Occasional Papers

OF THE

CALIFORNIA

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

IX

SAN FRANCISCO
1905

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Leverett Mills Loomis, Chairman
Alpheds Bcll Joseph W. Hobson

A

Handbook of the Trees
of California

BY

Alice Eastwood
Curator of the Department of Botany

Issued July 8, igo^

SAN FRANCISCO
California Academy of Sciences

1905

PREFACE.

The pressing need of a popular manual of the trees of
California is the reason for this little book. The aim
has been to prepare a work, which, while giving all the
information necessary for the identification of the differ-
ent trees of our valleys and mountains, will yet be so
brief and concise that the entire matter can be put into a
book that can be carried into the field. Fuller informa-
tion concerning any tree, for instance, the value or char-
acter of its wood, structural details of its flowers and
fruits, notes concerning variations, and accounts specify-
ing all the points of distribution, can readily be obtained
from other books, which are to be found in the public
libraries throughout the state.

Years ago Dr. Albert Kellogg, one of the founders of
the California Academy of Sciences, must have had a
similar plan, for he left a great number of carefully
executed drawings illustrating the different Californian
trees and shrubs. It seems especially fitting that these
illustrations should at last be used for the purpose for
which they were designed, and as far as possible this has
been done. Without the valuable assistance of Mr.
Joseph A. Street, who not only photographed all these
drawings but also made photographs of the actual speci-
mens when there were no drawings, this book would be
of much less value. I feel especially grateful to Mr.
Street, as his work was a labor of love — love for his art
as well as for the trees. In general these illustrations
are about one-half the actual size.

The plates of the two yuccas were obtained through
the kindness of Dr. C. Hart Merriam and the liberality

4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the United States Department of A<,n*iculture. The
scientific names liave been changed according to the kite
revision of the Yuccea? by Dr. William Trelease, Director
of the Mi.ssouri Botanical Garden. For the picture of
the California fan })alm representing the trees in their
native environment 1 am indebted to Mr. T. T. Luki-ns
of Pasadena.

It is not easy to place the boundary between trees Miid
shrubs, esi)ecially in California where .some species are
either trees or shrubs. In general a tree differs from a
shrub in having a distinct trunk some distance above the
ground and in being not less than tifteen feet high.
Where the species is only rarely a tree and generally a
shrub, it has not been included, so that numy species of
CeanotJiHs, many of the manzanitas, the sumachs, and
many others have been omitted. In general I have fol-
lowed Professor Charles Sprague Sargent in his selection
of the trees for his magnificent 'Silva of North America';
I have also followed him in regard to nomenclature. One
or two exceptions will be found, such for instance as
giving the big tree the old name of Sequoia gigantea.
instead of Sequoia Wellington ia.

Three keys have been arranged to make it easy to
determine the species: the first according to the leaves,
since many trees will be found with leaves only; the
second according to the fruits, by means of which the
different genera can be most readily determined; the
third is a regular scientific key supposing that the mate-
rial at hand is complete, with flowers, fruit, and leaves.

The few technical terms that had to be u.sed to avoid
clumsy circumlocution will be found with definitions in
the index at the end of the book.

After the book was finished it was thought advisable to
include the trees of Washington and Oregon, as there are

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. O

SO few of them that are not represented in California
(while so many of California's trees are common to those
states) ; they will be found in foot-notes in their appro-
priate places. The same plan has been followed in the
case of Arizona, though in this region the trees in the
mountains are quite different from those of California
although their number is not great. By including these
the book is made available for use throughout this wide
territory, and can also be used in Nevada, and to some
extent in Idaho.

Throughout the work the aim has always been brevity
and clearness — the desire to help rather than to shine.

IXTHODrCTIOX.

The forests of the Paeilic States are iiotftl iov their
grandeur and extent. They are inhahited hy a o;reater
variety of eone-bearing trees tlian are found in any other
equal area on the globe, and their trees are the largest,
tidiest, and oldest in the world. There are eighteen
pines {Pinnf(), three spruces (Picea), two lienilocks
(Tsuga), two Douglas s]»ruees (Pneudotsuga), eight firs
(Abies), two sequoias, one arl)or-vitae {Thuya), one
incense cedar (Libocedrus), seven cypresses (Cuprcssus
and Chainaeci/poria), three junipers (not including the
})rostrate shrub of the Sierra Nevaihi).and two hirclics
(Larix) — the last found in Oregon and Washington, but
not in California.

The oaks, nuiples, alders, birches, buckeye, sycamore,
walnut, ash, and dogwood are different from their relatives
in other parts of the world. We do not have magnolias,
elms, lindens, beeches, hickories, chestnuts, })ersimmons,
or mulberries, except where they have been introduced
into our gardens. Here they do so w<ll that their absence
among the native trees evidently arises not so much from
unsuitable environment as from lack of opportunity. We
have, however, besides some of the peculiar cone-bearing
trees, the incomparable madrone {Arbutus) with its mag-
nolia-like leaves, its smooth reddish stem, its great j)anicles
of Howers like lilies of the valley, and its beautiful clus-
ters of crimson berries; the fragrant laurel {Umbelhdaria)
laden in the early spring with clusters of small yellow
flowers and in the fall with plum-like purple or yellow
fruits; the toyon, or Christmas berry (as often a shrub as
a tree), whose red berries persist on the bushes all through

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 7

the winter; also many island and desert trees, which,
while related to other species, are very distinct in appear-
ance and generally remarkably striking.

Some of the California species of trees are singular
in the limited area of distribution and the comparatively
few individuals in their native homes. The Monterey
cypress was originally confined to the shores of Mon-
terey Bay but is now cultivated all over the world.
The Santa Lucia fir is found in only a few canons of
the Santa Lucia Mountains in Monterey County. It
is remarkable for its beauty and symmetry and the
singular appearance of its cones, which are like diamond-
studded birds' nests on the tops of the trees. The
Torrey pine grows in San Diego County within limited
areas and on the island of Santa Rosa. It has remark-
ably long and heavy leaves and large cones. The weep-
ing spruce (Picea Breiveriana) secretes itself in the high
mountains of Trinity and Siskiyou counties in almost
inaccessible regions, and is found with the same habitat
in southern Oregon. It is a peculiar tree more noted
for grace than for beauty, and with its drooping branches
seems veiled in verdure. There are two species of
Lyonothamnus, one on Santa Catalina Island and the
other on San Clemente Island — beautiful and peculiar
trees belonging to the Rose family. On Santa Catalina
there is also a mountain mahogany (named in honor of
its discoverer, Mrs. Blanche Trask) more lovely than any
of its relatives in any other part of the world. It is found
only in a few canons so remote that until lately they had
never been seen.

Some of the most important trees, however, extend
throughout the mountains of the entire region — the sugar
pine from British Columbia to southern California vary-
ing in altitude with the latitude, the lowest limit ascend-

f

<^ t'ALIFOliXIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ing as it travels south. It is common throughout the
Sierra Nevada, hut in the Coast Mountains is found only
on the hici^hest summits. The yellow pine and Douglas
spruce are, however, the mo.st widely distrihuted of all
the trees, extending throughout the Rocky Mountains as
well as through all the mountains of the racilic States.
The Douglas spruce reaches its greatest development in
()regon. where it is generally known as the re<l tir, hut to
the lumhermen as Oregon )»ine. Its tall straight stems
are used extensively for nuists of ships and for Hag and
telegraph poles. There are two species in (aUfornia, the
common, widely distrihuted species, and that with mucii
larger cones peculiar to the southern mountains. Tlie
latter is found only on the mountains extending east and
west; its relative is never found associated with it or even
growing in the same mountains.

There are no real spruces (Picea) south of Trinity and
Mendocino counties. Chnmfrc\ipnrin reaches Mount Shasta,
hut is most ahundant in southern Oregon near the coast.
The Hrs are hetter represented in Oregon and Washington
than in California, there ln'ing three species there which
we do not have.

The oaks are (juite widely distrihuted, i»ut in general
do not foini forests, though some s|)ecies, such as the
hlack oak {Querciis Californica) and the white evergreen
oak (Qiiercus chi'i/mlepis), oiicn grow aniiil tlie conifers.
The valley oak ((^unrus lohnta) is the most heautiful
of all the oaks and gives a picturesque park-like aspect to
the great valleys where it flourishes. It always indicates
fertility of soil. The Californian oaks are exceedingly
variahle in foliage and shape of acorns, l)ut each species
has peculiar marks hy means of which it can always be
distinguished, except perhaps some that grow on the
islands off the coast of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 9

The explanation for these apparent exceptions may be
that they are not yet sufficiently known.

The common large-leaved maple is distributed through-
out the entire region, but the vine maple is not found in
southern California, nor is the mountain maple found
in California, outside the Sierra Nevada.

Remarkable facts concerning the trees and forests of
the region might be extended indefinitely, but sufficient
have been given to show how interesting the subject is,
and perhaps to incite the users of this book to a greater
love for and pride in our forests, resulting in their pro-
tection from indiscriminate destruction.

10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

KEY TO THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA ACCORDINCJ TO THE

LEAVES.

Leaves evergreen, linear, needle-sliaped, nr scale-shaped; trees con-
taining i>it<li or resin. Taxaceee, Yew Family, p. 15;

Coniferse, riiic Family, p. IH,

(Lanli witli leaves deciiluons).
Leaves sinii>le, with entire margin.

Evergreen. Yucca, p. ;?.'?; nak, pp. 4.')-.">l ; chimiuapin, j). ol ; huuel,

]». "C; cherry, \t. 54; mountain mahogany, p. 58; madrono,

p. 74; man/.anita, p. 75; lyonothamnus, i>. 5'.i.

Jteciduous. Willow, jij). ;i5-:?!t; dogwood, p. 7."!; dierry, ]>. 54;

desert willow, p. 7H; redhutl, \k (12; hutton-l)Usli, p. 78.

Leaves simple, with margins wavy, serrate, dentate, or crenate.

Evergreen. Oak, j>p. 45-51; wax-myrtle, j>. 41; California lilac,
l)p. 7()-72; cofffi' Iterry, ]>. 6!t; madroHo, p. 74; lyonothamnus
1». 5W; Christmas herry, p. 57; willow, p. .'W; garrya, ji. 7;5.
Deciduous. Alder, jt. 4.'i; birch, p. 4:?; c«)tt<»nwood, p. 40; aspen,
J). 40; willow, pp. :i5-3{>; oak. pp. 45-51; cascara .sagrada or
coffee herry, p. (>!•; cherry, j). 54; plum, ]•. 55; mountain mahog-
any, j>. 58; apple, p. 5(5; hawthorn, i>. 5('>; .hilca. p. t)0; hack-
Vjerry, j). 52.

Leaves lobed. Deciduous. Freniontia, p. <»il; nni]>le, )•. HH; sycamore.
j>. 5.'^; oak, pp. 4.5-51; hawthorn. |i. .5(1.

Leaves comj>ound. Deciduous, lloii-tree, i». (Ki; olucya, ji. (>1 ; walnut,
p. 42; a.«h, pp. 7(V-77; box elder, p. l>7; buckeye, j). (>8; elder,
p. 79; me.sciuite, p. t)4; acacia, p. (Jo; i)arkinsonia, p. (52; lyono-
thamnus, ]>. .5!!.

Leaves fan-shaped. Palmje, I'alm Family, j). 32.

Leaves sword-shaped. YucceJB, Yucca Family, p. 'Mi.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 11

KEY TO THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA ACCORDING TO THE

FRUITS.

Seed or seeds enclosed in a fleshy covering and generally knoAvn as a
berry. California nutmeg, p. 15; yew, p. 15; juniper, p. 16;
palm, p. 32; madroilo, p. 74; dogwood, p. 73; wax-myrtle,
p. 41 feoffee berry, p. 69; elder, p. 79; garrya, p. 73; Christmas
berry, p. 57; manzanita, p. 75.

Seeds in a cone. Alder, p. 43; birch, p. 43; Pine family (except the
juniper), p. 16.

Seeds furnished with a tuft of cotton, in pods which are on an axis and
form a catkin. Willow, p. 34; cottonwood, p. 40; aspen, p. 40.

Fruit with memljranous wings or feathery tails. Maple, p. 66; box
elder, p. 67; ash, pp. 76-77; hop tree, p. 66; mountain mahog-
an}', p. 58.

Seed in a hard woody covering and known as a nut. Buckeye, p. 68;
walnut, p. 42; oak, pp. 45-51; chinquapin, p. 51.

Seeds (1 or more) with a hard covering surrounded with a fleshy cover-
ing, kn(jwn as a drupe or stone fruit. Cherry, p. 54; plum,
p. 55; laurel, p. 52; California nutmeg, p. 15; hackberry, p. 52;
hawthorn, p. 56.

Fruit a papery core surrounded by a fleshy outer coat, and known as
a j)ome. Apple, p. 56.

Fruit a dry pod with 1 or several divisions.

Legume, like the pod of a bean or pea. Mesquite, p. 64; olneya,
p. 61; parkinsonia, p. 62; redbud, p. 62; desert willow, p. 78;
dalea, p. 60; acacia, p. 65.
Pod splitting into niore than 2 i)arts. Yucca, p. 33; fremontia,
p. 69; buckeye, p. 68; California lilac, pp. 70-72; button bush,
]i. 78; lyonothamnus, p. 59.

Fruit in balls, 2 or more of which are strung on a pendent stem. Syca-
more, p. 53.

12 CALIFORNIA ACADKMV OK SCIENCES.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF THE TREES.

Gymxospekmh. OvnU'S imt I'lu-losud in an ovary.

Trees or shrubs with needle-shaped, scale-shaped, or Huear, gener-
ally everf.Mvi'n leaves; jiistillatt' and staininate flowers
.separate, on the same or different plants, w ithout calyx or
corolla, the clusters of stamens and ovules subtended l>y
scales which in fruit become woody ami form a cone, or
resinous and form a berry.

Taxaceae, Yew Family, p. I'l;
Coniferae, Pine Family, p. 16,
(The larch has deciduous leaves.)

Anoiosperms. Ovules in an ovary, with or without a calyx and corolla.
MoNocoTVi.KOONS. Endo<:en.«. Flowers on ])lan of .'?, never of .">;
leaves parallel-veined; wo<Mly tiber siattered tlirouj^h the
stems in bundles with no definite arrangement.
Floral divisions greenish, (», in 2 dissimilar sets; ovary supe-
rior, in fruit forming a berry or stone fruit.

Palmae, I 'aim Family, p. 32.

Floral divisions not green, petal-like, I), in 1 .set; ovary supe-
rior, in fruit forming a dry pod or a fleshy fruit.

Liliaceae, Lily Fannly, p. .'W.

Dicotyledons. Exogens. Flowers generally on plan of 4 or 5;
wotKly fiber forming concentric rings in the stem; leaves
netted-veined.

With Intt one set uj floral divisions.
Flowers in catkins.

Pistillate and staininate on separate plants; 1 flower to
each scale of the catkin; fruit a many seeded pod, each
seed furnished with a tuft of cotton.

Salicaceae, Willow Family, ]>. ."{4.

Pistillate and staminate on the same plant; staminate
catkins i)endent; ]iistillate erect, cone-like, with 1-2
flowers to each scale.

Betulaceae, Alder or Birch Family, p. 43.

Pistillate and staminate flowers on the same plant in sep-
arate catkins, sometimes in the same; catkins short,
erect, with several stamens or 1 ])istil to each scale.

Myricaceae, Wax ^lyrtle Family, p. 41.

Pistillate and staminate flowers on the same jdant, the

staminate only in catkins; fruit a nut in a cup or bur.

Cupuliferae, Oak and Chestnut Family, p. 44.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 13

Pistillate and staniinate flowers on the same plant, the
staminate only in catkins, these long and pendent;
fruit a nut with a rather thin outer coat.

Juglandaceae, Walnut Familj', p. 42.

Pistillate and staminate flowers on different plants, the
staminate with calyx 4-parted, stamens 4; }>istillate
with calyx 2-lobed or wanting, ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled,
styles 2; fruit a berry.

Garryaceae, Fringe-tree Falnily, p. 73.

Flowers in balls on pendent stems.

Pistillate and staminate on the same plant but on separate
stems, the balls separated, 2 or more to each stem like
beads on a string.

Plantanaceae, Sycamore Family, jj. 53.

Flowers neither in catkins nor balls.

Stamens numerous, inserted on the calyx; leaves ever-
green or deciduous.

Rosaceae, Rose Family, Mountain mahogany, p. 58.

Stamens 9 in 3 sets; floral divisions 6, yellow.
P'lowers in umbels; leaves aromatic.

Lauracese, Laurel Family, p. 52.

Pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants, the
former in pendent racemes, the latter in bunches on
hair-like stems; stamens 4-5, inserted on the recepta-
cle; calyx minute.

Aceraceae, Maple Family, p. 67.
Box-elder.

Stamens 5, partially united by the filaments; floral di-
visions 5, large, leathery, yellow, united at base to the
filaments.

Sterculiaceae, Sterculia Family, p. 69.

Fremontia.

Stamens 2, with large anthers; calyx small, 4-cleft; fruit
1-seeded, winged at top; pistillate and staminate flow-
ers in panicles on separate plants.

Oleaceae, Olive Family, p. 76.
Ash.

Stamens and pistils in the same or separate flowers on the
same plant, the former 4-5, the latter with 2-divided
styles; fruit a drupe.

Celtidaceae, Hackberry Family, p. 52.

14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Cah/.r and corolla present, sometimes inconspicuous.

Stanions nuinevdus, iiisiTti-tl on the calyx; ttowors slmwy;
fruit tii'sliy. titlicr a lii'iry i>r a drujie.

Rosaceae, Rose Fuinily, p. 54.
Hawthorn, rlierry, apple, plum, etc.
Stamens 10, anthers o]H>ninL' liy Iiojcs at the to]>; corolla
urn-shai>etl. Ericaceae, Heather I'aniily, p. 74.

Madrono.
Stamens 10, free; calyx and corolla of o separate or almost
separate parts; fruit a lejrume.

Leguminoseae, l\'a I'aniiiy, pp. (UMio.

Me.s(iuite, acacia, parkinsonia, redhud, etc.

Stamens .">-10 on a disk; flowers small, in racemes or

curyml)s; fruit of '2 parts, each wiii<red, united at base.

Aceraceae, .Maple l-'amily, \>. H(5.
Stamens (5, elonnatinjr, with reddish anthers; (lowers nu-
nienms, many with imi)erf»'ct pistils, in a lar<re com-
pound cylintlrical rliistcr; fruit pear-shape<l, pendent

on lontt stems.

Hippocastanaceae, Bnckcye Family, ]>. 08.

Stamens 4-."); fruit a lurry with l'-:i seeds, or a small jHtd

with 'A seeds in 'A cells.

Rhamnaceae, Uucktliorn Family, i)i>. ()!>-72.

C'ascara sajiraila, California lilac.

Stamens and pistils in the same or separate Ihtwers; sepals,

l)etals, and stamens distinct, 4-o; the sepals often

deciduous; fruit «trl)icular, winjred all around; leaves

dotted with transhici'iit ;:!ands.

Rutaceae, l>»iMon I'amiiy, p. 65.

