The umbilicus is nearly circular, with a
rather acute, slighth^ contracted margin, wider within.

lyCngth 10.9, diam. 7.4, apert. 4.6 mm.; 6 whls. (Holotype)
" 8.7, diam. 7.3, apert. 4.6 " 5^^2 "

Hawaii: Pleistocene at Huehue about 1,800 feet elevation
(A. Gouveia, L. A. Thurston); Puwaawaa (A. Gouveia).

Holotype and cotypes No. 41,974, paratypes No. 41,975,
Bishop Museum.

This remarkable species is provisionally placed in Ainastrclla
though it and A. fragosa might appropriately form the nucleus of
a new section or subgenus. Except for the presence of an umbili-
cus .4. />a^^^?</a appears to be a diminuative A. kauaiensis. In
some of the specimens there is a slight concavity to the spire.
Immature specimens have a much stronger peripheral keel than
adults. Some of the specimens appear to have died only recently as
the color is antique brown with a broad whitish basal patch about
the umbilicus. The embryonic shells are biconic, angled at the
periphery and openly perforate. The columellar fold is minute,
thread-like, oblique and submedian in position. The specimen
from which the second series of measurements was taken, though
consideral)l\- shorter and having half a whorl less than the type, is
an adult shell with a well-defined lip-rib slightly more developed
than that of the type. [238]

Neiv Species of Aniastra. 21

Section IMetamastra.
( Reticida ta Series . )

A. sericea var. anaglypta, w. var.

PI. C. Fig. 9.

The shell is imperforate, dextral, globosely -conic, solid,
roughly sculptured with close narrow growth-wrinkles, above the
periphery the striae are interrupted at close intervals by numerous
fine revolving furrows, color bay, with a broad lighter colored
indistinct band just below the sutures of the last and penultimate
whorls and beginning at the periphery shading into an isabella
color near the columella. Spire with convex outlines ; the whorls
convex, separated by rather deep sutures. The embryonic whorls
ver}- finely and closel}' striate and without spiral furrows. The
last whorl rotund, convex, tapering gradually towards the base,
smoother and without spiral furrows below the peripher>-. Aper-
ture narrow, with a strongly convex outer margin furnished with
a thin lip-rib, and with a very deep narrow sinus below the colu-
mellar fold. Columellar short, twisted, terminating abruptly.
Columellar fold rather strong, oblique, situated at the base of the
columella and terminating abruptly at the outer margin of the
columella.

Length 14.5, diam. 9.2, apert. 7.3 mm.; ^Yx whls. (Holotype)
" 17.0, " 9-5. " S-i " 6,^2 "

Oahu : Punaluu on the trail to Kaliuwaa just below the sum-
mit of the ridge (Spalding, Thaanum, Cook).

Holotype Xo. 41,985, cotype No. 41,986, paratypes No. 19211,
Bishop Museum.

This form is provisionally located as a variety of A . sericea.
There can be no doubt that it is quite closely related to Pfeiffer's
species. Its chief difference is that there are more whorls in the
variety. An immature specimen with just six whorls measures
nearly 14 mm. in length. This variety, with A. sericea, is closely
related to A. badia and A. undata. The character of the surface
sculpture of the post embryonic whorls is nearly the same in all
four forms. The embryonic whorls of anaglypta are more finely
striate than those of A. undata or A. badia. Anaglypta is easily
separated from these two species by its smaller size, more convex
whorls and entire absence of an undulating color-pattern.

[239]

22 New Species of Amastra.

A. montivaga, n. sp.

PI. C. Fig. 5.

The shell is perforate or imperforate, dextral, thin, nearly
smooth, faintly striate with growth-wrinkles, just below the sutures
there is a shallow sulcus which is transversely interrupted by
numerous strong striae which are slightly bent backwards, color
chesnut with a yellowish zone around the columella. Embryonic
whorls convex, faintly and irregularly striate with growth-wrinkles.
The following whorls slightly convex, with a distinct shoulder
just above the sutures. The last whorl indistinctly angulate just
above the periphery. Aperture slightly diagonal, its outer mar-
gin slightly flattened above, curved below, edged with black and
furnished with a very thin lip-rib, and forming with the base of
the columella a broad sinus. Columella short, narrow, its outer
margin straight above, angled just outside the columellar fold.
Columellar fold basal in position, not strong, thin, terminating
somewhat gradually close to the outer margin of the columella.
Umbilicus (when present) minute, cleft-like.

Length 12.4, diam. 7.3, apert. 5.7 mm.; 5^ whls. (Holotype)
13-2, " 7-3- " 6.0 " 6

Oahu : Top of Maunakope, the peak as the head of the west-
ern Kalihi ridge (A. Gouveia).

Holotype and cotype No. 41,988, paratypes. No. 41,098,
Bishop Museum, also in Gouveia collection.

A. mo7itivaga is undoubtedly a dirivative of A. textilis. It
differs from the latter species by its smaller size, thinner shell,
more convex whorls (which are shouldered below), deeper sutures,
etc. A specimen of A. textilis from the same locality measures
length 16.0, diam. 8.2, apert. has 6J/; shorls. The penultimate
whorl of A. montivaga is slightly shouldered just above its suture
but the rest of the whorls do not show this character. In some of
the specimens of A. montivaga the yellowish zone occupies the
whorl of the shell below the periphery.

A. paulula, n. sp.

PI. B. Fig. 6.

The shell is perforate, dextral, ovate, in its fossil state very

light brown, rather thin. Outlines of the spire convex, with an

[240]

New Species of Amastra. 23

obtuse summit. Embryonic whorls increasing very rapidly, con-
vex, smooth, under a lens showing no sculpture. The rest of the
whorls are convex, separated by a verj' shallow suture, sculptured
almost regularly by fine thin growth-wrinkles. The last whorl
large, rotund. Aperture oblique, broad, its outer margin very
convex and furnished with a delicate lip-rib. Columella narrowly
triangular, slightly oblique, with a concave inner margin, its outer
margin erect and straight. The columellar fold strong, nearly
transverse, terminating rather abruptly close to the outer margin
and near the base of the columella. Umbilicus distinctly open,
cleft-like.

Length 9.2, diam. 5.4, apert. 4.3 mm.; 5^3 whls. (Holotype)

9.8, " 5.4, " 4.4 " 5

" 8.9, " 5.2, " 4.4 " 5J< "
Oahu : Pleistocene of Malaikahana (type locality ) ( vSpalding,
Cooke); Kaipapau (Cooke).

Holotype and cotypes No. 41,982, paratypes No. 41,005,
Bishop Museum.

This is the smallest known species of Amastra from Oahu.
Its nearest relative seems to be ^. gulickiana also from Oahu but
found further south. A. paidula is easily separated from this
species by its much narrower form. It is most easily distinguished
from the rest of the Oahuan Amastrse by its small size and pro-
portionately large and almost smooth embryonic whorls. Embry-
onic shells are of a light horn color with the initial whorl slightly
whiter, the largest specimens have about two and one half whorls.
They are slightly obliquely angled at the periphery. Above the
angle the whorls are very minutely and irregularly striate with
growth-wrinkles. The striae are short extending from the angle
to near the middle of the whorl.

A. praeopima, n. sp.

PI. C. Fig. 8.

The shell is perforate, dextral, globose, very thin and trans-
parent, of a uniform dull brussels-brown color, without a decidu-
ous cuticle. Spire short, obliquely triangular, with slightly convex
outlines. The embryonic whorls convex, the first smooth, increas-
ing rapidlv, the rest increasing more slowly, minutelv transverselv

[241]

24

New Species of Aniastra.

sculptured with rather fine sharp striae and encircled by about six
narrow parallel furrows. The following whorls distinctly marked
with almost regular close transverse growth-wrinkles. The last
whorl large, swollen, rotund. Aperture very large, more than
half the length of the shell, slightly oblique, with a verj- convex
outer margin which is slightly thickened near the base of the
columella. Columella straight, narrow, its outer margin free and
arched over the perforation. Columellar fold basal in position
rather strong, slightly oblique, terminating very abruptly close to
the margin of the columella. Perforation narrow, cleft-like.

Length 10.7, diam. 7.8, apert. 6.1 mm.; 5 whls. (Holotype)
" 12.7, " 8.6, " 6.7 " 5K' "

Oahu : Waiahole at the crest of the Koolau range where the
trail crosses the ridge (Cooke).

Holotype No. 41,983, cotype No. 41,984, paratypes No. 23,590
and 23,612, Bishop Museum.

The latter measurements given above are of an old dead shell.
In this specimen the columella is bent obliquely backwards, the
outer margin of the aperture is furnished with a thick strong lip-
rib and there is a thick parietal callus. The characters of the
embryonic whorls given above were taken from an immature shell
with four whorls. In this specimen there is an oblique angle at
the periphery. The columella is straight and the columellar fold
is more centrally placed than in adult shells. A. praeopima is
easily distinguished from all the other Oahuan species of AmAvSTRa.
Its closest relative is undoubtedly A. onlickia7ia. The latter has,
however, a thicker and less globose shell, much less distinctly and
sharply striate and the columella is shorter.

A. forbesi, n. sp.

PI. R. Fig. 8.

