m HARVARD UNIVERSITY Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology March 20, 1945 An Annotated List of th MARINE ALGAE and MARINE GRASSES o/ San Diego County, California By E. YALE DAWSON Sciipps Institution ot Oceanogiaphy CONTENTS Page Introduction 3 Directions for Collecting, Presei'ving, and Examining Marine Algae 5 Keys to the Genera 9 List of Species 19 Class Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) 19 Order Siphonales 19 Order Siphonocladales 20 Order Ulvales 21 Order Ulotrichales 24 Class Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae J 24 Order Sphacelariales 24 Order Ectocarpales 24 Order Dictyotales 28 Order Chordariales 29 Order Desmarestiales 30 Order Punctariales 30 Order Laminariales 31 Order Fucales 32 Class Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) 33 Order Porphyridiales 33 Order Bangiales 33 Order Nemalionales 34 Order Gelidiales 37 Order Cryptonemiales 39 Family Corallinaceae 40 Order Gigartinales 47 Order Rhodymeniales 54 Order Ceramiales 56 Notes on the Marine Grasses 69 Glossary 71 Bibliography 77 Index 81 „o/^p INTRODUCTION Considerably more than half a century ago Daniel Cleveland, along with other botanical pursuits, was engaged in collecting and studying the marine algae of the San Diego region. In 1885 he published a list of the seaweeds he recognized from this locality, and from that day until this there has been no other. When Professor W. A. Setchell came to the University of Cal- ifornia in 1896, he began his lifelong work of studying, col- lecting, describing, and distributing the marine algae of our California coast, and with the assistance of Dr. N. L. Gardner, who for many years was his co-worker, a very great amount of work was accomplished. As their investigations progressed, it became their intention to produce an authoritative work cover- ing the whole of the marine algae of the Pacific Coast of North America. Three volumes were finished, one covering the Myxophy- ceae (blue-green algae— not treated in this paper because of their exceedingly minute size); one, the Chlorophyceae (green algae); and one, the Phaeophyceae (brown algae ).i Much was also done among the Rhodophyceae (red algae), yet these men did not live to complete their studies, and the work still remains un- finished. In this paper, therefore, although the accounts of the green and brown algae are based largely on the works of Setchell and Gardner, those of the red algae are gathered from numerous and scattered sources. Since it seemed that a treatment of the blue -green algae would serve no very useful purpose in this paper, one was not attempted. Since Cleveland's list was published 60 years ago, many spe- cies have been described and species concepts clarified. Many monographic studies, too, have been made, but no paper has yet appeared with the design to aid the amateur in collecting and identifying the plants of the San Diego region. With no such aid and with only scattered publications available, all in technical language, the naturalist whose interests led him to the sea has had to sidestep the marine plants from sheer lack of any means of identifying the greater nimiber of them. There have been no keys covering the genera of Pacific Coast algae published since the Collins' key to the genera of North Ameri- can algae (1918) and that paper is not well known and commonly inaccessible. In short, interest in the algae of our region has been utterly stifled for lack of any aid or introduction which would stimulate a spark of interest before it died. When it was my exceeding good fortune to receive an army assignment to Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, I began to occupy my free hours in collecting and studying the algae of the vicinity. It was not long before I realized the unsatisfactory status of algology in the region, and the need ■""The term "Melanophyceae" has been used for this group in the works of Setchell and Gardner. for some assembly of the literature as an aid to the student and collector. Time and means were lacking for the preparation of an exhaustive treatment of the algae of San Diego County with full illustration, keys and descriptions, yet it was felt that a useful paper could be prepared which would satisfy a part of the need. It was decided that an annotated list of the species thus far recorded in the literature would serve best in view of the circiunstances, and that keys to the genera, and to the species of the better represented genera, together with a glossary and notes on methods of collecting and preserving algae, would serve reasonably well for the present time. It is to be pointed out, therefore, that in this paper neither a com- plete list nor an authoritative account was intended. What is presented here is written primarily for the amateur and for the sake of the usefulness to which it may be put. Furthermore, no new names have been proposed, for it was felt that this paper should not contain scientific information which would be re- quired by specialists in the field. There will be ample time for the more thorough and the more scholarly treatments when interest is so stimulated as to promote them. The annotations and other supplementary information of this paper are meant to serve certain purposes. First of all, in order to identify a specimen one must have a knowledge of terms, else the keys and the notes would mean nothing. The Glossary includes a large number of commonly used terms, all to be found in the text. With the help of this, one will be able to examine a specimen intelligently and critically as he proceeds to the use of the keys to the genera. The nature of the algae is such that microscopic examination is commonly necessary before an identification can be made. Without illustrations this is particularly true. Lacking illus- trations in this paper, however, reference has been made, under the name of each species, to all illustrations which are to be found in the more accessible publications on California marine algae. Fortunately, most of these are readily available in San Diego libraries, including the^ libraries of the San Diego Soci- ety of Natural History and of the Scripps Institution of Ocean- ography. Most valuable and most recent of these publications is Gilbert M. Smith's Marine Algae of the Monterey Peninsula.^ in which there are excellent habit drawings of nearly one -half of the species occurring in San Diego County. Besides illustrations, the dried specimens preserved in the Phycotheca Bore ali -Americana of Collins, Holden, and Setchell (referred to as P.B.A. through- out the present paper) are exceedingly valuable for identifica- tion purposes, though sets of this publication are quite rare. (Two sets are at the University of California Herbariim in Berkeley. ) In the case of most genera of which a number of species oc- 2 It is strongly recommended that tne student secure this use- ful book from the Stanford University Press, Stanford Univer- sity,. California. Price $6.00. cur in San Diego County, special keys to the species are given to facilitate the specific determination of these plants. When such keys are not given, the author has felt that the annota- tions under the species headings are sufficient with which to identify a plant, provided the correct genus has been found. Notes on habitats and distribution of the species provide fur- ther aid to identification. It should again be emphasized that this list of 292 species by no means contains all of the San Diego marine algae. "^ The author's own collections from this region contain a number of species whose identity is either uncertain, or whose character- istics have never been described. Not only is the sublittoral rich in unknowns, but there is a very great deal of exploring yet to be done on the shores. It is hoped that this paper will serve as a check list for collectors, and that plants whose names do not appear here, whether known before from other re- gions, or new to science, may be collected, studied, recorded, and preserved toward accomplishing a fuller knowledge of the marine plants of San Diego County. DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING, PRESERVING, AND EXAMINING MARINE ALGAE Within San Diego County there is a considerable extent of shoreline characterized by rocky reefs, boulder-strewn beaches, and steep cliffs dropping into the water. All of these provide excellent collecting grounds for the marine botanist, for the great majority of marine algae require a firm substratiun to which to attach their holdfasts, and the rocky shore satisfies this requirement. Aside from the possibilities of shore collecting, there is much to be gained from the dredging of deeper waters, but un- less rather elaborate and expensive equipment is available, relatively little can be done and much time may be wasted. Fur- thermore, at the time of maturity, the algae of deeper waters are more or less readily torn from their attachments and drifted ashore. Consequently, it is well to examine the masses of drift- weed driven ashore, especially after stonns, in search of the inhabitants of deeper waters. The student will soon discover that the most favorable shore collecting can be done at very low tide while the algal bearing rocks are exposed and accessible. The times of lowest tide can be learned from tide tables which may be secured in sporting goods stores. When the time has been found, plans should be made to reach the collecting place at least an hour earlier, so that the tide may be followed as it ebbs, thus making the period available for collecting the longest possible. 2 Some species which have not yet been recorded from San Diego County, but should be expected to occur there, have been in- cluded in the text and are indicated by means of asterisks (*). A number of excellent collecting places are within a half hour's ride of metropolitan San Diego. The whole west side of the Point Loma peninsula is rocky and affords good habitats for a great variety of marine algae. The height and continuity of Sunset Cliffs, however, makes access to the shore impossible except at one or two points. The entire coastline from Pacific Beach to the Beach Club at La Jolla provides excellent rocky-shore collecting, and even at moderate to high tide an abundance of algae freshly cast up from the sublittoral may be found in some of the coves. The reef north of Scripps pier is good at low tide. Other rocky outcrops occur northward to the mouth of San Mateo Creek. Little apparatus is needed for collecting in this region: a pail for carrying larger specimens, a few small bottles and vials for isolating small plants which might otherwise be lost, and an old knife for scraping material from rocks. For crustose corallines, a hammer and chisel may be needed to chip off spec- imens or to crack the rocks upon which they grow. Specimens may be wrapped in newspaper for transportation from the beach. A supply of sea water should be brought back for mounting and other purposes. Specimens should be carefully selected. Typical and charac- teristic exajnples are desirable, and they should be in mature stages. If reproductive material can be recogilized, it should be tak:en in preference to sterile material. Whole plants should be taken, including the holdfasts, except in the case of the massive kelps. Of these, small portions characteristic of the species will be sufficient. Faded or bleached examples should be avoided, as well as those covered with diatoms or other epi- phytes or parasites, unless they are gathered for the sake of the plants growing on them. For most purposes, specimens prepared by mounting on cards or sheets of heavy paper will be found most practical. The fol- lowing directions are designed largely for the making of such preparations. Large brown and red algae, when fresh, dry slowly in a press due to the slow death of the tissues, and may become mouldy be- fore dry. In order to prevent this, they are best rough-dried first and then soaked up and mounted in the manner described below. This should be done by spreading them out in an open place, not in the sun, and turning them over occasionally until dry but not crisp. Smaller specimens may be mounted and dried directly or may be kept in 2>% solution of formalin in sea water, ^ in the dark to preserve color, until such time as they may be given further attention. After rough-drying, the coarse species should be allowed to soak in sea water until their original form is regained, and then spread out in a plant prpss between pieces of cloth 4 Prepared by adding about 15 parts of sea water to 1 part of commercial formalin. (cheesecloth, muslin, etc.) to prevent their sticking. Finer species, lacking the rigidity of the coarser forms, are taken directly in the fresh condition, or from their preservative, and floated cut in sea water as follows: The card or sheet of paper upon which they are to be placed and pressed is brought under them, and then the card and specimen lifted from the water in such a way that the seaweed is left spread out upon the card after the fashion in which it grows. This may most readily be accomplished in a shallow, rectangular tray of wa- ter with a piece of copper, zinc, or galvanized sheet-metal cut somewhat smaller than the tray-bottom, and with the corners bent down sharply to form veiy short legs. Water is poured into the tray until it barely covers the metal plate; then a card is wetted and placed upon it. The specimen to be mounted is laid on the paper and the paper and metal sheet gently depressed until the specimen floats freely and may be spread as desired. Release of the pressure allows the paper to rise under the specimen and the water to drain off evenly. The mounted plant may then be moved to the press, as soon as all excess water has been allowed to run off, and covered with a piece of cloth to prevent sticking to the driers. The plant press may be the same as that used for flowering plants, but it should be noted that it is not desirable to ex- ert much pressure on specimens of algae when drying. A light weight, applied after they are put into the press, may be in- creased as drying proceeds, but should not be such as to crush or unduly flatten them. (Driers may be made cheaply by cutting them from a roll of builders' deadening felt.) Driers should be changed twice a day if possible, once at least, until spec- imens are dry. Most of the finer algae will adhere to the paper of their own substance, but some will not. The latter may be glued onto paper or fastened by means of strips of gummed paper placed over them. Sea water should be u^ed for floating out specimens and for preservatives whenever possible, for while most marine species are not materially harmed by fresh water, some are absolutely ruined by simply being immersed in it . For specimens to have any scientific value whatsoever, the date and locality of collection should accompany them. Addi- tional desirable data are: whether growing or cast up, partic- ular habitat, color, luxuriance, stage of development, etc. After specimens have been prepared for study, either mounted on paper or preserved in liquid, the process of inspection and identification may begin. It is commonly necessary to make more than a superficial examination of the form and size of an alga in order to identify it, and unless very complete illustrations are available in addition to ample descriptions, it is usually necessary to study the internal stmcture of the plant. In the case of large plants this is done by means of thin sections of certain parts of the fronds, but for the very small species whole mounts on slides may be used for microscopic study. Most of the algae after being dried may be soaked up readily in water to very nearly their original form. Some species, how- ever, collapse badly upon drying, and study material is best kept in formalin preservative (see footnote 4, page 6). It' will always be an advantage io keep delicate forms in liquid in order that their normal shape and inflation be preserved. Sections of fronds of the larger algae are made most easily by hand with the aid of a sharp razor blade. A bit of the dried material placed on a piece of card or heavy paper can be cut in such a way that some exceedingly thin shavings are obtained. By moistening the tip of a needle these may be transferred to a drop of water on a microscope slide in which they will usually expand quickly to their normal dimensions and be ready for im- mediate examination. Those that do not expand well, may be en- couraged by heating the water on the slide. Some will be found to be too thick, others will be thick on one edge, thin on another, but with a little practice sections entirely satis- factory for such study can easily be made. If the collector wishes to go into more elaborate methods of sectioning and of preparing micro-mounts of his material, he should consult a handbook of microtechnique. 5 For most microscopic examinations a monocular, compound microscope with low power and high-dry objectives will serve sufficiently well, for the structures to be observed are gen- erally seen adequately with those powers. For the purpose of malcing measurements in microns (^), the ocular should be pro- vided with a micrometer, and this calibrated by means of a stage micrometer (a slide with a micron scale etched upon it). As examination proceeds, there will be frequent need, espe- cially for the inexperienced collector, to supplement informa- tion in this paper with descriptions and illustrations to be found in the literature cited in the text. A decided advantage lies in the fact that the greater number of useful references are to be found in the University of California Publications in Botany, sets of which are located at the San Diego Natural History Museum and at Scripps Institution. of Oceanography. At this point it may be noted that most of the University of California publications on algae are by the co-authors W. A. Setchell and N. L. Gardner, and reference to their work, will, for brevity, be indicated by the abbreviation "S. & G." In the use of the keys in identification of specimens, the great value of using Dr. Smith's Marine Algae of the Monterey Peninsula in conjunction with this paper should again be empha- sized. This excellent text has descriptions and illustrations of a large number of species which occur in San Diego County and will be found of great aid to the collector and student. With regard to the marine grasses, it may be stated simply that they can be treated in the same manner as terrestrial flowering plants. 