OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 35, 103 pages, 4 figures, 11 plates January 28, 1963 WEST AMERICAN MOLLUSKS OF THE GENUS CONUS - II By G Dallas Hanna Curator Department of Geology California Academy of Sciences INTRODUCTION The present paper is based largely upon a previous one which was pre- pared by Hanna & Strong (1949) and published by the Academy. The demand for this earlier one exceeded expectations and it was soon unobtainable. This situation made it seem desirable to reissue it. * During the decade since the original issue appeared there have been some additions to the literature on west American Cowws. Insofar as possible this information has been considered herein. Also some errors which have come to our attention through the interestofourcolleagues, have been corrected. It was stated in the original paper that only color would do justice to illustrations of Conus. This has recently become economically feasible through the development of a process by the Research Department of Eastman Kodak Company. The Academy undertook the installation of equipment for this pur- pose in 1955 and proceeded with the necessary training in technique with the present paper in mind. As a result it has been possible to make new plates in color of the sliells illustrated in the first paper plus some additional forms. In connection with the plates the present writer wishes to express deep appreciation to Dr. Walter Clark and his associates of the Eastman Kodak Company for much advice and the patient help they gave. I am also under deep obligation to Mr. C. E. Crompton, Mr. Maurice Giles, and Margaret M. * Some of the first paper (1949) is here reproduced in its original text and does not conform to the Academy's present editorial style. A paper by W. K. Emerson and W. E. Old, Jr., dealing with Conidae from West Mex- ico, appeared after the present paper was in page proof. (See American Museum Novi- tates. No. 2112, pp. 1-44, figs. 1-20, October 29, 1962). 2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Hanna, who were equally responsible with me for all of the color work. The Academy authorities, and especially the Director, Dr. Robert C. Miller, de- serve much gratitude for their encouragement. The Varitype work was all done by Mrs. Dorothy Ludlow. In taxonomic matters lam indebted to Dr. A. Myra Keen of Stanford Uni- versity, Dr. Howard Hill, late of the Los Angeles County Museum, and my Academy associates, Dr. Leo G. Hertlein and Mr. Allyn G. Smith. A considerable number of specimens, including type material illustrated herein belong to other institutions. Those at Stanford University, the Los An- geles County Museum, and the University of California were lent for the pur- pose of making color transparencies. This was through the courtesy of Drs. Keen, Hill and J. Wyatt Durham respectively. The specimens belonging to the U. S. National Museum were lent through the courtesy of Dr. Harold A. Rehder. Without the cooperation of these four people this paper would certainly have been a disappointment. Kodachromes of two species named by Born and Hwass and which are in the National Museum of Switzerland were furnished by Dr. K. Bender to whom we are very appreciative. Some of the eastern Pacific species of Conus are exceedingly variable and many of the type specimens which represent named forms are in European museums. Dr. Alan J. Kohn of Florida State University recently made a spe- cial effort while in Europe to get Kodachrome transparencies of all of these which could be found. This magnificent series has been made available for this study. Without them it is doubtful if some of the names applied to shells of the west American fauna could have been properly evaluated. Lastly, and with much sadness, it is necessary to record the death of the co-author of the original paper, Mr. A. M. Strong, July 14, 195L His keen interest in this group of shells and his broad grasp of the west American mar- ine fauna in general would undoubtedly have increased the value of the pre- sent report many fold. The magnificent series of shells belonging io Conus which was obtained by the two expeditions of the New York Zoological Society to west American tropical waters is one of the most complete ever assembled from the area. Since the bottom work was largely confined to dredging operations in depths less than 100 fathoms, large numbers of some species were obtained which were previously considered to be rare, and conversely several of the intertidal species usually common in collections were found in limited numbers or not at all. Material from previous collecting expeditions through the area was avail- able for the study, so there was also an abundance of most shallow-water forms on hand. Therefore, it seems probable that a greater assemblage of specimens and species has been available for comparison than has been brought together at one time from the region previously. Excluding the older western collections, consisting more or less of No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN C0N(/.9- II 3 random lots of specimens, the following is a list of the late expeditions which have been sent out for the express purpose of collecting research material in the area: 1. The California Academy of Sciences expedition to the Gulf of Cali- fornia in 1921; Dr. Fred Baker, collector. 2. The California Academy of Sciences expedition to Guadalupe Is- land and the west coast of Baja California , 1922; G D. Hanna, collector. 3. The California Academy of Sciences expedition to the Revillagige- do Islands, 1925; G D. Hanna and E. K. Jordan, collectors. 4. The G. Allan Hancock expedition to the Galapagos Islands and Cen- tral America for the California Academy of Sciences in 1931-1932; Leo G. Hertlein, collector. 5. The Templeton Crocker expedition to the Galapagos Islands and Central America for the California Academy of Sciences in 1932; Templeton Crocker, collector. 6. Two expeditions down the coast to Panama by H. N. Lowe, primar- ily for shore collecting, the material having been deposited in the San Diego Society of Natural History. 7. The Templeton Crocker expedition to the Gulf of California for the New York Zoological Society in 1936; William Beebe & Templeton Crocker, collectors. 8. The Templeton Crocker expedition to Central America for the New York Zoological Society in 1937; William Beebe & Templeton Crocker, col- lectors. All of the material obtained by these expeditions has been used in the preparation of the present report. In addition to the above-mentioned collec- tions, full use has been made of the great series of Galapagos Islands shore- dwelling species obtained in 1905-1906 by the expedition sent out by the Cal- ifornia Academy of Sciences, W.H. Ochsner, collector; 18 months were spent in the field. Furthermore, expeditions sponsored during the past few years by Cap- tain G. Allan Hancock for the University of Southern California have covered much of the area and very large collections of Conus have been obtained. This material has been available for consultation and comparison through the kindness of Dr. Irene McCulloch. A few years ago Mr. George Willett made a trip through a part of the area as a member of an expedition conducted by Mr. J. R. Pemberton. A con- siderable amount of dredging was done and some very rare species of Conus were obtained. These were made available for this report through the cour- tesy of Dr. Howard R. Hill of the Los Angeles Museum of Science, History, and Art. Lately additional material has become available through the efforts of numerous persons working in the Gulf of California under the auspices of the 4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Belvedere Scientific Fund. The identification of the species found in the region began in 1921 by the author and Dr. Fred Baker at the conclusion of the latter's collecting trip through the Gulf of California. As the work progressed and more material ac- cumulated, many difficulties were encountered. Failing health necessitated that Dr. Baker withdraw at an early stage but his keen judgment of obscure points and enthusiasm continued to be an inspiration until just prior to his death. Without the technical assistance of numerous individuals the comple- tion of the earlier report in acceptable form would not have been possible and the authors took great pleasure in expressing their indebtedness to Dr. Leo G. Hertlein, Dr. U. S. Grant IV, Dr. Howard R. Hill, Dr. A. Myra Keen, and the late H. N. Lowe. They were indebted to Mr. R. Wright Barker, Shell Oil Company, Hou- ston, Texas, and now with Scripps Institution, La Jolla, California, for rec- ords of species which he collected at Santa Elena, Ecuador. In several cases these mark extensions of range, not previously known, and the records have been incorporated in the text. It was found necessary at the start of the work to compare the collec- tions with original descriptions and figures because many species have been so variously interpreted that subsequent citations must be considered unsafe. Fortunately, west coast libraries are well supplied with literature. The University of California at Berkeley and at Los .'\ngeles, Stanford University, San Diego Society of Natural History, California Academy of Sci- ences, U. S. Grant IV, and H. N. Lowe were able to furnish everything needed except the important monograph by Kiister and Weinkauff; this was borrowed from John Crerar Library in Chicago. We wish to thank the librarians in charge of these institutions for their cooperation and especially Miss Veronica Sex- ton of the Academy Library, who handled most of the correspondence. West American species appear in all of the important post-Linnaean monographs and some were noted earlier than that. Most of these works ap- peared in parts and more or less irregularly, so that dates of publication are extremely important. During the heyday of commercial collecting there was a scramble to get names into print and, as a consequence, it sometimes hap- pened that only a few days intervened between the appearance of two names for the same species. Until these works were carefully collated it was im- possible to tell which name had priority. The dates of publication of the parts of most of these early works have been carefully deciphered by persons connected with the British Museum (Natural History). The published notes are scattered widely, however, and are not accessible to many students. Therefore, it seemed desirable to reproduce the essential information in the 1949 report as a sort of annotated bibliography. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN COSUS 11 5 Some of the publications listed show evidence of haste and careless- ness in preparation of text and illustrations; others were obviously prepared with great care. In the last category certainly belongs the work of Dillwyn, and the finest colored pictures of the group as a whole are those of Kiener, now nearly a century old. No attempt is here made to subdivide the genus into groups of species. This has been tried sporadically in the past, but with little success. The subdividers differ radically among themselves. See for example: Montfort, D., 1810, pp. 391-410; Swainson, W., 1840, pp. 311-312; Morch, O.A.L., 1852, pp. 64-71; Woodring, W.P., 1928, pp. 201-218; Iredale, T., 1930, pp. 79-80; Cotton, B.C., 1945, pp. 229-280. If such divisions should ever be made upon a logical basis and so as to include fossil species, it seems that a vast amount of additional information must be accumulated, or the currently ac- cepted system of nomenclature must be abandoned. In contrast with the urge to sectionize genera on one pretext or another, the views of five well known authorities are as follows: Bergh (1895) worked on the anatomy of thirty-three species of Conus and found no character of value for the recognition of the subgroups which liad already been established, on shell characters or others which could be based upon the anatomy alone. Dall (1910) recognized the soundness of these investigations, and did not adopt any of the names of subdivisions. Vredenberg (1921) working on the Indian Tertiary, stated: "A study of the numerous forms of Conus which occur in the Indian Tertiary, clearly re- veals the want of sharpness between the various subdivisions of this genus, which all grade into one another so completely that they can only be regard- ed at most as sections. They never seem sufficiently sharply contrasted to rank as subgenera." In his excellent monograph of western Atlantic species of Co««s, Clench (1942) recognized the confusion existing in regard to the various divisions of the genus and stated that the entire family would have to be studied as a whole before any stability could be reached and the complex relationships worked out. Finally Strong (1945) in preparing a preliminary list of west American species, cited the ranges of the species and gave a key but did not adopt any subdivisions of the genus. The family Conidae contains so many more or less distinct species liv- ing and fossil, that some taxonomists consider this to be a handicap. There- fore, at least 48 generic and subgeneric terms have been created. As usual such grouping is purely subjective, based upon supposed relationships or nonrelationships, and few workers have the same suppositions. Disposition of fossil species leads especially to difficulties. Therefore, in this paper all species are retained under the generic name Conus. Kohn (1959) found that 6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers some Hawaiian species have been placed in as many as five separate genera or subgenera in the past. In an excellent article on the radulae of Conus, Peile(1939) discussed the various groupings which this organ suggests and the groups do not ne- cessarily follow those suggested by shell characters. He figured thirty spe- cies and discussed others in groups, yet he did not propose generic or sub- generic names for them. If this had been done it would have necessitated con- siderable readjustment of the genus names proposed by Iredale, for instance. Unfortunately, nuclear whorls are very often eroded or so covered with extraneous growth that the characters cannot be made out. Evidently good specific criteria are present, not only in these earliest whorls, but also in several of those which follow. In many species the shoulder bears a row of closely placed beads on the early whorls. This is a character which persisted throughout life in most of the west American Eocene species but in the liv- ing forms it was lost by mid-growth or earlier. This row of beads is not mor- phologically related to the coronal nodes which decorate some of the living forms. Von Linden (1896), and later Burnett Smith (1929), made attempts to establish the characters of the young stages of several species of Conus on a more solid basis but their work has not been followed extensively. Most species, when living, are covered with a horn-colored periostra- cum, which more or less conceals the color pattern on the shell itself. It is customary to remove this coating for illustration. For this purpose, the shells may be immersed in a solution of chlorine in sodium hydroxide (a commercial preparation termed "Clorox"). A few minutes to two or three hours is usually sufficient, depending upon the thickness of the covering. Apparently most species of the genus have a small, slender, noncal- careous operculum with a terminal nucleus. This offers little protection to the retracted animal. Collectors seldom preserve it. Hemphill (1893) has giv- en important notes on the habits and external anatomy of Conus califomicus which are quoted, in part, under that species. Much additional information on this subject has been given by Saunders (1960) and Wolfson (1961). The northernmost limit of the genus in California is the Farallone Is- lands where Conus califomicus has been reported. During the Miocene, fos- sil forms had about the same northern limit as at present but so far as Plio- cene records show the genus did not extend beyond Santa Maria Valley, Cali- fornia. During early Tertiary, however, the range was much wider and species are fairly common in the Eocene of Washington. The northernmost west Ameri- can record is that of Dall who found the genus in material supposed to be of Eocene age and which was collected by Martin (1908, p. 30) at Point Hey, Alaska. A list of the species of Conus found fossil in California Tertiary de- posits has been reported by Keen and Bentson (1944, pp. 147-148), and those of Oregon and Washington by Weaver (1942, pp. 509-513). No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS 11 7 At one stage in this study the inclusion of a list of all fossil species of Conus of western America was contemplated. However, there are certain difficulties regarding some formations in Central America which may have been deposited when the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were connected. Also since the species are included inTomlin's 1937 comprehensive list, the names up to that date are readily available in many libraries. Conus californicus is all alone as far south as Cedros Island. From there on to Panama, the group forms a conspicuous part of the molluscan fauna. It is not inferred, however, that species are as abundant as in some other parts of the tropics. We have recognized only twenty-nine and this seems to be an insignificant number compared, for instance, to the one hundred and sixty-eight listed by Faustino (1928) from the Philippine Islands. No center of distribution can be indicated and no provinces or sub-provinces seem to exist. There is a mingling of elements from waters near and far, and this leads to speculation on problems of migration. Thus, there are representa- tives of species, scarcely or not at all distinguishable from collections from the south seas, Indian Ocean, Caribbean Sea, etc. In most cases, when west coast species have analogues elsewhere and have been given local names, they have been retained, although with a certain amount of misgiving in some instances. In order that this relationship may be made obvious, comparative notes have been inserted under the discussions of the species concerned. Many students of Conus have remarked upon the similarity or identity of species of this genus inhabiting eastern Pacific waters and those in far distant places. It maybe instructive to place this information in tabular form. Eastern Pacific Species Similar Species Elsewhere tiaratus miliaris nux ceylanensis arcuatus cancellatus archon cedo-nulli fergusoni quercinus vittatus henoquei virgatus lorenzianus dalli textile ebraeus ebraeus emersoni australis tessulatus tessulatus gladiator mus It is easy to theorize regarding means of distribution in cases such as this, but there really is not enough known of the life histories of the animals to warrant speculation. The term ''similarity" seems to express the known facts better than "relationship" which is often used. No actual relationship 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers between species of Conus is known or is likely to be known in the very near future. Were it not for the fact that Conus is very well represented in the ge- ology of western America from the early Tertiary to the present, it might be supposed that at least some of the above species are recent "migrants" into the area. Some of the difficulty in explaining this situation is due to the lack of preservation of color in most fossils and it is upon this that the taxonomy of recent forms is largely based. Many writers have commented on the centers of distribution from which the west American molluscan fauna was derived. If all such remarks were combined and the theory carried to its logical conclusion it would have to be assumed that the time was not very distant, geologically, when this region lacked mollusks altogether. It does not seem to have been accepted as pos- sible that there might have been migration the other way. The genus under review lived as long ago in California as middle Eocene and the derivation of living species in some cases is as likely to have been local as otherwise. The largest member of the genus in the area here considered is Conus fergusoni; a specimen of this is at hand from the ocean shore at Magdalena Bay, Baja California, 150 mm. in length. Other species found elsewhere are larger. A specimen of Conus litteratus millepunctatus in the California Aca- demy of Sciences, presented by Mr. T. T. Dranga, is 180 mm. long and 112 mm. in diameter; this came from Waimanalo, Oahu (Hawaii) in 1-2 fms. A shell, probably the same species and collected by the late Eric Jordan in Hawaii, is slightly larger; and a specimen (Loc. No. 31578 CAS), recently collected by Mr. W.D. P. Spicer on Midway Island is 197 mm. long. The smallest living west American species is Conus nux Broderip, but this is more than twice as large as Conus micarius which Hedley (1912, p. 147), stated to be the smallest species of the family, with the possible ex- ception of Conus parvus Pease, which has been renamed Lovellona peaseana by H. J. Finlay (1927, p. 519); there is little information concerning this one. The size of Hedley's species was given as: length, 6 mm.; diameter, 3.5 mm. In the descriptive notes following, the synonymy of published figures is given along with such other references as seemed especially important. Records from distributional lists, and other sources, unsupported by taxo- nomic information have been omitted usually, because in this group it is of- ten impossible to determine the species an author had in hand. Collecting stations are listed under each species from north to south. Usually, only the shells which- have passed through our hands have been so recorded. Original author's localities are cited in the synonymy. Thus, an attempt has been made to prepare a report which would include sufficient information to permit the identification of any of the described liv- No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CO/Vt/5 -I I 9 ing species of Conus of western America. Two fossil species from the Plio- cene of Imperial County, California, have been included because of the close relationship shown to living species and to show that the groups to which they belong are not recent migrants to the west American region. Some species of Conus are known to inflict painful and poisonous wounds, which may prove fatal, '\lthough we know of no injuries thus having been received on the west coast of America it is significant to point out that Iredale (Oct., 1935a, p. 41 and Dec, 1935b, p. 166) has recorded a death from the bite of Conus textile. The west American representative of this species, Conus dalli, is scarcely distinguishable by shell characters and both C. /«- cidus and A. californicus appear to be distant relatives. An additional fatality in Australia, recorded byRoughley (1937), occur- red in June, 1935. In this account it is stated that the proboscis "....is pro- vided with a number of sharp teeth, each of which has a venom gland at the base." The species illustrated, and presumably the one which inflicted the injury, is Conus striatus Linnaeus. Several deaths were recorded recently by Hirotaka Yasiro (1939, pp. 165-166), and for one of these he was able to secure details of the symptoms. The article is written in Japanese and a resume, based upon a translation by Miss A. Ichiysu, follows: A man, 32 years old, was gathering shells along the southeastern shore of Chujo when he was wounded on the right thumb. No ill effects were felt at first but within half an hour intense pain was felt. He collapsed after walking a short distance and a doctor, who was called, noted the following symptoms: Pulse regular but slow. Temperature normal, 36-7° C. Breathing was very difficult; something similar to Lunstock's disease. Lost consciousness. Feet and hands turned purple. The thumb looked more like it had been bruised than otherwise injured. The man died three hours after haveing been injured. The species which inflicted the wound was Conus geographicus, 135 mm. long. That the injury resulting from an attack is not always fatal, however, is evident from an account given by Adams and Reeve (1848, p. 19) in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Samarang, of a painful bite received by Sir Ed- ward Belcher. This occurred at Mayo Island, Molucca Group, and the species was stated to be Conus aulicus. Peile (1937, p. 301) has given account of the anatomical features of the poison apparatus and later (1939) illustrated many of the singularly adapted radular teeth used for injecting the poison. Members of the genus are said to feed on annelid worms. Most of the literature pertaining to this interesting subject up to date has been examined and quoted by Clench (1946). In his work, which is partly a republication of an earlier paper by him, there is a great deal of valuable 10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers information, including four plates of drawings of the anatomy of Conus stria- tus Linnaeus by Yoshio Kondo. This paper should be consulted by those who are further interested in the subject. A late review of the subject has been published with five additional references by Keegan (1960, pp. 8-10). Kline (1956, pp. 76-78) described the actual stinging operation as performed by Conus auratus and Conus textile on other mollusks. And Saunders and Wolfson (1961) have published an excellent account of the feeding habits of Conus californicus. There is much scattered information on the general anatomy of various species of Conus. In addition to the work of Bergh and Peile, to which refer- ence has already been made, the latter cited several articles of especial im- portance. He stated that each tooth is " a rolled up plate, as pointed out by Troschel; the barbs and serrations, when present, are formed by indenta- tions of the sides of the plate, verified by myself recently for teeth of C. miles and C. zonatus. To prepare for action, one tooth is detached from the bunch, enters the pharynx and is held, projecting, in the end of the proboscis, which then seizes a tooth by the barbed end. The proboscis, when everted would hold the tooth in the required position." "A hollow muscular bulb (called by previous authors the poison gland) is connected to the pharynx by a very long, convoluted tube (called previous- ly the poison duct), the highly specialized epithelium of which in Hermitte's opinion, actually secrets the poison. At the moment of attack, by contraction of the bulb, poison is driven through the proboscis into the tooth, which en- ters the prey and probably remains there by virtue of its barbs." Peile further stated that the word "radula" is quite inappropriate as applied to the highly specialized offensive weapon found in other genera of Toxoglossa as well as in Conus. An applicable term seems not to have been proposed thus far. In concluding these introductory remarks I wish to emphasize that the present report has been prepared with the hope that it will be of some assis- tance those in whose care collections happen to fall and that no pretense has been implied that the final word has been spoken in regard to the names for west American Conus. Complete acceptance of the classification is not ex- pected. In fact there are several phases which I am not ready to accept my- self. Some species are extremely variable in color and shape and how to deal with them has always been a problem. It may be argued that any specimen which shows even a minute difference from others should receive a name. In other cases a broader view maybe taken and a species then considered to be an indefinite number of variants. A balance is difficult to achieve. It is probable that too many named species are recognized in this re- port, some of them being my own. However, it is hoped that what has been in mind during preparation is sufficiently well illustrated that the user may be able to make an intelligent estimate of the characters of the supposed species. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONf/S-I I 11 Class GASTROPODA Order CTENOBRANCHIATA Superfamily TOXOGLOSSA Family CONIDAE Genus Conus Linnaeus Conus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 712. Montfort, Conchyl. Syst., vol. 2, 1810, p. 406. "Espece servant de type au genre Le C6ne flamboyant. Conus fulgurans" [Bruguiere.J As Iredale pointed out, this is not a valid type designa- tion because fulgurans was not in Linnaeus' list of species. However, Montfort included Conus generalis Linnaeus as a synonym, and this is in the original list. Children, Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, vol. 16, 1823, P- 69, Reprint, 1823 p. 107 [l43j. Type cited, Conus marmoreus Linnaeus, which was in the original list and, therefore, is valid. For good illustrations of the species see: Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, 1843, pl- 14, so. 74; or Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1883, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 1. Swainson, Treat Malac, 1840, p. 148. Swainson's type desig- nation is contained in the following. "Nothing additional, in fact, canbe added to separate, for instance, the subgenus of Conus, whose type is C litteratus, from its representative, C marmoratus, in the genus Coronaxis: so perfect are these resemblances, that we do not actually know where the two groups join and unite." On page 312 of the same work, Conus litteratus is listed as the second species under Cowms, not under one of the many subgenera which he established. Iredale (1935, P- 79), considered Swainson's designation of type species the earliest valid one and he was followed by Cotton (1945, P- 231). Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1847, p. 135- Type, "C. marmoreus" Linnaeus. Dodge, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 103, art. 1, 1953, p. 17. Type, C. marmoreus Linnaeus. Type (designated by Children): Conus marmoreus Linnaeus. The above brief synonymy is only that which has a bearing on the sel- ection of the proper species to serve as the type of the genus. It is obvious that there has been considerable divergence of opinion in this regard, but we favor following Children in the selection of Conus marmoreus as the geno- type, a conclusion which was reached by Keen (1945, p. 23), Cox (1927, p. 92), Stewart (1926, p. 415), and Kennard, Salisbury and Woodward (1931, p. 25). 12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers KEY TO WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF CONUS A. Shoulder ornamented with a row of coarse blunt nodes or fine beads a. Shoulder with blunt nodes b. Basic color, uniform pink when epidermis is removed c. Marked with longitudinal brown lines or stripes d. Longitudinal markings about 1 mm. wide princeps dd. Longitudinal markings reduced to hair lines ..p. vai. lineolatus cc. Without markings, uniform pink p. var. apogrammatus bb. Basic color, reddish brown to white e. Lower end of body whorl bright purple; white, with brown zigzag stripes and blotches, very small nux ee. Basic color darker; shell larger; no purple on tip of body whorl f. Basic color, reddish brown, or reddish purple g. Reddish brown with white blotches brunneus gg. Reddish purple with spiral rows of rectangular dots and dashes interspersed with white tiara tus ff. Basic color, chestnut brown or cream h. Basic color, chestnut brown i. Coronal nodes prominent j. Body whorl without pustules diadema jj. Body whorl more or less pustulose ...d. var. pemphigus ii. Coronal nodes obscure; body whorl marked with darker brown gladiator hh. Basic color, light cream with blotches and spiral rows of dark brown dots bartschi aa. Shoulder ornamented with a row of fine beads emersoni B. Shoulder without nodes or beads a. Without color markings b. Shape pyriform, spire low patricius bb. Shape conical c. Size large, spire low, tinted with orange fergusoni cc. Size smaller, spire high, slightly dome shaped, not separately colored californicus (usual phase) aa. Color markings present d. Markings form a network of fine lines e. Meshes of network usually triangular dalli ee. Meshes of network usually rectangular f. Spire straight; heavily reticulate lucidus ff. Spire domed; reticulation faint . ...californicus (rare phase) dd. Color markings not forming network g. Markings consist of rectangles of color in spiral rows; not pustulose No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONt/i- II 13 h. Markings nearly black and very large, sometimes vermi- culate e brae us hh. Markings, smaller and red tessulatus gg. Color markings irregular i. Fine spiral rows of dots predominate j. Body whorl pustulose or with spiral ridges k. Shell nearly as broad as high perplexus kk. Slender and with high spire tornatus jj. Body whorl smooth I. Very fine spiral lines of dots; a central dark band with white blotches vittatus II. No central dark band m. With large mahogany red blotches over the fine spiral dotting; interior white mahogani mm. Large blotches pale or absent; interior purple ximenes ii. Color markings, predominately large, cloud-shaped blotch- es or longitudinal, flame-shaped masses n. Spiral grooves over entire body whorl which is short and pinched in below arcuatus nn. No spiral grooves except near tip of body whorl o. Spire low; body whorl disproportionately long ...dispar oo. Spire normal or high p. Purple cloud-shaped masses predominate /'Mr/Jttrflscews pp. Orange, yellow, brown and red predominate q. Color markings many, broken longitudinal flames and cloud-shaped masses r. Spire high; scalariform scalaris rr. Spire normal s. Cloud-shaped masses predominate gradatus ss. Markings arranged as irregular flammules or spirals t. Spiral arrangements of markings predominate u. Only three or four light colored spiral bands archon uu. Many spiral bands due to breaking up of flammules regularis tt. Flammules predominate; often somewhat zigzag... recurvus qq. Color markings, few v. A few longitudinal stains like brush-marks of color virgatus vv. Markings consist of a few white blotches in a central band and one near the periphery, predominate color being orange to lemon yellow, entire shell becoming pure white with further growth fergusoni (immature) 14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Conus brunneus Wood PI. 3, fig. 1; pl. 4, figs. 4, 6; pi. 5, fig. 1. Conus brunneus Wood, Index Test., 1828, Suppl., p. 8, pl. 3, fig. 1. "Habitat unknown." Ed. by Hanley, 1856, p. 207, suppl. pl. 3, fig. l,b. "Pana- ma." SowERBY, Conch. 111., April 15, 1834, p. 3 [119], pl • 54. fig. 63. "Galapagos Isl."; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 18, "Hab. ad In- sulas Gallapagos, ad Puertam Portreram et ad Panamam." Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, pl. 14, figs. 72-a, 72-b, June, 1843. Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, p. 24, pl. 15, fig. 1, 1-a, 1845- Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 6, pl. 189 [Conus pl. 3], 1857, figs. 47-49- Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1883, p. 28, pl. 7, figs. 36, 37. Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas., vol. 16, 1893, pp. 384-385. Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 220; "Cape St. Lucas to the Galapagos and Clipper- ton Islands, and on the mainland south to Manta, Ecuador." Hanna & Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol.26, no. 9, 1949, pl 269, pl. 5, figs. 8-10. Conus cf. brunneus WOOD, DURHAM, Mem. Geol. Soc. America, no. 43, pt. 2, 1950, p. 100, pl. 32, fig. 8. "Arroyo Blanco, Carmen Island, Gulf of California. Upper Pliocene." Conus (Conus) brunneus WOOD, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 480, fig. 916. Conus andrangae SCHWENGEL, Nautilus, vol. 69, no. 1, 1955, p. 14, pl. 2, figs. 8-11. "Bahia El Coco, Costa Rica." Type Locality: Unknown. Typical specimens have been collected on Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands. Range: San Marcos Island, Gulf of California to "Manta, Ecuador" (Dall). Collecting Stations: Mexico: Many of the islands of the Gulf of Cal- ifornia and from Magdalena Bay and Cape San Lucas of the Peninsula, south to Guerrero; Costa Rica: Port Parker; Braxilito Bay; Port Culebra; Bat Is- lands; Galapagos Islands, Indefatigable; Albemarle; Charles; Narborough; Seymour; Cocos Island. This is one of the most common littoral species of Conus along west American shores. Its abundance may be demonstrated by the presence of 28 lots in the California Academy of Sciences from points ranging from Magdalena Bay and San Marcos Island, Baja California to Ver- agua, Panama. It is especially abundant on the Galapagos Islands. The dirty brown, coralline -incrusted shells of this species, found so abundantly in the intertidal zone of the Galapagos Islands present a very dif- ferent appearance when stripped of their covering. One of these, from Albe- marle Island which is considered typical, has been figured herewith because it agrees in all but minute detail with Wood's original illustration. The white ground color on the body whorl is usually reduced to a few median blotches and may be absent. The remainder is a dark reddish brown with many fine spiral lines of a darker shade. Often these are somewhat broken and of un- even width and shade, occasionally taking the form of spiral lines of fine dots. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CON US 11 15 The amount of white is often greater than shown, there being an irregular zone of blotches below the coronal spines as well as around the center. The interior of the shell is leaden gray in fresh specimens, usually white in those which have weathered. Well worn beach specimens are usually purple with a light median band and white spire. Nuclear characters are not preserved on any available specimen. The spire otherwise is characterized by the many prominent coronal spines and a number of spiral grooves which may vary from none to as many as nine. The number of coronal spines seems to vary only from 10 to 12 on the last whorl. The name diadema Sowerby was given to a uniformly brown specimen from the Galapagos which the author later referred to brunneus. However it seems to be specifically distinct. Dall gave the varietal name pemphigus to a small, somewhat pustulate shell from the Tres Marians Islands. With so large a series for study as we have had it seems that this should be allied with diadema. Unfortunately, the type oi pemphigus appears to be an end member of a variable race, rather than an average as represented by our collection. The holotype of Conus andrangae Schwengel (pi. 5, fig. I) is U.S. Na- tional Museum No. 617,611 and measures: alt. 47.0 mm.; diam. 33.9 mm. It is a worn beach shell with broken outer lip. Although it may appear to have more light colored markings than usual in brunneus, a large series of that species such as from the Galapagos Islands will contain some which are light- er along with intergrades which have practically no light areas. No distinc- tive characters which hold constant were found in this specimen. Theodore Dranga (in letter to Dr. L. G. Hertlein, September 17, 1955) expressed the opinion that this shell was a synonym oi Conus bartschi Hanna & Strong. So few specimens of that species are known that it would seem bet- ter for the present to associate C. andrangae with the very common. C. brun- neus. Conus diadema Sowerby PI. 3, fig. 7. Conus diadema Sowerby, Conch. 111., p. 3 [119], pi. 57, fig. 88, April 30, 1834. [The Calif. Acad. Sci. copy of Conch. Ill, has an explanation of pi. 57, fig. 88: "C. brunneus. Wood. (C. Diadema, C. I. list)]" Proc. Zool. Soc. London, June 17, 1834, p. 19. "Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos." Conus prytanis Melvill in Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1882, p. 117, pi. 5, fig. 1; "Galapagos Islands." Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 1887, p. 267, pi. 512 \Conus pi. 34], fig. 732. Type Locality: Galapagos Islands. Range: Known only from Revillagigedo, Tres Marias, and Galapagos Is- lands. 16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Collecting stations: Three lots in the California Academy of Sciences came from the stations indicated in the range. It is a littoral form. Evidently Sowerby was not at all sure of the validity of the species dia- dema and most subsequent authors have placed the name in the synonymy of brunneus. However, the plain chestnut brown shell with light buff central stripe (usually present) and the waxen yellow spire seems to deserve speci- fic separation from brunneus and diadema is the earliest available name. With such very large collections as have been at hand for this study it would seem that intergradation would be indicated if it actually exists. Another good character for separation is the rich purple interior of diadema. The inside of the outer lip of diadema is very bright purple with a central area of leaden gray. Usually the yellow spire is quite sharply differentiated from the chest- nut brown of the body whorl. No trace of light or dark colored blotches has been seen. Specimens from Cocos Island have several rows of small pustules toward the base, a character which reached extreme development in the vari- ety pemphigus from the Tres Marias Islands. The largest diadema seen came from Hood or Albemarle Islands, Galapagos (No. 23007 C.A.S.) and measures 51 mm. in length. Normally, the shell is only about half that size. This species, with brunneus, tiaratus, and the forms called miliaris {-tiaratus) constitute a very difficult group but it is believed that the sep- aration shown herein will not lead to confusion. Just as in the case of some other species of Conus this west American one has a closely related form in the south seas, C. lividus Hwass in Bruguiere. Except for the purple tip us- ually present in that form the two would be much more difficult to separate. Conus diadema pemphigus Dall PI. 3, fig. 8; pi. 9, fig. 1. Conus brunneus pemphigus Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol.38, 1910, p. 220, "Tres Marias Islands, west of Mexico." Conus diadema pemphigus DALL, Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 271, pi. 5, figs. 7, 11. C. d. pemphigus DALL, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 480, fig. 918a. Type locality: Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. Range: Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California (W. Williams, coll.), to Cocos Island, Costa Rica (W. H.Ochsner, coll.). Collecting Stations: Indicated under Range. The holotype of Conus brunneus pemphigus Dall (pi. 9, fig. 1) is U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 37,449 and measures: alt. 26.2 mm.; diam. 16.5 mm. It is a brown heavily pustulose shell with the tips of the pustules lighter in color. The basal spiral incised lines are very strong. There is the barest trace of a No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONVS -II 17 colored band around the center of the body whorl. In shape and color this shell is closer to diadema than to brunneus and we have transferred it. How- ever, among the lots of 36 specimens of diadema available we have found none which approach the holotype of pemphigus in strength of sculpture. The nearest is the one illustrated. If it were not for the presence of pustules, ir- regular in strength to none at all in this lot, the holotype could well repre- sent a distinct species. However, since intergradation is indicated it would seem best to retain it as a subspecies for the present. Conus bartschi Hanna & Strong PI. 6, fig. 3. Conus bartschi Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 5, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 271, pi. 5, fig. 5. Durham, Mem. Geol. Soc America, no. 43, pt. 1, 1950, p. 100, pi. 32, figs. 1, 7. Coronado Island, Gulf of Cal- ifornia. Pleistocene. Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 480, fig. 916. Whorls about ten, ornamented around the periphery with 13 regularly spaced nodes; nuclear characters obliterated; spire low, with gently concave sides and a few very faint gently undulating spiral lines; ground color light cream with a large number of spiral rows of fine, brown, somewhat angular dots; in the center and near the canal there are a few large irregular blotches of the same color arranged roughly in two indistinct spiral zones; interior pure white; there are a few small blotches of reddish brov/n on the periphery of the last two whorls; some of these extend over and upon the spire. Length, 49 mm.; diameter, 30 mm. Holotype, No. 9296 (CaHf. Acad. Sci. Paleo. Type Coll.), dredged off Cape San Lucas, Baja California, August 6, 1932, by Templeton Crocker in 20-25 fms. Another smaller specimen was obtained at the same time. The species evidently falls into the group containing brunneus and tiar- atus and is distinguished from them by the peculiar coloration. In some spec- imens of brunneus there are spiral lines of plain unbroken brown but in no case has one been seen in the collections studied which even remotely ap- proaches the fine-speckled condition found in this shell. C tiaratus is a smaller species, and is proportionately broader, has a dome shaped spire and purple blotches inside the aperature. The color pattern of bartschi is prob- ably closest to that of the non-coronatexmewes of the west American species. Conus tiaratus Broderip PI. 7, fig. 7; pi. 9, fig. 3. Conus tiratus BRODERIP in Sowerby, Conch. 111., p. 1 [117], pi. 25, fig- 10, April 12, 1833- "Galapagos Islands." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, May 24, 1833, p- 52. Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv. , Genre Cone, p. 50, pi. 11, fig. 2. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1857, p. 9, pi. 190 \Conus pi. 4], 18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers fig. 80. Hanna sl Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser.4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 272, pi. 7, fig. 12, pi. 8, fig. 18. Conus (Conus) tiaratus Sowerby, Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 481, fig. 923. Conus miliaris HWASS in BRUGUIERE, TRYON, Man. Conch., vol.6, 1883, p. 21, p. 5, fig. 85- Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. , vol. 38, 1910, p. 220. "Clip- perton and Galapagos Islands, Ecuador and Peru." Not Conus miliaris HwASS in Bruguiere, Enc. Method. Vers., 1792, pi. 319, fig. 6. Conus coronatus Dillwyn, Weinkauff, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ed. 2, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1873, p. 131. Not C coronatus Gmelin. Conus minimus LiNNAEUS, var. B. Reeve, Conch Icon., vol. 1, pi. 26, fig.l43fe, September, 1843- "Galapagos Islands." Conus inconstans SMITH, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 19, 1877, p. 224. SovcERBY, Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 1887, p. 261, pi. 510 [Conus pi. 32], fig. 700. "Panama." TOMLIN, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 22, pt. 5, 1937, p. 261. "Hab.? Types: three in B.M. = magellanicus Kstr. not Brug." Conus roosevelti BartsCH & Rehder, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 98, no. 10, 1939, p. 3, pL 1, figs. 4, 7. "Clipperton Island on rocks along the shore south of the landing place." Type, U.S.N.M. no. 472854. Type Locality: Galapagos Islands. Range: Revillagigedo Islands, Tres Marias Islands, south to Galapagos Islands and "Ecuador and Peru" (Dall). Collecting stations: Mexico: Clarion Island; Socorro Island; Tres Mar- ias Islands; Cape San Lucas (Lowe Coll. labelled tiaratus): Galapagos Is- lands: Indefatigable, Albemarle, Charles, Tower: Costa Rica: Port Culebra; Cocos Island. Evidently the species is seldom found on the mainland; the Port Cule- bra record above and a lot labelled tiaratus from Cape San Lucas by H.N. Lowe are the only ones which have been seen in connection with the present work. Although Conus miliaris is a highly variable shell, numerous sets of specimens from south sea localities are constantly lighter in color and lack the prominent spiral rows of red and white dots so characteristic of Galapa- gos shells. That the two species are closely related, there can be no doubt, but the material available for this study does not permit us to unite them as several other authors have done. In view of the confusion which has existed between the names, Dall was perhaps justified in including tiaratus, under brunneus as a variety. Stearns also included tiaratus under brunneus as a variety but the spe- cies seem to be constantly separable. The interior surface of the outer lip of tiaratus bears a large brownish-purple blotch above, and a similar, but small- er one below, the two being separated by a zone of leaden gray. The same area in brunneus is a uniform light bluish gray, tinged with yellow toward the canal. Also the spire of tiaratus is more dome-shaped and spiral markings predominate. The specimen figured herewith is representative of the large No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONt/5 -II 19 series available, and, using the characters noted, no considerable difficulty has been experienced in placing any of the lots. Sowerby's colored figure of C inconstans has about the same shape as tiaratus but the middle of the body whorl is marked by a sharp band of white with sparse markings. Some specimens from Cocos and the Galapagos Islands are similar, but do not agree exactly. Dall considered the species to be equi- valent to miliaris [_- tiaratus^. Tomlin, however, questioned the locality rec- ord, Panama, and added that the three types in the British Museum are Conus magellanicus Kiister, not Bruguiere. With over a hundred specimens for study, including a very large series from the Galapagos Islands, the type locality, it becomes possible to indicate some of the wide variation the species undergoes. The background color var- ies from light brown to dark chocolate brown then through various shades of flesh color to bright pink. Shape is not at all constant. The spire in some shells is nearly flat; again it is high and dome shaped with intergrades hav- ing concave sides to the spire. The spiral striation may vary from strong to weak on the same shell and there is no constancy to the strength of the small tubercules on these cords. However, the species is usually short and broad and has a pinched in zone toward the canal somewhat after the manner of C. arcuatus. The holotype of Conus roosevelti Bartsch & Rehder (pi. 9, fig. 3) is U. S. National Museum No. 472,854 and measures: alt. 15.3 mm.; diam. 9.8 mm. It is a very small shell, probably living when collected and excellently pre- served. The coronal nodes are very distinct, 11 on the last whorl. Spiral stri- ation is strong over the entire body whorl. There probably would have been pustules on the body whorl if the shell had grown to maturity because they are just starting at the outer lip. The color is brown with a lighter spire and cen- tral band. The shell falls readily within the limits of variation of the large series of C tiaratus on hand. Conus gladiator Broderip PI. 2, fig. 5. Conus gladiator BRODERIP, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, May 24, 1833, P- 55, "Hab. ad Panama." SowERBY, Conch. III., p. 2 [118], pi. 33, fig. 34, May 17-July 12, 1833. REEVE, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, Aug. 1843, pl- 22, fig. 127. "Panama." Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1857, p. 6,^pl. 189 \Conus pl. 3], figs. 59, 60. KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone. 1845, pl. 25, pi. 15, fig- 4. Weinkauff, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ed. 2, vol. 4, pl. 2, 1873, P- 196, pl. 30, fig. 10. Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1883, P- 28, pl. 8, fig. 38. Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 221. "Gulf of California to the Galapagos Islands." Peile, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 23, 1939, p. 354, (radula). Sorensen, Naut- ilus, vol. 57, no. 1, 1943, pl- 1, fig. 7. Hanna * Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 273, pl- 7, fig. 5- 20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Conus (Conus) gladiator Broderip, Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West Amer- ica, 1958, p. 480, fig. 920. Not Conus tribunis CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., vol. 13, (ser. 3, vol. 5), no. 3, 1865, p. 312, pi. 10, fig. 2, "Hab. California (Coll. Cuming)." See Tomlin, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 22, pt. 5, 1937, p. 323. Type Locality: Panama. Range: San Lazaro Point (Lowe ColL), Baja California, to Mancora, Peru, (D. L. Frizzell). Collecting stations: Costa Rica: Piedra Blanca Bay; Port Parker; Gulf of Fonseca and several stations off Panama. Being a shallow water and littoral form, shore collectors often obtain gladiator but dredging expeditions such as those conducted by Messrs. Beebe and Crocker for the New York Zoological Society seldom encounter it. Many authors have indicated a similarity of this species to Conus brun- «e«s of the same general area, but Dall stated that they were in "no way closely related"; he considered gladiator to be an analogue of the Atlantic C. mus, an opinion which a study of the present collections substantiates. The spire of gladiator is lower than in brunneus, has straighter sides and coronal nodes roughen the spire greatly. Moreover, brunneus is normally a much larger shell and much darker in color. This species is believed to be closer to diadema than to brunneus because of the chestnut-brown ground color and the central, light cream-colored band. The spiral ridges and threads, the dark umber-col- ored spire with heavy spiral threads are some of the distinguishing characters which separate it from tiaratus. The type of Conus tribunis Cross is in the British Museum and accord- ing to Tomlin it is gladiator. However, Dr. Kohn has made a color photograph of the specimen. It is a white shell marked only by many longitudinal stripes and lacks coronal nodes entirely. The shape is not even close to the other brown striped species of the Gulf of California, Conus virgatus Reeve; it is shorter and broader. Thus it seems best to exclude the name tribunis from the west American list in spite of its having been definitely recorded from "Cal- ifornia" Conus nux Broderip PI. 7, figs. 14, 15. Conus nux BRODERIP, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, May 24, 1833, P- 54. "ad In- sulas Gallapagos." Sowerby, Conch. 111., May 17-July 12, 1833, P- 2 [118], pi. 32, fig. 31. Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, August, 1843- pl- 20, fig. 110. Suppl. June 1849, p. 5- Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, 1845, p. 47, pl. 11, fig. 3. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 10, 1857, pl. 192 [Conus pl. 6] , fig. 135. Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 224. "Ballenas Lagoon, Baja California, south to Panama and the Galapagos Islands" SORENSEN, Nautilus, vol. 57, no. 1, July, 1943, pL 1, No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONt/S -I I 21 fig. 10 [13 shells.] "Guaymas, Mexico." Hanna 4 STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, pl- 7, figs. 6,7. Conus (Conus) nux Broderip, Keen, SeaShells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 480, fig. 921. Conus pusillus Gould, Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. 6, Oct. 1853, P- 388, pl. 14, fig. 22. "Mazatlan." [Not Conus pusillus Lamarck 1810, a shell reported from west Africa.