The shell is imperforate, s/>//sfra/, elongate-conic, thin, in its
fossil state pure white. Outlines of the spire regularly, slightly
convex, summit rather sharp. Embryonic whorls slightly convex,
indistinctly minutely striate. The rest of the whorls slightly con-
vex, finely striate with growth-wrinkles. The last whorl elongate,
subcylindrical, rather coarsely striate, descending rapidly near the

aperture, forming a rather oblique suture. The aperture is rather

[242]

I

I

A^ew Species of Amastra. 25

small, narrow, deeply curved below the columellar fold, its outer
margin regularly curved and furnished with a strong thick lip-rib.
Columella short and broad. Columellar fold not especially strong,
rather oblique and terminating gradually just within the margin
of the columella.

lycngth 14.3, diam. 6.9, apert. 6.1 mm.; 6 whls. (Holotype)
" 13-5. " 6.4, " 5.6 " 6 "

Oahu : Pleistocene of Makua in the Waianae mountains
(C. N. Forbes).

Holotype and cotype No. 41.9S0, Bishop Museum.

The material on which this species is based consists of two
whole adult specimens and the lower portion of two additional
specimens. All the specimens were taken by Mr. Forbes in a single
pocket in sand deposits along the railroad track north of Makua.
On a later visit by Mr. Forbes and the author, no additional speci-
mens were found though all the exposed surfaces of the sand
pockets along the track were carefully gone over. These pockets
consist of beach sand covered by talus. Specimens of Endodonta,
Lyropupa, Siiccijiea, Leptachatiyia and Helicina are very abundant
in these pockets, especially of the two last genera.

A.forbesi is easily distinguished from A. thaa}m}n i Q.nd uionta-
guei by its more extended embr3'onic whorls, narrower outlines,
etc. It is separated from A. elongata Newc. b}' its blunter apex
and greater length with less number of whorls. From the charact-
ers of the shells in Newcomb's description and the fact that he
distributed Mauian shells under the name of .-7. acuta (= elongata)
we are safe in doubting that Newcomb's species ever came from
Oahu.

Section Amastra, s. s.
( Mag n a Series . )

A. hitchcocki, n. sp.

PI. C. Fig. 7.

The shell is imperforate, conic-ovate, large, in its fossil state
white. The spire is conic in outline above with slightly convex
outlines below. The embryonic whorls conic, very finely striate,
outlines of the five earlier whorls nearly straight, the two lower
convex. The last whorl is rounded tapering towards the base,
with very coarse irregular growth-striae, especially near the aper-

[243]

26 N'ew Species of Amastra.

ture, and indistiuctly malleate. Aperture not large. Columella
nearly straight, furnished with a rather strong slightly oblique fold .

Length 39.0, diam. 21.3, apert. 16.5 mm.; 7^ whls. (Holotype)

Molokai : Mauna Loa on the southern slope between the top
and Pohakuloa (Hitchcock); Hinanaula (G. P. Cooke); in vari-
ous localities near the north shore from the shifting sands on the
northern slopes of Mauna Loa to near Puukapele (Cooke); also
collected on the north shore of Molokai (Bryan).

Holotype No. 41,962, paratypes No. 40,356, Bishop Museum.

The original specimen of this species was collected by Mr. D.
H. Hitchcock, in May, 1913 and consisted of the aperture and a
portion of the last whorl. On four trips to Molokai, the writer
tried to relocate the original fossil bed but was unsuccessful. In
December, 1914, Mr. G. P. Cooke, found a number of examples at
Hiuauaulua on the northern coast of Molokai. LTnfortunatelj', the
only whole specimen was not quite mature. During March, 1915,
the writer spent about three weeks on Molokai, collecting for the
most part from the fossil beds of the northern coast from the north-
west point of the island to near Puukapele. A number of broken
and immature specimens were taken and in addition to these two
fine adults. One of these serves as a type of the species and came
from the second valley west of Puukapele.

A. hitchcocki is closely related to A. violacea but differs in its
much greater size, rounded aperture and coarser striae. Some of
the specimens of A. v. wailauensis are nearly as large as a hitchcocki
but the two are easily separable as the outlines of the latter are
more conic, the aperture is wider and more rounded, the surface
more roughly striate and the columellar fold is stronger and less
oblique. The specimens of this species, from the shifting sands
and near the northeast base of Mauna Loa, are much smaller than
those from the deposits east of Moomomi. An adult specimen from
Kulainawawae measures length 32.3, diam. 18.0, apert 14.4 mm.

( Pull a fa Su bseries . )

A. uniplicata var. vetuscula, n. var.
n. A. Fig. 5.

The shell is minutely perforate or imperforate, dextral, conic-
cylindrical, solid, in its fossil state white. Spire couvexly conic,

[244]

N^ezv Species of Amastra. 27

contracted above, with a rather sharp poiut. Embryonic whorls
costate, carinated above the suture. The intermediate whorls
striate, the last half of the penultimate and the last whorl distinctly
malleate, with long narrow obliqueh- descending facets. The last
whorl is rather long, subcylindrical, tapering very gradually to
the base. Aperture subpyriform the outer margin slightly flat-
tened, lip-rib strong. Columella narrow, nearly straight, appressed
to the shell for nearly its whole length. Columellar fold strong,
oblique, tapering gradually and nearh' reaching the margin of the
columella. The umbilicus when present is minute, cleft-like.

Length 18.2, diam. 9.0, apert. 8.0 mm.; 6^ whls. (Holotype)
20.9, " 9.6, " 7.8 " -lYi "
" 18.5, " 8.6, •' 7.5 •' 6 "

Molokai : Pleistocene of the shifting sands north of Mauna
Loa and directly south of Laina where the pipe line crosses the
shifting sands (type locality), Kalainawawae, Moomomi, Hinanau-
lua and Puukapele (Cook).

Holotype and cotypes Xo. 41,992, paratypes No. 40,102,
Bishop Museum.

A very few imperfect specimens were found by Pilsbry and
Cooke in 191 3 at Moomomi where this variety is extremely rare.
Further west, especially in the shifting sands, it occurs more abund-
antly but is not a common species in any locality. It has been
found sparingly in all the known fossil deposits from Puukapele
west to the shifting sands. This variety is readily separated from
the typical form by its less tumid last whorl, more cylindrical form
and malleate surface. The columellar fold is weaker and does ret
terminate abruptly. A. u. retuscic/a may on later examination
prove to be of specific rank. It differs from all the specimens of
A. uniplicata in the collection of the Bishop Museum but none of
these are as narrow as the figure of Hartman's specimen.

( A ssim His Series . )
A. mirabilis, n. sp.

PI. B. Fig. 9.

The shell is imperforate, sifiisiral, ovately-conic, the outlines
of the spire nearlv straight above, convex below. In its dead

[245]

28 Neiii' Species of Ainasfra.

state the last two whorls are white, becoming darker above, the
apical whorls being of a da^k reddish-brown. In two specimens
there are traces of a thin dark greenish-brown epidermis. Embry-
onic whorls flattened, the first nearly smooth, the next distinctly
costate, the costae ending in a carina which is situated well above
the deep suture. The rest of the whorls are quite regularly
sculptured with fine growth-striae The last whorl large, rounded.
Aperture very oblique, large, nearly one-half the length of the
shell, its outer margin quite convex and furnished with a distinct
lip-rib. Columella short and broad, with its outer margin closely
appressed to the shell. Columellar fold strong, nearly median in
position, subtransverse and terminating abruptly close to the
margin of the columella.

Length 14.5, diam. 8.7, apert. 7.1 mm., 6 whls. (Holotype)
" 15-8, " 9.0, " 7-3 " 63i "
15.7, " 9.2, " 7.2 " 6]i "

East Maui: Just below Kaupo gap along the trail, about
5,000 feet elevation (Meinecke) (communicated by D. Thaanum),
(Cooke).

Holotype No. 41,990, cotypes No. 41 ,991, paratypes No. 38,533,
Bishop Museum, also in Mr. Thaauum's collection.

This species is undoubtedly a reversed form somewhat dis-
tantly related to species of the series oi A. assn>/i7/s. It agrees
closely to the species of this series in the form and surface sculp-
ture of the embryonic whorls. It probabl}- has no close relation-
ship with the numerous Mauian species belonging to the section
HeteruDiastra. In immature specimens there is a distinct oblique
angle at the periphery. In a single specimen there are indistinct
spirally descending facets on the last whorl. A. mirabiiis is
undoubtedly related to A. farcimcn. It differs considerably in
size, compactness and greater proportional diameter. The spire
of A. mirabiiis is contracted and in outline shows a much more
acute angle than that of A. farcimen. Unfortunately the latter
species is entirely unknown to modern collectors. The finding of
A. mirabiiis indicates that Ur. Pilsbr}' was right in placing A.

fareime)! in the Mauian fauna.

[246]

A^e7i' Species of Aviastra. 29

Section Heteramastra.
A. fletningi, n. sp.

PL B. Fig. 7.

Tlie shell is indistinctly rimate, sinistral, oblong-turrite, in
its fossil state whitish. The spire is elongate, faintly contracted
above, with slightly convex outlines. The embryonic whorls are
regularly and finely striate, the rest rather smooth with few dis-
tinct growth-wrinkles, slightly obliquely angled above the oblique
sutures from the penultimate to the neanic whorls. The last
whorl elongate, subcylindrical, tapering gradually to the base
and showing no trace of a supraperipheral angle. The aperture
is narrow, distinctly biangular, with its outer margin regularly
curved and furnished with a strong lip-rib. The columella is
straight with its outer margin closely appressed to the shell, except
at its base. The columellar fold is rather strong, subbasal in
position, subtransverse, terminatiug gradually near the margin of
the columella.