5 The author recommends as very satisfactory for this pur- pose, Plant Microtechnique, by D. A. Johansen, McGraw-Hill Co., New York, N.Y. Price $4.50. 8 KEYS TO THE GENERA [Note: Genera marked with an asterisk (* ) have not definitely- been recorded from San Diego County, but from other distribu- tional records are expected to occur there.] Class CHLOROPHYCEM (Green Algae) Distinctly green in color (except Trentepohlia). 1. Thallus spongy, of cylindrical or compressed branches about 1 cm. in diameter Codium (p. 19) 1. Thallus not spongy; branches not as above 2 2. Thallus of true cells (uninucleate segments) forming either a filamentous or a membranous thallus 3 2. Thallus coenocytic (of multinucleate segments) of free , branched filaments 8 3. Thallus filamentous 4 3 . Thallus membranaceous 6 4. Cells green, without haematochrome 5 4. Cells normally yellow or red with haematochrome * Trentepohlia (p. 24) 5. Cells occasionally piliferous Bulbocoleon (p. 24) 5. Cells never piliferous Entocladia (p. 24) 6. Frond tubular even at maturity Enteromorpha (p. 2l) 6 . Frond expanded at maturi ty 7 7. Mature frond of a single layer of cells. .#onostroma( p. 21) 7. Mature frond of two layers of cells Ulua (p- 22) 8 . Thallus with transverse walls 9 8. Thallus without transverse walls 10 9. Fronds simple Choetomorpha (p. 20) 9. Fronds branched Cladophora (p. 20) 10 . Filaments pinnately or radially branched Bryopsis (p. 19) 10. Filaments more or less dichotomously branched Derbesia (p. 19) Class PHAEOPHYCEAE^ ^ Brown Algae) Chlorophyll masked by accessory pigments imparting a brown color; reproduction at some stage typically involving biflagel- late cells, with the flagella unequal and borne laterally. It will be difficult for the inexperienced collector to distinguish between Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae in many cases because of the brownish color of many of the "red" algae grow- ing in the middle and upper parts of the littoral zone. Repro- 1. Plants netlike Hydroclathrus (p. 30 ) 1. Plants not net like 2 2. Plants crustose 30 2 . Plants not crustose 3 3. Plants microscopic, filamentous 27 3. Plants macroscopic, not filamentous 4 4. Principal parts of frond hollow or hollow tubercular 25 4. Principal parts solid 5 5. Principal parts of frond cylindrical or only slightly compressed 23 5. Principal parts of frond flat or strongly flattened 6 6. Fronds usually of large size and massive struc- ture, often with considerable differentiation of parts and tissues 7 6. Fronds distinctly membranous, relatively thin, not massive nor of great size 17 7. Fronds unbranched, or the blade merely split 8 7 . Fronds definitely branched 9 8. Blades with longitudinal ribs Costaria (p. 31) 8. Blades without longitudinal rihs. .. .Laminar i a (p. 31) 9 . Fronds dichotomously branched throughout 10 9 . Fronds not dichotomously branched 11 10 . 'Midrib present Hesperophycus (p. 32) 10. Midrib lacking Feluetia (p. 32) 11. Fronds with hollow bladders or vesicles 12 11. Fronds without hollow bladders or vesicles 13 12. Branching of axes profuse; blades and vesicles very small 15 12. Branching of axes not profuse; blades and bladders large and conspicuous 14 13. Blades borne pinnately along upper part of stipe Pterygophora (p. 32) 13. Blades borne in two bunches, one from each tip of the forked stipe Eisenia (p. 32) 14. Stipe cylindrical, slender; blades with bladders at their bases Maorocystis (p. 31) 14. Stipe long, flat; blades and bladders borne along length of stipe Egregia (p. 32) 15. Vesicles solitary Sargassum (,p. 33) 15. Vesicles in series or divided by a series of septae....l6 ductlve examples may be distinguished in almost all cases by the spores, which are reddish in the Rhodophyceae . One method to distinguish sterile plants is to take a known brown alga and the unknown plant, place them in scalding water, and watch them as they turn green. Red algae generally will not quickly turn green as do the brown algae. Dr. Smith suggests: "If bro^vnish-colored Rhodophyta (red algae) are plunged in boil- ing water for a minute and then transferred to alcohol for a couple of minutes they become more or less reddish; Phaeophyta (brown algae) treated in the same manner do not become reddish. 10 16. Vesicles flattened, septate; branching distichous Halidrys (p. 32) 16. Vesicles catenate; branching mostly radial Cystoseira (p. 33) 17 . Frond simple , ligulate ■ 18 17 . Frond branched or if simple , f labellate 19 18. Interior of loosely interwoven articulate, branching filaments Endarachne (p. 30) 18. Interior of roundish or elongate cells, not filamentous Petalonia (p. 30) 19. Frond pinnately branched Desmarestia (p. 30) 19. Frond dichotomously branched or dichotomoflabellate 20 20. Midrib present Dictyopteris (p. 29) 20 . Midrib lacking 21 21. Fronds showing zonate lines of growth .22 21. Fronds without zonate lines of growth Bictyota (,p. 28) 22. Fructification normally on one side of the frond only; felted fibers from lower part of frond assisting in attachment Zonaria (p. 29) 22. Fructification normally on both sides of frond; little or no felted, fibrous growth. .^a on fa (p. 29) 23. Plants without bulbs or vesicles Haplogloia (p. 29) 23. Plants with bulbs or vesicles 24 24. Fronds massive, many feet long, with one large bulb at the top of the long, cylindrical stipe. Pelagophycus (p. 32) 24. Fronds usually 1 or 2 feet long, with many very small, spherical vesicles among the abundant branches Sargassum (p. 33) 25. Fronds linear, tubular, cylindrical or flattened Scytosiphon (p. 30} 25. Fronds not linear or tubular, but saccate or vesicular 25 26. Fronds forming vesicular or hollow tubercular expansions, later sometimes perforate Colpomenia (p. 31) 26. Fronds saccate Coilodesme (p. 31) 27. Cells of the filaments divided by longitudinal walls; terminal cell prominent Sphacelaria (p. 24) 27. Cells of filaments not divided longitudinally 28 28. Basal part of plant endophytic Streblonema (p. 27) 28 . "Basal part of plant not endophytic .29 29. Unilocular sporangia intercalar Pylaiella (p. 24) 29. Unilocular sporangia terminal Ectocarpus (p. 25) 30. Thallus small (1 cm. in diam. or less) the basal layer distromatic Hapalospongidion (p. 28) 30. Thallus larger, up to several cm. across; the basal layer of several tiers of cells 31 31. Thallus deeply and narrowly lobed, or even somewhat dichotomously branched Hapterophycus (p. 28) 31. Thallus flat, entire or with simple lobes 32 11 32. Thallus spongy and gela^tinons. . .Pet rospongium (p. 29) 32. Thallus more or less rough, not spongy Balfsia (p. 28) Class RHQDOPHYCEAE (Red Algae J Chlorophyll supplemented by an accessory red pigment; thallus rose-red, purplish or even brownish in color; reproductive cells without flagella. (See footnote 6.) 1. Thallus not parasitic 2 1. Thallus parasitic, small to minute, usually pale in color and restricted to one host 80 2 . Thallus not calcareous 3 2. Thallus calcareous, hard, brittle 97 3. Thallus more than 1 cell wide, organized into a com- plez multicellular body 4 3. Thallus filamentous, monosiphonous 85 4. Plants not resupinate or crustose, more or less erect 5 4. Plants resupinate, crustose 93 5. Thallus a simple, hollow sac Halosacoion (p. 54) 5 . Thallus not a simple , hollow sac 6 6. Thallus organized on a cylindrical plan (main parts more or less cylindrical) sometimes with somewhat flattened branches 7 6. Thallus organized on a complanate plan (principal parts conspicuously flattened or membranous) 42 7. Monosiphonous axis of a single series of cells show- ing plainly throughout or concealed by cortication. . . .8 7. Monosiphonous axis distinguishable only in the earliest stages or not at all 25 8. Cells of monosiphonous axis surrounded by peri- central cells 9 8. Cells of monosiphonous axis not surrounded by pericentral cells 18 9. Marginal "flanking" cells half as long as the peri- central cells present on the flattened branches Platysiphonia (p. 66) 9 . No such marginal "flanking" cells present 10 10. Plants with conspicuous prostrate parts, with both limited and unlimited branches arising from them 11 10 . Plants essentially erect throughout 12 11. Indeterminate branches arising at regular intervals Herposiphonia (p. 65) 11. Indeterminate branches arising at irregular intervals Lophosiphonia (p. 65) 12. Fronds provided with dense fascicles of mono- siphonous filaments 13 12. Fronds abundantly branched, but without mono- siphonous filaments in fascicles 14 12 13. Fascicles of monosiphonous filaments more or less confined to tips of main hranches. . .Pogonophora (p. 62) 13. Fascicles of monosiphonous filaments not confined to branch tips Dasya (p. 62 ) 14. Trichoblasts, if present, arranged 'in a regular manner, mostly at or near the growing apices 15 14. Trichoblasts irregularly arranged throughout the branching frond, appearing like ultimate branchlets Heterosiphonia (p. 62 ) 15. Branching distichous 16 15 . Branching radial l*^ 16. Antheridial branches discoid Pterochondria ip. 65) 16. Antheridial branches cylihdrical Pterosiphonia (p. 65) 17. Asexual plants with a single tetrasporangium per segment Polysiphonia (p. 62 ) 17. Asexual plants with two tetrasporangia per seg- ment Bhodosiphonia (p. 65) 18. Cortex of small cells, covering the axis more or less completely 19 18. Cortex formed from compacted lateral filaments 24 19. Main axis and indeterminate branches densely corti- cated: determinate branches ecorticate or corti- cated only at nodes Spyridia (p. 59 ) 19. All branches completely corticated 20 20 . Branching distichous 21 20. Branching not distichous 22 21. Branching opposite and the two opposite branches unlike Ptilota (p. 59 ) 21. Branching alternate Microcladia (p. 58) 22. Tips of branches with branched trichoblasts Chondria (p. 66 ) 22. Tips of branches without trichoblasts 23 23. Cortical cells quadrate and arranged in regular longitudinal rows Centroceras (p. 58 ) 23. Cortical cells not in regular longitudinal rows Ceramium (p. 59 ) 24. Branches beset with small sjtines. . .Endocladi a (p. 39) 24. Branches not beset with spines.. *Gloiopeltis (p. 39) 25 . Whole frond composed of filamentous tissues 26 25. Frond devoid of filamentous tissues, or filaments only in a central strand 30 26. One to several simple filaments from the basal disc Nemalion (p. 36) 26 . Profusely branched above 27 27. Fronds soft, gelatinous, lubricous 28 27. Fronds firm, not gelatinous or lubricous ^Gigartina (p. 51) 28. Main axis densely beset with short, slender, patent ramuli Cumagloia (p. 36) 28. Slender, patent ramuli few or wanting 29 13 29. Fronds large, 10-20 cm. high, saxicolous Helminthocladia (p. 37) 29. Fronds small, 1-2| cm. high, epiphytic Helninthora (p. 37) 30 . Branching clearly dichotomous 31 30 . Branching not dichotomous 34 31. Fronds stiff and wiry Ahnfeltia (p. 50 ) 31 . Fronds soft , succulent 32 32. Outer, cortical region (epidermis) largely of swollen, colorless cells or utricles 33 32. Outer, cortical region of more or less closely placed anticlinal filaments Gloiophloia (p. 37) 33. Sporogenous filaments arising in a single tuft from the bottom of the cystocarp Scinaia (p. 37) 33. Sporogenous filaments arising from several points in the wall of the cystocarp Pseudoscinaia (p. 37) 34. Fronds with a terete, cellular stem bearing vesicular, pyriform branches. . .Bo^ryociadfa (p. 54) 34. Fronds without vesicular, pyriform branches 35 35. Branches cylindrical or slightly compressed, con- stricted at regular intervals by diaphragms 36 35. Not as above; no sharp distinction between stem and branches 37 36. Plants mostly over 6 cm. high; constrictions in smaller branches only Gast roc Ionium (p. 56) 36. Plants mostly under 3 cm. high; constrictions throughout greater part of frond. Coeloseira{'p. 55) 37. Branches ending in fine, feathery tufts; frond arising from a stout, creeping filament A sparag ops is ( p . 37 ) 37. Not as above 38 38. Fronds with filamentous tissue 39 38. Fronds without filamentous tissue 40 39. Fronds with a median tissue of longitudinal filaments Agardhiella (p. 47) 39. Fronds with a central axial filament and usually with filaments among the inner cortical cells Gelidium (p. 37) 40. Point of growth in a terminal -pit .. .Laurenci a (p. 57) 40 . Point of growth not in a terminal pit 41 41. Fronds with abundant, short, pointed, lateral branches, giving them a somewhat spiny appearance. Hypnea (p. 47) 41. Fronds smooth Gracilaria (p. 48) 42. Frond a simple, undivided or marginally prolif- erous blade 43 42. Frond more or less branched 51 43. Entire blade monostromatic Porphyra (p. 34) 43. Entire blade pleiostromatic 44 44 . Blade not proliferous 45 44. Blade marginally proliferous 50 14 45. Surface of blade with many papillate or ligulate outgrowths Gigartina (p. 51) 45 . Surface of blade essentially smooth 46 46 . Blade with veins Polyneura (p. 60 ) 46. Blade without veins '. 47 47. Cortical tissue with heterocysts (gland cells) Schizymenia (p. 47) 47. Cortical tissue without heterocysts 48 48. Tetrasporangia in masses, deeply embedded in blade Bhodoglossum (p . 50 ) 48. Tetrasporangia not touching each other, embedded at surface of blade 49 49. Blades bright red in color Cryptonemia (p. 46) 49. Blades greenish-red in color Grateloupia (p. 45) 50. Blades longer than broad, relatively thin Grateloupia (p. 45) 50. Blades broader than long, quite thick Opuntiella (p. 48) 51. Branching clearly dichotomous 52 51. Branching not clearly dichotomous 60 52. Surface of segments with many papillate outgrowths Gigartina (p. 51) 52. Surface of segments without papillate outgrowths. . .53 53. Base of frond with cylindrical stolons. Bhodymeni a [-p. 55) 53 . Base of frond without stolons 54 54. Upper segments much narrower than lower ones Gracilaria (p. 48) 54. All segments approximately of the same width 55 55. Segments hollow Scinaia (p. 37) 55. Segments solid 56 56. Segments elliptical in cross section 57 55 . Segments linear in cross section 58 57. Medulla composed of cellular tissue. .Gymnogongrus (p. 49) 57. Medulla composed of longitudinal filaments Zanardinula (p. 46) 58. Medulla composed of cellular tissue Stenogramma (p. 50) 58. Medulla composed of longitudinal filaments 59 59. Fructification on special leaflets; deep red in color Polyopes (p. 46) 59. Fructification generally distributed; dark brownish purple in color Bhodoglossum (p. 50) 60. Flattened portion of frond with a midrib or veins or both 61 60. Flattened portion of frond without veins or midrib. 67 61. With a midrib extending to the frond apex 62 61. Midrib, if present, not extending to frond apex 65 62. Flattened portion of frond leaf-lik;^.. Phycodrys (p. 60) 62. Flattened portion of frond ribbon-like or blade- like 63 15 63. Margin of blades smooth Farlowia (p. 39) 63 . Margin of blades toothed 64 64. Frond small, 1-2 cm. high.. Sorella (p. 60) 54. Frond larger, usually over 5 cm. . .Nienburgia (p. 60) 55. Flattened portion of frond with a network of veins Polyneura (p. 60 ) 65. Flattened segments of frond with a midrib in lower parts and a network of veins in upper parts 66 66. Margins of segments with numerous proliferous outgrowths; fronds commonly over 2 cm. broad Botryoglossum (p. 62) 65. Margins of segments usually without proliferous outgrowths; segments generally less than 1 cm. broad Crypt opleura (p. 61) 67. Flattened surface of frond covered with outgrowths 68 67. Flattened surface of frond without outgrowths 59 58. Outgrowths spiny or papillate; texture not gelatinous Gigartina (p. 51) 68. Outgrowths comparatively long, cylindrical, some- times branched; texture gelatinous Cumagloia (p. 36) 69. Margins of segments with many proliferous outgrowths. . .70 59. Margins of segments without proliferous outgrowths 71 70. All segments more or less of the same width Zanardinula (p. 45) 70. Segments successively narrower toward apices Leptocladia (p. 39) 71. Fronds delicate, with many segments hooked or curved Acrosorium (p. 50 ) 71. Fronds coarser, without such hooked or curved segments. 72 72. Fronds with a branched, terete or flattened stipe and expanded laminae Phyllophora (p. 50) 72. Frond without sharp differentiation of stipe and laminae 73 73. Fronds not pinnately branched 74 73. Fronds repeatedly pinnately or subpinnately branched ... 75 74. Cystocarps bulging toward one side of blade, with ostioles; medullary cells with inter- stices Callophyllis (p. 45) 74. Cystocarps bulging on both sides of blades, without ostioles; medullary cells without interstices Petroglossum (p. 50) 75. Growing point in an apical pit Laurencia (p. 57) 75. Growing point not in an apical pit 76 75. Frond feathery, much branched, distichous, with second series of 2-4 pinnules alternating on the rachis Plocamium (p. 48) 75. Frond not feathery, not branched in the above manner 77 77. Segments mostly elliptical in cross section 78 77. Segments more or less linear in cross section 79 16 78. Rhizoidal filaments arranged longitudinally among subcortical cells Gelidium (p. 37) 78. Rhizoidal filaments densely intertwined and surrounding a central, axial filament.Pzicea (p. 39) 79. Texture soft, slippery Grateloupia (p. 45) 79. Texture firm, not slippery Farlowia (p. 39) 80. Thallus not pulvinate, without lobes 81 80. Thallus pulvinate, more or less smooth or bearing branches or lobes 82 81. Thallus simple, obovoid to ellipsoidal, restricted to the tips of branches of Laurencia. . .i?f card i a (p. 68) 81. Thallus a thick, simple or forked blade, 1 mm. high, scattered over surface of host ... Loranthophyous (p. 61) 82 . Thallus bearing free branches 84 82 . Thallus merely lobed 83 83. Parasitic on Laurencia Janczewskia (p. 58) 83. Parasitic on Gracilaria * Gracilariophila (p. 49) 83. Parasitic on Agardhiella Zoviltevi. . .