^ Conus ceylanensis Bruguiere, Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1883, p- 23, pl. 6 fig. 95. [Not Conus ceylanensis BRUGUIERE.] Conus nanus BRODERIP, [Sowerby] , PiLSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 4, 1902, p. 555. "Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island." Type locality: Galapagos Islands. Range: Magdalena Bay and the Gulf of California south to the Galapa- gos Islands, Panama and Santa Elena, Ecuador. Collecting stations: Mexico: San Francisco Island; Espiritu Santo Is- land; Ventana Bay; Magdalena Bay; Cape San Lucas: Nicaragua: Corinto; San Juan del Sur: Costa Rica: Port Culebra; Piedra Blanca: Panama: Bahia Hon- da; Isla Parida, Gulf of Chiriqui: Colombia: Gorgona Island: Galapagos Is- lands: Indefatigable; Albemarle; Chatham; Hood; Duncan. The species has been taken near Cape San Lucas in a depth of 25 fathoms but usually it is found in less than 10 fathoms. It is abundant on the Galapagos Islands. The species is easily identified by the purple zone at the lower end of the aperture and the arrangement of the central white area or zone into a ser- ies of more or less zigzag markings against the chestnut brown above and be- low. The white spiral band just below or including the periphery is very sharp- ly defined from the brown zone below. Melvill and Standen (1893, p. 36), recorded Conus pusillus Chemnitz from Mazatlan and Cape San Lucas in a list of mollusks of Madras. Tryon united the species with Conus ceylanensis, from the south seas, an extremely variable form or group and it is doubtful if with a large series of specimens from that region it would always be possible to make a separa- tion. In general, however, west American nux are somewhat darker and broad- er in comparison to height. Tomlin (1937, p. 279), who examined the type specimens reported that Pilsbry & Vanatta had C. nux when they recorded C nanus from the Galapagos. Conus princeps Linnaeus Pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 4, fig. 5. Conus princeps LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 713 "Habitat..." WOOD, Index Test., ed.2, 1828, p. 69, pl. 14, fig. 25- "Asiatic Ocean." BROD- ERIP, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1833, p. 55- "Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam." Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, March, 1843, pl- 7, fig. 36a, "Bay of Pan- ana." Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 2, 1857, p. 5, pL 188 \Conus pl. 2], fig. 31. "Panama." Weinkauff, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ed.2, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1873, p. 155, pl. 9, fig. 3. Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers 38, 1910, p. 224. "Cape San Lucas to Panama." Steinbeck 4 RiCKETTS, Sea of Cortez, (Viking Press, N. Y.) 1941, p. 517, pL 34, fig. 1. "Pt. Lobos, Espiritu Santo Id., Port San Carlos, Sonora." Sorensen, Nauti- lus, vol. 57, no. 1, July, 1943, pL 1, fig. 1 [7 shells]. Hanna & Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, P- 275, pL 7, figs. 10, 11. Platt, Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 96, no. 1, 1949, P- 53, fig. 15. Aca- pulco, Mexico. Durham, Mem. Geol. Soc. America, no. 43, pt. 1, 1950, p. 100, pi. 32, fig. 15. Marquer Bay, Carmen Island, Gulf of California, Upper Pliocene . Conus (Conus) princeps LiNNAEUS, Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West Americ a, 1958, p. 481, figs. 922, 922a, 922b. [The forms named lineolatus and apo- grammatus are not to be considered as valid subspecies.] Conus regius CHEMNITZ, Conch. Cab., vol. 10, 1788, p. 138, pi. 138, fig. 1276. Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cowe, 1845, p. 15, pL 3, fig. 2."Habite I'ocean Pacifique, les cotes du Mexique, la bale de Panama." Type locality: Unknown. Typical specimens have been collected at San Carlos Bay, Sonora, Mexico. Range: Cape San Lucas and Gulf of California south to "Punta Carn- ero, Ecuador," (Barker). Collecting stations: Mexico: Angeles Bay; Santa Inez Bay; Port Gua- tulco; Tangola-Tangola Bay; San Carlos Bay; Tepoca Bay; Mulege; Cape San Lucas; San Jose, Monserrate, San Marcos, Ceralvo, San Diego, Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena Islands: Costa Rica: Uvita; Ballenas Bay; Gulf of Nicoya. In the typical form of princeps, the axial stripes are about a millimeter broad. The two named varieties noted below, lineolatus with narrow hair-line stripes and apogrammatus without such markings, are usually not so common, at least north of Panama, but all three occupy the same general province. Biologically, the variants are probably of no great importance, but collectors seem to favor recognition of them. In fresh, live specimens, such as Messrs. Beebe and Crocker obtained in Santa Inez Bay, Baja California, the heavy periostracum is so dense that the pink ground color and all markings are ob- scured; the horn-colored covering then forms a series of sharp nodules, ar- ranged in re[^ular spiral rows. The species was formerly very rare and because of the unique color it was eagerly sought by collectors. It was mistakenly recorded as having come from China when prices were high. Peile(1939, p. 350), indicated that radular characters would place prin- ceps close to C. virgo, perhaps intermediate between that form and vexillum. Mr. Andrew Sorensen collected living specimens at Guaymas, Mexico, in January, 1942 and very kindly brought back two, preserved in alcohol. The animals were deeply retracted but one shell was opened by making a diamond saw cut through about half the'circumference just below the shoulder, then by breaking the shell apart with a wedge, the soft parts were removed. After ex- traction of the animal, the shell was cemented together without greatly mar- ring its value as a specimen. Both of these shells have the characteristic No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS 11 23 heavy periostracum, nearly completely obliterating the underlying color pat- tern; the spiral rows of raised tufts are very conspicuous. The animal extracted, a male, showed considerable red color on the foot (July, 1946), with wavy lines of black. The verge is a fluke-shaped organ on the right side of the head and about 5 mm. long. The head tapers outwardly to a blunt cone, evidently being capable of extension a considerable distance in life. Eyes are on or very near the ends of short tentacles and far out toward the end of the head. The operculum is thick, tongue-shaped, chitinous, with chevron mark- ings on the attachment side. It is about 13 mm. long. A free end projects about 3 mm. beyond the attachment and this is covered with short, blunt and heavy hair-like projections similar to the periostracum. These projections extend downward toward the point of the operculum on the thicker edge, gradually di- minishing in size. This animal had 24 "radular" teeth grouped in two equal bundles in a closed sheath which was attached to the base of the proboscis just forward of the neural ring. Within this sheath there was a small quantity of reddish gran- ular matter, the exact nature of which is unknown. There is no true "radula" as this term is usually applied in Gastropoda. The *'head" is really a sheath through which the very powerful probos- cis is protruded. The latter is composed of several layers of muscular tissue, some circular, some longitudinal. The color was still a livid orange after long preservation in alcohol. The extreme tip was acorn-shaped. Just back of the attachment of the "radular" sheath is the termination of a long and highly convoluted duct, which is generally referred to as the "poison duct." At its distal end it bears a long, highly muscular, tongue- shaped organ v/hich is usually called the "poison gland" in this group. The neural ring surrounds the oesophagus immediately behind the attachment of the poison duct. The individual teeth are very long and slender (length, 2.92 mm.) with a knob-shaped base. All are very weakly attached and appear to be hollow. They end in very sharp points, each tooth having two barbs near the outer end. A single row of fine serrations extends from the base to the base of the outer- most barb. It is indeed, a formidable looking weapon. Fig. 1. Conus princeps LiNNAEUS. A.- Complete tooth, length 2.92 mm. B.- Enlarged section of the shaft showing longitudinal serrations. Hypotype, no. 9344 (Paleo. type coll.), from Loc. 31699 (C.A.S.), San Carlos Bay, Mex- ico. A.Sorensen, Coll., Jan. 1942. 24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ Papers Conus princeps lineolatus Valenciennes PI. 1, fig. 4. Conus lineolatus Valenciennes, Zool. Humboldt & Bonpland, Rec. Zool., vol. 2, 1832, p. 336. "Habitat ad Acapulco." Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 224. "the prevailing form from Panamato Peru." FiSCHER-PlETTE & Beigbeder, Bull. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Natur. ser. 2, vol. 16, Nov. 1944, p. 461. An individual marked "type" is preserved in the Museum at Parris. Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 278, pi. 7, fig. 8. Conus princeps LINNAEUS, SowERBY, Conch. 111., p. 2 [118], 1833, pl- 32, fig. 30 a, b. Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, March, 1843, pl- 7, fig. 36b. SOWERBY, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1857, p. 5, pl. 188 [Conus pl. 2], fig. 33. Weinkauff, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. ed. 2, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1875, p. 302, pl. 54, fig. 13- Conus regius CHEMNITZ, KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, 1846, p. 15, pl. 11, fig. 4. Type locality: Acapulco, Mexico. Range: Acapulco, Mexico, to "Peru" (Dall). Collecting stations: Costa Rica: Cedro Island; Panama: Bahia Honda. Few specimens of this variety have appeared in the collections stud- ied. According to Dall it is the prevailing form south of Panama. The brown axial stripes are reduced to hair lines; otherwise it does not differ from typi- cal princeps, and hardly deserves toxonomic recognition. Conus princeps apogrammatus Dall PL 1, fig. 6; pl. 5, fig. 4. Conus princeps var. aprogrammatus DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 224. "Panama." Hanna » Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. ScL, ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 278, pl. 7, figs. 9, 17. Conus princeps Linnaeus, SOWERBY, Conch. 111., p. 2, [118], 1833, pl- 32, fig. 30. Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, March, 1843, pl. 7, fig. 36c. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1857, p. 5, pl- 188 \Conus pl. 2], fig. 32. Type locality: Panama. Range: Gulf of California to Panama. Collecting Stations: The variety is present in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences (Hemphill, coll.) from the Gulf of California, and from San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, and Panama, in the San Diego Society of Natural History (H. N. Lowe, coll.). Axial stripes are entirely missing from this variety; otherwise it does not differ from \.y^ica.\ princeps and like the preceeding, is hardly worthy of a separate name. The holotype of Conus- princeps apogrammatus Dall, (pl. 5, fig. 4) is U. S. National Museum no. 36,404 and measures: alt. 35.5 mm.; diam. 22.0 mm. It is a young, somewhat eroded shell without a trace of the characteristic princeps markings. Coronal nodes are not well developed but are present. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS -11 25 Conus emersoni Hanna, new species PI. 1, fig. 2. Description: Sides of spire straight with nine whorls showing; nuclear whorl smooth, next seven strongly but finely beaded; angle of last whorl sharp and beads becoming weaker toward the aperture. Very weak spiral threads on the deeply curved shoulder as in many Turridae. Body whorl slightly concave, with the tip slightly recurved. Shallow spiral grooves cover the body whorl, weak at the shoulder and becoming progressively deeper downward. Color markings, reddish brown on a light clay colored background; the markings are crowded in three spiral bands, one at the shoulder and two farther down on the body whorl; the bands are made up of lines and spots, irregular in space and direction. Elsewhere on the body whorl the markings are dots and dashes on the ridges between the spiral grooves. The spire has large irregular blotches of reddish brown. Length, 43.0 mm.; diameter, 18.5 mm. Holotype: No. 92200 (American Museum of Natural History), paratype No. 12405 (Calif. Acad. Sci. Geol. Type Coll.) from off Los Frailes Cape San Lucas, Baja California in 300 fathoms. The species is named for Dr. William K. Emerson. It was collected by one of the expeditions of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, along with other moUusks, some living and some perhaps from a submarine deposit con- taining fossils. The holotype is a dead shell and appears to be faded. It ob- viously belongs to the group of species sometimes referred to As/>re//fif Schau- fuss, 1869, and is reminiscent of Eocene species with beaded spires. Dr. Emerson examined the fragment of a shell which Dall (1910, p. 226) questionably identified as Conus sieboldii Reeve and which was collected in 300 fathoms off Hood Island, Galapagos group. Available illustrations of that species indicate that it has stronger spiral lines, and, as shown by Kira (1959, p. 99, pi. 38, fig. 4) is nearly without color. In coloration and strength of spirals, the Cape San Lucas shell is closer to Conus australis Holten of the "south seas" and Japan (Kira, 1959, p. 99, pi. 38, fig. 6) than any other spe- cies which has been noted. If a series of specimens were available it is pos- sible that C. emersoni is sufficiently variable to be referred to C australis. With only the holotype and a rather poorly preserved younger shell, however, it seems best to separate them at the present time. A Japanese fossil species, Conus comitosa Pilsbry (1904, p. 550) (ori- ginally named C dormitor Pilsbry, 1904, p. 6) is also very close to the Cape San Lucas shell. It is from the Pliocene ("probably") of Kikai, Osumi and has no color as figured by Shuto (1961, p. 140, pi. 8, figs. 9, 10). Spiral sculpture is much stronger on this fossil than on either C. australis or C emersoni. 26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Conus gradatus Mawe PL 2, fig. 3; pi. 5, fig. 7. Conus gradatus Mawe, Linn. Syst. Conch., 1823, P- 90. "California." U'OOD, Index Test., SuppL, 1828, p. 8, pL 3, fig. 6. Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, Sept. 1843, pL 25, fig- 140. "Salango, South America (found on the sands); Cumming." KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv.; Genre Cone, p. 140,1847, pi. 94, fig. 6. "Habite les cotes du Mexique." Dall, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 221. "Gulf of California." Hanna t STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, P- 279, pL 6, fig. 1. Conus gradatus thaanumi SCHWENGEL, Nautilus, voL 69, no. 1, 1955, P- 15, pL 2, figs. 12, 13- Type locality: "Bahia Salinas, Costa Rica." Conus scalaris VALENCIENNES, Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1857, pi. 195 [Conus pi. 9], fig- 192. Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1883, p. 35, pi- 10, fig. 83 [T] Not Conus scalaris Valenciennes, Humboldt & Bonpland, Reise, 1832, p. 338. Type locality: Unknown, not "California" as cited by Mawe. Typical specimens have been collected at Cedros Island, Baja California. Range: Cedros Island to Clipperton Island. Collecting stations: Mexico; Santa Inez Bay (Sta. 142, D-1, 30 fms.); Mulege; Abreojos Point and Cedros Island, Baja California; Clipperton Island. Usually this species has a moderately high spire as in scalaris but when fully grown it is larger and the yellow color is much more extensive. This col- or is arranged roughly in a series of large blotches, flammules, and stripes so that the white groundcolor forms several variable and indefinite spiral bands. In scalaris the white ground color predominates. C- regularis is about equal in size to gradatus and the two are often hard to separate. The former usually has a lower spire and the color markings are not so dominant. The indefinite white spiral bands are more prominent and numerous and the blotches of color are more nearly rectangular in shape. The name gradatus is the oldest of a group of very variable forms. Whe- ther regularis, scalaris, recurvus, dispar and numerous other names should be considered varieties or separate species or not recognized at all depends much upon the viewpoint of the student. Some have been segregated here be- cause, in many cases, collections can be satisfactorily placed. Reeve and Kiener attributed the name gradatus to "Gray" and their fi- gures show somewhat differently shaped and marked shells from the original of Mawe. Hanley, however (1856, p. 208, suppL, pi. 3, fig. 6), indicated that they are the same. Two very fine specimens referred to gradatus, were collected by E. H. Quayle in the Pleistocene at Punta Santa Rosalia, west coast of Baja Cali- fornia; these have been placed in the collection of the San Diego Society of Natural History. The holotype of Conus gradatus thaanumi Schwengel, (pi. 5, fig. 7) is No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONt/5 -I I 27 U.S. National Museum no. 617,607 and measures: alt. 45.5 mm.; diam. 22.4 mm. It is a beach shell with the outer lip slightly broken. The spire is slightly lower than in scalaris but the upper surface is similar. The reddish brown markings become spiral rows of irregular sized dots on the last of the body whorl. These are not shown in the illustration. Many gradatus also have these more or less developed and the shape of thaanumi is typical of that species. Distinguishing characters for separation of the subspecies seem to be lacking. Conus recurvus Broderip PI. 1, fig. 3; pl. 2, fig. 7; pi. 5, figs. 6, 8; pi. 9, fig- 4. Conus recurvus, BRODERIP, Proc. Zool. London, vol. 1, no. 4, May 24, 1833, p. 54. "Hab. in America Meridionali, (Monte Christi). " KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone. p. 132, 1847, pl. 97, figs. 4, 4-a. "Habite les mers des Antilles." Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. set. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p- 280, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8, 13- Durham, Mem. Geol. Soc. America, no. 43, pt. 1, 1950, p. 101, pi. 32, fig. 13- Santa Inez Bay, Lower California. Pleistocene. Conus (Lithoconus) recurvus BRODERIP, Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 480, fig. 940. Conus recurvus helenae SCHWENGEL, Nautilus vol. 69, no. 1, 1955, P- 15, pi- 2, figs. 14, 15. Type locality: "...Curu, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica." Conus incurvus BRODERIP, in Sowerby, Conch. III., June or July, 1833, P- 2 [118], pl. 33, fig. 36 [No locality cited]. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1857, p. 16, pl. 195, [Conus pi. 9], fig- 194. "Monte Christo, West Col- umbia." [This figure may represent C regularis]. Dall, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 222. Conus arcuatus BRODERIP & SowERBY, Gray, Zool. Beechy's Voy., 1839, P- 119, pl- 36, fig. 22. [Not Conus arcuatus BRODERIP 4 Sowerby]. Conus emarginatus Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. 1, Jan. 1844, pl. 43, fig. 232. "Pacific Ocean." [Copy of Gray's fig. of C arcuatus\. SowERBY, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1857, p. 15, pl. 202, [Conus pi. 16], fig. 387. "Pacific Ocean." [Probably not emarginatus]. DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 222. Conus zebra LAMARCK, Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, June, 1843, pl- 16, fig. 87. "Salango, Central America." Sowerby, Conch. III., March 29,1833, p. 1 [117], pl. 24, fig. 4. [Not Conus zebra Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., vol. 7, 1822, p. 481. "Habite ...I'Ocean asiatique?]. Conus scariphus DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 225- "Off Co- cos Island, Gulf of Panama, at station 3368, in 66 fathoms , rocky bottom, one specimen with hermit crab, by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries steam- er Albatross." Type No. 123085 (U.S.N.M.) Conus magdalenensis BartsCH & Rehder, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 98, no. 10, 1939, P- 11, pl- 1, figs- 5, 9- "Magdalena Bay, Baja Californ- ia, in 10-15 fathoms on sandy weedy bottom, at the entrance to the bay between Belcher Point and the anchorage." Type No. 472,521 (U.S.N.M.) Type locality: "Monte Christi," Ecuador. 28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Range: Magdalena Bay and Gulf of California, south to Panama and the west coast of Colombia. Collecting stations: Mexico: Santa Inez Bay, three dredgings; Arena Bank, 11 dredgings; Gorda Bank, two dredgings; Magdalena Bay (Orcutt Coll.); Cape San Lucas; Concepcion Bay; Acapulco; Manzanilla: Costa Rica: Judas Point; Port Parker; Port Culebra; Between Punta Arenas and Bat Islands : Panama: Gulf of Chiriqui; Hannibal Bank; Isla Parida. The species is fairly common along the coast in moderately deep water, 20 to 80 fathoms. Shore collectors seldom find it. The shells of this group comprise a maze of variations, exceedingly difficult to understand. On the one hand they trend toward the regularis-grad- atus-scalaris complex and on the other toward perplexus. The involved nom- enclature does not simplify the problem. Under the name recurvus, however, there have been assembled in the present study those specimens with a mod- erately elevated spire and the body whorl marked by long flammules of reddish brown. These axial stripes are often broken and discontinuous thus suggest- ing the gradatus group and there is no constancy in the height of the spire. The earliest name for the species has been used. Conus recurvus and Conns incuTvus appeared almost simultaneously; either one may have been a misprint but there is no published information to suggest which was the ori- ginal. The part of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London in which recurvus appeared was distributed on May 24, 1833 according to the collation published in the same journal for 1893, p. 436. Part 33 of the Conch- ological Illustrations came out between May 17 and July 12, 1833; during that interval, six parts, 29 to 34, appeared so it is highly probable that part 33 was not distributed before late June or early July. This gives precedence to "recurvus." These dates are taken from Shaw (1909). Weinkauff's treatment (1873, pp. 262, 263, pi. 40, figs. 9, 10) of the species is highly indefinite. He referred incurvus of Kiener (Icon.) and Sow- erby (Thes.) to regularis and apparently referred incurvus Broderip to cingu- latus Lamarck, an entirely distinct species. This latter is referred to plate 40, fig. 9, but the illustration there is gabrieli (Chenu) Kiener, duly accred- ited on page 243. Apparently he did not figure cingulatus. In addition to the names mentioned above, lorenzianus Chemnitz (1795) and flammeus Lamarck (1798, 1810) have been mentioned by Dall in discuss- ing the recurvus group. These appear to be otherwise involved for a discus- sion of which see under Conus virgatus. Very often the markings on all of the shell, or some restricted portion, assume a roughly zigzag form. There is no constancy in this character, even in lots from the same dredge haul. Again the surface may be all or partly cov- ered with roughly triangular spots of white or cream color. A mixture of these combinations appeared on the specimen to which the name C scariphus Dall was applied. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONt/^ -I I 29 The holotype of Conus scariphus Dall, (pi. 5, fig. 8) is U.S. National Museum no. 123,085 and measures: alt. 41.0 mm.; diam. 20.6 mm. It was prob- ably a dead shell when dredged and the outer lip is slightly broken below. Ground color is a faded yellow with light spots of variable size except for a central spiral zone where they are axial bars. Shape and coloration of this shell can be matched very closely with numerous specimens oirecurvus in the Academy's very large series of that species. Conus scariphus does not repre- sent an end product in this series by any means. If it be separated from the recurvus complex, at least 20 additional species would need to be described. The proportion of colored area to light varies fully 75 percent and C magdalenensis Bartsch & Rehder was applied to a shell in which the two are about equal. The figure of that form shows a slightly rounded shoulder and a central band, across which the color areas do not pass. Sometimes this band is present on one half of the'' shell absent on the other. Again there may be two, three or many. The holotype of Conus magdalenensis Bartsch & Rehder, (pi. 9, fig. 4) is U. S. National Museum no. 472,521 and measures: alt. 33.0 mm.; diam. 15.2 mm. The shape and coloration are so close to many shells int\\erecurvus com- plex that its recognition as distinct would lead logically to the addition of many more names of equal status. Rather than do this, even more consolida- tion than here proposed would be preferable. This could very reasonably be carried to the extent oi\xnx\.\ngrecurvus^i\.h.gradatus,regularis, scalaris^and dispar and might very well serve students of biology better than separating them. It must be admitted that in a very large series there are many shells in this group which are impossible to place with complete assurance. The holotype of Conus recurvus helenae Schwengel (pi. 6, fig. 6), is U. S. National Museum, no. 617,608 and measures: alt. 45.2 mm.; diam. 19.2 mm. It is a beach shell with much of the outer lip lost. The markings are irregular reddish brown wavy bars on the upper surface and these pass over the shoul- der and down over the body whorl. Shape and coloration are so easily matched in a large series oirecurvus that the subspecific name seems to serve no use- ful purpose. Conus regularis Sowerby PL 2, fig. 2; pi. 6, fig. 5, pl- 9, fig. 9- Conus regularis SowERBY, Conch. 111., p. 2 [ll8], pl. 29, fig- 29, May 17, 1833, and pl. 36, fig. 45, July 19, 1833. Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, Sept., 1843, pl. 26, fig. 146. "Gulf of Nicoya, Panama." SowERBY, Thes. Conch, vol. 3, 1857, p. 16, pl. 195 [Conus pl. 9], figs. 208-210. [Probably also fig. 195 which is called Jzspar.] Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1884, p. 37, pl. 11, figs. 98, 99- Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 221. 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers TOMLIN, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, voL 22, pt. 5, July 21, 1937, p. 302. Peile, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 23, 1939, PP- 350, 354, (radula). SORENSEN, Nautilus, vol. 57, no. 1, July, 1943, pL 1, fig. 4 [9 shells] "Guaymas, Mexico." Hanna & Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, P- 282, pi. 6, fig. 2. Durham, Mem. Geol. Soc. A- merica, no. 43, pt. 1, 1950, pi. 101, pl. 32, fig. 9- Marquer Bay, Carmen Island, Gulf of California. Lower Pliocene to Recent. Conus (Lithoconus) regularis SOWERBY, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 486, fig. 941. Conus angulatus A. x^DAMS, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1853 [No. 14, 1854], p. 118. "Hab.?" Tomlin, (Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol.22, pt. 4, Mar. 13, 1937, p. 212) stated that the type in the British Museum "measures 39x 22 mm. and is a rather squat ex. of regularis Sow." Conus monilifer BRODERIP, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1833, p. 54, "in America Meridionali. (Salango.)" Sowerby, Conch. 111., May 17-July 12, 1833, p. 2 [118], pl. 33, fig. 37. Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, Sept. 1833, pL 26, fig. 144. KlENER, Icon. Co q. Vi v.. Genre Cone , p. 141, 1847, pl. 91, fig- 1. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, P- 14, 1857, pl. 202 \Conus pl. 16], figs. 380-382. Weinkauff, Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, Conus, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1875, p. 361, pl. 67, figs. 1, 3. Tryon, Man. Conch, vol. 6, 1883, p. 63, pl.20, fig. 3 ; [as Conus interruptus Broderip] Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VoL 38, 1910, p. 222. "Magdalena Bay, Baja Cal- ifornia, south to Peru." TOMLiN, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 22, pt. 5, July21, 1937, p. 278. "Types (4) in B. M. =regularis." Conus syriacus SowERBY, Conch. 111., Pl. 36, fig. 45, 1833- No locality cited. Tomlin (Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol.22, 1937, p. 317), stated that this was "altered to regularis in large list." The figure bears the latter name in our copy of the Conchological Illustrations. Type locality: Unknown. Typical specimens have been collected at San Carlos Bay, Sonora, Mexico. Range: Magdalena Bay and Gulf of California south to Panama and "Peru" (Dall). Collecting stations: Mexico: Punta Penasco (Lowe Coll.); San Luis Gonzaga Bay; Pelican Islands; Guaymas; Rocky Point (Gifford Coll.); Angel de la Guardia Island; Tepoca Bay; Gorda Banks; Santa Inez Bay; Santa Cruz Bay; Port Guatulco; Chamela Bay; Tenecatita Bay; Tangola-Tangola Bay; Manzanillo: Costa Rica: Port Culebra. Shore collectors often find reg«/flr/s; therefore it is common inmost col- lections from west Mexico. Messrs. Crocker and Beebe collected it in abun- dance by dredging, the greatest depth recorded for it being 55 fathoms. In the present series, regularis is not very distinct and intergrades with gradatus, scalaris, and recurvus. It has a relatively low, non-scalariform, slightly concave spire and the color markings are usually well broken up into spiral rows of square spots, variable in size in different rows. Dall's men- tion of "longitudinal brown nebulous streaks" does not fit the original figure No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CON US -W 31 in the Conchological Illustrations, although it must be admitted that shells with such markings, otherwise referable to regularis are common; these trend in variation toward recurvus. Three immature specimens from the Gulf of Cal- ifornia, received by the California Academy of Sciences with the Hemphill collection are almost entirely devoid of color markings. The name monilifer has been a source of confusion to most writers on Conus and would doubtless have remained so had not Tomlin found the four types in the British Museum and determined that they were regularis. It is not at all certain that the references to figures given above in the synonymy correctly pertain to the real monilifer, because it would have been logical for anyone to interpret Sowerby's first figure as something akin to tornatus. A specimen collected at Guaymas, Mexico, by Mr. A. Sorensen, has a thin, brown operculum, approximately 4 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. An attempt to find the teeth failed through unfamiliarity with the anatomy. Peile, howev- er, in referring to Bergh's figure remarks upon the fine serrations and the double barb in place of a blade; in this respect it resembles C. inscriptus and, in a general way, C. californicus. The species lives in the lagoon at Miramar just north of Guaymas, Mex- ico. John Strobeen and Andrew Sorensen collected many specimens there and all of them have the last whorl descending sharply at the aperture, (pi. 9, fig. 9). Although this character appears to be constant at this limited locality it is doubtful if it deserves taxonomic separation from regularis which it other- wise strongly resembles. Conus scalaris Valenciennes PI. 3, fig. 11; pi. 4, figs. 1,3; pi. 7, fig. 3- Conus scalaris Valenciennes, Zool. Humboldt & Bonpland, Rec. Zool., vol. 2, 1832, p. 338. "Habitat ad portum Acapulco." \V\ KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone. p. 158, 1847, pi. 88, fig. 5- Reeve, Conch. Icon., Suppl. J une, 1849, p. 6- [Compared to C. acutangulus.^ Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 283, pi. 6, figs. 3-6. Durham, Mem. Geol. Soc. America, no. 43, pt. 1, 1950, p. 101, pi. 32, fig. 17. Coronado Island, Gulf of California. Pleistocene. Conus (Lithoconus) scalaris VALENCIENNES, KEEN, SeaSheUs of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 486, fig. 942. Type locality: Acapulco, Mexico. Range: Gulf of California and north along the outer coast of Baja Cal- ifornia to Magdalena Bay. Collecting stations: Mexico: Mejia Island; Espiritu Santo Island; Con- cepcion Bay; Arena Bank, eight dredgings 40-50 fathoms; Santa Inez Bay, four dredgings, 50-60 fathoms; Gorda Banks four dredgings, 56-80 fathoms. 32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers The species is rare in most collections because it is not often found on shore or between tides. However, the various dredging expeditions have ob- tained it in very large numbers, the series collected by Messrs. Beebe and Crocker in Santa Inez Bay being especially good. Shape is fairly uniform, slender, with a high scalariform, slightly con- cave spire. Color markings trend to yellows and are usually cloud shaped masses rather than square spots or stripes. It varies imperceptibly into the gradatus-regularis complex, however, and some specimens can be placed by arbitrary means only. Sowerby (1857, p. 14, pi. 195, fig. 192), evidently considered this to be an aberrant form of Conus gradatus although he gave a figure and a species heading to it. The figure undoubtedly represents gradatus and this was copied by Tryon (1883, p. 35, pi. 10, fig. 83), who further stated (page 122) that Kien- er's scalaris was equivalent to, arcuatus Broderip. This seems doubtful al- though it is not at all certain that the figure represents the species here con- sidered. It develops that there is no early illustration which can be cited to represent what turns out to be a fairly common, high spired. Gulf of California shell. Valenciennes' description, locality, and the name itself fit this form very well so it seems probable that he had a representative of it. Conus dispar Sowerby Pi. 7, fig. 18. Conus rfzspar Sowerby, Conch. 111., July 19,1833, p. 3 [119], pi- 37, fig. 57. [No locality cited.] KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, p. 211, 1848, pi. 101, fig. 3. "Habite la mer des Indes." Reeve, Conch. Icon., Suppl., pi. 4, June 18, 1848, sp."238" [288]. [No locality cited] Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., vol.38, 1910, p. 222. "Gulf of California." Hanna » Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 284, pi. 6, fig. 11. Conus (Lithoconus) t^zspar Sowerby, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West Amer- ica, 1958, p. 485, fig. 937. Type locality: Unknown. Typical specimens have been collected at Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Range: Gulf of California. Collecting stations: Mexico: Santa Inez Bay, Baja California (Sta. 142, N.Y.Z.S.D-3, 40 fms.). The species was also dredged by Mr. Crocker in 1932 at a point about 10 miles due east of San Jose del Cabo, Lower Califor- nia. Although Sowerby gave no locality for dispar and Kiener assigned it to the Indian Ocean, Dall recognized that it was a west American species. It appears to be rare. Tryon (1883, p. 37, pi. 11, fig. 2), was evidently much con- fused about the species because he placed it in synonymy of C regularis and No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN C0N(/5- II 33 the figure he assigned to the name is very different from two cited above. He may have been misled by Sowerby (1857, p. 16, pi. 195, fig. 195), whose later figure of dispar certainly represents a member of the gradatus-re gularis group. The species is very small and slender, smooth and polished except for the usual spiral ridges near the canal and nearly microscopic growth lines. Ground color is white; scattered small yellow blotches and a few spiral rows of fine sparse dots complete the ornament. The blotches extend over the angled shoul- der and upon the polished spire. Nuclear whorls two, smooth, white and pol- ished; the first two post-nuclear whorls with quite indistinct beading around the angle; suture channeled. The coloration suggests scalaris of the west A- merican fauna more than any other species, but the elongated shape, low near- ly straight spire, and slightly channeled suture distinguish it. Conus archon Broderip Pi. 6, figs. 2, 6. Conus archon BRODERIP, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, May 24, 1833, p. 54."Hab. in America Central!. Bay of Montijo." Sowerby, Conch. 111., May 17- July 12, 1833, p. 2, [118], pi. 33, fig- 38. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,^vol. 1, March, 1843, pl- 6, fig. 35- Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, p. 146, 1847, [pl. 75, fig- 3?], pl- 104, fig. 4. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, pl. 16, 1857, pl. 198, ^onus pl. 12], fig. 252. Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1883, p- 27, pl. 7, fig. 26; (not figs. 27-29)- Weinkauff, Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1875, pl- 362, pl. 67, figs. 2, a. b. Dall, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., vol. 38, June 6, 1910, p. 223- Hanna 4 Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 285, pl. 5, fig- 1 [cited as pl. 6, fig. 1 by error]; pl. 9, fig. 4[cited as C. perplexus by error .] Conus (Lithoconus) archon BRODERIP, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West Amer- ica, 1958, p. 484, fig. 935- Conus sanguineus KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, p. 356, 1849-50, pl. Ill, fig. 2. "Habite." Type locality: Bahia Montijo, Panama. Range: Gulf of California to Panama. Collecting stations: Mexico: 10 miles east of San Jose del Cabo, Low- er California, 20-220 fathoms; Acapulco; Manzanillo. Arena Bank, Baja Cal- ifornia, 45 fms.; (Sta. 136, N.Y.Z.S., D-2, 16); Costa Rica: Port Culebra, 14 fms. Dall stated that the shells figured by Kiener and Reeve are not identi- cal with the one Sowerby published and which, presumably, was authentic. Kiener's pl. 75, fig. 3 may represent a different species; if so, it is unknown to us; specimens in the collections studied resemble his pl. 104, fig. 4. The species bears a strong resemblance in shape and color to Conus re- curvus Broderip, but in the latter, when fully adult, there are irregular, white bands among the brown blotches and the suture line on the spire is raised into a sharp carina. 34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers It seems highly probable that C sanguineus Kiener is a synonym of archon, as Weinkauff indicated. Kiener himself pointed out the similarity of the two. However, the same author's C. castaneus, also from an unknown lo- cality, appears to differ too much in the form of the spire to be included here where Weinkauff put it. Recent collectors have failed to find many specimens of this robust species; either it is rare or has become localized in distribution. The spire is usually low, sharply pointed and deeply concave; suture line scarcely impressed. The shoulder of one adult specimen is rather sharp; in another it is much more rounded. Evidence of evenly spaced nodules on the periphery are plainly visible along the suture line on the otherwise nearly smooth spire, up until about half adult size is reached. Twelve whorls are visible on the figured specimen but the nucleus is eroded. The sides are straight with a few very indefinite spiral lines near the canal; growth lines heavy. Periostracum dark brown and thin. Color markings consist of very dark, reddish brown, irregularly shaped dots and blotches on an almost white back- ground, the proportion of dark to light being quite variable. The color is very roughly arranged in bands on one adult specimen but on another these coal- esce into two. The interior of the aperture is white. The brown blotches ex- tend over the periphery forming a series of flame-like markings on the spire. Occasional specimens of perplexus Sowerby show a strong resemblance in coloration to this species but in every case noted these bear raised spiral ridges or threads. Reeve (1849, p. 4) stated that Conus granarius Kiener (1848, p. 215, pi. 98, fig. 1), was a "fine C archon''^ and that the latter approached C cedo- nulli by "easy transition." In spite of the fact that he had examined Kiener's type specimen, it does not seem possible, with our material, to reduce gran- arius to the synonymy of archon. It is much more likely that it is a synonym or variety of cedo-nulli of the West Indian region, a highly variable form to which archon bears some similarity. Conus ximenes Gray PI. 2, fig. 8. Conus ximenes GRAY, Zool. Beechey's Voy., Moll., 1839, p- 119. "Panama." Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p- 22, 1857, pi. 199 [Conus pi. 13], fig. 285. "Mazatlan, West Columbia." ^Printed "C ximines" in exp. of pi.] Weinkauff, M art ini& Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ed.2. vol. 4, 1873, p. 231, [as a synonym of C. mterruptus Broderip & Sowerby T Tr YON, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1883, p. 63, pi. 19, fig- 100; [as a synonym of C mterruptus Broderip & Sowerby.] Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, 1909, p. 165- Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 220. "Gulf of California to Sechura Bay, Peru." Hanna & Strong, Proc . Calif . Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 286, pi. 8, fig. 17. Durham, Mem. Geol. Soc. America, no. 43, pt. 1, 1950, p. 101, pi. 32, fig. 19. Coronado Island, Gulf of California. Pleistocene. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONVS-U 35 Conus (Chelyconus) ximenes GRAY, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West Ameri- ca, 1958, p. 483, fig. 930. Conus interruptus Broderip & SOWERBY, Zool. Journ., vol. 4, 1829, P- 379. ''Dredged in the Pacific near Mazatlan." Gray, Zool. Beechey's Voy., Moll., 1839, p. 119, pi. 33, fig. 2. "Inhab." Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, August, 1843, pi. 22, fig. 125- "Pacific Ocean near Mazatlan." KlEN- ER, Icon Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, p. 152, 1847, pi. 54, fig. 2. Not Conus interruptus WOOD, Index Test., Suppl., 1828, p. 8, pi. 3, fig. 2. Sower- BY, Thes. Conch., vol. 3 , 1857, p. 7, pi. 189 [Conus pi. 3], figs. 43,44. Conus tornatus BRODERIP, Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv. , Genre Cone, 1847, p. 153, pi. 59, fig. 5; [not of Broderip]. [?] Conus pusillus Lamarck, Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, 1846, pi. 43; according to Reeve, Conch. Icon., Suppl., p. 5, June 1849- [?] Conus mahogani REEVE, SORENSEN, Nautilus, vol. 57, no.l, July, 1943, pi. 1, fig. 6 [1 1 shells.] "Guaymas, Mexico." Type locality: "Panama" (Gray). Range: "Gulf of California to Sechura Bay, Peru" (Dall). Collecting stations: Mexico: Angeles Bay; Punta Penasco; Libertad; Tepoca Bay; San Luis Gonzaga Bay; Cape San Lucas; Santa Inez Bay; Con- cepcion Bay; Acapulco Bay : Panama: ( Hemphill Coll.). The collections show that it is found from the littoral zone down to 50 fathoms. It does not seem possible to arrive at an entirely satisfactory conclu- sion regarding the name ximenes. Gray did not indicate in his text that he had illustrated it, but his fig. 2, pi. 33, certainly fits the description as well or better than it does C. interruptus Broderip & Sowerby, to which it was referred. Moreover, Sowerby in the explanation of his plate 199 cited references to the literature under each name and for ximenes he has "Gray, Beech. Voy. pi. 33, fig. 2. --C. interruptus (preoccupied), Brod. Z. Journ. IV, p. 379." It seems as if Sowerby should have been in the best position of anyone to determine the characters of Gray's shells because he edited a portion of the manuscript for publication in Beechey's Report. (See Introduction, p. viii and note by Sowerby p. 143.) The purple interior of ximenes mentioned by Gray and so well shown in the figure is certainly characteristic of interruptus Broderip & Sowerby, not Wood. Sowerby was the first, apparently, to point out that two species had been named interruptus; also that the name pulchellus Sowerby (1834, p. 54, fig. 61), was a synonym of interruptus Wood, and that this in turn is equiva- lent to varius Linnaeus. This synonymy was adopted by Tryon(1884, pp. 110, 120). Whatever the status may be, that species does not appear to be an in- habitant of west American waters. On the other hand the form Broderip & Sow- erby called interruptus is a common Gulf of California shell distinguishable from mahogani Reeve by its larger size, lighter color, more distinct rows of brown, spiral dots and the interior is pinkish to purplish. 36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Dall (1910, p. 228), suggested that C catenatus Sowerby, 1878, ap- peared to be interruptus but the figure cannot be distinguished from many tor- natus seen in the present study. Mr. Sorensen very kindly supplied us with two of his shells, preserved in alcohol. They were collected at Guaymas in January, 1942. The animal of one of these, a male, was extracted. Except for a few scattered streaks of black on the foot and the tip of the siphon, it was colorless (July, 1946). There was no operculum. The verge is a large, fluke-shaped organ, apparently highly extensible. The head is narrow and long. The proboscis, although greatly contracted, can probably be extended an inch or more in life. It is highly muscular and term- inates outwardly in a rounded tip. The organ, as contracted, is somewhat grub-shaped with the thin body wall attached to the posterior end. The "radu- lar" sheath and "poison duct" are attached to the posterior end just back of the body wall and in front of the neural ring. The teeth are clustered in the tip of the sheath and about half of them pointed one way, the other half the opposite. A small brown mass of granular tissue was associated with them. A side pouch is located near the aperture of the sheath. Attachment to the proboscis is by means of a relatively short duct. The "poison duct" is very long and highly convoluted. Its walls appear to be glandular and, as has been suggested by Hermitte in Peile, the duct itself may be the source of the poi- son. The so called "poison gland" is a massive, very highly muscular organ and contains no recognizable glandular tissue on gross dissection. The length of an individual tooth is 1.16 mm. It has no serrations on the shaft but at the tip there is a small barb; just back of this a short dis- tance is a large spade-shaped "blade." Proboscis Fig. 2. Conus ximenes GRAY. A.- Complete tooth. B.- Dorsal view of proboscis and associated organs. Hypotype, no. 9338 (Paleo. type coll.), from Loc. 31699 (C.A.S.), San Carlos B ay , Mexico, A. Sorensen, Coll., Jan. 1942. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CON(;5 -I I 37 Conus mahogani Reeve PI. 2, fig. 6. Conus mahogani Reeve, Proc. Zool.Soc. London, 1843, p. 169. "Salango, West Columbia (found in sandy mud); Cuming". Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, August, 1843, pi- 22, fig. 126, Suppl. June, 1849, p. 5- Reeve Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., N.S., vol. 14, Sept. 1844, p. 206. Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, p. 170, 1847, pi. 74, fig. 3- Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 22, 1857, pi. 199 {Conus pi. I3], figs. 283, 284. Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 219- "Magdalena Bay, Lower California, to Panama." Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 289, pl- 8, fig. 16. Conus ( Chelyconus) ximenes mahogani Reeve, Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 483, fig- 931- Type locality: Salango, Ecuador. Range: "Magdalena Bay" (Dall), to west Colombia. Collecting stations: Mexico: Carmen Island; Santa Inez Bay; Acapul- co Bay; Port Angeles Light: Nicaragua: Corinto: Costa Rica: Punta Arenas; PortCulebra; Golfito: Panama: Venado Island and Flats; Taboga Island: Gal- apagos Islands: Albemarle Island. The range of this species is chiefly from the southern end of the Gulf of California southward to Panama and the Galapagos Islands. No specimens have been seen during the preparation of this report to substantiate either the Magdalena Bay record of Dall or the west Colombia record of Reeve. Only one lot among a large number of the California Academy of Sciences came from the Gulf of California and that from no farther north than Carmen Island (Loc. 23798 C.A.S.). Dall considered this to be an extreme mutation of Conus interruptus of Broderip, Sowerby and Reeve and used it as the oldest available name for the species, interruptus having been previously used by Mawe [Wood] for an en- tirely different shell. It is a small, slender form with the dark mahogany col- or frequently covering the entire surface. The interior is usually pure white. The form recorded herein as ximenes Gray is the one usually found in the Gulf of California; it is larger, lighter in color and has a purple interior. C. mahogani and C ximenes are very similar and it probably would be appropriate to call the first a variety of the second as Reeve suggested in his Supplement on Conus. We have retained them as distinct species because in most cases they are readily separable. Conus perplexus Sowerby PI. 3, fig. 9; pl. 7, figs. 5, 8. Conus perplexus Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 20, 1857, pl. 200 [Conus pl. 14], fig. 324. "Gulf of California, West Columbia." Weinkauff, Marti- ni & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ed. 2, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1873, Pp- 150, 230, 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers pi. 38, fig. 2b, [as a var. of C. puncticulatus?^ Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. set. 4, vol. 26, 1949, P- 289, pi. 8, figs. 1-3, pi. 9 [not 8 as cited], fig. 4. Conus (Chelyconus) perplexus SowERBY, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 482, fig. 926. "Conus puncticulatus HwASS, and Var. B," Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, Aug- ust, 1843, pi. 20, fig. 116. "Salango and St. Elena, West Columbia." [Not C. puncticulatus of BRUGUIERE, Wood, Kiener and pre-Linnaean equivalents.] Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1883, p. 62, pi. 19, fig. 91. "Cerros Island." "Conus comptus GOULD," Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 219. Not C. comptus Gould, Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, Oct. 1853, p. 387, pi. 14, fig. 23- Sorensen, Nautilus, vol. 57, no. 1, July, 1943, pi. 1, fig. 5 [11 shells.] "Guaymas, Mexico." Type locality: Gulf of California. Range: Magdalena Bay and Gulf of California, south to Mancora, Peru (D. L. Frizzell). Collecting stations: Mexico: Kino Bay; Cape San Lucas; Mazatlan; Acapulco; Chamela Bay; Tenacatita Bay; between Isabellsland and Mazatlan: Guatemala: Seven miles west of Champerico: El Salvador: La Libertad: Cos- ta Rica: Port Parker; Port Culebra: Panama: Taboga Island: Colombia: Gor- gona Island. The greatest depth recorded for any of these localities is 20 fathoms. It is obviously a shallow water form. Tryon's record from "Cerros [=Cedros?] Island" has not been confirmed. The name perplexus seems to have been well chosen for this highly variable form. Normally the surface bears many spiral rows of pustules but even in the same lot there maybe every gradation from densely pustulose in- dividuals to those completely lacking such ornament; some specimens are half pustulose, half smooth. Conus puncticulatus of the older writers is certainly not a west Amer- ican species and therefore the name cannot be made available in the present case. Dall proposed to substitute C comptus Gould for the Pacific species but the original figure of that form is so close to abundant C. purpurascens material in the collections studied that this course seems unsound. The species is short and stout with usually a low straight sided spire. The latter has about 10 whorls, the first two (nuclear) being almost glassy transparent and none of them with beading; the sutures are slightly channelled, spiral striation weak; irregular blotches of reddish brown are scattered over the spire. The ground color is pale cream, the markings being reddish brown; these take the form of spiral'rows of square dots over most of the shell but near the shoulder and the center of the body whorl there are irregular shaped patches and flammules of the same color. The inside ofthe aperture is usual- ly colored purple but specimens are at hand which are pure white. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONty^ -II 39 A very large specimen was collected at San Jose Island, Panama Bay, by \V. D. Clark. It is 41.5 mm. in altitude and 22 mm. in diameter. Coloration is nearly identical with specimens in the N. Y. Zoological Society collection from Port Parker, Costa Rica. Brown spots and flammules predominate as in C. archon but there are spiral rows of fine brown dots on a nearly white back- ground; spiral threads are well developed but are not nodulous. This speci- men was presented to Stanford University and through the courtesy of Dr. A. Myra Keen, it is illustrated herewith. Conus tornatus Broderip PI. 7, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13. Conus tornatus BRODERIP, in SOWERBY, Conch. 111., p. 2, [117], pi. 29, fig- 25, May 17, 1833- "Panama." BRODERIP, Proc.ZooI. Soc. London, May 24, 183 3, p. 53- "in America Meridionali.(Xipixapi)." Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, pi. 13, fig. 68, May, 1843- Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 16, 1857, pi. 202 [Conus pi. 16], fig. 375, pi. 104 [204] [Conus pi. 18], fig. 425, 1858; the last from "West Columbia." Dall, Proc.U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 219, "Cedros Island, Baja California, to Gulf of California and south to Ecuador." Not "Conus tornatus BRODERIP," Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, p. 153, pi. 59, fig- 5; [^Conus xi- menes Gray] Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, vol.26, No. 9, 1949, p. 291, pi. 8, figs. 4-7. Conus interruptus BRODERIP & Sowerby, Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1883, p. 63, pi- 20, fig. 4; copied from Reeve. Conus catenatus Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p- 796, pi. 48, fig. 3- "Hab. Panama? (ex coll. Sir. E. Belcher)." Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 228. "Appears to be a variety of C. interruptus BRODERIP." TOMLIN, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 22, pt. 4, 1937, p. 226. "Type in Coll. Tomlin." Not Conus catenatus SowERBY I, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. 6, 1850, p. 45 , pl. 9, fig. 2. Tertiary, San Domingo. Conus concatenatus Sowerby III, Thes. Conch., vol. 5, 1887, p. 249, pl. 507, {Conus pl. 29), fig- 654 [As catenatus in exp. of pl]. Not Conus con- catenatus Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, 1849-1850, p. 362, pl. 110, fig. 1- Conus desmotus TOMLiN, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 22, pt. 4, March 13, 1937, pp. 206, 226- Conus (? Chely conus) tornatus BRODERIP, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p- 482, fig. 928- Type locality: Xipixapi, Ecuador. Range: "Cedros Island, Baja California, to the Gulf of California, and south to Ecuador" (Dall). Collecting stations: Mexico: Santa Maria Bay; Santa Inez Bay; Santa Cruz Bay; Acapulco; Port Guatulco; La Paz: Nicaragua: Corinto: Costa Rica: Port Parker: Panama: Bahia Honda; Chagame Island. 