■ [^ I V:. 3 ' ;■, ' f ,' If «. . f r Occasional Papers CALIFORNIA ACADEMY r\ R J ENCES. VI SAN FRANCISCO^ 1899. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. William E. Ritter, Chairman. David S. Jordan, G. P. Rixford. EDITORS OF ZOOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS. David S. Jordan, William E. Ritter. NEW MALLOPHAGA, Comprising MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF PANAMA, BAJA CALIFORNIA AND ALASKA, BY VERNON L. KELLOGG, Professor of Kiitomologj'. T.elatid Stanford Junior Univer MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA, BY' VERNON L. KELLOGG and BERTHA L. CHAPMAN. THE ANATOMY OF THE MALLOPHAGA BY ROBERT E. SNODGRASS, Assistant in Entomology, Leland Stanford Junior Universit3-. Issued February 28, iSgg. San Francisco, CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, i8q9 CONTENTS. Title Page of Volume * y Publication Committee jj Title Page of Paper jjj Author's Preface Mallophaga from Birds of Panama, Baja California and Alaska. By Vernon L. Kellogg. (4 Plates) 3 Introduction o List of Hosts with Parasites 51 Explanation of Plates ^ 52 Mallophaga from Birds of California. By Vernon L. Kellogg and Bertha L. Chapman. (5 Plates) 53 Introduction ko 53 List of Hosts with Parasites 139 Explanation of Plates I43 The Anatomy of the Mallophaga. By Robert E. Snodgrass (8 Plates) ■ j^g I. General External Anatomy 146 External Form and Body- wall 146 The Appendages 14g II. The Alimentary Canal and its Appendages 153 The Alimentary Canal I53 Pharyngeal Sclerite I60 The Salivary Organs I65 The Malpighian Tubnles I69 III. The Respiratory System I70 IV. The Nervous System lyQ V. The Dorsal Vessel 173 VI. The Reproductive Organs I75 1. THE MALE organs 176 The Internal Male Genitalia 176 The External Male Genitalia 188 Resume 201 2. THE FEMALE ORGANS 211 VII, Summary 21q Bibliography 221 Explanation of Plates 222 Index to Volume 225 AUTHOR'S PREFACE. The papers presented herewith constitute the third contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of this University (Stanford) to the knowledge of the North American Mallophaga. The two previous papers are respectively, Kellogg, New Mallophaga, I, 1896^ and Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896^ and contain in addition to descriptions of species, an introduction to the study of the group, comprising keys to genera, termi- nology, bibliography, etc. Mr. Snodgrass's paper presents the results of the first serious attempt to study comparatively the anatomy of these insects. There is yet needed to make the Mallo- phaga fairly known a study of their embryonic and post-embryonic life-history. It is hoped that this study can soon be undertaken. Types of the new species described will be placed in the collections of this University, in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, and in the collec- tions of the University of Kansas. The authors have to express their obligations for services kindly ren- dered in connection with the preparation of this paper to Mr. Leverett M. Loomis, Curator of the Department of Ornithology, California Academy of Sciences, to Messrs. R. C. McGregor, J. F. Abbott, Cloudsley Rutter, A. W. Greeley, W. H. Osgood, J. C. Brown, R. C. McLain, R. W. Doane and E. M. Ehrhorn, to Prof. Walter E. Miller and to Miss Mary H. Wellman, artist. V. L. K. Stanford University, April 15, 1897. 1 Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. VI, MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF PANAMA, BAJA CALIFORNIA, AND ALASKA. (With Plates I -IV.) BY VERNON L. KELLOGG. CONTENTS. Introduction. Descriptions of New Species, and Identifications of Old Species. Docophorus. Nirmus. Lipenrus. Goniodes. Eurymetopns. Trinoton. Colpocephalum. Menopon. Physostomum. List of Hosts, with Parasites. Introduction. The Mallophaga described and identified in this paper were collected by Mr. R. C. McGregor (from the Pan- ama birds), by Mr. J. F. Abbott (from the Baja Cali- fornian birds) and by Messrs. Cloudsley Rutter and A. W. Greeley (from the Alaskan birds), all these col- lectors being students of Stanford University. The birds in each case were obtained personally by the col- lector, and the Mallophaga taken from the freshly killed specimens or newly made skins. The determinations of the Panama birds were made by Mr. Robert Ridgway, curator of birds, U. S. National Museum; the determina- tions of the Baja Californian birds by Mr. W. W. Price, student of Stanford University, and the deter- minations of the Alaskan birds by the collectors. [3] 4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The sequence of genera in the following paper does not indicate the author's views with regard to the nat- ural relationships of these genera, nor even with regard to the phyletic rank of the suborders. The Ambly- cerous genera, coming last in tlje present arrangement, are undoubtedly the more generalized of the two sub- ordinal groups. The squence is that adopted in the European monographs and followed by me in my two previous papers (New Mallophaga, I, 1896, and New Mallophaga, II, 1896), and is retained for the sake of uniformity. The sequence of the species of each genus is determined by the host, the sequence of hosts being that adopted in the Check-List of North American Birds' (2nd Edition, 1895), published by the American Orni- thologists' Union. The names of the hosts are those used in the Check-List. Wherever a species of Mallophaga is met, which has been previously identified by me on an American host, reference is made only to this previous identification, where the synonymy, European hosts, and figure and measurements of the species are given. Docophorus. Docophorous lari Denny. (See Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga, I, 1896, p. 98, pi. iv, fig. 4.) Specimens from Lams sp. (Baja California) and from Larus glaucescens (North Pacific Ocean, off Alaska). Taken previously by me from several species of Larus (Bay of Monterey, California.) Docophorus icterodes Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal- lophaga, I, 1896, p. 96, pi. iv, fig. 1). NEW MALLOPHAGA. O Specimens from the Red-crested Merganser, Mergan- ser serrator (Kodiak Island, Alaska). Previously taken by me from same host species and from seven other duck species (Kansas and California). Docophorus cordiceps Giebel. (Plate I, fig. 2). Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 103. Docophorus glareolce Giebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 312. Docophorus nitzschia Giebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 312. Docophorus mollis, Nitzsch (ed. Giebel), Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. 1861, vol. xviii, p. 312. Docophorus fraier Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 103. Docophorus cordiceps Giebel, Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 80 and p. 664, pi. vi, fig. 2; Picaglia, Pediculini dell' istituto anat.-zool. d. R. Univ. d. Modena, 1885, reprint, p. 11. A male, a female and a young specimen which may be referred to this species from Tringa macularia (Pan- ama), and a male from Tringa sp. (Baja California). It is probable that Denny's D. cephalus (Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., p. 81, pi. ii, fig. 8; and Grube, Midden- dorfip's Reise, 1851, p. 470) is this species. The species may be recognized by its general dark coloration, broad head, short clypeus, and prominent and characteristic genitalia. I figure the male; Piaget has figured the female. The measurements of my spec- imens are as follows: male, body, length 1.6 mm., width .72 mm.; head, length .56 mm., width .62 mm.; female, body, length 1.65 mm., width .87 mm.; head, length .62 mm., width .75 mm. Docophorus latifrons Nitzsch. (Plate I, figs. 5 and 8). Germar's Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 290. Pediculus cuculi Fabricins, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 807. 6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Pediculus fasciatus Scopoli, Entomol. Carniol, 1763, p. 383. Docophorus latifrons N., Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 97, pi. i, fig. 4; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 93; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 36, pi. ii, fig. 7. Numerous specimens from a California Cuckoo, Goc- cyzus americanus occidentalis (Baja California), which are referable to this long-known Docophorus of the cuckoos, but on account of the markedly larger size, color differences, and other minor differences must be given a varietal name. Var. occidentalis Kellogg. Male, body, length 2.06 mm., width .89 mm.; head, length .75 mm., width .75 mm. Female, body, length 2.5 mm., width 1.12 mm.; head, length .84 mm., width .85 mm. Piaget gives the following dimensions for latifrons: female, body, length 1.9 mm., width, .85 mm.; head, length .65 mm., width .6 mm. The male latifrons is 1.6 mm. long. My specimens have two long hairs on the temporal margins instead of one as described for latifrons, and have a distinct hair, not referred to in the descriptions of latifrons^ in the posterior angles of the prothorax. The blotches on the ventral aspect of the abdomen of the males are with my specimens not oval, but trans- versely elongate, differing markedly from those of the female. The head and thorax of var. occidentalis are reddish brown, the ground color of the abdomen whitish, and the blotches blackish brown. Docophorus calif orniensis Kellogg. New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 483, pi. Ixvi, fig. 6. Eleven specimens from a Narrow-fronted Woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorous angustifrons (Baja California). Type specimens taken from the Californian Woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus hairdi (Palo Alto, California). NEW MALLOPHAGA. Docophorus rufus n. sp. (Plate I, figs. 6 and 9). A dozen specimens from the Ash-throated Flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens nuttingi (Baja California). A member, probably, of the group femorati of which cova- munis is the chief representative. I have not found on my specimens the characteristic longish hair rising vertically from the dorsal surface of the anterior angles of the clypeus, but the broad clypeus, signature, genital blotches, and pustulated lateral abdominal blotches are of the femorati type. The species differs distinctly from communis in color, in the peculiar anterior convexity of the clypeus, in the extent of the transverse abdominal blotches, in the presence of transverse median blotches on the ventral aspect of the abdomen, and in the char- acter of the genital blotches. Description of the male. Body, length 1.56 mm., width .31 mm.; reddish brown, lighter on head and thorax, because the darker lateral abdominal blotches nearly cover the abdomen; broad headed; with ventral median transverse blotches on abdomen. Head, length .5 mm., width .48 mm.; forehead broad, with expanded frontal uncolored part of clypeus flatly convex, with a shallow, median, curving emargination; no hairs on this frontal margin; sides of forehead with a pair of short hairs and a shorter single one in front of and near the trabeculse; the trabeculse very large, acute; antennse when projected backward not quite reaching the occipital margin; the inconspicuous, slightly pendulous eyes with a hair, and two hairs on the flatly convex temporal margin; occipital margin nearly straight, bare; color, reddish brown; signature large, broad, anterior margin almost straight, the dark, sharp posterior point projecting beyond the mandibles; 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. antennal bands interrupted distinctly at the suture; occipital bands distinct, divergent, connected at base; ocular bands indistinct; trabeculse weakly colored at base, uncolored distally; antennae colored. Prothorax quadrangular (as exposed), with a single hair in the posterior angles; posterior margin flatly convex; median part paler; lateral regions darker, and an indistinct posterior border. Metathorax rather short, posterior margin angulated, with a series of pus- tulated hairs; colored like the prothorax, paler in mid- dle and with fairly distinct lateral borders. Legs con- colorous with ground color of thorax, with small, darker, inconspicuous marginal markings. Sternal markings consisting of intercoxal lines and a very small median double blotch on prothorax. (Metathorax obscure). Abdomen short, just as long as head and thorax; two to three long hairs in posterior angles of segments and numerous pustulated and other long hairs on dorsal surface; narrow, blackish, lateral bands; large dark brown lateral blotch, with clear stigmatal spots and about five pustulations along posterior margin, and leaving only a narrow median part of the abdomen uncovered; on segment 8 a complete transverse, band; segment 9 rounded behind, with a narrow blackish pos- terior border, with a few longish hairs; genitalia show- ing through in segments 6-9; on ventral surface of segments 1-8 a large transverse median blotch reaching almost to the lateral margins. Female. Body, length 1.94 mm., width .8 mm.; head, length .6 mm., width .56 mm.; the transverse blotches of abdomen but little smaller than those of male; seg- ment 9 uncolored, with small brown lateral blotches, the posterior margin distinctly angularly emarginated; NEW MALLOPHAGA. 9 ventral abdominal blotches smaller than those of male and not reaching so far laterally, those of posterior segments forming a genital blotch with broad, curving anterior part, narrower median part, and separate small lateral reniform parts. Docophorus communis Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal- lophaga, II, 1896, p. 486, pi. Ixvi, fig. 7). Several specimens from the Saint Lucas Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis igneus (Baja California). Taken previously by me from 16 species of passerine birds (Kansas and California). Docophorus panamensis n. sp. (Plate I, fig. 1). From a tanagrine bird, Phcenicothraupis fuscicauda (Panama). A MrmuS'like form but with distinctly long trabeculae. By shape of head and thorax allied to the angustifrontes group of the woodpeckers; resembling my D. jungens (New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 481, pi. Ixvi, fig. 4) from Colaptes auratus (Kansas). Description of female. Body, length 1.75 mm., width .61 mm.; narrow, Nirmoid, whitish with distinct brown lateral bands on thorax and abdomen, and quad- rangular lateral transverse blotches. Head, length ,5 mm., width .5 mm.; triangular, with narrow^ front, slightly emarginated; three short hairs on each side of the anterior half of the forehead, and three longer hairs and a prickle in front of the trabec- ulse; the trabecule prominent, extending beyond the tip of first segment of the antennae; the antennae rather thick, segment 2 longest, with a prominent short spiny Hair; eyes rather large, with a prickle; temporal margin 10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. rounding, with one long hair and a few prickles; occip- ital margin slightly sinuous; forehead whitish with narrow brown antennal bands terminating at the suture; a palely colored broad suture with straight posterior margin and emarginated anterior border; whole hind head light brown with occipital margin very narrowly bordered with blackish brown. Prothorax quadrangular, posterior angles rounded, with one hair, posterior margin flatly convex; whitish with dark brown lateral borders extending inward along the posterior margin. Metathorax angulated on abdo- men, each latero-posterior side with nine long hairs (including the one in the lateral angle); lateral borders unevenly blackish brown; ground color of segment whit- ish tinged posteriorly with light brown, this posterior coloration interrupted by a median longitudinal whitish line. Legs very pale brown. Sternal markings con- sisting of distinct intercoxal lines, and faint traces of light brown median blotches. Abdomen elongate-elliptical; a few longish hairs in posterior angles, and numerous weak long hairs on dorsal surface of segments in transverse series; ground color whitish with distinct, narrow lateral bands, dark- est on anterior segments, and light brown, quadran- gular, transverse lateral blotches on all segments, the two blotches of segment 8 meeting on the median line; segment 9 feebly emarginate, with no hairs on the pos- terior margin. Docophorus domesticus Kellogg. New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 475, pi. Ixv, fig. 4. A female and an immature specimen from the Black Martin, Progne subis hesperus (Baja California). De- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 11 scribed from a Purple Martin, Progne subis (Lawrence, Kansas). Docophorus laticeps Giebel. (Plate I, figs. 4 and 7). Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 88. Philopterus cincli Gervais, Hist. nat. d. Insectes apteres, 1847, p. 336. Docophorus cincli Denny, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 85, pi. V, fig. 8. Docophorus laticeps Giebel, Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 65; Koenig; Ein Beitrag zur Mallophagen-fauna, 1884, p. 3, pi. i, figs. 1-5; pi. ii, figs. 6, 7. One adult female and two immature specimens from the American Dipper, Cinclus mexicanus (Kodiak Island, Alaska), which may be referred to this species, but which constitute a distinct variety characterized by the elongate, slender forehead with emarginated front. The species was found on Cinclus aquaticus, the European Dipper. Var. americanus Kellogg. Female, body, length 2.06 mm., wddth .75 mm.; head, length .6 mm., width .5 mm.; thus being one-third longer than the species dimensions as given by Koenig; head elongate, with narrow tapering forehead; front uncolored, with slight, narrowly rounded emargination; signature long, nar- row, with posterior point reaching the mandibles; anten- nal bands distinct; trabeculee long, slender; abdomen elongate-elliptical, with lateral triangular blotches with stigmatal spots and pustulations as in the species types; also, narrow blackish lateral bands; segment 8 wholly colored; ventral surface of abdomen with transverse median blotches; segment 7 with a narrower median blotch (touching blotch of segment 6) and two small lateral reniform blotches; segment 8 wholly colored or nearly so. . 12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Docophorus rutteri n. sp. (Plate I, fig. 3). A female and an immature specimen from an Ore- gon Chickadee, Parus atri-capillus occidentalis (Kodiak Island, Alaska). Denny has described two species of Docophorus from Parus, one, pallescens (Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., p. 82, pi. i, fig. 8) from Parus palustr is and P. major, being based on immature specimens, and characterized by an emarginate clypeal front; the other, pari (ibid, p. 87, pi. vi, fig. 6) from Parus caudatus, P. ater, and P. cceruleus, being of chestnut ground color, without lateral abdominal blotches and with a subacu- minate head, and without series of pustuled hairs along posterior margins of metathorax, in all of which diag- nostic characters my specimen differs from pari. It agrees with it in hairy abdomen, acute trabeculae, angulated metathorax, and general shape of abdomen. Description of female. Body, length 2. mm., width .91 mm.; well marked with smoky brown blotches with large conspicuous pustulations, and many long hairs on dorsal aspect of abdomen. Head, length .53 mm., width .6 mm.; a specially stiff, spiny short hair in each anterior angle of the flatly convex front, a hair before the suture and two before the trabeculse; the trabeculee long, slender, and weakly curving; antenna when projecting backward barely reaching the occipital margin, with annulated segments; eye rather prominent, with a hair; a hair just behind the eye and three more on the rounded temporal an- gles; occipital margin weakly sinuous, the middle third slightly convex; signature large, distinct, with darker posterior acuminate point projecting beyond the man- dibles, surrounded by a nearly uncolored region; anten- nal bands interrupted, widening at base; occipital bands NEW MALLOPHAGA. 13 distinct, blackish brown, diverging, and with anterior extremities reaching the blackish, distinct, curving, lin- ear ocular blotches; region between the occipital bands pale; temples dark brown. Prothorax small, short, margins rounding, with one long pustulated hair in posterior angle, another on pos- terior margin just a little inside of the angles, and four grouped together in the posterior median region of the segment; median region pale to uncolored, darkening laterally until the blackish lateral borders are reached. Metathorax roundly angulated on the abdomen; an un- pustulated hair in the lateral angles and ten long hairs on each half of the posterior margin, rising from con- spicuous pustulations; median region palest, lateral and posterior regions blackish brown, causing the clear pus- tulations to be very prominent. Legs smoky brown. Abdomen oval; lateral angles projecting, with long hairs; dorsal surface of segments with single transverse series of long w^eak hairs; median region almost uncol- ored; prominent blackish brown, subtriangular, lateral, transverse blotches, with very conspicuous uncolored stigmatal spots and pustulations; segment 8 wholly col- ored, dark brown; segment 9 with small triangular lat- eral brown blotches; shallow, angular emargination be- hind. Nirmus. Nirmus punctatus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga, I, 1896, p. 109, pi. vi, figs. 1 and 2.) Specimens from Larus sp. (Baja California). Taken previously by me from several species of Larus (Bay of Monterey, California). 14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Nirmus furvus Nitzsch. (Plate II, fig. 1). Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel), 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 374. Nirmus furvus N., Biirmeister, Handb. d. Ent., 1832, vol. ii, p. 427; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 163, pi. v, figs. 2 and 3; Piaget, Les Pediciilines, 1880, p. 169, pi. xiv, fig. 3; Supplement, 1885, p. 25; Osborn, Insects Affecting Domestic Animals, Bull. 5, N. S., Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. Ag. 1896, p. 225. A male and a female from the Spotted Sandpiper, Actitis macularia (Panama). My specimens do not pos- sess the median longitudinal uncolored line across the first six or seven segments of the abdomen, as described for the types of the species, and besides, are very much darker, and are without distinct lateral transverse blotches on the abdominal segments. They are, too, a distinctly wider and less slender form, the head aver- aging nearly one-fifth wider in both sexes. However, in the present uncertain status of the species furvus (see Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 170) I refer my speci- mens to the species, distinguishing them by a varietal name. Piaget's variety alpha (Supplement, p. 25) from Vanellus cayensis has, like my specimens, no uncolored median abdominal line, but no reference is made to any such characteristic dark chestnut to smoky general col- oration of the body, as is shown by my specimens. Osborn's specimen is from Phalaropus tricolor (Museum Iowa Agricultural College). Var. 7xtvus Kellogg. Male, body, length 1.18 mm., width .34 mm.; head, length .37 mm., width .28 mm. Female, body, length 1.43 mm., width .37 mm.; head, length .40 mm., width .31 mm. Both sexes dark chest- nut-brown to smoky, without median uncolored line on any abdominal segment, and without distinct abdom- inal blotclies. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 15 Nirmus fissus Nitzsch. (Plate II, fig. 2). Germar's Mag. Entomol., 1818, vol. iii, p. 291. Nirmus fissus N., Burmeister, Handb. d. Ent., 1835, vol. ii, p. 427; Deuny, Monograph. Auoplur, Brit., 1842, p. 148, pi. x, fig. 6; Walckenser, Ins. Apt., 1844, vol. iii, p. 344. Nirmus hicuspis N., Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 155, pi. v, figs. 11 and 12; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 184, pi. xv, fig. 7. Several specimens, including male, female and im- mature specimens, from Tringa sp. (Baja California). My specimens are larger than the types of bicuspis and offer distinct though minor differences. I have given them a varietal name. Var. major Kellogg. Measurements. Male, body, length 1.61 mm., width .38 mm.; head, length .3 mm., width .31 mm. Female, body, length 1.87 mm., width .44 mm.; head, length .47 mm., width .33 mm. Dif- fers from types oi fissus (which were taken from ''Char- adrius r)%inor^^) by having a hair in the eye, by having four pustulated hairs on each lateral half of the poste- rior margin of the metathorax instead of three, two being median and two being near the angle; by having the median longitudinal uncolored line of the abdomen limited to the first two segments, and by being mark- edly larger. Piaget's specimens of fissus are: length, male, 1.3 mm. to 1.4 mm.; female, 1.5 mm. Nirmus fuscus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 499, pi. Ixvii, fig. 7). Many specimens from a Sparrow Hawk, Falco spar- verius (Panama), a Lower Californian Sparrow Hawk, Falco sparverius peninsulavis , a Duck Hawk, Falco pere- grinus anatum, and a Saint Lucas Redtail, Buteo borealis lucusaniis (Baja California). Taken previously by me from three species of hawks at Lawrence, Kansas. The 16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. size of these specimens from Panama and Baja Califor- nian birds corresponds with that of the specimens prev- iously taken by me from the Kansas birds, and is fully one-third greater than that recorded for the European specimens. The American specimens are at least varietally distinct from the typical Old World forms. There are variations manifest among the American specimens but I have not enough material yet to attempt to distinguish varieties. Nirmus splendidus n. sp. (Plate II, figs. 3 and 6). Males, females and young from a Caracara, Polyborus cheriway (Baja California). Species of Docophorus, Li- peurus, Menopon, and Colpocephalum have been taken from Polyborus by the European authors, but heretofore no Nirmus. The new species is unlike any of the Nirmi yet described from raptorial birds. It is large and strikingly marked. Description of the male. Body, length 2.19 mm., width .84 mm.; large, broad-bodied, whitish with prom- inent lateral transverse brown abdominal blotches; head and thorax almost entirely colored. Head, length .62 mm., width .6 mm.; forehead broad between trabeculse and narrowly parabolic in front; forehead with four short separated hairs on each side; trabeculse rather large for Nirmus, antennae short; eye large, prominent, with a long hair, and with a fine prickle just behind it; temporal margins flatly convex, with two very long hairs; occipital margin straight; whole head strongly colored with exception of a pale, broad, clypeal, sutural line, and a short median longi- tudinal line leading from it backwards to the mandibles; the antennal bands narrow, and a little darker than NEW MALLOPHAGA. 17 general color of head, running entirely around frontal margin of head, although paler and nearly ''inter- rupted'' at the clypeal suture; trabeculse nearly un- colored. Prothorax short, oblong, with one hair in posterior angles; segment almost wholly colored. Metathorax short, the whole thorax being little more than one-half the length of the head; obtusely angulated on abdomen; posterior margin with a series of long hairs; segment mostly colored, darkest in median region; a broad white posterior border. Sternal markings consisting of in- conspicuous intercoxal lines, and a small, indistinct median blotch on metathorax. Legs pale, though tinged with brown, with distinct, dark brown marginal markings. Abdomen ovate; posterior angles of segments 1 and 2 without hairs, of segment 3 with a single hair, and of succeeding segments with two hairs; dorsal surface with numerous longish hairs; whitish with distinct lat- ► eral transverse blotches, each, with a clear stigmatal spot and some pustulations on segments 1-7; segment 8 with a curving, continuous brown transverse blotch; segment 9 rounded behind, with numerous longish hairs; uncolored except where the chitinized genitalia show through. Ventral surface all whitish except for a well defined and characteristic brown genital blotch on segments 7-9 (see fig. 6, pi. ii). Female. Body, length 2.37 mm., width .97 mm.; head, length .62 mm., width .62 mm.; the increased size of the female is due to the larger abdomen, the head and thorax being of about the same size in both sexes; lateral abdominal blotches are not so long as in the male; segment 9 is shorter, bears two small blotches, and is slightly emarginated behind. 18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Nirmus atopus n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 4). From a bird of the cuckoo family (Cuculidse), Piaya cayana thermophila (Panama). This new form is one of the circumfasciate Nirmi of the general character of Rudow's alchatce (Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 165, pi. xiii, fig. 12) and allied forms. The few described members of this group have been found on columbine and galli- naceous birds. Description of female. Body, length 1.84 mm., width .63 mm.; abdomen expanding posteriorly to segment 6; pale brownish white with brown lateral abdominal and thoracic bands and circumfasciate head. Head, length .59 mm., width .53 mm.; forehead broad, rounded in front, with very few very fine hairs on the margin; trabeculse small but distinct, acute; antennae slender, with segment 5 longer than seg- ments 3 or 4; temples rounded, with two long hairs and two or three very fine prickles on margins; eye without a hair, not especially promine-nt; occipital mar- gin straight, bare; ground color of head whitish with small, inconspicous brown ocular blotches, temples very narrowly margined with brown, and rather broad chitin band, subtranslucent brownish along the entire front and lateral margins of forehead, and ending poste- riorly in small elliptical expansions directed diagonally inwards. Prothorax very short, quadrangular; lateral margins straight; posterior angles rounded, with one longhair; posterior margin straight; lateral borders brownish, the coloring extending along the posterior margin of the segment. Metathorax pentagonal, lateral margins bare, posterior margin obtusely angled on abdomen, with one hair in latero-posterior angle and four pustu- lated hairs in two pairs, one pair almost in the latero- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 19 posterior angle on each lateral half of the margin; lat- eral borders blackish brown, the color extending inward, but paling, in latero-posterior angles. Legs of pale ground color of the body, with narrow dark marginal markings. Sternal markings consisting of intercoxal lines, a small triangular blotch on mesothorax which fits like an apex to a larger pentagonal blotch on the metathorax. Abdomen widening posteriorly to segment 6, then tapering bluntly; posterior segments with weak longish hairs in posterior angles; numerous weak, longish hairs on dorsal aspect in the broad median uncolored longi- tudinal line; lateral bands brown, distinct, extending posteriorly only through segment 7; pale brown, quad- rangular, lateral, transverse blotches; last segment con- vex behind, with a very slight median emargination. Nirmus virgatus n. sp. (Plate II. fig. 5). Males and females from an icterine bird, Amhlycercus holosericeus (Panama). Much like N. illustris Kellogg (New Mallophaga, II, p. 494, pi. Ixvii, fig. 4), from the Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phceniceus (Law- rence, Kansas), and like ornatissimus Giebel (Insecta Epizoa, p. 144). The new form has a narrower front with the anterior angles not rounded, and does not possess the distinct bands internal to the antenna! bands of the head of illustris. The lateral bands of the abdomen are wider, and the lateral transverse ab- dominal blotches are much more clearly indicated. Description of male. Body, length 1.28 mm., width .47 mm.; whitish with striking broad black lateral borders of thorax and abdomen, black antennal and ocular bands, chestnut-brown outlines of transverse, 20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. lateral abdominal blotches on dorsal aspect, and chest- nut-brown transverse median blotches on ventral aspect of abdomen. Head, length .37 mm., width .37 mm.; front truncate or with a very shallow concavity; a few small hairs on sides of forehead; trabecular long; antenna slender, segment 5 distinctly longer than either segments 3 or 4; eye distinct, slightly pendulous; temples not much expanded, margins flatly rounded, with one long hair and a few prickles; occipital margin straight; ground color whitish to uncolored; broad black antennal bands running to anterior angles of head and bending in angularly at base of trabecular; rest of forehead and trabeculoe uncolored; no colored clypeal signature; an- tennse with segment 1 uncolored, other segments en- tirely blackish brown; ocular bands narrow, blackish; anterior part of temporal margins narrowly blackish; a brown, shield-shaped occipital signature showing through; mandibles and oesophageal sclerite showing through, brown. Prothorax quadrangular, with rounded posterior an- gles with one hair in angle; segment whitish with broad lateral blackish brown borders. Metathorax angulated on abdomen; lateral angles obtuse; five long hairs on each latero-posterior margin; segment whitish, with uneven broad blackish lateral borders. Legs whitish with blackish brown blotches and semiannula- tions. Sternal markings consisting of distinct, chest- nut-brown intercoxal lines, with expanded inner ends touching a small median blotch. Abdomen elongate-ovate, with not very long hairs in posterior angles, and two hairs on the posterior margin of the dorsal aspect of each segment; ground color clear to whitish; broad lateral bands, from which project inwards the outlines of lateral transverse blotches which NEW MALLOPHAGA. 21 are oblong on segments 2-6, and tapering on segments 7-8; on the ventral aspect each segment has a chestnut- brown median blotch which shows through above; seg- ments 8 and 9 are narrow; segment 9 projects narrowly backward, is narrowly but flatly rounded behind, and is mostly colored. Female. Body, length 1.5 mm., width .53 mm.; head, length .41 mm., width .43 mm.; the head is a little wider in proportion to its length than in the male; last segment with distinct triangular lateral blotches and angularly emarginated behind. Nirmus peninsularis n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 9). Numerous specimens from a Phainopepla, Phaino- peplanitens (Baja California). A member of the difficult group interruptO'fasciati, to which Vjelongs my species vulgatus (New Mallophaga, II, p. 496, pi. Ixvii, fig. 5), from seven passerine species, simplex (I.e., p. 492, pl. Ixvii, fig. 2) from the Robin, Merula ndgratoria, and the strongly marked species eustigmus (I.e.-, p. 493, pl. Ixvii, fig. 3) from Anna's Humming-bird, Trodiilus anncp.. The species from Phainopepla resembles most closely hrachythorax Giebel (Insecta Epizoa, p. 134) from Ampelis cedrorum. Description of female. Body, length 1.86 mm., width .41 mm.; long, slender, pale, with narrow marginal markings on head and intercoxal lines showing through on thorax. Head, length .37 mm., width .31 mm.; elongate-tri- angular, with bluntly rounded apex; marginal hairs of forehead inconspicuous; trabeculse small, uncolored but distinct; antennae when projected backward reaching the occipital margin of head; eye not prominent, with a prickle; temples straight, with a single long hair in 22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. obtuse angle between temporal and occipital margin; occipital margin very flatly convex, ground color whit- ish; a blackish brown narrow lateral border on temples and forehead, this border turning in angularly at anten- nal fossa; front of clypeus uncolored and an indistinct, uncolored elongate-oval fossa widening posteriorly; mandibles and oesophageal sclerite showing through pale brown; no occipital border. Prothorax quadrangular, with slightly convex, lateral and posterior margins; posterior angles with one small hair; ground color whitish, a blackish brown blotch in anterior angles, and posterior margin weakly bordered by the intercoxal lines of ventral surface showing through. Metathorax in outline a semicircle with anterior curving part slightly flattened and posterior margin slightly convex; posterior angles with three long pustulated hairs and three shorter, weaker, non-pustu- lated ones; one of the long hairs is in the apex of the angle, the other hairs are ranged along the posterior margin near the angle; segment whitish with darker anterior marginal markings. Sternal markings con- sisting of distinct intercoxal lines. Legs concolorous with thorax, with dark brown dorsal marginal markings. Abdomen elongate, subparallel sided; segments 1 and 2 without hairs in posterior angles, segments 3-6 with one to two short, weak hairs in angles; segment 7 with three hairs in angles, and segments 8 and 9 with a few weak, curving hairs; segment 9 very short, with slight emargination; segments 5 and 6 with a hair on dorsal surface on each side rising from the posterior margin of segment just inward from the lateral band; dorsal surface otherwise naked; color of abdomen whit- ish, with narrow translucent lateral bands, each seg- mental portion passing the suture anteriorly. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 23 Male. Body, length 1.34 mm., width .37 mm.; head, length .33 mm., width .26 mm.; being thus markedly shorter than the female; abdomen widening distinctly posteriorly, so that segment 5, which is widest, is more than one and one-half times as wide as segment 1; seg- ment 8 short and much contracted within segment 7; segment 9 truncate behind; the genitalia showing indis- tinctly through segments 7-9; an indistinct, median pale brownish coloring on all segments. Nirmus interpositus n. sp. (Plate II, tig. 7). Three females from Vieillot's Warbler, Dendroica hryanti (Panama). A member of the group interrupto- fasciati, intermediate in markings between N. vidgahis Kellogg (New Mallophaga, II, p. 496, pi. Ixvii, iig. 5), from several passerine birds from California and Kan- sas, and eustigm.us Kellogg (I.e., p. 493, pi. Ixvii, fig. 3), from Trochilas annce, California. In size the new species is shorter than vulgatus but of the same width, and is both shorter and narrower than eustigmus. In general outline of body it resembles eustigmus more than vulgatus, but differs from eustigmus in having the sixth abdominal segment widest instead of the fourth. Description of the female. Body, length 1.41 mm., width .41 mm.; whitish with distinct, broad, black, lateral abdominal bands and thoracic borders; head nearly equilaterally triangular. Head, length .31 mm., width .34 mm.; outline of head nearly that of an equilateral triangle; the lateral margins of the head are w^eakly convex outward and the apex is parabolically curved; there are five or six short, inconspicuous hairs on each lateral margin of the forehead; the trabeculse extend to the end of the 24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. first antennal segment and are uncolored; eye with a prickle; temporal margins with one long hair in the apex of the rounded, nearly right angle; occipital mar- gin bare, very flatly convex; ground color whitish with a faint golden brown tinge; forehead and temporal margins narrowly bordered with blackish brown; front of clypeus uncolored; antennae uncolored; occipital margin not bordered or only very narrowly and indis- tinctly so, an indistinct, pale brown, shield-shaped occipital signature showing through. Prothorax very short, widely rectangular; a single longish hair in posterior angles; color whitish, with the intercoxal lines of under side showing through, and distinct blackish brown lateral borders. Meta- thorax short, lateral margins bare, sinuous; posterior margin flatly convex, with six or seven longish hairs on each half beginning in the posterior angle; whitish, with an uneven, blackish brown lateral border, and the strongly colored intercoxal lines of underside showing through. Legs whitish with blackish brown dorsal marginal markings. Sternal markings consisting of distinct intercoxal lines and indistinct pale median blotches. Abdomen narrowest anteriorly, widening posteriorly to segment 4; segments 4-6 about same width, segment 7 slightly narrower, segments 8 and 9 short; short, weak single hairs in posterior angles of segments 3-7, with one or two shorter, weaker hairs in segments 5-7; dor- sal surface with no or very inconspicuous hairs; whitish with distinct, rather broad, blackish brown lateral bands on segments 1-7, the segmental parts of the bands passing the suture and separated by nearly uncolored narrow spaces; covering the middle region of segments 6-7 a large, pale brown, shield-shaped blotch; segment NEW MALLOPHAGA. 25 8 with a transvervse blotch, pale brown, darker out- wardly, and behind not reaching the lateral margins; segment 9 with two very small pale brown linear lateral blotches, and feebly emarginated behind. Nirmus audax n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 8). From the yellow-headed Tit, Auriparus flaviceps (Baja California). A member of the group interrupto- ■fdsciati, of darker ground color and with much more pronounced abdominal blotches than is usual in this group (see vulgatus Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 496, pi. Ixvii, fig. 5). Description of female. Body, length 1.6 mm., width .58 mm.; rather short and broad for Nirmus, especially of the interrupto — fasciati type; brownish ground with dark lateral blotches on thorax and abdomen, and black- ish lateral bands and marginal markings. Head, length .38 mm., width .41 mm.; the outline being nearly that of an equilateral triangle with blunted and curving apex and slightly convex legs; the margi- nal hairs of the forehead are few and very small; trabec- ulae distinct, uncolored; temporal margins with a long hair in the rounded angle and several prickles; occipital margin weakly concave laterally and weakly convex in the middle; anterior part of forehead with nearly un- colored ground, with two brownish linear blotches bounding the oval fossa laterally; rest of head brownish with darker lateral borders and suggestions of occipital and ocular bands; antennae colored. Prothorax short, rectangular, with a single hair in posterior angles; color pale brownish in the middle, with the lateral regions dark brown, darkest on lateral margins. Metathorax angulated behind, with several strong hairs along each latero-posterior margin; latero- 26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. anterior margins bare, convex. Color brownish, paler in middle, stronger laterally and posteriorly, with uneven, blackish latero-anterior borders, and latero- posterior borders nearly uncolored. Legs brown with paler regions at extremities of segments and blackish dorsal margins, sternal markings consisting of distinct intercoxal lines, those between pro- and mesocoxse with angulated spurs nearly touching; between the metacoxal lines a median blotch. Abdomen short and broad, in shape an ellipse, seg- ment 4 being the widest; ground color very pale brown- ish; segments 1-7 with narrow black lateral bands, the segmental parts distinct and passing the suture; quad- rangular brown lateral blotches darkest internally on segments 1-7; segment 8 w^holly colored; segment 9 uncolored and weakly emarginate behind; ventral sur- face of segments with a brown median blotch, the blotches of segments 6-7 fusing. Lipeurus. Lipeurus confidens n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 1). Four females from a Black-footed Albatross, Diomcdea nigripes (North Pacific Ocean). A species which in outline of body, color and markings is very like Pia- get's species tricolor (Les Pediculines, p. 363, pi. xxx, fig. 4) from Diomedea fuliginosa (collection in the Mu- seum of Leyden), but which is one and one-third times as large, without circumfasciate antennal bands, with- out occipital bands, with metathorax not without hairs as described for tricolor but with longish hairs in the posterior angles, without median abdominal blotches, and with last segment of female not acutely but bluntly two-pointed. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 27 Description of female. Body, length 4.13 mm., width 1.03 mm.; large, whitish with sharply defined, black marginal markings, the lateral abdominal bands consisting of segmental pairs of contiguons subtrian- gular blotches. Head, length .81 mm., width .7 mm.; subtriangu- lar, widest just behind the eyes; front parabolic, with uncolored margin without hairs; a longish hair at the suture, with three in front of it (the foremost the longest) and two behind it on each side of the fore- head; antennae rather elongate, slender, segment 1 large and as long as segment 2; anterior angles of an- tennary fossse acute but projecting little; the fossa? shallow; eyes prominent; temporal margins most con- vex just behind the eyes, obtusely angulated behind, and bearing a single weak hair and a few short spines; occipital margin nearly straight, bare; ground color whitish; strong, blackish brown antennal bands inter- rupted at the suture, widening posteriorly and extend- ing back as far as the eye; two triangular blotches on occipital margins appearing as pointed continuations of the lateral bands of prothorax; antennae uncolored. Prothorax, as exposed, short, quadrangular, with flatly convex posterior margin and a longish spine in each posterior angle; color whitish, with even, strong, black- ish lateral borders, turning in for a little distance at posterior angles. Metathorax with lateral concavities and five hairs in posterior angles, four of these hairs being long, strong, colored, and set closely together in a small uncolored space; posterior margin straight or even slightly concave; segment whitish with uneven, broad lateral borders, widest in middle and not reach- ing the posterior angles. Legs uncolored except for the chestnut-brown tarsi. No sternal markings. 28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Abdomen, fourth segment widest; segments of about equal length; posterior angles with few weak, not long, hairs; color whitish, with very narrow, clear lateral margin which sends expanded processes inward, three in each segment; the foremost of the three is the small- est and is contiguous to the suture; the hinder two are covered by two triangular blackish blotches which on some segments are contiguous, on others distinctly sep- arate; segments 8 and 9 narrow, colored laterally; pos- terior margin of segment 9 truncate, with a very small angular emargination; two short hairs on each of the blunt points. Lipeurus densus Kellogg. (Plate III, fig. 2). New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 114, pi. vii, figs. 1 aud 2. A single male from a Black-footed Albatross, Diomedea nigripes (North Pacific Ocean, off Alaska). This speci- men is a full millimeter longer and is much more com- pletely blotched with dark brown than the original type specimen, a female; but I think they are of the same species. The female described is undoubtedly not fully grown and colored. While the antennae vary in the sexes, that of the male bears no projection: it is simply heavier and larger, with its first segment largest; in the female, segment 3 is the longest. It is a male of this species, probably, which Taschenberg (Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 145, pi. V, fig. la) describes and figures as the female of ferox. Description of male. Body, length 5.8 mm., width 1.25 mm.; ground color very pale brown, but body mostly covered by large, dark brown blotches, head and thorax slightly longer than abdomen. Head, length 1.3 mm., width 1.06 mm.; front para- bolic, with a group of three distinct hairs at each side NEW MALLOPHAGA. 29 and two or three shorter ones along margin in front of antennary fossa3; antennae large, long, (almost 1 mm.), without projection on any segment; segment 1 largest and other segments successively decreasing in width and length, uncolored except for an indefinite brown- ish annulation on segment 2; eyes projecting, conspic- uous; temporal margins slightly expanded, rounded behind, with one short, weak hair and a few prickles; ground color brownish white; even, blackish brown antennal bands running around in front, the small portion of clypeus lying in front of the band being dark subtranslucent brown; temporal regions bounded within by diverging occipital bands, all blackish brown, these blotches acutely pointed in front and almost reaching to, but distinctly separate from, the bases of the antennal bands; on the forehead a dark brown lat- eral blotch on each side and in front of the mandibles. Prothorax short and quadrangular as exposed; two short, weak hairs in posterior angles, one lying in on posterior margin; narrow^ median region of segment whitish, widest behind; lateral portions of segment blackish brown, paling inwardly. Metathorax large, long, with lateral margins concave, posterior margin weakly and flatly concave; a single short, weak hair in the apex of the posterior angles, and five longer, stronger, light brown hairs in a very small elongate- elliptical, uncolored space near the apex of the angles; segments all blackish brown, except a whitish, bluntly pointed, arrow-head-shaped, median region; projecting laterally from the posterior tip of this whitish space is on each side a small, linear, whitish space. Legs long, strong, coxse nearly uncolored; femora dark brown, with uncolored extremities and tibise mostly colored. Sternal markings, presternum with narrow, pericoxal 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. lines; mesosternum with a rather large, brownish, me- dian blotch; metasternum with weak indications of a median blotch. Abdomen short, nowhere broader than thorax, with subparallel sides until segment 7 is reached, when the posterior tapering is begun; segments 1-6 of about equal size; segment 7 longer than others; segments 8-10 successively narrower and shorter; an uncolored median longitudinal line extending w^hole length of abdomen, rest of surface colored blackish brown by large quadrangular lateral blotches, which have clear stigmatal spots and are palest along inner margin; last segment angularly emarginated, with three short hairs on each point; segments 1-4 with a single very short hair in each posterior angle, segments 5-9 with longer hairs. Lipeurus forficulatus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal- lophaga, I, 1896, pi. ix, figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6). Many specimens from a Californian Brown Pelican, Pelecanus californicus (Baja California). Taken pre- viously by me from same host species (Bay of Monte- rey, California). Lipeurus gracilicornis Piaget. (Plate III, fig. 3). Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 309, pi. xxv, fig. 6. Many specimens including males, females, and young from a Man o'War Bird, Fregaia aquila (Panama). My specimens, to which I give a varietal name, differ from Piaget's types (taken from Fregaia minor), as described, in three important particulars, viz., character of an- tennae, metathoracic hairs, and size. In other particu- lars the specimens from the two bird species agree well. Var. major Kellogg. Measurements (Piaget's meas- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 31 urements of the type specimens are in parentheses), male, body, length 3.12 mm. (2.5 mm.), width .37 mm. (.29 mm.); head, length .66 mm. (.58 mm.), width .39 mm. (.29 mm.) Female, body, length 3.10 mm. (2.4 mm.), width .69 mm. (.53 mm.); head, length .69 mm. (.63 mm.), width .50 mm. (.41 mm.) Distinctly larger than the types of the species; third segment of antenna of male with an appendage; metathorax with six long hairs, five together and one alone. I figure the female as Piaget has figured the male of the species type. Lipeurus protervus n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 4). Many specimens from a Willow Ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus (Kodiak Island, North Pacific Ocean). On this Ptarmigan were some specimens of Goniodes miaminiilla- tus Rudow, found by me on the California Partridge, Gallipepla californica (New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 509, pi. Ixix fig. 2), but this Lipeurus, while of similar general character to Lipeurus docophoroides Piaget taken by me from Gallipepla californica (New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 508, pi. Ixviii, fig. 8), is distinctly of another species. The most readily noticeable difference is in the character of the lateral abdominal blotches, those of docophoroides leaving a comparatively wide, un- blotched median region, while those of the new species leave but a narrow, median, unblotched line. The blotches of the first segment meet in the new species; they do not, even nearly, in docophoroides. Description of female. Body, length 2 mm., width .72 mm.; short and broad, and sub-Docophoroid in form; whitish ground color with nearly completely col- ored head and thorax, and abdomen with large, lateral, quadrangular blotches. Head, length .5 mm., width .5 mm.; front rounded, 32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. with four very small, inconspicuous hairs on each side; trabeculse small, distinct, acute, uncolored; antennae rather short, segment 2 longest, segment 5 longer than 3 or 4, segments 4 and 5 colored, others uncolored or very weakly colored; eye large, with a hair; temples widest just behind the eyes; temporal margins converg- ing posteriorly, nearly straight, with two long hairs and prickles; occipital margin concave; head pale brown in median region, temples, occipital border, and antennal bands with rim around the front, dark brown; a pale, almost uncolored transversal linear space in front of the mouth, and a similarly pale U-shaped space bounding the median region of the hind-head. Prothorax small, short, quadrangular as exposed, with a single long hair in each rounded posterior an- gle; segment wholly brown except an uncolored poste- rior border. Metathorax small, not as long as broad, posterior margin obtusely angled on abdomen; two long pustulated hairs in a clear space on posterior mar- gin near the lateral angles and two long pustulated hairs in a clear space on posterior margin midway between lateral angles and posterior angles; whole segment brown except a small, angular, median, whit- ish or uncolored space on anterior margin. Legs pale brown with narrow dark brown marginal mark- ings. Sternal markings consisting of intercoxal lines and a shield-shaped median blotch on metasternum. Abdomen elliptical, posterior angles of segments projecting slightly and with one to two longish weak hairs; ground color whitish with large quadrangular lateral brown blotches on segments 1-7, these blotches nearly meeting inwardly and separated intersegment- ally by a whitish space about one-half as large as a blotch; the outer margins of the blotches are blackish, NEW MALLOPHAGA. 33 forming narrow lateral bands; each blotch with a stig- matal spot, and a few (three or four) pustulations at inner end, in which are seated longish hairs; a long hair arises from a demi-pustulation on the posterior margin of each blotch just behind the stigmatal spot; segment 8 wholly colored and segment 9 nearly so; pos- terior margin of last segment minutely emarginated. Lipeurus macgregori n. sp. (Plate III, figs. 5 and 6.) Numerous specimens from three individuals of the Ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris (Panama). This striking Lipeurus with its small Nirmoid body, and, except for the antennae, Docophoroid head, shows no near resem- blance to any other Lipeurus so far described. Description of the male. Body, length 1.81 mm., width .56 mm.; short and broad for Lipeurus, Nirmoid in shape, head with slightly expanded anterior border of clypeus uncolored, and slightly emarginated as with many Docophori; ground color of body whitish with strong, dark brown, lateral borders of head, and lateral, transverse blotches of thorax and abdomen. Head, length .53 mm., width .47 mm.; thus nearly as broad as long, triangular, with sinuate sides and truncated apex; anterior border of clypeus slightly expanded, uncolored, feebly emarginate; seven or eight distinct, rather long hairs on lateral margin; an angu- lar concavity on lateral margin midway between tra- becula and anterior angle; trabeculse prominent; anten- nary fossse deep; eye prominent, almost pendulous, with a hair in it and a prickle just behind it; temporal margins convex, with three long hairs, a fourth one on occipital margin of temple; occipital margin sinuous, bare; antennae long and large, segment 1 heavy, nearly as long as the rest of the segments together; segment 3 34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 2 next largest and longest, segment 3 with simple appendage at distal extremity, segments 4 and 5 short, subequal; color whitish, with strongly colored, dark brown temples, angulated antennal bands, and lighter brown, distinct signature, pointed behind, straight in front; mandibles and cesophageal sclerite showing through dark brown; trabeculse and antennae paler smoky brown. Prothorax short, quadrangular, wider than long, with one pustulated hair in posterior angle; a large, nearly square, dark brown, lateral transverse blotch nearly covering each lateral half of the segment, the broad, median line between them whitish. Metathorax short, but little longer than prothorax; posterior margin nearly straight, with five long pustulated hairs ranged along each lateral fourth, the inner two of the hairs may have only demi-pustulations. Sternal markings consisting of distinct, blackish brown intercoxal lines, and a pale brown, indistinct median blotch on meta- thorax. Legs pale smoky brown with darker margins and semiannulations. Abdomen elongate-ovate; segment 1 conspicuously narrower than metathorax; one or two short hairs in posterior angles of anterior segments, two or three long hairs in angles of segments 5-9; ground color whitish with broad, dark brown, lateral, transverse blotches on segments 1-7, these blotches subquadrangular, but nar- rower inwards, and leaving only a broad, median, whit- ish, longitudinal line on middle of abdomen; in this whitish space a few longish hairs on each segment; rather large, uncolored, stigmatal spots in the trans- verse blotches of segments 2-7; the transverse blotch on segment 8 continuous across the segment and curv- ing; segment 9 with two backward-projecting, short, NEW MALLOPHAGA. 35 horn-like processes, dark brown, and a narrowly rounded, uncolored posterior border; genitalia extending through segments 6-9 and strongly chitinized. . Female. Body, length 2.41 mm., width .78 mm.; head, length .6 mm., width .53 mm.; considerably larger; abdomen more elongate; antennae rather long, slender, segment 2 longest; lateral, transverse blotches of abdomen less tapering inwards; blotches of segment 8 distinct; segment conspicuously emarginate behind. Goniodes. Goniodes mammillatus Rudow. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 509, pi. Ixix, fig. 2). Specimens from the Ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus (Kodiak Island, off Alaska). Previously taken by me from a Calif ornian Partridge, Callipepla californica (Mountain View, California). Eurymetopus. Eurymetopus taurus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal- lophaga I, 1896, p. 135, pi. xi, figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6). Specimens from the Black-footed Albatross, Diomedea nigripes (North Pacific Ocean, off Alaska). Previously taken by me from Diomedea albatrus (Bay of Monterey, California). Trinoton . Trinoton luridum Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga I, 1896, p. 152, pi. xiii, fig. 4). Specimens from a Green-winged Teal, Anas carolin- ensis (Kodiak Island, off Alaska). Previously taken by me from same host species and six other duck species (Kansas and California). 36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Colpocephalum. Colpocephalum abbotti n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 9). Taken from a gull, Larus sp. (Baja California). This new form is of the general type of fuscipes Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 567, pi. xlvii, fig. 7) from Larus domin- icanus, and of funebre Kellogg (New Mallophaga, I, p. 147, pi. xii, fig. 7) from Larus glaucescens (Bay of Monterey). It most nearly in general aspect, and espec- ially in the branching, uncolored median line of abdo- men, thorax, and head, resembles sulcatum Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 565, pi. xlvii, fig. 5) from Sterna nigra, but is one-half larger, and has transverse series of hairs on the dorsal aspect of the abdomen, while sulcatum is here naked. Description of female. Body, length 2.34 mm., width .88 mm.; rather large, long abdomen; abdomen sombre in color with narrow, black, lateral borders on hind head, thorax, and abdomen; a conspicuous, uncolored, median line on first five segments of abdomen, all of thorax, and hind head, the line dividing in the head and sending a branch to each lateral margin just in front of the ocular emargination. Head, length .47 mm., width .7 mm.; front broad, very flatly convex, with numerous hairs of which four are longer than the others; on the lateral margins of the forehead in front of the ocular emargination a very long hair, with another shorter one close to it, and two in the angle; the palpi projecting beyond the lateral margins of the head; the ocular emargination deep, angular, with a prominent fringe and a longish hair rising just inward of the double eye; temples rather narrow, projecting, with four long hairs on the mar- gin and one rising at some distance inward from the NEW MALLOPHAGA. 37 occipital margin; six uncolored spots on the forehead, from two of which single long hairs arise and from the remaining four short hairs; occipital margin flatly con- cave, bare; head smoky brown with narrow black occipital border and curved ocular blotches; a broad, short-stemmed, uncolored Y, the prongs slightly angu- lated in the middle and terminating broadly in front of the eyes; the stem interrupts the black occipital border and is continuous with a median, uncolored, longitu- dinal line which traverses the thorax and the first few abdominal segments. Prothorax broader than long, with obtuse lateral angles containing one longish hair and a spine in the apex of the angle, and a second longish hair arising from a little within and back of the apex; the latero- posterior margins bare, with a single longish hair in the slight angle which may be taken to separate the latero- posterior margin from the true posterior margin; two longish hairs on each half of the flatly convex posterior margin; color smoky brown with narrow black border on latero-posterior margins and on visible parts of latero-anterior margins; the small, slightly curving, longitudinal chitin bars at ends of the indistinct, usual transverse bar are black; the ground color of the seg- ment is darker in posterior half, and the segment is bisected longitudinally by the median, uncolored line Metathorax with a fairly distinct suture setting off the mesothorax; lateral margins bare; posterior angles with a hair and spines; posterior margin straight, with four weak hairs not on the very margin; color smoky brown with narrow black lateral borders. Legs slightly lighter than segments, and with ill-defined, darker marginal markings. Sternal markings distinct, a me- dian shield on prothorax; a small, elongate, rather 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. eone-shaped median blotch on mesothorax, and a large, broadly diamond-shaped, median blotch on metathorax; intercoxal lines between pro- and mesothorax distinct. Abdomen elongate-elliptical; segments with a single long weak hair and some short ones in posterior angles, and some short ones along lateral margins; a single transverse series of not very closely set weak hairs along posterior margin of each segment; general color light smoky brown with very narrow blackish lateral bands; last segment parabolic behind, with short hairs, and at each side a few longish hairs. Colpocephalum spineum n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 1). A single male from a Man o'War Bird, Fregata aquila (Panama). Piaget has taken a small Colpocephalum from Fregata minor {angulaticeps , Les Pediculines, p. 569, pi. xlvii, fig. 8), to which this new form must show some resemblance in size and characteristic quadrangular shape of forehead; but the shape of the abdomen, not at all elliptical as described for angulaticeps, but elon- gate-oblong with nearly parallel sides, and the distinct and characteristic abdominal markings and lateral hairs of the prothorax, serve to make any reference of my specimen to angulaticeps impossible. Description of male. Body, length 1.53 mm., width .44 mm.; elongate, narrow, with subparallel sides; pale golden brown with large dark brown head blotches and lateral brown blotches on abdomen. Head, length .34 mm., width .47 mm.; forehead nearly quadrangular, with a few short hairs along the front and four short ones and two longish ones on sides; palpi and antennaB slightly projecting beyond the mar- gin of the head; temples broad with flatly convex lat- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 39 eral margins bearing numerous hairs of various lengths, two at least being long; occipital margin broadly concave; pale golden brown with broad blackish brown occipital border, greatly expanded triangularly at bases of the occipatal bands; ocular blotches large, and a distinct blotch on each side of the front rami of the mandibles extending diagonally to the front margin. Prothorax short, with a spine and longish hair in each lateral angle and four longish hairs and two spines along each lateral half of the posterior margin. Meta- thorax longer and wider than prothorax, almost as wide as abdomen; several spines in a double row along the lateral margins, some strong spines in the lateral angles, and a series of ten or tw^elve strong hairs along the nearly straight posterior margin, whole thorax of pale brown ground color of body. Legs concolorous with the thorax, with dark brown markings near distal extremity of femur and on tibioe. No distinct sternal markings. Abdomen slender, elongate, with jiearly parallel sides, with one long hair in posterior angles of seg- ments 3-8 and numerous short hairs along lateral mar- gins; dorsal surface covered with short spiny hairs, a series along the posterior margin of each segment be- ing composed of longer but still spine-like hairs; color pale golden brown, the sutures whitish, and distinct subelliptical dark brown lateral blotches on segments 3-8, giving the abdomen a strikingly marked character; segment 9 but little narrower than segment 8 and broadly truncate behind; posterior margin with several long hairs and more shorter ones; dorsal surface with a transverse series of longish hairs. 40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Colpocephalum maculatum Piaget. (Plate IV, fig. 2). Les Pedieulines, ISSO. p. ol6, pi. xliii, tig. 1. A male and a female from a Caracara, Poli/borus cher- iway (Baja California), which I refer with much doubt to this species of Piaget, taken from a Polyborus hrasil- ieiisis (Zool. Garden of Rotterdam). Piaget says that viaculatum much resembles C. jiavescens, the common Colpocephalum of raptorial birds (see Kellogg, New Mal- lophaga, II, 1896, p. 525 pi. Ixxi, fig. 4). My specimens do not resemhle jJarescevs' at all closely, lacking the cross bands of the abdomen, being rather differently shaped, etc. Bat Piaget 's description and figure of maculatum show it also to differ from rlavescens in these and other particulars. My specimens measure: Male, body, lencrth 1.62 mm., width .66 mm.: head, length .34 mm., width .53 mm. Female, body, length 2. mm., width .72 mm.: head, length .34 mm., width .53 mm. Colpocephalum subaequale Xitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Maliophaga. 11, 1S96, p. 525, pi. Ixxii, fig. 1). Specimens from an American Raven, Corvus corax sinuatus (Baja California). Taken previously by me from Corvus americanus (Palo Alto. California). Colpocephalum diffusum n. sp. (Plate IV, figs. 3 and 4). A well marked species found upon a surprisingly large number of widely related bird species from Pan- ama. Mr. McGregor brought specimens from the fol- lowing birds: Ambiycercus holosericeus, Arremonops striat- iceps, Saltator albicoUis, Phcenicothrampis fuscicauda, Elainea subpagana, Dendroica bryanti, Piaya cayana thermophila (2 specimens), Chiroxiphia. lanceolata, and Ardeo. virescens I From the condition of affairs I should suspect straggling, but Mr. McGregor informs me that ITBW mallophaga. 41 tbe birds were shot and the parasites collected on diff- erent davs. We seem to have here a condition similar to the condition shown by Docopkorus eovnmunis. In he list of hosts of this Calpocepkalum^ however, there are bird species of several unrelated families snch as The Frin^illidae. Cnculidae, ArdeidaB. The siriimens of the parasite vary somewhat in strength of color and hence distinctness of bands and blotches. Some of the ^rikrr : :!ored specimens, how- ever, are evidently pnp;^ :r :z-s'i^\y moulted adolts. I have described the markings as shown in some well colored specimens from AnUdyeereus holasericeus. Description of the male. Body, length 1.2S mm., width .53 mm.: groond color very pale,, with distinct, blackish brown markings on head, thorax, and abdo- men: transverse bands of abdomen uneven in sire, the first and liisr bands beine mnoh larger than tbe middle ones. Head, length .34 mm., width .47 mm.; a few short hairs on frontal margins; palpi barely projecting; ocn- lar fringe distinct: temples broad, with a few long hairs: color whitish with prominent blackish ocnlar blotches projecting forward and connecting by a weakly colored, uneven broad line with the small but distinct blackish clypeal blotches: temples clear without dark margin; occipital margin narrowly bordered with blackish in the median part. Prothorax: the part of the prothorax not concealed by the head is almost of the shape of a semicircle, a little flattened at the pole; the lateral angles lie very close to the occipital margin of the head, are obtuse, and bear three spines: there are three longish hairs on each lateral half of the rounded posterior margin: the segment is almost whitish with indications of :...rker 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. borders and indistinct lines caused by the sternal mark- ings showing through. Metathorax pentagonal, pos- terior margin straight, with four longish hairs and a spine (between the first two) on each lateral half; the posterior angles with two spines; color whitish with dark brown anterior angles, and sternal markings in- distinctly showing through. Legs concolorous with thorax, with brownish and blackish markings. Sternal markings distinct, blackish brown, consisting of a median wedge-shaped blotch on prosternum connected by lateral processes with the intercoxal lines; a pecu- liar four-appendaged blotch on mesosternum composed of median blotch and meso-peri-coxal lines; and a pale median metasternal blotch with darker intercoxal lines. Abdomen short, broadly elliptical, not turbinated; two or three distinct spines in posterior angles of seg- ments; longish hairs in the angles and on the dorsal surface; segment 1 large; segments 2 and 3 not so large but larger than segments 4-7; segment 8 larger than segment 2 or segment 3; broad blackish brown lateral bands with the sutures distinct; no transverse bands on dorsal surface, but those of ventral surface showing through; these transversal bands arranged as follows: a single broad band covering all of segment 1 and anterior half of segment 2, narrow bands on seg- ments 3-7, and one continuous band or blotch covering all of segments 8 and 9; the genitalia strongly chitin- ized, conspicuous, and extending through segments 2-9; last segment rounded behind, with a few short hairs; on the ventral surface of segment 2, a group of four very strong, long spines near each posterior angle. Female. Body, length 1.56 mm., width .66 mm.; head, length .34 mm.; width .5 mm.; abdomen more elongate and the segments differently shaped; segment NEW MALLOPHAGA. 43 1 very long, with straight posterior margin; segment 2 a little shorter, with distinctly curving posterior mar- gin; segment 3 still shorter, with curving margin; seg- ments 4-7 very short; segment 8 longer; ventral bands about as in male, with the last great band or blotch reaching anteriorly, with convex anterior margin, into segment 5. Menopon. Menopon titan var. linearis Kellogg. New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 163, pi. xv, fig. 2. Many specimens from a Californian Brown Pelican, Pelecanus californicus (Baja California). Described from same host species from Bay of Monterey, California. Menopon auri-fasciatum n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 5). From a Man o' War Bird, Fregata aquila (Panama). Not at all like M. intermedium Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 497, pi. xl, fig. 4) from Fregata minor. Description of female. Body, length 2.19 mm., width 1.03 mm.; whitish with golden yellow transverse abdominal bands; dorsal surface of abdomen with many strong hairs in transverse series. Head, length .31 mm., width .7 mm.; half-moon shaped, with smooth, even convex border; two short hairs on the front on each side of the middle, and two longish hairs and three shorter ones on each side in front of the antennal cavity; four very long hairs and several short ones in each temple; occipital margin concave, with six rather long hairs; pale yellowish w^hite with black ocular flecks and small brown blotches just inside of the antennary cavities. Prothorax rather large, with three short spines and a 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. long hair along the narrowly rounded margin of the lateral angles, and five long hairs on each lateral half of the flatly rounding posterior margin; the lateral margins narrowly darker than the rest of segment, which presents no blotches; the uncolored transverse chitin bar is distinct, and the curving longitudinal bars at its extremities are darker than general color of seg- ment. Metathorax as short as or shorter than pro- thorax, with very slight lateral emargination; lateral posterior angle with several small spines, and posterior margin, which is flatly convex, bears, beginning in lat- eral angles, two long hairs, then a spine, then eight long hairs, on each lateral half; a narrow transverse pale brown blotch runs across the segment near the posterior margin and expands at its lateral extremities. Legs of pale ground color of thorax with narrow darker marginal markings. Abdomen ovate, rather turbinate, with longish hairs in the posterior angles of the segments and a single series of strong hairs across the dorsal aspect of each segment, ranged along the posterior margin of a pale brown transverse band which extends entirely across each segment; this band covers only about one-half the dorsal aspect of each segment, the uncovered half being of the whitish ground color of the general body, ninth segment flatly convex behind, with fringe of un- colored fine hairs, and with a few long hairs at lat- eral rounded angles. Menopon striatum n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 6). Six specimens from a Willow Ptarmigan, Lagopus lago- pus (Kodiak Island, North Pacific Ocean). Nearly twice as large as Grube's M. lagopi from Lagopus alpi- nus, though in general appearance the species must be NEW MALLOPHAGA. 45 similar. Grube describes the temples of lagopi with but one long hair; striatum has four, and the prothorax of lagopi is figured by Grube as being extraordinarily long. Description of female. Body, length 2.22 mm., width .91 mm.; well marked, with entire transversal abdominal bands, with wide, whitish intersegmental spaces, and distinct, blackish, narrow lateral bands. Head, length .3 mm., width .66 mm.; broadly para- bolic in front, with slight rectangular orbital emargi- nation; half a dozen short hairs on each lateral margin of forehead and three long hairs in region just in front of orbital emargination; the palpi projecting, as also the antennae; temples narrow, five longish hairs, two more rising from occipital margin of temporal region; occipital margin concave, straight in the middle; ground color light brown, palest in median region, with very narrow blackish occipital border, blackish curving ocular blotches, and transversal dark brown bar in mandibular region. Prothorax rather large, long; lateral angles obtuse, with three spines; posterior margin, from angle to angle, making a flattened semicircle and bearing 14 long hairs; ground color pale smoky brown, regions of lateral angles distinctly darker, transverse chitin bar dark, narrow, with a spine rising from each extremity; curving chitin bars at extremities of the transverse bar distinct, narrow. Metathorax with a broad whitish sutural space separating the small colored mesothoracic region from metathorax; metathorax with nearly straight posterior margin, and a series of hairs along straight posterior margin of broad chestnut-brown; transverse bar with narrow blackish lateral borders. Legs pale to smoky brown, with narrow, blackish dorsal 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. marginings and conspicuous spiny hairs. Sternal markings consisting of pale brown linear transversal blotch on prosternum, distinct, narrow blackish diago- nal intercoxal lines between pro- and mesolegs, with pale brown median triangular blotch emarginated on anterior margin, very pale, indistinct intercoxal lines between meso- and metalegs, with a pale brown trian- gular median blotch between them, and another smaller pale brown median blotch apparently between the metacoxse, really on first abdominal segment. Abdomen elongate-elliptical; two to three or four longish hairs in lateral angles of segments; on seg- ments 1-8 a regular series of alternating whitish (sutural) and chestnut-brown transversal (segmental) bands, each colored band bearing a single series of longish hairs on small pustules along its posterior mar- gin; a longer hair on larger pustule at each end of each of these series; narrow, segmentally interrupted black- ish lateral bands, separated from the brown transverse bands by a narrow whitish space; segment 9 wholly chestnut-brown except pale to uncolored posterior bor- der; posterior margin with thick-set fringe of uncol- ored longer and shorter hairs. Ventral surface of -abdomen of segments 2-8 with a median pale brown transversal band, bearing numerous fine hairs rising from small pustules; segment 9 mostly colored. Menopon praecursor n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 8). Many specimens from a Gila Woodpecker, Melanerpes uropygialis (Baja California). Denny is the only author who has hitherto described a Menopon from the wood- peckers (M. pici, from Picus viridis, Monograph. Ano- plur. Brit. p. 219, pi. xx, fig. 5). From his brief de- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 47 scription and strange illustration I cannot determine whether my specimens resemble his or not. Description of the female. Body, length 1.56 mm., width .75 mm.; golden brown, with chestnut-brown transverse abdominal bands. Head, length .28 mm., width .58 mm.; being thus twice as wide as long; very few short hairs along front; from a partly clear spot on the dorsal surface on each side of the forehead three hairs arise of which one is very long; the palpi project by the length of the termi- nal segment; no distinct ocular fringe; the temples narrow and bearing three very long hairs and two or three shorter ones; occipital margin weakly concave, with six longish hairs, two being median; ground color of head pale subtranslucent brown, with nearly uncol- ored temples; black ocular flecks, irregular brownish ocular blotches, and a very narrow blackish occipital border. On the ventral surface are two backward-pro- jecting, segmented, pointed, chitinous processes arising apparently at about the origin of the labial palpi. Prothorax large, the obtuse lateral angles projecting even with the insertion of the last of the three long occipital hairs; the lateral margins and posterior mar- gin (separated by a very obtuse but obvious angulation) with a few longish, slightly pustulated hairs (two on each lateral margin and six on the posterior margin); a spine in each lateral angle; the regions of the lateral angles smoky, with narrow blackish border on lateral margin; the straight, transverse chitin bar uncolored, the curving, longitudinal chitin bars blackish; middle region of segment concolorous with middle region of head. Metathorax short, but little wider than pro- thorax; posterior margin straight, with a series of long- ish hairs; region of posterior angles and an indistinct 48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. transverse blotch entirely across segment darker. Legs concolorous with the pale ground color of the body, with very narrow darker dorsal margining. Sternal markings consisting of a narrow transversal median blotch on prosternum, and intercoxal lines curving back- ward at inner ends on mesosternum. Abdomen rather short and broad, ovate; posterior angles projecting but slightly and bearing two to three long hairs; on the lateral margins of each segment a spine; a transverse series of hairs across each segment near its posterior margin; ground color very pale yel- lowish brown, with a chestnut-brown transverse band entirely across each segment except the ninth; poste- rior margin of segment 9 flatly angulated and with a close fringe of hairs. Male. Body, length 1.34 mm., width .6 mm.; head, length .25 mm., width .53 mm.; the few specimens of males in the lot taken from the single bird examined are paler in color than the females; the transverse band of the eighth abdominal segment is hardly notice- able; segment 9 flatly rounded behind, with a few prom- inent hairs. Physostomum. With regard to the characters used in distiguishing species in this genus I am in much doubt. I believe that the genus is not at all well undertsood and that the specific determinations including my own (see New Mallophaga II, 1896, p. 513, at. seq.) need a thorough revision. This revision cannot, however, be under- taken until much more material is in hand. I describe the two following species with this doubt in mind, sim- ply giving here as best I can additonal data, for the NEW MALLOPHAGA. 49 reviser. In the case of the two species here described, the unrelated hosts accredited to each suggest that we have to do in this genus with a few species of wide range of host, or with many species of very similar ap- pearance. Physostomum pallens n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 7). Specimens from a Prothonotary Warbler, Protono- taria citrea and from a Flycatcher, Elainea subpagana (Panama). Description of female. Body, length 3.6 mm., width .87 mm.; pale buffy brown, with blackish brown head markings and thoracic markings and lateral abdominal bands. Head, length .67 mm., width .66 mm.; front slightly expanded, flatly rounded; with laterally projecting pal- ettes; several short prickle-like hairs in the slight ocular emargination; temples projecting backward, acute, with three long hairs, one on margin just behind the eye, and two close together on dorsal surface near the mar- gin farther back; color whitish to clear with usual brown longitudinally arranged lateral blotches. Prothorax hexagonal, front and posterior margins concave; a long hair and two spines in each lateral angle, and a long hair and two or three spines on each lateral margin near the posterior angles; lateral mar- gins unevenly bordered with blackish brown, inter- rupted by a nearly uncolored spot in each lateral angle. Metathorax longer than prothorax, with straight pos- terior margin, and a single hair and spine in each pos- terior angle; a slight, rounded swelling behind anterior angles bearing spines; blackish brown, narrow, even, submarginal, longitudinal bands. Legs uncolored. 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Abdomen parallel-sided, with a single hair and spine or prickle in posterior angles of segments; whitish with distinct, even, blackish brown submarginal longitudi- nal bands; vulva flatly rounded, with fringe of fine hairs; posterior margin of last segment flatly rounded, with fine, uncolored hairs. Physostomum invadens n. sp. Specimens from a woodpecker, Melanerpas tvagleri and from Chiroxiphia lanceolata (Panama). The finding of this species on Melaneiyes is the first recorded occur- rence of Physostomum on a non-passerine bird. Description of female. Body, length 3 mm., width .81 mm; pale translucent brownish with dark brown to blackish head and thoracic markings and lateral ab- dominal bands; in outline and structural characters very like jpallens. Head, length .66 mm., width .6 mm.; almost iden- tical with that of pallens; ground color browner; the hairs of ocular emargination rather longer and fewer. Prothorax with lateral angles hardly apparent, but marked by the presence of a long hair and spine. Legs with a little brownish coloring. Abdomen with longer hairs and more in posterior angles of segments, and with two hairs on posterior margin of each segment just a little distance inward from posterior angle. Lat- eral bands of abdomen rather broad and marginal; in each of these broad brown longitudinal bands the true lateral bands, chitinized, may be seen. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 51 LIST OF HOSTS, WITH PARASITES. Larus glancescens Docophorus lari Lams sp. Docophorus lari. Nirmus puuctatus. Colpocephalum abbotti. Diomedea nigripes. Lipeurus confidens. densus. Eurymetopus taurus. Pelecauus calif oruicus. Lipeurus forficulatus. Menopon titan var. linearis. Fregata aquila. Lipeurus gracilicornis, var. major. Colpocephalum spineum. Menopon auri-fasciatum. Merganser serrator. Docophorus icterodes. Anas carolinensis. Trinoton luridum. Ardea virescens. Colpocephalum diffusum. Tringa macularia. Docophorus cordiceps. Nirmus furvus var. ravus. Tringa sp. Nirmus fissus var. major. Lagopus lagopus. Lipeurus protervus. Goniodes mammillatus. Menopon striatum. Polyborus cheriway. Nirmus splendidus. Colpocephalum maculatum. Falco sparverius peninsularis. Nirmus fuscus. Crotophaga sulcirostris. Lipeurus macgregori. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis. Docophorus latifrons var. occi- dentalis. Piaya cayana thermophila. Nirmus atopus. Colpocephalum diflfusum. Melanerpes wagleri. Physostomum invadens. Melanerpes uropygialis. Menopon praBCursor, Melanerpes formicivorus angus- tifrons. Docophorus calif orniensis. Myiarchus cinerascens nuttingi. Docophorus rufus. Elainea subpagana. Physostomum pallens. Colpocephalum diffusum. Corvus corax sinuatus. Colpocephalum subasquale. Amblycercus holosericeus. Nirmus virgatus. Colpocephalum diffusum. Arremonops striaticeps. Colpocephalum diffusum. Saltator albicollis. Colpocephalum diffusum. Chiroxiphia lanceolata. Physostomum invadens. Colpocephalum diffusum. Cardinalis cardinalis igneus. Docophorus communis. PhcBnicothraupis fuscicauda. Docophorus panamensis. Colpocephalum diffusum. Progne subis hesperus. Docophorus domesticus. Phainopepla nitens. Nirmus peninsularis. Protonotaria citrea. Phj'sostomum pallens. Dendroica bryanti. Nirmus interpositus. Colpocephalum diffusum. Cinclus mexicanus. Docophorus laticeps var. amer- icanus. Parus atri-capillus occidentalis. Docophorus rutteri. Auriparus flaviceps. Nirmus audax. 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE I. — Fig. 1, Docophorus panamensis Kellogg, ? . Fig. 2, D. cordiceps Giebel, $. Fig. 3, D. r utter i Kellogg, $. Fig. 4, D. laticeps G., var. americanus Kellogg, $ . Fig. 5, D. latifrons N., var. occidentalis Kellogg, $ . Fig. 6, D. rvfus Kellogg, $ . Fig. 7, D. laticeps G., outline of head. Fig. 8, D. latifrons N., var. occidentalis Kellogg, abdomen of 5, ventral aspect. Fig. 9, D. rufus Kellogg, abdomen of $, ventral aspect. PLATE II. — Fig. 1, Nirmus furvus'N., var. ravws Kellogg, $. Fig. 2, N. fissus N., var. major Kellogg, $ . Fig. 3, N. splendidus Kellogg, $ . Fig. 4, N. atopus Kellogg, ? . Fig. 5, N. virgatus Kellogg, $ . Fig. 6, N. splendidus Kellogg, genital blotch of 5 . Fig. 7, N. inter positus Kel- logg, $ . Fig. 8, N. audax Kellogg, $ . Fig. 9, N. peninsularis Kel- logg, ?. PLATE III. — Fig. 1, Lipeurus confidens Kellogg, ?. Fig. 2, L. densus Kellogg, head of $ . Fig. 3, L. gracilicornis P., var. major Kellogg, S . Fig. 4, L. protervus Kellogg, ? . Fig. 5, L. macgregori Kellogg, head of $ . Fig. 6, L. macgregori Kellogg, $ . PLATE IV. Fig. 1, Colpocephalum spineum Kellogg, S . Fig. 2, C. mac- ulatum P., $ . Fig. 3, C. diffusum Kellogg, S . Fig. 4, C. diffusum Kel- logg, ventral aspect of abdomen of $ . Fig. 5, Menopon auri-fasciatum Kellogg, $. Fig. 6, M. striatum Kellogg, $. Fig. 7, Physostomum pal- lens Kellogg, $ . Fig. 8, Menopon prcecursor Kellogg, $ . Fig. 9, Colpo- cephalum abboiti Kellogg, $ . Dc.Paper5.Cal.Acad. Sci.VdlVI. [Kellogg] Plate I. IklWi %: MM '/ \ €S MART WELLMANUEL. Lmf.BRITTON ^RBY,S.E Dc.Papers.CalAcad.Sci.VdlVI. [Kelldgg] Plate 11. /%- MART ymUMANJlBL . LITH.BRITTaN ^REY.S.F Dc.PAPERS,CAL.AcAI].5ci.VDLyi. [Kelldgg] Plate III. MART yiELLMA^ IIBL . LITFf.BmTTaN ^REY.S.F Dc.Papers Cal.Acad.5ci.VdlVI. [Kellogg] Plate P/ .*r^ MART WELLMANHBL . Lim.BRITTnN ^REY.S.F MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. (With Plates V to IX.) BY VERNON L. KELLOGG AND BERTHA L. CHAPMAN. CONTENTS. Introduction. Descriptions of New Species and Identifications of Old Species. Docophorus. Nirmus. Lipeurus. Giebelia. Oncophorus. Eurymetopus. Goniodes. Colpocephalum. Ancistrona. Trinoton. Menopon. Physostomum. List of Hosts, with Parasites. Introduction. The Mallophaga described and referred to in this paper were collected by Messrs. Snodgrass, Osgood, Brown, and McLain, students of Stanford University, California, Mr. Ed. M. Ehrhorn, Horticultural Com- missioner for Santa Clara County, California, and by the senior author, Mr. Kellogg. All of the specimens from birds of the Bay of Monterey, California, were taken by Mr. Kellogg from just-killed birds or freshly made skins collected by Mr. Leverett M. Loomis, Cura- tor of the Department of Ornithology, California Acad- emy of Sciences. The authors desire to acknowledge their obligations to these various collectors. The sequence of genera in this paper is that adopted in the European monographs and in the papers of the senior author (Kellogg, New Mallophaga I, 1896;* New Mallophaga II, 1896 f Mallophaga from Birds of * Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d. Ser. Vol. VI. [53] 54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Panama, Baja California, and Alaska, in New Mallo- phaga III, 1899). The sequence of species in each genus is determined by the hosts, the sequence of hosts being that of the A. 0. U. Check-List of North Amer- ican Birds, 2d. edition, 1895. Docophorus. Docophorus procax n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 1). Many specimens from two Pigeon Guillemots, Gep- phus columba (Bay of Monterey, California). A mem- ber of the group trianguliferi Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 113), and most resembling pilosus Piaget (ibid, p. 116, pi. X, fig. 4) from a flamingo, Phcenicopterus anti- quorum, but differing in the hairs of clypeus, of meta- thorax, shape of abdominal blotches, etc. Description of the male. Body, length 1.45 mm., width .76 mm.; head comparatively large, with frontal part of clypeus uncolored and expanded; thorax and first segment of abdomen golden brown with darker markings; abdomen oval, pale, whitish medially, with dark brown transverse bands and blackish lateral bands. Head, length .52 mm., width .54 mm.; conical, tem- ples wide, sides rapidly approaching each other ante- riorly; frontal uncolored clypeal space expanded; front straight or feebly concave; no hairs on the rounding uncolored clypeal region but one short marginal prickle at the point where the clypeus begins to swell beyond the sides of the head; a second short prickle before the suture; two dorsal hairs just before the clear un- colored clypeal region; two short prickles in front of the trabeculse; trabecules large, reaching nearly to the end of the second segment of the antennee, well col- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 55 ored with pale brown, a short prickle at the base; an- tennae small, of the same golden brown as the head, with slightly darker markings; eye inconspicuous, with two short prickles and an ocular fleck; temples rounded, with two long hairs and several prickles; occip- ital margin straight; clypeal signature broadly shield- shaped, sides constricted anteriorly, with posterior angle reaching almost to the mandibles; the quadran- gular space in the middle of the signature is slightly darker than the most anterior portion; antennal bands interrupted by the suture, the bands turning in at the suture, nearly meeting on the median line, the bands themselves becoming narrow and acuminate; the pos- terior ends of the antennal bands bend in and back till they meet the dark blotch caused by the mandibles showing through the head; ocular blotches distinct; temporal borders narrow, occipital bands distinct, slightly diverging anteriorly; occipital border not ex- tending to the sides of the head. Prothorax broad, with sides diverging; posterior angles rounding; lateral borders dark, extending in along the posterior margin. Metathorax pentagonal, sides strongly divergent, posterior margin angular, with slightly rounding tip on the abdomen; one short prickle and one long pustulated hair in the posterior angles, three pustulated hairs each side of the posterior marginal angle; segment pale in the middle, growing darker laterally and posteriorly. Legs of the same golden brown as the thorax, darker lateral borders and annulations, claws also dark. Sternal markings consist of dark brown intercoxal lines and a pale median metathoracic blotch. Abdomen broadly ovate, turbinated; segments 2 to 7 with prominent posterior angles, each bearing 56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. from one to three long hairs; segment 1 wholly golden brown, the transverse blotches meeting near the posterior margin in an acute point; the transverse lat- eral blotches of segments 2 to 7 are separated by a transparent whitish median space; the lateral mar- gins of the segments are dark brown to black; along the posterior margins of the transverse lateral bands are partially uncolored spots bearing long hairs; stig- matal spots distinct; segment 8 wholly pale brown, darker in the middle, owing to the dark genitalia show- ing through; segment 9 very small and uncolored; genitalia distinct, dark brown reaching as far forward as segment 6. Female. Body, length 1.62 mm., width .78 mm.; head, length .56 mm., width .53 mm.; abdomen not so broad in comparison with the length as in the male, not turbinated, and the median whitish space larger. Docophorus lari Denny. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga, 1, 1896, p. 98, pi. iv, fig. 4). Specimens from Lams delevjarensis, L. occidentalis (three birds), and L. heermanni (two birds) (Bay of Monterey, California). Previously taken by Kellogg from these and other species of Larus. Docophorus melanocephalus Burmeister. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 99, pi. iv, fig. 6). Two specimens from the Royal Tern, Sterna maxima (Bay of Monterey, California), and two specimens from the Pomarine Jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus (Bay of Monterey, California). Previously taken by KeJlogg from Sterna maxima (same locality). Docophorus validus n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 2). A single female specimen of this striking Docophorus from a Black-vented Shearwater, Pufftnus opisthomelas NEW MALLOPHAGA. 57 (Bay of Monterey, California). In general shape and in certain special characters this new form somewhat resembles D. brevi-antennatus Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 108, pi. ix, fig. 9) from Sula australis (Maseum of Leyden); the differences, however, in shape of meta- thorax, abdominal blotches, etc., are marked. Description of the female. Body, length 2.25 mm., width 1.18 mm.; large triangular head with narrow, emarginate front; abdomen nearly circular, with strongly marked, lateral, transverse blotches, mostly acute inwardly. Head, length .72 mm., width .72 mm., front of the head before the trabeculse elongate and markedly nar- rowing anteriorly; dark lateral margins extending slightly beyond the narrow, concave, uncolored clypeal region, terminating in a sharp, slightly incurving angle; a short prickle on the anterior margin of this projecting angle, a short hair on the lateral margin of the front, near the suture; two dorsal hairs extending beyond the lateral margin of the head; trabeculse large, reaching to the end of the second segment of the antennse; segment 1 of the antenna long, segment 5 but little longer than segments 3 or 4; eyes prominent, with a short spine and a hair; temples slightly protrud- ing, parabolic, with two long hairs and three short spines; occipital margin slightly convex upon the pro- thorax; signature distinct, anteriorly concave; deeper chestnut-brown along the anterior margin than through the wide median portion, posteriorly narrowing into a dark, narrow, acuminate point reaching to the man- dibles; the anterior portion of this posterior point is darker than the rest of the signature; antennal bands broad, even, of a dark, rich, golden brown, paling slightly in the anterior portion, beyond the suture; pos- terior extremities bending inwardly, separated by a 58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. pale median space between the occipital bands; occip- ital bands much paler than the temporal borders, indis- tinctly fading anteriorly into dark ocular blotches; temporal margins narrowly bordered with dark brown; occipital blotches distinct. Prothorax small, oblong; angles rounding, with one long hair; lateral blotches distinct, separated by a pale median line, darker along the posterior margin near the angle, and fading gradually anteriorly. Metathorax only two-thirds as wide as the head, with strongly diverging sides, rounding, posterior angles; posterior margin broadly rounded upon the abdomen; one very short prickle and one long hair in a pale brown space on the posterior angle; six long pustulated hairs on the posterior margin; lateral markings little darker than the general dark brown of the metathorax. Abdomen nearly circular; transverse, lateral blotches distinct, acute inwardly, and darkest at the inner ends; each bearing from one to four pustulated hairs; seg- ment 8 entirely dark brown; segment 9 rounding, with a narrow, angular emargination; one fine hair each side of this emargination. Docophorus icterodes Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal- lophaga, I, 1896, p. 96, pi. iv, fig. 1). Specimens from a Lesser Scaup Duck, Aythya afftnis, and from an American Scaup Duck, Aythya marila nearctica (Palo Alto, California). Previously taken by Kellogg from the first named host species, and from six other duck species. Docophorus fusiformis Denny. (Plate V, fig. 3). Monographia Auoplurorum Britanniae, 1842, p. 84, pi. i, fig. 2. Docophorus fusiformis D., Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 104; Pia- get, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 86, pi. vi, fig. 7. Docophorus flssiformis D., Osborn, Insects Afifecting Domestic Ani- mals, Bull. 5, N. S., Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. Ag., 1896, p. 217. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 59 One male from a Least Sandpiper, Tringa minutilla (Palo Alto, California). Denny's specimens were taken from the same host; Giebel's single specimen from the same host, and Piaget's from Tringa subarquata. Osborn's specimens are from the "black-billed sandpiper" (Bur- nett collection). Our specimen has no emargination of the clypeal front, a character especially noted by Denny and Piaget. But Giebel's specimen is like ours: ''der Vorderrand ist nicht tief ausgeschnitten, sondern nur sanft concav." The species can be recognized by the large elongate head, the dark coloration, and narrow genitalia. Our specimen, figured, measures: body, length, 1.31 mm., width .5 mm.; head, length .5 mm., width .44 mm. Docophorus fuliginosus Kellogg. New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 80, pi. iii, fig. 2. Specimens from the Black-bellied Plover, Squatarola squatarola, and from the Semipalmated Plover, jEgia- litis semipalmata (Pacific Grove, California). Described from Squatarola squatarola (Kansas and California). Docophorus pictus Giebel. (Plate V, fig. 4). Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 74. Docophorus pictus G., Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 23. Numerous specimens from a Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos (Palo Alto, California). The specimens are of the characteristic group infesting eagles, of which platystomus N. (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 69, pi. ix, fig. 1; Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 17, pi. i, fig. 1) may be taken as type. So many species have been described in this group, on what seems to us slight differences, that one may well despair of making a satisfactory reference of his specimens to any one of the forms to the exclusion 60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. of all others. From this same host half a dozen spec- ies of DoGophoTus (all of the platystomus type) have been described. The truncate, not emarginated, clypeal front, and the slight dilation of the uncolored part of the clypeus lead us to refer our specimens to a species proposed by Giebel for specimens collected from the same host as that of our specimens. Osborn (Insects Affecting Domestic Animals, 1896, p. 218,) describes a species halieti from the Bald Eagle, Haliceetus leucocepholus (Florida). This species has a marked lateral, anterior, clypeal dilation, and the front is emarginate. The members of the group may be recognized by the uncolored front of the clypeus more or less dilated. We figure a female. Measurements: Male, body, length 2.22 mm., width 1.2 mm.; head, length .85 mm., width .91 mm. Female, body, length 2.81 mm., width 1.4 mm.; head, length .94 mm., width 1. mm. Docophorus cursor Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga, II, 1896, p. 484, pi. Ixvi, fig. 1). Specimens from two individuals of the American Long-eared Owl, Asio wilsonianus, (Ontario, Califor- nia). Taken previously by Kellogg from Bubo virgin- ianus (Lawrence, Kansas). Recorded by Osborn from Asio ivilsonianus (Ames, Iowa, and Lincoln, Nebraska). Docophorus speotyti Osborn. Insects Aflfecting Domestic Animals, 1896, Bull. No. 5, Div. o Ent., U. S. Dept. Ag., p. 222, fig. 144. Specimens from a Spotted Owl, Syrnium nebulosum (La Honda, California). Agrees well with Osborn's description (except that the abdomen is narrow, with subparallel sides in the female, while it is more ellipti- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 61 cal, widest at segment 4, in the rn,ale, just the reverse of the condition according to Osborn). Docophorus ceblebrachys Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 485, pi. Ixvi, fig 3). Many specimens from a Snowy Owl, Nydea nyctea (Pullman, Washington). Taken previously by Kellogg from same host (Kansas). Docophorus singularis n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 5). Specimens from a Nuttall's Woodpecker, Dryohates oiuttallii (lone, California). Not like any other wood- pecker-infesting Docophori, but belongs rather to the group feviorati. Description of the female. Body, length 1.43 mm., width .71 mm.; dark chestnut-brown with distinct bands on the head and thorax, angular, lateral, trans- verse blotches on the abdomen; unique in the possession of bipartite trabeculee. Head, length .65 mm., width .53 mm.; large, broadly concave, uncolored clypeal region broad with straight to slightly concave front; one marginal hair in front of distinct suture, two dorsal hairs near the lateral margin, one rather short and stiff, extending forward beyond the clypeal margin, the second very long; two dorsal hairs in front of the trabeculse; the trabeculse divided, anterior part short and acutely angulated, extending around the base of the posterior portion of the trabec- ulse on the ventral surface, the posterior portion of the trabeculse nearly as long as the first two segments of the antennae, about the same width throughout, a deep chestnut-brown at the base, with uncolored tip; anten- nse with the first two joints long and about equal, pale golden brown, last three joints darker chestnut-brown, 62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. a few short spines on the joints, especially numerous and strong on the first two joints; eye with one long hair, and near the posterior margin a second long hair; temples rounding, with three long, pustulated, marginal hairs and one short prickle, occipital margin slightly convex; signature distinct, anterior margin concave, with a slight lateral constriction near the anterior angles, posterior angles extended backward, posterior margin extending in a long, acute angle beyond the mandibles; antennal bands distinctly interrupted at the suture, dark chestnut-brown, posterior extremities in- ward and back, meeting well defined, diverging occip- ital bands; temples dark chestnut-brown, with narrow blackish margins, interrupted by large pustulations. Prothorax small, lateral margins strongly rounding; one long pustulated hair in the posterior angle; lateral blotches dark chestnut-brown, separated by a pale median line; blackish lateral borders. Metathorax with strongly divergent lateral margins nearly as w4de as the head; a series of long pustulated hairs on the angu- lated posterior margin; lateral blotches dark, separated by a pale median line which widens distinctly near the middle; bands of blackish brown on the lateral and posterior margins. Sternal markings composed only of the distinct intercoxal lines between the pro- and meso- thoracic legs. Legs pale brown with dark bands. Abdomen broadly ovate, segments distinctly narrow- ing on the median line; one to three long hairs in the posterior angles; many long, pustulated, dorsal hairs in a transverse series on the posterior margin of each segment; lateral transverse triangular blotches dark chestnut-brown, slightly darker on the lateral margin; median portion of the abdomen un colored; posterior margin of the transverse blotches interrupted by un- colored pustulations; segment 8 entirely dark brown; NEW MALLOPHAGA. 63 segment 9 narrowly emarginate, rounding, with two short prickles on the posterior margin; two dark lateral blotches separated by a broad uncolored space; genital blotches distinctly dark brown, broadly rounding on segments 5 and 6, posterior margin rapidly tapering to segment 8. Male same size as female; last segment broadly, flatly rounded, with several long hairs on each side of the bare median third of the posterior margin. Docophorus calif orniensis Kellogg. New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 483, pi. Ixvi, fig. 6. Specimens from Williamson's Woodpecker, Sphyrapi- cus thyroideus (El Dorado county, California), the White- headed Woodpecker, Xenopicus albolarvatus (El Dorado county, and Kings River Canon, California), and the Calif ornian Woodpecker, Melanerpes fovniicivorus bairdi (Palo Alto, California). Types collected by Kellogg from Melanerpes forniicivorus bairdi (Palo Alto, Cali- fornia). The specimens from the El Dorado county birds show narrow heads and bodies, but this is probably due to shrinking in drying, as all the speci- mens of the small collections from this locality appear to have suffered in the same way. Docophorus rufus Kellogg. Mallophaga from Birds of Panama, Baja California and Alaska, in New Mallophaga, III, 1899, p. 7, pi. i, figs. 6 and 9. Three specimens from an Ash-throated Flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens (Alameda county, California) and three specimens from another specimen of the same bird species from Ontario, California. Described by Kellogg from Myiarchus cinerascens nuttingi (Baja Cali- ifornia). 64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Docophorus fusco-ventralis Osborn. Insects Affecting Domestic Animals, 1896, Bull. 5, N. S., Div of Ent., U. S. Dept. of Ag., p. 221. One specimen from an Ash-throated Flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens (Palo Alto, California). Osborn 's specimens were from the Wood Pewee, Contopus virens (Cornell University Collection; Burnett Collection). Agrees well with Osborn's description, except that the fuscous coloration of ventral aspect is in broad trans- verse bands separated by distinct, paler sutural bands, instead of being ''beneath uniformly dark brown." Docophorus communis. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 486, pi. Ixvi, fig. 7). Under this name we group together a large number of very similar forms; or if dissimilar, forms con- nected by gradatory specimens. These forms are taken from passerine birds and belong to Piaget's group femorati (Les Pediculines, p. 53), characterized by the large truncate or feebly convex or weakly emarginated clypeus, with long hair in each anterior angle, by the especially large third pair of legs, and by the conspic- uous pustulated hairs of the thorax and abdomen. The marked variation (notably in size of hindmost legs) among individuals from a single bird specimen (let alone bird species) and the series of gradatory forms connecting all the variations manifest in the group make it impossible for us to attempt to distinguish dif- ferent species in this mass of material. Piaget has, indeed, attempted to define half a dozen varieties of com'inunis, but in no very confident manner. The group femorati can furnish time-killing work for any student bold enough to undertake its discipline. Docophori of this group, referable to the species com- munis, in its widest sense, have been determined by us NEW MALLOPHAGA. 65 from the following passerine hosts, all from California: Ash-throated Flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens; West- ern Flycatcher, Empidonax dijfficilis, two specimens; Mexican Horned Lark, Otocoris alpestris chi-ysolcema; Blue-fronted Jay, Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis, three specimens; California Jay, Aj^helocoma calif ornica; Western Meadow Lark, Stiirnella magna negleda; Brewer's Blackbird, Scolecophagus cyanocephalus ; Pine Siskin, Sp>inus pinus ; Western Lark Sparrow, Chondestes gvammiacus strigatus, two specimens; Intermediate Spar- row, Zonotrickia leiicophrys ini er media ; Gambel's Spar- row, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, three specimens; Golden-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia coronata, two specimens; Spizella sp.; Western Chipping Sparrow, Spizella socicdis arizonce; Bell's Sparrow, Amphispiza belli; Samuel's Song Sparrow, Melospiza fasciata sam- uelis, two specimens; California Towhee, Pipilo fuscus crissalis, two specimens; Black-headed Grosbeak, Zame- lodia melanocephala ; Western Blue Grosbeak, Guiraca ccerulea eurhyncha, three specimens; Louisiana Tanager, Piranga ludoviciana, two specimens; Cedar Waxwing, Ampelis cedrorum; Northern Shrike, Lanius borealis ; California Shrike, Lanius liidovicianus gambeli, two specimens; Cassin's Vireo, Vireo solitariiis cassinii ; Yel- low Warbler, Dendroica a^stiva ; Vigor's Wren, Thryo- thorus beiuickii spilurus ; Plain Titmouse, Pants inor- natus, three specimens; Audubon's Hermit Thrush, Tardus aonalaschkm aiidiiboni ; Western Bluebird, Sialia mexicana occidentalis. Previously taken by Kellogg from sixteen species of passerine birds. Docophorus mirinotatus n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 6). A female and several immature specimens from a Thurber's Junco, Junco hyemalis thurberi (Goat Mt., 6Q CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. alt. 11,500 ft., Kings River Canon, California). This Nirmoid form does not much resemble any other Doco- jphorus known to us. The strangely emarginated, trans- verse abdominal blotches are unique. Description of the female. Body, length 1.65 mm., width .53 mm., slender, Nirmoid in form, with head wider than thorax and almost as wide as abdomen; abdomen yellowish white, with narrow blackish lateral bands, and transverse bands with their anterior mar- gins widely and irregularly emarginated. Head, length .46mm., width .43 mm.; clypeus broad, with straight or very slightly concave front; one short hair in the lateral margin near the front, a second longer hair in front of the suture; eye with a long hair; tem- ples flatly rounding, with two very long hairs and two or three prickles; markings indistinct; antennal bands interrupted at the suture; occipital bands widely sepa- rated posteriorly but converging rapidly anteriorly, forming a triangle with the mandibles at apex; trabec- ulae slender, short. Prothorax narrow, quadrangular, with a long hair in the posterior angle; pale medially, with distinct dark lateral bands. Metathorax with a series of long hairs along the posterior margin which is distinctly angu- lated on the abdomen; lateral, dark brown borders. Abdomen slender, elongate-elliptical; from one to three long hairs in the posterior angles of the segments and a dorsal, transverse series of long pustulated hairs on each segment rising near the middle of the seg- ments; segments with median blotches which are widely and irregularly emarginate anteriorly, the blotches also interrupted by the pustulations which fade into the medial emargination; the transverse blotches distinctly darker on the posterior margin just NEW MALLOPHAGA. 67 beneath the uncolored medial space and extending laterally not quite to the lateral bands; distinct nar- row blackish bands on the lateral margins; last seg- ment narrowdy, angularly emarginate, with a short hair on the posterior margin each side of the emargi nation, and with pale brown transverse blotches, but no dark bands on lateral margins. Docophorus mirus n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 7). A few specimens from two Vigor's Wrens, Thryoihorus heivichii spilurus (Palo Alto, California). Characterized by the very large head and small abdomen, the head being tw^o-fifths as long as the whole body and almost, if not quite, as wide. Description of the female. Body, length 1.5 mm., width .65 mm.; head very large in proportion to the body, five-sixths as wide as the abdomen and two-thirds as long. Head, length .56 mm., width .53 mm., broadly con- ical; uncolored clypeal front slightly concave in the middle, a rather long stiff dorsal hair rising near the lateral margin and extending forward beyond the mar- gin of the head, a short hair on the margin in front of a distinct suture, two rather long hairs before the tra- beculse which reach as far as the end of the second seg- ment of the antennae; segment 2 of the antennae long, segment 5 longer than either segment 3 or 4; eye dis- tinct, a long hair on the dorsal surface and a shorter hair arising near the posterior angle; three long hairs and a short prickle on the rounding angle of the tem- ples; occipital margin slightly convex; signature dis- tinct, pale fulvous, anterior margin slightly concave; lateral margins straight, though the dark, narrow lines of the inner bands make it appear that there is a strong 68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. constriction near the anterior margin; posterior angles rounding; posterior margin extending back beyond the mandibles in a dark, narrow point; antennal bands marginal, narrow, dark chestnut-brown, interrupted by the distinct suture, bending in to meet the anterior ends of the occipital bands in an indefinite, pale ful- vous band; temples bordered anteriorly with a narrow border of dark chestnut; occipital bands narrow but distinct posteriorly, widely diverging and apparently connecting wdth the antennal bands. Prothorax narrow, about half as wide as the head; lateral margin convex, one long pustulated hair in the posterior angles; a narrow lateral border of dark chest- nut-brown. Metathorax with sides convex and strongly diverging; a series of long pustulated hairs on the pos- terior margin which is obtusely angled on the abdomen; lateral margin bordered with dark chestnut-brown. Legs fuscous, with dark fuscous borders and semiannu- lations; third pair of legs conspicuously large; a few scattered hairs and spines. Abdomen broadly ovoid, short in comparison with the large head; first three segments longer than the others, their posterior margins more nearly straight; segments 4 to 8 narrowed, especially in the middle; last segment narrowly emarginate; many long pustulated hairs on the abdomen arranged in series on the poste- rior margin of each segment, especially thick along the middle; three or four short prickles on the lateral mar- gin of the emargination of the last segment; first four segments dark chestnut-brown, segments 5 to 9 paler fuscous. Male. Body, length 1.46 mm., width .53 mm.; head, length .53 mm., width .5 mm.; last abdominal segment rounded, with a fringe of about ten rather long weak hairs. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 69 Nirmus. Nirmus fusco-marginatus Denny. (Plate V, fig. 9). Mouograph. Auoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 136, pi. x, fig. 1. Xlrmus fusco-marginatus D., Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 178; Piaget, Les Pediculiues, 1880, p. 202, pi. xvi, fig. 6. Many specimens of a Nirmus which may be referred to as a variety of this species of Denny, from an Amer- ican Eared Grebe, Golymbus nigricollis calif ornicus ; also two specimens (rather smaller) from two Pigeon Guil- lemots, Cepphus columba, and a single specimen from the American Herring Gull, Larus argentatiis smithson- ianus (all the birds from the Bay of Monterey, Cali- fornia). Denny's types were taken from Podiceps auritus (Ireland), and Piaget's specimens from Podiceps cristatus. It seems to me that the Nirmus podicipis of Denny (Monograph. Anoplur. Brit. p. 142, pi. x, fig. 9) and the Lipeiirus runciiiatus Nitzsch (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 238) are both referable to fusco-marginatus. The antennal characters seem to be the same. As Pia- get notes, the differing in the antennae of male and female makes it difficult to refer the species to Nirmus. It is a form showing a transition to Lipeurus. Our specimens are one-fourth larger than the types of the species and differ in some minor particulars. Var. americanus Kellogg and Chapman. (Plate V, fig. 9). Female, body, length 2.62 mm., width .81 mm.; head, length .56 mm., width .44 mm. Differs from the species type in having a spine in the posterior angles of the prothorax, and a hair on each lateral half of the posterior margin; the metathorax has six hairs and a spine on each lateral half of the posterior mar- gin. The species is easily recognizable by its long slender body, short, narrow, pointed head, and the black, lateral, triangular, abdominal blotches with brown inward-projecting processes. 70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Nirmus pacificus n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 8). Two males from a Tufted Puffin, Lunda cirrkata ; one male from a Black-bodied Shearwater, Paffimus griseus ; and specimens, males and females, from two Pigeon Guillemots, Gejrphus columba — all the birds from the Bay of Monterey, California. The specimen from Pufftnus is almost certainly a straggler, as no other specimen was taken from the fifty-five individuals of Pufflnus examined. The new species belongs to Pia- get's group zonati (Les Pediculines, p. 187), and is most like citrinus (ibid. p. 190, pi. xvi, fig. 8). The metathorax, however, is angulated, not flatly rounded, as with citrinus, on the abdomen, and there are other differences. Description of the male. Body, length 1.46 mm., width .5 mm.; short, broad, Docophoroid in form; light golden brown with conspicuous broad, dark anten- nal bands and dark brown to black lateral abdominal bands interrupted segmentally. Head, length .5 mm., width .4 mm.; broadly conical; clypeal front very slightly concave; three marginal hairs on the front, one on the clear portion, and two before the suture; a short marginal prickle in front of the trabeculse, one dorsal hair just back of the first marginal, a second dorsal hair near the second margi- nal, two dorsal hairs between the suture and the trabec- ulse which are distinct and slightly colored; the anten- nae are short, segments 2 and 5 being longer than the others; color, the light golden brown of the head marked with slightly darker brown; eyes inconspicuous, with two short prickles; temples with sides nearly straight, rounding on posterior angles, with one very long hair, one shorter, w^eaker hair, and two short prickles; occipital margin concave; clypeus with a pale NEW MALLOPHAGA. 71 but distinct pentagonal signature; antennal bands broad and dark, continuing beyond the suture; behind the obtuse posterior angle of the signature a narrow longitudinal uncolored space extending to th'e mandi- bles; temples bordered by a very narrow line of dark brown slightly broader just below the eye; a distinct though pale occipital signature. Prothorax quadrangular, very short, broadly rounded, angles with one rather long hair; pale medially with dark brown lateral margins that bend in along the pos- terior margin. Metathorax pentagonal with widely diverging sides; posterior angles acute; six hairs in the angle and along the posterior margin; the posterior margin with a distinct elongate angle on the abdomen; dark lateral markings broadest on the posterior angles. Legs pale golden brown with slightly darker marginal markings. Abdomen slightly elongate-oval, turbinate; posterior margins of segments 1-3 angulated, and anterior mar- gins of segments 6-9 more obtusely angled; lateral angles of segments with one to three hairs; a few hairs on dorsal surface arranged along the posterior margins of the segments; posterior margin of segment 9 broadly rounded, with ten rather long hairs, several shorter hairs on dorsal surface of segment; color of abdomen fuscous; segment 1 without distinct lateral blotches, but segments 2-7 with dark brown to black lat- eral blotches, darkest in anterior angles and extending along the anterior margin of each segment almost to the median line; segment 8 but little darker in anterior angle, and segment 9 of an even pale fuscous; genitalia distinctly showing through, extending to segment 6. Female, body, length 1.75 mm., width .6 mm.; head, length .55 mm., width .47 mm.; lateral abdominal 72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. bands distinct, blackish, the posterior part of each seg- mental portion tapering acuminately; segment 8 with- out lateral bands; segment 9 widely, angularly emargi- nate behind, with a single very fine short hair on each obtuse posterior point. Nirmus maritimus n. sp. (Plate VI, fig. 1.) Many specimens from numerous individuals of the Ancient Murrelet, Synthliboraraphus antiquus, Cassin's Auklet, Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Rhinoceros Auklet, Cero- rhinca monocerata. Also a single specimen (straggler) from a Pacific Fulmar, Fuhnarus glacialis glupischa. All of these birds from the Bay of Monterey, California. Resembling N. citrinus Nitzsch (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 177; Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 190, pi. xvi, fig. 8) from Alca torda, but more slender, with elongate head, angulated posterior margin of metathorax, different disposition of hairs of the head, etc. Description of the female. Body, length 1.96 mm., width .46 mm.; slender, elongate; pale fuscous with darker lateral borders on the head and thorax and broad lateral bands on the abdomen. Head, length .5 mm., width .37 mm.; narrowly elon- gate, conical, with clypeal front convex; three marginal hairs, the first one near the front and the third in front of the suture, the second is midway between these; a short prickle in front of the trabeculee which reach to the end of the first segment of the antennae; antennae short, not reaching more than two-thirds of the dis- tance to the occipital margin; segment 2 longer than segment 1, and segment 5 longer than segments 3 or 4; a few short hairs on the segment; eye with a hair and a short prickle; temples with sides nearly par- allel; one long hair, one short hair, and three short NEW MALLOPHAGA. 73 prickles on the margin; occipital margin slightly con- cave; signature distinct, shield-shaped, anterior margin convex, posterior margin produced in a narrow point; antennal bands broad, interrupted by a distinct uncol- ored suture; the anterior extremities of the antennal bands bend broadly in at the suture, being separated medially by a narrow uncolored line that reaches nearly if not quite to the mandibles; ocular blotch fad- ing inwardly; temporal borders narrow but well de- fined, broader just below the eye, gradually narrowing till it disappears before the occipital angle; a distinct conical occipital signature showing through from the under side of the head. Prothorax with sides slightly diverging; posterior angles rounding, with one short hair; marginal borders dark golden brown, darker on the inner margin of the border; interrupted on the posterior margin by a broad pale median line. Metathorax with broadly rounding sides, diverging posteriorly; three hairs in the posterior angles; one long and one short hair on the posterior margin each side of the long, acute, median angle; lateral margins bordered with dark golden brown, darker on the inner margin. Legs pale fuscous with narrow dark marginal bands. Sternal markings con- sisting of pale fuscous intercoxal markings and a dis- tinct median sternal blotch. Abdomen narrow, elliptical; sides of the middle seg- ments parallel; posterior angles with from one to two hairs; four dorsal hairs on the posterior margins of the segments, two near the middle and one each side near the lateral margin; transverse bands fuscous; lateral bands deep golden brown, broader anteriorly and extending beyond the suture into the segment in front; segments 2-6 with a pale posterior border; segments 74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 7 and 8 with pale longitudinal median band; last seg- ment narrowly rounding, with a narrow emargination; one short hair on the posterior margin, each side of the emargination; ventral surface with broad transverse median blotches. Male. Body, length 1.5 mm., width .4 mm.; head, length .46 mm., width .34 mm.; distinctly shorter than the female; abdomen more broadly elliptical; segments 7 and 8 narrowed distinctly in the middle; last segment broadly rounded, with ten long hairs on the posterior margin; transverse bands distinctly dark on segments 1 to 6; last segment evenly pale yellow; genitalia darker brown, extending anteriorly to segment 5. Nirmus triangulatus Nitzsch. (Plate VI, fig. 2). Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (Giebel), 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 378. Nirmus normifer Grube, v. Middendorff' s Sibir. Keise, 1851, Zool. i, p. 478, pi. i, fig. 8. Nirmus triangulatus N., Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 177; Pia- get, Les Pediculiues, 1880, p. 201, pi. xvi, fig. 5. Many specimens of this striking Nirmus from one out of two birds shot of the Pomarine Jaeger, Stercorariiis pomarinus (Bay of Monterey, California). Our speci- mens differ from Piaget's figure in having the head dis- tinctly shorter and narrower in front, giving the insect an appearance markedly different from the effect given by the figure. There is probably no doubt, however, regarding the identity of the species. Nitzsch's specimens were taken from "Lestris crepi- data,'' Grube's from "Lestrls richardsoni/' and Piaget's from Stercorarius jiomavinus and Larus canus (Zool. Garden of Rotterdam). The species may be readily recognized by the char- acteristic black, subtriangular, lateral, abdominal blotches, and the chestnut-brown, median, abdominal NEW MALLOPHAGA. 75 blotches (see figure). My specimens measured: Male, body, length 1.8 mm., width .62 mm.; head, length .53 mm., width .53 mm. Female, body, length 2.1 mm., width .63 mm.; head, length .6 mm., width .6 mm. Nirmus lineolatus var. atri-marginatus. Kellogg and Chapman (For lineolatus see Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga, I, 1896, p. 113, pi. vi, figs. 7, 8 and 9). Many specimens from Lams canus, vegce, brachyrhyn- chus and Rissa tridactyla pollicavis (Bay of Monterey, California). A readily recognized variety of lineolatus^ characterized by the presence of black temporal borders, usually strongly marked, sometimes weakly so. Other characters those of lineolatus. Nirmus punctatus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga, I, 1896, p. 109, pi. vi, figs. 1 and 2). Specimens from Larus deleivarensis (Bay of Monterey, California). Taken previously by Kellogg from Larus occidentalis (same locality). Nirmus giganticola Kellogg. New Maliophaga, I, 1896, p. 105, pi. v, fig. 6. Many specimens from a Short-tailed Albatross, Dio- onedea albatrus, and a single specimen from a Dark- bodied Shearwater, Piiffinus griseus (Bay of Monterey, California). Described from Diomedea albatrus (same locality). Nirmus complexivus n. sp. (Plate YI, fig. 3). Many taken from the Sanderling, Galidris arenaria (Pacific Grove, California); found on every one of fif- teen birds shot, and two specimens from a Least Sand- piper, Tringa minutilla (Palo Alto, California). This 76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. , form belongs to the group zonati, of Piaget (Les Pedi- culines jd. 187) and shows but slight differences from several of the species of this group already described, one or two from the same host, indeed; but on the other hand Nitzsch's and Piaget's species differ among them- selves but little, and the American specimens differ quite as much from any described species. In fact they are interesting as showing a combination of several characters which are presented as diagnostic of cingu- latus (the interrupted first abdominal band), zonariiis (the hairs and spines of the temples, and the head longer than wide), and scalaris (the size). In addition they present characters (metathoracic hairs, et al.) which are not shown by any one of the described spe- cies. I describe the American form therefore as a new species. The group needs revision; probably four or five of the present species should be reduced to varie- ties of the oldest named form, i. e. cingulatus. Description of the female. Body, length 1.71 mm., width .5 mm.; readily distinguishable by its general dark color, and rounding, uncolored clypeus with the dis- tinct colored signature, on each side of which lie the narrow triangular projections of the anterior ends of the antennal bands; the posterior ends of the antennal bands bend so strongly in at the suture that they mark the fore part of the head off from the hind part into a small cone. Head, length .4 mm., width .34 mm.; elongate, tri- angular, with clypeus broadly rounding, the uncolored region slightly expanded beyond the suture; two short hairs on the rounding margin of the uncolored clypeus, one rather long hair in front of the trabeculte; trabecu- Vce prominent, angular, reaching beyond the first joint of the antennse; antennae short, reaching barely two- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 7/ thirds of the distance to the occipital margin, pale ful- vous with darker, broad annulations; segment 5 half as long again as segments 3 or 4; eyes distinct, with a hair and an ocular fleck; temples broadly rounding, with three long pustulated hairs, one short hair, and one prickle on the margin; occipital margin straight; clypeal signature constricted anteriorly, with the pos- terior, lateral angles projecting slightly backward; the posterior angle extending back indistinctly to the man- dibles; antennal bands conspicuous, blackish brown, extending into long, paler, triangular projections on the clypeus; the blackish posterior ends extending in, meeting on the median line; ocular blotches contigu- ous with the dark temporal borders; occipital bands very definite, looking like two dark bars, bending out- wards towards the ocular blotch but fading into the dark chestnut-brown of the temples; occipital blotch distinct; a pale transverse space behind the bent anten- nal bands, running like a curving bar across the head from margin to margin; occipital signature dark fus- cous, spear-head-shaped. Prothorax short, sides rounding; lateral quadrangu- lar blotches separated by a narrow uncolored median line; lateral margin distinctly bordered with dark brown. Metathorax with strongly rounding sides; a short prickle in the anterior angle, a short prickle and a long pustulated hair near the middle of the lateral margin, two long pustulated hairs and two shorter hairs in the posterior angles, two short hairs on the pos- terior margin; the posterior margin rounding slightly upon the abdomen; strong, dark lateral bands. Legs light fulvous with dark marginal bands. Sternal markings consisting of intercoxal lines extending back- ward to the tip of the coxa of the second pair of legs; 78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. a median sternal blotch rounding posteriorly with a sharp constriction about midway to the arrow-headed anterior portion. Abdomen elongate, with one or two slender hairs in the posterior angles of the segments, two strong, pustu- lated hairs in the posterior margins of the segments; abdomen dark fulvous brown with broad, ill-defined, darker lateral bands, and a transverse linear band along the posterior margin of each segment of a darker brown, adjacent to which are the small uncolored stig- matal spots; the uncolored sutural lines distinct; seg- ment 1 has the transverse band divided by a narrow uncolored median line; segments 8 and 9 more evenly colored; last segment angularly emarginated, with two anal blotches; two short hairs on the posterior margin each side of the emargination. Nirmus actophilus n. sp. (Plate VI, fig. 4). Many specimens from nine out of fifteen individuals shot of the Sanderling, Calidris arenaria (Bay of Mon- terey, California). A member of Piaget's group obscuro- suturati (Les Pediculines, p. 169) and resembling some- what incequalis (ibid., p. 176, pi. xv, fig. 1) from Numenius arquata. Description of the female. Body, length 1.59 mm., width .4 mm.; pale, with distinct, narrow, lateral bands of dark brown to black, head darker brown than the thorax, with dark narrow marginal markings. Head, length .37 mm., width .28 mm.; conical, but little wider through the temples; clypeus broadly rounded, with four marginal hairs, three on the front before the suture, and one long one before the trabeculse, also a short prickle just at the angle of the trabecuk<3; a dorsal hair between the two anterior marginal hairs. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 79 two other dorsal hairs on each side near the anterior extremity of the incurving antennal bands; trabeculse distinct, reaching nearly to the end of the first segment of the antennae; antennae with segment 2 longer than segment 1, and segment 5 longer than segments 3 or 4; color pale fulvous, slightly darker on the last three segments, sutures uncolored, lateral margins slightly darker fuscous; eyes not conspicuous, flattened, with a fine hair and a short prickle; temporal margins slightly rounded, with one long weak hair, one very short hair, and three short prickles; occipital margin concave; clypeal markings distinct, marginal; signature short, distinct anterior margin fading into a broadly rounded posterior angle; behind the signature a transverse linear uncolored space, continuous with the clypeal sutures, forming a distinct uncolored transverse bar across the forehead; antennal bands well defined, bend- ing forward at the clypeal suture into broad, quadran- gular ends, posterior extremites bending backward nearly to the distinct ocular blotches, which meet pos- teriorly the anterior ends of the narrow black temporal borders; occipital blotches small; a distinct, elongate, oval, occipital signature showing through from the ventral side; the mandibles distinctly showing through the head, the oesophageal sclerite showing faintly. Prothorax with fiatly rounded lateral margins, each posterior angle with one pustulated hair; general color pale brown to whitish, with narrow dark lateral bands. Metathorax expanded posteriorly, angles extended, with three long pustulated hairs, and some short weak hairs in the angle and along the lateral third of the posterior margin ; posterior margin slightly angulated on the abdo- men; narrow black submarginal markings, broadening but less definite on the anterior angles; intercoxal 80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. lines, and a narrow, lanceolate, median, sternal blotch showing through. Legs of an even fuscous, first pair lighter than the second or third pair. Abdomen elongate, slightly attenuated anteriorly; segments 8 and 9 tapering rapidly; posterior angles acute, each containing from one to three hairs; dorsal surface with a few hairs, four on the posterior margins of segments 1 to 7, two near the middle and two near the lateral margins; ground color pale fawn, gradually growing darker posteriorly, with dark brown lateral bands which send out from their anterior half an indefinite line that partially surrounds the stigmatal spot; segment 9 angularly emarginate, each broadly rounded angle bearing a short bristle; ventral surface with broad transverse bands of dark fawn, which give a darker tone to the paler transverse bands of the dorsal surface; a more definite series of hairs on the posterior margin of the segments than above; segment 8 with a group of three short hairs near the lateral margin. Nirmus cordatus Osborn. Insects Affecting Domestic Animals, Bull. 5, N. S., Div, of Ent., U. S. Dept. Ag., 1896, p. 228, pi. ii, fig. a. One female specimen from a Great Marbled Godwit, Limosa fedoa (Pacific Grove, California). We had determined this to be an undescribed form, and had partially written a description when Professor Osborn's paper appeared, naming and describing the species from a single female and an immature specimen from the Hudsonian Godwit, Limosa hcemastica (Burnett Col- lection, locality?). Our specimen agrees well with Osborn's description, except that it is somewhat larger, being 2.75 mm., long (Osborn's type 2.44 mm.), and 1.2 NEW MALLOPHAGA. 81 mm. wide, (Osborn's type .94 mm.); head, length .7 mm., (Osborn, .66 mm.), width .85 mm., (Osborn, .73 mm.) Osborn's figure, after a photograpli, shows the charac- teristic outline, but we think there is also needed a figure showing the markings which are also very characteristic. The broad rounding anterior emargi- nations of first two transverse abdominal bands differ notably from the not uncommon narrow angular emarg- inations of these bands. Nirmus inccenis n. sp. (Plate VI, fig. 5). A single female from a Black-bellied Plover, Squat- arola squatarola (Pacific Grove, California). Distinctly different from Kellogg's orarius (New Mallophaga I, 1896, p. 104, pi. V, fig. 5) from Charadrius dominicus (Lawrence, Kansas) or boephilus (ibid, p. 107, pi. v, fig. 7) from j£gialitis vocifera (Lawrence, Kansas). Description of the female. Body, length 1.65 mm., width .31 mm.; strikingly elongate, narrow; head long, w^ith subparallel sides; pale golden brown with very narrow blackish lateral borders on the head, thorax, and abdomen; an ill-defined brownish band across the head in front of the antennal bands. Head, length .37 mm., w^idth .21 mm.; clypeal front broadly rounding, with three marginal hairs about equally distant apart, the third just before the suture, one hair arising from the dorsal surface, extending be- yond the lateral margin of the head, a short fine hair in front of the small acuminate trabeculse, antennae short, segment 2 longer than segment 1, and segment 5 longer than segments 3 or 4; eye flat, with a prickle near its posterior angle; temples with sides parallel, with one long hair, one short fine hair, and one short prickle on the margin; occipital margin 6 82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. straight and bare; general color of the head golden brown, a narrow, irregular, marginal border on the cly- peal front, darker on the inner margin; a weak brown band across the head in front of the antennal bands, which are narrow and distinctly dark golden brown; small ocular blotches and temples with very narrow dark brown borders. Prothorax quadrangular, with rounding, posterior angles, each with one hair; transverse blotches golden brown, darker on the lateral margins and in the ante- rior and posterior angles; a broad, pale, median line separating the transverse blotches. Metathorax more than twice as long as the prothorax, and as wide as the head; sides diverging but little; a slight constriction near the anterior angles; a series of hairs on the round- ing posterior margin; same golden brown as the pro- thorax, a narrow marginal border and a small brown spot in the anterior angles, a narrow but well defined border on the posterior half of the metathorax, the anterior ends bending in, making the slight constric- tion appear more than it really is. Legs paler golden brown than the thorax, with very narrow marginal bor- ders of dark brown. Abdomen narrow, elongate, with parallel sides, not tapering till segment 7; segment 1 narrower and shorter than those that follow; posterior angles but little ex- tended, with one or two fine hairs; four long pustulated hairs on the posterior margins of the segments; trans- verse bands on segments 2 to 8 are golden brown, dark- ening towards the lateral margins where the lateral band is dark, narrow, and clearly defined; segments 7 to 9 without lateral bands; a pale transverse median band, caused by the uncolored stigmatal spots, thus the trans- verse blotches appear like two dark bands across each NEW MALLOPHAGA. 83 segment; segment 9 narrowly emarginate, with two pale brown blotches. Nirmus opacus n. sp. (Plate VI, fig. 6). Several specimens from two individuals of the Semi- palmated Plover, yEgialitis semipalmata (Pacific Grove, California). The new species belongs to the group bicuspidati (Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 184), being in size, outline and marking much like bicuspis N. (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 155, pi. v, figs. 11 and 12; Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 184, pi. xv, fig. 7) from '^Charadrius minor, '^ C. hiaticula and Reciirvirostra avocetta. Description of the male. Body, length 1.11 mm., width .47 mm.; body dark colored all over, with nar- row black lateral abdominal bands. Head, length .4 mm., width .31 mm.; elongate-coni- cal, with broad, rounding front; uncolored clypeal region slightly expanded in front of the suture; five marginal hairs, one in the rounding anterior angle, one just behind this, one at the suture, and two before the trabeculse; a few dorsal hairs project beyond the margin; trabeculae distinct, rather slender, acute, prom- inent for Nirmus; antennse short, not reaching the occipital margin when projected backward, segment 2 longest, segments 3 and 4 short, subequal, segment 5 longer, concolorous with ground color of the head; eyes flat, with a long hair aud a fine prickle; temporal mar- gins flatly rounding, with two long hairs and two prickles; occipital margin straight; front of clypeus uncolored; signature large, colored, shield-shaped, from its posterior point a narrow uncolored line runs backward to the mandibles or beyond; antennal bands distinct, blackish brown, interrupted at suture, the part behind the suture curving, with anterior extremity 84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. expanded; hind head separated from fore head by an angulated, rather broad pale transveral space; temples unevenly bordered with blackish brown. Prothorax quadrangular, with posterior angles nearly rectangular, with one longhair; brown with blackish, even, lateral borders. Metathorax pentagonal, angu- lated on abdomen; lateral angles with one short hair and three long pustulated hairs, and two long pustu- lated and one short pustulated on each postero-lateral margin; brow^n, darker in anterior angles. Legs con- colorous with palest color of the thorax, and with nar- row dark dorsal margining. Sternal markings com- posed of distinct intercoxal lines, a linear median blotch on prothorax and a more distinct, larger median blotch on metathorax. Abdomen elongate-elliptical; posterior angles of seg- ments projecting slightly, with three or four longish hairs beginning with segment 3; dorsal hairs of seg- ment 1 arranged as follows: two on each side of the median line (one in the inner anterior and one in the inner posterior angle of each lateral blotch); segment 2 with four pustulated hairs along the posterior margin; segments 3 and 4 with six pustulated hairs on posterior margin; segments 5 and 6 with two pustulated hairs near the middle of the posterior margin, and a very long hair on the posterior margin near the posterior angles; segments with six pustulated hairs along the posterior margin; segment 9 with eight dorsal hairs and four long marginal hairs; dark brown, with dis- tinct narrow black lateral bands; a narrow uncolored median line reaching nearly to posterior margin of seg- ment 2; the dark brown transverse blotches on seg- ments 6-8 broadly emarginated posteriorly; segment 9 with elongate-elliptical transverse lateral blotches meet- NEW MALLOPHAGA. 85 ing on the median line (there are four pustulated hairs on each blotch); genitalia distinct, extending to poste- rior margin of segment 4. Female. Body, length 1.75 mm., width .45 mm.; head, length .47 mm., width .28 mm. Metathorax with but two pustulated hairs on each postero-lateral margin; the narrow uncolored median line extends en- tirely through segment 2, and slightly into segment 3; segments 3-6 with four pustulated hairs on posterior margin, segment 7 with two median pustulated hairs on posterior margin, and segment 8 with two pustulated hairs in the rounding posterior angles; segment 9 deeply, angularly emarginated, the acute joints with a short prickle. Nirmus fuscus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 499, pi. Ixvii, fig. 7). Specimens from the Western Goshawk, Acciinter atricapillus striatulus (Pullman, Washington), the Des- ert Sparrow Hawk, Falco spavverius deserticolus (Palo Alto, California), the Western Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo borealis calurus (Palo Alto, California), and the White- tailed Kite, Elanus leucwrus (Palo Alto, California). Taken previously by Kellogg from Buteo stvainsoni, Cir- cus hudsonius and Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis , all from Lawrence, Kansas. Recorded by Osborn from Buteo stvainsoni (Ames, Iowa), and from Accipiter velox (locality?). These specimens combine characters of fuscus, vufus^ et al. of Nitzsch, so as to lead us to doubt the distinct- ness of these various species of Nitzsch. We have with Nirmus fuscus, sens latus, of the hawks, a repetition of the condition shown by Docopliorus communis of the passerine birds. 86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Nirmus vulgatus Kellogg. New Mallophaga, 11, 1896, p. 496, pi. Ixvii, fig. 5. Many specimens from numerous species of passerine birds. This Nirmus must be treated like Docophoriis com77iunis, in that we must group together under one specific name forms rather variant (notably in length and intensity of coloration), without being able as yet to distinguish categorically these variations. Osborn's pallidus (Insects Affecting Domestic Animals, 1896, Bull. 5, N. S., Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. Ag., p. 227). from Zamelodia ludoviciana (Ames, Iowa) is probably based on palely colored specimens of this species. The name N. pallidus, by the way, is preoccupied (see Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 144). We refer to this species specimens from the Western Blue Grosbeak, Giiiraca ccerulea eurhyncha (4 birds, California); the Western Lark Sparrow, Chondestes grammaciis strigatus (Ontario, California); the House Finch, Garpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Ontario, Cali- fornia) ; the California Towhee, Pipilo fuscus crissalis (2 birds, Palo Alto, California); the Spurred Towhee, Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (Palo Alto, California); the Golden-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia eoronata (Palo, Alto, California); the Lazuli Bunting, Passerina amoena{Fsi\o Alto, California); the Mountain Chickadee, Parus gambeli (El Dorado county, California); the Cal- ifornian Chickadee, Parus rufescens negledus (Palo Alto, California); the Western Bluebird, Sialia rtiexicana occidentalis (Palo Alto, California); the Yellow War- bler, Dendroica cestiva (Palo Alto, California); the Lutescent Warbler, Helrainthophila celata lutescens (Palo Alto, California); the Black-chinned Hummingbird, Trochilus alexandri (Ontario, California); the Blue- fronted Jay, Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (King's Eiver NEW MALLOPHAGA. 