* Gardneriella (p. 47) 83. Parasitic on Rhodymenia *Bhodym,eniocolax (p. 55) 83. Parasitic on Callophyllis Callocolax (p. 47) 84. Parasitic on Chondria calif ornica. .t/anii neiio (p. 56) 84. Parasitic on Plocamium pacificum *Plocamiocolax (p. 48) 85. Filaments branched 85 85. Filaments simple Erythrotrichia (p. 33) 86. Frond with a wide gelatinous sheath; pseudo- branching only Goniotrichum (p. 33) 86. Frond lacking a gelatinous sheath; true branching present 87 87. Asexual reproduction by polyspores 88 87. Asexual reproduction by monospores or tetraspores 89 88. Erect filaments arising from creeping fila- ments Spermothamni on (p. 58) 88. All filaments more or less erect Pleonosporium (p. 58) 89. Branching opposite Ant i thamni on (p. 57) 89 . Branching not opposite 90 90. Branching subdichotomous Griffithsia (p. 58) 90 . Branching not dichotomous 91 91. Branching regularly pinnate C alii thamni on (p. 55) 91. Branching irregular 92 92. Plants usually very small; branches rarely over 20 \i in diameter Bhodochorton (p. 34) 92. Plants larger; branches 250-300 (j, diam. Griffithsia (p. 58) 93 . Thallus smooth 94 93. Prostrate part of thallus bearing erect, fleshy, clavate branches 1-2 mm. high Bermocorynus (p. 39) 94. Thallus of marginal growth, composed of radiating, dichotomous rows of cells cut off from apical cells Amplisiphonia (p. 56) 17 94. Prostrate layer of thallus bearing closely packed erect filaments which form the smooth surface -95 95. Tetrasporangia borne within conceptacles *Hildenbrandia (p. 40 ) 95. Tetrasporangia not borne within conceptacles 96 96. Tetrasporangia terminal and borne in nema- thecia Peyssonnelia (p. 40 ) 96. Tetrasporangia intercalary and not borne in nemathecia Petrocelis (p. 40 ) 97. Thallus inarticulate 98 97. Thallus articulate 102 98. Tetrasporic conceptacle with several pores 99 98. Tetrasporic conceptacle with a single pore 100 99. Vegetative portions of thallus one or two cells thick Melobesia (p. 41 ) 99. Vegetative portions of thallus many cells thick Lithothamnium (p. 41 ) 100. Thalli epiphytic Fosliella (p. 43) 100. Thalli saxicolous 101 101. Special hair-bearing cells (heterocysts) among vegetative cells Hydrolithon (p. 43) 101. Specialized cells absent Lithophyllum (p. 42 j 102 . Conceptacles all lateral 103 102 . Terminal conceptacles present 107 103. Fertile intergenicula essentially cylindrical 104 103. Fertile intergenicula markedly compressed 105 104. Intergenicular medulla ymizonal. .Li thothrix (p. 45) 104. Intergenicular medulla mnltizonal. .Amphiroa (p. 45) 105. Genicula multizonal Amphiroa (p. 45) 105. Genicula unizonal 106 106. Intergenicular medullary filaments straight Bossea (p. 44) 106. Intergenicular medullary filaments fleruous and interlacing Calliarthron (p. 43) 107. Conceptacles all terminal 108 107. Conceptacles both terminal and lateral. Jocuiator (p. 43) 108. Branching strictly dichotomous Jania (p. 45) 108. Branching pinnate Corallina (p. 44) 18 LIST OF SPECIES Literature citations refer to illustrations or to dried specimens in the works named, as per Bibliography at the end of the paper. P.B.A. = Phycotheca Bo reali -Americana, by Collins, Holden and Setchell. S. & G. = Setchell and Gardner. = Occurrence in San Diego County hypothetical. ♦ Class CHLOROPHYCEAE (Green Algae) Order SIPHONALES Bryopsis hypnoides Lamouroux Smith, 1944, pi. 9, fig. 2; P.B.A. no. 1028. Differs from the following, pinnately branched species in being radially branched. British Columbia to San Diego. In small tufts in open pools in the upper littoral, near Scripps pier. La Jolla, in May. Bryopsis corticulans Setchell Smith, 1944, pi. 9, fig. 3; S. & G. , 1920, pi. 15, figs. 4, 5; pi. 27; P.B.A. no. 626. British Columbia to southern California. On upper lit- toral rocks in May, near Scripps pier, La Jolla. Derbesia marina (Lyngbye) Solier Smith, 1944, pi. 8, fig. 4; S. & G., 1920, pi. 15, fig. 3; Derbesia tenuissima in P.B.A. no. 574. Irregularly branched, coenocytic, tubular filaments 50-70 [I diam. Alaska to southern California. Lower littoral rocks in June at "The Caves," La Jolla. Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot anith, 1944, pi. 9, fig. 5; S. & G., 1920, pis. 28, 29. On exposed rocks and in pools in the littoral belt, Alaska to Mexico. Abundant at La Jolla throughout the year. Codiimi tomentosum (Hudson) Stackhouse S. & G., 1920, p. 174; P.B.A. no. 628. Setchell and Gardner have referred examples of a plant from La Jolla to this species with considerable reserve. They 19 suggest that it may not be C. tomentosum, but more likely an undescribed species. It is similar in form to C. fragile, but. is quite compressed. 'i^ Order SIPHONOCLADALES Chaetomorpha californica Collins P.B.A. no. 664. Erect, with filaments not over 40 [i diam. Southern Cali- fornia. On sandstone in shallow pools near high tide line, La Jolla. Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kiitzing anith, 1944, pi. 6, figs. 4, 5; S. & G. , 1920, pi. 14, figs. 9-11. Erect, with filaments usually under 300 [x diam. In rock pools along high tide limit, Monterey to San Diego. Chaetomorpha torta (Far low) McClatchie Chaetomorpha clavata in P.B.A. no. 371. Filaments coarse, contorted, entangled among other algae. Southern California. Middle littoral near Scripps pier. La Jolla, in May. Cladophora trichotoma (C. Agardh) Kiitzing Smith, 1944, pi. 7, fig. 2; S. & G., 1920, pi. 16, fig. 2. Forming densely pulvinate masses on upper littoral rocks or in pools near high water mark, Canada to Mexico. Cladophora graminea Collins anith, 1944, pi. 7, fig. 1; Collins, 1909, pi. 78, fig. 6; Cladophora erecta in P.B.A. no. 1690. Loosely tufted with stiff main filaments about 300 M- diam. In shaded habitats in the intertidal zone, Monterey to San Diego. Cladophora microcladioides Collins Smith, 1944, pi. 7, fig. 3; Collins, 1909, pi. 78, figs. 2, 3; S. & G., 1920, pi. 13, fig. 2. 7 Setchell, 1931, has proposed the combination Codium dichoto- mum (Hudson) Setchell after an investigation of the nomencla- torial history of the plant long known as Codium tomentosum. Since the occurrence of this entity in southern California is still doubtful, however, it seems better to retain the well known and long established name until the identity of our La Jolla plant is better understood. 20 Tufted, 10-20 cm. high; branches mostly secimd and curved. Lower littoral and upper sublittoral, Vancouver Island to San Diego. Cladophora flexuosa (Griffiths) Harvey P.B.A. no. 2239. Main filaments flexuous, 80-120 ix diam. In rock pools, lower littoral, Alaska to San Diego. Cladophora albida (Hudson) Kiitzing Our most slender species; filaments 20-30 \i diam. Yan- couver Island to southern California. Cladophora Stimpsonii Harvey P.B.A. no. 729. Up to 30 cm. high, of delicate, silky texture; filaments 100-150 M- at base. Vancouver Island to southern California. Cladophora delicatula Montagne P.B.A. no. 1582. Up to 10 cm. high; filaments 40-60 iJ. below. On rocks along high water limit, exposed to surf. Monterey to San Diego. Order ULVAIES Monostroma quaternarium (Kutzing) Desmazieres Usually found floating in brackish water. Washington to southern California. Enteromorpha— Key to the San Diegan Species 1. Frond with plentiful branches 2 1. Frond without plentiful branches 3 2. Cells not in longitudinal rows E. compressa 2. Cells in longitudinal rows E. crinita 3 . Cells not in longitudinal rows 5 3 . Cells in longitudinal rows < 4 4. Frond capillary, of a few longitudinal rows of cells E. torta 4. Frond coarse, plainly tubular, of numerous longi- tudinal rows of cells E. tubulosa 5. Cells 10-16 M- diam.; fronds usually inflated and con- stricted, often of large size; common... 1". intestinalis 5 . Cells 4-8 [i diam. ; fronds usuallv short . , 6 6. Membrane 8-10 ^ thick; cells 5-7 \i diam E. minima 6. Membrane 15-20 \x thick; cells 4-5 i-l diam. E. micrococca 21 Enteromorpha minima Naegeli Smith, 1944, pi. 5, fig. 8; P.B.A. no. 912. On rocks or wood in the uppermost littoral belt, Alaska to Mexico. Enteromorpha micrococca Kiitzing P.B.A. no. 66. Grows in the upper littoral belt, on rocks and woodwork, Alaska to Mexico. Enteromorpha tubulosa Klitzing Smith, 1944, pi. 5, figs. 1-3; S. & G., 1920, pi. 14, figs. 4, 5. On rocks in the upper littoral belt, central to southern California. Enteromorpha compressa (Linnaeus) Greville Smith, 1944, pi. 5, fig. 7; S. & G., 1920, pi. 14, figs. 7, 8; pi. 16, fig. 3. Grows on rocks, mostly in the middle littoral belt, Alaska to Mexico. Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Link Smith, 1944, pi. 5, figs. 4-6. Frond simple, cylindrical, more or less inflated, often much crisped or contorted, and irregularly and strongly con- stricted. Common in various forms, Alaska to Mexico. Enteromorpha torta (Mertens) Reinbold Attached to rocks, in shallow pools in the upper lit- toral, San Diego, December. Enteromorpha crinita (Roth) J. Agardh P.B.A. no. 965. Frond filiform, repeatedly branched, the tips of the branches ending in a single series of cells. Said to grow on wood or floating in the littoral belt, Alaska to Mexico. Ulva — Key to the San Diegan Species 1. Frond lanceolate with a tubular stipe ■. U. Lima 1. Frond variously shaped, stipe when present solid 2 2. Cells square or nearly so in cross section 3 2. Cells distinctly vertically elongated in cross section ^ 22 3. Frond seldom over 2 cm. high U. oalifornica 3. Frond usually over 2 cm. high, orbicular or ovate, often deeply split U. Lactuca 4. Fronds broad in proportion to height , without laciniae 5 4. Fronds deeply divided into long, narrow, crisped laciniae U. dactyl if era 5. Frond ample, usually with deep ruffled margins, but not lobed U. expansa 5. Frond moderate, deeply lobed, with slightly ruffled or plane margins U. 1 obata 5. Frond low, short ovate, plane, usually deeply split U. rigida Ulva Linza Linnaeus Smith, 1944, pi. 3, figs. 4, 5; S. & G. , 1920, pi. 12, figs. 1-4; Enter onor-pha Lima in P.B.A. no. 967. On rocks in the lower littoral belt, Alaska to Mexico. Ulva califomica Wills P.B.A. no. 611. Grows in profusion on rocks near high tide line, San Diego region. Common near the Beach Club, La Jolla, May-July. Ulva Lactuca Linnaeus "Common Sea Lettuce" Smith, 1944, pi. 3, figs. 6, 7. Common, attached to rocks or other algae, or floating, Alaska to Mexico. Ulva expansa (Setchell) S. & G. Ulva fasciata f . expansa in P.B.A. no. LXI7II Commonly floating free in quiet water, Washington to Mexico. Ulva lobata (Kiltzing) S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 4, figs. 4, 5; Ulva fasciata f. lobata in P.B.A. no. 863. On rocks in the lower littoral, central to southern California. Ulva rigida C. Agardh On rocks in the middle littoral belt, Alaska to Mexico. Ulva dactylifera S. & G. S» & G., 1920, pi. 21, fig. 1. On exposed rocks, uppermost littoral, southern California to Mexico. 23 Order ULOTRICHALES Bulbocoleon piliferem Pringsheim Grows on Cumagloia Andersonii , at times so atundantly as to discolor the host, but commonly in small quantity. Southern California. Entocladia codicola S. & G. anith, 1944, pi. 1, fig. 7; S. & G. , 1920, pi. 19, fig. 7. Grows in the membrane at the tip of the utricles of Codium fragile. Central and southern California. Entocladia cingens S. & G. S. & G., 1920, pi. 18, fig. 7. Grows within the membrane of Chaetomorpha calif ornica. Type from rocky shore at Ocean Beach. *Trentepohlia odorata var. tunbrina (Klitzing) Hariot Trentepohlia umbrina var. quercina in P.B.A. no. 662. Found on wooden piles along high tide level, San Pedro breakwater, and to be expected in similar situations southward. Class PHAEOPHYCEAE (Brown Algae) Order SPHACELARIAI^S Sphacelaria califomica Sauvageau S. & G., 1925, pi. 37, figs. 23-27. Rays of propagula usually of a single cell, broad. On rocks in pools, middle littoral, southern California; frequent at La Jolla. *Sphacelaria didichotoma Saunders Smith, 1944, pi. 14, fig. 4; Saunders, 1898, pi. 27. Rays of propagula elongated, simple, in twos and threes. Grows on various algae, Alaska to southern California (Redondo) and to be expected in San Diego County. Order ECTOCARPAUIS Pylaiella littoralis (Linnaeus) Kjellman anith, 1944, pi. 12, fig. 3; S. & G., 1925, pi. 37, fig. 32; P.B.A. nos. 171, 414. On other algae, rocks, or wood, Alaska to southern Cali- fornia. 24 Ectocarpus — Key to the San Diegan Species 1 . Chromatophores band-shaped 2 1. Chromatophores discoid 6 2. Gametangia on both creeping and erect filaments E. Taoniae 2. Gametangia on erect filaments only 3 3 . Fronds usually more than 1 cm. high 4 3. Fronds usually less than 1 cm. high *E. terminalis 4. Fronds tightly twisted into branched, rope-like threads E. tomentosus 4. Fronds more or less loosely tufted 5 5. Gametangia usually over 100 y. long. E. confervoides f . parvus 5. Gametangia usually less than 100 \i long, fronds corticated *E. corticulatus 6 . Fronds 1 cm. or more high 7 6. Fronds less than 1 cm. high 10 7. Hamuli mostly alternate 8 7. Hamuli mostly secund 9 8. Gametangia ellipsoidal, obtuse E. Mitchellae 8. Gametangia broadly ovoid, mucronate E. mucronatus 9. Gametangia 60-100 ^l long E. granulosus 9. Gametangia 40-60 [i long E. granulosoides 10 . Fronds penetrating the host 11 10 . Fronds not penetrating the host 14 11. Cells of the main filaments less than 30 [i diam 12 11. Cells of the main filaments more than 30 [i diam 13 12. Gametangia fusiform, scattered on the upper parts of the fronds E. socialis 12. Gametangia ovoid to ellipsoid, mostly near the base of the fronds E. flocculiformis 13. Gametangia cylindrical, many opposite E. oylindricus f. codiophilus 13. Gametangia globular, mostly alternate, E. globifer 14. Fronds in dense hemispherical tufts.. I", heraisphericus 14. Fronds more or less caespitose; gametangia long- acuminate, up to 400 [i long E. acuminatus Ectocarpus confervoides f. parvus (Saunders) S. & G. Ectocarpus siliculosus parvus in Saunders, 1898, pi. 22, figs. 1-9. On sand-covered rocks, logs, or on the larger Phaeophy- ceae, central to southern California, the type from San Diego. "Ectocarpus tomentosus (Hudson) Lyngbye Saunders, 1898, pi. 24, figs. 1, 2; P.B.A. no. 478. Growing on members of the Fucaceae, Alaska to southern California (Laguna Beach). Probably in San Diego County. 25 *Ectocarpus corticulatus Saunders Saunders, 1898, pi. 20; Eotocarpus granulosus f. corticula- tus in P.B.A. no. 1590. On larger Phaeophyceae and on Zostera, Alaska to south- ern California (San Pedro). Probably in San Diego County. *Ectocarpus mucronatus Saunders Saunders, 1898, pi. 19. On other algae and on Zostera, Vancouver Island to southern California (San Pedro). Probably in San Diego County. Eotocarpus Taeniae S. & G. S. & G., 1922, pi., 46, fig. 15; S. & G., 1925, pi. 51, fig. 15. Growing on Taonia Lennebackerae , southern California. *Ectocarpus terminalis Kiitzing P.B.A. no. 1034 (in part) ;,not no. 1387). On larger Phaeophyceae, Alaska to southern California (Laguna Beach). Probably extending to San Diego County. Eotocarpus granulosus (J. E. Smith) C. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 11, figs. 1, 2; Saunders, 1898, pi. 24, figs. 3-5; P.B.A. no. 1589. Growing on various algae and on stones in the lower littoral, Washington to southern California. At La Jolla in May and Jiine. Eotocarpus Mitchellae Harvey Saunders, 1898, pi. 21, figs. 1, 2; P.B.A. no. 671. On limpets and on Phyllospadix in the lower littoral belt, southern California. Eotocarpus granulosoides S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 11, figs. 3, 4; S. & G., 1922, pi. 45, figs. 7, 8. On rocks, San Pedro to La Jolla. In the cave near the Beach Club, La Jolla, in June. Eotocarpus cylindricus f. codiophilus S. & G. S. & G., 1922, pi. 46, fig. 14; pi. 49, figs. 42-45; S. & G., 1925, pi. 51, fig. 14. Growing on C odium fragile. La Jolla. E6 Ectocarpus hemisphericus Saunders Saunders, 1898, pi. 17; P.B.A. no. 528. Grows mostly on Peluetia fastigiata, but also on other algae, San Pedro to San Diego. Ectocarpus hemisphericus f . minor Saunders Saunders, 1898, pi. 18, figs. 1-3; P.B.A. nos. 529 and 1794. Grows on and near the receptacles of Hesperophycus Harueyanus, southern California. Ectocarpus acuminatus Saunders Smith, 1944, pi. 11, fig. 6; Saunders, 1898, pi. 14, figs. 1-5; P.B.A. nos. 524 and 2142. Grows within the conceptacles of Cystoseira osimndaoea and Halidrys dioica, southern California. Ectocarpus socialis S. & G. S. & G., 1922, pi. 46, figs. 12, 13; S. ,^ G. , 1925, pi. 51, figs. 12, 13. Grows on Codium fragile in company with Ectocarpus glo- bifer and with various species of Myxophyceae and Rhodophvceae, southern California. Ectocarpus flocculiformis S. & G. S. & G., 1922, pi. 47, fig. 24. Grows on Codium fragile , the rhizoidal filaments pene- trating deeply into the host, among and beyond the utricles. La Jolla. Ectocarpus globifer Kiitzing P.B.A. no. 732. Grows on Codium fragile in company with Ectocarpus socialis, La Jolla. Streblonema corymbiferum S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 13, figs. 1, 2; S. & G., 1922, pi. 43, fig. 8; S. & G., 1925, pi. 52. fig. 8. Fronds microscopic; erect filaments 4-5 [i diam. Grows on Cumagloia Andersonii , southern California. Streblonema anomalum S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 13, figs. 3,4; S. & G. , 1922, pi. 43, figs. 1-3; S. & G., 1925, pi. 52, figs. 1-3. Fronds microscopic; erect filaments up to 16 [i diam.; 27 gametangia 50-100 [i long, 10-16 [i broad. Grows on Cumagloia Anders onii , southern California. Streblonema Johnstonae S. & G. S. & G. , 1922, pi. 43, fig. 4; S. & G. , 1925, pi. 52, fig. 4, Erect filaments up to 26 [i diam.; gametangia 90-130 \x long, 28-36 broad. Grows on Cumagloia Anders onii , southern Cal- ifornia. Streblonema transfixum S. & G. Grows on Desmarestia herbacea, southern California. Streblonema invest iens (Collins) S. & G. Strepsithalia inuestiens in P.B.A. no. 736. Found on specimens of Helminthocladia californica at La Jolla in June. Ralfsia pacifica Hollenberg (mss.) Smith, 1944, pi. 12, figs. 4-6. Thalli brownish-black to black, 0.5-1.0 mm. thick. Paraphyses less than 130 [i long. Grows on rock surfaces in the upper littoral zone, Alaska to Mexico. *Ralfsia hesperia S. & G. Thalli yellowish brown, 1.0-1.5 mm. thick. Paraphyses over 250 |j, long. Known from Monterey and from Corona del Mar and to be expected in northern San Diego County. Hapalospongidion gelatinosimi Saunders Smith, 1944, pi. 14, figs. 1, 2; Hollenberg, 1942, figs. 1-10, fig. 14; P.B.A. no. 534; Microspongium gelatinosum in S. & G., 1925, p. 492. Forming cushion-like, small gelatinous thalli on rocks in the upper littoral zone, central California to Lower Cali- fornia. Hapterophycus canaliculatus S. & G. S. & G., 1925, pi. 41, fig. 54, pi. 77. Grows on rocks in the upper littoral belt, or even above high tide limit, southern California. Order DICTYOTALES Dictyota Binghamiae J. Agardh S. & G., 1925, pi. 34, figs. 1, 2; P.B.A. no. 1392; Glosso- phora Kunthii in P.B.A. no. 85. Dictyota Kunthii in P.B.A. no. 93. 