Stamens 4->y; flowers small, in ample compound clusters;

corolla monojHtalous.

Caprifoliaceae, Honeysuckle Family, )>. 70.

i",id«r-lifrry.

Stamens 4, divisions of calyx and corolla 4; flowers in dense

fllohose heads on Ion;.' stems; leaves opjxtsite or in .'Vs.

Rubiaceae, Madder Family, ]•. 78.

iiuttori husii, liutton willow.

Stamens 4, sepals and petals 4. fruit a 1-seedeil lierry;

flowers in cynu-s or iieads.

Cornaceae, l>o;rwood Family, ]>. 72.

Stamens 5, 1 sterile; corolla funnel-form, with a spreadinjj

.^-lohed border; fruit a lon^'. narrow L'-celled poij with

wingeil seeds.

Bignoniaceae, Catalpa Family, p. 77.

Desert willow.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 15

CLASS I. GYMNOSPERMS.
TAXACE.^. Yew Family.

Leaves linear, spreading in 2 ranks. Flowers solitary
in the leaf-axils, the pistillate and staminate on sepa-
rate trees. Fruit a seed surrounded by a fleshy covering,
resembling a small plum or olive (Tumion), or inserted
in a scarlet fleshy cup and when young resembling a tiny
acorn in shape (Taxus).

Tumion Californicum Greene. California Nutmeg,
ToRREYA. Plate i, fig. 1. Leaves, bright green and
glossy, 1-2 inches long, tipped with a sharp needle-like
point. Seed completely surrounded by the fleshy cover-
ing, the cross-section resembling a nutmeg. Often a tall
large tree 3-4 feet in diameter, but more frequently bushy
especially on hills. Bark smooth, grayish brown. Bloom-
ing in spring, fruiting in fall. Fruit purple or yellow-
green. While never common and never forming forests,
it is widely distributed in the Coast Mountains and
throughout the Sierra Nevada at middle elevations.
(Torreya Calif ornica Torr.)

Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific Yew. Plate i, fig. 2.
Leaves similar to the preceding but much shorter and
not spiny-tipped. Seed as large as a pea, inserted in a
scarlet fleshy cup which almost surrounds it. Often
shrubby, but becoming a tree 70 feet or more high, with
flaky, reddish bark and slender drooping branches. In
the Coast Mountains of central and northern California
and in the Sierra Nevada at middle elevations; extends
northward to British Columbia.

(2) .June 30, 1905.

16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CONIFERS. Pine Family.

Leaves linear, awl-shaped, scale-shaped, or needle-
shaped. Pistils and stamehs in separate Howers, sonio-
tinies on different plants. Fruit a berry or cone.

Tril)e i. Leaves scale-shaped, opposite or in 3's, im-
bricated and appressed. Scales of the small cone or
berry opposite, few. This tribe contains juniper (Janip-
erits), cypress (Cnpressus), arbor-vita? (Tlnii/a), incense
cedar {Libocedrus), Port Orford cedar {Cfinmff;ci/pnri.<i).
In all but the first the stamens and pistils are on the
same tree.

Tribe ii. Loaves either Hat and 2-ranked or lanceolate,
ri*];!!!, and i)ointed. Scales of the cone shield-shaped,
spirally arranged. Seeds numerous, angled. This tribe
contains the two species of Sequoia. The pistils and
stamens are on the same tree.

Tribe iii. Leaves separate or in fascicles, linear or
needle-shaped. Scales of the cone bract-like, spirally
arranged with '2 wingccl seeds to each scale. Stamens
and pistils on the same tree. This tribe contains iir
(Abies), Douglas spruce { Pseudotimgn), hem\ock (Tsuga),
spruce (Picea), pine (Piims).

JUNIPERUS.' .luNii'KR, Cedar.

1'l.ATK II.

Leaves minute, scale-sha[)ed, appressed and imbricated

' Juniperus scopulorum Sariinit. Red Ckdak. Spri-adiiit; tree with sl)re<lily Imrk
atul red wiiod. Leaves opposite, aeute, blue-Kreeii. Berries blue, covered willi a
glaiu-oiis bloom, 2-8eeded, ripening at the end of the second season. From British
I'oluiiiliirt to Oregon; rare in the mountains of northern Arizmia.

J. pachyphlxa Torr. Ai-I-Kjatok-bakk .Ii'MI'K.k. Low spreadinn tree, with thirlt
trunk and tliick bark in square plates 1-2 inches broad. Leaves opposite, blu^^reen.
Berries reddish, containing 4 seeds. Mountains of Arizona.

J. monosperma Sargent. Low spreading tree, with shreddy bark. Leaves opposite
or in :i's, gray-green. Berrie.s dark blue or red<lish. covered witli a glaucous
bloom, generally 1-seeded and small. In northern .Arizona with the nut pine and
extending southward.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 17

in whorls of 3's (or loosely spreading on young shoots).
Fruit a globose or short-oblong resinous berry ripening
the second season. Seeds bony, 1-3. Shrubs or trees
branching somewhat irregularly, often low and spread-
ing. Bark generally shreddy. Wood aromatic.

J. Californica Carr. Berry reddish, dry and resinous,
globose or oblong, as large as a green pea, containing 2
seeds. Low and spreading, with short trunk. The com-
mon species of the Coast Mountains, found chiefly south
of San Francisco, also on the western foothills of the
Sierra Nevada on dry slopes.

J. Utahensis Lemmon. Similar to the preceding, but
with finer foliage and with berries containing 1 seed.
Chiefly a species of Nevada and Utah, but found in
southeastern California in the desert regions.

J. occidentalis Hook. Berry blue-black, smaller than
the preceding, fleshy, with 2 or sometimes 3' seeds. A
low straggling bush or a fine tree irregular in outline.
Grows throughout the Sierra Nevada at upper elevations;
extends northeastward into Oregon and Idaho.

CUPRESSUS.' Cypress.

Plate III.

Leaves opposite, minute, scale-shaped, imbricated, and
appressed. Fruit a globose or oblong woody cone with
thick, woody, shield-shaped scales which fit closely together
before the cones open; ripening the second season but
often persisting. Seeds angled, numerous.

1 Cupressus Arizonica Greene. Branches with bark flaking off and leaving a
smooth dark red surface. Leaves pale glaucous green, generally without glands
Fruit a roundish cone, red-brown and covered with a glaucous bloom, about an
inch in diameter, on a short stout stalk, shield-shaped scales elevated to a stout
point about the middle. At upper elevations in the mountains of Arizona.

18 OALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

C. macrocarpa ITarfw. Montkrky Cypkkss. Foliage
dense, Uaik green. Cones numerous, clustered on short
stems, generally oblong, 1-1^ inches long. On the shores
of Monterey Bay, forming picturesque trees. Now exten-
sively cultivated for wind-breaks and hedges.

C. Goveniana Gordon. Mountain Cyprkss. Foliage
more spreading than in the preceding, yellow-green or
glaucous, terminal branchlets slender, recurving. Cones
often densely clustered, globose, an inch or less in diam-
eter. Seeds angled, brown. Widely distributed on hills of
the Coast Mountains from Mendocino County nvnv I'kiah
to San Diego County. In bloom during the rainy season.

C. pygmaea Sargmf. Mendocino Cypress. Similar
to the preceding but with smaller cones full of small
black seeds. On the sandy plains near Mendocino City
a few inches or feet high, but becoming a tree of good
dimensions in more favorable localities. Apparently
local on the coast of northern Mendocino County.

C. Macnabiana }fiirr. Fra(;rant Cypress. Foliage
slender, very fragrant, pale bluish green, sprinkled all
over with white glands. Cones small, with liorn-like
ju'ojections on the scales. On hillsides low an<l pyram-
idal, but near .stream banks a tall tree more oblong in out-
line. On the inner Coa.st Mountains of Lake, Napa, Sha.sta,
and adjacent counties. Blooms during the dry season.

CHAMiECYPARIS.' Lawson's Cypress, 1'okt Okford

Cedar.

IM.ATK IV, Kic. 1.

Leaves opposite, minute, scale -shaped, imbricated.

1 Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis Sparh. This is similnr to C. Lair.*oniaiia, but lias
yellow stumiiiiiti' tlowtTs, nml tin- littlocouos have stout points on the peltate scales.
The bark is not so thick and the branchlets are stouter. Grows in the mountains
from .\lnska to Oregon.

TREES OP CALIFORNIA. 19

Branches fiat, drooping. Foliage green or glaucous.
Cones numerous, globular, as large as green peas; ripen-
ing in one season; bluish, becoming brown when ripe.
Seeds winged, about 4 under each scale. Blooms in
spring.

C. Lawsoniana Porlat. A tall graceful pyramidal tree
with fragrant wood. Staminate flowers crimson. Found
in Siskiyou and Del Norte counties, but reaches its great-
est development in southern Oregon. Common in cul-
tivation. (Cupressus Laivsoniana Murr.)

THUYA. Arbor-vit^.

Plate IV, Fig. 2.

Leaves minute, scale-shaped, opposite, imbricated in
4 ranks but with tips free. Branches horizontally flattened.
Cones small, nuinerous at the ends of branchlets; ripen-
ing in one season. Scales 8-10, erect, arranged in pairs
having 2-3-winged seeds at the base of all but the top and
bottom pairs.

T. plicata Don. Cones half an inch or less long, soon
becoming reflexed. Tall tree of pyramidal outline,
sometimes becoming more than 200 feet high. Northern
California near the coast; reaches its highest development
farther north. {T. gigantea Nutt.)

LIBOCEDRUS. Incense Cedar.

Plate V.

Foliage similar to the 23receding. Cones numerous
near the ends of branches, not reflexed. Scales 4-6, erect,
the two middle ones thick, much larger than the others,
and bearing the winged seeds at base.

20 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OK Sl'IENCKS.

L. decurrens Ton-. Tree of pvrainidal outline, with
reddish bark; trunk s})reading at base and resembling
that of the 'big tree.' In the Coast Mountains on lofty
ridges and peaks and in the Sierra Nevada associated
with the pines and sequoias; extends into Oregon.

SEQUOIA. Kkdwood, Buj Tree.

Plate VI.

Leaves linear, flat, and 2-ranked, or lanceolate, rigid,
and pointed. Cones oblong with shield-shaped scales, the
outer part diamond-shaped and with ({uilted surface,
spirally arranged. Seeds numerous, angled. Immense
trees with enormous trunks clothed with thick red ilbrous
bark. Wood red.

S. gigantea Decaisne. Bio Tree. Cones as large as
an egg, short-oblong, ripening in two seasons. Leaves
appressed at base, rigid and pointed. This tree is famous
for its great size and long life, many having lived more
than a thousand vears. in the Sierra Nevada from
Amador to Tulare counties, growing with the white lir
and sugar pines. (S. WeUingtonia Sargent.)

S. sempervirens EndL Redwood. Cones as large as
a thimble; ripening in one season and persisting after
the seeds have been discharged. Lower leaves flat, linear,
2-ranked; upper appressed at base, pointed. Forms
noble forests not far from the coast from southern Oregon
to San Luis Obispo County. The trees seem eternal, as
new ones spring up where old ones have been destroyed.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 21

ABIES.' Fir.
Plate VII.

Leaves solitary, spirally arranged but appearing 2-
ranked from an upward twist of the base, linear, sessile.
Branches smooth with circular scars where the leaves
have fallen. Leaves of lower branches horizontally
spreading, the upper erect and crowded. Cones erect,
generally near the top of tall pyramidal trees; the scales
and seeds falling from the woody persistent axes which
resemble candles on a Christmas tree. The cones are
never found under the trees, only the seeds and scales.

A. grandis Lindl. White Fir. Leaves obtuse or
emarginate, an inch or so long, with 2 pale bands
beneath. Cones cylindrical, 2-4 inches long. Scales
broad and narrow with included bracts. Becomes a fine
tree sometimes 300 feet high. From Mendocino to Del
Norte counties not far from the sea, extending to British
Columbia.

A.^ concolor Lindl. Balsam Fir, White Fir. Leaves
acute, pale green on both sides, spreading on the lower

1 Abies lasiocarpa ^^utt. Balsam Fir. Leaves flat, grooved on upper side, rounded
or notched at top, blue-green. Cones oblong-cylindrical, 2'^/^A inches long, dark
purple, the bracts concealed by the cone scales. High mountains of British
Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. In northern Arizona there is a species, con-
sidered distinct from this, with corky bark, which has been named by Dr. C. Hart
Merriam, Abies Arizonica.

A. amabilis Forbes. White Fir. Bark silvery white and smooth. Leaves dark
green and shining on the grooved upper surface, silvery white on lower; crowded;
obtuse, acute, or notched at tip. Cones oblong, purple, SH-& inches long, the
bracts concealed by the cone scales. Tall large tree in the mountains of British
Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.

A. nobilis Lindl. (Incorrectly called Larch). Leaves flattened on the lower
branches, 4-sided and grooved on the upper; rounded, acute, or notched at tip; light
blue-green. Cones oblong-cylindrical, purple or brownish, the beautiful reflexed
bracts concealing the scales. Mountains of Oregon and Washington at middle
elevations.

2 A. Lowiana jSIurr. (A. concolor Lowiana Lemmon) is considered distinct, and
the name has been applied to the tree of the high Sierra Nevada. It differs from
the typical form in having the foliage greener„the cones shorter, and the leaves
much shorter and less spreading.

22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

branches, 2-3 inches long ; on the upper, shorter, thicker,
erect, and curving. Cones oblong-cylindrical, 3-5 inches
long. Scales broad and narrow with bracts inclosed.
Becomes a large tree sometimes 150 feet high with gray
bark, pale yellow under the outer laj^er. Grows through-
out the Sierra Nevada in the region of the yellow and
sugar pines, extending northward to Oregon; also found
in the mountains of Arizona, Nevada, etc.

A. venusta Sargent. Silver Fir, Santa Lucia Fir.
Fig. 1. Leaves sharp-pointed, 1-2 inches long, glossy
green on the upper surface, silvery below. Cones oval,
3-4 inches long, about 2 inches in diameter, each bract of
the cone scales with a linear appendage an inch long,
spreading horizontally. Found only in the Santa Lucia
Mountains, from Point Sur to south of Point Gorda.
Tall pyramidal tree with slender pendent apex and droop-
ing upper limbs. (A. hracteata Nutt.)

A. magnifica Murr. Red Fir. Fig. 2. Lower leaves
flat, apparently 2-ranked; upper shorter, quadrangular,
crowded, curving upwards. Cones oblong-cylindrical,
6-8 inches long (bracts of the narrow cone scales
included). Bark reddish brown, bright crimson under
the outer layer. Throughout the Sierra Nevada at upper
elevations. The variety SJiastensis Lemmon has bracts
of the cone scales exserted, hiding the scales in the young
cones. It is found at higher elevations than the type on
Mount Shasta and in the lofty peaks of Fresno, Tulare,
and Kern counties near timber-line.

PSEUDOTSUGA. Douglas Spruce.

Plate VIII.

Leaves solitary, flat, petioled, somewhat 2-ranked by
a twist at base but really spirally arranged. Cones

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 23

maturing in one year, drooping, often persisting after the
seeds have fallen, with 3-pronged bracts conspicuously
exserted over the cone scales, the middle prong longest.

P. mucronata Sudworth. Douglas Spruce, Red Fir,
Oregon Pine. Fig. 1. Leaves about an inch long,
bright green, rather slender, dense. Cones cylindrical,
oblong, 2-4 inches long, little more than an inch in
diameter, bracts straight. Bark thick, brown, fissured.
Becomes a large tree 100 feet or more in height. Com-
mon in the Coast Mountains to San Luis Obispo County
and in the Sierra Nevada to a little south of Yosemite.
The most important source of lumber in Oregon and
Washington. (P. taxifolia Britt., P. Douglasii Carr.)

P. macrocarpa Lemmon. Fig. 2. Leaves narrower
than in the preceding, more acute; cones twice as large,
with bracts reflexed. A large tree with immense spread-
ing limbs. Reaches its greatest size in the mountains of
San Diego County where it forms forests; also found on
the mountains which run east and west from the Santa
Inez to the Sierra Nevada and in San Bernardino County.

TSUGA. Hemlock.

Plate IX.
Leaves linear, solitary, 2-ranked, petioled, and jointed

LARIX. Larch, Tamarack.

Leaves deciduous, short, linear, clustered in short-stemmed tufts along the
branchlets. Cones small, ovate or oblong, 1-2 inches long, resembling a spruce cone,
generally pendent, having a bristly appearance from the spine-like tips of the
bracts accompanying each cone-scale.

L. occidentalis Natt. One of the largest trees with thick bark. Cone.s oblong, 1-1)4
inches long. Leaves 3-sided, l-\% inches long, light green, stiff and pointed. East
of the Cascade Mountains from British Columbia to Oregon.

L. Lyallii Pari. Small tree. The young branchlets and buds clothed with white
down. Cones l'2-'2 inches long, the red-purple bracts recurving. Leaves 4-sided,
1-V/i inches long, blue-green. Timber-line in the mountains of Washington and
Oregon, and extending northward.

24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

to a prominent woody base which leaves the stem rough
when denuded. Cones small, drooping, maturing in
one season, scales persisting on the axis.

T. heterophylla Sargent. Coast Hemlock. Leaves
thin, i-g- inch long, flat, obtuse. Cones less than an inch
long, about as large as a thimble, numerous. Found
from Mendocino County northward to Alaska, becoming
100-200 feet high.

T. Mertensiana Carr. Patton's Spruce, Sierra Hem-
lock. Leaves i-1 inch long, acute at apex, attenuate at
base, often curved. Cones oblong-cylindrical, 2-3 inches
long, purple when young. Becomes a tall tree with
spreading trunk, pendent branches, and gracefully droop-
ing apex. In the Sierra Nevada and northward at an
elevation of 7000-8000 feet; less common and smaller in
the southern Sierra Nevada; extends northward to
Alaska. (Tsuga Pattoniana Engelm.)

PICEA.^ Spruce.

Plate X.

Leaves spirally arranged but occasionally becoming
2-ranked, quadrangular, sessile, but inserted on woody
projections w^hich leave the stem rough when the leaves
fall. Cones pendent from the upper branches. Scales
persistent on the axis; the empty cones are always to be
found under bearing trees.

P. Sitchensis Carr. Tideland Spruce. Leaves flat,
slender, pointed; cones yellowish, 1^-3 inches long.
Becomes a tall tree with thin scaly bark. The wood is
valuable for butter boxes as it is without odor. An

1 Picea Engelmaimi Engelm. Leaves 4-sided, blue-green, about an inch long, not
stiff. Cones oblong-cylindrical, about 2 inches long, numerous on the upper
branches. High mountains at upper elevations; Washington, Oregon and northern
Arizona.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 25

important tree of the coast of northern California;
abundant near Crescent City.

P. Breweriana Watson. Weeping Spruce. Leaves
abruptly narrowed to an obtuse apex, flattened, about an
inch long. Cones oblong-cjdindrical, 2-5 inches long.
A rare tree in the high mountains of Siskiyou and
Trinity counties; distinguished by long pendent branches
which fall over the tree like a veil. It is also found, but
rarely, in the high mountains of southern Oregon.

PINUS. Pine.