87 Canon, California); the American Dipper, Cinclus mex- icanus (Ontario, California); the Western Flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis (2 birds, Ontario, California), and the Ash-throated Flycatcher, MyiavcJais cinerascens (Ontario, California). The specimens from the two last-named bird species. Flycatchers, show a common variation from the type specimens in a greater length, less angulated posterior margin of metathorax, and paler markings. Taken previously by Kellogg from eight species of passerine birds. Nirmus foedus n. sp. (Plate VI, fig. 7). Specimens from the Ash-throated Flycatcher, Myiar- chus cinerascens (Ontario, California), the Long-tailed Chat, Icteria virens longicauclct (Ontario, California), Say's Phoebe, Sayornis saya (Ontario, California), the Arkansas King-bird, Tyrannus verticcdis (Ontario, Cal- ifornia), the California Shrike, Lanius ludovicianus gamheli (Ontario, California) and the Phainopepla, Phainopepla nitens (Ontario, California). This species belongs to Piaget's second group of circiiinfasciati, and resembles platyclypeatiis P. and frater (Les Pediculines, p. 145, pi. xii, figs. 1 and 2) from Motacilla alba and LampTotornis amethystina, respectively. Description of the female. Body, length 2.21 mm., width .75 mm.; abdomen broad for Nirmus, pale fus- cous, head darker than the thorax or abdomen, narrow dark lateral borders on the head and thorax, but no dark lateral abdominal bands; pale brown median, transverse abdominal blotches. Head, length .56 mm., width .43 mm.; clypeal front varying from narrowly to broadly parabolic, with four short hairs on the margin, a short marginal prickle before the trabeculse, and two long dorsal hairs 88 CALIFORNIA AC/ DEMY OF SCIENCES. arising before the trabeculse, which are small, yet dis- tinct; antenna) short, segment 2 longer than the other segments, segment 5 longer than segments 3 or 4, a few short hairs on the segments; eye distinct, with one very long hair and a short prickle at its posterior angle; temples rounded, with two long marginal hairs and two or three short prickles; occipital margin straight; head of a general dark fulvous, clypeal front paler, clearer yellow brown; antennal bands very narrow, blackish brown, strictly marginal and not extending far anteriorly; antennae an even, pale fuscous; ocular blotches dark and extending angularly inward; tem- ples with a narrow border of blackish brown. Prothorax with sides rounding and slightly divergent, with a long hair in the posterior angle; three short dorsal spines near the anterior angle, two near the median line, and one nearer the lateral margin; lateral margins with irregular dark borders; intercoxal lines showing through from the under side distinctly, as sharply defined lines, directed in towards the median line, before the posterior margin. Metathorax but little wider than the prothorax, slightly constricted near the anterior angles; posterior angles broadly rounded, with one short hair and one spine; posterior margins nearly straight on the abdomen, except for the acute median angle; a series of long pustulated hairs on the posterior margin each side of the acute angle. Legs pale fuscous without definite markings. Abdomen broadly elliptical; angles of segments not projecting, a series of long hairs on the posterior mar- gin of the segments; transverse bands an even, pale fuscous, indistinct to wanting, without darker lateral bands; last segment broadly rounding, with slight emargination, two or three short marginal hairs and NEW MALLOPHAGA. 89 several long dorsal hairs; ventral surface with broad median transverse bands of dark fuscous; blotches of the last segment posteriorly emarginate and laterally interrupted by the pustulations of two long hairs; these ventral blotches show through above. Nirmus ductilis n. sp. (Plate VI, fig. 8). One female from a Western Flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis (Ontario, California). A member of the group interrupto-fasciati, but well distinguished by its sharp, distinct, blackish marginal markings, without trace of median abdominal blotches. Description of the female. Body, length 1.9 mm., width .4 mm.; long, slender, transparent white, wuth narrow, distinct, blackish lateral margins of head and abdomen. Head, length .37 mm., width .28 mm.; elongate, con- ical, front narrow and slightly concave; a few short hairs along the margin of the front, the longest hair in front of the trabecule, which are small but distinct and uncolored; antennae with second segment longest, seg- ment 5 longer than segments 3 or 4, segments 1 and 2 pale transparent whitish, segment 3 with a slight shade of brown, segments 4 and 5 dark brown; eye with a prickle; temporal margins with one long hair and two or three prickles; occipital margin slightly convex; antennal bands narrow, blackish brown, fading out along the inner margins and anteriorly, before reaching the uncolored frontal margin, the posterior extremities bending angularly in, meeting the dark ocular blotches which in turn meet the dark brown marginal borders of the temples. Prothorax with flatly rounding lateral margins and posterior angles, dark blackish brown lateral borders, which bend in and back on the anterior and posterior 90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. extremities, the posterior borders almost meeting on the median line. Metathorax as wide as the head, sides diverging strongly; posterior angles with three or four long hairs, a series of pustulated hairs along the outer third of the posterior margin that is rounded upon the abdomen; dark, interrupted lateral blotches narrow and marginal on the anterior angles, and large, irregular submarginal blotches, darker near the posterior angles, growing paler near the middle. Sternal markings con- sisting of distinct intercoxal lines and a pale brown median blotch on the metasternum. Legs translucent whitish with blackish brown marginal bands and semi- annulations. Abdomen very long, elliptical, with subparallel sides not tapering posteriorly until after segment 7; posterior angles of the segments slightly projecting, each bearing one weak hair, till segment 7, which has two hairs in the angle; segment 8 has one lateral marginal hair besides two hairs in the posterior angle; segment 9 broadly rounding, with angular emarginations, two short hairs on the posterior margin; two dorsal hairs arising near the posterior angle of each segment except segment 8 which has a series of posterior marginal hairs; pale translucent whitish with distinct, narrow blackish brown linear bands on the lateral margins of segments 1 to 7; segment 8 with small pale brown blotches near the lateral margin and one pale brown blotch on the median line; last segment uncolored; genital blotches pale brown, linear each side of the median line on the posterior margin of segment 7, also a pale brown blotch on the median line of segment 6. Nirmus lautiusculus n. sp. (Plate VI, fig. 9). A single male from a Bell's Sparrow, Amphispiza belli (Ontario, California). The new species, strikingly NEW MALLOPHAGA. 91 marked, is a member of the group interrupt o-fasciati , in general shape like vidgatus K. (New Mallophaga II, p. 496, pi. Ixvii, fig. 5) and with the characteristic angu- lated, colored internal border of the antennal fossa. In the distinctness and contrast of the markings it recalls illusMs K. (New Mallophaga II, p. 494, pi. Ixvii, fig. 4). Description of the male. Body, length 1.65 mm., width .4 mm.; translucent whitish with sharp, black, narrow marginal bands on head and abdomen; legs with annulations and semiannulations; thorax with intercoxal lines showing through distinctly, and abdo- men with median linear brown transverse blotches, two to a segment, on ventral aspect. Head, length .34 mm., width .31 mm.; front narrow, slightly convex; two or three short hairs on the lateral margin of the front; a short prickle in front of the trabeculae which are distinctly angular and uncolored; antennae long; segment 2 longer than other segments, segment 5 distinctly dark brown; eye prominent, with two prickles, one on the eye itself and a second just at its posterior angle; temples rounding, with one very long hair, one short fine hair, and three short prickles; occipital margin straight and bare; antennal bands narrow, clearly defined, not fading inwardly, their anterior extremities separated by the uncolored clypeal front, interrupted just before the trabeculse by a dis- tinct uncolored space, posterior extremities acutely meeting the dark narrow bands that angularly margin the antennary fossae and the eye; the temples irregu- larly dark on the margins; the occipital signature dis- tinctly showing through as a narrow brown blotch on the occipital margin and in front as a triangular blotch. Prothorax with rounding lateral margins and pos- terior angles; three short spines on the dorsal surface 92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ill each anterior angle; a dark blackish brown blotch in the anterior angles, and a narrow black band along the posterior margin, widening as it reaches the angle. Metathorax longer than the prothorax, with sides diverg- ing; a series of six long hairs on the posterior margin which is narrowly rounded upon the abdomen; anterior angles with a small blotch of dark brown. Sternal markings showing through distinctly, the intercoxal lines of the metasternum appearing as a dark trans- verse band across the metathorax, the lateral extremities not reaching the margin but bending irregularly back- ward, abruptly stopping before they reach the posterior angle. Legs translucent with dark annulations and semiannulations . Abdomen narrowly elongate, segments 1-7 with nar- row, sharply defined black lateral bands; last segment uncolored, narrowly rounding, with several long dorsal hairs; the ventral surface of segments 1-6 with two median, linear brown transverse blotches on each seg- ment; these blotches are united on segment 6 by a brown median line; segment 7 with two longitudinal brown blotches each side of the median line approach- ing each other anteriorly; two very small brown blotches on the last segment near the anterior angle. Nirmus longus Kellogg. New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 490, pi. Ixvii, fig. 1. A single male from the Barn Swallow, Chelidon ery- throgastra (Palo Alto ? California). This specimen dif- fers distinctly from the type specimens in having but three instead of six lateral metathoracic hairs, in the more elongate head, and in the distinctness of the median uncolored longitudinal line of the abdomen. It should be distinguished by a varietal name. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 93 Var. domesticus Kellogg and Chapman; one male from the Barn Swallow, Chelidon evythrogastra (Cali- fornia); body, length 1.54 mm., width .41 mm; head, length .37 mm., width .31 mm.; thus being of about same size as the species type, and twice as long as Nitzsch's gracilis^ the common Kirmus of the Euro- pean swallows. Characters of species with differences as noted above. Osborn (Insects Affecting Domestic Ani- mals, 1896, p. 225) refers a specimen from the Purple Martin, Progne subis (Ames, Iowa), to gracilis. He does not give the measurements of his specimen. Nirmus brachythorax Giebel. lusecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 134. Nirmus brachythorax G., Piaget, Les Pediculiues, 1880, p. 150, pi. xii, fig. 8; Osborn, Insects Affecting Domestic Animals, Bull. 5, N. S., Div. of Eut., U. S. Dept. Ag., 1896, p. 223. Specimens from two Cedar Waxwings, Ampelis cedro- rum (Palo Alto, California). Osborn's specimens were from same host (Ames, Iowa). Giebel's types are from same host. Lipeurus. Lipeurus laculatus n. sp. (Plate VII, fig. 1). Four specimens collected of this strikingly marked Lipeurus; an adult male and an immature individual from a Pomarine Jaeger, Siercorarius pojiiarinus, and an adult male and an immature from a Pink-footed Shear- water, Puffinus crecdopus (Bay of Monterey, Calif.) We believe that the specimens from the Shearwaters are stragglers from the Jaeger. (We have examined so many Shearwaters that, were the species a regular parasite of Puffinus, we should have taken other examples.) One other individual of Stercoi^arius pomarinus was 94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. examined, but no Lipeuriis was found on it. The new species shows no special resemblances to any of the described Lij^euri of allied hosts. Female. Body, length 4.06 mm., width .78 mm.; slender, transparent whitish with distinct black mar- ginal markings on the head, thorax, legs, and abdo- men, broad transverse bands of dark chestnut showing through the dorsal surface of the abdomen. Head, length 1. mm., width .59 mm.; elongate, con- ical, sides nearly parallel, clypeal front rather narrowly rounded, with five marginal hairs, four of which arise from the anterior part of the clypeus, being about equi- distant, the fifth hair is in front of the very small trabecules; two dorsolateral hairs, one near the first anterior marginal hair and the other between the third and fourth marginal hairs; antennas with segment 2 longer than the other segments, segments 1, 2 and 3 uncolored, segment 4 dark brown, segment 5 lighter brown; eye distinct, wdth a short prickle; temporal margins nearly parallel, with one hair and four short prickles; anterior margin of the clypeus uncolored; a wide, distinct signature with convex, posterior margin; color even chestnut-brown; antennal bands broad, black, sharply defined, except at the anterior portion where they extend indistinctly toward the median line of the head; temporal margin distinctly bordered with black, narrowing posteriorly; occipital blotches black and angular. Prothorax quadrangular, sides parallel; a short prickle in the posterior angles; pale transparent brown, with broad black lateral borders following the margins of the anterior and posterior angles. Metathorax longer than broad, widest at the posterior angles; posterior margin straight; ground color slightly darker brown NEW MALLOPHAGA. 95 than the prothorax, with irregular, black marginal bands fading just back of the anterior angles, and with an emargination at their posterior extremity where four long pustulated hairs and one short hair arise; one short hair on the posterior angle. Legs concolor- ous wdth the pale color of the prothorax, with black annulations and marginal bands; front legs short, femora wide, with small black marginal markings; second and third pair of legs long; coxae produced and widely separated, with dark dorsal annulations; femora long and slender, with narrow black marginal mark- ings; tarsi and claws pale brown; several scattered hairs and spines on the legs. Sternal markings composed of intercoxal lines between pro- and mesolegs, and a large suboblong, metathoracic, median blotch with rounded angles. Abdomen with sides of segments 1-7 parallel; seg- ments 8 and 9 suddenly narrowed and very small; pos- terior angles of the segments with from one to four long hairs; segment 9 narrowly emarginate, with two long hairs on each of the posterior angles; ground color transparent whitish, with black lateral marginal bands which extend inw^ard along the anterior and posterior margins; these lateral bands are inwardly emarginated by an uncolored space surrounding the stigmata; on the ventral aspect fulvous transverse bands, concave posteriorly; segment 7 with tw^o longitudinal, lateral fulvous blotches; segment 8 with irregular black mar- ginal bands; segment 9 wholly dark brown to black. Lipeurus diversus Kellogg. New Mallophaga I, 1896, p. 123. pi. viii, figs. 3 and 4. Many specimens from thirteen out of thirty-four in- dividuals shot of the Black-vented Shearwater, Puffmus 96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. opisthomelas, from twelve out of fourteen individuals shot of the Dark-bodied Shearwater, P. griseus, from five out of six individuals shot of the Pink-footed Shearwater, P. creatopus, from a single specimen shot of P. hulleri, from a single specimen shot of P. tenui- rostris, and a single specimen, probably straggler, from a Short-tailed Albatross, Diomedea albatrus (all the birds from the Bay of Monterey, California). The species was described from Puffinus opisthomelas (same locality). This species and Lipev.rus angusticeps Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 306, pi. xxv, fig. 4) from Thalassidroma^ leachi, and Lipeiiinis ahnorimis Piaget (Supplement, p. 65, pi. vii, fig. 2) from Puffiniis major, are closely related. There is a regular sequence in size from angusticeps through diversiis to abnormis. It may be suspected that we have to do with one species of great variation in size; but the diagnostic characters of the three species are sufficiently important to justify the separation of the forms. Lipeurus densus Kellogg. New Maliophaga II, 1896, p. 114, pi. vii, figs. 1 and 2. Two females and a male from a Short-tailed Albatross, Diomedea albatrus (Bay of Monterey, California). Types taken from Diomedea albatrus and D. nigripes (see Kel- logg, Mallophaga from Birds of Panama, Baja Cali- fornia and Alaska, in New Mallophaga III, p. 28, pi. iii, fig. 2). These specimens fully confirm the specific idendity of the female described in New Mallo- phaga II, p. 114, and the male described in New Mallo- phaga, III, p. 28. The females now taken are almost, if not quite, as large as the male, and they are also ({uite as fully blotched and colored. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 97 Lipeurus ferox Giebel. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 127, pi. ix, figs. 1 and 2). One male from the Short-tailed Albatross, Diomedea alhatriis (Bay of Monterey, California). Previously taken by Kellogg from same host species (same locality). The description and figure which Taschen- berg (Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 145, pi. v, fig. 1 a) gives for the female of Lipeurus ferox apply in reality, we believe, to the male of Lipeurus densus Kellogg (See Mallophaga from Birds of Panama, Baja California and Alaska, in New Mallophaga, III, 1899, p. 28, pi. iii, fig. 2). Lipeurus concinnus n. sp. (Plate VII, fig. 2). A male and a female from the Short-tailed Albatross, Diomedea cdbatrus (Bay of Monterey, California). A slender, graceful form of the clypeati sutura indistinda, not much resembling any of the Lipeuri hitherto taken on the Albatross. Description of the male. Body, length 3. mm., width .53 mm.; slender, pale, with distinct black mar- ginal markings, and brown head and transverse abdom- inal blotches. Head, length .65 mm., w^idth .4 mm.; elongate, con- ical, front rounded, four long marginal hairs and one short one before the antennal angle; a long hair, aris- ing from the dorsal surface between the first and second marginal hairs, extends beyond the margin; antennae with segment 1 nearly as long as all the other segments, segment 2 about one-third as long as segment 1, seg- ment 3 short, with a dorsal, angular, distal appendage, segment 5 longer than segment 4, segments 4 and 5 and the tip of the appendage of segment 3 light brown, antennae elsewhere uncolored; eyes distinct but not 7 98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. protruding; temples convex, hind-head widest about half way between the eyes and the posterior angles; margin with no long hairs, but with a short curving hair and a few prickles; occipital margin straight; head all brown, except small, nearly uncolored part of clypeal front, and antennae, of which the first three segments are uncolored, last two pale brown; narrow marginal antennal bands; small signature, widest ante- riorly and extending posteriorly in a fading, acum- inate point; indistinct occipital bands and temporal borders blackish; anterior horns of the prothorax show- ing through, producing the effect of black triangular blotches at the base of the occipital bands. Prothorax quadrangular, straight in the middle third on the metathorax; one very short hair in the posterior angle; general color transparent whitish, with distinct, even black lateral borders. Metathorax with lateral margins slightly convex before the middle; longer than broad; posterior margin slightly angulated upon the abdomen; three long hairs and two shorter hairs in the posterior angles; general color pale transparent brown- ish, with irregular lateral bands of black, expanding near the anterior angles into conspicuous triangular blotches, narrower below these blotches than the lateral bands of the prothorax. Legs long, slender, trans- parent, with black bands on femora and tibice; tibiae and tarsi brown, a few scattered hairs on the legs. Pro- sternum with curving intercoxal lines; a medial, meta- thoracic, sternal blotch oblong, darker on the posterior half. Abdomen slender, elongate, slightly widening to seg- ment 4, then tapering gradually to segment 9; segment 2 longer than the other segments, while segments 4 and 5 are narrow, especially in the middle; posterior angles NEW MALLOPHAGA. 99 but slightly extending, with from one to four hairs; segment 8 with six long posterior marginal hairs; gen- eral ground color of the abdomen, after segment 1, which is transparent whitish, dark brown; lateral mark- ings black, of segment 1 they are anterior and angular, of segments 2 to 7 broadly extending towards the med- ian line on the anterior half of the segments, while the posterior portion is darker and more definitely angular, this lateral band is deeply emarginated interiorly by a light brown blotch ; the broad transverse bands are darker on the anterior margin, and the posterior mar- gins of these transverse bands are emarginated by a pale brown band; segment 8 an even brown with very narrow dark lateral bands; segment 9 very small, round- ing, of an even brown, with two long and two short hairs on the posterior margin. Female. Body, length 3.63 mm., width .68 mm.; head, length .68 mm., width .43 mm.; first and second segments of antennae nearly equal and as long as the other three segments, segment 5 longer than segment 4, segments 4 and 5 slightly colored with brown; eyes larger and more prominent than in the male; segments of the abdomen more nearly equal than in the male; segments 8 and 9 suddenly narrower than segment 7; segment 8 with a strong conspicuous hair in each ante- rior angle; six hairs along the posterior margin and eight small hairs in a transverse curving line on the ventral aspect; segment 9 with one hair in each anterior angle and two strong hairs on each of the two obtuse points, separated by the angular emargination of the posterior margin. Abdominal markings limited to dark brown to black, lateral blotches with pale, indis- tinct stigmatal spots; segments 7 to 9 almost wholly brown, with a narrow, distinct, uncolored median line; lateral parts of segment 7 blackish brown. 100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Lipeurus testaceous Taschenberg. (See Kellogg, Nev\^ Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 130, pi. xi, figs. 2 and 4). A few specimens, rarely more than one or two from a bird, from eight out of thirty-four individuals shot of the Black-vented Shearwater, Piifjinus opisthomelas; not found on any one of fourteen individuals shot of P. griseus; found on one out of six individuals shot of P. creatopus; and not found on the single specimen exam- ined of P. hidleri, nor of P. tenuirostris, all from the Bay of Monterey, Calif. Taken previously by Kellogg from Puffinus ojnsthomelas , same locality. We have no males among the few specimens collected. Lipeurus limitatus Kellogg. New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 124, pi. viii, figs. 5 and 6. Many specimens from five out of thirty-four individ- uals shot of the Black-vented Shearwater, Puffinus opis- thomelas; from five out of fourteen individuals shot of P. griseus; from none out of six individuals shot of P. creatopus; from a single individual shot of P. bulleri^ and from a single individual shot of P. tenuirostris, all from the Bay of Monterey, California. Described from three females from P. griseus, same locality. We are unable to find any males among our rather many specimens. Lipeurus fuliginosus Taschenberg. (Plate VII, fig. 3). Die Mallophiigeii, 1882, p. 156, pi. iv, fig. 3. Numerous examples from the Shearwaters, Puffinus opisthomelas and creatopus (Bay of Monterey, Califor- nia). Taken from eight out of thirty-four birds shot of opisthomelas, from one out of six birds shot of creatopus, and not found on any one of fourteen birds shot of griseus. The American specimens differ from the types NEW MALLOPHAGA. 101 of fuliginosus, which were collected from Diomedea exu- lans and chlororhyncha by being larger, by showing no difference in the clypeal front of male and female, by having no short hair in the eye, and in other minor characters. We make a variety, therefore, for them. Var. major Kellogg and Chapman. (Plate VII, fig. 3). In the following table of dimensions the figures enclosed in parentheses are the measurements given by Taschen- berg for the type specimens. Male. Body, length 3.75 mm. (3.32 mm.), width .9 mm. (.58 mm.); head, length 1. mm. (.89 mm.), width .66 mm. (.55 mm.) Female. Body, length 3.9 mm. (3.72 mm.), width .94 mm. (.66 mm.); head, 1.05 mm. (.9 mm.), width .7 mm. (.59 mm.). From these measurements the head of the vari- ety is proportionately wider than in the type forms. The species is recognizable by its dark color and the characteristic double set of internal bands in the forehead. Lipeurus farallonii Kellogg. (Plate VII, fig. 4). New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 103, pi. v, fig. 4. Many specimes from two individuals of Brandt's Cor- morant, PhalacTOGorax loenicillatus (Bay of Monterey, California). Described (as a Nrrmus) from a single female from a Farallon Cormorant, Phcdacrocorax dilo- phus alhociliatus (Bay of Monterey, California). The finding of the males of this species shows that it is a Lipeurus of the group clypeati sutura distinda and allied to Piaget's setosiis, siib-setosus, et cd. taken from various cormorants. The marked difference in size, outline and marking of the two sexes is striking, and likely to be confusing to students who may happen to meet but one sex. Is it possible that Piaget's Nirmus dispar, which the female of farallonii resembles, can be the female of some one of these Lipeiiri of the cormorants? 102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Description of the male. Body, length 1.72 mm., width .36 mm.; head, length .43 mm., width .37 mm.; head like female, perhaps a little narrower, compara- tively, behind; antennae with segments 1 and 2 rather large, subequal, segments 3 and 4 very small, subequal, and segment 5 as long as 3 and 4 together, no distinct appendage; metathorax with sides nearly parallel, not plainly divergent as in female; abdomen slender, sides subparallel, ground color pale golden with wide whitish transverse sutural bands and prominent brown, shining subcircular lateral blotches not touching the narrow, inconspicuous blackish lateral bands; last segment truncate behind, with a group of four prominent hairs on each lateral half of the margin. Lipeurus forficulatus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal- lophaga, I, 1896, p. 129, pi. ix, figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6). Specimens from a Californian Brown Pelican, Pele- canus calif ovnicus (Bay of Monterey, California). Taken previously by Kellogg from same host species, same locality; and from the White Pelican, P. erythro- rhynchus (Lawrence, Kansas.) Lipeurus squalidus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga, I, 1896, p. 132, pi. x, figs. 6 and 7.) Six specimens from a Shoveller, Spatula dy2:>eata (Palo Alto, California). These specimens resemble very much those specimens which Kellogg collected from Merganser serrator (see New Mallophaga, I, p. 130, pi. X, fig. 1). In fact, we fail to make out any good dis- tinction between the species temporalis Nitzsch (found on the Mergansers) and the species squalidus of Anas and allied ducks. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 103 Lipeurus docophoroides Piaget. (See Kellogg, New Mal- lophaga, II, 1896, pi. Ixviii, fig. 8). Two female specimens from a Plumed Partridge, Oreortyx pictus plumiferus (El Dorado county, Califor- nia). These specimens differ distinctly in the less pointed front from L. docophoroides taken by Kellogg from Callipepla ccdlfornica, and in this form a link between docophoroides and dissiinilis Piaget (see Kel- logg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 507, pi. Ixviii, fig. 7). We have given these specimens a varietal name. Var. ccdifornicus Kellogg and Chapman, from the Plumed Partridge, Oreortyx pictus plumiferus (El Dorado county, California); clypeal front not so pointed as in the species type, but approaching the rounded front of dissiinilis P.; without signature; all the antennal segments colored, at least slightly, instead of only the last three as in the species type; the pus- tulated hairs of the body very long (longer than in the typical species forms). Lipeurus perplexus n. sp. (Plate VII, fig. 5). Two females from a Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse, Pedioccetes phasianellus cohiinbiaiius (Pullman, Wash- ington), and many females, differing slightly in shape of metathorax and abdomen, from a Sooty Grouse, Den- dragapus obscwrus fidigino^us (Kings River Canon, Cal- ifornia). A peculiar broad, robust form of the group circumfasciati, wath rounded front. Resembling Piaget's L. opimus (Supplement, p. 78, pi. viii, fig. 6) from Turacus giganteus (Museum of Leyden). Resembling also in general outline and characters Osborn's Nirmus cordatus, a specimen of w^hich we have taken from Limosa hcemastica. Perhaps both of these forms should be referred to the same genus. Piaget's L. opimus 104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. should accompany them. Unfortunately, all of these species are represented by females only. Description of female. Body, length 2.06 mm., width .59 mm.; short, broadly elliptical body, with short, broad head, broadly rounded in front; clear fulvous with pale golden brown lateral, transverse abdominal blotches. Head, length .53 mm.; width .5 mm.; cordate, cly- peal front broadly rounded, four short marginal hairs on the front, a short hair on the margin in front of the antennse which are short; segment 2 of the antennae longer than segment 1, segment 5 longer than seg- ments 3 or 4; the anterior end of segment 3 and seg- ments 4 and 5 pale fulvous, a few short hairs on the seg- ments; eye prominent, a long hair rising from its dorsal surface, and with a conspicuous black fleck; temples convex, with two long hairs and two or three short prick- les; occipital margin slightly concave; antennal bands slightly darker on the posterior tips and continuous as a narrow, even marginal border of pale translucent golden brown on the front; narrow, occipital blotch of pale golden brown, also a temporal border and an occipital band of the same color; mandibles dark chest- nut-brown, showing through the head. Prothorax short, lateral margins convex; one hair in the posterior angle; pale fulvous, slightly darker on the lateral margins. Metathorax with sides diverging, pos- terior angles rounding, with a long hair and short prickle; four hairs on the posterior margin in groups of two in small, uncolored pustulations; posterior mar- gin with a slight angle on the abdomen; pale fulvous, slightly darker on the posterior angle; all of the thorax with a more whitish ground color than the head. Ster- nal markings consisting of pale intercoxal lines and a NEW MALLOPHAGA. 105 very pale median iiietatlioracic blotch. Legs pale ful- vous with narrow dark marginal borders. Abdomen elongate-ovate, tapering rapidly posteri- orly; segments with their posterior angles slightly pro- duced, each with from one to three hairs; a transverse series of a few long dorsal hairs near the middle of the segments; ground color pale fulvous, narrow translu- cent brown bands on the lateral margins; broad trans- verse pale brown blotches on segments 2 to 7, darker on their inner ends, separated by a broad pale median line, also a broad pale band on the posterior margin of each segment; segment 8 entirely colored, with slight median emarginations on the anterior and posterior margins of the blotch; no distinct lateral bands; last segment round, narrowly emarginate, with one short hair on the posterior margin of each rounding angle; two transverse blotches, one on each side of the emargination. Giebelia. Giebelia mirabilis Kellogg. New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 138, pi. xi, figb, 7 and 8, Many specimens from twenty-seven out of thirty-four individuals shot of the Black-vented Shearwater, Piif- Jinus opisihomelas; from ten out of fourteen individuals shot of the Dark-bodied Shearwater, P. griseus; from all out of six individuals shot of the Pink-footed Shear- water, P. creatopas; from a single individual shot of P. buUeri, and from a single individual shot of P. tenui- Tostris, all from the Bay of Monterey, California. Four specimens, probably stragglers from a Short-tailed Albatross, Diomedea albatrus (Bay of Monterey, Cali- fornia. The species was described from P. opisthomelas. 106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Oncophorus. Oncophorus bisetosus Piaget. (Plate VII, fig. 6). Les Pediciilines, 1880, p. 217, pi. xviii, fig. 4. Several specimens from the Calif ornian Clapper Rail, Rallus obsoletus and the Virginia Rail, Rallus virgin- ianus (Palo Alto, California). Piaget's specimens were taken from Rallina plumiheiventriH , R. tricolor and R. isahellina. He also found specimens on a Yellow Rail, Porzana novehoracensis (from North America, in the Museum of Leyden). The specimens from this last bird are distinguished by the varietal name porzance,: being slightly larger than the type specimens and show- ing certain small differences in hairs and markings. Our specimens from Rallus obsoletus and R. vivginianiis agree wdth var. porzance in departing in the matter of size and hairs of dorsal surface of abdominal segments from the type specimens, but go farther in differing and must be distinguished by a varietal name. Var. californicus Kellogg and Chapman. (Plate VII, fig. 6). From the Californian Clapper Rail, i^a/^us obso- letus (Palo Alto, California) and the Virginia Rail Rallus virginianus (Palo Alto, California). (In the fol- lowing list of measurements the figures in parentheses are those given by Piaget for the type specimens). Female. Body, length 1.72 mm. (1.35 mm.), width .5 mm. (.47 mm.); head, length .53 mm. (.47 mm.); width .4 mm. (.38 mm); seven hairs on margin of fore- head, of which two are longer and dorsal, instead of six with one dorsal as in the types; a prominent hair in the eye not mentioned in the description of the types; two median hairs on dorsal aspect of each abdominal segment, as in the variety porzance Piaget, instead of four as in the species type. The female has large NEW MALLOPHAGA. 107 quadrangular, transverse, lateral abdominal blotches sep- arated by a narrow median uncolored line hardly appar- ent on segments 6-9; a strong uncolored transverse line between segments 7 and 8; lateral bands black, distinct, segmented. In the male the transverse abdominal blotches are continuous across the segments, with widely separating, uncolored, transverse sutures, especially'on posterior half of abdomen. Oncophorus remotus n. sp. (Plate VII, fig. 7). A male and female from a Great Gray Owl, Scotioptex cinerea (Pullman, Washington). Not at all like 0. hderoceras Piaget (Les Pediculines, p. 222, pi. xviii, fig. 8) from Strix bubo, which has the head varying markedly in the sexes; and not like 0. hexopthalmo.s Nitzsch (described by Nitzsch as a Lipeiivus and referred by Giebel to Ornithobius, and by Piaget to Oncophorus) from St7'ix nyctea. Description of the male. Body, length 2.02 mm., width .93 mm.; short, broad; pale golden brown, with slightly darker bands on the head and thorax. Head, length .65 mm., width .59 mm., subpentagonal, broadly rounding in front; clypeus slightly convex, two hairs on each side of the uncolored clypeal front, a third marginal hair in front of the suture; a long mar- ginal hair and short prickle in front of the trabeculae which are long and acutely angular; antenna3 with its first segment as long as all the other segments taken together, third segment w4th slight but appreciable dis- tal projection, a few short spines on the segments; eye with a distinct ocular fleck and a long hair; temples with sides nearly straight, two long hairs and two prickles on the margin; occipital margin straight, with- out hairs or prickles; general color of the head pale 108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. golden brown; clypeal signature very pale brown but distinct, anterior margin slightly concave; antennal bands interrupted at the suture, darker chestnut-brown at the posterior extremities, which are turned almost at a right angle with the anterior half and lie half way between the mandibles and base of the antenna3; dis- tinct, angularly contorted, inner bands paler than the antennal bands; occipital bands pale anteriorly, grow- ing darker and more sharply defined near the occipital margin. Prothorax quadrangular, with rounded posterior an- gles, with one long hair; sternal markings showing through as dark bands near the lateral margins, bend- ing inwardly before the posterior margin, and separated by a distinct, uncolored median line. Metathorax with convex, divergent sides, a long slender hair and a prickle on the lateral margin, near the posterior angle, three long hairs in the posterior angle; a series of hairs along the rounding, posterior margin. Legs pale brown, with a few scattered spines. Abdomen broadly elliptical, narrowing at both ex- tremities; a few long hairs in the posterior angles of the segments; a transverse series of hairs on the poste- rior margins of the segments; segments 5, 6 and 7 narrowed in the middle; last segment narrowly round- ing, pointed, with two long hairs on the posterior mar- gin; ground color very pale golden brown; transverse lateral blotches indistinct, separated by a broad un- colored median space, except on segment 5, where the transverse band extends across the entire segment; segments 6, 7 and 8 with a broad median blotch of darker golden brown; segment 9 entirely brown; there are but slight indications of defined lateral marginal bands; genitalia distinct^ dark golden brown, broad and complex. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 109 Female. Body, length 2.5 mm., width .93 mm.; head, length .71 mm., width .75 mm. The shape of the head different, the temporal margins being dis- tinctly convex; segments 1 and 2 of the antennae as long as segments 3, 4 and 5, but segment 2 longer than segment 1. Abdomen widely ellipitical, but distinctly more elongate and less narrowed posteriorly; very pale golden brown; last segment emarginate, with rounding lateral halves. Eurymetopus. Eurymetopus taurus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga, I, 1896, p. 135, pi. xi, figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6). Two females from two specimens of the Short-tailed Albatross, Biomedea albatrus (Bay of Monterey, Califor- nia). Previously taken by Kellogg from same host species (same locality) . A single immature specimen, probably a straggler, from a Black-vented Shearwater, Puffiniis opisthomelas (Bay of Monterey, California). Goniodes. Goniodes mammillatus Rudow. (See Kellogg, New Mal- lophaga, II, 1896, p. 509, pi. Ixix, fig. 2). Two immature specimens from a Columbian Sharp- tailed Grouse, Fedioccetes phasianellus columbianus (Pull- man, Washington). Previously taken by Kellogg from Callipepla ccdifovnica (California). Colpocephalum. Colpocephalum perplanum n. sp. (Plate VII, fig. 8). One specimen from a Tufted Puffin, Lunda cirrhcda (Bay of Monterey, California). This form resembles 110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. G. latifasciatum Piaget (Su23plement, p. 130, pi. xiv, fig. 2), from Rhynchops flavirostris. The difference in size, number of hairs of the temples, and character of abdom- inal segments, together with the unrelated host leads us to make the specimen the type of a new species. Description of female. Body, length 1.84 mm., width .67 mm.; golden brown, with ill-defined, median, trans- verse abdominal bands, and small dark brown margi- nal abdominal blotches; head and thorax with blackish markings. Head, length .35 mm., width .54 mm.; broadly and flatly rounded in front, with numerous, rather long, and a few short, marginal hairs; one very long marginal hair just in front of the ocular emargination, and two shorter hairs directly on the angle; ocular emargina- tion pronounced and acutely angled interiorly; eye prominent, emarginated, with a large ocular fleck; ocular fringe distinct; antennae with last segment broad, extending beyond the head; temples with ante- rior angles rounding, posterior angles angularly meet- ing the occipital margin; three very long and some shorter hairs on the temporal margin; the occiput slightly concave, with four rather long marginal hairs; a narrow, curving, fuscous band running parallel with the clypeal margin, ending at the lateral extremities in a dark chestnut spot; distinct, black, irregular, ocular blotch; triangular bases of occipital bands blackish brown, connected by an even, occipital border, narrow- ing medially. Prothorax broad, lateral angles acute, bearing one long hair and a short spine, sides converging poste- riorly, with one long hair in the posterior angles; a series of long hairs on the posterior margin. Meso- thorax separated from the metathorax by a distinct. NEW MALLOPHAGA. Ill lateral constriction, the posterior margin being distinctly marked with a dark brown band that turns in at the anterior angles along the lateral margins. Metathorax with anterior angles extending beyond the posterior margin of the mesothorax; sides divergent, posterior angles with two long hairs and two short spines; pos- terior margin straight on the abdomen, with a series of long hairs. Legs robust, concolorous with the meta- thorax. Abdomen long, ovate; segments equal, wath one or two long hairs and spines in posterior angles, and one or two short spines on lateral margins of each seg- ment; dorsal surface with a single transverse series of hairs along the posterior margin of each segment; the ventral surface with several series of weakly pustulated hairs on each segment; last segment flatly convex, with two dorsal hairs near the lateral margins; ground color pale fuscous, with unevenly colored lateral border of darker fuscous, paling on the outer margins and darkest in posterior angles of segments and along inner mar- gin; a longitudinal, narrow, uncolored, submarginal line parallel with the lateral margin; ill defined, trans- verse bands slightly darker fuscous. Colpocephalum funebre Kellogg. New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 147, pi. xii, fig. 7. One specimen from Larus heermanni (Bay of Mon- terey, California). Described from specimens from Larus glaucescens (Bay of Monterey, California). Colpocephalum pingue Kellogg. New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 144, pi. xii, fig. 5. One specimen, male, from a Short-tailed Albatross, Diomedea alhatriis (Bay of Monterey, California). De- scribed from the same host species (same locality). 112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Colpocephalum spinulosum Piaget. (Plate VII, fig. 9). Les Pediculiues, 1880, p. 563, pi. xlvii, tig. 3. Many specimens from eight out of fifteen individuals examined of the Sanderling, Calidris arenaria (Pacific Grove, California). The specimens agree in all essen- tial details of outline and markings with Piaget 's description, showing the characteristic, finely pustu- lated, dorsal surface of the male, with the single trans- verse series of long pustulated hairs on each segment in the male and the two series in the female. But there is a marked difference in size, the species type being one-fourth larger than our specimens. Piaget's specimens were taken from Liinosa melanura (Musuem of Leyden). The American specimens should be dis- tinguished by a varietal name. Var. minor Kellogg and Chapman. (Plate VII, fig. 9). In the following table of measurements the figures in brackets are the dimensions given by Piaget for his type specimens. Male. Body, length 1.72 mm. (2.1 mm.), width .5 mm. (.64 mm); head, length .31 mm. (.38 mm), w4dth .34 mm. (.5 mm). Female. Body, length 2.16 mm. (2.45 mm.), width .7 mm. (.86 mm.); head, length .37 mixi. (.38 mm.), width .5 mm. (.5 mm.) From the Sanderling, Calidris arenaria (Pacific Grove, California.) Colpocephalum timidum Kellogg. New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 145, pi. xii, fig. 6. One specimen from a Black-bellied Plover, Sqitatarola squatarola (Pacific Grove, California). Described from Ckaradrius dominicus (Lawrence, Kansas). NEW MALLOPHAGA. 113 Colpocephalum flavescens Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 525, pi. Ixxi, fig. 4). Specimens from the Golden Eagle, Aquila chryscletos (Palo Alto, California) and from a Siberian Eagle, Haliceetus pelagicus (brought alive from the Arctic Ocean to California). Taken previously by Kellogg from Haliceetus leucocephalus and Archihuteo lagopiis sancti- johannis (Kansas). Taken by Osborn from "Swallow- tailed Kite" (Ames, Iowa). Colpocephalum grandiculum n. sp. (Plate VII, fig. 10). One specimen from a California Towhee, Pijnlo fus- cus crissalis (Palo Alto, California). Also a single specimen, much smaller, (otherwise not indicating immaturity) from a Heerman's Song Sparrow, Melo- spiza fasciata heerinanni (Palo Alto, California), which, because of the similarity in outline, characters of legs^ and general markings, may be referred to the same species. The species resembles in general shape G. fumidum Kellogg (New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 523, pi. Ixxi, fig. 5) from a California Bush-Tit, Psaltripariis minimus californicus (Palo Alto, California). Description of female. Body, length 2.28 mm., width .81 mm.; head and thorax fulvous, abdomen dull fuscous; small ocular and occipital blotches, very nar- row marginal, lateral, abdominal bands; temples pro- duced angularly; a distinct V-shaped uncolored marking between the ocular emarginations, projecting backwards as a more or less distinct uncolored median line through the thorax and abdominal segments 1 to 6. Head, length .5 mm., width .65 mm.; front broadly rounded, subsemicircular; several hairs on the strictly anterior margin, two rather long hairs on the lateral margin of the front, and two long hairs in front of the ocular emargination; eye distinct, almost if not quite 8 114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. divided, the larger and anterior portion lying in the angle of the ocular emargination, while the smaller, posterior portion lies apparently on a ridge that extends back across the temples; temples prominent; anterior margin almost at right angles with the median line of the head; ocular fringe prominent, extending as far as the anterior temporal angle, a few short hairs on this angle, two long hairs and a few short spines on the lateral margins and the posterior rounding angles; occipital margin medially convex; head smoky, fulvous, distinct, with slightly darker bands extending towards the lateral margin from the base of the mandibles which are dark brown; a V-shaped uncolored markings each branch extending from the slight swelling in front of the ocular emargination back two-thirds of the dis- tance to the occipital margin, where the uncolored lines meet at the apex of the V; ocular blotches black, even, angular, extending forward as far as the uncolored branch of the V; temples very narrowly bordered with dark brown on the posterior angles; occipital blotches dark brown to black, sharply defined except on the anterior extremity, where they send out a sharp angular blotch; lateral extremities long and gradually narrow- ing, inner extremities blunt, separated by a fulvous median space. Prothorax, lateral angles bluntly rounding, with one long hair and a short spine; lateral margin slightly concave, latero-posterior angles with no hair; posterior margin rounding on the mesothorax; two long hairs on the posterior margin near the lateral posterior angles; evenly fulvous, slightly darker on the lateral margins; cliitin transverse and longitudinal bars distinct. Meso- thorax with sides diverging, posterior angles slightly protruding, separated distinctly from the metathorax, a long hair on the lateral margin, a dark marginal band NEW MALLOPHAGA. 115 Oil the anterior angles. Metathorax narrow, sides diverging, posterior angles rounding, posterior margin straight, with one long hair, one short hair, and a short spine; narrow dark brown marginal band on the ante- rior angle and lateral border; faint indications of an uncolored longitudinal median line. Legs robust; femora broad; fulvous with darker markings on the bor- der; a series of short hairs on the outer margin of the tibia. Sternal markings consisting of intercoxal lines, a distinct shield-shaped median blotch on the pro- thorax, a narrow median darker longitudinal blotch between the pro- and mesothorax, a larger median blotch between the second and third pair of legs, with a distinct triangular anterior portion and a quadrangu- lar posterior portion. Abdomen broadly elongate; posterior angles projecting but little, with one long hair in each angle, and a series of dorsal hairs on the posterior margin of each seg- ment; segments widely separated by uncolored sutures; transverse lateral blotches fuscous, darkening on the lateral margins into narrow bands; segments 1 to 5 with the transverse blotches separated by a narrow uncolored median line; segments 5 to 8 entirely dark fuscous; last segment with broadly rounding posterior margin, one long and one short hair each side and a series of short hairs on the posterior margin; color an even fus- cous. Ventral surface a small median triangular fus- cous blotch on segment 1; transverse blotches uninter- rupted, but the posterior margin of the blotches on segments 2 to 6 emarginated, darker fuscous on the posterior margin; a double series of pustulated hairs and a few scattered hairs on each segment. 