28 Fronds dark brown, coriaceous, with rounded tips. This is a large, broad, coarse species which grows in pools in the middle and lower littoral belts, southern California to north- ern Lower California. Dictyota flabellata (Collins) S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 15, fig. 6; S. & C, 1925, pi. 34, fig. 3; pi. 35, fig. 7; pi. 36, figs. 13-17; Dilophus flabellatus in P.B.A. no. 834. Thinner, somewhat smaller, lighter colored and more dichotomous than the last. Grows on boulders in the lower littoral belt, central California to La Jolla. Dictyopteris zonarioides Farlow P.B.A. no. 581. Neurocarpus sonarioides in S. ^. G. , 1925, pi. 34, fig. 4; pi. 35, fig. 11; pi. 36, fig. 21; pi. 38, fig. 39; pi. 95. Grows on rocks in the lower littoral and upper sublit- toral belts, southern California and northern Lower California. Common near the Beach Club, La Jolla, May and June. Taenia Lennebackerae Farlow S. & G., 1925, pi. 35, figs. 9, 10; pi. 95; P.B.A. no. 327. Grows on rocks in the upper sublittoral belt, southern California. Zonaria Farlowii S. & G. S. & G., 1925, pi. 34, fig. 5; pi. 36, fig. 20; pi. 43, fig. 63, pi. 97. Zonaria Tournefortii in P.B.A. no. 86. Grows on rocks in the upper sublittoral belt, and in pools in the lower littoral, Santa Barbara to San Diego. May to November. Order CHORDARIALES Petrospongium rugosum (Okamura) S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 16, figs. 3, 4; S. & G., 1925, pi. 39, figs. 42, 43; Petrospongium Berkeleyi in P.B.A. no. 232. Grows on rocks in the upper littoral belt, exposed to surf, central to southern California. Haplogloia Andersonii (Farlow) Levring Smith, 1944, pi. 16, figs. 1, 2; Myriogloia Andersonii in S. & G., 1925, pi. 47, figs. 8-10; pi. 48, figs. 12-14; pi. 49, fig. 17; pi. 76. Frond very gelatinous, 8-30 cm. long, cylindrical, 1-3 mm. diam., profusely branched. Grows on rocks in the lower littoral and upper sublittoral belts, or in tide pools higher up, Alaska to San Diego. Occasional on the reef near Scripps pier, La Jolla, in May. 29 Order DESMAEESTIAI^S Desmarestia munda S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 17, fig. 1; S. & G., 1925, pi. 89; Desma- restia ligulata var. herbacea in P.B.A. no. IXKIX-A. Fronds ligulate, more than 3 meters long, sparingly branched, with prominent aculeae along the margins. Puget Soimd to San Diego. Commonly cast ashore at La Jolla, July to October. Desmarestia herbacea (Turner) Lamouroux Smith, 1944, pi. 17, fig. 2; S. & G., 1925, pi. 88; Desma- restia ligulata var. herbacea in P.B.A. no. LXIIX-B. Fronds ligulate, less than 3 meters long, smooth, or with fine aculeae along the margins; branches of 3-4 orders. Grows in tide pools in the lower littoral and in the upper sublittoral belts, Alaska to San Diego. Mostly sublittoral in the southern parts of its range. Uncommon in San Diego County. Order PUNCTAPIAI^S Scyto siphon Lomentaria (Lyngbye) J. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 19, fig. 1; S. & G., 1925, pi. 44, figs. 72, 74; Saunders, 1898, pi. 31, figs. 8-10; P.B.A. no. 323. Common on rocks throughout the littoral zone, Alaska to southern California. Various forms are described by Setchell and Gardner, some of which have been found at La Jolla. Petalonia Fascia (Muller) Kuntze Ilea Fascia in Smith, 1944, pi. 20, fig. 4; S. & G., 1925, pi. 44, figs. 68-71; Phyllitis Fascia in P.B.A. no. 1131. Usually found on rocks in the littoral belt, Alaska to San Diego. Endarachne Binghamiae J. Agardh S. & G., 1925, pi. 38, figs. 37, 38; pi. 83a; Saunders, 1898, pi. 30, figs. 6, 7; P.B.A. no. 1593. Grows on rocks in the middle and upper littoral belts, southern California to northern Lower California. Hydroclathrus clathratus (Bory) Howe This peculiar, netlike plant is widespread in tropical seas and reaches San Diego County only in the northernmost part of its range on this coast. It has been found in tide pools near the Beach Club, La Jolla. 30 Colpomenia sinuosa (Roth) Derbes & Solier Smith, 1944, pi. 20, fig. 1; S. & G., 1925, pi. 45, figs. 82-86; Saunders, 1898, pi. 32, figs. 7, 8; P.B.A. no. 278. Colpomenia sinuosa f. typica and C. sinuosa f. tubercu- lata are most common in San Diego Coiinty. C. sinuosa f. ex- pansa is known from Catalina Island; C. sinuosa f. deformans has not been recorded from southern California but may occur. The species is common in the middle and lower littoral along the entire coast, epiphytic or saxicolous. It reaches its best development between May and July at La Jolla. Coilodesme californica (Ruprecht) Kjellman Smith, 1944, pi. 19, fig. 5; S. & G., 1925, pi. 46, figs. 1, 2; pi. 86; P.B.A. no. I. Up to 1 meter long (usually about 25 cm.), epiphytic — on Cystoseira, Puget Sound to southern California. Coilodesme rigida S. & G. S. & G., 1925, pi. 45, fig. 76; pi. 79b. Epiphytic on Halidrys dioica, southern California. Common at "The Caves," La Jolla, in June. Order LAMINARIALES Laminaria Farlowii Setchell Smith, 1944, pi. 21, fig. 2; S. & G., 1925, pi. 56, Fig. A; P.B.A. no. IHl. Grows in the lower littoral and sublittoral of southern California, but is not common. Specimens 8 feet long were dredged from a depth of 11 fathoms off Point Loma in June. Costaria costata (Turner) Saunders Smith, 1944, pi. 22, fig. 1; S. & G., 1925, pi. 56, Fig. B; pi. 79, Fig. A; Costaria Turneri in P.B.A. no. 2II7. On rocks, wood, and large algae in the lower littoral and upper sublittoral belts. Common from Alaska to San Pedro, but only straggling into San Diego County. Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh "Giant Kelp" or "Bladder Kelp" Smith, 1944, pi. 31, figs. 3, 4; S. & G., 1925, pis. 64, 65; P.B.A. no. ZXXII. On rocks usually in 20-30 meters of water, Alaska to Lower California. Our most common large kelp, and that supply- ing the raw material for the algin industry. 31 Pela^ophycus porra (Leman) Setchell "Elk Kelp" or "Bull Kelp" Setchell, 1896, pi. 7; P.B.A. no. CIX. Grows in open water in 20-30 meters, mostly attached to rocks, central California to Lower California. Used with the preceding in the algin industry. Pterygophora californica Ruprecht Smith, 1944, pi. 29; S. & G., 1925, pi. 74; P.B.A. no. cnii. Grows on rocks in the upper sublittoral on exposed coasts, Vancouver Island to Lower California. Large examples dredged from 20 meters depth off Point Loma in June. Small specimens in the lower littoral at La Jolla. Eisenia arborea Areschoug P.B.A. no. IX. On rocks in the upper sublittoral and lower littoral belts, Redondo to San Diego. Common near Scripps pier, La Jolla, May-November. Egregia laevigata Setchell "Feather Boa" Smith, 1944, pi. 30, fig. 2; P.B.A. nos. 420 and III. Common, attached to rocks in the lower littoral and upper sublittoral belts, central California to northern Lower California. Order FUCAI^S Pelvetia fastigiata (J. Agardh) De Toni Smith, 1944, pi. 33, fig. 2; P.B.A. nos. 176 and CXIII. Always growing on rocks in the middle of the littoral belt, Oregon to Lower California. Common. Hesperophycus Harveyanus (Decaisne) S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 32, fig. 1; Gardner, 1913, pis. 36, 37; P.B.A. no. CXII. Grows on rocks in a restricted belt a few feet below high tide limit, Monterey to Lower California. Fairly abundant about 3 miles south of La Jolla. Halidrys dioica Gardner Gardner, 1913, pis. 42-45; P.B.A. nos. CXH and CIVII. On exposed rocks in the littoral and sublittoral belts, Redondo to Ensenada, Lower California. Commonly cast up on the beaches. 32 Cystoseira osimandacea (Menzies) C. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 34; Gardner, 1913, pis. 51-53; P.B.A. nos. ILVIII, XCVI and CXVa (not b). Grows in tide pools in the lower littoral, and in the upper sublittoral, usually in moderately sheltered localities, Oregon to Lower California. Fronds reach lengths of 5-7 meters. Often cast up in abundance on the beaches. Cystoseira Setchellii Gardner Gardner, 1913, pis. 47-50; P.B.A. no. CIVb. Fronds shorter than in Cystoseira osmundacea , up to l^ meters long. Grows in the sublittoral belt, Redondo to San Diego. Sargasstim Palmeri Grunow S. & G., 1925, pi. 41, fig. 56; pi. 94; Sargassum pilulif- erun in P.B.A. no. 537a. Leaves on all orders of branches decompound. Abundant in the upper sublittoral at Santa Catalina Island and probably growing in similar habitats along the coast of southern Cali- fornia, where it is frequently cast ashore. Known also from San Diego Bay. Sargassum, Agardhianum Farlow S. & G., 1925, pi. 39, fig. 46; pi. 41, fig. 55; pi. 92; P.B.A. nos. 179 and CI7III. Leaves small, simple. Grows in the lower littoral and upper sublittoral belts, southern California and northern Lower California. Common on the reef near the Beach Club, La Jo 11a. Class RHODOPHYCEAE (Red Algae) Order PORPHYRIDIAUIS Goniotrichum elegans (Chauvin) Zanardini Smith, 1944, pi. 35, figs. 1, 2; P.B.A. no. 781. Frequently epiphytic among other minute species on vari- ous larger algae. Widespread. La Jolla, in June. Order BANGIAIES Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 35, figs. 3-7. Thalli monosiphonous , unbranched, and without a basal disc. Epiphytic on various algae; cosmopolitan. 33 Erythrotrichia tetraseriata Gardner Erythrotriohia inuestiens in P.B.A. no. 782. Thalli 5-15 mm. long, becoming quadrisiphonous in outer portions; mono sipho nous portion 18-25 \x diam.; fruiting ends 38-40 ij, diam. On Zostera and probably various marine algae, southern California. Porphyra perforata J. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 39, fig. 5; Hus, 1902, pi. 20, figs. 4-10; P.B.A. no. 682. Alaska to Lower California. On rocks, usually in the upper littoral. Several forms have been named which need not be segregated for our purposes here. Porphyra naiadum Anderson Smith, 1944, pi. 40, fig. 1; Hus, 1902, pi. 21, figs. 19- 22; P.B.A. no. 632. Epiphytic on Phyllospadix , Washington to San Diego. Order NEMAUONALES Rhodochorton— Key to the San Diegan Species 1. Plants epiphytic or epizoic 2 1. Plants endophytic or endozoic 7 2. Plants having unicellular bases R. microscopicum 2. Plants with multicellular bases 3 3 . Asexual reproduction usually by monospores 4 3. Asexual reproduction always by tetraspores R. Rothii 4. Erect filaments less than 8.0 [j, diam. R. tenuissimun 4. Erect filaments over 8.0 jj, diam 5 5. Sporangia sessile, in short secund series at the base of the branches *R. Thureti i var. agama 5. Sporangia on branchlets 6 6. Sporangia in axillary groups R. Baviesii 6. Sporangia not in axillary groups R. uariabile 7. Free filaments long, endophytic filaments not pene- trating far into host 8 7. Free filaments short, consisting of a few cells only... 12 8. Original spore not recognizable in mature plant 9 8. Original spore always- recognizable. .. .i?. corymbiferum 9 . Free filaments under 15 [i diam 10 9 . Free filaments over 15 \i diam R. rhisoideum 10. Free filaments over 12 [x diam R. Amphiroae 10 . Free filaments under 12 [i diam 11 11. Branches ending in hair-like prolongations, .i?. magnificum 11. Branches not ending in hair-like prolongations R. elegans 12 . Endozoic R. penetrale 12. Endophytic in Dictyota R. Dictyotae 34 Rhodochorton microscopicum (Naegeli ) Drew On Pterochondria pygmaea , Bictyota flabellata , various other algae and on the hydroid Sertularia furcata, at La Jolla. A widespread species. *Rhodochorton tenuissimum (Collins) Drew Drew, 1928, pi. 38, figs. 26, 27; Chantransia virgatula f. tenuissina in P.B.A. no. 741. Grows on Phyllospadix at San Pedro and iindoubtedly south- ward. *Rhodochorton Thuretii var. agama (Rosenvinge) Drew Chantransia Thuretii var. agama in P.B.A. nos. 781 and 782. On Zostera at San Pedro and undoubtedly southward. Rhodochorton Daviesii (Dillwyn) Drew Epiphytic on Cystoseira osmundacea, Pelagophycus porra, and Pterochondria pygmaea, Monterey to La Jolla, apparently through- out the year. Rhodochorton variabile Drew Drew, 1928, pi. 38, fig. 28; pi. .39, figs. 30, 31. Grows on some of the larger Phaeophyceae such as Ptery- gophora calif ornica, Egregia laevigata, Cystoseira osmundacea, and occasionally on some of the Rhodophyceae , Washington to southern California throughout the year. Rhodochorton Amphiroae Drew Smith, 1944, pi. 40, figs. 5-7; Drew, 1928, pi. 40, figs. 34-37. Grows on the so-called Amphiroa tuberculosa. Specimens dredged from 20 meters off Point Loma in June. Rhodochorton Rothii (Turton) Naegeli Smith, 1944, pi. 41, figs. 1, 2. Common on rocks at high tide level along the Pacific coast from Alaska to San Diego. It seems to prefer somewhat shaded localities such as walls of caves along the shore, the undersides of overhanging rocks, and places where it can be reached only by very high tides or by spray from the waves. Rhodochorton magnificum Drew Drew, 1928, pi. 41, figs. 38-40. Endophytic in the stipe of Pelagophycus porra. The type from La Jolla, collected in July. 35 Rhodochorton ele^ans Drew Drew, 1928, pi. 41, fig. 41; pi. 43, fig. 46. Parasitic in the stipe of Eisenia arhorea. The type from La Jolla, collected in December. Rhodochorton rhizoideiim Drew Drew, 1928, pi. 42, figs. 42-44. Endophytic in Codium fragile, Washington to southern California, throughout the year. Rhodochorton corymbiferum (Thuret) Drew Chantransia corymbifera in P.B.A. no. 1040. Endophytic in Helminthocladia calif ornica, southern Cal- ifornia. Rhodochorton penetrale Drew Drew, 1928, pi. 44, figs. 57, 58; pi. 45, .figs. 59, 50. Plants endozoic in the hydroids Sertularella and Sertu- laria. Filaments growing in the chitin both between and around the animals of the colony. The type from La Jolla collected in July. Rhodochorton Dictyotae (Collins) Drew Drew, 1928, pi. 47, figs. 79, 80; Acrochaetium Dictyotae in P.B.A. no. 1394. Endophytic in Dictyota flabellata and D. Binghamiae , southern California, throughout the year. Nemalion elminthoides (Velley) Batters Nemalion lubricum in Smith, 1944, pi. 41, fig. 5; P.B.A. no. 685 and generally so designated; Nemalion multifidum in P.B.A. no. 835. A widespread species. Fertile at La Jolla in June, grow- ing high in the upper littoral on wave dashed rocks. Cumagloia Andersonii (Farlow) S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 42, fig. 2; Gardner, 1917, pi. 31, figs. 1-4, pi. 32, figs. 1-4; Nemalion Andersonii in P.B.A. no. 330. Grows on rocks in the upper littoral belt, even above high tide limit when growing on rock ledges covered by surf. Washington to San Diego. Common at "The Caves," La Jolla, May- July. 36 Helminthocladia californica (J. Agardh) Kyi in Helminthocladi a purpurea {H. Calvadosii) in P.B.A. no. 685. Santa Barbara to San Diego. In upper littoral tide pools near the Beach Club, La Jolla, in June. Helminthora striata Gardner Fronds 1-2^ cm. high, up to 1 mm. diam., irregularly- branched. Grows on Phyllospadix , La Jolla, in June. Scarce. Asparagopsis hamifera (Harlot ) Okamura Hypnea adunca in P.B.A. no. 490. The examples distributed in the P.B.A. were collected at Pacific Beach. Scinaia Johnstoniae Setchell Setchell, 1914a, pi. 11, figs. 14, 15. Plants rose-red, 8-12 cm. high, with cylindrical, dichot- omous branches which are very fleshy, 3-6 mm. diam. Occasional in the sublittoral of southern California and on into Mexico. Scinaia latifrons Howe Setchell, 1914a, pi. 11, fig. 23. Easily distinguished by its broad, flat segments, 5-15 mm. broad, of a deep rose-red color. This species is rare in our area but is occasionally found on southern California beaches where it has floated in from deep water. It is common in the sublittoral in the Gulf of California. Gloiophloea confusa Setchell Smith, 1944, pi. 42, fig. 1; Setchell, 1914a, pi. 14, figs. 44-47; Scinaia furcellata var. undulata in P.B.A. no. 422. Known from La Jolla to San Francisco, but uncommon in San Diego County. A portion of a fertile plant was found in July on the beach at Scripps pier. La Jolla. Pseudo scinaia Snyderae Setchell Setchell, 1914a, pi. 16, figs. 60, 61. Has been collected occasionally at San Pedro, La Jolla and San Diego . Order GELIDIAUIS Gelidium cartilagineum var. robustmn Gardner Smith, 1944, pi. 43, fig. 4; Gelidium cartilagineum in P.B.A. no . 