Length 13.7, diam. 6.0, apert. 5.2 mm.; 634^ whls. (Holotype)

East Maui : Pleistocene of Kanaio, about 2,000 feet elevation,
two miles east of Ulupalakua (D. Fleming).

Holotype No. 41,989, paratypes No. 40,063, Bishop Museum.

Only three specimens of this interesting species were taken
by Mr. Fleming. The type is perfect but the other two specimens
are quite badly broken. A. Jiemingi occupies a position between
A. Urva and A. hiitchinsonii and appears to be more closely related
to the former than the latter. It not only larger than A. l<zva but
is proportionally narrower and its surface is not so roughly striate,
besides the aperture is distinctly biangular. A. fle»ii)igi differs
from A. hutchinsonii by its more convex outlines, flatter more com-
pact and closer coiled whorls, narrower and biangular aperture,
etc. It does not seem to be in any way related to A. szibsoror
ainvahiensis, the latter belonging to the soror subseries.

[247J

PRESENTED DECEMBER 21, 1916

PUBLISHED JANTARY 18, 1917

PLATES

\

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE V. (A)

FIGURE

PAGE

Aniastra conica var. gentilis. Hawaii, x 2.45 15

" spicula. Hawaii, x 1.75 16

" remota. Kauai, x 1.7 10

" fragosa. Hawaii, x 2.2 18

uniplicata var. vetuscula. Molokai. x 1.2 26

" flavescens var. emortua, Hawaii, x 1.65 13

" modicella. Hawaii, x 3.3 o

" ricei var. armillata. Kauai, x 1.35 i^

" rugulosa var. annosa. Kauai, x 2.65 12

PLATE VI. (B)

Amastra rugulosa var. fastigata. Kauai, x 2.65 1 1

" thurstoni. Oahu. x 2.2 6

" elephantina. Oahu. x 1.3 8

" pagodula. Hawaii, x 2.75 ig

" juddii. Kauai, x 2.7 5

" paulula. Oahu. x 3.6 22

" flemingi. Maui, x 2.35 29

" forbesi. Oahu. x 2.2 24

9. " mirabilis. Maui. X2.15

:/

platp: vn. (C)

Amastra ricci. Kauai, x 1.3 3

" umbilicata var. pluscula. Hawaii, x 2.5 10

" gouveii. Oahu. x 2.75 7

whitei. Hawaii, x 2.55 14

" inontivaga. Oahu. x 2.55 22

" viriosa. Hawaii, x 1.5 17

" hitchcocki. Molokai. Nat. size 25

" praeopima. Oahu. x 2.25 .... 23

" sericea var. anaglypta. Oahu. x2.i 21

[250]

OccAsioxAL Papers B. P. B. :M.. Vol. III.

Plate V. (A)

NEW SPECIES OF AMASTRA.

OccAsioNAi, Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. III.

Plate VI. (B)

NEW SPECIES OF AMASTK.A.

OccASioxAL Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. III.

Pl.\te VII. (C)

NEW SPECIE.S OF AMASTRA.

PUBLICATIONS

OF THS

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum

Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A.

MBMOIRS.

(Quarto.)

Vol. I.— Nos. 1-5. 1899-1903.

Vol. II. — Nos. 1-4. 1906-1909.

Vol. III.— Ka Hana Kapa : The Making of Bark-clotli in Hawaii.
By Wm. T. Brigham. 1911. Complete volume.

Vol. IV. — Fomander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and
Folk-lore. Gathered by Abraham Fomander. With Transla-
tions Revised and Illustrated with Notes by Thomas G. Thrum.
Part I. 1916. [Part II in press.]

OCCASIONAL PAPERS.

(Octavo.)

Vol. I.— Nos. 1-5. 1898-1902. [No. I out of print.]

Vol. II.— Nos. 1-5. 1903-1907.

Vol. III.— Nos. I, a, 3. 1907-. [Volume incomplete.]

Vol. IV.— Nos. 1-5. 1906-1911.

Vol. v.— No. I. New Hawaiian Plants, III. By Charles N.
Forbes.— Preliminary Observations Concerning the Plant Invasion
on Some I^ava Flows of Mauna I^oa, Hawaii. By Charles N.
Forbes. 1913.

No. a. Director's Report for 1911. — The New I^aboratory. — An-
other Curved Adze. By Wm. T. Brigham. 191a.

No. 3. Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe and Molokini. By
Charles N. Forbes. — An l^numeration of Niihau Plants. By
Charles N. Forbes. 1913.

No. 4. Director's Report for 191a. 1913.

No. 5. Director's Report of a Journey Around the World to Study
Matters Relating to Museums. 191a. With index to volume.

Vol. VI.— No. I. Director's Report for 1913. — New Hawaiian
Plants, IV. By Charles N. Forbes. 1913.

No. a. Director's Report for 1914. 1915.

No. 3. Director's Report for 1915. New Hawaiian Plants, V. By
Charles N. Forbes. 1916.

A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. 1903. [Out of print.]

Bishop Museum Handbook.— Part i: The Hawaiian Collections.
1915. Octavo.— Part II: Hawaiian Fishes. (In preparation.)

Index to Abraham Fornander's "An Account of the Polynesian
Race." By John F. G. Stokes. 1909. Octavo.

A detailed list, with prices, will be mailed to any address on
application to the I/ibrarian.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

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MUSEUM STAFF

William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) Diredlor

William H. Dall, Ph.D. . . " Honorary Curator of Mollusca
John F. G. Stokes • . . • Curator of Polynesian Ethnology
C. Montague Cooke, Ph.D. (Yale) • • Curator of Pulmonata

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^PR 5 1917

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

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BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF

POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND

NATURAL HISTORY

Vol. Ill — No. 4

THE HAWAUAN RAT

BY
WITMER STONE, A.M., Sc.D.

NOTES ON THE HAWAHAN RAT

KV
JOHN F. G. STOKES

honolulu, h. i.

Bishop Museum Press

1917

The Hawaiian Rat.

Bv WiTMER Stone, A.M., Sc.D.

(Curator of Birds and Mammals, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.)

While tradition and early accounts of the islands indicate
that a native rat occurred plentifulh' in the Hawaiian Group, the
species has, through the immigration of the familiar Norway and
Black Rats {Rattus norvegiais and R. rattus) and the later intro-
duction of the mongoose, disappeared so rapidl}- that it was
generally supposed to have become extinct. Furthermore, no
specimens of the animal had been preserved so far as we are
aware.

In the spring of 1913 Mr. John F. G. Stokes of the Bernice
Pauahi Bishop Museum discovered on the island of Kahoolawe a
number of bones and some portions of mummied rodents, a few of
which were referable to the House Mouse {Mus musculus) , but
the majority to a species intermediate in size between this and the
introduced rats, which he identified (correctly so it proved) as the
Hawaiian Rat. His discovery of these remains is best told in his
own words:

"In March and April of 1913 I was on the island of Kahoo-
lawe investigating the site of an ancient fishing station or early
fish-hook factory. It was situated on the west shore of Kamohio
Gulf at about the middle of the southern coast (see U. S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey Reg. Map No. 2726, immediately to the east
of Black f\ ), and protected from the ocean swell by a small prom-
ontory. A few feet back from the sea was a rock shelter, worn
by wave action apparently, preceding a slight elevation of the
land. The cliffs enclosing the gulf were very precipitous, making
access from the interior of the island to the sea almost prohibitive
in that vicinity. They were barren of vegetation. The entrance
and interior of the shelter were partially filled by talus which
had fallen from a vertical cliff on the northern side, and on the
slopes of the talus, within the shelter, loose stone terraces had
been built. One use of the terraces (and perhaps the only one)

[253] (3)

4 The Hatvaiian Rat.

was as offertoria to the beach-worn stones which had been set up as
fish-gods. The offerings had consisted mainly of fish, but vegeta-
ble material was also found, in addition to the remains of petrels.
The indications from the ethnological material obtained were that
the location had been abandoned early in the nineteenth century.

"The rat remains were found among the lower stones of the
terraces and in the underlying talus. The spot was very dry, and
the floor of the shelter and the terraces were covered by a layer of
dust from six to eight inches deep. The interior of the shelter
was never reached by rain, as we had an opportunity of observing
during a very heavy storm. There is no reason to suppose that
the specimens might not have been preserved for many genera-
tions to come.

"I believe that these rats were present during the occupation
of the site by the early fishermen, and subsisted on the offerings.

"There is little doubt that we gathered all the fragments that
were available when we arrived at the place, as all the dirt and
fine dust was sifted. It puzzled me, however, to find mummies or
adhering bones, as in Lot 5, and not to find the skull (PI. IX).
lyOt 4 gave us a deal of trouble. We found the mummy of the rat
head downwards with its skull crushed between two stones, appar-
ently by a movement of the talus as it dived for its home. Beside
it was a bird bone which it had possibly been carrying. The stones
were carefully removed and the fine dirt below was sifted. As we
found no more bones, we removed the lower stones hoping to get
the remains of the crushed skull. The jaw (No. 9033) and skull
(No. 9032) were found, but I did not realize until Professor W. A.
Bryan pointed it out to me in Honolulu that the skull belonged to
another species \_Mus iii2(sc2ihis'\, nor did I stop to make any
comparisons, as we had already spent a considerable time on the
specimen.