Leaves needle-shaped, sheathed at base, with 1-5
needles in a sheath. Cones with woody scales persisting
on the axis. Seeds winged, falling from the cone when
ripe or remaining in the closed cone for years — generally
until a fire sweeps over the forest or hills.

ANALYTICAL KEY, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE

LEAVES.

Five-leaved. P. Lambertiana, P. monticola, P. flexilis, P. albicaulis,

P. Balfouriana, P. aristata, P. Torreyana.

Four-leaved. P. quadrifolia.

Three-leaved. P. ponderosa, P. Jeffrey!, P. Sabiniana,

P. Coulteri, P. radiata, P. attenuata.

Two-leaved. P. contorta, P. Murrayana, P. muricata.

One-leaved. P. monophylla.

leaves five IX A SHEATH. 1

Cone scales without prickles or knobs.
Stems of cones 2-3 inches long, erect the first year, pendent the seconcL

iPinus Arizonica Engelm. Yellow Pine. Leaves 5 in a sheath, 5-7 inches long.
Cones oval, about 2 inches long, on short stout stems, the scales with slender
recurved spines. Tree with stout trunk and rounded top. Mountains of southern
Arizona at upper elevations.

26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

P. monticola Dougl. White Pine, Mountain Pine,
Little Sugar Pine. Plate xi, fig. 1. Leaves 2-4 inches
long. Cones 5-8 inches long, cylindrical, the scales flaring
backwards after the seeds are discharged and the cone
fallen to the ground. Tall tree with the upper limbs or
young growth pale gray, the old trunk brown with the
bark in plates. At great elevations in the Sierra Nevada
but at lower elevations in the northern Coast Mountains,
extending northward to Washington.

P. Lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine. Plate xi,
FIG. 2. Leaves 3-4 inches long. Cones 1-li feet long,
cylindrical. Large tree sometimes 300 feet high, with
light brown smoothish bark, A valuable timber tree
which receives its popular name from the exuded resin
becoming sugary on the trunk. On all the higher
mountains of the Coast Range and in the Sierra at an
elevation of about 5000-7000 feet. It extends northward
to Oregon and Washington.

Stems of cones short oi' wanting, erect the first year, becoming hori-
zontal or slightly declined the second.

P. flexilis James. White Pine. Leaves 1-2 inches
long. Cones oval, 3-5 inches long, the scales spreading
open when ripe. Seed with very small wing. A medium
tree about 60 feet high with gray furrowed bark. Rare
in California, found chiefly on the eastern slope of the
Sierra Nevada; also in Oregon and Arizona.

P. albicaulis Engelm. Alpine White Pine. Plate xii,
Fig 1. Leaves the same as in the preceding. Cones oval,
shorter than the preceding, sessile, purple-brown, with
thicker and more pointed scales. A gnarled, 1-sided
tree growing at timber-line on Mount Shasta and neigh-
boring peaks, and south to the lofty jDcaks of Tulare

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 27

County, where it is replaced by P. Balfouriana. It
extends northward to British Columbia; is also found on
the mountains of Nevada and Arizona.

Cone scales with prickles.

(Sometimes the prickles are deciduous on the ohler cones.)

P. aristata Engelm. Foxtail Pine. Leaves 1-2
inches long. Cones ovate, 3-4 inches long with the
prickles of the scales slender, recurved. Tree of medium
size. Rare in California, growing on the eastern side of
the Sierra Nevada and of Mount Pinos in Ventura
County; extends to Arizona.

P. Balfouriana Jeffrey. Balfour's Pine, Foxtail
Pine. Plate xii, fig. 2. Leaves about an inch long, rigid,
curved, crowded. Cones pendulous from the ends of the
branchlets, dark purple, 3^-5 inches long. Scales thick-
ened at the end, the prickle often, short or even wanting
on the old cone. Seeds with conspicuous wings. Medium
tree of rugged outline. Bark deeply fissured, red-brown.
Grows at or near timber-line on the high peaks and
passes of the southern Sierra Nevada and on the moun-
tains near Mount Shasta in northern California.

Cone scales with thick pyramidal knobs.
Stems an inch long, spreading or deflexed.

P. Torreyana Parry. Torrey Pine. Plate xiii,
FIG. 1. Leaves crowded at the ends of stout branchlets,
thick, about a foot long. Cones broadly ovate, about 4
inches long and almost as wide at base. Scales with a
stout short beak, sometimes inflexed. Seeds twice as
long as the woody-based wing. Small tree with flattened
top and spreading branches. Found only along the
coast near San Diego and on Santa Rosa Island.

*4

28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

LEAVES FOUR OR ONE IN A SHEATH.

Soft-shelled Nut Pines.i

P. quadrifolia Sudivorth. Parry's Nut Pine. Leaves
1-1-^ inches long, generally 4 but sometimes 3 or 5.
Cones globose, about 2 inches thick, the scales forming
prominent knobs. Small tree with round top. Found
south of San Diego and in the San Jacinto Mountains.
(P. Parryana Engelm.)

P. monophylla Torr. & Frem. One-leaved Pine, Nut
Pine. Plate xiii. Fig 2. Leaves solitary in the sheath,
rigid, spiny-tipped, cylindrical. Cones 1-2 inches long and
almost as thick at base, with few protuberant scales.
Seeds of this and the preceding are almost without
wings. Small tree with irregularly spreading branches
and pale foliage. Grows on dry hills in Kings aiid
Kern River canons, on the mountains connecting the
coast with the Sierra Nevada, and especially on the
eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada where the trees are
abundant and the nuts form the most important article
of food for the Indians. It extends to the mountains of
Arizona.

LEAVES THREE IN A SHEATH. ^

Cones at the ends of hranchlets.

P. ponderosa Dougl. Yellow Pine. Plate xiv,
FIG. 1. Leaves 5-11 inches long. Cones oval, 3-4 inches
long, almost sessile. Scales thick, slightly knobbed, with
a straight prickle. Tall tree with red-brown bark in

1 Pinus edulis Engelm. Nut Pine, Pinon. Leaves 2-8 in a sheath, stiff and pointed,
about an inch long. Cones and seeds similar to P. monophylla. Low tree with
short trunk and spreading branches. Arizona, eastward and north on plateaus,
forming forests.

2 P. Chihuahuana Engelm. Leaves .3 in a sheath, slender, pale green, 2%-i
inches long. Cones broadly ovate, lV^-2 inches long, the scales with small
recurved prickles that fall soon. Mountains of southern Arizona.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 29

large plates. One of the most important timber trees.
Widely distributed through the Coast Mountains at upper
elevations and in the Sierra Nevada associated with the
sugar pine. The form in Arizona has been called
P. latifolia Sargent.

P. Jeffreyi Murr. Plate xiv, fig. 2. This is con-
sidered by some of the best authorities to be a variety of
the preceding. The bark is darker, cones are much
larger, and leaves shorter. It grows at greater eleva-
tions.

Cones lateral.

(The branch grows out beyond them.)

Scales armed with stout claws.

Hard-shelled Nut Pines.

P. Sabiniana Dougl. Digger Pine, Nut Pine, Gray-
leaf Pine. Plate xv. Leaves slender, drooping, light
green or glaucous, a foot long. Cones short-oval, large,
6-10 inches long, 4-6 inches in diameter, the heavy
scales armed with hooked claws, the stems stout, 1^ inches
long. A picturesque tree with open spreading branches-
Common in the hot interior valleys of the Coast Moun-
tains and in the foothill region of the Sierra Nevada and
the San Bernardino mountains. The nut forms a most
important article of food among the Digger Indians.

P. Coulteri Do7i. Coulter's Pine, Bull Pine, Big-
cone Pine. Plate xvi. Leaves crowded at the ends of
the branchlets, stiff, bright green, -j-1 foot long. Cones
on short stems, long-oval, pointed, 10-14 inches long,
4-5 inches in diameter; scales with a stout sharp claw
strongly curved, an inch or more long. In this and the
four preceding the cones persist on the trees some time
after the seeds have been discharged and when they fall
leave the low^er scales attached to the stem, which persists-

30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

for some time. On high ridges and peaks of the Coast
Mountains from Mount Diablo south; also on the moun-
tains of southern California.

Cones oblique, whorled, scales knob-like, armed with prickles.

P. radiata Don. Monterey Pine. Plate xvii, fig. 1.
Leaves crowded, slender, dark green, 4-6 inches long,
closely serrate. Cones in whorls deflexed on short stems,
obliquely short-oval, pointed. Scales on the outer side
thick, mound-shaped, much larger than the flatter inner
ones. Tree with spreading branches and brown fissured
bark. Common on the coast of Monterey Bay and
extending somewhat to the north. Common in cultiva-
tion. (P. insignis Dougl.)

P. attenuata Lemmon. Scrub Pine, Knob-cone Pine.
Plate xvii, fig. 2. Leaves 3-7 inches long, slightly
serrulate. Cones in whorls of 2 to many, persisting
closed on the tree until after a fire, strongly reflexed on
short stems, 3-5 inches long, pointed, oblique. Scales
thick and conical on the outer side, almost flat on the
inner, all with sharp prickles. Small tree, loosely
branched, with thin, light brown bark. It bears cones
when a foot or so high. Common in the hills of the
Coast Mountains and in the foothills of the Sierra
Nevada; extends northward. (P. tuberculata Gordon.)

LEAVES TWO IX A SHEATH.

Cones at ends of branchlets; scales of cone knob-like, armed with prickles.

P. contorta Dougl. Scrub Pine. Plate xvii, fig. 3.
Leaves 1-li inches long, slender. Cones oblique,
clustered in whorls or single, 1-2 inches long. Scales
with prominent knobs each tipped with a fine prickle;
sometimes remaining closed until after a fire. Small tree

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 31

with spreading branches and rounded or depressed top.
Along the coast near swamps in northern California and
on dry hills inland. On the sandy barrens near Mendo-
cino City the trees bear cones whep only a few inches
high. Extends northward.

P. Murrayana Murr. Tamarack Pine, Lodge-Pole
Pine. Plate xvii, fig. 4. Leaves thick, about 2 inches
long, serrulate. Cones small, slightly oblique, opening
at maturity and ' soon falling. Tall slender tree with
smooth, straight, light brown trunk. Common on the
borders of mountain streams, meadows, and lakes in the
Sierra Nevada at upper elevations; widely distributed in
the mountains northward and eastward.

Cones lateral, rarely subterminal.

P. muricata Don. Coast Pine, Bishop Pine. Plate
XVII, FIG. 5. Leaves stiff, strongly serrulate, 4-6 inches
long, dense. Cones oblique, whorled, sessile, recurved,
spreading, 2-3 inches long; often remaining closed many
years and persisting after opening even on the main
trunks of large trees. Scales knob-like, tipped with
stout spines turning toward the base of the cone on the
outer scales. Tree of medium size, with spreading
branches, flat top, reddish bark. Along the coast from
northern California to San Luis Obispo. There are flne
groves along Tomales Bay in Marin County and on the
hills and cahons rising therefrom.

(3) June 30, 1905.

32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CLASS II. ANGIOSPERMS.

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PlANTS. EnDOGENS.

Stems with woody fiber scattered, never arranged in
rings. Flowers usually with the parts 3 or some multiple
of 3. Leaves generally parallel-veined.

Divisions of the flower 6, greenish, in 2 dissimilar sets. Ovary
superior, in fruit forming a berry or stone fruit. Palm Family.

Divisions of the flower 6 in 1 set, all petal-like. Ovary superior, in
fruit forming a dry pod with 3 divisions, or becoming fleshy.

Lily Family.

PALM-^. Palm Family.

Stems simple, the leaves forming a crown at summit,
pinnately divided, or circular and fan-shaped with stout
petioles sheathing the stem and often persistent on the
trunk. Flowers small, sessile, on a simple or branched
axillary stem, which is at first enveloped in a leaf that
falls off; outer divisions of the flower united, forming a
cup, folding over each other in the bud, the inner meet-
ing by the edges in the bud; stamens shorter than the
floral divisions. Ovary 3-celled or of 3 distinct carpels.
Stigmas short or wanting.

Washingtonia filamentosa 0. K. Washington's Palm,
California Fan Palm. Plate xviii. Twenty to 40 feet
high. Trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, covered with the per-
sistent bases and shields of dead leaves. Leaves fan-
shaped, circular, 3-5 feet in diameter, the divisions
extending to the middle, margined by fine elongated
fibers. Petioles stout, smooth, 2-5 feet long, 1-3 inches
broad at summit, margined with stout hooked spines.
Flowering stems 8-10 feet long. Fruit black when ripe,

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 33

^ inch in diameter, with sweet pulp. Native of San Ber-
nardino and Riverside counties, but cultivated through-
out California, particularly in the southern part of the
state.

LILIACE^. Lily Family.

Stems simple or branched. Divisions of the flower all
alike and resembling petals. Ovary superior. Stamens
6. The only native trees of this family are the yuccas.
Cordyline, or as it is called Dracaena or dragon palm, is
better known throughout California, being extensively
cultivated.

YUCCE^.

Divisions of the flower thick, curved inwards; style wanting.

Cleistoyiicca, Tree Yucca, Josua Tree.
Divisions of the flower thin, spreading at night; style evident.

Yucca, Spanish Dagger.

Cleistoyucca arborescens Trelease. Tree Yucca, Josua
Tree. Plate xix. Widely branching, becoming 30-
40 feet high. Rough gray bark. Leaves densely crowded
at the ends of the branchlets, stiff and dagger-like, taper-
ing from a dilated base, 5-6 inches long, bluish green,
margins minutely serrulate but without thread-like fila-
ments. Flowers in large sessile panicles, greenish white,
globose, densely clustered, the almost distinct divisions
curved inwards; filaments thick; anthers arrow-shaped.
Ovary egg-shaped, tapering to a sessile star-shaped stigma.
Fruit a dry pod, spongy, with papery core, not splitting
open when ripe but scattered by the wind over the desert.
Common on the Mohave Desert and the valleys and hills
branching therefrom.

Yucca Mohavensis Sargent. Spanish Bayonet, Tree
Yucca. Plate xx. Fifteen feet or less in height, sim-
ple or with short branches at top. Trunk with dark

34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

brown bark, or often clothed with leaves to the base and
surrounded with smaller stems. Leaves yellowish green,
about 2 feet long, 3 inches wide at base, abruptly taper-
ing to the lanceolate blade, which is strongly incurved at
the dagger-like tip, and with threads along the margins.
Flowers in dense heavy panicles, 1-1^ feet long, on very
short peduncles; flowers 1-2 inches long, cream-color
tinged with purple, with short stems at first erect, later
pendent; stamens with hairy filament. Ovary sessile,
narrowed to a short style; 3-lobed stigma with notched
divisions. Fruit drooping, 3-4 inches long, 1^ inches
thick, constricted near the middle, becoming jDurple or
black when ripe, with sweet succulent pulp half an inch
thick. Near San Diego, Mohave Desert, San Bernardino
and San Jacinto mountains.

Dicotyledonous Plants. Exogens.

Steins with woody fiber arranged in rings. Parts of
the flowers 4 or 5 or some multiple of those numbers.
Leaves netted-veined.

SALICACEiE. Willow Family:

Trees or shrubs with deciduous leaves. Staminate and
pistillate flowers in catkins and on separate trees; calyx
and corolla wanting. Fruit a 1-celled pod containing
numerous seeds, each provided with a tuft of silky down
(commonly called cotton) by means of which they are
transported by the wind.

SALIX. Willow.

Plate XXI.

Leaves generally long and pointed, stipules usually
present on young shoots, generally disappearing from

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 35

the older leaves. Stamens 1-6 to each scale of the stam-
inate catkin, the filaments often united at base, anthers
yellow. Pods small, ovate, pointed, splitting from the
top into 2 parts. Buds covered with scales, which fall
as the catkins expand and are then generally called
'pussies.'

KEY TO THE WILLOWS.

CATKINS OX SHORT LEAFY BRANCHLETS APPEARING WITH THE LEAVES.

Leaves lanceolate, tapering at top, serrate.

Leaf-stalks without glands.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, bright green on both sides.

S. nigra.
Paler on lower side.

Teeth incurved. S. occidentalis.

Teeth rounded. S. Mackenziana.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, paler on lower side.

Teeth obscure. S. laevigata.

Teeth gland-tipped. S. amygdaloides.

Leaf-stalks with glands. S. lasiandra.

Leaves long and narrow linear to lanceolate, entire or liiiely and

sparsely toothed, smooth to white downy on both sides.

Pods with large sessile stigmas. S. fluviatilis.

Pods with linear, lobed stigmas. S. sessilifolia.

Leaves short and narrow, apparently in 2 ranks. S. taxifolia.

Leaves evergreen, lower surface silvery white, upper yellowish green.

S. Bonplandiana.

CATKINS APPEARING BEFORE THE LEAVES.

(Generally sessile or on very short stems.)

Leaves broadest toward the top, paler and often densely woolly on the

lower side.
Catkins long, generally erect.

Pods smooth; stamens 2, united. S. lasiolepis.

Pods downy; stamens 2, separate, S. Hookeriana.

Pods white-woolly; stamens 1 or rarely 2. S. Sitchensis.

Catkins short, often recurving; pods downy; stamens 2, united.

S. Nuttalhi brachystachys.

Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Trunk very dark,
generally leaning over streams. Leaves narrowly lance-
olate, sometimes curved, 4-6 inches long, i-^ inch wide,

36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

narrowed to a long point, closely serrate, smooth and
bright green on both sides. Catkins on leafy branchlets,
the staminate with 3-5 stamens on each scale, the pistil-
late with tawny pods on short pedicels, the styles short
and stigmas notched. Along the San Joaquin and Sac-
ramento rivers and their tributaries, chiefly in bottom
lands; extends into eastern Oregon and Arizona. The
variety vallicola Dudley is the form common in California
south of Tehachapi. It is the largest willow in that sec-
tion and is common along streams.

S. occidentalis Koch. Small tree with dark brown
deeply fissured bark. The young branches are downy,
becoming brownish. Leaves lanceolate, tapering to a
long slender point, serrate, 2-6 inches long, woolly when
young but becoming bright green and glossy on the
upper surface, silvery below; midribs 3'ellow; stipules
minute, soon falling. Catkins 1-2 inches long, on short
leafy branchlets, loosely flowered. Stamens 5-6 to each
scale. Pods smooth, i inch long, on long pedicels, the
small sessile stigmas having notched lobes. Scales of
the catkin woolly, yellow. In the southern Sierra
Nevada and extending into Arizona.

S. Mackenziana Hook. Leaves lanceolate or oblance-
olate, entire or crenately toothed, narrowed to a long
point, dark green above, paler below, 2-3 inches
long, i inch wide, with yellow midribs and petioles.
Catkins densely flowered, erect, 1-H inches long, on
short leafy branchlets with white-downy stems and axes.
Stamens 2 to each scale. Pods narrowed to a slender
style with short pedicels and notched stigmas. A con-
spicuous small tree or shrub with glossy leaves and
yellow stems and branches. Through Oregon, Wash-
ington, California, and eastward.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 37

S. laevigata Bebb. Black Willow. Trunk straight
with dark brown fissured bark. Leaves glossy green on
upper surface, paler on lower, lanceolate to oblong,
mucronate to pointed, 3-7 inches long, f-li inches
wide, entire or serrulate. Catkins on leafy branchlets,
laxly but rather densely flowered. Stamens 5-6 to each
scale. Pods smooth, brownish, on short pedicels, with
short style or none, and notched stigmas. Scales of the
catkin pale and hairy, toothed. Along streams at middle
elevations in the Coast Mountains and Sierra Nevada.