40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers The species has been dredged in shallow waters, under 20 fathoms, in large numbers by numerous expeditions; only occasionally is it found on shore or in the intertidal zone. The spiral rows of regularly spaced, square, rectangular dots of dark reddish brown make it difficult to separate from some youngforms oiregularis, particularly those which formerly would have been called monilifer. Part of the difficulty is due to the inability to determine from some of the older illus- trations whether the spiral markings are merely color dots or pustules. In the case of the original tornatus they are evidently definitely dots because it was Sowerby (1857, p. 16, pi. 104 [204], fig. 425), himself who later pointed out that there are two forms, one smooth and the other "granulose." As a matter of fact there is every conceivable variation between heavily pustulose shells through those partly of that form to those which have no trace of such struc- ture. Some shells are pustulose on one side, smooth on the other. In this re- spect the species parallels Conus perplexus, which it also resembles in col- or markings but the shape of tornatus is decidedly much more slender. Dall, following a suggestion by Tryon, pointed out that C catenatus Sowerby III was probably interruptus (-ximenes) and Sowerby himself indica- ted the close affinity of the species of this group although the locality was uncertain. The figure is indistinguishable from many specimens of tornatus. Tomlin, however, considered Sowerby's shell distinct and renamed it "des- motus" a course which might not have been necessary had large series of of specimens been available for comparison. Dr. Kohn found the type of Conus catenatus preserved in the National Museum of Wales at Cardiff and photographed it in color. The shell has a straight sided conical spire and spiral rows of small pustules cover the body whorl. These are light in color whereas inmost western American collections of tornatus studied in connection with this report they are dark. This is not believed to be sufficient reason for taxonomic separation in this highly vari- able group. Conus arcuatus Broderip & Sowerby Pi. 3, figs. 4, 5, 6. Conus arcuatus Broderip & Sowerby, Zool. Journ., vol.4, no. 15, Oct. 1828- Jan. 1829, p. 379. "Pacific Ocean, near Mazatlan." Sowerby, Conch. 111., April 12, 1833, p. 1, [117], pi. 25, fig. 9. "Bay of Montija." Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, June 1843, pi. 15, fig- 77b. "Mazatlan." KlENER^ Icon. Coq. Viv. Genre Cone, p. 157, 1847, pi. 72, fig. 5. Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vol. 3, p. 12, 1857, pi. 202, fig. 384. Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1884, p. 75, pi. 24, fig. 98. Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. .Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 223- Hanna & Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser.4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949. p. 292, pi. 5, figs. 2-4. Conus (Lithoconus) arcuatus BRODERIP & Sowerby, KEEN, Sea Shells of Trop- ical West America, 1958, p. 485, fig- 936. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN C0Nt/.9- II 41 C. [onus] (Lithoconus) arcuatus vacuanus OLSSON, Bui. American Paleo. vol. 27 (106), 1942, p. 201 (49), pi. 19 (6), figs. 11, 12. Quebrada Penitas, Costa Rica, Pliocene. Quebrada Mellisa and Rio Guanabanon, Panama, Pliocene. At the same time Olsson recorded Conus arcuatus, p. 202, (50), pi. 19 (6), fig. 13, from Rio Guanabanon, Panama, Pleistocene. Not "Conus arcuatus Brod. & Sow.", Gray, Zool. Beechey'sVoy., Moll., 1839, p. 119, pl- 36, fig. 22; renamed, Conus emarginatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 43, fig. 232, 1844. "Pacific Ocean." \=Conus recurvus BRODERIP.] Conus borneensis ADAMS & REEVE, Zool. Voy. H.M.S. Samarang, Moll., 1848, p. 18, pl. 5, figs. 8 a-d. "Hab. Northeast coast of Borneo (in ten fath- oms, sandy and stony bottom)." Type locality: Mazatlan, Mexico. Range: Gulf of California to Panama. Collecting stations: Mexico: Santa Inez Bay; Arena Bank; Port Gua- tulco; Acapulco Bay, Oaxaca and between Isabel Island and Mazatlan, Mexi- co; Costa Rica: Port Parker; Port Culebra; Gulf of Nicoya; Judas Pt. ; Pana- ma: Gulf of Chiriqui. Reeve and others have pointed out the discrepancy in Gray's figure, and although the former attempted to rectify matters, it appears that his emargin- atus is the same shell that was called recurvus by Broderip in 1833. TheJtrue Conus arcuatus has been well figured by several authors; it has strong spi- ral striations in m.any specimens and some spirals in all. The nucleus is smooth and polished; four post-nuclear whorls are strongly beaded on the car- ina and the upper whorls of the spire are nearly always brown. The sharply carinate periphery continues throughout the growth of the shell; the subsu- tural area is gently curved. Twelve and 13 whorls have been counted. Perio- stracum, light lemon yellow, very thin, with the scattered brown or yellow spots showing through; these are arranged roughly in three zones but the pro- portion of the white background covered is highly variable. The spiral grooves are very strong toward the canal but gradually weaken and disappear before the periphery is reached. The species has been collected in large numbers and is not likely to be confused with any other of the west American fauna. Within its range Mr. Crocker collected it at nine additional stations on previous expeditions, in each case, however, with the dredge or trawl. It evidently does not frequent the littoral often if at all. Adams and Reeve remarked upon the similarity of their species, borneen- sis to arcuatus after a comparison of type specimens and found them scarce- ly separable. Their excellent illustrations show shells which are practically identical with many in the collections studied from tropical west America. It seems obvious that some error in locality was made in the study of the col- lections of the Samarang. This is further suggested by three other species of Conus which were described in the same report immediately adjacent to bar- 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers neensis. These were collected on the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur and have un- known localities. Captain Belcher was on both expeditions and since it was admitted that some of his material became mixed it seems reasonable to sup- pose that the same happened in this case. No further record of borneensis hav- ing been found in Borneo has been seen. Two additional species treated in the Samarang report appear to be in the same category, Dosinia dunkerii Phil- ippi and Diplodonta sericata Adams & Reeve. Conus commodus A. Adams (1853 [1854], p. 117), was described with- out illustration from an unknown locality. Weinkauff, accordingto Tomlin (1937, p. 230), considered the species to be the one Kiener (1847, p. 150, pi. 70, fig. 3), figured as Conus ambiguus Reeve. Neither Kiener nor Reeve had any locality information and, upon comparing the figures it is obvious that the two are not the same species. The reason this concerns us is that Pilsbry& Van- atta (1902, p. 555), recorded commodus questionably from Wenman Island, Gal- apagos, from a much worn specimen taken by Snodgrass and Heller from the stomach of a shark. Nothing in any of the collections studied, resembles Kiener's plate 70, figure 3, and if Weinkauff was right in determining this fig- ure as commodus it seems doubtful if it is a west American species. Just what form is concerned in the Wenman Island record is equally uncertain. The Kiener figure is a plain olive colored shell with a sharp concave spire and angulated shoulder. The base is slightly pinched in as in arcuatus. There appears to be very close similarity between Conus arcuatus and Conus cancellatus Reeve (1843, pi. 30, figs. 171a, 171b). Coloration and size are very nearly the same. The spiral ridges of cancellatus are somewhat stronger on specimens available and the body whorl is more "pinched" in al- though not as much as shown in Reeve's figures. This is another instance of the wide distribution of similar South Pacific and west American species of Conus. It seems odd that Adams and Reeve did not compare their Conus born- eensis 1848) with cancellatus instead of with arcuatus. Conus fergusoni Sowerby PI. 2, fig. 4; pi. 4, fig. 2; pi. 5, fig. 5; pi. 7, fig. 9: pl. 9, fig- 10. Conus fergusoni Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1873, p. 145, pl- 15, fig. 1. "Panama." SOWERBY, Thes. Conch., vol.5, 1887, 2nd Suppl. to Con- us, p. 256, pl. 508 [Conus pl. 30], fig. 675. Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, pp. 218-227. Hanna & Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 294, p.. 7, figs. 1-4. Conus (Lithoconus) f ergusoni SOWERBY, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 485, fig. 938. Conus xanthicus Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910,p.220."OffGuay- mas, Mexico, at station 3011, in 71 fathoms , Sand, U.S.Bureau of Fish- eries steamer Albatross." [Also reported from Panama Bay in 7 fathoms.] No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN COS VS 11 43 Type locality: For fergusoni, Panama; for xanthicus, off Guaymas, Mexico. Range: Turtle Bay and Magdalena Bay (outer coast), Baja California and Gulf of California, Mexico, south to the Gala'pagos Islands and Mancora, Peru (D. L.Frizzell). Collecting Stations: Mexico: Arena Bank, Baja California, (Sta. 136, D-11, 24, 27, 30 to 50 fms.); Santa Inez Bay, Baja California, (Sta. 142, D-4, 40 to 50 fms.; Sta. 147, D-2, 60 fms.); Gorda Banks, Baja California, (Sta. 150, D-13,16, 25, 56 to 80 fms.); off Pyramid Rock, Clarion Island, (Sta. 163, D-4, 50 fms.); Chamela Bay, (Sta. 182, D-4, 16 fms.)- Costa Rica: Port Parker, (1 to 90 fms.); 14 miles SxE of Judas Pt., (Sta. 214, D-l, 2, 3, 4, 42 to 61 fms.); Panama: Hannibal Bank, (Sta. 224, 35 to 40 fms.). Above are New York Zool- ogical Society Stations. Additional Calif. Acad. Sci. localities are Turtle Bay, Santa Maria Bay, Magdalena Bay and Cape San Lucas, Baja California; Cla- rion Island. It seems remarkable that this huge species, sometimes over five inches long, should have remained undiscovered until 1873, but a search of the lit- erature has failed to disclose a name for either the white adult form or the colored juveniles. Dall suggested that C coe/e^s Hinds (1843, p. 256), might be the young of fergusoni although both Hinds (1844, p. 7), and Reeve (1843, pi. 13, fig. 64, Suppl. p. 4), came to believe their shell to be the young of C terebellum, while Tryon (1884, p. 80), after copying Reeve's figure, considered it to be C. terebra. De Barros e Cunha (1933, p. 183), followed Tryon and cited tere- bra from the Philippines and North Australia. Hinds stated explicitly that coelebs was found on a Fiji coral reef and his localities are usually trust- worthy. Conus quercinus Hwass in Bruguiere (1792, p. 681), is very similar to the large fergusoni; specimens in the California Academy of Sciences labelled from Mauritius, can hardly be distinguished. Conus virgo Gmelin (1789, p. 3376); from the same region is also similar but is shaded with purple on the interior of the lower end of the aperture. An earlier name for the species seems to be Conus cingulum Martyn (1784, vol. 1, fig. 39). A magnificent series of growth stages has shown that C. xanthicus Dall is the young of fergusoni. Without such a series it would not be sus- pected that the bright yellow or orange small shells could possibly be the same as the huge white ones so familiar to beach collectors at Magdalena Bay and vicinity. For a long time we were puzzled that no small white ones ever turned up in any of the collections. It develops that when xanthicus reaches a length of 60 mm. the colored bands become very faint yet upon closer inspection it is found that they still persist in specimens which are 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers unquestionably called fergusoni 95 mm. long. Shape, sculpture and number of whorls all point to the identity of the two forms. In addition to being brightly colored with yellow or orange, some young shells have a sprinkling of small dark brown spots in spiral rows. One of these is shown on plate 9 and another much smaller and brightly colored one is in the collection of Dr. Bruce Campbell. Fresh shells are covered with velvety periostracum which is very ten- acious and seems to increase in density with age in some manner; it almost obscures the color markings and when imperfectly removed leaves the ground color (white bands in this case) a pale yellowish green. These light colored bands are not at all constant; the one near the shoulder may be scarcely vis- ible, and even the middle one maybe broken up into a series of cloudy areas. The colored bands vary from light lemon-yellow to orange-yellow with occa- sionally a trace of brown. The color fades with increasing size so that when the length reaches 150 mm. or more, not a trace can be seen, even in living specimens. The largest specimens (alt. 150 mm.) seen came from Magdalena Island, outer coast; the species does not appear to occur in Magdalena Bay at the present time but fossils have been found in the Pleistocene deposits just north of the village. Another large specimen, (alt. 128 mm.) is from Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos. Passing to the fossil forms, fergusoni was recorded from the Pliocene, Imperial County, California, by Hanna (1926, p. 446). Conus mollis Brown Ss Pilsbry (1911, p. 343), from the Miocene, Gatun formation, Panama, is hard- ly separable. This in turn, is very similar to Conus haytensis Sowerby (1850, p. 44), from the Miocene of Santo Domingo. The similarity of Conus hayesi Arnold (1909, p. 62), from the Temblor Miocene of the San Joaquin Valley, California, to fergusoni was pointed out by Arnold. Dall gave the range of the species as from Magdalena Bay to Ecuador and for xanthicus, Guaymas to Panama. The holotype of Conus xanthicus Dall (pi. 5, fig. 5) is U. S. National Museum no. 111,236 and measures: alt. 42.4 mm.; diam. 22.3 mm. No two young Conus fergusoni are exactly alike but this shell is so similar to many others that it can hardly be mistaken, once the early stages of that species are recognized. The yellow of this holotype seems somewhat faded compared to fresh specim.ens; it may have been exposed to light for some time. Other- wise it is perfectly preserved and was probably living when dredged. Conus vittatus Hwass in Bruguiere PI. 1, fig. 7; pi. 3, fig. 10; pi. 11, figs. 2, 6, 7. Conus vittatus HwASS in BRUGUIERE, Enc. Method. Vers., 1798, pi. 335, fig- 3- Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., vol. 7, 1822, p. 470. "Habite I'ocean asi- atique." No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS -II 45 Conus vittatus HWASS in BRUGUlERE, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vol. 1, June, 1843, pi. 14, figs. 75 a, b. "Bay of Panama and Montija, West Columbia." KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, p. 110, 1847, pi. 63, fig. 5- "Hab- ite I'ocean asiatique." Sowerbv, Thes. Conch., vol.3, p- 18, 1857, pi. 199, [Conus pi. 13], fig. 274; pi. 203 \Conus pi. 17], fig. 410, 1858. Weinkauff, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ed. 2, vol.4, pt. 2, 1873, p. 226, pi. 37, figs. 5, 6. "Grosser Ocean an der Kilste von Central- America (Carpenter) und Panama (Bernardi)." Trvon, Man. Conch. , vol. 6, 1883, p. 43, pi. 13, figs. 41-44. Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 221. "Acapulco to Panama." Hanna & Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser.4, vol.26, no. 9, 1949, P- 296, pi. 8, figs. 8, 9; pi. 10, figs. 6-10. Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 483, fig. 929. "Conus fumigatus Brug. var.," KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, pp. 103, 104, 1847, pi. 50, fig. 2a. [?] Conus archon BRODERIP, SORENSEN, Nautilus, vol. 57, July, 1943, pi. 1, row 8, three lower left^ figures, Guaymas, Mexico. Type locality: For vittatus, "Indian Ocean," [probably an error]; for orion, Realejo, near Corinto, Nicaragua. Range: Santa Inez Bay, Baja California and Guaymas, Mexico, south to Gorgona Island, Colombia. Collecting stations: Santa Inez Bay, Baja California; Costa Rica: Culebra; Panama: Bahia Honda. In addition to these stations specimens from Mazatlan, Mexico, Port Parker, Costa Rica, and several places in Panama Bay have been studied. The species is one of the most beautiful of the genus. Ground color is usually white and shows as blotches and spots through the reddish brown to orange color markings. These latter are present in variable amount, sometimes almost obliterating the white base and again they may be broken up into scat- tered blotches irregularly shaped and spaced. There is usually a central band lighter marked with color than the remainder of the shell. The spire is gently rounded, heavily marked with blotches of color and with a sharp apex. Su- tures are raised into ridges, usually with spiral lines between. The shoulder is most often somewhat angulated as in Sowerby's figure in the Thesaurus but in older specimens it becomes rounded. The body whorl is marked through- out by equidistant raised spiral threads, sometimes with fine dots of darker color, and minute spiral striation between. The periostracum is rough, horn colored, and so dense the color mark- ings can barely be seen. The original figure of vittatus is a black and white engraving and the specimen which was probably used for it was photographed by Dr. Mermod who very kindly permitted it to be published in the 1949 report. From this photo- graph, another in color by Dr. K. Bender, reproduced herewith, and a later one taken by Dr. Alan Kohn, it now seems to be certain that the species is a west 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers American form and not from Asiatic or Indian Ocean waters as cited by early authors. The shells illustrated by Sorensen in 1943 under the names perplexus, archon and gladiator have been donated to the California Academy of Sciences recently. A study of them shows that those called archon are vittatus. During the recent photographic work by Dr. Kohn in Europe he obtained an excellent color transparency of Conus benoquei Bernardi in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris where it was reported to be by Fisher - Piette & Beigbeder in the Bulletin of that Museum (ser. 2, vol. 16, no. 6, 1944, p. 461). An examination of this photograph is convincing that the species is not vitta- tus. Although it has a central band similar to vittatus it also has a very defin- ite shoulder band. Upon comparing Dr. Kohn's color photograph of the type specimen of Conus Orion with the one oi vittatus, I agree with him that the two are distinct. The numerous brightly colored shells, mostly from Panama, with more angular shoulders and indistinct central bands thus fall under orion. In the 1949 report these shells were considered to be variations of C. vittatus and we were under obligations to Dr. Howard R. Hill of Los Angeles, California and Dr. A. Myra Keen, of Stanford University for making their material avail- able for study. Most of this was collected by Mr. W. D. Clark. Since then, this form has been named Conus drangai Schwengel. Conus orion Broderip PI. 3, fig- 12; pi. 6, fig. 4; pi. 7, figs. 1. 2, 16; pi. 9, fig. 2. Conus orion BRODERIP, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1833, P- 55- "In America Centrali. (Real Llejos)." Sowerby, Conch. 111., p. 2 [118], pi. 33, fig- 40, May 17 - July 12, 1833- Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol.3, P- 19, 1857, pi. 195, fig- 200. Weinkauff, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ed. 2, vol. 4, 1875, p. 364, pi. 67, fig. 7. Tomlin, Journ. Conch., vol. 18, no. 6, 1927, p. 154. "Gorgona Island, Colombia." Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, P- 321, pi. 9, fig- 3; {pupurascens by error). Conus drangai SCHWENGEL, Nautilus, vol. 69, no. 1, July 1955, P- 13, pi- 2, figs. 1-7- "Bahia Salinas, Costa Rica." Conus (Chely conus) drangai SCHWENGEL, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 482, fig. 925- Type locality: Real Llejos. Range: Mazatlan, Mexico south to Gorgona Island, Colombia. Collecting stations: Mexico: Mazatlan; Costa Rica: Salinas Bay; Panama: Chagami Bay; Venado Island. A specimen of this species was figured in the 1949 report (pi. 10. fig. 3) and erroneously recorded under the name C. purpurascens. It was intended No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONt/.9-I I 47 to call it vittatus under which name it was discussed but not specifically mentioned. The unsatisfactory state of the taxonomy of the species concerned at that time made it necessary to leave the problem unsolved. Since then the addition of more material and especially the receipt of color photographs of type specimens for study furnish convincing evidence that there are two recog- nizable species in the fauna, vittatus and orion. This conclusion is the re- sult of conference with Dr. Kohn who was able to photograph the type speci- men of orion. The holotype of Conus drangai (pi. 9, fig. 2) is U.S. National Museum, no. 617,612 and measures: alt. 32.9 mm.; diam. 18.5 mm. It is a beach shell but is well preserved. The outer lip is slightly broken. The spire is checked with dark reddish brown spots alternating with white. The brown continues over the shoulder upon the body whorl where the axial bands coalesce above and below an irregular central spiral zone of white. Conus purpurascens Broderip PI. 3, figs. 2,3; p]. 5, fig. 3. Conus purpurascens BRODERIP, in SowERBY, Conch. 111., April 12, 1833, p. 1, [117], pi. 25, figs. 13, 13*. Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, May 24, 1833, p. 54. "Hab. ad Panamam." REEVE, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, July, 1843, pi. 19, fig- 105. KlENER,Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre CSne, pi. 189, 1848, pi. 39, fig. 2, pi. 61. fig. 3- Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 28, 1858, pi. 195, [Conus pi. 9], fig. 204, pi. 201, [Conus pi. I5], fig. 346. Weinkauff, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ed.2, vol.4, pt. 2, 1873, p. 211, pi. 54, figs. 1,2. Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1883, p. 64, pi. 20, figs. 15, 17, pi. 27, fig. 9- Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 3 8, 1910, p. 219- "Magdalena Bay, Lower California to Manta, Peru." Peile, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 23, 1939, P- 349, fig. 5 (radula). "Pana- ma." SORENSEN, Nautilus, vol. 57, no. 1, July, 1943, pl. 1, fig. 2 [7 shells], fig. 9 [3 shells]. "Guaymas, Mexico." Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 298, pl. 8, figs. 19, 20; pl. 9, figs. 1, 2; [fig. 3, cited as C. purpurascens is now considered to be C. orion Broderip]. Platt, Nat. Geog. Mag., vol.96, no. 1, 1949, p. 53, fig. 13. Acapulco, Mexico. Conus (Chelyconus) purpurascens BRODERIP, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 482, fig. 927. "Conus luzonicus Lam?" Sowerby, Conch. 111., April 30, 1834, p. 3, [119], pl. 57, fig. 91. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 281, 1858, pl. 201 [Conus pl. 15], fig. 344. "Panama." Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, June 17, 1834, p. 18, "liab. ad Insulas Gallapagos." Not Conus luzonicus, Brugl'iere, Lamarck and Kiener. Conus purpurascens var. rejectus Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 219, "Port Escondido, Gulf of California." Conus regalitatis Sowerby, Conch. 111., April 30, 1834 p. 3, [119], pl.57, fig. 87. Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, June 17, 1834, p. 19. "Hab. ad 48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers littora Americae Centralis. (Real Llejos)." Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, January, 1844, pi. 40, fig. 218. Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, p. 237, 1849, pl.39, fig. 3- Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol.3, 1858, p. 28, pi. 201 [Conus pi. 15], fig. 345. Conus purpurascens var. regalitatis Sowerby, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 219. "Cape San Lucas and southward to Peru, the Gal- apagos and Clipperton Islands." Conus comptus GouLD, Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, Oct. 1853, p. 387, pi. 14, fig. 23. "Inhabits Santa Barbara. Col. Jewett." Not Conus comptus. A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1853 [Nov. 14, 1854), p. 117, from Natal and which Sowerby (Thes. Conch., vol.3, index, p. 50, 1858), stated was Conus castus Reeve. [?] Conus cinctus VALENCIENNES, Zool. Humboldt & Bonpland, Rec. Zool., vol. 2, 1832, p. 337. "Habitat cum praecedente ad Acapulco." Not Conus cinctus SWAINSON, Zool. 111., Ser. 1, 1823, p. HO, which Tryon (Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1884, p. 100), placed in the synonymy of pulchellus SWAINSON. Type locality: Panama. Range: "Magdalena Bay, Baja California to Manta, Peru" (Dall). Collecting stations: Sets of specimens have been available for this study as follows: Mexico, 14; Nicaragua, 2; Costa Rica, 10; Panama, 1; Col- ombia, 1; Galapagos Islands, 7. Thus, from the abundance of material this must be considered to be the most common cone along the west American coast. It normally inhabits rocky shores and tide pools from mid-tide down to a few fathoms. The typical form of the species is a shell with a low spire and strongly shouldered whorls. From this to the rounded form called regalitatis there is endless variation. In addition there are color combinations too numerous to be enumerated. The general predominance of purple, however, shows that the named varieties and many others equally distinct have no biological signif- icance. They merely appear to be variants of a somewhat plastic species. Valenciennes compared his cinctus with hyaena Bruguiere which, with the locality, would indicate that he probably had purpurascens. Dall suggested that cinctus Valenciennes and emarginatus Reeve might be the same but there is not sufficient information published to permit the definite assignment of Valenciennes' name anywhere. Weinkauff (p. 394) stated that Conus neglect- us A. Adams (1853 J854], p. 117, and Sowerby, 1858, pi. 203 [Conus p. 17], fig. 404), was the young of purpurascens and that the name should be added to the synonymy. However, the description and Sowerby's figure seem to im- ply a very different shell and this, together with the unknown habitat of neg- lectus, has caused us to omit it. Conus luzonicus Bruguiere (1792, pi. 338, fig. 6), is an entirely differ- ent species, judging by the original figure, and it is difficult to understand Sowerby's confusion of the shells. Kiener (1848, pi. 83, fig. 3), has given a No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONt/i-I I 49 beautiful figure which resembled the one in the Encyclopedia very closely and it may have been made from an original specimen; he gave the locality as "les cotes des ties Philippines." The holotype of Conus purpurascens rejectus Dall (pi. 5, fig. 3) is U. S. National Museum no. 37, 410 and measures: alt. 49.5 mm.; diam. 30.7 mm. Al- though the shell is lighter in color than most specimens of purpurascens the markings have the characteristic shape of that species. It may be faded with exposure and age. The figure of comptus Gould can be matched almost exactly in any large collection of purpurascens, in which specimens have been preserved which are not fully grown, the heavy blotches being very distinctive. Carpenter (1856, p. 206) and Cuming, who had studied Gould's type of comptus pronounced it to be purpurascens and were followed by Sowerby in 1856, and Tryon in 1883. However, Dall in 1910 considered it to be the oldest available name for Conus puncticulatus Wood (not Bruguiere) [= perplexus Sowerby]. Gould (1862, p. 187), stated that purpurascens was equivalent to "Con- us achatinus Menke." Menke merely listed the name from west America and attributed it to Bruguiere. It is probably a case of mistaken identification or mixing of collections (as suggested by Carpenter 1856 [1857], p. 236. [Carpen- ter added that the species was "= purpureus or regalitatis," evidently mean- ing purpurascens], because achatinus Bruguiere (1792, p. 672, pi. 300, fig. 6), is a decidedly different shell, with a predominance of spiral sculpture; it is supposed to be found in Asiatic waters. Krebs (1864, p. 6), has listed Conus purpurascens Broderip from the is- land of Guadeloupe, West Indies, on the authority of "Bean". It seems rea- sonable to assume now that this was an error of locality or identification. Conus patricius Hinds PL 6, figs. 8,9, 10; pi. 8, fig. 1; pi. 10, figs. 4,5. Conus patricius HiNDS, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., N.S., vol. 11, no. 70, April, 1843, p- 256. "Gulf of Nicoya, Central America. Dredged from sandy mud in 7 fathoms." Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, May, 1843, pl- 13, fig. 63. Hinds, Zool. Voyage Sulphur, vol. 2, no. 6, July, 1844, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2. KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, p. 350, 1849- 1850, pl.88, fig. 4. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol.3, P- 12, 1857, pl.202, [Conus pl. 16], fig. 355- Hanna & Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, P- 300, pl. 6, fig. 12, pl. 9, figs. 6-9- Conus (Dendroconus) patricius HiNDS, Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 484, fig. 934- Conus pyriformis Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, May, 1843, pl- 13, fig- 70. "Bays of Caracas and Montija, West Columbia." Tryon, Man. Conch., vol.6, 1883, p- 17, pl.4, figs. 60, 61- Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, p. 275, 1849-1850, pl. 44, fig. 4. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol.3, p. 24, 1857, pl. 197 [Conus pl. 11], fig. 238, pl. 201 [Conus pl. I5], fig. 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers 354. Dall, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 226. "Nicaragua south to Panama and the Galapagos Islands." Type locality: Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica (patricius); Caracas, Ecua- dor, and Montijo Bay, Panama (p\riformis). R.-vnge: Michoacan, Mexico, south to Punta Carnero, Ecuador. Collecting stations: Costa Rica: Port Culebra. No specimens have been seen in the collections studied in connection with the present report which confirm Dall's record of the species at the Gal- apagos Islands although it may reasonably be expected to live in those waters. Young shells are beautifully coronated with a row of symmetrical beads, but the periphery is gently rounded in adult specimens. Mr. H. N. Lowe col- lected living shells at San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, and these are covered with a horn-colored epidermis, the color of the under shell, showing through on the body whorl, in the aperture, and on the lower part of the spire. When the epidermis is lost and the shell is weathered, it becomes entirely white. Available material from six localities indicates that this is one of the most beautiful of all of the cones. However, Mr. R. Wright Barker found it to be one of the most common forms on Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador, in 1931 where it lived in tide pools among the rocks. (Letter, March 19, 1940). The identity of Conus patricius and pyriformis has been generally re- cognized since 1883 (Tryon), the first name having been based upon an im- mature specimen. The name patricius clearly has priority, having appeared first in April 1843, while Reeve has the date printed on the explanation of the plate bearing pyriformis as May, 1843. Even if there should have been doubt as to the correctness of these printed dates, Reeve included patricius on the same plate with pyriformis, the first as figure 63, the second as figure 70. There seems to be no good reason for the continued acceptance of the name pyriformis for the species. Usually the shells are characterized by being pyriform, rather thin and uniform pale waxy yellow. However, Mr. W. D. Clark collected one on Venado Flats, Panama Bay, which has an extremely heavy, thick shell with a thick horny periostracum. The coating tends to peel off when dry. It is the largest individual of the species which we have seen and measures: Length, 140 mm.; greatest diameter, 89.5 mm. The apex is somewhat worn but shows 13 whorls, the first 8 or 9 being beaded around the periphery. The operculum is thick and horny, spatulate, pitted on the underside at the attachment; length, 22.0 mm.; width, 18.5 mm.; thickness, 3.3 mm. The thin membranous object shown on plate 6 was said to be an egg case of this individual; it consists of 8 leaf- like sacks, now empty. This marvelous specimen was presented to Stanford University (no. 31642) and was made available for this study through the kind- ness of Dr. A. Myra Keen. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS-U 51 Another giant specimen was collected by Dr. R. Wright Barker several years ago on Santa Elena Peninsula, southwest Ecuador. It measures at least 100 mm. in length and was sent to Mr. J. R. leB. Tomlin. Conus virgatus Reeve PI. 2, fig. 1; pi. 5, Hg. 2; pi. 6, fig. 7. Conus virgatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., Supl., p. 1, June, 1849- Name proposed for pi. 16, fig. 87 (ze^^'fl from Salango, Central America.) Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 17, pi. 195 [Conus pi. 9], figs. 190, 193, 1857. "Sal- ango. West Columbia." Weinkauff, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ed.2, vol.4, pt.2, 1875, P- 308, pi. 49, figs. 4,5- "westkiiste von Cen- tral - und Siidamerika." TOMLIN, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 22, pt. 5, 1937, p. 328. Sorensen, Nautilus, vol. 57, no. 1, July, 1943, pi- 1, fig. 3 [7 shellsj "Guaymas, Mexico." Hanna 4 STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, P- 301, pi. 6, fig. 10; pi. 9, fig. 5. Conus (Lithoconus) virgatus REEVE, Keen, SeaShells of Tropical West Amer- ica, 1958, p. 487, fig. 944. Conus lorenzianus CHEMNITZ, KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone. 1847, p. 139, pi. 55, fig. 1. "Habite la Mer du Sud, les cotes d'Acapulco." Not Conus lorenzianus CHEMNITZ, Neues Syst. Conch. Cab., vol. 11, 1795, pi. 181, figs. 1754, 1755- ".... ostindischen Meeren." Conus cumingii REEVE, Conch. Icon., Suppl. pi. 8, figs. 277 a,b, June, 1849- Not Conus cumingii REEVE, op. cit. pi. 3, fig- 282, April, 1848. Conus sanguinolentus REEVE, (?) Conch. Icon., Suppl., pi. 8, fig. 274, June, 1849. [No locality cited.] SowERBY, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1857, p. 18, pi. 203 [Conus pi. 17], fig. 409. Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 225. "Guaymas, Mexico to coast of Ecuador." Not Conus san- guinolentus QUOY & Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., vol. 3, 1834, p. 99, pl. 53, fig. 18. "New Guinea." Conus signae BartsCH, Nautilus, vol. 51, no. 1, July, 1937, p. 3, pl- 2, fig. 8. Figured specimen from Guaymas , Mexico; also recorded from Cedros Is- land and from Panama. Type locality: Salango, Ecuador. Range: Cedros Island, Baja California to Ecuador. Collecting stations: Mexico: Arena Bank, (Sta. 136, D-4, 55 fms.); San Carlos Bay; Guaymas. A living specimen from the last locality, collected by Mr. A. Sorensen, was used for dissection of the radula figured herewith. Other expeditions, the material from which has been available for this study, shows that the species occurs as far north in the Gulf of California as San Carlos Bay. Apparently the first west American specimen of this group of Conus to be noted in the literature was the one figured by Kiener from Aca- pulco, Mexico. It resembles some of the recent collections very strongly. Kiener referred the shell to Chemnitz's name, lorenzianus, the specimens of which came from the East Indies and the name was not validated according 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers to the rules, until Dillwyn (1817, p. 370). Meanwhile, Lamarck (1810, p. 279) had described Conus flammeus from "Africa" which, from Kiener's and other figures, is identical. This name, however, had been previously used by Bol- ten (1798, p. 44), under Cucullus for a species figured by Martini (1771, pi. 55, figs. 606, 607), as Conus leoninus. Tomlin (1937, p. 206), therefore re- named Lamarck's flammeus, "phlogopus" but it would seem that lorenzianus Dillwyn would be available. It was necessary to make this somewhat cursory examination of the lit- erature because the species involved in the above complex of names is ex- tremely close to the west American form. In fact the only differences noted (and these may be inconstant) are the heavier coloring of the more numerous stripes which are somewhat broken into spiral rows of spots near the base on the form from the Indies and Africa. It is another case of similarity of the Conus fauna from this region to that of very distant areas. It seems clear that Sowerby, in 1857 attempted to correct the slip made by Reeve in naming two distinct shells for Cuming; he substituted Reeve's earlier name virgatus for the west coast species and was followed in this ac- tion by Weinkauff, Tryon and Tomlin. Dall made no comment on this proced- ure, but substituted another of Reeve's earlier names, sanguinolentus, for the later cumingii. Quoy and Gaimard, however, had previously used sanguino- lentus for another species of Conus. Furthermore, Tomlin (1937, p. 205), stated that Reeve's shell of that name was equivalent to 'Vawcus Brug. " a West Indian species. The problem finally becomes one of determining if Reeve's pi. 16, fig. 87 is equivalent to his Suppl. pi. 8, fig. 274. From an examination of the fig- ures, Bartsch was evidently unable to reconcile them, a doubt which we shared for a long time, and he renamed the second cumingii, signae. However, it seems open to question if there be two very similar species belonging to this region; if so, we do not know how to distinguish them at present. Moreover, Sowerby was in an excellent position to know details regarding Reeve's ma- terial, and Tomlin's (1937, p. 236) remarks are nearly conclusive where he says regarding the second cumingii, "? Types (3): all much bigger than Reeve's figure, -virgatus Rve." Chiefly, for this reason, the name virgatus has been chosen for the western shell. The holotype of Conus signae Bartsch (pi. 5, fig. 2), is U.S. Nat. Mu- seum no. 37,399 and measures: alt. 57.6 mm.; diam. 30.1 mm. It is pale yel- low with two faint, white longitudinal bands on the body whorl. The outer lip is slightly broken. The shell is very well preserved although it was col- lected many years ago at Guaymas, Mexico by the celebrated botanical col- lector, William Palmer. Tl^ere is a faint indication of a light central spiral band. There may be difficulty at times in separating C virgatus for signae) No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN COSUS 11 53 from young of Conus fergusoni. Both are about the same shape but the yellow markings of the latter usually show a spiral arrangement. The species is of medium size, rather plainly colored, with dark brown longitudinal stripes on a lighter pinkish ground color. Brown spiral lines are usually present and the exceedingly fine wavy spiral sculpture gives to the shell, a silky texture unlike any other western species. The collections obtained by the various expeditions to Central Ameri- can waters of late years, have contained very few specimens of the species so that the range of variation cannot be indicated with any great degree of completeness. However, it will be noted from the figures that this is consi- derable, the front of one specimen being exceedingly close to the figure of C. signae while the reverse side shows pronounced zigzag flammules similar to the original shell Reeve called zebra from "Salango" and later renamed virgatus. Some specimens are practically without any trace of the brown stripes, thus paralleling, in a way, the condition found in the vareity of princeps call- ed apogrammatus. The published records, the material noted above and five specimens in the San Diego Society of Natural History (Lowe, coll.) from Carmen Island, Mexico, Socorro Island, Mexico and San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, show the range to be from Cedros Island to Ecuador. The San Diego Society collection was made available for this study through the kindness of the late Director, Mr. Clinton G. Abbott. An unusually heavily marked specimen was collected byMr. W.D. Clark on rocks at Bruja Point, Panama Bay. Through the courtesy of Dr. A. Myra Keen, of Stanford University, to whom the shell was presented, it is illustra- ted herewith. It measures 33 mm. in altitude, 17.3 mm. in diameter. One of the animals collected by Mr. Sorensen at Guaymas, Mexico, in January, 1942 was a male and except for black blotches around the margin of the foot and the tip of the siphon, no color was preserved (July, 1946). The head, or snout, is long and slender and evidently capable of great extension. Eyes are near the outer ends of slender tentacles. The operculum is small (length, 4.5 mm., width, 1.75 mm.), oval in shape, with the apex subcentral. In comparison with other species examined, the proboscis is not so highly developed as a muscular organ but it is obviously capable of great protrusion. The "poison gland" is massive and pinkish and discharges into the base of the proboscis through an extremely long and great- ly convoluted duct, just in front of the neural ring. Immediately in front of this is the attachment of the "radular" sheath, a rather slender pointed tube with a somewhat elongated pouch near the base. There are many teeth arranged with the points all toward the aperture of the duct. They are weakly attached to the wall of the duck and each has what appears to be a very fine tube at- tached to the base. Each tooth is a slender, slightly curved shaft with no 54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers well defined barbs. The base is swollen and a line extending nearly to the tip appears to be the edge of this rolled up plate. The length of an average tooth is .62 mm. Fig. 3- Conus virgatus Reeve. A.- Complete tooth. B. -Dorsal view of head. C- Verge. D.- Operculum. Hypotype, no. 9343 (Paleo. type coll.), from Loc. 31699 (C.A.S.), San Carlos Bay, Mexico, A. Sorensen, Coll. , Jan. 1942. Conus dalli Stearns Pi. 10, fig. 3. Conus dalli Stearns, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 5, 1873, P- 78, pi. 1, fig. 1. "Gulf of California, from whence specimens are occasionally brought to San Francisco on vessels in the Gulf trade. It is not common." Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 17, 1895, P- 169- Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 226. Hertlein, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. 78, no. 2, 1937, p. 306, pi. 1, fig. 18. Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus., Roy. d'Kist. Nat. Belgique, vol. 2, fasc. 18, 1937, p. 252. Hanna i Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, no. 9, vol. 26, 1949, p. 304, pl. 5, fig. 12. Conus (Cylindrus) dalli Stearns, Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 484, color plate 9- Conus omaria BRUGUlERE,Menke,Zeit.f.Mal,, Jahr. 8, 185 1,p.23."Mazatlan." Type locality: Gulf of California. Range: Gulf of California to Panama. Collecting stations: Mexico: Tres Marias Islands; Costa Rica. Port Parker; Cocos Island; Galapagos Islands: Albemarle; Hood. Most of the specimens (six lots) in the California Academy of Sciences ceme from the Tres Marias, Galapagos and Cocos Island. The species is the west American representative of the Conus textile group and it is scarcely separable from some members or "varieties" of that great assemblage. Although Stearns stated in 1894 that the differences be- tween immature shells of dalli and textile were greater than in adult forms, after studying a fairly large series we have been able to indicate no single character which can be relied upon to distinguish the American form in every case. As a general rule specimens of C dalli have the brown blotches of a darker brown and the interior a faint rose pink instead of white, but some No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONVS -II 55 finely preserved shells agree in detail to a most remarkable extent with what Reeve (1843, pi. 38, fig. 209) called the true textile. Many variations of the textile group have been named and Melvill (1900, pp. 303-316) has given a review of the group; he considered dalli to be a var- iety. Dautzenberg has given very extensive synonymy for textile and some of its varieties and discussed their relationship. He considered dalli to be a distinct species, partly because of its range and also because the shell is "constamment teinte de rose dans I'interieur de I'ouverture." It seems unnecessary here to attempt to unravel the intricacies of the nomenclature. To do so would require the examination of a considerable a- mount of pre-Linnaean literature because the name was originally founded in part on several existing figures. It is first necessary to fix upon a definite type form of color pattern for textile and from that, work through the various named varieties. It seems probable that when this is done, many names will have to be placed in synonymy; but until such a study is made it is felt that the best course to follow will be to recognize the name dalli as applied local- ly to the west American form. A consideration of the manner in which such representatives of south sea species have been dispersed to American waters, or vice versa, leads to interesting speculation, but there are few facts avail- able to justify positive opinions. However, in the case of Conus omaria, a member of the textile group, Ostergaard (1935, p. 24) has observed that the veliger larvae have no free swimming stage under laboratory conditions. If this be true under natural conditions, one of the usually cited methods of dis- tribution in the MoUusca is certainly eliminated. The apical whorls are a light purplish-pink, those of the nucleus (about 2) being smooth and the succeeding three or four being each marked by a spi- ral row of about 30 rounded beads. The remainder of the spire is low, sides nearly straight to gently convex, suture faint, and with a few fine, spiral stri- ations. Specimens of textile from Mozambique are practically identical. Depth of color tone varies considerably. The darkest ones seen came from Panama (Stanford University Goll.) and Costa Rica. Fresh living shells from farther north are nearly as dark. The interior of all specimens examined, except beach worn ones, show at least a trace of rose color or purple and some are very dark. Available specimens of textile do not show this character in so pro- nounced a degree and some are definitely white, perhaps due to fading with age. The collection made by Andrew Sorensen contains a very large speci- men of Conus dalli (Loc. no. 37,037, C.A.S.) fromlsla Raza off the east coast of Baja California near Los Animas Bay: alt. 79.4 mm; diam. 41.2 mm. The label with the shell reads, "IslaRassa near San Carlos Bay, Sonora, Mexico." The extreme similarity of Conus dalli to some other members of the group to which it belongs but which now live in far distant places has given 56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers rise to the belief that the species is a comparatively recent migrant to Amer- ican shores. However, the finding of a fossil species in Imperial County, Cal- ifornia, with color markings preserved, which obviously belongs to the same group refutes such a supposition and may even suggest to some that migra- tion has been in the opposite direction. (See Conus durhami below.) Conus durhami Hanna & Strong PI. 10, fig. 1. Conus durhami HANNA at STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 306, pi. 5, fig. 16. Shell broad, spire low with straight sides, suture lightly impressed with a non-striated groove; whorls about eight; shoulder rounded; color markings consisting of a network of brown lines enclosing roughly angular areas of light cream. Length 39.5 mm., diameter 25.5 mm. HoLOTYPE, No. 34200 (Univ. Calif. Mus. Paleo.), from Loc. A 1269 (U.C.) "south side of Carrizo Mountain, Imperial County, California; Pliocene; in small canyon about 3/8 mile east of mouth of Alverson Canyon in small draws cut in basal conglomerate in west side of canyon, 100-200 yards from its mouth." (Bramkamp.) The species is named for Dr. J. W. Durham, paleontologist of the Univer- sity of California, who made a large collection of fossils in the region in 1934. The specimen is not remarkable solely for the preservation of the color mark- ings but indicates a relationship with the textile group of cones. This shows that such forms as Conus dalli need not be recent migrants from other seas because in this case as well as others, the group has been here for a com- paratively long time. A similar case is presented in connection with Conus tessulatus and bramkampi. Conus lucidus Wood PI. 6, fig. 1. Conus lucidus WOOD, Index Test., Suppl., 1828, p. 8, pi. 3, fig. 4. "M. Cab. South Sea." WOOD, Index Test., Hanley Ed., 1856, p. 208, Suppl. pi. 3, fig. 4. [The name is followed by "//" which, according to a note on p. 197, indicates that the specimens are from the collection of Mawe and that such names were chiefly manuscript ones ofthat collector. In syn- onymy: "Mawe, Conch. 90 (no desc.) C. reticulatus, Sow. (as of Wood!) C. I. Con. f. 86, S. Seas."] Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 43, pi. 110 [210] [Conus pi. 24], fig. 581, 1858, [Name erroneously attributed to "Mawe, Conch. 90." [WEiNtCAUFF, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., ed. 2, vol. 4, 1873, p. 238, pi. 39, figs. 9, 10. Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1884, p. 91, pi. 30, fig. 11. Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 226. [Name attributed to "Mawe, 1828.*'] "Madgalena Bay, Lower, California to the Galapagos Islands." Hanna & Strong, Proc. Calif. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONl/^ -I I 57 Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 307, pi. 5, fig. 13- Platt, Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 96, no. 1, 1949, p. 53, fig-5, Manta, Peru. Conus (Cylindrus) lucidus WOOD, Keen, Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 1958, p. 484, fig. 933-. Conus reticulatus Mawe, Linn. Syst. Conch., 1823, P- 90. "South Seas." Sow- ERBY, Conch., 111., p. 3 [119], pl- 57, fig. 86, April 30, 1834, [As "Conus reticulatus WOOD."] REEVE, Conch., Icon., vol. 1, "June, 1843," pl- 11, fig. 52. [in synonymy: "Conus lucidus? Wood (undescribed. "] "Is- land of La Plata found in coarse sand." KlENER, Icon . Coq. Viv. , Genre Cone, 1847, p. 145, pl- 66, fig- 5- [Name attributed to Sowerby.] Not Co- nus reticulatus BORN, Index Mus. Caes. Vind., 1778, p. 139- Type locality: Unknown; not "South Sea" as originally cited. Typical specimens have been collected at Magdalena Bay, Baja California, outer coast. Range: Magdalena Bay to "Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador," (Barker). Collecting stations: Costa Rica: Port Parker and Port Culebra; Pan- ama: Bahia Honda; Colombia: Gorgona Island (Sta. 232, N.Y.Z.S., D-1, 2 to 8 fms.). The species is present in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences from Magdalena Bay (outer coast, several lots) and from five local- ities in the Galapagos Islands. Although Mawe's name reticulatus (1823, p. 90) has clear priority over lucidus, as shown in the above synonymy, it is invalidated by earlier usage. Pre-Linnaean writers used reticulatus extensively for a variety of Conus mer- cator Linnaeus and it was subsequently validated by Born (p. 139) in 1778. Also the name was presumably applied to another species by Meuschen (p. 366) in 1787. This information was derived from Sherborn, Index Anim., 1758-1800; the original works were not available. However, since Martini (pp. 261-262), 1771, used the name as a species and such post-Linnaean writers, as Dillwyn (p. 391), 1817, definitely placed the reference in the synonymy of Conus mercator, further tracing of the name seems unnecessary. It was necessary to determine these facts, however, because the names lucidus and reticulatus have been variously substituted in the literature for the west coast species and there seems to be no agreement as to the author- ship of either one. We have followed Sherborn, (Index Animalium) in crediting lucidus to Wood, 1828, because there is nothing in the original citation to show that it was Mawe's manuscript name; not until the Hanley edition of Wood, in 1856, was there an indication that this might be the case, and even then there is no certainty regarding it. There is considerable variation in the shape and coloration shown in the various figures, particularly in the height and concavity of the spire. The one published by Kiener agrees very closely with the specimens dredged by the Crocker Expedition of 1932, 13 miles southeast of Cape Tosco, Santa 58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Margarita Island, Baja California, (Loc. 27588 C.A.S.)- Reeve's figure fits specimens from the Galapagos Islands more closely than any of the others. Galapagos beach shells and a set from Magdalena Bay, presumably from shallow water, in the Hemphill collection, are all heavier, shorter and broader than the dredged material. It is possible that some of the differences in the figures may be attributed to the habitat of the shells. The species has been considered to be one of the rare forms of the west coast, but the collections available for this study have contained num- erous specimens. Conus californicus Hinds PI. 7, figs. 4, 17. Conus californicus HINDS in Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, Jan. 1844, pi. 42, fig. 224. "California." HINDS, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, pt. 1, July, 1844, p. 7, pi. 1, figs. 3-5. "Bay of Magdalena, California." SOWERBY, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1857, p. 31, pi. 200 [Conus pi. 14], fig. 332. Cooper, Geol. Surv. Calif. [Spec. Publ.] Geog. Cat. Moll. W. of the Rocky Mts., 1867, p. 33. "Farallone Islands to San Diego, B aja California." Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1883, P- 17, pi. 4, figs. 62, 63- Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol.38, 1910, p. 220. Rogers, The Shell Book 1913, p. 116, fig. l,[opp. p. 118.] Grant & Gale, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1931, p. 472, pi. 24, fig. 21. Peile, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 23, 1939, p. 350, fig. 8, (tooth). Burch, Smith and Keen, Min. Conch. Club Southern California, no. 48, May, 1945, p. 23. Hanna & Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser.4, vol.26, no. 9, 1949, p. 308, pi. 5, figs. 14, 15. Abbott, American Sea Shells, 1954, p. 265. Conus ravus GoULD, Jour. Boston, Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, Oct. 1853, P- 386, pi. 14, fig. 21. "Santa Barbara." Conus dealbatus A. ADAMS, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1853, p. 117. "Hab?" SowERBY, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 31, 1857, pi. 191 \Conus pi. 5], fig. 103. Weinkauff, Jahrb. Deutsch. Malak. GeselL, vol. 1, 1874, pp. 248, 291. "Californiens." Conus californicus fossilis T.S.Oldroyd, N autilus , vol. 34 , no. 4 , April, 1921, p. 116, pi. 5, fig. 9. "Lower San Pedro Series, Nob Hill Cut, San Pedro." Type locality: Magdalena Bay, Baja California. Range: Farallone Islands, California, south to Cape San Lucas, Baja California. Collecting stations: This is a common littoral and shallow water spe- cies in California. Specimens from south of San Diego from the following lo- calities have been studied in connection with the present report. Guadalupe Island; San Benito Islands; Cedros Island; San Roque Island; San Martin Is- land; Abreojos Point; San Hipolito Point; Magdalena Bay; Cape San Lucas; San Quentin Bay (Pleistocene). No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONt/V -I I 59 Long ago, Cooper gave the range of this species as being from the Far- allone Islands off San Francisco, to Baja California. It is common from Mon- terey southward. Immature specimens often show a faint, brown reticulation or spiral striation under the periostracum. This is sometimes retained to the adult stage as shown by specimens in the California Academy of Sciences, one of which is illustrated here. These markings together with the shape of the shell suggest relationship v/ith Conus lucidus and, to a lesser extent with Conus dalli. Few collectors have published notes on the appearance and behavior of the animals of Conus in life. An early instance of this having been done for a west American species which has come to our attention is the record made by Hemphill (1893, pp. 351-352) for Conus californicus. This is so informa- tory that is fully quoted below. The body of this mollusk is whitish in color and profusely dotted over with black specks that frequently coalesce near the margin of the mantle. When the animal is in motion the foot ex- tends about '/4 of an inch beyond the anterior and posterior ends of the shell. It is truncated in front and bluntly pointed behind. The sole is white and sparsely sprinkled with black specks. The motion of the animal is a constant glide. The proboscis is black, and about Vi inch long when fully extended, and seems to be a specialized portion of the animal's mantle, rolled together with the lower edges in contact but not joined. It curves over and above the back of the shell, as the animal moves forward. Two small tentacles, of a dark color, each 5 millimeters long, protrude from the head near the base of the proboscis, bearing two small keen eyes, which are separated about half way between the tips and the base of the tentacles. The operculum is horn-color and claw shaped, a portion of the lower or sharp end being free from the animal. [See pi. 7, fig. 4, one of Hemphill's specimens.] When the animal is in motion this operculum lies transversely across the upper side of the posterior part of the animal's foot. The nucleus of the young shell is white and glassy, and after a few turns the spire resembles a bluntly pointed, round peg. Af- ter this the upper end of the whorls rapidly enlarge, as also does the length of the whorls from the anterior end of the shell to the shoulder. In the adult the body of the shell is covered with numerous re- volving lines, more prominent near the anterior end of the shell. On the spire of some specimens there are also strong revolv- ing lines, while on others these lines are entirely obsolete. The shoulder of the last whorl is rather concave and forms a shallow subcanal around the shell at the base of the spire, but this, like all other characters of shells, is very variable and in some indi- viduals it is absent. 60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers The whole shell is covered with a dirty yellowish epidermis that frequently darkens into chestnut color. The shells are quite brittle and very frequently broken, which perhaps is due to the thin, sharp outer lip, and an excessive amount of carbonate of lime in their composition. The bungling manner in which the ani- mal repairs these fractures does not add to the beauty or attrac- tiveness of the shell, which even in its perfect state is not very inspiring, especially when we consider the beauty of many other cones. An excellent account of the feeding habits with illustration was given by Saunders & Wolfson (1961). The species has been reported from shell heaps left by the Indians, but we have not learned if these people actually used it for food. A living specimen of this species was collected at low tide at Monte- rey, California, February 23, 1945 by Mr. H. B. Truett (Cat. No. 32128-a C.A.S.). In this the mantle margin was pink, body white with black flecks scattered sparingly over the surface, much denser, nearly black, at the lower 5 mm. of the siphon. The shell is 33.7 mm. long, 18.2 mm. in diameter and deep purple inside of the aperture. The operculum is horn colored, 8.2 mm. long and 2.3 mm. wide. Upon dissection the radula was missed due to unfa- miliarity with the anatomy. Subsequent treatment of the alimentary organs with sodium hydroxide solution, although carried rather too far, detached the radula and it was found among the residual fibers as a mass of clear, needle- like teeth. The exact form of the entire organ was lost. Individual teeth are hollow and have a canal almost the full length, with a terminal aperture near the outer end. The teeth are sharply pointed, even under high magnification. They each bear five or six very sharp, recurved barbs arranged around the circumference. The terminal aperture of the canal is beneath the second or third barb from the outer end. The canal follows a spiral course through the tooth which seems to agree in general with the direction taken by a buttress on the outside. The canal expands into an elongated bulb toward the base, readily outlined by the enclosed air bubble of a dry tooth, but not very easy to see in the mounted specimen. Altogether, one of these individual teeth has the appearance of a wicked weapon. Fig. 4. Conus califomicus HINDS. Complete tooth. Hypotype, no. 9345 (Paleo. type coll.), from Loc. 32128a (C.A.S.), Monterey, Calif., H. B. Truett, Coll., Feb. 23, 1945. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS -11 61 Two previous illustrations of teeth have appeared, one by Peile (1939, p. 350, fig. 8) and one by Tom Burch (1944, p. 29, fig. 23). Both of these show very close resemblance to our specimen. T. S. Oldroyd described a large form as Conus californicus fossilis from the Pleistocene of San Pedro, California. The height was given as 40 mm. Living specimens in the California Academy of Sciences from San Pedro ex- ceed this dimension and there appear to be no other stable characters for re- cognition of the fossil form. Many specimens from Morro Bay, San Luis Obis- po County, California, are 40 to 42 mm. in altitude. A larger fossil species, C. okhotensis Dall (1893, p. 47, pi. 56, fig. 4) from the Okhotsk Sea bears some resemblance to californicus but the spire is lower and the figure shows no spiral striae. Conus ebraeus Linnaeus PI. 9, figs. 6, 7, 8. Conus ebraeus LiNNAEUS, Syst.Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 715- '^Habitat in India." Ed. 12, 1767, p. 1169- Gmelin, ed. 13, vol. 6, 1790, p. 3384. Dillwyn, Desc. Cat. Recent Shells, vol. 1, 1817, p. 398. [As Conus ebraeus. Ex- cellent early synonymy. Seba is cited as authority forthe occurrence of the species in America.] LAMARCK, Anim. sans Vert., vol. 7, 1822, p. 451, "Habite les mers des chauds de I'Asie, de I'Afrique et de I'Amer- ique." [As Conus ebraeus7\ WOOD, Index, Test., 1828, p. 73, pi- 15, fig. 77. TAs Conus ebraeus7\ Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, July, 1843, pl- 19, figs. 104 a, b. [As Conus hebraeus.^ [Fig- 104 a is referred to "C. verm- iculatus Lamarck."] KlENER, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, 1846, p. 45, pi. 4, fig. 2, pi. 8, figs. 3, 3-a. [ As Conus hebraeus.^ H ERTLEIN, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, voL 78, no. 2, 1937, p. 306, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2. Daut- ZENBERG, Mem. Mus. Roy. d'Hist. Nat. Belgique, Hors Ser., vol.2 fasc. 18, 1937, pp. 81-88. Peile, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 23, 1939, P- 352, fig. 16 (radula). "Malindi." Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, P- 311, pi. 8, figs. 12, 13- Conus (Conus) ebraeus LINNAEUS, KEEN, Sea Shells of Tropical West Ameri- ca, 1958, p. 480, fig. 919. Conus vermiculatus LAMARCK, Enc. Meth. Vers, livr. 3, 1798, p. 321, fig. 1. Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., vol. 15, 1810, p. 34. Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., vol. 7, 1822, p. 451. "llabite les memes mers que le precedent" \hebraeus^^ D AUTZENBERG, Mem. Mus. Roy. d'Hist. Nat. Belgique, Hors Ser., vol. 2, fasc. 18, 1937, pp. 88-92. [As var. of ebraeus?^ Cucullus chaldaeus BOLTEN, Mus. Bolt., 1798, p. 42. Type locality: "India," (Linnaeaus). Range: Generally distributed in the south seas and extending to Clip- perton Island, the Galapagos Islands, and Costa Rica where Dranga collec- ted a living specimen. Collecting stations: Hood Island, Galapagos Islands (28347 C.A.S.) and Clipperton Island (23000 C.A.S.). Numerous specimens of both typical 62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers ebraeus and the variety vermiculatus \=chaldaeus Bolten] were collected by W. H. Oschsner of the 1905-1906 Expedition of the California Academy of Sci- ences to the Galapagos Islands. Seba, Dillwyn, Lamarck and Kiener all recorded this species from Amer- ican seas, yet it does not seem to have been recognized subsequently until recently. This seems remarkable in view of the striking characters of the shells and the fact that it is not as rare as sor:e others. The names e^rflg/^s, haebraeus andbebraeus have been used interchange- ably through the literature. Linnaeus and Gmelin used the first consistently. Born (1780, p. 159) changed it to"hebraeus" and Bory (1827, p. 158, pi. 321, fig. 2), spelled it "haebraeus"; both have been followed extensively. No rea- son has been found for the displacement of the original spelling. Both color forms, ebraeus and vermiculatus and intergrading specimens between them, are found together and have been recorded repeatedly in the literature. Some authors prefer to drop the last name, others prefer to call it a variety while others, as Ostergaard (1935, p. 21) for instance, suggest that it be considered a distinct species. Iredale (1929, p. 282) found the two forms living separately at Lord Howe Island and the Kermedecs and pointed out that the oldest available name for the vermiculate one is Cucullus chaldaeus Bolten. Our material indicates the identity of the two. All of Mr. Ochsner's shells were collected on the beach and are some- what worn; the largest (from Clipperton) is 31.5 mm. in altitude. A specimen in Stanford University collected by E. K. Jordan in Hawaii is 45 mm. in alti- tude; other specimens in the California Academy of Sciences collected by Dr. C. H. Edmondson, also in Hawaii, are 55.5 mm. in altitude. No available material from other localities exceeds the last figure. As demonstrated to us by Miss Myra Keen of Stanford University, the symmetry of this species makes it one of the best for top spinning and this feature is used for amusement by the younger generation of natives in some parts of the world. Dautzenberg has traced the history oiebraeus and vermiculatus through the literature back to 1684 giving excellent synonymy and a great many col- lecting stations. Conus tessulatus Born PI. 1, fig. 5; pi. 9, fig. 5; pi. U, figs. 1,3,4,5,8. Conus tessulatus BORN, Index Rer. Nat., Pt.l, Test . 1778 l1 780], p. 131. Born, Test. Mus. Caes. Vind., 1780, p. 15 1. [According to Iredale, (Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 9, pt. 3, June 29, 1929, p. 281), both of Bern's publications appeared in 1780.] TOMLIN, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 23, 1939, p. 352, fig. 23 (radula). "Mombasa." Hanna & STRONG, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9, 1949, p. 3 13, pi. 9, figs. 10, 11, 15; pi. 10, figs. 1-5. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS 11 63 Conus (Lithoconus) tessulatus Born,Keen, SeaShells of Tropical West Amer- ica, 1958, p. 487, fig. 943- Conus tesselatus Born, Dillwyn, Desc . Cat . Rec . Shells, vol. 1,1817, p. 358. SowERBY, Conch. 111., Dec. 1838, p. 120, pi. 148, figs. 27, 28. Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, Oct. 1843, pi- 28, fig. 163- Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre C8ne. 1847, pi. 17, fig. 1. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. , vol. 3 , 1857, p. 24, pi. 198 [Conus pi. 12], figs. 250, 251; "Ceylon, Mauritius, Philippines." TRYON, Man. Conch., vol.6, 1883, p.H, pl- 2, figs. 26, 27. Dautzenberg, Re's. Scient. Voy. Ind. Orient. Neerlandaises , vol. 2, fasc. 18, 1937, pp. 240-245, pl- 2, fig. 12. Conus edaphus DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 223- "Off Clar- ion Island in 31 fathoms, sand." Type locauty: Unknown. Range: West coast of Mexico, Japan, and Hawaii, through the south seas to Australia and east Africa. Collecting stations: The species was not obtained by the expeditions of either the Academy or the New York Zoological Society but Mr. George Wil- lett of the Los Angeles Museum collected one specimen at Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Group. Length, 21.3 mm.; diameter, 12.7 mm. 20-40 fms.; March 24, 1938. This specimen has been illustrated beside a specimen of tessulatus of comparable size from Huaheine Island, South Pacific, received from Garrett through the Hemphill collection. Exhaustive search for distinguishing charac- ters for the American form has been without success, Dautzenberg has lately given an excellent synonymy covering four pages and showed the distribution to be very wide in tropical and subtropical seas. The nearest records to Clarion Island are Hawaii, Japan, Guam, LooChoo Is- lands, etc. Born originally spelled the species name "tessulatus" but subsequent authors have mostly followed Burguiere and Lamarck in writing it "tesselatus." The holotype of Conus edaphus Dall (pl. 9, fig. 5) is U.S. National Mu- seum no. 130,385 and measures: alt. 25.1 mm.; diam. 14.0 mm. It was probably living when dredged and is in excellent condition. It is pale yellow with pale reddish rectangular spots in spiral rows on the body whorl. These extend over the shoulder on the spire. They are more distinct on the back than the front. It is small, young shell and the spire is slightly higher than is shown by the figure of the type of tessulatus in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, (pl. 11, figs. 1, 2). However, except for the pale condition of the reddish spots the specimen is readily matched by others from the South Seas of comparable size. The group to which tessulatus belongs inhabited American waters as early as the lower Pliocene, as shown by the following species. 64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Conus bramkampi Hanna & Strong PI. 10, fig. 2. Conus bramkampi HANNA & STRONG, Proc. Calif . Acad. Sci. , ser. 4, vol.26, no. 9, 1949, p. 314, pi. 8, fig. 14. Conus regularis Sowerby, Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 14, 1926, no. 18, p. 447, pi. 21, fig. 8. Spire low, gently concave, suture lightly impressed, without groove, whorls about 10; shoulder rounded; color markings consist of a uniform series of square brown spots in spiral rows, rather distantly spaced. Length 48 mm., diameter 30.5 mm. Holotype: No. 34198 (Univ. Calif. Mus. Paleo.), fromLoc. A-1269(U.C.), "south side of Cariizo Mountain, Imperial County, California; Pliocene; in a small canyon about 3/8 mile east of the mouth of Alverson Canyon in small draws cut in basal conglomerate on west side of canyon, 100-120 yards from its mouth." (Bramkamp). The species is named for the late Mr. R. A. Bramkamp, Paleontologist, California Arabian Standard Oil Company, who collected the specimen along with many other forms. The well preserved type specimen shows the color markings better than a previous lot which was identified as Conus regularis when adequate comparative material and literature were not available. The similarity is plainly seen with /ess «/fif/Ms and it indicates that the group is no late migrant into the region, as might be supposed from the rare occurrence of living specimens here. Woodring (Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. 418, Jan. 1931, p. 20) sug- gested the possibility of this species being Conus proteus. I \ No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN COSVS-U 65 UNVERIFIED RECORDS In the preceding pages an attempt has been made to allocate the records found in the literature to the proper species. As usual in such studies this has not always been possible and there remains a residue of references, the taxonomic information pertaining to which, is simply insufficient to enable a reasonable evaluation to be made. In order that the student of the fauna may have these records assembled in one place, they have been collected and are presented herewith. Additional work in the future may permit the finding of those which are purely erroneous as well as those which may perhaps, pertain to west American species. Annotations have been added in some cases but it must be emphasized that expressions of opinion may have very little in way of facts to bear them out. 1. Conus concinnus Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1833, p. 53. "Gulf of California." Renamed C. concinnulus by Crosse, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, vol. 10, 1858, p. 200. According to Dall, (Proc. U.S. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 227), this is not a Conus but a ^\eta of Colum- bellidae. 2. Conus dupontii Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv. , Genre Cone, 1849, p. 273, pi. 61, fig. 2. This species is a common Gulf of California shell and be- longs to the Columbellidae. 3. Conus exquisitus SowERBY, Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1887, p. 274, pi. 36 [512], fig. 757. "Hab. California." According to Dall, (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 228), this is almost certainly not west American. 4. Conus ferrugatus Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, p. 19. "Hab. ad Sinum Californiae et apud Insulam Guaymas." Sowerby, (Thes. Conch., vol. 3, 1857, p. 51) said the shell was unknown to him. Tryon, (Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1884, p. 106), however, stated that the shell was a var. of C cingulatus Lamarck. Weinkauff made the same suggestion. 5. Conus fusiformis Mawe, Linn. Syst. Conch., 1823, p. 87. "California." Tryon, (Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1884, p. 93), stated that Lamarck's fusi- formis was indeterminate; Tomlin, (Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 22, 1937, p. 251), however, renamed it atractus because of prior usage. Lamarck gave no locality. If Kiener's figure, (Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, 1848, p. 194, pi. 76, fig. 3), can be relied upon as authentic, 66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers and bis specimens apparently came from the Lamarck collection, no- thing similar has been found in the present study. Kiener gave the lo- cality, questionably as Pacific Ocean. It is not believed to be part of the west American fauna. 6. Conus hieroglyphus DucLOS, Mag. Zool., Ann. 2, pi. 23, 1833. "Cali- fornia." According to Dall, (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 228), the species is Indo-Pacific. 7. Conus philippii Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, 1848, p. 213, pi. 98, fig. 2. "Habite les cotes du Mexique." Tryon, (Man. Conch., vol. 6, 1884, p. 118), and Tomlin, (Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 22, 1937, p. 291), placed this species in synonymy of Conus tornatus Broderip. We have found no specimens in the collections studied which approach Kiener's figures very closely. 8. Conus scalptus Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 1, 1843, pi. 37, sp. 203. "Hab." Weinkauff, (Jahresb. d. Deutch. Mai. Ges., vol. 1, 1874, pp. 247-291), recorded the species from California. It is undoubtedly an error so far as California is concerned and probably was not found in Baja California or the Gulf. 9. Conus sieboldii Reeve, Conch. Icon., Suppl. Conus, pi. 1, sp. 269, Feb. 1848, "Japan." Dall, (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 38, 1910, p. 226), listed the species questionably from a fragment dredged near the Galapagos Islands in 300 fathoms. 10. Conus tribunus Crosse (1865, p. 312, pi. 10, fig. 2) was stated by Tomlin (1937, p. 323) to be equivalent to C. gladiator and that the type was in the British Museum (Natural History). Crosse gave the lo- cality as: "Hab. California (Coll. Cuming)." 11. Conus unico lor Sow EREY, Conch. 111., 1834, pt. 54, fig. 59; no locality given; not C. unicolor Sowerby, pt. 28, 1833, fig. 20. According to Tomlin, (Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 22, 1937, p. 325), the 1834 fig- ure was renamed concolor in "large list." Dall, (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol.38, 1910, p. 226), stated that Steams' shell from Acapulco agreed with the original figure. 12. Conus unifasciatus Kiener, Icon Coq. Viv., Genre Cone, 1849, p. 361, pi. 110, fig. 4; no locality cited. Tryon, (Man. Conch, vol. 6, 1883, p. 18, suggested that this may be Conus californicus. The figure is dark brown with a lighter colored band around the shoulder. We have seen no specimen of californicus which suggests union although the shape is similar. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS -11 67 REFERENCES In the following list of titles only those which bear importantly upon the classification or the distribution of eastern Pacific species have been in- cluded. In some cases they have not been cited in the synonymy of the fore- going text under various species. Annotations have been added when it seemed that these might aid the reader in deciding upon further investigation. Abbott, R. T. 1954. Anonymous 1951. Adams, A. 1853. American sea shells, pp. xiv, 1-54L 40 pis., 100 text figs. [Although this important work is indispensable for general identification of 'American mollusks, there is included only one species of Conus from the west coast; namely, C califomicus HINDS (p. 265). How- ever, the east American 18 species and subspecies are treated which makes the book a valuable reference for comparison.^ Archibald M. Strong. Stanford Review, p. 28, October. Descriptions of new species of the genus Conus from the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon- don, vol. 21, pp. 116-119, November 22. 1854. Descriptions of thirty-nine new species of shells, from the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Lon- don for 1854, pp. 130-138, pi. 28, June 27. Adams, A., and L. Reeve 1848- MoUusca. [In Adams, A.] The zoology of the voyage oiWM.S. Samarang; 1850. under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher. London, pt. 1, pp. i-x, [i-ii], 1-24, pis. 1-9 (1848); pt. 2, pp. 25-44, pis. 10-17 (1850); pt. 3, pp. 45-87, pis. 18-24 (1850). Allison, E. C 1959- Distribution of Conus on Clipperton Island. Veliger, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 32-33, April 1. Arnold, R. 1090. Paleontology of the Coalinga district, Fresno and Kings Counties, Cal- ifornia. United States Geological Survey, Bulletin no. 396, pp. 1-173, 30 pis. Barros e Cunha, J. G. de 1933- Catalogo descritivo das Conchas exoticas de collec^o Antonio Augusto de Carvalho Monteiro. Memorias e Estudos do Museu Zoologico da Universidade de Coimbra, ser. 1, no. 71, pp. 7-224. [Familia Coni- dae, p. 1833 BEEBE, W. 1937. [For data on localities of the Beebe-Crocker Expedition to the Gulf of California in 1936 for the New York Zoological Society,] see: The Templeton Crocker Expedition. II. Introduction, Itinerary, List of Stations, Nets and Dredges. Zoologica, vol. 22, pt. 1, no. 2, pp. 33-46, figs. -1-8 in text. 68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers 1938a. 1938b. Bergh, R. 1895. BOLTEN, J.F. 1798. Born, I. 1778. Brown, A. P 1911- 1913. Bruguiere, J 1789. [For data on localities of the Beebe-Crocker Expedition to the Gulf of California in 1937-1938 for the New York Zoological Society^ see: Eastern Pacific Expeditions of the New York Zoological Society, XIV. Introduction, Itinerary, List of Stations, Nets and Dredges of the Eastern Pacific 7.aca Expedition, 1937-1938. Zoologica, vol. 23, pt. 3, no. 14, pp. 287-298, 2 figs, in text. Zaca Venture. Published under the auspices of the New York Zoologi- cal Society, New York. 303 pp., 23 illustrations. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Coniden. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum. Abhandlung der Kaiserlischen Leopoldinisch - Carolinischen Deutschen Aka- demieder Naturforscher. .., Bd.65,nr. 2, Halle, pp. 67-214, pis. 1-13. Museum Boltenianum... pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia& multivalvia. (Hamburg i). [Edit, by P. F. Rbding, with a preface by A. Lichtenstein.] Pp. I-VIII, 1-99. [Reprint by C. D. Sherborn and E.R.Sykes, 1906. Index by W. H. Dall in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Publication no. 2360, pp. 1-64, 1915]] Index Rerum Naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars I. Testa- cea. Verzeichnis der naturlichen Seltenheiten des k. k. Naturalien Cabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil: Schalthiere. Vindobonae (ex. offi- cina Krausiana.) [The date of publication is 1778 following Rutsch, R. F., Nautilus, vol. 69, no. 3, 1956, pp. 78-79, rather than Ire- dale, T., Memoirs Queensland Museum, vol. 9, pt. 3, 1929, p. 281, and Dodge, H., Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural His- tory, vol. 100, 1952, p. 231; and vol. 103, 1953, P- 125, both of whom cite 1780.] , AND H. A. PiLSBRY Fauna of the Gatun formation. Isthmus of Panama. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 63, PP- 336-360 (June 22, 1911), pp. 361-373 (July 27, 1911), pis. 22-29; pt. 2, vol. 64, pp. 500-519, pis. 22-26 (Jan. 30, 1913). .G. Histoire naturelle des Vers. Encyclopedie methodique, vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 1-344, 1789- Vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 345-757, 1789. [For dates of pages, plates and numbers of plates, see: Sherborn, C.D., and B. B. Wood- ward, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 17, 1906, pp. 577-582.] [See also, Hwass, C. H.] BURCH, J. Q. (ed.) 1944- Distributional list of the west American marine MolluscafromSanDiego, California, to the Polar Sea. [Extracts from the] Minutes ofthe Con- chological Club of Southern California, pt. I (Pelecypoda), nos. 33" 45 (March 1944-February 1945); pt. II, vols. I-II (Gastropoda), nos. 46-63 (March 1945-September 1946). A. M. Strong, 1876-1951. Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California, no. 112, pp. 1-2, August. 1946. 1951. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CON US 11 69 I960. Nautilus, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 81-82, October. [Conus mus BRUGUIERE is recorded for the first time from the west American coast, "Panama Bay under rocks at lowest tide off Vera Cruz village beach." Tech- nically it may better bear the name Conus citrinus GmelIN, 1791 (see: Clench, Johnsonia, no. 5, P- 7). The species is a well known Caribbean form.] Carpenter, P. P. 1857. Report on the present state of our knowledge withregard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the twenty-sixth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1856, pp. 159-368, pp. 1-4, pis. 6-9- Issued 1857. Chapman, E. S. 1858. Alleged discovery of a fossil Conus in the drift of western Canada. The Canadian Journal of Industry, Science and Art, n.s., vol.3, no. 18, p. 516, November. [This refers to a specimen picked up in a gravel pit of glacial "drift on Grand River near York, (Mana- tobe?"). It was water-worn and evidently the identity was ques- tionable. F. C. Baker (The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle Amer- ica, recent and fossil. Chicago Academy of Science, Special Publi- cation, no. 3, 1911, P- 474) seems to have considered the speci- men to be a fresh water Lywrzaeo. No additional references to it have been seen. If it should prove to be a Conus the locality would be remarkable!] Chase, E. M. 1952. A. M. Strong. Nautilus, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 142-143, April. Chemnitz, J. H. 1780- Neues systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. Nurnberg. 