"The last use of Kahoolawe by Hawaiians, except for occa-
sional fishing excursions, was in 1843, when a penal settlement
established by the native government was abandoned. In 1863
it was leased for fifty years as a cattle ranch, and neither the
island nor the cattle were benefited thereb^^

"It might be mentioned that long since the abandonment by
the earh' fishermen of the particular spot I investigated, one or
more parties of bird hunters had visited the place with dogs,* to

[254]

The Hazvaiian Rat. 5

collect petrels, which were nesting in the holes among the stones
of the terraces. We found the remains of about a dozen petrels,
skulls, feathers and chewed bones, in the upper layer of dust.
Two goats had also died in the shelter, possibly being unable to
get out."

In Ma}', 1 9 15, Mr. Stokes found a number of mandibles
and bones of the same species of rat on the sand-dunes of
Heleloa, Mokapu Peninsula, Oahu (PI. X). Most of these were
obtained on the surface of wind-blown hollows on the dunes. In
a sand quarry a few hundred feet distant, a broken skull and other
fragments were picked up. Upon searching for traces of living
rats, several small holes were observed on the tops of the dunes,
among the scattered shore plants and scanty grass. As this point
of land is almost insular, the possibility suggested itself that the
imported rats and mongoose had not yet reached it, and that the
native rat might still persist there. Eight traps were therefore
set but without result, although one was sprung. An opportunity
to repeat the experiment has not occurred.

On the island of Popoia, Kailua Bay, Oahu (PI. X), a small
rust}' brown rat had been seen by Mr. Stokes early in 1915, and on
the chance that it might be the supposed extinct species a trap
was set on May 7, baited with bacon rind and a few drops of oils
of aniseed and rhodium. On the 9th the trap contained two dead
males and two living females. Mr. Stokes says :

"One of the males (No. 901 1) showed the marks of a severe
fight, and undoubtedly there had been a fight to a finish. The
others were drowned, and the lot (Nos. 9010-9013) placed in alco-
hol immediately.

"On the nth, No. 9016 was taken in the morning, and a
male, probably her mate, in the afternoon. The trap was visited
twice daily, and the location changed every time a day passed
without a catch.

"Returning from Honolulu a fortnight later, the trap was set
out for about seven days, and only one female caught.

"It seemed well to let them breed up a little, as the island is
very small, so no more trapping was done until Sept. i8-i9th,
when the exposure of the trap for a night and a day secured a
pair. The bait was bacon rind only. The female (No. 9017)
looked seedv and died a few davs afterwards.

['255]

6 The Hazvaiian Rat.

"The live rats were kept at my home iu Honolulu in the hope
that the}' would breed. No. 9016 and her mate were in one cage,
and the second female in another.

"On June nth, the desired result not being obtained, the
second female was added to the pair. She, however, would hold
no converse with either of them, taking possession of their sleep-
ing box and showing a disposition to quarrel if either approached.
Her presence, though, appeared to excite the male, who finding
his approaches were repulsed by the stranger, confined them to
his mate.

"About June 21st, finding that No. 9016 was pregnant, she
was removed to the other cage, but seemed unable to produce her
j-oung and died on the 28th.

"I thought the other female was mating about a month ago
(vSeptember, 1915), but nothing has happened since. There are
now on hand, alive, two males and one female.

"The cages are boxes of comparatively soft wood, with tops
and sides removed, and completely covered on the outside with one-
half inch mesh wire. It had surprised me that the rats never
made any attempt to gnaw through the wood. For the first few
days of their captivity they tried to bite through the exposed wire.

"They have taken readily to any food we have given them,
and are fond of fish and grain. A crab's leg was wasted, as they
seemed unable to crush the shell.

"Popoia islet is a flat piece of raised coral reef, varying in
height above the sea from four to seven feet. The area is only
three acres. It is just about a furlong from the main shore, the
intervening depth reaching eight feet. There is little question
that at one period it was joined to Oahu, as there are many places
along the shore of Kailua Bay where the formation is exactly
similar. The separation may have taken place through depression,
but was more probably due to the wave action or dissolution of the
reef rock from other causes not yet explained. The islet is rapidly
being worn away at present, as may be observed from some of the
enclosed prints (Pis. XI, XII).

"The surface of Popoia is broken abruptly by many hollows,
approximately twenty by thirty feet in size and one to three feet
deep, and is honey-combed in all directions by small vertical and

horizontal holes. In every hollow examined soil of volcanic ori-

[256]

I

The Haivaiian Rat. 7

gin was present, and below the level of this soil I found in two
places, where the waves have exposed it, a phosphate rock contain-
ing the tests of arboreal and terrestrial mollusca. The presence
of these fossils, according to Dr. C. Montague Cooke, indicates a
forest area at an earlier period, and a climate very different to that
at present.

"The vegetation now consists of twenty-five species, mostly
shore plants, seven of which are of foreign introduction. There
is but one species of tree, the milo {Thespesia popuhica) present
in a small forest covering about one-fifth of the lee side of the
island. The open area is partly and the depressions entirely
covered with our common salt marsh weed {Sesuviiim Portulacas-
trum) , and there are three grasses, one of which is native. Of the
plants suitable for rat food, there are the grasses, several small
berries and the seeds of the milo. All the plants have been identi-
fied by Mr. C. N. Forbes, our botanist, and I will send you a list
if you wish.

"Other life on Popoia is represented, among the birds, by at
least two species of petrel (which nest and spend the day time in
the surface holes, feeding onl}- at night), the migratory and shore
birds (plover, turnstone, snipe, etc.), and two introduced land birds
which pass the night there for security. The owl or some other
predatory bird must occasionally visit it, as on two occasions I
have found on the open surface of the island partly eaten rats —
one minus a head, and another without head and shoulders. The
Hawaiian hawk has not been reported from this vicinity.

"A skink is very abundant, being found in every corner of the
island. I had never seen any geckos until I began to catch the
skink, when I saw four specimens and secured three, representing
two species. The five skinks caught were of the same species.

"There are the usual shore and rock crabs, and once I secured
in the rat trap a pair of Geograpsus crinipcs (Dana) which I had
not seen before.

"Before going farther, I should mention that I do not mean
to imply that the presence of the rats on Popoia necessarily dated
from the ancient forest conditions above referred to. It may have
been so. They may also have been carried there since the island
was separated from the shore, in the natives' canoes, a means not
so readily available to the imported foreign rats and mongoose on
account of their larger size. [257]

8 The Hazvana7i Rat.

"I have been wondering what the principal food of the rats
might be on Popoia. Their habits are difficult to study on account
of their extreme shyness. The only knowledge I ever had of their
presence was the rapid disappearance of a diminutive brown animal
on several occasions, and until I saw them in the trap it would
have been impossible to give any adequate description of them.
A native who frequently visited Popoia told me that there were no
rats there. In dry weather — the greater part of the year — I doubt
if the vegetable life would support them. I am inclined to think
that the rats depend largely on the food brought in by the petrels,
whose burrows the}- seem to share. The only man whom I have
met who has previously seen the Hawaiian rat alive is Mr. Augustus
Kuudsen of Kauai. He told me some time ago that many years
previousl}^ he had observed the rats and sea birds living together
on the ocean cliffs of Kauai, and that the rats did not appear to
disturb the eggs, nor the birds the rats. He had not seen them for
many years.

"Similar conditions undoubtedly exist on Popoia. The oppor-
tunities for observation, however, are not the same, as the tern,
which is probably what Mr. Knudsen referred to, nests in open,
exposed places, and the petrel the exact opposite."

So much for Mr. Stokes' interesting rediscovery of this sup-
posed extinct mammal. The next question is to determine its
identity and relationship to other forms. For this purpose the
Bishop Museum has very kindly placed all of its material in my
hands for study, consisting of the several lots of bones and seven
rats in alcohol, three males and four females.

Two specimens were immediately removed from the alcohol
and prepared as skins, the skulls being carefully cleaned.

The first description of a rat from the Pacific islands is by
Titian R. Peale, naturalist of the U. S. Exploring Expedition,
who in his report of the birds and mammals obtained by the expedi-
tion proposed the name Mus exulans for specimens of native rats
obtained on the Dog and Disappointment Islands ( Paumotu Archi-
pelago), Tahiti, Wake Island (20'^ west of Marianas, 10° north of
Marshalls) and Hull's Island (Phoenix Group).

A specimen from Tahiti, which may be regarded as the type, is

.still preserved in the U. S. National Museum, ])ut lacks the skull.

[258]

The Haze ail ail Rat. 9

Peak's description leaves much to be desired, as he merely

■says, " so like the common Brown or Norway Rat, M. decu-

vianus of naturalists, that the}- might be pronounced a diminutive

variety " His plate, while it differs in certain proportions

and colors, and in the hair on the tail and forearms, from Mr. Stokes'
specimens, is probably not a very reliable representation of the
specimen from which it was drawn and should not be given too
much consideration.

Peale also described, at greater length, another species .'I/?^5-
viticnsis from Fiji.