S. amygdaloides A7iders. Peach Willow, Almond
Willow. Leaves lanceolate, tapering to a long point,
minutely glandular-toothed, bright green above, paler
beneath with j^ellow midrib, 2^-4 inches long, f-lf
inches wide. Stipules kidney-shaped, glandular-toothed.
Catkins 2-3 inches long. Stamens 5-9 to each scale.
Pods smooth, on long pedicels with short style and
2-lobed stigma. British Columbia to Oregon and Wash-
ington along streams in the interior, but rare.

S. fluviatilis JVutt. Sand-bar Willow. Small tree or
shrub from smooth to white-woolly. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, tapering to a long point, 2-6 inches long,
i-i inch wide, glandular-toothed, paler on the lower
than on the upper surface and with yellow midribs.
Catkins on leafy branchlets appearing after the leaves,
the staminate 1 inch long, with 2 stamens to each scale,
the pistillate 2-3 inches long. Pods loosely spreading on
short pedicels, and with broad, sessile, lobed stigmas.
Widely distributed in various forms throughout all the
region adjacent to the Pacific Coast, growing along river
banks and sand-bars.

S. sessilifolia Nutt. Pale Willow. Leaves sessile,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, tapering to a long point,

38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

entire or sparingly toothed, gray-green from the white
hairs that clothe both sides, but becoming smoother
with age; 1^-5 inches long. Catkins at the ends of
short leafy branchlets, the staminate about an inch long,
the pistillate 3 inches; stamens 2 to each scale. Pods on
short pedicels or sessile, woolly. Style short; stigmas
with linear lobes. The typical form is common in
Oregon and northern California. In the Coast Moun-
tains and valleys along streams is found the variety
Hindsiana with narrower leaves, entire and paler gray.
It forms conspicuous clumps wherever it is found.

S. lasiandra Benth. Black Willow. Trunk dark
brown, fissured. Leaves lanceolate, tapering, smooth
and green above, paler below, closely and sharply serrate;
petioles glandular at upper end. Stipules often large,
half-moon shaped, edged with glandular teeth. Pods
lanceolate, on short pedicels with short styles and 2-cleft
stigmas. Stamens 5 or more to each scale; the scales
thin, yellowish, hairy or smooth. From California to
British Columbia.

S. lasiolepis Benth. White Willow. Shrub or tree
with smooth grayish bark. Leaves oblanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 inches long, -^-1 inch wide,
obtuse, more or less pubescent, often densely woolly on
lower surface, thick and leathery, marginal teeth incon-
'^^picuous. Catkins densely flowered, 1^-3 inches long;

S. taxifolia H.B.K. Yew-leaved Willow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute and
mucronate at apex, entire or with a few minute teeth near the top, almost smooth,
pale green, Ys-lVa inches long, very narrow. Catkins densely flowered, %-^/2
inch long; stamens 2 to each scale. Pods woolly, on short pedicels. Stigmas sessile
and deeply notched. Along mountain streams of southern Arizona.

S. Bonplandiana H.B.K. Evergreen Willow. Leaves evergreen, linear-lanceo-
late, tapering to a slender point, minutely glandular-toothed or entire and revolute,
yellow-green above, silvery white below, 4-6 inches long, ]4,-% inch wide, the
midribs yellow. Catkins 1-1^ inches long; stamens 3 to each scale. Pod slender,
smooth, with 2 thick club-shaped sessile stigmas, the base surrounded by a cup-
shaped disk. Mountains of Arizona. The only evergreen North American willow.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 39

stamens 2 to each scale. Pods smooth, acute, dark
green, on short pedicels, the styles medium, tipped by
short erect stigmas. Scales dark, densely clothed with
crisp white hairs. Extending through California, inhab-
iting stream banks and dry arroyos; found even in the
sand-hills of the coast, extending north to Oregon.

S. Nuttallii brachystachys Sargent. Small tree or
shrub with brown-gray fissured bark. Leaves obovate
or oblanceolate, acute, acuminate, or obtuse, 2-3 inches
long, 1-2 inches wide, entire or serrate, dull green above,
clothed with silky tangled hairs below, often felt-like,
sometimes tawny. Catkins sessile, oblong, recurving,
short; stamens 2 to each scale, with long filaments.
Pods densely w^oolly, on short pedicels. Stigmas sessile,
entire or deeply parted, with reflexed linear lobes.
Scales blackish, with long, silky, white hairs. Common
along the coast from Santa Barbara to Alaska.

S. Sitchensis Sans. Velvet Willow. Leaves oblong,
ovate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, 1-5 inches long,
i-2 inches wide, dark green and veiny on the upper
side, clothed with dense white wool beneath but becom-
ing smoother with age. Catkins erect, sessile or on
short stems with bract-like leaves below, appearing
before the leaves, 2-4 inches long. Stamens 1-2 to each
scale. Ovary with short pedicel narrowed to a short
style with entire or notched stigmas. Scales of the
catkin yellow, clothed with long white hairs. Commonly
a shrub. Found from Santa Barbara to Alaska.

Saliz Hookeriana Barratt. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, shortly pointed,
coarsely and bluntly serrate, sometimes entire, upper part yellow-green, lower
clothed with silvery white down, 2-6 inches long, 1-1^ inches wide. Catkins on
very short stems with a few small leaves at base, 1% inches long. Stamens 2 to
each hairy scale. Pods narrowed to a long style with broad stigmas; the pedicels
short. Along the coast from Vancouver Island to southern Oregon.

40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

POPULUS.^ Cottonwood, Poplar, Aspen.

Plate XXII.

Leaves broad, glandular-crenate. Buds scaly, gener-
ally resinous. Catkins appearing before the leaves,
pendulous, axillary, the bracts toothed or fringed.
Stamens inserted on a disk with distinct filaments and
purple anthers that stain the ground where they fall.
Pods ovate or globular from a cup-shaped disk, loose.
Styles 2-4, lobed or divided, often united at base.

P. tremuloides Michx. Aspen. Slender tree, 20-50
feet high, with straight slender trunk, grayish white
smooth bark covered with a bloom in the spring. Leaves
broadly ovate to orbicular, 1-3 inches across, tapering
near the top, cordate or wedge-shaped at base, crenulate.
Petioles slender, flattened contrary to the blade so that
the leaves move in the slightest breeze. Stamens 6-10
to each disk, with short filaments. Pods smooth, small,
on slender pedicels, splitting into 2 parts when ripe. In
the Sierra Nevada at the elevation of the pines, 6000-
10,000 feet.

P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray. Balsam Cottonwood.
Tree 30-50 feet high with cracked bark. Leaves broadly
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, cordate or rounded
at base, the lower surface much paler green than the
upper. Petioles not flattened, margin crenate. Staminate

1 Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Cottonwood. Leaves ovate-laneeolate, acute or
more pointed, dark green on upper side, gray or tinged with brown on the lower.
Leaf buds and young leaves very viscid, 3-5 inches long, lJ^-3 inches wide.
Catkins loosely fruited. Pods ovate-acute. Becomes a tall tree in eastern Oregon
and Nevada.

P. angustifolia Jamcx. Narrow-leaved Cottonwood. Leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate with tapering top, coarsely serrate with incurved teeth, almost
smooth, slightly paler on the lower side. Catkins densely fruited. Pods short,
ovate, with 2 dilated lobed stigmas. Eastern Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona.

P. Mexicana Wesmael. Leaves ovate, long-pointed or broader and less pointed,
crenate-serrate. In southern Arizona along mountain streams.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 41

catkins densely flowered, with filaments as long as the
anthers. Pods almost sessile, round, splitting into 3
parts when ripe. Throughout California along streams,
but not near the coast.

P. Fremontii Watson. Fremont's Cottonwood. Large
tree with spreading branches, bark gray, cracked.
Leaves broadly triangular, 2-4 inches broad, 1-^-3 inches
long, abruptly pointed at apex, with a broad inward
curve at base, green on both sides, smooth, with rounded
teeth on the margin except near the apex and base.
Petioles not flattened. Staminate catkins densely
flowered with many stamens to each disk. Anthers
dark red. Pods ovate, on short stout pedicels, splitting
generally into 3 parts when ripe. Grows along water
courses in the valleys of the Coast Mountains, Sierra
Nevada, and great interior valley.

MYRICACE^. Wax-myrtle Family.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, fragrant leaves.
Flowers and fruits in short, sessile, erect catkins; the
pistillate and staminate flowers rarely in the same catkin,
each destitute of calyx or corolla, solitary and sessile in
the axil of a scaly bract, the staminate of 6-16 united
filaments and reddish anthers, the pistillate a 1-celled,
1-ovuled ovary and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit in short
spikes, each berry like a small dark purple pea, the
granular surface unevenly coated with grayish white
wax.

MYRICA. Wax-myrtle, Bayberry.

Plate XXIII.

M. Californica Cham,. Small tree or shrub, 3-30 feet
high. Leaves evergreen, oblanceolate, 2-4 inches long,

42 CAUffOKXIA ACADEMY OF SCIKSCE?.

1^ inch or less wide, acute at apex, narrowed to a short
petiole, serrate espeeiallT towards the top. smooth, dark
green, glossy. Staminate and pistillate flowers on the
same plant, the eatkins solitary or more often densely
clustered in the leai anls. Common along the coast
from Los Angeles to Washington, generally growin? in
the shade along water courses.

There is one other specie* in California. J/. Harhtegi
Watson. This is only a shrub. Leaves deciduous, aro-
matic. Pistillate and staminate flowers on separate
plants. ?- _- — iL'^mi by sharply tipped bractlets. Sta-
mens - : : wer. In the Sierra Xerada near
Lake Tah-c-e. Yctt^Eiite. Wawona, etc.

JCGIASDACEM. Walxut Familt.

JTIGLAirS. Walxttt.

Piira: XXI\'.

J. Cali£aimcat~ Waisom. Calipomxia Walnut. Leaves
ahemate, odd-pinnate with numerous serrate leaflets, 5-S
pairs, each leaflet about 2 inches long. Staminate and
postiDate flowers on the saome tree but separate, ihe former
beecMning a globular, soiitary nut about an inch in diam-
eter, covered with a dry, dsrV >.r*:-^D husk when ripe;
gjaminato flowers in catkii-- ~: ..i^^aes long, looedy
flowered, with 30-40 stame: ^- h flower. Tree 40-

50 feet high with spreading r?. Found near the

base of M izr. Z'iablo and M^^nmt St. Hdena, also along
the lowr: - and eTte»»ding soudi to Santa Bar-

bara. A T - i-T^hat limited distribution but of
great I

TRKEK OF CALIFOBSriA. 43

BETULACE^. Bibch Familt.

Tre€« or shnhi wi\h deciduous, altemat<e, toothed
leaves. Pistillat'e and riamiimte catldus on the same
tree; when young covered with resin but not protected
by bud scales; staminate catkins pendent, ^ongated. each
flower consLsting of 2-1 stamens in a 4-lobed or scale-like
calyx under the bracts of the catkin: pistillate flowers in
short erect cones, each flower having a 2-celled ovary and
2 stigmas but neither cal^-x nor corolla.

BE TULA. BmcH.

.Stamens 2 with 2'forked filament and separate anther
cells. The staminate catkin with shield-shaped bracts:
pistillate catkins with Globed bracts and winged seeds,
the bracts and seeds falling from the axis when the seeds
are ripe. Trees or shrubs with smooth bark in layers.
Flowers appearing with or before the leaves.

B. fontuialis Sargent. Bjlack BrECH. Small tree or
shrub 10-20 feet high, with brown bark on trunk.
Branchlets dotted with resinous glands. Leaves thin-
broadly ovate, l-li inches long, margin with gland-
tipped serratures, sometimes slightly lobed, resinous on
the upper surface, sometimes downy on the lower. Peti-
oles slender, almost half an inch long. In northern
California along mountain streams and in the Sierra
Nevada chiefly on the eastern side.

ALXU5. Au>EB.
Stamens to each flower 4. opposite the lobes of the

' " " Uttmm '" ' -i^iUnweor- -- raadttrowTMitL rii ■■TiJy

: -Hmx-aesr- -^asfcias 4-« ifhf*

seed. Fra^ Al*£k« to OregioM.

44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

small calyx, with very short filaments and anther cells
close together. Scales of the staminate catkin shield-
shaped, on short stems; pistillate catkins erect, becoming
dark brown and woody, persisting on the tree after the
seeds have fallen, resembling small cones. Trees or
shrubs with catkins appearing before or with the leaves.

A. Oregona Nutt. Red Alder. Bark pale gray or
white mottled with darker gray. Leaves ovate or ellip-
tical, rusty pubescent on the lower surface, doubly serrate
with revolute margins to the teeth. Cones oblong, almost
an inch long. Seeds winged. Winter buds glutinous,
almost i inch long. In canons near the coast through-
out the state and extending to Alaska. {A. rubra Bong.)

A. rhombifolia Nutt. Bark light brown, smooth.
Leaves ovate or oval, paler beneath, irregularly gland-
ular-toothed. Cones oblong, almost an inch long. Seeds
margined but not winged. The fruit ripens early in the
year, as the next season's flowers are blooming. Widely
distributed throughout California.

A. tenuifolia Nutt. A small tree, or often forming
thickets. Bark red-brown. Leaves ovate, rounded or
heart-shaped at base, doubly serrate with acute teeth,
veins prominent. In the Sierra Nevada and northward,
especially on the eastern slope of the mountains.

CUPULIFERiE. Oak Family.

Trees or shrubs with lobed, dentate, serrate or entire
leaves. Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same
plant, but separate; the former in fringe-like catkins or
in spikes; the latter forming in fruit either a nut in a
cup-like involucre, called an acorn, or one or more nuts
enclosed in a bristly covering called a bur.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 45

QUERCUS. Oak.

Staminate flowers in drooping, fringe -like catkins
(erect in Q. densijiora, the tan bark oak), each flower
with a 6-lobed perianth; pistillate flowers usually single,
consisting of a 3-celled ovary which becomes an acorn
with only one ovule maturing to form the nut. Stigmas 3.

Black Oaks.
Bark dark, almost black; leaves dark green and glossy.

Deciduous species.

Q. Calif ornica Cooper. Black Oak, Kellogg's Oak,
YosEMiTE Oak. Plate xxv, fig. 1. Leaves with sharp-
pointed pinnate lobes, the spaces between the lobes broad
and shallow, the lobes coarsely and sharply toothed, 4-9
inches long, 2-4 inches broad. Acorns ripening the
second season, on short stalks, often solitary; nut oval
in outline, obtuse, 1 inch long, often downy; cup large
and deep, about an inch broad, clothed with thick obtuse
scales. When the young leaves begin to unfold in the
spring they look like flowers, being rose-color and downy;
some young trees have all the leaves densely white-downy_
One of the commonest oaks, becoming a noble tree 70-80
feet high in the Coast Mountains not far from the sea,
from the northern to the southern part. It is the chief
oak in the yellow pine belt in the Sierra Nevada; Yosem-
ite, Lake Tahoe, Kings and Kern caiions. Mount Shasta.

Q. Morehus Kellogg. Plate xxvi, fig. 2. Leaves
oblong, 3-4 inches long, 1-2 inches broad, coarsely
toothed, the teeth sharply pointed and the spaces between
broad and shallow. Acorns ripen the second season;
solitary on short stems; nut oblong, obtuse; the cup
much shorter with smooth ovate scales. Shrub or small

46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tree in the Coast Mountains and the Sierra Nevada;
always rare and never forming forests; more often
shrubby than arborescent. It is considered by some to
be a hybrid between the preceding and the following
species. It does not lose its leaves until the new leaves
are almost ready to appear.

Leaves persistent and evergreen.

Q. Wislizeni A. DC. Live Oak. Plate xxvi, fig. 3.
Leaves stiff, bright green, somewhat holly-like, smooth
and glossy, spiny-toothed or sometimes entire, 1-5 inches
long. Fruit matures the second season; the acorns ses-
sile or on ver}^ short stems; nut variable in size and
shape, sometimes almost completely enclosed in the
rough-scaly, deep urn-shaped cup, generally acute. In
the foothills of the Sierra Nevada this is the common
live oak, forming a rounded symmetrical tree of some
size, often with low spreading branches. In the Coast
Mountains back from the coast it also becomes a good-
sized tree, but more often it is shrubby on the dr}^ hills,
forming most of the oak chaparral. It extends from
Mount Shasta to San Diego County and to the mountains
of Los Angeles, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties.

Q. agrifolia Nee. Live Oak. Plate xxvi, fig. 4.
Leaves oval or oblong, the edges folding back so as to be
concave on the lower side, spiny-toothed; pubescence of
star-shaped scales conspicuous on young leaves but found
only along the veins of the lower surface in old leaves.
Acorns ripen in one season; nuts slender, pointed; cup
small with smooth glossy scales. The live oak of the
coast hills, forming a great part of the verdure of the
green-topped hillocks with their summer background of
tawny brown. Trees growing in favorable situations
become very large, with great spreading branches which

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 47

are often near the ground or prostrate. Found only in
the Coast Mountains and as far inland as the influence
of the coast fogs penetrates, from north of San P'rancisco
to Southern California.

White Oaks.
Bark usually light gray.

Deciduous species.

Q. lobata Nee. Weeping Oak, Valley Oak, White
Oak, Roble. Plate xxvii, fig. 1. Leaves deeply lobed
with obtuse divisions, 3-5 inches long, 2-4 inches broad;
upper surface dark green and stellate pubescent, lower
surface paler and more densely pubescent. Acorns long'
and pointed, 1-3 inches; ripening the second season; the
cup deep with a rough warty surface. A beautiful large
tree often with pendent sterile branches from which the
name, ' Weeping Oak,' is derived. Grows most luxuri-
antly ill open fertile valleys, somewhat isolated, giving
the country a park-like aspect. Is found in both the
Coast Mountains and the Sierra Nevada from the upper
Sacramento to Los Angeles County, but is not common
south of Tehachapi. It does not extend above the foot-
hill region of the Sierra Nevada.

'>?

Q. Garryana Douglas. Mountain White Oak. Plate
xxvii, fig. 2. Leaves thick, strongly veined, coarsely
lobed with obtuse or acute lobes which are entire or
again lobed, 4-6 inches long, 2-5 inches wide; upper sur-
face glossy, lower paler, turning brown or red in the fall.
Fruit ripens the second season. Acorns sessile or on
short stems; nut oval, obtuse; cups small and shallow.
It is similar to the preceding in some ways but is readily
distinguished by the large tomentose winter buds. Com-
mon in Oregon and Washington and extends through

(4) July 3, 1905.

48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the Coast Mountains to Santa Cruz County. It is the
white oak of northern California and is generally found
growing among the hills.