135 . 37 Conmon in the lower littoral and upper sublittoral. This is our largest and coarsest species and the one most used in the agar industry. Abundant from northern California to Lower California. Gelidium Coulteri Harvey- Smith, 1944, pi. 44, fig. 5; P.B.A. no. 90. Very common in low, dense tufts and mats over rock sur- faces, usually about 2 inches high or less. Throughout southern California. Gelidium crinale (Turner) Lamouroux Eronds cylindrical, filiform, wiry, usually about 1 inch high, growing with various tufted algae on rock surfaces in the lower littoral. La Jolla in May. Gelidium pyramidale Gardner Gardner, 1927e, pis. 36, 37, 45, 46; Gelidium Amansii in P.B.A. no. 585. This is a moderate-sized species which is distinguished by its successively more finely divided branches from base to apei. Very common on rocks and in pools in the lower littoral about La Jolla, May -December. Gelidium nudifrons Gardner "Wire Gelidium" Gardner, 1927e, pi. 37, fig. 2; pi. 43. Easily distinguished by the fact that the older parts are almost devoid of shorter branches. Known sparingly from south- ern California to Lower California. A few examples from the La Jolla region may be referred to this species. It usually grows in the sublittoral. Gelidium pulchrum Gardner Gardner, 1927e, pis. 50-53; Gelidium australe in P.B.A. no. 586. This i-s a beautiful and rather slender species of Gelid- ium, purplish' red to pink in color. It is more regularly and less finely branched than G. pyramidale and much less coarse than G. cartilagineum. The species is apparently limited in distribution to southern California, in Orange and San Diego Counties. Gelidium caloglossoides Howe Smith, 1944, pi. 44, figs. 3, 4. A diminutive, creeping species of Gelidium, frequent along the coast from Monterey to southern California, is essentially 38 indistinguishable, according to Hollenberg, 1942, from the type examples of this species from Peru. Order CRYPTONMIAI^S Pikea californica Harvey Smith, 1944, pi. 46, fig. 3; P.B.A. no. 897. Washington to southern California. Small plants were found at "The Caves," La Jolla in June, larger examples in Sep- tember. The abundantly and successively more finely branched, complanate fronds, ending in minute, pointed segments, are dis- tinctive. Farlowia crassa J. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 46, fig. 1; listed by Cleveland, 1885, as Farlowia compressa. On rocks in the lower littoral, southern Oregon to San Diego. Leptocladia Binghamiae J. Agardh Andersoniella Farlowii in P.B.A. no. 700 and in the older collections; also found under the names Pikea californica and Farlowia crassa. Lower littoral, Santa Barbara to La Jolla. *Gloiopeltis minuta Kylin Eylin, 1941, pi. 2, fig. 4; Gloiopeltis capillaris in P.B.A. no. 2250. Thallus 1 cm. high, 0.1-0.3 mm. thick, 2-4 times fork- branched. Grows on rocks in the middle of the littoral zone at Santa Catalina Island, and probably to be found in San Diego County . Endocladia muricata (Postels & Ruprecht) J. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 47, figs. 3, 4; P.B.A. nos. 136 and 882. forms dense, brownish tufts on rocks at or near high tide line, common in central and southern California. Fertile in June and July at the base of the sea wall near the Beach Club, La Jolla. Dermocorynus occidentalis Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1940, figs. 1-6. Plants forming thin, brownish-red, horizontally expanded thalli, 1-3 cm. diam., bearing numerous, erect, simple fruiting branches 1-2 mm. high. Common but inconspicuous because of its 39 small size. Generally on rocks in the lower littoral, Los Angeles County to Punta Banda, Lower California. "^Hildenbrandia occidentalis Setchell Smith, 1944, pi. 49, fig. 4; Gardner, 1917, pi. 33, fig. 4; P.B.A. no. 2300. Thallus adhering firmly to rock, 1-2 ram. thick of indefi- nite expansion, dark purplish-red, black when dry on the rocks. This plant is quite abundant in central California, covering large rock areas, and it probably extends southward into San Diego County. Peyssonnelia pacifica Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 48, fig. 3. This species, originally described from Washington and again found by Kylin at Monterey, probably is the same as one of our southern California Peyssonneliae. These encrusting plants are found on rocks, pebbles and shells, from the lit- toral to fairly deep water. Petrocelis franpiscana S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 48, fig. 1; Gardner, 1917, pi. 33, fig. 1; Petrocelis Middendorfii in P.B.A. no. 900. Thallus of firm, gelatinous consistency, forming more or less circular expansions of indefinite size, closely adhering to rock, of a dark brownish-red color, black when dry, 2-2.5 mm. thick. It is an upper littoral plant, Puget Sound to south- ern California. Petrocelis haematis Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1943, fig. 12. Forming thin, red crusts on small, loose rocks at low tide level, along the coast of southern California. Tetrasporic in January. Much thinner and usually smaller than P. franc iscana. Family CORALLINACEAE (Corallines) Several genera and a considerable number of species of this calcareous group of red algae are found within San Diego County, yet they are among the poorest known of our algae. Their neglect is due in large part to difficulties in studying these calcareous plants which require special techniques in the preparation of study material. For the purpose of using the key to the genera, it may be necessary to decalcify desirable portions in weak acid, but for specific determination of the San Diego plants, the ex- ternal characters will usually be sufficient. In identifying the articulated corallines as to genera it may be necessary to de- 40 termine the cellular structure of the genicula and intergenicula. In decalcified material which has been crushed or teased apart, these observations can readily be made with moderate magnifi- cation. Among the crustose genera, the number and nature of the layers of cells in the stratified thallus may have to be determined. To accomplish this satisfactorily, it is usually necessary to prepare sections of paraffin-embedded material with the microtome, but this complicated process should not be undertaken by the amateur unless adequate laboratory equipment is available. Should he wish to go so far, instructions for such preparations are to be found in Johansen's Plant Micro- technique, as already mentioned (see footnote 5). Lithothamnium californicum Foslie Foslie, 1929, pi. 3, fig. 1; P.B.A. no. LU. The crusts are 0.8-1.2 ram. thick, deep pink when fresh, smooth and glistening, without branches or excrescences, con- forming closely to the substratum. Washington to southern Cal- ifornia, common. Lithothamnium giganteum Mason Setchell & Mason, 1943, p. 93; Mason, 1933, pi. 6, fig. 1. Said to be one of the coarsest species of Lithothamnium on the Pacific Coast. The type was dredged off La Jolla. Lithothamnium aculeiferum Mason Setchell & Mason, 1943, p. 94; Lithothamnium apiculatum in Mason, 1933, pi. 6, fig. 3. Grows as a crust 1-3 mm. thick, fiimly attached to rocks, often surrounding small pebbles which are washed by the surf. Known from Monterey and La Jolla. Lithothamnium crassiusculum (Foslie) Mason Setchell & Mason, 1943, p. 93; Lithothamnium apiculatum f. crassiusoula in Foslie, 1927, pi. IV, fig. 13. Individual crusts 1.5-2.6 ram. thick, often superimposed, forming a thick mass of calcareous material 10 ram. or more in thickness, covering stones which are rolled about by the surf or on attached rocks. San Pedro to La Jolla. Melobesia mediocris (Foslie) Setchell >'- Mason SMth, 1944, pi. 49, fig. 1; Lithothamnion mediocre in Nichols, 1908, pi. 9; .Velobesia amplexifrons in P.B.A. no. 299. 41 Puget SoiHid to southern California, on Zostera and Phyllo- spadix. Melobesia marginata Setchell & Foslie anith, 1944, pi. 49, fig. 2, pi. 50, fig. 1; P.B.A. no. 1300; Li thothamni on marginatum in Nichols, 1909, pi. 10, fig. 1; pi. 11, figs. 7-9; pi. 13, fig. 25. Puget Sound to southern California, on various species of algae. Examples from La Jolla on Laurencia diegoensis. Lithophyllum decipiens Foslie Mason, 1933, pi. 17, figs.,1, 2; pi. 18, fig. 1. Crust thin, 150-300 |j, thick, firmly attached to the sub- stratum, confluent, indefinite; surface smooth except where the conceptacles are nimerous. On smooth rocks and pebbles, north- ern California to San Diego. Lithophyllum grumosum Foslie Foslie, 1929, pi. 57, figs. 11-12; Mason, 1933, pi. 22, fig. 2; pi. 23, figs. 1, 2. This plant fonns massive crusts up to 10 cm. in diam., 3-5 mm. in thickness, with large, low excrescences. In older crusts, several layers of conceptacles may be found, one over the other. Central to southern California. Lithophyllum imitans Foslie Foslie, 1929, pi. 54, figs. 10, 11; Mason, 1933, pi. 24, figs. 1, 2; pi. 25, figs. 1, 2. Thallus covering stones, commonly growing on sandstone, firmly attached, to 2 mm. thick, bright pink when fresh, sur- face appearing glazed, drying a deep dirty yellow. It is very coarse and forms an unusually hard crust covered by many short , rather uniform branches. Common in San Diego County. ^Lithophyllum proboscideum Foslie Foslie, 1929, pi. 63, figs. 3, 4; Mason, 1933, pi. 28, figs. 1, 2. Crusts 1-2 ram. thick, branches very numerous, 2-3 cm. high, 4-5 mm. in diam., of ten' growing together especially at the base, tips of branches somewhat enlarged and often flattened on top. This is a very easily distinguished plant, but is rare in collections due to the depth at which it usually grows. It has been dredged off San Pedro and probably should be expected within San Diego County. 42 Hydrolithon Setchellii (Foslie) Setchell & Mason Setchell & Mason, 1943, p. 97; Gongylodium Setchellii in Mason, 1933, pi. 31, figs. 1, 2; pi. 32, figs. 1, 2. Thallus forming a ball-like crust of ' indefinite extent, the crusts growing over one another, edges 150-500 [i thick, brittle, older portions 2-3 mm. thick; surface covered with warty elevations 1-3 mm. high, 2-3 mm. diam. Common about La Jo 11a and north to Redondo. Fosliella intermedia (Foslie) G. M. Smith Lithophyllum macrooarpum f. intermedia in Nichols, 1909, p. 352, pi. 11, fig. 12; pi. 12, figs. 15-17. Epiphytic on various species of algae; crust 2-7 mm. in diam., 50-200 [i thick. Found on Corallina, Gelidiwn, etc., at La Jolla and northward. Differs from the next two species in that the sporangia are two -parted rather than four-parted. Fosliella Nicholsii (Setchell & Mason) G. M. Smith Smith, 1944, pi. 50, fig. 8; Lithophyllum pustulatum f . australis in Nichols, 1909, pi. 10, figs. 4, 5; pi. 13, figs. 21-24; P.B.A. no. 1350. Epiphytic on several genera of brown algae and on some red algae. Crusts circular when young, anastomosing later and forming large, irregular patches upon the host, rose-pink. Common at La Jolla on Dictyota Binghamiae , also on Eisenia arborea, Dictyopteris sonarioides , Cryptopleura species, etc. Eosliella ascripticia (Foslie) G. M. Smith Smith, 1944, pi. 50, fig. 7; Lithophyllum pustulatum f. ascripticia in Nichols, 1909, pi. 10, 'figs. 2, 3; pi. 11, fig. 10; pi. 12, figs. 18-20; pi. 13, fig. 28. This species differs from Fosliella Nicholsii in that the lowermost cells below the conceptacles are oblique and several times their breadth rather than cubical as in that species. Epiphytic on various red algae, Monterey to La Jolla, particularly on Corallina gracilis f. densa at La Jolla. Joculator pinnatifolium Manza Manza, 1940, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2. Southern California. Occasional, mature reproductive examples were found on rocks near Scripps pier. La Jolla, in October. *Calliarthron cheilosporioides Manza Smith, 1944, pi. 53, fig. 1; Manza, 1940, pi. 2, figs. 1-3. 43 Conceptacles borne on both surfaces, along lateral mar- gins and on upper margins of upper lobes of intergenicula. Central California to San Pedro and probably southward. Calliarthron Schmittii Manza Manza, 1940, pi. 5. The type was dredged from 21-24 fathoms depth off Point Loma. This species seens to be creeping, has convex intergenic- ula, and the conceptacles apparently restricted to the convex surfaces. Genus Corallina The species and varieties of this genus have long been a perplexing problem and still remain so. Several entities from San Diego County may, however, be recognized under names ap- plied to them by Setchell and Gardner, and by Collins. Corallina chilensis Decaisne Smith, 1944, pi, 51, fig. 4; P.B.A. no. 499. This name is applied to our large, stout plant, which is usually foimd in most luxuriant condition in sheltered pools. British Coliunbia to San Diego. Corallina gracilis Lamouroux This name is applied to the finely-branched, feathery _ species resembling the illustration of C. uancouveriensis given by Yendo, 1902, pi. LIV, fig. 3, and LV, figs. 1, 2. It is a lower littoral plant in southern California. Corallina gracilis f. densa Collins Smith, 1944, pi. 50, figs. 3-5; P.B.A. no. 650. This is the name long applied to a small plant, usually of middle littoral rocks, with dense, short, appressed lateral branches. It is abundant on exposed littoral rocks almost everywhere in southern California. Bossea Orbigniana (Decaisne) Manza Smith, 1944, pi. 51, fig. 3; Amphiroa Orbigniana in P.B.A. no. 398. Specimens which seem to correspond well with this plant are fairly common in tide pools at La Jolla, May to October. Bossea Gardner i Manza Smith, 1944, pi. 52, fig. 2; Manza, 1940, pi. 15. This species is less common than the last and differs in having rounded intergenicular lobes rather than pointed ones 44 as in Bossea Orbigniana. Examples collected in June from the lower littoral at "The Caves," La Jolla, have been examined. Lithothrix Aspergillum J. E. Gray Smith, 1944, pi. 53, fig. 3; Manza, 1940, pi. 10, figs. 1, 2; Amphiroa nodulosa in P.B.A. nos. 498, 649. This is one species of jointed coralline which cannot be confused with any other. It is finely branched not dichotomous, cylindrical, hair-like. Common in southern California. Jania At least two species of Jania occur in San Diego County, but the plants of our coast have never been satisfactorily determined. The names Jania ungulata and Jania rubens have been applied to them. It can only be suggested that adequate collections of material be made for future examination and study . Amphiroa There are three very distinctive jointed corallines in San Diego County which have long been named as species of this genus. The genus Amphiroa has, however, been so poorly charac- terized until recent years that no one has really given atten- tion to whether the najnes were properly applied or not. Pending the careful study of the three species in question, it may simply be stated that three entities are frequently encountered. One, usually named Amphiroa tuberculosa, has flattened joints and looks like a large, coarse plant of Bossea Orbigniana. The other two are smaller; the plant often called A. nodulosa is slender and cylindrical; the plant usually identified as A. crassa is compressed and divaricately, dichotomously branched. Grateloupia californica Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 55, figs. 1, 2; Kylin, 1941, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2; usually found under the name Grateloupia Cutleriae in older collections and in P.B.A. no. XCII. Thallus 15-20 cm. high, ligulate, usually unbranched, 10-20 cm. broad, proliferating from the thallus edges. Washing- ton to San Diego. Type collected from the lower littoral belt at La Jolla. Tetrasporic plants found in June. Grateloupia maxima (Gardner) Kylin Grateloupia Cutleriae f. maxima in P.B.A. no. CXHV. Plants up to a meter long and 20 cm. broad, membranous, unbranched. On rocks in the lower littoral or sublittoral, cen- tral California to San Diego. Fertile at La Jolla in June. Very large plants cast up on the beaches north of Scripps pier, La Jolla, in September. 45 Grateloupia abreviata Kylin Kylin, 1941, pi. 2, fig. 3. Thallus 3-5 cm. high, flattened, irregularly forked; branches 2-3 cm. broad, often with small proliferations from the edges; thallus deep red-violet. Grows on rocks in the middle littoral, sometimes quite high in the upper littoral. Occa- sional near "The Caves," La Jolla, May to- July. Polyopes Bushiae Farlow Cryptonemia Bushiae in P.B.A. no. 600. Fronds repeatedly dichotomously-flabellate in outline, of moderate size (3-5 cm.) deep rose-red; nearly always sterile. Abundant in shaded places in the lower littoral at "The Caves," La Jolla, in June. Zanardinula linearis (Kylin) Papenfuss Prionitis linearis in Smith, 1944, pi. 56, fig. 2; Kylin, 1941, pi. 4, fig. 11; Prionitis lanceolata in P.B.A. no. 199b. Thallus 12-20 cm. high, dichotomously branched, the branches 1-2 mm. broad, provided with numerous small prolifer- ations. Grows in the lower littoral in southern California; the type collection from La Jolla. Zanardinula Andersoniana (Eaton) Papenfuss Prionitis Andersoniana in Smith, 1944, pi. 57, fig. 3; P.B.A. no. 448. Easily distinguished from our other species by the broad, flattened fronds, 1-2| cm. wide. Lower littoral, central to southern California. Cryptonemia obovata J. Agardh Kylin, 1941, pi. 3, fig. 8; P.B.A. no. 550 (not no. 1748). A plant that seems to correspond closely with this spe- cies is frequently found at La Jolla. It is usually sublittoral in habitat, is bright red in color, membranous and with many blades arising from near the base. Callophyllis violacea J. Agardh Kylin, 1941, pi. 5, fig. 13; Callophyllis gracilari aides in P.B.A. no. 742. In the lower littoral, Santa Barbara to San Diego; _ cysto- carpic and tetrasporic in June. This species is distinguished by having its cystocarps on the surface of the fronds which .are narrower and more delicate than those of the next species. 