The types of M. exidans and M. vitiensts (Xos. 3730 and 3731,
Colin. United States National Museum), kindly loaned me through
the courtesy of Mr. G. S. Miller Jr., curator of mammals, are old
dismounted specimens of an almost uniform yellowish brown color
above and below. They were probably immersed in spirits before
mounting, and this together with long exposure to light has prac-
tically ruined them for purposes of comparison, and they are with-
out skulls.

The hair appears longer and more bristly than in the Hawaiian
specimens, especially in the case of M. exiilans, while the scales
on the tail in viticnsis are larger and more conspicuous. In each
of the types there appears to be more hair on the tail than in the
Hawaiian animal.

Mr. Edgar R. Waite (1897)' has discussed the Pacific native rat
and follows current opinion that specimens from the various P0I5'-
nesian islands are all referable to one species, for which of course he
adopts the name Mus exulans Peale. He had, however, no series
of specimens before him, so that his interesting paper b}' no means
settles this question. He does, nevertheless, give a good descrip-
tion of a specimen from Funafuti Atoll and figures the skull, which,
if the figure is accurate, is broader than that of the Hawaiian ani-
mal. Waite does not mention the dark color of the under side of
the feet, which is ver\' characteristic of all Mr. Stokes' specimens,
while the number of foot-pads in the two do not coincide.

In view of the unsatisfactory nature. of the original descriptions
of Peale's species and the lack of recent material from these other
island groups, no satisfactory results can be reached as to the
relationship of the native rats of the several Pacific islands. It

'Mammals, Reptiles and Fishes of Funafuti, Mem. Aust. IVIus., Ill, 174,
pi. viii, figs, \a-\f. [259]

lo The Hatvaiian Rat.

does, however, seem extremely unlikely that islands, as far removed
as Tahiti and Fiji, should have possessed animals identical with
those of Hawaii. Therefore it would seem desirable to name the
Hawaiian native rat as a distinct species and a description of it
is here appended. It may be known as :

Rattus ' hawaiiensis.

(Plate VIII.)

Type. No. 9010, Colin. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.
Popoia Island, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, $ . May 9, 1915.

Description. Above cinnamon brown or russet shading into
cinnamon buff on the sides and light buff or buffy white below,
strongly mixed with black hairs on the back and sides. Feet nearly
white above, the dusky color of the legs overspreading the tarsus
and carpus and narrowing to a point. Whole underside of the
hind feet dark.

Measurements . Length, 239 mm.; tail, i iS; hind foot, 26; ear, 9.

Skull. Length (occipito-nasal). 32 mm.; zygomatic breadth,
16; interorbital breadth, 5.5; basilar length of Hensel, 27.5; molar
tooth row, 5.5; median length of nasals, 12; total length of man-
dible, 22.

A female (No. 9012, Colin. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum),
now in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, is exactly similar in coloration but slightly smaller in size.

IMeasurcments. Length, 225mm.; tail, iii; hindfoot, 25; ear, 9.

Skull. Length (occipito-nasal), 31 mm.; zygomatic breadth,
16; interorbital breadth, 5.3; basilar length of Hensel, 25; molar
tooth row, 5.5; median length of nasals, 11; total length of
mandible, 21.

In concluding the account of this interesting rodent, I wish to
acknowledge the kindness of Mr. J. F. G. Stokes in placing all of
his material and notes in my hands for description. The paper is
really more his than mine, and to his indefatigable efforts we are
indebted for bringing to light this animal long since regarded as
extinct,

'The Hawaiian Rat is placed in the genus Rattus as opposed to Mus (type
M. musculus), following Trouessart. It may be that the old genus Mus is
susceptible of further generic subdivision and that this species is not con-
generic with the Norway and Black Rats.

[260]

I

Notes on the Hawaiian Rat.

By John F. G. vStokes.

In the preceding paper Dr. Stone has undertaken to give the
writer more credit for his observations than is his due, such observa-
tions being mostly the result of accidental findings in the prosecution
of his regular work; and has further done him the honor of inviting
him to add his name as co-author, which it seemed to him more fitting
to decline, since his work is outside the field of systematic zoolog}'.

We much appreciate Dr. Stone's kindness in looking into the
subject of the native rat and describing the specimens, especially
as there is no mammalogist on the Museum's staff.

The following notes may be added to those already' communi-
cated and may be of service in throwing more light on the habits
of the native rat. They include observations made since the des-
patch of the original rat material to Dr. Stone, and references to
the rat in the life of the Hawaiian people.

On the island of Kauai, in 1916, the Weliweli and Mahaulepu
sand-dunes, in the neighborhood of some petroglyphs the writer
was measuring, were visited. Some little time was spent on the
Weliweli dunes gathering fossil land shells, and incidentally a
fairly thorough but unsuccessful search for rat bones was made.
On the Mahaulepu dunes, three miles to the north, the visit was
briefer and the search confined to ethnological material and fossil
shells, since the Weliweli dunes had yielded no rat remains. A few
samples of sand containing the fossil shells from Mahaulepu were
brought back to Honolulu, and when Dr. C. M. Cooke sifted the
same, he found a small mammal bone comparable in size to the rat
bones from Heleloa and Kahoolawe. Being a mammal bone, its size
would indicate that it probably belonged to the native rat species.

The same year remains of rats were found at three places in
the Wailuku sand-dunes, Maui. These dunes, used as pastures,
extend about five miles to the northeast and southwest of the lao
stream's stony bed. The stream, a mountain torrent subject to

heavv floods, has swung back and forth, during its existence, over

[261] (II)

12 N'oies 071 the Haxcaiian Rat.

a breadth of a quarter of a mile. The resultant stretch of volcanic
rocks and soil divides the two series of dunes. The present trend
of lao is westward, and it is now undermining the dunes on that
side, leaving a high bank of drj', rolling sand. The eastern series
of dunes is now well covered with fodder trees {Prosopis juliflora) ,
but on the dry, western series the vegetation is merelj' a thin
growth of dune grasses and weeds; its upper strata are changing
into aeolian sandstone.

Crowning two of the high dunes of the latter series, and about
three hundred feet apart are the foundations of the old temples
Pihana and Halekii. The foundations are loose, dry-laid, water-
worn stones, piled up over a century ago by the Hawaiians. Such
stones are .seldom seen on the dunes, and when found there, their
presence is traceable to human agency. Generally near them are
stunted lantana shrubs. The Pihana and Halekii dunes are more
or less isolated from the surrounding volcanic soil and rocks b}'
other sand-hills or bare sandy slopes ; Halekii more so than
Pihana.

The rat specimens first noted here were a few scattered leg
bones among the remains of the offerings — human, pig, dog and
fish bones, shells, etc., on the surface at Pihana. Offerings at
temples ceased a century ago, and the large mammal bones were
almost completely destroyed by w^eathering. The rat bones were
in a good state of preservation, and unless they had been recently
uncovered by the sand shifting, they post-dated the other bones.
The}^ were from mature animals, and probabh' the native rat.
Half of Pihana 's foundations had slid down the steep bank which
the stream had undermined, and the offerings were found on the
reinaiuiiig portion of the stone floor and on the sliding sand.

Halekii temple had not been disturbed by the stream and was
five hundred feet distant from it. A recently dead rat was found
there exposed to the weather on one of the foundation stones.
It had been dead probably less than ten days, as the e3'es were
present in position. Decomposition of the soft body parts was
complete, and the flesh of the legs and tail had dried. There was
still a marked odor. The fur was present, except on the right
side, on which the animal was lying. The writer has little hesi-
tation in identifying the specimen as a native rat, from the color

of the fur and the size of the animal.

[262J

Azotes 071 the Hawaiia7i Rat. 13

This specimeu and the rat bones above mentioned were for-
warded to Dr. Stone, but crossed his MS. in the mails.

In the eastern dune series, on the site of the old battle field
of Kakanilua, two miles from Halekii, half a mandible and two leg
bones of what may reasonabh' be referred to the native rat, were
later picked from the surface of the sand.

The presence of the living rats on Popoia (reported to Dr.
Stone) suggested a search on other islets. There is a small mush-
room-shaped islet called Kekepa on the coral reef at the eastern
entrance to Kaneohe Bay (see map, Plate X). Its area is about
an acre, and the highest point of its surface is fifteen to eighteen
feet above mean tide. On account of its situation a landing can
only be made on the narrow wave-washed shelf encircling its base,
at low tide and in calm weather. The writer visited Kekepa in
1915. It was of raised coral reef formation ; its surface was honey-
combed, and the same species of petrels were nesting as at Popoia.
Vegetation was confined to shore plants ; there were no shrubs or
trees. Though the writer, when starting, prepared himself with
traps, he could not use them since the boatman, on reaching
Kekepa, limited the stay to fifteen minutes on account of the rising
sea. Enough was seen of conditions at Kekepa, however, to sug-
gest the probability of the rat being present.

Another reason for the visit was curiosity aroused by the
account of a young native boy that his parents had seen on the
islet a small brown bird of the size of the imported mina {Acrido-
theres tristis) which jumped instead of flying. The parents were
absent, and the information above was furnished in reply to a
casual enquiry of what was to be seen on Kekepa, which was in
sight in the distance. Of course, the description of the bird would
fit one of the extinct Hawaiian rails {Pennula sp.) better than any
other known Hawaiian birds, and considering the honey-combed
condition of the surface of Kekepa. the writer would not care to
state that the rail was not on the islet.