Q. Douglasii Hook. & Am. Blue Oak, Hill Oak,
White Oak. Plate xxvii, fig. 3. Leaves an inch or
two long, oblong, with shallow, obtuse lobes, veiny, blue-
green. Cup generally shallow, with flat scales; nut
oblong, often swollen in the middle. Large or medium-
sized tree, with spreading habit. Conspicuous on hill-
sides from the white trunks and blue -green leaves.
Foiind in valleys and caiions of the Coast Mountains and
the foothills of the Sierra Nevada from Mendocino County
and the upper Sacramento to Tehachapi and a little south
of there.

Q. Alvordiana n. sp. Plate xxvii, fig. 4. Small tree or
shrub on hills near the desert. Leaves small, brittle and
easily falling, dentate. Branches tough, widely spread-
ing. Acorns long and very slender, with small, rather
smooth cups. A little known oak in the mountains con-
necting the Coast Range with the Sierra Nevada at the
southern end of the San Joaquin Valley bordering the
deserts. It is named in honor of the late William Alvord,
a former president of the California Academy of Sciences.

Q. MacDonaldi Greene. Island Oak. Plate xxvii,
FIG. 5. Leaves spatulate-oblong, pinnately lobed, with
acute lobes tipped with sharp points, 2i inches long;
lower surface densely clothed with star-shaped hairs;
smooth on the upper; base generally unequal and obtuse.
Fruit matures in one season; sessile, less than an inch
long; the nut ovate - oblong, acute, cup rather deep,
tuberculate. Small tree 15-35 feet high, symmetrical
and graceful with rounded top and slender branches.
Grows near streams on Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 49

islands. It is named in honor of Captain James M.
McDonald, who published 'West American Oaks.'

Leaves persistent and evergreen.

Q. Engelmanni Greene. Live Oak of Southern Cali-
fornia. Plate xxviii, fig. 1. Leaves on very short
stems, oblong, 2-3 inches long, entire or with few teeth,
obtuse or slightly cordate at base; young leaves serrate,
downy, becoming smooth with age, dull green, often
notched at apex. Acorns on long stems; nut oblong,
marked with longitudinal lines, 1 inch long; cup tuber-
culate. Becomes a tree 25-40 feet high, with smooth
trunk 2-3 feet in diameter. From Kern to San Dies-o
counties.

Q. chrysolepis Liebm. Golden-leaf Oak, Maul Oak,
White Live Oak. Plate xxviii, fig. 2. Leaves ellip-
tical, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, spiny-
toothed or entire, upper surface bright green, lower in
young leaves clothed with golden scales, becoming pale
gray-green and smooth in age. Fruit matures in two
seasons. Acorns solitary, generally sessile, extremely
variable in respect to both cups and nuts; some cups
broad and shallow like saucers, some deep bowl-shaped,
scarcely alike on any two trees. . Trees in the Sierra
Nevada have the cups so densely covered with yellow
down that the scales cannot be discerned. A widely
distributed species, becoming a tall large tree in canons
along ^streams; in the Coast Mountains frequently
clothing high open summits and becoming a tree with
large widely spreading branches and thick short trunk;
above the foothill region in the southern Sierra Nevada
associated with the nut pine on dry hills; also in the
mountains of San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego
counties.

50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Q. tomentella Engelm. Island Oak. Plate xxviii,
FIG. 3. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 inches long, obtuse
at base, obtuse or acute at apex, entire or with rounded
teeth, thick, densely tomentose when young, becoming
smooth on the upper surface when old. Nut large,
ovate; cup broad and rather shallow, tomentose on the
inner surface, scales of the outer tipped with appendages.
Tree of medium size, symmetrical, with tomentose
branchlets. Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Clemente, and
Catalina islands.

Q. densiflora Hook. & Am. Tan-bark Oak, Chestnut
Oak. Plate xxviii, fig. 4. Leaves thick, strongly
veined, oblong, 2-5 inches long, an inch or more wide,
entire, serrate or dentate, with short petiole; upper sur-
face somewhat tomentose, bright green, lower densely
tomentose. Catkins erect in flower, densely clustered
and very numerous, with a strong and disagreeable odor
when in bloom; staminate flowers above the pistillate
ones on the same catkins. Acorns numerous, clustered;
nuts oblong, inch long; cup densel}" clothed with weak
fringe-like appendages; in bloom in summer, the fruit
fully grown at the same time, taking a full year to
mature. Noble tree of the Coast Mountains, becoming

ARIZONA OAKS.

Ouercus Gambellii Natt. White Oak. Leaves deciduous, obovate in outline,
obtusely lobed, bright green above, pubescent below. Acorns sessile or on short
stems, small. Generally shrubby, but becomes a small tree in the mountains of
Arizona.

Q. undulata Torr. Leaves deciduous, oblong, entire, wavy or with sharply
tipped lobes, blue-green. Acorns sessile or on short stems. Becomes a small tree
in the mountains of Arizona, but is generally a shrub.

0. oblongifolia Engelm. Leaves persistent, blue-green, oblong, obtuse or cordate
at base, entire to spiny-toothed. Acorns small, generally solitary on slender stems.
A small tree in the foothills of the Arizona mountains.

Q. Arizonica Sargent. Leaves persistent, blue-green, oblong-lanceolate to broadly
obovate, cordate at base, or obtuse, spiny-toothed, very veiny on tlie lower
surface. Acorns small, sessile or on short stalks. A small tree in the mountains
of Arizona.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 51

150 feet or more in height; often spreading, with immense
trunks and branches. In its method of flowering it is
peculiar and forms a link between the chestnuts and the
oaks. Its nearest relatives are in Asia. (Pasania densiflora
Orst.)

CASTANOPSIS. Chinquapin.

Plate XXIX.

C. chrysophylla A. DC. Leaves lanceolate, pointed,
3-6 inches long, i-2 inches wide, dark green on the
upper surface, the lower yellow with a dense pubescence,
becoming smoother in age, entire. Flowers in erect
axillary or terminal spikes, generally clustered; staminate
flowers sessile on the upper part of the spikes, with
twice as many stamens as divisions of the perianth,
these 5-6; pistillate flowers below in a scaly involucre.
Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell (maturing 1-3
nuts in a roundish involucre densely covered with
brown intricately branching prickles). Blooms chiefly
in summer, fruiting about the same time. Is generally
shrubby, but becomes a large and beautiful tree in
Mendocino County. Throughout California in the Coast
Mountains. The shrub of the Sierra Nevada, C. semper-
virens Dudley, has leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse at apex.
It never becomes a tree.

Q. reticulata H. & P. Leaves persistent, blue-green, broadly obovate, cordate at
base, the apex rounded, coarsely veiny, spiny-toothed with shallow teeth. Acorns
small, sessile, in spikes 2-5 inches long; the stems persistent. Mountains of
southern Arizona.

Q. Tuomeyi Sargent. Leaves persistent, blue-green, small, ovate to oblong, entire
to spiny-toothed. Acorns small, sessile, solitary or in pairs. Mountains of Arizona.

Q. Emorsa Torr. Black 0.\k. Bark almost black. Leaves persistent, dark
green, oblong-lanceolate, entire or wavy and serrate, tough. Acorns sessile or on
short stalks. The nuts are used as food by the Mexicans and are called 'biotis'.
Common in southern Arizona.

0. hypoleuca Engdm. Leaves persistent, the upper side green, the lower white
from the dense coating of white wool, lanceolate or elliptical, entire or spiny-
toothed. Acorns small, solitary, sessile or on short stout stems. Mountains of
Arizona.

52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CELTIDACE^. Hackberry Family.

Trees or shrubs with stipules that soon fall. Pistils
and stamens generally in separate flowers on the same
plant, sometimes in the same flowers; petals wanting;
stamens with filaments folded in the bud but straighten-
ing as the flower opens, (in the perfect flowers remaining
folded) ; anthers opening toward the 2 broad styles of
the simple pistil. Fruit a drupe.

CELTIS. Hackberry, Sugar Berry.

Plate XXX.

C. reticulata Torr. Somewhat pubescent with short
spreading hairs. Leaves alternate, deciduous, ovate
with pointed apex, obliquely cordate at base, veiny and
rough, often covered with wart-like galls, dark green on
the upper surface, paler below, sharply serrate or almost
entire, 2-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide. Flowers small,
greenish yellow, in small scattered bunches of 2 or 3 on
slender hairy stems; calyx divisions extending to the
base, of 5 ovate-lanceolate papery lobes with a tuft of
hairs at the tips. Fruit ovate, orange-red when ripe, as
large as a green pea, with thin flesh and smooth light
brown nut. Shrub or small tree found in Southern
California along the border of the desert; not common.
In bloom in the early spring; in fruit in the fall.

LAURACEiE. Laurel Family.

Aromatic trees or shrubs. Flowers with perianth of
6 petal-like divisions; stamens 9, in 3 rows, the inner
with 3 glands at base alternating with tongue-shaped
staminodia; anthers opening by small valves hinged at
the top like a trapdoor; ovary free, 1-celled, forming a
fruit like a plum or olive.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 53

UMBELLULARIA. California Laurel or Bay, Spice

Wood, Pepper Wood.

Plate XXXI.

U. Californica Nutt. Leaves evergreen, glossy, lanceo-
late-oblong, on short petioles. Flowers yellow, small,
in umbels which before opening are enclosed in involucres
that are soon deciduous. Fruit purple or greenish
yellow when ripe, about an inch long, solitary or clustered
on a short stout stem. Grows not far from water, form-
ing large handsome trees, or becoming shrubby on hill-
sides. In bloom soon after the beginning of the rainy
season. Found chiefly along the coast from Oregon to
San Diego; also in the Sierra Nevada along the high
western ridge and south to the higher parts of the San
Bernardino Mountains.

PLATANACE^. Sycamore Family.

Leaves alternate, large, palmately lobed; stipules
large, sheathing. Flowers in round balls strung at
intervals on an axis, the pistillate and staminate on
different axes; calyx and corolla wanting; stamens with
short filaments and large anthers; pistils simple, each
with 1 ovary, ovule, and style.

PLATANUS. Sycamore, Plane Tree.

Plate XXXII.

P. racemosa Nutt. Sycamore. Leaves 5-6 inches
broad, 5-lobed with acute, entire divisions, downy, with
stellate pubescence. A large tree with spreading
branches. Trunk mottled gray and white. Along
streams in the Coast Mountains and in the San Joaquin
Valley; from Alameda County to San Diego and San
Bernardino counties.

54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ROSACEA. Rose Family.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, with stipules,
though these are often small and deciduous. Stamens
numerous on the persistent calyx ; petals separate,
sometimes wanting, soon falling.

Fruit with the outer coat fleshy; the seed within the stony inner
coat (drupe or stone fruit).

Stone globular. Cerasus, Cherry.

Stone flattened. Prunus, Plum.

Fruit with the ovary contained in the calyx, which becomes fleshy —
the whole being called a pome.

Ovary with 2-5 cells, becoming papery in fruit (the apple core).

Malus, Apple.
Ovary 2-5-celled, with seeds like stones. Crataegus, Thorn.

Ovary 2-celled, fruit a berry.

Heteromeles, Toyon, Christmas Berry.

Fruit of 1 or 2 carpels containing 1 or 4 seeds, included in the calyx
tube, which does not become fleshy.

Carpels 1 -seeded, with feathery tails.

Cercocarpus, Mountain Maho.
Carpels 2. each 2-seeded. Lyonothamnus.

CERASUS. Cherry.

Trees or shrubs without spines. Flowers white, in
racemes or corymbs. Fruit with stone almost globular
(not flattened).

C. ilicifolia Walp. Islay, Holly-leaved Cherry.
Plate xxxiii. Leaves glossy, evergreen, spiny-
toothed. Flowers in leafless racemes, i-3 inches
long. Fruit large, half inch or more in diameter, red or
black-purple, the stone almost filling it. More often a
shrub than a tree. Found in canons or on dry hills
from near San Francisco to San Diego County.

C. Lyoni n. nom. A fine and beautiful tree when in
bloom. With large ovate leaves, pointed at tip, entire
or rarely with a few spiny teeth. Racemes longer and

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 55

more numerous than in the preceding; fruit Uirger,
with thicker pulp. On the islands off the coast of Santa
Barbara; particularly notable on Santa Catalina Island.
{Prunus integrifolia Sargent.)

C. demissa Walp. Choke-cherry. Generally shrubby.
Leaves oblong to ovate, broadest above the middle,
shortly pointed, 2-4 inches long, serrate with straight
teeth, pubescent on lower surface. Flowers in many-
flowered pendent racemes. Fruit globose, black when
ripe, sweet but astringent; few left on the racemes owing
to the birds. Throughout the state not far from water;
nowhere common; extends into Oregon and Washington.

C. emarginata Walp. Bitter Cherry. Small tree
with slender reddish twigs. Leaves obovate or oblanceo-
late, 1^-3 inches long, obtuse or acute at apex, serrate
with fine teeth, somewhat pubescent on the lower
surface, with 2 glands near the summit of the leaf
stalk. Flowers in corymbs which are shorter than the
leaves. Fruit oval, dark red, astringent and bitter,
i inch in diameter. In the mountains of middle and
northern California, but not common.

PRUNUS. Wild Plum.

Plate XXXIV.

P. subcordata Benth. Trees or shrubs, generally
thorny. Flowers white, in sessile umbels appearing
with or before the leaves. Leaves ovate, cordate at base,
the apex obtuse or acute, sharply and finely serrate,
about an inch long, finely pubescent. Corolla a half
inch in diameter. Fruit a red plum, ^ inch long, not
palatable. A shrub in the Coast Mountains and at upper
elevations in the Sierra Nevada; a tree in northern Cali-
fornia and Oregon.

56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

P. subcordata var. Kelloggii Lemmon. Sierra Plum.
Fruit yellow, juicy and sweet. Leaves wedge-shaped at
base, almost smooth. In Shasta and Sierra counties and
northward.

MALUS. Apple.

Plate XXXV.

M. rivularis Dec. Crab Apple. Shrubs or small trees
with the young parts woolly. Leaves deciduous, alter-
nate, simple or lobed, ovate-lanceolate, acute or pointed,
1-3 inches long, glandular-serrate, green on upper sur-
face, white-downy on lower. Flowers white, f inch
across, in simple cymes that sometimes become rac-
emose, leafy at base; calyx divisions 5, falling with the
stamens; petals orbicular; stamens 20, styles 2-4, smooth.
Fruit red or yellow, obovate-oblong, half an inch or more
long, the outside being the fleshy calyx tube, the papery
core the seed vessel, with generally 3 cells having 1-2
seeds in each. From Sonoma County northward. Not
common in California. Grows in shady places, often
along streams; extends north to Oregon and Washing-
ton. {Pyyms rivularis Dougl.)

CRATAEGUS. Thorn Apple, Hawthorn.

Shrubs or small trees with thorny branches. Leaves
deciduous, simple, toothed or lobed. Flowers white, in
corymbs. Fruit a round berry containing 2-5 bony or
stony seeds either separable or united into 1; the calyx
lobes persistent on top, the pulp being the fleshy calyx
tube.

Amelanchier alnifolia Nitt.t. Service Berry. A common shrub in California;
sometimes becomes a small tree in Oregon and Washington. Leaves oblong to
orbicular, becoming smooth, toothed on the upper margin. Flowers white in erect
racemes; calyx cup-sliaped, with linear lobes; petals narrowly oblong, J^-l inch
long. Fruit a purple berry when ripe, tipped with the persistent calyx lobes, and
generally covered with a glaucous bloom, ]4'^'2 inch in diameter.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 57

C. rivularis Nutt. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse or
acute at apex, tapering at base to a short slender stem,
irregularly serrate or rarely lobed, 1-2 inches long.
Flowers almost half an inch in diameter, in small
corymbs; calyx lobes short and obtuse; fruit almost
black. Not common; from Sierra and Plumas counties
northward to Oregon and Washington.

C. Douglasii Nutt. Leaves broadly ovate, somewhat
lobed or slashed, finely serrate, somewhat woolly on both
sides, li-3 inches long, obtuse at base or tapering to a
short stem. Spines on stem an inch long. Flowers
in corymbs, generally numerous, -j-f inch in diameter;
lobes of calyx lanceolate, pubescent; petals orbicular.
Fruit dark purple, i inch in diameter, sweet and edible.
Found in northern California in the mountains, but not
common; extends to Oregon and Washington.

HETEROMELES. Toyon, Christmas Berry.

Plate XXXYI.

H. arbutifolia Roem. Shrub or small tree, the younger
parts white-downy but becoming smooth with age. Leaves
evergreen, glossy, simple, oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 inches
long, acute at each end, sharply toothed, the edges often
folding backwards. Flowers white, i inch in diameter,
numerous, in much branched panicles; odor sickening;
petals 5 spreading; stamens 10 in pairs opposite the
calyx teeth; fruit an obovate red berry ^ inch in diam-
eter, slightly longer, seeds 1 or 2 in each of the 2 cells.
In bloom in summer; fruiting from October to Febru-
ary, the berries persisting long after they are ripe and
making one of the most ornamental trees or shrubs.
The berries are extensively used as Christmas decorations
and are therefore known as California holly. Found in

58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. '

tlie Coast Mountains, in the foothills of the Sierra Neva-
da, and in the San Bernardino Mountains. The berries
are very rarely yellow and the trees attain the largest
size on the islands off the coast of Santa Barbara.

CERCOCARPUS. Mountain Mahogany.

Plate XXXVII.

Shrubs or small trees with very hard wood. Leaves
evergreen, alternate, simple, serrate or entire. Flowers
small; petals wanting; calyx tubular with 5-lobed, saucer-
shaped border upon which the numerous stamens are
inserted in 3 rows, the border falling off and leaving the
tube that contains the seed vessel, tipped by the feathery
style when ripe.

C. ledifolius Nntt. Leaves narrowly lanceolate with
the margins turned under, thick and leathery, bright
green and smooth on the upper surface, downy on the
lower, i-1^ inches long, midrib prominent, stem short.
Flowers sessile, downy, the tail of the seed 2-3 inches
long. Found chiefly on the eastern slope of the Sierra
Nevada as a small tree or shrub; also found in Kings
and Kern River caiions;in the San Bernardino and San
Jacinto mountains on dry dills; also in Nevada and
Arizona.

C. betulaefolius Hook. Leaves broadly obovate or nar-
rower in dry situations, with wedge-shaped base, coarsely
serrate above the middle, distinctly feather-veined, smooth
on the upper surface, pubescent on the lower, i-2-^
inches long. Seed with tail 2-3 inches long. Shrub or
small tree with thin flaky bark. Found in the Coast
Mountains and foothills of the Sierra Nevada throughout
California. The leaves persist through the winter and
fall as the new ones appear.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 59

C. Traskiae Eastwood. Leaves oval to almost orbicular,
' 1-2 inches long, 1-li inches wide, at first clothed with
white silky down, later becoming bright green and
smooth on the upper surface but densely white-downy on
the lower; veins prominent; margins serrate, folding
inward in age; almost sessile or with short stems.
Flowers in umbels in the leaf axils, densely covered with
white down; anthers downy. Seed with tail 1^-2 inches
long. A rare tree found in almost inaccessible canons
on Santa Catalina Island. The most beautiful of all the
mountain mahoganies.

