.1> HARVARD UNIVERSITY Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Published by The Department of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University VOLUME 8 Numbers 35 to 47 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 1967-1973 MARION D. BRITZ Occasional Papers on Mollusks is currently blessed with a business manager of exceptional talent for that demand- ing task in the person of Marion D. Britz. Marion comes to us endowed with an ability to organize myriad assort- ments of figures, a keen sense of salesmanship and a natural interest in mollusks. Her financial adroitness has been enhanced by academic training in business school as well as experience in working with executives in the commercial world. Her knack for good advertising, with which she has substantially increased our number of subscribers, is one to which she has added the advice and counsel of her hus- band, Robert Britz, who daily oversees complex transactions for a famous Boston department store. Her enthusiasm for mollusks has continued to grow ever since she began collect- ing shells on Sanibel Island, Florida where her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Pfaff, spend their winters. According to Mrs. Pfaff, "On one of Marion's earlier shelling trips, she found a shell that was not familiar to her. She pursued her interest by calling Dr. R. Tucker Abbott at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia (at that time, Marion and her family were living in Cherry Hill, New Jersey) . . . Dr. Abbott mentioned that he was in need of someone to assist him with office detail, at his labo- ratory, and Marion volunteered her services." Not only did Marion thus proceed to expand her own knowledge of mala- cology, but she also became familiar with the perplexities of managing another journal in the field, Indo-Pacific Mollusca. Everyone in Marion's family has enjoyed different aspects of malacology, leading to participation in the American Malacological Union. Her son, Steven Britz, has now de- veloped his own interests, moving on into the broader fields of Biology and Chemistry in which he is presently studying in Marburg, Germany, as part of his training for a Ph. D. degree. [iii] Marion was born in Chicago, and while she was attending high school there she met her future husband, Robert. Marion and Robert lived there after marriage and their son, Steven, was born in Chicago as well. Later on they lived in Ohio and then in the Philadelphia area until 1967 when, fortunately for us, they came to Boston. Marion has been volunteering her aid to the Department of Mollusks at Harvard since 1969, beginning with work on the Index Nudihranchia for Dr. H. D. Russell. In her care, besides Occasional Papers 07i Mollusks, is also the Depart- ment's journal, Johnsonia. Such tedious chores as taking inventory and invoicing, which involve endless counting and careful accuracy, she always accomplishes with indomitable cheer. Her innova- tions in bookkeeping have eased accounting burdens for our staff and readers alike. Of even more significance to us all are the charming sense of humor and caring concern with which she delights us every time she comes to the Depart- ment to work. It is for giving us such creative help that we gratefully dedicate this third volume of Occasio7ial Papers on Mollusks to Marion D. Britz. [iv] Marion D. Britz [V] CONTRIBUTORS M. S. Belle 41 (p. 176) Kenneth J. Boss . . 35 (p. 36), 37, 40, 41 (p. 174), 43; 43 (p. 236), 45; 45 (p. 280), 47; 47 (p. 520) Robert C. Bullock 42, 43 (p. 234) , 44 William J. Clench 35 (p. 36), 36, 37, 38, 39 Richard I. Johnson 35, 41, 43, 46 Morris K. Jacobson 39, 45, 47 N. Knowlton 44 (p. 251) STAFF William J. Clench Honorary Curator of Malacology Kenneth J. Boss Ruth D. Turner Professor of Biology Research Associate in Curator in Malacology Malacology, Alexander Agassiz Fellow in Oceanography and Zoology Richard I. Johnson Henry D. Russell Associate in Malacology Associate in Malacology Mary Jo Dent Secretary Marion Britz Business Manager [vi] TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface x No. 35. Illustrations of All the Mollusks Described by- Berlin Hart and Samuel Hart Wright By Richard I. Johnson 1 The Henry G. Frampton Collection of Florida Liguus By William J. Clench and Kenneth J. Boss .... 36 No. 36. William Gaillard Mazyck (1846-1942) with a Bibliography and Catalogue of His Species By William J. Clench 37 No. 37. Notes on Pleurohema collina (Conrad) from the James River, Virginia By Kenneth J. Boss and William J. Clench .... 45 No. 38. Land Mollusca of Saba Island, Lesser Antilles By William J. Clench 58 No. 39. The Genus Priotrochatella (Mollusca: Helicini- dae) of the Isle of Pines and Jamaica, West Indies By William J. Clench and Morris K. Jacobson . . 61 No. 40. Critical Estimate of the Number of Recent Mol- lusca By Kenneth J. Boss 81 No. 41, Illustration of All of the Mollusks Described by Lorraine Screven Frierson By Richard I. Johnson 137 No. 42. On the Taxonomy of Chaetopleura fulva (Wood 1815) (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) By Robert C. Bullock 177 No. 43. The Fresh-water, Brackish, and Non-Jamaican Land Mollusks Described by C. B. Adams By Richard I. Johnson and Kenneth J. Boss . . 193 [vii] No. 44. Notes on the Genus Chiton in the Western Indian Ocean (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) By Robert C. Bullock 237 No. 45. Monograph of Ceratodiscus (Archaeogastropoda; Helicinidae) By Kenneth J. Boss and Morris K. Jacobson ... 253 No. 46. Distribution of Hydrobiidae, A Family of Fresh and Brackish Water Gastropods, in Peninsular Florida By Richard I. Johnson 281 No. 47. The Jamaican Land Shells Described by C. B. Adams By Morris K. Jacobson and Kenneth J. Boss . . . 305 [viii] NEW SPECIES Chiton fosteri, 245 Chiton salihafui, 240 BOOK REVIEWS Andrews, J. 1971, Sea Shells of the Texas Coast, 234 Burghardt, G. and L. 1969, A Collector's Guide to West Coast Chitons, 192 Carrasco Franco, G. 1971, Arte Pre-Colombiano de Mexico. Conchas y Caracoles, 280 Clarke, A. H. The Freshwater Molluscs of the Canadian Interior Basin, 304 Dance, P. 1966, Shell Collecting, 44 Evans, J. G. 1972, Land Snails in Archaeology, 520 Graham, A. 1971, British Prosobranch and Other Opercu- late Gastropod Molluscs, 236 Habe, T. 1971, Shells of Japan, 176 Johnstone, K. Y. 1970, Collecting Seashells, 136 Stanley, S. M. 1970, Relation of Shell Form to Life Habits of the Bivalvia (Mollusca), 174 Thorson, G. 1971, Life in the Sea, 251 SUBJECT INDEX Catalogues of species C. B. Adams, 193, 305 W. G. Mazyck, 37 L. S. Frierson, 137 B. H. and S. H. Wright, 1 Monographic Studies Pleurobema colli7m (Conrad), 45 Notes on Chiton, 237 Priotrochatella, 61 Ceratodiscus, 253 Chaetopleura fulva (Wood), 177 Faunistic and Zoogeographical Saba Island, Lesser Antilles, 53 Hydrobiidae in Peninsular Florida, 281 Estimate of the Number of Recent Mollusca, 81 [ix] PREFACE During the last 30 years malacology has enjoyed increasing attention. In the Preface to Volume 1 of Occasional Papers it was stated that malacological litera- ture in 1954 amounted to some 1000 articles in more than 200 journals and that the phylum contained an estimated 200,000 species. In the interim, both the estimate of the total number of living species of mollusks and the annual volume of published literature have changed. In a recent Zoological Record (vol. 107, 1974), which covers the litera- ture for the year 1970, articles dealing with mollusks number over 2500, published in several hundred journals by over 1000 authors, representing more than a two-fold increase in twenty years. The species concept in zoology, as currently understood, emerged from the synthesis of ideas in taxonomy, genetics and paleontology. The New Systematics, which recognizes that species are unique, dynamic, natural units consisting of interbreeding populations with characteristic genetic, physiological and morphological features, has made a reappraisal of the species-level diversity of mollusks necessary. Detailed reference to more recent and critical investigations lends credence to the contention that there are fewer than 50,000 living species (Boss. 1971. Occ. Papers Moll., Harvard Univ., 3: 81-135). In well studied groups, which have received careful taxonomic revision and monographic review, virtually every species has been named more than once and frequently several times. In highly variable organisms such as pearly-freshwater mus- sels, a few species have hundreds of synonyms. Many molluscan species are still poorly known and there are yet more to be discovered in nature; however, it is disconcerting in the extreme to observe the haphazard, almost unrestrained flow of descriptions of new species. Almost each issue of such malacological journals as the Archiv filr Molluskenkunde, Venus, and The Veliger con- tain newly introduced taxa. These descriptions are often parochial in scope and are not published in conjunction [x] with thoroug'h systematic revisions. Frequently they are obviously uncritical and biologicallj^ unsound, considering what is known about genetic variability of species and the attendant range of morphological variation. One questions the validity of a new Limax described from Austria when there are over 500 available nomina for Palearctic slugs (Hesse, P. 1929. Die Nacktschnecken der palaearktischen Region. Abhand. Arch. Moll. 2 (1) : 152 pp.) or a new IJftorina from Baja California when there are at least 1200 available names in that genus (Rosewater, J. 1970. The family Littorinidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 2 (11): 417-506; pers. comm.) Further, the proliferation of superspecific, i.e. generic, subgeneric and familial level nomina, is astonishing and obfuscates rather than elucidates evolutionary relation- ships. The student can hardly find a cowry which is refer- able to Cypraea or a muricid which can be placed in Miirex. A perfectly recognizable volutid from Australia may be set in unfamiliar Nannamoria while a hydrobioid from the Balkans may be placed in one of 75, mostly monotypic, genera. There is, in short, a vast nomenclatorial surplus in mala- cology which casts doubt on the validity of many of the new taxa still being introduced. We believe that the few new species which appear in this volume are critically described and that the several catalogues illustrating the taxa introduced by a number of authors will help to reduce the renaming of species in certain difficult groups. K. J. Boss [xi] Occasional Papers On Mollusks Published by The Department of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts VOLUME 3 FEBRUARY 8, 1967 NUMBER 35* Illustrations of all the Mollusks described by Berlin Hart and Samuel Hart Wright** By Richard I. Johnson The Wrights, father and son, between the years 1883 and 1934 described 52 species of mollusks from the southern states of the United States, primarily from Florida. With the excep- tion of two terrestrial species they were all Unionidae, or fresh- water mussels. The Wrights' concept of types was, naturally, less precise than that of today, but to their credit they de- posited types of almost all of their species in the United States National Museum. The author has tried to find the figured or measured type whenever possible. These have been regarded as holotypes. When this was impossible the syntypes first figured or outlined by Simpson have been selected as lecto- types. In other instances, syntypes in the United States National Museum have been elevated to lectotypes, in an at- tempt to fulfill the Wrights' obvious original intention that the "authentic" specimens should be in that institution, and to simplify the use of the types by subsequent workers. All types have been figured, since many of the previous figures were sketches or line drawings. Some of the species are figured here for the first time. Where possible the type localities have been rendered more specific by the addition of data from the original labels or from atlases and county maps. These data will be found in brackets. * Volume 3 starts with Number 35. ** Supported in part by the WilHam F. Milton Fund, Harvard University. - Iv.Lio. COivi.-". ^^- ^ LIBRARY MAR 1 1967 2 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Paratypes or paralectotypes are to be found in numerous collections since the Wrights were generous with their dupli- cates. The main Wright collection was purchased by Bryant Walker and is now in the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. The paratypes that are mentioned as being in the Museum of Comparative Zoology were obtained in large part from the Walker duplicate collection which were generously donated by the University of Michigan. There are obviously many paratypes of the Wrights' species in the Museum of Zoology, but they have not yet been added to the type collec- tion there, understandably so since they are unmarked and it has been correctly thought that most of the holotypes were in the United States National Museum. Dr. H. B. Baker has recently located and marked the Wright types in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and these are included here. The author has not included biographical accounts of the Wright family, since he can contribute nothing new to the interesting accounts listed below. Johnson, C.W., 1905. Samuel Hart Wright. Nautilus 19: 105- 106. Bartsch, Paul, 1944. Berlin Hart Wright. American Malaco- logical Union, News Bulletin and Annual Report for 1943, pp. 11-15, portrait. Acknowledgments Thanks are due to Dr. Henry Vander Schalie for allowing me free access to the collection of the Museum of Zoology. To Dr. Harald A. Rehder I am grateful for the loan of all of the types described by the Wrights in the United States National Museum, and Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison for helping me to locate them. Dr. R. Tucker Abbott of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia kindly made available the Wright types in his charge, but special thanks are due to Dr. H. B. Baker who recently located and marked the types, and freely allowed me to study his manuscript on the Unionid types in the Academy. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY Berlin Hart Wright [no date] List of shells for exchange. Reprint from "Home and Science Gossip", Rockford, Illinois. Printed on a single sheet. 1883, A new Florida Unio. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 35: 58, fig. 1888, Check list of North American Unionidae and other fresh water bivalves. Privately printed: Portland, Oregon, pp. 8, unnumbered. 1888, Description of new species of Uniones from Florida. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 40: 113-120, 5 pis. 1889, A new Florida Bulimulus; The West American Scientist 4:8. 1889, Sphaerium cubense Prime in Florida. Nautilus 3: 19. 1889, Comparison of Bulimulus hemphilli Wright and B. ma- rielienus Poey. Nautilus 3: 19. 1890, Critical notes on the Bulimuli of Florida. Nautilus 4: 61-63. 1892, A new Florida Unio. Nautilus 5: 124-125. 1893, The Unio muddle. Nautilus 6: 113-116. 1893, Notes on Unio coruscus Gould. Nautilus 6: 126-127. 1896, New Florida Unios. Nautilus 9: 121-122, pi. 2. 1896, New American Unionidae. Nautilus 9: 133-135, pi. 3. 1896, Descent and distribution of Unionidae. Nautilus 10: 5. 1897, New Unios. Nautilus 11: 40, 55, 56. 1897, A new plicate Unio. Nautilus 11: 191. 1898, A new undulate Unio from Alabama. Nautilus 11: 101- 102. 1898, Description of a new Unio. Nautilus 11: 111-112. 1898, New varieties of Unionidae. Nautilus 11: 123-124. 1898, New Unionidae. Nautilus 12: 5, 6. 1898, A new Unio. Nautilus 12: 32-33. 1898, A new Unio from Texas. Nautilus 12: 93. 1899, New Southern Unios. Nautilus 13: 6-8,22,31,42,50,69, 75, 76, 89. 1900, New Southern Unios. Nautilus 13: 138. 1933, A new species of Florida Unio. Nautilus 47: 17-18, pi. 1. 1934, New Florida pearly mussels. Nautilus 47: 94-95, pi. 10. LIBRARY MAu 1 ^rro-> 4 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 1934, A new Florida pearly fresh-water mussel. Nautilus 48: 28, pi. 13, figs. 5-8 in 47. Berlin Hart Wright and Bryant Walker 1902, Check list of North American Naiades. Privately printed: Detroit, Michigan, pp. 19. 8vo. Samuel Hart Wright 1888, A new Unio. The West American Scientist 4: 60, plate. 1891, Unionidae of Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, and Louisiana in South Florida [sic]. Nautilus 4: 125. 1897, Contributions to a knowledge of United States Unioni- dae. Nautilus 10: 136-139; 11: 4-5. Samuel Hart Wright and Berlin Hart Wright 1887-88, Notes on the Unionidae of South Florida. Concholo- gists Exchange 2: 67, 95, 111, 112. 1892, On the revision of the Unionidae. Nautilus 6: 80. Recent mollusca described by B.H. and S.H. Wright with their original references and type locaHties For convenience of reference the following list is arranged alphabetically by species. The plates are casually arranged by genera and approximate morphological relationship. There is no attempt to synonymize any of these forms. This will be done for the Florida species subsequently. The figures usually approximate natural size. The actual measurements of the types are given on the plate captions. If the type figured here is stated to be the holotype, the measurements are to be con- sidered the original ones, though the latter were usually in inches rather than millimeters. All locality data in brackets have been supplied from original labels or are additions or corrections from more recent maps. abbreviations ANSP — Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia MCZ — Museum of Comparative Zoology MZUM — Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan USNM — United States National Museum albida B. H. Wright, Bulimulus dormani Plate 12, figs. 3A-C 1890, Nautilus 4: 61 (no locality [near Lake Helen, Volusia Co., Florida]). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 5 Type not located in USNM, MZUM or MCZ. Topotype figured by Pilsbry, 1946. Land Moll. North America 2: 23, fig. 13, d. armathwaitensis B. H. Wright, Unio gibbosus Plate 3, fig. 1 1898, Nautilus 11: 123 (a branch of the South Fork of the Cumberland River, Armathwaite, Fentress Co., Tennessee). Lectotype, here selected, USNM 150523; paralectotype MCZ 20167. averillii B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 7, fig. 4 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 115, pi. 3, fig. 2 (Lake Ashby, Volusia Co., Florida). The syntype figured by Simpson 1892, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 15: 414, pi. 56, fig. 6 could not be located. Lectotype, here se- lected, USNM 91142: 3 paralectotypes MCZ 134058. brimleyi S. Hart Wright, Unio Plate 5, fig. 1 1897, Nautilus 10: 138 ( [Walnut Creek of] Neuse River, Raleigh [Wake Co.] North Carolina ) . The type locality is here further restricted to Walnut Creek, from Brimley's previously unpublished notes, see: Walter, 1956, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 72: 268. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 149651, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 80, pi. 4, p. 6. bursa-pastoris B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 13, fig. 1 1896, Nautilus 9: 133, pi. 3, top and bottom figs. (Powell River [Lee Co.], Virginia). Figured holotype ANSP 67971. Idiotype USNM 133427, figured here, pi. 2, fig. 3; 3 idiotypes MCZ 133474; both labeled, "Clinch River, Lee [=Scott] Co., Virginia." burtchianus S. Hart Wright, Unio Plate 8, fig. 4 1897, Nautilus 10: 137 (St. Mary's River, Nassau Co., Florida). Lectotype, here selected, USNM 149653, possibly the specimen figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 80, pi. 4, fig. 8. buxtoni B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 11, fig. 4 1897, Nautilus 11: 55 (Lakelets of Marion Co., Florida). The type figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 80, pi. 1, fig. 6 vk^as not the measured holotype, nor can it be ascertained which specimen in the lot it is. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 150131; 2 paralectotypes MCZ 20173. conjugans B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 2, fig. 1 1899, Nautilus 13: 89 Hiawassa [Hiawassee] River, Polk Co., Tennessee). Holotype USNM 159501, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pi. 4, fig. 1. Known only from the holotype. cunninghami B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 13, fig. 2 1883, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 58, pi. 1, figs. 1-4 (Lakes of Sumter Co., Florida). The type locality is, here restricted, to Lake Harris, Yalaha, Lake Co., Florida, the home of the original collector, T. L. Cunningham. Lectotype, here selected, ANSP 41348a, specimen on which figs. 1 and 3 are based; 7 paralectotypes ANSP 41348; paralectotype USNM 152063, figured here, pi. 10, fig. 1; 3 paralectotypes MCZ 178700. dallii B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 10, fig. 2 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 119, pi. 6, fig. 1 (Lake Beresford, Volu- sia Co., Florida). Figured holotype USNM 151037, labeled Lake Woodruff, which is assumed to be in error; paratypes ANSP 41342. danielsii B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 6, fig. 1 1889, Nautilus 13: 31 (Spring Creek [a branch of the Flint River], Decatur Co., Georgia). Measured holotype USNM 168967; paratypes ANSP 48039. 6 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS diasensis S. Hart Wright, Unio 1888, Check List North American Unionidae (no pagination). Nomen nudum. diazensis S. Hart Wright, Unio Plate 8, fig. 6 1897, Nautilus 11: 5 (Lake Diaz, Volusia Co., Florida). Lectotype, here selected, USNM 149652; 2 paralectotypes MCZ 37314. dispalans B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 8, fig. 3 1899, Nautilus 13: 50 (Suwannee River, Florida). Holotype USNM 159986, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 80, pi. 1, fig. 9. dorei B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 9. fig. 2 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 115, pi. 3, fig. 1 (Lake Monroe [Volusia Co.], Florida). Holotype USNM 151034; 4 paratypes MCZ 178721; paratypes ANSP 41363. friersoni B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 5, fig. 4 1896, Nautilus 9: 134, pi. 3 (Bayou Pierre, an arm of the Red River in De Soto Parish, Louisiana). "The type locality has been drained", teste Frier- son, 1927, Check List North American Naiades, p. 54. The figured specimen was not located. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 133432; 2 paralectotypes MCZ 165697 and 30563; paralectotypes ANSP 67972. fryanus B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 8, fig. 5 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 113, pi. 2, fig. 1 (Lake Ashby, Volusia Co., Florida). Holotype USNM 151032; 4 paratypes MCZ 37202; paratypes ANSP 41349. harperi B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 4, fig. 3 1898, Nautilus 13: 6 (Altamaha River, Liberty Co., Georgia, 2 adults; Su- wannee River, Madison Co., Florida, 3 specimens; Spring Creek, a branch of the Flint, Decatur Co., Georgia, 20 specimens). As pointed out by Clench and Turner, 1956, Bull. Florida State Mus. 1: 164, this species does not occur in the Atlantic drainage, though the type is labeled Altamaha River. The type locality is, here restricted, to Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Georgia, where the majority of the specimens were found. Holotype USNM 159197, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 10; 4 idiotypes MCZ 186969, from the Suwannee River. hartii B. H. Wright, Unio (Elliptio) w^ebbianus Plate 9, fig. 5 1934, Nautilus 47: 95, pi. 10, figs. 3-4 (Lake Consuelo, near Floral City [or Little Lake, SE of Floral City, just outside village limits]. Citrus Co., Flori- da). Holotype USNM 424925; figured paratypes ANSP 161595a, fig. 4; 2 paratypes MCZ 95947. hartwrightii B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 7, fig. 1 1896, Nautilus 9: 121, pi. 2, figs. 4-6 (Lake Beresford [Volusia Co.], Florida). Figured holotype USNM 151031, labeled, and here restricted to [St. Johns River], Blue Springs [3 miles S of Lake Beresford, Volusia Co.], Florida; paratype MCZ 167687; paratype ANSP 67523. hemphilli B. H. Wright, Bulimulus Plate 12, fig. 4 1889, West American Scienti.st 4:8; is fig. 449 of Binney's Manual of Ameri- can Land Shells [W. G. Binney, 1885, Bull. United States Nat. Mus. 28] (Marco, Florida, Hemphill). [Wright mentions this locality but makes it clear that his specimens were not from here, though he is vague as to where his specimens were collected.]). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 7 Pilsbry, 1946 (Land Moll. North America 2: 25) has the following note: "Mr. Berlin Hart Wright, when 89 years of age, wrote me that specimens of hemphilli were taken 'on the tongue of land between the ocean and Halifax (or Indian) River [Volusia Co.] on a great shell mound which has now been used for making roads. The only pair found was sent to Mr. Binney. It was on the advice of Mr. Binney that their novelty was assured. . . ' These two types are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, with the locality given as Hawks Park, Florida. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 13020; paralectotype MCZ 233681. hinkleyi B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 11, fig. 1 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 117, pi. 4, fig. 2 (Lake Monroe [Volusia Co.], Florida). Holotype USNM 151033; 2 paratypes MCZ 252048, paratypes ANSP 43140. iheringi B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 4, fig. 2 1898, Nautilus 12: 93 (San Saba River, Menard Co., Texas). Holotype USNM 152171, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 79, pi. 4, fig. 5; 2 paratypes MCZ 20152. kingii B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 5, fig. 6 1900, Nautilus 13: 138 (a branch of the Flint River, Baker Co., Georgia). Measured holotype USNM 159965; paratype MCZ 20156. kirklandianus S. Hart Wright, Unio Plate 5, fig. 3 1897, Nautilus 10: 136 (Ocklocknee [Ochlockonee] River, Leon Co., Florida). Measured holotype USNM 149648, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 76, pi. 1, fig. 7; paratypes MCZ 189802 and 186840. lehmanii S. Hart Wright, Unio Plate 6, fig. 3 1897, Nautilus 10: 138 (St. Marys River [Nassau Co.], Florida). Lectotype, here selected, USNM 149650, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 80, pi. 4, fig. 9; paralectotype ANSP 60451. leonensis "B. H. Wright" Simpson, Unio 1892, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 15: 419, pi. 62, figs. 3-4 (Lake Wood- ruff [Spring Garden Lake] near De Leon Springs [Volusia Co., Florida]). Listed as a synonym of Unio jayatius Lea. marshii B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 12, fig. 2 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 118, pi. 5, fig. 2 (Lake Woodruff, Volu- sia Co., Florida). Holotype USNM 151028, from [St. Johns River] Blue Springs [3 miles S of Lake Beresford, Volusia Co., Florida], since the local- ity "Blue Springs" is written on the type, it is considered correct and the locality is here so restricted; 2 paratypes ANSP 42493. maywebbae B. H. Wright, Elliptio Plate 10, fig. 3 1934, Nautilus 48: 28; 47, pi. 13, figs. 5-8 ( near Seminole Springs [is Rock Springs, Orange Co.] 15 miles South East of Eustis [Lake Co.] Florida). Holotype USNM 425354; paratypes ANSP 162516. nolani B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 10, fig. 4 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 116, pi. 4, fig. 1 (a creek fiowing into St. Johns River, near Palatka [Putnam Co.], Florida). Holotype USNM 151030; paratypes ANSP 41354. orcuttii S. Hart Wright, Unio Plate 9, fig. 1 1888, West American Scientist 4: 60, pi. 3, figs. ([Horse Creek] near Man- 8 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS atee River [Manatee Co.]; West coast of Florida; Lake Miakka, Florida). Figured holotype, USNM 308971, from [Horse Creek] near Manatee River [Manatee Co.]: the type locality is here restricted to this locality; paratypes MCZ 151035 and 252049. oscari B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 11, fig. 3 1892, Nautilus 5: 124 (a creek from Lake Osceola, at Winter Park [Orange Co.], Florida); 1896, Nautilus 9: 122, pi. 2, figs. 1-3, Possible figured holo- type, here selected, lectotype USNM 123526; 15 paralectotypes MCZ 178717; paralectotypes ANSP 41361. pinei B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 10, fig. 5 1897, Nautilus 11:40 (unnamed lake in Witthacoochee [Withlacoochee] River, region of Hernando Co., Florida). Holotype USNM 150127, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 80, pi. 3, fig. 1; 3 paratypes MCZ 30357 and 20153; possible paratypes ANSP 78861. pinkstonii S. Hart Wright, Unio Plate 5, fig. 2 1897, Nautilus 10: 136 (Tuscaloosa [Tallapoosa] River, Macon Co., Alaba- ma). Lectotype, here selected, USNM 149649, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 8; 2 paralectotypes MCZ 189647. polymorphus B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 6, fig. 2 1899, Nautilus 13: 42 (Spanish Creek, Okefenokee Swamp [a tributary of St. Marys River, W of Folkston], Charlton Co., Georgia). Lectotype, here selected, USNM 152060; 5 paralectotypes MCZ 30290. reclusus B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 4, fig. 5 1898, Nautilus 11: 111 Ocklocknee [Ochlockonee] River, Leon Co., Florida). Holotype USNM 151029, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 82, pi. 1, fig. 2; 25 paratypes MCZ 197685. rotulatus B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 4, fig. 4 1899, Nautilus 13: 22 (Escambia River, Escambia Co., Florida). Holotype USNM 159969, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 78, pi. 4, fig. 2. Known only from the holotype. sanctorumjohanium B. H. Wright, Unio (Elliptio) Plate 9, fig. 3 1933, Nautilus 47: 17, pi. 1 (Lake Druid, near Floral City [Citrus Co. ], Flori- da). Holotype USNM 424738; paratype MCZ 81972; paratype ANSP 161016. simpsoni B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 8, fig. 2 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 40, pi. 5, fig. 1 (Lake Woodruff, Volusia Co., Florida). Holotype USNM 151038; 4 paratypes MCZ 252047; paratypes ANSP 41346. singularis B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 5, fig. 7 1899, Nautilus 13: 75 (Spring Creek [a branch of the Flint River], Decatur Co., Georgia). Measured holotype USNM 159988. stearnsiana 'B. H. Wright' Simpson, Unio 1892, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 15: 425 (Blue Springs Landing [3 miles S of Lake Beresford, Volusia Co.], Florida). Nomen nudum. Listed as a synonym of Unio minor Lea [ = Carunculina paula Lea]. stearnsi B. H. Wright, Unio 1888, Check List of North American Unionidae (Portland, Oregon), p. 5. Nomen nudum; Simpson, 1914, Cat, Naiades 1: 146. Listed as a synonym of Lampsilis minor [ = Carunculina paula Lea]. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 9 strigillatus B. H. Wright, Unio cylindricus Plate 3, fig. 2 1898, Nautilus 12: 6 (Clinch [Powell] River [Jonesville], Lee Co., Virginia). Lectotype, here selected, USNM 151737, from Jonesville. strodeanus B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 4, fig. 1 1898, Nautilus 12: 5 (Escambia River, West Florida). The type figured by Simpson 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 81, pi. 1, fig. 3, could not be located. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 150498; 6 paralectotypes MCZ 210277. suttoni B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 11, fig. 2 1897, Nautilus 11: 56 ([Smith] Lake, near Candler, Marion Co., Florida). Measured holotype USNM 150129; paratypes MCZ 20172. swordianus S. Hart Wright, Unio Plate 3, fig. 3 1897, Nautilus 11: 4 (Pow^ell Creek [River], Lee Co., Virginia). The type figured by Simpson 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 81, pi. 4, fig. 4 could not be located. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 149654: paralectotypes ANSP 48304. tinkeri B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 1, fig. 2 1899, Nautilus 13: 7 (Tombigbee River [Moscow, Lamar Co.], Alabama). Holotype USNM 159193, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 78, pi. 4, fig. 3; 2 paratypes MCZ 20165; paratypes ANSP 48376. triumphans B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 1, fig. 1 1898, Nautilus 11: 101 (Coosa River, St. Clair Co., Alabama). Holotype USNM 150554, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 83, pi. 3, fig. 3; 2 paratypes MCZ 139625; paratypes ANSP 48226. truncata B. H. Wright, Margaritana marginata Plate 4, fig. 6 1898, Nautilus 11: 124 (occurs in eastern as well as western waters and into Virginia and Tennessee). Lectotype, here selected, USNM 150545 from the Clinch River, Virginia; 4 idiotypes MCZ 152253, from Greyson Co., Virginia. tryoni B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 12, fig. 1 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 120, pi. 6, fig. 2 (Lake Woodruff [Spring Garden Lake], near De Leon Springs, Volusia Co., Florida). Holotype USNM 151036; 6 paratypes MCZ 252045. unicostatus B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 7, fig. 3 1899, Nautilus 43: 69 (Spring Creek [a branch of the Flint River], Decatur Co., Georgia). Lectotype, here selected, USNM 159966 [in the same lot is a male allotype, length 38 mm., height 26 mm., width 15 mm.]; paralectotype MCZ 20150. villosus B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 8, fig. 1 1898, Nautilus 12: 32 (Suwannee River [Luraville], Suwannee Co., Florida)- Lectotype, here selected, USNM 150503, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 77, pi. 1, fig. 1; paralectotype MCZ 186836. walkeri B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 5. fig. 5 1897, Nautilus 11: 91 (Suwannee River [Ellaville], Madison Co., Florida). Lectotype, here selected, USNM 150506, figured by Simpson, 1900, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 77, pi. 1, fig. 5; 2 paralectotypes MCZ 20178; para- lectotypes ANSP 71661. 71662. waltoni B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 11, fig. 5 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 114, pi. 2, fig. 3 (Lake Woodruff, Volu- 10 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS sia Co., Florida) . The figured type was not located. Lectotype, here selected, USNM 91145, presumed to be the syntype outlined by Simpson, 1892, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 15: 431, pi. 73, fig. 7; paralectotype MCZ 167701; 2 paralectotypes ANSP 41399. webbianus B. H. Wright, Unio (Elliptic) Plate 9, fig. 4 1934, Nautilus 47: 94, pi. 10, figs. 1-2 (Lake Consuelo [or Little Lake, SE of Floral City, just outside village limits] near Floral City, Citrus Co., Flori- da). Holotype USNM 424923; figured paratype ANSP 161594a, fig. 2; 2 para- types MCZ 15948. websterii B. H. Wright, Unio Plate 7, fig. 2 1888, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 113, pi. 2, fig. 2 (Lake Woodruff, Volu- sia Co., Florida). Lectotype, here selected, USNM 125697; paralectotype MCZ 178765; paralectotype ANSP 41341. woodruffensis 'B. H. Wright' Simpson, Unio 1892, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 15: 419. Nomen nudum. Listed as a synonym of Unio jayanus Lea. Plate 1 Fig. 1. Unio triumphans B. H. Wright. Coosa River, St. Clair Co., Alabama. Holotype USNM 150554. Length 105 mm., height 93 mm., vi^idth 42 mm. Fig. 2. Unio tinker i B. H. Wright. Tombigbee River [Moscow, Lamar Co.], Alabama. Holotype USNM 159193. Length 47 mm., height 40 mm., width 28 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 11 Plate 1 12 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 2 Fig. 1. Unio conjugans B. H. Wright. Hiawassa [Hiawassee] River, Polk Co., Tennessee. Holotype USNM 159501. Length 97 mm., height 72 mm., width 47 mm. Fig. 2. Unio bursa-pastoris B. H. Wright. Clinch River, Lee [Scott] Co., Vir- ginia. Idiotype USNM 133427. Length 98 mm., height 65 mm., width 38 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 13 Plate 2 14 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 3 Fig. 1. Unio gibbosus armathwaitensis B. H. Wright. A branch of the South Fork of the Cumberland River, Armathwaite, Fentress Co., Tennessee. Lec- totype USNM 150523. Length 87 mm., height 45 mm., width 24 mm. Fig. 2. Unio cylindricus strigillatus B. H.Wright. Clinch [Powell] River [Jones- ville], Lee Co., Virginia. Lectotype USNM 151737. Length 60 mm., height 34 mm., width 21 mm. Fig. 3. Unio swordianus S. Hart Wright. Powell Creek [River], Lee Co., Vir- ginia. Lectotype USNM 149654. Length 68 mm., height 50 mm., width 26 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 15 Plate 3 16 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 4 Fig. 1. Unio strodeanus B. H. Wright. Escambia River, West Florida. Lectotype USNM 150498. Length 37 mm., height 27 mm., width 17 mm. Fig. 2. Unio iheringi B. H. Wright. San Saba River, Menard Co., Texas. Holo- type USNM 152171. Length 52 mm., height 34 mm., width 20 mm. Fig. 3. Unio harperi B. H. Wright. [Spring Creek, a branch of the Flint River, Decatur Co., Georgia.] Holotype USNM 159197. Length 48 mm., height 30 mm., width 21 mm. Fig. 4. Unio rotulatus B. H. Wright. Escambia River, Escambia Co., Florida. Holotype USNM 159969. Length 48 mm., height 45 mm., width 32 mm. Fig. 5. Unio redusus B. H. Wright. Ocklocknee [Ochlockonee] River, Leon Co., Florida. Holotype USNM 151029. Length 40 mm., height 26 mm., width 18 mm. Fig. 6. Margaritana marginata truncate B.H.Wright. [Clinch River, Virginia.] Lectotype USNM 150545. Length 56 mm., height 31 mm., width 24 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 17 Plate 4 18 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 5 Fig. 1. Unio brimleyi S. Hart Wright. [Walnut Creek] Raleigh [Wake Co.] North Carolina. Lectotype USNM 149651. Length 58 mm., height 37 mm., width 22 mm. Fig. 2. Unio pinkstonii S. Hart Wright. Tuscaloosa [Tallapoosa] River, Macon Co., Alabama. Lectotype USNM 149649. Length 46 mm., height 27 mm., width 25 mm. Fig. 3. Unio kirklandianus S. Hart Wright. Ocklocknee [Ochlockonee] River, Leon Co., Florida. Holotype USNM 149648. Length 48 mm., height 29 mm., width 19 mm. Fig. 4. Unio frier soni B. H. Wright. Bayou Pierre, an arm of the Red River, De Soto Parish, Louisiana. Lectotype USNM 133432. Length 42 mm., height 38 mm., width 26 mm. Fig. 5. Unio tvalkeri B. H. Wright. Suwannee River [Ellaville], Madison Co., Florida. Lectotype USNM 150506. Length 47 mm., height 25 mm., width 17 mm. Fig. 6. Unio kingii B. H. Wright. A branch of the Flint River, Baker Co., Georgia. Holotype USNM 159965. Length 37 mm., height 20 mm., width 15 mm. Fig. 7. Unio singularis B. H.Wright. Spring Creek [a branch of the Flint River], Decatur Co., Georgia. Holotype USNM 159988. Length 67 mm., height 33 mm., width 23 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 19 Plate 5 20 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 6 Fig. 1. Unio danielsii B. H. Wright. Spring Creek [a branch of the FHnt River], Decatur Co., Georgia. Holotype USNM 168967. Length 52 mm., height 36 mm., width 25 mm. Fig. 2. Unio polymorphus B. H. Wright. Spanish Creek [a tributary of St. Marys River, W of Folkston], Charlton Co., Georgia. Lectotype USNM 152060. Length 75 mm., height 46 mm., w^idth 29 mm. Fig. 3. Unio lehmanii S. Hart Wright. St. Marys River [Nassau Co.], Florida. Lectotype USNM 149650. Length 60 mm., height 40 mm,, width 24 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 21 Plate 6 22 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 7 Fig. 1. Unio hartivrightii B. H. Wright. [St. Johns River], Blue Springs [3 mi. S of Lake Beresford, Volusia Co.], Florida. Holotype USNM 151031. Length 78 mm., height 47 mm., width 31 mm. Fig. 2. Unio ivebsterii'B.Yi.'^rxght. Lake Woodruff, Volusia Co., Florida. Lec- totype USNM 125697. Length 96 mm., height 57 mm., width 33 mm. Fig. 3. Unio unicostatus B. H. Wright. Spring Creek [a branch of the Flint River], Decatur Co., Georgia. Lectotype USNM 159966. Length 38 mm., height 26 mm., width 15 mm. Fig. 4. Unio averellii B. H. Wright. Lake Ashby, Volusia Co., Florida. Lecto- type USNM 91142. Length 48 mm,, height 30 mm., width 18 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 23 Plate 7 24 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 8 Fig. 1. Unio villosus B.H.Wright. Suwannee River [Luraville], Suwannee Co., Florida. Lectotype USNM 150503. Length 57 mm., height 28 mm., width 18 mm. Fig. 2. Unio simpsoni B. H. Wright. Lake Woodruff, Volusia Co., Florida. Holo- type USNM 151038. Length 59 mm., height 31 mm., width 16 mm. Fig. 3. Unio dispalans B. H. Wright. Suwannee River, Florida. Holotype USNM 159986. Length 62 mm., height 32 mm., width 17 mm. Fig. 4. Unio burtchianus S. Hart Wright. St. Marys River, Nassau Co., Florida- Lectotype USNM 149653. Length 52 mm., height 29 mm., width 18 mm. Fig. 5. Unio fry anus B. H. Wright. Lake Ashby, Volusia Co., Florida. Holotype USNM 151032. Length 44 mm., height 25 mm., width 16 mm. Fig. 6. Unio diazensis S. Hart Wright. Lake Diaz, Volusia Co., Florida. Lecto- type USNM 149652. Length 34 mm., height 20 mm., width 13 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 25 26 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 9 Fig. 1. Unio orctittii S. Hart Whght. [Horse Creek] near Manatee River [Man- atee Co.], Florida. Holotype USNM 308971. Length 58 mm., height 34 mm., width 25 mm. Fig. 2. UniodoreiB. H. Wright. Lake Monroe [Volusia Co.], Florida. Holo- type USNM 151034. Length 65 mm., height 40 mm., width 31 mm. Fig. 3. Unio (ElUptio) sanctorumjohaniiim B. H. Wright. Lake Druid, near Floral City [Citrus Co.], Florida. Holotype USNM 424738. Length 65 mm., height 49 mm., width 25 mm. Fig. 4. Unio {ElUptio) ivebbiamis B. H.Wright. LakeConsuelo [or Little Lake, SE of] Floral City, Citrus Co., Florida. Holotype USNM 424923. Length 53 mm., height 30 mm., width 19 mm. Fig. 5. Unio (ElUptio) webbianus hartii B. H. Wright. Lake Consuelo [or Lit- tle Lake, SE of] Floral City, Citrus Co., Florida. Holotype USNM 424925. Length 34 mm., height 19 mm., width 11 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 27 Plate 9 28 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 10 Fig. 1. Unio cunninghami B. H. Wright. [Lake Harris, Yalaha, Lake Co.], Florida. Paralectotype USNM 152063. Length 57 mm., height 28 mm., width 29 mm. Fig. 2. Unio dalli B. H. Wright. Lake Beresford, Volusia Co., Florida. Holo- type USNM 151037. Length 63 mm., height 35 mm., width 21 mm. Fig. 3. ElUptio maywebbae B. H. Wright. Near Seminole Springs [is Rock Springs, Orange Co.], 15 mi. SE of Eustis [Lake Co.], Florida. Holo- type USNM 425354. Length 52 mm., height 30 mm., width 23 mm. Fig. 4. Unio nolani B. H. Wright. A creek flowing into St. Johns River, near Palatka [Putnam Co.], Florida. Holotype USNM 151030. Length 71 mm., height 36 mm., width 22 mm. Fig. 5. Unio pineiB. H. Wright. Unnamed lake in the Witthacoochee [With- lacoochee] River region of Hernando Co., Florida. Holotype USNM 150127. Length 74 mm., height 34 mm., width 22 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 29 Plate 10 30 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 11 Fig. 1. Unio hinkleyi B.U. Wright Lake Monroe [Volusia Co.], Florida. Holo- type USNM 151033, Length 73 mm., height 38 mm,, width 25 mm. Fig. 2. Unio suttoni B. H.Wright. [Smith] Lake near Candler, Marion Co., Florida. Holotype USNM 150129. Length 59 mm., height 23 mm., width 21 mm. Fig. 3. Unio oscari B. H. Wright. A creek from Lake Osceola, Winter Park [Orange Co.], Florida. Lectotype USNM 123526. Length 59 mm., height 26 mm., width 23 mm. Fig. 4. Unio buxtoni B. H. Wright. Lakelets of Marion Co., Florida. Lectotype USNM 150131. Length 46 mm., height 20 mm., width 15 mm. Fig. 5. Unio waltoni B. H. Wright. Lake Woodruff, Volusia Co., Florida. Lec- totype USNM 91145. Length 78 mm., height 28 mm., width 16 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 31 Plate 11 32 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 12 Fig. 1. Unio tryoni B. H. Wright. Lake Woodruff [Spring Garden Lake] near De Leon Springs, Volusia Co., Florida. Holotype USNM 151036. Length 98 mm., height 45 mm., width 32 mm. Fig. 2. Unio marshii B. H. Wright. [St. Johns River] Blue Springs [3 mi. S of Lake Beresford, Volusia Co., Florida]. Holotype USNM 151028. Length 90 mm., height 47 mm., width 33 mm. Fig. 3A. BuUmulus dormani albida B. H. Wright. [Near Lake Helen, Volusia Co., Florida.] Figure after Pilsbry of topotype in ANSP. Length 32 mm., width 14.7 mm., aperture 15.5 mm. Fig. 3B, C. Biilimtdus dormani albida B. H. Wright. [Near Lake Helen, Volu- sia Co., Florida.] Figure after Pilsbry with the note, "The tint is pale brownish." Length 20 mm., width 10 mm., aperture 10.4 mm. Fig. 4. BuUmulus hemphilli B. H. Wright. [Hawks Park] the tongue of land between the ocean and Halifax (or Indian) River [Volusia Co.], Flori- da. Lectotype MCZ 13020. Height 12 mm., width 8 mm. (3X )• OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 33 Plate 12 34 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 13 Fig. 1. Unio bursa-pastoris B. H. Wright. Powell River [Lee Co.], Virginia. Holotype ANSP 67971. Length 91 mm., height 61 mm., width 35 mm. Fig. 2. Unio cunninghami B. H. Wright. [Lake Harris, Yalaha, Lake Co.] Florida. Lectotype ANSP 41348a. Length 48 mm., height 29 mm., width 24 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 35 Plate 13 36 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS The Henry G. Frampton Collection of Florida Liguus By William J. Clench and Kenneth J. Boss Through the kindness of Mrs. Henry G. Frampton, the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology has received the very large collection of Florida Liguus which was made by her late hus- band mainly during the years between 1930 and 1935. The value of this collection is that about half of the 16,000 speci- mens composing it are from habitats in South Florida which have been destroyed with the loss forever of many highly localized color forms. Most of these lost color forms came from hammocks on the Lower Florida Keys and the coastal ridge from Pompano-Fort Lauderdale south to Homestead. The Key West Hammock was probably destroyed well over one hundred years ago and since that time there has been a continuous destruction of the native flora and fauna. Accord- ing to Mr. Richard Deckert, a Miami naturalist, all of the beach hammocks on Lower Matecumbe Key were destroyed by the hurricane of 1935 and the large Middle and Upper Hammocks have since disappeared by bulldozing and building operations. This is also true for Upper Matecumbe Key as well as all of the Lower Keys other than Key Largo. Even on Key Largo Liguus distribution is erratic as much of the original forest was cut down many years ago for lime groves according to an old resident. These groves were later abandoned, new growth replaced the groves but the Liguus failed to return. An early map in our possession of the Pinecrest area made by Joseph Farnum in 1929 indicated many hammocks which had been burned over. This was shortly after the Tamiami Trail (US 41) had been completed. Prior to the building of the Tamiami Trail no Liguus had ever been collected in the cen- tral Everglades. On Long Pine Key in the lower Everglades Liguus had been collected only a comparatively short time be- fore. Both of these areas are now a part of the Everglades National Park. Here the Liguus are well protected though fire is still the greatest danger. A few detailed maps of the Lower Keys, Long Pine Key and the Pinecrest area have been published by H. A. Pilsbry 1946, Land Molluscaof North America, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monographs No. 3, Vol. II, pt. 1. Occasional Papers On Mollusks Published b.v The Department of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts VOLUME 3 FEBRUARY 15, 1967 NUMBER 36 William Gaillard Mazyck (1846-1942) with a Bibliography and Catalogue of his species By William J. Clench William Gaillard Mazyck was the sixth and youngest son of Alexander Harris and Emma Gaillard Mazyck, both descend- ants of early Huguenot settlers in South Carolina. He was born in Cordsville, a little village on the Cooper River about 35 miles north of Charleston. His formal education ended at 16 at the outbreak of the war between the states. Though he never returned to school, he found time to carry on his education and became one of the best informed men in his native city. Poor health prevented his entering the Confederate Army and he became an apprentice in the Northeastern Railroad Workshops (now the Atlantic Coast Line) which at that time were in Charleston, but later moved to Florence, South Caro- lina. Before the war ended he was a locomotive engineer. At the war's end he moved back to Charleston and for a short time was librarian for the Charleston Library Society. He went into the printing business but was forced by an epidemic of yellow fever to close out this business in 187L Shortly after, he returned to the railroad business and remained in it until 1895, at which time he was Treasurer of the South Carolina and Georgia Railroad Co. (now the Southern Railroad Co.). In April 1895 he resigned from the railroad to become secretary and treasurer of the Equitable Fire Insurance Co. which was LIBRARY MAR 1 1967 38 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS then being organized. He was still associated with the com- pany at the time of his death, having held the offices of secre- tary and treasurer, Vice President and Director over a period of forty-seven years. There were two events in his boyhood which he frequently mentioned: one was that he was the first person in Charleston to see the white flag go up on Fort Sumter, April 13, 1861, when General Anderson surrendered the fort. Young Mazyck had climbed a flag pole outside of the fort and could see what was happening inside. The second event was that he saw the "Hunley", a submarine being unloaded from a freight car and was allowed to look inside of it and later saw her make a test dive. As a boy of about eight years he became acquainted with Dr. Edmund Ravenel, a conchologist of considerable ability and a man of broad interests. Early collecting trips along the beaches of Sullivan's Island with Ravenel kindled an interest in the field of moUusks and it remained with him throughout his life. In 1913 he published his Catalog of Mollusca of South Caro- lina which included the land, freshwater and marine species. This was the first attempt to bring together all of the known species of the state, and' it remains our only source of informa- tion concerning the marine species occurring between North Carolina and north central Florida. I had the very great pleasure of meeting Mr. Mazyck on two occasions. The first was during a collecting trip to the Great Smoky Mountains in 1931. At that time I had two stu- dents with me, Harald A. Rehder, now Research Curator of Mollusks in the United States National Museum and Allan F. Archer, now Professor of Zoology at Tift College, Forsyth, Georgia. After a week of heavy rain we decided to head for a drier place and we started for Charleston with the hope of meeting Mr. Mazyck, with whom I had been in correspond- ence. Luck favored us and we found Mr. Mazyck and his two daughters, Ethel and Vallee at home. We camped in their backyard, but had our meals with the family, enjoying their wonderful southern hospitality. Our host suggested that per- haps we would enjoy a collecting trip to Eutaw Springs, Eutaw- ville, Berkeley Co., about 45 miles NNW of Charleston. This OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 39 Plate 14 WILLIAM GAILLARD MAZYCK, 1846-1942 COMP i LIBRARY 40 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS was the type locality for Say's Melania [Goniobasis] catenaria, collected originally by Stephen Elliott. When we reached Eutaw Spring, Archer collected the land shells in the area; Rehder the freshwater, and I led Mr. Mazyck down to the spring, for at this time he was nearly blind, so that he could feel for the numerous Goniobasis. This was a lucky trip for us, as this spring is now under many feet of water backed up by the dam on the Santee River which created Lake Marion. My second visit of only an hour or so was in 1934 when Henry D. Russell, Clinton V. MacCoy and I passed through Charleston while on our way to Florida and Cuba. His very fine collection was bequeathed to the Charleston Museum. Acknowledgments The writer wishes to express his thanks to Miss Ethel Mazyck for much of the data concerning the personal history of her father and for the notes and newspaper clippings which dealt with many events during his long life. References Mazyck, Ethel. 1942. William Gaillard Mazyck (a three-page unpublished manuscript about her father written for my use and from which most of the above data were obtained). Price, Kate H. October 1928. A Hobbyist and His Shells, Stone and Webster Jour. 43: 507-516. Richardson, Emma B. 1943. William Gaillard Mazyck, Nauti- lus 56: 99-102. TomHn,J.R.leB. 1948. Wilham Gaillard Mazyck. Proc.Malac. Soc. London 27: 197. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 41 Bibliography of W. G. Mazyck's Works on the Mollusca 1875, Helix terrestris Chemnitz in North America. Proc. Elliott Soc, Charleston, So. Carolina 2: 76, text figures. 1876, On the Occurrence of Helix terrestris Chemnitz in North America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 127-128, text figure of radula. 1877, On a New Species of Helix from Texas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 297-298. 1878, Description of a New Fossil from the Cretaceous Beds of Charleston, So. Carolina. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, p. 272, text figure. 1886, A New Land Shell from California. Proc. Elliott Soc, Charleston, So. Carolina 2: 114, text figure. 1887, A New Land Shell from California, with note on Selenites duranti Newcomb. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 9: 460-461, text figure. 1888, Note on Stenogyra subula Fir. Proc. Elliott Soc, Charles- ton, So. Carolina 2: 211. 1888, Note on Helix bermndensis Pfeiffer. Proc Elliott Soc. Charleston, So. Carolina 2: 210-211. 1889, Catalogue [of the Shells in the Collection of William G. Mazyck] Pulmonata Geophila. Charleston, So. Carolina, pp. 1-42. 1897, Cochlicella ventricosa Drap., near Charleston, So. Caro- lina. Nautilus 10: 105. 1907, History of the Museum: The Period Previous to 1798. Bull. Charleston Museum 3(6): 49. 1907, History of the Museum: The Period from 1798 to 1850. Bull. Charleston Museum 3(7): 57-66. 42 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 1907, History of the Museum: The Period Subsequent to 1850. Bull. Charleston Museum 3(8): 69-79. 1908, The Charleston Museum, its Genesis and Development. Report of the Director of the Museum, Charleston, So. Caro- lina, pp. 1-28, 4 pis. 1910, History of the Museum: The Museum in Chalmers Street. Bull. Charleston Museum 6(6): 45-46 1913, Catalog of Mollusca of South Carolina. Contributions from the Charleston Museum, no. 2, pp. xvi-F39. 1914, Helix hortensis on White Bull Island, Maine. Nautilus 27: 107. 1914, Showalter or Schowalter. Nautilus 27: 108. 1915, Oliva litterata Lamarck. Nautilus 28: 139. 1922, Concerning Helix calcarea Pfr. Nautilus 35: 100. Date Due OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 43 A List of the Recent and Fossil Mollusks Described by W. G. Mazyck (with their original references and type locaHties) andersonii Mazyck and Vogdes, Anomia: 1878, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, p. 272, text figure (Cretaceous. Artesian well on the Citadel Green, Charleston, South Carolina). caelata Mazyck, Selenites: 1886, Proc. Elliott Soc. Charleston, South Caro- lina 2: 114, text figures; 1887, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 9: 460, text figures (Santa Barbara, California. Ex. L.G.Yates). charlestonensis Mazyck, Polygyra hopetonensis: 1913, Contributions from the Charleston Museum, no. 2, p. 7 (Charleston and Beaufort, South Carolina). elliotti Mazyck, Epitonium: 1913, Contributions from the Charleston Mu- seum, no. 2, p. 12 (Pawley's Island, South Carolina). henriettae Mazyck, Helix (Triodopsis): 1877, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, pp. 297-298 (Eastern Texas. Ex. Jacob Boll). Juno Mazyck: 1888, Proc. Elliott Soc. South Carolina 2: 211 (Type-species, Helix bermudensis Pfeiffer) [ = Poecilozonites Boettger 1884]. kurtzii Mazyck, Turbonilla: 1913, Contributions from the Charleston Mu- seum, no. 2, p. 13 (Sullivan's Island, South Carolina). spilota 'Ravenel' Gibbes, Marginella: 1848, Report on the Geology of South Carolina, appendix ix, p. xx (South Carolina) [Nomen nudum.] spilota 'Ravenel' Mazyck, Marginella: 1913, Contributions from the Charles- ton Museum, no. 2, p. 9 (Sullivan's Island, South Carolina). tenerus Ravenel, Unio: 1875, Catalogue of Recent Shells in the Cabinet of Edmund Ravenel, M.D., p. 7, Charleston, So. Carolina [nomen nudum], ibid., 1875, p. 58 [nomen nudum] (Santee Canal, South Carolina). [This 1875 catalogue was published by Ravenel's son.] tenerus 'Ravenel' Mazyck, Lampsilis: 1913, Contributions from the Charles- ton Museum, no. 2, p. 23 (Santee Canal, St. John's, Berkeley Co., South Carolina). zacalles Mazyck, Cyclostrema: 1913, Contributions from the Charleston Museum, no. 2, p. 18 (Isle of Palms (Long Island), South Carolina). 44 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS BOOK REVIEW Shell Collecting, An Illustrated History, by S. Peter Dance. Published by the University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1966, pp. 1-344, 35 plates, and 31 text figures. This is a most interesting and readable book which contains useful and important historical information. There is much factual data concerned with the older mollusk collections which will be of great value to research students. This com- poses all of appendix IV, pp. 275-305 which contains a list of many of the most noted shell collections and where they are now to be found or what has happened to them. Many early workers such as the Sowerbys, Reeve, L. Pfeiffer and others borrowed specimens from private collections. These they de- scribed and figured in their various monographs. It is most important to know just where the specimens are now located or if they still exist, as they are the type specimens upon which the various species were based. The historical part of this book is limited mainly to Euro- pean workers. Only scant attention is given to the early workers in other portions of the world. This is unfortunate since there is much documented material available which could have been used. To give but a single example, no men- tion is made of Thomas Say who has been considered the "Father of American Conchology" and whose early published research on mollusks set a very high standard of procedure which had a direct influence on the work of other authors which were to follow. Nonetheless Dance has brought together much information and has presented it in a very delightful style.— W. J. Clench Occasional Papers On Mollusks F'ublished bj- The Department of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts VOLUME 3 FEBRUARY 24, 1967 NUMBER 37 Notes on Pleurobema collina (Conrad) from the James River, Virginia By Kenneth J. Boss and William J. Clench One of the most remarkable characteristics of the molluscan fauna of the Atlantic coastal drainage of North America is the existence of two species of pearly fresh-water mussels which bear spines on the disk and posterior slopes of their valves. Lea (1836) described Elliptio spinosa from the Altamaha River in Georgia, and the species, long thought to be extremely rare or even extinct, has recently been collected in that drainage system (Tomkins, 1955; Clench, 1962; Thomas and Scott, 1965). The other spinose species, the Unio collinus of Conrad, from the James River, Virginia,has also recently been "re-discovered" (Clench and Boss, 1967). No other unionaceans exhibit such clearly differentiated and elongated spinosities on their valves and this unusual structure has been used as a basis to unite both species in a distinct subgenus, Canthyria Swainson 1840 by Frierson (1927). With preserved animals of both species and an excellent suite of fresh material from both river systems, we have been able to show that the species really belong to distinct lineages and that the spines are convergent characteristics. Pleurobema collina {Conrad) Plate 15, figs. 1-3 Unio collinus Conrad 1836 (December), Monography of the family Unioni- dae. . . , Philadelphia, No. 7, pi. 36, fig. 2, plate caption only; 1837 (February), Ibid., No. 8, p. 65 (type-locality, inhabits North River, Virginia; ANSP 20408, 3 specimens); Troschel 1838, Arch, fur Naturg., 4 (2): 287; Conrad 1840 (June), 45 i/»Uo. CC ..GO LIBRARY 1 1967 46 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Ibid., No. 12, pi. 60, fig. 3; Conrad 1846, Amer. Jour. Sci. (2), 1: 405-7; Conrad 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 247; Hanley 1856, Bivalve Shells, p. 382, pi. 2, fig. 57; Kiister 1861, Conch. Cab. (2), 9 (2): 188, pi. 59, fig. 5; Sowerby 1866, Conch. Icon., 16: [No. 1], Unio, pi. 49, fig. 263; Wright, 1888, Check List, p. 2 [unnumbered]; Paetel 1890, Cat. Conch. Samm., 4th Ed., 3: 148. Margaron [Unio) collinus (Conrad). Lea 1852, Synopsis, p. 23; 1870, Ibid., p. 35. Alasmidonta collina (Conrad). Simpson 1900, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 22: 669; Ortmann 1913, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 52 (210): 320-1; Simpson 1914, Descrip- tive Catalogue Naiades 1: 501; Clench and Boss, 1967, Nautilus, 80: 100. Canthyria collina (Conrad). Frierson 1927, Check List of the North Ameri- can Naiades, p. 46. Description. Shell extending to 55 mm. in length, 35 mm. in height and 21 mm. in width, irregularly subrhomboid, inequi- lateral, equivalve, rather solid but not heavy, slightly inflated with both valves of equal tumidity. Umbos anteriad, prosogy- rous, not elevated above hinge line, not inflated, eroded in adults; umbonal cavity shallow; umbonal sculpture consisting of 3-4 strong subconcentric bars. Anterior margin convex and rather broadly rounded; ventral margin straight to concave centrally; dorsal margin weakly convex; posterior margin long, straight to convex, and forming oblique truncation, sometimes with short irregular postbasal portion. Sculpture consisting of undifferentiated concentric growth rings and of short differ- entiated bilateral spines disposed on posterior dorsal slope and posterior quarter of disk. Posterior ridge weakly developed, forming biangulation postbasally. Ligament opisthodetic, yel- lowish to blackish brown and set on weakly developed nymphal callosities. Hinge line relatively well developed. In right valve, subumbonal pseudocardinal tooth strong, subdeltoid, angular, dorsally rugose; also narrow marginal dorsal pseudocardinal sometimes developed; flat cardinal plate subdentate; posterior lateral tooth rather short, oblique, posteriorly pointed and ven- trally rugose. In left valve, two anterior pseudocardinal teeth developed, strong protuberant, subdeltoid; two rather short, obliquely descending parallel posterior lateral teeth. Anterior pedal and adductor muscle scars particularly well impressed. Nacre white with suffusion of blue posteriorly; externally yel- lowish in immatures to brownish in adults; rarely rayed with fine, narrow, broken, brownish line. Supraanal opening long, narrow, and separated from anal aperture by short, well OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 47 developed mantle fusion. Excurrent aperture weakly papillose; papillae basally and laterally fused to inner mantle lobe, dark brown with whitish types in preserved specimens. Incurrent aperture with numerous, well developed papillae, not fused laterally, free and subtentaculate, brownish with white tips. Gills not fused to body wall dorsally; outer demibranch smaller than inner; marsupium in external demibranch of female. Preserved animals generally greenish white. length height width 55.0 mm. 34.7 mm. 20.3 mm. Rivanna River 50.7 32.1 19.5 James River, Mai( 44.4 27.0 17.0 " " " 37.0 23.8 12.5 James River 29.5 20.0 10.1 Calfpasture River 21.4 14.3 7.8 a it 15.2 9.7 4.0 North Carolina Remarks. Measurements of 50 specimens of Pleiirobema collina* indicate an ontogenetic pattern in the formation of the spines on the posterior slope of the valves. Usually the maximum number of pairs of spines is three and they are most often nearly bilaterally symmetrical. The first set of spines are developed about 3-4 mm. from the umbo; the second, at 6-8 mm.; and the third, generally more irregularly formed and disposed, from 10-17 mm. The largest spines approach 5 mm. in length and a thickness of more than 1.5 mm. The spines are originally hollow, being closed ventrally at the end of their formation and finally solidified later (Plate 15, fig. 3). Lengths, heights, and widths of shells and the ratios of length/ height (mean, 1.55) and length/ width (mean, 2.74) exhibit a considerable range of variation. One slightly detectable trend includes the tendency of adult shells to be proportionately more elongate and less subrhomboid than small shells. For- tunately a few specimens of known sex were available, and it appears that shells of females are slightly more rotund than those of the males. Anatomically, P. collina is similar to P. masoni of the At- lantic drainage and other Pleurobema in the Mississippi drain- * According to R. I. Johnson (pers. comm.), Lexingtonia is synonymous with Pleurobema and what has been called Lexingtonia subplana (Conrad) is actually referable to Pleurobema masoni (Conrad). ryi ic r-r i -, ->,- LIBRARY MAR 1 1967 48 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS age (Ortmann, 1912). In collina, the sexes may be distinguished by the structure of the gills. Females have more closely set filaments in the outer demibranch, and though this is admit- tedly a character which is neither truly meristic nor easily detectable, combined with the thickened ventral margins of the gill, it serves to identify a female specimen and to indicate that the marsupium occupies only this demibranch. Since all preserved material was collected in August or early Septem- ber and no gravid females were found, the species is probably tachytictic (Ortmann, 1911) or a short term breeder, releasing the developing embryos as glochidia during the summer. Re- porting on P. masoni, Ortmann (1914) found gravid females in early June in the James River drainage. In collina, the supraanal opening is moderately elongate and separated from the excurrent aperture or anal opening by a short, well developed, mantle fusion. The papillae in the ex- current aperture are, though comparatively distinct, actually fused basally and laterally to the mantle; the papillae of the incurrent opening consist of two irregular rows, the outermost similar to the fused papillae of the excurrent aperture, and the innermost free to their bases, more highly differentiated and larger. The close relationship of P. masoni and P. collina is not only indicated by the similar anatomical structures found in both species but is also corroborated by the character of their shells. Both have similarly shaped shells that are typically yellowish brown in color. The well developed left lateral den- tition, consisting of two lamellae, and the most important strong, bar-like, subconcentric umbonal sculpture, usually only observed in immature specimens, are virtually identical (Plate 15, figs. 1, 2). Plate 15 Fig. 1. Dorsal view of Plcurobema masoni (Conrad) (length 16.5 mm ; MCZ 261312), James River, Maidens. Fig. 2. Dorsal view of P. collina (Conrad) (length, 18.8 mm.; USNM 84376). Fig. 3. Ventral view of hollow spine of young P. collina (length of spine, 4.7 mm.; USNM 84376). Specimens in figs. 1 and 2 sprayed with ammonium chloride vapor. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 49 Plate 15 50 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS That Simpson (1900; 1914) relegated P. collina to Alasmi- donta is certainly surprising. He compared P. collina with A. heterodon and stated that it was more closely related to A. heterodon than to any other species. Conchologically, P. col- lina and A. heterodon are very distinct, particularly in regard to the pseudocardinal and lateral dentition. Although variable, the left valve of A. heterodon has thin, rather weak dentition; the pseudocardinal teeth are small, laminate and compressed; there is usually an anterior shelf-like element and a compound subumbonal element composed of one to three poorly-defined teeth. The posterior lateral tooth of A. heterodon is usually a single, narrowly elongate structure. In P. collina, there are two pseudocardinals which are strong, protuberant, subdeltoid and heavy; the two posterior lateral teeth are strong, moder- ately long, and slightly inclined to the dorso-ventral axis of the shell. In general, the external coloration of P. collina is yellowish brown while that of A. heterodon is greenish black. The development of spines in P. collina and Elliptio spinosa, led Frierson to place these species in a distinct group, Can- thyria Swainson; however, conchologically there is every reason to recognize that these species are of separate lineages. Primarily, they have completely different umbonal sculpture, a character of generic significance. P. collina has strong sub- concentric bar-like rugosities (Plate 15, fig. 2). The umbonal sculpture in E. spinosa is obsolete, consisting of weak, very irregular protuberances. In addition, the shape of the shells of each species is distinctive. P. collina is irregularly subrec- tangular with the postbasal arcuation in adults ventrally di- rected while in E. spinosa the ventral margin is distinctly convex and the shell is pointed behind. In young individuals, P. collina is yellowish in coloration while E. spinosa is pre- dominantly greenish. On the other hand, adults are greatly different: E. spinosa being black and P. collina yellowish- brown. The nacre is purple in E. spinosa and white in P. col- lina. The umbo of E. spinosa is more centrally located and its anterior dorsal margin more extensive than that of P. collina. The spines of both species, though fundamentally similar, are stronger, longer and more numerous in E. spinosa. The medial pseudocardinal of the left valve of E. spinosa is reduced while the homologous tooth in P. collina is strong and subdeltoid; OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 51 the two posterior lateral teeth in E. spinosa are more strongly inclined to the dorso-ventral axis of the shell than they are in P. collina. Range. Pleurobema collina is a rare species which inhabits sandy substrates usually in shallow water in the reaches of the James River above Richmond, and its tributaries, the Rivanna and the North in Virginia, as well as the Tar River in North Carolina. Specimens examined. Virginia: James River (MCZ); James near Maidens, Goochland Co. (MCZ; USNM); James River, near Natural Bridge, Rockbridge Co. (USNM); James River, Buchanan, Botetourt Co. (MCZ); Rivanna River, 2 mi. W of Columbia, Fluvanna Co. (MCZ); Calf pasture River [ = North River, = Maury River] (MCZ; USNM). North Carolina: (USNM); Tar River, Old Sparta, 34 mi. W of Pine Tops, Edge- combe Co. (Ohio State Museum). abbreviations MCZ — Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts USNM — United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Acknowledgments Mr. R. I. Johnson and Dr. J. Rosewater critically read the manuscript. Specimens were loaned by the U. S. National Museum, and Dr. J. P. E. Morrison sent us preserved animals. The photographs were taken by Dr. J. E. Chimoskey of the Retina Foundation, Boston. 52 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Bibliography Clench, W. J. 1962. Collecting freshwater mollusks in south central Georgia. Shells and Their Neighbors, no. 12, pp. 1, 7. Clench, W. J. and K. J. Boss. 1967. Freshwater Mollusca from the James River, Virginia, and a new name for Mudalia of authors. Nautilus 80 (3); 99-102. Frierson, L. S. 1927. A classified and annotated check list of the North American Naiades, Baylor University Press, Waco, Texas, pp. Ill Lea, I. 1836. Description of a new species of Unio [spinosus], pp. 4, colored figs. Ortmann, A. E. 1911. Monograph of the Najades of Pennsyl- vania. Mem. Carnegie Museum, 4 (6): 279-347, pis. 86-89. Ortmann, A. E. 1912. Notes upon the families and genera of the Najades. Ann. Carnegie Museum, No. 72, 8 (2): 222-365, pis. 18-20. Ortmann, A. E. 1914. Studies in Najades. Nautilus, 28 (3): 28- 30. Simpson, C. T. 1900. Synopsis of the Naiades, or pearly Fresh- water Mussels. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 22 (1205): 501-1044. Simpson, C. T. 1914. A descriptive catalogue of the naiades, or pearly freshwater mussels. Parts 1-3, pp. 1540, Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan. Thomas, G. J. and D. C. Scott. 1965. Note on Elliptio spinosa in Georgia. Nautilus, 79 (2): 66-67. Tomkins, L R. 1955. Elliptio spinosus in the Altamaha River, Nautilus, 68 (4): 132-133. LIBRARY FEB 5 1970 Occasional Papers On MoIIu^^^^^v^pj^ UNiVERSirW Published by The Department of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts VOLUME 3 FEBRUARY 6, 1970 NUMBER 38 Land Mollusca of Saba Island, Lesser Antilles By William J. Clench Saba Island (17°38' N; 63°14' W) is a small extinct volcano at the northern end of the Leeward Island group of the Lesser Antilles some sixteen miles (about 26 km.) NW of St. Eusta- tius. It has an area of 5 square miles (13 km.) and its coasts are mainly sheer cliffs. It is administered by the Dutch Terri- tory of Curagao. Mt. Scenery (The Mountain) its highest point, has an alti- tude of 870 meters (2854 feet), is usually cloud covered and supports a small area of "mist forest". The vegetation is prin- cipally of tree ferns and a scattering of palms. On the wind- ward side (eastern) the vegetation is more scrubby with some areas quite bare. The leeward side (western) vegetation is heavier and with some mahogany. The many ravines support a fairly heavy cover. Saba can be described generally as being a green island.* Mr. George Seaman, Wildlife Biologist for the Pittman- Robertson Wildlife Restoration Project, U.S. Virgin Islands, made a collecting trip to Saba and other nearby islands during April of 1968. Conditions wer^ exceedingly dry and considered by the local people the worst in over fifty years. I am indebted to him for sending me the land mollusks as well as certain data given above. Under Records, however, are included all of the species which could be located in the literature. The land mollusks which now occur on Saba probably * See James Cerruti, The Netherlanes Antilles: Holland in the Caribbean. National Geographic, 137: no. 1, pp. 139-146, January 1970. 53 54 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS reached this small and relatively isolated island by mechani- cal means. A total of 14 species is presently known from Saba. Four of these have probably reached Saba in recent times by commerce; Cryptelasmus canteroiana cienfuegosensis Pilsbry from Cienfuegos, Las Villas, Cuba; Leptinaria {Luntia) insig- nis (E. A. Smith) from Trinidad; Melaniella gracillima sanc- tithomensis (Pilsbry) from St. Thomas, Virgin Islands; and Zonitoides arboreus (Say) from North America. This last spe- cies could well have been introduced on Saba from elsewhere in the West Indies. Eight of the remaining ten speciesa are widely distributed in the West Indies and two are limited to the Northern Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico and St. Croix. No fresh water species are known to occur on Saba, though a careful investigation during periods of greater rainfall may produce a limited number as well as land species not now recorded. Only St. Martin, about 26 miles (about 42 km.) NNE of Saba is sufficiently well known malacologically to make a fair com- parison. It has 39 land species (Coomans, 1967) and an area of 38 square miles (98.47 sq. km.). This number does not include 7 subspecies, as these may be only slightly divergent popula- tions rather than geographically separated entities. List of the Species Known from Saba Island HELICINIDAE Helicina fasciata Lamarck Helicina fasciata Lamarck 1822, Histoire Animaux sans Vertebres (1) 6: pt. 2, 103 (Porto Rico); not H. fasciata Spix 1841. Helicina pida 'Ferussac' Sowerby 1842, Thesaurus Conchyliorum 1: 6, pi. 2, fig. 56: pi. 3, figs. 140-141 (West Indies). Helicina rotcllaris Menke 1828, Synopsis Methodica MoUuscorum, Permont, p. 80 (locality unknown). Specimens examined. The Mountain at 2000 feet (G. Sea- man); Saba (MCZ). Remarks. This is a species of wide distribution in the Les- ser Antilles. Helicina picta Per. (above) was never described by Ferussac. It has been listed as a valid species or as a synonym of H. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 55 fasciata Lam. by many authors. The earHest description which I have been able to locate is that of Sowerby above. Pfeiffer 1852, Mono. Pneumonopomorum Viventium 1: 383, listed this name as a synonym of H. fasciata Lamarck: "Helicina picta Per. Mus.". This would indicate the H. picta Per. was only a name on a specimen or specimens in the collection of Ferussac and was never published by him. SUCCINEIDAE Succinea riisei Pfeiffer Succinea riisei Pfeiffer 1853, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie 10: 52 (Porto- rico); Pfeiffer 1853, Mono. Heliceorum Viventium 3: 624 (Porto Rico); Bland 1881, Ann. New York Acad. Sciences 2: 124; Van der Schalie 1948, Misc. Pub- lications, Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 70: 43, pi. 4, fig. 3. Remarks. Bland (1881, p. 124) recorded this species from Saba as "a Succinea, which I believe to be Riisei" . So far as I can determine, later records for this species from Saba are based upon this reference of Bland. This species has been recorded from St. Croix. See (Ramsden 1913, p. 31). SUBULINIDAE Beckianum H. B. Baker Beckianum H. B. Baker 1961, Nautilus 75: 84, type species, Synopeas beckia- num (Pfeiffer); new name for Synopeas Jousseaume 1889, non Foerster 1856. Diaopcas Haas 1962, Studies on the Fauna of Curagao and other Caribbean Islands 13: 56, type species, Synopeas beckianum (Pfeiffer); new name for Synopeas Jousseaume, non Forster [sic] 1856. Beckianum beckianum {Pfeiffer) Bulimus beckianus Pfeiffer 1846, Symbolae Historiam Heliceorum 3: 82 (Insula Opara [Rapa Island, Oceanica]). Opcas beckianum (Pfeiffer). Pilsbry 1906, Manual of Conchology (2) 18: 189, pi. 27, figs. 42-46; 54-55. Diaopeas beckianum (Pfeiffer). Haas 1962, Studies on the Fauna of Curagao and other Caribbean Islands, 13: 55, pi. 10, figs. A-D. Records. Road to Bottom; Booby Hill (both F. Haas). Specimens examined. Booby Hill at 1500 feet (G. Seaman). Remarks. The type-locality, Island of Opara [ = Rapa] is in error according to Pilsbry (above) as no specimens similar to B. beckianum are known from there or anywhere else in Polynesia. 56 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS This species is widely distributed in Central America, cen- tral and northern South America and on many islands in the West Indies. Cryptelasmus canteroiana cienfuegosensis Pilsbry Cryptelasmus canteroiana cienfuegosensis Pilsbry 1907, Man. of Conch. (2) 18: 332, pi. 48, figs. 3, 6, 8, 9 (Cienfuegos, Cuba); Haas 1962, Studies on the Fauna of Curagao and other Caribbean Islands 13: 55, pi. 11, fig. A (Saba: Great Hill near Paris; Curagao: Bullen Baai, 1948). Remarks. The two localities given above by Haas are the first ever recorded for this genus outside of Cuba. Both rec- ords are rather recent introductions by man and possibly dis- tributed on plants or plant roots. Leptinaria (Luntia) insignis {E. A. Smith) Luntia insignis E.A.Smith 1898, Jour, of Conch. 9: 28, fig. 8 (Trinidad); Pilsbry 1906, Man. of Conch. (2) 18: 218, pi. 40, fig. 7. Leptinaria {Luntia) insignis (Smith) . Haas 1962, Studies on the Fauna of Curagao and other Caribbean Islands 13: 53, pi. 11, figs. I-J. Records. Road to Bottom (F. Haas). Remarks. This species was described originally from Trin- idad. It is well figured by Haas. Lamellaxis (Allopeas) micrus {d'Orbigny) Helix micra d'Orbigny 1835, Magasin de Zoologie, p. 9 (easternmost foot- hills of the Andes, near Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia). Opeas micra (d'Orbigny). Pilsbry 1906, Man. of Conch. (2) 18: 193, pi. 27, figs. 49, 56-57. Lamellaxis (Allopeas) micron (d'Orbigny). Haas 1962, Studies on the Fauna of Curagao and other Caribbean Islands, 13: 57, pi. 7, figs. A-E. Records. Road to Bottom; Spring Bay; Booby Hill (all F. Haas). Specimens examined. Booby Hill at 1500 feet (G. Seaman). Remarks. A species of wide distribution throughout most of the American tropics. Most, if not all of the West Indian locality records, were probably introduced by commerce. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 57 Opeas octogyrum plicatellum (Guppy) Stcnogyra plicatella Guppy 1868, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 1: 438 (Trinidad). Opcas octogyrum plicatellum (Guppy). Pilsbry 1906, Man. of Concii. (2) 18: 207, pi. 29, fig. 75 (many localities); Haas 1962, Fauna of Curagao and other Caribbean Islands, 13: 55, pi. 11, figs. B-C. Records. Great Hill near Paris (F. Haas). Plate 16 Saba Island, Lesser Antilles 1. Spring Bay 4. Great Hill and Paris Hill 2. The Mountain (Mt. Scenery) 5. The Bottom 3. Castle Hill (Kates Hill?) 6. Booby Hill Subulina octona {Briiguiere) Bulimus octonns Bruguiere 1789, Encyclopedie Methodique, 1: 325 (Guade- loupe, Lesser Antilles). Subulina octona (Brug.). Pilsbry 1906, Man. of Conch. (2) 18: 72, pi. 12, figs. 8-9; ibid. p. 222, pi. 39, figs. 28-37, 39-40. (Numerous localities given in both parts). Subulina octona (Brug.). Haas 1962, Studies on the Fauna of Curagao and other Caribbean Islands, 13: 51, pi. 8, figs. A-F. Records. Road to Bottom; Kates Hill; Booby Hill; Great Hill (all F. Haas). 58 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Specimens examined. The mountain at 2000 feet; Booby Hill at 1500 feet (both G. Seaman). Remarks. It is generally held that this species had its origin in the American tropics. It appears to be a species well adapted to transport by mechanical means, mainly by com- merce and is now well distributed throughout much of the tropics of both hemispheres. OLEACINIDAE Melaniella gracillima sanctithomensis {Pilsbry) Varicella gracillima sanctithomensis Pilsbry 1907, Man. of Conch. (2) 19: 57, pi. 14, fig. 32 (Hill opposite Bakers, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands). Pichardiella gracillima sanctithomensis ( Pils. ) . Haas 1962, Studies on the Fauna of Curagao and other Caribbean Islands, 13: 59, pi. 11. Records. Road to Bottom (F. Haas). Remarks. The first and only record of this species from Saba is that by Haas 1962, p. 59. SAGDIDAE Lacteoluna selenina {Gould) Helix vortex Pfeiffer 1839, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Wiegmann) 5: 351 (Cuba [Canasi, Matanzas]), non Linnaeus 1758. Helix selenina Gould 1848, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 3: 38 (Georgia and Florida). Lacteoluna selenina Gould. Pilsbry' 1940, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Mono, no. 3, 1: 981; fig. 569. Specimens examined. The Mountain at 2000 feet (G.Seaman). Remarks. A species of wide distribution in the West Indies extending from Bermuda, the Bahamas, Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles to Barbados. It is also known from south- ern Florida. ZONITIDAE Zonitoides arboreus {Say) Helix arboreus Say 1817, Nicholson's British Encyclopedia (American edi- tion) 2: art. Conchology, second species, pi. 4 (no locality given).* * The date for this species is frequently given as 1816 in error. This date was given incorrectly by W.G. Binney in his Bibliography of North American Conchology 1863, pt. 1, p. 254 but in 1864, pt. 2, p. 277 he gave the corrected date. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 59 Zonitcs bryodes ShuttiewoTth 1854, Diagnosen neuer MoUusken, no. 6. [in] Mitt. Naturf. Gesell. in Bern, p. 128 of reprint (near San Juan and Luquillo, Porto Rico [sic]). Zonitoides arborcus (Say). Pilsbry 1946, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Mono. no.3, 2: 480, figs. 261-262; van der Schalie 1948, Misc. Publications, Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Michigan, no. 70, p. 49, pi. 3, figs. 12a-b. Specimens examined. The Mountain at 2000 feet (G. Seaman). Remarks. A widely distributed species in North America, extending north into northern Canada and south into Central America as far as Costa Rica. It has been introduced into Europe, South Africa and Australia. In the West indies it has been introduced into Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and in the Lesser Antilles, from Guadeloupe and Dominica. This is the first record for Saba. As Say gave no type-locality, we here select Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Say's original home and where he did most of his early collecting. BULIMULIDAE Bulimulus (Bulimulus) guadalupensis Bruguiere Helix exilis Gmelin 1791, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, 1: pt. 6, p. 3668 (locality unknown); non Gmelin 1791, p. 3616; nee Helix exilis O. F. Muller 1774 Bulimus guadalupensis Bruguiere 1789, Encyclopedic Methodique, 1: 313 (Guadeloupe [Lesser Antilles]). Bulimulus exilis (Gmelin). Pilsbry 1897, Man. of Conch. (2) 11: 37, pi. 9, figs. 61-67 (numerous localities). Specimens examined. The Mountain at 2000 feet; Booby Hill at 1500 feet (G. Seaman); Saba (MCZ). Remarks. So far as I can determine this is the first pub- lished record of this species from Saba Island. Bulimulus (Bulimulus) diaphanus {Pfeijfer) Bulimus diaphanus Pfeiffer 1854 [1855], Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 125 (St. Thomas, West Indies). Bulimulus diaphanus (Pfeiffer). Pilsbry 1897, Man. of Conch. (2) 11: 47, pi. 9, fig. 44 (Saba Id.; Arecibo, Puerto Rico; St. Eustatius and Barbados). Records. Saba (H. A. Pilsbry). Specimens examined. Saba (MCZ). 60 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS AMPHIBULIMIDAE Amphibulima patula {Bruguiere) Bulimus patulus Brug. 1789, Encyclopedie Methodique, 1:305 (Guadelupe). Amphibulima patula (Brug.). Pilsbry 1899, Man. of Conch. (2) 12: 234, pi. 61, figs. 14-19. Records. Saba (H. A. Pilsbry 1899). Specimens examined. The Mountain at 2000 feet (G. Seaman). Remarks. This small family is closely related to members of the Bulimulidae. The few species are limited to the north- ern islands in the Lesser Antilles. Amphibulima is related distantly to the genus Gaeotis of Puerto Rico. References Binney, W.G. 1863-64. Bibliography of North American Con- chology. Smithsonian Misc. Collections, American Authors, 5: pt. 1, pp. 1-650, 1863; ibid.. Foreign Authors, 9: pt. 2, pp. 1-305, 1864. Bland, Thomas. 1881. On the Relations of the ®ra and Fauna of Santa Cruz, West Indies. Ann. New York^cad. Sciences, 2: 117-126. i Coomans, H.E. 1967. The Non-Marine Mollusca of St. Martin (Lesser Antilles). Studies on the Fauna of Curagao and other Caribbean Islands, 24: 118-145. Haas, Fritz. 1962. Caribbean Land Mollusks: Subulinidae and Oleacinidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curagao and other Caribbean Islands, 13: 49-60, pis. 7-11. Pilsbry, H.A. 1897. Manual of Conchology (2) 11: 35-50, pi. 9, 11-12, 14. . 1899. Manual of Conchology (2) 12: 232-243, pis. 61, 63. Ramsden, C.T. 1913. Land Shells Carried by Birds. Nautilus 27: 71-72. Van der Schalie, Henry. 