On the volcanic island of Mokulua North a fairly thorough
search was made among the rocks near the sea, and in likely places
a little further back, without finding indications of rats. A less
thorough search at Mokulua South gave no better results. These
islands are high and were probably formed independently from
Oahu. [263]

14 N^otes on the Hazvaiia^i Rat.

Summarizing the results concerning native species from all
the localities visited and mentioned in this and Dr. Stone's article
preceding, we get, if the writer's identification of the material be
correct, on the islands of —

Kauai :

Sand-dunes, Weliweli. No traces of rats.
Sand-dunes, Mahaulepu. Skeletal material.

Oahu:

Reef islet of Popoia. Living rats.

Reef islet of Kekepa. Natural conditions for rats similar to Popoia.

Volcanic coastal islets

of Mokulua. No traces of rats.

Sand-dunes, Heleloa. vSkeletal material and possibly living rats.

Maui :

Sand-dunes, Wailuku. Skeletal and fresh material.

Kahoolawe :

On barren coast. Skeletal material, with introduced species.

Except for Kahoolawe, these observations cover a period
of less than two jears. OrAy at Popoia and Kahoolawe was there
any amount of time spent. When we consider that the results
obtained were mostly due to accidental discoveries through brief
visits made only as time permitted, the conclusion seems obvious
that the Hawaiian rat may yet be found alive in many other
localities which it may have reached, where conditions are favor-
able for its preservation.

In seeking for these favorable conditions, we would ordinarily
select localities from which the native rodent's introduced com-
patitors or natural enemies (large rats and mongoose) are debarred
by natural conditions; which do not furnish sufficient food or
cover to attract them ; or to which they have not so far extended.
This much has apparently been found in the shore-lying islets and
coastal sand-dtines, which are common in this group. Among the
former, for instance, on Oahu (see map) may be Kekepa (raised
reef ) and Mokolii ( volcanic ) . Other islands, Kapapa (raised reef)
and Mokumanu, Mokulua, and Manana (all volcanic) may be too
distant. Moku o Loe (volcanic), in Kaneohe Bay, should be a good
locality, and it is reported as being overrun with rats of a species
not known at present. This island was recently inhabited, and is
so frequently and easily visited that the rat may well prove to be
of an introduced species.

The sand-dunes, used for cattle grazing, are generally covered

with a sparse herbal growth, sufficient perhaps to support the

[264]

Notes on the Hawaiian Rat. 15

smaller native rat. yet not enough to attract the larger introduced
'animals from the richer pastures around the human dwellings or
in the sugar-cane fields inland. On the dunes the mongoose is a
rare visitor. Its nature is to stay close to cover, and a place bare
of stones and without thick grass probably would not appeal as
good hunting ground.

The writer would suggest that a study of conditions similar
to those of the Hawaiian group, in the islands of the South and
West Pacific, might demonstrate that the other species of Oceanian
rats, now believed to be rare or extinct, are yet to be found alive.'
It is a matter for zoologists to follow up if the suggestion be deemed
worthy of consideration.

Some of the Popoian rats were kept alive in Honolulu, as
reported to Dr. Stone. The intention was to breed them and dis-
tribute the progeny among some of the more distant small islets
where they could work no harm and might be preserved from their
introduced enemies. The record is herewith : —

First cage.
May II, 1915. No. o $ and No. 9016 9 trapped, placed together.
June II, 1915. No. 9040 9 added to pair. No. o $ and No. 9016 5 mated.
June 28, 1915. No. 9016 9 died in parturition.
June 28, 1916. No. 9040 9 died.
At date. No. o $ on hand, alive.

SECOND CAGE.

Sept. 19, 1915. No. 9024 $ and No. 9017 9 trapped, placed together.
Sept. 22, 1915. No. 9017 9 died.
Nov. 29. 1915. No. 9024 $ died.

Observations on the habits of the rats have been conducted
with difficulty on account of the extreme shyness of the animals.
The cages were fastened just outside window sills so that the ani-

' Skeletal material might be found in old Polynesian temples. In the notes
sent to Dr. Stone it was mentioned that the fishermen's religious offerings
of food (fish, meat, fruit and vegetables) had served to sustain the Kahoo-
lawe rats. The specimens found on the Wailuku ruins were, probabl3^ all
comparatively recent, but their presence calls to mind the indirect reference
made bj' many writers, native and others, to rats in Hawaiian temples. There
the rodents would find ample shelter among the loose stones, and live on the
fat of the land. The food offerings were abundant and varied. "Poor as a
church mouse" could not be said of the Hawaiian temple rat. In Tahiti par-
ticularly, where worship and offerings were very similar to the Hawaiian, a
search might bring results which would aid materially in identifying Peale's
3ltis extilans. [265]

1 6 Notes 011 the Haivaiian Rat.

mals could be watched from the room through the uncovered wire
at the top. Their reaction to sound and scent was so sharp that'
they could detect the quiet approach of an observer before they
could see him and would then remain motionless, except for their
twitching snouts and ears, as long as a person cared to watch from
a little distance. A nearer approach to the window would cause
a scurr}^ for the sleeping box. Subsequent observations would
then be limited to the pair of twitching noses poking out of the
box opening.

The appearance of a person above the cage always terrified
them. Later, the cage was changed to a window where the rats were
just above the level of one's head when standing on the ground.
In this situation, one of the rats became tame enough to eat from
(and of) the fingers. However, movement above the cage continued
to frighten them as much as ever, and the upper part of the cage
was subsequently covered over.

Noi.se of any kind disturbed them, particularly the sharp snap-
ping of the cage wire when opening the little door, when they
would freeze as though expecting to meet their doom. It is evi-
dent that any future observations should be conducted in a cage
wdiich can be handled noiselessly.

They are on the move during the whole day, and feed freely
at this time. Judging from the noise, however, their greatest
activity is in the early part of the night. Their long sleep must
take place between 9 p.m and 8 a.m.

Their food has been bread, cooked meat, bones, fresh, salt and
smoked fish, lettuce, sow-thistle, cabbage, wheat, oats, walnuts,
apples or anything else in the house. The bones are not closely
gnawed. Papa3'a {Carica papaia), a fruit of which the imported
rats are very fond, destroying many on the trees, was refused
by those under observation.' A leg of the common rock crab
^Grapsiis sp.) was also refused, though probably on account of the
difficulty of breaking through the shell. They have been observed
chasing the common wood-roach, which occasionally crawls into
the cage, but the chase stopped as soon as the observer approached
the cage from above and the roach escaped. Living sow-bugs and

'In January, 1917, papaya was fed to and eaten by the male which had
been in captivity for twenty months. At this time also the milo seeds were
first fed, to the same mt ; they were not eaten verv readily.

[266J

Notes on the Haii'aiian Rat. 17

parts of centipedes were eaten readily, the harder portions being
chewed for some time and then ejected, x^n immature mouse was
once found in the cage with the head eaten.

Early in 1916, during the damp weather, the introduced snail
{Eu/ota sj)?iilaris) was ver}- plentiful. A few were fed by the
writer's wife to the rats in the illustration (Pis. XIII, XIV);
they ate them ver^^ readily, biting through and completely- crush-
ing the fragile shells with ease. The rodents sat on their haunches
and held the snails with their fore paws. In less than an hour
twenty-one snails were eaten, and the indications were that more
would have been consumed had they been available. From this
time on snails, when found, became a part of the rats' diet. One
of the large introduced slugs ( Verofiieel/a sp.) was placed in the
cage and the male rat made many attempts to bite it before it
crawled out again.

The native arboreal and terrestrial moUusca in some of the
local forests are suffering from the depredations of rats, according
to present day collectors, undoubtedly the introduced species.
Dr. Cooke states that, at times, scores of mutilated shells are found
about the entrances to the burrows, the owners of which had
apparently carried them there to eat at their leisure. On learn-
ing of the Hawaiian rats' appetite for the Eulota, two nearly
mature living specimens of Partulhia redfieldii, a native arboreal
pulmonate, were placed in the rats' cage. The rodents attacked
them only at the aperture, breaking off the outer lip and failing to
reach the soft parts.

In PI. XV, No. 2 is one of the shells so treated, placed for
comparison beside a whole specimen (No. i ) of Partulina redfieldii
of about the same size and in the same relative position. They
are illustrated at the suggestion of Dr. Cooke, who has kindly
mounted with them eight other specimens (Nos. 3-10) recently
collected, from which the softer parts had been extracted by an
introduced rat. No. 8 is harder than No. 2, and Nos. 5-7 nearly
as hard.

It will be noticed that the attack by the introduced rat was
generally directed at the last whorl, in which the larger part of
the molluscan body la^^ Of the nine specimens in the Museum's
possession," one, not illustrated, was also attacked at the aperture

' From the shell collection of Mr. Irwin Spalding.

O. p. B. p. B.M. VOL. Ill, No. 4.— 2. [267]

i8 Azotes on the Ha-iCaiian Rat.

lip. In one (No. 3) it will be observed the apex is gone. Popo-
ian rats had always completely crushed the shells of the Eiilota,
so observations were made on the method of initial attack on this
species by the remaining living native rat, $ No. o. After feeding
one snail at a time and then interrupting the meal, it was found on
examining the shells that all were attacked at the last whorl, one
of which was also broken at the aperture. In the latter instance,
the body of the snail was expanded just before it was seized by
the rat. P'rom the above observations and illustrations, it might
appear that the rats attack the portion of the shell where the niol-
luscan body is found.