LYONOTHAMNUS.

Plate XXXVIII.

Lyonothamnus floribundus Gray. Trees or shrubs with
scaly bark coming off in long strips. Leaves evergreen,
opposite, lanceolate, pointed, rounded or wedge-shaped
at base, entire, crenate or serrate or variously lobed,
closely feather-veined, dark green on the upper surface,
paler and pubescent on the lower. Flowers white, small,
on slender stems in compound cymes terminating the
branchlets; calyx 5-lobed, persistent; petals 5, orbicular,
sessile; stamens 15, 2 opposite each petal, 1 opposite each
sepal; pistils 2, at bottom of calyx tube. Fruit of 2
woody, glandular, 4-seeded, 1-celled parts, splitting on
both sides. A common and conspicuous tree and shrub
on Santa Catalina Island. The tree which has been
named L. asplenifolius Greene or var. asplenifolius is

Vauquelinia Californica Sargent. Small tree or shrub with stiff contorted branches.
Leaves ulteruate, narrowly lanceolate, densely clothed with white wool on the lower
surface, light green on the upper, the margin with glandular teeth. Flowers in
widely branched panicles terminating the branchlets, stems white-woolly ; calyx
with 5 ovate lobes; petals white, persisting and turning reddish, reflexed; stameivs
many; pods ovoid, woody, densely white-woolly, 5-celled and splitting into 5 parts,
each containing 2 winged seeds. Found in southern Arizona; becomes a tree in
Santa Catalina Mountains.

60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

considered by some to be merely a form of the species.
It has leaves as shown in figure 2. Found on San Cle-
mente and Santa Cruz islands.

PAPILIONACEiE. Pea Family.

Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often somewhat
irregular; corolla of 5 petals, shaped like a pea blossom,
the spreading free petal called the banner, the 2 side
petals called the wings, the 2 lowest united to form what
is called the keel on account of the resemblance to the
keel of a boat; stamens 10, either united or all free; pod
1-celled, containing 1-several seeds.

Stamens with filaments nnited to form a tube; pod 1-seeded, not
opening when ripe. Dalea.

Stamens with 9 filaments united, 1 free; pod splitting when ripe
into 2 parts, 1-2 seeded. Olneya, Iron-wood.

DALEA.
Plate XXXIX.

D. spinosa Gray. Either a small tree with short trunk
or oftener a much-branched shrub, the branchlets ter-
minating in slender spines; clothed throughout with fine
white down giving the whole plant a pale gray color.
Leaves few, simple, oblong or wedge-shaped, sometimes
linear, obtuse, almost sessile, about an inch long, gland-
ular; margins of young leaves toothed, older ones wavy
or entire. Most of the time the plant is without leaves
as the}'^ fall very early. Flowers in short racemes; the
stem spine-tipped; pedicels very short; bracts minute;
calyx bell-shaped, 10-ribbed, with conspicuous glands
between the ribs, the broad teeth reflexed; petals violet,
the standard heart-shaped, reflexed, with 2 glands at
base, wings and keel joined to the tube of united stamens;
pod flattened, twice as long as calyx, glandular, tipped

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 61

with the persistent style, 1-seeded, not opening. The
desert of the Colorado River in San Bernardino and San
Diego counties, Palm Springs and other places in dry
washes; Arizona.

OLNEYA. Iron-wood, Arbol de Hierro.

Plate XL, Fig. i.

0. Tesota Gray. Small tree, 15-20 feet high, with red-
brown flaky bark. Stems spiny with short stout spines
in pairs at the bases of the leaf-stalks. Whole plant
gray-green with minute appressed hairs. Leaves pin-
nately compound; leaflets 5-7 pairs, thick, entire, obtuse
or notched at top, oblong or wedge-shaped, -^-f inch
long. Flowers purplish, loosely arranged on rather long
stems in short racemes, which are very numerous;
bracts minute and papery, falling before the flower
opens; calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the upper 2 united
almost to the top; petals all free with claws, the standard
broadly orbicular, notched at top, about the same length
as the others; stamens with 9 fllaments united, 1 free;
pod compressed between the large seeds, 1-3 inches long,
opening like a pea-pod, 1-5-seeded, rough hairy on the
outside and glandular with tack-shaped glands. Leaves
and flowers in June; fruit in August. In dry washes of
the desert of the Colorado River, Indio, Mesquite Canon,
and elsewhere; Arizona.

CiESALPINE^. Senna Family.

Flowers more or less irregular with the petals all free,

the upper differing from the others and corresponding to

the standard in the preceding family; stamens 10, all

distinct.

Leaves simple, round; flowers magenta, in axillary bunches before
the appearance of the leaves; standard enclosed by the side petals;
calyx toothed. Cercis, Red-bud.

62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Leaves compound; flowers yellow; the standard larger than the
other petals and with a honey-gland at the base of the claw; calyx
divided, with reflexed lobes. Parkinsonia.

CERCIS. Red-bud, Judas Tree.

Plate XL, Fig. 2.

C. occidentalis Torr. More frequently a shrub than a
tree. Smooth throughout. Leaves round, cordate, or
kidney-shaped, 2 inches across, entire, pahnately veined,
bright green. Flowers magenta, on thread-like stems in
bunches in the leaf axils, appearing before the leaves;
calyx bell-shaped with 5 short, broad teeth; petals 5, the
standard enclosed by the side petals; stamens 10, free;
pod 2 inches long, f inch broad, flat and thin, many-
seeded, becoming purplish when ripening, turning brown
later. Generally found along streams from northern
California to San Diego County; not found near the
coast; common at lower elevations in the Sierra Nevada.

PARKINSONIA.

Plate XLI.

Flowers in axillary racemes on jointed pedicels; calyx
5-lobed, the lobes reflexed; petals 5, yellow; stamens 10
with filaments all separate, hairy at base, the upper one
swollen; pod compressed more or less between the seeds;
2-6 seeded. Trees or shrubs with spiny branches.
Leaves compound, with 2-4 parts, each edged with small
leaflets.

Leaf axis flat. P. aculeata.

Leaf axis terete. P. microphylla, P. Torreyana.

P. aculeata L. Retama, Horse-bean. Small tree.
Smooth throughout. Branches slender, often drooping.
Leaves divided into 2-4 parts near the base; the stalk

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. G3

spiny; each part ^-1^ feet long, flat, bearing numerous
small, linear-oblong, scattered leaflets; racemes 3-6
inches long; flowers fragrant; an inch across; petals
bright yellow, the upper ones marked with red spots;
stamens shorter than the petals; pods 2-10 inches long,
tapering at each end, longitudinally veined, much con-
stricted between the seeds. Fort Yuma.

P. microphylla Torr. Small tree or shrub, 3-25 feet
high, intricately branched, the short branchlets becoming
spines. Leaves divided into 2 parts at base, each part
with 4-6 pairs of very small, orbicular or oblong, bluish
green leaflets on a cylindrical axis. Racemes an inch or
less long, i inch across. Flowers pale yellow, upper
petal white; stamens exserted; anthers orange; pod
1-3-seeded, 2-3 inches long, tapering at both ends;
strongly constricted between the seeds. Fort Yuma,
Arizona.

P. Torreyana Watson. Palo Verde. Small tree
20-30 feet high, much In-anched at toj). Light olive-
green smooth bark. Generally leafless on account of the
early falling of the leaves, very spiny and often zig-zag
between the spines, which are j- inch long. Leaves an
inch long, pale green clothed with white down, divided
into 2 parts, each with 2-3 pairs of oblong, obtuse, pale
green leaflets. Flowers yellow, 3-6, in short racemes;
cal3'x 5-lobed with the lobes reflexed in flower and soon
falling; petals 5, nearly equal, wavy-margined, the upper
largest, with orbicular blade, the others obovate or
spatulate. Pod 3-4 inches long with 2-8 seeds, often
slightly constricted between the thick seeds. Flowering
in April, fruiting in July, (xrowing in dry washes of
the desert of the Colorado River, at Lidio, Toros, and
other places. Arizona. {Cefcidium Torreyana Siirgent.)

0^)) July 1, l'),)5.

64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

MIMOSE^. Acacia Family.

Flowers regular, numerous, in spikes or heads; calyx
and corolla of 4 or 5 divisions; stamens as many or twice
as many as the petals, or numerous, inserted on the
receptacle. Fruit a pod like a pea-pod, opening in 2
parts when ripe; generally with several seeds.

StiiineiiK 10; flowers greenish. Prosopis, Mrs(iuite.

Stamens nunieruus; flowers yellow. Acacia.

PROSOPIS. MKs<iUiTE.

Plate XLII.

Flowers small, regular; calyx bell-slia})C(l with very
short teeth; corolla of 5 petals united below the middle
or at length free, woolly on inner side; stamens 10, free,
exserted; anthers tipped by a gland that soon falls; })od
elongated, constricted between the seeds or spirally twisted,
thick and spong}^ within, with thick partitions l^etween
the numerous seeds. Trees or shrubs. Spiny, with
leaves compound, of 2-4 parts, each part with numerous
small leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in C3'liiidrical
spikes with stems an inch or less long.

P. juliflora DC. Algaroba, Honey Mesquite. Fig. 1.
Leaflets 6-60 pairs, oblong to linear, i-l^ inches long.
Spikes 2-4 inches long; pods 4-6 inches long, on short
stems, tapering at top, straight or curved, at first flat,
later pul])}' within, sweet, edible. In desert regions in
Kern, Inyo, San Bernardino, Riverside, Los Angeles, and
San Diego counties; also in Nevada and Arizona. The
bark exudes a resin like gum arable.

P. pubescens Benth. Screw-bean. Fig. 2. Shrub or
small tree 15-20 feet high. Old bark shreddy, pale green
throughout from the appressed hairs. Each part of com-

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 65

pound leaf with 5-cS pairs of leaflets. Spikes densely
flowered, 2-3 inches long. Pod thick, spirally twisted.
Desert regions in sandy or gravelly bottom lands; Mohave
Desert, Colorado River, San Diego County, Nevada, and
Arizona.

ACACIA.

A. Greggii Gray. C.vt's Claw, Una de Gato. Plate
XLiii. Either a small tree 10-20 feet high, much
branched, or a straggling shrub. Branches armed with
stout recurved spines broad and flat at base, i inch long.
Leaves pale green, divided into 2-4 parts with 4-5 pairs
of leaflets to each part; leaves and spikes clustered at the
old leaf axils; leaflets unequal-sided, oblong or obovate.
Calyx 5-toothed; petals 5, more or less united. Pod flat,
compressed between the seeds, curled or somewhat twisted
when ripe; seeds almost orbicular, i inch in diameter.
Flowering from A})ril to September, the pods persisting.
On the western border of the Desert of the Colorado
River at an altitude of 2000-3000 feet, at San Gorgonia
Pass, San Feli})e, Warner's Hot Springs, and other
])laces.

RUTACE^.' Lemon Family.

Leaves dotted with translucent dots, simple or com-
pound, without stipules, aromatic. Flowers with 4 or 5
petals; stamens as many or twice as many, inserted out-
side a disk.

■ Canotia holacantha Torr. A smootli, much briinched, k'lifless small tree or shnili,
with alternate brandies ending in stont spines and marked with small black scars.
Flowers small, in clusters of 3-7, with short stems jointed below the middle; calyx
very small, with 5 persistent lobes; petals 5, oblong, white, refle.xed, surpassing the
sepals and the short stamens. Pod woody, tapering to a long beak formed by the
united and persistent styles; li laments and sepals also persistent, cells 5, each
splitting into parts. Seeds with mcinliranous wings. In the Providence Mo\int.iiiis
and in Arizona; not common.

66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PTELEA. JI()i> Tree.

Plate XLIV.

P. crenulata Greene. Leaves with 3 sessile leaflets,
elliptical to obovate, rounded or acute at apex, crenulate
or entire, 1-3 inches long. Flowers small, greenish, in
axillary branching clusters, perfect or with stamens and
pistils in separate flowers. Fruit 2 -celled, 2 -seeded,
orbicular, encircled by a wing, half an inch in diameter.
Small tree or shrub in the Coast Mountains and the foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevada, not common; abundant on
certain parts of Mount Diablo and in some parts of Lake
County.

ACERACE^. Maple Family.

Leaves opposite, palmately lobed or compound. Stip-
ules none. Fruit of 2 parts, each winged. Pistillate and
staminate flowers on the same or separate trees.

ACER. Mai>le.

Flowers in racemes, corymbs, or fascicles; calyx usually
o-lobed; petals as many as lobes or none; stamens about 8,
inserted with the petals on a lobed disk. Ovary 2-celled
with 2 long diverging styles. Fruit of 2 parts, each
containing 1 seed; embryo with large cotyledons.

A. macrophyllum PursJi-. Big-leaved Maple. Plate
XLV, FIG. 1. Leaves of rounded outline deeply 5-cleft
with the parts again sharply lobed, ()-12 inches broad,
becoming smooth. Flowers crowded in pendent racemes,
appearing before the leaves, 3-6 inches long, yellowish
green. Fruit with smooth, diverging wings; body bristly-
hairy, altogether 1-1 i inches long. A beautiful tree
50-90 feet high, with smooth light gray bark. Leaves
conspicuously bright yellow in the fall. Grows along

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 67

water courses in the Coast Mountains and Sierra Nevada
from tlie northern to the southern boundaries of the
state; extends to Alaska.

A. circinatum Pnr^li. Vjne Maple, Plate xlv,
FIG. 2. Shrub or small tree with slender \nne-like
branches which root where they reach the ground.
Leaves deepl}' 7-9-lobed, with pointed, sharply serrate
divisions, 3-5 inches broad, with roundish outline, with
an open sinus at base. Flowers 10-20, in a loose, umbel-
liko corymb, small, with red woolly sepals much longer
than the greenish white petals-; stamens 8 with filaments
woolly at base. Fruit red with wings horizontally spread-
ing, altogether about an inch across. Generally shrubby
in northern California l)ut becomes a tree farther north.

A. glabrum Torr. Mountain Maple. Shrub or small
tree. Leaves smooth, 2-4 inches broad, with rounded
outline, deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes sharply and doubly
serrate, the sinus shallow, surface often beautifully spotted
and margined with a red fungus. Flowers in corymbs;
sepals and petals greenish yellow, linear; filaments sjiiooth.
Fruit with broad erect wings, altogether an inch or less
long. Generally shrubby. Not common; found in the
upper parts of the Sierra Nevada, extending north to
Alaska and south to the mountains of Arizona.

A. Negundo Californicum Sargent. Box Elder, Cut-
leaved Maple. Plate xlvi. Leaves compound, with
3 ovate or oblong, acute leaflets, the terminal largest,
3-5-lobed or coarsely serrate; the lateral serrate, some-
times lobed on the outer margin. Staminate and pistil-
late flowers on separate trees, without petals; the former
in clusters on red thread-like pendent pedicels, anthers
green; the latter in pendent racemes. Fruit pubescent,
about 1-^ inches long, with the wings erect and almost

G8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. .

parallel. Tree 20-70 feet high. Grows not far from
water, generally along streams in the Coast Mountains
from northern California to San Bernardino County. In
spring the staminate trees in bloom seem draped with
pink filmy veils from the numerous flowers which appear
before the leaves.

HIPPOCASTANACE^. Buckeye Family.

Leaves palmately compound without stipules. Flowers
irregular; stamens more numerous than the petals but
rarely twice as many.

vESCULUS. Buckeye.
Plate XLVII.

M. Californica Nidt. California Buckeye. Leaves
opi)Osite, palmately compound; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
3-5 inches long, serrate, with pointed apex, narrowing to
a short stem at l)ase, smooth. Most of the branchlets
terminate in a large cylindrical thyrse of show}' white
flowers with a tinge of color from the red anthers. Calyx
tubular, unevenly 2-8-lobed; petals about half an inch
long with distinct claw; stamens generally 6, conspicu-
ously exserted, at first declined; ovary 3-celled, with
2 ovules in each cell, but generally only 1 maturing and
not often more than 1 fruit to a thyrse. When ripe
these fruits hang at the ends of long stems of the leafless
trees, and are shaped like pears, from which the name
'California pear' is derived. A flat-topped, spreading
tree, common from Santa Barbara to Mendocino counties
and in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It is the first
tree to turn l)rown in the dry season, giving the appear-
ance of autumn to the hills and valleys.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 69

STERCULIACEiE. Sterculia P^amily.

Leaves alternate. Stanieus united into a tube; anthers
2-celleil. Fruit a pod. Tree or shrub.

FREMONTODENDRON. Fremontia. SSlii'I-ery Elm.'

I'LATE XLVIII.

F. Californica CovlMe. P^vlse Hliitery Elm. Small
tree or shrub, with small o-T-lobed leaves clothed with a
rusty, stellate pubescence. Calyx 1-8 inches in diameter,
shaped like a wild rose, 5-cleft almost to the base, with
bright yellow leathery divisions ; bractlets under the
calyx, 3-5, small, })ersi3tent; corolla wanting; stamens 5,
the filaments united to the middle, anthers linear, 2-celle(l.
Pod 4- or 5-celled, splitting open at the top, densely hairy
on the inside, persistent for some time after oi)ening.
Bark used by the mountaineers as slippery elm. A
showy bush when in bloom. Found in both the Coast
Mountains and the Sierra Nevada from middle California
around Mount Shasta to San Diego.

RHAMNACE^. Buckthorn Family.

Shrubs or trees with simple leaves and small flowers;
stamens opposite the petals and inserted with them on a
disk; ovary with 2-4 cells, a solitary seed in each cell.
Fruit a berry or pod.

RHAMNUS. Coffee Berry. Cascara Sagrada.

Platk XLIX.

Leaves alternate, with stipules tint soon fall. Calyx
tube urn-shaped, the margin 4-5-cleft; petals very small
or none. Fruit a berry containing 2-3 stones, each shaped
like a grain of coffee.

70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

R. Purshiana DC. Cascara Sagrada. Small tree or
shrub, the bark of which is used to make an important
medicine. Leaves deciduous, elliptical, serrulate, pubes-
cent on the lower surface, 2-7 inches long, 1-3 inches
wide, petals cleft at apex. Fruit black when ripe, con-
taining 3 seeds. In the Coast Mountains from Mendocino
County northward.

R. pirifolia Greene. Tree about 20 feet high, with
smooth bark and few, spreading branches. " Leaves ever-
green, oblong to ovate, obtuse at both ends, the apex
mucronate, 3 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, entire to glandular-
crenate, bright green on the upper surface, yellowish
beneath. Berries small, scarlet, solitary in the leaf axils.
Santa Cruz Island. Many authorities consider this the
same as a shrub which is found from Santa Barbara
south along the coast and which has been named B,. insu-
laris Kellogg.

CEANOTHUS. California Lilac.

Trees or more frequently shrubs with simple leaves
generally small. Flowers blue, white, or lilac, in cymes
or panicles; calyx bell -shaped, with colored margins;
petals with a small claw, the blade forming a hood; ovary
half immersed in the disk, style 3-cleft; fruit a small
3-seeded pod embraced at the base by the calyx-tube and
splitting at the junction of the 3 cells with elasticity
sufficient to scatter the hard seeds; the base of the calyx-
tube remains like a small saucer-shaped disk.