1948. Land and Freshwater Mol- lusks of Puerto Rico. Misc. Publ., Museum Zoology, Univ. of Michigan, no. 70, pp. 1-134, pis. 1-14. Vernhout, J.H. 1914. The Land and Freshwater-Molluscs of the Dutch West-Indian Islands. Notes from the Leyden Mu- seum, 36: 177-189. LIBRARY FEB G 1970 Occasional Papers On Mollusks HARVARD UNIVERSITY- , Published 03- The Department of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts VOLUME 3 FEBRUARY 6, 1970 NUMBER 39 The Genus Priotrochatella (Mollusca: Helicinidae) of the Isle of Pines and Jamaica, West Indies By William J. Clench and Morris K. Jacobson Priotrochatella, a genus in the Helicinidae, was established by H. Fischer in 1893 for the type-species, Helicina constellata Morelet 1847, which is characterized by its striking pagoda- like shape and the extravagant surface ornamentation. The genus is endemic to the Isle of Pines and Jamaica. On the Isle of Pines the shells occur in large numbers in their restricted habitat iri a small area of the north central part near the city of Nueva Gerona (pi. 21). We have been able to examine large series of shells in various museums. Mdrelet localized constellata in the "Sierra de Cristalles" [sic]. Clapp (1918: 48) showed that this must have been an error since the only Sierra de Cristales on the island is in the south where the rock is igneous and few land mollusks occur. Clapp further pointed out that Poey transposed the names Sierra de Casas and Sierra de Caballos, and it was Arango (1878: 45) who first properly restricted the locality of constel- lata in the Sierra de Casas, west of the town of Nueva Gerona. The three species on this island are apparently well localized, as explained by Clapp (p. 49) and borne out by the lots of shells we were able to examine, as follows: constellata in the northern portion of Sierra de Casas; torrei Clapp on the south- ern section; and stellata Poey in the Sierra de Caballos on the eastern side of the Rio Casas. Clapp (I.e.) believed that stellata might also be found in the northern extension of the Sierra de Caballos "now called the Sierra de Columbus". Directly to 61 62 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS the south of Sierra de Caballos and apparently completely separated from it, since a straight road is shown running be- tween the two sections, lies the Sierra Chiquita of which we have found no mention in the literature or on collection labels. The striking peripheral serration of the shells of Priotrocha- tella is nearly unique. A few species from southeast Asia, Calybium mouhoti Pfeiffer and C. martensi Issel have shells which are startlingly similar, but the apparent serrations of the latter result from regular undulations of the thin peripheral keel, while those in Priotrochatella are independent calcareous extensions. Observers have previously noted similarities between shells from the Antilles and from southeast Asia in other groups as well, e.g. Pupinella and Farcimen, and in several camaenids. In the case of several species of Eutrochatella s.l. from the Cuban mainland the shells are incrusted with a layer of in- organic matter which occasionally assumes the shape of the marginal denticulations of Priotrochatella. In 1922, H. B. Baker published a valuable study of the radu- lae of helicinids which established a sound foundation for the family. He demonstrated certain fundamental differences upon which the superspecific categories definitely can be based. Baker characterized the Eutrochatella radula as follows (1922: 58): central tooth complex, consisting of seven plates, as well as a large T-lateral, generally without cusps, 56 to HI un- cinals; and 123 to 191 teeth per row. The Troschelviana-like radula is characterized as: central tooth complex and T-lateral cusped: 44 to 64 uncinals; and 99 to 111 teeth per row. The "smooth" Eutrochatella-Vike radula is found in Calybium More- let from southeast Asia as well as in Eutrochatella Fischer in the West Indies. Hence the assumption is not unwarranted that the "smooth" radula is more ancient than the cusped one and that the cusped radula of the Cuban Troschelviana repre- sents a later development. If this is so, we may regard Prio- trochatella as a relic form or more likely an immigrant of an early group which, in addition to the smooth radula, also shows a highly sculptured shell suaface. All the specimens examined in the course of this study are in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Date references to Wagner in the OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 63 Conchylien-Cabinet follow Smith & England (1937: 91-92). Acknowledgments We wish to express our gratitude to Drs. Joseph P. E. Mor- rison and Joseph Rosewater of the United States National Museum for providing us with pertinent loan material. Drs. Kenneth J. Boss and Ruth D. Turner of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology read the manuscript critically and made valuable suggestions. Mr. J. F. Peake of the British Museum (Natural History) was good enough to supply us with the fig- ures and the catalog number of the type of Helicina constellata Morelet. This work was done with the support of NSF Grant GB-1004. Genus Priotrochatella H. Fischer Priotrochatella H. Fischer 1893, Jour, de Conchyliologie, 41: 88 [as a sub- genus of Eutrochatella]. [Type-species, Eutrochatella constellata (Morelet) 1847, monotypic]. Description. Shell depressed turbinate, carinate, surface sculpture of variously strong axial and somewhat weaker spiral cords, basal sculpture strong to obsolete. Whorls orna- mented peripherally with a more or less strongly denticulated flange, widest on the body whorl. Protoconch smooth, papilli- form, sharply raised. Operculum thin, dished, kidney shaped; outer calcareous layer white, variously strong, surface either papillose or smooth, the palatal margin lamella-like, strongly raised and separated from the inner layer; inner layer very thin; transparent, brownish, extending well beyond the edge of the outer layer except at the columellar margin. Remarks. This genus is confined in the Isle of Pines to the sierras in the north central part on both sides of the town of Nueva Gerona. Wagner's statement (1907: 16), repeated by Thiele (1929: 83), "Auf der Insel Cuba" is not correct. We are also including P. josephinae C.B. Adams from Jamaica in this genus. The reasons for this we state below. H. Fischer (1893) considered Priotrochatella a subgenus of Eutrochatella, where it was kept by Wenz (1938: 436), Thiele (1929: 82) and Keen (1960: 288). Wagner (1907: 16) and Clapp (1918: 50) raised the group to generic rank. Clapp wrote, "The radula of the three species. . . . exhibit sufficient differences in 64 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS structure from other groups of Helicinidae to sustain the rais- ing of Priotrochatella to generic rank." H.B. Baker (1922: 61), who had studied the radulae of stellata and torrei, found them to be identical with the radula of Eutrochatella, restricted, except that the "R-central tooth is broadly elliptical instead of circular." He continued, "The separation of this group from Eutrochatella sensu strido even as a subgenus, is only justifia- ble on the grounds of the peculiar shell and opercular charac- teristics." We have chosen to preserve the name Priotrocha- tella as a genus viewing it as basically a Jamaican group which was introduced into the Isle of Pines early enough to have broken up into three related species. Priotrochatella constellata (Morelet) Plate 17, figs. 1-4 Helicina constellata Morelet 1847, [/«] Guerin-Meneville, Revue Zoologique, Paris, 10: 144 (sur les rochers de la Sierra Cristalles, I'lsla de Pinos, au sud- ouest de Cuba). [Types in British Museum, no. 1893.2.4.1609-1611.] Helicina constellata Morelet 1849, Testacea Novissima Insulae Cubanae et Americae Centralis, Paris, 1: 21 (rupestris insulae Pinorum). Helicina pagoda "Velasquez" Pfeiffer 1852, Monographia Pneumonopomorum Viventium, p. 334 (nomen nudum).* Trochatella constellata Morelet. Sowerby 1866, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 3: 296, pi. 278, fig. 450. Priotrochatella constellata Morelet. Wagner 1907, [m] Martini & Chemnitz, Conchylien-Cabinet (2) 1: sect. 18, pt. 2, p. 16 [not figured]. Description. Shell reaching about 12.5 mm. in diameter, 8.5 mm. in height, depressed turbinate, rough, moderately strong. Basic color lemon-yellow, occasionally brownish, with irregu- lar white patches; sculpture white, base yellow, white in um- bilical region, protoconch and serrated peripheral flange white. Whorls 8, flat, carinate, slowly increasing in width, the later whorls armed peripherally with a strongly denticulated, shelv- *The MCZ collection has one lot (50953) bearing the label Trochatella pagoda Vel. from the Anthony Collection. This "type" of a nomen nudum proves to be identical with P. constellata. Plate 17 Figs. 1-2. Priotrochatella constellata (Morelet), MCZ 127430, Sierra de Casas, ex Bermudez Collection (both 3.5X). Figs. 3-4. Helicina constellata Morelet, 2 of the 3 syntypes, British Museum 1893.2.4.1609-1611, Isle of Pines (both 2.5X). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 65 Plate 17 66 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS ing flange, widest on the body whorl; the serrated keel of the body whorl is sharply set off from that of the penultimate whorl, giving a pagoda-like appearance to the shell. Suture shallow, covered on the later whorls by the peripheral serra- tions of the preceding whorl. Spire above the penultimate whorl low, apex sharply raised. Aperture strongly oblique, longer than wide, evenly rounded below, distorted palatally by the serrated carina of the body whorl. Parietal wall slightly swollen, strongly sculptured; with a thin, white, sublustrous parietal wash, unevenly rounded at outer margin. Outer lip flat or rounded, widened, slightly flaring, more so below the carina. Columella short, curved, white, widest above, arching shortly over the closed umbilical pit. Sculpture of the post- nuclear whorls of thin, widely spaced, retractive axial cords, growing stronger on the later whorls, where they constitute the upper margins of the peripheral serrations. Spiral sculp- ture of slightly raised, thin cords generally arranged in series of 2 or 3 in the center of the whorls; base weakly inflated, strongly cancellated by equally strong spiral and axial cords, the axial cords extending basally to the tip of the serrations. This sculpture weakens as it approaches the umbilical area but persists in the aperture. Protoconch smooth, white, papil- liform, sharply raised. Periostracum wanting. Operculum as in subgenus, outer layer thick, papillose. height diameter 8.2 mm. 12.5 mm. Sierra de Casas 8.1 12.2 Sierra de Casas 8.7 12.2 Sierra de Casas Remarks. All the lots of this species which we have examined bear only the locality of Sierra de Casas (but see remarks un- der Priotrochatella, p. 63). It has been frequently found here by many collectors (Morelet, Gundlach, Brooks, Barbour, etc.) each of whom usually took large series. We have looked in vain for published ecological notes. From the shape and struc- ture of the shell, it may be assumed that this is a species found almost wholly on rocks like most Eiitrochatclla. The shells vary little and are easily recognized by the double periphery in mature shells, the upper one of which is fre- quently wider than the lower one on the body whorl. Hence the major diameter is taken not by measuring the body whorl, which is inset, but rather the penultimate. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 67 Priotrochatella torrei Clapp Plate 18, figs. 1-2 Priotrochatella torrei Clapp 1918, Nautilus, 32: 47, pi. 4, figs. 1.2, 5, 6 (south- ern end of eastern face of Sierra de Casas, Isle of Pines). [Holotype, MCZ 36888, Sierra de Casas, Isle of Pines, Cuba; Paratypes, MCZ 50955 from the same locality]. Description. Shell reaching 7.7 mm. in height, 12.5 mm. in diameter, depressed, turbinate, somewhat convex, imperforate, carinate and dull. Base color lemon-yellow with irregular white patches, base yellow, white near aperture, peripheral flange and protoconch white. Whorls 9, slightly convex, slowly in- creasing in width, body whorl barely descending at aperture. Later whorls armed peripherally with a rather weakly den- ticulated, shelving flange, the denticulations weaker and more numerous than in either constellata or stellata. Suture shallow, in the later whorls covered by the serrations of the preceding whorl. Spire low, rounded, apex sharply raised. Aperture oblique, twice as long as high, distorted at the outer margin by the carina of the body whorl. Parietal wall weakly inflated, almost smooth, with a raised glassy callus, unevenly rounded at the outer margin. Palatal lip either flat, widened, or in some specimens double, the inner rounded lip widening at the pe- riphery, obsolete above. Columella short, curved, widened above, arching shortly over the closed umbilical pit, slightly twisted at the insertion of the basal lip. Base smooth, barely marked by weak, curved, diagonal growth lines, no spiral sculpture. Spire with spiral sculpture of 4 or 5 relatively strong ridges, the lower two on the penultimate and body whorls obliquely cancellated by the axial cords, the axial cords run- ning into the upper margins of the serrations. Protoconch smooth, white, sharply raised, papilliform. Periostracum want- ing. Operculum as in genus, outer layer thin, glassy, smooth, margins moderately raised. height diameter 7.7 mm. 12.4 mm. Sierra de Casas, Holotype 7.4 12.2 Sierra de Casas, Paratype 7.6 12.5 Sierra de Casas, Paratype Remarks. This species is easily separated from constellata by its inflated turbinate rather than pagoda-like appearance, by its more numerous and weaker peripheral serrations and 68 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 18 Fig. 1. Priotrochatella torrei Clapp, Paratype, MCZ 50955, Sierra de Casas, Isle of Pines, Barbour & Brooks leg. Fig. 2. Priotrochatella torrei Clapp, Holotype, MCZ 36888, Sierra de Casas, Isle of Pines, Barbour & Brooks leg. (both 3.5x). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 69 Plate 18 70 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS its smooth base. From stellata it differs largely in the smooth rather than axially ribbed base, and in the relatively weaker serrations. As Clapp has shown, it inhabits the southern end of the Sierra de Casas on the western side of Rio Sierra de Casas, a mountain range which it shares with constellata. The latter, however, occurs only on the northern end. For its rela- tionship with its congeners see remarks under stellata. Priotrochatella stellata (Poey) Plate 19, figs. 1-2 Helicina stellata Velasquez 1850, [m] Jay, Catalog of the Shells Contained in the Collection of John C. Jay, 4th ed., p. 262 (nomen nudum). Helicina rota Newcomb, Jay 1850, ibid., p. 262 (nomen nudum). Helicina stellata "Velasquez" Poey 1851, Memorias Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba, 1: 117, pi. 5, figs. 18-20 (en la Isla de Pinos, sobre la Sierra de Casas [sic], falda del Sud, Velasquez leg.]. [Type in Museo Poey, not seen.] Trochatella stellata Velasquez. Sowerby 1866, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 3: 296, pi. 278, fig. 451. Priotrochatella stellata Velasquez. Wagner 1907, [in] Martini & Chemnitz, Conchylien-Cabinet, (2) 1: sect. 18, pt.2, p. 17, pi. 1, fig. 3, pi. 2, figs. 12, 13. Eutrochatella {Priotrochatella) stellata Poey. H.B. Baker 1922, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 74: 61, pi. 6, fig. 30 [radula]. Description. Shell reaching 7.8 mm. in diameter, moderately strong, depressed trochiform, somewhat convex, lusterless, and carinate. Base color lemon-yellow with irregular white patches, base yellow, white toward the aperture; protoconch and serrated carina white. Whorls 9, increasing slowly in width, slightly convex, body whorl barely descending at aper- ture. Later whorls armed peripherally with a rather strongly but narrowly serrated flange widest on the body whorl. Suture shallow, covered in later whorls by the peripheral denticulated flange of the preceding whorl. Spire low, somewhat convex, apex raised. Aperture oblique, length about twice the width, well distorted at the palatal margin by the carina of the body whorl. Parietal wall slightly inflated, lightly sculptured, with a thin, glassy, parietal wash, unevenly rounded at outer mar- gin. Palatal lip thickened, either rounded or flat, widest at the keel, narrower above Columella white, short, curved, widest above, arching shortly over the closed umbilical pit, twisting slightly at insertion of the basal lip. Spire and base with strong, arched irregularly spaced axial ridges, crossed by OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 71 weaker, more or less regularly spaced, spiral ridges, the axial ridges forming the upper margin of the denticulations; spiral sculpture wanting on the denticulated flange. Protoconch white, smooth, sharply raised, papilliform. Periostracum lack- ing. Operculum not seen, presumably as in the genus. height diameter 7.6 mm. 12.7 mm. Sierra de Caballos 7.4 13.0 Sierra de Caballos 7.8 12.5 Sierra de Caballos Remarks. This species is most easily separated from the other two species of Priotrochatella by the nature of the basal sculpture. This is not as strongly cancellated as in constellata, since the spiral cords are weaker than the axial ridges, nor is it smooth as in torrei. In the strength of the denticulations of the flange, it similarly stands between constellata and torrei, these being weaker and somewhat more numerous than is the case in the former, but stronger and less numerous than in the latter. It occurs in the Sierra de Caballos on the eastern side of Rio Casas from Sierra de Casas, the locality of its two congeners. Clapp (1918: 49) remarked on the peculiarity that though stellata in shape seems to be closer to torrei, it inhabits an area isolated from Sierra de Casas, the locality of constel- lata and torrei. However, he reported that the central radular teeth of the latter two are closer to each other in their smaller size rather than to stellata which has a wider central tooth. Clapp also felt that the radula of Priotrochatella is sufficiently different to justify generic rank, an opinion opposed by H. B. Baker (1922). All the lots we have examined bear only the locality Sierra de Caballos. Priotrochatella josephinae (C. B. Adams) Plate 20, figs. 1-2 Helicina (Trochatella) josephinae C. B. Adams 1849, Contributions to Con- chology, 1: 14 ([eastern part of] Jamaica), [Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 222614, ex C.B. Adams. J.G. Anthony Collection; Paralectotypes, MCZ 222615. from the same collections]. Trochatella josephinae pulchra C.B.Adams 1851, ibid., pp. 136, 181 ([western part of] Jamaica) [Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 222616, C.B. Adams Collec- tion ex E. Chitty]. Trochatella josephinae Adams. Pfeiffer 1852, Monographia Pneumonopomo- 72 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 19 Figs. 1-2. Priotrochatella stellata Poey, MCZ 50954, Sierra de Caballos, Isle of Pines, ex Anthony Collection (both 3.5X ). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 73 Plate 19 74 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 20 Fig. 1. Priotrochatella joscphinae piilchra (C. B. Adams), Paralectotype, MCZ 222615, Jamaica, E. Chitty leg., ex C.B. Adams Collection. Fig. 2. Priotrochatella josephinae (C.B. Adams), Lectotype, MCZ 222614, Ja- maica, C.B. Adams leg., ex Anthony Collection (both 3.5X ). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 75 Plate 20 76 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS rum Viventium, 1: 335; Sowerby 1866, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 3: 296, pi. 278, fig. 449. Eutrochatella {Eutrochatella) josefinae [sic] C.B.Adams. Wagner 1908, [/«] Martini & Chemnitz, Conchyhen-Cabinet, (2) 1: sect. 18, pt. 2, p. 107, pi. 20. figs. 12-14. Description. Shell reaching about 12 mm. in diameter, strong- ly depressed trochoid, moderately thin, lusterless, carinate and base almost flat. Color pale, translucent, greenish yellow, in- terspersed with large irregular, opaque white areas, yellowish color generally lighter on body whorl and base; aperture and lip white. Whorls about 6, flat except for the weakly convex body whorl, carinate and widely, subregularly serrate, the ser- rations stronger on the later whorls. Suture well impressed, covered by the serrated carina of the preceding whorl. Spire low conic, body whorl somewhat swollen, apex raised. Aper- ture almost parallel with the base, rounded triangular, parietal angle widely rounded, palatal angle formed by the termination of the peripheral carina. Parietal wall almost flat, not exca- vated, with a lustrous, transparent, weakly raised parietal callus which is highest near the umbilical region and evenly rounded at the outer margin. Palatal lip well reflected basally below the carina, forming a pseudo-chink at the insertion of the body whorl; simple, sharp above, very weakly flaring near the periphery. Columella concave, evenly rounded, inserting gradually in the basal lip. Sculpture of deep, strongly curved, diagonal axial striae, crossed by generally well raised spiral cords, which are irregularly cut by the axial striae and irregu- larly ornamented with strong, raised, rounded, elongate, white tubercles, these tubercles merging into the serrations of the whorls. Base relatively smooth, marked by weak, axial growth lines and faint, closely spaced spiral cords. Protoconch U whorls, white, rounded, microscopically pitted. Periostracum wanting. Operculum subrhomboid, twisted laterally; outer layer white, translucent, with a white, raised, minutely punc- tate lamella at the parietal margin, highest above. Inner layer thin, very pale brown, nucleus central, somewhat removed from the columellar edge. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 77 eight diameter 7.2 mm. 12.6 mm. Jamaica 6.7 11.1 Jamaica 8.3 11.8 Paratype 6.2 9.4 " 6.4 9.8 Lectotype 7.9 13.1 Lectotype of var. pulchra Remarks. This species is quite uniform in appearance, tlie greatest variation being in size. The colors reported by Adams were not seen in the shells available for this study. The spiral sculpture likewise varies from ridges which are quite uninter- rupted and conspicuous to ones less conspicuous and strongly interrupted by deep axial ridges and irregular nodules. Adams called the second group pulchra and stated that it came from the western part of the island. He reserved the name josephinae for the specimens with more regular spiral sculptures which he wrote came from the eastern part of Jamaica. We find lots, however (MCZ 22611 Chitty leg.), without locality which in- clude specimens varying in this respect, many presenting various degrees of intergrade. Much of the material collected by either Adams or Chitty has not been more precisely localized than merely Jamaica. Nor have subsequent students apparently been able to report it from more precise locations. Baker (1935) did not find it and Pilsbry and Brown (1910) do not report it from Mandeville. Hence it is impossible to localize the species at the present time or to evaluate the significance of the polymorphic popu- lations. The shells resemble those of Priotrochatella, especially P. steUata very closely, the chief difference being in the shape of the operculum. Baker (1922: 61) wrote of the operculum of Priotrochatella, "I regard it as simply a specialized condition of the Eutrochatella-operculum, due to the shape of the aper- ture." The radulae of Priotrochatella and Eutrochatella are practically the same, according to the same author. Hence we feel that josephinae should be included in the genus Priotro- chatella. This close relationship between a species from Jamaica and several forms on the Isle of Pines can well be the result of some form of mollusk transportation. Darlington (1957: 17-20) graphically described the unbelievable capacity of the wind 78 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS to transport large amounts of material great distances. This may have been one of the agencies that brought the Jamaican form to the Isle of Pines. Clench (1938: 486 f.) suggested this as well as other means of transport. The possibility of rafting cannot be completely overlooked, since the currents in that portion of the Caribbean flow in a northwesterly direction, i.e. from Jamaica toward the western portion of Cuba. The introduction, if it did occur, must have been relatively early, since the Jamaican immigrant developed into three well dis- tinguished Cuban descendants. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 79 Plate 21 1. Sierra de Casas 4. Sierra de Columbo 2. Nueva Gerona 5. Sierra de Caballos 3. Rio Sierra de Casas 6. Sierra Chiquita 7. Isle of Pines showing area enlarged. (After Military Map of the Republic of Cuba, 1932, sheet 5). 80 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON iMOLLUSKS Bibliography Baker, H. Burrington, 1922. Notes on the Radula of the HeH- cinidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 74: 29-67, pis. 3-7. , 1935. Jamaican Land Shells. Nautilus, 48: 6-14, 60-67, pi. 2. Clapp, William F., 1918. A New Priotrochatella from the Isle of Pines. Cuba, Nautilus, 32: 47-51, pi. 4. Clench, William J., 1938. Origin of the Land and Freshwater Fauna of the Bahamas, etc. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80: 481-541. Dance, S. Peter, 1966. Shell Collecting. Univ. of California, Berkeley, 344 pp., 35 pis., 31 text figs. Darlington, Philip J., Jr„ 1957. Zoogeography: the Geographi- cal Distribution of Animals, New York, 14+675 pp., 80 figs. Fischer, H., 1893. Notes sur quelques points de I'histoire nat- urelle du genre Eutrochatella. Jour, de Conchy liologie, 41: 85-89, pi. 3. Fulton, Hugh C, 1920. Molluscan Notes IV. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 14: 3-4. Keen, Myra, 1960. [in] Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Univ. of Kansas, pp. 285-288, figs. 186-187 (Helicinacea). Smith, Edgar H. & H.W. England, 1937. Jour. Soc. Bibliogra- phy Nat. Hist., 1: 89-99. Thiele, Johannes, 1929. Handbuch der systematischen Weich- tierkunde, 1: 80-91, figs. 57-67 (Helicinidae). Wagner, Anton, 1907-1911. [in] Martini & Chemnitz, Conchy- lien-Cabinet, (2) 1: sect. 18, pt. 2, 391 pp., 70 pis. Wenz, W., 1938. [in] Handbuch der Palaozoologie, 6: pt. 1, pp. 435-448, figs. 1071-1118 (Helicinidae). Occasional Papers On Mollusks Published b.v The Department of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zoologj', Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts VOLUME 3 FEBRUARY 6, 1970 NUMBER 39 The Genus Priotrochatella (Mollusca: Helicinidae) of the Isle of Pines and Jamaica, West Indies By William J. Clench and Morris K. Jacobson Priotrochatella, a genus in the Helicinidae, was established by H. Fischer in 1893 for the type-species, Helicina constellata Morelet 1847, which is characterized by its striking pagoda- like shape and the extravagant surface ornamentation. The genus is endemic to the Isle of Pines and Jamaica. On the Isle of Pines the shells occur in large numbers in their restricted habitat in a small area of the north central part near the city of Nueva Gerona (pi. 21). We have been able to examine large series of shells in various museums. Morelet localized constellata in the "Sierra de Cristalles" [sic]. Clapp (1918: 48) showed that this must have been an error since the only Sierra de Cristales on the island is in the south where the rock is igneous and few land mollusks occur. Clapp further pointed out that Poey transposed the names Sierra de Casas and Sierra de Caballos, and it was Arango (1878: 45) who first properly restricted the locality of constel- lata in the Sierra de Casas, west of the town of Nueva Gerona. The three species on this island are apparently well localized, as explained by Clapp (p. 49) and borne out by the lots of shells we were able to examine, as follows: constellata in the northern portion of Sierra de Casas; torrei Clapp on the south- ern section; and stellata Poey in the Sierra de Caballos on the eastern side of the Rio Casas. Clapp (I.e.) believed that stellata might also be found in the northern extension of the Sierra de Caballos "now called the Sierra de Columbus". Directly to 61 62 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS the south of Sierra de Caballos and apparently completely separated from it, since a straight road is shown running be- tween the two sections, lies the Sierra Chiquita of which we have found no mention in the literature or on collection labels. The striking peripheral serration of the shells of Priotrocha- tella is nearly unique. A few species from southeast Asia, Calybium mouhoti Pfeiffer and C. martensi Issel have shells which are startlingly similar, but the apparent serrations of the latter result from regular undulations of the thin peripheral keel, while those in Priotrochatella are independent calcareous extensions. Observers have previously noted similarities between shells from the Antilles and from southeast Asia in other groups as well, e.g. Pupinella and Farcimen, and in several camaenids. In the case of several species oi Eutrochatella s.l. from the Cuban mainland the shells are incrusted with a layer of in- organic matter which occasionally assumes the shape of the marginal denticulations of Priotrochatella. In 1922, H. B. Baker published a valuable study of the radu- lae of helicinids which established a sound foundation for the family. He demonstrated certain fundamental differences upon which the superspecific categories definitely can be based. Baker characterized the Eutrochatella radula as follows (1922: 58): central tooth complex, consisting of seven plates, as well as a large T-lateral, generally without cusps, 56 to 111 un- cinals; and 123 to 191 teeth per row. The Troschelviana-like radula is characterized as: central tooth complex and T-lateral cusped: 44 to 64 uncinals; and 99 to 111 teeth per row. The "smooth" Eutrochatella-Yike radula is found in Calybium More- let from southeast Asia as well as in Eutrochatella Fischer in the West Indies. Hence the assumption is not unwarranted that the "smooth" radula is more ancient than the cusped one and that the cusped radula of the Cuban Troschelviana repre- sents a later development. If this is so, we may regard Prio- trochatella as a relic form or more likely an immigrant of an early group which, in addition to the smooth radula, also shows a highly sculptured shell suaface. All the specimens examined in the course of this study are in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Date references to Wagner in the OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 63 Conchylien-Cabinet follow Smith & England (1937: 91-92). Acknowledgments We wish to express our gratitude to Drs. Joseph P. E. Mor- rison and Joseph Rosewater of the United States National Museum for providing us with pertinent loan material. Drs. Kenneth J. Boss and Ruth D. Turner of the Museum of Com- parative Zoology read the manuscript critically and made valuable suggestions. Mr. J. F. Peake of the British Museum (Natural History) was good enough to supply us with the fig- ures and the catalog number of the type of Helicina constellata Morelet. This work was done with the support of NSF Grant GB 1004. Genus Priotrochatella H. Fischer Priotrochatella H. Fischer 1893, Jour, de Conchyliologie, 41: 88 [as a sub- genus of Eutrodiatella]. [Type-species, Eutrochatella constellata (Morelet) 1847, monotypic]. Description. Shell depressed turbinate, carinate, surface sculpture of variously strong axial and somewhat weaker spiral cords, basal sculpture strong to obsolete. Whorls orna- mented peripherally with a more or less strongly denticulated flange, widest on the body whorl. Protoconch smooth, papilli- form, sharply raised. Operculum thin, dished, kidney shaped; outer calcareous layer white, variously strong, surface either papillose or smooth, the palatal margin lamella-like, strongly raised and separated from the inner layer; inner layer very thin; transparent, brownish, extending well beyond the edge of the outer layer except at the columellar margin. Remarks. This genus is confined in the Isle of Pines to the sierras in the north central part on both sides of the town of Nueva Gerona. Wagner's statement (1907: 16), repeated by Thiele (1929: 83), "Auf der Insel Cuba" is not correct. We are also including P. josephinae C.B. Adams from Jamaica in this genus. The reasons for this we state below. H. Fischer (1893) considered Priotrochatella a subgenus of Eutrochatella, where it was kept by Wenz (1938: 436), Thiele (1929: 82) and Keen (1960: 288). Wagner (1907: 16) and Clapp (1918: 50) raised the group to generic rank. Clapp wrote, "The radula of the three species. . . . exhibit sufficient differences in 64 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS structure from other groups of Helicinidae to sustain the rais- ing of Priotrochatella to generic rank." H.B. Baker (1922: 61), who had studied the radulae of stellata and torrei, found them to be identical with the radula of Eutrochatella, restricted, except that the "R-central tooth is broadly elliptical instead of circular." He continued, "The separation of this group from Eutrochatella sensu stricto even as a subgenus, is only justifia- ble on the grounds of the peculiar shell and opercular charac- teristics." We have chosen to preserve the name Priotrocha- tella as a genus viewing it as basically a Jamaican group which was introduced into the Isle of Pines early enough to have broken up into three related species. Priotrochatella constellata (Morelet) Plate 17, figs. 1-4 Helicina constellata Morelet 1847, [in] Guerin-Meneville, Revue Zoologique, Paris, 10: 144 (sur les rochers de la Sierra Cristalles, I'lsla de Pinos, au sud- ouest de Cuba). [Types in British Museum, no. 1893.2.4.1609-1611.] Helicina constellata Morelet 1849, Testacea Novissima Insulae Cubanae et Americae Centralis, Paris, 1: 21 (rupestris insulae Pinorum). Helicina pagoda "Velasquez" Pfeiffer 1852, Monographia Pneumonopomorum Viventium, p. 334 (nomen nudum).* Trochatella constellata Morelet. Sowerby 1866, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 3: 296, pi. 278, fig. 450. Priotrochatella constellata Morelet. Wagner 1907, [in] Martini & Chemnitz, Conchylien-Cabinet (2) 1: sect. 18, pt. 2, p. 16 [not figured]. Description. Shell reaching about 12.5 mm. in diameter, 8.5 mm. in height, depressed turbinate, rough, moderately strong. Basic color lemon-yellow, occasionally brownish, with irregu- lar white patches; sculpture white, base yellow, white in um- bilical region, protoconch and serrated peripheral fiange white. Whorls 8, flat, carinate, slowly increasing in width, the later whorls armed peripherally with a strongly denticulated, shelv- *The MCZ collection has one lot (50953) bearing the label Trochatella pagoda Vel. from the Anthony Collection. This "type" of a nontctt nudum proves to be identical with P. constellata. Plate 17 Figs. 1-2. Priotrochatella constellata (Morelet), MCZ 127430, Sierra de Casas, ex Bermudez Collection (both 3.5X). Figs. 3-4. Helicina constellata Morelet, 2 of the 3 syntypes, British Museum 1893.2.4.1609-1611, Isle of Pines (both 2.5X). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 65 Plate 17 66 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS ing flange, widest on the body whorl; the serrated keel of the body whorl is sharply set off from that of the penultimate whorl, giving a pagoda-like appearance to the shell. Suture shallow, covered on the later whorls by the peripheral serra- tions of the preceding whorl. Spire above the penultimate whorl low, apex sharply raised. Aperture strongly oblique, longer than wide, evenly rounded below, distorted palatally by the serrated carina of the body whorl. Parietal wall slightly swollen, strongly sculptured; with a thin, white, sublustrous parietal wash, unevenly rounded at outer margin. Outer lip flat or rounded, widened, slightly flaring, more so below the carina. Columella short, curved, white, widest above, arching shortly over the closed umbilical pit. Sculpture of the post- nuclear whorls of thin, widely spaced, retractive axial cords, growing stronger on the later whorls, where they constitute the upper margins of the peripheral serrations. Spiral sculp- ture of slightly raised, thin cords generally arranged in series of 2 or 3 in the center of the whorls; base weakly inflated, strongly cancellated by equally strong spiral and axial cords, the axial cords extending basally to the tip of the serrations. This sculpture weakens as it approaches the umbilical area but persists in the aperture. Protoconch smooth, white, papil- liform, sharply raised. Periostracum wanting. Operculum as in subgenus, outer layer thick, papillose. height diameter 8.2 mm. 12.5 mm. Sierra de Casas 8.1 12.2 Sierra de Casas 8.7 12.2 Sierra de Casas Remarks. All the lots of this species which we have examined bear only the locality of Sierra de Casas (but see remarks un- der Priotrodmtella, p. 63). It has been frequently found here by many collectors (Morelet, Gundlach, Brooks, Barbour, etc.) each of whom usually took large series. We have looked in vain for published ecological notes. From the shape and struc- ture of the shell, it may be assumed that this is a species found almost wholly on rocks like most Eiitrochatclla. The shells vary little and are easily recognized by the double periphery in mature shells, the upper one of which is fre- quently wider than the lower one on the body whorl. Hence the major diameter is taken not by measuring the body whorl, which is inset, but rather the penultimate. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 67 Priotrochatella torrei Clapp Plate 18, figs. 1-2 Priotrochatella torrei Clapp 1918, Nautilus, 32: 47, pi. 4, figs. 1,2, 5, 6 (south- ern end of eastern face of Sierra de Casas, Isle of Pines). [Holotype, MCZ 36888, Sierra de Casas, Isle of Pines, Cuba; Paratypes, MCZ 50955 from the same locality]. Description. Shell reaching 7.7 mm. in height, 12.5 mm. in diameter, depressed, turbinate, somewhat convex, imperforate, carinate and dull. Base color lemon-yellow with irregular white patches, base yellow, white near aperture, peripheral flange and protoconch white. Whorls 9, slightly convex, slowly in- creasing in width, body whorl barely descending at aperture. Later whorls armed peripherally with a rather weakly den- ticulated, shelving flange, the denticulations weaker and more numerous than in either constellata or stellata. Suture shallow, in the later whorls covered by the serrations of the preceding whorl. Spire low, rounded, apex sharply raised. Aperture oblique, twice as long as high, distorted at the outer margin by the carina of the body whorl. Parietal wall weakly inflated, almost smooth, with a raised glassy callus, unevenly rounded at the outer margin. Palatal lip either flat, widened, or in some specimens double, the inner rounded lip widening at the pe- riphery, obsolete above. Columella short, curved, widened above, arching shortly over the closed umbilical pit, slightly twisted at the insertion of the basal lip. Base smooth, barely marked by weak, curved, diagonal growth lines, no spiral sculpture. Spire with spiral sculpture of 4 or 5 relatively strong ridges, the lower two on the penultimate and body whorls obliquely cancellated by the axial cords, the axial cords run- ning into the upper margins of the serrations. Protoconch smooth, white, sharply raised, papilliform. Periostracum want- ing. Operculum as in genus, outer layer thin, glassy, smooth, margins moderately raised. height diameter 7.7 mm. 12.4 mm. Sierra de Casas, Holotype 7.4 12.2 Sierra de Casas, Paratype 7.6 12.5 Sierra de Casas, Paratype Remarks. This species is easily separated from constellata by its inflated turbinate rather than pagoda-like appearance, by its more numerous and weaker peripheral serrations and 68 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 18 Fig. 1. Priotrochatella torrei Clapp, Paratype, MCZ 50955, Sierra de Casas, Isle of Pines, Barbour & Brooks leg. Fig. 2. Priotrochatella torrei Clapp, Holotype, MCZ 36888, Sierra de Casas, Isle of Pines, Barbour & Brooks leg. (both 3.5 X ). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 69 Plate 18 70 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS its smooth base. From stellata it differs largely in the smooth rather than axially ribbed base, and in the relatively weaker serrations. As Clapp has shown, it inhabits the southern end of the Sierra de Casas on the western side of Rio Sierra de Casas, a mountain range which it shares with constellata. The latter, however, occurs only on the northern end. For its rela- tionship with its congeners see remarks under stellata. Priotrochatella stellata {Poey) Plate 19, figs. 1-2 Helicina stellata Velasquez 1850, [in] Jay, Catalog of the Shells Contained in the Collection of John C. Jay, 4th ed., p. 262 (nomen nudum). Helicina rota Newcomb, Jay 1850, ibid., p. 262 (nomen nudum). Helicina stellata "Velasquez" Poey 1851, Memorias Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba, 1: 117, pi. 5, figs. 18-20 (en la Isla de Pinos, sobre la Sierra de Casas [sic], falda del Sud, Velasquez leg.]. [Type in Museo Poey, not seen.] Trochatella stellata Velasquez. Sowerby 1866, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 3: 296, pi. 278, fig. 451. Priotrochatella stellata Velasquez. Wagner 1907, [in] Martini & Chemnitz, Conchylien-Cabinet, (2) 1: sect. 18, pt.2, p. 17, pi. 1, fig. 3, pi. 2, figs. 12, 13. Eutrochatella (Priotrochatella) stellata Poey. H.B. Baker 1922, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 74: 61, pi. 6, fig. 30 [radula]. Description. Shell reaching 7.8 mm. in diameter, moderately strong, depressed trochiform, somewhat convex, lusterless, and carinate. Base color lemon-yellow with irregular white patches, base yellow, white toward the aperture; protoconch and serrated carina white. Whorls 9, increasing slowly in width, slightly convex, body whorl barely descending at aper- ture. Later whorls armed peripherally with a rather strongly but narrowly serrated flange widest on the body whorl. Suture shallow, covered in later whorls by the peripheral denticulated flange of the preceding whorl. Spire low, somewhat convex, apex raised. Aperture oblique, length about twice the width, well distorted at the palatal margin by the carina of the body whorl. Parietal wall slightly inflated, lightly sculptured, with a thin, glassy, parietal wash, unevenly rounded at outer mar- gin. Palatal lip thickened, either rounded or fiat, widest at the keel, narrower above Columella white, short, curved, widest above, arching shortly over the closed umbilical pit, twisting slightly at insertion of the basal lip. Spire and base with strong, arched irregularly spaced axial ridges, crossed by OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 71 weaker, more or less regularly spaced, spiral ridges, the axial ridges forming the upper margin of the denticulations; spiral sculpture wanting on the denticulated flange. Protoconch white, smooth, sharply raised, papilliform. Periostracum lack- ing. Operculum not seen, presumably as in the genus. height diameter 7.6 mm. 12.7 mm. Sierra de Caballos 7.4 13.0 Sierra de Caballos 7.8 12.5 Sierra de Caballos Remarks. This species is most easily separated from the other two species of Priotrochatella by the nature of the basal sculpture. This is not as strongly cancellated as in constellata, since the spiral cords are weaker than the axial ridges, nor is it smooth as in torrei. In the strength of the denticulations of the flange, it similarly stands between constellata and torrei, these being weaker and somewhat more numerous than is the case in the former, but stronger and less numerous than in the latter. It occurs in the Sierra de Caballos on the eastern side of Rio Casas from Sierra de Casas, the locality of its two congeners. Clapp (1918: 49) remarked on the peculiarity that though Stella fa in shape seems to be closer to torrei, it inhabits an area isolated from Sierra de Casas, the locality of constel- lata and torrei. However, he reported that the central radular teeth of the latter two are closer to each other in their smaller size rather than to stellata which has a wider central tooth. Clapp also felt that the radula of Priotrochatella is sufficiently different to justify generic rank, an opinion opposed by H. B. Baker (1922). All the lots we have examined bear only the locality Sierra de Caballos. Priotrochatella josephinae (C. B. Adams) Plate 20, figs. 1-2 Helicina {Trochatella) josephinae C. B. Adams 1849, Contributions to Con- chology, 1: 14 ([eastern part of] Jamaica), [Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 222614, ex C.B. Adams, J.G. Anthony Collection; Paralectotypes, MCZ 222615, from the same collections]. Trochatella josephinae pulchra C.B.Adams 1851, ibid., pp. 136, 181 ([western part of] Jamaica) [Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 222616, C.B. Adams Collec- tion ex E. Chitty]. Trochatella josephinae Adams. Pfeiffer 1852, Monographia Pneumonopomo- 72 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 19 Figs. 1-2. Priotrochatella stellata Poey, MCZ 50954, Sierra de Caballos, Isle of Pines, ex Anthony Collection (both 3.5x ). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 73 Plate 19 74 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 20 Fig. 1. Priotrochatella josephinae pulchra (C. B. Adams), Paralectotype, MCZ 222615, Jamaica, E. Chitty leg., ex C.B. Adams Collection. Fig. 2. Priotrochatella josephinae (C.B. Adams), Lectotype, MCZ 222614, Ja- maica, C.B. Adams leg., ex Anthony Collection (both 3.5X). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 75 Plate 20 76 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS rum Viventium, 1: 335; Sowerby 1866, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 3: 296, pi. 278, fig. 449. Eutrochatella {Eutrochatella) josefinae [sic] C.B.Adams. Wagner 1908, [in] Martini & Chemnitz, Conchylien-Cabinet, (2) 1: sect. 18, pt. 2, p. 107, pi. 20. figs. 12-14. Description. Shell reaching about 12 mm. in diameter, strong- ly depressed trochoid, moderately thin, lusterless, carinate and base almost flat. Color pale, translucent, greenish yellow, in- terspersed with large irregular, opaque white areas, yellowish color generally lighter on body whorl and base; aperture and lip white. Whorls about 6, flat except for the weakly convex body whorl, carinate and widely, subregularly serrate, the ser- rations stronger on the later whorls. Suture well impressed, covered by the serrated carina of the preceding whorl. Spire low conic, body whorl somewhat swollen, apex raised. Aper- ture almost parallel with the base, rounded triangular, parietal angle widely rounded, palatal angle formed by the termination of the peripheral carina. Parietal wall almost flat, not exca- vated, with a lustrous, transparent, weakly raised parietal callus which is highest near the umbilical region and evenly rounded at the outer margin. Palatal lip well reflected basally below the carina, forming a pseudo-chink at the insertion of the body whorl; simple, sharp above, very weakly flaring near the periphery. Columella concave, evenly rounded, inserting gradually in the basal lip. Sculpture of deep, strongly curved, diagonal axial striae, crossed by generally well raised spiral cords, which are irregularly cut by the axial striae and irregu- larly ornamented with strong, raised, rounded, elongate, white tubercles, these tubercles merging into the serrations of the whorls. Base relatively smooth, marked by weak, axial growth lines and faint, closely spaced spiral cords. Protoconch \h whorls, white, rounded, microscopically pitted. Periostracum wanting. Operculum subrhomboid, twisted laterally; outer layer white, translucent, with a white, raised, minutely punc- tate lamella at the parietal margin, highest above. Inner layer thin, very pale brown, nucleus central, somewhat removed from the columellar edge. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 77 eight diameter 7.2 mm. 12.6 mm. Jamaica 6.7 11.1 Jamaica 8.3 11.8 Paratype 6.2 9.4 " 6.4 9.8 Lectotype 7.9 13.1 Lectotype of var. pulchra Remarks. This species is quite uniform in appearance, the greatest variation being in size. The colors reported by Adams were not seen in the shells available for this study. The spiral sculpture likewise varies from ridges which are quite uninter- rupted and conspicuous to ones less conspicuous and strongly interrupted by deep axial ridges and irregular nodules. Adams called the second group pulchra and stated that it came from the western part of the island. He reserved the name josephinae for the specimens with more regular spiral sculptures which he wrote came from the eastern part of Jamaica. We find lots, however (MCZ 22611 Chitty leg.), without locality which in- clude specimens varying in this respect, many presenting various degrees of intergrade. Much of the material collected by either Adams or Chitty has not been more precisely localized than merely Jamaica. Nor have subsequent students apparently been able to report it from more precise locations. Baker (1935) did not find it and Pilsbry and Brown (1910) do not report it from Mandeville. Hence it is impossible to localize the species at the present time or to evaluate the significance of the polymorphic popu- lations. The shells resemble those of Priotrochatella, especially P. stellata very closely, the chief difference being in the shape of the operculum. Baker (1922: 61) wrote of the operculum of Priotrochatella, "I regard it as simply a specialized condition of the Eittrochatella-operculum, due to the shape of the aper- ture." The radulae of Priotrochatella and Eutrochatella are practically the same, according to the same author. Hence we feel that josephinae should be included in the genus Priotro- chatella. This close relationship between a species from Jamaica and several forms on the Isle of Pines can well be the result of some form of mollusk transportation. Darlington (1957: 17-20) graphically described the unbelievable capacity of the wind 78 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS to transport large amounts of material great distances. This may have been one of the agencies that brought the Jamaican form to the Isle of Pines. Clench (1938: 486 f.) suggested this as well as other means of transport. The possibility of rafting cannot be completely overlooked, since the currents in that portion of the Caribbean flow in a northwesterly direction, i.e. from Jamaica toward the western portion of Cuba. The introduction, if it did occur, must have been relatively early, since the Jamaican immigrant developed into three well dis- tinguished Cuban descendants. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 79 Plate 21 1. Sierra de Casas 4. Sierra de Columbo 2. Nueva Gerona 5. Sierra de Caballos 3. Rio Sierra de Casas 6. Sierra Chiquita 7. Isle of Pines showing area enlarged. (After Military Map of the Republic of Cuba, 1932, sheet 5). 80 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Bibliography Baker, H. Burrington, 1922. Notes on the Radula of the HeH- cinidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 74: 29-67, pis. 3-7. , 1935. Jamaican Land Shells. Nautilus, 48: 6-14, 60-67, pi. 2. Clapp, William F., 1918. A New Priotrochatella from the Isle of Pines. Cuba, Nautilus, 32: 47-51, pi. 4. Clench, William J., 1938. Origin of the Land and Freshwater Fauna of the Bahamas, etc. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80: 481-541. Dance, S. Peter, 1966. Shell Collecting. Univ. of California, Berkeley, 344 pp., 35 pis., 31 text figs. Darlington, Philip J., Jr„ 1957. Zoogeography: the Geographi- cal Distribution of Animals, New York, 14+675 pp., 80 figs. Fischer, H., 1893. Notes sur quelques points de I'histoire nat- urelle du genre Eutrochatella. Jour, de Conchy liologie, 41: 85-89, pi. 3. Fulton, Hugh C, 1920. Molluscan Notes IV. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 14: 3-4. Keen, Myra, 1960. [in] Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Univ. of Kansas, pp. 285-288, figs. 186-187 (Helicinacea). Smith, Edgar H. & H.W. England, 1937. Jour. Soc. Bibliogra- phy Nat. Hist., 1: 89-99. Thiele, Johannes, 1929. Handbuch der systematischen Weich- tierkunde, 1: 80-91, figs. 57-67 (Helicinidae). Wagner, Anton, 1907-1911. [in] Martini & Chemnitz, Conchy- lien-Cabinet, (2) 1: sect. 18, pt. 2, 391 pp., 70 pis. Wenz, W., 1938. [in] Handbuch der Palaozoologie, 6: pt. 1, pp. 435 448, figs. 1071-1118 (Helicinidae). S MUS. COMP. LIBRAR ^ Occasional Papers On Mollusks^*^ 211 HARVAF Published by UNIVBRS The Department of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Universit.v Cambridge, Massachusetts VOLUME 3 MAY 14, 1971 NUMBER 40 Critical Estimate of the Number of Recent Mollusca By Kenneth J. Boss Introduction The Mollusca constitute one of the largest and most speciose phyla in the Animal Kingdom. Assessments of the total num- ber of species sharply conflict, and to indicate the wide range of totals, Sabrosky (1953) cited several estimates, which ranged from 40,000 (Hunter and Hunter, 1949) to 150,000 (Shrock and Twenhofel, 1953). Recently, Mayr (1969) and Nicol (1969) in- dependently arrived at an estimate near 107,000. Documenting various totals and their sources, Schilder (1949) showed that authorities have continually increased the sum from the 674 species treated by Linnaeus in 1758 to the 127,000 indicated by Jaeckel in 1958. Table I presents a breakdown of totals given by several authorities. These widely divergent estimates imply that several authors have come to diverse opinions largely because of differences in sources and outlook. The sophistry evident in the work of some authorities contrasts sharply with the more empirical approaches of Sykes (1901) or Wenz (in Schilder, 1947) for the prosobranchs. Consultation of the primary malacological literature justifies a reassessment of the total number of species of mollusks. The Historical Prospect The species concept in zoology was clarified with the advent of the synthetic theory of evolution. The great descriptive period in the 19th century has begun to give way to revisionary 81 82 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS works based on the conceptual framework of Neo-Darwinism. The modern approach to alpha taxonomy, namely familial and generic monographs, which in the case of widely dispersed organisms transcend the bonds of geographic provinciality, tends to focus attention on the real, rather than the illusory. In malacology, systematics has often suffered from an over- burdened nomenclature which historically was generated by schools of conchologists who attempted to name all variations in the morphology of the shell. For example, Bourguignat, basing his descriptions on the outline of the valve, led a group of French workers, including Locard and Servain, to name hundreds of 'species' of the common fresh-water mussels in Europe. The ultimate redudio ad absurdum was propounded by Coutagne (1895) who provided a latinized descriptive nomen- clature which, according to Schnitter (1922), would allow for 43,740 names for the unios of France! Several estimates of the total number of living mollusks are untenable in that they, too, bear the marks of an overenthu- siastic acceptance of an exaggerated nomenclature. The task ahead is to refine these estimates and to strive for greater accuracy. Acknowledgments I am particularly indebted to my colleagues and students who critically read the text: Dr. R.D. Turner and Messrs. R.I. Johnson, R.C. Bullock, M.K. Jacobson, M.C. Mercer and M.A. Rex. Special thanks are due those who supplied data cited in the text as personal communications: Drs. R.D. Turner, W.J. Clench, H.D. Russell and Mr. Roger Thomas, Museum of Com- parative Zoology; Dr. Sara S. Bretsky, Northwestern Univer- sity, Evanston, Illinois; Dr. Arthur H. Clarke, Jr., National Museum of Canada; Mrs. Helen Hayes, Smithsonian Institu- tion; Dr. Leo G. Hertlein, California Academy of Sciences; Mr. Hal Lewis, Design Incorporated, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Dr. Bruce Miller, University of New Hampshire; Dr. Donald Moore, University of Miami; Dr. Joseph P.E. Morrison, United States National Museum; Dr. David Nicol, University of Florida; Dr. Robert Robertson, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Dr. Howard Sanders, Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution; Dr. Jose Stuardo, Universidad de Concep- OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 83 cion, Chile; and Dr. Thomas Waller, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Mrs. Gilbert Dent, secretary in the Department of Mollusks of the Museum of Comparative Zoology carefully typed and retyped the MS through its several drafts. In a work of this nature, there is ample room for error for which I take all responsibility. Methods There are several methods of estimating the total number of living species of mollusks. The most obvious is a taxon by taxon tally, preferably at the familial level. Although many families are not well known, I have summarized totals in this manner for bivalves (Table V) and for fresh-water pulmonate gastropods (Table IV). For other groups tallies are from the literature at levels other than the family, from calculations involving synonymy ratios and from various other data includ- ing counting the species in the collections (USNM = United States National Museum; MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology) (Table XII). Another method is to assess the totals by geographic areas. Review of large or significant portions of the world faunas also points to a figure considerably lower than recent esti- mates (Tables II and III). Finally, because there are many catalogues of available names in the literature, a mere counting of nomina provides a source of information. However, there is the question of how to deal with lists of names. I have devised the concept of the synonymy ratio, which is here defined as the proportion of nominate taxa to the number of real taxa (species). In paper after paper, particularly recent and sophisticated revisions which utilize synthetic evolutionary theory and cover wide zoogeographical areas, there are far fewer species than availa- ble nomina. Abbott (1968) documented the reductionary ten- dency: since the middle of the last century the several revisions of the neogastropod family Cassidae have consistently reduced the total number of recognized species. Geographic Analysis of Total Fauna By observing estimates of total faunas one can also gain some 84 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS insight into the numerical diversity of the Mollusca (Tables II and III). Few of the numbers listed for the land mollusks (Table II) can be considered accurate, but they can be ap- praised in the light of the individual author's tendency toward over-naming. The rich tropical faunas of South America^ Africa and the Indo-Malayan-Philippine areas each comprise two or more thousand molluscan species, but, in view of some of the data discussed under the synonymy ratios of land mol- lusks, a downward revision is probable. The comparatively high number of nomina for Palearctic or European snails is due to overnaming. The Nearctic figure derived from Pilsbry (1948) may well be reduced {vide Vagvolgyi's revision of Triodopsis discussed on p. 92). The insular faunas, particularly Jamaica, Cuba, and Hawaii, have exceptionally high numbers, which in fact are based on named forms. The studies of Solem (1961) on the pomatiasids indicate that many of these are synonyms. Incomplete as these data are, they indicate that the terres- trial molluscan fauna, both prosobranch and pulmonate, num- bers fewer than 15,000 species. Table III allows an analysis of marine benthic mollusks of the world. In 1892 Dall and Harris discussed marine faunas of shelled benthic mollusks and tallied totals from several faunal reports. The estimates of numerical diversity were: boreal, 250 species; cool temperate, 400; warm temperate, 500; tropi- cal, not less than 600. Recent studies cast doubt on the accu- racy of Dall's estimates. For example, Maes (1967) intensively studied the littoral marine mollusks of the Cocos-Keeling Is- lands in the tropical Indian Ocean and recognized just over 500 species. Also the reef-associated malacofauna of the Sey- chelles has been tallied at about 350 (Taylor, 1968). Notwith- standing these studies, all the estimates in Table III are signi- ficantly higher than any that might be inferred from Dall and Harris. Since many species have planktonic larval forms, over 80 per cent of the molluscan fauna is widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific. Several of the figures can be used to arrive at an estimate of the total marine fauna of that area, and it can be seen that the figure would be well below 10,000. However, using a figure of 10,000 and combining it with 8000 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 85 Atlantic, 500 Antarctic and let me estimate 4000 eastern Pa- cific, 1200 abyssal, and about 500 pelagic, one arrives at a total less than 25,000. These figures can be an estimate of the diver- sity in the marine realm. Fresh-Water Mollusks The fresh-water element could not be mentioned in the sec- tion on total faunas because too little data for geographic provinces are available. However, some interesting informa- tion does exist: Canada, 81 species (Clarke, in press); the Soviet Union, 470 (Heptner, 1956); and Austraha, about 150 (McMichael and Iredale, 1959; McMichael, 1967). These faunas might be considered relatively impoverished when one considers the diversity in the Great Basin of North America or the giant river systems of India, Southeast Asia and China. There may be fewer species in some of these areas than has previously been assumed. For example, both Rosewater (1960) and Sinclair (1969) have indicated high synonymy ratios for North American pleurocerid prosobranchs. Also the species-flocks of the ancient lakes must be consid- ered. The grand fauna of Lake Tanganyika has been admira- bly reviewed by Leloup (1953), who recognized about 70 species from the hundreds of described forms and reduced to 55 the number of gastropods which had once been given as 133 by Cunnington (1920). Likewise the pleurocerid Semisulcospira in Japan, once numbering some 30 nominate forms, has been reduced to 10 species (Davis, 1969). Similar reductions might be expected in more modern studies on such ancient lakes as Baikal (Kozhov, 1936; 1963), Ohrid (Stankovic, 1960) and the Malili Lakes (Kruimel, 1918). It appears there are fewer than 2000 species of fresh-water clams (Table V), including unionaceans, corbiculaceans, and the odd estuarine forms. This estimate is in substantive agree- ment with that of Nicol (1969), whose estimate of 12,000 spe- cies of fresh-water gastropods appears much too high. Table IV subsumes some information on several families of fresh- water gastropods. The aquatic pulmonates are reasonably well known though immense problems relate to their taxono- my; however, there are fewer than 1000 species of fresh-water pulmonates although there are that many nomina for the lym- naeids alone. 86 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS In comparison with the pulmonates, the fresh-water proso- branchs are poorly known, although several of the families (e.g.Syrnolopsidae, Stenothyridae and Iravadiidae) are numeri- cally insignificant. So few data are available that I have not tabulated them, but it is known that there are fewer than 100 viviparids (Prashad, 1928), 75 ampullariids (Alderson, 1925; Prashad, 1925; Pilsbry, 1927; Scott, 1957; Yen, 1943) and 15 valvatids, Clarke {in press). Taylor (1966) gave lists of species for some hydrobiid subfamilies and from his paper I estimate about 1000 species for the Hydrobiidae. We are left to consider the truncatellid, buliminid, micromelaniid, and thiarid stocks. Scattered literature (Davis, 1969; Leloup, 1953; Riech, 1937; Rosewater, 1960; Sinclair, 1969), indicates that there are cer- tainly fewer than 9000 species in these groups— a figure which is necessitated by the estimate of Nicol (1969). The total num- ber of fresh-water prosobranchs is probably nearer the 2000 mark as indicated by Wenz {in Schilder, 1947). Synonymy Ratios I have used synonymy ratios to make estimates in groups for which the total number of available nomina are known from compiled lists. Although some molluscan groups have very high synonymy ratios, most taxa appear to have ratios of 4/1 or 5/1 and for this reason, if the total number of nomina are known for a family or genus, I have used a ratio to give a rough approximation of the total number of species. How- ever, since different workers have different degrees of subjec- tivity in their research and use collections of varying quality, I have used the SR only as a crude approximation of the num- ber of species in any one group. Fresh-Water Mollusks The synonymy ratios tend to be highest among fresh-water groups, and the suggested numbers of fresh-water bivalve and gastropod species in taxa which have not been critically mono- graphed are highly questionable. For the prosobranch ampul- lariid Pomacea flagellata, a polytypic complex of four subspe- cies in Central America, Pain (1964) noted some 40 nomina and thus established a singularly high SR; however, he (1961) con- sidered seven species of African ampullariids, two of which OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 87 are polytypic. Here there were 21 named forms, giving a SR of 3/1. Clench (1962) pointed out that the well-known east American Viviparus georgianus had been named 13 times over. The taxonomy of the small rissoacean and cerithiacean fresh-water prosobranchs is poorly known so it is difficult to provide a reliable estimate of the number of species. Indeed there may be many undescribed species (Thompson, 1968). However numerous their species may seem, Berry (1943) noted only 60 ammicolids in the North American fauna, and Taylor (1966), although giving no specific numerical data, presented the most thorough account of several subfamilies of hydrobi- ids, from which it may be deduced that there are probably fewer than 1000 species. Synonymy ratios vary, but they are usually high: thus in the European micromelaniid Emmericia, Radoman (1967) recognized four Adriatic species where over 60 nomina had been applied. From Ant's data (1962), there is a SR of 10/1 in the Balkan hydrobiid, Horatia. The larger fresh-water prosobranchs, variously derived from the Cerithiacea, present special problems because of their great variability. Goodrich (1936) recognized a SR of 3/1 for Gonio- basis in the Coosa River, and Riech (1937) showed that the 15 melaniid species of Papua and Melanesia had 114 available nomina, giving a ratio of nearly 8/1. One of the highest figures can be tallied from Rosewater (1960) who placed about 100 nomina in the synonymy of Pleurocera canaliculata of the Ohio River. In the Tennessee River, long known for its rich pleuro- cerid fauna, Sinclair (1969) recognized only six species. The taxonomy of fresh-water bivalves suffered immeasura- bly by the school of Bourguignat in Europe and by the singu- larly eager pen of Isaac Lea in North America. Schnitter (1922) discussed the naming of varieties by the nineteenth century workers, including Bourguignat, Locard, and Servain in France and Rossmassler, Clessin, and Westerlund in Germany. He showed that Unio requienii had been named about 35 times and that the common swan mussel, Anodonta cygnea, had over 250 available nomina. Astounding as the latter may seem, it is less than partially complete since Haas (1969) listed 552 names in the synonymy of A. cygnaea, an all-time record for superfluity in molluscan taxonomy. However, a similar tenden- cy is evident in other areas of the world: Johnson (1970) 88 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS noted 100 nomina for the North American Elliptio complanata; for the African mutelids, Pain and Woodward (1962; 1964) established SRs of 40/1 for A spatharia (Spathopsis) rubens and about 20/1 for the genus Pleiodon; and, Dell (1953) reduced some 15 nomina to two species of Hyridella in New Zealand (see also McMichael and Hiscock, 1958). In fresh-water bivalves, other than the unionaceans, the same pattern obtains, but possibly not so strikingly. Thus, the SR for the 34 North American species of fingernail clams or sphaeriids is nearly 4/1 (Herrington, 1962). Parodiz and Hen- nings (1963) noted that most of the 30 named South American corbiculids are synonyms of three widely distributed species. The fresh-water pulmonate gastropods are better known taxonomically than the fresh-water prosobranchs, and evi- dence is accumulating that indicates that these hermaphrodi- tic mollusks are less speciose than had been assumed. The classic study is Hubendick's paper (1951) on the Lymnaeidae, which by its very nature and scope (it was the first worldwide monograph of a fresh-water molluscan family by an author of the school of synthetic evolutionary theory) had to be some- what superficial. However, Hubendick reduced some 1110 nomina to 40 species and brought the wrath of the splitters down on him; he also ushered in a new era of realism to a science marred by its provinciality. With a 27/1 ratio in the lymnaeids, the planorbids cannot be far behind: Harry (1962) indicated that there is a SR of about 11/1 in Neotropical pla- norbids. Basch (1963) found a 11/1 ratio in one of the North American limpets, Ferrissa, and Clarke {in press) reduced 26 nomina to four species of Physa in the Canadian Basin. Re- cently, Hubendick (1970) has indicated that the Palearctic limpet, Ancylus fluviatilis, has over a hundred synonyms. Prosobranchs Widely diverse lineages make up the sum of marine gastro- pods: their specializations are, with the exception of the Cepha- lopoda, unequaled, and their numbers contrast or compete with the land gastropods. In diotocardians or archaeogastropods, the phasianellids are under review by Robertson {pers. comm.) who reports that, in one extreme case, a species has a SR of 21/1. There are 40 to 50 species in the family and some 450 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 89 nomina, giving a SR of 10/1. Robertson (1957) also discovered a 7/1 ratio in the turbinid Halopsephus. Probably because of their small size, the mesogastropod ris- soaceans show an immense numerical diversity. The super- family itself may embrace over twenty families. Although few thorough systematic analyses are available, one that is shows the same reductionary trend: Abbott (1958) reviewed the cos- mopolitan assimineids, a group of small prosobranch snails that have adapted to estuarine and semi-terrestrial habitats but retained a pelagic larval stage which is responsible for their wide distribution; 50-60 species are recognized and about 250 names are available so that the SR is about 5/1. The littorinacean mesogastropods are no exception to the problem of over-naming: names for the land groups of the pomatiasids and chondropomids are reducible; Solem (1961) estimated that of 600 known New World forms [about 350 of which are Cuban annulariids (Torre and Bartsch, 1942)], at least 25 per cent are not species. This digression on terrestrial littorinaceans is meant to preface and compare with the family Littorinidae to which Rosewater {pers. comm.) has directed much attention. He reports that there are 1200 named forms and recognizes 100 species, giving a SR of 12/1 which lends credence to the thesis that there are fewer species of mollusks than has usually been assumed. Likewise in the calyptraeacean Crepidula, Adam and Leloup (1936) recognized only a single highly variable west African species with at least 10 available nomina. Fortunately the higher mesogastropods have been studied taxonomically in far greater detail than most groups of mol- lusks. One can note that about 165 cypraeids are recognized as species and well over 1000 specific names are available (Schilder and Schilder, 1938; Kay, 1957; 1960). Similarly, Ab- bott has shown a ratio of nearly 6/1 in Strombus (1960) and Cassis (1968), including both fossil and living species. The strombid Terebellum terebellum with a high SR of 12/1 (Jung and Abbott, 1967) is comparable to the bursid Ranella oleariiim with 15/1 (Dell and Dance, 1963). Of the 35 nominal Distorsia, only five living species are recognized (Emerson and Puffer, 1953). A lower ratio of 111/39 obtains in a preliminary study of the Tonnidae (Turner, pers. comm.). 90 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Among the neogastropods, there is some evidence of over- naming. TomHn (1917) considered that there were about 250 Hving species of margineUids with some 950 nomina. For the four species of Vasum in the western Atlantic, Abbott (1950) Hsted 16 available nomina although in the Indo-Pacific, this SR is somewhat reduced (Abbott, 1959). Bullock (unpubl. MS) lists over 20 available names for the highly variable Oliva reticularis in the western Atlantic. PULMONATES AND OpISTHOBRANCHS Among marine basommatophorans, several ellobiids have been carefully studied: Hubendick (1956) reviewed the ten species of Plectotrema and found 34 available names while Meyer (1955) listed 12 nomina in the synonymy of Ovatella myosotis. The SR ratio in the patelliform Siphonaria is low, about 2/1 for the 70 known species (Hubendick, 1946) while in the trimusculid Gadinia, it is over 5/1, being 37/7. Among the cephalaspid opisthobranchs, Lemche (1948) recognized some 53 species and about 250 names for Arctic tectibranchs, giving a SR of about 5/1. Also some of the spe- cies are world-wide in distribution and the many named forms from different seas have been reduced to a single species: Burn (1959) recognized one cosmopolitan species of the notaspidean Umbraculum. Of all opisthobranch groups, perhaps none is better known than the anaspidean aplysiids. Dolabella scapula lives throughout the Indo-Pacific to the west coast of America and has a SR of 16/1 (Engel, 1942), all the named forms of MacFarland (1918) notwithstanding. And Kales (1960) in her monograph of the sea hares of the world, recognized 35 Recent species of Aplysia with a SR of over 5/1 for this the largest genus of the family. The so-called systellomatophoran onchidiids, frequently re- ferred to the opisthobranchs, are marine slugs with a lower SR. Although Stantschinsky (1907) admitted but 40 species, Hoffman (1928 9) recognized between 60-70, giving 2/1 as an approximate SR. Shelled Terrestrial Gastropods The land gastropods are one of the largest, if not the largest, groups of moUusks. Although diverse lineages have adapted OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 91 to terrestrial habitats, the so-called pulmonate or euthyneurous snails are most speciose. Prosobranch land snails, though nu- merous in the tropics, are rarely encountered in temperate or boreal environments. Since the advent of studies by Rensch (1926), several groups of pulmonates have been approached in terms of polytypy. The Rassenkreis concept can be traced into the 19th century, but the biological nature of the speciation process has only been clarified in recent decades. Since land gastropods tend to form isolated populations more easily than many marine animals whose immature forms may be widely dispersed by currents, they are more liable to be polytypic. However, I do not want to overstress the polytypic concept in approaching a problem as simple as an overloaded nomencla- ture, for it is the synonymy ratio which is under discussion, and the 250 or so nomina accorded the polymorphic European helicid snail, Cepaea nemoralis (Taylor, 1914) are simple cases of naming every color form and banded condition. One group which confounds the taxonomist is the mesure- throus pulmonate family Clausiliidae. Of unusually wide and disjunct distribution (Boettger, 1925; Likharev, 1962), the Clausiliids are diverse and rich in numbers of species although in some geographic realms fewer forms occur (Loosjes, 1953). Estimates of 100 species of the nenine Temessa in Peru are not uncommon (Loosjes and Loosjes-Bemmel, 1966) but the studies of Nordsieck (1963) and Pfeiffer (1956) question such figures. Nordsieck investigated Delima in the southern Alps and recog- nized three species, two of which are strongly polytypic, par- ticularly D. itala with eight subspecies; a burdened nomencla- ture was reduced by nearly 30/1. Likewise, Pfeiffer eliminated the many nominal forms of Albinaria in the Dodecanese to several subspecies of A. teres. Similar studies have been ap- plied to the more primitive orthurethrous chondrinids (Nord- sieck, 1962) and orculids (Zimmerman, 1932) but unfortunately complete synonymies were not given. And though no specific revisionary studies exist. Clench (1957) indicated that the nearly 600 named Cerionidae are applicable to fewer than 100 species of this halophilic West Indian family. Again, the mesurethrous family Strophoceilidae, the large achatiniform snails from South America, has a SR of about 5/1 (Bequaert, 1948). 92 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Among the higher sigmurethrous pulmonates, the colorful arboreal groups have high SRs: Laidlaw and Solem (1961) recognized 74 species for 309 named Amphidromus, and Clench (1946) tallied 140 nomina for the five species of Liguus, giving a ratio of 28/1. In the bulimuloid odontostomine Cyclodontina of Brasil, Solem (1956) reduced some 13 varieties to a single species, and in the Neotropical helicacean camaenids, Laby- rinthus and Isomeria, he (1966a) found a ratio of nearly 2/1, perhaps because nearly 50 per cent of the taxa are known from fewer than 10 specimens. Among the earliest studied of Rassenkreise is the work of Boettger (1913) who recognized some 11 subspecies of Iberus gualterianus in Spain, and although Nicolas (1957) disagreed with Boettger's result and considered 42 nominal forms of gualterianus, it seems to me to be two, or possibly three poly- typic species. Also in the Helicidae, Levantina spiriplana in the Near East has been recognized as a single polytypic spe- cies with six subspecies with a SR of 35/1 (Pfeiffer, 1949). It appears that ratios may be higher for advanced land pulmon- ates than for other mollusks: Steenberg (1949) recognized six polytypic species of 60 named Eremina in the Middle East, and in the European Chilostoma {Cingulifera) cingulata, Pfeif- fer (1951) implied that some 70 nominal species might be re- ducible to seven subspecies, though some populations are doubtful races. Even Bartsch (1938) considered fewer than 40 species of the camaenid Conchlostyla on Mindoro, Philippine Islands. Modern systematic revisions will certainly reduce the sum total of terrestrial pulmonates even in carefully reviewed faunas. Pilsbry (1948) listed 714 species of North American land mollusks, among them 24 species of the polygyrid Trio- dopsis (12 monotypic and 12 polytypic with 41 subspecies). Vagvolgyi (1968), employing statistical analyses with extensive field studies, reduced Triodopsis to 22 species, nine of which are polytypic with 21 subspecies. Some 20 nomina, excluding previous synonyms, are thus excised from an overburdened nomenclature. Finally, some mention should be made of the prosobranchs: Neal (1934) indicated that 150 available nomina were applica- ble to the 10 species of Hawaiian helicinids. About 30 Malayan OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 93 species of the minute cyclophorid Opisthostoma have been recognized by van Benthem Jutting (1952a) but Berry (1962; 1963) has cast doubt on the conchological taxobases in these forms: growth proceeds daily by adding single axial ribs; in dry conditions these lines are closer together, in adverse en- vironmental conditions the number and spacing of ribs is markedly altered. It is very possible that many "species" of the cyclophorids Farcimen and Aperostoma (Torre, Bartsch, and Morrison, 1942), of the streptaxids Discartemon and Hut- tonella (van Benthem Jutting, 1954; 1961) or of the vertiginids Boysidea and Gyliotrachela (van Benthem Jutting, 1950) might represent only ecophenotypes. Land Slugs Terrestrial slugs have evolved in widely divergent groups of pulmonates. The veronicellids or vaginulids have vague affinities and are placed in a separate order, the Systellom- matophora. Hoffman (1925b) recognized 44 species in the family where 304 nomina were available, so that the SR is about 7/1; Veronicella liberiana has been named 12 times over (Forcart, 1953). Among the 20 or so species of parmarionine slugs of the Ariophantacea, Hoffmann (1940) noted that Par- marion pupillaris had a SR of at least 15/1. And the varietal nomina for the Palaearctic limacids are legion (Hesse, 1926). The voracious, carnivorous testacellids all have high synony- my ratios: T. maugei, 18/1; scutiilum, 14/1: haliotidea, 13/1; bisidcata, 7/1 (Hoffmann, 1925a). Oceanic Gastropods Several diverse groups of gastropods occur in the pelagic or neustonic fauna; they are generally widely distributed and were renamed by the taxonomists who worked up the material of the great expeditions and voyages of the 19th and early 20th centuries (Tesch, 1913; 1948; 1950). Tesch (1949) listed 107 nomina for the 22 recognized species of prosobranch heteropods, with certain genera prevailing in high ratios: Pterotrachea, 9/1; Carinaria, 16/1; and Firoloida, 13/1. In contrast, the opisthobranchiate thecosomatous ptero- pods have slightly lower ratios: Limacina, 5/1; Hyalocylis, 8/1; and Styliola, 5/1 (van der Spoel, 1967). The ptenoglossate, 94 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS neustonic, Janthina janthina has a SR of 34/1, while the average for the remaining species in the genus is 5/1 (Laur- sen, 1953). Marine Bivalves Several monographs, on both restricted and cosmopolitan bases, document the problem of over-naming marine bivalves which, fortunately, does not reach the extravagance found in fresh-water genera. Among the Anisomyaria, particularly the sedentary forms that are highly variable, the synonymy ratios tend to be higher: Ranson (1961) recognized some species of Pindada with ratios of 40/1, while Hynd (1955) established an average of 5/1, among the six species of Australia. As early as 1911, Smith studied the four species of Vulsella which have over 50 available nomina. As might be expected, the common edible mussel, Mytilus edulis, has been named at least 25 times (Soot-Ryen, 1955). Less well known species with ratios of 10/1, include the Indo- Pacific arcoid Cucullaea (Nicol, 1950b) and the euryhaline aloidid or corbulid Erodona mactroides from Argentina (Car- celles, 1941). In thorough revisions, the ratios are lower. Among pheno. typically plastic groups which bore into the substrate, Solem (1954) gave a SR of about 7/1 for the Trapeziidae, and Turner (1966; pers. comm.) 4/1 for the Teredinidae and 4/1 for the Petricolidae, with the highly variable Martesia striata having a SR of 36/1. Counting both living and fossil species. Rose- water showed a SR of 4/1 for the pinnids (1961) and 3/1 for the giant clam, Tridacna (1965). POLYPLACOPHORA The chitons are a poorly known group taxonomically. In one revision, Leloup (1942) partly monographed the mopaliids, showed that many species are without synonyms, established a SR of 10/1 for the subantarctic Plaxiphora aiirata and in- dicated that the average SR for the family was nearly 4/1. Cephalopoda Adam and Rees (1966) wrote an extensive, taxonomic mono- graph on the cuttlefish family Sepiidae. Several of the named OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 95 forms are based on single specimens or series from a single locality and will probably prove to be synonyms of each other or better known species. Nevertheless, 235 names are availa- ble for the 60 or so species giving a ratio of 4/1. Among the benthic octopods, Pickford (1945) listed over a dozen nomina for Octopus vulgaris along the American coast alone. Thore (1949) showed a SR of 6/1 for the bathypelagic octopods Eledonella pygmaea and Vitreledonella richardi. Ad- ditionally, he noted a 7/1 ratio for the coastal argonautoid Alloposus mollis. Many early ommastrephid, cranchiid and chiroteuthid nomina were based upon larval specimens. Re- vision of these.groups, based upon complete ontogenetic series may result in a reduction in the number of recognized species. The Number of Living Bivalves Table V lists the number of species of living bivalves by family. Since most taxa have not adequately been revised many estimates were required, and explanatory notes have been appended to indicate how these estimates were derived. The grand total of living bivalves is considerably lower than previous authors have estimated, and though there are cer- tainly several objections to, and inaccuracies in. Table V, the evidence points to a figure of lower than 7500 living species. The Number of Living Gastropods Schilder (1947) explained that Wenz had told him that the terms "eine Art, wenige, einige, mehrere, zahlreiche, [and] sehr zahlreiche Arten" which were used in the Handbuch der Palaozoologie, implied 1, 3,6, 12,24, and 48 species, respective- ly. Schilder employed this method for the prosobranchs and arrived at a figure of 12,808 species which he subsequently (Schilder, 1949) enlarged to 57,600! Table VI summarizes Wenz's estimates, and that these numbers are not significantly incorrect is indicated in Tables VII, VIII, IX, and X where the most accurate estimates on specific groups are tallied. The results contrast favorably with Wenz's estimates, 71 Strom- bacea compared with 100 (Table VII); 250 Tonnacea with 260 (Table VIII), 874 Volutacea with 1500 (Table IX), and 1216 Conacea with 2050 (Table X). Tables IX and X, which differ more from Wenz's estimate 96 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS than do Tables VII and VIII, have more sources of error be- cause the families of the Volutacea and Conacea are not as well known as those in the Strombacea and Tonnacea. In reference to Table X, it should be noted that neither the Con- idae nor the Turridae have been completely monographed. The total specific taxa, both Recent and fossil, amounted to 2500 in 1937 (Tomlin), and Kohn (1963) extended this figure to 2700 of which 1100 nomina applied to fossil cones. If the remaining 1600 nomina were treated with a SR of 4/1, some 400 species would be estimated. Kohn himself (1963) suggested that there might be between 200 and 600 living species of Conus. The turrids are probably the most speciose of the neogas- tropods. The approximately 110 species in each of the Turri- nae and Turriculinae in the Indo-Pacific are comparatively well known (Powell, 1964; 1967; 1969). Powell (1966) treated many turrid species in their respective genera with about 4500 species-level taxa indexed. If one applied a SR of 4/1, one might expect some 1100 species, but I have estimated 1500. Wenz's figures are usually lower than those in Tables VII, VIII, IX and X but they are by no means in as great as a four- fold error which was indicated by Schilder (1949). I have at- tempted to account for the underestimations of Wenz in Table XIII. I have applied the Wenz method to the pulmonate gastro- pods as treated by Zilch (1959-60). The total estimate of pul- monates (Table XI) is remarkably close to that of Winckworth (1950). Although it may be contested that this figure is an underestimate it must be remarked that Pilsbry (1901-1926) in the pulmonate sections of the Manual of Conchology, which did not cover several families, treated about 11,000 species. Comparison with the primary literature establishes a remark- able concordance in estimates for the fresh-water pulmonates (Table IV). I have compared the results of the Wenz method with some figures published in the primary literature (Table XII) and again the totals show a relatively close agreement. Since the definitions of pulmonate families differ from one author to another, the numbers taken from the Manual of Conchology are not strictly comparable; however, I will use a final figure of 15,000 for the Stylommatophora (Table XIII). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 97 Summary The totals for the bivalves, prosobranchs, basommatopho- rans and stylommatophorans (Tables IV, V, VI, and XI) are combined with documented information on the remaining groups to produce the preliminary estimates in Table XIII. To assuage critics of my possibly conservative treatment of taxa with which I have had little acquaintance and to account for species yet to be described, I have made final estimates which increase the totals for nearly all groups. These final figures (Table XIII) still contrast sharply with those of several earlier authorities (Table I). It is important to note that there are significantly fewer species than usually estimated, a trend al- most consistently substantiated in modern systematic revi- sions, and that the marshalled evidence indicates that there are fewer than 50,000 living species of mollusks. 98 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS a O o o o o" O O O in o o o cm" o o o o < M U o 3 _o "C re > C ■3 o u o en en 3 O g en a; 'G a; o. tn bO C B 3 C e£) 05 CO en bp 'c c X 00 un u CO o CO (/) o o o in CM o o o CM o o o o o O >* O O i-H CO en o o o in in CO i-H CO c^ o in o in C^l o o o in o CO 00 CM O in CO o en (U ca s ■4-* en W o en o o o < Q O Cu O H < o o in oo' o o eC Oi D < W > 1— H J X < CU > 5 o CM CM CQ < Q O Cu O X Oh < o c/) o in < Q O CL, O < CU W o o OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 99 TABLE II Estimates of total faunas of land moUusks of selected geographic areas of the world, (c = circa) Area Number of species Sources North America 714 Pilsbry, 1948 South America C2000 Composite (Stuardo, pers. comm. Parodiz, 1957; Morretes, 1949) Australia 644 Iredale, 1937a & b; 1938 Asia-India C2000 Blandford and Godwin-Austen, 1908; Preston, 1915; Gude, 1914; 1921 Africa c2000 Kobelt, 1910a Southern Africa 640 Bruggen, 1969 Congo 400 Pilsbry, 1919 Europe 1500 Walden, 1963 Central Europe 224 Zilch and Jaeckel, 1962 France 379 Germain, 1930-31 Russia 600 Heptner, 1956 Switzerland 169 van Benthem Jutting, 1952b Japan 669 Kuroda, 1953 Philippine Islands C3000 Faustino, 1928 c 1100 Mollendorf, 1897 Jamaica 564 Vendryes, 1899 New Zealand 254 van Benthem Jutting, 1952b Hawaii 1308 Caum, 1928 100 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS TABLE III Estimates of marine faunas. (c = circa) Area Number of species Sources Western Atlantic C6000 Clench, 1959 Caribbean-Eastern Pacific 6525 Valentine, 1967 Eastern Pacific C3500 Valentine, 1966; Dall, 1909; Stuardo, pers. comm. West African c500 Nickles, 1950 Eastern Atlantic c 1500 Thorson, 1965; Nordsieck, 1968 Japanese C4000 Kuroda and Habe, 1952 Australian C2000 Iredale and McMichael, 1962 New Zealand C2200 Powell, 1957 Oceania c 1100 Dautzenberg and Bouge, 1933 Antarctic c500 Dell, 1964; Carcelles, 1953 Philippine Islands C5000 Faustino, 1928 Abyssal 1150 Clarke, 1962 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 101 TABLE IV Estimates of the number of living species of fresh-water pulmonate gastropods. Column I, after Wenz; II, from various sources (see text). Family Number of species Sources I II* Chilinidae 24 30 Pilsbry, 1911; Smith, 1881a Latiidae 3 1 Powell, 1957 Physidae 44 200 Clench, pers. comm.; Clarke, in press; Crandall, 1901; Walker, 1918 Lymnaeidae 160 40 Hubendick, 1951 Bulinidae i Planorbidae 1 265 100 200 Hubendick, 1948 Baker, 1946; Harry, 1962; Hubendick, 1955; 1961 Acroloxidae 7 7 Clarke, in press Ferrissiidae (Ancylastridae, Ancylidae & Lancidae) 77 70 Basch. 1959; 1963; Hubendick, 1960; 1964; 1967; Wurtz, 1951; Walker, 1912 Total 580 648 * The sources indicate papers or files from which I have extracted totals, though in some cases no figures were provided by the author. 102 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS TABLE V Estimates of the number of living species in the class Bivalvia. (Totals are frequently rounded off; for notes, see Appendix.) Family Solenomyidae Nucinellidae Nuculidae Nuculanidae Malletiidae Poromyidae Verticordiidae Cuspidariidae Cucullaeidae Arcidae Glycymeridae Limopsidae Philobryidae Mytilidae Vulsellidae + Pteriidae + Isognomonidae + Malleidae Pinnidae Pectinidae +Amussiidae Spondylidae Plicatulidae Limidae Dimyidae Ostreidae Anomiidae +Placunidae Trigoniidae Mutelidae Etheriidae Number of species Sources 25 (Dall, 1908; Quenstedt, 1962; Vokes, 1955) 12 (Allen and Sanders, 1969; Vokes, 1956) 150 (note 1) 250 100 n 100 (note 2) 50 (note 3) 100 (note 2) 1 (Nicol, 1950b) 150 (note 4) 50 (note 5) 25 (Lamy, 1912b) 15 (note 6) 250 (note 7) 70 (note 8) 20 (Rosewater, 1961) 360 (note 9) 50 (Fulton, 1915; Lamy, 1938) 10 (Lamy, 1939) 125 (note 10) 11 (Berry, 1936; Moore, 1970) 50 (Ranson, 1967) 25 (Kiister, 1868a & b; Koch, 1868; Winckworth, 1922) 3 (Rogers, 1910; Fleming, 1964) 120 (note 11) 4 (Pain and Woodward, 1961; Yonge, 1962) OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 103 (Table V cont.) Margaritiferidae 10 Unionidae 1000 Chamidae 50 Lucinidae 200 Cyrenoididae 10 Fimbriidae 2 Thyasiridae 60 Ungulinidae 50 ( =Diplodontidae) Erycinacea (Erycinidae, Chlamydoconchidae Gaimardiidae, Galeommatidae, Kelliidae, and Montacutidae) Cyamiacea (Cyamiidae, Perrierinidae, Neoleptonidae and Sportellidae) Carditidae 50 Condylocardiidae 10 Crassatellidae 30 Astartidae 30 Cardiidae 200 Adacnidae 15 Tridacnidae 6 Mactridae 150 (+Anatinellidae) Cardiliidae 5 Mesodesmatidae 40 ( + Amphidesmatidae) Solenidae ( -f- Novaculinidae +Cultellidae) Tellinidae 350 Donacidae 50 Gariidae 100 ( =Psammobiidae +Asaphidae + Sanguinolariidae +Solecuritidae) (Walker, 1910) (note 11) (Lamy, 1928; Bayer, 1943; Nicol. 1952; 1953) (note 12) (note 12) (Nicol, 1950a) (note 12) (note 12) 200 (note 13) 100 (note 13) (Dall, 1903a) (Lamy, 1922; Dell, 1964) (Lamy, 1917b; Harry, 1966) (Smith, 1881b; Dall, 1902b; Lamy, 1919) (note 14) (Lamy, 1946) (Rosewater, 1965) (note 15) (Beets, 1943) (Ihering,1927; Lamy, 1914; Dawson, 1959) 100 (note 16) (note 17) (note 18) (note 19) 104 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Table V (cont.) Semelidae Scrobiculariidae Arcticidae Trapeziidae Dreissensiidae Glossida Kelliellidae (Vesicomyidae) Corbiculidae (+Cyrenidae) Pisidiidae (+Sphaeriidae) Veneridae Petricolidae ( +Cooperellidae) Glauconomidae Myidae Corbulidae ( + Erodontiidae + Spheniopsidae) Gastrochaenidae Hiatellidae ( =Saxicavidae) Pholadidae Teredinidae Pholadomyidae Pandoridae Chamostreidae ( =Cleidothaeridae) Laternulidae (=Anatinidae) Lyonsiidae Myochamidae Periplomatidae Thraciidae Clavagellidae 60 2 1 10 40 10 30 100 (note 20) (note 20) (Boss, 1969a) (Solem, 1954) (Andrusov, 1964; Hertlein and Hanna, 1949; Fischer, 1858; Brusina, 1905) (note 21) (Boss, 1970) (Prashad, 1924; 1928b; 1929; 1930; Parodiz and Hennings, 1963) 100 Herrington, 1962; Clarke, in press) 500 (note 22) 30 (Lamy, 1923b; Turner, /)ers. comm.) 10 (note 23) 20 (Lamy, 1927; MacNeii, 1965) 75 (note 24) 15 (Boss, notes) 25 (Lamy, 1924; 1925; Dell, 1964; Nesis, 1965) 92 (Turner, pers. comm.) 66 (Turner, 1966) 10 (Soot-Ryen, 1966) 25 (Boss, 1965; Boss and Merrill, 1965; Lamy, 1934a) 2 (Lamy, 1936a) 15 (Lamy, 1934b) 20 (Dall, 1916; Lamy, 1929a) 15 (Lamy, 1935a) 28 (Rosewater, 1968) 30 (Lamy, 1931; Allen, 1961) 10 (note 25) Total 6285 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 105 TABLE VI Estimates of the number of living species of prosobranchs. (after Wenz [in] Schilder, 1947) Pleurotomariacea 380 Patellacea 181 Trochacea 929 Neritacea 582 Cocculinacea 41 Cyclophoracea 1562 Valvatacea 23 Littorinacea 605 Rissoacea 1331 Cerithiacea 1297 Scalacea 272 Pyramidellacea 721 Hipponicacea 86 Calyptraeacea 111 Atlantacea 56 Naticacea 178 Strombacea 71 Cypraeacea 387 Tonnacea 250 Buccinacea 1153 Volutacea 874 Muricacea 502 Conacea 1216 Total 12,808 106 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS TABLE VII Total Strombacea {sensu Wenz) derived from the literature and estimates from collections. Xenophoridae 12 Morton, 1958 Struthiolariidae 5 estimate Aporrhaidae 5 estimate Strombidae 75 Abbott, 1960; 1961 97 TABLE VIII Total Tonnacea (sensu Wenz) derived from the literature and estimates from collections. Oocorythidae 12 Clarke, 1962 Cassididae 55 Abbott, 1968 Cymatiidae 130 Bayer, 1933; Lewis, pers. comm. Bursidae 24 Bayer, 1932 Tonnidae 39 Turner, pers. comm.; Bayer, 1937 Ficidae 10 Bayer, 1939 270 TABLE IX Total Volutacea (sensu Wenz) derived from the literature and estimates from collections. Olividae 160 Burch and Burch, 1960; 1967; Olsson, 1956 Mitridae 350 estimate Vasidae 20 Abbott, 1959 Harpidae 12 estimate Volutidae 209 Weaver, 1964 Cancellariidae 150 estimate Marginellidae 250 Tomlin, 1917 1151 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 107 TABLE X Total Conacea (sensu Wenz) derived from the literature and estimates from collections. (Charig, 1963; Powell, 1964; 1966; 1967; 1969) (Tomlin, 1937; Kohn, 1963) (Miller, pers. comm.) 2050 Turridae 1500 Conidae 400 Terebridae 150 TABLE XI Estimates of the numbers of living species of pulmonates (Zilch, 1959-60), tallied after the method of Wenz {in Schilder, 1947). Several slug-like families are omitted. Family Number of species BASOMMATOPHORA Ellobiidae 255 Otinidae 1 Amphibolidae 6 Stenacmidae 1 Trimusculidae 12 Siphonariidae 65 Chilinidae 24 Latiidae 3 Physidae 44 Lymnaeidae 160 Planorbidae 265 Neoplanorbidae 2 Rhodacmeidae 6 Ferrissiidae 63 Ancylidae 6 Acroloxidae 7 Total (Basommatophora) 920 108 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS TABLE XI (continued) Family Number of species STYLOMMATOPHORA Tornatellinidae 143 Achatinellidae 84 Partulidae 78 Amastridae 198 Cochlicopidae 21 Pyramidulidae 6 Vertiginidae 180 Orculidae 19 Chondrinidae 192 Pupillidae 144 Valloniidae 82 Pleurodiscidae 3 Enidae 615 Succineidae 122 Athoracophoridae Endodontidae 502 Otoconchidae 1 Arionidae Philomycidae 6 Thyrophorellidae 1 Vitrinidae 90 Zonitidae 284 Parmacellidae 14 Milacidae 13 Limacidae 70 Trigonochlamydidae 17 Trochomorphidae 106 Euconulidae 293 Helicarionidae 261 Ariophantidae 380 Urocyclidae 167 Ferussaciidae 138 Subulinidae 524 Achatinidae 177 Megaspiridae 8 Clausiliidae 822 Oleacinidae 278 Testacellidae 13 Acavidae 130 Bulimulidae 559 Odontostomidae 77 Orthalicidae 67 Amphibulimidae 35 Cerionidae 63 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 109 Table XI (cont.) Urocoptidae 390 Systrophiidae 62 Haplotrematidae 24 Rhytididae 119 Chlamydephoridae 6 Streptaxidae 547 Polygyridae 207 Sagdidae 71 Corillidae 60 Camaenidae 791 Bradybaenidae 511 Helminthoglyptidae 226 Helicidae 722 Total (Stylommatophora) 10,719 Grand Total (Pulmonata) 11,639 TABLE XII Estimates of the number of living species of selected Stylommatophoran families. Column I after Wenz; II, from various sources (see text). Achatinellidae 227 200 (Cooke and Kondo, 1960) (+ Tornatellinidae) (Pilsbry, 1922; 1924; 1926; Forcart, 1950) (Pilsbry, 1904b-d; 1905a-b; 1906a-c; 1907; 1908) (Pilsbry, 1904a) (Kobelt, 1910b) (Hoffmann, 1925a) (Pilsbry, 1901; 1902a) (Pilsbry, 1902b-c; 1903a-d; 1904a) (Baker, 1930) (Kobelt, 1910b) (Wagner, 1952) 800+ (Bruggen, 1967) Orculidae 19 21 Achatinidae 700 750 ( + Subulinidae) Megaspiridae 8 7 Oleacinidae 278 334 Testacellidae 13 4 Cerionidae 63 80 Urocoptidae 390 395 Haplotrematidae 24 20 Rhytididae 119 127 Chlamydephoridae 6 6 Streptaxidae 547 800- no OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS TABLE XIII The number of species of living mollusks, derived from various sources with a final estimate. Taxon Aplacophora Polyplacophora Scaphopoda Cephalopoda MonopI acophora Bivalvia Basommatophora Stylommatophora Prosobranchia Nudibranchia Other Opisthobranchia Preliminary estimate 200 500 300 516 6285 920 10719 12808 750 750 33754 mate Source Final estimate (Thiele. 1925-1926; Salvini-Plawen, 1967a; b) 250 (Yakovleva, 1952; Smith, 1966) 600 (Pilsbry and Sharpe, 1897-1898; Henderson, 1920; Habe and Kosuge, 1964; Boissevain, 1906). 350 (Akimushkin, 1963; Voss, 1956; 1963; Clarke, 1966) 600 (Menzies, 1968; Filatova and Zenkevitch, 1969) 10 Table V 7500 Table XI 1000 Table XI 15000 Table VI 20000 ( Russell, pers. comm. ) 750 (Estimate) 750 46810 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 111 Appendix Notes to Table V 1. The status of the families of the Protobranchia is uncer- tain; several observations cast doubt on relationships indicated by present familial and generic definitions (Sanders, pers. comm.). However, there are several available sources from which I have derived the figures used. Verrill and Bush (1897) considered at least 60 species, but less than 100, in the east coast fauna of the United States; Allen (1954) dealt with the five British Niicidas and four nuculanids; while Ockelmann (1954) revised the four northern species of the nuculanid Yoldia, which had received at least 11 names; Schenck (1936) recognized about seven Recent species of Acila, and Prashad (1933) noted 13 Indian species of nuculids; Dell (1955) compiled the 90 generic units of nuculanids and malletiids and listed 14 species from New Zealand and 33 from Australia; Clarke (1962) catalogued the deep sea species (in a largely deep sea group) as follows: 28 nuculids, 62 nuculanids and 45 malletiids; the extensive collection of the USNM houses about 120 species of nuculids, 250 nuculanids and 75 malletiids. From the above data, it seems possible that there might be 500 species of protobranchs. 2. Since there are no accurate figures for the septibranch families Poromyidae and Cuspidariidae, I have given estimates which might be a trifle inflated; Clarke (1962) listed 15 poro- myids and 48 cuspidariids in the deep sea; there are more than 30 poromyids and 100 cuspidariids in the collections of the USNM. 3. The Verticordiidae include some 18 'genera' according to Soot-Ryen (1966), who listed about 25 species of Policordia, Laevicordia, LyonsieUa, and Thracidora. Many of the species are extremely rare, but widely distributed. I have studied both Verticordia {Trigonulind) and Euciroa and am convinced that there are only a few species of cosmopolitan distribution. My estimate of 50 species is probably not too conservative. 112 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 4. About 130 species were recognized by Lamy (1907), but many were discussed parenthetically. Geographically there are: 36 Western Atlantic (Dall, 1903b; Sheldon, 1916); about 30 Panamic (Maury, 1922; Rost, 1955; Olsson, 1961); 11 West African (Nickles, 1950); 15 South African (Barnard, 1964); 43 Japanese (Habe, 1951); 36 Thai (Lynge, 1909). There are proba- bly about 150 species. 5. Thomas {pers. comm.) estimates that there are about 50 living species of this family. Lamy (1912a) discussed some 55 species and listed about 180 available names. Nicol (Catalog of the family Glycymeridae, presently in MCZ) includes about 800 fossil and Recent nominal species. 6. Dell (1964) listed 35 applicable names and considered 10 species in this group, which is largely restricted to the south- ern hemisphere. Of the six philobryids studied by Nicol (1966) there are at least 14 available names. 7. One of the largest of bivalve families, the Mytilidae has not been adequately monographed. Several studies, however, furnish evidence concerning the relative number of species in the family. Lamy (1936b-d; 1937a-d) published the most ex- tensive review of the taxonomy of the Mytilidae; he treated about 175 species and listed some 900 names used in the vari- ous genera. A careful, but unpublished world-wide revision of the genus Brachidontes by Kenk (1966) reveals a total spe- cies number of this genus similar to that of Lamy; Kenk recog- nized 28 species of Brachidontes. Soot-Ryen (1955) discussed the mytilids of the Eastern Pacific of which he reported 57 species, and several of those are widely distributed in other areas. Skarlato (1960) recognized 26 in the northwestern Pa- cific. Again several species were of very wide distribution. Some revisions suggest that Lamy may have been fairly accu- rate {i.e. Lithophaga, Turner and Boss, 1962); however, I esti- mate that there are about 250 living species of the Mytilidae. 8. Here are included several groups which are often sepa- rated into four families: Vulsellidae, Isognomonidae, Pteriidae, and Malleidae. Without suitable familial monographs, I have OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 113 had to collect diverse information. Broadly the Vulsellidae include Crenatida, Pedalion, Perna or Isognomon, the mono- typic Foramelina, Vulsella and Malleus. There appear to be less than 10 living species of Malleus (Boss and Moore, 1967; Yonge, 1968), four species of Vulsella (Smith, 1911), about 15 Isognomon (Boss, notes) and less than five Crenatula (Lamy, 1929b; 1935b). The Pteriidae consist of the genera Pteria, Elcdroma and Pinctada; the latter embraces 13 species with synonymy ratios as high as 40/1 (Ranson, 1961); Hayes, pers. comm. informs me that there are about 8 American pteriids. My estimate of the total number of species in this group is 70. 9. Teppner (1914-22) listed some 1500 nomina for the Ter- tiary pectinids. The deeper water, thin-shelled species have been grouped into the family Amusiidae, with three genera mentioned by Franc (1960): Amussium, Propeamussium, and Adamussium. Propeamussium has been reviewed on a world- wide basis by Oyama (1944) who recognized approximately 30 species. Adamussium was described by Thiele and evidently comprises about 11 species (Dell, 1964). Geographical reviews of pectinids included Grau's (1959) study of Eastern Pacific species which number 54; Waller {pers. comm.) estimates the Western Atlantic total to reach about 60 species, and Dautzen- berg and Bavay (1912) recorded around 45 species collected by the SiBOGA, including nine species of Amussium. Bavay was a collector who specialized in the pectinids and his catalog of the living species in the collection of the French National Mu- seum numbers some 162 species (Bavay, 1936). Hertlein {pers. comm.) who has contributed several papers on this family, estimates that there are about 360 living species. 10. Stuardo (1968) differentiated 38 species-groups, variously recognizable as superspecies and polytypic species; there ap- pear to be over 100 species and there are 350 nomina. Thiele (1918-1920) treated some 87 species. 11. Simpson (1900) considered about 1100 species and 3600 nomina of freshwater mussels, which included what we now consider to be at least four families. Call (1898, in lift, to Jukes Brown) offered a realistic appraisal of North American union- 1 14 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS ids, 250 species; Simpson listed some 533 species. Johnson reported (1970) only 75 species of Unios in the Atlantic Slope and Apalachicolan Region and certain of them are vastly over- named. Based on Simpson (1900), I estimate 1000 species of Unionidae and 120 Mutelidae. For the Unionacea, Haas (1969) listed about 5600 nomina in these families; if a moderate SR of 5/1 is employed we can expect less than 1200 species. 12. Dall (1901) listed 120 North American lucinoids, i.e., 63 lucinids, 20 ungulinids, 2 cyrenoididae ( = Cyrenellidae), and 35 thyasirids. For the world, Bretsky {pers. comm.) estimates between 200-250 lucinids. The USNM collection contains about 60 species of thyasirids and 50 diplodontids ( = ungu- linids). I am using these as rough estimates. 13. The Erycinacea and Cyamiacea comprise many small and poorly known families. The figures given are estimates derived from several sources: less than 300 nomina were given by Paetel (1888-1890); less than 200 nominal species in the USNM. Specific papers include: Keen (1938) listed 43 named species of Lasaea; Harry (1969b) recognized nine species of Aligena: Chlamydoconcha di^^Q^^xstohemonoty^ic; Dell (1964) studied four species of Kidderia, and other species of Gaimardi- idae limit this southern hemisphere family to fewer than 20 species. In the Cyamiidae, Dell {op. cit.) considered some 12 species in this predominantly Antarctic family (3 Cyamiomac- tra, 5 Pesudokellya) and several Cyamium. Of the Perrierini- dae, he distinguished three species of Cyamiacardium, and Lamy (1917b) considered six. Laseron (1956a) identified 29 leptonids from New South Wales. Thus an estimate of 300 species for these small clams seems to be ample. 14. Dall (1900b) considered the 40 American species of this family; Keen (1937) remarked that there were some 2200 named species of cardiids, including fossils. Application of a synonymy ratio of 5/1 would give about 400 species. If less than half this number are living species, I can consider that there are approximately 200 living species of cardiids. For example, McLean (1939) studied the 21 species in the western Atlantic and listed about 70 nomina. Graham-Ponton (1869) OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 115 listed about 150 species in this family, including the Pontian genera presently referred to the Adacnidae. The cardiid col- lection of the USNM, excellently arranged, includes about 130 species and indicates that my estimate may be high. 15. Dall (1894; 1895) established the modern classification of the families Mactridae and Mesodesmatidae; he recognized between 35 and 40 species in the New World; Strong (1925) confirmed his remarks on west American Madra. Smith (1914) indicated the diversity of the Indo-Pacific elements in the Mactridae and recognized 40 Australian species. Lamy (1917a) reviewed the family and treated over 100 species (actu- ally about 120, including some groups, e.g., Cardilia, presently referred to separate families). Chamberlin (1954) claimed that there are approximately 1500 nomina applicable to living and fossil forms, and on this basis I estimate about 150 species, including the anatinellids. The USNM has about 135 species. 16. Dall (1899) distinguished about 20 species in the fauna of North America and the Antilles; the European species of Ensis have been discussed by van Urk (1966) who considered six or seven species. The family has not been suitably mono- graphed. There are nearly 300 nomina in the Solenidae, but there appear to be less than 100 species, including the Novacu- hnidae and Cultellidae. 17. The Tellinidae contains about 350 living species. The monograph of Romer (1870-73) listed only 170 species and some 400 nomina. Dall (1900a) recognized about 110 American species. Of the larger subfamily, the Tellininae, Boss (1966; 1969b; and in prep.) listed 52 in the Western Atlantic fauna, 18 in South Africa, 30 in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediter- ranean. As usual many of the Indo-Pacific species are widely distributed. Dall, Bartsch and Rehder (1938) listed 10 from Hawaii; Skarlato (1965) recognized 55 in coastal China; Habe (1952) noted 75 in Japan; Lynge (1908) listed 47 in Thailand. I estimate that there are about 100-125 species in the Indo- Pacific. The west coast of America has about 60 species (Olsson, 1961). 116 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 18. Though this family has not been completely reviewed since the monographs of Romer (1869-70) and Bertin (1881), I have collected information on 180 named forms. Including the several species of West African Egeria, there are less than 50 species; Morrison {pers. comm.) has distinguished 10 Western Atlantic forms; Lucas (1967) recognized five in European waters. 19. As with the Solenidae, there is no available monograph or systematic treatment of gariids which herein includes as- phaphids, sanguinolariids and solecurtids. Bertin (1880) listed about 160 species and Dall (1898) considered the 25 Recent species of North America. Estimated from the literature, there are over 200 available nomina, but certainly fewer than 100 species. 20. Here are included the two species of Scrobicularia often cited as a separate family, the Scrobiculariidae. Lamy (1913) recognized about 60 species. In the Western Atlantic, Boss {in press) discerned only six living species of Semele and less than six other semelids (3 Abra and 2 Cumingia). The family is richest in the tropical Eastern Pacific where Olsson (1961) has reported about 25 species. 21. The nominate genus is monotypic (Nicol, 1951) while the other genus, Meiocardia, has several representatives in the Indo-Pacific and in the Caribbean. I estimate that there are less than 10 species. 22. The Veneridae is the largest family of marine bivalves, with fewer than 500 species. Geographically, there are 137 North American (Dall, 1902a); about 70 Panamic species (Olsson, 1961); 70 Western Atlantic (Palmer, 1927-1929); 125 Japanese (Habe, 1951); 25 West African species (Nickles, 1955); 32 South African (Barnard, 1964); 54 Thai (Lynge, 1909) and 90 Chinese (QiQian, 1964). Many of the above species overlap in their distribution so that 500 species may be too liberal an estimate, and as Lamy (1923a) has indicated the SR may be high, about 90 nomina for 14 or so species of Venerupis. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 117 23. Although there is no modern review of the species availa- ble, the extent of this veneroid family was reduced with the removal of the mactroid genus, Tanysiphon so that there are probably less than 10 species; nine named forms are in the USNM. 24. Tryon (1869) listed 72 nomina and Yokes (1945) has 21 genera. Geographically, there are: about a dozen Western Atlantic (Dall, 1903b); 16 Panamic (Olsson, 1961); 10 Japanese (Habe, 1951); half a dozen West and South African species (Nickles, 1950; Barnard, 1964). 25. Smith (1962) reviewed the fossil and living species of clavagellaceans; however only a list of names with references and localities is provided and the study may not be considered monographic. Of some 25 names applicable to living species, I estimate that there are less than 10 species. 118 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Bibliography Abbott, R.T. 1950. The genera Xancus and Vasum in the Western Atlantic. Johnsonia, Harvard Univ., 2: 201-218. Abbott, R.T. 1958. The gastropod genus Assiminea in the Philippines. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 101: 213-278, 11 pis. Abbott, R.T. 1959. The family Vasidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mol- lusca, 1: 15-32, pis. 1-10. Abbott, R.T. 1960. The genus Strombus in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mol- lusca, 1: 33-144, pis. 11-117. 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(2) 17 (68): 209-232 (Achatinidae). 1906a. Ibid. (2) 18 (69): 1-64 (Achatinidae). 1906b. Ibid. (2) 18 (70): 65-160 (Achatinidae). 1906c. Ibid. (2) 18 (71): 161-272 (Achatinidae). 1907. Ibid. (2) 18 (72): 273-357 (Achatinidae). 1908. Ibid. (2) 19 (76): 193-366 (Achatinidae). Pilsbry, H.A. 1911. Non-Marine Mollusca of Patagonia. Repts. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 3, Zoology, (5): 513-633. Pilsbry, H.A. 1919. A review of the land mollusks of the Belgian Congo chiefly based on the collections of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909- 1915. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 40: 370 pp., 32 pis. Pilsbry, H.A. 1922. [m] Tryon-Pilsbry. Manual of Conchology. (2) 27 (105): 1-42 (Orcula). 1924. Ibid. (2) 27 (107): 166-179 (PagoduUna). 1926. Ibid. (2) 27 (108): 256 (Orcula). Pilsbry, H.A. 1927. Revision of the Ampullariidae of Jamaica and Cuba. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 79: 247-253, pis. 21-22. Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. The land Mollusca of North America, north of Mexico. Vol. 2, Part II, pp. xlvii, 521-1113, figs. 282-585. Pilsbry, H.A. and B.Sharp. 1897-1898. [in] Tryon-Pilsbry. Manual of Con- chology. Scaphopoda, (1) 17: 1-144(1897); 145-280 (1898), pis. 1-39. Powell, A.W.B. 1957. Shells of New Zealand. Whitcombe and Tombe, Ltd., 202 pp. Powell, A.W.B. 1964. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 1 (5): 227-340, pis. 172-262. Powell, A.W.B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae. Bull. Auckland Inst. Mus., no. 5, 184 pp., 21 pis. Powell, A.W.B. 1967. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part la. The subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 1 (7): 409-444, pis. 298-310. Powell, A.W.B. 1969. Ibid. Part 2. The subfamily Turriculinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 2 (10): 215-415, pis. 188-324. Prashad, B. 1924. Revision of the Japanese species of the genus Corbicula. Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 6: 523-529, pi. 22. Prashad, B. 1925. Revision of the Indian Ampullariidae. Mem. Ind. Mus., 8: 69-89, pis. 13-15. Prashad, B. 1928a. Recent and fossil Viviparidae, a study in distribution, evo- lution and palaeogeography. Mem. Ind. Mus. 8: 153-251. Prashad, B. 1928b. 1929-1930. Revision of the Asiatic species of the genus Corbicula. I. The Indian species of Corbicula. Mem. Ind. Mus. 9: 13-28. ( 1928). II. The Indo-Chinese species of the genus Corbicula. III. The species of the genus Corbicula from China, South Eastern Russia, Tibet, Formosa, and the Philippine Islands. Ibid., 9: 29-68 (1929). IV. The species of the genus Corbicula from the Sunda Islands, the Celebes and New Guinea. Ibid., 9: 193-204 (1930). Prashad, B. 1933. A revision of the Indian Nuculidae. Arch. Nat. (N.F.), 2: 124-135, 1 pi. Preston, H.B. 1915. Mollusca. Freshwater Gasteropoda and Pelecypoda. The Fauna of British India. London: Taylor and Francis, 244 pp., 29 figs. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 131 Qi-Qian, Zhuang. 1964. Studies on Chinese species of Veneridae (Class Lamel- libranchia). Studia Marina Sinica, 5: 43-106, 9 pis. (in Chinese, English summary). Quenstedt, W. 1962. Solenomyidae. Fossilium Catalogus. Animalia. Pars. 100. Junk, 'sGravenhage, 45 pp. Radoman, P. 1967. Speciation of the genus Emmericia (Gastropoda). Basteria, 31: 27-43. Ranson, G. 1961. Les especesd'huitresperlieres. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, Mem. (2), fasc. 67, 95 pp., 42 pis. Ranson, G. 1967. Les especes d'huitres vivant actuellement dans le monde, definies par leurs coquilles larvaires ou prodissoconques, etude des collec- tions des quelques-uns des grands musees d'histoire naturelle. Rev. Trav. Inst. Peches Marit. 31 (2): 127-199, figs. 1-25; (3): 205-274, figs. 26-55. Rensch, B. 1926. Der Rassenkreiss der Felsenschnecke Campylaea. Zool. Anz., 67: 253-263. Riech.E. 1937. Systematische, anatomische, okologische und tiergeographische Untersuchungen uber die SiisswassermoUusken Papuasiens und Melane- siens. Arch. Naturg. (N.F.) 6: 37-153. Robertson, R. 1957. The subgenus Halopsephns Rehder, with notes on the western Atlantic species of Turbo and the subfamily Bothropomatinae Thiele. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 47: 316-319. Rogers, J.E. 1910. The shell book. Doubleday and Co., N.Y. 485 pp. Romer, E. 1869-1870. Die Familie der Dreiecks-oder Stumpfmuscheln, Dona- cidae. [in] Martini-Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. -Cab., (2), 10 (3): 122 pp., pis. 1- 21, 21a. Romer, E. 1870-1873. Die Familie der Tellmuscheln, Tellinidae. [/«] Martini- Chemnitz, Syst. Conch.-Cab., (2), 10 (4): 291 pp., 52 pis. Rosewater, J. 1960. Geographic variation of Pto/roc^ra cfl«a//aho!<(i. Nautilus, 25: 129-130. 1912. Unio (Lampsilis) iiiirpiiriatux Say. Nautilus, 2 JUNE 2, 1972 NUMBER 18 THE FRESH-WATER, BRACKISH, AND NON-JAMAICAN LAND MOLLUSKS DESCRIBED BY C. B. ADAMS By Richard I. Johnson and Kenneth J. Boss This paper includes all of the original descriptions with illustrations of the available types of molluscan taxa intro- duced by C. B. Adams exclusive of Western Atlantic marine mollusks (Clench and Turner, 1950), Eastern Pacific ma- rine mollusks (Turner, 1966), and Jamaican land mollusks (in preparation). This work includes all the remaining taxa described by Adams from Ohio, New England, Jamaica, the Hawaiian Islands and an unidentified Pacific Island. Hence, the cumbersome but inclusive title. Clench and Turner (1950) included a biography and a complete bibliography of the papers Adams wrote on mol- lusks. The present study includes 46 taxa for which types should exist. It was possible to locate type material for all but three of these: Limnea acuminata, Planorbis humilis, and Ancylus obliquus. If the taxon were based on a single specimen, or if the measured specimen were available, it was regarded as the holotype. In other instances a lectotype was chosen. All of the original descriptions are reproduced, and the available types are illustrated by enlarged photographs. Rf:FERENCES Clench, W. J. and li. D. Tiknek. 1950. The Westeni Atlantic marine mollusks described by C. 11 Adams. Occ. Papers on Moll. 1(15): 233-403, pis. 29-49. 193 194 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Turner, R, D. li)5(). The Eastern Pacific marine molluslvs described by C. B. Adams. Occ. Papers on Moll. 2(20): 21-136, pis. 5-21. Acknowledgments The cost of the photographs was generously borne by the William F. Milton Fund, Harvard University. Original descnptio7is, with iUustrations, of the fresh- water, brackish, and non-Jamaican land mollusks described by C. B. Adams. For ease of reference the taxa are arranged alphabetically by species. The earliest reference is given. Some of the taxa were also described in subsequent publications, but unless additional data were included, they are not referred to. Following the references, are brief type localities, and the original descriptions. New data, additional locality data from original labels or modern atlases are included on the plate captions. Also included on the captions are type selec- tions, their measurements, and other pertinent data. The following abbreviations are used: MCZ — Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mas- sachusetts. dia — diameter ht — height w — width acuminata Adams Limnea [sic] Type lost 1840, Amer. Jour. Sci. 39(2): 347. Nan Lamarck 1822. Is Pseudosuccinea columella (Say), teste Baker, F. C, 1911, Chicago Acad. Sci., Special Pub. no. 3: 163. New Bedford, Massachusetts Limnea acuminata. L. testa fragili, semitransparente, ovata, striis transversis irregularibus revolventibus cre- berrimis parallelis ; anf ractibus quatuor ; spira perbrevi, subacuta ; anf ractu ultimo maximo ; apertura amplissima, spiral interiorem ostendente; columella tenui subreflexa; labio hand appresso. Habitat New Bedford. Remarks. This differs from the L. columella, Say, in the much greater proportional size of the last whorl, the OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 195 breadth of the shell and the presence of very distinct re- volving lines. It resembles the Succinea obliqua, Say, but the spire is rather less, and no revolving lines are men- tioned in the description of that species. The L. acumi- nata has also been found at Horn pond, in Woburn, Mass., by T. J. Whittemore, Esq. affinis Adams Planorbis Plate 36, fig. 1 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 44. Jamaica. Planorbis affinis. Shell discoidal; horn color; with coarse striae of growth ; spire wide and moderately con- cave on both sides ; apex very deeply depressed into a minute pit and invisible on the right side, conspicuous on the left side ; whorls about five and one-third, convex with a deep suture on the right side, on the left side angular, with the suture at first on the angle for nearly three whorls and then descending into an acute angular chan- nel ; last whorl rather large, mxoderately turned to the left ; aperture semioval ; labrum moderately advanced on the right side. This shell is very similar to P. lentus Say, of which it may possibly be a variety. Its altitude is less, and the right side is more uniformly concave. Per- haps this is a case of specific identity with plural origin. Greatest breadth .68 inch ; breadth .535 inch ; height of last whorl .21 inch. Var. a; brownish red, with coarser striae of growth, the outer whorl more sharply angulated, and higher. Greatest breadth .57 inch; least breadth .155 inch; height of last whorl .22 inch. albilabris Adams Pupa 1841, Amer. Jour. Sci. 40: 271. New name for Cyclostoma marginatd Say 1821, non Fischer 1807 Crown Point, New York badia Adams Pupa Plate 41, fig. 1 1840, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. (33) : 331-332, pi. 3, fig. 18. Crown Point, New York 196 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS P. testa parva, rubro-fusca, cylindracea; apice perobtusa; an- fractibus septem, convexis, apertura orbiculari, unidentata; an- contvacto, subreflexo. Shell small, reddish brown, cylindrical, very obtusely tapering in the two upper whorls ; whorls seven, mod- erately convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture orbicular, its plane nearly parallel with the axis of the shell, less than one-third of the length of the shell, with the margin slightly reflected, and the sub-margin con- tracted, with a single rather small tooth on the penulti- mate whorl; umhilicus moderate. Length, .14 inch; breadth, .07 inch; diameter of the aperture, .045 inch. Cabinet of the Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Habitat. This species may not improperly be reckoned among the shells of New England, having been found within half a mile of the Vermont line. It was discovered at Crown Point, N. Y., by Prof. George W. Benedict, of the University of Vermont. Remarks. This species is readily distinguished by its dark mahogany color. The only native species, which, to my knowledge, resembles this in form, is P. armifera, Say, which, however, is white, and has numerous teeth. columellaris Adams Limnea [sic] 1839, Amer. Jour. Sci. 36: 392. No men midiim. coronatus Af/n>^?s Melampus Plate 41, fig. 5 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 41. Jamaica. Melampus coronatus. Shell obconic; reddish purple; with several spiral punctate striae and distant transverse striae, and a deciduous epidermis, which is produced into a small spine at each of the principal transverse striae on the spire; spire rather short, with outlines slightly concave ; apex very acute ; whorls about seven, slightly shouldered, with a moderately impressed suture; aper- ture with a large solid spiral prominent callus or tooth OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 197 on the columella. The two specimens before me may be young shells, but probably belong to a new species. Length .11 inch; breadth .07 inch. decepta Adams Achatinella Plate 42, fig. 9 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 127-128. Hawaiian Islands. Achatinella decepta. Shell rather thick, ovate-conic, much elongated: dingy white or very pale yellowish brown; with a dark brown or greenish epidermis, which is interrupted more or less in transverse stripes, and often terminates abruptly on the periphery of the last whorl : with irregular transverse striae; without spiral striae: apex subacute: spire long, v/ith the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls nearly seven and one-half, rather convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl rather small: aperture small, ovate; lip sharp, not expanded, moderately thickened within ; columellar fold moderately developed. Mean divergence 38° ; length .72 inch ; breadth .33 inch ; length of aperture .25 inch. This shell is figured by Mr. Reeve (Icon. f. 42 a, non 42 b) as a variety of A. rubens Gould. We think it is entitled to specific rank. It is usually more slender, and always more conical and less ovate, the last whorl being shorter, and not so regularly rounded, and the outlines of the spire being much less curvilinear. A. rubens, always I'etaining its more regularly rounded outlines, varies in its proportions in extreme varieties from .7(i inch : .35 inch to .64 inch: .4 inch. The dimensions of Dr. Gould's type, .75 inch : .4 inch, are most common. decipiens Adams Planorbis Plate 36, fig. 4 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 43. Jamaica. Planokbis DECIPIENS. Shell discoidal ; pale horn color; with fine striae of growth and finer microscopic spiral striae; spire wide, a little concave on both sides; apex moderately depressed, more so on the right side; whorls 198 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS five, rather convex on the right side, subangular on the left, with a well impressed suture; last whorl not large, with the subangular periphery nearer to the right side; aperture semioval ; much advanced at the right extremity. This species resembles P. pallidus Ad., which has a less number of whorls, of which the last is much wider; that shell is also higher. Greatest breadth .365 inch; least breadth .32 inch; height of the last whorl .09. decollata Mighels and Adams Limnaea Plate 38, fig. 5 1842, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 4(1): 45, pi. 4, figs. 13, 13, a, b, c. Unity, Maine L. testa ventricosa; anfractibus duohus vel tribus, ultimo magno; spira breviuscula, plerumque decollata; sutura impressa; apertura maxima, sub-campanulata; labio porrecto; columella valide plicata. Shell very ventricose, rather thick, sub-ovate, or sub- rotund, in outline an irregular rhomboid ; epidermis of an olivaceous green color, rather thin, deciduous ; whorls two to three ; spire very short, generally decollated ; whole surface generally rather rough; stride of growth coarse and fine alternately; transverse stria? on the body whorl sparse, interrupted, sometimes obsolete ; body whorl com- poses almost the whole shell ; aperture very large, sub- campanulate; its length is very little greater than the breadth, and occupies more than two-thirds the length of the shell ; labrum rather thin, simple ; fold of the colu- mella very prominent. Length, ,6 inch ; breadth, ,5 inch ; height, ,4 inch. Animal dingy mouse-color, with a slight tinge of pur- ple, covered with numerous, microscopic, elongated, white spots, on every visible part of the surface, including the mouth and tentacula ; foot of a chocclate-color, rather broad, length rather greater than the aperture; habits sluggish. Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.. Dr. Gould, S. S. Halde- man, J. G. Anthony, J. W. Mighels, and C. B. Adams. Habitat. Unity, Me., discovered by Dr. Milliken of that town, to whom we are indebted for specimens. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 199 Remarks. This odd, but interesting shell, is easily- recognized by its rhomboidal aspect, wide aperture, decol- lated spire and rather rough and distorted appearance. It is allied to L. catascoplum, Say, but is distinct from that shell by having less whorls by two, and a much shorter spire ; by being wider, and its divergence greater by more than thirty degrees. By some it has been sup- posed to be identical with L. emarginata, Say. This is impossible. L. emarghiaia is much more cylindrical, the divergence of its spire is scarcely half as great as that of our shell, it is much thinner, and has at least two more volutions. Our shell is also destitute of the "deep emar- gination" which distinguishes L. emargmata. dentiferus Adams Planorbis Plate 37, fig. 3 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 17. Jamaica. Planorbis dentiferus. P. dentato, Gonld, affinis; t. anf. 4, ultimo quam penultimo, hand multo latiore; sed P. deidatns ultimum maximum habet, (v. fig. Gouldia- nam) ; dentium labialium dextra bifida, magna; dentibus sicut in specie Gouldiana dispositis. dentiferus edentatus Adams Planorbis Plate 38, fig. 1 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 132. Jamaica. Of Planorbis dentiferus Ad., (Proc. Bost. Soc. Jan. 1, 1845,) a variety occurs, which is destitute of teeth ! After a careful examination of many specimens, I am unable to find any other differences constantly associated with this peculiarity. Many of the toothless shells are more com- pressed obliquely just below the periphery, than the type, but the same is true of some of the shells in which the teeth are well developed. It is not a local variety, both kinds occurring together at Hatfield, in Westmoreland. The variety may be designated by the name EDENTATUS. diminuta Adams Partula Plate 40, fig. fi 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 125. Hab. (?) 200 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Partula diminuta. Shell rather thick, ovate-conic; translucent, horn-colored, sometimes reddish, with a thin shining brownish horn-colored epidermis, which is much interrupted by transverse stripes; with the tip white; with unequal, irregular, rather coarse transverse striae, and numerous excessively minute impressed spiral lines; apex subacute; spire rather short, with the outlines slightly curvilinear; whorls five, a little convex, with a moderately impressed suture; last whorl moderately ob- lique: aperture rather small, subovate, with a tubercle on the middle of the intruding part of the last whorl : lip much thickened, but narrow, with a regularly rounded surface: umbilicus small. Mean divergence 58° ; length .63 inch ; greatest breadth .36 inch ; least breadth .3 inch ; length of the aperture .23 inch : the corresponding dimensions of another specimen are 60°; .525 inch; .28 inch; .32 inch; .21 inch. Hah. — ? This species resembles a variety, (P. auricidata Brod.,) or P. Otaheitana Bnig., but is more slender, as well as smaller. dimondi Adams Achatinella Plate 42, fig. 6 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 126-127. Hawaiian Islands. Achatinella Dimondl Shell reversed, thick, long ovateconic : dingy white or very pale yellowish brown, with a blackish margin to the aperture when mature; with a greenish black fugacious epidermis : with the transverse striae rather slight, very unequal and irregu- lar, without spiral striae : apex subacute : spire rather long, with the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls nearly seven, quite convex, with the suture well im- pressed, last whorl often somewhat flattened on the mid- dle : aperture subovate, with the columellar fold well developed, with the deposit on the inner side very thin; labrum sharp, not reflected, well thickened within. Mean divergence 45°; length 1 inch; breadth .5 inch; length of aperture .38 inch. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 201 dimondi lata Adams Achatinella Plate 42, fig. 7 1851, Cont. to Coneh. no. 8: 127. Hawaiian Islands. Variety (?) lata has a divergence, in a sjiecimen about two-thirds grown, of 55^. Habitat, Sandwich Islands. This fine species is named in honor of Mr. Henry Di- mond, of Honolulu, to whom I have been much indebted for the shells of these islands. dubiosa Adams Achatinella tappaniana Plate 40, fig. 5 See under: tappaniana dubiosa Adams Achatinella edentatus Adams Planorbis dentiferus Plate 38, fig. 1 See under: dentiferus edentatus Adams Planorbis eleg-ans Adams Cyclas Plate 40, fig. 3 1840, i'>oston Jour. Nat. Hist. 3(3): 33U-331, pi. 3, fig. H. Weybridge, Vermont, C. testa bizonata, subg-lobosa, rhombico-orbiculari, equilateral!, eleganter et tenuissime striata; natibus baud prominentibus; um- bonibus tenuibus; intus albido-caerulescente. Shell sub-globular, rhombic-orbicular, equilateral, finely and elegantly striated, with a horny green epidermis, with a straw-colored marginal zone, of variable width, and another of the same color, and usually much nar- rower, and about equidistant between the margin and the beak, but varying somewhat in position ; beaks not prom- inent, slightly undulate, central, not decorticate; vmboues very thin; with in bluish white; lateral teetli strongly de- veloped, cardinal teeth rudimentary. The young shell has only a marginal zone, and is less inflated. Length, .43 inch; height, .36 inch; width, .26 inch. Habitat and station. This species was descovered by Mr. Kinne Prescott, in a swamp, in Weybridge, Vt. This swamp nearly surrounds an old Indian encampment, and is impassable. A considerable number of specimens were obtained with some difficulty and hazard. The species has been found at Burlington, Vt. 202 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ; of Middlebury Col- lege; of Dr. A. A. Gould; of Messrs. Kinne Prescott and Luther H. Sheldon, of Andover; and my own. Remarks. This shell is remarkable for its fine polish and for its inflation, which continues far over the disk of the shell, and terminates very abruptly, near the mar- gin. The circumference very nearly represents that of the C. cahjculata, Drap., except that it is less curved below. That shell, however, is flatfish, and has prominent beaks. C. fhomhoido. Say, approaches in form to this species, but is much less inflated between the umbo and margin, has very coarse strise, and is destitute of the paler zones, which in this shell appear to be a constant character. elevatus Adams Planorbis Plate 37, fig. 1 1840, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 3(3): 327-328, pi. 3, fig. 16. South Boston, Massachusetts. P. testa parva, pallida, supra elevata, infra alte umbilicata; an- fractibus quatuor; sutiira valde impressa; apertura subrotundata; labro supra prominente. Shell horn color, finely striate; uihorls four, as high as wide; last whorl well rounded, very indistinctly carinate below; mclination to the left about 48°; right side con- vex, flattened at the apex ; left side very deeply concave ; suture deeply impressed; apertuie round-ovate, large, with its upper extending much beyond its lower margin. Greatest breadth, .17 inch; least breadth, .13 inch; height, .06 inch. Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.; of Middlebury Col- lege; of S. S. Haldeman, of Marietta, Pa.; of J. G. An- thony, of Cincinnati ; and my own. Habitat. This species was discovered in the summer of 1838, in a small spring in a rocky cavity, in South Boston. Nearly a hundred specimens were obtained, and a much larger number were left. Visiting the same spot a few days since, (July, 1840,) I found the spring filled up with stones to the top of the water, and not a shell to be seen. Last summer I obtained a specimen in Lake George, N. Y. Dr. Wm. Prescott has found the species in Lynn. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 203 Remarks. This species much resembles P. parvus, Say, and for some time I doubted whether it were dis- tinct. But the specimens uniformly differ from that shell in having the spire elevated above the plane of the last whorl, whereas in that species it is concave, and conse- quently this species is much more deeply umbilicated on the left side; also, that species is distinctly carinate on the middle of the last whorl, but is very indistinctly cari- nate below the middle, if at all. fragilis Mighcls and Adams Physa Plate 38, fig. 6 1842, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 4(1): 44, pi. 4, fig. 12. Monmouth, Maine. P. testa tenuissima, oblique ovata; spira brevi; anfractibus qua- tuor; apertura subovata, repanda; labio tumido, lamina obtecto. Shell very thin and fragile, translucent, horn-color, ob- liquely ovate; whorls four; last whorl campanulate; su- ture deeply impressed at the enlargement of the last whorl ; spire usually less than one, sometimes only one- fourth part of the length of the shell ; labrum very thin, advanced; labium tumid with a thin, loosely adherent lamina. Length, .55 inch ; greatest breadth, .4 inch ; divergence, 90 degrees. Animal of a very obscure, light green color; whole surface of the body covered with oblong dark spots ; foot shorter than the shell, lanceolate; tentacles nearly white, rather long, very slender; mouth blood-red. Its motions are exceedingly rapid; very timiid, withdrawing itself on the least alarm. It is very tenacious of life, at least it is not easily starved. Three specimens are now before us in a tumbler of water, November 10th, where they have remained since the first of July. The water has not been changed more than half a dozen times, yet they are as brisk as when first taken ; and, moreover, they have grown at least one quarter; exuviae white, abundant, vermicular. Cahiyiets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Amherst and Middle- bury Colleges, Mons. Largillier, S. S. Haldeman, J. W. Mighels, and C. B. Adams. 204 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Habitat. Monmouth, Maine; discovered in a mill-pond after the water was drawn off, by Mr. N. T. True, to whom we are indebted for specimens. Remarks. This species is distinguished from P. hete- rostropha by the campanulate aperture, which is constant, shorter spire, tumid labium, and by its remarkable tenu- ity. fuscus Adams Ancylus Plate 39, fig. 3 1840, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 3(3): 329-330, pi. 3, fig. 17. Andover, Massachusetts. A. testa tenui, sub epidermide pellucida, subdepressa, elliptica; epidermide fusca, crassa, aspera, extra marg-inem prominente; apice obtusa, ad dextram, vix postera. Shell thin, transparent without the epidermis, not much elevated, elliptical, moderately curved at the sides; epidermis brown, visible through the shell, giving it the appearance of having the same color, thick, rough, slight- ly extending beyond the margin of the shell; apex ob- tuse, moderately prominent, scarcely behind the middle, inclining to the right, so as to have only two-fifths of the width on that side. Length, .31 inch; width, .22 inch; height, .05 inch. Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ; of Mr. Kinne Pres- cott, of Andover; and my own. Habitat and station. This species was found adhering to stones, in a small rivulet, at Andover, by Mr. Kinne Prescott, to whom I am indebted for many interesting species of shells. It has also been found at Mansfield. Remarks. This species is easily distinguished by its epidermis. The A. rivularis, Say, differs also in being much more narrow, having its sides straight, and its apex more acute, and A. tardus * Say, is more elevated, and in both of these the apex does not incline so far to the right as in our species. The A. lacustris, Drap., is more nar- row, with an apex more elevated and acute, and A. fluvi- atilis, Drap,, has the apex more prominent and nearer one extremity, *This species, hitherto unknown in New England, occurs quite plentifully in a rivulet in Middlebury, Vt, OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 205 haldemani Adams Planorbis Plate 37, fig. 2 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. S: 43. Jamaica. Planorbis Haldemani. Shell subdiscoidal; brownish horn color; with very fine strise of growth, and several spiral series of microscopic punctures ; spire very nar- row ; apex deeply sunk on both sides ; whorls five, rather convex, more convex on the right side, with a well im- pressed suture margined on the right side; last whorl very wide on both sides and high, with a slightly angular periphery on the left side; aperture lunate, with the labrum most advanced at one third of its length from the right extremity. Greatest breadth .14 inch; least breadth .125 inch; height of last whorl .07 inch. hirsutus Adams Planorbis 1839, Amer. Jour. Sci. 36: 392. No7ne7i nudum. humilis Adams Planorbis Type lost 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 131. Jamaica. Planorbis humilis. Shell subdiscoidal: color — ? with coarse striae of growth : apex and spire moderately de- pressed on the right side : whorls two and one-half ; last whorl with a very acute periphery nearly in the plane of the spire, moderately dilated around the umbilical region : aperture large, subtriangular, acutely angled at the periphery of the last whorl: umbilical region abruptly excavated, with the concavity about two-thirds as wide as the last whorl. Greatest breadth .06 inch; least breadth .045 inch; height .025 inch. inconspicua Adams Valvata Plate 41, fig. 7 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 131-132. Jamaica. Valvata inconspicua. Shell subdiscoidal : i)ale horn 206 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS color? with the striae of growth microscopic: spire con- vex, moderately elevated : whorls three, very rapidly in- creasing, with a deep canaliculate suture : aperture large, not much advanced above : umbilicus about half as wide as the penult whorl. Greatest breadth .07 inch; least breadth .05 inch; height .04 inch. Probably the specimens before me are immature, but the species is quite distinct from any other. jamaicensis Adams Neritina Plate 42, fig. 2 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 175. Jamaica. Neritina Jamaicensis. Shell obliquely ellipsoidal, rather thin : white near the apex : otherwise covered with violet, which is sometimes tinged with dark gray, with lighter and darker shades in spiral bands, and is more or less interrupted by lines of growth and irregular white spots: surface smooth and shining: apex rather prom- inent: spire convex: whorls nearly three, with a fine but well impressed sutural line: labium smooth, mod- erately thickened. Length of spire .07 inch ; height .3 inch ; breadth .32 inch. jamaicensis Adams Paludina Plate 41, fig. 3 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 42. Jamaica. Paludina Jamaicensis. Shell ovate-conic ; translucent or subtransparent ; green, sometimes with a tinge of brown ; very smooth ; spire with the outlines nearly rec- tilinear; apex acute, persistent; whorls six, quite convex, very regularly rounded ; aperture ovate, acute above ; with an umbilical groove between the left side of the lip and the last whorl. Mean divergence about 60° ; length .15 inch ; greatest breadth .1 inch; least breadth .08 inch. jamaicensis Adams Physa Plate 38, fig. 4 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 174. Jamaica. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 207 Physa Jamaicensis. Shell long ovate, acuminate: brownish horn color : with microscopic striae of growth, and some lightly impressed microscopic spiral striae: apex acute: spire well lengthened, with the outlines slightly curvilinear, with a well impressed suture: aper- ture long ovate : lip thin. Length of aperture .32 inch ; total length .48 inch ; breadth .25 inch. This species was found plentifully in a tank at Mal- vern, more than 1000 feet high, in the isolated group of the St. Cruz Mountains in St. Elizabeth. The structure of the country for many miles in every direction is such that no water is ever seen standing on the surface. Through innumerable subterranean fissures rain imme- diately percolates to unseen depths. Artificial tanks are therefore the only places where fresh water shells can exist in this region. We are quite ignorant of the man- ner in which this species was introduced to its habitat. lata Adams Achatinella dimondi Plate 42, fig. 7 See under: dimondi lata Adams Achatinella. macnabianus Adams Planorbis Plate 36, fig. 2 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 43. Jamaica. Planorbis MacNabianus. Shell discoidal and exces- sively flattened, like P. vortex ; brownish horn color ; with microscopic crowded transverse striae of growth ; spire a little more concave on the right than on the left side; apex conspicuous on both sides; whorls six, with a well impressed suture on both sides, planulate on the left side and a little convex on the right side; last whorl with an angular pei-iphery in the plane of the left side; aperture very oblique, the right half of the labrum being advanced very far and abruptly beyond the left half, especially in old shells, in which the advance is equal to twice the diameter of the aperture. Greatest breadth .27 inch; least breadth .25 inch; height of the last whorl .04 inch. 208 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS maona Adams Achatinella Plate 42, fig. 10 1851, Coiit. to Conch, no. 8: 125-126. Hawaiian Islands. Achatinella magna. Shell thick, ovate-conic, elon- gate: blackish brown at the apex, reddish brown on the middle whorls, and ash-colored on the lower whorls : with unequal, irregular, very coarse transverse striae, with close-set transverse arcuate ribs near the apex, and some indistinct raised spiral lines on the lower part of the last whorl : apex subacute : spire rather long, with the out- lines quite curvilinear : whorls seven, rather convex, with a well-impressed suture; last whorl obtusely angular: aperture ovate, acute above, with an extremely thick de- posit on the inner side, with a very large compressed columellar fold. Mean divergence 50° ; length 1.33 inch ; breadth .7 inch ; length of aperture .61 inch. The unique specimen which has served for this descrip- tion is somewhat faded, and the lip probably is not quite mature, being sharp. minor Mighels and Adams Cyclas Plate 40, fig.l 1842, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 4(1): 39, pi. 4, fig. 2. Weybridge, Vermont. C. testa, minima, ovata, inequilateral!; natibus tumidis, approxi- matis; marginibus rotundatis; dentibus omnibus fortibus. Shell very small, ovate, inequilateral, finely striate, shining, horn color, yellowish towards the margin ; beaks rather prominent, moderately tumid, not undulate, ap- proximate, situated two-fifths the distance from one ex- tremity to the other ; margins rounded, both the cardinal and lateral teeth well developed. Length, .18 inch; height, .15 inch; width, .11 inch. Habitat. Found among dead leaves, in a swamp, in Weybridge, Vt., in the spring of 1839. Subsequently it has been found in several other places in the vicinity, and in Portland, Me. It is not confined to the water, but is often found a foot or more from it, burrowing deep in OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 209 the mud, and under stones. It is in tlie Cabinets of the Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., J. W. Mi^^hels, and C. B. Adams. modesta Adams Achatinella Plate 12, fig. 11 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 128. Hawaiian Islands. Achatinella modesta. Shell rather thick and short, ovate-conic : dingy reddish or ash brown ; more or less covered with a dingy dark brown epidermis : with fine irregular transverse striae, which are coarser on the up- per whorls ; without spiral striae : apex subacute : spire short, with the outlines quite curvilinear : whorls six, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl rather ventricose : aperture ovate, somewhat acute above; lip sharp, not expanded, moderately thickened within ; columellar fold well developed, quite oblique. Mean divergence 50°; length .51 inch; breadth .3 inch; length of aperture .26 inch. The corresponding dimensions of another specimen are — 47°; .55 inch; .29 inch; .24 inch. Habitat, Sandwich Islands. nitida Mighels and Adams Cyclas Plate 40, fig. 2 1842, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 4(1): 39-40, pL 4, fig. 3. Norway, Maine. C. testa sub-ovata, inequilaternali ; natibus pai'vis, baud approxi- matis; dentibus lateralibus fortibus, cardinalibus obsoletis. Shell sub-ovate, inequilateral, finely striate, shining, horn color, yellowish toward the margin, often blueish on the umbones; beaks small, rather prominent, not undulate, not approximate, situated about two-fifths of the distance from one extremity to the other; inferior margin well rounded, the other margins moderately rounded; cardinal teeth obsolete, lateral teeth well developed. Length, .3 inch; height, .24 inch; width, .2 inch. Habitat. We obtained a few specimens of this species at Norway, Oxford Co., Me., in the summer of 1840. It is very rare. It is in the Cabinets of the Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, J. W. Mighels, and C. B. Adams. 210 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Remarks. The embryo shell is elliptical, obliquely striate, compressed ; is .06 inch long, .05 inch high, and .025 inch wide. It resembles C. minor, Nob., but the beaks in these shells are approximate and proportionally larger ; this species differs also in having the cardinal teeth obso- lete both in the young and mature shell, and it is much larger. obliquus Adams Ancylus Type not located 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 132. Jamaica. No7i Broderip 1833. The holotype might be in the Chitty colln. in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). Ancylus obliquus. Shell subovate, somewhat arcuate, very convex : translucent, pale horn color : extremely thin, with microscopic radiating raised lines, and less dis- tinct striae of growth : apex very prominent, elevated, extending very far to one side and posteriorly, and pro- jecting nearly over the margin. Length .075 inch ; breadth .05 inch ; height .028 inch. This remarkable shell may belong to a new genus, but without the soft parts, it is difficult to determine the gen- eric value of its peculiarities. The shell is hitherto unique in the rich collection of the Hon. Edward Chitty, to whom I am indebted for the loan of it. ornata Ada7yis Neritina Plate 42, fig. 4 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 112. Jamaica. Neritina ornata. Shell obliquely ellipsoidal: rather pale greenish or livid brown, ornamented with numerous rather small irregular spots of bright red : rather thick and solid, with fine unequal strise of growth, and crowTled microscopic spiral lines : spire small, not very prominent : whorls more than three, with a subcanaliculate suture: labium smooth, obsoletely toothed. Operculum divided into two concave regions by an acute ridge, which is curved in the direction of growth. Length of spire .07 inch ; total length .32 inch ; breadth .24 inch. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 211 pallida Adams Limnaea Plate 42, fig. 1 1840, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 3(3): 224-225, pi. 8, fij?. 18. Shoreham, Vermont. L. testa ovato-fusiformi, pallida; anfractibus quinque; sutura impressa; spira conica, subacuta; anfractu postremo producto; aper- tura superne acuta, haud magna; umbilico parvo. Shfll moderately elongate, ovate-fusiform, very pale horn color, semi-transparent, not very thin, with fine, irregular stri?e of growth, without revolving stride; ivhorls about five and a half, moderately convex; suture well im- pressed ; spire four-ninths of the length of the shell, acutely conic, its opposite sides containing an angle of about 45°, sub-acute at tip; body-ivhorl not much en- larged, somewhat produced below; aperture five-ninths of the length of the shell, sub-ovate acute above, angle of its plane with the axis of the shell about 15°, of its length with the axis about 10° ; labrum not thickened internally; fold of the columella distinct, but not very large; um- bilicus rather small. Length, .48 inch; breadth, .22 inch. Cabinets of the Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., of Middlebury College ; of Dr. A. A. Gould, of Boston ; of J. G. Anthony, of Cincinnati; and my own. Habitat and station. This species was found in con- siderable numbers at Shoreham, Vt., on the shore of Lake Champlain, clinging to rocks and stones. Remarks. This species must resemble L. acuta, Lea, of which, however, I have not seen a specimen. That shell, in a very brief description, is said to be delicate, smooth, and dark brown, while this is rather strong striate, and of a very pale horn color, in living specimens, like the weathered shells of kindred species. The figure represents the columella of the acuta as intruding upon the aperture, which is not the case with this shell. pallidas Adams Planorbis Plate 36, fig. 3 1846, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 102. Jamaica. 212 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Planorbis pallidus. p. t. dextra convexa, apice de- pressa, sinistra, concava; anfractibus vix tribus, ultimo maximo; apertiira maxima, transversa. Diam. .4; alt. .125 poll. Hab. Jamaica. plebeius Adams Unio compressus Plate 39, fig. 5 1842, in Thompson, Z., Histoi-y of Vermont, p. 166. Brook, Middlebury, Vermont. Unio compressus. — Lea. Description. Shell oblong-ovate, not thick; epidermis grass-green, or olivaceous, with numerous irregular yel- lowish rays, with distinct stride ; beaks small, pointed, much wrinkled; discs moderately inflated posteriorly, scarcely convex; anterior side three-sevenths to three- eighths as long as the posterior; hinge margin straight, rising posteriorly into a slightly elevated wing, which is often more or less connate ; posterior margin descending obliquely in a straight line to a somewhat rounded trun- cate extremity; inferior margin semewhat rounded; anterior margin regularly rounded ; interior bluish, some- times tinged with pale brownish yellow; cardinal teeth much compressed, on the left valve deeply and broadly bifid, or even trifid ; of the lamellar teeth of the left valve one is very small. Length 2.85 inches; height 1.6 inch; width 0.8 inch. Remarks. This species also is found in the western states, and has its eastern limit in the streams west of the Green Mountains. It is much larger in the west. Var. plebeius. — Adams. Epidermis olivaceous, rays obscure ; wing scarcely elevated ; lamellar teeth very small, with the three divisions of the left cardinal very remote. Length 4,3 inches; height 2.3 inches; width 1.25 inch. This variety is found in a small brook in Middlebury. pusilla Adcmis Neritina Plate 39, fig. 2 1850, Cent, to Conch, no. 7: 112. Jamaica. Neritina ( ?) pusilla. Shell transversely ovate : white, translucent : vitreous, smooth and shining : spire scarcely elevated : whorls one and one-half, with an indistinct OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 213 suture ; last whorl very large, concavely depressed above : aperture very large, semiorbicular : labrum very thin: labium tumid, covered with a large tumid smooth deposit. Obviously this species can scarcely be included in Neri- tina. A considerable number of specimens were obtained, which scarcely differ in size. Height .04 inch; greatest breadth .068 inch. Like most of the Neritinae of Jamaica, this is strictly a marine shell. pygmaea Adams Cyclas Plate 39, fig. 4 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 44-45. Jamaica. Cyclas pygM-^,a.. Shell oval ; color* — ? ; not very thin proportionately to its size, with microscopic striae of growth; valves somewhat inequilateral, with a very con- vex disk ; anteriorly short but high and scarcely truncate ; posteriori}^ long but much lower, somewhat tapering to a well rounded extremity ; beaks wide, not prominent ; car- dinal teeth small and lamellar; lateral teeth moderately developed, not remote. Length .083 inch; height .075 inch; breadth .05 inch. *I was unable to find any living or fresh specimens. pygmaea Adams Neritina Plate 39, fig. 1 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 7-8. Jamaica. Neritina pygm^a. N. t. minima, tenui, fusca, l^evius- cula; spira vix elevata, apice prominulo; anf. 2 1/2; aper- tura expansa; labro tenui; labio candido, l?evi ; operculo flavido. Long. .1 poll. ; lat. .13 poll. pygmaea Adams Valvata Plate 41, fig. 6 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 42-43. Jamaica. Valvata pygm^. Shell convex above; concave below; color* — ? with fine strife of growth; spire convex, mod- erately elevated, apex subacute; whorls three and one- half, with a very deep suture, very accurately rounded 214 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS and rather rapidly increasing- in diameter, so that the shell resembles an elongated cone wound in a spiral man- ner; aperture large, with the upper end of the labrum advanced far beyond the lower extremity; umbilicus as wide as the penult whorl. The following are the dimen- sions of a large specimen. Greatest breadth .075 inch ; least breadth .06 inch ; height .03 inch. *I have not yet obtained any fresh or living specimens. redfieldi Ada7ns Planorbis Plate 38, fig. 2 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 43. Jamaica. Planorbis Redfieldi. Shell discoidal; horn color; smooth, with a few microscopic interrupted spiral striae; spire more widely and deeply concave on the left than on the right side ; apex visible on both sides ; whorls near- ly four, wider on the left side, with a well impressed and margined suture on both sides, subplanulate on the left, convex on the right; last whorl spreading much through a reg-ular curve from the right to the left side, where it has a subangular periphery, narrow on the left side; labrum with its right half advanced beyond its left by a space equal to the diameter of the aperture. Greatest breadth .185 inch; least breadth .16 inch; height of last whorl .065 inch. reevei Adams Achatinella 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 128. Hawaiian Islands. New name for Achnatinella viridans Reeve 1850, non Mighels 1845. rivularis Adams Paludina Plate 41, fig. 4 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 17. Jamaica. PALUDINA RIVULARIS. P. t. minima, Ifevi, cornea, elon- gata; spira conica, acuta; anf. 6; apertura, ovata. Div. 30°; spirse long. .07 poll.; long. tot. .11 poll.; lat. .05 poll. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 215 spinifera Adams Melania Plate 42, tig-. 5 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 17. Jamaica. Melania spinifera. M. t. minima, cornea ; anf . 6, an- gulatis, angulo spinifero; ultimo siibtias striis exilissimis revolventibus insculpto; apertiira supra et infra angulata. Div. 45°; spirse long. .09 poll.; long. tot. .17 poll.; lat. .1 poll. tappaniana Adorns Achatinella Plate 42, fig. 8 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 126. Hawaiian Islands. Achatinella Tappaniana. Shell reversed, elongate ovate-conic : pure white, with one narrow brown spiral band on the periphery of the last whorl: with very un- equal and irregular transverse striae, and numerous ex- cessively minute wrinkled spiral impressed lines : apex subacute: spire elongate, with the outlines a little curvi- linear : whorls nearly seven, moderately convex, and more or less subangular, margined above, with a well im- pressed suture : aperture ovate ; lip well thickened within the margin, expanded much anteriorly but not above; columellar fold strong. Mean divergence 43° ; length 1.06 inch ; breadth .55 inch ; length of aperture .44 inch. tappaniana dubosa Adams Achatinella Plate 40, fig. 5 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 126. Hawaiian Islands. Var. dubiosa differs in being a little more ventricose; its whorls are not margined above, and the brown stripe is replaced by two fine paler brown lines, below which one or two other yet finer lines may be seen. Habitat, Sandwich Islands. This beautiful species is named in honor of Hon. Ben- jamin Tappan, of Ohio. tappaniana 'Ward' Adams Pupa Plate 42, fig.l2 1841, Des. of a new species of Pupa. [Single page] Middlebury, Vermont; 1842, in Thompson, Z. History of Vermont, p. 158. Roscoe, Ohio. 216 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Pupa Tappaniana. Ward. Inedit. Description. Shell very small, pale horn color, trans- lucent, tapering above the penultimate whorl ; whorls a little more than five, convex, with a well impressed su- ture; aperture sub-orbicular, (the penult whorl cutting off about one-third of the circle,) about one-third of the length of the shell ; margin sharp, with a narrow contrac- tion in the sub-margin, beneath which is a thickening within, on which are the labial teeth ; teeth eight, five primary and three secondary : of the former the largest is on the penultimate whorl, the next largest on the left side of the aperture; at the base, beginning at the left hand, is a primary, then a secondary, a primary, a sec- ondary, a primary, and another secondary, extending nearly to the upper extremity of the right margin : the last three primaries are not constant in size; umbilicus open. Length 0.08 inch ; breadth 0.05 inch. Remarks. This species is easily distinguished from the preceding by its teeth. [The description follows be- low.] Pupa contracta. Say. Description. Shell white, ovate, tapering above the body whorl ; whorls five, convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture sub-triangular, with the transverse lamina raised, and forming with the labrum a continu- ous lip, much contracted in the throat, with three teeth, one on the transverse lip, large, prominent, and sinuous, another on the right side, where the throat is most con- tracted, and the third is merely a convexity caused by the fold of a large umbilicus. Length 0.1 inch; breadth 0.06 inch. Remarks. This species is easily recognized by its ele- vated transverse lip. It is found under wood or stones in moist pastures. tenebricosa Adamf^ Neritina Plate 42, fig. 3 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 175. Jamaica. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 217 Neritina tenebricosa. Shell obliquely ellipsoidal, rather thin: black, with numerous angular translucent spots of horn color: white on the labium, blue within the aperture : with numerous excessively fine spiral and incremental stri» : apex quite prominent : spire convex : whorls two and one-half, with a very fine but well im- pressed sutural line : labium smooth, moderately thick- ened. Inhabits Black River. Length of spire .06 inch; height .86 inch; breadth .41. umbilicata Adams Limnaea Plate 41, fig. 2 1840, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 3(3): 325-326, pi. 3, fig. 14. New Bedford, Massachusetts. L. testa fusca, ovata, striis transversis tenuibus, volventibus tenuissimis; anfractibus quinque, convexis; spira subacuta; aper- tura ovata, labro intus fusco-marginato, puniceo-albo submarginato; columella late reflexa, obsolete plicata; umbilico subamplo, haud profundo. Shell rather strong, brown, ovate, with slight striae of growth, and more slight numerous, irregular, revolv- ing, impressed lines; ivhorls five, convex; suture deeply impressed; spire two-fifths of the length of the shell, conic, sub-acute at the apex, angle of its opposite sides about 65°; hody-whorl inflated, subglobular; aperture ovate, its plane, also the line of its length, at angles of about 15° with the axis of the shell, three-fifths as long as the shell; labnim thin, inner margin dark brown, inner sub-margin thickened with a light pink deposit; columella strong, reflected and spread over an umbilicus, which is rather large but not profound, and formed chiefly by the reflection of the columella; fold of the latter inconspic- uous. Length, .28 inch; breadth, .17 inch. Cabinets of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ; of Middlebury Col- lege; of Mr. Shiverick; and my own. Habitat. New Bedford. Remarks. For this species I am indebted to Mr. Shive- rick, who obtained numerous specimens. It resembles L. caperatus, Say; but in Say's species the aperture is but one half the length, the revolving lines are raised, more 218 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS distinct, and numerous, the umbilicus is rather less, and there is one more whorl. virens Adarns Planorbis Plate 38, fig. 3 1840, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist 3(3): 326-327, pi. 3, fig. 15. New Bedford, Massachusetts. P. testa parva, viridi, striis transversis crebris, volventibus tenuissimis; anfractibus quatuor; spira baud prominente, vix con- cava; anfractu ultimo magno, superne subplanulato, infeme subcai'inato; apertura suborbiculari; labro superne prominente; umbilico sublato, profundo. Shell small, greenish horn color, with thick, obvious stride of growth, and very slight revolving lines, with a green, rough epidermis; ivhojls four; suture impressed; spire not rising above the last whorl, but scarcely falling below it; last whorl much larger than the spire, flattened above, then abruptly curving downwards, (in the young shell, at the upper third of the last whorl, is a carina, which is gradually modified into the abrupt curvature, in the progress of growth,) subcarinate below, as are also the preceding whorls ; aperture nearly orbicular, inter- rupted by the last whorl in about one-fifth of its circum- ference, advancing above; uvihllicus as broad as the last whorl, rather deep, exhibiting all the volutions. Height (of the last whorl), .09 inch; greatest breadth, .23 inch; least breadth, .18 inch. Cabinets of the Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ; of Middlebury College ; of Mr. Shiverick ; and my own. Habitat. New Bedford. Remarks. For this species I am indebted to Mr. Shiverick. It differs from P. parvus, Say, in being much less broadly and more deeply umbilicate beneath ; it is also higher. P. parvus, also, instead of being subcarinate on the lower side of the whorls, is much flattened. P. concavus, Anthony, MSS., resembles this species, but is more regularly convex above and concave beneath. veatleyi Ada7ns Cyclas Plate 40, fig. 4 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 44. Jamaica. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 219 Cyclas Veatleyi. Shell oval ; horn color with a tinge of brown; extremely thin, with fine strife of growth; valves very inequilateral, with a moderately convex disk; anteriorly both short and low, with a well rounded mar- gin ; posteriorly very high and subtruncated ; beaks small but prominent; cardinal teeth small; lateral teeth mod- erately developed, somewhat remote. Very rare. Length .21 inch; height up the middle of the posterior side .15 inch; breadth .105 inch. 220 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 36 Fig. 1. Planorbis afflnis Adams. Kingston [Surrey], Jamaica. Lec- totype, here selected, MCZ 186532 (15.7 mm dia X 5.3 mm ht). Fig. 2. Planorbis macnahianus Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186526 (6.8 mm dia X 1.1 mm ht). Fig-. 3. Planorbis pullidus Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186524 (9.9 mm dia X 3.5 mm ht). Fig. 4. Planorbis decipiens Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here se- lected. MCZ 186519 (9.7 mm dia X 2.7 ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 221 Plate 36 222 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 37 Fig. 1. Planorbis elevatus Adams. Rocky cavity, South Boston [Suf- folk Co., Massachusetts]. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 247685 (3.6 mm dia X 1-1 mm ht). Fig". 2. Planorbis lialdemmii Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 186528 (3.2 mm dia X 1.3 mm ht). Fig. 3. Planorbis dentiferus Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 186531 (4.5 mm dia X 1.6 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 223 ^ \0^' f / Plate 3' 224 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 38 Fig. 1. Planorbis denfifcrus edentatus Adams. Hatfield, Westmore- land, Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186529 (5.4 mm dia X 1.9 mm ht). Fig. 2. Planorbis redfieldi Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 186523 (5.4 mm dia X 1.5 mm ht). Fig. 3. Plano7'bis vire'ns Adams. New Bedford [Bristol Co., Massa- chusetts]. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 42068 (2.7 mm dia X 1 mm ht). Fig. 4. Physa jamaicensis Adams. Tank at Malvern (Santa Cruz mountains) St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155985 (9.2 mm ht X 5.2 mm w). Fig. 5. Limnaea decollata Mighels and Adams. Unity [Waldo Co.], Maine. Lectotype MCZ 176986 selected by Johnson, 1949, Occ. Papers on Moll., 1: 225, figured by Baker, F. C, 1911, Chicago Acad. Sci., Special Publication no. 3, pi. 41, fig. 8 (16.5 mm ht X 11.8 min w). Fig. 6. Physa fragilis Mighels and Adams. Mill pond, Monmouth [Kennebec Co.], Maine. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177004 (14.9 mm ht X 9.7 mm \v). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 225 Plate 38 226 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 39 Fiff. 1. Neritina pygmaea Adams. Jamaica. Holotype MCZ 156359 (2.2 mm h X 3.1 mm w). Fig. 2. Neritina (?) pusiHa Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 186117 (1.0 mm ht X 2.0 mm w). Fig. 3. Ancylus fuscus Adams. Small rivulet [Merimmac River sys- tem] Andover [Essex Co., Massachusetts]. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 239452 (4.5 mm 1). Fig-. 4. Cyclas pygmaea Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155588 (2.6 mm 1 X 2.0 mm ht X 0.9 mm hemiwidth) ; para- lectotypes MCZ 19849 in the Prime colln. Fig. 5. Unio compressus pleheius Adams. Small brook, [St. Law- rence River system] Middlebury [Addison Co., Vermont]. Lecto- tyije MCZ 154361 selected by Johnson, 1956, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 115: 130 (106.4 mm 1 X 56.7 mm ht X 29.3 mm w). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 227 Plate 39 228 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 40 Fig. 1. Cyclas minor Mighels and Adams. Swamp, W'eybridge [Ad- dison Co.], Vermont. Lectotype MCZ 19827, selected by Johnson, 1949, Occ. Papers on Moll, 1: 227 (5.7 mm 1 X 4.4 ht X 1.4 mm hemiwidth). Fig. 2. Cyclas nltlda Mighels and Adams. Norway, Oxford Co., Maine. Lectotype MCZ 19783 selected by Johnson, 1949, Occ. Papers on Moll., 1: 227 (6.7 mm 1 X 5.9 mm ht X 4.4 mm w). Fig. 3. Cyclas elegayis Adams. Swamp, Weybridge [Addison Co.], Vermont. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 136001 (12.1 mm 1 X 9.8 mm ht X 7.8 mm w). Fig. 4. Cyclas veatleyi Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155961 (5.3 mm 1 X 3.9 mm ht X 1.3 mm hemiwidth) ; para- lectotypes MCZ 73920 in the Prime colln. Fig. 5. Achatinella tajypaniaiia dubiosa Adams. [Maui] Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands. Holotype MCZ 279303 (20.3 mm ht X 10.2 mjii w). Fig. 6. Partula diminuta Adams Hab. ? Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155955 (15.4 ht X 9 mm w). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 229 -^ Plate 40 230 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 41 Fig. 1. Pupa badia Adams. Crown Point [Essex Co.], New York. Holotype MCZ 247405 (3.5 mm ht X 1-8 mm w). Fig. 2. Lhnmira umbilicata Adams. New Bedford [Bristol Co., Massachusetts]. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 183700 (5.7 mm ht X 3.5 m'm w). Fig. 3. Paludhia jammcensis Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 278120 (4.6 mm ht X 2.4 mm w). Fig. 4. Paludina riimlaris Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 278119 (3.3 mm ht X 1.6 mm w). Fig. 5. Meknnpiis cororiatus Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 186029 (3.0 mm ht X 2.0 mm w). Fig. 6. Valvata pygmaea Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186088 (1.6 mm dia X 1-1 mm ht). Fig. 7. Valvata inconspiciia Adams. Jamaica. Holotype MCZ 186089 (1.7 mm dia X 1.5 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 231 Plate 41 232 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 42 Fig-. 1. Linilnaca pallida Adams. Lake Champlain, Shoreham [Ad- dison Co.], Vermont. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 191332 (11.7 mm ht X 6.6 mm w). Fig. 2. Neritina jamaicensis Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 156160 (9.1 mm ht X 8.4 mm w). Fig. 3. Neritina tcnebricosa Adams. Black River [Cornwall], Ja- maica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177032 (9.5 mm ht X 10.2 mm w). Fig. 4. Neritina ornata Adams. Jamaica. Holotype MCZ 186128 (6.5 mm ht X 7.5 mm w). Fig. 5. Melania spinifera Adams. Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 278118 (3.8 mm ht X 2.3 mm w). Fig. 6. AchatineUa dimondi Adams. Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands. Holotype MCZ 155950 (25.0 mm ht X 12.6 mm w). Fig. 7. AcJmtinella dimoyidi lata Adams. [Oahu] Sandwich [Hawai- ian] Islands. Holotype MCZ 155954 (16.5 mm ht X 12 mm w). Fig. 8. AchatineUa tappaniana Adams. [Maui] Sandwich [Hawai- ian] Islands. Holotype MCZ 155949 (26.3 mm ht X 14.5 mm w). Fig. 9. AchatineUa dccepta Adams. [Hawaiian Islands]. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 156040 (17.2 mm ht X 8.3 mm w). Fig. 10. AchatineUa magna Adams. [Lanai, Hawaiian Islands]. Holotype MCZ 155953 (33.5 mm ht X 17.5 mm w). Fig. 11. AchatineUa modesta Adams. Sandwich [Hawaiian] Islands. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155951 (15.1 mm ht X 8.3 mm w). Fig. 12. Pupa tappaniana 'Ward' Adams. [Roscoe, Coshocton Co., Ohio]. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186171 (2.0 mm ht X 1-2 mm w). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 233 Plate 42 234 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Book Reviews Andrews, Jean. 1971. Sea Shells of the Texas Coast. University of Texas Press, Austin and London, xvii + 298 pp., numerous figures. $17.50. Though of limited geographical scope, this book will be of interest to shell collectors of the Gulf of Mexico. The first portion of the book gives a brief history of the Texas coast, including interesting facts about the Karankawa Indians and the first Spanish and French expeditions, as well as a description of the coast giving information on various habitats. A chapter on the general features of moUusks is followed by a systematic account of 369 species. Also provided are numerous maps, directions to shore points, techniques for collecting and preparing shells, hints on photography, and even suggestions for preparing meals from one's catch. The final chapter covers the non- molluscan material one finds on Texas beaches, such as worm tubes, gooseneck barnacles, various crabs, egg cases, pumice, and naval flares. A glossary, bibliography, and index complete the book. Portions of this book should have been checked by specialists. In figure 5 (p. 18), much of which is irrele- vant to her discussion of zoogeographic provinces, ''Virginian" is misspelled and "Carolinian" is found twice, both spelled differently and neither correctly. Miss An- drews' brief discussion of the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature is unclear and, in the case of the nomen conservandum, entirely wrong. The title of Mayr's Syste- matics and the Origin of Species is given incorrectly (p. 39, 281) ; Mayr's Piinciples of Systematic Zoology, which is listed in the bibliography and which should have been studied, is not mentioned in the appropriate section of the text. In Table 1 : Type Terms", Miss Andrews defines various kinds of types, none of which is referred to in the systematic account; the term "genotype" is no longer used. Figure 19, a classification chart for mollusks, has a num- ber of errors : Octopoda is not a class ; Echinodermata, Archaeogastropoda, and Cassis flammea are all misspelled. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 235 Aniphineura is used for chitons although the term Poly- placophora is now generally accepted. Neopilina (p. 31) is not now considered to exhibit true segmentation. Neolori- cata (p. 53) is misspelled and Anodontia is consistently misspelled (p. 173, 287). The etymology of some of the various scientific names is also in error. Aligena, for instance, does not come from aliger, meaning winged, but from aligenes, the epithet of Venus meaning sea-born. Thais comes from Greek, not Latin. Ironically, in the introduction Miss Andrews says that "today we are bogged down in a tangle of names — one shell may have many synonyms" and that "without an ex- tensive library or a large collection from many locations the amateur is greatly handicapped." However, she has consistently avoided listing many synonyms which might help the amateur. Her references to the original descrip- tions are of little use to the amateur and even if they were, many of those given are not decipherable to the av- erage reader, some are wrong, and the publications usually unavailable. For example, ''Vitrinella texana Moore 1964, Ph.D. dissertation, p. 66" should be "Moore 1964, Nautilus, 78, p. 76"; "Cat. Rec. Marine Moll. Portland Mus." (p. 86) should read "Cat. Recent marine shells found on the coast of North and South Carolina, Portland [Maine]". Would an amateur understand that "Wiegm. Arch:' refers to the Archiv fur Naturgeschichtel Finally, the author places all species in a detailed scheme of classification, overburden- ing her readers with subgeneric names, which are not necessary to the identification of species and in many groups are of debatable status and value. The illustrations are very well done, although the hori- zontal orientation of some gastropods is unfortunate. The numerous minute species such as the Vitrinellidae, many figured for the first time in a popular publication, add to the value of this book. The high cost of the book, due in part to the format, may lessen its demand, but he who can afford it will find it a worthwhile addition to his library. — Robert C. Bullock 236 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Graham, Alastair. 1971. British prosobranch and other operculate gastropod molluscs. Synopses of the Brit- ish Fauna, No. 2, New Series. Published for the Linnean Society of London by Academic Press, London and New York, 112 pp., 118 figs. $4.00. This little, rather expensive handbook follows the ap- pearance of the monumental British Prosobranch Molluscs by Fretter and Graham (see Review by R. D. Turner, 1962, Johnsonia, vol. 4, p. 116) from which it draws its principal data. This paperbook is designed as a field manual for identification of common species and is pro- vided with a protective heavy cover. Since certain of the species covered occur in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, some American readers will be interested in the book. After a general introductory section which deals with the characters of the shell as well as anatomical features of the animal, Professor Graham provides some useful re- marks about collecting, preparing, and the naming of animals. A list of the prosobranchs treated in the text is provided as are keys (which require live or well preserved specimens) to the families, arranged by biotopes : marine, freshwater and land. In the Systematic Part, each family is introduced with descriptive remarks concerning the shell, the animal and where the common representative species are to be found. The figures are good and many illustrate anatomical structures or living animals. The principal drawback to the book is its incompleteness. The British prosobranch fauna consists of over 200 species and only 120 of them are treated here, and of that number many are not illustrated. There are no figures of pomatiasids, aciculids, bithyniids or caecids, to mention a few omissions. Further, the figures are curiously numbered — some figures are not in sequence. The keys, though dichotomous, have no "back numbers" so one cannot find one's way back to previous couplets. Although the illustrations are good and the diagnoses of each family interesting, its shortcomings do not recom- mend it except for introductory classroom and laboratory work. — K. J. Boss MUS. COMP. ZOOU Occasional Papers On Mollusliinus Thiele 1910 Plate 44, figures 1, 2, 10 Chiton (Clathroplenra) peregrinus Thiele 1910, Zoolog- ica 22: 90, pi. 9, figs. 32-37 (Algoa-Bai [South Africa, herein corrected to Aden] ; type in ZMHU). Chiton lamyi Dupuis 1917, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 23: 538 (Obock, Aden; type material present in BMNH and MNHNP-) ; Dupuis 1918, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 24: 531. Chiton lamyi, var 'pe7'egrinus Thiele. Dupuis 1918, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 24: 532. Chiton lamyi, var. reticulatus Dupuis 1918, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 24: 532 (Mer Rouge; location of type unknown). Non C. reticulatus Reeve 1847 or Nierstrasz 1905. Chiton wallacei Winckworth 1927, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon- don, 17: 206, pi. 29, figs. 5-8 (Aden; type in BMNH). Chiton iatricus Winckworth 1930, Prcc. Malac. Soc. Lon- don, 19: 78, pi. 8b (East Pier at Karachi [West Pakistan] ; type BMNH 1952.11.11.225). Chiton iatricus, var. ivinckivorthi Kaas 1954, Zool. Me- dedl., 33: 2 (beach, 21/2 miles N of Bhuleji abb., 20 miles W of Karachi [West Pakistan] ; type in collection of P. Kaas and A. N. Ch. ten Broek, no. 3416). Chiton peregrinus Thiele. Leloup 1955, Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, 31 (42) : 4, fig. 3. Remai'ks: The number of names applied to this species, the manner in which these names were introduced, and their subsequent citation, or lack of it, in the literature thereafter, reflect the complexities of polyplacophoran nomenclature. C. peregrinus was described by Thiele *Some syntype material which should be in Paris is now in the Dautzenberg- collection in Bruxelles, making- the selection of lecto- types difficult. Iredale and Hull (1932) have commented on the problems faced when dealing with Paris Museum types. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 239 (1910) from Algoa Bay, South Africa, an erroneous local- ity. Ashby (1931) and Barnard (1963), in their reports on the Polyplacophora of South Africa, failed to mention this species. Dupuis (1917, 1918), Winckworth (19:^7, 1930), and Kaas (1954) created additional names due to their lack of understanding in dealing with intraspecific variation and ignorance of the literature. Leloup (1955) correctly pointed out the identity of C. iatricns, but omit- ted any mention of Dupuis' species and C. wallacei Winck- worth. C. peregrinus is found in rocky areas. It has been taken from rock pools at Aden (Winckworth 1927) and recks forming the East Pier at Karachi, West Pakistan, where it was found in association with Nerita textilis Gmelin, Siphonaria, and a Patella (Winckworth 1930). C. peregrinus is often heavily fouled and eroded, par- ticularly larger individuals, and in this state it is difficult to distinguish this species from C. salihafid, an east Afri- can species which is also commonly collected in an eroded state (see remarks under C. salihafid). Distribution: Chiton peregrinus is widely distributed along the northern margin of the western Indian Ocean (see PI. 43). It occurs from the northern coast cf western India to the Persian Gulf and westward to the entrance of the Red Sea. This species is replaced along the east Afri- can coast by Chiton salihafui. Specimeyis examined: FRENCH SOMALILAND: Obock (MHNB). ADEN: Perim (MNHNP) ; Aden (BMNH, MNHNP) ; Modern Bandar Sheikh, Little Aden. MUS- CAT: (BMNH, ZMA). IRAN: Bushehr (BMNH); (; km S of Bushehr (ZMK) ; Tavila (ZMK). PAKISTAN: NW end of Astola Id. (MCZ) ; Manora Id., Karachi (BMNH. MCZ) ; 200 yds. W of Mandir, Manora Id., Karachi (RNHL) ; East Pier, Karachi (BMNH, MHNB, MNHNP, ZMA, AMS). INDIA: Port Okha, Kathiwar, Gujarat (USNM). 240 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Chiton salihafui, new species Plate 44, figures 3-5 Chiton (Clathropleura) temiisUiatus 'Sowerby' Thiele 1910, Zoologica, 22: 90, pi. 9, figs. 38-40. Non C. temd- striatus Sowerby 1840. Type locality: Kendwa Island, about 4 miles ESE of Dar-es-Salaam, Eastern Province, Tanzania. Type depositories: Holotype, MCZ 279163; paratypes: from type locality (MCZ 279164) ; Whale Id., Kenya (BMNH) ; Ras Ngomeni, Kenya (BMNH) ; Turtle Bay, Kenya (BMNH) ; Mboa Maji, Eastern Province, Tanzania (MCZ 279165). Other material examined: Mogadishu, Somali Republic (MCZ) ; Madagascar (ZMHU) ; Tamatave, Madagascar (ZMHU) ; Pointe Ibanona, Fort Dauphin, Madagascar (MCZ) ; Flacourt, Ft. Dauphin, Madagascar (ANSP, MCZ) ; Ft. Dauphin, Madagascar (ANSP) ; island, % mi NE of Manafiafy girls school, Ste. Lucie, Madagascar (MCZ) ; two islands, 14 mi E of Manafiafy girls school, Ste. Lucie, Madagascar (MCZ). Distribution: Chiton salihafui occurs along the east African coast from the Somali Republic south to Tanzania and Madagascar (see PI. 43). Descriptio7i: Animal of moderate size, attaining a length of 38 mm, a width of 31 mm. Angle of valves about 90'^. Anterior valve slightly convex; post-mucral slope straight to somewhat concave. Jugal region rather smooth ; central areas with regular, low, longitudinal ribs. Lateral triangle slightly raised, with 4-5 broad, radiating ribs. End valves with 20-22 radiating ribs; ribs obsolete in very old animals. Numerous small concentric ribs present be- tween these radiating ribs. Shell generally greenish gray, occasionally greenish brown. Some specimens cream-white in central areas with small splotches of greenish brown and OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 241 Plate 43 Distribution of the northern Chiton peregrinus Thiele [•] and the east African Chitun salihafiu, n. sp. [O]. 242 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS with 2 prominent longitudinal brown streaks across jugal region. Girdle with prominent scales and alternately banded with light and dark. Interior of shell whitish ; an- terior slope of callus light blue-green ; muscle scars very light brown and light brown streaks extending from the mucral region toward lateral portions of callus. Insertion plates : Apophyses broad, moderately ex- tended, more so medially than laterally. Jugal sinus trape- zoidal; 8-11 jugal teeth, becoming broader laterally and faintly grooved dorsally and ventrally. No aesthete canals between jugal teeth. A single insertion slit; insertion teeth deeply pectinate. Eaves spongy. Hypostracum: Central depression of intermediate valves of young specimens with a very few scattered slits oriented perpendicular to longitudinal axis ; slits apparently lacking in older specimens. Callus developed. Functional slit-ray present. Anterior valve with 11 teeth; posterior valve with 13 teeth ; interior aesthete slits lacking, except in young specimens. Girdle elements : Scales of moderate size, smooth, squarish with slightly rounded dorsal surface; no lateral ridge. Base diamond-shaped, rounded medially, slightly concave. Medial portion deeply concave, no medial ridge present. Remarks: The only previous reference in the literature to this species is that given by Thiele (1910), who stated it to be Chiton tenuistriatus Sowerby, a species which has remained unrecognized. Pilsbry (1893: 188) had consid- ered Sowerby's species a typical Chitori, "closely allied to quoyi [Deshayes 1836 = glaucus Gray 1828] or yiigro- virens. . . ." After examining numerous Chitoyi species, I feel with certainty that the brief description (Sowerby 1840b) and the figure in the Conchological Illustrations (Sowerby 1840a) refer to the common neozelanic species. Chiton glaucus Gray 1828. The Madagascar-East African species is therefore without a name and it is herein named Chiton salihafui in honor of Mr. Samuel Liberty Harvey Fuller who collected this species. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 243 C. salihafid is most closely related to the northern C. peregrimis to which, in its usually worn, eroded, and fouled state, it appears identical. Examination of younger and well preserved specimens has revealed important dis- tinctions between the two species. C. salihafni differs by possessing longitudinal lirae on the central area of the valves, having prominent radial ribs on the end valves, having more substantial and somewhat squarish or evenly rounded radiating ribs on the lateral triangle, and having a smooth jugal region. In young C. peregrinus the valves are flatter, the jugal and central regions are devoid of longitudinal lirae, and the tegmental surface is of irreg- ular, close-packed rows of granules (PI. 44, fig. 10). The terminal areas of older C. peregmius appear smooth, ex- cept for a slightly raised reticular pattern in some speci- mens. Very old animals of both species are very similar in appearance, for the older, more characteristic portions of the tegmentum are eroded and the newer tegmental structure is often quite smooth in both species. C. mauritianus, a Mascarene species, differs from C. sali- hafui by its smooth, more rounded valves and by the fact that the longitudinal lirae, or grooves, of the central area extend but a short distance from the lateral triangle. Chiton mauritianus Quoij 3 Gavmard 1835 Chiton 7nauritianus Quoy & Gaimard 1835, Voy. de I'As- trolabe (ZooL), 3: 397, pi. 73, figs. 1-3 (I'lle-de-France [= Mauritius Id., Mascarene Islands] ; one syntype in MHNB, other syntypes possibly in MNHNP) ; Pilsbry 1893, Man. Conch. 14: 188, pi. 31, figs. 39, 40; Dupuis 1918, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat, Paris, 24 : 528. Chiton (mgusticostatus Quoy & Gaimard 1835, Voy. de I'Astrolabe (ZooL), 3: 398, pi. 73, figs. 4, 4' (I'lle-de-France [= Mauritius Id., Mascarene Islands] ; type in MNHNP) ; Pilsbry 1893, Man. Conch., 14: 187, pi. 31, figs. 37, 38. 244 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Chiton rusticus Deshayes 1863, Moll. Reunion, p. 39, pi. 6, fig-s. 1-3 (I'lle de la Reunion [Mascarene Islands] ; loca- tion of type unknown); Pilsbry 1893, Man. Conch., 14: 186, pi. 31, figs. 32-34; Hodgkin & Michel 1963, Proc. Roy. Arts Sci. Mauritius, 2: 121-145 [notes on habitat]. Chito7i (Lepidopleurus) mauritianus Quoy & Gaimard. von Martens 1880, [in] Mobius, Beitrage Meeresfauna Mauritius und Seychellen, p. 300. Chiton (Lepidoplem-us) angusticostatus Quoy & Gai- mard. von Mai-tens 1880, Ibid., p. 300. Chiton (Lepidopleurus) rusticus Deshayes. von Martens 1880, Ibid., p. 300. Georgus rusticus (Deshayes). Thiele 1893, [in] Troschel, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, 2 : 367, pi. 30, fig. 14. Lepidopleurus mauiitiaiius (Quoy & Gaimard). Viader 1937, Mauritius Inst. Bull., 1(2) : 58. Lepidopleurus angusticostatus (Quoy & Gaimard). Via- der 1937, Ibid., p. 58. Lepidopleurus rusticus (Deshayes). Viader 1937, Ibid., p. 58. Remarks: Both C. mauritianus and C. angusticostatus were described by Quoy & Gaimard (1835) from material collected during the voyage of the Astrolabe. The fact that the figured type of C. arigusticostatus is a rather large, very worn chiton contributed to the misunderstanding con- cerning its identity. Pilsbry (1893) suggested it was "merely a greatly worn specimen of C. pellisserpentis Q. & G.," a neozelanic species. Thiele (1909) first noted that C. rusticus Deshayes 1863 was a junior synonym of C. angusticostatus. Dupuis (1918) pointed out that C. tnauritianus was also conspecific and decided it was the valid name by page priority. Ex- amination of type specimens of C. angusticostatus and C. mauritianus and the original figures of C. rusticus has led me to concur with Dupuis' conclusions. It should be men- tioned that the single "syntype" of C. mauritiayius present OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 245 in the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, does not compare with the illustration of this species and repre- sents a species of Scleiochiton, a group which has not been reported from the Mascarene Islands. Older examples of C. manritiaiins are usually quite eroded and might possibly be confused with worn speci- mens of C. salihafui or C. peregrinus. Young C. mauri- tiaiius can easily be distinguished from all other Indian Ocean Chiton by their bluish green color, the slightly raised reticular pattern on the lateral triangles and end valves, the sometimes translucent blue-green girdle scales, the more rounded valves, and the longitudinal lirae on the central areas which are limited to the region near the lateral tri- angle. Also, the mucro is more pronounced and blunt than in most chitons. On Mauritius, Chiton mauritianus is found in rocky areas and on the steeper faces above and below the lime- stone reef platform, where it is absent (Hodgkin & Michel 1963). Distribution: Known only from the Mascarene and Sey- chelle Islands. Specimens examined: MASCARENE ISLANDS: La Re- union (BMNH, MHNB, MNHNP) ; Mauritius (BMNH, ZMHU, MHNB, MNHNP) ; below lighthouse. Caves Pt. (ANSP); Sovillac (ANSP). SEYCHELLE ISLANDS: Mahe (BMNH) ; Barbarons, Mahe (BMNH). Chiton fosteri, nev/ species Plate 44, figures 6-9 Type localitij: Ankoalamare, 3 miles SE of Ambodifoto- tra, E coast. He Ste. Marie, Madagascar. Type depositories: Holotype, MCZ 279166; paratvpes: Reef near cliffs at S end of Sarodrano Point, 12i/-j miles 246 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS SSW of Tulear, SW Madagascar (MCZ 279167) ; 214 miles NE of Pointe d'Antsiraikiraiky, NW He Ste. Marie, NE Madagascar (MCZ 279168) ; Kilifi, Kenya (BMNH) ; near lighthouse, Mkimduchi, SE Zanzibar (ANSP 213022) ; off- shore reef, Pwani Mchangani, Zanzibar (ANSP 212570) ; Kiwengwa, Zanzibar (ANSP 212257, MCZ 279312) ; Ras Nungwe, Zanzibar (ANSP). Description: Animal small to medium in size, attain- ing a length of 34 mm, a width of 19 mm. Angle of valves 120°-140°. Anterior valve slightly convex; post-mucral re- gion of posterior valve straight. Jugal region and central areas smooth. Lateral triangle smooth, depressed, concave in immature examples, slightly convex in older ones, and bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by a weak ridge. Shell color usually light greenish yellow with narrow longitu- dinal green stripes and light brownish flecks in jugal and central regions; lateral triangles, anterior valve, and post- mucral region of posterior valve conspicuously banded with concentric brown bands. Some specimens from Zanzibar very darkly colored with concentric brown bands obscured. Girdle with prominent scales, white, and irregularly flecked with light brown, reddish brown, and orange. Dark speci- mens with a dark girdle. Insertion plates : Apophyses broad, moderately extended ; anterior edge with two depressions, one at center of apo- physis, other near anterior insertion tooth. Jugal sinus trapezoidal; 10-12 irregular teeth. A single insertion slit; insertion teeth deeply pectinate. Eaves spongy. Hypostracum : Central callus of intermediate valves well developed, with close-packed, elongate slits perpendicular to longitudinal axis on anterior slope. Functional slit-ray present; slits single, larger and elongate on callus near in- sertion plate, smaller and more rounded in posterior de- pression. Anterior valve with 9 teeth ; posterior valve with 16 teeth. Girdle elements : Scales of moderate size, appearing smooth, but with several obscure striations at pointed OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 247 mucro. Base elong-ate-diamond-shaped, flat, with no sur- rounding callus ; medial surface deeply concave. Remarks: The number of specimens examined and the fact that this species has been collected from a number of localities in the southwestern Indian Ocean makes one wonder why this species has remained uncollected and un- described. Outside of collections from Zanzibar sponsored by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1957) and on Madagascar made by Richard W. Foster of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (1960), only one additional specimen was available for study, collected by a recent British expedition to Kenya. The smoothness of the dorsal shell areas, the concentric brown bands on the lateral triangle and end valves, the flatness of the shell, and the greater number of insertion teeth on the posterior valve serve to distinguish this species from C. peregrifius, C. salihafui, and C. mauritianus. This species is named in honor of the late Richard W. Foster whose enthusiasm and encouragement contributed greatly to my interest in molluscan systematics. Acknowledgments For the loan of specimens, I thank Drs. R. T. Abbott, J. Knudsen, E. Leloup, B. Metivier, W. Ponder, R. Robert- son, J. Rosewater, and J. Taylor. Funds enabling the author to visit European collections were provided by: National Science Foundation grant GB 27911, Dr. Reed Rollins, principal investigator; the Biology Department, Harvard University; and a Sigma Xi Grant-in-Aid-of-Re- search. My colleagues in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Dr. K. J. Boss, Dr. R. D. Turner, and Mr. R. 1. Johnson, critically read several drafts of this paper and oflfered many helpful comments. 248 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 44 Figs. 1, 2, 10. Chiton peregrinus Thiele. Manora Creek, Karachi, West Pakistan. MCZ 200542 (coated valves of young- specimen to show granulation of tegmentum; width valve IV, 9.5 mm). Figs. 3-5. Chiton salihafui, new species. Kendwa Island, abt. 4 mi ESE of Dar-es-Salaam, Eastern Province, Tanzania. Holotype MCZ 279163 (valves coated; width valve IV, 16 mm). Figs. 6-8. Chiton fosteri, new species. Ankoalamare, 3 mi SE of Ambodifototra, E coast, He St. Marie, Madagascar. Holotype MCZ 279166 (valves coated; width valve V, 11 mm). Fig. 9. Cliito'n fosteri, new species. Offshore reef, Pwani Mchangani, NE Zanzibar. Paratype ANSP 212570 (uncoated specimen to show color pattern; length 31 mm). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 249 Plate 44 250 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS References Cited ASHBY, E. 1931. Monograph of the South African Polyplacophora (Chitons). Ann. South African Mus., 30 (1): 1-59, 7 pis. Barnard, K. H. 1963. Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine MoUusca. Part IV. Gastropoda: Prosobranch- iata: Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa. Tectibranchiata. Polyplaco- phora, Solenogastres. Scaphopoda. Ann. South African Mus. 47: 201-360. Deshayes, G. P. 1863. Catalogue des Mollusques de I'lle de la Reunion (Bourbon), [in] L. Maillard, Notes sur I'lle de la Reunion, annexe E, 144 pp., pis. 28-41. DUPUIS, P. 1917. Notes prises au cours de I'examen de la collection de polyplacophores du Museum de Paris. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 23: 533-538. DUPUIS, P. 1918. Notes concernant les polyplacophores (suite). Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 24: 525-533. HoDGKiN, E. P. and C. Michel. 1963. Zonation of plants and ani- mals on rocky shores of Mauritius. Proc. Roy. Soc. Arts Sci. Mauritius, 2: 121-145, 2 tables, figs., pi. 4. Iredale, T. & A. F. B. Hull. 1932. The loricates of the Neozelanic region [con't.]. Australian Zoologist, 7: 119-164, pis. 7-10. Kaas, p. 1954. Report on a collection of Loricata from Manora Island, Karachi, with descriptions of three new species and a new variety. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 33 (1) : 1-9, 14 figs. Lelouf, E. 1942. Contribution a la connaissance des polyplaco- phores, I. Famille Mopaliidae Pilsbry 1892. Mem. Mus. Roy. Hist. Belgique, 2nd ser., no. 25, 64 pp., 6 pis. Lelouf, E. 1955. A pi-opos de Chiton heterodon (Pilsbry, 1892) et de Chiton peregrimis Thiele, 1910. Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, 31 (42), 7 pp., 3 figs. Martens, E. von. 1880. Mollusken. [in] K. Mobius, Beitrage zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen, pp. 179- 352, pis. 19-22. Pilsbry, H. A. 1892-1894. Polyplacophora. Manual of Conchology, 14, i-xxxiv 350 pp.; 15, pp. 1-333, pis. 1-17. QuoY, J. R. C. and J. P. Gaimard. 1835. Mollusques. Voyage de r Astrolabe (ZooL), 3: 1-644, 93 pis. SoWERBY, G. B. 1840a. A catalogue of the Recent species of chitons. Conchological Illustrations, 10 j)))., 26 pis. SoWERBY, G. B. 1840b. Descriptions of some new chitons. Charles- worth's Mag. Nat. Hist., (n. s.) 4: 287-294 [refers to figures in Conch. Illust.]. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 251 TiiiKLK, J. 1893. Polyplacophcia. [in] F. H. Troschel, Das Gebiss del- Schnecken, 2: 353-401, pis. 30-32. Thiele, J. 1909-1910. Revision des Systems der Chitonen. Zoo- log-ica, 22: (I) 1-70, pis. l-C (1!)()!)) ; (II) 71-132, p.ls. 7-10 (1910). WixCKWORTH, R. 1927. New species of chitons from Aden and South India. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 17: 206-208, ids. 28, 29. WlNCKWORTH, R. 1930. Desci'iption of a new Chiton from Kara- chi. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 19: 78-80, ;)1. 8b. Book Review Thorson, Gunnar. 1971. Life in the Sea. World Uni- versity Library, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, To- ronto, 256 pp., numerous illustrations. $2.45. This beautifully illustrated book was designed to intro- duce the non-professional reader to some of the fascinating aspects of marine life. The book outlines the basic concepts of marine biology and makes them vivid through the in- clusion of numerous intriguing examples. Part I of the book, after a brief discussion of the physical and chemical nature of the oceans, gives a very general account of the various kinds of plants and animals which make up the plankton, nekton and benthos. There is also a discussion of the various light zones and the communities which typify them. Part II is a more detailed discussion of the different habitats found in the ocean, from the supralittoral to the deep-sea benthic. Here the animals and plants of the various ecologic communities are discussed in more detail ; the behavior and interactions of species are also described. Throughout the book, classic experiments which resolved important questions are included to give the reader an insight into the nature of scientific research. In addition to the interesting and smoothly reading text, Dr. Thorson has included numerous informative photographs, figures and diagrams. This book does not pretend to pi'ovide a systematic and complete account of ocean life. General invertebrate tax- onomy is largely ignored; although binomial nomenclature 252 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS is used consistently, higher scientific taxa, including phyla, are for the most part omitted. For example, when dis- cussing arrow worms, the phylum Chaetognatha is never mentioned. An appendix with a basic classification scheme would have been helpful for those interested in the phylo- genetic relationships among the invertebrates. The scope of the book is broad, and by necessity cover- age of many areas is superficial. Yet these limitations did not prevent Dr. Thorson from creating a book which will stimulate the student to further explore the realm of marine biology. — N. Knowlton JUN291973 UAQ\/ARD Occasional Papers On Mollusks Published by The Department of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univei'sity Cambridge, Massachusetts VOLUME 3 JUNE 29, 1973 NUMBER 45 MONOGRAPH OF CERATODISCUS (ARCHAEOGASTROPODA; HELTCINIDAE) By Kenneth J. Boss and Morris K. Jacobson Abstract. Three species, one each from Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, are recogTiized in the helicinid genus Ceratodiscus. All are minute, have an unique operculum and the unusual habit of cover- ing the shell with a bicarinate incrustation. These characters are considered sufficient to place the g-enus in a separate subfamily, the Ceratodiscinae. Introduction The present paper constitutes one of a series of mono- graphs on the helicinid groups of Cuba. Previous revisions covered the genera : Viana, Priotrochatella, Emoda, Glypte- Tnoda, Calidviana, Ustronia, Troschelviana, Semitrochatella, and Alcadia (Clench and Jacobson, 1968; 1970; 1971 a & b; Boss and Jacobson, in press). In the case of Ceratodis- cus, so few species are known in the West Indies and only one in Cuba, that it was decided to revise the entire group. Six nominal specific-level taxa have been assigned to Ceratodiscus. Our study indicates that only 3 very closely related species can be recognized. The Cuban C. minimus is distributed in the eastern provinces, Camagiiey and Oriente. The Hispaniolan species, C. solutus, the type-spe- cies of the genus lives in western Santo Domingo, Haiti 253 254 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS and the off-shore islands of Tortuga and Beata. Ceratodis- ciis portoricanus occurs principally in the western part of the island of Puerto Rico. This relict pattern may be in- terpreted as indicating the close zoogeographical relation- ship of the three larger Greater Antilles. Although there is no available fossil evidence to explain the phylogenetic derivation of the species of Ceratodiscus, the present day distribution suggests that Hispaniola may have formed the population center from whence inhmnus and portoricanus were derived. Immature specimens of C. solutus approach the Cuban and Puerto Rican species in being largely adnate, having a much shorter portion of the last whorl solute. Acknowledgments We gratefuly acknowledge the kindness of Drs. Robert Robertson of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, Joseph Rosewater of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C, Henry van der Schalie of the Museum of Zoology in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Alan Solem of the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois, who readily made avail- able critical specimens of Ceratodiscus from the collections in their institutions. Dr. R. D. Turner and Mr. R. I. John- son critically read the manuscript. Abbreviations ANSP — Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia MCZ — Museum of Comparative Zoology UMMZ — University of Michigan Museum of Zoology USNM — National Museum of Natural History Historical Remarks The earliest known Ceratodiscus was described as Cyclo- tus 'minimus by Pfeiffer (1859) who, with some hesitation, placed it in the Cyclophoridae. He averred that the sys- tematic assignation of the species was questionable in that the nature of the operculum actually excluded it from the true Cyclostomatidae (= Cyclophoridae). Later with the discovery of fresh specimens, Pfeiffer and Gundlach (1860) noted the unusual habit exhibited by this species, namely OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 255 the formation of an adhering black incrustation which covers the shell and imparts a bicarinate appearance to its outline. He still maintained that the generic relations of the species were "rathselhaft". Later, minimus was referred to Crocidopoma, a subgenus of Aperostoma in the Cyclophoridae (Kobelt and Mollen- dorff, 1897; Kobelt, 1902), a placement which has subse- quently proven to be incorrect. It is probable that Kobelt's (1902) inclusion of C. minimus in the Cyclophoridae occa- sioned the omission of Ceratodiscus in the large mono- graph of the Helicinidae by Wagner (1907-1908). The name Ceratodiscus^ was introduced by Simpson and Henderson (1901) for their new species solutus from Haiti. They made no statement to justify the erection of a new genus and did not compare it with known fomis, but they remarked that it was probably referable to the Cyclotidae (= Cyclophoridae). Further, none of their specimens of C. solutus had an operculum so the unusual nature of that structure, so characteristic of the genus, remained for them unknown. Subsequently in his description of Ceratodiscus ramsdeni, the original material of which also lacked an operculum, Pilsbry (1914) placed the genus in the Cyclophoridae. He remarked too that the species, ramsdeni and solutus, bore a close relationship to "Cyclotns" minimus. It was Thiele (1927) who recognized the true familial relationship of C ei atodiscus , placing the group in close conjunction with Stoastoma C. B. Adams in the Helicinidae on the basis of the radula although he realized how unlike these genera are conchologically. Fui-ther, he pointed out that the distinctive operculum characterized Ce) atodiscus generically. Shortly following, Pilsbry (1927), on the basis of the peculiar operculum with the 'external' nucleus and the tubular whorls of the openly umbilicate shell, proposed the subfamily Ceratodiscinae for the genus and listed the 'Derived from the Greek keras, a horn, and diskoti, a quoit or disk; the generic name probably refers to the thick bicarinate inci-usting layer covering many specimens which gives a honied appearance to the shell when it is viewed from the aperture. 256 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS known species, including C. portoricanus which he and Vanatta (1927) had just described. Subsequently an in- sular population of C. soluhis was named as C. beatensis byBartsch (1932). Baker (1934) remarked on a possible relationship be- tween Fadyenia, Lucidella, and Ceratodiscus and later (1956) stated that they belonged to the same tribe. He was in accord with Pilsbry (1927) and utilized the group name Ceratodiscinae. Earlier, however, Aguayo and Jaume (1948) elevated the taxon to the family level, creating what ap- pears to be a monotypic Ceratodiscidae. Keen (1960), on the basis of similarities in the radula and maintaining a subfamilial rank, followed Baker (1956) and had the Ceratodiscinae include the genera Fadyenia Chitty 1857, — formerly associated with Stoastoma C. B. Adams — and Lucidella Swalnson, 1840. Keen's (1960) decision to unite the genera Fadyenia, Lucidella, and Ceratodiscus in the subfamily Ceratodiscinae should be re-examined. Anatomical or radular specimens were not available to us. Even though samples with oper- cula were carefuly prepared in sodium triphosphate, no radula was obtained. We are inclined, however, to recog- nize Ceratodiscus as an extremely unique helicinid, placing it in its own, monotypic group, the Ceratodiscinae. The tubular nature of the whorls, slight soluteness, the unusual external bicarinate deposit, and the unique operculum sep- arate Ceratodiscus from all known helicinids, and though there may be some radular similarities with Lucidella and Fadyenia as pointed out by Thiele (1927) and Baker (1934; 1956), that structure as noted subsequently is really im- perfectly and incompletely known. Further, zoogeographic considerations point out the uniqueness of Ceratodisciis vis- a-vis the genera which Baker related to it. Both Fadyenia and Lucidella are principally Jamaican with only a few, possibly introduced, species on other West Indian islands ; Ceratodiscus itself does not occur on Jamaica. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 257 Radula Part of the radula of C. minimus Pfeiffer was figured by Thiele (1927). It shows a squarish central rachidian tooth and progressively wider A-, B-, and C- centrals, with 2, 4, and 6 cusps respectively. The large capituliform lateral complex consists of 2 parts : a large comb-lateral with a low terminal shank and 7 strong cusps, and a trapezoidal accessory plate with a larger and smaller wing. Thus, ac- cording to the definitions of Baker (1922) and the nomen- clature of Boss and Jacobson (in press), Ceratodiscus has a typically helicinine radula with a modified R-central tooth and accessory plate. The uncinals of the marginal complex were not figured by Thiele and should be investigated. Thiele (1927) concluded that Ceratodiscus was related to Stoastoma and certainly not a cyclophorid. Pilsbry (1927) felt that the radula resembled that of Lucidella as figured by Baker (1922), which it most surely does. On the basis of what is known about the radula, Fadyenia, Lucidella, and Ceratodiscus are more closely related to each other than to other helicinids. But as we have suggested earlier, Ceratodiscus itself is exceptionally distinguished on other grounds. Operculum Pfeififer (1859) noted something of the nature of the operculum in C. lyiinimus : "As can be seen in the accompanying figure, the opercu- lum is most unique. It apparently has no spiral structure; instead there is a series of striae grouped around a lateral nucleus much as in the case of the bivalves." Later, Pilsbry (1914: 133-134) described the operculum of C. minimus as being extremely peculiar : "The nucleus is at the external border. A smooth, wedge-shaped area radiates toward the columellar margin and the area above and below this are lamel- lose, the lamellae at right angles to the sides of the median wedge. This is quite unlike all known genera of the region." 258 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Subsequently, Thiele (1927: 156, pi. 9, figs. 5 and 6) discussed and figured the operculum: "Pfeiffer reports that this operculum is without a dis- tinct spiral structure. I have examined it and found it to be entirely without any sign of a spiral. Instead it has a marginal nucleus from which growth proceeds directly to- ward the opposing side. The operculum consists of two layers : the outer stronger layer is somewhat lamellar ; the thin, calcareous inner layer is glossy brown in the region of the nucleus, with a white triangular field on the opposite side some distance away." In reviewing Thiele's paper, Pilsbry (1927) restated that the nucleus of the operculum of Ceratodiscus was external. Text-fig. 1. The operculum of Ceratodiscus portoricanus Pilsbry and Vanatta 1927. Diameter of shell, 3.0 mm, noilh of Corozal, Puerto Rico, UMMZ 197310. Drawn by W. Baranowski. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 259 The almost perfectly circular operculum in Ceratodiscus is truly unique and very unusual. The lateral nucleus is located on the outer margin of the operculum rather than on the columellar margin ; thus, Pilsbry's observations were correct and those of Thiele reversed. Hov^ever, it is quite difficult to observe the arrangement of layers in the oper- culum. In specimens of C. minimus with a bicarinate in- crustation, the operculum is thickly covered externally by a matted, probably mucoid, layer similar to the incrusta- tion. The operculum itself consists of a corneus internal disk upon which is raised a calcareous wedge coextensive with a thin, somewhat latticed, shelly layer, having the nucleus laterally. Text-figure 1 shows the operculum of C. 'portoricamis without the incrusting external layer. The structure is essentially the same as in C. minimus. The internal layer is made of a brownish, almost transparent horny material, which serves as a base for the subcircular disk of the calcareous layer and its elevated tongue-like wedge (Text-figure 2). We suggest that this unusual operculum, particularly its wedge-shaped calcareous structure, is in some way related to the formation of the external bicarinate incrustation on the shell. Perhaps the wedge of the operculum directs mucoid strands with embedded feces or soil from the body or foot of the snail to their position on the whorls of the shell. m. Text fig. 2. Diagrammatic cross-section of the operculum of Cera^ todiscus. A. Outer incrusting layer. B. Raised calcareous wedge. C. Calcareous layer. D. Internal layer of transparent corneus mate- rial. Drawn by W. Baranowski. 260 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Family HELICINIDAE Latreille, 1825 Subfamily CERATODISCINAE Pilsbry, 1927 Genus Ceratodiscus Simpson & Henderson Ceratodiscus Simpson & Henderson, 1901. Nautilus, 15 : 73 (type-species by monotypy, Ceratodiscus solidus Simp- son & Henderson, 1901 [Haiti] ) ; Thiele, 1929. Handbuch systematischen Weichtierkunde 1 : 89-90, figs, 62-64 ; Wenz, 1938. Gastropoda [in] Schindewolf, Handbuch Palaozoo- logie, p. 447, fig. 1112. Description. Shell small, 2 to 6 mm in diameter, dis- coidal, umbilicus large, whorls few, tubular, last whorl strongly or weakly solute, surface sculpture weak, shell often incrusted with bicarinate layer in life; aperture sub- circular sometimes flattened at inner margin; operculum unique, with nucleus at outer margin, consisting of exter- nal calcareous wedge-shaped portion and internal circular corneous material ; periostracum thin, deciduous, with spi- ral and/or axial periostracal ridges. Remarks. Many specimens of all three species dis- cussed in this report are thickly covered with a thick, black or dark brown bicarinate incrustation, under which the periostracal ridges are well preserved. In specimens where this layer is wanting, the ridges are weak or absent, re- vealing a more or less smooth shell surface, provided only with minute incremental lines and occasional spiral striae. The material of the incrustation was thought to be fecal by Pfeiflfer (1869: 446) and mere soil by van der Schalie (1948). Pilsbry (1914) stated that it is held in place by mucus. Among other helicinids that also tend to incrust their shells, often with pseudosculpture, are some genera of the tribe Vianini (Clench & Jacobson, 1971 b). From close examination of museum lots, it would appear that not all living specimens of Ceratodiscus bear this incrustation. Evidently it may be associated with definite habitat condi- tions such as reported by Arango (1879). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 261 As a conchological feature, reabsorption of shelly inter- nal partitions is a characteristic of the Helicinidae (Bland, 1858). Pilsbry (1914) noted this condition in Ceratodiscw^. Key to the species of Ceratodiscus 1. Body whorl widely solute; Hispaniola solutus Body whorl not widely solute 2 2. Shell briefly solute, with comparatively closely spaced spiral striae; Cuba . . . minimus Shell appearing briefly solute, but with last whorl min- utely tangential to penultimate; spiral striae some- what more widely spaced; Puerto Rico . j^ortoricanus Ceratodiscus solutus Simpson & Henderson Plate 45, figs. 1-6; Map 1. Ceratodiscus solutus Simpson & Henderson, 1901. Nau- tilus, 15: 73, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2 (type-locality, La Ferriere, elevation 2,000 feet, northern Haiti; holotype, USNM 490058). Ceratodiscus beatensis Bartsch, 1932. Proc. U. S. Na- tional Mus. 81 (6) : 5-6, pi. 2, figs. 1-3 (type-locality, Beata Island, off Beata Point, southern coast of Haiti ; holotype USNM 403923). Description. Shell reaching nearly 6 mm in diameter, planiform, moderately strong. Whorls little more than 4, tube-shaped, rapidly increasing in size, last whorl more than twice width of penultimate and strongly solute for about 1/3 of its length and slightly deflected terminally; faintly grooved on inner side of solute portion. Color white under a thin, corneus periostracum. Spire depressed, sunk below the level of the body whorl. Aperture slightly oblique, subcircular, columellar margin only slightly flattened; lip thin, entire, barely flaring. Suture well impressed. Surface sculpture of numerous regular, extremely fine, closely set spiral striae. Fine regular growth lines frequently devel- oped to coarse incremental lines. Protoconch about 1 whorl, 262 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS smooth, rounded, slightly elevated over earliest portion of teleoconch but sunken below the level of the later whorls. Periostracum glossy, greenish yellow, thin, deciduous, with irregular, low, widely spaced axial and spiral ridges, gen- erally confined to the early teleoconch. Umbilical area wide, deep, showing all the whorls; operculum not observed. Greater Lesser Height Diameter Diameter 1.9 mm 5.6 mm 4.4 mm Bahoruco Mts., Santo Domingo 1.6 5.3 3.4 39.8 mi. S of Cap Haitien, Haiti 1.4 3.9 3.1 Saint Raphael, Haiti 1.2 4.6 3.3 La Ferriere, Haiti Remarks. In contrast to the Cuban and Puerto Rican species of Ceratodiscus, C. solutus is distinguished by its greatly solute last whorl, its almost perfectly discoid shape, and its rounded, ovoid aperture. The finely reticulated sculpture reported and illustrated by Simpson and Henderson (1901) is principally periostra- cal. The sculpture itself is very difficult to detect, and in specimens where the periostracum has been lost, it is ab- sent. Unfortunately none of the available samples possessed an operculum or the strong bicarinate incrustation of for- eign matter adhering to the shell. Among variable conchological characteristics is the color of the periostracum which may be greenish yellow or pale reddish brown. Perhaps environmental factors, for ex- ample, the iron oxide content of the soil, contribute to this phenotypic variation. The degree of deflection of the solute whorl is also variable. An adult gerontic feature, the solute whorl usually separates from the penultimate to maintain a symmetrically discoid shape; however, occasional speci- mens show some ventral deflection of the solute whorl. Of historical interest is the fact that Pilsbry (1914) called the tendency to form a solute whorl a "phylogerontic" feature, a characteristic of aged forms which reflected their phylo- genetic degeneracy. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 263 Isolation has evidently facilitated the development of cer- tain geographically distinct populations of C. solutus with distinct phenotypic features. In the Bahoruco Mountains of southwestern Santo Domingo, shells of the species become comparatively larger in size but without a concomitant in- crease in the degree of soluteness of the last whorl. Speci- mens from Beata Island, off the south coast of central His- paniola, tend toward stuntedness and are somewhat smaller ; Bartsch (1932) named this population beatensis. Since the samples available are too few in number and usually in relatively poor condition, we find that there is insufficient evidence to justify the recognition of these populations, even as subspecies. Moreover, the known range of phenotypic variation in C. solutus encompasses the extremes exhibited in such isolates. Map 1. The distribution of Ceratodiscus solutus Simpson and Hen- derson. The ecological conditions preferred by C. solutus are really unknown since of the available samples, all lack an operculum and were, therefore, apparently not collected alive. The species may be montane since several lots were taken from altitudes of 2000-2500 feet or it may live at virtually sea-level elevations as indicated by its occurrence on Beata and Tortuga Islands. Several field labels show 264 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS that samples were collected on or in crevices of limestone rock while the original specimens described by Simpson and Henderson (1901) were found on a talus of red clay along a roadside. Specimens examined (Map 1) : HISPANIOLA: HAITI: Point Macon, He de la Tortue; 39.8 mi. S of Cap Haitien, Dept. du Nord; La Ferriere (The Citadel), Le Bonnet a I'Eveque, Dept. du Nord; Saint-Raphael, Massif du Nord, Dept. du Nord; Ennery-Plaisance Road, Massif du Nord, Dept. du Nord. SANTO DOMINGO : Bahoruco Mts., 2500 ft., one hour's walk W from Maniel Viejo (18'04°N; 71'18°W), Prov. de Bahoruco; Beata Island, off Beata Point, Prov. de Pedernales (all USNM). Ceratodiscus minimus (Pfeiffer) Plate 46, figs. 1-6 ; Plate 47, figs. 1-7 ; Map 2. Cyclotus (?) mw/m?is "Gundlach" Pfeiffer, 1859. Malak. Blatt. 6 : 68 (type-locality, Monte Toro [Oriente] ; holotype 5 X 4 X 1.5 mm, destroyed ; paratype, MCZ 86794, Yunque de Baracoa, ex (Gundlach) ; 1860. ibid. 7: 26, Yarabo and foot of Yunque on decayed branches, palm-leaves, etc.) ; 1865. Monographia Pneumonopomorum Viventium, suppl. 2, p. 16 ; 1869. Novitates Conchologicae, 3 : 495 pi. 98, figs. 21-24; Arango, 1879. Contribucion Fauna Malacologica Cubana, p. 36. Neocyclotus minimus (Pfeiffer). Kobelt and Mollendorff 1897. Nachrbl. Deutsch. malak. Gesell., 29 : 137. Crocidopoma minimum (Pfeiffer). Kobelt, 1902. Das Tierreich, Cyclophoridae, p. 260. Ceratodiscus minimus (Pfeiffer). Thiele, 1927, Arch. Moll. 59: 157, pi. 9, figs. 3-7; Pilsbry, 1927, Nautilus, 41: 63. Ceratodiscus ramsdeni Pilsbry, 1914. Nautilus 27: 134; ibid. 28: pi. 1, figs. 6-8 (type-locality, San Carlos Estate, Guantanamo, Oriente; holotype, ANSP 117479a). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 265 Ceratodiscns camagueyanus Torre MS [m] Aguayo y Jaume, 1948, Catalogo Moliiscos de Cuba, no. 301, El Zon- jon de Sibanicu, Camagiiey, nomen nudum. Descnption. Shell reaching 4 mm in diameter, plani- form, moderately strong, smooth. Whorls almost 4, tube- like, rapidly increasing in size, the last whorl about twice as wide as the penultimate, body whorl well rounded, very shortly solute (about 0.6 mm), not deflected. Color pale buff under a thin, straw-colored periostracum ; protoconch and early teleoconch glassy, white. Spire not raised above the first postnuclear whorls and lower than the surface of the last two whorls. Aperture little oblique, subcircular, widely flattened at columellar margin, with a rather wide, shallow groove extending along the columellar side of the solute por- tion. Peristome thin, entire, slightly flaring. Suture strong- ly impressed except in the early teleoconch. Sculpture of extremely fine rather widely spaced, spiral striae; irreg- ular incremental lines evident, frequently strongest and most noticeable on the last whorl. Protoconch 1 whorl, rounded, glassy, smooth, faintly and microscopically punc- tate, variably raised above the early postnuclear whorls. Periostracum thin, glassy, light straw-colored or greenish yellow, occasionally with several low spiral ridges. Opercu- lum as in genus. Umbilicus wide, about 1/3 of base, deep, showing all the whorls. Lesser Greater Height Diameter Diameter 1.3 mm 3.0 mm 4.0 mm Loma Santa Cruz, near Senado, Camagiiey 1.2 3.7 3.9 Yunque de Baracoa, Oriente 1.0 2.8 3.6 Camayen, Sta. Lucia, Oriente 1.1 2.5 3.4 Guaso, near Monte Libano, Oriente 1.0 2.4 3.0 San Carlo Estate. Guantanamo Oriente 266 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Reinarks. Ceratodiscus minimus is most easily confused with C. portoricanus from which it may be distinguished by its last whoii which is partially solute. From the His- paniolan C. solutus, C. minimus is separated by its only partially solute last whorl, its aperture which is flattened along the columellar margin and its subplaniform shape. Some clinal variation is apparent in C. minimus. Speci- mens in the vicinity of Guantanamo in southern Oriente are somewhat smaller than average while those in Cama- giiey at the western extremity of the range tend to be larger than average. Both extremes have been described or named. Pilsbry (1914) established C. ramsdeni on small specimens from the San Carlos Estate outside Guantanamo which exhibited spiral sculpture only on the first neanic whorl. The exceptionally minute, finely striate sculpture of C. minimus is highly variable, most frequently noted in the periostracum, and variously expressed on the surface of the shell — not a feature of specific or diagnostic impor- tance. Aguayo and Jaume (1948) listed a MS name of Torre for specimens from El Zonjon de Sibanicu in north central Camagtiey. Although we have not seen this sample which is presumably in the Museo Poey in Havana, we assumed it may be similar to specimens from nearby Loma Santa Cruz, Senado which attain 4 mm in diameter. Ecological data concerning C. minimus are rare. With apparently a considerable range tolerance to altitude, the species is a ground dweller, most frequently associated with decaying vegetation. Pfeiff'er (1860: 26) noted the species was found on decayed branches and palm leaves while Arango (1879: 36) remarked that C. mhiimus was found among dead leaves and rotted tree trunks covered with moss. Some specimens are heavily overlaid with a bicari- nate black incrustation, peculiar to the genus and noted by earlier workers (Pfeiffer, 1869; Pilsbry, 1914). The na- ture of this incrustation and its relation to the operculum are discussed in the Introduction and the Remarks under the genus. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 267 Pfeiffer (1859: 68) transcribed Gundlach's notes on the animal as follows : "The animal itself resembles a Heliciyia. The head is not lengthened anteriorly, but rather bifid, the forehead very oblique with weak oblique ridges as in Megalostoma; the tentacles are very elongated, barely diminishing [in width] except suddenly at the very tip; eyes at the outer base not resting on nodules ; foot long and flat as in Helicina with blunt extremity; body furrowed, whitish, tentacles blackish." Map 2. The 4istrihntion oi Ceratodiscus minimus (Pfeiffer). Specimens examined (Map 2). CUBA: CAMActJEY: Loma Santa Cruz, near Senado (USNM) ; El Zonjon de Sibanicu (cited in Aguayo and Jaume, 1948). oriente: 2 km N of Unas, 15 km NW of Holguin; Loma, 4 km S of Unas, 12 1/2 km NW of Holguin; Loma de la Loma Pichin, El Yayal, Holguin; Caiiada, Jagiieyes, Holguin; Loma del Key, Baguanos, Holguin (all MCZ) ; Santa Lucia Hill; Camayen, St. Lucia (both USNM) ; Nipi Hills, Tibisi near Miranda; Cayo del Rey, c. 30 mi. from Miranda; Mercedes Valley, Miranda; mogote 8 km SE of Miranda; Arroyo de Agua near Miranda; Peloncito Hill, Ensenada de Mora; near summit Ensenada de Mora (all ANSP) ; Yunque de Bara- coa (MCZ) ; Rio Guaso, near Monte Libano; San Carlos Estate, near Guantanamo (both USNM) ; Canastus, Guan- tanamo (MCZ). 268 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Ceratodiscus portoricanus Filsbry & Vanatta Plate 48, figs. 1-8 ; Map 3 Ceratodiscus portoricanus Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1927. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 79: 21, text figure (type-lo- cality, Montoso, 2624 feet. Division of Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, type ANSP 141925) ; van der Schalie, 1948. Land Freshwater Mollusks Puerto Rico, Misc. Publ., Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 70, p. 24, pi. 1, figs. 8a-c. Dcsoiption. Shell 3 to 4 mm in diameter, planiform, fragile, translucent, smooth. Whorls 4 1/2, well rounded, increasing rapidly, body whorl more than twice as wide as penultimate, extremely shortly solute, if at all, and slightly descending. Color glassy white under thin straw-colored periostracum, with opaque white axial streaks. Spire de- pressed, sunken below level of body whorl. Aperture slight- ly oblique, subcircular, flattened at inner lip. Peristome thin, entire, barely flaring. Suture strongly impressed. Sculpture of weak, regularly spaced axial threads, as wide as their interspaces, and deeper, widely spaced spiral grooves as in some species of Retinella; irregular incre- mental lines strongest on last whorl. Protoconch 1 whorl, rounded, unmarked except for surface pebbling, the spiral threads usually appearing at the third whorl of the teleo- conch. Periostracum very thin, pale horn color, with widely spaced low spiral ridges, especially noticeable on the base; some specimens have a thick, broken, dark brown incrusta- tion ; umbilicus very wide and deep showing all the whorls ; operculum as in genus. west of Rio Arecibo, Arecibo Distirct east of Rio Arecibo, Arecibo District Cerro Gordo, Aguadillo District Cerro El Gigante, Ponce District Remarks. Ceratodiscus portoricanus is very similar to the Cuban C. minimus. The last whorl in portoricanus is Height Diameter 1.3 mm 4.4 mm 1.4 4.0 1.1 3.7 1.5 4.0 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 269 virtually never truly solute, the columellar wall of the peri- stome remaining tangential to the penultimate whorl. In minimus the last whorl is definitely free, being distinctly separated from the penultimate whorl. Other distinguish- ing features are very difficult to discern. The spiral striae in the sculpture in portoricanus are more widely spaced than those in minimus (compare Plate 48, fig. 4 with Plate 47, fig. 7). Restricted to Puerto Rico, C. portoricanus is most com- mon in the western half of the island, where van der Schalie (1948) documented its occurrence. Examination of the series collected by him shows that C. portoricanus is the least variable of the known members of the genus. The ex- tremely fine spiral striations are apparent on most speci- mens as is the glassy protoconch. Somewhat strengthened incremental axial lines, particularly on the last whorl may be indicative of seasonal alterations in growth. The oper- culum, when present, is usually not covered by the heavy incrustations which are found in minimus. Living speci- mens, as remarked by van der Schalie (1948), usually have soil attached to the shell giving the whorls a bicarinate appearance. Certainly the amount of adhering material is variable, for many specimens have simple irregular patches of dirt scattered over the shell or imbedded in the sutures. Plate 48, figs. 7 & 8, illustrates a specimen with a well de- veloped bicarinate coat of dirt firmly cemented on the sh'fell, probably, as has been suggested in the Introduction, with mucus secreted from the foot and directed by the opercu- lum. Very little is known of the ecological conditions pre- ferred by Ceratodiscus portoricanus. It is found both in higher altitudes, the type-series coming from the summit of Montoso at over 2600 feet, and near sea level, at which it has been found near the mouth of Rio Guajataca. There is some indication that, as to be expected, limestone out- crops form suitable habitats as do moist areas, such as river banks. 270 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Pilsbiy and Vanatta (1927) indicated that the "imma- ture" depressed Cydotus from Caguana, near Utuado, men- tioned by Martens (1877) is probably C. 2>orio?-/ca?z?(s. Specimens examined. (Map 3). PUERTO Rico: aguadilla district: Cerro Gordo; mouth of Rio Guajataca; Pico Mon- toso (all ANSP) ; 12 km S of Quebradillas on Road 34; moist hillside at km 24 on Road 18 from Arecibo to Lares ; about 3 km SE of San Sebastian on Road 8 (all UMMZ). MAYAGUEZ DISTRICT : km 2 S of San German on Road 39 to Lajas (UMMZ). arecibo district: Rio Arecibo (ANSP) ; 6.9 km W of Morovis (USNM) ; outcrop along road to Utuado, 17 km S of Arecibo, limestone just S of Guajataca Forestry station, 15 km S of Arecibo; S bank of Manati River, 9 km S of Manati; limestone knoll SE of Vega Baja, 1 km S on road to Morovis; 11-12 km SE of Vega Baja on road to Morovis; limestone outcrops in cafetal 5 km E of Morovis (all UMMZ). PONCE district: Ad juntas; Cerro El Gigante (both ANSP) ; km 21 on road from Ponce to Adjuntas; Finca Pagan, limestone knoll across valley, 19 km NW of Ponce (both UMMZ). San Juan District: river- bank, N of Corozal (UMMZ). Map 3. The disti-ibution of Ceratodisciis portoricanus Pilsbry and Vanatta, modified after van der Schalie, 1948. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 271 Bibliography Aguayo, C. G. and M. L. Jaume. 1948. Catalog-o moluscos de Cuba, No. 301. Arango y Molina, R. 1878-1880. Contribucion a la fauna malaco- logica cubana. Havana, 380 + 35 pp. Baker, H. B. 1922. Notes on the radula of the Helicinidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 74 : 29-67, pis. 3-7. 1934. Jamaican land snails. Nautilus, 48: 6-14, pi. 2. 1956. Familial names for land operculates. Nautilus 70: 28-31. Bartsch, p. 1932. A newly discovered West Indian mollusk fau- nula. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 81(6): 1-12, pis. 1-3. Bland, T. 1858. On the absorption of parts of the internal struc- ture of their shells by the animals of Stoastoma, Lucidella, Trockatella, Helicina and Proserpina. Ann. Lye. Nat Hist. New York 6: 75-77. Boss, K. J. AND M. K. Jacobson. in press. Monograph of the g-enus Alcadia in Cuba (MoUusca: Prosobranchia : Helicinidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Clench, W. J. and M. K. Jacobson. 1968. Monograph of the Cuban genus Viana. Breviora, no, 298, 25 pp., 4 pis., 5 maps. 1970. The genus Priotrochatella of the Isle of Pines and Jamaica. Occ. Papers Moll., Harvard Univ., 3(39): 61-80, pis. 17-20, 1 map. 1971a. Monograph of the Cuban genera Emoda and Glyptemoda. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 141(7) : 99-130, 7 pis. 1971b. A monogi-aph of the genera Calidviana, Ustronia, Troschelviana, and SemitrochateUa in Cuba. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 141(7): 403-463, 8 pis., 3 figs. 272 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Keen, M. 1960. Helicinacea [in] Treatise on Invertebrate Paleon- tology, Univ. of Kansas Press, Mollusca 1, pp. 285-288, figs. 186- 187. KoBELT, WiLHELM. 1902. Cyclophoridae [in] Das Tierreich, ed. F. E. Schulze, Lieferung 16, Berlin. 39 + 662 pp., 110 figs., 1 map. KoBELT, W. AND 0. F. VON MoLLENDORFF. 1897. Catalog of Neocy- clotidae. Nachrbl. Deutsch. malakozool. Gesell. 29: 137-152. Martens, E. von. 1877. Land- und Siisswasser-Schnecken von Puertorico. Jahrb. Deutsch. malakozool. Gesell. 4 : 339-362. Pfeiffer, L. 1859. Zur Molluskenfauna der Insel Cuba. Malak. Blatt., 6: 66-102. 1867-1869. Novitates conchologicae, 3: 301-510, pis. 73-108. Pfeiffer, L. and J. Gundlach. 1860. Zur Molluskenfauna der Insel Cuba. Malak. Blatt., 7 : 9-32. Pilsbry, H. a. 1914. A new Cuban land operculate. Nautilus, 27(12) : 133-134; ibid. 28(1) : pi. 1, figs. 6-8, 1927. Note on the genus Ceratodiscus. ibid. 41(2) : 62-63. Simpson, C. T. and J. B, Henderson. 1901. A new land operculate from Haiti. Nautilus 15(7) : 73-74, pi. 5. Thiele, J. 1927. Ueber die Gattung Ceratodiscus. Arch. Moll., 59: 155-157, pi. 9, figs. 1-8. van der Schalie, H. 1948. The land and fresh-water mollusks of Puerto Rico. Misc. Pub., Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 70, 134 pp., 14 pis. frontis., 64 maps. Wagner, A. 1907-1908. Helicinacea [in] Martini and Chemnitz, Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Vol. 2, sect. 18, part 2, 391 pp., 70 pis. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 273 Plate 45 Ceratodiscus solutus Simpson and Henderson 1001 Figs. 1-3. Paiatype of Ceratodiscus solutus Simpson and Hender- son 1901, La Ferriere (The Citadel), Le Bonnet a I'Eveque, Dept. du Nord, Haiti, Hispaniola, 4.3 X 1.4mm, USNM 490059. Fig's. 4-6. Paratype of Ceratodiscus beatensis Bartsch 1932 (= C. solutus), Beata Island, Santo Domingo, 3.8 X 1.1 mm, USNM 403897. 274 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 46 Ceratodiscus minimits Pfeiffer 1859 Figs. 1-3. Paratype of Ceratodiscus minimus "Gundlach" Pfeiffer 1859, Yunque de Baracoa, Oriente, Cuba, 4.3 X 1.6 mm, MCZ 86794. Figs. 4-6. The same but with bioarinate incrustation still present, 4.6 X 1.7 mm. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 275 276 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 47 Ceratodiscus minimus Pfeiffer 1859 Figs. 1-3. Canastus, Guantanamo, Oriente, Cuba, 3.6 X 1-2 mm, MCZ 178311. Figs. 4-6. Paratype of Ceratodiscus ramsdeni Pilsbry 1914 (= C. minimics Pfeiffer 1859), San Carlos Estate, Guantanamo, Oriente, Cuba, 2.9 X 0.9 mm, USNM 490064. Fig. 7. Paratype of Ceratodiscus minimus Pfeiffer 1859, same specimen as in Plate 2 but sprayed with magnesium to show spiral striations. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 277 278 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 48 Ceratodiscus portoricavus Pilsbry and Vanatta 1927 Fig-s. 1-3. Finca Pagan, 19 km NW of Ponce, Puerto Rico, 3.8 X 1.1 mm, UMMZ 159067. Figs. 4-6. Km 21 on road from Ponce to Adjuntas, Puerto Rico, 4.0 X 1.2 mm, UMMZ 159063. Figs. 7-8. S of Guajataca Forestry Station, 15 km S of Arecibo, Puerto Rico, 3.0 X 0.9 mm, specimen sprayed with magnesium to show incrustation, UMMZ 159066. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 279 280 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Book Review Carrasco Franco, German. 1971. Arte Pre-Colom- biano de Mexico. Conchas y Caracoles. Lito Offset Fersa, Av. Central 212, Ciudad de Mexico. 23 pp. text and 48 colored plates. Shells frequently play an important role in the cultural, economic and religious life of human societies, and ethno- conchology is the study of mollusks in their anthropological context. This book provides an introduction to the use of shells by seven Indian societies in Mexico, including the Olmec, Mayan and Aztec peoples. The large colored plates portray specimens which have been employed as decorative ornaments and household utensils : trumpets of Strombus and Plevroploca, bracelets of olives, necklaces of margi- nellas, rings cut from Spondylns, spoons made from the giant Glijcymeris. Line-cut drawings accompany those figures which illustrate the fine sculpting on the shell sur- face by Indian artisans. Data on the cultural and geo- graphical origins as well as remarks on the technique of preparation are given for the samples. Unfortunately the exact provenance of each specimen is not provided. The author concludes that the various Indian cultures utilized living shallow water or intertidal bivalves or gas- tropods. Each culture preserved characteristic styles of artistry and availed itself of specimens from the nearest, most easily accessible marine environments. Spanish, French and English texts are provided. — K. J. Boss JUN291973 Occasional Papers On Mojfft?!!^,?^ Published by The Department of Mollusks Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts VOLUME 3 JUNE 29, 1973 NUMBER 46 DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROBIIDAE, A FAMILY OF FRESH AND BRACKISH WATER GASTROPODS, IN PENINSULAR FLORIDA By Richard I. Johnson Abstract : The distribution of the species of Hydrobiidae, a family of fresh and brackish water gastropods, of pen- insular Florida was re-examined. An alternate interpre- tation of the distributional data to that presented by Thompson (1968, The aquatic snails of the family Hydro- biidae of peninsular Florida. Univ. Fla. Press, Gaines- ville) is suggested. The peninsula is considered to be the region below the Suwannee River system in the west and the St. Marys River system in the east, since it is the area below these systems that was reduced to a number of islands during Wicomico flooding in the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, when the sea was 90 to 100 feet above the present level. With the exception of two species that may have had refugia on the islands, and one that may have speciated, it is argued that the re-emerged peninsula was invaded by species from the Southern Atlantic Slope and Apalachicolan regions. The peninsula remained connected throughout the Pleistocene but was inundated to a height of 25 to 30 feet during the Yarmouth interglacial when the Pamlico terrace was formed. The inability of some of the species in the older part of the peninsula to occupy it fully, 281 282 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS as well as the absence of many of them beyond the Pamlico terrace appear to add credence to evidence that the Pleis- tocene was of much shorter duration than formerly thought. A number of species, restricted to the Atlantic side of Pamlico terrace, which have not penetrated far south sug- gest that they are of recent continental origin, while others are obviously from the West Indies. It is suggested that from this fauna there appear to have evolved rapidly some 14 endemic species, mostly confined to individual springs, many near the edge of the Pamlico terrace. Acknowledgments Special thanks are extended to Dr. Kenneth J. Boss for his encouragement and interest in this paper. He kindly read the manuscript and made suggestions as did Drs. Ernest Mayr and Michael A. Rex. Dr. Ruth D. Turner also unselfishly aided me. The cost of the photographs was generously borne by the William F. Milton Fund, Harvard University. Introduction Peninsular Florida is an especially interesting area for the study of the speciation and distribution of certain groups of animals because the present peninsula, which is a component of a much larger unit, the Florida Plateau, has been subjected to numerous inundations by the sea. The Plateau is nearly level, the highest part (near Haines City, Polk County) being only 350 feet above the present sea level. Nearly two-thirds of the present peninsula is only 50 feet above sea level. The highest recognized marine shore line in peninsular Florida is at an altitude of from 215-270 feet (depending on the authority) above the present one. At the time that shore line was formed all of Florida was inundated except for several small islands in the vicinity of Polk County. Cooke (1945: 273, fig. 43) thought that this flooding, which formed the Brandy wine terrace (Citronelle formation in OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 283 the southeast), took place in the early Pleistocene during the Aftonian interglacial stage, but Alt and Brooks (1965: 408) concluded that flooding occurred during the Upper Miocene (Table 1.) Laessle (1968) later confirmed this dating with botanical evidence. It is not possible to tell if any of the present fresh water mollusks in the peninsula have persisted since this time. The highest Pleistocene shore line recognized by MacNeil (1950, pi. 1), the Okefenokee or Sunderland of Cooke (1945: 278, fig. 43) though not specifically recognized by Alt and Brooks (1965) or Alt (1968), was formed during the Pliocene when the sea was 150 feet higher than it is now. (See: PI. 49, Fig. 1). All that remained of the pen- insula was part of Trail Ridge, which formed a large, pear-shaped promontory in Bradford and Clay Counties; there were three irregular roughly parallel ridges in Polk and Highlands Counties in Central Florida ; high hills between Dade City and Brooksville, in Pasco and Hernando Counties became islands ; to the north numerous small hills stood above the 150 foot level; and a large expanse of rocks of the Hawthorne Formation formed an island farther north in Alachua County. The Wicomico Shore line (Cooke, 1945: 281, fig. 44) is the least sharply defined of the shores recognized by Mac- Neil, which might indicate that the sea stood at this level for a comparatively short time. (See PI. 49, Fig. 2) It was formed during the Pliocene (Alt, 1968: 92) when the sea level was 90 to 100 feet higher than at present. Florida was again reduced to a number of islands in Pasco, Hernando, Citrus, Sumter and Marion Counties. Hubbell (1954: 48, 49; 1956: 86) studying the flightless dung beetle genus, Mycotrupes, concluded, on zoogeographical evidence, that the five species that now live on "islands" of sandy plains or hills separated by marshes or other nonsandy habitats, evolved on actual islands in the interglacial seas and that some land areas persisted in Florida throughout the Pleistocene. Swift (1970: 325) said of a total primary freshwater fish fauna of 47 species that now inhabit either 284 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS the St. Johns or Suwannee Rivers or both, "Only three species of primary freshwater fishes apparently arose in south or central Florida" and supported the view of moderate Pleistocene flooding. Gilbert and Bailey (1972: 27) speak of the last unquestioned complete separation of peninsular Florida as occurring during the late Pliocene in their paper on the Cyprinid fish Notropsis emiliae. They suggest that the subspecies N. e. 'peninsularis evolved, as did the endemic peninsular [sub] species of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridamis (Bailey and Hubbs, 1949: 31, map 1), when Florida was an island. They men- tion that the former came into contact with the nominate subspecies in neighboring river systems to the north, the Suwannee and Ochlockonee to the north west and the St. Marys and Satilla to the north east. The hydrobiid, Amnicola dalli johnsoni Pilsbry may be a similar instance of contact with the nominate subspecies, A. dalli dalli (Pilsbry and Beecher) though the evidence is not conclusive. In the area of Wicomico flooding below the Suwannee River system in the west and the St. Marys River system in the east, Johnson (1972: 181) found 12 species of Unionidae, or fresh water mussels, belonging to 6 genera. Nine of the species appear to have spread into the peninsula after Wicomico flooding from the Apalachicolan region to the west and north where there are 49 species in 17 genera. Johnson (1970: 269) defined the Apalachicolan region as consisting of those rivers which flow into the Gulf of Mexico from the Escambia to the Suwannee, in- cluding the St. Marys and Satilla which enter the Atlantic directly, since their modest unionid faunas consist entirely of species found in the Apalachicolan region. One species, Elliptio huckleiji (Lea), may have persisted on the peninsula at least since the Pliocene,^ while another, 'Unio caloosa.(*nsis Dall (1895, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 3 (3) : 688, pi. 25, figs. 5, 12b found in the Pliocene marls of the Caloo- sahatchie River) is either E. buckleyi (Lea) or is closely related to it. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 285 Villosa amygala (Lea) may have derived from V. lieyiosa (Conrad) on one of the larger land masses. Thompson (1968: 15) on the basis of the distribution of 35 species of Floridian Hydrobiidae (the area from the St. Marks River system in the west to the St. Marys in the east as well as the peninsula is included) suggested that a peninsula persisted throughout the Pleistocene and refuted the marine origin of any terrace other than the Pamlico. My interpretation of his data, (with the excep- tion of Hyalopyrgiis brevissimiis (Pilsbry), H. aequico- sfat7is (Pilsbry), and possibly A7nnicola dalli johnsoni Pilsbry, that may have survived in refugia, or else spe- ciated on islands in the Wicomico sea) is that many of the species migrated into the peninsula after Wicomico flooding. A number of the species have not yet fully occu- pied the older part of the peninsula, nor penetrated beyond the Pamlico terrace. This distrbution suggests a rather recent repopulation of the older peninsula from the west and north, and casts doubt on the classical Quaternary time table. The Pleistocene is generally held to have con- sisted of four major glaciations each lasting approximately 100,000 years, separated by interglacials ranging in length from 100,000 to 300,000 years. Emiliani (1972), on the basis of oxygen isotopic analysis of Caribbean cores, sug- gested that the temperature cycles of the Quaternary were of much shorter duration than previously held. The limited penetration of certain Unionidae and Hydrobiidae in the peninsula appear to support his data. The Pamlico Shore line, the best preserved of the Pleisto- cene shores, was formed during the Yarmouth interglacial stage when the sea was 25-30 feet above the present level (See: PI. 49, Fig. 3). At this time, the shape of Florida was much as it is today, except that the peninsula was narrower and shorter, terminating near Lake Okeechobee. Off the southwestern end of the peninsula was a large oval island. A long, wide lagoon, including the present St. Johns River, extended southward from Orange Bluff on the St. Marys River to Sanford, and was separated from the open ocean by a chain of islands. 286 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS The shore extended much farther out on the Plateau as little as 11,000 years ago (See: PL 49, Fig. 4). At that time, it may have been easier for Hydrobiidae and Union- idae to disperse along a largely baseleveled coast (Adams, 1901), which may explain the presence of one unionid, Elliptio dariensis (Lea), in only the Altamaha and St. Johns river systems. The distribution of some species of Hydrobiidae, presently restricted to the ocean side of the Pamlico shore appears to offer striking evidence of recent repopulation. The presence of 14 endemic species, mostly confined to individual springs, many near the edge of the Pamlico shore, suggest rapid speciation. Re-interpretation of the Distribution of the Hydrobiidae of Peninsular Florida In a recent study of the family Hydrobiidae of penin- sular Florida, Thompson (1968: v) stated that the geo- graphical and ecological distributions of most of the species of these fresh and brackish water snails suggest that, "the peninsula of Florida was maintained as an emerged pen- insula since the Pliocene, and was not reduced to an island or archipelago as some biogeographers and geologists have proposed." This conclusion was based on his interpreta- tion of the distribution of 35 species of hydrobiids repre- senting 10 genera found on the Florida peninsula, which in his study, as previously stated, included the Suwannee and St. Marys river systems. These geographical limits were chosen, "because the molluscan fauna of the peninsula is different from that of the north and west and the im- portant transition occurs in the region of the neck of the peninsula." Although data on the species found in the Apalachicolan region west of the Suwannee River system or those of the Southern Atlantic Slope are scanty, information on the wider distribution of some of the genera is included in Thompson's study, which does not appear to support the OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 287 statement: "Ecological and geographical considerations argue against the possibility that these snails invaded the peninsula from the north since the proposed inundation." Thompson (1968: fig. 1) collected at a very comprehensive number of field stations. From these extensive data he produced a number of distributional maps, which when re-examined, support my interpretation that many of the hydrobiids have repopulated the peninsula since the Plio- cene inundation of 90 to 100 feet and some of them since the formation of the Pamlico shore during the Yarmouth interglacial stage. Thompson recognized 14 endemic species in 4 genera, confined for the most part to individual springs, (many of which are on the outer side of the Pamlico shore line). Unless these are ecophenotypic variants, they represent rapid speciation (PI. 52, PL 53, Figs. 1, 2). Other species, also confined to the ocean side of the Pamlico shore, (PI. 52, PI. 53, Figs. 1-2) must have arrived there from elsewhere when the land extended much farther out onto the continental shelf, or else they have speciated there rapidly. The lack of penetration of the central por- tion of the peninsula by many species that appear to have come from the west and north suggests that they arrived later than Thompson thought or that niches for their survival in this region are lacking. Thompson (1968: 14) correctly rejected the importance of the Aftonian flooding of Cooke, when the sea level was thought to have been some 250 feet higher, since this flooding is now considered to have occurred during the Upper Miocene (Alt and Brooks, 1965: 408) and probably has no relationship to the present fresh-water molluscan fauna. He also rejected the flooding to the 90-100 feet shore line. This, the Wicomico shore, (Plate 49, Fig. 2) was formerly thought to have been formed during the Sangamon interglacial stage, but is now regarded as Pliocene age (Table 1). Of Wicomico flooding Thompson (1968: 14) said: 288 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS A rise in sea level of 100 feet would be sufficient to separate central Florida from the mainland and to create a water- way through the Suwannee Straits and would have been sufficient to inundate all of the (present) important springs, sti-eams, and lakes of the Florida peninsula. The only water sysem that could have remained would have been small, landlocked lakes in sandy soil. He cited five arguments why the geological evidence of Aftonian flooding should be dismissed, based on his analy- sis of the distribution of the Hydrobiidae. It has already been suggested that this Miocene flooding (PI. 49, Fig. 1) has no bearing on the present fresh water molluscan fauna. Since Thompson also rejected Wicomico flooding his argu- ments are refuted with his denial of it in mind. 1. "The only species of hydrobiids found in Polk County at the present time is Amnicola johnsoni. If other species had resided here during the Aftonian interglacial there should be relict populations." PL 49, Fig. 2 shows that there were larger land masses than just Polk county in the Wicomico Sea. If Thompson's concept of A. dalli johnsoni is correct, it would appear that it became an endemic dur- ing its isolation on a land mass in the Pliocene and has come into contact with the nominate subspecies, as have some fishes (discussed on p. 284) in the Suwannee River system. Thompson (1968: 45) suggested that the genus Hyalo- pyrgus originated in Florida. The present distribution of H. brevissimiis and H. aequicostatus (PI. 53, Figs. 3, 4) indicate that they may have persisted on islands in the Wicomico Sea (PI. 49, Fig. 2). 2. "If the vagility of the snails was such that they could have immigrated into the peninsula since the Kansas glacia- tion, they should have been able to invade the more southern areas of the peninsula as it became exposed." The impli- cation of the distributional maps of a number of the species (Pis. 50, 51) is that they are of western or northern origin and, like Elliptio darierisis (Lea) (Johnson, 1972: 186), have entered Florida so recently that they have not had OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 289 time to spread more widely, or that niches for their sur- vival are lacking. "They should also have been able to move into other areas of the southeastern states." While there is no modern study of the hydrobiid mollusks of the southeastern states to corroborate this statement, it would be surprising if none of the Floridian species were found there. "Such a high degree of vagility would also preclude the genetic isolation and speciation that has occurred in Gincinyiatia and Aphaostracon." The genus Cincinnatia is widespread in the United States, C. fioridana is found in the Suwannee River system and central Florida and C. fraterna (PI. 51, Fig. 4) is found only on the ocean side of the Pamlico Terrace and must either be found on the Atlantic Slope or have speciated quickly. The remaining 8 species in these genera are endemic, usually limited to a single spring often either near the edge of the Pamlico Terrace, or on the ocean side of it. Aphaostracon has one species, A. hypohyaVma (PI. 51, Fig, 1) which is even more restricted than C. flo7idana (PI. 50, Fig. 2), being limited to the Suwannee River system. A. rhadinus (PI, 51, Fig. 1) has a distribution similar to C. fraterna (PI. 51, Fig. 4) on the northern ocean side of the Pamlico, and A. pachy- notus (PI. 53, Fig. 2) is essentially restricted to the lower Pamlico. All of these species appear to be recent arrivals. Four of the 6 endemic species occur close to the edge of the Pamlico Terrace. 3. "If the recent hydrobiids had immigrated from the north, they would have had to do so across a strait that extended through the present headwaters of the Suwannee River system and the St. Marys River system and to the highlands of Georgia to the north of the headwaters. This area of Georgia is nearly devoid of mollusks, especially hydrobiids, due to the acidic soils which result from the laterites and igneous bedrock that underlie this region. There is no reason to believe that the area would have been more hospitable to snails in the past." The geological evidence of an inundation of the sea during the Pliocene to a height of 90-100 feet above the present level, which 290 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS reduced peninsular Florida to a number of islands, is well established. The fact that the distribution of a number of hydrobiids is restricted to the northern and northeastern part of the peninsula might indicate that these species or their ancestors invaded the peninsula rather recently and have not yet widely spread. There is no evidence that the St. Marys and Satilla river systems have been bar- riers to the spread of some molluscan species. Elliptio daHensis (Lea) is found in both the Altamaha, an old river system, and the St. Johns, a system of recent origin as is Littoridinops te^iuipes (Cooper) (PI. 52, Fig. 2). As recently as 11,000 years ago the sea level was much lower than at present (Emery, 1967: 66) and it was probably easier for molluscan species to spread along the largely baseleveled continental shelf than it is today. This oppor- tunity must have occurred several times during glacial periods. 4. "If Cincinnatia, Hijalopijrgus, Aphaostracon, Spilo- chlamys, and NotogUlia, or ancestral forms, had migrated into the peninsula after the Aftonian Sea, it is not likely that they could have differentiated to the degree that they have in so short a time." It now appears that Florida has been an emerged peninsula since the early Pleistocene, but the inundation of the late Pliocene was considerable. Per- adventure the repopulation of the peninsula has been slow and is continuing. Enough endemic species of Cincinnatia and Aphaostra- con are found on the ocean side of the Pamlico Terrace to make the assumption of rapid speciation from congeners necessary. The two species of Hyalopyrgus (PL 53, Figs. 3, 4) indicate that they might be relicts. Spilochlamys conica (PI. 50, Fig. 4) is almost confined to the Apalachi- colan region, while S. gravis (PI. 50, Fig. 4) may be of Atlantic Slope origin. NotogUlia ivetherbyi (PI. 50, Fig. 3) appears to be a re-introduction from the Apalachicolan region. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 291 5. "If these forms evolved on the mainland, and mi- grated on to the peninsula, why should they not occur in their former ranges?" It has not been proven that they do not occur in their former ranges. It has been suggested here, on the geological and faunal evidence, that the Su- wannee River system was probably a refughmi for some species, and is, indeed, part of the former range of those species shown on Plate 50. Plates 51 ; 52 ; 53 ; Figs. 1-2 suggest that some species may occur in their former ranges. It might be found that others do, too, if the dis- tribution of the Atlantic Slope species was known. The plate captions of the distributional maps (Pis. 50-53) as modified after Thompson, contain data not repeated elsewhere in this paper. These maps seem to indicate that with the possible exception of Amnicola daUi johnsom and two species of Hycilopyrgiis, which may have survived or speciated on islands in the Wicomico sea, many have re- populated the peninsula since Wicomico flooding. Some species, found only on the ocean side of the Pamlico ter- race, appear to have arrived more recently than those on the inner side of the terrace. While the maps seem to indicate that many species have not yet had time to spread further, it is possible that unsuitable niches, and compe- tition from present incumbents, rather than time is the explanation of this distribution. A number of endemic species, mostly confined to individual springs, many near the edge of the Pamlico shore, suggest rapid speciation. Bibliography Adams, C. 1901. Baseleveling and its faunal sig-nificance, with illustrations from the Southeastern United States. American Naturalist, 35: 839-851, text figs. Alt, D. 1968. Pattern of Post-Miocene eustatic fluctation of sea level. Paleogeog., Paleoclim., Paleoecol., 5: 87-94. Alt, D. and H. K. Brooks. 1965. Age of Florida marine terraces Jour. Geol., 73: 406-411. Bailey, R. M., and C. L. Hubbs. 1949. The black basses (Microp- terus) of Florida with description of a new species. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 516: 1-40. 292 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Cooke, C. W. 1945. Geology of Florida. State of Florida, Dept. of Conservation, Tallahassee, Geol. Bull., 29: 1-339, 47 teXt figs., folding map. Emery, K. O. 1967. The Atlantic Continental Margin of the United States during the past 70 million years. Geol. Assoc. Canada, Special Paper, no. 4, pp. 53-70, 9 figs. Emiliani, C. 1972. Quaternary paleotemperatures and the dura- tion of tre high-temperature intervals. Science, 178: 398-401, Gilbert, C. R. and R. M. Bailey. 1972. Systematics and zoogeo- graphy of the American Cyprinid fish Notropis (Oposopoeodus) emiliae. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. no. 664: 1-35, 2 pis. HUBBELL, T. H. 1954. Relationships and distribution of Mycotrnpes, In Olson, A. L., T. H. Hubbell and H. F. Howden. The burrow- ing beetles of the genus Mycotrnpes (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Geotinipinae). Mus. Zoll. Univ. Mich., Misc. Pubs. no. 84: 1-59, 3 text figs., 8 pis. . 1956. Some aspects of geogi'aphic variation in in- sects. Ann. Review of Entomology 1: 71-78. Johnson, R. I. 1970. The systematics and zoogeography of the Unionidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the Southern Atlantic Slope region. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 140 (6) : 263-449, pi. 1-22. . 1972. The Unionidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of peninsular Florida. Bull. Florida State Mus., Biol. Sci., 16 (4) : 181-249, 12 figs. [Errata and Index sheet]. Laessle, a. M. 1968. Relation of sand pine scrub to foi-mer shore lines. Quart. Jour. Fla. Acad. Sci., 30: 270-286. MacNeil, F S. 1950. Pleistocene shore lines in Florida and Geor- gia. Geol. Survey, Washington, D. C. Prof. Paper 221-F, pp. 95-106, pis. 19-25 [19 is folding map]. Swift, C. C. 1970. A review of the eastern North American cypri- nid fishes of the Notropis texanus species group (subgenus Alburtiops) .... The Florida State University, Tallahassee (un- published Ph,D, thesis], Speciation and Zoogeography, pp, 308- 342. Thompson, F. G. 1968. The aquatic snails of the family Hydro- biidae of peninsular Florida. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, pp. i-xv, 1-268, 69 figs. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 293 V3 U Z z J X X X <■ o in Z. 1/ :;5 in CO 05 « _2 O "o ^ 2 ^ C5 • « o Cl bC bO -X rt 3c '3! Cj 7. c c C o a; c cJ5 o E ^ C 2 :5 bO c 3 E o -3 a< y5 J; ^ -y) 1^ if ^^ CO 3C lO > -yo E 61. lO l^ bC c ^ E S S: E OJ y^ o in E c a; 0^ > X I O olio lOl o t- O t- — 1 t- — ' — I CM C4 >. — u c Q jz ^ > g o I -5 ^ 'y5 x H p-* ^(^ '^i o o o o o I? 5 ^ •— < r^ in 3C i::^ Cl lO in lO 6 6 in CJ -r t- \J' c 1 bC =) o ■- i cu E :B >. •^ cu -r 5 1; - < J a. c CJ o a. 294 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 49 Fig. 1, Okefenokee shore lines during the Yarmouth interglacial stage in the Southeastern States. Much generalized. (After Cooke, 1945, fig. 12; and MacNeil, 1950). Fig. 2. Wicomico and pre-Wicomico shore lines during the San- gamon interglacial stage in the Southeastern States. (From Cooke, 1945, fig. 13). Fig. 3. Pamlico and pre-Pamlico shore lines during the mid- Wisconsin glacial recession in the Southeastern States. (From Cooke, 1945, fig. 16). Fig. 4. Shorelines of 19,000 years ago (lowest level of the sea during the Wisconsin glacial stage) and that of 11,000 years ago (when the shore was near the outer edge of the continental shelf ex- cept where the land was still isostatically depressed by the ice load). The present shoreline and the future one (if all ice were to melt) are also indicated. The insert diagi'am shows the changing position of past sea level derived from radiocarbon ages of shallow-water shells and peat deposits. (From Emery, 1967, fig. 9). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 295 "s^.. ■r\' .\ ''""'vP'-, I** \ \^ "■ it / 1 Vj^ • , . — " / ^4- f /- 's ■' ^4 :! ^'•'^■.'i^ ■■ -"— . J *^--^"o« c^p \ \ '•■•■. .0, <^> 296 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 50 Species of Hydrobiidae, some of which appear to have migrated into peninsular Florida subsequent to Wicomico flooding- in the Pliocene. Their general lack of penetration beyond the Pamlico Terrace, formed during the Yarmouth interglacial stage, and the inability of most of them to fully occupy the older part of the peninsula suggest that they may have arrived there much more recently than thought by Thompson (1968: 15) or that suitable niches for their spread are lacking. Fig. 1. The genus Amnicola Gould is widely distributed in North America east of the Rocky Mountains and in Europe. Amnicola dalli dalli (Pilsbry and Beecher) and A. dalli johnsoni Pilsbry both extend into the Apalachioolan region as far west as Leon County, Florida. Thompson (1968: 159) states that A. d. dalli is restricted to springs, spring runs, and spring-fed streams. Since A. d. dalli and A. d. johnsoni appear to overlap in their distribution in the Suwannee River system and elsewhere, it is doubtful if johnsoni is a subspecies as this concept is currently understood, especially since Thompson (1968: 152) says, "[They] intergrade in all con- ohological and opercular characters." Fig. 2. The genus Cincinnatia Pilsbry is confined to North America and extends from the Great Lakes region south to Florida and west to Texas. Cincimtatia floridana (Fraunefeld), represented by black dots, is not known to extend west into the Apalachicolan region beyond the Suwannee River system, where it may have had a refngium. A. Cincinnatia mica Thompson. Type locality: A small spring along the west bank of the Ichetucknee River [Suwannee River system] about 1 mile northeast of U. S. Highway 27, Suwannee County, Florida. Known only from the type locality. B. Cincinnatia vayihyningi (Vannata). Type locality: Seminole Springs [head waters of Seminole Creek which flows into Black Ci-eek, into W'ekiva River of the St. Johns River system, 3.4 miles northeast of Sorrento] 15 miles east of Eustis, Lake County, Florida. Known only from the type locality. C. Cincinnatia petrifons Thompson. Type locality: Rock Springs [into Wekiva River of the St. Johns River system] about 6.5 miles north of Apopka, Seminole County, Florida. Known only from the type locality. D. Cincin'natia ponderosa Thompson. Type locality: Sanlando Springs [into Little Wekiva River of St. Johns River system] 3.1 miles west of Longwood, Seminole County, Florida. Known only from the type locality. Fig. 3. The genus Notogillia Pilsbry is monotypic. Notogillia wetherhyi (Dall) is restricted to the Apalachicolan region and the northern part of peninsular Florida west of the St. Johns River system. Pilsbry (1953: 441) described, as a subspecies, TV. wetherhyi perforata from the Pliocene of St. Petersburg, which, according to Thompson (1968: 101), "is not very different from the present form." That the fossil is found even slightly further south than the living snail tends to support the thesis that the present popula- tion is a reintroduction from the Apalachicolan region. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 297 Fig. 4. The genus Spilochlami/n Thompson is restricted to the Apalachicolan and peninsular Florida regions, Spilochlamijs conica Thompson is essentially an Apalachicolan species which extends into peninsular Florida in the Waccasassa River system. Spilochlamys gravis Thompson is restricted to the St. Johns River system. The figures are from Thompson (1968) or modified after him. 298 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 51 Species of Hydrobiidae, some of which are restricted to the ocean side of the Pamlico Terrace, foi-med during' the Yarmouth inter- glacial stage. This distribution suggests that they are from the Atlantic Slope region, or that they have speciated rapidly. Fig. 1. The genus Aphaostracon Thompson is restricted to the Apalachicolan and peninsular Florida regions. Aphaostracon hypo- hyalina Thompson is essentially an Apalachicolan species, since it is almost restricted to the Suwannee River system. Aphaostracon rhadinus Thompson. Restricted to northeast Florida above Palatka. A. Aphaostracon clialarogyrus Thompson. Type locality: MagTie- sia Springs, 3.7 miles west of Hawthorne, Alachua County, Florida. Known only from the type locality. B. Aphaostracon xifnoelictus Thompson. Type locality: Fenney Springs, [into Lake Panasoffkee of the Withlacooche River systeim] 2 miles east of Coleman, Sumter County, Florida. Known, only from the type locality. C. Aphaostracon jrycnus Thompson. Type locality: Alexander Springs Run, [into St. Johns River system] Lake County, Florida. Known only from the type locality. Fig. 2. The genus Amnicola Gould is widely distributed in North America east of the Rocky Mountains and in Europe. Amnicola retromargo Thompson. Suwannee River system of the Apalachicolan region peninsular Florida, restricted to the west side of the St. Johns river system in Clay and Putnam Counties. Fig. 3. Amnicola rhombosto-ma Thompson. Restricted to the west side of the St. Johns River in Clay and Putnam Counties. Fig. 4. The genus Cincinnatia Pilsbry is confined to North America and extends from the Great Lakes region south to Florida and west to Texas. Cincin'natia fraterna Thompson, represented by black dots is con- fined to the lower St. Johns River, mainly to the east side. A. Cincinnatia helicogyra Thompson. Type locality: Head of the Crystal River, Citrus County, Florida. Known only frqm the type locality. B. Cincinnatia parva Thompson. Blue Springs [into St. Johns River system] 3 miles west of Orange City, Volusia County, Florida. Known only from the type locality. C. Cincinnatia. ivekiwae Thompson. Type locality: Wekiwa Springs [into Wekiva River of the St. Johns River system] about 5 miles northeast of Apopka, Seminole County, Florida. Kno\\m only from the type locality. D. Cincinnatia monroensis (Dall). Type locality: Brook flowing from Benson's mineral spring, into Lake Monroe, Enterprise, [Volu- sia County] Florida. Known only fi"om the type locality. The figures are from Thompson (1968) or modified after him. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 299 300 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 52 Species of Hydrobiidae all of which are restricted to the ocean side of the Pamlico Terrace fonned during the Yai-mouth inter- glacial stage. This distribution suggests that they came from else- where recently, or speciated rapidly. Fig. 1. The genus Littoridinops Pilsbry occurs in the coastal areas of the Southern Atlantic Slope region from Central Georgia, through peninsular Florida to the Apalachicolan region. Littoridi- nops moiiroensis (Frauenfeld) occurs in the Bahama Islands, and lives in brackish and marginal freshwater. It is remarkable for its wide distribution in peninsular Florida on the ocean side of the Pamlico Terrace. Fig. 2. Littoridinops tenuipes (Couper). Southern Atlantic Slope: Altamaha River system and peninsular Florida. Littoridinops palustris Thompson. Brackish marsh, 3.2 miles SW of Yankeetown, Levy County, Florida. Known only from the type locality. Fig. 3. The genus Heleobops occurs in peninsular Florida, Andros Island, and the Bahama Islands. Heleobops docima Thompson, con- fined to brackish water, occurs in peninsular Florida on the ocean side of the Pamlico Terace. Fig. 4. The genus Onobops Thompson occurs from the Southern Atlantic Slope region, in the vicinity of Chesapeake Bay, "and probably has a wider distribution along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America." (Thompson 1968: 30). Onobops crassa Thompson. Known only from the coastal marshes in Dade and Collier Counties, Florida. Onobops jacksoni (Bartsch). Southern Atlantic Slope, Chesapeake Bay region, Maryland, and Levy County, Florida. The figures are from Thompson (1968) or modified after him. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 301 # H^Uobopa dodma PAMJCO Tl/MMX -^.-^ sncAi*, u*a — < O OOMTt LtO 302 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 53 Species of Hydrobiidae all of which are restricted to the ocean side of the Pamlico Terrace formed during the Yarmouth interglacial stage. (Continued). Fig. 1. The genus Pyrgophonis Ancey is found in the West Indiels, exclusive of the Bahama Islands, in southern Florida, and from Texas south to Venezuela. Pyrgophorus platyrachis Thompson. Restricted to southern Florida on the ocean side of the Pamlico Terrace. A species of this genus, P. coronatus (Pfeiffer) occurs in Cuba. Fig. 2. The genus Aphaostracon Thompson is restricted to the Apalachicolan and peninsular Florida regions. Aphaostracon pachynotus Thompson, represented by black dots, is restricted to the upper half of the St. Johns River near Sanford, south to the everglades. A. Aphaostracon asthenes Thompson. Type locality : Blue Springs [of the St. Johns River system] 3 miles west of Orange City, Volusia County, Florida. Known only from the type locality. B. Aphaostracon monas (Pilsbry). Confined to Wekiwa Springs and a small part of the Wekiva River of the St. Johns River system, Orange County, Florida. C. Aphaostracon theiocrenetus Thompson. Clifton Springs Run [into Lake Jessup of the St. Johns River system] about 2 miles north of Oviedo, Seminole County, Florida. Known only from the type locality. Two species which may have had refugia on islands during Wico- mico flooding in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene. Fig. 3. The genus Hyalopyrgus Thompson is restricted to penin- sular Florida. Hyalopyrgus bremssimus (Pilsbry). Retricted to central Florida on both sides of the Pamlico Terrace. Fig. 4. Hyalopyrgus aequicostatus (Pilsbry). Widely distributed in central Florida. The figures are from Thompson (1968) or modified after him. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 303 HyalopvrgUM brtvitaimuM PAMUCO TtBRACt -^-■-* STREJ>*S. LAKE* — < O COUMTf LfCS -■- 304 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Book Review Clarke, Arthur H. 1973. The Freshwater molluscs of the Canadian Interior Basin. Malacologia, 13 (1-2) : 1-509. This faimal study of 103 species and subspecies of fresh- water mollusks covers an area which comprises more than ^ of North America, The taxonomic revision was based principally on a biometric population analysis. Simplified identification keys and distribution maps are included. All of the species are illustrated, many in color. This is a significant work which includes summaries of previous work, topography, geology and Pleistocene history, and discusses existing connections between drainage systems. It is the most important work which has appeared to date on the Canadian freshwater molluscan fauna, and it will undoubtedly remain so for a long time. — R. I. Johnson 1 o Occasional Papers On Mollusks Published by The Department of Mollusks ^^usoum of Comimrative Zoology, Harvard University LIBf^/^p^Y Cambridge, Massachusetts VOrUMEyS B73 November 29, 1973 NUMBER 47 UNIVC^^SL JAMAICAN LAND SHELLS DESCRIBED BY C. B. ADAMS Morris K. Jacobson American Museum of Natural History- New York, New York 10024 and Kenneth J. Boss Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University- Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Introduction This catalogue consists of the original descriptions of all the Jamaican land shells described by C. B. Adams, and it includes figures of the extant types. The present work is the last of a number of similar papers (Clench & Turner, 1950; Turner, 1966; Johnson & Boss\ 1972) thus complet- ing the republication of Adams' molluscan taxa and the delineation of the available types. Of the 360 Jamaican land shell names introduced by Adams, we were able to find the type-specimens for all but 27. The names of these taxa, together with those from earlier catalogs for which types could not be found, are The lectotype selection of the folloAvin^ species, reported as made by Johnson & Boss (1972), were made earlier by Michelson (1953): Planorhis decipiens Adams, Planorbis pnllidus Adams. Fortunately the same specimens were chosen by Michelson and Johnson & Boss. 305 306 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS listed at the end of this paper with the hope that type- material may be located in private collections or in over- looked museum cabinets. Most of Adams' species are nov^ placed in genera other than the ones in v^hich he described them, and many others are now considered to be synonyms. We have not at- tempted to bring the nomenclature of the Adams species up to date or to indicate those which have been synony- mized. However, we have in every case included the re- marks made by Adams himself when he later changed his mind about species he had described earlier. More recent, though not up-to-date treatment of some of Adams' species can be found in the following publications : Helix in Pilsbry (1889, 1894) ; Cylindrella ( = Urocoptis) in Pilsbry (1903-4, 1906-7) ; Achatma and Bulimus in Pilsbry (1907-8). The shells which Adams placed in the genus Cyclostoma are now placed in the families Pomatiasi- dae and Cyclophoridae. Torre & Bartsch (1938, 1941) and Bartsch (1946), without treating Jamaican shells, erected many new genera and subgenera in the Pomatiasidae (called Annulariidae by them). The Cyclophoridae of Jamaica are included in Bartsch (1942). It must be noted that scholars disagree regarding the validity of many of the conclusions in these latter works (H. B. Baker, 1941: 34; Solem, 1961: 193). In his short life, Adams described many species, prin- cipally from Jamaica, the western Atlantic, and Panama, and he remains undoubtedly the most prolific student of the rich Jamaican land mollusk fauna. Clench & Turner (1950) present a brief account of his life and explain why his Jamaican studies were left woefully incomplete. Though most of his descriptions were more detailed than those written by many of his contemporaries, they cannot be understood, except with the aid of a figure, which Adams in no case provided as far as the Jamaican shells are con- cerned. Relatively little work has been done on the Jamaican land mollusks since the time of Adams. One reason may well be the confusion attending so many of the names introduced OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 307 by him. It is thus hoped that as a result of the publication of this illustrated catalog, new stimulus will be given to the study of this largely endemic fauna. Type-Localities As Clench & Turner explain (1950:236), the descriptions Adams published in the "Contributions to Conchology" and elsewhere, were meant to be preliminary to a complete, illustrated monograph which his early death prevented. Hence the locality data for most of the Jamaican land taxa are missing, the word "Jamaica" alone appearing. When this was the only indication given in the original descrip- tion, we omit the word in this catalog. If more precise localities were given we reproduce these in all cases. Data obtained from labels in the Adams collection and data from his manuscript catalog of shells are included in square brackets. Finally, we supply some localities from the pub- lished works of Edward Chitty, a close collaborator of Adams. These we indicate by adding the letters "Ch." The Adams manuscript catalog, now in the library of the Mollusk Department of the MCZ, includes all the shells which Adams collected in 1844 in Jamaica, marine and freshwater as well as land, and is written entirely in his own hand. The species are numbered consecutively and the land shells comprise the numbers 312 to 407. Though most entries are in ink, Adams apparently later added his new trivial names and a few other notes in pencil. The new species frequently bear some locality data, but many do not, especially those which he received from other collectors like Mr. Richard Hill and Mr. Duff. A brief discussion follows many of the species, those which Adams himself introduced as well as those introduced by other authors. These dis- cussions are written in "speed writing" (vowels omitted) with a few shorthand-like symbols added for the common shoi-ter words. The data include the prevalence of the spe- cies — whether rare, occasional, common or abundant — as well as a few ecological notes, e.g., "369. BuUmus (Acha- tina) Phillipsii, occaly fnd abt Imstn clffs." Many items are not so easily deciphered as this one. In some cases, notes 308 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS on the soft parts under the heading An. are given. Some- times Adams supplies a more detailed description of "vari- eties" of species previously named by other authors. Measurements Clench & Turner (1950: 247, 248) noted that though the descriptions written by Adams were composites, his meas- urements were of a single specimen. Unfortunately such specimens were not marked or otherwise set aside and it may well be that some were sent out on exchange. Hence attempts to locate the measured specimens to render them lectotypes remain largely unfruitful. In addition, there is evidence to show that in some cases Adams presented the average measurements of a type-lot rather than that of a single specimen. It will be noted, however, that in general the measurements of our Ictotypes conform well with the measurements of Adams, given in parts of an inch. Acknowledgments We must express our gratitude to Dr. John Peake of the British Museum (Natural History) and to Dr. Robert Robertson of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia for making available some type-material not pres- ent in the C. B. Adams Collection in the MCZ. We are also indebted to Dr. William J. Clench, Curator Emeritus of the Department of Mollusks of the MCZ, who generously permitted us to make use of his extensive card file of the molluscan taxa introduced by C. B. Adams, thus making our task substantially easier. Mr. R. I. Johnson and Dr. R. D. Turner reviewed the manuscript and offered many valuable suggestions. All the photographs were made by Dr. Boss. Funds for the publication of this work were generously provided by the Milton Fund of Harvard Uni- versity. The initials MCZ and ANSP used in this paper stand for the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Cambridge, Massachusetts and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; USNM is the National Museum of Natural History, and BMNH stands for the British Museum of Natural History. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 309 The map, prepared by Adams himself, a photo of which was generously sent us by Dr. J. Knudsen of the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen, Denmark, is here reproduced to show the area in which Adams collected while he was in Jamaica and from where he presumably received snails collected by his correspondents. Thus, anyone looking for type-localities of Adams will be wise to restrict his search to these areas. LIST OF TAXA FOR WHICH NO TYPES WERE LOCATED JAMAICAN LAND SPECIES aberrans, Cyclostoma granosum bicolor, Helix chittyana bi'evis, Spiraxis corpulenta, Cylindrella maugeri crassa, Cylindrella maugeri densestriata, Pupa obesa errans, Helix spreta fusca, Cylindrella maugeri gracilis, Cylindrella maugeri humilis, Cylindrella integra, Cylindrella maugeri jacobensis. Helix leana, Helicina macrospira, Bulimus nobilis, Helix nodulosum, Cyclostoma osculans, Achatina pauperata, Geomelania pellucida. Helix procerus, Bulimus pygmaea, Geomelania typica redfieldiana, Helix similis. Helix solitaria, Achatina sulphurea, Helix unicolor, Spiraxis abei'rans virgineum, Cyclostoma MARINE SPECIES affinis, Eulima arcuata, Eulima babylonia, Chemnitzia 310 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS bi'evis, Phasianella candidissima, Buccinum consanguinea, Cytherea effusa, Litiopa exiguum, Cerithium exigua, Mitra exilis, Chemnitzia fulvo-cincta, Eulima (?) fusco-lineata, Pleurotoma gracilis, Eulima hyalina, Vitrinella iota, Eulima latior, Chem.nitzia ligata, Scarlaria nanum, Cerithium nigrescens, Natica jamaicensis var. notabilis, Rissoa obesa, Litiopa obeliscus, Chemnitzia osculans. Purpura ponderosa, Haliotis pulchellum, Cerithium pulchella, Lucina puncta, Chemnitzia purpurascens, Columbella recta, Eulima reticulata, Chemnitzia rostratus, Donax scalarifomiis, Truncatella senior, Triton vestitus var. solitaria, Eulima substriata, Chemnitzia subulata, Chemnitzia sulphurea, Helix tenera, Patella FRESHWATER SPECIES acuminata, Limnea humilis, Planorbis obliquus, Ancylus References Baker, H. B. 1941. Nautilus 55 (1): 34 (Review). Bartsch, p. 1942. The Cyclophorid mollusks of the West Indies, exclusive of Cuba [in] Torre, C. de la, B. Bartsch & J. P. J. Morrison, The Cyclophorid land mollusks of America. U. S. National Museum Bulletin 181, part 2, pp. 43-306, pis. 9-42. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 311 1946. The operculate land mollusks of the family Annulariidae of the Island of Hispaniola and the Bahama Archi- pelago. U. S. National Museum Bulletin 192, 4 + 264 pp., 38 pis. Boss, K. J. 1972. Minute Jamaican prosobranch gastropods: Sto- astoma and its congeners. Bi-eviora, no. 393, 13 pp., 2 pis. Chitty, E. 1857. On the Jamaican Cyclotiis, and the description of twenty-one proposed new species and eight new varieties of that subgenus from Jaimaica. Proc. Zool. Soc. London pt. 25, pp. 142-157. . 1857. On Stoastomidae as a family, and on seven pro- posed new genera, sixty-one new species and two new varieties from Jamaica. Ibid. pp. 162-200. Clench, W. J. & R. D. Turner. 1948. A catalogue of the family Truncatellidae with notes and descriptions of new species. Occ. Papers Moll., Harvard University 1 (13) : 157-231, pis. 22-25. , 1950. The western Atlantic ma- rine mollusks described by C. B. Adams. Ibid. 1 (15) : 223-404, pis. 29-49. Johnson, R. I. & K. J. Boss. 1972. The fresh-water, brackish, and non-Jamaican land mollusks described by C. B. Adams. Ibid. 3 (43) : 193-236, pis. 36-42. MiCHELSON, E. H. 1953. Some remarks concerning the types of C. B. Adams' West Indian Planorbidae. Occ. Papers Inst. Jamaica no. 9, pp. 1-4, PiLSBRY, H. A. 1889. Manual of Conchology ser. 2, 5: 216 pp., 64 pis. . 1894. Ibid. 9: 48 -j- 366 pp., 71 pis. . 1902-1903. Ibid. 15 : 323 pp., 65 pis. . 1903a-1904. Ibid. 16: 40 -f 204 pp., 31 pis. . 1906-1907. Ibid. 18: 12 + 357 pp., 51 pis. . 1907a-1908. Ibid. 19: 27 -f 366 pp., 52 pis. •. 1942. Helicodiscus in the West Indies. Nautilus 56: 55-57, fig. 1. SOLEM, A. 1961. A preliminaiy review of the pomatiasid land snails of Central America. Arch. Moll. 90: 191-213, pis. 10-12, 1 map. Sykes, E. R. 1925. Illustrations of some species of Geomelania. Proc. Malac. Soc. London 16 : 179-180, pi. 8. TORRE, C. DE LA & P. B.\RTSH. 1938. The Cuban operculate land shells of the subfamily Chondroi)ominae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 85: 193-423, figs. 71-101, pis. 7-39. . 1941. The Cuban land mollusks of the family Annulariidae, exclusive of the subfamily Chondro- pominae. Ibid. 89: 131-385, pis. 9-57. Turner, R. D. 1966. The eastern Pacific marine mollusks described by C. B. Adams. Occ. Papers Moll., Harvard University 2 (20) : 21-136, pis. 5-21. 312 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS MAP 1 Localities along north shore reading from left to right: Rio Bueno, Dry Harbor, Runaway Bay, St. Ann's Bay, Ocho Rios, White R. Bay, Rio Nuevo, Oracabessa, Galina Pt., Port Maria, Jack's Bay, Annotto Bay. Localities in northern half, left to right: St. Ann's, Goshen, St. Mary's, Bog Walk, Rio Magno, Wag Water. Localities in southern half, left to right: Spanish Town, Stony Hill, Long Mt., Kingston, Bay of Port Royal, Port Royal, Fort Au- gusta, Port Henderson, Apostle's Battery. In lower left hand comer: "Reduced from Robertson's map, 1828, for Adams' catalogue of the shells of Jamaica." OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 313 » i ^ V > >■ /- 314 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS abbreviatum Adams Cyclostoma papyraceum Plate 60, fig. 4 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 157; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 81. A variety of Cyclostoma papyraceum has the whorls much abbreviated; the last whorl is more abruptly rounded, and the aperture is consequently shorter. It may be called abbreviatum. aberrans Ada7ns Cyclostoma granosum Type not located 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 140. Another variety of this species occurs, in which the last whorl is much detached from the penult whorl. It is also entirely destitute of the purplish brown color anteriorly. The two individuals, which we have received on loan from Mr. Chitty, make us acquainted with the operculum of this species. It has a spiral lamella, well elevated, of more than three whorls. The variety may be designated by the name of ABERRANS. aberrans Adams Spiraxis Type not located 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 88. Shell elongate, nearly cylindrical in the lower half: pale horn color, subtransparent : with microscopic trans- verse rather distant strise: apex rather obtuse: spire with the outlines moderately curved : whorls a little more than six, slightly convex, with a distinct suture: aperture ovate, acute above: labrum sharp, well ex- curved, projecting a little in the upper half: columella with a mioderately developed spiral lamella. This is probably identical with Achatina aberrams Pfr. Mean divergence about 13°; length of spire .21 inch; total length .28 inch; breadth .065 inch, [cf. Pilsbry, 1907, p. 37.] aculeosum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 56, fig. 6 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 2. Shell short, globose-conic; dingy white; with crowded transverse thin perpendicular lamellae, which are decus- sated by numerous thin prominent spiral lines, with the points of intersection produced into slender spines, espe- cially in the angle of the deep suture, the spiral lines appearing on the last three whorls ; spire with very con- vex outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of two whorls, OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 315 three and one half whorls remaining, very convex; last whorl a little detached from the penult whorl near the aperture, but soldered to it by the outer peritreme; aperture exactly circular ; inner peritreme well produced ; outer peritreme well expanded, scolloped and striated; umbilicus moderately wide, extending through the trun- cate apex. The spiral lamella of the operculum is extremely high and but slightly reflected outwards. Mean divergence 77° ; length .56 inch ; greatest breadth .6 inch ; least breadth .38 inch. Probably a variety of C. hillianum with a more ele- vated spire. (1850, ibid. no. 5: 84.) aflfinis Adams Geomelania Plate 81, fig. 1 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 96. Shell similar to that of G. expansa, but the aperture is very deeply effuse anteriorly, and the linguiform part of the lip is excessively produced obliquely, and is nar- row: the apex is truncate with the loss of about seven whorls. Dimensions nearly as in G. expansa. afiinis Adams Helicina Plate 76, figs. 10-12 1846, Proc. Boston See. Nat. Hist. 2: 102. H. solitariae, nob., affinis, sed t. spira conica haud con- vexa, instructa; labro reflexo, infra angulato, haud scisso, Hab. Jamaica. agassizianum Adams Stoastoma Plate 88, figs. 4-6 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 158; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 82. Shell subdiscoidal : horn color, subtransparent : with, on the last whorl, four very prominent sharp carinse, viz., one along the periphery, and two below and one above, the latter appearing only for a short distance on the penult whorl ; with a few fine raised spiral lines on the upper part of the whorls and between the carinse: spire slightly elevated : whorls three and one-half, planu- late, with a moderately impressed suture; last whorl planulate beneath, near the end rapidly descending and slightly detached from the penult whorl : aperture very slightly campanulate : labrum slightly reflected, rounded, not scalloped: labium : umbilicus of moderate size, 316 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS with the spiral lamella excessively developed and sol- dered by its exterior edge to the last whorl, forming over the umbilicus a large arch, which has an opening much larger than the aperture of the shell. In the only speci- men now before me, there is, around the lip within, a deposit which contracts the aperture, and rising over the labium in a rather thin curved lamella, extends over half the entrance to the umbilical arch. Mean divergence 165° ; height .065 inch ; least breadth .095 inch; greatest breadth .118 inch. agnesiana Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 5 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 19. Shell sinistrorsal, very long, cylindrical in the lower two-thirds, moderately tapering above ; white ; with very oblique very closely set fine rather sharp strise which are more oblique in their upper part, — anteriorly with an extremely prominent and acute carina, on the left side of the last whorl with a carina scarcely less prominent and acute, on the upper side with a third carina quite acute and prominent, on the right side subangular ; spire with outlines mostly rectilinear, with a waved axis at the tip ; apex broadly truncate with the loss of twelve whorls ; eighteen to twenty-two whorls remaining, the usual total number being thirty; (a short entire speci- men has twenty-eight ; ) whorls flattened or scarcely con- vex, with a moderately impressed suture; last whorl very much produced obliquely; aperture angulated in proportion to the sharpness of the carinae, trapezoidal, the upper left side being the longer; with one diameter parallel and the other nearly perpendicular to the axis of the shell; tip reflected nearly into the plane of the aperture sharp, rather wide. Common full size, 1.45 inch long, .17 inch wide: of a large shell, length 1.68 inch; breadth .175 inch; of a small shell, length 1.07 inch; breadth .16 inch: of a small entire shell, length 1.65. This species probably excels all other shells in the number of whorls. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 317 album Adams Cyclostoma chevalieri Plate 60, fig. 10 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 156; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 80. Variety album wants the dark brown color, and has the spiral dotted lines more or less indistinct. alba Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 11 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 20. Shell subfusiform, widest above the middle; pure white; strise scarcely visible under a common magnifier except on the last two whorls; the last whorl is sharply carinate anteriorly, rather obtusely carinate just above the middle ; spire with rectilinear outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of thirteen or fourteen whorls, the upper part of the spire before truncation being very long and slender; thirteen or fourteen whorls remaining, slightly convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl much produced obliquely; aperture sharply angular anteriorly, obtusely so on the right, in the rest well rounded; lip moderately thickened, reflected nearly into the plane of the aperture, shining, sharp, rather narrow. Length .4 inch; breadth .083 inch. albida Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 63, fig. 1 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 165; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 89. Shell like var. citrina, but with the white stripe re- duced to an ill-defined line, slightly tinged with yellow on the penult whorl, with the red tinge very faint. albilabre Adams Cyclostoma ignilabre Plate 60, fig. 6 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 155; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 79. Cyclostoma xantJiostoma and C. ignilabre have white- lipped varieties, each of which may be designated by the name albilabre. albilabre Adams Cyclostoma xanthostoma Plate 59, fig. 7 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 155. Cyclostoma yanthostoma and C. ignilabre have white- lipped varieties, each of which may be designated by the name albilabre. albinodatum Adams Cyclostoma fimbriatulum Plate 56, fig. 2 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 55; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 139. 318 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS A variety of Cyclostoma fimhriatulum has the trans- verse ridges rather more numerous and regular than the type of the species, and at their intersection with the spiral ridges more or less developed into small opaque white tubercles : its outer peritreme is not so wide or scabrous, and is less strongly scalloped, and is less flat- tened. Its size is less than that of the type of the species. It is a local variety, occurring in the centre of Westmore- land, the most western parish, while the typical C. fim- hriatulum occurs forty miles to the east, in Manchester, near the centre of the island. At the suggestion of Mr. Chitty, I propose for it the name of albinodatum. albolabris Adams Helicina Plate 76, figs. 8 & 9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 13. Shell with a notch like that of H. maxima, but the notch is rather large proportionally; in other respects similar to H. Brownii, but the whorls are less convex, and the last one much depressed, and the shell more solid, with a greater divergence. Mean divergence 110°; length .39 inch; greatest breadth .64 inch; least breadth .5 inch. alligans Adams Helix Plate 64, figs. 1-3 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 105. Shell globose conoid : white, with a yellowish brown epidermis : with regular strise of growth, which are very coarse on the spire, and fine on the last whorl : apex very obtuse : spire well elevated, with the outlines very convex above, nearly rectilinear below: whorls eight, narrow, rather convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl scarcely convex beneath, with the umbilical region planu- late : aperture oblique, rather broad, lunate ; with a very prominent sharp stout revolving lamella far within in the lower part of the last whorl : labrum rather thin, sharp: columella moderately dilated, and well rounded: umbilicus wanting. This species resembles H. epistylium and H. epistylloides. It is most easily recognized by the plane surface of the umbilical region. Divergence of the upper whorls about 140° ; mean di- vergence about 95° ; height 1.05 inch ; greatest breadth 1.25 inch ; least breadth 1.17 inch. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 319 alveus Adams Helix Plate 64, figs. 4—6 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5 : 80. Shell semioval, scarcely subangular on the peripher:,'' : whitish, translucent; with excessively fine unequal striae of growth : spire extremely convex, with a very deep suture; last whorl rather small: aperture small, sub- quadrangular: labrum shai^D and thin: labium with a distinct but not a thick deposit: umbilicus about half as wide as the last whorl, scarcely contracted except quite near the apex, where it consequently terminates very obtusely. Greatest breadth .3 inch ; least breadth .28 inch ; height .18 inch. amabile Adams Cyclostoma Plate 55, fig. 10 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 2. Shell globose-conic ; dingy or brownish white, with the peritreme radiated with brown; with very numerous transverse thin perpendicular lamellse, which are decus- sated and aculeated by numerous spiral very delicate lines, which appear only on the last three whorls; spire with very convex outlines; apex usually truncate, with the loss of less than two whorls; three and one half whorls remaining, with a rather deep suture; last whorl not at all detached from the penult whorl; aperture exactly circular; inner peritreme well produced; outer peritreme greatly expanded, very deeply striated with the lamellae of growth, which are pectinated parallel to the numerous scollops made by the ends of the spiral lines, perpendicular and less developed against the penult whorl, sinuate and yet more expanded above; umbilicus exhibiting all the whorls and extending through the truncate apex. The spiral lamella of the operculum is much less ele- vated than in the preceding [aculeosum], and slopes out- ward much more. The sculpture of the shell is finer, the umbilicus is narrower, and the peritreme is much more expanded. Mean divergence 75° ; length .5 inch ; greatest breadth .55 inch ; least breadth .35 inch. 320 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS amabilis Adams Helix Plate 83, figs. 4-6 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 105. ^ Shell nearly planulate above, very convex beneath, transversely suborbicular: blackish brown, paler on the apex and lip : surface shining", vv^ith very fine unequal strise of grov^th, and obsolete spiral stride on both sides of the periphery : spire slightly elevated, convex : v^horls four and one-half, slightly convex in the upper part, and concave in the lov^er part, v^^ith a lightly impressed su- ture ; last whorl with the periphery extremely acute : aperture in the form of a spherical triangle, moderately expanded, with three teeth in the lower side, of which the outer two stand over one exterior pit, with a separate impression beneath each one, and the third is also over an exterior furrow : labrum well thickened, very much reflected : umbilicus rather wide, scarcely contracted ex- cept near the apex very obtusely. This rare and elegant species is allied to H. cara and H. Chittyana. Height .43 inch; greatest breadth 1.05 inch; least breadth .92 inch. var. of cara, (lS^l,ibid. no. 9 : 169) . amandum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 56, fig. 1 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : .3. Shell short, globose-conic ; dingy white with three prin- cipal and often other brown more or less interrupted spiral bands; with quite regular prominent lamellae of growth, which are decussated and aculeated by very numerous close-set spiral lines, that appear only on the last three whorls and are most conspicuous just below the suture ; spire with very convex outlines ; apex trun- cate with the loss of two whorls; three and one half re- maining, very convex, with a deep suture ; last whorl a little detached from the penult whorl near the aperture, but soldered to it by the outer peritreme ; aperture ex- actly circular, inner peritreme much produced, regularly striated on the outside parallel to the edge; outer peri- treme finely scolloped with the termination of the spiral lines ; umbilicus extending through to the truncate apex, and exhibiting all the whorls. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 321 Mean divergence 88" ; length .55 inch ; greatest breadth .63 inch ; least breadth .43 inch. Cyclostoma ammidu^n (p. 3 of C. C.) is probably iden- tical with C. scabricnlum, Sowb. (1851, ibid., no. 9: 154). ambigua Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 21 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 21. Differs from C. rosea, Pfr., in having the outlines more convex, the whorls very deep. If not a monstrosity, it is probably a good species ; but from a single specimen I am unable to decide. The dimensions of the type are the following: length .73 inch ; breadth .26 inch. var. of rosea Pfr., (1851, ibid, no 5: 183). ambigua Adams Helix Plate 74, figs. 1, 2 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 35. A single individual occurs, which is like H. similis, but smaller; with the spire more elevated, the columella less oblique, and the anterior part of the lip more directly transverse, with a small umbilicus. The suture is deeper than in H. similis or in H. arboreoides, between which this shell is in most characters intermediate. Having but one specimen, I do not regard the species as fully estab- lished. Greatest breadth .46 inch; least breadth .42 inch; height .25 inch. ampliata Adams Helicina Plate 76, figs. 5-7 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 101. Shell conic: whitish (?) : with a few excessively fine striae of growth; otherwise smooth and shining: apex subacute : spire much elevated, with the outlines moder- ately curvilinear : whorls five and one half, a little convex, with a distinct suture; last whorl subangular, anteriorly subplanulate: aperture transversely much dilated, de- pressed in the upper part of the right side : labium with a large thick deposit. This shell resembles H. Jamai- censis Sotvb., but is much larger, much less globose, and more conic. Mean divergence about 90° ; height .6 inch ; greatest breadth .67 inch ; least breadth .57 inch. 322 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS angiostoma Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 1 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 25. Shell fusiform; pale reddish, with transverse rather narrow dark brown stripes, of which there are about four on each whorl except on the first three; with extremely fine crowded transverse strise; spire with moderately- convex outlines ; apex rather small ; whorls seven, mod- erately convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture very long and narrow ; labrum very thin and sharp ; columella produced to an extraordinary degree, straight, a little twisted. Mean divergence 34°; length .72 inch; breadth .22 inch : length of aperture .36 inch. [Syntype specimen figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 16, fig. 7.] angulata Adams Helicina neritella Plate 76, figs. 3, 4 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 159; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 83. Of Helicina neritella, a variety, angulata, is distin- guished by an angular periphery, and by a double and much thickened lip, angustior Adams Succinea Plate 63, fig. 13 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3 : 38. Shell veiy long ovate; brownish horn colored; well covered with striae of growth, not shining; spire long; apex acute; whorls three and one-half, long, rather con- vex, with a well impressed suture; aperture oval, rather small, not oblique. A large specimen is .3 inch long and .16 inch broad; length of aperture .2 inch; breadth .12 inch. angustispira Adams Helix Plate 85, figs. 7-9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 36. Shell somewhat hemispherical ; pale horn colored ; very finely striated transversely; spire depressed conic, with rectilinear outlines; apex very small and acute; whorls five and one half, quite convex, narrow, high, with a rather deep suture; aperture lunate, obliquely very long and narrow; umbilicus rather small. Mean divergence about 123°; greatest breadth .125 inch; least breadth .115 inch; height .98 inch. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 323 anomalus Adams Bulimus Plate 80, fig. 18 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 28. Shell with the general form and sculpture of Trun- catella, cylindrical ; whitish ; with very numerous strong transverse ribs, which are continued quite into the su- ture; spire with rectilinear outlines; apex ? (the apex in the only specimen before me is broadly truncate,) six whorls remaining, which are moderately convex, somewhat shouldered, with a well impressed suture; last whorl rather long, with a slight constriction around the middle, which also modifies the aperture, which is rather long, slightly acute above, well rounded below; labrum thin and sharp ; columella stout, very prominent, arcu- ated or twisted in a loose spiral to an extraordinary de- gree. Mean divergence 12° ; length .23 inch ; breadth .075 inch ; length of aperture .07 inch. Referred to Spiraxis (1851, ibid. no. 9: 168). anomalum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 56, fig. 5 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 90. Shell short, globose-conic : on the upper whorls very pale brown; on the last two whorls with numerous fine spiral lines of very pale brown on the ridges and of dark brown in the interspaces : with very numerous spiral ridges, of which a few small ones alternate with the larger, decussated by numerous inequi-distant transverse perpendicular lamellae, which are developed, at the inter- sections, into triangular points thickened at their bases : spire short, with the outlines curvilinear: apex usually truncate, with the loss of one and one half or two whorls : whorls remaining about three and one-half, very convex, with a veiy deep suture; last whorl moderately detached from the penult whorl near the aperture: aperture or- bicular; contracted slightly at the margin, which is neither thickened nor expanded : umbilicus nearly half as wide as the last whorl. Operculum with the upper edges of the whorls moderately elevated into a spiral lamella, covered with irregular oblique lamellae, ex- tremely convex externally and concave internally: the 324 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS diameter of the operculum is .18 inch; the depth of the concavity from the inner side is .07 inch ! Mean divergence about 85°; height .47 inch: greatest breadth .5 inch; least breadth .385 inch. Is Jamaicia (1850, ibid. no. 5: 88). anthoniana Adams Helix Plate 83, figs. 7-9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3 : 35. Shell conic; whitish; with a thin pale brown epi- dermis ; with excessively fine strife of growth ; spire with rather convex outlines, well elevated; apex sub- acute; whorls seven, quite convex, with a deep suture; aperture sublunate; lip sharp, a little reflected in the columellar portion ; umbilicus narrow. Mean divergence 98° ; greatest breadth .42 inch ; least breadth .375 inch; height .35 inch. anthonianum Adams Stoastoma Plate 89, figs. 4-6 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 67; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 151. This shell is like the preceding [petitianum] but the spire is much depressed ; the spiral lines are rather stronger; and the aperture is very campanulate, the labrum being very much produced before the deep con- striction. Mean divergence about 145°; height, .035 inch; great- est breadth .07 inch; least breadth .055 inch. apex Adams Helix Plate 85, figs. 19-20 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3 : 36. [Lectotype selected and figured by Pilsbry, 1942, p. 56.] Shell discoidal ; whitish ; with microscopic spiral stride, spire scarcely elevated, convex ; apex very obtuse ; whorls four, cylindrical, with a deep suture ; aperture nearly circular; lip thin and sharp; umbilicus very wide. Greatest breadth .073 inch ; least breadth .065 inch ; height .02 inch. arboreoides Adams Helix Plate 74, figs. 3, 4 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 16. [Graywycke] H. t. discoidea, tenui, nitida, diaphana, pallide cornea, exilissime striata; anf. 7, angustis, a linea subsuturali impressis; ultinio rotundato, subtias late et pi-ofunde indentato; apertura sub-ovata, ab anf. penultimo valde invasa; labro tenuissimo. Div 140°; alt. .3 poll.; lat. max. .59 poll.; lat. min. .51 poll. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 325 haldemaniana "Ads." is a synonym (1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 129). armatum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 91, fig. 17 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 10. Shell much elongated ; brown, with a reddish and cinereous tinge, usually darker at the summit, rarely with a spiral series of dark brown spots; with very closely set strong transverse raised lines (the whitish color of which gives the ashy tinge to the general as- pect), which at the upper extremity are enlarged, mostly in fours with one unenlarged line between, into a closely set series of strong sutural crenulations, — without spiral strise; spire with outlines scarcely convex; apex truncate with the loss of two and one-half whorls; five moderately convex whorls remaining, with a well im- pressed suture; last whorl near the end a little detached from the preceding; aperture ovate-orbicular, well angu- lated above, white within next the lip, with the fauces yellowish brown ; lips single, slightly spread and reflected into the plane of the aperture, a little alate at the angle ; umbilicus very small. Mean divergence 30° ; length .64 inch ; greatest breadth .35 inch ; least breadth .26 inch. aspera Adams Cylindrella Plate 62, fig. 3 1849 Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 21. Shell ovate-cylindrical, moderately elongated; red mostly, with white anteriorly, or sometimes white in half of the shell ; with very coarse oblique strise, which are most arcuate at or below the middle, with the interven- ing raised lines acute-edged, with a nearly obsolete carina anteriorly, and another more prominent midway between this and the middle of the last whorl ; spire with quite convex outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of whorls; nine or ten whorls remaining, quite convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl moderately produced, subangular on the right side; aperture large, spreading, subrectilinear above, in the rest orbicular, slightly effuse anteriorly; lip rather wide, not very sharp, reflected nearly into the plane of the aperture. Length .94 inch ; breadth .3 inch. 326 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS augustae Adams Cyclostoma Plate 91, fig. 11 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 7. Shell much elongated, conic; shining, whitish or brownish, with six spiral series in three pairs of narrow dark brown spots which are either oblong or sagittate, the middle pair being more or less confluent, — with also a broad band and some more or less distinct lines of dark brown around the umbilical region; with transverse striae very strong on the upper whorls, and feeble and distant on the last whorl, decussated by faint spiral striae; spire with the outlines scarcely convex; apex truncate with the loss of two or three whorls ; five whorls remaining, with a moderately impressed suture, which is subcrenulate by the enlargement of the upper ends of the transverse lines in twos and threes; aperture ovate- orbicular, oblique; inner peritreme a little produced and reflected; outer peritreme well expanded, white, in some yellowish, more or less concave, much produced above and inflected forming a deep pit, before the umbilicus reflected far back into a deep sinus, with an alate expan- sion next to the sinus ; umbilicus very small. Mean divergence 38° ; length .9 inch ; greatest breadth .52 inch ; least breadth .4 inch. Var. a, with the outer peritreme deep red, and the spiral striae stronger; of which I have seen but two in- dividuals. augustae Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 1 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 83. Shell not very slender, cylindrical in the lower three- fourths, slightly tapering above: pale wax color: with veiy minute crowded transverse striae; anterior spiral keel not very prominent : apex broadly truncate, with the loss of whorls; whorls remaining nine, a little convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture moder- ately produced beyond the penult whorl, suborbicular, a little dilated at the left of the upper side: lip well ex- panded, moderately reflected. This species is allied to the preceding [hoUa7idi'\ and to C. montana. Length .65 inch; breadth .17 inch. Var. of hollandi Ad. (1851, ihid. no. 9: 183). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 327 aurora Adanis Cyclostoma Plate 59, fig. 11 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 11. Shell much elongated, ovate-conic; very pale orange, sometimes with very faint spiral darker lines, v^^hite next the aperture; w^ith very strong not closely set whitish transverse raised lines, and two or three very faintly impressed spiral striae on the upper part of the whorls ; spire with slightly convex outlines ; apex trun- cate with the loss of three whorls; four and one-half whorls remaining, moderately convex, with a well im- pressed suture; aperture ovate, moderately spreading, appressed a little to the penult whorl below the angle above, which is detached ; lip rather thin, scarcely spreading and but little reflected, umbilicus very small, with strong spiral striae. Mean divergence 30° ; length .65 inch ; greatest breadth .31 inch ; least breadth .26 inch. Given to me in Jamaica as a native species. Not certainly knovni from Jamaica (1851, ibid., no. 10: 177). avena Adams Cyclostoma Plate 91, fig. 12 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 6. Shell small, elongate; whitish, more or less tinged with brown, with numerous small distant brown dots in spiral series on the lower whorls, on the upper whorls bluish gray; with closely set transverse moderately ele- vated lines, some of which, in twos or rarely in threes, are more developed at the sutures into small white crenu- lations; spire with moderately convex outlines; apex truncate with the loss of two or three whorls ; about four and one-half whorls remaining, very convex, with a deep suture; last whorl much detached from the penult whorl near the aperture; aperture suborbicular, contracted a little on the left side ; inner peritreme a little produced ; outer peritreme rather small, much less extended on the left than on the right side, not reflected quite back to the plane of the aperture, produced above into a concave angle; umbilicus very small. Mean divergence 23° ; length .32 inch ; greatest breadth .14 inch; least breadth .11 inch. 328 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS beardsleana Adams Cylindrella Plate 81, fig. 11 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 19. Shell quite regularly conic, but much elongated ; whit- ish; with closely set small obtuse ribs which are not oblique, not carinated anteriorly; spire with rectilinear outlines ; apex tinincate with the loss of six whorls ; eight whorls remaining, quite convex, with a deep suture; last whorl a little detached, angular above; lip sharp, re- flected opposite to the penult whorl, otherwise scarcely reflected. Length .3 inch ; breadth .07 inch. Is Geomelania (1850, ibid., no. 5: 89). bicincta Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 63, fig. 2 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 164; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 88. Shell either short and robust, or of medium size and form : pale yellow in the upper whorls and in the lip and behind it; on the back of the last whorl pure white with two brownish black stripes ; otherwise pearl white : with fine strise on the last half of the last whorl. This shell appears to be similar to Dr. Pfeiffer's var. y. Inhabits Westmoreland. bicolor Adams Helix chittyana Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 169; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 93. Helix Chittyana, var. BICOLOR, is distinguished by a white lip, and by having the whole lower surface, except the whitish zone at the periphery, of a blackish brown. bidentata Adains Proserpina Plate 85, figs. 1, 2 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 81. This shell is also very similar to P. nitida, but is much smaller : besides the deep spiral line which accompanies the suture, there are several other very feebly impressed spiral lines ; the surface is not so smooth although equally brilliant: the color is yellowish green: the aperture has only two teeth, one near the base of columella, and another a little above it. Specimens of P. pulchra, of the same size, have five teeth well developed, as have also the least of our specimens of P. nitida. Greatest breadth .21 inch; least breadth .13 inch; height .08 inch. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 329 binneyanum "Adams" Pfeiffer Cyclostoma 1858, Mon. Pneumon. Viv., suppl. 1, p. 108. Not an Adams' name. blandiana Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 2 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 83. Shell regularly conic, but very slender : very pale brown or horn color, with very dark brown transverse broad bent stripes, about three ion each whorl, less distinct on the upper whorls, and wanting on the nuclear whorls: with rather fine regular transverse strise ; rather thickly and very finely crenulated at the upper margin of the whorls : apex moderately obtuse, smooth on the first whorl: spire very long, with the outlines rectilinear: whorls nine, moderately convex, slightly and acutely shouldered above, with a well impressed suture : aperture rather long-ovate, small : labrum sharp, very thin : col- umella nearly straight. This species is most nearly allied to A. propinqiia. Mean divergence about 16°; length .62 inch; breadth .135 inch; length of aperture .16 inch. [Syntype specimen figured by Pilsbry 1907a, pi. 63, fiers. 48, 49.] blandianum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 56, fig. 7 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 3. Shell like C. lima, Ad. but the spiral lines are less dis- tinct, and both the spiral and transverse lines are finer and more closely set; the shell is shorter and the whorls are narrower; color pale brown to white, with more or less distinct interrupted spiral brown lines ; outer peri- treme very much expanded, especially on the left side, slightly crenulated, above produced into a broad sinus; umbilicus narrow and extending through the truncate apex. Mean divergence 60° to 62°; length .7 inch; greatest breadth .65 inch ; least breadth .45 inch. blandiana Adams Helix Plate 73, figs. 5, 6 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 107. Shell transversely ovate, quite convex above, moder- ately convex beneath: brown, paler on the upper whorls and on the lip: with rather coarse transverse striae: 330 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS apex rather obtuse: spire with the outlines quite convex: whorls five, quite convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl with the periphery scarcely sub-angular: aperture oblique, lunate, considerably modified by the intrusion of the penult whorl : labrum rather thin, mod- erately reflected : umbilical region slightly indented. Height .42 inch; greatest breadth .63 inch; least breadth .55 inch. blandianum Adams Stoastoma Plate 87, figs. 16-18 1849, Mon. Stoastoma, p. 6. S. testa subdiscoidea, albida vel cornea, carinis spiralibus exili- bus multis omata; spira paululum elevata; anfractibus BV2; apertura companulata; labro multo producto, vix pectinato; labio multo soluto; umbilico lato, baud prof undo, lamelli spiral! in- structo. Form — subdiscoidal ; color — dingy white ; sculpture — many raised slender spiral lines, of which five or six are visible on the spire ; spire slightly elevated, convex ; whorls 3 1-2, moderately convex, with a moderately impressed suture ; last whorl rather large, well rounded ; aperture well expanded; labrum well produced, not very abruptly produced above, slightly scolloped between a few distant angles; labium widely detached from the penult whorl, slightly curved ; umbilicus broad, shallow, with the spiral lamella con- tinued into the lower extremity of the labrum. Mean divergence 150° to 155°; length .025 inch; great- est breadth .06 inch; least breadth .05 inch. A large specimen has the following dimensions ; length .036 inch ; greatest breadth .075 inch; least breadth .06 inch. brevior Adams Helix 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 185. New name for Helix depressa Adams 1845, preoccu- pied. brevis Adams Helix Plate 83, figs. 13, 14 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3 : 35. Shell subdiscoidal; whitish; smooth and shining; spire OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 331 convex, but little elevated; apex obtuse; v^horls more than four, slightly convex, short, with a moderately im- pressed suture; last whorl a little flattened beneath; aperture lunate; lip thin and sharp; umbilicus rather small. Greatest breadth .15 inch; least breadth .13 inch; height .04 inch. brevis Adams Spiraxis Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 168; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 92. Shell long-ovate: pale horn color, translucent: shining, smooth anteriorly, otherwise with rather numerous microscopic striae : spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear : apex rather small : whorls six, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture ovate : labrum thin and sharp: columella with the edge moder- ately projected into the aperture. Mean divergence about 20°; length .19 inch; breadth .07 inch ; length of aperture .08 inch. bronnii Adams Cyclostoma Plate 60, fig. 1 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 11. [near Rock Springs, in W part of St. Mary's] C. t. fusca, interdum subalbida, decollata; anf. 2% perditis; anf. reliquis 4, supra exile crenulatis, striis longitudinalibus exilis- simis parallelis creberrimis — eleganter insculptis; labro cras- siusculo, supra in triang-ulmn parvum concavum producto; oper- culo albo, subduplici. Div. 58°; alt. .67 poll; lat. max. .5 poll.; lat. min. .35 poll. buddiana Adams Helix Plate 72, figs. 1, 2 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 171; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 95. Shell subglobose, obliquely ellipsoidal: white, with a very thin yellowish brown epidermis : with very fine strise of growth ; some specimens have, on the last whorl, lightly impressed microscopic spiral lines, and rarely its surface is microscopically punctulated: spire convex: apex very obtuse: whorls nearly four and one-half, con- vex, with a rather deep suture : last whorl very large and globose: aperture rather large, with a semicircular out- line on the right, and a sinuate outline on the left: la- brum thin and sharp: labium with a dilated closely ap- 332 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS pressed deposit : umbilicus wanting. Allied to H. tunicata and H. rnunda. Inhabits Westmoreland. Greatest breadth .65 inch; least breadth .55 inch; height .53 inch. campbelli Adams Cyclostoma Plate 59, fig. 6 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch. 9: 154; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 78. Shell elongate conic : color ? with numerous trans- verse moderately elevated lamellse : apex acute : spire not truncated, with the outlines but little convex : whorls six and one-half, quite convex, with a rather deep suture; last whorl at the end much detached from the penult whorl, and angular above : aperture nearly circular, with the inner peritreme moderately produced, and the outer peritreme small and expanded into the plane of the aperture : umbilicus small. Mean divergence about 40° ; length .36 inch ; greatest breadth .2 inch; least breadth .16 inch. candescens Adams Helix Plate 68, figs. 11-13 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5 : 80. Shell like H. invalida, but white or yellowish white, with a line of clearer white along the periphery: spire much less elevated, and more regularly convex : surface smooth, or granulated on the last whorl, rarely granu- lated on the penult whorl : suture well impressed : aper- ture as in H. invalida, but the lip and teeth are more ro- bust, and their external furrows are very long and deep : umbilicus wanting. Greatest breadth .84 inch; least breadth .74 inch; height .43 inch. var. of sinvata Miill. (ibid. no. 9 : 185). cara Adams Helix Plate 70, figs. 1-3 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 29. Shell convex above, more convex beneath, with a very acute periphery; brown, with a white lip; surface smooth, or almost microscopically granulated and punc- tulated, with a smooth shining epidermis; spire moder- ately and somewhat convexly elevated; whorls five, scarcely convex, with a suture not impressed; aperture subtriangular, with a very thick, strong lip, which haa OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 333 along the lower side within three teeth, of which the outer is larger, and is double at the extremity when ma- ture, or nearly to the base when first formed ; the inner tooth is small and very near the columella; the two outer teeth have exterior pits proportionate to their size ; umbilicus small, entirely concealed in the old shells. Greatest breadth 1.4 inch; least breadth 1.2 inch; height .55 inch. carinata Adams Helix consanguinea Plate 68, figs. 2-4 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 171; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 95. Belle Isle, Westmoreland. Another variety, carinata, is more sharply and prom- inently carinated at the periphery. It inhabits the other end of the island, at Belle Isle, in Westmoreland. carnea Adams Cylindrella Plate 82, fig. 7 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2:22. New name for rosea Adams, non PfeifFer 1844. C. rosea, Ad. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Feb. 18, 1846, received the name of C. carnea in my printed cata- logue of shells Jan. 1, 1847. [(sic) carnea is not printed in the catalog of 1847.] cerina Adams Cylindrella carnea Plate 62, fig. 8 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 22. C. carnea var. cerina differs from the type chiefly in its wax color and in being a little more slender. chevalieri Adams Cyclostoma Plate 60, fig. 2 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 155; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 79. Shell ovate conic : brown, darker at the summit, white along the suture, around the umbilicus, and with the peritreme white; also with several spiral series of dark brown dots, of which series two on the upper whorls and three on the last are most conspicuous : smooth and shin- ing : spire rather convex, truncated with the loss of more than two whorls; about four whorls remaining, which are quite convex, with a moderately depressed suture: aperture nearly circular; the inner peritreme slightly developed ; outer peritreme smooth and widely expanded, (especially above and on the left side,) well appressed to the penult whorl : umbilicus veiy small. 334 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Mean divergence about 45° ; length .68 inch ; greatest breadth .48 inch; least breadth .35 inch. The operculum is similar to that of C. album, being subspiral, with oblique striae. chittyana Adams Helix Plate 70, figs. 4-6 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 30. Shell convex above, more convex beneath and more widely so that the preceding \_cara'], next to the acute periphery a little concave above and very convex below; brownish white, with a zone of deep brown on both sides of the whitish periphery, with a brown lip; surface slightly striated, shining, with a smooth shining brown epidermis, which is deciduous in narrow irregularly zig- zag portions ; spire convex, moderately elevated ; whorls four and one-half, nearly flat, with a suture not im- pressed; aperture subtriangular but much modified by the convexity of the last whorl, with four teeth, of which the outer two stand over one exterior pit, and of which the inner one is small, very near the columella, and without any exterior pit. Greatest breadth 1 inch ; least breadth .95 inch ; height 5 inch. chittyanum Adams Stoastoma Plate 88, figs. 10-12 1849, Men. Stoastoma, p. 10. S. testa Gonica, depressa, pallide cerina vel coi-nea, carinis spiralibus exilibus niultis ornata; spira paululum elevata; an- fractibus ^V2, ultimo dilato; apertura semicirculo paululum ma- jore; labro baud multum producto, vix pectinato; labio multum soluto; umbilico parvo, partim obtecto. Form — depressed conic ; color — pale reddish brown, or horn color ; sculpture — many raised spiral lines, of which five or six are visible on the spire ; spire but little and concavely elevated ; whorls 41/2, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl large and spreading ; aperture scarcely spreading, rather larger than a semi- circle; labrum moderately and above not very abruptly pro- duced, scarcely pectinated by the larger spiral lines ; OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 335 labium well detached from the penult whorl, curved in the lower part ; umbilicus rather small, nearly concealed by the spiral lamella, which is continued into the lower extremity of the labrum. Mean divergence 110°; length .065 inch; greatest breadth .095 inch ; least breadth .08 inch. chittyi Adams Cyclostoma Plate 56, fig. 4 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 1. This species differs from C. fimhriatulum Sowb. in the smaller and more closely set spiral carinse, of which there are three more on each whorl, — and by the scol- lops of the outer peritreme, which are smaller and more numerous, corresponding with the carinse. The many individuals of C. fimbriatulum which I have seen are quite constant in their peculiarities. Of C. Chittyi, however, I have but one individual. The value of the species will be more certainly established by the discovery of additional specimens. cinerea Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 86, fig. 17 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch. 9: 166; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 90. Shell of medium size and form : pale ash color ; black at the summit: with transverse broad umber stripes, which are numerous and deeply colored on the upper whorls, distant and pale on the middle whorls, and obso- lete on the last whorl ; with a dark brown line along the suture and another on the anterior keel ; lip white, with a black stripe behind on the right, and a black spot behind on the left : back of the last whorl distinctly stri- ated, otherwise very lightly striated. Inhabits near Ac- compong town, in the borders of St. Elizabeth, St. James, and Trelawney. citrina Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 63, fig. 3 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 164; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. New York, 5 : 88. Shell more or less robust : sulphur yellow ; sometimes pearl white when the lip is pure white; with a pure white, well defined, narrow stripe next below the suture ; tinged with red at the end of the last whorl : with ex- 336 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS cessively fine strise behind the lip only. Inhabits Man- chester, citrina Adams Helicina maxima Plate 76, figs. 1, 2 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 50; 1851, Cont. to Conch. no. 8: 134. A variety of Helicina palliata is remarkable for its pale lemon yellow color; it may be designated by the name of citrina. citrino-labris Adams Helicina Plate 77, figs. 1, 2 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 14. Shell brown or lemon yellow, very solid, outer lip very thick and always lemon yellow; in other characters like H. albolabris, of which it may possibly be a variety with a greater divergence. The epidermis is very finely but not densely hirsute. Mean divergence 123° ; length .39 inch ; greatest breadth .67 inch, least breadth .53 inch. columellata Adams Helix Plate 72, figs. 3, 4 1840, Cont. to Conch, no. 5 : 80. Shell convex-conic above, moderately convex beneath: white under a yellowish or greenish brown epidermis: with fine irregular strise of growth; sometimes with numerous microscopic punctures : apex subacute : spire very much elevated, nearly conic: whorls nearly six, moderately convex, obtusely a little shouldered, with a deep suture; last whorl slightly flattened above the mid- dle : aperture in the form of a spherical triangle : labrum sharp: columella much and very obliquely produced, curved, very thick, abruptly terminating, opaque white: umbilical region not indented. — This species has been confounded with H. tenerrima, and distributed as such. Greatest breadth .63 inch; least breadth .56 inch; height .47 inch. columna Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 22 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 22. Perhaps a variety of C. brevis Pfr. But the spire has rectilinear and almost exactly parallel outlines in its lower two-thirds or three-fourths ; the shell is longer ; the whorls are wholly flattened; the lip is more widely spread; and the strise are as small as in the more finely striated varieties of C. brevis. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 337 Length .72 inch; breadth .22 inch; of another, length .575 inch ; breadth .18 inch. concentricum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 60, fig. 3 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 4. This may be a variety of C. variahile; it is chiefly distinguished by having the lamellse between the inner and outer peritremes so much produced as to appear like numerous concentric margins ; by having the lip reflected farther back ; by a more slender general form, the mean divergence being 33° to 35°, The lip is reddish purple, V7\th. darker rays of the same conspicuous in the more simple lip of the young, and the square sutural spots are alw^ays faint. Var. of varibile (1851, ibid., no. 9: 154). concinna Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 63, fig. 4 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 164; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 88. Whitney River estate, east part Manchester. Shell small but robust: on the back of the last whorl pure white, with a short black brown stripe; lip white; otherwise pearl white, more lor less tinged with pale yellow, especially on the middle whorls : slightly striated on the back of the last whorl. Inhabits Whitney River estate in the east part of Manchester. conica Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 63, fig. 5 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 16G; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 90. Shell widest in the penult whorl: white, with a tinge of red at both ends. conica Adams Geomelania Plate 90, fig. 14 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. G: 97. Shell elongate conic; whitish: with, on each whorl, thii-ty-five transverse slender moderately arcuated ribs: spire with rectilinear outlines: apex truncate with the loss of five whorls: whorls remaining seven, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture ovate, rather widely efi"use: labrum a little expanded and re- flected, with the linguiform part excessively produced obliquely, and acute, at the lower part of the right side. 338 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Mean divergence about 13°; entire length .39 inch; greatest breadth .09 inch; least breadth .08 inch. connectens Adams Helix Plate 64, figs. 9, 12 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 105. Shell hemispherical : white, with a horn colored epi- dermis: with rather coarse striae of growth: apex very obtuse : spire with regular and very convex outlines : whorls nine, very narrow, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture : last whorl slightly convex be- neath, with the umbilical region slightly concave: aper- ture nearly transverse, rather narrow, lunate; with a very prominent sharp stout revolving lamella far within the lower part of the last whorl : labrum thin and sharp : labium in old shells, with a rather thick deposit: col- umella produced very obliquely; umbilicus wanting. Mean divergence about 110°; height .68 inch; greatest breadth 1 inch ; least breadth .95 inch. consanguinea Adams Helicina Plate 77, figs. 3, 4 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 50; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 134. Shell subglobose, moderately thick : dark brownish red, with the lip white; with a somewhat hirsute epi- dermis, having the projecting points spirally arranged : with the strise of growth quite distinct : apex obtuse : spire with the outlines much curved : whorls five, mod- erately convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture semiorbicular ; lip sinuous above, moderately thickened and sharp, but well reflected except at the extremities; with the slit broad and shallow. Mean divergence 110°; greatest breadth .6 inch; least breadth .05 inch ; height .45 inch. The slit, or notch, as it might be called with equal propriety, is uniform in all the specimens before me. In this, as in most other characters, the species is inter- mediate between H. hirsuta and H. albolabris. It occurs in the parish of Westmoreland, the west part of the island. consanguinea Adams Helix Plate 68, figs. 5-7 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch. No. 9: 170; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 94. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 339 Shell depressed, rather more convex above than below : very dark reddish brown, with a pale brown or dingy white lip; often with a pale stripe on the periphery: finely but strongly granulated on both sides: spire regu- larly convex : whorls rather more than four and one-half, moderately convex, a little depressed at the lower side next the suture; last whorl with a narrow not very prominent keel on the periphery: aperture transversely ovate, much dilated, and produced laterally; labrum well reflected backwards, and thickened, with four teeth be- low, of which three have corresponding deep external furrows, labium closely appressed but thick : umbilicus rather narrow, deep, partly covered with the dilated columella. Inhabits Portland. Greatest breadth 1.08 inch ; least breadth .94 inch. contorta Adams Succinea Plate 63, fig. 12 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 12. S. t. cornea; spira minima; anf. 2%, perconvexis, perobliquis; apertura maxima, obliqua, elliptica. Div. 80°; spirae long. ,08 poll.; long. tot. .23 poll.; kit. max. .21 poll.; lat. min. .1 poll. convexa Adams Helix anomala Plate 67, figs. 4-7 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 171. Another variety, convexa, is remarkably convex on both sides, especially beneath, and has a very narrow umbilicus. It inhabits the borders of Manchester and St. Elizabeth. corpulenta Adams Cylindrella maugeri Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 165; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 89. Shell large and robust, but moderately thickened : pearl white, sometimes with a tinge of red on the upper whorls and anteriorly; lip white; with a large irregular black spot behind the lip : coarsely striated near the end of the last whorl ; otherwise with the stri?e of the lower half of the shell most lightly impressed. Inhabits St. Elizabeth, costulata Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 1 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 13. A. t. parva, conica, tenui, diaphana, fuscescente, atro-fusco bifasciata; sutura profunda; anf. 8, supra subangulatis, costulis gracillimis crebris — instructis; labro tenui, infra retracto; col- 340 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS utnella haud multum arcuata. Div, 20°; spirae long-. .23 poll.; long, tot. .335 poll.; lat. .1 poll. costulata Adams Cylindrella Plate 82, fig. 13 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 20. Shell subovate, but elongated ; whitish ; with thin very prominent very distant moderately oblique ribs, of which there are about ten on the penult whorl, and which, as usual in this genus, are more crowded on the last whorl, — anteriorly with a prominent but not sharp carina ; spire with convex outlines along the middle; apex trun- cate with the loss of five or six whorls; nine or ten whorls remaining, rather flattened, but with a deep su- ture; last whorl much detached and produced angulated on the right; aperture much dilated on the right, anteri- orly a little angular, the rest rounded; lip somewhat thickened, rather narrow and sharp, reflected into the plane of the aperture. Length .25 inch ; breadth .075 inch ; length of an entire specimen .325 inch. costulosa Adayns Achatina Plate 80, fig. 4 1840, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 102. Shell conic, turrited : transluscent, very pale brownish horn color, darker at the varices : with the surface ap- parently striated, but having on each whorl about sev- enty small approximate regular transverse ribs; but the nuclear whorls are smooth ; with rather indistinct va- rices, of which there are two or three on each whorl : apex rather obtuse; spire with the outlines nearly recti- linear, except near the apex : whorls nearly nine, mod- erately convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture broadly ovate: labrum not advanced along the middle, much reflected in the lower half: columella moderately produced, nearly straight, well truncated. Mean divergence about 20° ; length of spire .65 inch ; total length .86 inch; breadth .27 inch. [Syntype specimen figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 7, figs. 14-17.] costulosa Adams Cylindrella Platte 61, fig. 15 1840, Cont. to Conch, no. 6 : 98. Shell fusiform, well elongated : whitish : with promi- OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 341 nent somewhat oblique ribs, of which there are about fourteen or fifteen on each whorl, and which are more crowded and less prominent on the last whorl; with dis- tinct crowded strise parallel with the ribs : spire truncate with the loss of whorls ; whorls remaining seven or eight, flattened, with a deep suture: last whorl much detached and produced, obtusely angulated on the right and anterior sides; aperture dilated, angulated anteri- orly and on the right; lip well expanded, moderately reflected, sharp. For the loan of this species I am in- debted to Mr. Cuming. Length .34 inch ; breadth .09 inch. [Is Bradypodella pallida Pfeiffer, from Virgin Is., not a Jamaican shell.] costulosa Adams Geomelania Plate 91, figs. 7, 8 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 96. Shell conic-cylindrical: whitish: with, on each whorl, about forty very slender somewhat arcuated transverse ribs, which are continued to the margin of the aperture, and which are much widened at their bases ; with a few inequidistant lightly impressed very fine spiral striae, which traverse the ribs or are obsolete at their edges: spire with rectilinear outlines: apex truncate with the loss of whorls : whorls remaining about six and one- half, quite convex, with a deep suture: aperture ovate, widely eff"use: labrum moderately reflected and thick- ened ; with the linguiform part very obtuse and produced laterally in the lower half of the right side : labium well thickened, very widely detached from the penult w^horl, and united to the labrum above at some distance from the extremity of the latter. Mean divergence about 13°; length .37 inch; greatest breadth .115 inch; least breadth .1 inch. costulosa Adams Spiraxis Plate 90, fig. 15 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 88. Shell elongate-conic: whitish or horn colored: with thirty-five to forty obtuse approximate transverse ribs: apex obtuse: spire with the outlines almost rectilinear except near the apex: whorls seven and one-half, very convex, with a deep suture ; last two or three whorls with 342 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS a spiral constriction on the middle, which gradually in- creases to the labrum, which is much indented by it: columellar lamina large. Mean divergence about 13°; length .175 inch; breadth .04 inch. crassum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 54, figs. 4, 5 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 63; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 147. Shell white with a brown epidermis : with deep trans- verse strise; with indistinct spiral striae; not wrinkled; umbilical keel obsolete : spire moderately elevated : whorls five; last whorl scarcely depressed above; suture well impressed: aperture suborbicular, effuse, pointed, and advanced above : lip well thickened : umbilicus nearly two-thirds as wide as the aperture. Operculum rather concave; lamella with about seven whorls, of medium width, nearly perpendicular except that the thickened upper margin is moderately reflected. Inhabits the back parts of Manchester. Mean divergence about 130° ; height .53 inch ; greatest breadth .77 inch; least breadth .62 inch. crassa Adams Cylindrella maugeri Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 163; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 87. Shell rather small, but robust and thick: dark livid brown at both extremities or bluish grey anteriorly; with a thick white lip; with a narrow white stripe next below the suture of the last whorl, and a slender white line on the anterior keel ; othei*wise pearl white : with very strong striae on the back of the last whorl, which diminish in ascending the spire, becoming microscopic on the middle whorls. Inhabits Portland. crenulosum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 60, fig. 7 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 12. Shell much elongated, conic ; brownish, sometimes with transverse darker clouds and slender zigzag spots, with a band of the same around the anterior part; very coarsely striated transversely, the upper ends of the raised lines being developed into very numerous sutural crenulations, spiral lines wanting; spire with nearly rec- tilinear outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of three OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 343 whorls; five whorls remaining, with a moderately im- pressed suture, which is nearly concealed by the crenu- lations ; aperture ovate-orbicular ; inner peritreme orange red, on the right side coalescing with the outer peri- treme, which is white, moderately expanded, sharp, con- cave, more produced and inflected above and at the lower end of the left side ; umbilicus very small. Mean divergence 35° ; length .83 inch ; greatest breadth .45 inch ; least breadth .35 inch. cumingi Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 12 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 14. [Goshen ; W part of St. Ann's.] C. t. magna, Candida, subfusiformi, longissima, heterostropha, costulis minimis obliquis regnlaribus rotundatis creberrimis — ornata, late decoUata; anf. 10 vel 11 perditis, superis perconvexis; anf. reliquis 8 vel 9; apertura elliptica, in faucibus valde con- tracta, in labrum latissimum acutum expansa; anf ultimo carina semi-revolvente aperturam subeffusam faciente — instrueto. Div. supra 10°; long. tot. 1.4 poll.; post decoll. long. 1.15 poll.; lat. .19 poll. Synonym of C. elongata Chemnitz (1851, ibid. 9: 182). cumingianum Adams Stoastoma Plate 87, figs. 13-15 1849, Mon. Stoastoma, p. 9. S. testa subglobosa, depressa, cerina, carinis spiralibus exilibus plurimis ornata; spira paululum elevata; anfractibus 3 2/3, ultimo magno; apertura campanulata; labro multiim producto, vix pec- tinato; umbilico baud profundo. Form — globose-discoid ; color — pale reddish or yelowish brown ; sculpture — numerous spiral raised lines, of which eight or ten are visible on the spire ; spire but little elevated; whorls 3 2/3, moderately convex, with a well im- pressed suture; last whorl large, elegantly rounded; aperture moderately constricted at the fauces, but much expanded; labrum well produced, above rather abruptly produced, very slightly scolloped between a few distant angles; labium moderately detached from the penult whorl, a little curved below ; umbilicus shallow, with the lamellar spiral keel con- tinued into the lower extremity of the labrum. 344 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Mean diverg-ence 112°; length .05 inch; greatest breadth .075 inch; least breadth .06 inch. The concavity of the operculum is covered with nu- merous lamellar grains. cylindrus Adams Cylindrella Plate 91, fig. 14 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2 : 14. [7 mi N of Spanish Town and near Bog Walk.] C. t. rubra, cylindracea, praecedenti [i.e. cumingii] similiter sed exiliiis insculpta, late decoUata; anf. reliquis 12, haud niultixm convexis; apertura subovata, in labrum subtenue expansa; anf. ultimo acute carinato. Long, post decoll. .82 poll.; lat. .15 poll. C. cylindrus, Ad. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1849, received the name of c. rubra in my printed Catalogue of shells Jan. 1847. It is perhaps a variety of C. Dunkeri. Pfr. (1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1: 23). decussatulum AdaiJis Cyclostoma Plate 86, fig. 18 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 4. Shell moderately elongate, ovate conic; whitish, with brown spiral bands, which are more distinct on the lower whorls; elegantly and finely decussated with numerous close-set transverse strong rounded raised lines; spire with convex outlines : apex truncate with the loss of two or two and one half whorls; four and one half to five whorls remaining, convex, with a deep suture; aperture nearly circular; inner peritreme moderately produced and reflected ; outer peritreme moderately expanded, con- centrically striated; umbilicus narrow, but extending through the truncate apex. Mean divergence about 50° ; length .58 inch ; greatest breadth .42 inch; least breadth .32 inch. This species does not answer to the description and figures of C. mirabile, Gray, to which it must be nearly allied. May be identical with C. mirabile Wood (1851, ibid. no. 10: 177). delaminata Adams Helix epistylium Plate 64, figs. 10, 11 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 174; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 98. At Easington in St. David's, is another variety, dis- tinguishable from the small specimens, which occur in the neighboring district of Portland, by the entire ab- OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 345 sence of any internal lamina or teeth. It may be called DELAMINATA. delaminata Adams Helix osculans Plate 64, figs. 7, 8 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 174; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 98. The same name, delaminata, may be given to a va- riety of H. osculans which wants the internal lamina. densestriata Adams Pupa obesa Type not located 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 15. [Long Mt. 3 mi E of Kingston.] Var. DENSESTRIATA, t. majore, striis exilissimis creberrimis omata. depressa Adams Helix Plate 78, figs. 13, 14 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 16. Preocc, new name is Helix hrevior Adams. Prsecedenti [i.e. suhjyyramidalis] affinis; sed t. perdepressa; apice obtusa; umbilico latiore. Div. 155°; alt. .1 poll.; lat. max. .25 poll.; lat. min. .22 poll. diminuta Adams Cylindrella agnesiana Plate 61, fig. 4 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 160; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 84. We are indebted to Dr. A. Barrett for this remarkably small variety, with the following dimensions: length after truncation .67 inch; breadth .22 inch. In the speci- mens before us the lip is but slightly expanded. It in- habits Flamstead, in the Port Royal Mountains. diminuta Adams Helix Plate 85, figs. 10-12 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 36. Shell discoidal ; greenish or pale corneous, with distant transverse raised lamellae, spire slightly elevated con- vexly; apex obtuse; whorls four and one-half, rather convex, with a rather deep suture; aperture orbicular, except as a little modified by the penult whorl ; lip sharp and thin ; umbilicus very wide. Greatest breadth .12 inch; least breadth .103 inch; height .05 inch. discoidea Adams Proserpina Plate 86, figs. 12-14 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 81. Shell nearly discoidal: pale yellowish or greenish brown; subtransparent, shining: with excessively fine striae of growth, and an impressed spiral line next below 346 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS the suture: spire convex, slightly elevated: w^horls four and one-half, moderately convex, with a w^ell impressed suture; last whorl a little flattened beneath: aperture much dilated laterally, transversely ovate, but much modified by the penult vv^horl, without teeth : labrum thin and sharp: central callus occupying the region of the umbilical indentation : umbilicus narrow and deep. — This species is nearly allied to P. opalina. Being a gen- uine Proserpina without teeth, it suggests the propriety of omitting the phrase "apertura intus dentata" from the description of the genus. Greatest breadth .275 inch; least breadth .23 inch; height .09 inch. dioseoricola Ada7ns Helix Plate 90, fig. 11 1845, Proc. Boston See. Nat. Hist. 2: 16. [Dublin Castle, at Graywyck.] H. t. minima, tenui, subglobosa, imperforata, anf. 3 perconvexis; ultimo rotundato, subtias ang-uste indentato; labro tenui. Div. 70°; alt. .05 poll.; lat. max. .06 poll.; lat. min. .05 poll. distinctum Adams Cyclostoma fecundum Plate 58, fig. 12 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1: 11. Var. distinctum, with the aperture a little detached from the last whorl. docens Adams Cyclostoma fimbriatulum Plate 56, fig. 3 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 56, 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 140. Another variety inhabits an intermediate region, the parish of St. Elizabeth's. Yet although geographically intermediate between the other two forms, it is by no means so in its characters. It is smaller than the var. albinodatum, has its peritreme narrower, and the trans- verse ridges are more numerous and regular, in these characters diverging yet farther from the type of the species. On he other hand, it diverges in the opposite direction, having the transverse ridges cross the spiral ridges with enlargement. We propose for it the name docens in allusion to its instructiveness on the question of the origin of varieties. dubiosum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 55, figs. 2, 3 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no 9: 157; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 81. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 347 [N of Holland Estate, near 'Ys' River, Ch.] This species differs in one very striking character from C. suturale Sowb. : it wants the keel next below the suture, in the place of which there is a depression of the upper part of the whorls. We have seen several specimens of this species and many lof C. suturale, and all of them conform exactly to their respective types. When the operculum of C. dubiosum shall have been found, additional peculiarities may be discovered. dubiosa Adams Helicina Plate 77, figs. 5, 6 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6 : 93. Shell globose-conic : shining, reddish brown, with the lip and callus yellowish white : with excessively fine strise of growth, and very lightly impressed microscopic spiral strise : apex subacute : spire well elevated, with the out- lines rather convex: whorls four and one-half, rather convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture rather large, semicircular, with the notch at the base of the columella scarcely perceptible or wanting: labrum mod- erately reflected and thickened. Mean divergence about 120° ; height .2 inch ; greatest breadth .285 inch; least breadth .24 inch. duflfianum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 55, figs. 1, 4, 5 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 11. [Not a Jamaican species.] C. t. magna, discoidea, rubella albaque; anf. 4^/^, cylindraceis; umbilico late, profundo; margine simplici. Div. 150°; lat. jnax. 1.9 poll,; lat. min. 1.45 poll.; alt. .87 poll. Gulielmo Duff, armig., conchylioi-um Jamaicensium doctissimo^ haec species dedicatur. elatior Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 10 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 167; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat Hist. New York, 5: 91. This is also a larger shell than C. Dunkeri, thicker, and strongly striated, with the whorls more planulate: it is much longer and more slender than C. rubra. In- habits Westmoreland. Length .93 inch; breadth .13 inch. elegans Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 3 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 25. Achatina elegans may be a variety of A. Philliinana Pfr., but it has the strise extremely fine, and the dark brown stripes are much narrower. Dr. Pfeiffer's species 348 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS has the strise very coarse and the stripes very wide. [The type-lot mentioned by Pilsbry (1907a: 84) is not in MCZ; syntype specimen figured by Pilsbry 1907a, pi. 8, figs. 28-30.] elegans Adams Geomelania Plate 81, fig. 2 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 18. Shell cylindrical; whitish; elegantly sculptured with distant prominent very slender ribs, which are not im- pressed by the very numerous microscopic spiral strise, of which about twenty are visible on the whorls of the spire : spire with nearly rectilinear outlines ; apex trun- cate with the loss of whorls ; seven whorls remain- ing, quite convex, with a very deep suture; aperture ovate, moderately effuse; labrum moderately thickened and reflected, and but little produced at the lovv^er part; labium prominent, rather thick, slightly detached from the penult whorl at the very small sinus above which it unites with the labrum. Mean divergence 13° to 14° ; length .3 inch ; greatest breadth .08 inch; least breadth .07 inch. [Lectytype figured by Clench & Turner, 1948, pi. 23, fig. 8.] epistyliulum Adams Helix Plate 65, figs. 1, 2 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 31. Shell conoid ; white ; with microscopic strise of growth ; spire with very convex outlines; apex very obtuse; whorls six and one-half, a little convex, with a well im- pressed suture; last whorl with a subangular periphery; aperture lunate, without any internal lamella; lip sharp; umbilicus very narrow, rather deep. Greatest breadth .175 inch; least breadth .16 inch; height .17 inch. Except in its minute size this species much resembles H. epistylium, and still more closely H. Cookiana. errans Adams Helix spreta Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 173; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 97. Variety ERRANS differs from the above [s'preta], in having the whorls less shouldered and consequently the suture less deep, and in having the region around the OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 349 umbilicus somewhat thickened internally so as to be opaque, exilis Adams Geomelania Plate 91, figs. 9, 10 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 97. Shell much elongated, conic-cylindrical : whitish : with, on each whorl, about thirty-five transverse, very slender, straight ribs, and numerous fine striae which do not im- press the summits of the ribs : spire with rectilinear outlines : apex truncate with the loss of whorls : whorls remaining seven, quite convex, with a deep su- ture : aperture broadly ovate, widely and slightly effuse : labrum slightly expanded and reflected; with the lingui- form part occupying the lower half, and scarcely pro- duced ; labium as much thickened and reflected as the labrum, rather widely separated throughout from the penult whorl. Mean divergence about 10°; length .27 inch; greatest breadth .064 inch; least breadth .056 inch. exilis Adams Pupa Plate 82, fig. 12 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3 : 38. Shell tapering and much elongated; white, smooth; spire slender, with scarcely convex outlines ; apex obtuse ; whorls nearly six, rather convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture oblique, long, contracted at both ex- tremities, rather angular anteriorly; lip well reflected and thickened ; on the left side of the aperture is a strong transverse tooth, and there is a smaller oblique tooth at the end of the columella; umbilicus very small. This species much resembles P. exigua Say, but tapers regu- larly from the middle of the last whorl, and is more slender. Length .08 inch; greatest breadth .028 inch; least breadth .025 inch. expansa Adams Geomelania Plate 81, fig. 3 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 18. Shell much elongate, conic; whitish; rather densely sculptured with strong transverse somewhat arcuate ribs, which are flattened on the forward side, are less regular than in G. minor, and are obsolete on the anterior half of the last whorl; spire with rectilinear outlines; apex 350 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS truncate with the loss of whorls; nearly seven whorls remaining, moderately convex, with a well im- pressed suture; aperture ovate, much expanded laterally, widely and rather deeply effuse anteriorly; labrum but little thickened, slightly reflected above, more reflected and widely spread below; labium rather thin, a little reflected into the concavity of the central region of the penult whorl, to which it is appressed. Mean divergence 18° ; length .53 inch ; greatest breadth .185 inch ; least breadth .15 inch. fadyenianum Adams Stoastoma Plate 90, figs. 5-7 1849, Mon. Stoastoma, p. 7. S. testa subdiscoidea, pallide cerina, carinis exilissimis paucis inequalibus ornata; spira acuta, concaviter multum elevata; an- fractibus 4 2/3; anf. ultimo expanse, discoideo, infra planulato; apertura baud multiam expansa, semicirculo paululum majore; labro baud pectinate, infra auriculato; labio multo soluto; lamella spiral! umbilicali, labro juncta. Form — subdiscoidal ; color — pale yellowish brown ; sculpture — a few rather inequidistant unequal raised spiral lines, more numerous near the umbilical region; spire much elevated above the plane surface of the last whorl, forming with it a very concave outline; whorls 4 2/3, moderately convex, with a well im- pressed suture ; last whorl large and spreading, abruptly flattened beneath; aperture rather more than a semicircle, slightly spreading, white; labrum much produced, above abruptly produced, not scolloped, auriculate beneath ; labium much detached from the penult whorl, in the lower part much curved to the right ; umbilical region with a well developed spiral lamella, which is continuous with the lower extremity of the la- brum. Mean divergence about 135° ; length .07 inch ; greatest breadth .1 inch; least breadth .08 inch. fecundum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 58, fig. 10 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1: 11. Shell much elongated, conic; brownish or reddish OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 351 brown, sometimes with darker more or less transverse clouds, with numerous elegant spiral series of small dark brown spots, which are arranged at unequal distances in transverse lines, and are most conspicuous in the young shell, disappearing with age; with transverse striae like C. armatum, and spiral faintly impressed lines on the upper whorls ; spire with scarcely convex outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of three whorls ; five rather convex whorls remining, with a moderately impressed suture ; aperture large and spreading, less oblique than in the two preceding species, ovate, much angulated and extended into a sinus above ; lip single, rather thin, a little spread- ing, scarcely reflected back to the plane of the aperture ; umbilicus small, with rather strong spiral striae. Mean divergence 33° ; length .72 inch ; greatest breadth .37 inch ; least breadth .3 inch. fluctuata Adams Helix Plate 70, figs. 7-9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 29. Resembles the preceding {patina], but the surface is more uniformly and regularly granulated even than in H. acutissima: the outline of the last whorl is an oval considerably elongated; on the first half of this whorl, the shell is concave on both sides of the periphery, which next rather suddenly becomes obtuse: the lower side is very convex through the central region, and the upper surface is obliquely waved or wrinkled. Greatest breadth 2.2 inches; least breadth 1.7 inch; height 1 inch." *The largest Helix acutissima which I have seen is 2.3 by 2.03 inches, and the smallest mature individual is 1.1 by .95 inch. Synonym of H. chemnitziana Pfeiffer (1851, ibid.. no. 10: 205). foremaniana Adams Helix Plate 65, figs. 3, 4 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 80. Shell ovoid, with a scarcely perceptible obtuse angle on the periphery: white, with a very pale horn-colored epideiTnis : with fine irregular stride of growth, and some- times on the lower side of the last whorl with inequi- distant unequal concentric striae: spire very much ele- vated, with very convex outlines : whorls seven and one- 352 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS half, quite convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl very convex beneath to the centre, without any indentation in the umbilical region : aperture obliquely lunate, wider below than above; within, a little below the middle of the right side, is a long lamellar tooth, commencing abruptly in the bottom of the aperture, and gradually diminishing in height to its termination a little within the margin; with a wide irregular tooth on the end of the columella : labrum sharp : umbilicus wanting. This species is dedicated to my friend Dr. E. Foreman, of Washington, who is well known for many years to have rendered valuable services to Conchology. Greatest breadth .78 inch; least breadth .73 inch; height .9 inch. fortis Adams Cylindrella rosea Plate 61, fig. 19 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 161; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 85. Shell as long as var. major, (p. 21,) but with less diameter and more cylindric. [SeePilsbry, 1903a: 137.] fortis Adams Geomelania Plate 81, fig. 4 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 94. Shell elongate conic : whitish : with, on each whorl, about thirty-six rather slender transverse arcuated ribs : spire with rectilinear outlines : apex truncate with the loss of about eight whorls : whorls remaining seven, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture : aper- ture ovate, widely and deeply effuse : labrum well ex- panded and reflected; with the linguiform part at the anterior extremity, excessively produced obliquely and downwards, rather narrow, acute : labium well thickened, slightly separated from the penult whorl. Mean divergence about 12° ; length .6 inch ; greatest breadth .18 inch; least breadth .15 inch. fortis Adams Helix Plate 67, figs. 1-3 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5 : 77. Shell depressed, suborbicular, subconic, moderately convex beneath, with a slight sharp keel along the per- iphery: (reddish brown?) : surface rather strongly gran- ulated except on the upper whorls : spire between convex OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 353 and conic, but little elevated : whorls nearly five and one- half, convex next below the suture, and next above it very concave, forming a shallow spiral furrow ; with the suture lightly impressed: aperture with the same form and character of lip as in H. sinnata; with three robust teeth on the lower side, of which the two on the right have, externally, corresponding furrows, which are long and deep : umbilicus wanting. Greatest breadth 1.44 inch; least breadth 1.19 inch; height .75 inch. fuscum Adams Cyclostoma album Plate 60, fig. 5 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 156; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 80. Is distinguished [from album] by its smaller size, brown color, and a less smooth surface. fusca Adams Cylindrella maugeri Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 165; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 89. Shell short, robust, but moderately thickened : pale umber color, darker near the end of the last whorl; lip white : lightly striated on the upper whorls ; in the rest regularly and rather coarsely striated. Inhabits Maroon Town in Hanover. fuscocincta Adams Helix Plate 73, figs. 3, 4 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 33. Shell conic; white beneath a very thick epideiTnis, which has a narrow well defined blackish zone next be- low the suture, and next below is pale brown, gradually becoming darker in crossing the whorls to a narrow and well defined very pale yellowish brown zone, which runs next above the suture and along the periphery of the last whorl, the base of which is wholly of a dark brown, — often with numerous hydrophanous white spots; with striae of grovd;h, which are fine in some and coarse in other individuals; spire with nearly rectilinear outlines, more or less elevated ; apex a little obtuse ; whorls six, a little convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture somewhat depressed orbicular ; lip rather thin and sharp, with the columellar portion moderately dilated and thickened; umbilicus wanting. 354 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS The proportions are quite variable, as in the four fol- lowing examples, the first being a young shell. No. 1. Mean divergence 70° ; greatest breadth .6 inch; least breadth .52 inch; height .65 inch. No. 2. Mean divergence 82°; greatest breadth .83 inch ; least breadth .7 inch ; height .79 inch. No. 3. Mean divergence 95°; greatest breadth .725 inch ; least breadth .58 inch ; height .57 inch. No. 4. Mean divergence 106°; greatest breadth .81 inch ; least breadth .63 inch ; height .57 inch. fuscolabris Adams Helix Plate 70, figs. 10-12 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 106. [Westmoreland] . Shell transversely ovate-orbicular, convex on both sides : deep reddish brown, paler next the labrum, and at the periphery, darker next below the periphery, often light green around the umbilical region, and behind the lower part of the labrum, clear brown at the margin of the lip, white within: finely but rather strongly granu- lated, except near the apex and the umbilical region : spire convex or subconoid, moderately elevated: whorls five and one-half, slightly convex, often a little concave in the lower part, with a lightly impressed suture: last whorl with a rather acute periphery: aperture almost horizontal, sublunate, moderately dilated ; with, on the lower side, two white teeth, of which the outer one is very large, and both of which are accompanied exteriorly with proportionate furrows : labrum moderately thick- ened and reflected, much thicker and more reflected next the columella. This species is intermediate between H. lucerna and H. acuta. Height .72 inch; greatest breadth 1.5 inch; least breadth 1.26 inch. fusco-lineatum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 59, fig. 8 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 11. [St. Ann's]. C. t. prsecedenti [hronnii'] affini, fasciis angustis fuscis inter- ruptis ornata, sutura haud multum crenulata, labro minore. For- san var.? alt. .55 poll.; lat. max. .4 poll.; lat. min. .3 poll. Variety of browni Ad. (1851 ibid., no. 9: 180). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 355 fuscula Adams Helix Plate 85, figs. 16-18 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3 : 35. Shell subconic ; brown ; with fine strife of growth ; spire well elevated convexly ; apex subacute ; whorls four, quite convex, with a deep structure; aperture sublunate; lip sharp and thin ; last whorl very convex around the small umbilicus. Mean divergence 30°; greatest breadth .1 inch; least breadth .09 inch ; height .072 inch. fusiformis Adams Pupa Plate 82, fig. 3 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 14. [Manchineel, Rio Bueno]. P. t. fusiformi, nitida, exilissinie striata, opaca, cinerea, decol- late; anf. 5 vel 6 perditis, planulatis; anf. 8 reliquis, haud multiim convexis, albo-fasciatis, fascia infra-suturali; labro solido, albo, rotundato, sinuoso, supra haud continuo; umbilico angusto. Long, post decoU. .8 poll.; lat. .27 poll. Is variety of Cylindrella maugeri (1851, ihid., no. 9: 164). gayana Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 4 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 103. Shell well elongated ovate-fusiform: light brownish yel- low, with a series of very distant triangular spots of dark brown, descending from the suture, about five or six on each whorl : varicose coincidently with the brown spots, the varices being rather feebly indicated, as in A. nitida; with fine regular rather crowded transverse strise: apex subacute: spire with the outlines a little convex : whorls seven or eight, rather convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture long ovate, acute above: labrum sharp and thin : columella nearly straight, rather narrow and obliquely truncated. Mean divergence about 30°; length .76 inch; greatest breadth .27 inch ; least breadth .25 inch ; length of aper- ture .36 inch. This rare and elegant species is dedicated to my as- sistant, Mr. A. M. Gay, in testimony of his industry and rapid acquisitions in natural history. [Syntype specimen figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 16, fig. 9 (probably not fig. 8) .] 356 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS gouldianum Adams Stoastoma Plate 88, figs. 1-3 1849, Mon. Stoastoma, p. 5. S. testa discoidea, pallide virente, carinis paucis, et lineis ele- vatis exilissimis spiralibus, ornata; spira convexa paululum ele- vata; anfractibus 3^/4, anf. ultimo lato, sutura valde impressa; apertura campanulata; labro longe producto, supra auriculato, a carinis productis pectinate; umbilico sub-lato, lamella spirali haud multiim elevata. Form — discoidal ; color — very pale green ; subtransparent ; sculpture — a few distant spiral carinse, of which two or three are visible on the upper whorls, and very deli- cate spiral raised lines, usually two or three in each interspace ; spire slightly and convexly elevated ; whorls 31/2, moderately convex, with a deep suture; last whorl large and spreading, detached from the penult whorl near the aperture ; aperture campanulate, the arch of the labrum some- what depressed; labrum produced very far, abruptly produced and auriculate above, with wide scollops formed by the pro- duced carina; labium much detached from the penult whorl and a little expanded; umbilicus wide, with the spiral lamella moderately de- veloped and continuous with the lower extremity of the labrum. Mean divergence 155° to 160'^; length .05 inch; great- est breadth .11 inch; least breadth .08 inch. Operculum very concave externally, shining, slightly lamelliferous. Variety a; one-fourth smaller; the carinse less and the intermediate lines more developed. gracilior Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 5 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 104. Shell conoidal, but very slender : pale horn color : with about twelve transverse oblique slightly prominent lamel- loid ridges, which are more distinct next below the su- ture: apex rather acute: spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls eleven, a little convex, with a distinct OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 357 suture : aperture ovate, very acute above, retreating be- low on both sides, but less on the left side : labrum thin : columella moderately arcuated and truncated. Mean divergence about 9°; length of spire .43 inch; total length .55 inch ; breadth .09 inch. [Lectotype figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 12, fig. 8.] gracilis Adams Cylindrella maugeri Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch. No. 9: 166; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 90. Shell quite slender : pearl white, with a pure white keel and lip : at the end of the last whorl coarsely striated ; otherwise with excessively minute striae. gracilis Adams Geomelania Plate 81, fig. 5 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 95. Shell similar to that of G. procera; but the ribs are much more slender and numerous (about forty on each whorl), and are more or less inequidistant ; only very slight traces of spiral striae can be detected under a magnifier: the apex is truncate with the loss of eight whorls : the linguiform part of the lip is sub-acute, and is much produced obliquely and laterally at the lower extremity of the right side: the labium is as thick as the labrum. Mean divergence about 10°; length .55 inch; greatest breadth .13 inch; least breadth .11 inch. graminicola Adams Helix Plate 73, figs. 1, 2 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 32. Shell depressed globular; brown, with a white zone next below the suture, and another on the periphery of the last whorl, which last zone is margined above with a blackish brown zone: with striae of growi;h which are fine beneath and coarse above; spire convex, moderately elevated; apex rather obtuse; whorls more than five, rather convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture more than a semicircle, much modified by the penult whorl ; labrum rather sharp and thin ; thickened a little within by a purple deposit, slightly reflected over the small umbilicus. granosum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 59, fig. 4 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 93. 358 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Shell long ovate-conic : dingy white, with some irregu- lar brown spots next below the suture, with a faint spiral band of the same anteriorly, reddish brown near the end •of the last whorl: surface granosely decussated by nu- merous small transverse and spiral ridges, of which the latter commence on the second whorl from the truncated summit: spire with the outlines moderately convex: whorls remaining after truncation four and one-half, quite convex, with a rather deep suture: aperture nearly circular, with the left half of the outline compressed : inner peritreme moderately produced : outer peritreme thick, narrow, with the margin reflected behind the plane of the aperture : umbilicus small, extending through the truncated summit. Mean divergence about 33° ; length .6 inch ; greatest breadth .37 inch ; least breadth .3 inch. granulosa Adayns Lucidella aureola Plate 84, figs. 1-3 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6 : 89. A variety of Lucidella aureola is so strongly sculp- tured with granules, that it will be convenient to desig- nate the variety with the name of granulosa. gravesii Adams Cylindrella Plate 62, fig. 6 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 21. Shell ovate-cylindrical moderately elongated, with the last whorl a little quadrangular; white; with very dense very fine slightly arcuate very oblique strise, with the carinje of the last whorl obsolete ; spire with rather con- vex outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of whorls ; nine to eleven whorls remaining, scarcely convex, with a lightly impressed margined suture; last whorl moder- ately produced at right angles to the axis of the spire; aperture somewhat quadrangular, lip rather wide, re- flected into the plane of the aperture. Var. a, with a small prominent anterior carina. Dimensions rather variable, as follows in three indi- viduals before me. No. 1; length .72 inch; breadth .178 inch. No. 2; length .66 inch; breadth .2 inch. No. 3; length .55 inch ; breadth .19 inch. greyana Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 13 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 82. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 359 Shell much elongated, tapering quite uniformly to the apex: ding>' white: with excessively elevated lamellar transverse ribs, of which there are six on each whorl; with the intercostal spaces densely covered with micro- scopic spiral striae: spire with the outlines nearly recti- linear : apex broadly truncate with the loss of five whorls, of which the first one and one-half are smooth, the next one is closely covered with microscopic transverse raised lines, and the rest have twelve to fourteen lamellar trans- verse ribs, which are moderately elevated, but which in- crease in size and diminish in number down the spire to a little below the place of truncation : remaining whorls about seven, somewhat flattened, with a very deep suture; last whorl small, scarcely produced from its last point of contact with the penult whorl : aperture obliquely ovate, a little modified by the penult whorl: labrum near the last rib, very thin and sharp, not re- flected. Length .31 inch ; breadth .14 inch. This extraordinary shell is dedicated to His Excel- lency, Sir Charles Grey, the present Governor General of Jamaica, as a tribute of respect for those attainments in Natural Science, which adorn a high official station. We thus also commemorate the administration, during which a very large portion of the land and fresh-water shells of Jamaica have been discovered. [Is a Geomelania. Lectotype figured by Clench & Turner 1948, pi. 23, fig. 7.] griffithianum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 59, fig. 5 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 93. [Yallah's Village]. Shell ovate-conic, much elongated : with four to six spiral frequently interrupted lines of dark brown, on a ground of very pale reddish brown between, — and whitish on the summits of — the transverse ridges : with crowded fine transverse raised lines; anteriorly with feeble concentric striae: spire rather long, with the out- lines moderately curvilinear: apex truncate with the loss of whorls : whorls remaining five, convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture ovate, rather acute 360 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS above: peritreme simple, moderately expanded and re- flected, minutely auriculate above: umbilicus small. Mean divergence about 30° ; length .55 inch ; greatest breadth .28 inch; least breadth .25 inch. griffithsii Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 5 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat, Hist. 2: 14. [Goshen]. A. t. tenui, diaphana, pallide fuscescente, lineis atro-fuscis long'itudinalibus paucis distantibus — ornata; anf, 7^^ a linea infra-suturali impressis, costulatis, costulis creberrimis haud mul- tum elevatis et rotundatis; apertura elongata, supra acuta, infra subcanaliculata; labro tenui, medio angulato, infra valde retracto; columella valde contorta. Div. 28°; spirse long. .46 poll.; long', tot. .81 poll.; lat. .275 poll. Emmended to griffithu (1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 129). haldemanniana Adams auctores Helix Is haldemanniana "Adams M. S." Pfeiffer, 1845, Zeit- schr. f. Malak., p. 154. Not an Adams name. hexodon Adams Pupa Plate 82, fig. 11 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 37. Shell ovate; brown; smooth and shining; spire with convex outlines; whorls five, rather convex, with a well impressed suture ; aperture semioval, with the transverse lip rather oblique, constantly with six teeth, of which two are on the transverse lip, the inner one being a little larger; two teeth are on the columella, the upper one being a little larger; and on the outer side are two, of which the lower one is a little larger; umbilicus very small. This species resembles P. ovata Say. See the excellent monograph by Dr. Gould of the Pupse of the United States in the Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. Vols. III. and IV. Length .085 inch ; breadth .055 inch. hillianum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 55, fig. 7 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 11. C. t. sub-depressa, Candida, fasciis angnstis fuscis inteiTuptis ornata, decollate, anf. reliquis 5, vixconnexis, aculeis elongatis decussatim seriatis — eleg-antissime insculptis ; apertura ab anf. penultimo remota; labro la'tissime planulato, plicato; umbilico lato, pi'ofundo; operculo albo, lamella spirali procera ornato. Div. 110°; alt. .32 poll.; lat. max. .47 pol.; lat. min. .87 poll.; Richardo Hill, OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 361 annig., rerum naturalium Jamaicensium doctissimo, haec species dedicatur. hilliana Adams Geomelania Plate 91, fig. 3, 4 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 159; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 83. Shell conic-cylindric : white : with, on each whorl, about 33 to 35 small obtuse ribs, which are obsolete an- teriorly and behind the labrum: spire with rectilinear outlines: apex truncate with the loss of whorls: whorls remaining six, very convex, with a deep suture: aperture suborbicular, moderately effuse: labrum well expanded and reflected, thin ; linguiform part moderately produced obliquely on the side, obtuse : labium well thick- ened and regularly reflected, slightly disjunct from the penult whorl. Mean divergence about 11°; length ,25 inch; greatest breadth .085 inch ; least breadth .07 inch. hirsuta Adams Helicina Plate 77, figs. 7, 8 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 49; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 133. Shell depressed globose, rather thin: brownish red, with an hirsute brown epidermis, having long hairs in six spiral lines, of which one is next below the suture and the others are on the middle and lower parts of the last whorl: with the striae of growth lightly impressed: apex rather obtuse, slightly mucronate: spire with the outlines much curved : whorls nearly five, slightly planu- late, with a well impressed suture : aperture rather large, semi-elliptical ; lip rather thin and sharp, but well re- flected so as to form a canal behind; with the slit not very deep, but wide. Mean divergence 110°; greatest breadth .59 inch; least breadth .48 inch ; height .04 inch. The slit has about the same proportions as in H. Hollandi, having less depth and a greater width than in H. palliata and H. Broivnii. Except in its greater size, it very closely resembles the former species, which how- ever wants the spiral lines of long hairs in the epidermis. The operculum of this species is much smoother. I adopt the name suggested by Mr. Chitty. 362 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS hollandi Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 2 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5 : 82. Shell rather slender, cylindrical in the lower three fourths, slowly tapering above: wax color: with very minute crowded transverse strise, and the anterior spiral keel not very prominent: apex rather broadly truncate, with the loss of whorls : whorls remaining ten, sub- planulate, with a well impressed suture: aperture con- siderably produced beyond the penult whorl, between orbicular and trapezoidal, slightly effuse by the canal within the anterior keel; lip well expanded, moderately reflected. Length .82 inch ; breadth .18 inch. hollandi Adams Helicina Plate 89, figs. 17-19 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 13. Species similar to H. Brownii, but the shell is much smaller and thinner; it is chiefly distinguished by the incision being only half as deep, and by the produced columella, which has no impressed line nor groove, al- though slightly raised at the margins. Mean divergence 105°; length .23 inch; greatest breadth .41 inch ; least breadth .32 inch. hollandi Adams, Helix Plate 74, figs. 5-7 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3 : 34. Species similar to H. arboreoides Ad. ; but the whorls are lower; there is an umbilicus about .03 inch in diam- eter extending to the apex; the aperture is smaller, and the last whorl is much flattened beneath. Greatest breadth .49 inch; least breadth .42 inch; height ,25 inch. hollandianum Adams Stoastoma Plate 89, figs. 13-15 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 65; 1851, Cont. to Conch. no. 8: 149. Shell subdiscoidal : pale horn color, subtransparent : with five spiral carinse, one of which is visible on the spire ; with very delicate spiral raised lines, usually three to six in each interspace : spire moderately elevated con- vex: whorls three and one-half, moderately convex, sub- angular; with a well impressed suture; last whorl scarcely detached from the penult whorl at the aperture : OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 363 aperture rather large, slightly constricted behind the lip, which is moderately produced, above not very abruptly produced, scarcely modified by the carinse; labium well detached from the penult whorl, scarcely reflected: um- bilicus rather wide, with the spiral lamella moderately developed. Operculum deeply concave, subauriculate, smooth. Mean divergence about 145°; height .035 inch; great- est breadth .065 inch; least breadth .055 inch. This species much resembles the preceding [tappania- num}. It is most readily distinguished by its inferior size, and by the greater number of fine spiral striae. hortensis Adams Bulimus Plate 80, fig. 17 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 168; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 92. Kingston. Shell much elongate, conic: horn color, (or black in the upper whorls, and lemon yellow in the lower whorls, when containing the animal alive) : with numerous mi- croscopic striae: spire with the outlines nearly rectilin- ear: apex small: whorls eight or nine, moderately con- vex, with a well impressed suture: aperture very thin and sharp: columella straight. The whorls are propor- tionally shorter, and the aperture is wider than in B. subula, Pfr., the revolution of the whorls being much less oblique. It nearly resembles B. octonoides. Mean divergence about 18°; length .42 inch; breadth .12 inch; length of aperture .12 inch. Inhabits gardens in Kingston. humilis Adams Cylindrella Type not located 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 101. Shell cylindrical in the lower two-fifths, tapering above: pale horn color; with rather numerous oblique, nearly straight equidistant fine elevated transverse lines : spire truncate, with the loss of whorls: whorls remaining eight to eight and one-half, very convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl subangular anteri- orly, scarcely produced from the penult whorl; aperture orbicular, moderately large : labrum moderately reflected and dilated, very thin. 364 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Length .2 inch ; breadth .05 inch. hyacinthinum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 56, fig. 10 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1: 9. Shell ovate conic ; deep greyish blue, often in the prog- ress of growth becoming pale brown and then orange, always deep orange at the lip; with rather strong but not very prominent often whitish transverse raised lines, which are mostly in groups of three or four, and are traversed by numerous spiral series of short rectangular obliquely situated indentations, which are of a dark brown in brownish parts of the shell, — with very un- equal and inequidistant small crenulations in the suture ; spire with rather convex outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of two whorls; four quite convex whorls remaining, with a deep suture; aperture orbicular, slightly angu- lated above ; inner peritreme slightly produced ; outer peritreme narrow, concave, deeply striated, sharp-edged, wanting at the contact with the penultimate whorl, auric- ulate above ; umbilicus extending through. Mean divergence 58°; length .58 inch; greatest breadth .45 inch ; least breadth .35 inch. Probably this is a variety of C. Banksianum, which is more coarsely and conspicuously crenulated ; but without authentic specimens of C. Banksianum, I am unable to decide from the description and figures in the Thesaurus. Probably identical with banksianum Sowb. (1851, ibid. no. 9: 156). We are somewhat doubtful of the identity of C. banksianum Sowb. with C. hyacinthinum Ad (1851, ibid. no. 9: 177). hydeana Adams Cylindrella 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2 : 23. New name for Bulimus gossei Pfeiffer, no type needed. ignilabre Adams Cyclostoma Plate 59, fig. 3 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 9. Shell elongate; varying in different individuals from a pale dingy brown to dark blueish slate color, but in all is deeply colored at the extremities, with a fiery red lip ; with closely set strong transverse raised lines, which are decussated by many very faint strise; spire with moder- ately convex outlines; apex truncate with the loss of OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 365 three whorls ; four and one-half quite convex whorls remaining, with a deep suture; aperture and peritremes as in the preceding [temdstnatum] ; umbilicus narrow, extending through. Mean divergence 35° ; length .5 inch ; greatest breadth .27 inch ; least breadth .2 inch. Var. a, with a white lip, and shell always pale dingy- brown. immaculatiis "Adams" Reeve Bulimus 1850, Conch. Icon. 5: pi. 85, fig. 631. Not an Adams name. immunda Adams Helix Plate 84, figs. 9-11 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 36. [St. Elizabeth]. Shell depressed conic; dingy white, sometimes green- ish and brownish, translucent; very thin, with very unequal strise of growth; spire convex, moderately ele- vated; apex very obtuse; whorls five, quite convex, with a deep suture ; aperture transversely oval ; lip extremely thin and sharp, reflected in the columellar portion; um- bilicus not very wide, extending to the apex. Greatest breadth .52 inch; least breadth .44 inch; height .27 inch. imperforata Adams Helix consanguinea Plate 68, figs. 8-10 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 171; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 95. A variety, imperforata, is larger, rather less de- pressed, and without an open umbilicus. It inhabits Swift River head, in St. George. imperforata Adams Helix ingens Plate 69, figs. 4-6 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 170; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 94. Helix ingens, var. imperforata, without an apparent umbilicus, is more common than the umbilicated type. inconspicua Adams Helix Plate 83, figs. 10-12 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 37. Shell subdiscoidal; whitish or pale horn color; with very fine striae of grov^h; spire scarcely elevated con- vexly; apex obtuse; whorls nearly five, rather convex, narrow, rather high, with a well impressed suture; per- iphery of the last whorl nearly in the plane of the spire. 366 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS subangular ; aperture narrow and lunate ; umbilicus more than half as wide as the penult whorl, subconcave. This species is intermediate between H. peraffinis and H. depressa. Greatest breadth .175 inch; least breadth .15 inch; height .08 inch. indigna Adams Helix ingens Plate 69, figs. 1-3 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 170. Another variety, INDIGNA, is of much less size, and is much less acute at the periphery. It is also imperforate. ingallsiana Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 6 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2 : 25. Shell fusiform; pale brownish, with but four or five dark brown transverse stripes ; with very minute rather numerous but not crowded transverse strise; spire with moderately convex outlines; apex rather small; whorls seven, moderately convex, with a well impressed finely corded suture; aperture very long, rather narrow; lip thin, with the edge sharp and curved forwards ; colu- mella moderately produced and arcuate. Mean divergence 36° ; length .75 inch ; breadth .25 inch ; length of aperture .35 inch. ["Single example" [fide Pils. 1907a] figured by Pils- bry, 1907a, pi. 16, figs. 1-2.] ingens Adams Helix Plate 69, figs. 7-9 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 76. Shell transversely ovate, convex above, more convex beneath, concave next the periphery below, and also above except in the last half of the last whorl; with a very acute periphery: above reddish brown of shades varying in different individuals and in different parts of the same shell, usually paler on the last whorl; be- neath dark reddish or blackish brown next the periphery, whitish in the rest ; lip reddish brown : surface strongly granulated beneath, except at the margin lof the umbili- cus ; above more feebly granulated, smooth on the upper whorls and on the upper part of the lower whorls : spire convex, moderately elevated: whorls a little more than five, convex next below and concave next above the su- ture, with a very uneven surface: aperture subtriangu- OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 367 lar : labrum reflected and thickened ; on the middle of the lower side with (usually?) two rather distant stout teeth, the inner of which is (frequently?) accompanied by a contiguous small tooth: umbilicus large and deep, scarcely contracted except quite near the apex, where it consequently terminates very obtusely; mostly covered by the expansion and thickening of the lip. Greatest breadth 2.98 inches; least breadth 2.45 inches; height 1.2 inches. This largest of all the terrestrial shells of Jamaica is as remarkable for the character of its umbilicus, as for its magnitude. This species is intermediate between H. patina, H. acuta, and H. fluctuata. inornata Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 7 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 22. Shell subovate or f usif oiTti, but elongated ; whitish ; with fine oblique arcuate sharp prominent but not very closely set raised lines, anteriorly with two carinse which are not prominent; spire with the outlines moderately convex in the middle and lower whorls ; apex truncate with the loss of whorls; eight or nine whorls re- maining, quite convex, with a deep suture; last whorl well detached and produced; aperture subangular on the right side, in the rest rounded ; lip a little thickened, narrow, moderately reflected. Length .38 inch; breadth .11 inch. integra Adams Cylindrella maugeri Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 166; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 90. Shell quite slender: dull white, with a clear white lip: stri?e very oblique, quite distinct on the last whorl, very minute on the spire. The only specimen before me is not truncated. Inhabits Maroon Town in Hanover. intermedium Adams Cyclostoma Plate 60, fig. 8 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1: 5, Species intermediate between C. variabile and C. mon- strosum. Shell sculptured and colored like the pale vari- eties of C. variabile, with the large sutural spots less distinct ; whorls of less diameter than in that species but larger than in C. monstrosum ; apex truncate with the 368 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS loss of three whorls, four remaining, quite convex, with a rather deep suture ; last whorl much detached from the penult whorl ; aperture larger than in C. monstrosum, with the peritremes similar, but the outer one is less expanded. Mean divergence about 38°; length .5 inch; greatest breadth .38 inch ; least breadth, .27 inch. intermedia Adams Cylindrella coliimna Plate 61, %. 18 1849, Cont. to Conch. 2: 22. Variety intermedia more resembles C. brevis in hav- ing the whorls a little convex; but the shell is longer than the type of C. columna, and the aperture a little larger. Length .78 inch ; breadth .22 inch. intermedia Adams Helicina dubiosa Plate 86, figs. 1, 2 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6 : 94. Var. intermedia; with a very small but distinct obtuse notch; the spire is less elevated, and the shell is larger and thinner. We should have considered this a distinct species, but are unable to find its limits in a series of specimens. It is intermediate between the type of the species and H. solitaria, the latter having an acute- angled notch. Height .24 inch ; greatest breadth .34 inch ; least breadth .29 inch. inusitata Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 13 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2 : 26. Shell elongated, gradually tapering in the upper half, cylindrical in the lower half, wide and blunt anteriorly, with a broad very deep constriction about the middle of the last whorl; dingy white; with very distant lamelli- form transverse ribs, about ten on each whorl, with strong irregular intervening strise; spire with convex outlines; apex small; whorls nine, very convex, with a deeply impressed, and near the apex a chanelled suture; last whorl small and very short; aperture ovate, acute above, much modified by the constriction of the last whorl, which constriction bends the sharp labrum into two large arcs of small circles; columella remarkably twisted and arcuate. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 369 Length .16 inch; breadth .05 inch; length of aperture .033 inch. This species approaches Cyhndrella in general form, (so as to render useless the character of divergence,) and resembles C. costulata in sculpture. Referred to Spimxis (1850, ibid. no. 6: 87). invalida Adams Helix Plate 67, figs. 11-13 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 79. Shell very convex above, somewhat flattened below, with a very slight sharp carina on the periphery : dark reddish or blackish brown, paler at the apex (and after exposure, as usual in the group), with a white lip, and a white line along the periphery : surface finely granulated, except on the upper whorls of the spire and around the umbilical region : spire much elevated : whorls five, mod- erately convex, with a lightly impressed suture : aperture like that of H. sinuata, but rather smaller, with the lip and teeth less robust, the right pair of teeth a little more connected at base, and their exterior indentations shorter: umbilicus wanting. This shell is much smaller than the common type of H. sinuata. Greatest breadth .78 inch; least breadth .66 inch; height .46 inch. iota Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 7 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 13. [Stony Hill Turnpike Gate]. A. t. minima, gracili, cornea; anf. 4, latissimis, Ijevibus; aper- tura elong-ata, supra acutissima; columella arcuata. Div. 12°; spirse long. .08 poll.; long. tot. .135 poll.; lat. .045 poll. Syntype specimens figured by Pilsbry, 1908, pi. 4, figs. 67, 71, 72. jacobensis Adams Helix Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 172; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5:96. Shell depressed conic, transversely ovate : yellowish horn color: with very fine impressed crowded strise of growth : spire with the outlines but little convex : whorls four and one-half to five, a little convex, with a moder- ately impressed suture; last whorl subangular: aperture transversely ovate, laterally dilated : lip but little re- flected and thickened except in the columellar part, which 370 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS is well thickened, reflected, and appressed: umbilicus wanting. In form this shell most resembles a very de- pressed H. fuscocincta, but is much more dilated laterally near the aperture. Greatest breadth .94 inch; least breadth .75 inch; height .6 inch. This species is named for its habitat, the parish of St. James. jamaicensis Adams Pupa Plate 82, fig. 9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 37. Shell cylindrical; pale brownish horn color; with fine oblique strise of growth; spire tapering only near the summit, into an obtuse apex; whorls five, quite convex, with a deep suture; aperture semioval, with the right side longer, and shouldered above, and the transverse side a little oblique ; to the right of the middle of the latter is a very prominent stout tooth ; on the middle of the columella is another equally stout, but less promi- nent; on the right side is another prominent tooth di- rected between the two above-mentioned, and on each side of it a rather smaller tooth ; lip moderately reflected ; with a very small umbilious. This species is more exactly cylindrical than P. servilis, Gould, P. pj'ocera, Gould, &c. which have a similar aper- ture ; the upper and lower teeth of the right side are more conspicuous, and the shell is much smaller. Length .07 inch ; breadth .025 inch. Jamaicia Adams [subgenus] 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6 : 88. Type species (monotypic, Cyclostoma ano7naliim Adams). Cyclostoma t. Choanopomifoi-mi, apertura orbiculari, margine simplici: opereulo extus spiraliter lamellifero, et maxime convexo, intus laevi et maxime concavo. The shell resembles the more typical species of Cho- anopoma, but has the peritreme simple, with the edge not much sharpened. The operculum is extremely convex externally and concave within; it has a spiral lamella, and its stride of growth are lamelliferous. The only species known to us is described below, under the name of Cyclostoma anomalum. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 371 jayanum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 82, fig. 4 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 7. Shell long, ovate-conic; whitish or brownish, with several narrow more or less interrupted sometimes nearly obsolete spiral brown lines, often with large irregular zigzag oblique spots of dark brown; with very closely set strong rounded transverse raised lines, which are a little larger in twos and threes at the summit like a minute crenulation ; spire with moderately convex out- lines ; apex truncate with the loss of two whorls ; four and one-half whorls remaining, quite convex, with a well impressed suture ; aperture nearly circular ; inner peri- treme slightly produced and reflected; outer peritreme broad, white or pale yellow, a little concave, widest above and on the left side at the bottom of which it is sub- angular ; umbilicus, very small. Mean divergence 50° ; length .78 inch ; greatest breadth .55 inch ; least breadth .4 inch. Var. a, with the outer peritreme fiery red. C. pictum, Humph. Mss., Sowb. resembles this species, but is smooth and has an extremely wide lip. soUdnm non Menke; jayanum, new name (1850, ihid., no. 2: 50). jayana Adams Helix Plate 65, figs. 5-7 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 16. [Stony Hill; Rio Magno]. H. epistylium, MiilL, affinis; H. jayana; H. epistylium; dente una lamelliformi longis- dentibus tribus, obliquis, tortis, sima ; brevibus ; t. latiore, subtias latissime et t. angustiore, subtias perconvexa, profunde indentata; anguste indentata; anf. 9^4. anf. 9. Alt. .9 poll.; lat. max. 1.18 poll.; Alt. .1 poll.; lat. max. .1 poll.; lat. min. 1.1 poll. lat. min. .9 poll. jayanum Adams Stoastoma Plate 89, figs. 1-3 1849, Mon. Stoastoma, p. 14. S. testa subconica, cerina, lineis elevatis spiralibus nonnullis omata; spira multiim elevata; anfractibus 4^2, sutura valde im- pressa, ultimo subgloboso; apei'tura subcampanulat-a; labro pectin- ato; labio multiam solute; umbilico sub-lato, lamella spiral! baud multiim elevata. 372 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Form — globose conic ; color — yellowish brown ; sculpture — several spiral raised lines of which 4 or 5 are visible on the upper whorls ; spire much and somewhat concavely elevated; whorls 4V2» convex, with a deep suture; last whorl subglobose ; aperture quite exactly semicircular, very slightly cam- panulate ; labrum moderately and above rather abruptly pro- duced, scolloped by the produced carinae ; labium much detached from the penult whorl, slightly curved ; umbilicus rather wide, with a moderately projecting lamella continued into the lower extremity of the labrum. Mean divergence about 80° ; length .08 inch ; greatest breadth .09 inch ; least breadth .075 inch. josephinae Adams Helicina Plate 75, figs. 3, 4 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1: 14. Shell conic above, much flattened beneath, with the periphery very acute and scolloped or imbricate; above irregularly mottled with yellow, green, and white; be- neath copper red, with the centre pale green; spirally ribbed above, with very fine close spiral striae beneath ; spire with the outlines concave near the apex, rectilinear in the rest ; apex acute ; whorls six, flat or slightly con- cave; aperture a spherical triangle; labrum moderately thickened and reflected, much advanced above; deposit of the base thin. Mean divergence 100° ; at the apex 80° ; length .27 inch; greatest breadth .43 inch; least breadth .36 inch. This species belongs to Trochatella. jugosum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 54, figs. 9, 12 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 59; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 143. [St. Elizabeth, Ch.]. Shell white, with a light brown epidermis : with rather deep transverse striae, which are very regular on the upper whorls, and very irregular on the last whorl ; with deep wrinkles commencing near the end of the penult OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 373 whorl, where they are somewhat regular and oblique, as they are also on the lower side of the last whorl, on the upper side of which they are irregular and knotty; the umbilical keel is obsolete: spire much depressed: whorls nearly five, well rounded, with a deeply impressed su- ture: aperture orbicular, slightly effuse and pointed above; lip scarcely sinuate above, much advanced along the middle of the right side, moderately thickened : um- bilicus four-fifths as wide as the aperture. Operculum with a much elevated spiral lamella, in seven or eight whorls, which are much inflected but not so curvately as No. 1. Mean divergence about 145°; height .6 inch; greatest breadth 1.08 inch; least breadth .85 inch. labiosa Adams Helicina palliata Plate 75, figs. 10-12 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 50; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 134. Maidstone, Manchester Par. A variety of Helicina palliata occurs, in which the lip is excessively thickened both externally and internally, contracting the aperture. It may be designated by the name of labiosa. It is a local variety. laeviusculus Adams Bulimus Plate 80, fig. 15 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2 : 13. [W part of St. Ann's] . B. t. minima, tenui, nitida, diaphana, ovata, leongata; anf. 6, haud multum convexis; striis paucis, distantibus, exilissimis, longitudinalibus — ornatis; apertura elongata, supra angusta, acutaque; labro tenui infra retracto; columella torta. Div. 18°; spirae long. .16 poll.; long. tot. .25 poll.; lat. .075 poll. [Syntype specimens figured by Pils., 1907a, pi. 4, fig. 44.] lamellifera Adams Helix Plate 84, figs. 4-6 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 31. Shell hemispherical; brownish horn color: epidermis with shai*]! but microscopic projecting lamelliform points, which are frequently worn off; with rather coarse and distant strife of growth; spire convex, moderately ele- vated; apex subacute; whorls five and one-half, a little convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture lunate; on the inside of the periphery of the last whorl, a little 374 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS within the labrum, commences a slightly elevated lamella, which extends from 100° to 120° farther in ; labrum very- thin and sharp; columella somewhat thickened, very oblique; columellar region moderately indented. Greatest breadth .39 inch; least breadth .35 inch; height .27 inch. lamellosum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 56, fig. 11 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 54; 1851, Cont. to Conch. no. 8: 138. Shell ovate conic, rather short : with several inequidis- tant unequal more or less interrupted spiral lines of brown, of which four or five appear on the penult whorl : with rather closely set sharp elevated transverse lamel- lae, which are more prominent at the sutures; without spiral strise, except a few ridges in the umbilicus: apex truncate with the loss of two or three whorls : spire with the outlines quite convex: about three and one-half whorls remaining, very convex, with a rather deep su- ture: aperture orbicular, with two peritremes, of which the outer one is narow, auriculate above, reflected nearly into the plane of the aperture; the inner peritreme is rather stout, well produced, a little reflected. The oper- culum has a spiral lamella, which has about four and lone-half whorls, and is but little elevated and much pro- duced laterally. Mean divergence about 50° ; length after truncation .49 inch ; greatest breadth .4 inch ; least breadth .34 inch. This shell much resembles C. tectilahre, but the outer peritreme is more expanded, and the margin of the oper- culum is not reflected backwards. lata Adams Cylindrella Plate 62, fig. 4 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 82. Shell very robust, cylindrical in the lower three- fourths, rapidly tapering above: wax color, with a dark brown line next below the suture: with excessively mi- nute crowded transverse striae; anterior spiral keel very prominent : apex not very broadly truncate, with the loss of whorls: whorls remaining eight and one-third, very narow, slightly convex, with a lightly impressed OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 375 suture : aperture considerably produced beyond the pe- nult whorl, transversely elliptical : lip broadly reflected. This species in several respects combines the characters of C sanguinea and C. rosea. Length .86 inch ; breadth .33 inch. lata Adams Pupa Plate 90, fig. 10 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 37. Shell very short, subcylindrical, truncated anteriorly; pale brown or horn color; with very regular rather dis- tant microscopic transverse lines, which are more distinct on the upper whorls; spire cylindrical; apex conoid; whorls five, very convex, with a deep suture ; last whorl making nearly a right angle between its lateral and anterior surfaces; aperture about two-thirds of a circle, without teeth ; lip not reflected, with a smooth blunt mar- gin ; without umbilicus. Length .075 inch ; breadth .055 inch. latior Adams Succinea Plate 63, fig. 11 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 38. Shell obliquely elliptical; pale amber color; extremely thin, with rather coarse unequal strise of growth; spire small; apex acute; whorls three and one-third; quite convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture oval, acutely angular above, not oblique. This species is inter- mediate, in the form of the last whorl and in its propor- tion to the spire, between S. campestris Say, and S. obliqua Say, but is much thinner than either of those species. S. Sagra (?) Orb., the allied species of Jamaica, is narrower and smoother. Length .53 inch ; breadth .34 inch ; length of aperture .43 inch ; breadth .27 inch. Of another individual, length .43 inch ; breadth .27 inch. leana Adams Helicina Type not located 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 11. H. t. perdepressa, pallide rufa, vel albida; epidermide exilissim^ hirsuta; anf. 4^/^, haud multum convexis, striis decurrentibus exilissiniis — ornatis; anf. ultimo haud angnlato; apertura a labri dentibus duobus obtusis supra et infra contracta; operculo tenui. Div. 135°; alt. .13 poll.; lat. max. .27 poll.; lat. min. .22 poll. Synonym of H. depressa Gray (1851, ibid., no. 9: 181). 376 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS leanum Adams Stoastoma Plate 89, figs. 7-9 1849, Mon. Stoastoma, p. 15. S. testa subconica, cerina, striis spiralibus exilissimis creberri- mis ox-nata; spira acuta, convexa, elevata; anfractibus 5, ultimo alto; apertura baud multum campanulata, semicirculo paululum majore; labro baud pectinato; labio multum soluto; umbilico an- gusto. Form — g-lobose-conic ; color — yelowish brown; sculpture — numerous excessively minute inequidistant spiral strife; spire much and convexly elevated ; whorls 5, convex with a well impressed suture ; last whorl high, elegantly rounded ; aperture rather more than a semicircle, a little cam- panulate ; labrum well produced, but not abruptly produced above, not scolloped ; labium much detached from the penult whorl, slightly curved at both extremities ; umbilicus narrow. Mean divergence 75° ; length .07 inch ; greatest breadth .07 inch ; least breadth .06 inch. leporilabre Adams Cyclostoma hillianum Plate 56, fig. 8 1851 (April), Cent, to Concb. no. 9: 153; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 77. This variety is distinguished by having an abrupt re- flection of a small part of the outer peritreme next above its contact with the penult whorl. The outer peritreme is also very much expanded, and is somewhat sinuate above. levis Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 8 1849, Cont. to Concb. no. 2: 26. Shell much elongated, conic; very pale brown, shining; very thin, smooth, with microscopic transverse striae, which are quite numerous on the upper whorls; spire with rectilinear outlines; apex not very small; whorls seven, a little convex, with a moderately impressed su- ture; aperture ovate, acute above; labrum thin and sharp ; columella slightly arcuate. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 377 Mean divergence 14° or 15°; length .42 inch; breadth .1 inch; length of aperture .13 inch. This may be a variety of A. pellucens; but that shell has more numerous striae, a constant difference in the individuals v^^hich I have seen. May be a variety of pellucens (1849, ibid., 2: 26). [Unique type [holotype] figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 16, figs. 3, 4.] levis Ada77is Cylindrella maugeri Plate 63, fig. 6 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 162; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 86. Shell robust but rather thin: livid black in the upper whorls, pale livid brow^n along the middle, anteriorly vi^ith a rapidly widening pure white stripe, which unites behind the lip with a broad transverse white stripe that runs through a large trangular black spot; lip white: without striae. Some pale specimens have a tinge of red along the middle. Inhabits Kilmarnock, in the east part of Westmoreland. In another part of Westmoreland is a subvariety, in which the form is less robust, the anterior white stripe is larger and tinged with yellow, and the transverse white stripe, being interrupted by the black spot, appears more like a short spiral stripe: the lip is rather less reflected, and the aperture smaller and more oblique. ligata Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 7 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 25. Shell elongate, subconic, with a broad deep constriction around the middle of the last whorl; pale brown, with dark brown narrow transverse stripes, which are some- times nearly obsolete, of which there are about three on each whorl, except on the first three or four, which have none ; varicate at the last one or two brown stripes, with rather fine crowded transverse striae; spire with the outlines moderately convex; apex small; whorls about seven and one-half, a little convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture long, much modified by the intrusion of the labrum at the constriction of the last whorl ; labrum thickened at the constriction; columella a little twisted and arcuated. 378 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Mean divergence 24°; length .68 inch; breadth .195 inch ; length of aperture .26 inch. [SyntjTDe specimen figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 11, fig. 57.] lima Adams Cyclostoma Plate 56, fig. 9 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2 : 11. [18 to 20 mi N of Spanish Town, not far from Rio Magno.] €. linainae afRne, t. perexilus decussata, aculeis brevioirbus, subtus costulis revolventibus majoribus instructa; labro nunquam crenulato. Div. 56°; alt. .9 poll.; lat. max, .7 poll; lat. min. .45 poll. lindsleyanum Adams Stoastoma Plate 88, figs. 7-9 1849, Stoastoma, p. 12. S. testa subconica, albida, carinis exilibus et striis exilissimis multis spiralibus omaita; spira elevata; anfractibus iVs, sutura baud valde impressa, ultimo anfractu subgloboso; apertura vix campanulata; labro baud multiun producto, subpectin^to; labro multum producto, subpectinato; labio multum soluto; umbilico sub-lato, lamella spiral! omato. Form — globose-conic ; color — whiteish ; sculpture — several spiral carinse, of v^^hich about five are visible on the spire, alternating with very delicate striae; spire rather elevated convexly ; whorls 4 1/3, rather convex, with a moderately im- pressed suture ; last whorl large and high ; aperture slightly companulate ; labrum moderately and above not abruptly produced, pectinated by the spiral carinse ; labrum moderately detached from the penult whorl, a little curved in the lower fourth part ; umbilicus not large, with a well developed spiral la- mella continued into the lower extremity of the labrum. Mean divergence 93° ; length .09 inch; greatest breadth .11 inch ; least breadth .095 inch. lineata Adams Helicina Plate 86, figs. 9-11 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 12. H. t. depressa; anf. 4^^, lineis elevatis parallelis distantibus decurrentibus — ornatis; anf. ultimo a linea majori subangulato; apertura H. lea'nae simili. Div. 112°; alt. .09 poll.; lat. max. .15 .poll.; lat. min. .13 poll. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 379 longispira Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 9 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 104. Shell much elongated, oonoidal : pale brown : shining, with very lightly impressed not very numerous trans- verse striae: apex obtuse: outlines of the spire slightly curvilinear: whorls ten, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture subrhomboidal, subacute above : labrum thin, slightly advanced in the upper half, retreating below : columella very oblique, distinctly trun- cated. Mean divergence about 12° ; length of spire .33 inch ; total length, .45 inch ; breadth .09 inch. macilenta Adams Helicina Plate 78, figs. 3-5 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 13. Shell rather small and thin, subdiscoidal, flattened beneath ; pale brown ; epidermis extremely thin, micro- scopically hirsute or chagrined ; spire a little elevated and convex; whorls nearly four and one-half, scarcely con- vex; aperture large; labrum thin, sharp, moderately expanded and reflected, with a deep curved incision below the columella similar to that of H. palllata; the produced columella is strongly margined on the inner side. Mean divergence about 135° ; length .16 inch ; greatest breadth .29 inch; least breadth .23 inch. macmurrayi Adams Helix Plate 72, figs. 7, 8 ; Plate 84, fig. 12 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 32. Shell globular; white, with a very thin brown epider- mis ; with very fine striae of growth, and very lightly impressed unequal spiral lines; spire with the outlines quite convex; apex very obtuse; whorls nearly six, quite convex, a little concave at the upper part, with a lightly impressed suture; aperture suborbicular, a little modified by the intrusion of the last whorl ; labrum not reflected, rather sharp, but in the old shells not thin; umbilicus wanting. Greatest breadth 1.9 inch; least breadth 1.6 inch; height 1.5 inch. macrospira Adams Bulimus Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 169; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 93. 380 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Shell much elongated, conic : pale horn color, or brown- ish, with a few scattering stripes of dark brown : shining, with excessively minute distant strise: spire with the outlines a little concave above, otherwise slightly curvi- linear : apex obtuse, rather small : whorls twelve, a little convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl short: aperture ovate, rather wide: labrum thin and sharp: columella nearly straight. Mean divergence about 18°; length .8 inch; breadth .22 inch; length of aperture .2 inch. Inhabits Maroon Town, in St. James. magna Adams Cylindrella rosea Plate 62, fig. 1 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 21. length 1 inch; breadth .34 inch. [See Pilsbry, 1903a: 136.] magna Adams Geomelania Plate 81, fig. 7 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 94. Shell elongate conic: whitish: with, on each whorl, about thirty-eight rather slender transverse much arcu- ated ribs : spire with rectilinear outlines : apex truncate with the loss of eight whorls : whorls remaining six and one-half, moderately convex, with a well impressed su- ture: aperture ovate, widely and deeply effuse: labrum well expanded and reflected ; with the linguifonii part at the anterior end, wide, obtuse, well produced obliquely and laterally: labium well thickened, slightly separated from the penult whorl. Mean divergence about 12°: length .65 inch; greatest breadth .19 inch; least breadth .15 inch: length of the part lost by truncation .22 inch. major Adams Cylindrella rosea 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 21. [nomen nudum] maritinum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 59, fig. 10 1846, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 102. [Galina Pt.]. C. t. elongata, decollata, aurantia, costulis exilibus plurimis eleganter ornata; sutura exile crenuhita; anfractibus duobus perditis, septem reliquis; umbilico minimo; apertura ab anfractu penultimo disjuncta, supra angxilata et auriculata; labro acuto. Div. 30°. Alt. .63; lat. .27 poll. Hab. Jamaica. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 381 media Adams Geomelania Plate 81, fig. 8 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 96. Shell nearly cylindrical : whitish : with, on each whorl, about thirty-five much arcuated prominent acute-edged rather slender transverse ribs : spire with rectilinear outlines : apex truncate with the loss of whorls : whorls remaining six, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture ovate, widely efi'use : labrum moderately expanded and thickened ; with the linguif orm part at the anterior extremity of the right side, well pro- duced obliquely, not very narrow, subacute : labium well thickened, separated slightly from the penult whorl ex- cept at the upper extremity. Mean divergence about 11°; length .4 inch; greatest breath .107 inch; least breadth .1 inch. [Lectotype figured by Clench & Turner 1948a, pi. 23, fig. 10.] media Adams Helix cara Plate 69, figs. 10-12 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 169. A series of specimens connects H. cara with H. ama- hilis so closely, that the latter cannot be entitled to rank as more than a variety. Some which have the color of H. cara, and a well elevated spire, but otherwise resemble H. amabilis, may be called var. media. megastoma Adams Helicina Plate 82, figs. 1, 2 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 14. Shell globose conic, smooth and shining, rather thick, yellowish brown ; spire with very convex outlines ; whorls four and one-half, a little flattened ; last whorl very large and high, with corresponding size of the aperture, which is quite exactly semicircular ; labrum moderately reflected and thickened ; columella and adjacent part of the last whorl bent into the plane of the aperture ; the columella is produced into a very minute tubercle. Mean divergence 108"^; length ,2 inch; greatest breadth .33 inch ; least breadth .25 inch. micans Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 6 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 26. Species similar to A. levis, but the shell is less elon- gated, the outlines of the spire are more convex, the aper- 382 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS ture is shorter, and the columella is more twisted and not arcuate. Mean divergence 17°; length .41 inch; breadth .115 inch ; length of aperture .12 inch. [This specimen, "doubtless the type," figured by Pils- bry 1907a, pi. 3, fig. 35.] microstoma Adams Helicina Plate 77, figs. 9, 10 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 51; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 135. Shell globose conic, moderately thickened : "brown, shaded off to a smoky white along the suture" and on the periphery of the last whorl : with rather light striae of growth, in which are a few spiral series of punctures: apex obtuse : spire with the outlines more or less and not unifermly curvilinear : whorls rather less than five, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl subplanulate beneath : aperture semi-elliptical, compressed above and below, laterally dilated; with the lip sinuate, well expanded and reflected except at the extremities ; with the slit not very deep, rather wide. Mean divergence 60° ; greatest breadth .65 inch ; least breadth .52 inch ; height .4 inch. The slit is about as deep as in H. oonsanguinea, but the sides are less divergent. The punctate spiral series indicate spiral lines of hairs on the epidermis. For two faded specimens I am indebted to Mr. Holland, who has one fresh shell, the color of which he describes as quoted above, and as faintly indicated in the best of the speci- mens before me. In form it approaches more nearly to H. ampliata and H. Jamaicensis than any of the group, which is characterized by an anterior notch or slit in the margin of the aperture. minimas Adams Bulimus Plate 89, fig. 16 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2 : 28. Shell very much elongated, cylindrical; translucent, white; elegantly sculptured with very numerous flat slightly prominent arcuate ribs, about twenty-five on each whorl, and numerous microscopic spiral strias ; spire with rectilinear outlines; apex very obtuse; whorls seven, long, very convex, with a very deep suture; last OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 383 whorl very long and narrow; aperture short, moderately acute above, well rounded below; labrum sharp; colu- mella not perceptibly thickened. Mean divergence 8° or 9°; length .1 inch; breadth .026 inch ; length of aperture .024 inch. minor Adatns Geomelania Plate 81, fig. 9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 18. This may be only a variety of the preceding [jamai- cefiMs], but the dimensions given below are those of the largest, among several hundreds, which we have seen. The most essential difference is in the aperture, which is but slightly effuse; the labrum is throughout much expanded convexly, and is by no means so disproportion- ately produced in the lower part. The apex is truncate with the loss of 6 or 7 whorls. Mean divergence 14° to 15° ; length .41 inch ; greatest breadth .13 inch; least breadth .14 inch. minor Adams Helix epistylium Plate 65, figs. 8, 9 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 173; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 97. Helix epistylium var. MINOR differs from the common type of the species in being much smaller, with a more rounded outline ; beneath it is considerably more convex ; the surface is less shining. Greatest breadth .52 inch; least breadth ,49 inch; height .45 inch. It inhabits West- moreland. mirabilis Adams Bulimus Plate 81, fig. 14 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 29. Shell rather long and conic, with two-thirds of each whorl enormously inflated, gradually more abruptly with the progress of growth, so as to give to the shell the fom of a screw ; subtransparent, whitish ; with numerous microscopic spiral striae, and very distant transverse erect lamellar ribs, which have smooth rounded edges, and are most elevated at the summit of the convexity of the whorls, and diminish much over the anterior ex- tremity of the shell ; spire with rather convex outlines ; apex with the inflation proportionally much longer and the ribs but slightly elevated; whorls about seven, with an indistinct suture; aperture modified by the form of 384 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS the last whorl at its termination, and by the remarkably prominent and mush twisted columella, nearly into the form of the figure 8. Length .1 inch ; breadth .062 inch. This most extraordinary of all the land shells which I have seen, strikes the beholder with amazement, and its novelty renders description difficult. Is Spiraxis (ibid., 9: 168). [Syntype specimen figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 1, fig. 3.] mirandum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 58, fig. 8 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 4. Shell elongate, conic; brownish white, with a series just below the suture of large distant square brown spots, and with on the upper whorls three, and on the last five narrow somewhat interrupted brown spiral lines ; covered with closely-set rounded transverse raised lines; which are decussately crenulated by numerous faint spiral striae ; spire with moderately convex outlines ; apex trun- cate with the loss of two or two and one-half whorls; four or four and one-half whorls remaining, convex, with a deep suture; aperture almost exactly circular; inner peritreme of old shells produced to an extraordinary degree, with a few distant lamellae girdling the outside; outer peritreme considerably produced, reflected a little back of the plane of the aperture, slightly striated, shin- ing; umbilicus small, extending through the truncate apex. Mean divergence 40° ; length .7 inch ; greatest breadth .45 inch ; least breadth .37 inch. modestum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 58, fig. 7 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 6. Shell small, elongate ; whitish ; with thin raised laminae, which are more distant on the upper whorls ; spire with moderately convex outlines; apex truncate with the loss of two or three whorls ; about three and one-half whorls remaining, quite convex, with a rather deep suture; last whorl a little detached from the preceding near the aper- ture; aperture like that of C. Wilkinsonii, but smaller, with the outer peritreme a little wider proportionally OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 385 and without spots ; umbilicus very narrow, but extending throug-h. monodon Adams Bulimus Plate 81, fig. 17 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 28. Shell ovate-conic; dingy white; with some slight striae of growth; spire with the outlines somewhat convex; apex subacute; whorls nearly five and one-half, a little convex and shouldered, with a well impressed suture; last whorl large and wide, sometimes a little constricted near the aperture, which is rather wide, ovate, moder- ately acute above ; labrum thin and sharp ; columella straight, with an oblique tooth near its extremity; um- bilicus very small. Mean divergence 45° ; length .25 inch ; breadth .15 inch ; length of aperture .13 inch. [2 syntype specimens figured by Pilsbry, 1907, pi. 43, figs. 41, 42.] monstrosum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 60, fig. 9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 5. Shell moderately elongate; translucent, whitish, with unequal irregular brown spots, which are arranged for the most part in transverse bands, with the largest spots just below the suture; very finely decussated, but with the loss of two or three whorls ; about four and one-half remaining, very convex, with a very deep suture; last fourth part of the last whorl diverging very abruptly and very far from the penult whorl ; aperture small, exactly circular ; inner peritreme moderately produced ; outer peritreme enormously expanded, except on the inner side, convexly reflected back of the plane of the aperture, smooth and shining, with reddish brown rays ; umbilicus narow, but very plainly extending through the truncate apex. Mean divergence about 35° ; length ,56 inch ; greatest breadth .38 inch ; least breadth .27 inch. montana Adams Cylindrella Plate 62, fig. 9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 20. [Manchester]. Shell subcylindrical, tapering above; pale red, rarely white; with closely set extremely fine oblique stride, 386 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS which are most arcuate above the middle, with a very small rather prominent carina anteriorly, slightly angn- lated just above the middle of the last whorl ; spire with convex outlines in the upper third, in the rest rectilinear, above the place of truncation rectilinear up to the third and fourth whorls, and there slightly concave ; apex broadly truncate with the loss of ten or eleven whorls; nine or ten remaining, scarcely convex, with a lightly impressed slightly marginate suture; last whorl pro- duced perpendicularly to the axis of the spire; aperture a little dilated on the right, otherwise orbicular, a little spreading; lips well reflected only at the extreme margin. Length .58 inch ; breadth .163 inch. mordax Adams Cyclostoma Plate 58, fig. 4 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 12. Shell much elongated ; pale brown, loften at the summit deep reddish brown, with several spiral series of very small deep brown spots, of which those next below the suture are the larger, and a somewhat interrupted band of the same around the anterior extremity; with closely set much elevated sharp transverse lamellae, which are slightly crenulated by numerous spiral impressed lines, of which one next below the suture is more deeply im- pressed; spire with scarcely convex outlines; apex trun- cate with the loss of nearly three whorls; nearly five quite convex whorls remaining, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl a little detached from the penult whorl next the aperture; aperture ovate-orbicular; lip simple, slightly spread, reflected nearly into the plane of the aperture, more developed at the angle above, and more advanced in the middle of the right side ; umbilicus very small. Mean divergence 28° ; length .58 inch ; greatest breadth .32 inch ; least breadth .25. moribundum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 58, fig. 11 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 5. Shell elongate, ovate-conic; whitish, with a few pale brown spots just below the suture, and often with sev- eral much interrupted spiral series of the same color, with a deep brownish purple summit and a lip of wax- OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 387 yellow; with closely set regular rounded transverse raised lines, which are decussately crenulated by numer- ous faint spiral striffi ; spire with moderately convex out- lines ; apex truncate with the loss of two or three whorls ; four whorls remaining", with a deep suture, the last a little detached from the preceding near the aperture, which is ovate orbicular and subangular above; inner peritreme a little produced and reflected ; outer peritreme moderately expanded, concave, and foiTning with the inner one a groove, striate, subalate above, narrow on the left side; umbilicus narrow, extending through the trun- cate apex. Mean divergence 36° ; length .58 inch ; greatest breadth ,36 inch ; least breadth .28 inch. moriciindianum Adayns Stoastoma Plate 90, figs. 1-3 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 66; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 150. Shell globose conic; horn color, or very pale yellowish green : with numerous very fine somewhat tortuous raised spiral lines, of which three or four are visible on the spire; and two or three still more minute lines in each interspace; but in some, all the lines are nearly equal : spire well elevated, with the outlines nearly recti- linar: whorls four, quite convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl subglobose: aperture rather larger than a semicircle, a little campanulate : labrum moder- ately and above not abruptly produced, scarcely modified by the larger spiral lines : labium moderately detached from the penult whorl, slightly curved and reflected: umbilicus narrow, with the spiral lamella very small. Operculum rather deeply concave, subauriculate, veiy finely papillose. Mean divergence about 85°; height .075 inch; greatest breadth .085 inch ; least breadth .075 inch. This species resembles S. Redfieldianum; but the shell is larger, the spiral lines are smaller, and the spire is larger in proportion at the last whorl. moussonianum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 55, fig. 8 1851 (Ai)ril), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 153; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 77. 388 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Shell short, globose-conic : dingy white, with numerous more or less interrupted spiral reddish brown lines : with more or less crowded transverse subimbricate lamellae, which are decussated by numerous small spiral ridges, with the intersections well developed into spines in the angle of the suture: spire with very convex outlines; apex usually truncate with the loss of two whorls; re- maining whorls three and one-half, very convex; last whorl a little detached from the penult whorl near the aperture, but soldered to it by the outer peritreme : aper- ture circular; inner peritreme moderately produced; outer peritreme much expanded, and reflected very con- vexly back of the plane of the aperture; imbricate, slightly and finely scolloped: umbilicus not very wide, extending through the truncate apex. Mean divergence about 75° ; length .54 inch ; greatest breadth .53 inch; least breadth ,38 inch. Operculum very convex, very closely striate obliquely, with the spiral lamella moderately raised. This shell closely resembles C. spinulosum, except in the outer peritreme and in the operculum, which widely distinguish it from the allied species. The operculum, however, somewhat resembles that of C. anomalum, and the lip is like that of C. retrorsum. multicarinata Adams Trochatella piilchella Plate 75, figs. 1, 2 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 159; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 83. A small thick variety of Trochatella pulchella occurs in Portland, with the spiral ridges remarkably promi- nent. It may be designated by the name of multicari- nata. munda Adams Helix Plate 72, figs. 5, 6 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 32. Shell depressed globular; with a rather thick epider- mis, which is horn colored on the upper whorls, and greenish brown on the rest; with excessively fine striae of growth : spire convex, moderately elevated ; apex very obtuse; whorls fine, moderately convex, with a well im- pressed suture; last whorl large, somewhat depressed; OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 389 aperture suborbicular, angular at the end of the oblique white columella, and modified considerably by the penult whorl; lip excessively thin and sharp; umbilicus want- ing. This shell resembles the young of the preceding [mac- murraiji], which when young is much flattened on the spire, has the aperture much larger, and the columella is straight. Greatest breadth .6 inch ; least breadth .5 inch ; height .4 inch. mutatum Adams Cyclostoma No type selected 1851, Cont. to Conch. 9: 154. New name for C. articulatum Sowb. 1843 not Gray 1836. muticum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 57, fig. 8 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1: 11. Species like C. armatum, but the shell is more slender; and more delicately striated transversely; the outlines of the spire are more convex ; there are no sutural crenu- lations ; the aperture is smaller, less regularly ovate, and more angulated above. Mean divergence 28° ; length .57 inch ; greatest breadth .27 inch ; least breadth .23 inch. nemoraloides Adams Helix Plate 73, figs. 7, 8 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 15. [White Rock near Goshen; also Galina Pt,]. H. nemorali affinis; sed t. subtus valde planulata; apice plus elevata; anf. 5; anf. ultimo fasciis tribus fuscis semper ornato; superis bifasciatis. Magnit. sicut in H. nemorali. nemorensis Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2 : 25. Shell subfusiform ; pale brown or pale reddish brown, with dark brown transverse stripes, which are not very wide, reaching nearly to the anterior extremity, about four on each whorl except on the first three, which have none; with very dense rather small striae; spire with the outlines quite convex; whorls eight, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture; aperture long, narrow in the upper half, and very acute above ; labrum sharp, produced along the middle, a little angulated below the 390 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS middle; columella nearly straight, rather slender, and pointed. Mean divergence 30°; length .83 inch; breadth .25 inch ; length of aperture .35 inch. Var, a, with very few brown stripes. [Syntype specimen figured by Pilsbry, 1907, pi. 11, figs. 62, 65.] newcombianum Admns Cyclostoma Plate 59, fig. 1 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 8. Shell much elongated, conic; very pale orange, ele- gantly decorated with several spiral series of small brown oblique spots which have white shadows, the spots being in transverse series; with numerous small but strong transverse whitish raised lines, which are mostly in groups of three to five and at the summits are devel- oped into minute sutural crenulations ; spire with slightly convex outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of two or three whorls; five whorls remaining, with a well im- pressed suture; last whorl detached from the penult whorl near the aperture; aperture suborbicular, quite angular above; inner peritreme slightly produced; outer peritreme moderately expanding, shining, reflected ex- actly into the plane of the aperture, rather thick, nearly wanting opposite to the penult whorl, moderately pro- duced above into a sharply angular concave wing; um- bilicus very small. Mean divergence 37° ; length 52 inch ; greatest breadth .28 inch ; least breadth .22 inch. Cyclostoma N ewcomhianum, Ad., may be erased from the catalogue. It has been proved to belong to the Island of St. Thomas. I am indebted to the kindness of a friend for an extensive suite of varieties of this species, which he collected in that island. The most common variety is that which has been known in many collections as C. Swiftianum. This name was derived from the MSS. of Dr. W. Newcomb, now of Honolulu in the Sandwich Is- lands, and was given to the species in honor of Robert Swift, Esq., of St. Thomas. A red variety has been de- scribed in the Zeitschrift fur Malakazoologie, subse- OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 391 quently to our description, by Dr. Pfeiffer, as C. Tros- chelt. The synonomy therefore will stand thus : (Cyclostoma Swiftianum Newcomb MSS., 1845.) Newcombianum Ad. Cont. Conch. Sept., 1849. Troscheh Pfr., Zeitschr., June, 1850. [1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9, p. 177.] nigrescens Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 63, fig. 7 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 162; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 86. Shell robust in the lower part, conic above: black on the last whorl and on several of the upper whorls, fading into brown in the middle, with a dingy white stripe anteriorly and a red lip: with a few strise behind the lip. In some localities the shell is of medium size and form, rather more coarsely striate on the last half of the last whorl, and faintly striated on the first half. Inhabits Portland, and Manchioneal in St. Thomas-in-the-East. nigrilabre Adams Cyclostoma jayanum Plate 57, fig. 12 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 89. [Manchester]. A large and very dark colored variety of Cyclostoma Jayanum has the outer peritreme black, and may be designated by the name of nigrilabre. nitens Adams Cyclostoma Plate 57, fig. 1 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 8. Shell moderately elongated, conic; shining, brownish white with white spots, and spiral interrupted bands of pale brown, deep orange near the aperture; very finely decussate with nearly equal slightly elevated lines, but on the upper whorls the transverse lines are more promi- nent and the spiral lines obsolete ; spire with the outlines slightly convex; apex truncate, with the loss of two or three whorls; four whorls remaining, with a well im- pressed suture; aperture large, ovate orbicular, moder- ately angulated above; inner peritreme scarcely distinct, reflected upon the outer peritreme, which is reflected nearly into the plane of the aperture, is moderately spreading, sharp, thickened, narrower and bent back opposite the umbilicus, which is small. Mean divergence 40° ; length .56 inch ; greatest breadth .36 inch ; least breadth .26 inch. 392 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Probably only a variety [of augustae] (1851, ibid, no. 9: 155). nitida Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 8 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 103. Shell well elongated, ovate-fusiform: reddish brown, with very dark brown transverse stripes, about four or five on each whorl : varicose coincidently with the brown stripes, the varices being indicated by the thickening of the shell within, and a deeply impressed line in front of each; well polished and shining: apex subacute: spire with the loutlines rectilinear, or moderately convex: whorls seven to eight, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture long ovate, very acute above : labrum sharp, subjugular at two-thirds of the distance from its upper extremity: columella much curved, broadly truncated. Mean divergence 30° to 35°; length .96 inch; greatest breadth .31 inch; least breadth .3 inch; length of aper- ture .44 inch. [Syntype specimen figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 11, fig. 59.] nitidiusculus Adams Bulimus Plate 81, fig. 15 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2 : 27. Shell long ovate conic; dingy white; smooth and shin- ing, with a few veiy distant excessively minute trans- verse strise ; spire with nearly rectilinear outlines ; apex rather obtuse; whorls nearly six, rather convex, with a well impressed suture last whorl long; aperture long ovate, quite acute above; labrum very thin and sharp; columella somewhat twisted. Mean divergence 24°; length .24 inch; breadth .1 inch; length of aperture .1 inch. nobilior Adams Pupa Plate 82, fig. 8 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 15. [Road leading from Spanish Town to Annotto Bay, a little less than 18 mi from former place.] P. t. magna, crassa, opaca, straminea, striis obliquis creberrimis parallelis eleganter insculpta, infra cylindracea, supra tereti; spira longissima, decollata; anf. perditis 15! anf. reliquis 10; labro lato, crasso, continuo, albo, anf. penultimo appresso. Long, partis OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 393 amiss« .6 poll.; long', jiost decoll. 1.18 poll.; tot. 1.78 poll.; lat. .37 poll. Species nobilis, notabilis! Is a synonym of Cylindrella hinneyana Pfr. (1850, ihkl, no. 8: 129). nobilis Adams Helicina Plate 77, figs. 11, 12 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 49; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 133. Shell depressed globose conic, thick and solid: white beneath and at the end of the last whorl, otherwise rufous or dark brownish red : very smooth, the strise of growth being very light ; sometimes with a few very light spiral strise: apex obtuse: spire convex conic: whorls nearly four and one-half, subplanulate, with a rather deep suture last whorl much depressed or even sinuate between the periphery and suture at its termination : aperture compressed above, expanded laterally: lip rather thick, moderately reflected along the middle only; with a notch like that of H. maxima Sowb. Mean divergence 130° ; greatest breadth .9 inch ; least breadth .73 inch; height .55 inch. This species differs from H. maxima in the flattening of the whorls, which renders the spire conic ; in the com- pression of the aperture from above, and the slight re- flection of the lip; it is also more solid and less convex beneath. nobilis Adams Helix Type not located 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7 : 106. Shell transversely ovate-orbicular, moderately and ir- regularly convex above, regularly and very convex be- neath : above reddish or blackish brown, with paler spaces ; beneath with a broad belt of blackish brown next below the periphery, within which the shell is of a bright yellowish green; with the lip purple, irregularly spotted with white: rather feebly granulated, smooth near the apex and umbilical region, with the lower part of the whorls, for the most part, undulated by short oblique impressions : spire moderately elevated : whorls a little more than five, subplanulate, with a lightly impressed suture; last whorl with an acute periphery, above which it is concave in its last half, and below which it is slightly 394 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS concave in its first half : aperture subtriangular, with the lower outline much curved: with one moderately devel- oped tooth below near the right side: labrum well re- flected, moderately thickened: umbilicus wanting. See Lister, 82, 83. Height 1.12 inch; greatest breadth 2.42 inch; least breadth 2.07 inch. Variety of patina (1851, ibid., no. 9: 185). nobilis Ada^ns Trochatella pulchella Plate 75, figs. 6, 7 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 159. New Hope, Westmoreland. Another variety occurs at the opposite extremity of the island, at New Hope in Westmoreland, which is very large, and has the last whorl well rounded over the per- iphery, without any keel : it has no sculpture except the impressed spiral lines on the spire and on the upper part of the last whorl. The lip is less expanded than in the type of the species. It may be designated by the name of NOBILIS. nodulosum Adams Cyclostoma Type not located 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 91. Shell elongate, ovate-conic: purple at the apex and behind the lip, with a few indistinct transverse spots of purplish brown and an anterior spiral band of the same ; with the lip white: with very closely set strong trans- verse raised lines, which are decussated by numerous spiral lines, with the intersections nodulous : spire rather long, with the outlines scarcely curvilinear: apex trun- cate, with the loss of whorls: four whorls remain- ing, with a deep suture; last whorl not detached from the penult whorl: aperture ovate-orbicular: inner peri- treme scarcely produced, but reflected : outer peritreme moderately expanded, well reflected, thick and strong: umbilicus veiy narrow, but extending through the trun- cate apex. Mean divergence about 35°; height .53 inch; greatest breadth ,34 inch ; least breadth .25 inch. Synonym of granosum (1851, ibid., no. 8: 140). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 395 obesa Adams Pupa Plate 82, fig. 14 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 15. [Near Port Henderson], P. t. tenui, diaphana, pallide fuscescente, subfusiformi, striis obliquis costiformibus ornata, supra concave et breviter tereti, decoUata; anf. 6 vel 7 perditis; anf. 7 vel 8 reliquis; labro tenui, albo, reflexo, continuo, ab anf. penultimo disjunct©. Long, pai'tis amissae .13 poll.; long, post decoll. .57 poll.; lat. 235 poll. Variety of Cylindrella brevis Pfr. (1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9 : 183. octonoides, Adams Bulimus Plate 81, fig. 13 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2 : 12. [Dublin Castle near Graywycke]. B. t. parva, albida, elongata; anf, 7, perconvexis; labro tenui; columella recta; B. octono simili, speciei quam Geru Achatina habeat. Div. 22°; spirae long. 22 poll.; long. tot. .31 poll.; lat. .1 poll. opalina Adams Helix Plate 78, figs. 11-12 1845, Proc, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 16, [W part of St, Mary's], H. t. parva, perdepressa, supra convexa, diaphana, nitida, pallide cornea, exilissime striata, infra indentata, baud umbilicata; anf. 5, supra a linea subsuturali impressis; apertura infra carina Candida intijs decurrente calloque umbilicari Candida — instructa; labi'O tenui. Div. 145°; alt. .185 poll.; lat. max. .3 poll.; lat. min. .26 poll. Is Proserpina (1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 186). osculans Adams Achatina Type not located 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 104. Shell conoidal, but very slender; dull horn color; with about fourteen transverse oblique rather prominent la- melloid ridges, v^hich are somewhat arcuated with the convexity forwards: apex rather obtuse: spire with the outlines rectilinear, except near the apex: whorls nine, flattened or concave along the middle, with a well im- pressed suture : aperture ovate, very narrow and acute above, retreating much below on both sides : columella subspiral, distinctly truncated in a young shell, indis- tinctly so in an old one, with the edge somewhat dilated, so as to resemble a Spiraxis, Mean divergence about 9°; length of spire ,28 inch; total length .35 inch; breadth .06 inch. 396 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS osculans Adams Helix Plate 74, figs. 9, 11 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 107. Shell very similar to that of H. arbor eoides; but the whorls increase rather less rapidly, so that the outer whorl and the aperture are not so wide as in that species ; the lower side of the last whorl is thicker, and within is furnished with a stout revolving lamella a little exterior to the middle of this side. This species connects the groups of Jamaica Helices, which are represented by H. a7-boreoides and H. epistylium. Height .21 inch; greatest breadth .44 inch; least breadth .41 inch. pallescens Adams Cyclostoma Plate 54, figs. 7, 8 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 60; 1851, Cont. to Conch. no. 8: 144. [Name on page 143.] [NE corner of St. Elizabeth, Ch.]. Shell with the spire brownish red, and the last whorl white; with a brown epidermis: with the transverse striae fine and regular on the spire, and very irregular on the last whorl; with fine wrinkles commencing above near the end of the penult whorl ; last whorl very coarsely and irregularly wrinkled above, nearly or quite smooth beneath; the umbilical keel is obsolete: spire depressed: whorls nearly five; last whorl flattened above; with the suture moderately impressed : aperture orbicular, slightly effuse and pointed above; lip scarcely sinuate above, moderately advanced on the right side : umbilicus about two-thirds as wide as the aperture. Operculum with a much elevated spiral lamella, the whorls of which, six or seven in number, are saucer-shaped; that is, reflected, with the inner surface concave. Mean divergence about 145°; height .67 inch; greatest breadth 1.15 inch; least breadth .91 inch. pallescens Adams Helix anomala Plate 67,figs. 8-10 ; Plate 68, fig. 1 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 171; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 95. Helix anomala, var. pallescens, is horn colored, some- times with a reddish brown tinge, without a white line on the periphery. The umbilicus is somewhat narrower, OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 397 and the shell is higher in the last whorl. It inhabits Accompong- Town, in the back part of St. Elizabeth. palliata Adams Helicina Plate 75, figs. 8, 9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 13. Species similar to H. Brownii, Gray, but the shell is larger, thicker, less globose, with the incision as deep but much narrower and linear; the produced columella is grooved with a broad shallow furrow, while in H. Brownii it has a deeply impressed line. The characters of the incision and produced columella in this group of Helicina^ appear to be very constant. It is chiefly for this reason that I regard this as a good species. The form and size are intermediate between H. maxima and H. Brownii. Mean divergence 110°; length .43 inch; greatest breadth .69 inch; least breadth ,55 inch. pallidus Adams Bulimus Plate 81, fig, 16 1854, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2 : 12. B. t. parva, tenui, diaphana, cornea, elong-ata; anf. 5, convexis; labro tenui; columella recta. Div. 35°; spirae long. .16 poll,; long, tot. .27 poll,; lat. .13 poll. [This is not the type-lot referred to by Pilsbry (1907) p, 294, but it has the Adams label. A syntype specimen was illustrated by Pilsbry 1907, pi. 43, figs. 43-47.] papyraceum Adatns Cyclostoma Plate 57, fig. 7 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 92. [Yallah's Hill]. Shell much elongated, ovate-conic: with dark brown irregular transverse bands, which are deeply and sharply undulated on the posterior side, and which are some- times contracted into waving lines, on a ground of pale brown : thin ; elegantly sculptured with very regular crowded striae ; with the intervening ridges crossed by many microscopic spiral impressed lines ; with a crowded sutural series of sharp crenulations : spire long, with the outlines moderately curvilinear : apex truncate with the loss of whorls : a little more than five whorls re- maining, with a moderately impressed suture: aperture ovate, rather large and spreading, a little modified by the penult whorl : peritreme single, scarcely reflected to the 398 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS plane of the aperture, on the left side appressd to the penult whorl : umbilicus small, with strong spiral striae. This beautiful species receives the appropriate name sug- gested by Mr. Chitty. Mean divergence 32° ; length .82 inch ; greatest breadth .45 inch ; least breadth .33 inch. parva Adams Geomelania gracilis Plate 81, fig. 10 1850, Cont. to Conch no. 6: 95. Var. parva is but .35 inch long, and has about thirty- six ribs. patina Adams Helix Plate 71, figs. 1-3 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2 : 29. Helix patina may be a variety of H. acutissima, Lam., but it is concave on both sides of the peripheiy, like H. soror, while Lamarck's shell is always convex below and usually also above the periphery: the surface of H. patina is smooth throughout, except a slight granulation near the end of the last whorl, and is rather irregularly impressed with scattered lines, which are mostly per- pendicular to the striae of growth. Greatest breadth 2.2 inches; least breadth 2 inches; height 1 inch. pauperatum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 57, fig. 4 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 13. Shell very elongate and slender, conic; color ?; very coarsely striated transversely, not crenulated in the suture, spiral lines wanting ; spire with nearly rectilinear outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of three ( ?) whorls ; five whorls remaining, with a moderately impressed su- ture; aperture ovate-orbicular; inner peritreme on the right side less elevated above the outer one, which is moderately expanded, concave, sharp, produced into an angle and inflected at each extremity of the left side; umbilicus very small, concealed by the lip. Mean divergence 28° ; length .58 inch ; greatest breadth .26 inch ; least breadth .2 inch. pauperata Adams Geomelania Type not located 1850, Cent, to Conch, no. 6: 97. Shell elongate conic: whitish: with, on each whorl, about twenty-five rather wide obtuse transverse ribs: OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 399 spire with rectilinear outlines : apex truncate with loss of whorls : whorls remaining seven to eight, quite convex, with a well impressed suture : aperture ovate, slightly effuse : linguiform part of the labrum but slightly- produced. This species resembles G. pygniaea and G. Beardsleana. Mean divergence about 11°; length .21 inch; breadth .05 inch. pauperculus Ada7ns Bulimus Plate 90, fig. 13 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 27. Shell much elongated, regularly tapering to the sum- mit; white, with a thin horn colored epidermis; with numerous broad lightly impressed arcuate transverse striae ; spire with rectilinear outlines ; apex rather obtuse ; whorls seven, rather convex, with a well impressed su- ture ; aperture long ovate, quite acute above ; labrum thin and sharp; columella well thickened. Mean divergence 18° ; length .25 inch ; breadth .25 inch ; length of aperture .075 inch. [Lectotype figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 4, fig. 46. Cf. Pilsbry (loc. cit.) for discussion of type-lot.] pellucens Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 11 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 13. A. t. parva, nitida, gracili, cornea, striis exilissimis Icngitudinal- ibus, supra crebris, infra distantibus — ornata; anf. 7; labro tenui, infra retracto; columella arcuata. Div. 14°; spirje long. .19 poll.; long. tot. .27 poll.; lat. .07 poll. [Holotype figured by Pilsbry, 1908, pi. 18, figs. 20, 21.] pellucida Adams Helix Type not located 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 16. H. t. pai-A'a, pallide cornea, diaphana, exilissime et creberrime striata; spira late conica; anf. 6, perconvexis; ultimo magno, rotundato; apertura suborbiculari, ab anf. penultimo valde invasa; lobro tenuissimo; umbilico parvo. Div. 110°; alt. .2 poll.; lat. max. .28 poll.; lat. min. .25 poll. peracutissima Adams Helix Plate 71, figs. 4-6 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 15. H. t. magna, imperforata, lenticulari, subtenui, fusca, exile sagrinata; anf. 5; inferis supra concavis; ultimo medio in angu- lum acutissimum lamellifonnem expanso, subtiis convexo; apertura perdepressa, infra H. siniiatae Miill. similiter 4-dentata; labro medio acute angulato. Div. 140°; alt. .6 poll.; lat. max. 1.6 poll.; lat. min. 1.43 poll. 400 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS peraffinis Adams Helix Plate 84, fig-s. 7, 8 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2 : 16. [Galina Pt.]. Praecedentis Ipelbicida'] var.? sed t. spira depressa, convexa; umbilico multo latiore. Div. 140°; alt. .17 poll; lat. max. .3 poll.; lat. min. .25 poll. perdepressa Adams Helix Plate 91, figs. 15, 16, 18 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 36. Shell discoidal ; whitish or pale horn colored ; with very fine transverse strife; spire concave or plane, with the last whorl often descending below the plane of the preceding; apex always depressed into the plane of the spire; whorls five, angular, on the upper side sloping a little below the plane of the spire, with a well impressed suture; aperture elliptical, a little modified by the penult whorl; lip thin and sharp; umbilicus as wide as the last whorl, regularly concave and exhibiting all the whorls. The following are the dimensions of a large specimen. Greatest breadth .25 inch; least breadth .215 inch; height .105 inch. perpallidum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 54, figs. 10, 11 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 157; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 81. Shell white, reddish on the upper whorls, with a pale greenish brown epidermis : transverse strise very fine, wrinkled ; with minute wrinkles nearly covering the last whorl ; umbilical keel wanting : spire moderately ele- vated: whorls five; last whorl flattened beneath, making the periphery subangular; with the suture well im- pressed : aperture suborbicular ; effuse, pointed, and much advanced above ; lip thick : umbilicus half as wide as the aperture. Operculum unknown. Mean divergence about 130° ; height .45 inch ; greatest breadth .7 inch; least breadth .58 inch. (p. 148.) This name is given to "No. 20," described ion page 148. Having seen a considerable number of specimens, all of which very exactly coincide in their characters, I can no longer hesitate to regard it as a good species, although the operculum is yet unknown. [Syntype specimen figured by Torre et ah, 1942, pi. 18, figs. 4-6.] OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 401 perplexa Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 10 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5 : 84. Shell ovate-fusiform, much elongated : almost trans- parent, pale yellowish brown, with transverse moderately curved lines of dark brown, of which the last colors the labrum, three to four on each whorl, wanting on the upper whorls, and scarcely perceptible at and above the middle of the spire : with fine not crowded transverse strise; lines, which indicate the varices that are coin- cident with the brown stripes, scarcely distinguishable from the strife : apex subacute, with nearly one and one- half smooth whorls : spire much elongated, with the out- lines moderately curvilinear : whorls about six and one- half, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture long, ovate, quite narrow and acute above : columella a little twisted scarcely truncate. This species closely resembles A. propinqua, but the strise are finer and more distant, and the outlines of the spire are more curvilinear. It attains about one-half of the size of that shell. Mean divergence about 21° ; length .33 inch ; breadth .09 inch ; length of aperture .12 inch. [Lectotype figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 4, figs. 31, 42.] petitianum Adams Stoastoma Plate 87, figs. 10-12 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 67; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no, 8: 151. Shell between globose and discoidal : dingy white : with eight or ten raised slender spiral lines, of which three or four are visible on the spire, and as many others which are more minute : spire moderately elevated, con- vex: whorls three and one-half, moderately convex, with a lightly impressed suture; last whorl well rounded: aperture much contracted behind the labrum, which is but moderately produced, and is double, with the outer margin scarcely modified by the larger spiral lines; labium moderately detached from the penult whorl : um- bilicus rather small, with the spiral lamella but moder- ately developed. Mean divergence about 125° ; height .04 inch ; greatest breadth .06 inch ; least breadth .05 inch. 402 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS pfeifferianum Adams Stoastoma Plate 89, figs. 10-12 1849, Mon. Stoastoma, p. 8. [Manchester back woods. Ch.]. S. testa subg-lobosa, pallide cerino-fusca, striis profundis plurimis eleganter insculpta; spira brevi, conica, acuta; anfractibus 5, baud multum convexis; apertura baud campanulata; labro multo producto, nee denticulato, nee pectinato; labio baud multo soluto; umbilico lamella partim obtecto. Form — subglobose ; color — pale brownish wax-color ; sculpture — deep crowded regular spiral striae, uni- form over all the shell except the nuclear apex ; apex vitreous; spire moderately and convexly elevated ; whorls 5, slightly convex, with a well impressed su- ture ; last whorl elegantly rounded ; aperture quite exactly semicircular, not campanulate; labrum well produced, rather abruptly produced above, with a smooth even margin ; labium rather thick, slightly detached from the penult whorl, in the lower part a little curved to the right ; umbilical region concave, covered with a deposit ex- tending from the aperture, partly concealed by a spiral lamella, which is continuous with the lower extremity of the labrum. Mean divergence 120°; length .075 inch; greatest breadth .115 inch; least breadth .085 inch. philippianum Aclains Stoastoma Plate 87, figs. 7-9 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 158; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 82. Shell subdiscoidal, convex above: pale horn color, sub- transparent : surface smooth and shining : spire moder- ately and convexly elevated : whorls three and one-half, slightly convex, with a moderately impressed suture; last whorl regularly rounded over the periphery, very slightly detached from the penult whorl near the aper- ture: aperture slightly campanulate: labrum slightly produced beyond the labium, not scalloped : labium in its upper half a little detached from the penult whorl, with the lower half extending below the penult whorl: um- bilicus of moderate size, with the spiral lamella exces- OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 403 sively developed and usually soldered by its exterior edge to the last whorl, forming over the umbilicus a large arch, which has an opening rather larger than the aper- ture of the shell. Inhabits Ackendown in Westmoreland. Mean divergence about 130° ; height .055 inch ; least breadth .09 inch ; greatest breadth .075 inch. phillipsii Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 10 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 13. A. t. tenui, diaphana, elong-ata, subfusiformi, pallide fuscescente, lineis ati'o-fuscis paucis distantibus longitiidinalibus — ornata; anf. 7, supra a linea infra-suturali impressis, striatis, striis dis- tantibus; labro tenui, infra retracto; columella baud multum arcuata. Div. 20°; spirse long. .5 poll.; long. tot. .73 poll.; lat. .13 poll. [Syntype specimen figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 11, fig. 63.] picturata Adams Helix Plate 83, figs. 1-3 1849, Cont. to Concb. no 2: 30 Species like H. suniata, Mull, but the shell is usually smaller, the whorls are always much shorter, the spire more depressed, and the shell less convex beneath : it is remarkable for having portions of the epidermis hydro- phanous, which are mostly in zigzag or radiating pale brown stripes : the aperture is much more expanded laterally than H. sinuata: umbilicus small, partly cov- ered by the reflected lip. Greatest breadth .9 inch ; least breadth .73 inch ; height .38 inch. Variety a, without umbilicus and the spire rather more elevated. pila Adams Helix Plate 65, figs. 10, 11 1849, Cont. to Concb. no. 2: 31. Shell very globular; white, translucent; with exces- sively fine strife of growth and the mocroscopic spiral lines; spire with very convex outlines; apex very obtuse; whorls more than six, quite convex, with a well im- pressed suture ; aperture lunate, except as interrupted by the intrusion obliquely of a large uneven abruptly ter- minating columella; lip very thin and sharp; within, nearly half way up the outer side, is a high lamella, 404 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS which after entering half the length of the last whorl suddenly diminishes to a line; umbilicus wanting. Greatest breadth .6 inch; height .53 inch. pisum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 55, fig. 9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 9. Shell short, ovate conic ; dark slate colored, with a red lip; with closely set strong transverse raised lines de- cussated by very faint spiral lines, which are obsolete on the upper whorls; spire with quite convex outlines; apex truncate with the loss of two and one-half whorls ; three very convex whorls remaining, with a very deep suture; aperture circular; inner peritreme a little produced and reflected; outer peritreme much expanded, a little con- cave and faintly striate; umbilicus rather wide, extend- ing through. Divergence about 56°; length .33 inch; greatest breadth .315 inch; least breadth .215 inch. pisum Adams Proserpina Plate 71, figs. 10, 11 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 108. Shell globular: pale yellow and whitish: smooth and shining: apex very obtuse: spire well elevated, with very convex outlines : whorls five, quite convex, with the suture not impressed : last whorl very large and high : aperture longitudinally lunate : labrum sharp, moderately thickened within, without teeth or lamellae: columella moderately produced nearly in the direction of the axis of the shell, with one sharp prominent nearly transverse plait : labium with a very prominent and sharp revolving plait near the columella. Mean divergence about 110°; length of aperture .15 inch; total length .21 inch; greatest breadth .24 inch; least breadth .2 inch. For this elegant species of Proserpina, and several of the above species, I am indebted to my friend. Rev. F. R. Holland, who has collected them in person; and, as on previous occasions, has liberally shared with me the re- sults of his labors. pisum Adams Stoastoma Plate 88, figs. 16, 17 1849, Mon. Stoastoma, p. 11. [Manchester, generally, and near Accompong Town, St. Elizabeth. Ch.]. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 405 S. testa subglobosa, pallide sulphurea, striis exilibus spiralibus paucis ornata; spira conica, acuta; unfractibus 5, baud multum convexis; apertura subcampanulata; labro longe producto, sparsim et exile denticulate, infra auriculato; labio baud multum soluto; umbilico angusto, prof undo; animali glauco. Form — subglobose ; color — pale yellow ; sculpture — a few lightly impressed spiral strise, which become lobsolete on the back of the last whorl; spire regularly conic, moderately elevated; whorls 5, slightly convex, with a slightly impressed suture ; last whorl globose ; aperture subcampanulate, almost exactly semicircular; labrum much produced beyond the labium, very abruptly produced above, with a few shai*p projecting points along the margin, auriculate below ; labium rather thick, slightly detached from the penult whorl, in the lower part a little curved to the right ; umbilicus small, deep. Mean divergence of spire 110°; length .14 inch; great- est breadth .185 inch; least breadth .16 inch. Length of aperture .09 inch; breadth of do. .066 inch. The operculum has a rather sparsely lamelliferous ex- ternal surface: the inner surface is shining, opaque white. planulata Adams Proserpina nitida Plate 85, figs. 3, 4 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 174; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 98. Proserpina nitida var. planulata is distinguished by being much flattened above. pretiosa Adams Helix bainbridgei Plate 71, figs. 7-9 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 171; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 95. Var. PRETIOSA, differs from the ordinary type of the species in being white, with an exceedingly thin greenish epidermis on the last whorl; the lip is of a very pure snow white color; and the last whorl is larger and higher. Raised to full species (1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 10: 204). 406 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS princeps Adams Cylindrella Plate 86, fig. 19 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 167; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5:91. Shell like C. Dimkeri, but differing in the following characters : it is much larger ; is of a reddish brown or horn color ; the striae are much finer, being nearly micro- scopic; the whorls are flat: aperture elliptical and angu- lated at the lower extremity; lip quite thick: it loses about eight whorls by truncation and has twelve remain- ing. Inhabits Swift R. head, St. George. Length .98 inch; breadth .15 inch. procera Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 11 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 24. Shell conic, much elongated; white, more or less tinged with brown, with rather broad dark brown some- what oblique stripes, which are waved on the posterior margin, interrupted at the middle of the last whorl, and of which there are four or five on each whorl, except on the first three or four which are colorless; varicose co- incidently with the brown stripes on the last whorl, like A. leucozonias with closely set very coarse transverse striae or ribs; spire with the outlines nearly rectilinear; apex rather obtuse; whorls about ten, rather convex, with a slightly channeled suture; aperture rather nar- row, quite acute above; labrum rather sharp, produced to an extraordinary degree in the middle, and then abruptly retreating in a deep well rounded sinus, which reaches to the twisted and much arcuated columella. Mean divergence 27°; length 1.375 inch; breadth .4 inch ; length of aperture .52 inch. Of another individual, mean divergence 31°; length 1.08 inch; breadth .395 inch; length of aperture .44 inch. [Lectotype and syntypes figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 7, figs. 3, 4.] procerus Adams Bulimus Type not located 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 13. [W part of St. Mary's]. B. t. parva, nitida, tenui, diaphana, flavido-fusca, perelongata; anf. 8 ad 10, haud multum convexis; labro tenui; columella torta. Div. 18° ad 14° ; spirae long-. .5 poll.; long-, tot. .63 poll.; lat. .14 poll. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 407 procera Adams Cylindrella Plate 91, fig. 13 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7 : 102. [Clarendon] , Shell cylindric in the lower three-fifths, moderately- tapering above : reddish or yellowish brown : with rather fine regular quite oblique striae: spire very broadly trun- cate, with the loss of whorls : whorls remaining ten to eleven, moderately convex, with a well impressed su- ture ; last whorl moderately produced, with a very promi- nent spiral carina anteriorly: aperture not large, sub- orbicular, subrectilinear in the left and upper sides, with a slight sinus between the lower and right sides : lip well reflected, moderately thickened and expanded. This is a slender species of the group, of which C. cylindrus Chem. is typical. Length 1.15 inch; breadth .3 inch. [Syntypes figured by Pilsbry, 1902, pi. 29, figs. 21, 22.] procera Adains Geomelania Plate 90, fig. 4 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 95. Shell slender, conic-cylindrical : whitish : with, on each whorl, about thirty stout prominent, acute-edged trans- verse ribs, which are continued nearly to the anterior margin of the aperture; with very numerous microscopic lightly impressed spiral striae in the intercostal spaces : spire with rectilinear outlines : apex truncate with the loss of seven or eight whorls ; whorls remaining seven to seven and one-half, moderately convex, with a well im- pressed suture: aperture ovate, widely and deeply effuse: labrum well expanded, reflected, and thickend; with the linguiform part at the anterior extremity well produced obliquely and downwards, rather narrow, but not acute : labium well thickened, separated slightly from the penult whorl. Mean divergence about 10°; length .63 inch; greatest breadth .15 inch; least breadth .13 inch. producta Adatns Cylindrella lata Plate 86, fig. 15 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 161; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 85. Cylindrella lata often occurs with a much elongate sub- conic form. This variety may be designated by the name 408 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS PRODUCTA. A specimen is 1.23 inch long and .34 inch broad. propenuda Adains Helix Plate 66, figs. 3-4 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 79. Shell like H. sinuata, but the color is very pale, almost white except on the upper whorls: the aperture more contracted ; the exterior furrows are very short, and the right pair of teeth a little joined at base: the epidermis consists of small distant obliquely transverse thin brown- ish green patches : umbilicus wanting. Greatest breadth .885 inch; least breadth .765 inch; height .5 inch. Var. of sinuata Mull. (1851, ibid., no. 9: 185). propinqua Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 13 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 13. Praecedenti [phillipsH] afRnis, forsan var.; sed t. lineis longi- tudinalibus crebris instructa, sine linea infra-suturali; anf. 6; columella recta. Div. 18° spirae long. .32 poll.; long. tot. .48 poll.; lat. .13 poll. [Lectotype specimen figured by Pilsbry 1907a, pi. 10, fig. 47.] proxima Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 3 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 167; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 91. Shell conic but slender : very pale brown or horn color ; with dark brown transverse stripes, about three on each whorl, less distinct on the upper whorls : with fine regu- lar transverse small elevated lamellae: apex moderately obtuse, smooth on the nuclear whorls: spire long, with the outlines nearly rectilinear: whorls eight, planulate, abruptly shouldered above, with a rather deep suture: aperture small, ovate: labrum thin and sharp: columella nearly straight. This shell resembles A. Blandiana. Its divergence in the upper whorls is less than in that shell, but its mean divergence is greater. Mean divergence about 18°; length .385 inch; breadth .095 inch; length of aperture .11 inch. Inhabits near Swift River head, Portland. [Syntype specimen figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 10, figs. 50-52.] OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 409 proximum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 57, fig. 9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 8. Species like C. fascia, Gray, but the shell is much more coarsely decussated, the transverse lines being stronger and the spiral lines less numerous; the lip is less ex- panded and more solid, and the whole shell is thicker and smaller. Perhaps var. of fascia Gray (1851, ibid., no. 9: 155). puella Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 2 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 83. Shell ovate fusiform, much elongated: subtransparent, pale brownish yellow, with brown transverse stripes, which are veiy narrow except at their summits, where they are much dilated and are very deeply colored ; there are on each whorl four or five of these stripes except near the apex : varicose coincidently with the brown stripes; with rather fine regular transverse strise: apex rather obtuse, with rather more than one whorl smooth : spire rather long, with the outlines a little curvilinear: whorls eight, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture rather long ovate, narrow and very acute above : labrum sharp and thin : columella nearly straight, but little truncated. Mean divergence about 19°; length .53 inch; breadth .125 inch ; length of aperture .17 inch. [Lectotype, here selected, was figured by PilsbiT, 1907a, pi. 10, figs. 53, 54 as cotypes.] pulchra Adams Proserpina Plate 85, figs. 5, 6 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 5: 81. Shell similar to P. nitida, but much smaller and less discoidal, the spire being more elevated and the last whorl higher: the color of the upper whorls, (the last and usually a small part only of the penult whorl being excepted), varies from a deep crimson to a bright orange red, with an opaque white line along the suture. In all other characters this shell so closely resembles P. nitida, that I have long hesitated whether I should propose it as a distinct species. The peculiarity of form appears to be absolutely constant in the individuals (about 30), that I 410 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS have seen : that of color fails partially only in a very tew, which appear to have been bleached by exposure. Greatest breadth .2 inch; least breadth .18 inch; height .12 inch. pulchra Adams Trochatella josephinae Plate 75, fig. 5 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 52; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 136. A variety of Trochatella Josephinae, from the western part of the island, presents a type quite distinct from that which served for the description of the species, and which inhabit the eastern part. The spiral ridges are less conspicuous, and are more or less interrupted by various irregularities lof the surface. The acute periph- ery is furnished with very prominent vaulted compressed scales, and is of a red color. The inferior surface is of a lemon yellow color, and its spiral strise are rather indis- tinct. The lower part of the lip is quite thick. This type may be designated by the name of pulchra. Its mean divergence is 100°; height .29 inch; greatest breadth .52 inch ; least breadth .44 inch. pulchrior Adams Helix Plate 73, figs. 9, 10 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 172; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 96. Shell subconic, rather thin: of a very light burnt- ■ sienna color, sometimes with a tinge of cream color, on which are more or less numerous ill defined unequal transverse lines of a rich dark burnt-sienna; often with a tinge of ash color on the upper whorls; with a spiral rather dark line of the burnt-sienna a little below the suture, above which the transverse dark lines rarely ex- tend; with another very dark spiral stripe of the same color along the suture and on the periphery of the last ■ whorl ; with a well defined large very dark circular spot ' of the same color on the umbilical region, which is some- times margined by a pale circle, exterior to which is a line of rather dark burnt-sienna; sometimes with a fine spiral line of the same color on each side of the periph- •: ery: surface moderately shining, with fine close strise of growth: spire with the outlines moderately curvilinear: whorls five, a little convex ; last whorl subangular on the OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 411 periphery: aperture wider than long: lip thin and rather sharp, slightly reflected : umbilicus wanting. This most richly colored of the Jamaica Helices is allied to H. sub- conica. Inhabits Portland. Greatest breadth .65 inch ; least breadth .57 inch ; height .5 inch. A variety has the dark umbilical spot margined with a circle of bright cream color, with another stripe of the same next below the dark periphery. It inhabits St. Thomas-in-the-East. pulchrior "Adams" Pfeiffer Adamsiella 1858 Mon. Pneumon. Viv., supp. 1, p. 108. [Error for pulchrius Adams 1845.] pulchrius Adams Cyclostoma Plate 86, fig. 16 1845, Proc. Boston See. Nat. Hist. 2: 11. [Gahna Pt.]. C. t. fascia lata, rubro-fusca, ornata, decollata; anf. 2^/^ perditis; anf. reliquis 4, exilissime regnlariter et elegantissime decussatis; labro crasso, rotundato, albo; umbilico pei-angusto, prof undo; operculo tenui. Div. 48°; alt. .56 poll.; lat. max. .38 poll.; lat. min. .3 poll. Synonym of C. binneyanum Pfr. 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9 : 129. pupaeformis Ada7ns Cylindrella Plate 62, fig. 7 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7 : 102. Shell subcylindric : pale horn color, or whitish : with excessively fine regular quite oblique striae; spire very broadly truncate, with the loss of whorls : whorls remaining six to six and one-half, slightly convex, with a distinct suture; last whorl moderately produced from the penult whorl, subangulated anteriorly : aperture very large, a little angulated by the angle of the last whorl, orbicular: lip narrow, moderately thickened, well re- flected. Length .46 inch ; breadth .13 inch. pusilla Ada7ns Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 20 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 102. Shell f usiform-cylindric : pale horn color, subtranslu- cent: with oblique sinuous, rather inequidistant fine ele- vated transverse lines: spire truncate, with the loss of whorls : whorls remaining about seven, moderately 412 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS convex, with a well impressed suture ; last whorl smaller than the penult whorl, from which it is not produced, with a sharp spiral keel very near the left side of the aperture : aperture very large, very oblique : lip ex- tremely narrow, slightly thickened, well reflected. This species belong to the group, of which C. Dunkeri is a type. Length .23 inch ; breadth .06 inch. pusilla Adams Helicina Plate 86, figs. 7, 8 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 101. Shell depressed globular: horn color for brownish (?) : with excessively fine strife of growth : apex subacute : spire moderately elevated, with the outlines curvilinear : whorls more than four, a little convex, with a distinct suture : aperture rather large, well rounded in the right side, somewhat sinuate in the left side ; labrum thin, moderately dilated, well reflected, with a deep curved incision, similar to that of H. palliata, and next below the columella, the end of which is sickle-shaped. This spe- cies is much less discoidal than H. macilenta. Mean divergence about 120°; height .16 inch; greatest breadth .25 inch ; least breadth .2 inch. pygmaea Adams Cylindrella Plate 90, fig. 16 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2 : 14. C. t. minima, conica, gracillima, regulariter striata, striis latis; anf. 7, convexis; apertura obliqua; labro hand late reflexo. Div. 10°; spirse long. .195 poll.; long. tot. .35 poll.; lat. .04 poll. Is Geoynelania (1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 89). pygmaea Adams Geomelania typica Type not located 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 96. Var. pygmaea is but .3 inch long. pyramidata Adams Geomelania Plate 91, figs. 5, 6 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 159; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 83. Shell elongate conic: whitish: with, on each whorl, about 28 small obtuse ribs, which, on the last whorl, terminate a little below the periphery: spire with recti- linear outlines: apex usually truncate with the loss of two or three whorls: whorls remaining seven or eight, quite convex, with a deep suture : aperture widely ovate, OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 413 moderately effuse : labrum rather thin, sHghtly reflected : linguiform part obtuse, moderately produced laterally at the lower part of the right side : labium a little thickened and reflected. Mean divergence about 15° ; length .32 inch ; greatest breadth .11 inch; least breadth .09 inch. quinque-fasciatum Adarns Cyclostoma Plate 57, fig. 2 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1: 12. Shell much elongated; whitish with a faint tinge of brown, with — on the upper whorls three, and on the last whorl five spiral series of very dark brown spots which have pale brown shadows, the spots being also in inequidistant transverse lines; with rather distant smooth transverse ridges ; spire with scarcely convex outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of nearly four whorls ; five whorls remaining, with a moderately im- pressed suture; aperture ovate, subangulated at each end; inner peritreme thickened, white, appressed to the outer one, which is moderately expanded, sinuate, re- flected nearly to the plane of the aperture, much ex- panded and concave above and also below on the left side, wanting opposite the penult whorl ; umbilicus very small, nearly concealed by the lip. Mean divergence 33° ; length .77 inch ; greatest breadth .39 ; least breadth .3 inch. Synonym (?) of columna Wood (1851, ibid., no. 9: 180). redfieldianum Ada7ns Cyclostoma Plate 58, fig. 6 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 10. Shell ovate-conic; pale blueish gray or dingy white, with a few spiral interrupted lines of dark brown; strongly striated transversely, without spiral striae ; spire with rather convex outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of two whorls ; three and one-half quite convex whorls remaining, with a deep suture, which has a few strong unequal inequidistant crenulations ; aperture large, nearly orbicular; inner peritreme a little produced and reflected; outer peritreme wanting on the upper part of the left side, much expanded on the remaining part of this side, moderately spread on the outer side, concave, 414 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS sharp-edged, above often inflected so as to form a cell; umbilicus small. Mean divergence 55°; length .66 inch; greatest breadth .5 inch ; least breadth .4 inch. redfieldiana Adams Helix Type not located 1850, Conto to Conch, no. 7: 107. Shell transversely ovate, quite convex on both sides: brov^n, or brownish black, with a paler line on the pe- riphery, with the lip white or purple : with coarse trans- verse stri?e, which, on the upper side of the shell, are frequently interrupted so as to resemble transversely elongated granulations : apex very obtuse : spire very convex: whorls four and one-half, moderately convex, with a distinct but moderately impressed suture : last whorl with an acute or subacute periphery: aperture transversely and somewhat obliquely semielliptical, a little modified by the penult whorl: labrum well ex- panded, reflected, and thickened, expanding into a broad flattened callus, where it joins the labium at the base of the columella : umbilicus wanting. Height 1 inch; greatest breadth 1.82 inch; least breadth 1.5 inch. redfieldianum Adams Stoastoma Plate 87, figs. 4-6 1849, Mon. Stoastoma, p. 13. S. testa subconica, pallide virenti, carinis exilibus et striis exilis- simis, — nonnuUis spiralibus ornata; spira elevata; anfractibus 4^/^, sutura impressa, ultimo anf. subgloboso; apertura haud multo campanulata; labro haud multo producto, paululum pcctinato; labio multo soluto; umbilico sub-lato, carina spirali magis elevata ornato. Form — globose-conic ; color — pale yellowish green ; sculpture — a few raised spiral lines, of which about four are visible on the spire, and one or two intermediate excessively minute stride; spire regularly and considerably elevated ; whorls 4i<2> moderately convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl subglobose; aperture rather larger than a semicircle, a little cam- panulate ; OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 415 labrum moderately and above not abruptly produced, slightly scolloped by the spiral carinae ; labium much detached from the penult whorl, slightly curved ; umbilicus rather wide, with one of the spiral carinas more prominent and continued into the lower extremity of the labrum. Mean divergence 90° ; length .06 inch ; greatest breadth .075 inch ; least breadth .065 inch. retrorsum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 56, fig. 12 1850, Corit. to Conch, no. 6: 91. Shell subovate : horn color, with small irregular flames of brown, and a few small dots of same, which are in- equidistant in spiral series : with numerous fine spiral ridges, (of which one or two next the suture are larger), which are decussated by numerous inequidistant moder- ately elevated lamellae, which are produced at the inter- sections into triangular points thickened at their bases : spire well lengthened, with the outlines quite curvilinear: apex truncate, with the loss of whorls: remaining whorls nearly four, very convex, with a deep suture; last whorl not separated from the penult whorl : aperture orbicular: inner peritreme scarcely distinct from the outer, which is thick and wide, finely radiated with im- pressed lines, and reflected very far behind the plane of the aperture, so as to form a canal behind it: umbilicus very small, but extending through the truncate apex. Operculum with the spiral lamella dilated and reflected so as to leave only a veiy narrow channel between its whorls. A fine perfect specimen, loaned to me by Mr. Cuming, has enabled me to describe the operculum and the color of the shell. Mean divergence about 50°; length .615 inch; greatest breadth .5 inch ; least breadth .33 inch. robertsi Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 16 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 160; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 84. Shell elongate, fusiform, widest a little below the mid- dle: pearl white: with, on each side of the suture, a 416 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS series of very short transverse prominent ribs, which abruptly terminate so as to leave a large portion of the middle of the whorls smooth; ribs about fifteen on each whorl ; the series below the suture being the larger ; both series are continued on the two angles of the produced part of the last whorl, over on the back part of which each rib is united to its opposite by a small lamella : spire with the outlines quite convex except in the upper third : apex truncate with the loss of whorls : whorls re- maining nine or ten, planulate or slightly concave, with a deep suture; last whorl widely disjunct in its last third part from the penult whorl, with an angle on the right and another on the lower side : aperture subangular above and below, more angular on the right : lip rather thin, reflected into the plane of the aperture, moderately expanded. Length .37 inch ; breadth .095 inch. rosea Adams Pupa 1846, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 102. [18 to 20 mi N of Spanish Town, not far from Rio Magno] . P. cylindro, Desh., affinis, sed. t. rosacea, costulis parvulis dis- tantibus ornata. Hab. Jamaica. [non Cylmdrplla rosea Pfeiffer, 1844; see carnea, su- pra.] rubella Ada7ns Pupa Plate 82, fig. 5 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 15. [Runaway Bay]. P. cylindro, Desh. affinis; sed t. minore, ardenter rubra; spir^ supra graciliore; anf. 14 perditis, 8 reliquis; labro tenui, ab anf. penultimo disjuncto. Long, partis amissae .43 poll.; post decoll. .7 poll.; lat. .3 poll. Is Cylindrella (1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 183). rubra Adams Cylindrella No type selected 1849, Cont. to Conch. 2: 23. C. cylindrus, Ad. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1849, received the name of C. rubra in my printed Catalogue of shells Jan. 1847. It is perhaps a variety of C. Dunkeri Pfr., but differs in having the greatest diameter at or above the middle of the shell, while in the latter it is in the lower third, above which the shell tapers regularly. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 417 C. rubra is larger, has coarser stride, and is always deep red. C. Dunkeri is always brown. The last loses eight or nine whorls by truncation, and has twelve remaining. Is absolute synonym of cylindrus. rufilabris Adams Cylindrella mauseri Plate 63, fig. 8 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 164; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 88. Shell more or less robust, but rather thin : pearl white, with a tinge of yellow; lip vermilion, sometimes whitish on the inner side : finely striated on the back of the last whorl. Inhabits Portland. rufilabre Adams Cyclostoma augustae Plate 58, fig. 1 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 155; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 79. The rufous or red lipped varieties of Cyclostoma jay- anum and C. augustae may be designated by the name of RUFILABRE. rufilabre Adams Cyclostoma jayanum Plate 57, fig. 3 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 155; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 79. The rufous or red lipped varieties of Cyclostoma Jay- anum and C. Augustae may be designated by the name of RUBFILABRE. sagittif erum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 57, fig. 6 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 53; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 137. Shell elongate, ovate conic: dingy white, with numer- ous inequidistant dark brown zigzag lines, with the four angles which are directed backwards arranged in spiral series on stripes of paler brown; with irregular trans- verse spots of dark brown next below the suture: with very crowded fine transverse ridges, which interrupt minute spiral elevated lines : truncate, with the loss of — whorls : spire rather long, with the outlines curvi- linear: whorls remaining after truncation four, quite convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture obliquely ovate, with two peritremes; of which the outer one is moderately produced and not reflected posteriorly, but in the rest part is well produced, reflected nearly into the plane of the aperture, sinuous on the left side anteriorly; inner peritreme thick, moderately produced, slightly re- 418 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS fleeted: umbilicus very narrow, extending through the truncate summit. For this species I am indebted to Mr. Chitty. It was found at Easington, in the parish of St. David's. Mean divergence about 45° ; length .96 inch after trun- cation ; greatest breadth .63 inch ; least breadth .55 inch. seminudum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 54, figs. 3, 6 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. Neiv York, 5: 62; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 143, 146. [N W border of Manchester, and Bogues estate, St. Eliz- abeth. Ch.]. Shell brownish orange or brownish on the spire, red- dish white on the last whorl; with a brown epidermis, which on the last whorl is mostly limited to two or three dark brown broad well defined spiral bands, which are often confluent in one: with the transverse striae very fine ; wrinkles commencing about the middle of the penult whorl, mostly foveate; last whorl very irregularly wrin- kled above, with minute pits exterior to the well devel- oped umbilical keel, otherwise smooth : spire well ele- vated : whorls nearly five, with a slight depression at the top of the last whorl; with the suture well impressed: aperture suborbicular, quite effuse and pointed above; lip thick, a little sinuate above, and well advanced on the right side : umbilicus about three-fourths as wide as the aperture. Operculum quite concave, with the spiral la- mella elevated, but much thickened and appressed on the exterior side. Inhabits Manchester. Mean divergence about 120° ; height .65 inch ; greatest breadth 1 inch ; least breadth .79 inch. seminuda Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 17 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 14. [Rock Springs ; W part of St. Mary's]. C. t. parva, albida, subfusiformi, late decollata; anf. 10 vel 11 perditis; anf. reliquis 9 supra subangnlatis, mediis planulatis, costatis, costis pluribus prominentibus; anf. superis mediis obsolete costatis; anf. ultimo bicarinato; apertura ab anf. penultimo late disjuncta; labi'o expanse, tenui. Long, post decoll. .33 poll.; lat. .09 poll. [Syntype figured by Pilsbry 1903a, pi. 5, fig. 41.] OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 419 sericinum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 57, fig, 11 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 156; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 80. Shell much elongated, conic: silky white, with four spiral series of brown dots, of which three appear on the spire ; around the umbilicus is a fifth series less distinct : with crowded regular transverse obtuse fine raised lines : spire with the outlines moderately convex, truncated with the loss of two whorls ; whorls remaining four and one-half, quite convex, with a rather deep suture; aper- ture slightly detached from the penult whorl ; inner peri- treme indistinct; outer peritreme moderately expanded, except on the left side, which is not reflected : umbilicus small. Mean divergence about 38° ; length .62 inch ; greatest breadth .36 inch; least breadth .26 inch. Inhabits New-Hope, Westmoreland. serriferum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 58, fig. 5 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 4. Shell ovate-conic, moderately elongate; reddish brown, with a series of rather dark spots of the same ; with very thin and sharp transverse perpendicular rather distant lamellae, which are serrated by a few faintly impressed spiral lines : spire with convex outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of about three whorls; remaining whorls four and one-half, moderately convex, with a well im- pressed suture; last whorl scarcely detached from the penult whorl near the aperture, which is orbicular; inner peritreme not produced (?); outer peritreme shining, well expanded, except opposite to the penult whorl ; um- bilicus narrow, but extending through the truncate apex. Mean divergence about 40° ; length .57 inch ; greatest breadth .35 inch; least breadth .275 inch. This may possibly be an accidental variety of C. Gray- annm or of some other of this group. The only specimen which I have does not appear to have the lip fully developed with age. shepardianum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 58, fig. 3 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 92. Shell long ovate-conic : color very various, from horn 420 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS color to reddish brown or slate color, with paler and darker lines alternating, with the lip red or yellowish white : with very closely set fine raised lines, which are traversed and partially interrupted by numerous finely waved or zigzag spiral strife ; with the upper ends of the transverse lines somewhat fascicled : spire long, with the outlines a little curvilinear: apex truncate, with the loss of whorls: remaining whorls five to five and one- half, very convex, with a deep suture; the last whorl detached at its extremity from the penult whorl: aper- ture ovate-orbicular: inner peritreme moderately pro- duced; outer peritreme moderately expanded, auriculate above, almost wanting on the left side: umbilicus very narrow, extending through the truncate apex. Mean diverg-ence. Leng-th. Greatest breadth. Least breadth. No. 1. 35° .35 inch. .25 inch. .2 inch. " 2. 33° .57 .31 .225 " 3. 33° .48 .31 .26 " 4. 30° .46 .26 .225 " 5. 29° .32 .18 .13 " 6. 25° .45 .22 .17 The variations in color, in sculpture, in the degree ;of detachment of the last whorl, in form and in size, are remarkable. The varieties of coloring are suflficiently de- scribed above: those of sculpture depend on the occa- sional presence of delicate varices and the development of the spiral stride, which are coarse or fine or scarcely perceptible : the distance of the aperture from the penult whorl varies from one-fifth to one-half of the diameter of the aperture. similis Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 12 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 103. Shell similar to A. nemorensis, but the outlines of the spire are nearly rectilinear, and consequntly the spire is more slender; the surface is highly polished, and has but a few excessively fine transverse striae ; the brown stripes are wider. It also resembles A. Phillipssi, but its spire is shorter, with a greater divergence. Mean divergence about 22°; length of spire .45 inch; total length .75 inch; breadth .23 inch. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 421 Lectotype specimen figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 17, figs. 10, 11. similis Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 14 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 23. Perhaps another variety of C. Dunkeri, Pfr. but is much smaller, has the aperture less angulated anteriorly, angulated at the left end of the upper side, and the lip is much more arched above : the striation is finer in pro- portion to the size : nine or ten whorls are lost by trun- cation, and tv^^elve remain. Length .475 inch ; breadth .09 inch. [Syntypes figured by Pilsbry 1903, pi. 35, figs. 47-49.] similis Adams Helix Type not located 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3 : 34. Species similar to H. arhoreoides Ad. ; but the shell is larger, the whorls are much higher, and there is an um- bilicus about .04 inch in diameter extending through to the apex. The young of H. epistylhnn Mull, also resemble this species, but have no umbilicus, a much more convex base, and an angular periphery, while the periphery of this is very broadly rounded. Greatest breadth .6 inch; least breadth .55 inch; height .36 inch. simplex Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 3 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 22. Shell subovate, or fusiform, moderately elongated ; whitish ; with very oblique straight faint striae, with one moderately sharp carina at the anterior extremity, and another which is slight and obtuse a little above the mid- dle of the last whorl ; spire with the outlines quite convex throughout most of the shell ; apex truncate with the loss of whorls ; ten and one-half whorls remaining, quite convex, with a deep suture ; last whorl slightly produced ; aperture angular at the anterior extremity and on the middle of the right side; lip thin, sharp, narrow, and moderately reflected. Length .315 inch; breadth .1 inch. simulans Adarns Cyclostoma Plate 59, fig. 2 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 138. Shell long ovate conic : very pale brown or dingy white, 422 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS with numerous spiral series of small dark brown spots, which are often elongate, and which are arranged in inequidistant transverse stripes : with closely set rather strong transverse raised lines and indistinct spiral striae, moderately crenulate along the suture: apex truncate with the loss of — whorls : spire with the outlines mod- erately curvilinear: whorls remaining after truncation four or five, quite convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture ovate orbicular, with two peritremes, of which the outer one is moderately expanded and reflected nearly into the plane of the aperture; the inner one is moder- ately produced and reflected : umbilicus very narrow, but extending through the truncate summit. Mean divergence about 37° ; length after truncation .54 inch: greatest breadth .34 inch; least breadth .23 inch. From Easington. At first sight this species appears like C. Adamsi, but is distinguished by being less elon- gated, by the spiral striae, and by the double peritreme. simulans Adams Helix Plate 85, figs. 13-15 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 35; 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 54. Species like H. fulva Mull, (H. chersina Say,) and formerly supposed to be identical with that species. It is chiefly distinguished by numerous microscopic impressed spiral lines ; the whorls are less by one, viz. four and two- thirds, and the spire is less elevated, with 10° more divergence. It is of a glossy brown, deeper than in H, fulva. Mean divergence 92°; greatest breadth .11 inch; least breadth .09 inch ; height .08 inch. sincera Adams Helix Plate 83, figs. 15, 16 1845, Proc. Boston. Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 16. II. t. parva, depressa, diaphana, pallide cornea, costulis crebris ornata; anf. 4^/^, perconvexis; anf. ultimo rotundato; apertura sub-orbiculari, ab anf. penultimo valde invasa; labro tenui; umbil- ico lato. Div. 160°; alt. .075 poll.; lat, max. .15 poll.; lat. min. .13 poll. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 423 sinuata Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 63, fig. 9 1851 (April), Cont to Conch, no. 9: 164; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 88. Var. SINUATA. Shell not robust and rather thin, with the lip remarkably sinuate : of a dingy pearl white, with, on the last whorl, a fine white line below the suture, and another on the anterior keel ; lip pale red, with a tinge of brown behind : with excessively fine striae on the back of the last whorl. Inhabits the east part of Portland. solid um Adams Cyclostoma see C. jayanum Adams. solida Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 62, fig. 15 1851 (April), Cont. to Condi, no. 9: 162; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 86. Shell very thick and robust: very dark or blackish brown at both extremities, pale brown along the middle, with a pure white widening stripe next below the suture of the last whorl; pink in the lip and behind it: very coarsely striated on the last whorl, otherwise feebly striated. In paler specimens a faint tinge of red is seen on both extremities, and the lip is white. Inhabits the vicinity of Peace R. in the east part of Manchester. solitaria Adams Achatina Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 168; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 92. Shell elongate, ovate conic : pale brown ; with dark brown transverse lines, about three on each whorl, want- ing on the first two or three whorls : with excessively minute crowded transverse striae : spire with the outlines a little convex : apex rather small : whorls eight, moder- ately convex, slightly shouldered, with a rather deep suture; last whorl subplanulate, long: labrum thin, sharp, a little produced in the middle: columella well produced and turning a little to the left. Mean divergence about 20°; length .52 inch; breadth .15 inch; length of aperture .185 inch. Inhabits New Hope, Westmoreland. 