116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Ancistrona. Ancistrona gigas Piaget. (See Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga, I, 1896, p. 150, pi. xiii, figs. 1 and 2). A few specimens from the Shearwaters, Piiffiniis opis- thomelas and P. griseus (from one individual of ojns- thomelas out of thirty-four examined, and from two of griseus out of fourteen examined) from the Bay of Monterey, California. Taken previously by Kellogg from Fulmarus glacialis vars. rodgersii and glupischa (Bay of Monterey, California). Trinoton. Trinoton luridum Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga, I, 1896, p. 152, pi. xiii, fig. 4). Specimens from the Baldpate, Anas americana, and the American Scaup Duck, Ay thy a marila nearctica, (Palo Alto, California) and from the Shoveller, Spatula clypeata (Mountain View, California). Taken prev- iously by Kellogg from two of these hosts, and from other duck species (Kansas and California). Trinoton lituratum Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga, I, 1896, p. 151, pi. xiii, fig. 3). . Specimens from the Shoveller, Spatula clypeata (Mountain View, California) and from another indi- vidual of the same species (Palo Alto, California). Taken previously by Kellogg from Dafila acuta and Merganser americanus (Lawrence, Kansas). V Menopon. Menopon tridens Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo- phaga, I, 1896, p. 165, pi. xv, figs. 3 and 4). NEW MALLOPHAGA. 117 Specimens from an American Eared Grebe, Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Bay of Monterey, California); from the Western Grebe, JEchmophorus occidentalis (one bird from Washington, and one from California); and from the Calif ornian Clapper Rail, Rcdhts obsoletus (three birds), and the Virginia Rail, Rallus virginianus (Palo Alto, California). Taken previously by Kellogg from the two hosts first named, and from Urinator lumme (California). Menopon infrequens Kellogg. New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 161, pi. xv, fig. 5. Ten specimens from Lams deleiDavensis (Bay of Mon- terey, California). Described from a single female from Larus glaiicescens (Bay of Monterey, California). The male is much smaller than the female, as shown by fol- lowing measurements: body, length 1.4 mm., width .6 mm.; head, length .25 mm., width .53 mm. Menopon irrumpens n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 1). Four specimens from a Short-tailed Albatross, Diome- dea cdbatrus (Bay of Monterey, California). No Meno- pon has been hitherto taken from an Albatross. Description of female. Body, length 2.23 mm.; width 1.01 mm.; short, broad; dark chestnut-brown with darker blotches on the head and lateral bands on thorax > and abdomen. Head, length .4 mm., width .74 mm.; wide through the temples; clypeus broad, with a slightly angulated front; one rather long and one shorter marginal hair each side of the angular point of the clypeus, a short prickle near the suture; three long marginal hairs on the slight sw^elling in front of the ocular emargination, two short hairs in front of these, nearer the suture; 118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ocular fringe distinct, composed of stiff curving hairs which extend slightly on the temporal margin; temples with posterior angles produced; four long pustulated hairs, two shorter hairs, and one short spine on the margin; occipital margin concave, with a series of six long pustulated hairs and one spine; color of the head light chestnut-brown, with dark brown ocular blotches and black ocular fleck, and dark chestnut markings in front, near the mandibles, which show through the head distinctly ; occipital margin with a narrow chestnut band, darkening into broad occipital blotches. Prothorax broad, sides rapidly converging posteriorly; lateral angles narrowly rounding, with a short spine and a long pustulated hair in the angle, a series of fourteen strong hairs along the convex posterior margin; gen- eral color dark chestnut-brown, except the space above the conspicuous dark transverse chitin bar, which is pale fuscous; the longitudinal bars, at the ends of the transverse bar, are narrow but distinct. Metathorax short, hardly broader than the prothorax; sides diver- gent, with two spines on the lateral margins; two long hairs and two short spines on the posterior angles; a series of long pustulated hairs on the posterior margin not so heavy, however, as those of the prothorax; color chiefly dark chestnut-brown, transverse band darken- ing into a narrow black line along the lateral margin, and into a broad triangle in the posterior angles; in front of this dark band, a pale, broad, mesosutural band, and in front of this the pale brown mesothorax. Legs of the palest fuscous of the prothorax, with sev- eral short, stiff hairs on the femora and tibia. Abdomen broadly elliptical, with several short spines on the lateral margins of the segments, and from one to five long hairs in the posterior angles; a series of NEW MALLOPHAGA. 119 long hairs on the posterior margin of each segment; transverse blotches of dark chestnut-brown continuous across the segments, with but a very narrow, pale, pos- terior marginal line; the lateral marginal bands are wide and distinctly darker brown, and they do not reach the posterior margins; the last segment broadly emarginate, with two long, dorsal hairs on the rounded, posterior angles, and two very short spines on the inner margin of the emargination; the ventral surface with dark transverse bands and a series of hairs along the poste- rior margin of each segment. Menopon paululum n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 2). Specimens from three out of thirty-four individuals shot of the Black-bodied Shearwater, Puffinus opistho- melas, from two out of fourteen shot of Piiffinus griseus, and from two specimens out of six shot of Puffinus creatopus. The first Menopon species recorded from Pujffinus. The new species shows no special resem- blance to forms taken from allied birds, like Fulmars. Description of the male. Body, length 1.13 mm., width .5 mm.; small, pale yellow with distinct brown ocular blotches; abdomen with golden transverse bands and brown marginal blotches. Head, length .26 mm., width .38 mm.; front round- ing, with four short hairs on the margin, one marginal hair at the suture, three long and one short |hair in front of the ocular emargination which is distinct but shallow, with an ocular fringe; maxillary palpi long, last two segments extending beyond the margin of the head; eyes inconspicuous but with a distinct ocular fleck; temples but little expanded, with four long hairs and several short spines on the angles; occipital mar- gin but slightly concave; head pale yellow with^a brown 120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. spot just outside the mandibles connected with them by a narrow brown band; mandibles dark, showing through the head; ocular blotches small, narrowing posteriorly; occipital margin with a narrow brown band and small occipital blotches. Prothorax with anterior angles slightly produced, a short prickle and a long hair in the angle, a series of long hairs on the rounding posterior margin; trans- verse and longitudinal chitin bars pale yet distinct; no blotches. Metathorax with slight lateral emargination; posterior margin nearly straight, with a series of spiny hairs; a pale golden, narrow, mesothoracic, transverse band, and similarly colored, wider, metathoracic bands. Legs pale golden; femora thick. A median prosternal blotch, shield-shaped, with a lateral process projecting backward and outward; metasternum with a pale median blotch from which short spiny hairs arise. Abdomen elliptical, with posterior angles of the seg- ments slightly produced, a few short spines on the lat- eral margins, and one or two long hairs and short spines in the posterior angles; a series of stiff hairs along the posterior margin of the segments, those on the last segments being longer; on the ventral surface two transverse series of short spiny hairs on each seg- ment; pale golden transverse bands extending across the segments to shiny brown subcircular marginal blotches; last segment rounding behind, without marg- inal blotches, and with a few longish hairs. Female. Body, length 1.74 mm., width .67 mm.; head, length .27 mm., width .45 mm., thus being much longer than the male; transverse bands of the abdomen rather more distinct than in the male, the uncolored sutural bands being thus made also more distinct, each segment with posterior series of hairs; last segment NEW MALLOPHAGA. 121 with six stiff hairs on each rounding angular portion of the posterior margin, and the median straight portion with an uncolored border and fringe of fine hairs. Menopon petulans n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 3). One specimen from a Black-bodied Shearwater, Pujffinits griseus (Bay of Monterey, California). Shorter, broader, and darker colored than paulidwiu n. sp. from Puffinus opisthomelas (same locality). Description of male. Body, length 1.34 mm., width .68 mm.; short, broadly elliptical; head with distinct ocular emargination and projecting temples; general color dark fuscous with distinct, large black ocular blotches; transverse abdominal bands fading in their medial portions but distinct laterally. Head, length .28 mm., width .53 mm.; front rounded, with a very slight median angulation; a rather long median hair each side of the front angulation; a short marginal prickle in front of the suture, one rather long marginal hair just back of the suture; two pustulated hairs and one long spine in front of a distinct ocular emargination; eye distinct, filling base of ocular emar- gination with a black ocular fleck; temples rounding, projecting, with three long hairs and several spines; occipital margin concave, with six long hairs and two spines on the margin; front of the head with slightly darker brown triangular blotches each side of the pale front; mandibles showing through the head as a dark brown spot; ocular blotch broad and distinctly black, fading gradually along the temporal margin; occipital bands faintly showing; occipital blotches distinct, being connected by a narrow black band which fades on the temporal margins. 122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Prothorax with lateral angles narrowly rounding, with one long hair and a short spine, a series of long hairs on the rounding posterior margin; lateral blotches but little darker on the margins; transverse chitin bar distinct, but little darker than the fuscous ground color of the prothorax. Metathorax short, lateral margins slightly divergent, a little concave, a short prickle near the posterior angles and a long hair and one short spine in the angle; a series of hairs along the weakly convex posterior margin; lateral blotches distinct, meeting on the median line; darker brown to black on the lateral margins, a pale band on the posterior margin. Legs robust, pale fuscous with darker marginal markings. Sternal markings consisting of a distinct median blotch, with rounded anterior margins, posterior angles projecting backward, posterior margin also produced into a distinct angle. Abdomen broadly elliptical, segments with short spines on the lateral margins and a few long hairs in the posterior angles; a series of dorsal, spiny hairs on the posterior margin of each segment; general color of the abdomen dark fuscous; lateral blotches distinct, black on the lateral margins, paler and fading out med- ially on the segments before segment 7; segments 7 and 8 with continuous transverse bands; segment 9 wide, with two lateral blotches meeting narrowly on the median line and a paler band on the lateral margin; the last segment flatly rounding; two short hairs on the posterior margin ; ventral markings very similar to those of the dorsal surface, also a similar series of hairs on the posterior margins of the segments. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 123 Menopon titan Piaget. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 163, pi. XV, fig. 2). One male from a Brandt's Cormorant, Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Bay of Monterey, California). This speci- men differs from every other individual of this curious species that I have yet examined. It is smaller than var. linearis, the blotches of thorax are different, and the incomplete series of pustulated hairs along the poste- rior margins of the abdominal cross-bands conspicuously differ from the usual condition in titan. Titan has not before been taken from any other bird than a pelican, and this single individual from a cormorant may be a straggler. If so, it must have come from Pelecanus cali- fornicus, the only species of pelican found in the Bay of Monterey. Var. incompositum Kellogg and Chapman. (Plate VIII, figs. 4 and 5). Male, body, length 4.6 mm., width 1.66 mm.; head, length .62 mm., width 1. mm.; the smallest variety of titan yet noted; mesothorax with a narrow transverse blackish band continuous across the segment; metathorax with triangular, blackish, lateral blotches, apex projecting inward; abdominal segments 1-8 with continuous, blackish, transversal bands, paler on segments 7 and 8; an incomplete series of pustules (six complete and prominent on segments 3-6) along posterior margin of each transverse band; last segment with a small transversal linear blotch on each side; genital blotch on underside of segment 8 composed of two lateral triangles partly overlapping a central shield, from which projects anteriorly a sharp, distinct, linear process; laterad of this central compound blotch there is on each side a weakly curving, blackish, diagonal, linear blotch. Found on Brandt's Cormorant, Phala- crocorax penicillatus (Bay of Monterey, California). 124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Menopon titan var. linearis Kellogg. New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 163, pi. xv, fig. 2. Many specimens from the Californian Brown Pelican, Pelecanus californicus (Bay of Monterey, California). Described from the same host species, same locality. Menopon funereum n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 6). A single male from a Gairdner's Woodpecker, Dryo- bates jnihescens gairdnerii (Sunol, California), and a pale male from a Western Evening Grosbeak, Coccothraustes vespertinus montanus (California). This second speci- men determined with doubt. Not like M. jnci Denny (Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., p. 219, pi. xx, fig. 5; Pia- get, Supplement, p. 93, pi. x, fig. 3) from Picus viridis; also differing distinctly from M. pvcecursor Kellogg (Mal- lophaga from Birds of Panama, Baja California, and Alaska, in New Mallophaga, III, 1899, p. 46, pi. iv, fig. 8) from Melanerpes iiropygialis (Baja California). Description of the male. Body, length 1.5 mm., width .59 mm.; mostly dark colored because of the strong, continuous, brown, transverse, abdominal bands and the blackish marking of the head, thorax and legs; thorax long, with mesothoracic sutural line distinct under magnification. Head, length .4 mm., width .56 mm.; front convex, with two marginal hairs near the median line of the front, a short prickle midway between this hair and a long hair and short spine which are on the angle in front of a slight lateral concavity, in which are a long hair and short prickle; a long hair and shorter hair near the posterior angle of the concavity and in front of the angle before the ocular emargination on which are two long hairs; eye large, filling the inner angle of the ocular emargination, distinctly emarginate and NEW MALLOPHAGA. 125 with a large black ocular fleck; a rather long hair on its dorsal surface near the margin; a distinct ocular fringe; temple meeting the ocular emargination angu- larly; fine, long, pustulated hairs and some short spines on the temporal margin; occipital margin concave, with two long hairs near the median line; ground color of the head pale fuscous with dark blackish brown blotches each side of the front; ocular blotches broad, distinct on the posterior margin but fading anteriorly till they color the angle in front of the ocular emargi- nation; temples narrowly and irregularly bordered with dark brown; occipital margin with a defined blackish brown band, widening into angular occipital blotches; distinct occipital signature. Prothorax short; anterior angles inconspicuous, with two spines; posterior margin with a series of long hairs; ground color dark fuscous, with distinct chitin bars. Mesothorax and metathorax long, being separated by a narrow, uncolored suture and slight lateral emargin- ation, mesothorax dark on the anterior portion; meta- thorax with distinct dark chitin bars. Sternal mark- ings consisting of dark intercoxal lines; prothorax with distinct median blotch of pale fuscous, a distinct V-shaped chitin bar longitudinally across it; dark median blotches on the meso- and metathorax. Legs large, pale fuscous with dark marginal borders and semiannulations; scattered hairs and spines. Abdomen short, broadly elliptical, small as compared with the large head and thorax, which are together longer than the abdomen; a series of long hairs on the posterior margin of each segment and a few short spines and hairs in the posterior angles; each segment with a broad, dark, transverse band, darker on the lateral margin and covering almost all of the segment; a 126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. longitudinal, submarginal, pale band, parallel with the lateral margins of the abdomen; last segment broadly rounded, with several long hairs near the lateral mar- gin and some shorter hairs on the posterior portion of the segment; ventral surface with at least one series of short pustulated hairs on the posterior margin of each segment; genitalia distinct, angular, extending far for- ward in the body. Menopon distinctum n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 7). Specimens from two specimens of the Ash-throated Flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens (Palo Alto and Onta- rio, California), and from a Cactus Wren, Heleodytes hrvynneicapillus (Ontario, California). A well marked form. Description of the female. Body, length 1.5 mm. width .62 mm., elongate-ellipitical; pale translucent fuscous with blackish brown ocular blotches; black ocu- lar fleck and small blackish spots on the lateral margins of the front; dark transverse blotches on the abdomen; a distinct pale submarginal longitudinal line parallel with the lateral margin of the abdomen. Head, length .31 mm., width .46 mm.; parabolic, wide through the temples; front broadly rounding, a slight angulation in front; one hair each side of this angulation; two hairs on the lateral margin of the front; two long hairs on a slight swelling in front of a distinct ocular emargination; one long and two short hairs on the dorsal surface, in front of the ocular emar- gination; eye large, filling the angle of the emargina- tion and extending on the temple, with a slight con- striction; a short spine on the posterior portion, and a large black ocular fleck; ocular fringe made up of com- paratively few stiff spines, more numerous on the outer NEW MALLOPHAGA. 127 margin in front of the temples; two long hairs and sev- eral shorter hairs on the temporal margin; occipital margin nearly straight, with two long and two short hairs; pale translucent fuscous; mandibles dark, show- ing through the front; a dark spot on the lateral mar- gin of the front outside the base of the mandibles; ocular blotches dark brown to black, extending forward as far as the dark lateral blotches, but paler chestnut- brown anteriorly; dark narrow border on the occiput, occipital bands pale yet distinct. Prothorax with convex lateral margins; a short spine in the anterior angle; a few spines on the lateral mar- gin; a series of long hairs on the rounding posterior margin; fulvous, with dark transverse and longitudinal chitin bars distinct. Mesothorax wide, with strongly divergent sides; a few" spines on the lateral margin; one long hair and several spines in the posterior angle; dark inner chitin bars extending along the anterior angle and back across the segment; a second chitin bar extending from the lateral margin back across the metathorax; the posterior angle of the mesothorax dark fuscous, otherwise the segment is pale translucent fus- cous. Metathorax narrow; a long hair and a short spine in the posterior angles; dark lateral triangular blotches, fading inwardly. Legs long, pale translucent fuscous, with dark fuscous borders and semiannula- tions; many short spines on the femora. Sternal mark- ings consisting of distinct brown intercoxal lines and a pale but distinct wedge-shaped median blotch. Abdomen broadly elliptical; several spines on the lateral margins of the segments; some long hairs in the posterior angles; many dorsal spines, not arranged in any definite series on the segments; lateral margi- nal blotches dark fuscous, separated from the median 128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. transverse blotches by a pale submarginal band, parallel with the lateral margin of the abdomen; median trans- verse blotches paler fascous; transverse bands of seg- ments 1 to 6 widely separated by uncolored sutural bands; last segment rounding, with a fringe of hairs on the posterior margin, dark transverse blotch nar- rowed distinctly in the middle, ventral transverse bands distinctly fuscous; many hairs arranged nearly in two definite series in each segment. Male. Body, length 1. mm., width .59 mm.; head, length .25 mm., width .5 mm. Menopon persignatum n. sp. (Plate IX, fig. 1). Many specimens from the California Jay, Aphelocoma calif ornica (2 specimens. Mountain View, California). Resembling in general shape and characters the three or four species of Menopon described by Nitzsch and Piaget from the European Jays. Description of the female. Body, length 2.03 mm., width .75 mm.; long, narrow; pale fuscous with dis- tinct black ocular blotches, blackish lines in the thorax, and broad dark fuscous transverse abdominal bands. Head, length .34 mm., width .56 mm,; front broadly but slightly angularly rounding; no hairs on the frontal margin, one long and two shorter hairs on the lateral margins of forehead, besides two long hairs just in front of the ocular emargination, which is nearly filled by the large eye which is slightly emarginated and bears a short prickle; ocular fringe with only a few hairs of uneven length; temples produced, rather narrowly rounded, with five long hairs and several short hairs and spines on the margin ; occipital margin straight in its middle portion ; one long and one short hair near NEW MALLOPHAGA. 129 the posterior margin, and one hair on each side of the median line; ground color of the head fuscous with distinct, curving, linear blackish ocular blotches; an indistinct brown occipital signature with anterior angles produced laterally. Prothorax large, lateral angles with one long hair and a short spine, two long hairs in the broadly rounded posterior angle and a series of six long hairs on the straight posterior margin. Mesothorax with four or five short spines on the lateral margin and two long hairs and two spines in the posterior angle; a series of stiff hairs along the posterior margin. Meta- thorax with a series of stiff hairs on its posterior mar- gin, and in the posterior angle one long hair and two spines; ground color of the thorax is pale fuscous, no distinct blotches, but dark transverse and longitudinal chitin bars on the prothorax; curving chitin bars on the anterior angle of the mesothorax. and a pair of chitin bars extending from the anterior half of the lateral margin of the mesothorax back across the meta- thorax as far as the third pair of coxse. Sternal mark- ings consisting of dark intercoxal lines; on the pro- thorax a small median blotch with the posterior angles extended in dark chitin bars which extend forward to the anterior margin; the posterior margin of the blotch extends back in a narrow point; a large wedge-shaped blotch between the second and third pair of coxse; this blotch has a series of short pustulated hairs on its anterior and lateral margins. Legs pale fuscous with narrow dark borders. Abdomen elongate-elliptical; two long hairs and short spines in the posterior angles; a series of short hairs on the posterior margin of each segment, growing more stiff and spine-like near the lateral margin; broad dark 9 130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. fuscous transverse bands separated by broad pale sutural bands; darkening laterally to form broad dark lateral bands, set off by rather broad pale submarginal, longitudinal bands; last segment flatly rounding, with a fringe of fine hairs; ventral surface with similar markings, but with an irregular median transverse series of hairs, besides the series on the posterior margin of the segment. Male. Body, length 1.43 mm., width .75 mm.; head, length .28 mm., width .56 mm., thus being much smaller than the female; also of short, broad, oval shape rather than elongate and narrow; darker and more evenly fuscous; pale submarginal longitudinal bands parallel with the sides of the abdomen less dis- tinct than in female; transverse bands narrow and less definite; lateral blotches narrow and darker on the posterior margin of the segments; last segment slightly angular, with a fringe of hairs; genitalia faintly distin- guishable through the body, extending forward into segment 7. Menopon incertum Kellogg. New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 533, pi. Ixxiii, fig. 2. Many specimens from a Russet-backed Thrush, Tut- dus ustulatus (Palo Alto, California); a Western Lark Sparrow, Chondestes grannmacus strigatus (Ontario, Cali- fornia) ; and a Vigor's Wren, ThryotJiorus beivickii spi- lurus (Palo Alto, California). Taken previously by Kellogg from Turdus ustulatus and from the American Goldfinch, Spinus tristis (same locality). Menopon maestum n. sp. (Plate IX, fig. 2). Two specimens from a Golden-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia coronata (Palo Alto, California), and a NEW MALLOPHAGA. 131 Samuel's Song Sparrow, Melospiza fasciata samuelis (Palo Alto, California). A short, broad species, with short, wide head, and wide prothorax, approaching the Eureum type of Menopon (see p. 133 this paper). Description. Body, length 1.37 mm.; width .81 mm.; short, broad; head very short and wide, not of the usual evenly crescentic type; occipital margin straight and dark; general color dark fuscous, the dark mark- ings of the head making the posterior portion appear quadrangular. Head, length .28 mm., width .59 mm.; front broad, flatly rounded; six hairs on the front, one each side of the angulation and three (one long and two shorter) hairs on the lateral margins of the front; two hairs on the angle in front of the ocular emargination; lateral margin of the forehead almost at right angles with the lateral margins of the front; eye large, prominent, with a large black ocular fleck and a short spine; ocular fringe sparsely spmed; temples projecting strongly, and narrowly convex, with three long hairs and several shorter hairs and spines; occipital margin straight; a narrow broad submarginal band across the front, its posterior ends bending in so as to leave clear pale brown the anterior portion of the angle in front of the ocular emargination; from this angle a distinct dark fuscous quadrangular blotch extends back to the occip- ital margin, cutting off the rounding temples which are very pale fuscous; ocular blotches narrow and dark, extending forward along the ocular emargination, meeting the anterior margin of the dark fuscous blotch interrupting the arms of the narrow uncolored V-shaped marking, which has its branches rising from the inner angle of the ocular emargination and its ver- tex on the occipital margin; occipital blotches blackish 132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. brown, connected by a narrow even line on the occip- ital margin; a dark broad occipital signature showing through the head. Prothorax short and wide; two short spines in the anterior margin and a series of four long pustulated hairs and one short spine on each rounding lateral and posterior margin; transverse and longitudinal chitin bars distinct; median portion of the prothorax pale anteriorly, but darker fuscous towards the posterior margin; lateral portions, beyond the longitudinal chitin bars, dark fuscous. Mesothorax narrow; posterior angles distinctly angular, with a long hair and spine; dark transverse band on the posterior margin, dark longitudinal chitin bars extending from the anterior angles across the mesothorax; a second pair of chitin bars extending from the anterior, lateral margins back across the metathorax. Metathorax narrow, appearing like the first abdominal segment; a long hair and two spines in the posterior angle; a dark brown transverse band across the lateral margin. Sternal markings con- sisting of dark intercoxal lines, a median blotch on the prothorax, with the posterior angles produced laterally, meeting narrow dark chitin bars which extend forward to the anterior margin; the posterior margin of the blotch also produced in an angle; a broad brown median band between the second and third pair of legs, also extending onto the first abdominal segments; a few scattered pustulated hairs on this band. Legs large, pale fuscous, with narrow dark borders and scattered hairs. Abdomen broadly ovate, the poles broadly truncate; posterior angles projecting, with one or two long hairs and a short spine; segments narrower on the anterior half of the abdomen; a few hairs on the posterior margin of the segments; entire abdomen a dark rich NEW MALLOPHAGA. 133 fuscous, darker on the posterior margins of the seg- ments; last segment broad, narrow, with a fringe of hairs along the rounding posterior margin. Menopon malleus Nitzsch (Plate IX, fig. 3). Germai's Mag. Ent., 1818, vol. iii, p. 301. Eureum malleus Nitzsch, Eurmeister, Haudb. d. Eut., 1840, vol. ii, p. 441; Denny, Monograph. Auoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 288; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 249; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 608, Supplement, 1885, p. 139, pi. xv, fig. 3. A single immature specimen from a Cliff Swallow, Petrochelidon liinifrons (Ontario, California), and an adult female and an immature specimen from a Cactus Wren, Heleodytes briinneicapillus (Ontario, California). The single specimen of this species previously known was collected by Nitzsch in 1814 from Hirundo rustica. As the above named Cliff Swallow and Cactus Wren were collected by the same person on the same day it may be that the two individuals taken from the wren are stragglers from the swallow. This species has heretofore been attributed to the genus Eitreuni Nitzsch, the genus being based upon the single specimen (which, though heretofore apparently not so considered, is immature) of this species and a very few specimens of another very different species, cimicoides Nitzsch from the European Swift Cypselus apus. Piaget has suspected that both these species are merely rather aberrant members of the genus Menopon, which position, as regards the species malleus, at least, we take unqualifiedly. The two species have been held together partly through the usual conception of the near relationship of the hosts; as Nitzsch says, '^habita- tio in chelidonum familia'^ (Ger mar's Mag. Ent., vol. iii, p. 301, 1818). Now, in fact, the sw^allows and the swifts are not nearly related at all, the swifts finding 134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. their near relations among the night-hawks and hum- mingbirds. The finding of an immature and an adult female together on the wren, in addition to a single immature specimen on the swallow, allows us to present new evidence of the agreement of the species in generic characters with Menopon. The Menopon species, onces- tuj)i, described in this paper, serves as an easy step from the more typical Menopon type to this peculiar Eureuni type with its short, broad head, its short, broad prothorax, and long, heavy legs. Menopon robustum Kellogg (New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 528, pi. Ixxii, fig. 3) is of this gradatory type, and pre- sents "a mingling of characters of Menopon, Ancistrona, and Eureura; a short, broad head with strongly chitin- ized, backward-projecting processes on the ventral sur- face like Ancistrona; a thorax like Eiireum; and the habitus and general body characters of Menopon^' (Kel- logg, 1. c). Osborn's M. expansum (Insects Affecting Domestic Animals, U. S. Dept. Ag., Div. Ent., Bull. N. S., No. 5, 1896, p. 245, pi. ii, fig. j.) from Dolichonyx oryzivorus must also be of this general type. Our immature forms correspond with the description and figure (Piaget, Supplement, p. 139. pi. xv, fig. 3) of the species. Our adult female (figured herewith) shows the following characters not referred to, or unconform- able to those in Piaget's description. Body, length 2.25 mm., width 1.15 mm.; head, length .34 mm., width .9 mm.; head less fiatly rounded in front than in the young, and with a slight median angulation; on each side of this angulation a conspicuous marginal hair, and farther to the side a longer hair not marginal, but ris- ing from just in front of the base of the antenna. Metathorax with two long hairs and three spines in the posterior angles, the three spines ranged along the NEW MALLOPHAGA. 135 posterior margin. Dorsal surface of the abdomen with a few scattered, longish liairs; ventral surface with groups of short, strong spines and some longish hairs on the lateral part of the posterior margins of segments; last segment broadly rounded behind, with fringe of weak hairs of different lengths. Menopon ridulosum n. sp. (Plate IX, fig. 4). Specimens from two Yellow Warblers, Dendroica cestiva (Palo Alto, California). A small, heavy-bodied form. Description. Body, length 1. mm., width .53 mm.; being thus a very small species; head large compared wdth the rest of the body; head almost as wide as long; abdomen with narrow transverse abdominal bands. Head, length .46 mm., width .51 mm.; large, nearly as broad as the abdomen; front broadly parabolic, wath a slight median angulation; two short hairs in front each side of the angle, several shorter hairs in the frontal margin, two longer hairs on the lateral mar- gin, and tw^o long hairs on the angle before the shallow ocular emargination; eye with a black ocular fleck; ocu- lar fringe distinct; two very long hairs on the narrowly rounding temples and several short spines; occipital margin concave, with four long hairs on the margin; two small angular blackish spots on the lateral margin of the front outside the mandibles, which are also dark, showing through the head; ocular blotches curv- ing, blackish brown, fading on the anterior portion of the ocular emargination; a narrow band of dark black- ish brown on the occipital margin. Prothorax wide; a long hair and short spine on the anterior angle; a series of long hairs on the rounding posterior margin; dark transverse and longitudinal 136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. chitin bars distinct, dark brown, while the ground color of the prothorax is even pale fulvous. Mesothorax long, with strongly diverging sides; posterior angles sharp, with several long hairs and broad heavy spines; a series of hairs on the posterior margin; ground color pale fulvous with distinct, narrow chitin bars extending from the anterior angles across the mesothorax, a second pair of chitin bars extending from the lateral margins across the meso- and metathorax. Metathorax narrow; posterior angles with a few long hairs and heavy spines; posterior margin with a series of hairs; intercoxal lines showing through the thorax. Legs pale fulvous with darker marginal markings. Abdomen broadly elliptical, short; posterior angles with one or two long hairs and some heavy spines; a series of hairs on the posterior margin of the segments, which give place to heavy spines near the lateral mar- gin; a few scattered dorsal spines; last segment flatly rounded, with a few short marginal spines; narrow dark fuscous transverse bands, separated by broad pale transverse bands. Physostomum. We have representatives of this genus from a dozen species of passerine birds, but we do not feel able to make satisfactory specific determination of our material except in a few instances. We do not believe that under the present knowledge of the group much can be done toward distinguishing any but peculiar and obviously characterized species, forms readily separable by marked peculiarity of shape. We have specimens of this genus from the following birds, all from Cali- fornia: Western Wood Pewee, Gontopus richardsonii (two specimens); Say's Phoebe, Bayornis saya; Western NEW MALLOPHAGA. 137 Flycatcher, Empidonax dijfficilis; Ash-throated Fly- catcher, Myiarchus cinerascens; Spurred Towhee, Fipilo miaculatiis megalonyx; California Towhee, Pipilo fiiscus crissalis; Cedar Wax wing, Ampelis cedroruvi; Samuel's Song Sparrow, Melospiza fasciata samuelis; Least Vireo, Vireo hellii pusillus. In addition, we distinguish the three following species of the genus. Physostomum sucinaceum Kellogg. New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 514, pi. Ixx, fig. 2. Three specimens from a Western Flycatcher, Empi- donax dijfficilis (Palo Alto, California). Previously taken by Kellogg from the same host (same locality). Physostomum diffusum Kellogg. New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 518, pi. Ixx, fig. 3. One specimen, var. palliduvi Kellogg from an Oregon Junco, Junco hyemalis oregonus (Pullman, Washington). Taken previously by Kellogg from Junco sp. (Law- rence, Kansas). Physostomum prominens n. sp. (Plate IX, fig. 5). Two specimens from a Costa's Hummingbird, Galypte costce (Ontario, California). This strange form with its lateral head margins deeply sinuate and its unique pro- thorax is very different from any other Physostomum described. The specimens are probably not fully mature, one distinctly immature, the other lacking probably only coloration intensity. Description. Body, length 2 mm., wddth .85 mm.; transparent whitish; head short and broad, with deeply sinuous lateral margins; eyes in the posterior angles. Head, length .5 mm., width .53 mm.; broad, short; front broad, straight; conspicuous projecting lateral 138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. palettes; the lateral margins of the head deeply con- cave before the middle; temples swollen, the margins convex; head widest across the posterior angles which are not produced backwards, but rounding rectangular; the inconspicuous eyes with conspicuous black flecks are situated in the very apex of these angles; each angle bears two longish hairs and one shorter one; pos- terior margin nearly straight, feebly angulated in the middle; whole head transparent whitish with faint brownish tinge here and there. Prothorax large, lateral margins with lateral angles broadly and bluntly rounded; posterior margin almost, semicircular, with four rather short hairs on each lat- eral half; pale transparent whitish with faint brownish at margins. Metathorax with rapidly diverging lateral margins, straight posterior margin with two hairs and a spine in region of posterior angles, three hairs near posterior margin just inside of this region, and two hairs and a spine anterior to these submarginal hairs. Abdomen broadly elliptical; posterior angles not pro- jecting and without conspicuous hairs; on the lateral portion of each segment a group of three hairs near the posterior margin, and a hair and a spine near the lateral margin and more anterior; pale transparent whitish with a pale brown narrow submarginal longi- tudinal band fading posteriorly. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 139 LIST OF HOSTS WITH PAKASITES. ^chmophorus occidentalis. Meuopon tridens. Colymbus nigricollis calif oruicus, Nirmus fusco-margiuatus var. americauus. Menopou trideus. Lunda cirrhata. Nirmus pacificus. Colpocephalum perplaimm. Cerorhinca mouocerata. Nirmus maritimus. Ptychorampbns aleuticus. Nirmus maritimus. Synthliboramphus autiquus. Nirmus maritimus. Cepphus columba. Docophorus procax. Nirmus pacificus. fusco-marginatus var. americanus. Stercorarius pomariuus. Docophorus melauocephalus. Nirmus triaugulatus. Lipeurus laculatus. Rissa tridactyla pollicaris. Nirmus lineolatus var. atri- marginatus. Larus occidentalis. Docophorus lari. Larus argentatus smithsoniauus. Nirmus fusco-margiuatus var. americanus. Larus vegae. Nirmus lineolatus var. atri- marginatus. Larus delewarensis. Docophorus lari. Nirmus punctatus. Menopon infrequens. Larus brachyrhynchus. Nirmus lineolatus var. atri- marginatus. Larus canus. Nirmus lineolatus var. atri- marginatus. Larus heermanni. Docophorus lari. Colpocephalum funebre. Sterna maxima. Docophorus melauocephalus. Diomedea albatrus. Nirmus giganticola. Lipeurus diversus. densus. concinnus. ferox. Giebelia mirabilis. Eurymetopus taurus. Colpocephalum pingue. Menopon irrumpens. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa Nirmus maritimus. Puffinus creatopus. Lipeurus diversus. testaceous, fuliginosus var. ma- jor, laculatus. Giebelia mirabilis. Meuopon paululum. Pufl&nus opisthomelas. Docophorus validus. Lipeurus diversus testaceous, limitatus. fuliginosus var. ma- jor. Ancistroua gigas. Giebelia mirabilis. Menopon paululum. Puffinus griseus. Nirmus giganticola. pacificus. Lipeurus diversus. limitatus. Giebelia mirabilis. Ancistroua gigas. Menopon paululum. petulans. 140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Puffiuus tenuirostris. Lipeurus diversus. limitatus. Giebelia mirabilis. Puffinus bulleri, Lipeurus diversus. limitatus. Giebelia mirabilis Phalacrocorax penicillatus. Lipeurus farallonii. Menopon titan var. incomposi- tum. Pelecanus calif ornicus. Lipeurus forficulatus. Menopon titan var. linearis. Anas americana. Trinoton luridum. Spatula clypeata. Lipeurus squalidus. Trinoton lituratum. luridum. Aytliya marila nearctica. Docophorus icterodes. Trinoton luridum. Aythya affinis. Docophorus icterodes. Kallus obsoletus. Oucophorus bisetosus var. cal- if ornicus. Menopon tridens. Kallus virginianus. Oncophorus bisetosus var. cal- ifornicus. Menopon tridens. Tringa minutilla. Docophorus fusiformis. Nirmus complexivus. Calidris arenaria. Nirmus actophilus. complexivus. Colpocephalum sj)inulosum var. minor. Limosa fedoa. Nirmus cordatus. Squatarola squatarola. Docophorus fuliginosus. Nirmus incoenis. Colpocephalum timidum. ^gialitis semipalmata. Docophorus fuliginosus. Nirmus opacus. Oreortyx pictus plumiferus. Lipeurus docophoroides var. calif ornicus. Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus. Lipeurus perplexus. Pediocfetes phasianellus columbi- anus. Lipeurus perplexus. Goniodes mammillatus. ' Elanus leucurus. Nirmus fuscus. Accipiter atricapillus striatulus. Nirmus fuscus. Buteo borealis calurus. Nirmus fuscus. Aquila chrysaetos. Docophorus pictus, Colpocephalum Havescens. Haliaeetus pelagicus. Colpocephalum flavescens. Falco sparverius deserticolus. Nirmus fuscus. Asio wilsonianus. Docophorus cursor. Syrnium nebulosum. Docophorus speotyti. Scotiaptex cinerea. Oncophorus remotus. Nyctea nyctea. Docophorus ceblebrachys. Dryobates pubescens gairdnerii. Menopon funereum. Dryobates nuttallii. Docophorus singularis. Xenopicus albolarvatus. Docophorus calif orniensis. Sphyrapicus thyroideus. Docophorus californiensis. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 141 Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi. Docopborus califoruiensis. Trocbilus alexandri. Nirmus vulgatus. Calypte costa\ Pbysostomiim promineus. Tyrannus verticalis. Nirmus foedus. Myiarcbus cinerascens. Docopborus communis, rufus. fusco-veutralis. Nirmus vulgatus. foedus. Pbysostomum sp. Menopon distinctum. Sayornis saya. Nirmus fcBdus. Pbysostomum sp. Coutopus ricbardsonii. Pbysostomum sp. Empidouax diflQcilis. Docopborus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. ductilis. Pbysostomum sp. sucinaceum. Otocoris alpestris cbrysolsema. Docopborus communis. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis. Docopborus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. Apbelocoma californica. Docopborus communis. Menopona persignatum. Sturnella magna neglecta. Docopborus communis. Scolecopbagus cyanocepbalus. Docopborus communis. Coccotbraustes vespertinus mon- tanus. Menopon funereum. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. Nirmus vulgatus. Spinus pinus. Docopborus communis. Cbondestes grammacus strigatus. Docopborus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. Menopon incertum. Zonotricbia leucojDbrys intermedia. Docopborus communis. Zonotricbia leucopbrys gambelii. Docopborus communis. Zonotricbia coronata. Docopborus communis, Nirmus vulgatus. Menopon m«stum. Spizella sp. Docopborus communis. Spizella socialis arizonae. Docopborus communis. Junco byemalis oregonus. Pbysostomum diflfusum. Junco byemalis tburberi. Docopborus mirinotatus. Ampbispiza belli. Docopborus communis. Nirmus lautiusculus. Melospiza fasciafca beermanni. Colpocepbalum grandiculum. Melospiza fasciata samuelis. Docopborus communis. Pbysostomum sp. Menopon m^stum. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx. Nirmus vulgatus. Pbysostomum sp. Pipilo fuscus crissalis. Docopborus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. Colpocepbalumlgrandiculum. Pbysostomum sp. Zamelodia melanocepbala. Docopborus communis. Guiraca caerulea eurbyncba. Docopborus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. 142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Passerina amoena. Nirmus vulgatus.. Piranga ludoviciana. Docophorus communis. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Menopou malleus. Chelidon erythrogastra. Nirmus lougus var. domesticus. Ampelis cedrorum. Docophorus communis. Nirmus brachythorax. Physostomum sp. Phainopepla nitens. Nirmus fcedus. Lanius borealis. Docophorus communis. Lanius ludovicianus gambeli. Docophorus communis. Nirmus foedus. Vireo solitarius plumbeus. . Docophorus communis. Vireo bellii pusillus. Physostomum sp. Helminthophila celata lutescens. Nirmus vulgatus. Dendroica aestiva. Docophorus communis. Dendroica {estiva. Nirmus vulgatus. Menopon ridulosum. Icteria virens longicauda. Nirmus foedus. Cinclus mexicanus. Nirmus vulgatus. Heleodytes brunneicapillus. Menopon malleus. distinctum. Thryothorus bewickii spilurus. Docophorus communis, mirus. Menopon incertum. Parus inornatus. Docophorus communis. Parus gambeli. Nirmus vulgatus. Parus rufescens neglectus. Nirmus vulgatus. Turdus ustulatus. Menopon incertum. Turdus aonalaschkae auduboni. Docophorus communis. Sialia mexicana occidentalis. Docophorus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 143 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE V. — Fig. 1, Docophorus jjrocax Kellogg and Chapman, $ . Fig. 2, D. validus Kellogg and Chapman, ? . Fig. 3, D. fiisiformis Denny, $ . Fig. 4, D. i^ktus Giebel, $ . Fig. 5, D. singularis Kellogg and Chapman, $. Fig. 6, D. mirinotatus Kellogg and Chapman, $. Fig. 7, D. minis Kellogg and Chapman, $ . Fig. 8, Nirmus pacijicus Kel- logg and Chapman, $ . Fig. 9, N. fusco-marginatiis Denny, var. ameri- canus Kellogg and Chapman, $ . PLATE VI. — Fig. 1, Nirmus maritimus Kellogg and Chapman, $ . Fig. 2, iV. triangulatus laiitzsGh, $. Fig. 3, iV. complexivus Kellogg and Chapman, $ . Fig. 4, N, actophilus Kellogg and Chairman, $ . Fig. 5, N. inccenis Kellogg and Chapman, ?. Fig. 6, N. opacus Kellogg and Chapman, $ . Fig. 7, N. fmdus Kellogg and Chapman, $ . Fig. 8, N. ductiUs Kellogg and Chapman, $ . Fig. 9, N. lautiusculus Kellogg and Chapman, .5 . PLATE VII. — Fig. 1, Lijjeurus laculatus Kellogg and Chapman, i . Fig. 2, L. concinnus Kellogg and Chapman, S . Fig. 3, L. fuliginosus Taschenberg, var. major Kellogg and Chapman, S . Fig. 4, L. faralloni Kellogg, $ . Fig. 5, L. per plexus Kellogg and Chapman, $ . Fig. 6, Oncophorus bisetosus Piaget, var. californicus Kellogg and Chapman, ? . Fig. 7, 0. remotus Kellogg and Chapman, i . Fig. 8, Colpocephalum pier- planum Kellogg and Chapman, ? . Fig. 9, C. spinulosum Piaget, var. minor Kellogg and Chapman, 5 . Fig. 10, C, grandiculmn Kellogg and Chapman, $ . PLATE VIII. — Fig. 1, Menopon irrumpens Kellogg and Chapman, $ . Fig. 2, M. paululum Kellogg and Chapman, $ . Fig. 3, M. petulans Kel- logg and Chapman, 6 . Fig. 4, M. tiian'Pmget, var. incompositum Kellogg and Chapman, dorsal aspect of one abdominal segment. Fig. 5, M. titan Piaget, var. incompositum Kellogg and Chapman, ventral aspect of last segments of abdomen of S . Fig. 6, M, funereum Kellogg and Chapman, 6 . Fig. 7, M. distinctum Kellogg and Chapman, $ . PLATE IX.- Fig. 1, Menopon persignatum Kellogg and Chapman, ?. Fig. 2, M. mcestum Kellogg and Chapman, $. Fig. 3, M. malleus Nitzsch, ?. Fig. 4, M. ridulosum Kellogg and Chapman, $. Fig. 5, Physostomum prominens Kellogg and Chapman. Dc.Paper5,Cal.Ai]ai]. Sci.VdlVI. [Kelldgg Br CmpMANJ Plate v. MAHTWELLMANUBL. Lrm.BHiTTaN ^/?ey;s.i: D c. Papers, Cal.Acai]. 5 ci.Vdl VI . [KeLLDGG Br CH^P^/lAN] PlATE VI. ^l s^^ MART y^ELLMAMJJBL . Lnw.ERiTTmf ^rey,s:e nc.PAPERS,CAL.AcAI]. ScI.VdlVI. [Kelldgb 5r Ce^pman] Plate ^/II 4 4'^< MART WELLMAN U£L . LITIf.BRITTai/ ^REY.S.E □ c.Paper5,[:al.Acai]. Sci.VdlVI. [Kelldgc Sr Ck^manJ Plate VIII. 