Many of the Hawaiian terrestrial mollusca are smaller and
are provided with more fragile shells than those illustrated above,
and may well have contributed to the diet of the native rat before
it was displaced by the introduced species.

In the communications to Dr. Stone, reference was made to
the inability or lack of desire on the part of the Popoian rats to
escape by gnawing through the soft wooden lining of the cage.
Evidence of the ability of the common house rats, or even mice, to
gnaw through thick w^ood has been presented to most people who
live in wooden houses. The Popoian rats, on the other hand, have
made no attempt to gnaw their way out through the wood, though
for the first two days of captivity they tried to bite through the
exposed wire front. Bones and tough cartilage they do not seem
to make an impression on, and they were unable to bite through
the leg of our common rock crab, as already mentioned.

It would thus seem that there was a comparative weakness in
the Hawaiian rat's gnawing system, due probably to undevelop-
ment in the species. Such a probability could be explained if we
were to take into consideration, for example, the conditions under
which the house varieties of the different species operated . Foreign
rats and mice have had, for very many of their generations, closely
fitting wooden walls and floors to contend with, and innumerable
enemies to compel them to keep close within the shelter of such
wooden constructions. The Hawaiian rat shared the open life of
its human neiglihor, with few natural enemies except the same
neighbor, and found the grass house walls, and loose stone founda-
tions and floors, places for easv hiding.

'[268J

Azotes on the Hazcaiian Rat. 19

When repacking the first rats caught on Popoia to mail to
Philadelphia, a number of lice and mites were found in the original
alcohol. Mr. O. H. Swezey examined them, and as our literature
on the subject is very scanty, he has only tentatively determined
the louse as Polyplax \_Haeiiiatopi7i7is'\ spiiiulosa : adults, young
and eggs. Mr. J. C. Bridwell has recognized the mite as belong-
ing to the Gamasidce, and closeh- resembling but not identical with
the poultry tick, Dermanyssus gallina- .

Mr. T. G. Thrum, a lifetime student of Hawaiian legendary
lore, has found in his readings many references to the native rat.
In particular, an interesting account of the pastime of rat hunting
is given in the legend of Pikoiakaalala,' the infant prodig}- with
the bow and arrow. The legend, full of the marvelous, is appro-
priately referred to at this time on account of the mention of three
kinds of places where the rat-killing contests occurred. One was
a wilderness or deserted cultivation field on Kauai. The second,
on the coastal plains of Oahu, covered with a lowland herbaceous
form of the aiceoweo {Clienopodiiivi sandicicheum) , among the stems
and leaves of which the rats took shelter. The third was the
king's grass dwelling house near the shore, where the rats were
shot on the floor and the interior of the roof.

From the legend is also ascertained the mode of procedure in
the contests. The first competitor shot continuously at such rats
as were pointed out by his opponent to the number agreed upon.
Then the latter took his turn and shot as ordered by the first.
The total score, of course, determined the winner. From the same
legend, it would appear that the chiefs had in their retinue, men
or women employed as rat killers, and indulged in betting on the
contestants' skill.

There is another account, that a place was cleared of brush
and weeds, and the rats then driven into the clearing as marks for

'S. M. Kaui, He Kaao no Pikoiakaalala. Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu,
Dek. 16, 1865-Mar. 18, 1866. This is not the best version, as Kaui missed the
point of the legend, i. e., the opportunitj' of bringing in a plaj^ on words,
where the youngster displayed his smartness. It was selected for this refer-
ence, however, because the places where the shooting was said to ha^-e oc-
curred must have appeared so natural to a Hawaiian recounting the legend
fiftj^ j-^ears ago as to mislead him in his understanding of the intent of the
tale. A better version, from among the Abraham Fornander MSvS., will be
published in the Museum Memoirs in the near future.

[269]

26 Azotes on ike Ha'd'aiian Rat.

the archers. In the pastime the small extinct rail previously
mentioned was sometimes substituted for the rat.

We have no record in the Hawaiian Group of any contrivance
in the shape of a rat-trap such as occurs on some of the other
Pacific islands. The bow and arrow was probably depended on
to keep down the rats as vermin. As late as 1888, Mr. J. S.
Emerson secured from a native, about ninety years of age, on the
island of Hawaii, a small bow and arrow which was kept in the
house for shooting "mice".' Mr. Emerson set up a mark about
sixteen feet off, to test the old man's skill, and found him very
proficient. The bow was not used in warfare.

The Hawaiians formerly had an outdoor rack for protecting
food from dogs, hogs and rats. Sometimes it was a branched tree
set up outside the house, from the branches of which the food
bowls would be suspended in netted bags. In this museum are
two carved wooden racks for the same purpose. They are canoe-
shaped, notched on the upper edges, and were set across the ends
of upright posts. -

One of the native superstitions concerning the rodent was that
if the baby's umbilical cord (some authorities state, the boy's pre-
puce also) were eaten by a rat the child would grow up a liar
and a thief.

'Introduced, without doubt. One or two references to the probable ex-
istence of a native mouse, as well as a rat, have been met with, but on what
grounds it was not stated. Cook and King (Cook's Third Voyage, London,
1785, Vol. II, p. 228, and Vol. Ill, p. 117 respectively) both state that there
were only three mammals in the Hawaiian Islands, the dog, hog and rat, re-
sembling those seen at every other island touched at. King spent several
weeks ashore and had fvill opportunity for observing the mouse were it pres-
ent. The Hawaiian term for the rat was iole, and the same term in its vary-
ing dialectic forms was found among other Polynesians with the identical
application. The early Hawaiian biological nomenclature was very profuse
and apparently exact as to variety. To quote two examples only, there were
over sixty terms for varieties of taro ; and three or four terms for the fish
ulna in its different stages of growth, although all stages were recognized as
belonging to the same fish. There is little question that had there been two
native rodents the ancient Hawaiians would have used two different terms.
As the old systems became obsolete through foreign influence, the Hawaiians
seemed to lose their aptitude in "giving a thing a name." The introduced
mouse was known as iole liilii, "little rat", and the wharf rat iole nui, "big
rat", which term was also applied to the rabbit.

*B. P. B. Museum Memoirs, vol. ii, fig. 67, p. 205.

[270]

Notes on the Haivaiian Rat. 21

LATER NOTES.

Dr. Stone has identified the Wailuku temple rats as the same
as the others.

On February 4, 191 7, I met a native at Kailua who said that
his grandfather claimed to have accidentally introduced the rats
to Popoia, where, according to the statement, there were none be-
fore. The account is that the rats were transported from Kailua
beach in the folds of a fish-net, and escaped when the net was
spread out on Popoia. The claim that such an introduction took
place is reasonable, and I am glad to be able to mention it in
these notes. It would suggest the advisability of examining the
sand-dunes before the shore islets when looking for the native
rat. The introduction occurred "more than twenty j-ears ago,"
which might mean, on account of the Hawaiians' difficulty in
recalling dates, any time previous to such limit. At the present
time introduced rats and mice are plentiful about the houses at
Kailua beach.

Two Hawaiian rats were seen on Popoia on February 4, one
in the open, and one among the milo trees; and on P'ebruary 11
a young male was trapped at the latter place. It was active and
seemed healthy, but died on March i.

On February 25 and March 4, Dr. C. Montague Cooke found
many native rat bones on undulating sand-plains and low dunes
near the northern point of Oahu. The}- were in beds of fossil
shells, which had been disturbed by road grading. The shell de-
posits are probably much older than the Heleloa dunes.

[271]

PRESENTED JANUARY I7, I917.
PUBLISHED MARCH 8, I9I7.

PLATES

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE VIII.
Rattus hawaiiensis, type.

PLATE IX.

Material from Kahoolawe; No. 9032, Mus niusculus. Other rat material,
Rattus hawaiiensis. Nos. 9027 and 9029 from young specimens.

PLATE X.
Part of Oahu, showing location of Heleloa and Popoia.

PLATE XI.
Popoia Islet.

South shore, showing erosion.

PLATE XII.
Popoia Islet.

Upper figure. vShore pool showing erosion : looking outward.
Lower figure. Surface of northern part.

PLATES XIII, XIV.

Rattus hawaiiensis, cf No. o, 9 No. 9040. Height of drinking cup is
68 mm.

PLATE XV.

Hawaiian pulmonates attacked by rats. Explanation on plate.

[274]

Occasional Papers B. P. P. M., Vol. III.

Plate VIII.

i:"';f

■m

Tf^

X 2.-

f

* .

^'^ C!

RATTUS HAWAIIENSIS, TYPE.

X .6

OCCASIONAL Papers B. P. }'.. M.. ^■<1I,. III.

RAT AND OTHKR MATEKIAI. FROM KAHOOLA \V]:.

Occasional Papers B. p. B. M.. Vol. III.

KAST END OF OAHU.

p

OCCASIONAI. rAI'KKS H. P. B. M.. VOI,. III.

\''r;i^^j£r^ **^ -IS

v;.;^

popoiA isl?;t

Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. III.

POPOIA ISLET.

Occasional Papers B. I'. I!. M.. \'oi,. III.

Plate XIII.