4to., vols. 4-11. 1795. Continued after Martini. [See Martini, F. H. W., and Chemnitz, J. HT] Clench, W. J. 1942- The genus Conus in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, [vol. ij no. 6, pp. 1953. 1-40, pis. 1-15, December 5, 1942. Also vol. 2, no. 32, pp. 363-376, pis. 181-185, 1953. Clench, W. J., and Y. Kondo 1946. The poison cone shell. Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Occasional Papers on Mollusks, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 49-80, 5 plates. Cotton, B. C 1945. A catalogue of the cone shells (Conidae) in the South Australian Mu- seum. Records of the South Australian Museum, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 229-280, pis. I-5, June 30. [This is one of the most important re- cent works on members of the family which the author groups into 14 genera. Numerous radular teeth are illustrated and a theory of the mechanism of injection of the poisonous denticles isgiven. Five species, Conus aulicus, C. textile, C. tulipa, C marmoTeus, and C. geographicus are stated to have been recorded as having inflicted "bites." 70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers Throughout the work there are many notes on classification of species as well as genera. Many west American records are cited and some synonymy is given for them which differs greatly from any hitherto proposed. In general it seems that the author is more con- servative than the present one insofar as the species found in this area are concerned and many names, which we have recognized, are placed in synonymy. Thus C tiaratus Sowerby is considered to be "Virroconus coronatus (Gmelin)", p. 236; V. citrinus is listed from San Diego, California, certainly an error, p. 236. C. nux Broderip is placed as a synonym of "Virroconus spon- salis (Bruguiere)", p. 237; "Stephanoconus regius (Gmelin)" is recorded from "Gulf of California" by error. The record of "Ste- phanoconus su/fusus (Sowerby)" from "California" (p. 240) is also in error. "Leptoconus emarginatus (Reeve)" with Conus arcuatus Gra-Y, 1839, not Broderip and Sowerby, 1829, isrecorded only from Brazil, p. 244, but we have considered both names to be synonymous with C recurvus Broderip, a west American species. Conus dispar Sowerby and C recurvus Broderip are considered synonyms of "Lep- toconus regularis (Sowerby)", p. 245. C. perplexus (Sowerby) is considered a synonym of Pionoconus interruptus (BRUGUIERE), p. 249- "China" is added to west American localities. C. wa/joganz Reeve is made a synonym oi Pionoconus interruptus ^v.iv. Hypotype, no. 9323, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27563 (C.A.S.), Gulf of Fonseca, Salvador-Honduras boundary, lit- toral. Templeton Crocker Exp., 1932. Length 36.7mm., diameter 22.0 mm. ; p. 19- Fig. 6. Conus mahogani Reeve. Hypotype, no. 9333, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 28365 (C.A.S.), Punta Arena, Costa Rica; H.N.Lowe, Coll. Length 38.5 mm., diameter 17-5 mm.; p. 37. Fig. 7. Conus recurvus BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 9312, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27584 (C.A.S.), Lat. 23° 03' to 06' N., Long. 109° 31' to 36' W., off Cape San Lucas, Baja California, 20-220 fathoms. Templeton Croctcer Exp. 1932. Length 50.8 mm., diameter 22.5 mm.; p. 27. Fig. 8. Conus ximenes GRAY. Hypotype, no. 9337, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 24077 (C.A.S.), Los Angeles Bay, Baja California^ Fred Baker, Coll. Length 43.0 mm., diameter 21.2 mm.; p. 34. OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 35 (HANNA) PLATE 2. |MH|^^^^^HHM ""SHH^^B ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 ^^■^^■K^t'Cj^rf .'V «^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 ^^■^1 ^^^H ^^^^r^H Wtt^^^p ^^^^H ^n^ ^H rJ^^^M' ^« f ,^ ;^'v1^B r^M ^^^ wk 1 R^^^^^^^ K •'\,^"V^IB Jm ^^H ^^^^^^^^R^^^B J^^H^npKQ^''Vi^2a£jHL / ^H mjjJl^r\^::-:-^J^^^ v.. -a ^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^ 4v ^^1 i^Ki^-i^i.2^A V "M ' '^>'-'di^^^A ^^^^^^^^^1 ^^k IM H||K /m n'^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^L K ^i^^^Kl ■i^HH^H^^^H^B ^^H^^^H He ^1 ■ ■■^■j ^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^jjfcj^^'*. ■ J '* f^^H 1 JM '^'^i^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^H^ «_^^^^^| ^^^^^^■^^^^^■H 1/ jTjJ - ^^^^1 1' '--w^^H ^K^l ii *^ Sfir '^^^^^^^^^H .;■• ^IrfBI, \ 1 1 ^^^^^^^A vi?/ .m ^^^^H H'v.: :; -'' ''..''^l'^^'^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^K # .^K*9 1 % 82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers PLATE 3 Fig. 1. Conus brunneus WOOD. Hypotype, no. 9291, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 23005 (C.A.S.), Hood Island, Galapagos Group, Ecuador, between tides; W. H. Ochsner, Coll. Length 44.5 mm., diameter 26.0 mm.; p. 14. Fig. 2. Conus purpurascens BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 9336, (Geol. Type Coll.), Magdalena Bay, Baja California; Henry Hemphill, Coll. Length 54.5 mm., diameter 32.0 mm.; p. 47. Fig. 3- Conus purpurascens BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 9334, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 21'b'll (C.A.S.), Acapulco Bay, Mexico; Templeton Crocker Exp., 1932. Length 49-4 mm., diameter 28.4 mm.; p. 47. Fig. 4. Conus arcuatus BRODERIP & Sowerby. Hypotype, no. 9298, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27574 (C.A.S.), Lat. 18° 33' N., Long. 103° 45' W., 47 miles southeast of Manzanillo, Mexico, 52 fathoms; Templeton Crocker Exp., 1932. Length 31-0 mm., diameter 14.5 mm.; p. 40. Fig. 5. Conus arcuatus BRODERIP & SowERBY. Hypotype, no. 9299, (Geol. Type Coll.), from same locality as figure 4. Length 33-5 mm., diameter 15.0 mm. ; p. 40. Fig. 6. Conus arcuatus BRODERIP & Sowerby. Hypotype, no. 9297, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Sta. 135-D-18 (N.Y.Z.S.), Lat. 23° 30' N., Long. 109" 25' W., Arena Bank, east coast of Baja California, 40 fathoms. Length 40.5 mm., diameter 20.0 mm.; p. 40. Fig. 7. Conus diadema Sowerby. Hypotype, no. 9295, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 23777 (C.A.S.), Clarion Island, (Revillagigedo Group), Mexico, be- tween tides; G D. Hanna & E. K. Jordan, Colls. Length 33-5 mm., diameter 20.0 mm.; p. I5. Fig. 8. Conus diadema pemphigus Dall. Hypotype, no. 9294, (C. A .S.), Cocos Island, Costa Rica, between tides; W. H. Ochsner, Coll. Length 28.5 mm., diameter 14.0 mm.; p. 16. Fig. 9. Conus perplexus Sowerby. Hypotype, no. 9322, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27226 (C.A.S.), Corinto, Nicaragua; L. G. Hertlein, Coll. Length 24.9 mm., diameter 18.5 mm.; p. 37. OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 35 (HANNA) PLATE 3. ^■■1 -...-'''ViC..;^ F^n I^^^^H^^I^^H WM w^^ ■E^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^i KZ^t^ANB No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS -11 83 Fig. 10. Conus vittatus HWASS in BRUGUIERE. Hypotype, no. 9348, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 20439 (C.A.S.), Mazatlan, Mexico; A. Russel Crowell, Coll. Length 35.8 mm., diameter 21.9 mm.; p. 44. Fig. 11. Conus scalaris VALENCIENNES. Hypotype, no. 9308, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27587 (C.A.S.), off Cape San Lucas, Baja California, 20-25 fathoms; Templeton Crocker Exp. , 1932 . Length 37.7 mm., diameter 15.4 mm., p. 31. Fig. 12. Conus orion BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 9335, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27223 (C.A.S.), Mazatlan, Mexico; L. G. Hertlein, Coll. Cited as C. puTpurascens by Hanna & STRONG, 1949. Length 30.5 mm., diameter 17.7 mm. ; p. 46. 84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers PLATE 4 Fig. 1. Conus scalaris VALENCIENNES. Hypotype, no. 9309, (GeoL Type ColL), Sta. 142-D-l (N.Y.Z.S.), Lat . 27° 05' N., Long. IIP 56' W., Santalnez Bay, B aj a California, 30-54 fathoms. Length 64 . 5 mm. , diameter 25 .0 mm. ; p . 3L Fig. 2. Conus fergusoni SowERBY. Hypotype, no. 9319, (GeoL Type ColL), from Loc. 27587 (C.A.S.), 20-25 fathoms off Cape SanLucas, Baj a California; Templeton Crocker Exp., 1932. Length 81.0 mm., diameter 46.4 mm.; p. 42. Fig. 3. Conus scalaris VALENCIENNES. Hypotype, no. 9311, (GeoL Type Coll.), from same locality as fig.l. Length 64. 5 mm., diameter25.0mm.; p. 31. Fig. 4. Conus brunneus WOOD. Hypotype, no. 9293, (GeoL Type Coll.), from Loc. 28187 (C.A.S.), Albemarle Island, Galapagos Group, Ecuador, be- tween tides; W. H. Oschner, Coll. Length, 44.5 mm., diameter 36.0 mm.; p. 14. Fig. 5. Conus princeps Linnaeus. Hypotype, no. 9326, (GeoL Type Coll.), from Santa Inez Bay, Baja California. N.Y.Z.S., 1938 Exp., Coll.; showing heavy periostracum . Length 54.6 mm., diameter 33.5 mm. p. 21. Fig. 6. Conus brunneus WOOD. Hypotype, no. 9292, (GeoL Type Coll.), from same locality as fig. 4. Length 56.0 mm., diameter 37.0 mm.; p. 14. OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 35 (HANNA) PLATE 4. 86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers PLATE 5 Fig. 1. Conus brunneus WOOD. Holotype, no. 617611, (U.S. Nat. Mus.) of Conus andrangae Schwengel from Bahia El Coco, Costa Rica. Length 47.0 mm., diameter 33-9 mm.; p. 14- Fig. 2. Conus virgatus Reeve. Holotype, no. 37399, (U. S. Nat. Mus.), of Conus signae BartscH from Guaymas , Mexico. Length 57.6mm., diameter 30.1 mm.; p . 51- Fig. 3. Conus purpurascens BRODERIP. Holotype, no. 34710, (U. S. Nat. Mus.), of Conus purpurascens var. rejectus Dall from Port Escondido, "Gulf of California." Length 49-5 mm., diameter 30.7 mm.; p. 47. Fig. 4. Conus princeps apogrammatus Dall. Holotype, no. 37404, (U.S. Nat. Mus.), from Panama. Length 35-5 mm., diameter 22.0 mm.; p. 24. Fig. 5- Conus fergusoni Sowerby. Holotype of Conus xanthicus DALL, no. 111236, (U. S. Nat. Mus.), from Sta. 3011, (U.S. Fish Commission, S.S. Alba- trass), off Guaymas, Mexico, 71 fathoms. Length 42.0 mm., diameter 2 2.5 mm.; p. 42. Fig. 6. Conus recurvus BRODERIP. Holotype of Conus scalarus helenae Schwengel, no. 617609, (U.S.Nat. Mus.), from Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Length 45-2 mm., diameter 19.2 mm.; p. 27. Fig. 7. Conus gradatus MK'^E. Holotype of Conus gradatus thaanumi SCBVf en- GEL, no. 617607, (U.S.Nat. Mus.), from Bahia Salinas, Costa Rica. Length 45-5 mm., diameter 22.4 mm.; p. 26. Fig. 8. Conus recurvus BRODERIP. Holotype of Conus scariphus CALL, no. 123085, (U.S.Nat. Mus.), from Sta. 3369, (U.S. Fish Commission), off Cocos Island, Costa Rica, 66 fathoms. Length 41.0 mm., diameter 20.6 mm.; p. 27. OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 35 (HANNA) PLATE 5. m I^B p^^pn ^^^^^^^^^^■kkv '11^ ^B^l ■ ^^H^T^^^^^^^^^^B J^HK?J!yi /^^W 88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ Papers PLATE 6 Fig. 1. Conus lucidus WOOD. Hypotype, no. 9303, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 1337 (C.A.S.), Magdalena Bay, Baja California; Henry Hemphill, Coll. Length 40.0 mm., diameter 20.5 mm.; p. 56. Fig. 2. Conus archon Broderip. Hypotype, no. 9300, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27584 (C.A.S.), off Cape San Lucas, Baja California; Templeton Crocker Exp., 1932, 20-220 fathoms. Length 63-0 mm., diameter 33 -5 mm.; p.33- Fig. 3. Conus bartschi Hanna & STRONG. Holotype, no. 9296, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27587 off Cape San Lucas, Baja California, 20-25 fathoms; Templeton Crocker Exp., 1932. Length 49-0 mm., diameter 30.0 mm.; p. 17. Fig. 4. Conus orion BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 8039, (Stanford University Coll."), from Venado Island, Panama Bay; W.D.Clark, Coll. Length 30.9 mm., diameter 16-5 mm.; p. 46. Fig. 5- Conus regularis Sowerby. Hypotype, no. 12302, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 33266 (C.A.S.), Guaymas, Mexico. Very close to original figure; John Strohbeen, Coll. Length 45-8 mm., diameter 23-0 mm.; p. 29- Fig. 6. Conus archon Broderip. Hypotype, no. 8038, (Stanford University Coll.), from San Jose Island, Panama Bay; W. D. Clark, Coll. Length 36.0mm., diameter 17.3 mm.; p. 33- Fig. 7. Conus virgatus Reeve. Hypotype, no. 8041, (Stanford University Coll.), from Bruja Point, Panama Bay; W.D.Clark, Coll. Length 36.0 mm., diameter 17.3 mm.; p. 51 Figs. 8-10. Conus patricius HiNDS. Egg capsules and operculum of hypo- type, no. 31642, (Stanford University Coll.), from Venado Flats, Panama Bay. See pi. 8, fig. 1, for illustration of shell; p. 49- OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 35 (HANNA) PLATE 6. No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS 11 89 Fig. 10. Conus tornatus Broderip. Hypotype, no. 9327, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27569 (C.A.S.), Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico, 28 fathoms; Temple- ton Crocker Exp. 1932. Length 22.5 mm., diameter 9'7 mm.; p. 39. Fig. 11. Conus tornatus BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 9328, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27527 (C A. S.), Acapulco, Mexico, dredged in Bay; Templeton Crock- er Exp., 1932. Length 23.0 mm., diameter 9.8 mm.; p. 39- Fig. 12. Conus tornatus BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 9330, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 275 88 (C.A.S.), about 13 miles southeast of CapeTosca, Santa Mar- garita Island, Baja California; Templeton Crocker Exp., 1932. Length 23-4 mm., diameter 9-8 mm.; p. 39- Fig. 13- Conus tornatus BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 9329, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27588 same as fig. 12; p. 39- Fig. 14. Conus nux BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 93 24, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 28346 (C.A.S.), Academy Bay, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands,' Ecua- dor; W. H. Ochsner, Coll. 1906. Length 19.5 mm., diameter 12.6mm.; p. 20. Fig. 15- Conus nux BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 9325, (Geol. Type Coll.). from Loc. 28346 (C.A.S.), Academy Bay, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecua- dor; W. H. Ochsner, Coll. 1906. Length 21.9mm., diameter 13-5 mm.;p.20. Fig. 16. Conus orion BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 12304, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 33144 A (C.A.S.), Venado Island, Panama. Length 28.9 mm., diam- eter 16.4 mm.; p. 46. Fig. 17. Conus californicus HiNDS. Hypotype, no. 9305, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27600 (C.A.S.), dredged in 25 fathoms "above long spit", San Mar- tin Island, west coast of Baja California; Templeton Crocker Exp., 1932. Length 21.2 mm., diameter 13.2 mm.; p. 58. Fig. 18. Conus dispar So^ERB\ . Hypotype, no. 9315, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27584 (C.A.S.), off Cape San Lucas, Baja California, 20-220 fa- thoms^-Templeton Crocker Exp., 193 2. Length 22.5 mm., diameter9:0mm.;p.32. 90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ Papers PLATE 7 Fig. 1. Conus orion Broderip. Hypotype, no. 12305, (Geol. Type ColL), from Loc. 33144 (C.A.S.), Venado Island, Panama. Length 36.5 mm., diameter 20.7 mm.; p. 46. Fig. 2. Conus orion BRODERIP. Hypotype, no. 12306, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 33144 (C.A.S.), Venado Island, Panama. Length 40.7 mm., diameter 25.0 mm.; p. 46. Fig. 3. Conus scalaris VALENCIENNES. Hypotype, no. 9310, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Sta. 136-D-16 (N.Y.Z.S.), Lat. 23° 29' 30"N., Long. 109° 25' 30" W., Arena Bank, east coast of Baja California, 45 fathoms. Length 47.0 mm., diameter 17.0 mm.; p. 31- Fig. 4. Conus californicus HiNDS. Hypotype, no. 9304, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 13988 (C.A.S.), San Pedro, California, between tides. Henry Hemp- hill, Coll. Length 40.0 mm., diameter 20.5 mm., length of operculum 9.5 mm.; p. 58. Fig. 5. Conus perplexus SowERBY. Hypotype, no. 9320, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27849 (C.A.S.), Lat. 23° 12' N., Long. 106° 29' W,, Gulf of Californ- ia, 55 fathoms; Templeton Crocker Exp., 1932. Length 29-2 mm., diameter 14.0 mm.; p. 37. Fig. 6. Conus tessulatus Born. Hypotype, no. 9332, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 1224 (C.A.S.), Huaheine Island; A. J. Garrett, Coll. Length 28.0 mm., diameter 16.0 mm.; p. 62. Fig. 7. Conus tiaratus Broderip. Hypotype, no. 9312, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 28348 (C.A.S.), Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador; W. H. Ochsner, Coll. 1906. Length 30.5 mm., diameter 18.2 mm.; p. 17. Fig. 8. Conus perplexus Sowerby. Hypotype, no. 9321, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27581 (C.A.S.) between Isabel Island and Mazatlan, Mexico; Tem- pleton Crocker Exp., 1932. Length 29-4 mm., diameter 16.0 mm.; p. 37. Fig. 9. Conus fergusoni SowERBY. Hypotype, no. 9318, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 17789 (C.A.S.), 3 miles off Pyramid Rock, Clarion Island, Mexico, 55 fathoms. Length 29.2 mm., diameter 14.0 mm.; p. 42. OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 35 (HANNA) PLATE 7. 92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers PLATE 8 Fig. 1. Conus patricius HiNDS. Hypotype no. 8040, (Stanford University), from Venado Flats, Panama Bay, W.D. Clark, Coll Length 140 mm., diameter 89.5 mm.; p. 49- OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 35 (HANNA) PLATE 8. 94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers PLATE 9 Fig. 1. Conus diadema pemphigus Dall. Holotype of Conus brunneus pem- phigus Dall, no. })1AA9 A, (U.S. Nat. Mus.) from Tres Marias Islands , Mexico. Length 26.0 mm., diameter 17.0 mm.; p. 16. Fig. 2. Conus orion Broderip. Holotype of Conus drangai SCHWENGEL, no. 617612, (U.S. Nat. Mus.), from Salinas Bay, Costa Rica; Ted Dranga, Coll. Length 32.0 mm., diameter 18.5 mm.; p. 46. Fig. 3- Conus tiaratus BRODERIP. Holotype of Conus roosevelti Bartsch & Rehder, no. 472854, (U.S.Nat. Mus.), from Magdalena Bay, Lower California. Length 15-3 mm., diameter, 9-6 mm.; p. 17. Fig. 4. Conus recurvus BRODERIP. Holotype of Conus magdalenensis BARTSCH 4 Rehder, no. 472521, (U.S.Nat. Mus.), from Magdalena Bay, Baja California, 10-15 fathoms; Waldo L. Schmitt, Coll. Length 33.6 mm., diameter 15.3 mm.; p. 27. Fig. 5. Conus tessulatus BORN. Holotype of Conus edaphus Dall, no. 130385, (U.S.Nat. Mus.), from Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Group, Mexico, 31 fathoms. Length 25-0 mm., diameter 14 mm.; p. 62. Fig. 6. Conus ebraeus LiNNAEUS. Hypotype, no. 12307, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 37062 (C.A.S.), Clipperton Island, Mexico; E.C. Allison, Coll. Length 41.4 mm., diameter 27.8 mm.; p. 61. Fig. 7. Conus ebraeus Linnaeus. Hypotype, no. 12308, (Geol. Type Coll.), from locality as fig. 6. Length 35-6 mm., diameter 22.3 mm.; p. 61. Fig. 8. Conus ebraeus LiNNAEUS. Hypotype, no. 12309, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 37062 (C.A.S.), Clipperton Island, Mexico; E. C. Allison, Coll. Length 27.0 mm., diameter 19-3 mm. p. 61. Fig. 9- Conus regularis Sowerby. Hypotype, no. 12303, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 33236 (C.A.S.), Lagoon at Miramar, Guaymas, Mexico; John Stroh- been, Coll. Length 48.5 mm., diameter 21.0 mm.; a form characteristic of this locality; p. 29- Fig. 10. CowMS /ergwsonz Sowerby. Hypotype, no. 123 10, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 17974 (C.A.S.), Judas Point, CostaRica. (N.Y.Z.S.) Loc. no. 214- D-1. Length 42.8 mm., diameter 23-0 mm.; to show spotting; p. 42. OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 35 (HANNA) PLATE 9. 96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers PLATE 10 Fig. 1. Conus durhami Hanna & STRONG. Holotype, no. 34200, (Univ. Calif. Mus. Paleo.), from Loc. A 1269 (U.C.), south side of Carrizo Mountain, Imper- ial County, California. Pliocene. Length 39-5 mm., diameter 25-5 mm.; p. 56. Fig. 2. Conus bramkampi HANNA & Strong. Holotype, no. 34199, (Univ. Calif. Mus. Paleo.), from south side of Carrizo Mountain, Imperial County, California. Pliocene. R. A. Bramkamp, Coll. Length 48.0 mm., diameter 30.5 mm.; p. 64. Fig. 3. Conus dalli Stearns. Hypotype, no. 9290, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 24108 (C.A.S.), Maria Magdalena Island, Tres Marias Group, Mexico; G D. Hanna & E . K. Jordan, Colls. , 1925. Length 50.0mm., diameter 26.8mm.; p. 54. Fig. 4. Conus patricius HiNDS. Holotype, no. 9347, (Geol. Type Coll.), from Loc. 27332 (C.A.S.), San Juan Del Sur, Nicaragua; H. N. Lowe, Coll. Length 57.0 mm., diameter 31-0 mm.; p. 49- Fig. 5. Conus patricius UlSDS. Hypotype , no . 9346, (Geol. Type Coll .), from Loc. ll'ill (C.A.S.), San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; H. N. Lowe, Coll. Length 51.0 mm., diameter 29-5 mm.; p. 49. OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 35 (HANNA) PLATE 10. 98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers PLATE 11 Fig. 1. Conus tessulatus BOKfi. From the Hwass collection in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland. Length 49-5 mm., diameter 32 mm.; p. 62. Fig. 2. Conus vittatus HwASS in BRUGUIERE. From the Hwass collection in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland. Length 38.0 mm., di- ameter 22 mm.; p. 44. Fig. 3. Conus tessulatus Born. From the Lamarck collection in the Mu- seum d'Hiistoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland. Fig. 4. Conus tessulatus BORN. Opposite side of specimen shown in fig- ure 3- Fig. 5. Conus tessulatus Born. Top view of specimen shown in figure 1. Fig. 6. Conus vittatus HwASS in Bruguiere. Top view of specimen shown in figure 2. Fig. I 7. Conus vittatus Hwass in BRUGUIERE. From the Hwass collection in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland. Length 37.2 mm., di- ameter 20.0 mm.; p. 44. Fig. 8. Conus tessulatus Born. Opposite view of the specimen shown in figure 1. The photographs from which all of the figures on this plate were made were furnished by Dr. K. Bender, Muse'um d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switz- erland. OCC. PAPERS CALIF. ACAD. SCI., NO. 35 (HANNA) PLATE IL ^^■^H ^^^^^^^^■■^^^^^^^j^Hs^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^£^^^^^1 IPKV^^^^I mHSl^j^* tjfl^^^^^^^^H ^Ht ^ ' ^^"^^^^^^^^1 ^^^^^^^^^■■^^^■•^^^^^^^^^^^^H ■".; .^^^H ^H^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^?^^^^^^^^^| ^n "% In^^^^^H ^^K-';" '^;PB^''i- "'H ^^I^^^^HF^ ^^^^^IK^i^ ^B'-^^l' 'M ^^^H>' '' .^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^A Mff^wmk fl ^^K^-'^^M fl ^^^^^^^^^^■^^^^^^■•^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^H^K ~ ''-J^^^^^K ^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H Rl^^ ^■'- <]n^^^H^^^^I ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H B-'r^^^BBfl ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'.:?'^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^H ^^^^l^^l No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS -11 101 INDEX Names of new species are in bold-face. Page numbtrs in bold-face refer to the pages on which the captions of the species discussed appear. Conus, 11 achatinus, 49 adversarius, 76 ambiguus, 42 andrangae, 14, 15; pi. 5, fig. 1 angulatus, 30 apogrammatus, 12, 22, 24; pi. 1, fig. 6; pi. 5, fig. 4; 53 archon, 7, 13, 33; pi. 6, figs. 2-6; 34, 39, 45. 46 arcuatus, 7, 12, 27, 32, 40; pi. 3, figs. 4, 5, 6 ; 42 atractus, 65 aulicus, 9, 69 australis, 7, 25 bartschi, 12, 15, 17; pi. 6, fig. 3 borneensis, 41, 42 bramkampi, 56, 64; pi. 10, fig. 2 brunneus, 12, 14; pi, 3, fig. 1; pi. 4, fig. 4, 6; pi. 5, fig. 1; 16, 17, 18, 20 californicus, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 31, 58; pi. 7, figs. 4, 17; 59,60, 61, 66, 67, 76 cancellatus, 7, 42 castaneus, 34 castus, 48 catenatus, 36, 39, 40 cedo-nuUi, 7, 34 ceylanensis, 7, 21 cinctus, 48 cingulatus, 28, 65 cingulum, 43 citrinus, 69, 70 coelebs, 43 comitosa, 25 commodus, 42 comptus, 38, 48, 49 concatenatus, 39 concinnus, 65 concolor, 66 coronatus, 18, 70 cumingii, 51, 52 dalli, 7, 9, 12, 54; pi. 10, fig. 3; 55, 56, 59, 70 daucus, 52 dealbatus, 58 desmotus, 39 diadema, 12, 15; pi. 3, fig. 7; 16, 17, 20 dispar, 12, 26, 32; pi. 7, fig. 18; 33, 70, 72 dorm i tor, 25 drangai, 46; pi. 9, fig. 2; 47 dupontii, 65 durhami, 56; pi. 10, fig. 1 ebraeus, 7, 13, 61; pi. 9, figs. 6, 7, 8 edaphus, 63; pi. 9, fig. 5 emarginatus, 27, 41, 48, 70 emersoni, 7, 12, 25; pi. 1, fig. 2 fergusoni, 7, 8, 12, 13, 42; pi. 2, fig. 4; pi. 4, fig. 2; pi. 5, fig. 5; pi. 7, fig. 9; pi. 9, fig. 10; 43, 44, 53 ferrugatus, 65 flammeus, 28, 52 fossilis, 58, 61 102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Occ. Papers ful^^urans, 11. fumigatus, 45 fusiformis, 65 gabrieli, 28 generalis, 1 1 geographicus, 69, 77 gladiator, 7, 12, 19; pi. 2, fig. 3; 20, 46, 66 gradatus, 12, 26; pi. 2, fig. 3; pi. 5, fig. 7; 28, 30, 32, 33, 72 granarius, 34 haebraeus, 62 hayesi, 44 haytensis, 44 hebraeus, 61 heiroglyphus, 66 helenae, 27; pi. 6, fig. 6; 29 henoquei, 7 hyaena, 48 inconstans, 18, 19 incurvus, 27, 28 inscriptus, 31 interruptus, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 70, leoninus, 52 lineolatus, 12, 22, 24; pi. 1, fig. 4 litteratus, 8, U lorenzianus, 7, 28, 51, 52 lucidus, 9, 12, 56; pi. 6, fig. 1; 57, 59 luzonicus, 47, 48 magdalensis, 27; pi. 9, fig. 4; 29 magellanicus, 18, 19 mahogani, 13, 35, 37, pi. 2, fig. 6; 70 mannoratus, 11 marmoreus, 11, 69 miles, 10 miliaris, 7, 18 millepunctatus, 8 minimus, 18 mollis, 44 r.ionilifer, 30, 31, 40 mus, 7, 20, 69 nanus, 21 neglectus, 48 nux, 6, 8, 12, 20; pi. 7, figs. 14, 15; 21, 70 okhotensis, 61 omaria, 54, 55 orion, 46; pi. 3, fig. 12; pi. 6, fig. 4; pi. 7, figs. 1, 2, 16; pl.9, fig. 2 panniculus, 70 parvus, 8 patricius, 12, 49; pi. 6, figs. 8,9,10; pi. 8, fig. 1; pi. 10, figs. 4, 5; 50 pemphigus, 12, 15, 16; pi. 3, fig. 8; pi. 9, fig. 1; 17 perplexus, 12, 28, 34, 37; pi. 3, fie. 9; pi. 7, figs. 5, 8; 38, 40, 46, 49, 70 philippii, 66 phlogopus, 52 princeps, 12, 21; pi. 1, fig. 1; pi. 4, fig. 5; 23, 24, 53 proteus, 64 pulchellus, 35, 48 puncticulatus, 38, 49 purpurascens, 13, 38, 46, 47; pi. 3, figs. 2, 3; pi. 5, fig. 3; 48, 49 purpureas, 49 pusillus, 21, 35 pyriformis, 49, 50 prytanis, 15 quercinus, 7, 43 ravus, 58 recurvus, 13, 26, 27; pi. 1, fig. 3; pi. 2, fig. 7; pi. 5, No. 35) HANNA: WEST AMERICAN CONUS 11 103 fi^s.6,8; pi. 9, fig. 4; 28, 29, 30, 31, 41, 70 regalitatis, 47, 48, 49 regius, 22, 24, 70 regularis, 13, 26, 27, 28, 29; pi. 2, fig. 2; pi. 6, fig. 5; pi. 9, fig. 9; 30,31,32,33, 40, 70 rejectus, 47, 49, pi. 5, fig. 3 reticulatus, 56, 57 roosevelti, 18, 19; pi. 8, fi^. 3 sanguineus, 33, 34 sanguinolentus, 51, 52 scalaris, 13, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31; pi. 3, fig. 11; pi. 4, figs. 1, 3; pi. 7, fig. 3; 32, 33 scalptus, 66 scariphus, 27; pi. 5, fig. 8; 28, 29 sieboldii, 25, 66 signae, 51, 52; pi. 5, fig. 2 striatus, 9, 10 suffusus, 70 syriacus, 30 terebellum, 43 terebra, 43 tesselatus, 63 tessulatus, 7, 13, 56, 62; pi. l,fig. 5; pi. 9, fig. 5; pi. 11, figs. 1,3,4,5,8; 63 textile, 7,9,10,54,56, 69 thaanumi, 26; pi. 5, fig. 7; 27 tiarati.s, 7, 12, 17; pi. 7, fi^^. 7; pi. 9, fig. 3; 18,19,20,70 t.ornatus, 13, 31, 35, 36, 39; pi. 7, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13; 40 tribunus, 20, 66 tulipa, 69 unicolor, 66 unifasciatus, 66 vacuanus, 41 varius, 35 vermiculatus, 61, 62 vexillum, 22 virgatus, 13,20,28, 51; pi. 2, fig. 1; pi. 5, fig. 2; pi. 6, fig. 7; 52, 54 virgo, 22, 43 vittatus, 7, 13, 44; pi. 1, fig. 7; pi. 3, fig. 10; pi. 11, figs. 2,6,7; 45, 46, 47, 70 xanthicus, 42, 43, 44; pi. 5, fig. 5 ximeres, 13, 34, pi. 2, fig. 8; 35, 36, 37, 40 zebra, 27, 53 zonatus, 10 Cucullus, 52, 62 chaldaeus, 61, 62 biplodonta, 42 sericata, 42 Dosinia, 42 dunkeri, 42 Lovellona, 8 peaseana, 8