424 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS solitaria Adams Helicina Plate 78, figs. 1, 2 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2 : 12. [Goshen, St, Ann's], H, t. depressa, rubra, fuscescente; anf. 4^^, laevibus; ultimo nunquam angulato; apertura semicircular! ; labia infra emarginato; columella acuta; labro subtenui, extra flavo; operculo tenui. Div. 115°; alt. .22 poll.; lat. max. .35 poll.; lat. min. .31 poll. soror Adams Helicina consanguinea Plate 86, figs. 3, 4 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 51; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 135. Some specimens from the opposite extremity of the island, St. Thomas in the East, closely resemble H. con- sangimiea except in having the aperture well dilated and rounded in the upper part, instead of being contracted by a sinus in the lip; they also have the notch a little deeper, and the last M^horl is a little more convex beneath. The shell also is much like H. hirsuta, but the lip is not so deep, and the aperture is longer and narrower. They present a distinct type, but I merely propose for it the name SOROR, without deciding whether it be of specific value. spinulosum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 55, fig. 11 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1: 1. Shell short, globose-conic ; dingy white, with several more or less interrupted brown spiral lines; with crowded transverse thin perpendicular lamellse, which are decussated by numerous rather strong raised spiral lines, of which three about the middle of the whorls are larger; the points resulting from the decussation are elevated into minute spines where protected in the angle of the deep suture; spire with very convex outlines; apex usually truncate with the loss of two whorls; three and one-half whorls remaining, very convex; last whorl a little detached from the penult whorl near the aperture, but soldered to it by the outer peritreme; aperture ex- actly circular; inner peritreme much produced, striated parallel to the edge on the outside ; outer peritreme mod- erately expanded and reflected convexly back of the plane of the aperture, finely scolloped with the ends of the spiral lines, and deeply striated parallel to the scollops; OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 425 umbilicus moderately wide, extending through the trun- cate apex. Mean divergence 75° ; length .55 inch ; greatest breadth .55 inch ; least breadth .38 inch. The spiral lines, as usual in this group, do not appear on the first whorl, but only on the last three. May be identical to C. lincinellum Lamarck (1851, ibid., no. 9: 153). Spiraxis Adams [genus] 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6 : 87. G. T. pai-va, turrita: columella medio in laminajn spiralem pro- ducts: apertura ovali, medio parim divisa: labro simplice. Shell small and thin, much elongated: with the col- umella produced into a large stout spiral lamina, which gradually becomes obsolete in ascending two to four whorls above the aperture: the aperture is oval, but by the contraction of the labrum and the intrusion of the columellar lamina is often divided into the form of the figure 8 : the labrum is simple and indented by a stricture on the middle of the whorl. To this genus may be re- ferred Achatina inusitata Ad. p. 26 (of this work), which will therefore take the name of Spiraxis inusitata Ad.; and the two following species. Like many other of the species of small land shells of Jamaica, the individu- als are extremely rare. Type species Achatina inusitata Adams (subsequent designation, Pilsbry, 1907). spreta Adams Helix Plate 78, figs. 6-8 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 173; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 97. Shell orbicular, moderately depressed: very pale horn color, translucent : smooth : spire with the outlines a little curvilinear: whorls five, quite convex, shouldered, with a rather deep suture ; last whorl well rounded : aperture sublunate : labrum thin and sharp : umbilicus rather nar- row and deep. This species is best described by com- parison with H. pcraffinis and H. Boothiana. Above, the spire is nearly as much depressed as in the former spe- cies : beneath, the last whorl is nearly as convex as in the latter, while the umbilicus is as wide as in the former; 426 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS the aperture is not so wide as in H. peraffinis nor so high as in H. Boothiana. Greatest breadth .25 inch; least breadth .22 inch; height .17 inch. Stoastoma Adams [genus] 1849, Mon. Stoastoma, type-species, S. pisum Adams 1849 (subse- quent designation, Chitty, 1857). Testae apertura accurate semicirculari, ora crassa; labro pro- ducto, regnlariter curvato, haud reflexo; labio vix curvato; oper- culo calcareo, perconcavo, exile et irregulariter lamellifero. Aperture of shell in the form of the segment of a circle, equal to or a very little greater than a semicircle, the labrum being the arc and the labium its chord; the labrum, which is not reflected, is produced beyond the labium, and both are thickened on the extreme margin. The nuclear apex is permanent, and is always smooth and shining. Externally the calcareous operculum is very deeply concave, with lamellae slightly and irregularly projecting from the surface. Its margin is in the plane of the labium and parallel to that of the labrum. There is con- sequently a space resembling a portico under the arch of the labrum in front of the operculum. Hence the name of the genus, oroa a portico, aTOj^ia the aperture, as sug- gested by my friend Dr. A. A. Gould with the felicity characteristic of his nomenclature. strangulata Adams Helix Plate 66, figs. 5-7 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 30. Shell depressed-globular, moderately, regularly, and nearly equally convex above and below; reddish brown, paler beneath ; with very fine granulated wrinkles ; spire moderately convex, with a rather deep suture, last whorl very high; aperture small, subovate, very much con- stricted by two long narrow and deep exterior pits, which nearly meet under the lips, and which within pro- ject as two teeth connected at base, as in H. Bronnii, Pfr., but are not parallel ; next is a large tooth, which terminates at the outer margin of the lip, and next a fourth on the columella, which enters a large deep in- dentation in the central region of the shell; lip broadly OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 427 reflected, but rather sharp, columellar part very wide and concavely flattened ; umbilicus wanting. Greatest breadth .95 inch ; least breadth .8 inch ; height .58 inch. striata Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 62, fig. 14 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 165; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 89. Shell short, robust: pearl white or pale horn color; with a white, much expanded, but rather thin lip: aper- ture not oblique: with fine regular, rather distinct striae, which are obsolete only at the summit. Inhabits Water- loo in the back part of Manchester. striatella [sic] Adams Bulimus Plate 90, fig. 12 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 13. B. t. parva, tenui, nitida, diaphana, elongata; anf. 7, convexis, striis robustis, parallelis — ornatis; apertura lat^; labro tenui; columella haud multiam torta. Div. 30°; spirae long-. .15 poll.; long, tot. .2 poll.; lat. .07 poll. striatula Adams Cylindrella alba Plate 61, fig. 9 1849, Cont to Conch, no. 2 : 20. Var. striatula; striae very distinct under a common magnifier; length .52 inch; breadth .11 inch. striatula Ada7ns Cylindrella maugeri Plate 62, fig. 13 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 165; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 89. Shell thick, short, robust : pale greenish yellow, some- times with a tinge of pale brown or horn color ; lip white, thick, and well expanded : with fine regular approximate striae, which are obsolete only at the summit. striosa Adayns Achatina Plate 80, fig. 12 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 26. Shell elongated, conic ; white, with a horn colored epi- dermis, which is much striated transversely; the shell is smooth ; spire with nearly rectilinear outlines ; apex not very small ; whorls eight, short, moderately convex, with a deep suture ; aperture short, ovate, moderately acute above; labrum thin, sharp, not produced along the mid- dle; columella short, broadly truncated, much arcuated. Mean divergence 17°; length .28 inch; breadth .085 inch ; length of aperture .08. Possibly only a variety of Bulimus octonoides with the 428 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS columella truncated (1851, ibid., no. 9: 167). [Syntypes figured by Pilsbry, 1907, pi. 44, figs. 52, 53.] striosa Adams Geomelania Plate 91, figs. 1, 2 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6 : 96. Shell conic-cylindrical: whitish: with, on each whorl, about sixteen very slender somewhat arcuate ribs, and twenty-five to thirty fine spiral striae, which traverse the ribs, but are sometimes obsolete on their summits; spire with rectilinear outlines : apex truncate with the loss of whorls : whorls remaining about seven, moderately convex, with a deep suture: aperture ovate, widely and deeply effuse : labrum well expanded, reflected, and thick- ened; with the liguiform part moderately produced ob- tusely and obliquely at the lower part of the right side : labium well thickened, slightly separated from the pe- nult whorl except at the upper extremity. Mean divergence about 10°; length .38 inch; greatest breadth ,085 inch ; least breadth .08 inch. subconica Adams Helix Plate 73, figs. 11, 12 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 15. H. t. tenui, late subconica, imperforate, flavido-fusca, atro-fusco varie lineata;; anf. 5, baud multum convexis, exile striatis; anf. ultimo subangulato, subtus convexo; apertura subrectangulari, curviter depressa; labro tenuissimo; columella recta, acuta. Div. 100°; alt. 43 poll.; lat. max. .67 poll.; lat. min. .57 poll. subpyramidalis Adams Helix Plate 78, figs. 9, 10 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 15. H. t. tenui, late subconica diaphana, pallide cornea; apice sub- acute; sutura profunda; anf. 6, planulatis, superis infra obtuse ang'ulatis, ultimo medio ansnilato, subtus convexo; labro tenuis- simo; umbilico angusto, profundo. Div. 90°; alt. .2 poll.; lat. max. .27 poll.; lat. min. .24 poll Synonym of turhiniformis Pfr., 1839 (1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9 : 183). sulphiirea Adams Helix Type not located 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 33. Shell sub-globose, conic above, and a little tapering below; yellow, nearly transparent; smooth and shining; spire with the outlines a little convex, well elevated, conic; apex very small and acute; whorls four, a little convex, with a well impressed finely margined suture; OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 429 last whorl very long; aperture subsubovate; labrum very thin and sharp ; columella much produced, nearly straight; umbilicus none. Mean divergence 90°; greatest breadth .175 inch; least breadth .13 inch; height .16 inch. Perhaps this is a young shell, but probably not of any described species. On page 33 we described Helix sulphurea as 'perhaps a young shell.' This opinion was founded on its papy- raceous appearance. Mr. Chitty, from whom the original specimens were received, has recently furnished a series, which shows that this shell, with all the generic char- acters of Helix, is the last embryonic stage of the West Indian variety of Dolhim perdix! In a mature D. perdix, this nucleus may be distinguished. In a young shell, near the apex, may be very easily seen a clearly defined mar- gin of the nucleus, at which margin the smooth and polished nuclear surface is abruptly succeeded by the close spiral striae which characterise the West Indian D. perdix. In the change from a continuous to a notched aperture, the anterior extremity becomes first angular, and before the next whorl is completed, the notch is per- fect, (ibid, 6: 98.) swainsoniana Adams Helix Plate 66, figs. 8-10 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 169; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Hist. New York, 5: 93. Shell depressed, conic, subplanulate beneath ; with a moderately sharpened periphery, on both sides of which the outline is convex : dingy or brownish white ; with an ill defined infrasutural line of dark brown, commencing a little below the apex, and a spiral stripe of the same color below the middle of the whorls, commencing at the middle of the spire, and another stripe on the last whorl below the periphery; with the lip white: indistinctly granulated ; with fine irregular striae of growth : spire convex, moderately elevated : whorls nearly five, concave in the lower part, in the rest convex, with the suture lightly impressed: aperture transversely ovate or el- liptical, with the lip well reflected backwards, and much thickened, with three teeth on the lower side, of which 430 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS the outer pair are joined together at base, and all of which have corresponding external furrows : umbilicus deep, partly covered by the expanded and thickened col- umella. Inhabits Westmoreland. Greatest breadth 1.13 inch; least breadth .98 inch; height .6 inch; diameter of umbilicus .2 inch. tappanianum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 57, fig. 10 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 157; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 81. Shell elongate conoid: brownish orange, with a paler band below the periphery of the last whorl, with the columella brown : with crowded strong transverse striae, and less strongly impressed spiral striae ; spire with the outlines moderately convex, truncated with the loss of whorls; remaining whorls four, slightly convex, with a moderately impressed suture: aperture ovate, acute above, with the margin not reflected but sharp: umbilicus indistinct. Mean divergence about 30° ; length .41 inch ; greatest breadth ,2 inch; least breadth .18 inch. May not be a Jamaican species (1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 177). tappanianum Adams Stoastoma Plate 88, figs. 13-15 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 65; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 149. Shell subdiscoidal : pale horn color, subtransparent : with seven spiral carinse, of which the upper one is small and the lower one very minute, and of which two are visible on the upper whorls ; with very delicate spiral raised lines, usually one between the first pair of carinas and two or three in each following interspace : spire moderately and convexly elevated : whorls three and one- half, moderately convex, with a deep suture; last whorl scarcely detached from the penult whorl near the aper- ture: aperture rather more than a semicircle, a little contracted behind the labrum, which is well produced, above rather abruptly produced, scarcely modified by the carinfe; labium much detached from the penult whorl and a little reflected: umbilicus rather wide, with the spiral lamella moderately developed. Operculum very OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 431 deeply concave externally, smooth, auriculate at both extremities. Mean divergence about 140°; height .045 inch; great- est breadth .07 inch. This shell also resembles S. Gouldianimi, and might be mistaken for the young of that species. But the labrum is thickened as in all mature shells of Stoastoma proper. It is most readily distinguished from that species by the peculiarities of the aperture. tectilabre Adams Cyclostoma Plate 59, fig. 9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 10. Shell ovate-conic; blueish horn colored, with several interrupted spiral brown lines; with rather closely set sharp elevated transverse lamellae, without spiral strise; spire with quite convex outlines; apex truncate with the loss of two and one-half very small whorls ; nearly four very convex whorls remaining, with a deep suture, aper- ture a little detached from the penult whorl, nearly orbicular, slightly angulated above ; inner peritreme very slightly spread, but covering the outer one, which is extremely small; umbilicus small. Operculum much larger than the aperture, with its margin reflected abruptly far behind the margin of the aperture ! Mean divergence 45°; length .53 inch; greatest breadth .4 inch ; least breadth ,3 inch. tenella Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 8 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 23. Much more slender than C. Dunkeri, has thirteen whorls, and the striation is microscopically minute: the apei-ture is like that of C. Dunkeri, and, like C. rubra, it tapers from above the middle down to the anterior ex- tremity. Length .5 inch, breadth .077 inch. tenera Adams Achatina Plate 80, fig. 14 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 7: 104. Shell elongate, somewhat conic: horn color: with nu- merous well impressed regular transverse striae: apex subacute : spire with the outlines a little convex : whorls seven and one-half, scarcely convex, somewhat should- 432 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS ered above, with a well impressed suture : aperture ovate, acute above : labrum thin, slightly advanced in the upper half, retreating below: columella moderately curved, distinctly truncated. Mean divergence about 14° ; length of spire ,21 inch ; total length .3 inch ; breadth .075 inch. [Holotype figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 10, fig. 56.] tenera Adams Cylindrella Plate 61, fig. 6 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 23. Also resembles C. Dunkeri in color and C. rubra in form. It is very small, has the aperture orbicular, and the striation microscopic ; it loses six whorls by trunca- tion, and has ten remaining. Length .28 inch ; breadth .055 inch. tenerrima Adams Helix Plate 72, figs. 11, 12 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 16. [Goshen] . H. t. tenuissiina, subglobosa, diaphana, fusca, pallide virente, imperforata; anf. 5, convexis; ultimo maximo, inflato, subtus . convexo; apertura magna, suborbiculari; labro tenuissimo; col- umella infra expansa. Div. 115°; alt. .5 poll.; lat. max. .72 poll.; lat. min. .56 poll tenuidens Adams Pupa Plate 82, fig. 10 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 15. [Dublin Castle near Graywycke, on yam vines]. P. ovata, Say, affinis, et mag'nitudinis ejusdem; apertura supra dente magna lainelliformi intus producta, infra altera simili, minore, opposita; duobus alteris, una utrinque, oppositis. tenuis Adams Helicina Plate 90, figs. 8, 9 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 14. Shell small, thin, conic, pale brown, with distant slender raised spiral lines, decussated on the spire by inequidistant lines of growth; whorls four and one-half, more inflated and subangular below the middle ; aperture elliptical; labrum sharp, not reflected; labrum with a very thin deposit, columella slightly pointed. Mean divergence 90° ; length .08 inch ; greatest breadth .09 inch ; least breadth .08 inch. This also is a Trochatella. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 433 tenuistriatum Adams Cyclostoma Plate 57, fig. 5 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 8. Shell elongate; deeply colored with greyish and red- dish slate color, with an orange lip; with numerous dis- tinct spiral strife decussated by excessively minute and numerous transverse strise and by a few distant fine deep striae ; spire with moderately convex outlines ; apex trun- cate with the loss of two or three whorls ; four and one- half rather convex whorls remaining, with a rather deep suture; aperture subelliptical ; lip solid; inner peritreme scarcely produced ; outer peritreme moderately expanded, thick, striated, edge blunt; umbilicus narrow, extending through. Mean divergence 37° ; length .5 inch ; greatest breadth .3 inch ; least breadth .23 inch. Cyclostoma xayithostoma, Sowb., is more coarsely sculptured with less numerous spiral grooves, has some- times the coloring of the above, but is more frequently horn colored. Cyclostoma tenuistriatum is frequently of a dingy white or very pale brown color. terebella Adams Bulimus Plate 80, fig. 16 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 28. Shell very much elongated, regularly tapering to the summit; dingy white; with numerous transverse lightly impressed striae ; spire with rectilinear outlines ; apex rather obtuse; whorls nine and one-half, short, quite convex, with a deep suture; aperture subovate, moder- ately acute above; labrum thin and sharp. Mean divergence 12°; length .3 inch; breadth .07 inch; length of aperture .052 inch. [Holotype figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 1, fig. 11.] tesselata Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 82, fig. 6 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 166; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 90. Shell rather robust: covered with alternate rectangu- lar spots of cream color and amber, which terminate anteriorly at the cream colored keel ; black behind the lip, which is white : smooth above, lightly striated on the 434 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS lower whorls, and coarsely striated on the black part of the last whorl. Inhabits St. Elizabeth. testudineum Adams Cyclostoma augustae Plate 58, fig. 2 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 155. Another variety of C. Augustse may be designated by the name of testudineum. Its sculpture is more promi- nent, and the color is more or less like burnt umber. It approximates toward C. fascia. torrefacta Adams Helix Plate 66, figs. 1-2 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2: 31. Shell conoid, with a very thin transparent epidermis, on the upper whorls, which is a little thicker and straw- colored on the lower whorls ; smooth or with almost imperceptible strife of growth; spire like that of H. Cooklana, Fer., but a little more elevated; whorls eight, short, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture; last whorl with the base, (intermediate between that of H. Cookiana and H. epistylnnn, Miill.) having its central region rather deeply but not very widely indented ; aper- ture lunate; labrum sharp; columella somewhat twisted and produced rather obliquely; around the base of the last whorl within is a lamella, which slopes inwardly as it rises. Dimensions of two varieties : No. 1 : greatest breadth .7 inch; least breadth .63 inch; height .7 inch. No. 2: greatest breadth .6 inch; least breadth .55 inch; height .7 inch. tricolor Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 63, fig. 10 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 163; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 87. Shell rather robust : very dark brown at both ex- tremities, with a narrow slowly widening snow white line next below the suture; lip rose red, a little whitish where it joins the penult whorl : with excessively minute striae behind the lip. This appears to be Dr. Pfeiffer's var. a. A sub-variety is more slender, paler at the end, and darker in the middle, with the aperture less wide. Inhabits Manchester. Paler specimens occur near Peace R., with the middle whorls of a dingy pearl color. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 435 tunicata Adams Helix Plate 72, figs. 9, 10 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3: 33. Shell globose-conic; white beneath a thick epidermis, which is yellowish brown on the spire, and dark brown on the last whorl, and peels off in flakes in the early stages of decay; with fine striae of growth and very lightly impressed spiral lines; spire conic, well elevated, with the outlines a little convex; apex acute; whorls five and one-half, rather convex, with a well impressed su- ture ; aperture subquadrate, with the outer angle rounded off; labrum thin and sharp; columella pure white, di- lated, somewhat spiral; umbilicus none. Mean divergence 110°; greatest breadth 1.05 inch; least breadth .85 inch ; height 1 inch. This species differs from H. munda in the conical and more elevated spire, greater size, stouter and subspiral columella, &c. Synonym of tumida Pfr. (1851, ibid,, no. 10: 208). typica Adams Geomelania Plate 81, fig. 6 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 95. Shell slender, conic: whitish: with, on each whorl, about twenty-six to thirty prominent acute-edged trans- verse ribs, which become obsolete only near the anterior extremity; with very numerous microscopic lightly im- pressed spiral striae, which do not traverse the summits of the ribs : spire with rectilinear outlines : apex truncate with the loss of seven or eight whorls : whorls remaining about seven, moderately convex, with a well impressed suture: aperture ovate, widely and deeply effuse: labrum well expanded, moderately thickened; with the lingui- form part at the anterior extremity of the right side, excessively produced obliquely, very narrow and sub- acute: labium well thickened, a little reflected and sep- arated from the penult whorl except at the upper ex- tremity. Mean divergence about 10°; length .47 inch; greatest breadth .125 inch; least breadth .11 inch. 436 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS unicincta Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 62, fig-. 11 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 163; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 87. Shell of medium size and form : dingy pale yellow, whiter and sometimes reddish on the last whorl, with a broad dark brown stripe anteriorly; white on the lip, with a tinge of rose red behind: finely striate near the end of the last whorl. Inhabits Manchester. unicolor Adayns Achatina Plate 79, fig. 14 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 2 : 26. Species similar to the preceding, but the shell is uni- formly light brown, without any dark stripes; the striae are rather more strongly impressed; the columella is not arcuate; and the form is rather more slender. Mean divergence 33° ; length .7 inch ; breadth .21 inch ; length of aperture .33 inch. [Syntype specimen figured by Pilsbry, 1907a, pi. 16, fig. 5.] unicolor Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 62, fig. 10 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 165; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 89. Shell of medium size and form : pale yellow or pearl white, with a white lip : strongly striated on the back of the last whorl, finely striated on the middle whorls. In- habits Porus in the east part of Manchester. unicolor Adains Spiraxis aberrans Type not located 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 168; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 92. The variety of Spiraxis aherrans, which was described on page 88 as destitute of the transverse brown stripes, may be designated by the name UNICOLOR. valida Adams Cylindrella maugeri Plate 62, fig. 12 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 165; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 89. Shell robust and very thick: pearl white, with a tinge of yellow on the middle or on all the whorls of the spire ; last whorl whiter, with a pure white stripe on it next below the suture ; lip pure white and very thick : strongly striated on the back of the last whorl, finely striated up to the middle of the shell. Inhabits near Peace R., Man- chester. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 437 valida Adams Helicina depressa Plate 86, figs. 5, 6 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 52; 1851, Cont. to Conch, no. 8: 136. I am indebted to Mr. Holland for a variety of Helicina depressa of extraordinary size. Its mean divergence is 140°; greatest breadth .33 inch; least breadth .28 inch; height .18 inch. The corresponding dimensions of an ordinary specimen are 140°; .24 inch; .2 inch; .125 inch. It may be designated by the name of valida. valida Adams Helix Plate 66, figs. 11-13 1850, Cont. to Conch. 5: 77. Shell hemispherical above, moderately convex beneath, with a very slight sharp carina on the periphery, which is otherwise well rounded : above dark reddish brown, often blackish along the suture, paler at the apex, often paler beneath ; with a narrow pale band at the periphery ; lip brown : surface rather finely but strongly and densely granulated, except near the apex : spire very convex and much elevated : whorls five and one-half, quite convex, with a rather deep suture: aperture much expanded above and laterally, transversely auriform; with the lip well reflected and thickened; with four teeth, which are similar to those of H. Bromiii: umbilicus wanting. This shell resembles H. simiata in its sculpture and in the white line and delicate keel along the periphery: in re- spect of the teeth it resembles H. Bronnii. Last summer a specimen was loaned to me by Mr, Cuming as H, Bron- nii. This species differs from both of the above in the much dilated aperture. Greatest breadth 1.4 inch; least breadth 1.1 inch; height .8 inch: of a small variety, greatest breadth 1.17 inch ; least breadth .97 inch ; height .73 inch. variabile Adams Cyclostoma Plate 55, fig. 6 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 3. Shell moderately elongate, ovate conic; deep blackish blue when fresh, fading by exposure into pale yellowish brown, and then developing on the upper whorls two and on the last whorl three somewhat interrupted spiral brown lines and intermediate series of small brown spots, with a series just below the suture of large square spots, 438 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS with a wax-yellow lip ; with very fine spiral striae on the last three whorls, decussated by very close-set rounded ridges of growth, most of which are gathered in the suture into minute white crenulations ; spire with very convex outlines; apex truncate with the loss of three to three and one-half whorls; four whorls remining, which are quite convex and very slightly angular above the middle, with the suture rather deep; aperture circular; outer peritreme at first rather thin, smooth, and pol- ished; in the old, the lip is filled between its moderately produced inner and outer margins with a solid deposit concentrically striated, not scolloped; umbilicus small, exhibiting but a part of the last whorl, extending through the truncate apex. Mean divergence 43° ; length .53 inch ; greatest breadth .34 inch ; least breadth .26 inch. varians Adams Cyclostoma Plate 54, figs. 1, 2 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 60; 1851, Cont. to Conch. no. 8: 143, 144. Upper whorls horn color or light red; lower whorls white, with a brown epidermis : with the transverse striae rather fine and irregular; wrinkles commencing on the antepenult whorl, regular, oblique and well defined on the penult whorl, sometimes regular on the lower part of the last whorl ; umbilical keel well developed : spire somewhat depressed : whorls about four and one-half, scarcely flat- tened above, with a well impressed suture : aperture orbicular, slightly efi'use and pointed at the junction with the penult whorl; lip rather thin, slightly advanced in the right side : umbilicus two-thirds as wide as the aper- ture. Operculum with a spiral lamella of about eight whorls, with the upper margins reflected and expanded so as to be nearly in contact. Mean divergence about 135° ; height .55 inch ; greatest breadth .9 inch; least breadth .72 inch. vicina Adams Achatina Plate 79, fig. 15 1845, Proc. Boston See. Nat. Hist. 2: 14. Forsan A. Phillipsii var. ; sed t. striis longitudinalibus crebris — instructs, nunquam fusco-fasciata; linea infra-suturali a sutura plus remota, spira breviore. Div. 22°; spiras long. .3 poll.; long, tot. .54 poll.; lat. .175 poll. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 439 [Lectotype specimen figured by Pilsbry 1907a, pi. 9, fig. 44.] vicina Ada77is Geomelania Plate 81, fig. 12 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6: 96. Shell similar to that of G. miyior, with a greater diver- gence: it is usually thinner: the linguiform part of the lip is excessively produced laterally, and is very M^ide: the periphery of the last whorl is more angular than in G. minor. vilkinsoniae Adams Stoastoma Plate 87, figs. 1-3 1850, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 64; 1851, Cont. to Conch. no. 8: 148. Shell subdiscoidal : pale horn color, subtransparent : with five spiral carina, of which one runs into the suture, and one appear on the middle of the whorls of the spire ; some have, in place of the last one, two smaller carinse; with very delicate spiral raised lines, usually four to six in each interspace: spire moderately and convexly ele- vated : whorls three and one-half, angulated, with a deep suture ; last whorl rather large, detached from the penult whorl near the aperture: aperture campanulate; labrum produced very far, above abruptly produced and auricu- late, with wide and deep scallops formed by the pro- duced carinse, labium much detached from the penult whorl and a little reflected : umbilicus rather wide, with the spiral lamella moderately developed. Operculum very deeply concave, auriculate at both extremities, very finely punctulate. Mean divergence about 140°; height .035 inch; great- est breadth .07 inch ; least breadth .055 inch. This species closely resembles S. Gouldianum, and is most readily distinguished by the difference in size. A closer inspection will detect the more essential differ- ences. [type specimen lost after photographing] virgatum Adams Cyclostoma chevalieri Plate 58. fig. 9 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 156; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 80. Variety viRGATUM is dingy or pearl white, with the spiral dotted lines conspicuous. 440 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS virgineum Ada7ns Cyclostoma Type not located 1850, Cont. to Conch, no. 6 : 90. Shell short, globose-conic: dingy white, with trans- verse brown lines, most of which are on the last whorl; with the peritreme deep red: with crowded transverse rather strong perpendicular lamellae, which are decus- sated by the slender spiral ridges, that begin to appear on the penult whorl and are well developed on the last whorl, the intersections being neither nodulous nor spi- nous : spire with very convex outlines : apex truncate with the loss of whorls : whorls remaining three, very convex, with a very deep suture; last whorl not detached in any part from the penult whorl : aperture exactly circular : inner peritreme moderately produced and a little reflected : outer peritreme well expanded throughout in the plane of the aperture, subauriculate above, finely striated concentrically, rather concave; um- bilicus not very wide, but of nearly equal diameter through the truncated summit. Mean divergence about 68°; length .35 inch; greatest breadth .39 inch ; least breadth .28 inch. Identical with C. pisiim (1851, ibid., no. 9: 154). virginea Adams Helix Plate 74, figs. 8, 10 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 3 : 33. Shell conic; pale brown, with the upper whorls and a zone on the periphery horn colored, with narrow portions of epidermis scattered somewhat in zigzag, which are white and hydrophanous ; with fine stride of growth; spire elevated with the outlines almost rectilinear; apex rather obtuse; whorls nearly six, a little convex, with the suture but little impressed; last whorl much ad- vanced above over the aperture, which is suborbicular; lip very thin and sharp, except the columellar portion, which is much thickened and expanded, of a pink color, coalescing with the outer lip in a curve ; umbilicus want- ing. Mean divergence 80°; greatest breadth .78 inch; least breadth .67 inch; height .73 inch. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 441 vitrina "Adums" Pfeijfer Helix boothiana 1852, Martini-Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab., (2) 1: Sect. 12, pt. 1, p. 111. Not an Adams name. wilkinsonii Adams Cyclostoma Plate 59, fig. 12 1849, Cont. to Conch, no. 1 : 6. Shell small, subcylindrical ; whitish, with a few small distant pale brown spots in a spiral series ; with not very closely set sharp transverse raised lines; spire with slightly convex outlines ; apex truncate with the loss of three whorls, of which the second and third are seen in the young shell to be entirely and tvidely detached; four whorls remaining, very convex, with a very deep suture ; last whorl widely detached from penult whorl near the aperture, acutely angular above; aperture suborbicular, quite angular above; inner peritreme moderately pro- duced ; outer peritreme rather small, concentrically stri- ated, reflected a little back of the plane of the aperture, above produced into an angle, with two or three small brown spots ; umbilicus very small, but extending through and spreading near the apex. Mean divergence about 17° ; length ,35 inch ; greatest breadth .16 inch; least breadth .12 inch. yallahense Adams Cyclostoma Plate 55, fig. 12 1851 (April), Cent, to Conch, no. 9: 156; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5 : 80. This species resembles C. hyacinthimim, which is prob- ably identical with C. Banksianum Sowb. But it is smaller and more slender; the color is bluish brown, and does not change by age or exposure into orange near the aperture; the stri?e are coarser; the oblique indentations are often obsolete. The operculum is similar to that of C. hyacinthinum. Mean divergence about 46° ; length .48 inch ; greatest breadth ,32 inch; least breadth .27 inch. Although this shell so much resembles the species with which we have compared it, a peculiar type is easily recognized in it. The two types are geographically re- mote; this species inhabiting the east end of the island from Yallahs' Hill eastward, while the other occurs in the middle of the south side (Manchester) and westward. 442 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Neither species has been found in the intermediate re- gions. zonata Adams Cylindrella Plate 62, fig. 5 1851 (April), Cont. to Conch, no. 9: 161; 1851 (May), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5: 85. Shell cylindric in the lower two-thirds, very robust: pink with a tinge of brown or purple, with a pearl white zone along the suture ; pale brown in the aperture : with an elegant silky lustre produced by crowded oblique very fine stride : spire with the outlines convex in their upper half ; apex truncate with the loss of whorls : whorls remaining eight, moderately convex, slightly margined on the lower side, with a moderately impressed suture: aperture similar to that of C. 7'osea, but more dilated in the lower part of the left side, and with the lip less ex- panded. It resembles C. cylindrus, but differs in always having a white zone, and in being often tinged with brown ; it is much more robust : the aperture of C. cylin- drus is more like that of C. rosea than of this shell. Length 1.18 inch; breadth .41 inch. OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 443 Plates 54-91 444 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 54 Fig's. 1, 2. Cyclostoma varicms Adams. Lectotypo, here selected, MCZ 156063 (20.7 mm wd X 15.7 mm ht). Figs. 3, 6. Cyclostoma semmudiim Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 119462 (22.8 mm wd X 17.2 mm ht). Fig'S. 4, 5. Cyclostoma crassum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275700 (17.8 mm wd X 14.3 mm ht). Figs. 7, 8. Cyclostoma pallescens Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 260870 (28.4 mm wd X 16.9 mm ht). Figs. 9, 12. Cyclostoma jugosum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275954 (24.1 mm wd X 15.8 mm ht). Figs. 10, 11. Cyclostoma perpallidum Adams. [Westmoreland.] Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275676 (19.5 mm wd X 12.8 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 445 Plate 54 446 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 55 Figs. 1, 4, 5. Cyclostoma duffianum Adams. Holotype MCZ 156064 (43.8 mm wd X 26.6 mjn ht). Figs. 2, 3. Cyclostoma dubiosiim Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275677 (11.8 mm wd X 5.3 mm ht). Fig. 6. Cyclostoma variabile Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275981 (8.9 mm wd X 12.9 mm ht). Fig. 7. Cyclostoma hillianiim Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275971 (11.6 mm wd X 10.1 mm ht). Fig. 8. Cyclostom^a mousso7iianum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275685 (12.0 mm wd X 12.3 mm ht). Fig. 9. Cyclostoma pisum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275681 (7.3 mm wd X 7.9 mm ht). Fig. 10. Cyclostoma am,ahile Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275959 (12.3 mm wd X 12.7 mm ht). Fig. 11. Cyclostoma spinulosum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275689 (13.0 mm wd X 14.1 mm ht). Fig. 12. Cyclostoina yallaltense Adams. East end of the island, from Yallah's Hill eastward. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275993 (9.0 mm wd X 11.4 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 447 Plate 55 448 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 56 Fig. 1. Cyclostoma amandum Adams. Lectotype here selected, MCZ 275939 (15.8 mm wd X 14.3 mm ht). Fig. 2. Cyclo^itoma ftmhriatulum albinodatum Adams. [Westmore- land.] Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275942 (14.5 mm wd X 14.1 mm ht) . Fig. 3. Cyclostoma fimbriatulum docens Adams. St. Elizabeth. Lec- totype, here selected, MCZ 275940 (13.3 mm wd X 12.3 mm ht). Fig. 4. Cyclostoma chittyi Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275962 (15.4 mm wd X 15.4 mm ht). Fig. 5. Cyclostoma anomalum. Adams. Holotype, MCZ 275966 (11.8 mm wd X 11.9 mm ht) . Fig. 6. Cyclostoma aculeosum Adams. Holotype, MCZ 275916 (14.2 mm Avd X 12.5 mm ht) . Fig. 7. Cyclostoma hlandianum, Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275975 (5.4 mm wd X 6.5 mm ht). Fig. 8. Cyclostoma hilUanum leporilabre Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275921 (14.1 mm wd X 12.6 m,m ht). Fig. 9. Cyclostoma lima Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 185172 (17.5 mm wd X 21.9 mm ht). Fig. 10. Cyclostoma hyacinthinum- Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275973 (10.5 irun wd X 14.3 m,m ht). Fig. 11. Cyclostoyna lamellosum. Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275957 (8.5 mm wd X 11.9 jnm ht). Fig. 12. Cyclostoma retrorswm Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 233803 (12.6 mm wd X 17.1 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 449 Plate 56 450 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 57 Fig. 1. Cyclostoma nitens Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186228 (10.9 mm wd X 16.5 mm ht). Fig. 2. Cyclostoma quinque-fasciatum Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 186215 (8.8 mm wd X 19.8 min ht). Fig. 3. Cyclostoma jayanuni riifilabre Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 275920 (13.6 mm wd X 19-4 mm ht). Fig. 4. Cyclostoma pauperatum, Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275717 (6.5 mm wd X 13.5 mm ht). Fig. 5. Cyclostoma tenuistriatum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275990 (9.4 mm wd X 13.6 mm ht). Fig. 6. Cyclostoma sagittiferum Adams. [St. David.] Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275996 (14.3 mm wd X 22.5 mm ht). Fig. 7. Cyclostoma papyraceum Adams. [Yallah's Hill.] Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275710 (10.6 mm wd X 20.2 mm ht). Fig. 8. Cyclostom,a muticum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186251 (6.4 mm wd X 13.9 mm ht). Fig. 9. Cyclostoma proximum- Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186259 (11.4 mm wd X 19.2 mm ht). Fig. 10. Cyclostoma tappanianum, Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275910 (6.1 nmi wd X 11-4 mm ht). Fig. 11. Cyclostoma sericmum Adams. New-Hope, Westmoreland. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275675 (7.1 mm wd X 13.5 mm ht). Fig. 12. Cyclostoma jayanum nigrilabre Adams. [Manchester.] Lectotype, MCZ 275951 (14.6 mm wd X 21.7 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 451 Plate 57 452 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 58 Fig'. 1. Cyclosfoma augustae rufilabre Adajns. Lectotyps, here se- lected, MCZ 186226 (13.0 mm wd X 20.7 mm ht). Fig. 2. Cyclostoma augustae testudinewm Adams. Lectctype, here selected, MCZ 186224 (13..5 mm wd X 19.9 mm ht). Fig. 3. Cyclostoma shepardianum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275986 (7.0 mm wd X 12.4 mm ht) . Fig. 4. Cyclostoma mordax Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275704 (7.4 mm wd X 14.5 mm ht). Fig. 5. Cyclostoma serriferum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275679 (8.2 m,m wd X 13.1 mm ht). Fig. 6. Cyclostoma redfiekUanum Adams. Holotype, MCZ 275994 (11.6 mm wd X 16.6 mm ht). Fig. 7. Cyclostomn modestum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177147 (3.6 mm wd X 6.8 mm ht). Fig. 8. Cyclosto'ma mirandum Adams. Lectotype, here selected. MCZ 275707 (11.4 mm wd X 16.5 mm ht). Fig. 9. Cyclostoma chevalieri virgatum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275953 (10.4 mm wd X 14.8 mm ht). Fig. 10. Cyclostoma fecundum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186235 (8.9 mm wd X 16.5 mm ht). Fig. 11. Cyclostoma moribundum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275683 (8.7 mm wd X 13.9 mm ht). Fig. 12. Cyclostoma fecundum distinctum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186242 (9.1 mm wd X 18.6 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 453 Plate 58 454 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 59 Fig. 1. Cyclostoma newcombianum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275708 (7.3 mm wd X 12.6 mm ht). Fig. 2. Cyclostoma simulans Adams. Lectotyiie, here selected, MCZ 186253 (8.1 mm wd X 14.2 mm ht). Fig. 3. Cyclostoma ignilabre Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275974 (6.7 m,m wd X 12.2 mm ht). Fig. 4. Cyclostoma granosum Adams. Holotype, MCZ 276016 (8.9 mm wd X 15.1 mm ht). Fig. 5. Cyclostoma griffithianum Adams. [Yallah's Village.] Lecto- type, here selected, MCZ 275958 (7.2 mm wd X 14.9 mm ht). Fig. 6. Cyclostoma camphelli Adams. Holotype, MCZ 275713 (4.8 nrim wd X 8.8 mm ht). Fig. 7. Cyclostoma xanthostoma albilabre Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275931 (8.0 mm wd X 13.2 mm ht). Fig. 8. Cyclostoma fusco-lineatum Adams. Holotype, MCZ 275972 (10.1 mm wd X 13.7 mm ht). Fig. 9. Cyclostoyna tectilabre Adams. Lectoty])e, here selected, MCZ 275673 (9.6 mm wd X 12.5 mm ht). Fig. 10. Cyclostoma marithmm. Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186247 (7.6 mm wd X 15.2 mm ht). Fig. 11. Cyclostoma aurora Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186249 (7.6 mm wd X 14.6 mm ht). Fig. 12. Cyclostoma •wilkinsonii Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275988 (3.7 mm wd X 8.0 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 455 Plate 59 456 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 60 Fig. 1. Cyclostoma bronnii Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177149 (12.2 mm wd X 16.7 mm ht). Fig'. 2. Cyclostoma chevalieri Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275909 (11.3 mm wd X 16.2 mm ht). Fig. 3. Cyclostoma concentricum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275983 (9.3 mm wd X 13.5 mm ht). Fig. 4. Cyclostoma papyracewm abbreviatum, Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275712 (9.5 mm wd X 15.5 mm ht). Fig. 5. Cyclostoma album fuscum Adams. [St. David.] Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275977 (9.8 mm wd X 13.7 mm ht). Fig. 6. Cyclostoma ignilabre albilabre Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 275930 (6.7 mm wd X H.l mm ht). Fig. 7. CyclostoTTia crenulosum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275912 (12.0 mm wd X 21.5 mm ht). Fig. 8. Cyclostoma intermedium Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275944 (9.0 m,m wd X 11.5 mm ht). Fig. 9. Cyclostoma monstrosum, Adams. Holotype, MCZ 275915 (8.9 mm wd X 13.5 mm ht) . Fig. 10. Cyclostoma chevalieri album, Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 275946 (9.9 mm wd X 13.8 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 457 Plate 60 458 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 61 Fig. 1. Cylindrella augustae Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275737 (4.2 mm wd X 29.1 mm ht). Fig. 2. Cylindrella hollandi Adajns. Holotype, MCZ 275738 (4.7 mm wd X 21.2 mm ht). Fig. 3. Cylindrella simplex Adams. Holotype, MCZ 260842 (2.3 mm wd X 8.1 mm ht). Fig. 4. Cylindrella agnesiana diminuta Adams. Flamstead, Port Royal Mountains, [St. David's = St. Thomas]. Holotype, MCZ 275735 (3.4 mm wd X 6.4 mm ht). Fig. 5. Cylindrella agnesiana Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155905 (6.3 mm wd X 29.5 mm ht). Fig. 6. Cylindrella tenera Adams. Holotype, MCZ 155896 (6.9 mm wd X 20.0 mm ht) . Fig. 7. Cylindrella inornata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155907 (2.4 mm wd X 6.4 mm ht). Fig. 8. Cylindrella tenella Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155894 (2.5 mm wd X 12.3 mm ht). Fig. 9. Cylindrella alba striatula Adams. [Roaring R., Westmore- land.] Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155944 (2.8 mm wd X 3.6 mm ht). Fig. 10. Cylindrella elatior Adams. Westmoreland. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155893 (3.3 mm wd X 23.5 mm ht). Fig. 11. Cylindrella alba Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155947 (2.3 mm wd X 9.9 mm ht). Fig. 12. Cylindrella cwmingi Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155948 (5.8 mm wd X 35.0 ,mm ht). Fig. 13. Cylindrella greyana Adams. Lectotype, selected by Clench & Turner, 1948, pi. 23, fig. 7, MCZ 177215 (2.0 mm wd X Q-G mm ht). Fig. 14. Cylindrella similis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 260840 (2.4 mm wd X 13.3 mm ht). Fig. 15. Cylindrella costulosa Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 146555 (2.1 mm wd X 13.3 mm ht). Fig. 16. Cylindrella robertsi Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 146552 (ex Bland) (2.2 mm wd X 7.5 mm ht). Fig. 17. Cylindrella seminuda Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155909 (2.4 mm wd X 8.6 mm ht). Fig. 18. Cylindrella columna intermedia Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275750 (6.1 mm wd X 20.7 mm ht). Fig. 19. Cylindrella rosea fortis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275751 (8.8 mm wd X 29.4 mm ht). Fig. 20. Cylindrella pusilla Adams. Holotype, MCZ 155892 (1.6 mm Avd X 5.7 mm ht). Fig. 21. Cylindrella ambigua Adams. Holotype, MCZ 275744 (18.2 mm wd X 25.2 mm ht). Fig. 22. Cylindrella colwmna Ada,ms. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275749 (6.0 mm wd X 18.4 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 459 Plate 61 460 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 62 Fig. 1. Cylindrella rosea magna Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 276008 (9.1 mm wd X 24.6 mm ht). Fig. 2. Cylindrella rosea Pfeiffer. MCZ 155989 (11.3 mm wd X 32.7 mm ht). Fig. 3. Cylindrella aspera Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275732 (7.8 mm wd X 24.4 .mm ht). Fig. 4. Cylindrella lata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275690 (8.3 mm wd X 21.0 mm ht). Fig. 5. Cylindrella zonata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275963 (10.6 mm wd X 29.8 mm ht). Fig. 6. Cyliyidrella gravesii Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275739 (5.7 mm wd X 6.4 mm ht). Fig. 7. Cylindrella pupaeformis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275937 (3.3 mm wd X 10.8 mm ht). Fig. 8. Cylindrella carnea cerina Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155987 (7.4 mm wd X 20.0 mm ht). Fig. 9. Cylindrella montana Adams. [Manchester.] Lectotyr)e, here selected, MCZ 275902 (4.0 mm wd X 14.5 mm ht). Fig. 10. Cyliyidrella maugeri taiicolor Adams. Porus, east part of Manchester. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155850 (6.8 mm wd X 20.1 mm ht). Fig. 11. Cylindrella maugeri unicincta Adams. Manchester. Lecto- type, here selected, MCZ 155868 (6.8 mm wd X 21.3 mm ht). Fig. 12. Cylindrella maugeri valida Adams. Near Peace River, Manchester. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155853 (7.5 m.m wd X 20.8 mm ht). Fig. 13. Cylindrella maugeri striatula Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 155839 (6.7 mm wd X 16.2 mm ht). Fig. 14. Cylindrella maugeri striata Adams. Waterloo, Manchester. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155851 (7.5 mm wd X 9.5 mm ht). Fig. 15. Cylindrella -maugeri solida Adams. Vicinity of Peace River, east part of Manchester. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155880 (7.4 mm wd X 9.7 mm ht) . OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 461 Plate 62 462 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 63 Fig". 1. Cylindrella maugeri albida Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 150904 (6.4 mm wd X 18.8 mm ht). Fig". 2. Cylindrella maugeri bicincta Adams. Westmoreland. Lecto- type, here selected, MCZ 155858 (6.7 mm wd X 18.4 mra ht). Fig. 3. Cylindrella maugeri citrina Adams. Manchester. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155852 (7.3 mm wd X 20.2 m,m ht). Fig. 4. Cylindrella -maugeri concinna Adams. Whitney River estate, east part of Manchester. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155857 (5.3 mm wd X 14.1 mm ht). Fig. 5. Cylindrella maugeri conica Adams. Lectotyjoa, here selected, MCZ 155873 (6.5 mm wd X 17.4 mm ht). Fig. 6. Cylindrella maugeri Levis Adams. Kilmarnock, Westmore- land. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155859 (6 9 mm wd X 19.8 mm. ht). Fig. 7. Cylindrella maugeri nigrescens Adams. Portland, and Man- chioneal, St. Thcmas-in-the-East. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155845 (6.7 mm wd X 18.6 mm ht). Fig. 8. Cylindrella maugeri riifilahris Adams. Portland. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155840 (6.9 mm wd X 19.7 mm ht). Fig\ 9. Cylindrella maugeri sinuata Adams. East part of Portland. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155867 (6.1 mm wd X 20.0 mm ht). Fig'. 10. Cylindrella maugeri tricolor Adams. Near Peace River, Manchester. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155856 (7.2 mm wd X 20.2 mm ht). Fig. 11. Succinea latior Adams. Holotype, MCZ 247408 (9.3 mm wd X 4.2 mmht). Fig. 12. Succivea contorta Adams. Holotype, MCZ 156464 (4.2 mm wd X 5.7 mm ht). Fig. 13. Succinea aJngustior Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 156467 (5.0 mm wd X 9.0 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 463 Plato 63 464 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 64 Figs. 1-3. Helix alligans Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 156091 (30.85 mm wd X 26.7 m,m ht). Figs. 4-6. HeUx alveiis Adams. Holotype, MCZ 275768 (7.9 mm wd X 4.7 mm ht). Figs. 7, 8. Helix osculans delaminata Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 275790 (10.2 mm wd X 5.3 mm ht). Figs. 9, 12. Helix connectens Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275765 (25.3 mm wd X 17.1 mm ht). Figs. 10, 11. Helix epistylium delaminata Adams. Easington, St. David 1= St. Thomas]. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275764 (13.4 mm wd X 11-2 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 465 Plate 64 466 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 65 Figs. 1, 2. Helix epistyliulum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 254708 (4.4 mm wd X 3.8 mm ht). Figs. 3, 4. Helix foremaniana Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275770 (19.2 mm wd X 20.5 mm ht). Figs. 5-7. Helix jayana Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275774 (26.1 mm wd X 23.1 mm ht). Figs. 8, 9. Helix epistylium minor Adams. Westmoreland. Lecto- type, here selected, MCZ 275785 (12.35 mm wd X 10.1 mm ht). Figs. 10, 11. Helix pila Adams. Lectotype, here selected. MCZ 275786 (14.4 mm wd X 13.2 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 467 Plate 65 468 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 66 Figs. 1, 2. Helix torrefacta Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275759 (17.8 mm wd X 10.9 mm ht). Figs. 3, 4. Helix propenuda Adams. Leototype, here selected, MCZ 155784 (21.8 mm wd X 13.0 mm ht). Figs. 5-7. Helix strangulata Adams. [St. David.] Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155791 (24.0 mm wd X 15.8 mm ht). Figs. 8-10. Helix s:wainso7iiana Adams. Westmoreland. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155797). Figs. 11-13. Helix valida Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 150818 (32.8 mm X 19.3 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 469 Plate 66 470 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 67 Figs. 1-3. Helix fortis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 156109 (36.0 mm wd X 17.7 mm ht). Figs. 4-7. Helix ano-mala convexa Adams. Borders of Manchester and St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 154628 (25.9 mm wd X 13.3 mm ht). Figs. 8-10. Helix anomala pallescens Adams. Accompong Tov.'n, St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155778 (27.2 wd X 14.6 mm ht). Figs. 11-13. Helix invalida Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155772 (19.3 mm wd X 11.3 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 471 L^-^--4i^ ^^ /^U/6 0 '^ ^^w 'Wfej L ^^L^^^^^^«a. •» ^■11^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^p A 1^ -<^ L Plate 67 472 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 68 Fig. 1. Helix anomala pallescens Adams. Accompong Town, St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155778 (27.2 mm wd X 14.6 mm ht). Figs. 2-4, Helix consanguinea carinata Adams. Belle Isle, West- moreland, Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 154627 (31.3 rmn wd X 14.5 mm ht). Figs. 5-7. Helix consanguinea Adams. Portland, Jamaica. Lecto- type, here selected, MCZ 155774 (28.8 mm wd X 13.7 mm ht). Figs. 8-10. Helix consanguinea imperforata Adams. Swift River head, St. George, Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155776 (30.6 mm wd X 15.5 mm ht). Fifjs. 11-13. Helix candescens Adams. Lectotype, here selected,. MCZ 155775 (20.0 mm wd X 10.7 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 473 Plate 68 474 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 69 Figs. 1-3. Helix ingens indigna Adams. Lec'totype, here selected, MCZ 156136 (6.1 mm wd X 29.6 mm ht). Figs. 4-6. Helix ingens imperforata Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 156105 (72.7 mm wd X 33.2 ht). Figs. 7-9. Helix ingens Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 156102 (71.8 mm wd X 33.9 mm ht). Figs. 10-12. Helix cava media Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275807 (29.9 mm wd X 13.5 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 475 Plate 69 476 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 70 Figs. 1-3. Helix cava Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155808 (35.7 mm wd X 13.5 mjn ht) . Fig-s. 4-6. Helix chittyana Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275818 (29.2 mm wd X 14.1 mm ht). Figs. 7-9. Helix fluctuata Adams. Holotype, MCZ 156134 (55.3 mm wd X 22.5 mm ht). Figs. 10-12. Helix fuscolabris Adams. [Westmoreland.] Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275881 (37.9 mm wd X 20.3 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 4T7 Plate 70 478 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 71 Figs. 1-3. Helix patina Ada,ms. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 156090 (58.3 mm wd X 27.3 mm ht). Fig-s. 4-6. Helix peracntissima Adams. Holotype, MCZ 156113 (40.8 mm Avd X 15.3 mm ht). Figs. 7-9. Helix bainbridgei pretiosa Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 156106 (52.0 mm wd X 35.7 mm ht). Fig'S. 10, 11. Prosperpina pisum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177263 (6.1 mm wd, 5.6 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 479 Plate 71 480 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 72 Figs. 1, 2. Helix buddiana Adams. Westmoreland, Jamaica. Holo- type, MCZ 275864 (15.6 mm wd X 12.6 mm ht). Fig-s. 3, 4. \HeUx columellata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275875 (16.2 mm wd X 12.6 mm ht). Fig-s. 5, 6. Helix vmnda Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275773 (16.3 mm wd X 12.0 mjn ht). Figs. 7, 8. Helix 'macmiirrayi Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 222335 (39.2 mm wd X 33.3 mm ht). Figs. 9, 10. Helix tunicata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275806 (29.7 mm wd X 27.1 mm ht). Figs. 11, 12. Helix tenerrrma Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 222184 (19.5 mm wd X 16.5 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 481 Plate 72 482 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 73 Figvs. 1, 2. Helix gramivicola Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186501 (15.2 mm wd X 11.3 mm ht). Figs. 3, 4. Helix fuscocincta Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186482 (20.6 inm wd X 22.7 mm ht). Figs. 5, 6. Helix hlandiana Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186489 (18.5 mm wd X 10.3 mm ht). Figs. 7, 8. Helix nemoraloides Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186497 (18.0 mm wd X 13.95 mm ht). Figs. 9, 10. Helix piilchrior Adams. Portland, Jamaica. Lectotj^ie, here selected, MCZ 186487 (17.9 mm wd X 13.8 mm ht). Figs. 11, 12. Helix subconica Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186485 (21.1 mm wd X 14.4 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 483 Plate 73 484 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 74 Figs. 1, 2. Helix cvmbigua Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275778 (16.2 mm wd X 9.8 mm ht). Figs. 3, 4. Helix arboreoides Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177306 (14.4 mm wd X 8.0 mm ht). Figs, 5-7. Helix hollandi Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275770 (11.2 mm wd X 6.2 mm ht). Figs. 8, 10. Helix virginea Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186490 (20.0 mm wd X 14.8 m,m ht). Figs. 9, 11. Helix osculans Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 17816 (9.3 mm wd X 4.6 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 485 Plate 74 486 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 75 Figs. 1, 2. TrochateUa pidchella multicarinata Ada;ms. Portland, Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 222609 (9.1 mm wd X 7.8 mm ht). Fig's. 3, 4. Helicina josephinae Adams. Lectotype, selected by Clench and Jacobson, 1970, Occ. Paps. Moll., 3: 71. MCZ 222614 (11.7 mm wd X 7.4 mm ht). Figs. 5, and the adjacent unnumbered figure. TrochateUa josephinae pulchra Adams. Jamaica western part of island. Lectotype, se- lected by Clench and Jacobson, 1970, Occ. Paps. Moll., 3: 71. MCZ 222616 (13.1 mm wd X 8.8 mm ht). Figs. 6, 7. TrochateUa pulchella nobilis Adams. New Hope, West- moreland, Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 222590 (12.9 mm wdX 12.0 mm ht). Figs. 8, 9. HeUcina paUiata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186261 (16.1 mm wd X 12.5 mm ht). Figs. 10-12. HeUcina paUiata labiosa Adams. Bethany, Marlboro, Maidstone, Manchester, Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186263 (15.0 mm wd X 12.0 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 487 Plate 75 488 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 76 Fig-s. 1, 2. Helicma 'maxima citrina Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 224205 (21.5 mm wd X 15.5 mm ht). Figs. 3, 4. Helicina neritella angulata Adams. [Savanna la Mar.] Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275701 (11.8 mm wd X 8.7 mm ht). Figs. 5-7. Helicina. wmpliata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 279743 (16.9 mm wd X 15.5 mm ht). Figs. 8, 9. Helicina albolabris Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 224182 (15.0 mm wd X 10.9 mm ht). Figs. 10-12. Helicina affinis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 279744 (8.9 nam wd X 8.0 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 489 Plate 76 490 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 77 Figs. 1, 2. Helicina citrina-labris Adams. Lectotype, MCZ 224186 (15.8 mm \vd X 11.8 mm ht). Figs. 3, 4. Helicina consanguinea Adams. Lectotype, MCZ 224166 (13.8 mm wd X 11.4 mm ht). Figs. .5, 6. Helicina dubiosa Adams. Lectotype, here 275696 (7.1 mm wd X 5.6 mm ht). Figs. 7, 8. Helicina Iiirsnta Adams. Lectotype, here 224163 (11.7 mm wd X 7.4 mm ht). Figs. 9, 10. Helicina microstoma Adams. Lectotype, MCZ 224 178 (20.5 mm wd X 14.6 mm ht). Figs. 11, 12. Helicina nobilis Adams. Lectotype, here 224202 (20.5 mm wd X 14.6 mm ht). here selected, here selected, selected, MCZ selected, MCZ here selected, selected, MCZ OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 491 Plate 77 492 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 78 Figs. 1, 2. 'Helicina solitaria Adams, Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275695 (8.9 m,m X 6.0 mm ht). Fig-s. 3-5. Helicina macilenta Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 279745 (8.0 mm wd X 4.5 mm ht). Fig-s. 6-8. Helix spreta Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 248222 (6.8 mm wd X 4.7 mm ht). Figs. 9, 10. Helix subpyramidalis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 247893 (7.9 mm wd X 5.2 mm ht). Figs. 11, 12. Helix opalina Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 247210 (7.4 mm wd X 3.5 mm ht). Figs. 13, 14. Helix depressa Adams (= brevior Adams). Lecto- type, here selected, MCZ 275852 (6.2 mm wd X 2.8 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 493 Plate 78 494 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 79 Fig. 1. Achatina angiostoma Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275867 (5.8 mm wd X 6.8 mm ht). Fig. 2. Achatina blandiana Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275850 (3.1 mm wd X 10.7 mm ht). Fig. 3. Achatina elegans Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275933 (7.4 mm wd X 18.3 mm ht). Fig. 4. Achatina gayana Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275890 (7.1 mm wd X 20.6 mm ht). Fig. 5. Achatina griffithsii Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275897 (6.7 mm wd X 20.1 mm ht). Fig. 6. Achatina ingallsiana Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275892 (5.8 mm wd X 16.3 mm ht). Fig. 7. Achatina ligata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275838 (6.4 mm wd X 20.5 mm ht). Fig. 8. Achatina nitida Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275883 (8.4 mm wd X 24.7 mm ht). Fig. 9. Achatina nemorensis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275854 (6.0 mm wd X 19.0 mm ht). Fig. 10. Achatina phillipsii Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275868 (5.6 mm wd X 17.4 mm ht). Fig. 11. Achatina procera Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275861 (9.4 mm wd X 27.2 mm ht). Fig. 12. Achatina similis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, JICZ 233895 (6.1 mm wd X 24.2 mm ht). Fig. 13. Achatina propinqua Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 156361 (3.1 mm wd X 12.2 mm ht). Fig. 14. Achatina iinicolor Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275900 (5.8 mm wd X 17.1 mm ht). Fig. 15. Achatina vicina Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275893 (3.7 mm wd X 11.7 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 495 Plate 79 496 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 80 Fig. 1. Achatina costulata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 233886 (2.8 mm wd X 10.6 mm ht). Fig. 2. Achatina puella Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275863 (3.3 mm wd X 13.0 mm ht). Fig. 3. Achatina proxvma Adams. Near Swift River head, Portland, Jamaica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275829 (3.0 mm wd X 12.2 mm ht). Fig. 4. Achatina costulosa Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275847 (6.5 mm wd X 22.4 mm ht). Fig. 5. Achatina gracilior Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 156174 (2.0 mm wd X 11.2 mm ht). Fig. 6. Achatina micans Adams. Holotype, MCZ 164787 (2.7 mm wd X 9.5 mm ht). Fig. 7. Achatina iota Adams. Lectotyiie, here selected, MCZ 254707 (.62 mm wd X 2.6 mm ht). Fig. 8. Achatina levis Adams. Holotype, MCZ 275886 (2.5 mjn wd X 11.0 mmht). Fig. 9. Achatina longispira Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 276091 (1.9 mm wd X 7.8 mm ht). Fig. 10. Achatina perplexa Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275874 (2.3 mm wd X 8.5 mm ht). Fig. 11. Achatina pellucens Adams. Holotype, MCZ 275884 (1.6 mm wd X 6.5 mm ht). Fig. 12. Achatina striosa Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275848 (2.6 mm wd X 8.7 mm ht). Fig. 13. Aclmtina inusitata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275826 (1.1 mm wd X 3.1 mm ht). Fig. 14. Achatina tefnera Adams. Holotype, MCZ 275896 (1.8 mm wd X 7.5 mm ht). Fig. 15. Bulimus laeviusculus Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275918 (1.2 mm wd X 8.5 mm ht). Fig. 16. Bulimus ferebella Adams. Holotype MCZ 155963 (1.7 mm wd X 7.7 mm ht). Fig. 17. Bulimus hortcnsis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 276005 (2.7 mm wd X 9.7 mm ht). Fig. 18. Bulimus anomalus Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275825 (2.0 mm wd X 7.9 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 497 Plate 80 498 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 81 Fig-. 1. Geomelnnia affinis Adams. Lectotype, selected by Clench & Turner 1948, p. 194, MCZ 177212 (3.6 mm wd X 12.1 nim ht). Fig. 2. Geovidaiun clcgmis Adams. Lectotype, selected by Cl;Mich & Turner 1948, p. 199, MCZ 177222 (1.8 mm wd X 7.4 mm ht). Fig. 3. Geowdavia cxpcmsa Adams. Lectotype, selected by Clench & Turner 1948, p. 199, MCZ 177209 (4.0 mm wd X 13.5 mm ht). Fig. 4. Geomelnnia fortis Adams. Lectotype, selected by Clench & Turner 1948, p. 199, MCZ 177214 (4.5 mm wd X 14.4 mm ht). Fig. 5. Geomelania grncili^ Adams. Lectotype, selected by Clench & Turner 1948, p. 200, MCZ 177223 (3.2 mm wd X 12.7 mm ht). Fig. 6. Geomelania typica Adams. Lectotype, selected by Clench & Turner 1948, p. 209, MCZ 177208 (3.0 mm wd X 10.8 nmi hi). Fig. 7. Geomelania magyut Adams. Lectotype, selected by Clcii-li & Turner 1948, p. 202, MCZ 177200 (4.5 mm wd X 15.8 mm ht). Fig. 8. Geomelania media Adams. Lectotype, selected by Clench & Turner 1948, p. 202, MCZ 177213 (2.9 mm wd X 11.2 mm ht). Fig. 9. Geomelania -minor Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177207 (3.0 mm wd X 9.3 mm ht). Fig. 10. Geomelania gracilis parva Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177211 (2.7 mm wd X 9.4 mm ht). Fig. 11. Cylindrella heardsleana Adams. Lectotype, selected by Clench & Turner 1948, p. 195, MCZ 177244 (7.5 mm ht). Fig. 12. Geomelania vieina Adams. Lectotype, selected by Clench & Turner 1948, p. 209, MCZ 156153 (2.6 mm wd X 9.0 mm ht). Fig. 13. Bulimus octo'noides Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 156175 (2.4 mm wd X 7.8 mm ht). Fig. 14. Bulimus mirabilis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177269 (1.3 mm wd X 3.2 mm ht). Fig. 15. Buliinus nitidiusc7ihis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275834 (2.5 mm wd X 6.2 mm ht). Fig. 16. Bulimus pallidus Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 156357 (2.5 mm wd X 4.1 mm ht). Fig. 17. Bulimus monodon Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 276001 (3.8 mm wd X Cy.G mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 499 Plate 81 500 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 82 Figs. 1, 2. Hellcina megastoma Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275691 (8.0 mm wd X 6.9 mm ht). Fig. 3. Pupa fusiforviis Adams. Holotype, MCZ 155842 (6.2 mm wd X 20.3 mm ht) . Fig. 4. Cyclostoma jayanwm Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275979 (11.5 mm wd X 21.0 mm ht). Fig. 5. Pupa nihella Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 27n880 (7.1 mm wd X 5.5 mm ht). Fig. 6. Cylindrella maugeri tesselata Adams. St. Elizabeth, Ja- maica. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155861 (6.1 mm wd X 20.0 mm ht). Fig. 7. Cylindrella carnea Adams (new name for rosea Adams 1849, non Pfeiffer, 1844). Fig. 8. Pupa nobilior Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275907 (9.6 mm wd X 29.7 mm ht) . Fig. 9. Pupa jamaicensis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275803 (1.7 mm wd X 1.7 mm ht). Fig. 10. Pupa tenuidens Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 276000 (1.5 mm wd X 1.7 mm ht). Fig. 11. Pupa hexodon Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275831 (1.4 mm wd X 2.2 mm ht). Fig. 12. Pupa exilis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275837 (0.9 mm wd X 2.1 mm ht) . Fig. 13. Cylindrella costulata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 260838 (2.1 mm wd X 6.5 mm ht). Fig. 14. Pupa obesa Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275904 (5.8 mm wd X 14.3 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 501 Plate 82 502 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 83 Figs. 1-3. Helix picturata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155785 (25.1 mm wd X 14.0 mm ht). Figs. 4-6. Helix amabilis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, ANSP 9013 ex Swift collection (28.8 mm wd X 12.1 m,m ht). Figs. 7-9. Helix a'nthoniana Adams, Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275870 (10.4 mm wd X 8.5 mm ht). Figs. 10-12. Helix inconspicua Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275866 (4.24 mm wd X 2.2 mm ht). Figs. 13, 14. Helix brevis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275855 (4.2 mm wd X 2.4 mm ht). Figs. 15, 16. Helix sincera Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275869 (4.0 mm wd X 1.9 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 503 Plate 83 504 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 84 Figs. 1-3. Lucidella aureola granulosa Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 156170 (7.7 mm wd X 5.7 mm ht). Figs. 4-6. Helix lamellifera Adams. Lectotype, here selected, ANSP 28225 (11.5 mm wd X 8.6 mm ht). Figs. 7, 8. Helix peraffinis Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275771 (7.2 mm wd X 4.7 mm ht). Figs. 9-11. Helix immunda Adams. [St. Elizabeth.] Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275809 (12.6 mm wd X 7.1 mm ht). Fig. 12. Helix macmurrayi Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ, 222335 (39.2 m.m wd X 33.3 mm ht) . OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 505 Plate 84 506 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 85 Figs. 1, 2. Prosperpiria bidentata Adams. Holotype, MCZ 186126 (4.0 mm wd X 2.2 mm ht). Fig's. 3, 4. Proserpina nitida planulata Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 276092 (10.4 mm wd X 4.4 mm ht). Figs. 5, 6. Proserpina pulchra Adams. [Westmoreland.] Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275999 (5.5 mm wd X 3.5 mm ht). Fig'S. 7-9. Helix angustispira Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275782 (3.8 mm wd X 2.7 mm ht). Figs. 10-12. Helix diminuta Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275828 (2.5 mm wd X 1.2 mm ht). Figs. 13-15. Helix simulans Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 11823 (2.5 mm wd X 1.7 mm ht). Figs. 16-18. Helix fitscula Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186018 (2.5 mm wd X 2.1 mm ht). Figs. 19, 20. Helix apex Adams. Paralectotype, MCZ 275871 (2.1 mm wd X 0.9 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 507 Plate 85 508 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 86 Figs. 1, 2. Heliciva dubiosa intermedia Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 275692 (8.2 mm wd X 5.9 mm ht). Fig-s. 3, 4. Helicina consdnguhiea soror Adams. St. Thomas-in-the- East [= Portland]. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 224175 (14.1 mm wd X 11.0 mm ht). Figs. 5, 6. Helicina depressa valida Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 275687 (8.2 mm wd X 4.9 mm ht). Figs. 7, 8. iHelicina piisilla Adams. Holotype, MCZ 224199 (5.8 mm wd X 4.5 mm ht). Figs. 9-11. Helicina lineata Adams. Lectotype, here selected MCZ 177323 (4.2 mm wd X 2.7 mm ht). Figs. 12-14. Proserpina discoidea Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 247211 (6.5 mm wd X 2.7 mm ht). Fig. 15. Cylindrella lata producta Adams. Lectotype, here selected, ANSP 666 (8.4 mm wd X 29.1 mm ht). Fig. 16. Cyclostoma pulchrius Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275715 (9,0 mm wd X 14.0 mm ht). Fig. 17. Cylindrella maugeri cinerea Adams. Accompong, borders of St. Elizabeth, St. James, and Trelawney, Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 155860 (6.0 mm wd X 17.2 mm ht). Fig. 18. Cyclostoma dectissatuhtm Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 276010 (8.4 mm wd X 11.4 mm ht) . Fig. 19. Cylindrella princeps Adains. Swift River head, St. George. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 155881 (3.7 mm wd X 20.0 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 509 Plate 86 510 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 87 Figs. 1-3. Stoastoma vilkinsoniae Adams. Lectotype, selected by Boss, 1972, MCZ 177251 (1.8 mm wd X 0.9 mm ht)." Fig-s. 4-6. Stoastoma redfieldianum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177252 (1.7 mm wd X 1.6 mm ht). Fig-s. 7-9. Stoastoma philippiamim- Adams. Ackendown, Westmore- land. Lectotype, selected by Boss, 1972, MCZ 177241 (2.2 mm wd X 1.1 mm ht). Figs. 10-12. Stoastoma petitianum Adams. Lectotype, selected by Boss, 1972, MCZ 177237 (1.7 mm wd X 1.1 mm ht). Figs. 13-15. Stoastoma cumingiannm. Adams. Lectotype, selected by Boss, 1972, BMNH 57.12.1.229 (1.7 mm wd X 0.9 mm ht). Figs. 16-18. Stoastoma bUindiayium Adams. Lectotype, selected by Boss, 1972, MCZ 177243 (1.3 mm wd X 0.7 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 511 Plate 87 512 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 88 Figs. 1-3. Stoastoma goaldianum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177240 (2.0 mm wd X 1.2 mm ht). Figs. 4-6. Stoasto-ma ngassizianwm Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, BMNH 54.4.24.473 (2.9 mm wd X 1-8 mm ht). • Figs. 7-9. Stoastonta Undsleyanum Adams. Lectotype, selected by Boss, 1972, MCZ 177238 (2.6 mm wd X 2.2 mm ht). Figs. 10-12. Stoastoma chittyanum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177255 (2.2 mm wd X 1.2 mm ht). Figs. 13-15. Stoastoma tappaniainum Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 177257 (2.3 mm wd X 1.6 mm ht). Figs. 16, 17. Stoastoma pisum Adams. Lectotype, selected by Boss, 1972, MCZ 177234 (3.7 mm wd X 3.3 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 513 Plate 88 514 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 89 Figs. 1-3. Stoastoma jayaniim Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177262 (2.2 mm wd X 2.1 mm ht). Figs. 4-6. Stoastoma antlionianum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177254 (1.3 mm wd X 0.8 mm ht). Figs. 7-9. Stoastoma leanum Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177247 (1.8 mm wd X 1.9 mm ht). Figs. 10-12. Stoastoma pfeifferianum Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 177258 (3.0 mm wd X 2.2 mm ht). Figs. 13-15. StoastoTna hoUa'ndianum Adams. Lectotype, here se- lected, MCZ 177236 (1.7 mm wd X 1.2 mm ht). Fig. 16. Bulimus minimus Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 276003 (paralectotype, MCZ 276004 (0.7 mm wd X 2.2 mm ht). Figs. 17-18. Helicina hollandi Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275698 (9.5 mm wd X 7.6 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 515 Plate 89 516 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 90 Figs. 1-3. Stoastoma 'moricandianum Adams. LecLotype, here se- lected, MCZ 177249 (1.9 mm wd X 2.2 mm ht). Fig. 4. Geomelania procera Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177201 (3.9 mm wd X 5.4 mm ht). Figs. 5-7. Stoastoma fadyeniannm Adams. Lectotype, selected by Boss, 1972, MCZ 177233 (2.1 mm wd X 1.7 mm ht). Figs. 8, 9. Helicina tenuis Adams. Lectotype, here selecLed, MCZ 186209 (2.4 wd X 2.0 ht). Fig. 10. Pupa lata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275833 (1.4 mm wd X 2.0 mm ht). Fig. 11. Helix dioscoricola Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275929 (1.9 mm wd X 1.7 mm ht). Fig. 12. Bulimus striate iia Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 233898 (1.4 m.m wd X 4.9 mm ht). Fig. 13. Bulimus paupercu'us Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275927 (1.5 mm wd X 4.6 mm ht). Fig. 14. Geomelania conica Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 177205 (2.3 mm wd X 7.8 mm ht). Fig. 15. Spiraxis costulosa Adams. Lectotype, here selected, ANSP 24719 (0.7 mm wd X 3.1 mm ht). Fig. 16. Cylindrclla pygmaea Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 156155 (4 mm wd X 1.0 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 517 Plate 90 518 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Plate 91 Figs. 1, 2. Geomelania striosa Adams. Holotype, after Sykes 1925. Figs. 3, 4. Geomelania hillianum Adams. Holotype, after Sykes 1925. Figs. 5,6. Geomelania pyramidata Adams. Lectotype, here selected, after Sykes 1925. Figs. 7, 8. Geomelania costulosa Adams. Holotype, after Sykes 1925. Figs. 9, 10. Geomelania exilis Adams. Holotype, after Sykes 1925. Fig. 11. Cyclostoma augustae Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186219 (14.2 mm wd X 23.2 mm lit). Fig. 12. Cyclostoma avena Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186217 (3.8 mm wd X 8.6 mm ht). Fig. 13. Cyli'ndrella procera Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275906 (7.0 mm wd X 26.3 mm ht). Fig. 14. CylindreUa cylindrus Adams. Lectotyi^e, here selected, MCZ 155890 (3.4 mm wd X 20.2 mm ht). Figs. 15, 16, 18. Helix perdepressa Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 275835 (8.2 mm wd X 2.6 mm ht). Fig. 17. Cyclostoma armativm Adams. Lectotype, here selected, MCZ 186245 (8.2 mm wd X 15.6 mm ht). OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 519 Plate 91 520 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS Book Review Evans, J. G. 1972. Land Snails in Archaeology. With special reference to the British Isles. Seminar Press. Lon- don and New York, xii + 436 pp., 145 figures, 17 tables. $22.50. To many it may be surprising that land snails, their distribution and position in stratigraphic deposits, consti- tute significant information in archeological analysis. This comprehensive investigation reviews and explores the data of a little known area in the study of mollusks. Evans first surveys the history of the use of land snails in archeology based principally on British pulmonates. An impressive discussion of the ecology and paleontology of these snails follows. In the second portion of the volume, terrestrial gastropods in their relation to human activities in pre- historic times is treated. The work has many fine illustra- tions, a helpful glossary, and an extensive bibliography. Although the book is especially useful to archeologists and anthropologists, it is also of value to malacologists and conchologists. — K. J. Boss , jC:,- OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 521 INDEX The index which follows does not include all of the names covered in this volume. No purpose would be served by listing the nomina cited in Occ. Papers. Number 40. Other =• CQMRt^Dfi'ames are easily found in the various numbers LIB^J^gRTare alphabetically arranged and are thus self-indexed. ^€ B., listing all named fresh-water, brackish, and ^^P^ngn^Jamaican land mollusks, 194-233. INiS/Sn^Pft ^' "^■' ^^^^^^8" ^11 names of Jamaican land shells, 314-519. Frierson, L. S., listing all names of mollusks described by him, 141-173. Mazyck, W. G., listing all names of mollusks described by him, 43. Wright, B. H. and S. H., listing all names of mollusks de- scribed by them, 4-35. * * * * aequicostatus, Hyalopyrgus, 285, Canthyria, 45 288, 302 castaneus, Callochiton, 182 amygala, Villosa, 285 Ceratodiscus, 253, 260 angulatus, Chaetopleura, 180 chalarogyrus, Aphaostracon, 298 angulatus. Chiton, 177 Chiton, 237 angusticostatus, Cliiton, 243 cienfuegosensis, Ci'yptelasmus angusticostatus, Lepidopleurus, canteroiana, 56 244 Cincinnatia, 289, 290, 296 Aphaostracon, 289, 290, 298 Clathropleura, 238 arboreus, Helix, 58 collina, Alasmidonta, 46 arboieus, Zonitoides, 58 collina, Canthyria, 46 asthenes, Aphaostracon, 302 collina, Pleurobema, 45 beatensis, Ceratodiscus, 261 collinus, Margaron, 46 Beckianum, 55 collinus, Unio, 45 beckianum, Beckianum, 55 conica, Spilochlatnys, 290 beckianum, Diaopeas, 55 constellata, Eutrochatella, 63 beckianum, Opeas, 55 constellata, Helicina, 64 beckianum, Synopeas, 55 constellata, Priotrochatella, 64 beckianus, Bulimus 55 constellata, Trochatella, 64 brevissimus, Hyalopyrg-us, 285, coronatus, Pyrgophorus, 302 288, 302 crassa, Onobops, 300 bryodes, Zonites, 59 dalli, Amnicola dalli, 284, 296 buckleyi, Elliptio, 284 dariensis, Elliptio, 286, 288, 290 camagueyanus, Ceratodiscus, 265 Diaopeas, 55 522 OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS diaphanus, Bulimus, 59 docima, Heleobops, 300 emiliae, Notropis, 284 Eutrochatella, 63 exilis, Bulimulus, 59 exilis, Helix, 59 fasciata, Helicina, 54 felipjjonei, Stereochiton, 179 felipponei, Typhlochiton, 179 ferrugineus, Chaetopleura, 180 ferrugineus, Chiton, 178 floridana, Cincinnatia, 289, 296 floridanus, Micropterus salmoides, 284 fosteri, Chiton, 245 fraterna, Cincinnatia, 289, 298 fulva, Chaetopleura, 177 fulvus. Chiton, 178 glaucus, Chiton, 242 gravis, Spilochlamys, 290 guadalupensis, Bulimulus, 59 guadalupensis, Bulimus, 59 helicogyra, Cincinnatia, 298 heterodon, Alasmidonta, 50 Hylaopyrgus, 288, 290, 291 Hydrobiidae, 281 hypohyalina, Aphaostracon, 289, 298 iatricus, Chiton, 238 insignis, Leptinaria, 56 Isle of Pines, 61 jacksoni, Onobops, 300 Jamaica, 61 johnsoni, Amnicola, 288 johnsoni, Amnicola dalli, 284, 285, 288, 291, 296 josefinae, Eutrochatella, 76 josephinae, Helicina, 71 josephinae, Priotrochatella. 71 .iosephinae, Trochatella, 71 lamyi, Chiton, 238 Lepidopleurus, 244 Lexingtonia, 47 lienosa, Villosa, 285 Liguus, 36 lusitanicus, Chiton, 178 mauritianus, Chiton, 243 mica, Cincinnatia, 296 mici'a, Helix, 56 micron, Lamellaxis, 56 micrus, Lamellaxis, 56 minimum, Crocidopoma, 264 minimus, Ceratodiscus, 264 minimus, Cyclotus, 264 minimus, Neocyclotus, 264 monas, Aphaostracon, 302 monroensis, Cincinnatia, 298 moni'oensis, Littoridinops, 300 nigrovirens. Chiton, 242 Notogillia, 290, 296 pachynotus, Aphaostracon, 302 pagoda, Helicina, 64 palustris, Littoridinops, 300 ])arva, Cincinnatia, 298 patula, Amphibulima, 60 patulus, Bulimus, 60 pellisserpentis. Chiton, 244 peninsularis, Notropsis emiliae, 284 peregrinus. Chiton, 238 peregrinus. Chiton lamyi, 238 peruviana, Chaetopleura, 180 petrifons, Cincinnatia, 296 picta, Helicina, 54 platyrachis, Pyrgophorus, 302 Pleurobema, 47 plicatella, Stenogyra, 57 plicatellum, Opeas octogyrum, 57 ponderosa, Cincinnatia, 296 ))ortoricanus. Cei'atodiscus, 268 Priotrochatella, 61, 63 pulchra, Trochatella josephinae, 71 pycnus, Aphaostracon, 298 octona, Subulina. 57 octonus, Bulimus, 57 quoyi. Chiton. 242 ram=;deni. Ceratodiscus, 264 reticulatus. Chiton lamyi. 288 retromargo, Amnicola, 298 rhadinus, Aphaostracon, 289, 298 rhombostoma. Amnicola, 298 riisei, Succinea, 55 rota, Helicina, 70 o /I '» n rr Q OCCASIONAL PAPERS ON MOLLUSKS 523 lotellaris, Helicina, 54 rusticus, Chiton, 244 Saba Island, oS salihafui, Chiton, 240 sanctithomensis, Melaniella gra- cillima, 58 sanctithomensis, Pichardiella gra- cillima, 58 sanctithomensis, Varicella gracil- lima, 58 Sclerochiton, 245 selenina, Helix, 58 selenina, Lacteoluna, 58 solutus, Ceratodiscus, 2G1 Spilochlamys, 290 spinosa, Elliptio, 45 stellata, Eutrochatella, 70 stellata, Helicina, 70 stellata, Priotrochatella, 70 stellata. Trochatella, 70 Stereochiton, 182 subplana, Lexingtonia, 47 tehuelcha, Chaetopleura, 178 tehuelcha, Chaetopleura fulva, 179 tehuelcha, Tonicia, 178 tehuelchus. Chiton, 178 tenuipes, Littoridinops, 290, 300 tenuistviatus, Chiton, 240 theiocrenetus, Aphaostracon, 302 torrei, Priotrochatella, 67 Typhlochiton, 182 vanhyningi, Cincinnatia, 296 vortex, Helix, 58 wallacei. Chiton, 238 wekiwae, Cincinnatia, 298 wetherbyi, Notoffillia, 290, 296 winckworthi. Chiton iatricus, 238 xynoeHc'tus, Aphaostracon. 298 Harvard MCZ LIbrar 3 2044 066 302 860