C. thyrsiflorus Esch. Blue Blossoms, Tick Tree,
Calib^ornia Lilac. Shrub or small slender tree. Leaves
alternate, 3-nerved from the base, 1-2:^ inches long, less
than an inch broad, serrulate, elliptical or oblong-ovate.
Flowers fragrant, very numerous, in dense compound

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 71

racemes often forming a thyrse, light blue. Pods smooth,
slightly 3-lobed, not crested. Most beautiful when in
bloom. Springs up abundantly where the redwood for-
ests have been destroyed by the ax and fire. It is com-
mon from Monterey northward.

C. arboreus Greene. Leaves 3-nerved, elliptic-ovate,
rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, obtuse at apex,
closely serrate, upper surface dark green, lower white
with a close fine down, 3 inches long, Flowers pale blue
in an ample thyrse. Pods scarcely lobed, much wrinkled,
3-crested. Small tree with twigs at first gray, later red-
dish. Found only on the islands off the coast of Santa
Barbara and on Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz islands.

C. velutinus laevigatus T. & G. Honey Dew. Plate l.
Small tree; sometimes shrubby. Leaves alternate,
large, thick, resinous and shining on the upper surface,
aromatic, strongly ribbed from the base, serrulate. Flow-
ers white, numerous, in loose clusters on short peduncles.
Pods 3-lobed, slightly crested. Mendocino and Humboldt
counties, as a tree; the shrubby form (C. velutinus) com-
mon from Santa Cruz County northward.

C. sorediatus H. ti- A. Blue Blossoms. Plate li.
Shrub or small slender tree with spreading branches,
rather rigid, somewhat thorny. Leaves alternate, ellip-
tical, glandular on the margins, bright green on the upper
surface, much paler on the lower. Flowers deep blue, in
very numerous oblong clusters. Pod globose, with crests,
and l)ut slightly lobed. In the Coast Mountains from
Santa Barbara northward. Most beautiful when in full
bloom.

C. hirsutus Nidt. Leaves ovate to broadly elliptical,
rounded or cordate at base, i-2 inches long, clothed

(6) July 3, 1905.

72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

with appressed long hairs scattered on the upper surface,
chiefly along the veins on the lower, 3-nerved and gland-
ular along the margin. Flowers deep blue or purplish,
in short-stemmed, loosely flowered clusters about 2 inches
long. Pods generally smooth, strongly crested, scarcely
lobed. In the Coast Mountains of Central California.
More often a shrub than a tree.

C. spinosus Nutt. Plate l. A shrub or small tree
18-20 feet high, the branchlets spiny, reddish brown,
widely spreading, angled. Leaves elliptical, 3-nerved,
often serrate or dentate on young shoots, rounded at base,
obtuse or notched at apex, an inch long, at first woolly,
becoming smooth and bright green. Flowers blue, in an
open thyrse. Pods smooth, depressed, without crests,
and scarcely lobed. In mountain caiions of Santa Bar-
bara, Los Angeles, and Ventura counties, not far from
the coast.

C. divaricatus Nutt. Tall shrub or small tree with
olive-green, rigid, spreading branches, the glaucous twigs
often ending in spines. Leaves 3-nerved, serrulate or
entire, gray-green, the upper surface darker than the
lower. Flowers pale blue, in thyrsiform clusters 2-3
inches long. Pods smooth, slightly crested but not lobed.
Conspicuous on account of the pale color of stems and
leaves. Common; found through the Coast Mountains
in San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles,
and San Diego counties; also in the foothills of the Sierra
Nevada in Kern and Tulare counties, and in the San
Bernardino Mountains.

CORNACE^. Dogwood Family.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbaceous. Leaves opposite,
simple, entire, without stipules. Flowers in heads sur-

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 73

rouiuled by a corolla - like involucre or in compound
cymes; sepals, petals, and stamens 4; calyx attached to
the 1-2-celled ovary; fruit a 1-2-seeded berry or drupe.

CORNUS. Dogwood Tree.

Plate LI.

C. Nuttallii Audubon. Large -flowered Dogwood.
Small tree 20-70 feet high, with smooth gray bark.
Leaves obovate, acute at each end, 3-5 inches long,
entire, pubescent. Flowers greenish, in close, button-
like heads surrounded by 4-6 obovate, white, petal-like
bracts, often tinged with cream or red, 2-4 inches long.
Berries bright red, generally few ripening in each head,
the rest crowded and abortive. In the Coast Mountains
from Monterey to the north where it is most common;
in the Sierra Nevada at middle elevations, Yosemite,
Kings River; extending to the San Bernardino Mountains
in the south and to British Columbia in the north. One
of the most beautiful of trees, in the fall gorgeous with
the red fruits and brilliantly hued foliage.

The other shrubby species, which very rarely become
arborescent, have white flowers in corymbs, reddish
stems, and small berries, white or lead-color. C. sessilis
has flowers in umbels and black fruit.

GARRYACE^. Fringe Tree Family.

Evergreen shrubs with opposite, leathery leaves. Flow-
ers' grayish green, in pendent catkins from the axils of
the upper leaves, generally clustered; the pistillate and
staminate flowers on different plants; staminate flowers
with 4-parted calyx and 4 conspicuous stamens on dis-
tinct capillary fllaments from bell-like involucres which
appear as if strung on a thread; pistillate flowers densely

74 CALIFORNIA acadp:my of sciences.

clustered, the calyx 2-lobed or wanting; styles 2; ovary
1-celled containing 2 ovules. Fruit a berry about the
size of a pea, with a brittle outer covering, pulpy within;
contains 1 or 2 seeds; the juice purple.

Garrya elliptica Dougl. Quinine Bush, Silk -tassel
Bush, Fringe Tree. Plate lii. Leaves white-woolly
on the lower surface, wavy-margined. Fruit when ripe
red-purple but downy, pleasantly acid with a hint of bit-
terness. The staminate catkins are from 2-5 inches long
and resemble fringe. It blooms in December or January
and the fruit is ripe in August or September. From the
Santa Lucia Mountains in Monterey County to northern
California and Oregon. In the north it is frequently a
small tree but generally it is only a shrub.

ERICACE^. Heather Family.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs with simple leaves without
stipules. Stamens as many or twice as many as the parts
of the corolla; anthers with the 2 cells each opening
by a chink at the top. Ovary generally with as many
cells as parts of the corolla. Style simple. Fruit a berry,
in the plants that become trees.

ARBUTUS'. Madrono, Madrone.

Platk LIII.

A. Menziesii rurnh. Tree or sometimes a shrub, with
trunk and branches smooth brownish red, rarely with
bark on one side, the red-brown epidermis peeling off
every summer, leaving the trunk and branches for a short
time after apple-green. Leaves alternate, thick, ever-
green, oblong, entire or serrate, bright green on the

1 ArbiitiiK Arizonica is similar to the above, but with hmce-shaped leaves and
smaller berries, orange-red when ripe. In the monntains of southern Arizona.

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 75

upper surface, paler beneath; older leaves with margins
turned back. Flowers white, hone}^- scented, in large
panicles terminating the branchlets; calyx small, 5-lobed;
corolla urn-shaped with 5 recurved teeth at top and
honey glands visible on the outside at base; stamens 10,
the anthers flattened, with a pair of horns on the back
near the summit. Fruit when ripe a globular scarlet
berry with rough warty surface, edible but dry, about as
large as a green pea or larger. These trees are most
beautiful at all times, in the spring when full of the large
panicles of flowers like lilies of the valley, in the fall
when gorgeous with the abundant fruit. In the Coast
Mountains from San Luis Obispo County northward; also,
chiefly as a shrub, in the Sierra Npvada and San Bernar-
dino Mountains.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Manzanita.

Generally shrubby except when forming trees with short
trunk and close round bushy top, the trunk and branches
smooth, dark red, the epidermis in most species peeling
off in the summer. Leaves alternate, evergreen, gener-
ally upright. Flowers white or pink, in racemes or
panicles; calyx small, 5-lobed; corolla urn-shaped, white
or rose-color, with 5 recurved teeth at top and honey-
glands at base; stamens similar to Arbutus. Fruit a
berry with powdery pulp when ripe and with stony seeds
which are all separate or more generally variously coa-
lescent. The species are not easy to distinguish; almost
all may become trees under the right conditions. Those
that are most commonly arborescent are given.

A. Manzanita Parry. Bushes generally isolated and
usually found in valleys or on the lower slopes of moun-
tains. Young shoots and leaves ashy gray, becoming

76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bright green and smooth in age. Flowers crowded in
short pendent racemes or panicles; white or rose-color;
pedicels smooth; bracts short and pointed. Berry with
several nutlets. In valleys of the Coast Mountains.

A. viscida Farry. Leaves pale gray -green, smooth.
Flowers in panicles, erect in bud but pendent later; gen-
erally pink, on slender very viscid pedicels; bracts small,
scale -like. Berry of several nutlets. Common in the
Coast Mountains and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.
Conspicuous on account of its pale foliage. Generally
associated in the Coast Mountains with the C3^presses.

A. glauca Lindl. Leaves pale green, glaucous, smooth
throughout. Flowers in racemes or panicles, pendent in
bud and flower. Berries as large as small marbles, viscid,
the stone consolidated into a single round nut. From
Mount Diablo southward in the Coast Mountains.

OLEACE^. Ash Family.

Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves without stipules.
Calyx with 4 parts; petals 2, 4, or none; stamens 2; fruit
1-celled and 1-seeded.

FRAXINUS. Ash.

Plate LIV.

Leaves compound. Flowers perfect, or the staminate
and pistillate on separate trees; calyx small, petals 2 or
none; stamens 2 with large anthers. Fruit winged from
the top.

F. dipetala Hooh. & Am. Flowering Ash. Small tree
or shrub, smooth throughout. Leaflets 5-9, oval or
oblong, serrate, with short stems, somewhat separated,
1-2 inches long. Flowers perfect, in open panicles, showy;

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 77

calyx 4-toothed; petals 2, white, as long as the anthers.
Fruit an inch long, spatulate, oblong, notched at the top
of the wing, pointed at base. Beautiful in spring when
in bloom, with its panicles of white flowers. Grows
along streams in the inner Coast Mountains and the
foothills. of the Sierra Nevada.

F. Oregona Nutt. Oregon Ash. Becomes a large
spreading tree with dark gray bark. Leaflets 5-7, entire,
sessile, usually white-downy but becoming smoother with
age, oval to oblong, 2-4 inches long. Flowers without
petals; the staminate in short dense clusters, with reddish
brown anthers, appearing before or with the leaves from
large buds; pistillate panicles ample. Fruit 1-1^ inches
long without the wing at base, the wing becoming broader
towards the top. Throughout the Coast Mountains not
far from water; in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, San
Bernardino, and San Jacinto mountains; extends north
to Oregon.

F. coriacea Watson. Small tree 30 feet or less in height
with stout spreading branches. Leaflets generally 5;
ovate or oblong, acute at apex, wedge-shaped at base,
2-3 inches long, with distinct stems, 1-2 inches wide;
upper surface dark green and smooth, lower paler, serrate
on the margin. Fruit an inch or less long, slender,
oblong, with the wing rounded or notched at top, as long
as the cylindrical seed. Found in the desert region of
southeastern California, Cottonwood Creek, growing on
mesas and low plains.

BIGNONIACE^. Trumpet-vine Family.

Trees or shrubs erect or climbing. Leaves opposite or
scattered, simple or compound. Flowers large and showy
with funnel-form or 2-lipped corolla having 5 lobes;

78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

stamens 2-5, generally some imperfect, without anthers;
stigma 2-lipped, at the end of the simple style. Pods
open in 2 parts; seeds fiat, beautifully winged.

CHILOPSIS. Desert Willow.

Plate LV.

C. saligna Don. Shrub or small tree 10-20 feet high,
becoming smooth in age. Branches slender. Leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-6 inches long, the lowest
opposite or whorled, upper scattered. Flowers showy, in
short racemes at the ends of branchlets; calyx closed in
bud, bursting irregularly when the flower opens; corolla
white tinged with pink or purple, funnel-form, the lobes
crisped on the margins, somewhat 2 - lobed and with
curving tube, 1-2 inches long; stamens 5, with anthers 4,
one without. Pods long, linear, pointed, cylindrical, the
2 valves opening contrary to the partition; seeds narrow,
in 2 or more series on each side of the partition, the
wings consisting of long silky hair-like fringe. Mohave
Desert; Inyo, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties;
Arizona, Nevada.

RUBIACEiE. Madder Family.

Leaves simple, opposite or whorled. Calyx and corolla
4-lobed, attached to the ovary; stamens distinct, alternate
with the lobes of the corolla and borne on its tube.
Ovary 2-5-celled.

CEPHALANTHUS. Button Bush, Button Willow.

Plate LVI.

C. occidentalis L. Generally shrubby, growing near
water. Leaves like those of willows, 3-5 inches long,
opposite or more often whorled. Flowers fragrant,

TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 79

cream-color, in a dense round head about an inch in
diameter; calyx 4 -toothed; corolla with long, slender
tube and small 4-cleft border; stamens short; style long,
conspicuous, with a cap-like stigma. Pods when ripe
splitting from the base upwards into 2-4 close 1-seeded
parts. Common along streams throughout the state
except near the coast and upper elevations in the mount-
ains. Arizona.

CAPRIFOLIACE^. Honeysuckle Family.

Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers regular or
irregular; calyx 5-toothed, attached to the inferior ovary;
corolla 4- or 5-cleft; stamens distinct, as many as the
corolla lobes and alternating with them. Ovary 2-5-
celled. Fruit a berry or dry pod.

SAMBUCUS. Elder.

Plate LVII.

Shrubs or small trees with pinnately compound leaves
having 5-11 serrate leaflets. Flowers small, white, in
large compound cymes; corolla wheel -shaped or open
urn-shaped with 5 lobes; stigmas and cells of the ovary
3-5. Fruit a berry containing 1 seed, really a small
drupe.

S. glauca Nutt. Blue-berried Elder. Small tree or
shrub, the trunk slender, the top spreading. Leaflets 3-9,
ovate or lanceolate, smooth and leathery. Cymes ample,
flat, much branched. Berries blue-black covered with
a bloom and sometimes appearing whitish. Common
throughout the state and extending to Oregon, Idaho,
and Nevada.

S. callicarpa Greene. Red-berried Elder. Generally
shrubby but sometimes becomes a small slender tree.

80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Leaflets obovate or oblong, pointed, 2-7 inches long,
smooth on the upper, pubescent on the lower surface.
Cymes large, ovate. Berries red, occasionally yellow.
Along streams and in ravines in the Coast Mountains of
California.

Dc.Py^PERS. LalMab. Sci.Vdl. IX.

Eastwddd] Plate I

Fig. I. Titmion Californicum Greene.
Fig. 2. Taxus brevifolia Nutt.

□c RAPERa, CAL..4CAI1. SclVdl. IX.

EastwdddI Plate II

Jvnipertis occidentalis Hook.

Dc, Papers, []al.Acad, .SclVgl, IX.

[EABTV\7rjnDl Plate III

Cupressus Goveniana Gordon.

Dc. Papers, CAL,AcAn. Sci.Vdl. IX.

EASTwnnnl Plate IV.

Fig. I. ChaiiueLypan's Laivsoniaiia l'a.r\&\..
Fig. 2. Thuya plica /a Don.

D c. Papers. [Im.Acad. Sci.Vdl. IX.

[EabtVv'h li d ] Plate Y

Libocedrus decurrens Torr.

Dc. Papers, CalAcad. Sci.Vdl. IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate VI.

set'' ^z---'-''.;^^

^"•,'^^^S''

^^' '^ i^y ^

Sequoia gigantea Dec.

Dc. Papers, Cal.Acai]. Sci.Vdl. IX_

[Eastwqdd] Plate VII.

Fig. I. Abies venusta Sargent.
Fig. 2. Abies magnifica Murr.

Dc. Papers, CalAcad. Sci.Vdl. IX.

[ Eastv\/d d n ] P late VI 1 1 .

'C h^'f

'y

Pig. I. Pseudotsuga mucronata Sudworth.
Fig. 2. Pseudotsuga niacrocarpa I,eminon.

Dc Papers, Cal.Ac.^. Sci Vol. IX.

[Eastwd DC ] Plate IX.

Tsuga heterophylla Sargent.

D c. Papers, Qal.Acad 5 ci Vol. IX .

[EABTwann] Plate X.

Picea Slichensii Carr.

Dc. Papers, Cai. Acad. Sci.Vdl.IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate XI.

X ^

t r -^

■"^j *"

W

Fig. I. Pinus monticola Dougl.
Fig. 2. Pinus Lamberliatia Dougl.

Dc. Papers, Cal,Acad. Bci.VnL. IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate XII,

Fig. I. Pin us albican lis 'Engehn.
Fig. 2. Pinus Balfouriana Jeffrey.

Dc. Papers, L^l.Acad. Sci.Vdl. IX .

[ E ASTWD D D ] P LATE XIII.

Fig. I. Pin Its Torreyana Parry.

Fig. 2. Pin us monophylla Torr. & Frem.

Dc.Paperi5, Cai..Acad. Sci.Vdl. IX.

[Eastwd an] Plate XIV

Fig. I. Pinus ponderosa Dougl.
Fig. 2. Pinus Jeffrey! Murr.

D c. Papers, Cal.Acai]. Sci.Vol.IX.

[Eabtwddd] Plate XV.

Pi II lis Sahiniana Doiigl.

Dc, Papers, []al.Al^. SciVni. IX.

Eabtwddd] Plate XV]

Pinus Coulieri Don.

Dl Papers, Cal.Acad. Sci.Vdl.IX.

EastwdddI Plate XVII.

Fig. I. Pimis radiata Don.

Fig. 2. Pinus attenuaia Lemnion.

Fig. 3. Pinus contorta Dongl.

Fig. 4. Pinus Murrayana Murr.

Fig. 5. Pinus muiicaia Don.

>

X

Ph

P
□
□

m

<;

X

I— I

.czi

en

w

pi

Dc.Papers, Cal,.4cad. Sci.Vdl. IX

[Eastwodd] Plate XIX.

■"c ■- ■ -T»@f~^^^*^.;~=--

rii^M

Cleisloyucca arboiescens Trelease.

From Coville, United States Department of Agriculture.

E-i

□
□

m

.-4

^

en

w

en

tj)

=1

"C
bo

rt

t/;

rt

._^

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(U

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5^

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a;

■*-<

"^

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u

^

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fl.

Dc Papers, Cal, Acad. Sci.Vdl.IX:

Eastv/dddI Plate XXI

Sali.v lasiolepis Benth.

□c.Papers,CalAcai]. Sci.Vdl.IX.

[ East WD n d ] P late XX 1 1 .

Popiilus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray.

D c. Papers, Cal.Acad. Sci.Vql.IX.

[Eabtwddd] Plate XXIII.

Myrica Califorvica Cham.

Dc.PapersXalAcad. Sci.VnL.IX.

[Eabtwd n D ] Plate XX IV

Juglans Californica Watson.

Dc.Papers,Cal.Acad. Sci.Vdl.IX.

[Eastwd d d ] Plate XXV.