46 Callophyllis dissecta Setchell & Swezy Kylin, 1941. pi. 5, fig. 15 Fronds rather large, coarse, broad, with cystocarps scat- tered over their surfaces. Occasionally it will seem that C. dissecta is a large form of the preceding. Southern California; cystocarpic and tetrasporic at La Jolla in June. Callophyllis marginifructa Setchell & Swezy Smith, 1944, pi. 58, figs. 3, 4. This species is most easily distinguished by the position of the cystocarps which are found projecting from the margins of the thallus and are rarely present on the flat surfaces. Found from central to southern California; cystocarpic and tetrasporic in June and July. Callocolax globulosis Dawson (mss. ) This small, globulose, parasitic plant was detected on an undescribed, sterile species of Callophyllis dredged off Point Loma. Order GIGARTINALES Schizymenia pacifica Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 60, fig. 4; pi. 61, fig. 1; Turnerella pacifica in Kylin, 1925, fig. 11; Sarcophyllis calif ornica in P.B.A. no. 395. A broadly expanded, membranous plant, undivided or merely irregularly split. Central to southern California; cystocarpic at La Jolla in June. Agardhiella Coulteri (Harvey) Setchell Smith, 1944, pi. 62, fig. 4; early known as Hypnea Coulteri, later as Bhabdonia Coulteri. J. G. Agardh's type specimen of Mycodea episcopalis is of this species. Central to southern California, May -November; cystocarpic and tetrasporic material from La Jolla in June. *Gardneriella tubifera Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 62, fig. 5; Kylin, 1941, fig. 5. Thalli 2-6 mm. in diameter. Parasitic on Agardhiella Coulteri. Probably has the range of the last, but has not been detected in San Diego County as yet. Hypnea californica Kylin Kylin, 1941, pi. 6, fig. 16. 47 This species resembles Hypnea musciformis in habit and has long gone under this name. It is an abundant species on rocks together with Corallina in the lower littoral at La Jolla. Cystocarpic and tetrasporic examples found in June. Hypnea adunca J. Agardh Kylin, 1941, pi. 6, fig. 17. This species was described from material found at Santa Barbara and probably is the same as the other of the two Hypnea species at La Jolla. Beside H. calif ornica which is softer and more "stringy," there is a species which is much fleshier, rather brittle, and had best be referred to H. adunca iintil more care- ful study can be made. OiDuntiella californica (Farlow) Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 61, fig. 2; Kylin, 1925, fig. 11; Kallyme- nia californica in P.B.A. no. 633. Alaska to San Diego. On rocks in the extreme lower littoral. Plocamium pacificum Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 62, fig. 1; Plocamium coccineum in P.B.A. no. 994, and generally so designated in the older collections. This is a very common, brilliant rose-red plant which gives a beautiful impression when dried on white paper. It has certain popularity because of this attractive property. Grows on rocks in the lower littoral, central to southern California. Fertile material at La Jolla in June. Plocamium violaceum Farlow Smith, 1944, pi. 62, fig. 2; P.B.A. no. 542. A less common species, much smaller and paler than the last, but similar in general characters. Central to southern California, fertile at La Jolla in June. *PlocamioGolax pulvinata Setchell Smith, 1944,. pi. 62, fig. 3. A much-branched, small parasitic plant, up to 5 mm. in diameter. Parasitic on Plocamium pacificum and presumably hav- ing the range of the host, though not yet detected south of San Pedro. Gracilaria confervoides (Linnaeus) Greville The commonest cylindrical, filiform Gracilaria. It reaches 30-90 cm. in length, consisting of slender, branched, terete fronds about 1-3 mm. diam. Along the whole California coast, fertile at La Jolla in summer. Abundant in some parts of San Diego Bay, especially at the mouth of the Sweetwater River. 48 Gracilaria S.jostedtii Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 63, fig. 4; Kylin, 1941, pi. 7, fig. 18; P.B.A. no. 384. Very much like G. oonfervoides and distinguished in most cases only by cross sections of the cystocarps which in G. Sjostedtii do not contain the filament strands between the im- mature carpospores and the cystocarp wall as does the former species. Said to occur in California through most of the range of G. oonfervoides , but in San Diego County seems to grow in the littoral on the open coast, while G. oonfervoides prefers the protection of San Diego Bay. Gracilaria Andersonii (Grunow) Kylin Cordylecladia Andersonii in P.B.A. nos. 839 and 1498; Kylin, 1941, p. 21. A less frequently encountered cylindrical species, which is commonly rather short and stout compared to G. oonfervoides. Kylin collected tetrasporic material at La Jo 11a in June. ^Gracilaria linearis Kylin Kylin, 1941, pi. 7, fig. 19; known in older collections as Gracilaria multipartita. Known from San Pedro and perhaps to be expected in San Diego County. It is distinguished by its flat, repeatedly di- chotomous blades, resembling Callophyllis violacea in form. *Gracilariophila oryzoides Setchell & Wilson anith, 1944, pi, 63, fig. 1; Wilson, 1910, pis. 12, 13; Gracilariopsis oryzoides in P.B.A. no. 2299. Parasitic, the thallus forming tubercular outgrowths about 2 mm. in diameter on Gracilaria oonfervoides and other Gracilaria species. Known from Monterey and San Pedro and prob- ably extending southward with the hosts into San Diego County. Gymnogongrus platyphyllus Gardner Smith, 1944, pi. 65, fig. 2; Gardner, 1927, pi. 24, figs. 8-10; pi. 34. Fronds 18-25 cm. high, 4-6 mm. wide, flattened, with rounded margins, repeatedly dichotomously branched. This plant is not commonly found, but grows attached to rocks in the lower littoral and upper sublittoral belts, central California to Lower California. Examples were fo\ind cast ashore near Scripps pier, La Jolla, in October. Gymnogongrus leptophyllus J. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 65, fig. 1; Gymnogongrus Griff ithsiae in P.B.A. no. 239a. 49 This is our slender, more delicate species, central Cal- ifornia to San Diego. Ahnfeltia gigartinoides J. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 64, fig. 1; Ahnfeltia concinna in P.B.A. no. 430. This slender, wiry plant is occasional in the San Diego region in protected, lower littoral pools and on rocks. Stenogramma calif ornica Harvey Smith, 1944, pi. 64, fig. 4; pi. 65, fig. 4; Stenogramma interrupta in P.B.A. no. 380. Occasional in southern California and easily identified in the fertile condition by the location of the tetrasporangia in elongated sori extending down the middle of the membranous branches. Phyllophora Clevelandii Farlow Smith, 1944, pi. 63, fig. 5. Usually found washed ashore, central California to Lower California. Large examples have frequently been obtained at Pacific Beach. Petrogloss\m pacif icum Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1943, figs. 1-6. On rocks exposed to the action of waves or sometimes between the rhizomes of Phyllospadix. Southern California. Rhodoglossum americaniim Eylin Snith, 1944, pi. 71, fig. 1; Kylin, 1941, pi. 9, fig. 23; Rhodoglossum polycarpum in P.B.A. no. 538. Specimens which seem to belong to this species were col- lected many years ago (1901) on rocks under the old pier at Coronado . Rhodoglossum affine (Harvey) Eylin Smith, 1944, pi. 71, fig. 2; Chondrus affinis in P.B.A. no. 424 and generally so designated in the older collections. Fronds 2-5 cm. high, flat, dichotomous. Central to south- em California; cystocarpic and tetrasporic plants at La Jolla in June, usually in sheltered or shaded places, frequently in the upper littoral. 50 Gigartina— Key to the San Diegan Species 1. Fronds terete to complanate; lateral branches ntunerous, pinnate to subpinnate 2 1. Fronds with longer or shorter cylindrical stipes, \m- branched or slightly dichotomously, expanded above into large, flat blades, the latter in turn sparingly split or proliferous from the margins or the surfaces.. 8 1. Fronds complanate, at least above, dichotomously branched; lateral branches as irregular prolifer- ations, marginal or superficial G. Agardhii 2. Fronds terete to slightly compressed, lateral branching quadrifarious; cystocarps borne ser- rately in short, differentiated branchlets. (7. serrata 2. Fronds narrow, compressed to flattened, not strictly complanate; lateral branches distichous (all marginal); cystocarps scattered or grouped on the short, lateral branchlets G. canaliculata 2. Fronds complanate; lateral branches regularly mar- ginal; short, proliferous branchlets sometimes present' from flat surfaces; cystocarps and tetra- sporic sori on short leaflets or papilloid branch- lets, marginal or superficial 3 3 . Fronds narrow 4 3 . Fronds moderately broad 5 4. Fronds dark, blackish, irregularly pinnate, early becoming covered with bristly, short, cylindrical pinnae G. leptorhynchos 4. Fronds lighter, brownish, pinnately decompound, with abundant, rigid, divaricate, sharply acu- leate branchlets in tetrastichous arrange- ment G, eohi nata 5. Fronds with conspicuous, more or less regularly ar- ranged lateral, marginal pinnae 6 5. Fronds without regular lateral pinnae 7 6. Fronds more than once pinnately branched; cystocarps rather large, several on rather elongated marginal pinnae G. Eatoniana 6. Fronds generally unbranched except for prominent, long, linear-lanceolate pinnae; cystocarps quite small, borne in tiny fertile pinnules which cover both margins and surface of the main frond and of the pinnae G. Boryi 7. Main frond-blades ' generally unbranched and non-prolif- erous G. Harveyana 7. Fronds variously branched and more or less proliferous G. armata (See also G. Farlowiana and G. spinosa) 8. Frond a simple, very much expanded, unbranched and unsegmented blade G, Binghamiae 8. Frond only moderately large, once or twice dichoto- mously branched or lobed G. uolans 51 Gigartina serrata Gardner Gardner, 1927a, pis. 60-62. Known from Balboa to Ensenada, Lower California. Exceed- ingly abundant and dominant on all rocks in the lower littoral at "The Caves," La Jolla, in July, maturing, August-October. Gigartina canaliculata Ha2Tvey Smith, 1944, pi. 69, fig. 3; P.B.A. no. 1395 and as G. canaliculata f. laxa in no. 1139. Frequently abundant as dense tufts or mats on rock sur- faces in the middle and lower littoral, central to southern California; cystocarpic and tetrasporic plants at La Jolla in June. Gigartina leptorhynchos J. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 70, fig. 3; S. & G. , 1933, pi. 46; Gigar- tina horrida in P.B.A. no. 137. When young, the flattening of the narrow, irregularly pinnate frond may be seen, but this is soon covered by bristly, short, cylindrical pinnae and the frond thickens to compressed or almost cylindrical. Distributed from Monterey to Mexico. Young plants are abundant at La Jolla in May, maturing in June and July. Gigartina echinata Gardner Gardner, 1927a, pis. 63, 64. This plant is thus far recorded only from the type local- ity, Santa Catalina Island, and from La Jolla. The species is narrow, flat, dichotomous or subdichotomous for one or two di- visions, above, pinnately decompound with acute angles and rigid, divaricate, sharply aculeate branchlets in tetrastichous arrangement. Rare in the San Diego region. Gigartina Eatoniana J. Agardh S. & G., 1933, pi. 51. This species, in its younger stages, may best be identi- fied by reference to the illustration cited above. Cystocarpic plants which are to be found frequently from September through November, are easily identified by the large cystocarps borne, one or a few, on the end of elongated, stalk-like pinnae. Juve- nile plants appear on the lower littoral rocks at La Jolla in May, maturing by September. Gigartina Boryi S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 68, fig. 1; S. & G., 1933, pis. 48, 49. 52 Primary fronds long and moderately broad, with long, regularly spaced lateral pinnae, given off at a broad angle. While the Monterey Bay region is the type locality, plants seeming to belong to this species are known from La Jolla. The illustrations cited must serve as a guide in identifying specimens of this poorly understood plant. Gigartina Harveyana (Kiitzing) S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 67, fig. 2; Gigartina radula f. microphylla in P.B.A. no. XIX. Readily distinguished by its long, unbranched, relatively narrow, thin blades, linear-lanceolate in shape, up to 80 cm. long and 2-8 (av.3) cm. wide. Some proliferous (?) states re- semble G. Boryi. Washington to southern California; tetrasporic and cystocarpic material from La Jolla in June. Gigartina armata J. Agardh S. & G., 1933, pi. 47, fig. 2. This is a very common species on lower littoral rocks in the San Diego region, April-November. It is quite broad, irreg- ularly pinnate-proliferous, and rather rough and coarse in age. The illustration cited above is of a typical plant, and will serve well for identification. G. armata is the most abundant broad species at "The Caves," La Jolla in June, at which time it is fertile. Gigartina spinosa (Kiitzing) Harvey Smith, 1944, pi. 58, fig. 2; P.B.A. no, XX. This species closely resembles G. armata but is more northern in distribution. Kylin has recorded it from La Jolla, but it is surely very uncommon south of San Pedro. It is less branched, and green-purplish rather than reddish in color as is G. armata. The cystocarps are larger than in that species. Gigartina Farlowiana J. Agardh S. & G., 1933, pi. 47, fig. 1. This is another species resembling G. armata and perhaps of doubtful distinction. The author has not seen plants defi- nitely to be identified under this name. The illustration of the fragmentary type is scarcely of any aid. The species is said to occur between Monterey and La Jolla. Gigartina Binghamiae J. Agardh S. & G., 1933, pi. 55. This is our largest and broadest species. It is most abundant along the southern California coast, but extends northward where it mingles with two similar species, G. ex- 53 asperata and 0. corymbifera (Smith, 1944, pi. 66). The latter two species may occur sparingly in our area, but are more or less difficult to distinguish from G. Binghamiae. The plants are mostly sublittoral, maturing and being cast ashore August to November, some as early as June. Gigartina volans (C. Agardh) J. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 70, fig. 1; S. & G., 1933, pi. 56, 57; P.B.A. no. in. Occurs occasionally in southern California (La Jolla), but is most abundant along the northern and central coasts of California. Gigartina Agardhii S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 69, fig. 2; S. & G., 1933, pi. 64; Gigar- tina papillata f . disseota in P.B.A. This is a narrow, dichotomously branched, small species with flattened, channeled segments, dark in color and rough in texture. It is most typical in the region about Monterey but reaches its southern limits within our area. Some examples have been found at Coronado. Setchell and Gardner have named another species closely re- lated here, Gigartina Turner i , S. & G., 1933, p. 287. They state that the plant occurs typically on the coast of England but also mention its occurrence in southern California. This type of discontinuity of distribution seems inconceivable to the author, and he is inclined to discount the California records. Order RHODTMMIALES Eotrvocladia pseudodichotoma (Farlow) Kylin "Sea Grapes" Smith, 1944, pi. 73, fig. 5; Chrysymema pseudodichotoma in P.B.A. no. 139. This plant is distinguished readily by its bunches of spherical bladders which resemble small grapes in size. It has been found at La Jolla and San Diego but is uncommon and sublittoral in occurrence. Halosaccion glandiforme (Gmelin) Ruprecht "Sea Sacks" Smith, 1944, pi. 73, figs. 6,7; Halosaccion hydrophora in P.B.A. no. 249. This species resembles in form the inflated finger of a rubber glove. It occurs commonly in the lower littoral in northern California and north to Alaska, but seems confined to the sublittoral in southern California, a few specimens being known from beach drift in the San Diego region. 