'li MART ymLLMANIJi;L . Lrm.BRITTaN ^rey.s.f Dc.Raper5,Cal.Acai]. Sci.VdlVI. [Kellqbg Sr Chapman] Plate IX. lylAHT ymLLMANUJSL . Lim.BRiTTapr ^rey.s.f THE ANATOMY OF THE MALLOPHAGA. (With Plates X to XVII.) BY ROBERT E. SNODGRASS. The earliest work on the anatomy of the Mallophaga is that of Nitzsch. His results are comprised in his own announcement of his work, '' Darstellung der Fatnilien und Gattungen der Thierinsekten (insecta epizoica) als Prodromus einer Naturgeschichte dersel- ben/' published in the third volume of Germar and Zinken's ''Magazin fiir die Entomologie," 1818, and in Giebel's '' Insecta Epizoa, die auf Saugethieren und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insecten, nach Chr. L. Nitzsch's Nachlass bearbeitet," published in 1874. Both of these works are chiefly systematic, but the larger groups are separated on anatomical characters. The first purely anatomical paper is one by Wedl in 1855, "Ueber das Herz von Menopon palliduni/' This paper is limited to a single organ. The next, by Kramer, ^'Beitrage zur Anatomie und Physiologic der Gattung Philopterus (Nitzsch)," published in Zeitschrift fiir Zoologie in 1869, includes all the organs of a single species {Lipeurus jejiimis). The third and latest purely anatomical paper is Grosse's ^'Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Mallophagen," published in the same journal as the last, in 1885. Menopon titan (Tetrophthahnus chilensis Grosse), is made the basis for detailed descriptions, but the work is comparative, since more general descriptions of other forms are given, and the anatomical characters of the two main groups are pointed out. In 1869 Rudow published a paper, '' Beobachtungen iiber die Lebensweise und der Bau der Mallophagen oder Pelz- fresser, sowie Beschreibung neuer Arten," in which the 10 [145] 146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. principal anatomical characters are tabulated, and a long description of the mouth-parts given. The latter, however, is almost entirely incorrect. The mouth- parts were described wrongly at first by Nitzsch, then by Kramer, and finally by Rudow. Their correct expla- nation is due to Grosse. Rudow's paper contains an important statement concerning the number of egg- tubules in Amblycevan females. He says that there are five present of which two are rudimentary. Nitzsch could find but three, and Grosse apparently made no determination of the number present. In 1869, also, Melnikow published in Arcliiv fiir Naturgeschichte, vol. XXXV, an embryological paper, " Beitrage zur Embryonal-entwicklung der Insekten " in which the embryology of the Mallophaga is described. Nusbauni in his paper, "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Aus- fiihrungsgange der Sexualdriisen bei den Insekten," in Zoologischer Anzeiger for 1882, describes mainly two Mallophagan species, Lipewrus bacillus and Goniocotes hologaster. I. General External Anatomy. External Form and Body-tuall. — The body is gener- ally very much flattened dorsoventrally. The segments of the thorax are often apparently only two, the nieso- notuni and metanotum being united. In others, how- ever, the two are distinct although the former is nar- row. In longitudinal sections of Menopon titan (plate X, fig. 1), the mesonotum (T-j) is seen to be sep- arated from the metanotum (T3) by a non-chitinized space, and is depressed below the level of the latter. The number of abdominal segments varies, but the largest is ten. The number in some cases varies with the sex. The head is flat, horizontal, situated closely NEW MALLOPHAGA. 147 upon the prothorax, and often excavated behind to receive the latter. In Menopon persignatitm , as shown by transverse sections (phite xii), the head is very flat and comparatively wide. The side walls are very far from being perpendicular, and are scarcely distinguish- able from the dorsal walls. They meet the floor of the cranium at a sharp angle. The top of the head is flat in front, somewhat concave behind. The prothorax is triangular in cross-section, having one angle median and ventral. The tergum is a little rounded. The mesothorax is more convex above and flatter beneath. The lateral edges are sharp and project over the bases of the legs. The metathorax is wider but otherwise similar to the mesothorax except in length. In the females of some species the abdomen is little or not at all flattened. The body-wall of most species is well chitinized. In the abdomen the chitin is deposited in several areas around each segment (plate xv, figs. 3, 4, and 5, and plate xvii, figs. 1-5). On the dorsal side is a wide con- tinuous plate reaching on each side to a short distance from the lateral margin of the segment. Likewise on the ventral side is a similar chitinization, and the two plates form respectively the tergum and sternum of the segment. Laterally, between the outer ends of these, are angular plates, one on each side, forming the lateral walls or pleura 6f the segment. The four are sepa- rated from one another by non-chitinized spaces. The intersegmental spaces are generally, especially on the dorsum, thrown into S-shaped folds, so that the pos- terior end of one segment overlaps the anterior end of the one in front. In some cases the chitinous tergum or sternum of a segment occupies only a small part of its length. In some the chitin is mostly accumulated 148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. at one place. An extreme example is shown in the terga of the anterior abdominal segments of Eurymeto- pus tauTus. Here the chitin shows in longitudinal sec- tions a large oval thickening near the anterior end of the segment, back of which it forms only a thin superticial plate reaching to near the posterior end. Anteriorly it terminates in a deeper but very short prolongation. The non-chitinized part in front is folded into a strong S-shaped band, the upper loop of w^hich, forming the posterior border of the segment in front, projects over the anterior end of the chitinous thickening. Pro- cesses of the chitinous wall often extend into the body- cavity, especially in the thorax, giving attachment to various muscles. The antennary fossse of the Ambly- cera are formed by chitinous processes from the lateral ventral margins of the head extending outward beneath the antennae, and by a prolongation of the outer dorsal aspects of the head outward and downward (plate xii, figs. 1 and 2). Chitinous genital parts will be de- scribed under the head of the Reproductive Organs. The Appendages. — The antennse are three to five- jointed. In the Amblycera they are concealed in deep fossse on the lateral ventral aspects of the head, and generally have the terminal segment enlarged. In the Ischnocera they are simple, filiform and exposed. The mouth-parts have already been described in detail in Kellogg's '' New Mallophaga, 11,""^ and merely a general account of their structure will be given here. They are of the biting type and consist of mandibles, maxillae, and labium. The maxillse (plate x, figs. 5, 6, 11 and 12) are large, strong, triangular, two-toothed * Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. VI, 1896. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 149 structures, attached to the head by a condyle on one side and a socket on the opposite side of the outer basal angle. From the inner angle of the base a prolongation extends inward. The two teeth project from the inner edge, generally one distal to the other. The mandibles present two modifications, one found in the Amblycera and the other in the Ischnocera. In the former they lie parallel with the ventral surface of the head, so that the condyle is ventral and the socket dorsal. In this form one tooth lies in front of the other in a horizontal line in the same plane as the long axis of the mandible. In the Ischnocera the mandibles hang vertical to the head, so that the condyle is posterior and the socket anterior. In this form the distal tooth is typically ventral to the other in a vertical line in the same plane as the long axis of the mandible. The more proximal tooth, however, may be moved toward the tip and come to lie by the other and in front of it (plate x, fig. 6). In this case the two lie in the same horizontal line, but this is perpendicular to the long axis of the mandi- ble. Starting with either type, the other may be pro- duced from it by revolving the mandible on an axis passing from its outer to its inner basal angles. The degree of revolution varies in different Ischnoceran spe- cies, but the angle is always large and may reach 90°. In many cases there is a chitinous plate or rod attached to the inner angle of the base of the mandible, and a smaller one attached to the outer. These serve for attachment of muscles (plate x, fig. 12, ch. j)ls.) extend- ing backward or upward into the head cavity. When they are absent muscle fibers are attached directly to the mandibles. The maxillae are generally simple, small, non-chitin- ized lobes, often provided with teeth on their inner 150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. edges. They lack palpi and distinct divisions into the ordinary parts (plate x, figs. 3 and 10). The labium presents two forms, one in the Amblycera the other in the Ischnocera. In the former (plate x, fig. 9), there are present a submentum, mentum with two four- segmented palpi, and a ligula with two glossse and two paraglossee. The ligula is the only part that varies much, since it may have more or fewer than the four lobes named. In the Ischnocera a submentum, mentum, and ligula are present. The latter two are not well separated, but the paraglossse are distinct (plate x, fig. 13) and very constant in form, being short, thict;, cylindrical, and rather more chitinized than the rest of the labium. The glossse are present between the para- glossse as two small lobes. In front of the mouth is the labrum, a large lobe sit- uated on the ventral aspect of the head, generally some distance back of the anterior border of the clypeus. The three pairs of legs are very similar throughout the group. The tarsi are two- jointed, and, with the excep- tion of two genera, Tricho- dectes and Gyropus, that in- habit mammals, are provided with two claws, the others having only one. In some specimens of Docophorus cur- sor examined, the legs when at rest generally assumed the following positions. The femur (fig. 1) of the metatho- racic leg extends outward and p. ^ is inclined slightly forward NEW MALLOPHAGA. 151 from the body. The femur of the mesothoracic leg extends outward also but a little more forward than the other. That of the prothoracic leg is inclined for- ward at an angle of about 45° with the body. Hence the fore legs are held mostly beneath the head and anterior part of the prothorax. The meta- and meso- tibiae extend backward, outward, and downward from the distal ends of the corresponding femora. The pro- tibiae extend backward, inward, and downward from the distal ends of the profemora, and their distal ends lie in- ternal to the coxal ends of the femora. When the insect is walking undisturbed in forward longi- tudinal progression, the two legs of the mesothorax and of the metathorax move respect- ively together, but the two pairs move in opposite direc- tions. That is (figs. 2 and 3), the two mesothoracic legs move forward or backward at the same time and the meta- thoracic legs move in the same manner, but while the mesothoracic legs are moving- forward, the metathoracic legs are moving backward, and vice versa. Thus, while one pair 6f legs is pushing the body forward the other pair is reaching forward for a new grasp, and this is obtained just as the active pair has finished its work. The pair previously being carried forward then takes hold and continues the motion of the body, the two being themselves brought relatively backward. In this way the two pairs are Fig. 2. 152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Fig. 3. always either approaching each other or are receding from each other. The prothoracic legs do not move synchronously with either of the other pairs nor with each other. Generally ( fig. 3 ) one moves backwards while the other is reaching for- ward. They appear mainly to guide the body. The femoro-tibial joint is most of the time in front of the tarsal claws, so that their power as propellers cannot be great. The parasite thus progresses along the feather with a hand over hand movement of the pro- thoracic legs, as of a man climbing a rope, while the other legs, a pair at a time, are continually pushing the body forward. This is the typical movement of the legs and the one which prevails when the insects are walking quietly and regularly, but at times it becomes very much obscured by irregular movements and is generally more or less so, so that almost any relative position of the legs may be seen. The outer end of the metathoracic femur is seldom brought much farther forward than its coxa. The mesothoracic femur forms a smaller angle with the body in front, but not such a small one behind as the metathoracic leg. The femoro-tibial joints of the prothoracic legs are during progression brought forward, and the tibia also independently turns forward on the femur, so that the angle between the two increases and the tarsal claws are carried forward NEW MALLOPHAGA. 153 by a double motion. They then grasp the feather and by their own motion backward and by the motion of the body forward on the hind legs the femoro-tibial angle is again decreased and the leg assumes its former position. The insects run along on the feathers very easily, generally preferring the shaft. Those experi- mented with were kept on a few bits of feather on a glass slide. They ran along the shaft of a feather until they came to the end, then backed up a short distance, turned around, and ran back to the other end to go through the same performance there. They generally move w^ith the head forward but can apparently go backwards or at any lateral angle just as easily; they nearly always, however, turn around when they wish to reverse the direction of movement. When several were placed on some guinea-pig hairs they appeared to be at no loss at all as to how to get along, and traveled just as well as on the feathers, although perhaps a little slower. Some Pediculids, however, from the guinea- pig, when placed on some feathers, appeared to be somewhat hindered by the network of barbs and bar- bules. The Mallophaga were entirely unable to progress upon the glass slide when they got off of the feathers, but the lice showed no difficulty at all in this respect; the latter could also right themselves when placed on their backs while the former could not. II. The Alimentary Canal and its Appendages. The Alimentary Canal. — The alimentary canal pre- sents two types of structure. One form is simple, having no special development at any part, the other is com- plicated by a lateral and backward prolongation of the crop, so that the latter forms a large expanded divertic- ulum of the oesophagus. The first form is confined to 154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the Amblycera, the second to the Ischnocera. Of the first, the alimentary canal of Menopon titan (plate xi, fig. 13, plate X, fig. 1, and plate xvii, fig. 6) may be taken as an example. It has the form of an almost straight tube separable into six distinct parts. The first of these is a narrow elongated buccal cavity (plate x, fig. 1, he) extending upward and backward from the oval aperture, by which it opens anteriorly, to the second part of the alimentary canal, the pharynx {j>). This is a large cavity, oval in longitudinal sections, having its long axis extending backward and upward, but not so much in the latter direction as that of the buccal cavity, so that the two form an angle with each other. The pharynx lies mostly in front of the brain (6) and suboesophageal ganglion {s.oe, g.), the commisures lying laterad of its posterior end. Between the latter the pharynx contracts and passes into the oesophagus. This is rather long, narrow, gradually expands pos- teriorly, passes uninterruptedly into the crop, and forms with the latter the third division of the alimen- tary canal {oe and cr) . The crop is of variable size according to the contents, but is rather large when dis- tended. The fourth part, the ventriculus, is long, wide in front and narrow behind, and connected with the crop in front by a short, very narrow neck. On each side of this it is produced into a large caecum, the two embrac- ing the posterior end of the crop. Back of the stomach is the intestine forming the fifth and sixth divisions of the alimentary tract. The first of these two consists of the prerectal part of the intestine and the second of rectum. The former is a short, straight, narrow tube, a little enlarged toward the middle and separated from the ventriculus in front and the rectum NEW MALLOPHAGA. 155 behind by slight constrictions. From its anterior end four Malpighian tubules arise. The rectum is very- large ( plate xi, fig. 13, and plate xvii, fig. 6, r). Its anterior part is much dilated, the enlargement being rather suddenly narrowed in front, but posteriorly grad- ually passes into the more tubular posterior part. Its anterior end is provided wdth six oval rectal glands. These vary in size in different specimens. In the male the anal opening is in the upper posterior part of the gen- ital chamber, in the female it is in the end of the last abdominal segment (plate xv, figs. 1 and 2, a, and plate xvii, fig. 6, a). Sections show the following histological features of the alimentary canal. The preventricular part is lined with a chitinous intima continuous with the body-cov- ering at the mouth. The ventriculus lacks an intima, but possesses a thick inner cellular epithelium (plate x, fig. 1, 1'). The intestine has a thin chitinous lining continuous with the body-covering at the anus. The prerectal part possesses a thin cellular epithelium cov- ered by an outer membrane, surrounding which are small muscle fibers. The rectum lacks the epithelium and has larger muscle fibers (plate xvii, fig. 6, 7'tm). The rectal glands project inwardly and are covered by the chitinous lining of this part of the alimentary tract. In the Ischnocera, as before stated, the alimentary canal is complicated by a very remarkable condition of the crop. This in the genus Tricliodectes has the form of a large sac connected with the lower end of the oesophagus by a long, narrow neck; in the other gen- era it forms a large transverse dilatation of the oesoph- agus, some distance above where the latter opens into the ventriculus. The crop is always produced much 156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. more to one side of the oesophagus than to the other. The alimentary canal of Eiirymetopus taurus may be taken as a type of this latter form (plate xi, fig. 11). The oesophagus is a long, slender tube reaching from the head to the mesothorax. Here it enters the anterior dorsal aspect of the crop. The latter lies dorsal and to the left of the other organs of the body-cavity except the heart, and extends from the middle line backwards and to the left, reaching the sixth abdominal segment when considerably distended. Its size and shape vary according to its contents, but it is generally much longer than wide, rounded in front, swollen toward the middle, and tapering behind. Its upper end extends a short distance beyond the opening of the oesophagus into it. About opposite the latter point, on the ventral aspect of the crop, the subingluvial part of the oesoph- agus begins and runs backwards to the ventriculus, forming a short, narrow tube. The ventriculus is smaller than the crop when the latter is fully distended. Anteriorly it bears two large, lobular ca3ca, each being rather flat and expanded beyond its base. The stomach lies with most of its long axis in an antero-posterior direction. It is widest through the middle; in front of this it is slightly constricted, while in the opposite direction it becomes very much narrowed, and, assum- ing a tubular form, makes a bend to the left. It goes a short distance in this direction and then meets the hind-gut. The latter turns immediately backward and runs in a straight line to the exterior. It is divided into an anterior, narrow, prerectal part and a posterior, enlarged rectum. The former bears at its anterior end the four Malpighian tubules, becomes enlarged toward its middle, and is separated posteriorly from the rectum by a slight constriction. The latter is much distended NEW MALLOPHAGA. 157 ill front, where six large, oval, rectal glands are situ- ated, but becomes narrowed posteriorly, the hind half being a straight, narrow tube opening into the upper part of the genital cavity. The relative size and shape of each of these parts vary greatly with their contents. The crop is provided w^ith very prominent longitudinal and transverse muscles, which form a network of fibers over it. It is evident that in such an alimentary canal as that just described there are two distinct divisions in addi- tion to those of the alimentary canal of an Amblyceran species. The crop of Eurymetopus forms a part distinct and sharply separated from the oesophagus in front, and also sets off that portion of the oesophagus between itself and the stomach as a distinct division of the ali- mentary tract. The bits of feathers that form the food of the insect are generally almost as long as the crop and always lie in it in a longitudinal direction. The alimentary canals of all other Philopterids in which this organ is known are similar in all essential respects to that of Eurymetopus taurus just described. In Bocophorus lari the crop is very much like that of Eiirynietopus taurus in shape (plate xi, tig. 8). It extends from the anterior left part of the body-cavity backwards and to the right. The oesophagus is narrow, lies in the middle line, and enters the crop some dis- tance to the right of the anterior end of the latter. Arising from the ventral surface of the crop, at a point some distance to the left of the opening of the anterior part of the oesophagus into the same, is the subinglu- vial part of the oesophagus, which passes backw^ards a short distance and enters the ventriculus. This is rather long and tapers very much posteriorly. Its ante- rior end is provided with a large, lobe-like caecum on 158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. each side. Its posterior end is a little bent just before it enters the hind-gut. The latter is short and narrow. The rectum is very much expanded anteriorly, having six prominent rectal glands surrounding the posterior end of the anterior smaller part of the intestine. In Goniodes cervinicornis the crop is relatively very long and tapering (plate xi, fig. 12). It lies in an almost antero-posterior direction to the left of the rest of the alimentary canal. Its anterior end is large and rounded; posteriorly it tapers to a rather pointed extremity which reaches a little farther back than the posterior end of the ventriculus. When in the natural position its hind end is bent to the right and lies close to the stomach. The oesophagus enters the crop on its dorsal surface back of the anterior end. The part of the oesophagus between the crop and the stomach arises from the former in front of the point at which the an- terior portion of the oesophagus opens into it. The stomach is rather long, but when it is distended it does not taper very much posteriorly, passing into the intes- tine by a rather sudden constriction. The two caeca at its anterior ends are relatively smaller than in the other forms described, and are merely blunt diverticula of the ventriculus without constricted bases. The pre- rectal part of the intestine is very short and narrow. The rectum on the other hand is unusually large, hav- ing its anterior end very greatly dilated and provided with six very large and much elongated rectal glands. In Lipeurus fuliginosus major the crop- lies to the left side of the body-cavity, the rest of the canal lying along the right. The ventriculus simply contracts pos- teriorly, passing gradually into the intestine, the two being separated by only a slight constriction. The rec- tum is comparatively rather long but otherwise both it NEW MALLOPHAGA. 159 and the rest of the intestine are very siniihir to the others descrihed. Nitzsch (1874) figures the alimentary canals of the fol- lowing Philopterid species: Docophnrus fitscicollis, D. ocellatus, and Lijjeiirus jejumis. That of Doco^phorus fuscicollis differs in no essential respect from those forms already described. In D. ocelldtus the openings of the pre- and postingluvial divisions of the oesopha- gus are rather far removed from the nearer end of the crop. The ventriculus is very long and bent upon itself, forming a loop. The genus Trichodectes (family Trichodectid^e) pre- sents a rather remarkable deviation from the other Ischnoceran forms in the shape and position of the crop. As alread}^ mentioned, it is of the form of a sack connected wdth the oesophagus some distance in front of the ventriculus by a narrow, more or less elon- gated neck. In Trichodectes geom'ij< lis (plate xi, fig. 10), the crop is rather smaller com[>araii\ely than in most of the Philopterid forms, being al)<)iii iwo-thirds the length of the stomach. The neck is long and slender, extending laterally from the oesophagus. Tlie ventric- ulus is large anteriorly, where it is pruduced into tw^o large cseca w^hich are not constricted at their bases. Posteriorly the stomach beconies narrowed and makes an abrupt bend in the direction of ihc crop. After running a short distance in this direct ion as a narrow tube it passes into the intestine. Tlii- division of the alimentary canal goes backward from ilic midgut, form- ing a right angle with the posterior tubular |)art of the lat- ter. The rectum is wide anteriorly, w heic it presents six glands as in the other families, in a Tm-Ixidectes ivom a horse the crop (plate xi, fig. iJ) i- the same as in T. geomydis, but is comparatively c\l:i a li-tk' smaller; 160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. also, the neck is shorter. The ventriculus with its large gastric caeca is about the same. Nitzsch (1874) figures the alimentary canal of T. climax. Here the crop differs somewhat from the two just described in that the neck is very much shorter, the crop forming a pear-shaped diverticulum from the side of the oesoph- agus and separated from it by a narrow constriction. In this form the distal end of the crop is the larger, while in the Philopterid forms the proximal end is the larger, the distal end being generally more or less tapering and pointed. No intermediate form of a crop between the Philopterid and Trichodectid types has been found, and it is impossible to say which is the more primitive. Pharyngeal Sclerite. — In many genera, including all of those of the Ischnocera, and one and part of another genus in the Amblycera, there is present a curiously formed sclerite in the walls of the pharynx. It has already been described in Kellogg's "New Mallophaga, II," under the term ''oesophageal sclerite." As show^n there, it is a prominent, cup-shaped thickening of the chitinous lining of the ventral wall of the phar- ynx, forming a depression in the latter. From its sides (plate x, fig. 7) chitinous bands (bs) run upward around the pharynx and are connected by muscles with the dorsal wall of the head. From the anterior corners a large expansion (ant, h) on each side reaches forward and upward in the walls of the pharynx. Into the ante- rior end of its cavity a duct from two ventrally situated glands opens. The latter (plate x, fig. 2, l.g.) are oval, covered with a chitinous envelope, and supported by chi- tinous pedicles. From the anterior end of each a duct runs forward, after traversing the ventral surface, and then turns inward and backward to unite with the duct NEW MALLOPHAGA. 161 from the other side. The common duct thus formed then goes straiglit back to the sclerite. The shape of both these organs is very remarkably constant. In one or two genera they present deviations, and also in a few scattered cases, but these will be described farther on. As was pointed out by Kellogg (1896), these organs are not peculiar to the Mallophaga but occur also in the Psocidee, having been described for these insects by Burgess (1878). Outside of these two groups, how- ever, they are not known to occur. Among the Mallo- phaga they are not of universal occurrence, but are for the most part confined to one suborder. Speci- mens of the following genera were had for examination: Ancistrona, Colpocephalum, Docophorus, Eurymetopus , Giehelia, Goniocotes, Goniodes, Lcemobothrium^ Lipeurus, Menopon, Mrmus, Nitzschia, Oncophorits, Physostomum, Trichodectes, Trinoton. The following table shows the distribution of the sclerite and glands among these genera: Genera with Sclerite Genera with Sclerite Genera with Sclerite and Glands Present or Absent. and Glands Present. and Glands Absent. Colpocephalum. Ancistrona. Docophorus. Eurymetopus. Lcemohothrium. Lipeurus. Giebelia. Nitzschia. Menopon . Goniocotes. Physostomum. Nirmus. Goniodes. Trinoton. Oncophorus. Trichodectes. The above table shows that those genera with the structures present belong, with the exception of Colpo- cephalum, to the suborder Ischnocera; while those in which they are absent belong, without exception, to the suborder Amblycera. Hence there are no Ischnoceran genera in which the sclerite and glands are absent in all 162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. species, although in three genera they are absent in a few cases. On the other hand, in the Amblycera they are absent in all but two genera, and of these one has them present in all species, but in the other they may be present or may be absent. Of thirty-eight species of Docophorus, twenty-six species of Lipeurus, and twenty-nine species of Nivmus examined — all that were accessible — only in Docophorus icterodes, Lipeurus pncturatus, L. longipilus, and Nmiius signatus are the structures absent. From this it is evident that the ex- ceptions to the occurrence of the oesophageal sclerite and glands in North American Ischnocera are few. It is worthy of notice also that the species of this suborder lacking them occur in the three largest genera, — the species of Docophorus, Lipeurus, and Nirr^ius being far more numerous than those of all the other genera of the same suborder together. The following genera have been found so far only on European birds, AJddoprocius, Boopia, Bothriometopus , Eureum, and Ornithobius. Taschenberg (1882) and Pia- get (1880), however, give good figures of all these gen- era, and in their figures the presence or absence of the sclerite is apparently intended to be shown, although whether it is or is not present is not stated in the description of each species. The figures can probably be relied on to show at' least in what species it is pres- ent. According to them the structure is present only in AJcidopi'octus . This genus and also Bothriometopus and Ornithobius belong to the Ischnocera, so that it appears that there are two genera of this suborder in which the sclerite is absent; but this is without proof. If it is absent in the two Amblyceran genera, Boopia and Eureum, they agree with most of the other forms of their suborder. The sclerite appears to be absent NEW MALLOPHAGA. 163 also in Gyropus, an Amblyceran mammal-infesting genus"^ In some species of several genera the sclerite is not of the typical form described. In Docophorus pertusus it is very much modified in form. The body is com- paratively very small and the anterior processes are not present at all. On the other hand, the lateral circum- oesophageal bands are greatly enlarged, forming a thick chitinous band passing upward around the pharynx. The body of the structure is so small that it appears merely as a median, backward-projecting enlargement of the rest. The dorsal cavity is present, its anterior wall and the anterior margins of the lateral wings are trans- parent and continuous with one another. The wungs are expanded near their bases but distally each becomes narrow^ed and passes upward and somewhat forward as a slender curved rod. The structure is of about the same shape in a young specimen but the wings are pro- portionally smaller. In Docophorus atricolor the sclerite is small and weakly chitinized but the anterior pro- cesses are comparatively large and much expanded. In Lipewrus diversus the body is elongated, and in L. squalidus it is similar but with the anterior processes enlarged. In several other Ischnoceran genera the sclerite is variously modified, but the species in which modification occurs are scattered and not closely related to one another. In the Amblycera only two genera possess the pharyn- geal sclerite, and in these two the characteristic form is not that of the Ischnocera. It is, however, typically the "Taschenberg figures Bothriometopus macrocnemts, S and head of $ , and Ornithobius hexophthalmus, ? and head of 6 , in which the sclerite is not shown. But in Akidoproctus rostratus and A. stenopygos it is plainly- present. Piaget figures Boopia longitarsiis, B. grandis, Eureum cimi- coides, E. malleus, Gyropus ovalis, G. gracilis, and ^t. turhinalis, in all of which the sclerite is not shown. 164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. same. In Menopon and Golpocephaliiiin the anterior pro- cesses of the sclerite are very much prolonged forward and are only slightly divergent. In some cases the sclerite is extremely reduced in size. In Menopon foedus the anterior processes are not prolonged but are wide and bifid. These two genera are in other respects also very similar, and it is of significance that in the only genera of the Amblycera that possess the sclerite it has the same structure, different from that prevailing amongst the Ischnoceran genera, in each. The following table gives the species of Menopon examined that have and do not have the sclerite and glands: Genus Menopon. Species with Sclerite Species with Sclerite and Glands Present. and Glands Absent. auro-fasciatum distinctum decoratum 7nalleus dissimile pjersignatum foedus prcecursor funereum rediculosum incertum rohusium indistinctum titan infrequens tridens irrumpens longicephahim loomisii melanorum mesoleucum monostoichum navigans numeromm paululum petulans striatum NEW MALLOPHAGA. 165 It is evident that the oesophageal sclerite and con- nected glands might be made use of in determining the relations of Menopon and Golpocephaliim to the other genera, and also of the Mallophaga to other orders of Insects, since they occur also in the Psocidse. But the probable number of yet unknown species is too great to allow of these structures being used to determine rela- tionships of genera within the order. The Salivary Organs. — In 1869 Kramer described the salivary glands of Lipeurus jejitnus. In 1874 they were mentioned by Giebel in ''Insecta Epizoa " from Nitzsch's notes. He gives no description of them. Finally, in 1885, Grosse gave a general account of their structure in the whole order, and a special descrip- tion of those of Tetrojyhthalmus chilensis {Menopon titan). As far as is known, all species of Mallophaga possess two pairs of salivary organs; in some cases there is evidence that only one of each pair is a gland, the other being a reservoir. In any case either one gland and a reservoir or two glands are situated on each side of the crop or oesophagus. From the anterior end of each organ a duct arises and passes forward. The two ducts on each side unite with each other, forming a right and left common salivary duct. These run forward a vary- ing distance and then approach each other and unite in the middle line. This final duct formed of the four primary ducts runs forward beneath the oesohpagus and ■enters the head where it opens into the pharynx. In the suborder Amblycera the salivary organs appear to have no constant form characteristic of the subgroup. Grosse describes those of Menopon titan (plate xi, fig. 2) as consisting of a gland (a) and reser- voir (b) on each side. The glands are elongate-oval, and each has a furrow on the inner side, from the middle 166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. of which the duct arises. The reservoirs are long and club-shaped, having the ducts passing forward from the anterior ends. He describes also the glands of a Lcemobothriv/ni as being composed of twenty small tubes situated upon the salivary duct like the teeth of a comb. I Nitzsch gives several figures showing the salivary glands. In Menopon juesoleuctun two pairs of glands are shown of which the inner ones are very long and comparatively narrow. They extend in a straight course backwards along the sides of the alimentary canal as far as the rectal glands. In front they become narrowed and pass gradually into the ducts. External to each of these is a shorter gland. This one is also rather elongated and tapers in front and behind. The posterior end is coiled, while the anterior end passes into the duct. Grosse makes the general statement that the salivary organs consist of a salivary gland and a saliva reservoir, and that the latter are filled with a viscous substance. In the Ischnocera the organs have a more definite shape, being much less variable among the different species. They consist of two pairs of glands and their ducts. Each pair lies on one side of the alimentary canal in the region of the anterior end of the crop and is composed of an outer, generally larger gland, and an inner, smaller one (plate xi, fig. 11, r and g). In Tri" chodectes geomydis (plate xi, fig. 1) the two are of about the same size. The inner one (6) has its long axis trans- verse and its larger end turned inwardly; while the outer is oval. The outer organ generally has the appear- ance of being a reservoir rather than a gland. Kramer studied the histology of the two and described the cells of the inner, smaller one as being remarkably distinct, while those of the outer he says are only with NEW MALLOPHAGA. 167 the greatest difficulty made out to be cells. He found the outer organs mostly filled with I'at-like drops. Both Kramer and Grosse describe a second set of salivary glands found only in the Ischnocera. Kramer described those of Lipeurus jejumts as consisting of a group of fourteen cells attached to the smaller of the two glands just described. He could find no ducts con- nected with them, but, since they were always present and constant in position and arrangement, he still regarded them as having a saliva-secreting function. Grosse observed them in the genera Nirmiis, Tricho- dedes, and Lipeurus. He found, however, that they occurred not only on the crop but also in groups of two, six, and eight, connected with the fat body. On this account, and since he also could discover no duct in connection with then, he concluded that their function as salivary organs was very doubtful. In Trichodedes geomydis there can be no doubt of this glandular nature, for here ducts can be very easily observed. If the alimentary canal be removed from the body and transferred to a glass slide, two sets of large cells may be seen attached to the anterior end of the crop. Each set consists of seven cells, each pro- vided with two large, internal bodies, apparently nuclei. The cells are polygonal and situated close together. By detaching the mass from the crop and floating it out in water it may be seen to be connected by a very distinct duct with the upper end of the neck of the crop, close to where it joins the oesophagus (plate xi, fig. 10, g). This is long enough to allow the glands to lie on the upper end of the crop. On passing the glands under a cover-glass the loosely united cells spread apart and there may be seen very clearly a ram- ification of the main duct passing to each one of them 168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. (plate xi, figs. 3 and 4). It hence appears that in this species these cells form a comjiound gland of seven cells, each cell being provided with a duct of its own, the ducts of the several cells uniting and finally form- ing a common duct w^hich opens into the alimentary canal at the mouth of the neck of the crop. In other Ischnoceran genera examined, including Eurymdopus, Docophooms, and Goniodes, these glands are present but the cells in each are more numerous. In Eurymetopus taunts (plate xi, fig. 5), each gland is composed of about twenty-four cells arranged mostly in two rows, although in some specimens, at the posterior end, they are three and four rows wide, so that the gland is posteriorly expanded. Each possesses two nuclear-like bodies, (one of these may be a hollow space into which the duct opens, such spaces being present in salivary cells of insects), and they are all closely pressed together so that they assume polygonal shapes. The presence of a duct is much more difficult to determine than in Trichodectes geomydis, but by removing the oesophagus and crop to a drop of water on a glass slide, as before, and pushing the glands away from the crop, they may be seen to be connected with the latter by a number of fine fibers. Upon focussing down on these with the microscope, one may be seen larger than the rest, pos- sessing a double-bordered appearance characteristic of ducts when viewed with transmitted light. It is attached to the upper end of the crop at one extremity and at the other to the anterior end of the gland, where it divides close to the latter and becomes lost in the cells. By tearing the cells apart there may be seen attached to and ramifying between them, minute, deli- cate processes, apparently tubules. A third set of glands opening into the anterior part NEW MALLOPIIAGA. 169 of the alimentary canal are those of the head, already described in connection with tlie (lesophageal sclerite. With regard to the salivary glands, then, not consid- ering those glands of the head, the two suborders differ as follows: The Amblycera possess simply two pairs of salivary organs — a gland and reservoir on each side of the alimentary canal. These are of variable shape, since they may be simple and relatively small or very large, or they may be compound, consisting of as many as twenty separate, secreting tubules. The Isch- nocera possess a pair of simple, small, only slightly variable, salivary organs on each side of the alimentary canal. These are evidently the homologs of the sali- vary organs of the other suborders, since their ducts unite with one another in the same manner, and since their general position is the same. In addition, they have a pair of small compound glands each element of which consists of a single cell provided with a sepa- rate ductule. The species of the Amblycera are speci- alized individually, those of the Ischnocera as a group. The Malpighian Tubules. — In all cases known there are four and only four Malpighian tubules. They are simple tubes generally variously dilated near their bases. This dilatation may form a short oval enlargement of the vessels as in Docophoints lari (plate xi, fig. 8), or it may be long, and even occupy half the length of the tube as in Menopon titan (plate xi, fig. 13). These enlarged parts of the tubes are very variable in size, and according to the specimen may be present and large or entirely absent in the same species. In Col- pocephaluni oshorni the basal parts of the two tubes on each side are united for a short distance (plate xi, fig 7). The vessels are generally very much convoluted and form a tangled mass of tubes about the lower part 170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. of the alimentary canal. In others, however, they are straight. In Menopon titan they form V-shaped tubes with the bend forward and the inner arm joining the intestines. Each tube consists of an apparently struct- ureless investing membrane (plate xi, fig. 6), of a single layer of large granular epithelium cells within this, and finially of a thin intima lining the epithelium. The lumen is narrow and irregular since the inner ends of the cells are angular, and a convexity on one side of the lumen fits into a concavity of the epithelium on the opposite side. III. The Respiratory System. The tracheae are disposed in two main trunks, one on each side of the body, reaching from the posterior end of the abdomen into the head. Spiracles are situ- ated laterally on the dorsal side of the abdominal seg- ments, and in some species, as Menopon titan, there is a spiracle on each side of the prothorax (See Kellogg, 1896). A short branch connects each spiracle with the main longitudinal trunk of the same side. Opposite the union are given off several branches to the various organs of the body. In the head the lateral trunks end by dividing into numerous branches. No dilatation of the tracheae occurs at any point. In Menopon titan a large transverse trunk connects the two lateral trunks in the fourth abdominal segment. IV. The Nervous System. The nervous system consists of a brain and sub- oesophageal ganglion in the head and a large ganglion in each of the thoracic segments. From the two head NEW MALLOPHAGA. 171 ganglia are given off branches to the mouth-parts and sense-organs. Each thoracic ganglion sends laterally a large branch to the corresponding legs. The last one gives off, in addition to these, branches that go back- wards into the abdomen, supplying the organs there sit- uated. In Eurymetopus taurus (plate xvi, fig. 7) the brain is large, much wider than long, and consists of two lobes united in the middle line. Each lobe expands greatly laterally. The posterior border of the brain is convex, notched in the middle line. The anterior bor- der is very concave. The brain, therefore, presents from above the appearance of being composed of two large lateral masses connected in the middle line by a narrow commissure. From each anterior outer angle a trunk passes downward and backward to the anterior end of the suboesophageal ganglion. These form the circumoesophageal commissures, and from each a small trunk runs forward to a very large frontal ganglion sit- uated in the median line between the anterior ends of the two cerebral lobes. The suboesophageal ganglion is larger than the brain and is situated in the lower part of the head beneath the oesophagus near the occipital margin. It is somewhat triangular in shape, with one side turned forward. The brain and suboesophageal ganglion of Menopon titan (plate xvi, fig. 8) are very similar to those of Eurymetopus taurus. Dorsoventral longitudinal sections show that the brain is rather thick and that the lateral lobes are expanded posteriorly as w^ell as laterally. The circum- oesophageal commissures are inclined at an angle of about forty-five degrees. The frontal ganglion is smaller than in Eurymetopus taurus and is connected by a short trunk with the upper end of each circumoesophageal commis- sure. From it a branch runs forward to the labium. The 172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. suboesophageal ganglion is oval in longitudinal sections. The peripheral part of each is composed of rather large cells. Fibers pass from the lower ganglion through the commissures to the outer anterior angles of the brain, where they radiate in all directions to the peripheral cells. Transverse sections of the brain of Menopon sp. (plate xii, figs. 1-4, hi'), followed from before backwards, show in front the small, disunited sections which farther back (fig. 1) become enlarged in an inner and ventral direction and connected with the suboesophageal gan- glion (sg) by two short, straight trunks. The latter ganglion is very flat in front. Back of the commissures (fig. 2) the lobes of the brain enlarge and become ovoid in sections, with the large end turned inward. The suboesophageal ganglion is still flattened and slightly constricted in the middle. Sections passing through the eyes (fig. 3) show a narrow commissure passing over the pharynx connecting the previously separated cerebral lobes which are now oval in shape. The suboesophageal ganglion is still flat but slightly enlarged laterally. Still farther back (fig. 4) the transverse commissure of the brain has increased in thickness, and the subsesophageal ganglion greatly enlarged, especially laterally. The three thoracic ganglia are large, situated close together, and each is generally larger than the one in front. In Eurymetopus taurus each ganglion is hexag- onal viewed dorsoventrally (plate xvi, fig. 7), with two sides transverse, one in front and the other behind. The most posterior ganglion is large and joined to the mesothoracic ganglion by its anterior side. From the lateral angles, which are a little back of the middle, large trunks are given off to the legs, and from the posterior angles larger branches, one on each side, go backwards NEW MALLOPHAGA. 173 into the abdomen. The niesothoracic ganglion is smaller than the last one, but, except that the lateral edges are more nearly equal, is very similar to it. Its anterior side joins the posterior side of the one in front, and from its lateral angles trunks arise that supply the mesothoracie legs. The prothoracic ganglion is more elongated than the others and the lateral angles are relatively farther back, but as before, the leg branches arise from them. There are no interganglionic com- missures between the thoracic ganglia but the protho- racic ganglion is connected with the suboesophageal ganglion by two short, longitudinal trunks. In other forms the thoracic ganglia are a little more separated, but in all cases known, the nervous system is much concentrated and ganglia never occur in the abdomen. Longitudinal sections of Menopon titan (plate x, fig. 1) show that the thoracic ganglia (gi, g^, and gz) are oval longitudinally and have an outer layer of large cells like those in the head. Transverse sections of Menopon sp. (plate xii, figs. 5-7) show that each ganglion {g\ and c/o) is double and very large. In Eitrymetopus taunts (plate xvi, fig. 7) each ganglion is supplied with tracheae from a large, transverse commissure (t r) passing trans- versely from one main, lateral, tracheal trunk to the other. Each of these transverse trunks is applied very closely to the posterior part of the corresponding gan- glion, and gives off into the latter numerous ramifying branches. V. The Dorsal Vessel. The heart was first described by Wedl in 1855. Nitzsch says nothing about it. Kramer in 1869, briefly described that of Lipeitras jejunus. Grosse 174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP^ SCIENCP^S. adds little to the descriptions given by Wedl and Kramer. Wedl found that it could be studied success- fully only in living animals. According to him the heart proper of Menopon pallidum is one-chambered and is situated in the next to the last abdominal seg- ment just below the dorsal wall. The inner cavity is provided in front and behind with an opening. It con- sists of a molecular parenchymous part on each side, and a median membranous part. From the lateral, thickened part there arise ragged prolongations remind- ing one of the papillary muscles of the vertebrate heart, and which terminate in fine thread-like fibers attached to the median membranous walls of the heart. To the outer side of the parenchymous part are attached on each side a bundle of tense fibers, which may be termed the right and left suspensory fibers of the heart. The dorsal aorta has a swelling at its base forming a bulbus arteriosus. This has on each side a bundle of fibers, the right and left suspensory fibers of the bulbus arteriosus. Likewise at the opposite end of the heart is a swelling forming the bulbus venosus. This has two prolongations at its posterior end which appear to be inlet tubes allowing the entrance of the blood into the bulbus venosus. At the posterior end is a median row of fibers. Kramer describes the heart of Lipeurus jejiinus as a long narrow tube enlarged at its posterior end. Here are attached the very much reduced wing-muscles. Wedl does not mention these but very probably refers to them whenhe describes the '^suspensory fibers". At the posterior end, according to Kramer, are four open- ings to admit the blood. Wedl states that the heart- beats amount to 112-120 per minute in specimens just taken from the living host, but sink to 56-52 in speci- mens taken from a host that has been dead a day or so. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 175 He further describes the manner in which the different parts of the heart and aorta contract, and also gives an account of the methods he used in making his observa- tions. Finally he states that he examined several rep- resentatives of the Philopteridse, such as Lipeurus vari- abilis, Goniodes colchici, and Docophorus atratus, but apparently he determined merely that the heart is pres- ent m these forms. VJ. The Reproductive Organs. The reproductive organs of both the male and the female may be divided ontogeneticaily into (1) parts derived from the interior of the body, including the testes or ovaries, the vasa deferentia or oviducts, and the vesicula seminalis, ejaculatory duct or vagina and spermatha3ca; and (2) into parts derived from the exterior of the body, including a genital cavity in both sexes, and an eversible penis with variously developed accessory chitinous parts in the male. According to Nusbaum (1882) the embryological origin of the internal organs of Lipeurus bacillus and Goniocotes hologaster is as follows : The parts arise from four fundaments. Two of these are derived from the mesoderm and give rise to the testes or ovaries and the vasa deferentia or oviducts; the others are derived from the epiblast of the ventral side of the fourth abdominal segment, and give rise to the vesicula seminalis and ductus ejacula- torius of the male or the vagina and spermathaeca of the female. The second pair subsequently unite forming the unpaired organs of the adult. The latter are hence strictly external since they originate from the epiblast of the embryo. For convenience of description, how- ever, the parts are classified better as internal and 176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. external genitalia, in which the terms internal Siwdi exter- nal are used relatively with regard to the adult structure. 1. THE MALE ORGANS. The Internal Male Genitalia. — The testes are either six or four in number in adults, the former number being confined to the Amblycera and the latter to the Ischnocera. In the Amblycera they are variously- shaped organs lying in the lateral parts of the adom- inal cavity, three on each side, one in front of the other. Each opens by a short vas deferens into a common sperm duct. In the Ischnocera the testes are two in number on each side. They are generally pyriform, having the pointed ends turned away from each other and each terminated by one or two fine threads, and having the blunt ends approximated and connected by a short, nar- row commissure from which the common vas deferens arises. The other internal reproductive organs of the male are essentially alike in the two suborders. The vas deferens on each side runs generally first backward from the testis and then turns forward to enter the sperm ves- icle. The latter organ is usually single, but is composed of right and left lobes which in many cases are easily separated and which are sometimes normally discon- nected. In all cases their lower ends open into a com- mon ejaculatory duct. This goes to the exterior and may be either straight or variously bent. The two halves of the sperm vesicle when not entirely separated exter- nally are essentially distinct, since each half possesses its own lumen, into which the vas deferens of the same side opens. Figure 4, then, may be taken to represent diagrammatically the typical condition of the internal male genitalia of the whole order. The figure as it is NEW MALLOPHAGA. 177 represents more exactly the Amblyceran structure, but the Ischnoceran may be produced from it by sup- pressing one testis on each side and drawing the other two toward each other while their distal ends are turned in opposite direc- tions. Nusbaum states that in Lipeiirus bacillus and in Goniocotes hologas- ter, two Ischnoceran spec- ies, the fundaments of the testes in the embryos form each three lobes, of which the posterior two develop into testes, while the anter- ior one atrophies. This anterior lobe, if it repre- sents a third testis, establishes three on each side as the typical number of testes in the whole order. In Physostomum diffusum (plate xiii, fig. 9) the testes are rather small. The most anterior is situated rela- tively rather far in front of the others, and is trian- gular in outline, having the base turned forward. Its posterior end becomes rather gradually narrowed, pass- ing into the vas deferens. The middle and posterior testes are enlarged toward their bases and pointed at their distal ends. Each is connected with the vas deferens by a short vas efferens. The sperm duct runs a short distance back of the last testis and then turns forward to the seminal vesicle. This organ lies in the third abdominal segment. It is rather small, being about the length of the segment in which it is situated. 12 Fig. 4.— Diagram of the internal repro- cUactive organs of the male Mallophaga; t, testes: vd, vasa deferentia; sv, vesicula seminalis. 178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. It is bilobed, being divided by median dorsal and ventral furrows into a right and left half. Each half is again partially divided by a longitudinal furrow into two secondary lobes, the outer of which is thinner than the other. From the posterior end of the vesicle a wide, almost straight ejaculatory duct passes to the exterior. Its lower half is provided with a strong, transverse musculature. The vasa deferentia appear to open into the ejaculatory duct at a point above its mid- dle. They, however, merely become attached to this duct here, since they run forward along its sides, closely bound to it, and enter the sperm vesicle. The vesicula seminalis of Trinoton luridiim is elon- gated antero-posteriotly, tapers anteriorly, and is en- larged and rounded posteriorly. From it the ejacu- latory duct runs forward and to the left. Soon it makes an abrupt bend backward and toward the middle line again, where it enters a greatly enlarged and very muscular division which opens to the exterior. The whole reproductive system of Menopon titan is very greatly modified by an extreme complication of the different parts. They are all essentially the same, however, as in other species, and the modification is mostly confined to the parts developed from the exterior and to the muscles attached to these parts. These will be described farther on. The main modification of the inner organs is a great increase in the length of the ductus ejaculatorius. The testes (plate xiii, fig. 10, t) are oval, elongated tubes situated along the sides of the body. The most anterior on each side is connected with the anterior end of the vas deferens of the same side. The second and third are connected with the same duct at points farther back by rather long vasa effer- entia. The part of the vas deferens between the first NEW MALLOPHAGA. 179 and second testes (beginning with the one in front) is longer than that between the second and third. The anterior end of each testis reaches some distance anterior to the posterior end of the one in front. Each vas deferens proceeds a short distance back of the last testis and then turns toward the median line of the body, the two are here connected by a transverse duct (c d) and enter the large mass of muscles surrounding the invaginated penis (this structure together with the muscles will be described under the head of the External Genitalia; see postea). They pass between the fibers and enter the cavity surrounded by them; turning then forward they run in this direction along the upper part of the cavity to the anterior end of the latter. Here they emerge from the muscles and go forward to the vesicula seminalis (sv)^ each entering the side of this organ toward the set of testes with which it is in con- nection. The seminal vesicle is very large, composed of two only slightly united lobes. It is elongated antero-pos- teriorly, tapering at both ends, and connected with the ductus ejaculatorius at its posterior ends. The latter is, as stated, a very long tube, and is consequently very much coiled. It begins at the posterior completely united end of the vesicula seminalis as a rather wide tube. It runs backwards from here only a short dis- tance and then makes a turn toward the median line, the seminal vesicle being situated a little to the left. Here it makes a small loop upon itself and then runs forward to near the anterior end of the seminal vesi- cle, which reaches forward into the metathorax, mak- ing during this course a second loop upon itself. At the anterior end of the vesicula it makes a sharp bend backward, dorsal to the vesicula, and runs in a straight 180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. line to its posterior end, where it becomes narrower and turns toward the middle line. It reaches the trans- verse muscles of the penis and becomes here thrown into several loops, and then runs forward among the longitudinal muscles of the penis to the anterior end of the innermost (ini) tube of the latter, with which it becomes continuous. Nitzsch does not describe extensively the repro- ductive organs, merely giving a general description of them for the different suborders. He figures, however, the male organs of Colpocephalurn fiavescens and of Men- opon pallidum. In the former (plate xiii, fig. 7) the six testes (t) are pear-shaped, situated with their broad ends upon the vasa deferentia (vd), with which they are con- nected by very short secondary ducts. Their pointed ends are terminated each by a short fiber. The vasa deferentia run backward and inward, uniting with the basal portion of the ductus ejaculatorius (ej) far from the vesicula seminalis (sv). The latter is somewhat elongated divided longitudinally to near its base by a median and two lateral grooves. The ejaculatory duct is very long. Immediately after leaving the vesicula seminalis it turns forward lateral of this organ and runs forward to some distance beyond its anterior end; the duct then turns backward and slightly inward, end- ing in a somewhat enlarged basal part to which is attached an internal chitin rod (r). In this form and in PJiysostomum diffiisiini the ductus ejaculatorius is very- wide compared with this duct in Menopon titan and Menopon pallidum. In PJiysostomum it is provided with very prominent transverse muscle fibers. In Menopon pallidum, as figured by Nitzsch, the testes are small, oval, and connected with the vasa deferentia by rather long ducts. The vasa deferentia are much NEW MALLOPHAGA. 181 convoluted in the portion lying between the testes and their proximal ends. The vesicula seminalis is ex- panded and four-lobed at its distal end, two lobes being situated on each side of the median line. From each of the two inner lobes a short twisted blind tube runs forward. The posterior end is rather pointed and passes into the ejaculatory duct. This duct is long and narrow^ and is thrown into numerous convolutions, which, however, all lie between the vesicula seminalis and the external genital opening. The vasa deferentia open into the base of the ductus ejaculatorius. The following are examples of the male organs of the Ischnocera. In Eurymetopus taurus (plate xiii, fig. 8) the testes (t) are four in number, two on each side. Each is a small pear-shaped organ having the taper- ing end terminated by a fine thread. The two on each side are closely connected by a rather wide commissure. They lie in the lateral part of the body cavity in the third and fourth abdominal segments close to the dorsal wall, with their long axes in an antero-posterior direc- tion. From the inner side of the commissure connect- ing the testicles the vas deferens (vd) arises. It is a narrow tube passing first backward and inward and then forward and inward till it reaches the seminal ves- icle (sv). Each duct enters the base of this organ on its own side. The vesicula is much the same as in Physostomum and Colpocephalum , it being partially divided into a right and left lobe by a median furrow. Each half is then again divided by median dorsal and ventral furrows on its surface. The two middle lobes of the four thus produced project farther forward than the lateral ones. Near the posterior end of the organ the four furrows cease and the ductus ejaculatorius [ej) takes its origin from a very short, undivided portion. 182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The ductus is separated from the vesicula by a constric- tion just in front of which the vasa deferentia termi- nate. The ejaculatory duct is divided into a wide, anteriorly and outwardly running, proximal part, and a narrower, longer, and posteriorly running, distal part. The two meet in front at an acute angle. The proximal dilated part is well provided with transverse circular muscles; the distal portion is also provided with muscles but not so prominently as the other. The ductus opens into the penis, but this will be described under the next heading. The testes (t) of Goniodes cervinicornis (plate xiii, fig. 3) are rather more elongated than those of the last species described, but otherwise very similar. Their larger ends are approximated, and connected by a com- missure narrower and longer than in Eurymetopus. The vasa deferentia (vd) are simple tubes passing from the commissure backwards and then forwards to the sem- inal vesicle {sv). They enter the latter, however, far up, almost at the midlateral points. In this form the vesicle is completely divided to its base into a right and a left lobe. Each lobe is elongated, tapering in front and behind. It is enlarged m its anterior half, and joined a little below its middle point by the vas defer- ens of the same side. The two lobes are connected with the upper end of the ductus ejaculatorius, whose lumen is formed by the union of the cavities of the seminal vesicle. A short, backward-running, proximal part of the ductus is comparatively very narrow. It soon, however, enters on the right a greatly enlarged division of the duct, which extends anteriorly and to the right of the vesicula. It is longer than the latter, wide through the middle, and narrowed at each end. Ante- riorly it gradually contracts into the comparatively NEW MALLOPHAGA. 183 narrow, backward-running part of the duct. This pro- ceeds to the penis, and in its course makes a bend to the left back of the seminal vesicle, then, after reaching the middle line of the body, goes straight to the exte- rior. The upper enlarged part of the duct is strongly muscular. Nitzscli figures the male organs of two Ischno- ceran species, Goniocotes compav and Lijjeiirus jejunus. In the former the pear-shaped testes abut closely upon each other by their large ends, and from between them the vas deferens passes by a convoluted course to the upper end of a posterior enlarged part of the ejaculatory duct. The latter is long and rather slender for most of its length. It makes a large bend forward as in the other species described, the inner arm of the loop like- wise is considerably dilated, but a narrow neck inter- venes between this part and the vesicula. The latter is partially divided anteriorly into two lobes. Kramer (1869) describes very fully the male reproduc- tive organs of Lipeurits jejunus. According to him the two testes on each side are acorn-shaped, having their pointed ends terminating in a fine-branched fiber. They are formed by a continuation of the outer homo- geneous covering of the testes. Just where they leave the testes they contain three or four nucleated cells beyond which they become solid threads. Each divides into two main branches w^hich are attached to the dor- sal tube, but also by side branches to the Malpighian vessels and to other organs, so that they are simply members of the connective fibers that bind all the organs together. The slender vas deferens arises from the united larger ends of the testes. It consists of an outer structureless covering and an inner cellular epi- thelium. He describes the vesicula seminalis as an 184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. accessory secreting gland, stating that the vasa deferen- tia enter it and continue through it as an integral part, and then pass out as its duct forming the ductus ejacu- latorius. Exception to this view will be taken farther on. According to Kramer the vesicula consists of a rather long duct and of the gland proper, the former widening itself suddenly into the latter. The walls of the duct are composed of several superimposed parts; surrounding all is a loose mass of fibers which are partly nerves and partly connective threads. Within this is a fine structureless coat only here and there pro- vided with distinct nuclei, which is continous over the whole gland. Below this is a thick coat of cells in sev- eral layers. Lining the duct is a two-layered intima; where the duct passes into the gland the two layers diverge, the outer passing over the outside of the gland just beneath the outermost structureless membrane of the duct, which, as stated, passes over the whole gland also, and the inner continuing into the cavities of the gland as their intima. The cells of the cellular layer of the duct are contractile and appear to be muscle-cells corresponding with the muscular cells of the oesophagus and crop. At the lower end of the gland the vasa deferentia penetrate the two outer membranes and run forward beneath a series of wide cell-like plates, with which, however, they do not unite. They proceed forward thus, surrounded by the^ plates as by a sheath, along the middle of the flat surface of the gland to near its upper end, where they first enter its interior and then within traverse again its whole length. Within the gland they are surrounded by its secreting cells; at its lower end they unite to form the ductus ejaculatorius. It is to be noted that the muscle-cell layer of the duct continues for only a short distance NEW MALLOPHAGA. 185 over the base of the gland, the hitter being situated within the cells as a flower in its calyx. Kramer further describes the penis and its muscles, and also the origin of the sperm and formation of the spermatophores. Transverse sections through the testes of Menopon titan show that each is surrounded by a structureless outer tunica. Within this is an epithelium of high narrow cells projecting irregularly with ragged edges into the lumen of the organ. They are all more or less curved and together present somewhat the appearance of an iris diaphragm (plate xiii, fig. 1). An intima is apparently absent. The lumen of the testes is not very large and is filled, in prepared specimens, with a granu- lar substance which is probably a coagulated fluid. The vasa deferentia have an outer tunica resembling that of the testes, within this a single-layered cellular epithelium. The cells are much smaller and relatively a great deal shorter than those of the testes (plate xiii, fig. 2). The lumen is small and lined by a thin structureless intima covering the inner ends of the epithelium cells. The seminal vesicle is composed of the same elements as the vasa deferentia. The epithelium cells are columnar but comparatively short (plate xiii, figs. 5 and 6). The lumen on the other hand is very large and filled with an apparently coagulated (in mounted specimens) non-ceJlular substance. The organ in sec- tions is clearly seen to be a double structure, for the two halves are almost entirely separate. The two cavities communicate only through the upper end of the ejac- ulatory duct. The main connection between the two lobes is by an apparently outer layer of the tunica, which in the groove between the two sides passes across from one to the other, and an inner layer con- tinuing around its respective lobe. In some places, 186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. however, in the basal half of the organ, the inner lay- ers of the tunicas are absent and the opposing cells fused. The ejaculatory duct (plate xiii, fig. 4) has the same structure as the seminal vesicle and vasa defer- entia. Outside of its tunica, however, is a layer of circular muscle fibers. These continue a short distance over the base of the seminal vesicle (plate xiii, fig. 5) and unite the lower ends of its lobes more firmly, but they soon cease. From the preceding descriptions it is evident that figure 4, on page 177, represents the typical development of the internal genital organs of the males for the whole order. The only constant difference between the two orders in respect to these organs is the number and relative position of the testes. The latter organs have no constant form in the Amblycera although the variation is small, while on the other hand, in the Ischnocera the form is almost entirely constant. Thus, with respect to the sperm glands, as was found to be the case also with the salivary glands, the Ischnocera are specialized as a group, while the Amblycera are specialized among themselves on a less evolved type. It now remains to consider the nature of the struct- ure referred to as the vesicula seminalis. As stated, Kramer regarded it as an accessory gland, but he did not show what its function as a gland is. He found, further, that the spermatophores are not formed in the male ducts, but in the female spermathaeca. That it is composed of united right and left organs is very evident. This is indicated by the fact that it is actually entirely divided into two lateral lobes in at least one form, and in others it is more or less deeply cleft, while in none known is it without a median groove. Further, according to Nusbaum (1882), it actually NEW MALLOPHAGA. 187 arises from two separated fundaments in the embryo, which subsequently unite. Kramer states that since the secreting cells are arranged around two tubes, the vasa deferentia, the organ has the appearance of being composed of two closely united gland^^, and that a sep- arating wall is actually present. Grosse (1885) disagrees with Kramer and regards the structure as consisting of two bladder-like enlargements of the ductus ejaculato- rius, which serve to retain the spermatozoa as they come from the testes until sent to the exterior by the contraction of the vesicle. According to him, accumu- lations of spermatozoa are to be found in the upper part of the organ. He states also that a secreting power cannot be denied to the cells forming the wall. The walls are thick and have a glandular appearance, but, other than this, proof of their secreting function appears to be absent. The embryological investigations of Nusbaum, if correct, show clearly the relation of the vesicula semi- nalis to the adjacent parts. As has been shown, the vesicula generally presents a four-lobed appearance, being divided by three longitudinal constrictions of which the median one is the most constant and the best marked. According to Nusbaum the vasa defer- entia unite with the fundaments of the reproductive organs derived from the epiblast. The latter then become each produced into two lobes at their anterior ends before they fuse with each other. Then, when they unite, there is produced a structure having a four- lobed anterior end to which the vasa deferentia are attached, and an undivided posterior part. The former becomes the vesicula seminalis and the latter by elon- gation the ductus ejaculatorius. 188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The External Male Genitalia. — The outer accessory structures connected with the inner reproductive organs have never been very carefully studied. Nitzsch (1818), Piaget (1880, 1885), and Taschenberg (1882) described them mostly as they appeared through the body-wall. Piaget made a few dissections. The external organs con- sist of two parts: (1) a simple or compound invagination of the body-wall of the last abdominal segment, and (2) chitinous parts developed in the walls of the invagina- tion. In addition, however, there are muscles attached to these parts, situated within the body, and which are very important and sometimes very complicated adjuncts of the copulatory organs. The following descriptions represent all the genera of which males could be obtained. Eurymetopus taurus (Plate XIV, fig. 5, plate XV, fig. 1). The male has nine abdominal segments. The last tergum is very much narrowed from side to side, forming a triangular terminal dorsal plate with the apex, which is a little invaginated, projecting back- wards. The sternum of the last segment, on the other hand, is much enlarged, projecting much beyond the corresponding tergum both posteriorly and lat- erally as a large plate with slightly upcurved lateral edges. Above this plate the top of the copulatory organ may be seen projecting a little beyond the end of the tergum. By separating these two plates a terminal cavity of the abdomen is exposed, having the chitinous penis lying along the middle line of its floor, and the anus opening into the upper posterior part. This space will be spoken of as the genital cavity , since it is evidently formed to accommodate the reproductive function, and since it contains the external part of the copulatory NEW MALLOPHAGA. 189 organ. The opening of the alimentary canal into it is apparently a secondary result, since the anus is terminal and exposed in the female when the genital cavity is in front of the last sternum. Longitudinal sections through the male show that the genital cavity is formed by a wide invagination of the hind end of the abdomen (plate xv, fig. 1). The cavity is almost as wide as the body itself, and extends from the posterior border of the last segment far into the eighth. In its upper wall near the posterior margin is the anal opening (a). From its inner end an evagina- tion of much smaller diameter than the primary invag- ination takes place, forming a long, rather slender, dis- tally tapering tube in whose walls a thick deposit of chitin is present. This is the penis {p). From its base a large, wide chitinous plate extends forward ivithin the body-cavity {pi). The part of the penis lying within the genital cavity will be spoken of as the external part of the penis, and the plate extending forward within the body cavity as the internal part. It is to be noted, however, that the plate is strictly external, since it is simply a part of the chitinous covering of the body, and that it is internal only in the sense that an inward- running process of the body-wall is internal. The gen- ital chamber reaches much farther forward below the penis than above it. At the point where the internal and external parts of the penis are continuous, the duc- tus ejaculatorius {ej) enters into the evagination of which the outer part is formed, and opens by a termi- nal orifice to the exterior. The internal plate extends forward beneath the ductus ejaculatorius and close to the ventral wall of the body to the anterior border of the second abdominal segment. To it the muscles (em) of the penis are attached. 190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The penis (plate xiv, fig. 5) as a whole is a dorsoven- trally flattened structure. Its anterior three-fourths is wide, forming the internal plate, while the posterior one-fourth is wide at its base but rapidly tapers beyond this. The posterior fourth is the external part formed by the chitinous thickening of the evagination described. Where the two meet, a large, square area is taken out of the penis. The margins at the side of and behind this are very thick. From the former arise two wide processes, one on each side, which rapidly contract and curve dorsally and inwards, almost meeting each other in the middle line. In front of these, two other pro- cesses arise from the anterior margin of the non-chi- tinized space, as two backward prolongations from the inner edges of the thickened lateral margins of the plate in front. They extend backward, outward, and slightly ventrally, terminating beyond the posterior edges of the lateral processes, and almost reaching across the unchi- tinized space. They are narrower than the lateral pro- cesses and taper but slightly. From the posterior thickened margin of the unchitinized area a third pair of processes arises. These are short, rapidly tapering, and continuous with the ventral edge of the transverse part behind the unchitinized area, this part being, as before stated, tubular. These processes lie close together, each just to one side of the median line. Their inner edges are slightly divergent and their outer edges strongly convergent and concave. Their tips reach about as far forward as the posterior ends of the processes in front. There are thus six processes — two in front, two behind, and one on each side — arching over the unchitinized space of the chitinous p^nis. They surround the terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct, since the latter passes beneath the arch formed by the dorsal processes on its way to the external tubular NEW MALLOPIIAGA. 191 part of the penis. The several processes serve, how- ever, partly for the attachment of muscles. The ante- rior half of the internal plate is comparatively very thin and tapers to a blunt termination in front. Back of the middle, also, the plate contracts somewhat toward its base. The external penis has a large, thick, basal part, which rapidly contracts to a slender, tubular, dis- tal part, terminating by an arrowhead-shaped enlarge- ment, the posterior angles of which are very sharp. This terminal tube curves downward a little toward its tip (plate XV, fig. 1), where its inner cavity opens to the exterior. To the anterior end of the chitinous penis on its ventral side are attached two wide sets of muscle fibers. These pass backward, outward, and a little ventrally to the ventral wall of the abdomen. Each set is parallel- sided and arises from the penis just to one side of the middle line, and as the two diverge backwards they form onl}^ a very small angle with each other. To the other end of the penis are attached four sets of muscles, two dorsal and one on each side. Each lateral bundle is attached to one side of the enlarged subterminal part of the penis. It passes forward and outward, forming an angle of about 45° with the penis, to the lateral wall of the body-cavity. The dorsal muscles are near the middle line, and extend anteriorly, outward, and dorsally. These posterior sets are shorter than the anterior ones, ending on the body walls in the fourth and fifth segments. The mechanism of the chitinous parts, invaginated tube, and muscles is self-apparent. The anterior muscles contracting push the chitinous penis backward, and it carries outward the partly evaginated inner tube of the genital cavity, the flexible walls of which become 192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. erected. In this way the external part of the penis can be protruded from the genita] cavity, which during the operation becomes itself more or less erected. The posterior sets of muscles contracting reverse these movements, resulting in a withdrawal of the penis into the genital chamber. Docophorus lari (Plate XIV, fig. 8). The chitinous genitalia in this species consist of a large, thin, flat chitinous plate situated within the abdomen close to the ventral wall, and an external, con- ical tube with two articulated lateral arms. The plate is rather short, being less than twice as long as wide. Its greatest breadth is near its posterior end; it tapers somewhat forward but has a wide rounded anterior ter- mination. The external part is tubular and represents an inner tube evaginated from the anterior end of the genital cavity. Its walls are very thick and entirely chitinous. In general shape it is, as stated, conical, having the internal plate passing forward from the ven- tral part of the anterior end. Its lateral outlines are slightly convex. Posteriorly it terminates in a slender median prolongation, at the extremity of which is the external genital opening. Into the anterior end of this part, dorsal to the internal plate, the ductus ejaculatorius enters. Five processes surround the slender, parallel- sided terminal tube. Two of them are dorsal, two lat- eral— one on each side, and one ventral. The latter is triangular in shape, rather elongated antero-posteriorly, and has the more pointed apex pointed backwards in the median line. The dorsal processes are much longer than the ventral one. Each is a flat plate reach- ing almost to the posterior end of the central tube. It expands toward its middle and then tapers off again NEW MALLOPHAGA. 193 beyond this point. The approximated edges are straight and lie each just to one side of the middle line, while the outer edges are very angularly convex. The lateral processes are short and thick, somewhat hook-shaped, with the ends turned outward. They reach a little beyond the ventral plate. Two long curved rods are attached externally to the lateral aspects of the base of the outer part of the penis. Their anterior ends, b}^ which they are movably articulated, are considerably enlarged. Each is curved throughout its length, so that the outer margin is con- vex and the tips, which extend a little farther back- ward than the median parts, converge. The part of the penis between these processes is very strongly chitinous. The lateral margins of the internal plate are much more strongly chitinized than the median part, so that in a cleared and mounted specimen the former alone show through the body wall. Consequently there is the appearance of an internal pair of rods extending for- ward from the bases of the external pair; and in many of the figures of Nitzsch, Piaget, and Taschenberg the chitinous genitalia of the males are represented as if this were the case. The plates serve, as in Eurymetopus taurus, for the attachment of muscles. One specimen was found with the penis protruded. The lateral external rods were turned forw^ard, over the back of the insect, so that the median conical part was left projecting backward and upward alone. It is not very clear what the function of the rods is, since there are numerous forms, as \n\\\ be shown, in which they are absent. The turned-forward position is probably not abnormal, since they were found thus in several specimens of other species, and some of the drawings of Piaget show them the same. They have the appearance 13 194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. of acting as a guard to the penis, or they may also serve as levers to prevent the latter from being pushed back into the genital cavity. The penis, however, is otherwise very much the same as in those forms where movable rods are absent. Nirmus pacificus. The penis is very similar to that of Bocophorus lari. The internal part is a wide plate which tapers slightly forward and ends anteriorly with a wide rounded out- line. The proximal half of each lateral margin is slightly convex and very thickly chitinized, so that the two give the appearance of a pair of curved prongs reaching forward into the body cavity, since the median part of the plate is comparatively very thin and trans- parent. Between the internal plate and the outer parts is a thickened portion common to both. The external penis consists of two lateral curved rods articulated to the base of the median external part. When the penis is retracted within the genital chamber, these two rods extend backward with their tips approximated and their concave edges turned toward each other. When^ however, the penis is protruded, the rods turn forward over the back of the insect and become rotated outwards, so that their convex edges are toward each other and their tips divergent. The median external part is pro- longed terminally into a slender, tapering, chitinous tube, which appears to bear at its end the genital opening. Surrounding this are five processes which arise near its base and are much the same as those of Docophorus lari. On the dorsal side is a pair of rather long slender plates, on the ventral side a slender median rod, and on each side a rather large, outward- turned process reaching a little beyond the extremity of NEW MALLOPHAGA. 195 the ventral rod. Ventrad of these last are two small cusps. The dorsal laminse are much longer than the others, but the central tube projects a little beyond them. The last abdominal sternum is a wide, rounded plate which projects backwards so as to lie beneath the penis when this organ is protruded. Giebelia mirabilis. (Plate XIV, fig. 4). In this species the penis consists of the same parts as the two last described, there being present an internal plate, an external conical median part, and tw^o lateral processes. The plate is wide and comparatively very short, its length being only a little greater than its breadth. It lies within the body close to the ventral wall, and to its dorsal surface muscles are attached. The sides are a little concave, its anterior border straight with corners rounded. The lateral basal parts are thicker than the rest. The external intromit- tent part of the penis is short, wide, with con- vex lateral edges, rapidly contracting distally, and ending in the middle line with a short, narrower pro- longation. This is not entirely chitinized as in the other forms described for its distal half is almost mem- branous. At the base of the internal plate on its dorsal side the ductus ejaculatorius enters the external penis. The two lateral processes are short and thick, each being only a little longer than half the internal plate. They are curved, having the convex edges turned outward. They converge posteriorly but the tips are turned straight backwards forming an angle with the rest, so that the terminal parts lie parallel with each other. Their bases are enlarged and movably articulated to the rest of the penis as in the other forms described. The articulation is the same as that 196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. between the segments of the body and the joints of the legs; i. e., the parts are continuous but non-chitinized where the articulation occurs. Goniodes cervinicornis. (Plate XIV, fig. 2). The penis can be protruded for a distance about equal to three segments of the abdomen. The outer part con- sists of a delicate membranous tube evaginated from the inner end of the genital chamber. It is protected by three chitinous processes arising from a circular chitinization surrounding the base of the membranous penis. Two of the processes are lateral, long, slender,, tapering, and somewhat convergent, with the outer edges convex and the inner concave. The third is ventral and median. It is a narrow chitinous rod having the distal end triangularly expanded, terminating some distance in front of the posterior ends of the lateral processes. These parts are free from the wall of the membranous penis but closely surround it. Lying within the dorsal wall of the latter is a thin, wide, chitin- ous plate arising also from the circular chitinous base of the penis. It is shorter than the ventral process, and has its edges a little concave. From the anterior ventral margin of the basal part of the external penis a large, thin, parallel-sided, chitinous plate, having a rounded anterior edge and slightly concave lateral edges, arises and passes forward within the body-cavity, giv- ing attachment to protrusor and retractor muscles. It lies close to the ventral wall of the body-cavity, and at its base the ejaculatory duct enters the external penis. The opening into the latter is overhung by a wide tap- ering plate. The membranous penis extends beyond the ends of all the chitinous parts. When the chitin- ous structure is pushed outwards the outer processes np:w mallophaga. 197 and the common chitinous base are entirely exposed. It is to be noted that in this species the lateral processes of the external penis are not, as in Docophorus, Nii^nius, and Giebelia, movably articulated to the base, and also that the median part is much less extensively chitinized. Lipeurus fuliginosus major. (Plate XIV, fig. 1). In this species the chitinous genital parts form a fork-shaped structure. A long, narrow plate lies within the body, representing the handle, while the external part consists of two prongs. The internal plate is com- paratively much narrower than in any of the species so far described. It is a little contracted from side to side toward its base. Distally it gradually tapers to a blunt termination. Its posterior end expands suddenly and becomes bifid. Each arm is very short and extends backwards and outward, forming an angle of about 45" with the plate. The posterior borders of the two form a concavely rounded edge to their end of the plate. Attached to the posterior end of each of these prongs is a lengthened knife-like piece which extends backwards into the genital cavity. The two are dissimilar. The one on the left is larger, being both longer and wider, but they differ in still other respects. The left one has its outer edge convex proximally and concave distally; the inner edge of the same shows similar curves but in opposite order. The end tapers down to a point directed somewhat outwards. The outer edge of the right smaller prong has an outline corresponding with that of the inner edge of the left prong. That is, it is concave toward its base and convex toward its tip. The inner edge is convex at the middle, decidedly concave proximally and slightly so distally. Hence its point is 198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. turned inward — relatively opposite to that of the left prong. The bifid posterior end of the internal plate is imbedded in the base of the chitinous penis. The outer prongs are attached to the arms of the bifurcation in a manner much different from that in other forms. The base of each prong is a little expanded and bears two tapering processes projecting inwardly and anteriorly, one lying dorsal to the other. The dorsal process is the larger; it is curved so that the posterior margin is con- cave and the anterior convex. The tips of the dorsal, processes of the two sides are directed toward and lie close to each other. Each is connected by a delicate dorsoventrally flattened chitinous bar, which passes outward to the arm on the same side of the bifid base of the internal plate, and fuses with it very near its posterior ends. The ventral process is smaller than the dorsal one; its posterior edge is convex and its anterior edge concave. The end of each arm of the plate abuts upon the corresponding prong between the bases of the two processes of the latter, the transverse slender bar of chitin serving to connect the two other- wise separated parts. Lying in the dorsal wall of the membranous penis is a thin chitinous plate. It ex- tends from near the bases of the lateral prongs to a short distance from the distal end of the smaller one. It also is symmetrical. The right edge is about straight and distinctly marked; it lies nearer the side of the penis than does the left edge, so that the plate is not median. The left edge is much less sharply defined and extends obliquely from the left side of the base of the penis posteriorly and toward the middle line. To the dorsal side of the internal plate is attached a large mass of muscle fibers, and on the same side of the plate the ductus ejaculatorius enters the penis. NEW MALLOPHAQA. 199 Oncophorus bisetosus calif ornicus. There is nothing in the genitalia of this form differ- ent from tliose already described. The chitinous parts consist of a rather wide internal plate with thickened margins and transparent central part, and of an outer median tapering chitinous intromittent organ with articulated lateral processes. Piaget figures Onco- phorits unguicidatus in which the genitalia are appar- ently the same as in the form just described. Goniocotes creber. (Plate XIV, fig. 9). In this form the chitinous genitalia are extremely reduced. Within the body is a long narrow plate reaching almost to the anterior end of the abdomen. It is very thin and transparent except laterally, where it is weakly chitinized, giving the appearance of two long, very delicate, slightly curved rods lying within the body. Each of these is continuous externally in the wall of the penis. Their outer parts are more chitinized, the tips sharp and convergent. Muscles are attached to the internal part. Piaget figures several species of Goniocotes in which the chitinous genital parts are about the same as in G. creber j consisting of an internal plate with external prongs. In some the plate is evi- dently more chitinized than in this form. The species whose genitalia have been described are all Ischnoceran forms; the following belong to the Amblycera and it will be seen that the genitalia are more simple than in the others, though essentially the same. Trinoton luridum. (Plate XIV, fig. 7). A genital chamber is present with a membranous penis arising from its inner end. The chitinous parts consist of a long, slender, tapering rod running forward 200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. within the body cavity from the base of the penis. Its posterior end is expanded and bifid, the prongs being external and imbedded in the wall of the penis. They extend posteriorly and a little outwards, each being a little longer than half the length of the internal rod. Each prong ends bluntly posteriorly, but some distance in front of its posterior end it gives off a process wide at its base but soon narrowing very much, which runs dorsally a short distance and then turns posteriorly, extending in this direction parallel with the main prong from which it arises past the posterior end of the latter, and then turns inward to meet and fuse with the corresponding process of the other side. This median part is very weakly chitinized. The arc thus formed lies in the dorsal wall of the membranous penis, while the two prongs are lateral. The penis extends some distance beyond all the chitinous parts. The duc- tus ejaculatorius enters it above the internal rod, which latter serves for the attachment of muscles. The intro- mittent organ in this form, then, consists of a membra- nous tube evaginated from the inner end of the genital chamber, in whose walls chitinous rods are developed which unite anteriorly to the ventral wall of the tube and send forward a chitinous rod into the body cavity. Colpocephalum osborni. (Plate XIV, fig. 6). The genitalia of this species are very similar to those of Trinoton luridiiin just described. The only difference is that the processes arising from near the posterior ends of the prongs of the fork-shaped structure do not meet each other. In addition to these, however, there is present in the dorsal wall of the membranous penis a chitinous arrowhead-shaped plate, which reaches about half way to the ends of the lateral prongs and is NEW MALLOPHAGA. 201 connected with the latter by wings from its base, which reach the prongs a short distance back of their diver- gence. There are also developed in the walls of the penis numerous small, granular chitinizations. Physostomum diffusum. (Plate XIV, fig. 3). The chitinous genital parts of this species are very simple. There are present in the walls of the penis two diverging lateral rods which meet in front. Here they send forward into the body cavity a very small rod, it being about a third of the length of each outer prong, to which muscle fibers are attached. The posterior ends of the prongs are connected by a transverse, angular bar. Menopon mesoleucum. (Plate XIV, fig. 10). A long, rather thick internal rod is present. This arises from the united anterior ends of two thick bars in the walls of the penis. These bars are very short and do not nearly reach the end of the penis. To the end of each is articulated a longer tapering rod free from the penis and reaching to its posterior end. These have the appearance of being homologs of the articulated lateral prongs in some of the Ischnoceran forms. RESUME. From the preceding descriptions it is clear that the outer genitalia of the male may be generalized as fol- lows. The posterior end of the last abdominal segment is invaginated to a varying extent, forming a genital chamber surrounded by the walls of the body, possess- ing a chitinous lining continuous with the body-wall, and opening posteriorly to the exterior. Into its anterior end the ductus ejaculatorius opens, and the 202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. part in which the operation occurs is carried backward Fig. 5 —Diagram of external genitalia of male Mallophaga; a, anus ; gc, genital chamber; ej, ejacnlatory duct; i?, penis ; pZ, internal plate arising from chitinous thickening in base of penis. as an invagination forming an internal tube arising from the anterior wall of the genital chamber. This tube is the penis. Figure 5 represents diagrammatic- ally what has just been described. It is evident that if the inner walls of the genital chamber are flexible the penis could be entirely protruded from the cavity con- taining it. Specimens killed in alcohol are often found with the penis projecting in this manner. The anal segment is lacking, so that the rectum opens into the genital chamber. The chitinous genitalia are formed as chitinizations in the walls of the inner tube. The object of this is double, (1) to strengthen the walls of the penis, (2) to give attachment to muscles for protruding and retract- ing the penis. The latter function is apparently the more important, since a contrivance for its accommoda- tion is never absent, while chitinous parts strengthen- ing the penis are in some cases. very slightly developed and in a few, such as in Menopon titan, yet to be described, and in some species of Colpocephalum , are entirely absent. The structure which gives attachment to the muscles is always of the form of a chitinous pro- longation into the body cavity from a chitinization in NEW MALLOPHAGA. 