^^: _■ ■

* ^ te \

HAWAIIAN RATS.

Occasional PArEKS H. V. 15. M.. Vol. III.

Plate XIV.

HAWAIIAN RATS.

Occasional Papers B. V. P.. M.. Vol.. ITI.

HAWAIIAN PULMONATES ATTACKED BY RATS. NO. 2 BY NATIVE RAT

IN captivity; nos. 3-10 by introduced rats.

No.

I

No.

2

No.

3

No.

4

No.

5

No.

6

No. 7.

No. S.

No. 9.

No. 10.

Partulina redtieldii ; whole immature specimen for comparison.
Partulina redfieldii ; aperture attacked.
Achatinella fulgens; apex attacked.

fulgcns; ultimate and penultimate whorls attacked.
" phieozona ; ultimate and penultimate whorls attacked.

" apicata, var. aloha ; ultimate and penultimate whorls

attacked.
Achatinella apicata, var. beata ; ultimate and penultimate whorls

attacked.
Laminella gravida, var. aurantium; ultimate whorl attacked.
Amastra spirozona ; all but apical whorls attacked.
Amastra tristis; all but apical whorls attacked.
All arboreal except No. 10, which is terrestrial.

INDEX.

Achatinella, 13-36, 185-190.

species listed, 193-196.
Acliatinellastrum, 37-7S.
Alpha (Helicina) P. & C, 203.
Amastra, 143-184. 213-216, 217, 218,
220-247.

(Laminella) Kuhnsi, 217.

new species of, 213, 220.
Ariaglypta (Amastra) Cooke, 239.
Annosa (Amastra) Cooke, 230.
Armillata (Amastra) Cooke, 223.

Baldwin, D. D., on distribution of

Achatinella, vi-x.
Baldwin! (Helicina) Ancej^, 209.
Berniceia (Helicina) P. & C, 207.
Beta (Helicina) P. & C, 202.
Bow and arrow, 270.
Bronniana (Helicina) Philipi, 201.
Bulimella, 79-95.

Cooke, C. Montague, Jr. , on new spe-
cies of Lyropupa, 211.
on Amastra (Laminella; Kuhnsi,

217-
on three new species of Amastra

from Oahu, 213.
on new species of Amastra, 221.
Cooke, C. Montague, Jr., and Pilsbry,

H. A., on Hawaiian land shells,

197-

Davisiana (Amastra) Cooke, 215.
Delta (Helicina) P. & C, 201.
Disappointment Island, native rats
on, 258.

Ba.sal pagination.)

Dissotropis (Helicina) Ancej^ 201.

Dog Island, native rats on, 258.

Elephantina (Amastra) Cooke,
Emortua (Amastra) Cooke, 231.
Exulans, Mus, 258.

226.

P'astigata (Amastra) Cooke. 229.
Fish-hook factor^^ Kahoolawe. 253.
Flemingi (Amastra) Cooke, 247.
Forbesi (Amastra) Cooke, 242.
Fragosa (Ardastra) Cooke, 236.
Funafuti, rat from, 259.

Gamma (Helicina) P. & C, 202.
Gentilis (Amastra) Cooke. 233.
Geograpsus, crinapes, 257.
Gouveii (Amastra) Cooke, 225.

Halekii, ancient temple at. 262.
Hawaiian rat, notes on, 261.
Hawaiiensis (Helicina) P. & C, 204.
Heleloa, Makapu peninsula rat re-
mains at, 255, 261.
Helicina. Hawaiian species of, 199.
Hitchcocki (Amastra) Cooke, 243.
Hull's Island, native rats on, 258.

Irwiniana (Amastra) Cooke, 213.

Juddii (Amastra) Cooke, 223.
(Helicina) P. & C, 208.

Kahoolawe, ancient fishing station,
253-
rat remains at, 254, 261, 264.
used as a penal settlement, 254.

[275]

(25)

26

Index .

Kailua Bay, formation of, 256.
Kakanilua, rat remains at, 263.
Kauai, rat remains at, 264.
Kauaiensis (Helicina) P. & C, 205.
Kekepa, 263.

Knvidsen, Augustus, quoted, 258.
Knudseni (Helicina) P. & C, 204.
Kulinsi (Amastra) Cooke, 217.

Laciniosa (Helicina) Migh., 200.
Laminella, 126-133, 217.
Land shells, notes on Hawaiian, 197.
Lymaniana (Helicina) P. & C, 208.
Lyropupa, a new species, 211, 212.

Magdalenae Ancej^, 209.
Mahaulepu, fossil shells, 261.

sand-dunes, 261.
Maui, rat remains at, 264.
Miller, G. S., Jr., loan from, 259.
Milo (Thespesia populnea), 257.
Mirabilis (Amastra) Cooke, 245.
Modicella (Amastra) Cooke, 227.
Montivaga (Amastra) Cooke, 240.
Mukulua, 263.
Mus exulans, 258.

musculus, 253, 254.

vitiensis, 259.
Musculus (Mus), 253, 254.

Newcombiana, 138-142.
Norvegicus (Rattus), 253.
Norway rats, 253.
Nuuanuensis (Helicina) P. & C, 206.

Oahu, rat remains on, 264.
Oahuensis (Helicina) P. & C, 199,
200.

Pacific native rat, 259.

Pagodula (Amastra) Cooke, 237.

Partulina, 96-125.

Paulula (Amastra) Cooke, 240.

Peale, Titian R., 258.

Perdicella, 134-137.

Petrel, at Popoia, 257.

[

Petrels at Kahoolawe, 255.

Phoenix islands, native rats on, 258.

Phosphate rock containing terrestrial

moUusca, 257.
Pihana, ancient temple at, 262.
Pilsbry, Henry A., and Cooke, C. M.,
Jr., on Hawaiian species of Heli-
cina, 199.
Pluscula (Amastra) Cooke, 228.
Popoia islet (Oahu), description of,
256, 257.
vegetation, 257.
rats introduced into, 271.
rats living on, 263.
Praeopima (Amastra) Cooke, 241.
Prosopis juliflora, 262.

Rat food, 256, 258.

material in B. P. B. Museum, 258.

native Hawaiian, 253-271.

remains at Kahoolawe, 254.

trap, 270.

habits of, 265-268.
Rats, legend relating to, 269.

superstitions concerning, 270.
Rattus, 253.

hawaiiensis, 260.

norvegicus, 253.
Remota (Amastra) Cooke, 228.
Ricei (Amastra) Cooke, 221.
Rotelloidea (Hellicina) Migh., 206.

Sand-dunes, 261.
vSesuvium Portulacastrum, 257.
Spaldingi (Amastra) Cooke, 214.
Spicula (Amastra) Cooke, 234.
Stokes, John F. G., discovery of mum-
mied rodents by, 253.
on the Hawaiian rat, 261.
vStone, Witmer, on Hawaiian rat, 253.
Sulculosa (Helicina) Ancey, 204.

Tahiti, native rats on, 25S.
Thespesia populnea (milo), 257.
Thrum, T. G., quoted, 269.
Thurstoni (Amastra) Cooke, 224.
276]

hidex.

27

Thwing, E. W., on descriptions of Wailuku sand-dunes, rat remains at,

Achatinella, v-xi.
Truncata (Lyropupa) Cooke, 211.

Uberta (Helicina) Gould, 209.
United States Exploring Expedition,

258.
Vetuscula (Amastra) Cooke, 244, 245.
Viriosa (Amastra) Cooke, 235, 236.

261.
Waite, Edgar R., quoted on Pacific

native rat, 259.
Wake Island, native rats on, 258.
Weliweli sand-dunes, 261.
Whitei (Amastra) Cooke, 232.

[277]

PUBI^ICATIONS

OF THE

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum

Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A.

MEMOIRS.

(Quarto.)

Vol. I.— Nos. 1-5. 1899-1903.

Vol. II. — Nos. 1-4. 1906-1909.

Vol. III.— Ka Hana Kapa : The Making of Bark-cloth in Hawaii.
By Wm. T. Brigham. 1911. Complete volume.

Vol. IV. — Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and
Folk-lore. Gathered by Abraham Fornander. With Transla-
tions Revised and Illustrated with Notes by Thomas G. Thrum.
Part I. 1916. [Part II in press.]

OCCASIONAI, PAPERS.

(Octavo.)

Vol. I.— Nos. 1-5. 1898-1902. [No. I out of print.]

Vol. II. — Nos. 1-5. 1903-1907.

Vol. III. — Nos. I, 2, 3, 4. 1907-. [Volume incomplete.]

Vol. IV. — Nos. 1-5. 1906-1911.

Vol. v.— Nos. 1-5. 1912-1913.

Vol. VI.— No. I. Director's Report for 1913. — New Hawaiian
Plants, IV. By Charles N. Forbes. 1914.

No. 2. Director's Report for 19x4. 1915.

No. 3. Director's Report for 1915. New Hawaiian Plants, V. By
Charles N. Forbes. 1916.

A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. 1903. [Out of print.]

Bishop Museum Handbook. — Part i: The Hawaiian Collections.
1915. Octavo.— Part II: Hawaiian Fishes. (In preparation.)

Index to Abraham Pomander's "An Account of the Polynesian
Race." By John F. G. Stokes. 1909. Octavo.

A detailed list, with prices, will be mailed to any address on
application to the I^ibrarian.

3 2044 106 182