54 Rhodymenia californica Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 74, fig. 2; Kylin, 1931, pi. 9, fig. 22; commonly labeled Rhodymenia palraetta. This is a common, bright red, delicate little plant, thin and dichotomously branched into flabellate blades. It occurs through most of the year in the lower littoral mostly in shaded places under overhanging rocks in pools. Tetrasporic plants have been foimd in June at La Jolla, antheridial and cystocarpic plants in October. Rhodymenia pahnettiformis Dawson Dawson, 1941, pi. 22, fig. 29; commonly called Rhodymenia corallina. This is a larger species than the preceding; more promi- nently stipitate and particularly with broader and more expanded upper segments of the blades. It usually has a tangle of branched stolons about the base. It occurs in the same general habitats throughout southern California. The type is from La Jolla. Rhodymenia rhizoides Dawson Dawson, 1941, pi. 20, fig. 16; pi. 26, fig. 37. Fronds 12-15 cm. high; blades broadly flabellate, arising from much-branched stipes and a tangle of branched stolons. Occasionally found, mostly during winter months, in the lower littoral or cast up from the sublittoral throughout southern California. Rhodymenia pacifica Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 76, fig. 1; Kylin, 1931, pi. 9, fig. 21. This is a somewhat larger, coarser plant than the preced- ing species and is characterized by an unbranched stipe and few stolons. In northern California it grows in the littoral, but in San Diego County has been found thus far only in dredgings off Point Loma. *Rhodymeniocola2: botryoidea Setchell This small parasite was described from material growing on the stipes of Rhodymenia rhisoides at San Pedro, California. It seems to be rare but should be expected to occur with the host in San Diego Co\inty. Coeloseira compressa Hollenberg Smith, 1944, pi. 76, fig. 2; Hollenberg, 1940, figs. 7c, 7d, 13-17. This small plant, distinguished by its hollow fronds divided by membranous partitions and by its caespitose habit, 55 occiirs with other small tuft, or mat-fonning algae on middle littoral rock-surfaces throughout southern California. Tetra- sporic and cystocarpic individuals were found in abundance near the Beach Club, La Jolla, together with those of the fol- lowing species, in June. Coeloseira parva Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1940, figs. 7a, 7b, 8-12. Similar in structure to the last, but not caespitose, also considerably larger, and with a prominent stipe. Often in company with the preceding species, southern California. Gastroclonium Coulteri (Harvey) Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 75; Lomentaria ovalis f. Coulteri in P.B.A. no. 433. Reaches most typical development in central California, but is found occasionally in the lower littoral at La Jolla and San Diego. Order CERAMIALES Callithamnion endovaginum S. & G. S. & G., 1924, pi. 28, fig. 62; Kylin, 1941, fig. 6b. This species, first described from the Gulf of Califor- nia, has been found at La Jolla, epiphytic and endophytic in Grateloupia abreviata , with sexually mature plants in June. Callithamnion Pikeanum Harvey Smith, 1944, pi. 81, fig. 2; Gardner, 1927c, pi. 87; Ceraio- thamninn Pikeanum in P.B.A. no. 390. On rocks in the middle and lower littoral belts, Alaska to southern California. Specific localities within San Diego County have not been recorded. Callithamnion ramosissimum Gardner Gardner, 1927c, pi. 86. Growing on Hypnea at La Jolla in June. The plants are infrequent and commonly overlooked because of their diminutive size, 8-12 mm. high. The exceedingly abundant small ramuli are characteristic. Callithamnion breviramosum Gardner Gardner, 1927c, pi. 84. This species is especially characterized by its diminu- tive size, 7-13 mm. high, by the numerous, divaricate, blunt. 56 very short ramuli, and by the irregularly shaped cystocarps. It has been found on Phyllospadix at La Jolla in June. Callithamnion rupicolum Anderson Smith, 1944, pi. 81, fig. 3; P.B.A. no. 1648; Kylin, 1941, fig. 6a. Plants about 2 cm. high, with the long branches curving downward. On rocks or corallines. Tetrasporic material was found at La Jolla in June. Antithamnion setaceim Gardner Gardner, 1927b, pis. 73, 74. This is among the smallest species of the genus and is very fragile (6-12 mm. high, with main axes 80-100 ^l diam.). The prolongation of 'the apical cells of the young ramuli into a unicellular hair is very general and characteristic of the species. It has been found on the cysts of Egregia laevigata at Ocean Beach, in December. Antithamnion tenuissimum Gardner Gardner, 1927b, pi. 77. An exceedingly fragile, silky species 3-6 cm. long with main axes 50-75 \i diam. It is found in the lower littoral and upper sublittoral at La Jolla, frequent in June. Antithamnion pygmaeum Gardner Smith, 1944, pi. 78, fig. 4; pi. 80, fig. 1; Gardner, 1927c, pis. 91-93. Fronds minute, 4-7 mm. high; main axes percurrent, scarcely branched, clothed with opposite ramuli from every cell. Grows on other algae, San Pedro to San Diego. Found on the stipes of Pelagophyous porra at La Jolla in July. Antithamnion secundatum Gardner Gardner, 1927c, p. 413. Fronds densely tufted, growing on floats in the harbor at San Diego, in December. Antithamnion occidentale Kylin Eylin, 1925, figs. 30a-d. Fronds about 2 cm. high, irregularly branched, with whorls of 3-4 branchlets; ultimate ramuli with round tips; glandular cells numerous; cells in the older branches 3-4 times as long as broad. Examples of this plant, which was first described from Washington, were found on rocks near Scripps pier. La Jolla, in May. 57 Pleonosporium polycarpum Gardner Gardner, 1927b, pi. 79, fig. 1. Grows on Phyllospadix in the sublittcral belt, La Jolla; reproductive in June. PleonosporiTjm pygmaeum Gardner Gardner, 1927b, pi. 79, fig. 2; pi. 80. This species is closely related to the preceding one but is smaller in all dimensions, has less cortication of the main azes, and has frond-segments creating a rounded, rather than a rough, irregular outline, due to the nature of the ultimate branches. This gives the plant a more pleasing, symmetrical appearance. Found on the same host as the last, Phyllospadix , in the sublittoral belt, La Jolla, in June. Spermothamnion Snyderae Far low Smith, 1944, pi. 82, figs. 3-5; P.B.A. no. 598. Foiming dense tufts one to two inches high of a purple- lake color, on rocks at low tide, Santa Cruz to San Diego. Abundant polysporic material at "The Caves," La Jolla, in Jiine. Griffithsia paoifica Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 83, fig. 2; often known in older collec- tions as Griffithsia opuntioides. This species is of lower littoral and sublittoral occur- rence on rocks, Puget Sound to Lower California. Occasionally cast up in San Diego County. Griffithsia multiramosa S. & G. Neomonospora multiramosa in S. & G., 1937, pi. 4, figs. lOa-c. Several examples from southern California have been ex- amined which seem to belong to this species. It occurs commonly in the Gulf of California, extending north into San Diego Covmty. It is a finely branched, bright pink, very delicate plant 5-10 cm. high. Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montague Smith, 1944, pi. 84, figs. 5, 6; P.B.A. no. 148b. This common plant, found in many seas all over the world, occurs abundantly on rocks in the middle littoral in southern California. Tetrasporic material has been collected near the Beach Club, La Jolla, in June. In July it is dominant on most middle littoral rocks in that area. Microcladia Coulteri Harvey Smith, 1944, pi. 86, figs. 1, 2; P.B.A. no. 1448. 58 This species is more common to the north, but occurs occasionally in San Diego County. Microcladia californica Farlow Smith, 1944, pi. 85, figs. 9, 10; P.fi.A. no. 548. This species may be distinguished from Microcladia Coul- teri only by the cystocarps which do not have an envelope of sterile branchlets surrounding them as have those of if. Coul- teri. Usually epiphytic, central California to San Diego, but unconmon. Ptilota californica Ruprecht Smith, 1944, pi. 85, figs. 1, 2. Central to southern California. Occasionally epiphytic on various red algae, particularly Gelidium at La Jolla. Ptilota densa C. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 85, figs, 7, 8; P.B.A. no. 1345. Differs from the preceding species in its more dense grouping of the ultimate branches. The ultimate leaflets are serrate in Ptilota densa, smooth in P. californica. Central to southern California. Scarce in San Diego County. Ceramium Eatonianum (Farlow) De Toni Smith, 1944, pi. 84, figs. 3, 4. Occasionally collected from central to southern Califor- nia. Epiphytic on Laurencia , and other algae, near Scripps pier, La Jolla, May. Ceramium codicola J. Agardh Smith, 1944, pi. 84, fig. 1; P.B.A. no. 248. Commonly found growing on Codium fragile, central Cali- fornia to Lower California. Ceramium califomicum J. Agardh P.B.A. no. 447. This is a large, coarse, rather common Ceramium in the San Diego region. Found in considerable abundance near Scripps pier, La Jolla, in May. Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey P.B.A. no. 1746. Kylin could not distinguish La Jolla examples of this plant from those of the Atlantic and European coasts. Found in the middle and lower littoral, growing on the rocky sides of tide pools. Very common and forming large, bushy, dull, 59 faded-looking clumps in tide pools near the Beach Club, La Jolla, in June. Nienburgia Andersoniana (J. Agardh) Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 90, figs. 1, 2; Nitophyllum Anders onianum in Nott, 1900, pi. 4, fig. 17; pi. 5; pi. 9, fig. 45; Hetero- nema Andersoniana in Kylin, 1924, figs. 36-39. Grows on other algae and on rocks in the lower littoral and sublittoral, in protected places, commonly associated with Ehodymenia. Santa Cruz to Lower California. Acrosorium uncinatum (J. Agardh) Kylin Nitophyllum uncinatum in P.B.A. no. 337; Nott, 1900, pi. 3, fig. 12. Grows on other algae, in pools and quiet water, middle to sublittoral throughout the year, southern California to Lower California. This is probably the commonest member of the Delesseriaceae in San Diego County. It is a delicate species easily distinguished by the curved and hooked tips of many of the segments. Phycodrys Setchellii Skottsberg Smith, 1944, pi. 87, fig. 2; pi. 88, fig. 7; Delesseria quercifolia in P.B.A. no. 434. Mostly in the sublittoral, central California to Lower California. Polyneura latissima (Harvey) Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 87, fig. 8; Nitophyllum latissimumin P.B.A. no. 335; Nott, 1900, pi. 1, figs. 1-3; pi. 2, fig. 4; pi. 9, fig. 44. Known only from the sublittoral in southern California, though occasional as a littoral species farther north. Examples have been dredged off Los Coronados Islands. Its very broad, much-veined fronds can scarcely be confused with any other of our plants. Sorella delicatula (Gardner) Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1943, figs. 13, 14; Erythroglossum delicatula in Gardner, 1926, pi. 18. Fronds 1-2 cm. high, 1-2 mm. wide in older parts; branch- ing dichotomo-flabellate; ramuli attenuated to a sharp apex. On rocks at low tide level in exposed places, occasionally epi- phytic on corallines, along the coast of southern California. *Sorella pinnata Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1943, figs. 15, 16; Dawson, 1944, pi. 47, figs. 3,4. 60 This species has been collected several times in Orange County, often along with the preceding species, and is likely to extend into San Diego County. It also occurs in the Gulf of California. It differs from S. delicatula in its pinnate, rather than dichotomo-flabellate branching^ Tetrasporic in November . Loranthophycus californicus Dawson • Dawson, 1944b, figs. 1-4. Tetrasporic examples of this parasitic plant were found in great abundance on a sterile, broad, membranous delesseria- ceous host dredged from a depth of 25 meters off Point Loma in March. Cryptopleura violacea (J. Agardh) Kyi in Smith, 1944, pi. 90, fig. 3; Nitophyllum violaceum in P.B.A. no. 389; Nott, 1900, pi. 8, fig. 32; pi. 9, figs. 41-43. This exceedingly variable species reaches our area only in its extreme southern limits. Examples are frequent in the San Pedro region, but only occasional southward into San Diego County, In general form and appearance this species resembles small examples of Botryoglossum Farlowianum. They attain 20-25 cm. in height. Found on rocks in sheltered situations or in pools, in the lower littoral and sublittoral zones. Cryptopleura crispa Kyi in Kylin, 1924, fig. 77. Plants up to 20 cm. high; segments 5-10 mm. broad, the edges with an abundance of small, irregularly lobed prolifera- tions. This species does not grow on rocks, but on and among a variety of other algae in the lower littoral and sublittoral of southern California. Cystocarpic and tetrasporic plants have been collected at La Jolla in June. Cryptopleura corallinara (Nott) Gardner Nitophyllum coraiimarum Nott , 1900, pi. 3, fig. 10; Nito- phyllum violaceum in P.B.A. no. 2246d; also as Acrosorium corallinarum (Nott) Kylin. Closely allied to C. crispa but much smaller, with abun- dant, narrow, creeping fronds in addition to erect parts. It grows on other red algae, especially members of the Corallina- ceae, throughout southern California. *Cryptopleura spatulata Gardner Gardner, 1927, pi. 27. Fronds flabellate, repeatedly and subdichotomously branched, 14-20 cm. high, 1-1.5 cm. wide. Similar in size to C. violacea but more generally flabellately expanded and with 61 shorter' and broader segments. A very uncommonly collected plant not yet recorded from within San Diego County, but likely to occur here. It has been found cast up from the sublittoral belt at Santa Barbara and at San Pedro. Botryoglossum Farlowianum (J. Agardh) De Toni Smith, 1944, pi. 91, figs. 1, 2; Nitophyllum ruprechfAamm in Nott, 1900, pi. 4, fig. 15; pi. 6; pi. 7; pi. 9, figs. 38-40, and often misidentified with that species. Also found under the name Cryptopleura ruprecht i anum. Similar in form and size to Cryptopleura violacea, but coarser, somewhat larger and with broader segments. Rather com- mon in the sublittoral and frequently cast up on shore, southern California. Dasya californica Gardner Gardner, 1927a, pi. 66, fig. 2; Dasya pacifica in P.B.A. no. 546. Grows on rocks near low tide line, southern California. Abundant near the Beach Club, La Jolla, in tide pools in May. Pogonophora californica J. Agardh Kylin, 1941, pi. 11, fig. 32. Easily distinguished by the slender, smooth, branched axes below, ending in "furry" tips. Plants 2-5 cm. high are occasional in pools or on rocks in the middle littoral near Scripps pier, La Jolla, in May. Heterosinhonia erecta Gardner Gardner, 1927d, pi. 20, figs. 1, 2; pi. 21. Fronds about 1 cm. high, bushily branched from a central percurrent axis, with 4 pericentral cells; wholly uncorticated. Grows on various algae; common at La Jolla in June. Polysiphonia— Key to the San Diegan Species 1. Plants with 4 pericentral cells 2 1. Plants with more than 4 pericentral cells 8 2. Trichoblasts and scar-cells wanting or very rare; tetrasporangia in straight series P. pacifica 2. Trichoblasts or scar-cells frequent to abundant 3 3. Trichoblasts and branches alternating in spiral suc- cession 2-3 segments apart with one-fourth divergence F. decussata 3. A trichoblast, scar-cell, or a branch occurring on every segment 4 62 4. Plants minute tufted epiphytes mostly under 1 cm. high, witt endophytic rhizoids composed of two Qg]_]^s P. minutissima 4. Plants larger, rhizoids unicellular 5 5. Segments in main axes rarely longer than broad 6 5. Segments in main axes commonly longer than broad 7 6. Main axes very prominent and straight; plants tufted, mostly epiphytic .P. acuminata 6. Main axes less prominent; plants forming low mats on rocks P. simplex 7. One fork of branch-primordia forming a trichoblast; branches arising accordingly in the axils of tri- choblasts P- flaooidissima 7. Branch primordia not forming trichoblasts but entirely replacing them P- Snyderae 8. A trichoblast or a scar-cell on every segment and each a quarter turn to the right of the one below ' P- californioa 8. Trichoblasts and scar-cells not so regularly arranged 9 9. Plants saxicolous P. Collinsii 9. Plants epiphytic 10 10. Fronds 2-3 mm. high, epiphytic on corallines P. Gardneri 10. Eronds 1 cm. high or more, epiphytic on various algae P. Hendryi Polysiphonia -pacifica Hollenberg Smith, 1944, pi. 94, fig. 3; Hollenberg, 1942a, figs. 2, 3, 12, 13. Grows on rocks and pilings in the lower littoral and sublittoral, Alaska to Lower California. Polvsiphonia decussata Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1942a, fig. 6. Plants deep reddish brown, forming tufts, or somewhat matted on rocks, or intermingled with other matted algae. Central California to Lower California; Point Park, La Jolla, in May. Polvsiphonia minutissima Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1942a, fig. 21. Plants dull red, epiphytic, mostly under 3 mm. high, growing on Codium fragile in southern California. The plants have a tufted habit like that of a tumbleweed. Polvsiphonia simplex Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1942a, fig. 18. 63 Plants medium to dark brovm, drying nearly black, usually 1-3 cm. high, growing on rocks in the middle and lower littoral zones, southern California to Lower Califoxnia. From boulders at low water mark, La Jolla. Polysiphonia acuminata Gardner Hollenberg, 1942a, p. 782; Strebdocladia camptoclada in P.B.A. no. 1599. Fronds 2-6 cm. high, tufted, epiphytic or on rocks; the pericentral cells relatively large and short; plants growing in the upper littoral zone, chiefly in southern California; La Jolla in June. Polysiphonia flaccidissima Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1942a, fig. 8. Color red; plants occurring on rocks and on corallines, mostly in exposed places near high tide level along the coast of southern California; abundant near Scripps pier. La Jolla inlay. The variety Smithii (Smith, 1944, pi. 94, fig. 2) also occurs at La Jolla, collected from pilings at Scripps pier in December. Polysiphonia Snyderae Kyi in Kylin, 1941, pi. 12, fig. 34; Polysiphonia senticulosa in P.B.A. no. 638. Plants 5-12 cm. high, pale reddish brown to dull red, epiphytic on various algae or attached to wood, shells, etc., at low tide level, mostly in sheltered bays, Washington to Lower California. Polysiphonia Gardner i Kylin Lophosiphonia obscura in P.B.A. no. 1600. Thallus 2-3 mm. high, epiphytic on Corallina; pericentral cells about 12. Abundant throughout the year in the middle lit- toral, southern California. Fertile at La Jolla in June. Polysiphonia Hendryi Gardner Smith, 1944, pi. 93, figs. 3, 4; Gardner, 1927d, pi. 24, figs. 1, 2; pi. 25. Fronds about 1 cm. high, with a central percurrent axis 340-360 [i diam. , ecorticate, with 12 pericentral cells. South- ern California and Lower California, usually in the sublittoral. Polysiphonia californica Harvey Smith, 1944, pi. 93, fig. 1; P.B.A. no. 1142. On rocks in the lower littoral zone, Canada to Mexico. 