Alnus Oregona Nutt.

Dc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci.Vdl. IX.

[Eastwd d a ] Plate XXV '.

Fig. I. Qucrcus Califovnica Cooper.

Fig. 2. Queicus Morehus Kellogg.

Fig. 3. Quercus WisUzeni A. DC.

Fig. 4. Quercus agrifolia Ne6.

nc. Papers, Cal.Acad. SciA/ql. IX.

[Eabtwdqd] Plate XXVII.

y

Fig. 1. Ouerci'.s lobata Nee.

Fig. 2. Quercus Garryana Doti.gl.

Fig. 3. Quercus Douglasii H. & A.

Fig. 4. Quercus Alvordiana Fastwood.

Fig- 5- Quercus MacDonaldi Greene.

Dc. Papers, Cal.Acad. SniVaL. IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate XXVIII.

'^^^m^

Fig. I. Quercus Engehnanni Greeue.

Fig. 2. Quercus chrysolepis I,iebiii.

Fig. 3. Quercus tomentella Engelta.

Fig. 4. Quercus densijiora Hook. & Am.

Dc Papers, Cal.Acai]. Sci.VnL. IX,

[EASTwaoD] Plate XXIX.

Castanopsis chrysophyUa A. DC.

n c. Papers, C.M.ACAD, S CI Vol. IX.

[EastwdddIPi-ATE XXX.

Cellis reticulata Torr.

Dc. Papers, Cal,Acai]. Sci.Vdl. IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate XXXI.

tJmbellulayia Californica Nutt.

Dc.Papers, Cal.Acad. Sci.Vql. IX.

[EASTwann] Plate XXXII.

Platanus racemosa Nutt.

n c. Papers, Cal.Acad. Sci.Vql.IX.

[Eabtwddd] Plate XXXIII.

Cerasus ilicifolia Walp.

Dc Rapers,Cal,Acad.Sci.Vcl.IX.

[Eastwd d d ] Plate XXX IV

Pruniis subcordata Benth.

Dc. Papers, Cal. Acad. Bci.Vdl.IX.

[Eastwd D D ] Plate XXXV.

Mains rn/u/a>/s Dec.

Dc, Papers, Cal. Acad, Sci.Vdl, IX.

[EASTWDDn] Plate XXXVI.

Heleromeles arbutifolia Roem.

Dc. Papers, Cal.Acad.Sci.Vdl. IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate XvXXVlI.

Cercocarpus betulaefolius Hook.

a c. Papers, CAL.AcAD.Srj.yDL. IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate XXXVIII.

Fig. I. Lyonothamnus floribundus Gray.
Pig. 2. Lyonothamnus asplenijhlius Gv^&ne.

Dc, Papers, CalAcad. Sci.Vdl.IX.

[ Eastwd d d ] P late XX XI X .

Dalea spinosa Gray.

Dc. Papers, Cal, Acad ^ Sci.VaL.IX.

[ East WD a d ] P late a L .

Fig. I. Olneya Tesota Gray.
Fig. 2. Cercis occidentalis Torr.

nC.PAPERS,CALACAD.Sci.VnL,IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate X

Parksinsonia aculcata L.

Dc.Papers, C.4L,Ac./U]. Sci.Vdl, IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate XLU.

Fig. I. Pi-osopisjuliJlora'DC
Fig. 2. Prosopis piibescens Benth.

Dc. Papers, Cal, Acad SclVolIX.

[Eastwd d d ] Plate XLJ 11.

\

'■/*;, s^

^ caa'a Greggii Gray.

Dc Papers, Lal Acad. Sci.Vdl. IX.

[Eabtwddd] Plate XLIV.

Plelea crenulata Greene.

Dc. Papers, Cal, Acad. Sci.Vql.IX.

[Eastwd g n ] Plate XLV

w:

Pig, I. Acer macrophyllum Pursli.
Fig. 2. Acer circinaivm Pursh.

Dc Papers, Cal.Acad. Sci.Vdl. IX.

[Eastwd n n ] Plate XLVI.

Acer Keg II lido Calijoi iiiiiiin Sargent.

Dc Papers, CAL.AcAD.Sci.VnL. IX.

[Eabtwdde] Plate XLVII,

Aisculus Californica Nutt.

D c. Papers, Cal.Acai]. S CI .Vdl. IX .

[Eastwddd] Plate XLVIII.

Frcmontodendron Califoinica Coville.

Dc. Papers, Cal.Acad. Sci.Vql. IX.

[Eastwodd] Plate XLIX.

Rhaonnis Purshiana DC.

Dc. Papers, Cal.Acad. Sci.Vdl.IX.

[Eabtwddd] Plate L

Ceanothus spinosus Nutt.

D c. ROPERS, Cal.Acad. S ci.Vdl. IX .

[EabtwdddIPlate LI

Cornus Nuttallii Aud.

Dc Papers, CalAcad. Sci.Vdl. IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate LII.

Garrya elliptica Dougl.

Dc, Papers, CalAcad. Sci.Vol.IX.

E ASTWD D D 1 P LATE LI 1 1

Arbutus Menziesii Pursh.

Dc. Papers, Cal Acad. Sci.Vql. IX.

[Eastwd d d ] Plate L 1 V.

>i<^-

Fraxinus Orcgona Nutt.

nC.PAPER3,CAL.ACAD, SCI.VnL. IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate W.

Chilopsis saligna Don.

Dc. Papers, CalAcad. Sci Vdl. IX.

Eabtwd n D ] Plate LVi

Cephalanthus occidentalis I,.

Dc. Papers, Cal.Acad. SclVql.IX.

[Eastwddd] Plate LVII.

Sambucus glauca Nutt.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

Xi'w names are given in black-faced type.

Abies amabilis 21

braoteata 22

coiioolor 21-

Lowiana 21

grandis 21

lasiocarpa 21

Lowiana 21

magnitiea 22

Sliastensis 22

nobilis 21

venusta ; 22

Acacia family (!4

Acacia (Jreggii t)'i

Acer circinatum (w

glabriim (i7

macrophyllum ilO

Negundo Californiciim ti?

Aceracea' tui

acuminate, narrowed to a slender

point
acute, forming a sharp angle at the
extremity

^Esculus Californica CiS

Alder 4;!

Algaroba tU

Alligator-bark juniper Ki

Almond willow :^7

Alnus Oregona 44

rhombifolia 44

rubra 44

Sitchensls 4H

tenuifolia 44

Alpine wliite pine 2(i

Anielanchier alnifolia oii

Angiosperms 32

antlier, the part of the stamen that
contains tlie pollen

Apple 5t;

ArVjol de hierro .' .. t>l

Arbor-vita' 19

arborescent, attaining tlie size and.
character of a tree

Arbutus Arizonlca 74

Menziesii 74

Arctostaphylos glauca 7ii

manzanita 7.")

viscida 7i;

Ash family 7(1

Aspen

axil, the angle formed between the

axis and any organ arising from it,

especially a leaf
axillary, in the axils of leaves or

bracts

Balfours pine

Balsam cottonwood

Balsam fir

Bay

Bayberry

Betula fontinalis

Betulacefe

Big-cone pine

Big-leaved maple

Big tree

BignoniaceiP

Birch family

Bishop pine

Bitter cherry

Black birch..

Black oak 45,

Black willow :^5, 87,

Blue-berried elder

Blue blossoms 70,

Blue oak 4S,

Box elder

bractlet, a secondary bract

Buckeye family

Bucktliorn family

Bull pine

Button bush

Button willow

40

C^SALPINEjE

California buckeye

California fan palm

California holly

California laurel

California lilac

California nutmeg

California pear

California walnut

Canotia holacantha

Capri foliacea?

Cascara sagrada

Castanopsis chrysophylla.

Ci'.).

27
40
21

r-,?,

41
48
43

29
(Hi
20
77
48
81
'tr>
43
.51
38
79
71
51
67

68
69
29

78
78

61
68
82
57
58
7)
15
68
42
65
79
71)
5]

(81)

82

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Cat's claw 65

Ceanothus arboreus "1

divaricatus ''2

hirsutuis 71

sorediatus 71

spinosus 72

thyrsifioru.s 70

velutinus Isevigatus 71

Cedar 16

Celtidacese 52

Geltis reticulata 52

Cephalanthus occidentalis 78

Cerasus demissa 55

emarginata 55

ilicifolia 54

Lyoni 54

Cercidium Torreyana 63

Cercis occidentalis 62

Cercocarpus betulgefolius 58

ledifolius 58

Traskiffi 59

Chamffcyparis Lawsoniana 19

Nootkatensis 18

Cherry 5^

Chestnut oak 50

Chilopsis 78

Chinquapin 51

Choke-cherry 55

Christmas berry 57

Cleistoyucca arboresceus 33

Coast hemlock 24

Coast pine 31

Coffee berry 69

Conifer* 16

cordate, heart-shaped, especially the
base of a leaf or petal

Cordyline -^3

Cornaceaj 72

Cornus Nuttallii 73

sessilis 73

corymb, a flat-topped or open flower
cluster, blooming from the outside
towards the center

Cottonwood 40

Coulters pine 29

Crab-apple 56

Crataegus Douglasii 57

rivularis 57

crenate, scalloped, with rounded

teeth
crenulate, the teeth very small
cyme, a broad and somewhat flat
flower cluster in which the flowers
bloom from the top or center
Cypress 17

Cupuliferse 44

Cupressvis Arizonica 17

Goveniana 18

Lawsoniana 19

Macnabiana 18

macrocarpa 18

pygmsea 18

Cut-leaved maple 67

Dalea spinosa 60

deciduous, falling in season, as leaves

in autumn
dentate, with teeth on margin point-
ing outwards

Desert willow 78

Dicotyledonous plants 34

Digger pine 29

Dogwood family 72

Dogwood tree 73

Douglas spruce 23

Dracaena 33

Dragon palm 33

Elder 79

elliptical, with the shape of an

ellipse

Endogens 32

entire, with even margin, without

toothing or division
epidermis, the outside covering of

leaves and stems

Ericaceae 74

Evergreen willow 38

Exogens 34

False Slippery Elm 69

fascicle, a close cluster or bundle of

flowers or leaves
filament, the stem of an anther

Fir 21

Flowering ash 76

Foxtail pine 27

Fragrant cypress 18

Fraxinus coriacea 77

dipetala 76

Oregona 77

Fremontia 69

Fremontodendron 69

Californica 69

Fremonts cottonwood 40

Fringe tree family 73

Garkya elliptica 74

Garryacese 73

glaucous, blue-green, like a cabbage

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.

83

Golden-leaf oak -19

Gray-leaf pine 29

Gymnosperms 15

Hackbekry •'i2

Hackberry family 52

Hawthorn 5*"'

head, a cluster of flowers arranged
in a bunch and having no stems

Heather family 74

Hem^lock 23

Heteromeles arbutifolia 57

Hill oak 48

Hippocastanacese "8

Holly-leaved cherry 54

Honey dew.. "1

Honey mesquite i>-t

Honeysuckle family "9

Hop tree 'iii

Horse-bean <>2

Incense cedar 19

inferior, said of the seed vessel when

it is beneath the calyx
involucre, a cluster of bracts or small

leaves at the base of a head or

umbel

Island oak 48, 50

Islay 54

Ironwood 61

JOSUA TREE 33

Judas tree *. 62

Juglandacese 42

Juglans Californica 42

rupestris.. 42

Juniper 16

Juniperus Californica 17

monosperma 16

occidentalis 17

pachyphlaea 16

scopulorum 16

Utahensis 17

Keli.gggs oak 45

Knob-cone pine 30

Larch 23

Large flowered dogwood 73

Larix Lyallii ^ 23

occidentalis 23

Lauracese 52

Laurel family 52

Lawsons cypress 18

Lemon family 65

Liljocedrus decurrens 20

Liliacese 33

Lily family 33

linear, narrow, several times longer
than wide

Little sugar pine 26

Live oak 46, 49

lobe, any division of an organ, espe-
cially a rounded division

Lodge pole pine 31

Lyonothamnus asplenifolius 59

floribundus 59

Madder family 78

Madrone 74

Madrofio 74

Mains rivularis 56

Manzanita 75

Maple family 66

Maul oak 49

Mendocino cypress 18

midrib, the central vein of a leaf or

other organ

Mimosese 64

Monocotyledonous plants 32

Monterey cypress 18

Monterey pine 26, 30

Mountain cypress 18

Mountain mahogany 58

Mountain maple 67

Mountain pine 26

Mountain white oak 47

mucronate, with a sharp terminal

point

Myrica Californica 41

Hartwegi 42

Myricaceae 41

XARROW-LEAVED COTTONWOOD 40

Xut pine 28, 29

Oak 45

Oak family 44

oblanceolate, shaped like a lance, but

with the broad part at top
oblong, much longer than broad,

with nearly parallel sides
obovate, with the outline of an egg,

the broader part on top
obtuse, blunt or rounded at tlie end

Oleacese 76

Olneya Tesota 61

One-leaved pine 28

orljieiilar, with a circular (mtline

84

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Oregon ash ""

Oregon pine 23

oval, in the slmiie of a broad ellipse
ovary, that part of a pistil that eon-
tains the young seeds
ovate, with the outline of an egg,

the Vjroader end down
ovule, an iiuniature seed in the ovary

Pacific yew 15

Pale willow 37

Palm family 32

palmate, lobed or veined from the
base with the lobes or veins diverg-
ing

Palnipp 32

Palo venle 63

panicle, a compound flower cluster

Papilionacete 60

Parkinsonia aculeata 62

microphylla 63

Torreyana 63

Parrys nut pine 28

Pasania densiflora 51

Patton spruce 24

Pea family 60

Peach willow 37

pedicel, the stem of a flower in a

cluster
peduncle, the main stem of a flower
cluster

Pepper-wood 53

perfect, applied to flowers when they

contain both pistil and stamens
perianth, the floral envelopes, calyx

or corolla or both
petiole, the stem of a leaf

Picea Breweriana 25

Engelmanni 24

Sitchensis 24

pinnate, lobed or veined from the
axis to the margin, generally par-
allel

Pine family 16

Piiion 28

Pinus albicaulis 26

aristata 27

Arizonica 25

attenuata 30

Balfouriana 27

Chihuahuana 28

contorta 30

Coulteri 29

edulis 28

flexilis 26

Pinus insignis '. 30

Jeffreyi '29

Lambertiana 26

latifolia 29

monophylla 28

monticola 26

muricata 31

Murrayana 31

Parryana 28

ponderosa 28

quadrifolia 28

radiata 30

Sabiniana 29

Torreyana 27

tubcrculata 30

pistil, tlie female organ of a flower

Plane tree 53

Platanacese 53

Platanus raeemosa .53

Plum 5.5

Poplar 40

Populus angustifolia 40

balsamifera 40

Fremontii 41

Mexicana 40

tremuloides 40

trichocarpa 40

Port Orford cedar 18

Pro.sopis juliflora 64

pubescens 64

Prunus integrifolia .55

subcordata 5.T

Kelloggii 56

Pseudotsuga Douglasii 22, 23

macrocarpa 23

mucronata 23

taxifolia 23

Ptelea crenulata 66

pubescent, clothed with sf)ft hair or

down

Pyrus rivularis 56

QUERCUS a(;rifoi>ia 46

Alvordiana -18

Arizonica 50

Californica 45

chrysolepis 49

densiflora 50

Douglasii 48

Emoryi 51

Engelmanni 49

Gambellii 50

Garryana 47

hypoleuca 51

lobata 47

INDEX AND (ILOSSARY

85

Querous MacdoiiaUli ■!'*<

Morehus -iS

oblongifolirt 50

reticulata 51

tomentella 50

Tuomeyi 51

iiiululata 50

Wislizeni ■!•'

Quinine bush "■!

RACEME, a cluster of flowers with
equal stems on a lengthened axis,
blooming from the base up
receptacle, the organ on which the
parts of a flower are placed, or the
flowers themselves when in a brad

Red alder -i-i

Red-berried elder "i*

Red-bud G2

Red cedar 1*5

Red flr ^-i, 23

Redwood 20

regular, uniform, when applied to
tlie divisions of the floral organs

Retama. 62

revolute, with-the edges rolled back

Rhamnaeese <'|'J

Rhamnus insularis 70

pirifolia 70

Purshiana "0

Roble 47

Rosacese 54

Rose family 54

Ruljiacese 78

Rutacese 65

Salic ACE.E 34

Salix amygdaloides 37

Bonplandiana 38

fluviatilis 37

Hookeriana 39

laevigata 37

lasiandra 38

lasiolepis 38

Maekenziana 36

nigra 35

vallicola 36

Nuttallii brachystachys 39

Occident alls 36

sessilifolia 37

Sitchensis 39

taxifolia 38

Sambucus callicarpa 79

glauca 79

Sand-bar willow 37

Santa Lucia tir 22

Screw bean 64

Scrub pine 30

Senna family 61

Sequoia gigantea 20

sempervirens 20

Wellingtonia 20

serrate, edged with upwardly point-
ing teeth
serrulate, diminutive nf serrate

Service berry 56

Sierra hemlock 24

Sierra plum 56

Silk-tassel bush 74

Silver fir 22

Slippery elm 69

Spanish bayonet 33

Spanish dagger 33

spatulate, short-oblong, but nar-
rowed to the base

Spice wood 53

spike, an elongated flower cluster
blooming from the base up, with
stems to the flowers very short
or wanting

Spruce 24

staminodium, a sterile or abortive

stamen without an anther
stellate, star-shaped

Sterculia family 69

Sterculiacese 69

sterile, barren, as a flower without a
pistil, or a stamen without the an-
ther
stigma, the top of the pistil where
the pollen falls to fertilize the seeds
stipule, an appendage at the base of
a leaf stalk

Sugar berry 52

Sugar pine 26

Sycamore family 5S

Tamarack 23

Tamarack pine 31

Tan bark oak 50

Taxacese 15

Taxus brevifolia 15

Thorn apple 56

Thuya gigantea 19

plicata 19

thyrse, a contracted or ovate panicle

or close compound cluster

Tick tree 70

Tideland spruce 24

tomentose, densely clotheil with

matted wool or short liair

86

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Torrey pine 27

Torreya 15

Californica 15

Toyon 57

Tree yucca 33

Tr>impet-vine family 77

Tsuga heteropliylla 24

Mertensiana 24

Pattoniaiia 24

tuViular, witli tlie sliape of a hollow

cylinder

Tnmion C'alifornicum i... 15

UMBEL, a flower cluster with the
stems all arising from the same
disk, blooming from the outside

Umbellularia Californica 53

Uiia de Gato 65

Valley OAK 47

Vauquelinia Californica 59

Velvet willow 3ii

Vine maple 67

Walnut FAMILY 42

Washington palm 32

Washingtonia fllamentosa 32

Wax-myrtle family 41

Weeping oak 47

Weeping spruce 25

White tir 21

White live oak 49

White oak 47, 48, 50

White pine 2G

White willow 38

Wild plum 55

Willow family 34

Yellow pine 25, 28

Yew family 15

Yew-leaved willow 38

Yosemite oak 4ft

Yucca Mohavensis 33

Yuccete 33

MBI, WHUI LIBRARY

UH n

FL T