203 the ventral part of the base of the penis. It may, therefore, be represented as in figure 5, pi. This inter- nal structure may be short or long and either narrow or broad, but it is always essentially the same and lies ven- tral to the ductus ejaculatorius. The external parts are developed as various degrees of chitinization radiating through the walls of the penis from the ve;itral basal chitinous deposit. The simplest and most usual form consists of a rod given off backward on each side (fig. 6) such as in Menopon mesoleucunt, Trinoton liiridinn, Colpocephahini oshorni, and others. Figs. 6-8.— Diagram showing successive degrees of chitinization in walls of penis; p, penis; gc, genital chambers; pi, internal plate. Secondary processes may be developed from these. In others the basal chitin may completely surround the penis (fig. 7) and, besides lateral processes, may give off dorsal and ventral ones as in Goniodes cerviiiicovnis. Further, this circular basal chitinization may extend continuously backward (fig. 8) and transform the penis into a chitinous tube, as in Docophorus lari and in Eury- metopuH taiirus. Independent chitinizations may also be developed in the penis, taking the form of plates and granulations in its walls, as in Lipeiirus fidiginosvf^ major. It cannot be stated whether the articulated lat- eral processes are homologous with the non-articulated 204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. lateral pieces or not — embryology must decide this. However, since the two are not known to be present in the same form, and since in Goniodes cervinicornis, at least there are non-articulated processes free from the lateral walls of the penis, it might be inferred that the two may be homologous. Compai;ison shows that the simplest forms of external genitalia occur in the Amblycera, and that in none of these are the parts much complicated. On the other hand, the genitalia in nearly all the Ischnocera are very much more developed, and are characterized by a much wider spreading of the chitin in the walls of the penis, and of a relatively much larger development of the internal process. The condition of the external reproductive organs in the two suborders hence agrees with that of the internal organs, for it was before shown that the latter are the more specialized in the Ischnocera. The structure of the intromittent apparatus of Menopon titan will now be described (plate xiii, fig. 10, and plate XV, figs. 2-5). It is so very highly developed and so complicated, being much more so than in any other form known, that it is more easily understood after a study of the more typical structure found in other spe- cies. Grosse has described it but apparently not very correctly. He says that the last abdominal segment of the male is invaginated and runs forward in the body to the border of the last and penultimate segments, and then goes again backwards in order to continue anew anteriorly, tube-like, to the sixth segment. Surrounding this are transverse muscles, and attached to its anterior end longitudinal muscles. He next states that within the invaginated segment is a tube open at both ends, which anteriorly passes into a gradually decreasing NEW iMALLOPHAGA. 205 chitinous rod reaching to the third abdominal segment, and that within this tube is still another which con- tinues anteriorly into a whip-lash beset with numerous spines or bristles. It is rather hard to imagine how structures such as these could exist in the manner described; and dissected specimens, entire specimens cleared with Eau de Labarraque and stained, and sections cut in longitudinal and transverse directions, indicate that Grosse's description is not entirely cor- rect. The structure of the various parts which Grosse has mentioned is apparently as described in the follow- ing account. When the abdomen of the male is opened from above there is to be seen in it, lying along the middle line and ventral to the alimentary canal, a large, compact mass of muscles reaching from the last segment into the fourth. The posterior three-fourths of this mass is composed of transverse fibers, and the anterior one- fourth of longitudinal fibers which converge to a point in the fourth segment. This structure forms the most prominent organ in the abdomen and is easily taken entire from the body by detaching it from the body- wall at the posterior end. Under a low-power lens it can easily be seen that the transverse muscles of the posterior three-fourths are much curved, but are a little less than semicircular. Their dorsal ends are attached to a vertical sheet of membrane which extends down between them from above as a fold from a thin mem- brane surrounding the whole mass. Their lower ends are attached to a thin, transverse, ventral plate. By dissecting the fibers apart it is found that they, together with the ventral plate to which their lower ends are attached, surround a cylindrical cavity. Within this is a thin-walled, membranous tube open in front. This 206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. latter contains a second thicker and more chitinous tube and a chitin rod. The rod arises posteriorly from the inner tube. Between the outer tube and the mus- cles on the dorsal side of the former lie the forward- running parts of the vasa deferentia. These enter the muscles posteriorly and then pass into the upper part of the cavity within them, run forward to the anterior end of this, and then emerge to join soon the seminal vesicle. The inner tube and rod pass forward some distance beyond the anterior end of the outer tube, and the former is thrown into several convolutions which vary in different specimens. The anterior longitudinal muscles arise from the anterior end of the mass of trans- verse muscles and converge upon the tip of the chitin rod. From these a small band of fibers continues into the thorax, where it is attached to the floor of the meta- thorax in the middle line. The transverse muscles, when detached from the ventral plate, but left with their upper ends still joined to the vertical membrane, have very much the appearance of a bunch of fire-crackers, the fold of membrane representing the axial fuse. The inner tube on account of its being more strongly chitinous than the other appears dark, while the outer is transparent. The interior of the inner tube is beset with numerous chitinous projections. In the posterior part these are of the form of small conical processes closely distributed over the walls. Somewhat farther forward they increase in length and form sharp back- ward-pointing teeth. Still farther in front they become much more elongated, and anterior to these they take the form of large backward-projecting, spike-shaped ap- pendages having sharp points, and they almost obstruct the lumen of the tube. Beyond these a decrease in size of the processes takes place, and in the walls of the NEW MALLOPHAGA. 207 anterior part of the tube they are entirely lacking, the tube being here transparent. Beginning at the pos- terior end the tube runs straight forward to near the anterior end of the transverse muscles. In the longi- tudinal muscles it becomes folded and a loop may project from the latter. It is here of greatest diameter. It becomes narrowed in the part that has no internal processes and gradually passes into the comparatively narrow ejaculatory duct. To its posterior end the chitin rod is attached. This is circular in transverse sections, rather long since it reaches into the fourth segment, and tapering anteriorly. It is curved, having the convexity to the right and dorsally. The relationships of these different parts is very clearly shown by transverse and longitudinal sections (plate XV, figs. 2-5). The posterior end of the last (the ninth) abdominal segment is deeply invaginated, the invagination running forward into the fifth segment. The walls of the tube thus formed (plate xv, figs. 2, 3, 4, ^i) are very thin and transparent, being entirely non- chitinized. In the anterior part of the sixth segment, however, they begin to increase in thickness and con- tinue to become thicker from here forward to their anterior ends in the fifth segment. Here they turn away from the axis of the tube they form and then curve backwards a short distance. Then they become thin again and turn sharply forward and inward, closely following the inner face of the first bend. This is the beginning of an evagination which extends back- wards almost to the beginning of the first. The walls of this are likewise very thin and transparent, and are closely applied, except posteriorly, to the inner surface of the first tube. There is thus formed a double-w^alled tube open in front and having a recurved anterior edge. 208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. This is the outer of the two tubular structures to be observed by dissection alone and it is surrounded by the transverse muscle-fibers (plate xv, figs. 2, 3, 4, ti and ^o). This is probably what Grosse referred to as a tube open at both ends. In the anterior part of the eighth segment the walls of the inner tube diverge from those of the outer one, leaving a free space between them connected with the exterior. A short distance back of where the two diverge the walls of the inner tube are bent backward and then again forward, forming a free cylindrical fold projecting backward. This extends posteriorly to the middle of the last segment and then ends by being invaginated and forming within itself a third tube (plate XV, figs. 2, 3, 4, ts). The posterior part of the walls of these two are fused for a short distance and closely united as far forward as the fold in the second. Here the innermost tube becomes entirely free and lies as within a sheath surrounded by the first and sec- ond tubes. This is the inner tube so easily determined by dissection; it runs forward as before described, passing out of the cavity between the other tubes and entering the longitudinal muscles (plate xv, figs. 2 and 5 t3, and plate xiii, fig. 10 int). The chitinous rod (plate XV, figs. 2-5, r, and plate xiii, fig. 10, r) is attached to the fused part of the second and third tubes back of the posterior fold of the former. Only its ante- rior end is shown in median longitudinal sections. It is the homolog of the internal rods or plates of the chitinous genitalia already described. It is readily seen that the intromittent organ of Alen- opon titan is simply an exaggeration of the type of that found in other species. It consists first of a deep invagination of the body-wall, extending from the NEW MALLOPHA.GA. 209 posterior end of the last abdominal segment forward into the fifth. (Grosse states that this is the turned-in tenth segment of the male. Beyond the fact that the male has one segment less in the abdomen than the female, he gives no evidence for this conclusion). The cavity thus formed corresponds exactly with the genital cham- ber of other species. Into the posterior part of it the rectum opens from above. Its anterior end is evag- inated, and the tube thus formed is homologous with the membranous penis of other forms. It is almost destitute of chitinization, however; the rod arising in other species from the base of the penis is here situated near the tip. It appears from this that the elongation of the parts has been brought about, not by a deepening of the genital cavity with a corresponding lengthening of the penis in a posterior direction, but by a deepening of the genital cavity with a lengthening of the penis in front of its base. The innermost tube is produced by an invagination of the posterior end of the penis and is either unrepresented in other forms or is comparatively extremely short. Figure 9 represents diagrammatically Fig. 9 —Diagram of Intromittent organ of Menopon titan, male; a, anus; gc, genital chamber; ej, ejaculatory duct; p, penis; ?i, innermost invaginated tube; ^2. middle invaginated tube; ts, outermost invaginated tube or wall of genital chamber (of. fig. 5). the relation of the several tubes, and a comparison of this figure with fig. 5 shows the similarity of structure, (cf. also plate xv, fig. 2 with fig. 1). 14 210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The muscles surrounding the tubular structures are also very complex, as has been shown. The plate to which the ventral ends of the transverse fibers are attached arises from the body-wall between the sterna of the eighth and ninth segments of the abdomen (plate XV, figs. 2 and 4, p). The proximal end of this plate is non-chitinized but farther forward it becomes darker. It ends in the ventral part of the groove formed by the recurved ends of the first and second tubes. Its lateral edges curve somewhat dorsally. The muscles are sur- rounded by a very thin, delicate membrane (plate xv, fig. 2, m) which along the median dorsal line sends a fold downward a short distance to which the upper ends of the transverse muscles are attached. In the middle the muscles are seven or eight fibers deep but the num- ber lessens toward each end. They curve laterally around the tubes and each layer is attached to the ventral plate internal to the layer just outside it. The longitudinal muscles, as stated, form a conical mass of fibers converging upon the anterior end of the rod, from which a few run forward to the sternum of the metathorax. There are a few transverse muscles within the others, especially close around the contained tube (plate xv, figs. 2 and 5, Im). It is rather difficult to determine how the longitudinal muscles are attached posteriorly. It appears clear, however, that they are not attached to any of the tubes but to the ventral plate, and in the following manner: The anterior end of the plate curves laterally very much upward around the outermost tube. The upper lateral and dorsal fibers posteriorly, in front of the recurved anterior ends of the first and second tubes, curve downward and inward, crossing each other in the middle line. They then tarn backward, passing over the rim of the tubes, and NEW MALLOPHAGA. 211 are attached mostly to the lateral ventral aspects of the anterior end of the ventral plate, but a few are attached on the dorsal side. The lower lateral and ventral mus- cles likewise cross each other in the middle line in front of the tubes and are attached to the lateral aspects of the dorsal side of the anterior end of the ventral plate. The mechanism of this complex structure is rather hard to understand. It is evident that the contraction of the longitudinal muscles must push the rod outwards, carry- ing wath it the innermost tube. The posterior fold in the second tube appears also, as if present to accommo- date such an action. Grosse states that during copula- tion the whole inner tube is everted. It is difficult to understand what it is for if it is not made use of in this way, but it is much more difficult to see by w^iat means it is turned out, since in front of the attach- ment of the rod at its posterior end it is entirely free from everything except the ejaculatory duct. Those specimens examined in which the inner tube was most everted had this protruded only as far as the base of the rod, the longest length apparently possible, judging from the structure of the parts. There can be little doubt that the band of muscles connecting the anterior end of the rod with the floor of the metathorax serves to draw the rod back. The transverse muscles may serve to prevent the lateral bending of the rod while the longitudinal muscles are contracting. 2. THE FEMALE ORGANS. The reproductive organs of the female consist, like those of the male, of internal and external parts. The external part consists merely of the genital cavity, with the abdominal sternum forming its floor produced into a variously modified plate. The genital cavity differs 212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. from that of the male in not being situated in the terminal segment of the body, but by being found as an invagination of the ventral body-wall several segments forward. It also does not contain the anal opening, this being situated terminally in the last segment. The external parts of the female are much the same in all forms and the female Menopon titan may be described as a type of the whole order. Grosse describes the female organs of this form, but only very briefly, and he says nothing at all of the external parts. The sternum of the eighth abdominal segment is con- siderably modified. It consists mostly of a large depressed plate (plate xvii, fig. 7, pi) produced on each side into two ventrally projecting ridges divergent behind. The posterior border is free, above it is the external genital opening (gc), a narrow transversely elongated aperture. It opens into a cavity, the genital chamber, situated above the plate. The structure is best studied by means of transverse and longitudinal sections. Longitudinal sections (plate xvii, fig. 6) show that the genital chamber (gc) is formed as an invagi- nation of the sternum of the eighth abdominal segment, a short distance in front of the posterior border of the latter. The vagina (v) opens into the upper part of its anterior end by a terminal downward curvature. It is lined by a continuation of the chitinous wall of the body. Transverse sections (plate xvii, figs. 1-3) show that the depressed plate of the eighth abdominal ster- num is W-shaped. The tergum of the segment forms a large, continuous, arched plate extending on each side to the lateral edge of the body. Here a non-chitinized line occurs, separating the tergum from a pleural chi- tinization situated laterally on the ventral aspect. The inner edges of these are united by unchitinized spaces NEW MALLOPHAGA. 213 with the outer arms of the W-shaped sternum. Each angle of this, again, is free from chitin. The lateral walls are thick and especially so at their bases, where they are produced into a large, inward-projecting ridge (bj. The non-chitinization of the angles of the sternum and of its union with the pleural sclerites makes it evident that it is formed to enlarge by a diverging of the sides of the lower angles when an egg passes into the genital chamber. The inner lining (ci) of the latter is thin but mostly chitinized. A large mass of transverse muscles (tmj surround the inner wall, being attached latterly to the walls of the sternum and their enlarged bases. Back of the vaginal opening their inner ends are attached to a longitudinal dorsal crest of the inner wall of the cavity. A few longitudinal mus- cles (Im) also are present. The genital cavity is wide posteriorly but becomes narrower in front. It is almost divided into two longi- tudinal chambers by the dorsal ridge of the ventral groove of the sternum. The vagina opens into its ante- rior end somewhat to the right. This is a large tube and must be regarded as a part of the exterior since it possesses a chitinous intima continuous through that of the genital cavity with the exterior covering of the body. From the genital chamber the vagina (plate xvii, figs. 2-5, vo, av, iw, and cv) runs a short distance dorsally and then turns forward. It forms a large U-shaped tube (plate xvi, fig. 3, va) lying in the ventral part of the abdominal cavity, with the closed end reaching far forward. Sometimes it is some- what spirally twisted upon itself. The anteriorly run- ning arm begins at the anterior end of the genital cavity to the right of the other backward running arm (plate xvii, figs. 2, 3, 4, vo, av, pv). The latter is 214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. generally expanded near its middle but becomes nar- rower posteriorly, reaching back of the opening of the other arm into the genital chamber. Here it makes a bend to the right (plate xvii, fig. 1, pv) and becomes continuous with the oviduct (od). The muscles surrounding the genital cavity are con- tinuous over the vagina, forming circular muscles around it which continue throughout its whole length. Outside of these are a few transverse muscles. Grosse states that the muscles begin near the opening. Within the muscles is a structureless membrane which forms the true outer covering of the vagina. Within this is a cellular epithelium lined by a chitinous intima thrown into large folds projecting into the lumen. The oviduct (plate xvii, figs. 1-6, od) is very long and somewhat coiled. It varies greatly in different speci- mens, but always runs forward from the anterior end of the vagina as an apparent continuation of it. It is first closely or openly bent upon itself, and then runs again forward to near the anterior end of the vagina, where it bifurcates, each tube running outward and backward, bearing at its end the egg-tubes of the same side. According to the specimen the oviduct may be very narrow or greatly distended. It is formed of the same elements as the vagina except that it lacks the chi- tinous intima. The inner ends of the epithelium cells (plate xvi, fig. 4, ep) project irregularly into the lumen, and the latter is generally almost obliterated by the approximation of the cells, which are much larger than those of the vagina. The muscle layers, on the other hand, are not so thick. The egg-tubes are five in number on each side. They arise from the distal ends of the oviducts and have the same structure that they show except that the NE\Y MALLOPHAGA. 215 outer covering of muscles is lacking. Each is a long slender tube dilated where it contains ova into cham- bers which decrease in size distally. The five tubes on each side are united at their anterior ends and form a tangled mass on each side of the body. Each tube (plate xvi, fig. 6) is surrounded by a close, outer, struct- ureless membrana propria (mp). Within this is an epithelium composed of a single layer of cells. When there is no egg present in the ovary these cells are all very large (plate xvii, figs. 3-5, o) and almost fill the lumen of each tube. They appear triangular in trans- verse sections, while their bases on the membrana propria are polygonal. A large, radially elongated nucleus is present in each. When ova are present in the ovaries the egg-tubes present a very different appearance (plate xvi, fig. 6). Each egg is surrounded by a follicle formed by an enlargement of the tubule. In the lower chambers (a) are to be found fully formed eggs (o). They are surrounded by a thick egg-cover- ing filled with granular yolk. In form they are elon- gated and flattened at each end. The epithelium (ep) of the walls of a low^ermost egg-chamber is composed mostly of small cubical cells. Posteriorly they are elongated, forming a transverse posterior wall for the chamber in the middle of which is the opening into the proximal part of the tubule connecting the egg- chambers with the oviduct. In front the epithelial cells become successively longer, until the most anterior are very long and slender, those from opposite sides almost meeting one another. In front of these are four immensely enlarged cells (ac) entirely filling the lumen of the tubule and thus closing the anterior end of the egg-chamber. These retain the form of the cells of an inactive tubule. The small epithelial cells are 216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. lined by a distinct intima, which is apparently absent when there is no egg present and the cells are large. The smaller egg-chambers (b) contain a granular mass of yolk (g) which is not surrounded by a covering of its own. The epithelium is the same as in the lower chamber, except that the anterior cells are not elon- gated. Filling the anterior end of the enlargement of the tubule are six large cells. The part of the tubules connecting two egg-chambers is slender, with small epi- thelial cells. Grosse states that there is present on each side of the vagina a club-shaped spermatheeca. In the specimens, of Menopon titan examined, however, there was no organ of this kind present. In Eurymetopus taurus (plate xvi, fig. 1) the vagina (va) consists of a large, wide, straight, invaginated tube reaching forward to the fifth abdominal segment. Into its anterior end open two oviducts, one from each side. Into the posterior end on the dorsal side a duct opens, connected at its distal end with a large, dorsoventrally flattened, glandular organ (g). The cells of this are very large and distinct (plate xvi, fig. 2). The duct is divided into a wide distal and narrower proximal part. The posterior end of the first is invaginated and the second part arises from the inner end of this. Numer- ous muscle-fibers (m) are attached to the upper part around its middle. Spermatozoa were not found in the gland. This appendage is constant, but the pouch referred to varies a great deal. The oviducts are simple tubes extending outward, anteriorly and dorsally into the fourth segment. They are sometimes narrow tubes with enlarged bases and are sometimes wide throughout their whole length. Each bears at its distal end five egg-tubules. These NEW MALLOPHAGA. 21' sometimes join the oviduct serially as in fig. 10, or two or more may be united at their bases as shown in figs. 11 and 12. ' Figs. 10-12. — Variations in attachmeut of egg-tubules to the oviduct in Eurymeto- pus taurus. Nitzsch states that in the Ischnocera there are five egg-tubes present in the females, while in the Amblycera there are but three. He expresses a doubt though whether this second statement holds for the suborder. Rudow (1870) states that in both groups five are present but that in the Amblycera (Liotheum) two remain rudimentary. Even this statement is not entirely true, for there are five well developed in the adult Menopon titan. Sections of a young Menoj)on per- signatuni show four fully formed tubules and one small one. Adults of Colpocep/iahun oshorni show three well developed and one small one on each side. In Trinoton liiridiiin there are four in the adult. Grosse in his paper on the anatomy of Tetrophthalmus chilensis {Men- opon titan) quotes Nitzsch's statements in regard to the number of egg-tubes, but adds no observations on the number present in the form he describes. Nitzsch figures the female organs of Menopon mesoleucuni. According to him there is present a short, wide vagina, narrowed in front where it gives off on each side an 218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. oviduct. Each of these bears distally three egg-tubes. A double spermatha^ca opens into the base of the vagina. He figures also Goniodes dissimilis, in which the vagina is a straight tube branching in front into two rather wide oviducts into which open five egg-tubes. Into the posterior side of each duct three blind tubes open internal to the ovarian tubules. Kramer describes the female organs of Lrpeurus jejunus, giving five as the number of egg-tubes present. From the descriptions just given it is evident that the two suborders differ from each other in regard to the female organs simply in that there is a tendency amongst Amblyceran forms toward a reduction of the number of ovarian tubules from five — the constant number in the Ischnocera — to three. The eggs (plate xvii, fig. 8) are large, oval, and gen- erally rather elongated. They are attached to the bases of the feathers singly or in groups. On birds badly infested large numbers of eggs may be found. They are fastened by one end, having that end from which the embryo will emerge directed toward the tip of the feather. When the embryo leaves the egg it pushes off a circular cap and partly protrudes itself. In Doco- phorus fuliginosus the embryos apparently remain in the mouth of the open egg for some time, for many were found in this position. Some found thus were very immature (plate xvii, figs. 9 and 10), having the mandibles entirely unchitinized, the maxillae almost as large as the mandibles, and the labium large, consisting of a transverse basal position and two lateral lobes. The most immature of those found free from the egg had the mandibles well chitinized. Little has been done on the embryology of the Mallophaga. The work of Nusbaum (1882) on the NEW MALLOPHAGA. 219 development of the reproductive organs has already- been referred to. Melnikow (1869) made a more general study of the embryology, but since he concluded from his investigations that the Mallophaga are closely related to the Pediculidoe — a conclusion entirely untenable — his work cannot be very accurate. He proves that there is present a beak but no labium, and hence that the mouth-parts are Hemipteran! VII. Summary. The foregoing descriptions of the various systems of organs of the Mallophaga show that the two suborders are separated by wide structural differences. These may be tabulated as follows: Amhlycera. Ischnocera. Mesonotum and Metanotiim Distinct. Mesonotum and Metanotum Fused. Antennae concealed. Antenna? exposed. Antennae clavate. Antennae not clavate. Mandibles horizontal. Mandibles vertical. Labial palpi ijresent. Labial palpi absent. Paragloss* various in form. Paraglossa? constant in form. (Esophageal sclerite and con- (Esophageal sclerite and con- nected glands absent or mod- nected glands present and ified. normal except in a few scat- tered cases. Crop simple. Crop an oesophageal divertic- ulum. Salivary glands various in form. Salivary glands constant in form. Inghivial glands absent. Ingiuviai glands present. Testes six. Testes four. Chitinons 6 genitalia simple. Chitinous $ genitalia more complex. Egg-tubes three to five. Egg-tubes five. 220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The above table shows that in nearl}^ every character in which the two suborders differ the Ischnocera have a more specialized organization. That the separation of the two groups is very great is shown by the fact that nearly all the important organs are affected, the heart, tracheal system, and nervous system being the only ones alike in both. The exact systematic position of the Mallophaga cannot at present be determined, since enough of the anatomy of nearly related forms is not known. Packard (1887), however, has shown that they may be closely related to the Psocida3, and Kellogg (1896) has given further evidence of this. But if the Psocidse are the most closely associated with the Mallophaga, in what manner the two groups are related is impossible to say. Until this is known the relationship of the two suborders of the Mallophaga to each other cannot be determined nor that of the fami- lies composing these suborders. NEW MALLOPHAGA. 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1818. NiTzscH, Christian Ludwig. Darstellung der Familien und Gat- tungen der Thierinsekten (Insecta Epizoica) als Prodromus einer Naturgeschichte derselben. Germar''s und ZincTcen's Mag- azinfur die Entomologie, Halle, Bd. III. 1855. Wedl, C. Ueber das Herz von Menopou pallidum. Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Bd. XVII. 1869. Kramer, P, Beitrage znr Anatomie und Physiologie der Gattung Philopterus (Nitzsch). Zeitsch.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XIX. 1869. Melnikow, N. Beitrage zur embryonal Entwickelung der Insek- ten. Archivf. Naturgesch., Bd. XXXV. 1870. RuDOW, Ferd, Beobachtungen liber die Lebensweise und den Bau der Mallophagen oder Pelzfresser, sowie Beschreibung neuer Arten. Zeitschr.f. d. ges. Naturiviss., Bd. XXXV. 1874. GiEBEL, Christoph. Insecta Epizoa. Die auf Saiigethieren und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insekten, nacb Chr. L. Nitzscb's Nach- lass bearbeitet. Leipzig. 1880. PiAGET, E. Les Pediculines, Essai Monographique. Leyden. 1882. Taschenberg, O, Die Mallophagen, mit besonderer Berticksichti- gung der von Dr. Meyer gesammelten Arten. Nova Acta k. Leop.-Carol. Akad., Halle., Bd. XLIX, No. 1. 1882. Nusbaum, Joseph. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Ausfiihrungs- ganf,e der Sexualdriisen bei den Insekten. Zool. Anz., Bd. V. 1885. PiAGET, E. Les Pediculines, Essai Monographique. Supple- ment. Leyden. 1885. Grosse, Franz. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Mallophagen. Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool, Bd. XLII. 1887. Packard, A. S. On the Systematic Position of the Mallophaga. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, Vol. XXIV, No. 126. 1896. Kellogg, Vernon L. New Mallophaga, I, with special reference to a collection made from maritime birds of the Bay of Monterey, California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. VI. 1896. Kellogg, Vernon L. New Mallophaga II, from Land Birds, together with an Account of the Mallophagous Mouth-parts. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. VI. 222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE X. — Fig. 1, Median dorsoventral longitudinal section of ante- rior half of Menopon Ulan; h head, t^ prothorax, t.^ mesothorax, t^ meta- thorax; a^ first abdominal segment, a^ second abdominal segment, hw outer body-wall, hm basement membrane, m mouth-opening, he buccal cavity, p pharynx, oe oesophagus, cr crop, v anterior end of ventriculus, sg salivary gland, h brain, s.m. g suboesophageal ganglion, g-^ prothoracic ganglion, g^ mesothoracic ganglion, g^ metathoracic ganglion, tr trachea, Im longitudinal muscle, tm transverse muscle, o anterior end of an egg- tube cut near the surface. Fig. 2, Throat skeleton v^^ith attached glands of Eurymetoinis taurns; oe. s oesophageal sclerite, I. g glands, d duct, ch. ped chitiuous pedicle. Fig. 3, Left maxilla, ventral asiDect, of Goniodes cervinicornis. Fig. 4, Labial fork of Ancistrona gigas. Fig. 5, Mandibles, ventral aspect, of Ancistrona gigas. Fig. 6, Mandibles, posterior aspect, of Goniodes cervinicornis. Fig. 7, (Esophageal sclerite, dorsal aspect, of Eurymetopus taurus; d duct, do opening of duct, m median groove, a7it. p. anterior process, c. oe, circumcesophageal process. Fig. 8, Hypopharynx of Ancistrona gigas. Fig. 9, Labium of Nitzschia dnhius; sm submentum, m mentum, 2:)/ palpifer, Ij) labial palpus, g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 10, Right maxilla, ventral asj)ect, of a Lcemobothrinm. Fig. 11, Mandibles, ventral aspect, of Lcemobothrinm sp.; c condyles, r right mandible, I left mandible. Fig. 12, Right mandible, posterior aspect, of Goniodes cervini- cornis; c condyle, ch pis chitinous plates. Fig. 13, Labium, ventral aspect, of Eurymetopus taurus; sm submentum, m mentum, g glossa, pg paraglossa. PLATE XI. — Fig. 1, Salivary glands of Trichodectes geomydis; a outer gland, h inner gland. Fig. 2, Salivary organs of Menopon titan (after Grosse); a salivary gland, h saliva reservoir. Fig. 3, Large-celled salivary gland of Trichodectes geomydis, with the cells in natural position; d duct. Fig. 4, Same as last but with cells spread apart showing branches of duct {d) to individual cells. Fig. 5, Large-celled gland of Eurymetopus taurus; d duct. Fig. 6, Longitudinal section of part of Malpighian tubule of Men- opon titan; mp membrana propria, ep epithelium, in intima. Fig. 7, Part of alimentary canal with Malpighian tubules of Colpocephalum osborni; v lower end of ventriculus, i upper end of intestine. Fig. 8, Alimentary canal of Docophorus lari. Fig. 9, Crop [cr] with part of oesophagus and ventriculus of a Trichodectes from a horse. Fig. 10, Alimentary canal of Trichodectes geomydis; g large-celled glands of crop. Fig. 11, Alimentary canal of Eurymetopus taurus, ventral view; r outer salivary gland or saliva reservoir, g^ inner gland, g^ large-celled gland. Fig. 12, Alimentary canal of Goniodes cervinicornis. Fig. 13, Alimentary canal of Menopon titan. N^\\ MALLOPHAGA. 223 PLATE XII. — Transverse sections of Menojion perslgnatum. Fig, 1, Section through head in region of anterior end of brain. Fig. 2, Section through head in legiou of posterior part of autennary fossae. Fig. 3, Sec- tion through head, passing through the eyes. Fig. 4, Section through posterior part of head. Fig. 5, Section through prothorax just back of the legs. Fig. 6, Section of mesothorax through bases of the legs. Fig. 7, Section of metathorax just in front of the legs; re oesophagus, a?i antenna, br brain, sg subcesophageul ganglion, e eye, ir trachea, h heart, / base of mesothoracic leg, / fat-body, cr crop, g^ prothoracic ganglion, g., mesothoracic ganglion, c nerve commissure in front of mesothoracic gan- glion, viv thickened ventral wall of antennary fossa. PLATE XIII. — Internal male genitalia. Fig. 1, Transverse section of testis of Menopon titan; mp outer tunica, e^j epithelium. Fig. 2, Trans- verse section of vas deferens of Menojyon titan; mip membi'ana propria, ep epithelium, in intima. Fig. 8, Keproductive organs of male Goniodes cer- vinicornis; t testes, vd vas deferens, sv vesiculas semiuales, ej ductus ejac- ulatorius. Fig. 4, Transverse section of ductus ejaculatorius of Menopon titan; mp membrana propria, ep epithelium, in intima, m circular muscles. Fig. 5, Transverse section of lower end of vesicula seminalis of Menopon titan; letters as in last. Fig. 6, Transverse section through middle of vesicula seminalis of Menopon titan; letters as in fig. 4. Fig. 7, Eepro- ductive organs of male Colpocephalum jlavescens (after Nitzsch); t testes, vd vas deferens, sv seminal vesicle, ej ductus ejaculatorius, r chitinous rod attached to inner tube of genital cavity. Fig. 8, Same of Eurymetopus taurus; letters as before. Fig. 9, Same of Physostomum diffusum; letters as before. Fig. 10, Same of Menopon titan; letters as before, but also, ve vas deferens, cd transverse duct connecting the two vasa deferentia, int innermost invaginated tube of genital cavity, having rod (r) attached to its lower end. PLATE XIV.— External male genitalia. Fig. 1, Chitinous genital parts of Lipeurus fuliginosus major, dorsal aspect. Fig. 2, Same of Goniodes cervinicornis, dorsal aspect. Fig, 3, Same of Physostomum diffusum. Fig. 4, Same of Giehelia mirabilis. Fig. 5, Same of Eurymetoims taurus, dorsal aspect. Fig. 6, Same of Colpocephalum oshorni. Fig. 7, Same of Trinoton luridum. Fig. 8, Same of Docophorus lari. Fig. 9, Same of Goniocotes creber. Fig. 10, Same of Menopon mesoleucum. PLATE XV. — Fig. 1, Longitudinal section of two posterior somites of male Eurymetoj^us taurus. Fig. 2, Longitudinal section of six posterior segments of male Menopon titan. Figs. 3-5, Transverse sections of abdo- men of male Menopon titan. Fig. 3, Through anterior end of segment VIII. Fig. 4, Through segment VII. Fig. 5, Through segment V; tm transverse muscles; Im longitudinal muscles, e?n extrusor muscles, m membrane surrounding muscles, gc genital chamber, i intestine, a anus, p penis, 2^1 internal plaie, r internal rod, t^ outermost invaginated tube, 224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ^2 middle tube, t^ innermost tube, re anterior recurved edges of outer and middle tubes, t testes, vd vas deferens, sv seminal vesicle, ej ejaculatory duct, vp ventral plate to which transverse muscles are attached, mt Mal- pighian tubule, /fat-body, tr trachea, ] . /• ■ '-'^i] . 5 ci.Vdl VI . [Snddgrasb] Plate X. Ji S. SNOn BRASS. BEL L/mB/urrm srby.sf. Dc.Pafers,Cal.Acad.5ci.VdlVI. [Snddbbubs] Plate XI. R.E- sNnnamss, oel hrm.BHrrroNSKsy OcP.APERS [;,\L.ACAD, ScI.VdlVI [Smddgrass 1 Plate Xll. br oe Y. f ^ ^ CP '^'DDBHASS, VSi him.BfUTTON SREY. Dc.Papers,Cal.Aead. Sci.VdlVI. [Snoiigrass] Plate XIII. a. B. SNODBIVSS. BEL. Dg.Faperb.CalAead. Sci.VdlVI. [SMnnGRAss] Plate HSl Jf.s. sNanBJRAss.nEL MmBWTTmi SREY.SF D c. Papers, Calt^cad . 5 CI . Vd L VI [Sndcgrass] Plate XV. A £. sNona/iAss. bel UmB/UTTON SfmY.Sf D cPafers, Cal.Acai]. 5 ci.VdlVI . [Snddqrass] Plate XVI. R. E . SNOTlBmSS. BEL Lrm/j.frrTay unLXSi: Qc.Papers.CalAcad. Sci.VdlVI [SNonDRASs] Plate Ml. r. si/annKkss. sel zimsfimw' ■s/e^.T :;>.• INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. New species and varieties in small capitals; synouynins iu ilnlica AcciPiTER atricapilliis striatulus 85 velox 85 Actltis macularia 14 ^chmophorus occideutalis 117 Jigialitis semipalinata 59, 83 Agelaius phseniceus 19 Albatross, Black-footed 2<), 28, 35 Short-tailed. .75, 96, 97, 105, 109, 111. 117 Amblycercus holosericeus 19, 40 Ampelis cedrorum 21, 65, 93, 137 Amphispiza belli 65, 90 Anas americana 116 carolinensis 35 AnciBtrona 116 gigas 116 Ani 33 Aphelocoma californica 65, 128 Aquila chrysaetos 59, 113 Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johaunis 85, 113 Ardea Virescens 40 Arremonops striaticeps 40 Asio wilsonianus GO Auklet, Cassin's 72 Rhinoceros 72 Auriparus flaviceps 25 Ay thya affinis 58 marila nearctica 58, 116 Baldpate 116 Blackbird, Brewer's 65 Red-winged 19 Blue-bird, Western 65, 86 Bubo virginianus 60 Bunting, Lazuli 86 Bush-Tit, California 113 Buteo borealis calurus 85 lucasanus 15 swainsoni 85 Calidris arenaria 75, 78, 112 Oallipepla californica 31, 35, 103, 109 Calyptecostse 137 Caracara 16, 40 Cardinal, Saint Lucas 9 Cardinalis igueus 9 Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis 86 Cepphus columba 54, 69, 70 Cerorhlnca monocerata 72 Charadrius dominiciis 112 Chat, Long-tailed 87 1 Chelidon erythrogastra 92, Chickadee, Californian Mouutai u Oregon Chiroxiphia lanceolata 40, Choudestes graniuiacus strigatus, 65, 86 Cinclus aquaticus mexicanus 11, Circus hudsonius Coccothrausies vespertinus montanus. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Colpocephalum 16, 36, 109, abbotti diffusum flavescens 113, funebre GEANDICULUM maculatum osborni 169, PERPLANUM pingue SPINEUM spinulosum spinulosum var. minor subsequale timidum Colymbus nigricollis californicus. . 69, Contopus richardsonii virens Cormorant, Brandt's 101, Farallon Corvus americanus corax sinuatus Crotophaga sulcirostris Cuckoo, California Cyanocitta sterelli frontalis 65, 86 12 50 130 11 87 85 124 40 180 111 113 40 200 109 111 38 112 112 40 112 117 136 64 123 101 40 40 33 6 86 Dafila acuta 116 Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus 103 Dendroica sestiva 65, 86, 135 bryanti 23, 40 Diomedea albatrus 35. 75.96, 97, 105 109, 111, 117 nigripes 26. 28, 35, 96 Dipper, American 11, 87 European 11 Docophorus 4, 16, 54 calif orniensis 6 , 63 ceblebrachys 61 226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Docopliorus cincli H communis 9. 64 cordiceps 5 cursor 60, 150 domesticus 10 fissiforinis 58 f rater 5 f uliginosus 5S), 218 f usco-ventralis 64 fusiformis 58 glareolce 5 icterodes 4, 58 lari 4, 56, 157, 192 laticeps H Var. AMEBICANUS 11 latifrons 5 var. OCCIDENTALIS 6 melanocephalus 56 MIRINOTATUS 65 MIEUS 67 mollis 5 nitzschia 5 PANAMENSIS 9 pictus • • 59 PKOCAX 54 EUFUs 7, 63 RUTTERI 12 SINGUIiARIS 61 speotyti 60 VALIDUS "6 Dryobates nuttallii 61 pubescens gairdnerii 124 Duck, American Scaup 58, 116 Lesser Scaup 58 Eagle, Golden 59, 113 Siberian 113 Elainea subpagana 40, 49 Elanus leucurus 85 Empidonax difficiliB 65, 87, 89, 137 Eureum malleus 133 Eurymetopus 35, 109 taurus 35, 109, 148, 156, 157,168, 171, 172, 173. 181, 188, 216 Falco peregrinus anatura 15 sparverius 15 deserticolus 85 peninsularis 15 Finch, House 86 Flycatcher 49 Ash-throated ..7.63, 64, 65, 87, 126, 137 Western 65, 87. 89, 137 Fregata aquila 30,38, 43 Fulmar, Pacific 72 Fulmarus g^lacialis var. glupischa . .72, 116 var. rodgersii 116 GlEBELIA 105 mirabilis 105, 195 Godwit, Great Marbled 80 Goldfinch, American, 130 Goniocotes creber 199 Goniodes 35, 109 cervinicornis 158, 182. 196 mammillatus 31,35, 109 Goshawk, Western 85 Grebe, American Eared 69, 117 Western 117 Grosbeak, Black-headed 65 Western Blue 65, 86 Western Evening 124 Grouse, Columbian Sharp-tailed — 103. 109 Sooty 103 Guillemots, Pigeon 54, 69, 70 Guiraca cserulea eurhyncha 65, 86 Gull, American Herring 69 Hali^:etus leucocephalus 113 pelagicus 113 Hawk, Desert Sparrow 85 Duck 15 Lower California Sparrow 35 Sparrow 15 Western Red-tailed 85 Heleodytes brunneicapillus 126, 133 Helminthophila celata lutescens 86 Hirundo rustica 133 Hummingbird, Black-chinned 86 Costa's 137 IcTEEiA virens longicauda 87 Jaeger, Pomarine 56, 74, 93 Jay, Blue-fronted 65, 86 California 65, 128 Junco 137 hyemalis oregonus 137 thurberi 65 Thurber'g 65 King-bird, Arkansas 87 Kite, Swallow-tailed 113 White-tailed... 85 L.r.MOBOTHRIUM 166 Lagopus lagopus 31, 35, 44 Lanius borealis 65 ludovicianus gambeli 65, 87 Lark, Mexican Horned 65 Western Meadow 65 Larus 4. 13, 36, 56 INDEX, 227 Larus argentatus smithsonianus 69 brachyrhynchus 75 canus 75 delewai-ensis 56, 75, 117 glancescens 4,111, 117 heermanni 56, 111 occidentalis 56, 75 vegae 75 Limosa fedoa 80 melanura 112 Lipeurus 16,26, 93 CONCINNUS 97 CONFIDENS 26 diversus 95 densiis 28, 96 docophoroides 31, 103 docophorides var. CALiFOKNicus .. 103 f arallonii 101 ferox 97 f orficulatus 30, 102 fuliginosus 100 var. MAJOK 101 , 158, 197 gracilicornis 30 var. MAJOR 30 jejunus. . .159, 165, 167 173, 174. 183, 218 LACULATUS 93 limitatus 100 MACGREGORI 33 PERPLEXUS 103 PROTERVUS 31 squalidus 102 testaceous 100 Lunda cirrhata 70, 109 Man o' War Bird 30 38, 43 Martin, Black 10 Purple 11 Melauerpes formicivorus augiistifrons 6 bairdi. ...6, 63 uropygialis 46 wagleri 50 Melospiza fasciata heermanni.. 113 samuelis 65,131, 137 Menopon 16, 43, 116, 164 auri-fasciatum 43 distinctum 126 funereum 124 incertum 130 infrequens 117 IRRUMPENS 117 M,a;sTUM 130 malleus 133 mesoleucum 166, 201 pallidum 174, 180 paululum 119 Menopon perbignatum 128, 147 PETULAN8 121 pr>f:cursor 46 ridulosum 135 robustum 134 STRIATUM 44 titan 123, 146, 154, 165, 170, 171, 173, 178, 185, 204 var. iNCOMPosiTUM 123 var. linearis 43, 123, 124 tridens 116 Merganser americanus 116 Red-crested 6 serrator 5, 102 Murrelet, Ancient 72 Myiarchus cinerascens 63, 64, 65, 87, 126 137 nuttingi 7, 63 NiRMUs 13, 16, 69 ACTOPHILUS 78 ATOPUS 18 AUDAX 25 bicuspis 15 brachythorax 93 COMPLEXIVUS 75 cordatus 80 DUCTILIS 89 fissus 15 var. MAJOR 15 FtKDUS 87 furvus 14 var. RAVus 14 fusco-marginatus 69 var. AMERICANUS . . 69 fuscus 15, 85 giganticola 75 INCCENIS 81 [ INTERPOSITUS 23 i LAUTIUSCULUS 90 lineolatus var. atri-marginatus 75 longus 92 var. DOMESTicus 93 MARITIMUS 72 normifer 74 OPACUS 83 PACiFicus 70, 194 PENINSULARIS 21 punctatus 13, 75 SPLENDIDUB 16 triangulatus 74 VIRG A TUS 19 vulgatus 23, 86 Nyctea nyctea 61 Oncophorus 106 228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Oncophorus bisetosus 106 var. CALiFORNicus 106, 199 REMOTUS 107 Oreortyx pictus plumiferus 103 Otocoris alpestris chrysolsema 65 Owl, Ainericau Long-eared 60 Great Gray 107 Snowy 61 Spotted 60 Partridge, California 31, 35 Plumed 103 Parus ater 12 atricapillus occidentalis 12 caeruleus 12 caudatus 12 gambeli 86 inornatus 65 major 12 palustris 12 pari 12 riifescens neglectus 86 Passerina amcena 86 Pedicuhis cuculi 5 fasciatus 6 Pediocsetes phasiauellus columbianus 103, 109 Pelecanus calif ornicus 30, 43, 102, 124 erytbrorhynchus 102 Pelican, Californian Brown. 30, 43, 102, 124 White 102 Petrochelidon lunifrons 133 Pewee, Western Wood 136 Wood 64 Phainopepla 87 nitens 21, 87 Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus. . . 101 penicillatus 101, 123 PhilopteruacincLi 11 Phcebe, Say's 87, 136 PhcEnicothraupis f uscicanda 9, 40 Physostomum 48, 50, 136 diffusum 137, 177, 180, 201 var. pallidiim 137 INVADENS 50 FALLENS 49 PROMINENS 137 sucinaceum 137 Piaya cayana thermophila 18, 40 Pipilo fuscus crissalis 65, 86, 113, 137 maculatus megalonyx 86, 137 Piranga ludoviciana 65 Plover, Black-bellied 59, 81, 112 Semipalmated 59, 83 Polyborus cheriway 16, 40 Porzana uoveboracensis 106 Progne subis 11 hesperus 10 Protonotaria citrea 49 Psaltriparus minimus californicus 113 Ptarmigan 35 Willow 31, 44 Ptychoramphus aleuticus 72 Puffin, Tufted 70, 109 Puffinus bulleri 96, 100, 105 creatopus 93, 96, 100, 105, 119 griseus..70, 75, 96, 100, 105, 116, 119, 121 opisthomelas 56, 95, 96, 100, 105, 109, 116, 119 tenuirostris 96, 100, 105 Rail, Californian Clapper 106, 117 Virginia 10(j, 117 Yellow 106 Kallina isabellina 106 plumbeiventris 106 tricolor 106 Rallus obsoletus 106, 119 virginianus 106, 117 Raven, American 40 Redtail, Saint Lucas 15 Rissa tridactyla pollicaris 75 Saltator albicollis 40 Sanderling 75, 78, 112 Sandpiper, Least 59, 75 Spotted 14 Sayornis saya 87, 136 Scolecophagus cyanocephalus 65 Scotioptex cinerea 107 Shearwater 100, 116 Black-bodied 70, 119, 121 Black-vented 56, 95. 100, 105, 109 Dark-bodied 75, 96, 105 Pink-footed 93, 96, 105 Shoveller 102, 116 Shrike, California 65, 87 Northern 65 Sialia mexicana occidentalis 65, 86 Siskin, Pine 65 Sparrow, Bell's 65, 90 Gambel's 65 Golden-crowned 65, 86. 130 Heerman's Song 113 Intermediate 65 Samuel's Song 65, 131, 137 Western Chipping 65 Western Lark 65, 86, 130 Spatula clypeata 102, 116 Sphyrapicus thyroideus 63 INDEX 229 Spiniis pinus 65 tristis 130 Spizella 65 socialis arizonae 65 Squatarola squatarola 59, 81, 112 Stercorarius pomarinus 56, 74, 9a Sterna maxima SB Sturnella magna neglecta 65 Swallow, Barn 92, 93 Cliff 133 Synthliboramphus antiqnus 72 Syrnium nebulosum 60 Tanager, Louisiana 65 Teal, Green-winged 35 Tern, Royal 56 Thrush. Audubon's Hermit 65 Russet-backed 130 Thryothorus bewicliii spilurus ..65, 67, 130 Titmouse , Plain 65 Tit, Yellow-headed 25 Towhee.^California 65, 86. 113, 137 Spurred 86, 137 Trichodectes 155, 159 climax 160 geomydis 159, 166, 167, 168 Tringa 5, 15 macularia 5 minutilla 59, 75 Trinoton 35. 116 lituratum 116 luridum 35, 116, 178, 199 Trochilus alexandri 80 Turdus aonalaschkae auduboni 65 ustulatus 130 Tyrannus verticalis 87 Urinator lumme. 117 ViREO bellii pusillus 137 Cassin's 65 Least 137 solitarius caseinii 65 Warbler, Lutescent 86 Prothonotary 49 Vieillot's 23 Yellow 65, 86, 135 Waxwing, Cedar 65, 93. 137 Woodpecker 50 Califoruiau ,.8, 63 Gairdner'8 124 Gila 46 Narrow-fronted 6 Nuttal's 61 White-headed 63 Williamson's 63 Wren, Cactus 126, 133 Vigor's 65, 67, 130 Xenopicus albolarvatus 63 Zamelodia melanocephala 65 Zonotrichia coronata 65, 86, 130 leucophrys gambelii 65 intermedia 65 i ) ) J. ;. [)