64 Polvsiphonia Collinsii Hollenberg Polysiphonia Sancti -Petri in P.B.A. no. 2247. Usually on rocks in the middle littoral zone, Vancouver Island to La Jolla. Rhodosiphonia californica Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1943, figs. 7, 10, 11. Very common, forming dense, often extensive mats on sand- swept rocks along the coast of southern California. Often inter- mingled with species of Polysiphonia and similar diminutive red algae. Tetrasporic in December. Herposiphonia verticillata (Harvey) Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 96, fig. 1; Polysiphonia verticillata in P.B.A. no. 640. Plants 2-5 cm. high, usually epiphytic, the tips of the branches prominently curved or tending to coil in the manner of a watch spring. Middle to lower littoral, La Jolla in June. Herposiphonia parva Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1943, figs. 8, 9. Plants prostrate, 3-4 cm. long, branching in one plane. Herposiphonia parva differs from H. verticillata in having no curved or coiled branch tips. Commonly epiphytic on corallines, Monterey to Lower California. Lophosiphonia villum (J. Agardh) S. & G. Smith, 1944, pi. 94, fig. 1; Dawson, 1944, pi. 48, figs. 1- 6; Polysiphonia villum of some older collections but not P. villum of P.B.A. no. 246. Fronds prostrate, with erect branches 3-8 mm. high, with 4 pericentral cells. Crows on rocks, often forming a thick brownish mat. Lower California to as far north as Monterey. Pterochondria pygmaea (Setchell) Hollenberg Hollenberg, 1942, fig. 15; Pterosiphonia pygmaea in Kylin, 1941, p. 38; Pterosiphonia Woodii f. pygmaea in P.B.A. no. 1744. Plants about 1 cm. high, growing at all seasons in small tufts, epiphytic on Cystoseira, fertile in June, southern Cali- fornia. Pterosiphonia dendroidea (Montagne) Falkenberg Smith, 1944, pi. 95, fig. 3; Pterosiphonia parasitica var. dendroidea in P.B.A. no. 642. 65 Segments with 8-12 pericentral cells; the axis and main branches uncorticated. Epiphytic on other algae, lower littoral and sublittoral belts. Frequent in southern California and southward. Pterosiphonia Bailevi (Harvey) Falkenberg Smith, 1944, pi. 95, fig. 4; Polysiphonia Baileyi in P.B.A. no. 339. Segments with 12-14 pericentral cells; the axis and main branches corticated. On rocks in the lower littoral and sublit- toral, northern California to La Jolla. Pterosiphonia calif ornica Kylin Kylin, 1941, p. 39. Thallus 2-4 cm. high; main axis 250-300 n. thick. This is a more delicate, feathery plant than either of the preceding species. It grows on other algae in the lower littoral in south- ern California. Amnlisiphonia pacifica Hollenberg Smith, 1944, pi. 96, figs. 7-9; Hollenberg, 1939, figs. 1-13, Closely attached to crustaceous corallines in the lower littcrai zone. Also found on holdfasts of lisenia. On rocky shores along the coast of southern California, Tetrasporic in February. Platysiphonia Glevelandii (Farlow) Papenfuss Taeniona Cleuelandii in Smith, 1944, pi. 96, figs. 4, 5. Plants up to 10 cm. high, with "flanking" cells in addi- tion to the pericentral cells, marginal in position on the flat- tened branches and half as long as the pericentral cells. Un- common. First described from San Diego material. Jantinella verrucaeformis (Setchell & McFadden) Kylin Colacodasya verrucaeformis in McFadden, 1911, pi. 19. Parasitic on Chondria calif ornica, appearing as little white dots (nodules) on the surface of the host's branches, these 0.5-1.5 mm. in diameter. Southern California. Chondria californica (Collins) Kylin Kylin, 1941, pi. 12, fig. 35; Chondria tenuissima f. cali- fornica in P.B.A. no. 636; Mychodea episcopalis in P.B.A. no. 1497. Very iridescent when growing, delicate, commonly 5-10 cm. high; the tips sometimes hooked. Epiphytic on various algae between tide marks, southern California; common at La Jolla, April to October. 66 Chondria nidifica Harvey P.B.A. nos. 841 and 1646. Similar, but coarser than the last species. Fertile mate- rial from La Jolla in June. Chondria decipiens Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 96, fig. 6; Kylin, 1941, pi. 12, fig. 36. This is a robust species with coarse main branches 12-20 cm. high. Examples have been found cast up from the sublittoral at La Jolla in June, but the species is more common to the north in the Monterey region. Laurencia subopposita (J. Agardh) Setchell Kylin, 1941, pi. 13, fig. 37; Laurencia uirgata in P.B.A. no. 293. Relatively sparsely branched, without dense groups of ul- timate branches, the tips commonly hooked or curved. Lower lit- toral; southern California. Cast up in abundance at La Jolla in May and June. Laurencia pacifica Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 98, fig. 4; Kylin, 1941, pi. 13, fig. 38; Laurencia paniculata in P.B.A. no. 1093; Laurencia subopposita in P.B.A. no. 2145. Much-branched, the lateral branches rather long, clothed with abundant ultimate ramuli but these not so dense etnd crowded as those that clothe the branches of the more fleshy, papillate species below. Common in southern California on middle littoral rocks, April to November. Laurencia papillosa Greville Very strongly papillate plants which can best be identified under this name are common on middle littoral rocks at La Jolla, growing in great abundance near the Beach Club in June. Laurencia Maxineae Dawson Dawson, 1944a, pi. 26, fig. 2; pi. 27, fig. 3; pi. 28, figs. 4,5. This name has been given to a small, delicate, pinnately branched, flattened species which grows epiphytically on Coral- Una. It is 3-5 cm. tall and occurs quite frequently in the lower littoral near the Beach Club, La Jolla. All reproductive phases were found in November. 67 Laurencia Scrippsensis Dawson Dawson, 1944a, pi. 26, fig. 3; pi. 27, figs. 1, 2, 4. A small, caespitose plant with usually contorted, pinnately branched, flattened fronds. It is but 10-16 mm. high and grows epiphytically on Sargassum Agardhianum and other algae in the lower littoral zone at La Jolla. All reproductive phases were found in November. Laurencia diegoensis Dawson Dawson, 1944a, pi. 25, figs. 1, 3; pi. 28, figs. 1, 2, 3. This is the largest of our flattened species. It is 8-20 cm. tall and grows on rocks in lower littoral tide pools from San Diego to Santa Monica. Its segregation from the similar Laurencia spectabilis of more northern waters with which it has long been confused, has been proposed. All reproductive phases were found in November. Ricardia saccata (J. Agardh) Kylin Smith, 1944, pi. 98, fig. 2; Ricardia Montagnei in P.B.A. no. 338. Orows as a partial parasite in the apical pit of Lauren- cia pacifica, forming a reddish colored, bulbous structure 2-5 mm. in diameter. Abundant fertile material collected at La Jolla in May and June. Janczewskia lappacea Setchell Setchell, 1914, pi. 2, figs. 9-14. Grows parasitically on Chondria nidifica, forming pink, burr-like growths on the stems and branches, 2-5 mm. in diam- eter. Fertile material collected at La Jolla in June. Janczewskia Gardneri Setchell & Guernsey Smith, 1944, pi. 98, fig. 1; Setchell, 1914, pi. 1, figs. 4-6; pi. 3, figs. 15, 16; pi. 5, fig. 25; Janczewskia uerru- caeformis in P.B.A. no. 887. Grows parasitically on Laurencia diegoensis , forming growths similar to those described above. Fertile material col- lected at La Jolla in June. Janczewskia Solmsii Setchell & Guernsey Setchell, 1914, pi. 2, figs. 7, 8; pi. 3, figs. 17-19; pi. 5, figs. 26, 27. Grows paj-asitically on Laurencia subopposita forming growths similar to those described above. Abundant in the vicin- ity of San Pedro; occasionally encountered southward. 68 NOTES ON THE MARINE GRASSES Zostera marina Linnaeus ■ "Eel Grass" This plant is well known as a widespread species, ranging through many seas and through waters of different temperature degrees and ranges. On the west coast of North America there exists, however, a discontinuity of distribution which is worthy of note. In the Bering Sea and elsewhere in Alaska, what appears to be the typical plant, similar to that of east- ern North America and Europe, occurs as it does also in the southern part of the range, at San Diego. Between these two very widely separated parts of the coast occurs a larger plant, with broad leaves of an aspect quite different from the usual form of European and Atlantic coast Eel Grass. The large, broad-leaved plant is knovm as Zostera marina var. latifolia Morong. It occurs in some abundance in sublit- toral waters at depths of a few to several meters off the open coasts in San Diego County. Many examples, some in flower and fruit in August have been found cast up on the shore at La Jolla and at Mission Beach. The narrower leaved plant, known as Z. marina var. typica Setchell is found only in the shallow waters of Mission Bay and San Diego Bay where it forms exten- sive patches over the muddy bottoms. Overlapping in the habitats of these two plants has not been observed in the San Diego re- gion, and in size they are also distinct. The leaves of var. latifolia are fully twice as broad (up to 12 mm.) as those of var. typica, and other parts of the plant are proportionally larger. Phvllospadix Scouleri Hooker "Scouler's Surf Grass" This species is exceedingly abundant on all the open, rocky shores of San Diego County, forming emerald green masses on the flat rock platforms near mean low tide line. It is firmly at- tached to the rocks by its thick adherent crust of prostrate rootstocks. The leaves are somewhat less than a meter long, and 2-4 mm. wide. A fair abundance of flowering plants were found at La Jolla early in August, and some fruits beginning to mature at that time. The short, basal flowering stems bear one or two spadices. The inflorescences may best be found by pulling off clumps of plants and examining the basal parts for these short stems. Phvllospadix Torrevi S. Watson "Torrey's Surf Grass" This species is more characteristic of quieter water than the last and usually is found in deep rock pools protected from the direct pound of the waves, or at a few meters below the sur- face. It is a larger, coarser plant than P. Scouleri, the leaves being narrower (less than 2 mm.) thicker, more wiry, and gener- 69 ally much longer, to 2-3 meters. Although the young leaves are moderately flat and thin, older ones are oval in cross section or sometimes nearly terete. Abundant flowering examples have been found in deep, protected rock pools as well as on more exposed rocks at La Jolla in July, and these plants were matur- ing fruit in August. Unlike P. Scouleri , this species produces long flowering stems, 3-6 dm., bearing several spadices, each about 5 cm. long. Both species, but particularly P. Torreyi, are cast up commonly on the beaches. 70 GLOSSARY Aculeae. Prickles or teeth. Acuminate. Tapering to a point. Acute. Sharp in form. Alternate. Not opposite nor secund on the axis. Anastomosis. Connection between parts of any branching system; often used synonymously with confluent. Angle. The space between two divergent branches. Antheridial. Pertaining to the male reproductive structures. Apex. The end opposite the attached end or base. Apical. At or referring to the apex. Appressed. Pressed close. Arachnoid. Like a cobweb. Articulate. Jointed. Asexual. Without sex. Attenuate. Diminishing, slenderly tapering. Axil. The angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem. Axillary. Borne in an axil. Axis. The longitudinal support on which organs or parts are arranged. Basal. At or referring to the base. Bicellular. Consisting of two cells. Biflagellate. Possessing two flagella. Bi sporangium. A sporangium containing two asexual spores. Caespitose. Growing in dense tufts. Calcareous. Containing lime (calcium carbonate), stony. Calcified. Coated or permeated with lime. Canaliculate. Longitudinally channelled. Carpogonial (branches). Those producing the carpogonium. Carpogonium. The female organ of the red algae. Carpospore. The sexual spore of red algae. Catenate. Arranged like a string of beads. Chlorophyll. The green coloring matter of plants. Chromatophore. A specialized, pigment -bearing protoplasmic body. Clavate. Club-shaped. Coenocytic. With more than one, usually many, nuclei per cell, or, a multinucleate body without cellular divisions. Complanate. Flattened. Compressed. Flattened laterally. Conceptacle. A cavity in the frond containing reproductive cells. Confluent . Running together; blending into one. Constricted. Narrowed sharply at one or more places. Continuous. Without interruption. Cordate. He ar-t -shaped, the point upwards or outwards. Coriaceous. Leathery, coarse. Cortex. The thallus tissue between the epidermis and the medulla; if no epidermis is present, the region surrounding the medulla or the axial filament. 71 Cortical. Occurring in or belonging to the cortex. Corticated. Having a cortex. Cortication. The process of developing a cortex. Corymbose. In the form of a flat-topped cluster. Cruciate. Divided by two planes at right angles (of tetraspores) Crustose. Crust-like, growing flattened against the substratum. Cuneate. Wedge-shaped, the point downward. Cystocarp. The mature sexual "fruit" of red algae. decompound. Repeatedly compound. Becurrent. Extending down the "stem" below the place of inser- tion. Determinate. Incapable of growth beyond a certain, fixed extent. Diaphragm. A membrane traversing the cavity of a frond. Dichotomous. Forked. Differentiated. Having developed a diversity of structure and function. Dilated. Made wider or larger; expanded; distended. Discoid. In the form of a disk. Dissected. Deeply cut into numerous segments. Distichous. Arranged in two rows or ranks. Distromatic. Of two layers of cells. Divaricate. Widely divergent. Dorsiventral. With distinction of back and front or upper and lower surfaces or sides. Ecorticate. Without cortex. Ellipsoid. Showing an elliptical section, or the corresponding solid. .Elongate. Stretched out; long. Endophytic. Inhabiting the interior of a plant. Endosoic. Inhabiting the interior of an animal. Entire. Without divisions, lobes or teeth. Epidermal. {layer). Pertaining to the outermost cell layer. Episoic. Growing on the surface of an animal. Erect. Upright. Epiphytic. Growing on another plant but attached only to the surface. Excrescence. An outgrowth. Falcate. Curved like a sickle; hooked. Fertile. With reproductive structures. Filament. A slender, cylindrical or subcylindrical form of thallus, usually of a single series of cells. Filiform. Thread-like. Flabellate. Fan-shaped. Flagellum.i^l. flagella). The hair-like swimming organ by which a cell moves through water. Flexuous. Full of bends and curves. Foliaceous. Leaf-like. Forcipate. Forked and incurved, like pincers. Frond. The entire plant body of an alga; usually with more specialization than a thallus. Fructiferous. Fruiting, or beainng reproductive structures. 72 Fusiform. Spindle-shaped. Garnet angium. A sex organ containing a gamete or gametes. Gamete. A reproductive cell requiring union with another such cell before germination. Geminate. Produced in pairs. Genicula. The uncalcified segments or joints of the articu- lated corallines. Genus (pi. genera). A group next above species, and containing one or more species. Haematoohrome. A reddish pigment. Hemispherical. In the form of half a sphere. Heterocyst. A specialized cell; one of conspicuously different size or form from others surrounding it. Holdfast. The organ by which a seaweed attaches itself to the substratum. Host. An organism from which a parasite derives its living. Hyaline. Translucent or transparent. Immersed. Situated below the surface. Imperforate. Without perforations or openings. Inarticulate. Not jointed. Indeterminate. Capable of indefinite growth. Intercalary. Occurring in the continuity of a filament; not terminal nor basal. Intergenicula. The calcified segments between the joints of articulated corallines. Interrupted. Discontinuous. Kelp. Members of the Laminariales — the more massive brown algae. Laciniae. Narrow lobes or segments. Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes or segments. Lamellate. Consisting of thin, distinct layers. Lamina. A blade-like expansion. Lanceolate. Shaped like the head of a lance; longer than broad, tapering upv/ard from below the middle. Lateral. Situated at one side. Ligulate. Strap-like. Linear. Long and narrow, with sides parallel. Littoral. Within tidal limits. Longitudinal. In the direction of the greatest dimension, in the line from base to apex. Lower littoral. Lower tidal zone. Medulla. Interior "core" tissue. Membrane. A thin, pliable tissue. Micron. {[i). l/lOOO of a millimeter. Moniliform. With frequent constrictions, like a string of beads. Monopodial. Having a continuous axis from which lateral branches arise. Monosiphonous. Of a single series of cells (of a filament). Monospore. An asexual spore formed singly in a mother cell . Monostromatic. Of a single layer of cells. Mucronate. Terminated by a sharp, abrupt point. Multinucleate. With more than one nucleus. 73 Multizonal. With more than one distinct zone or band of elon- gated cells. Nemathecium (pi. nemathecia) . In red algae, a wart -shaped elevation containing many spores. Node. The region between two successive joints of a jointed thallus. Non-septate. Without walls or partitions. Obconical. In the form of an inverted cone. Oblique. Slanting. Obovoid. Ovoid with the narrow end at the base. Oogonium (pi. oogonia). The organ in which oospores are pro- duced. Orbicular, orbiculate. Of approximately circular outline. Ostiole. The pore-like opening of a conceptacle or cystocarp. Ovate. In the form of a longitudinal section of an egg. Ovoid. Egg-shaped, the small end outward. Papilla. A short, nipple-like prominence. Papilloid. Like a papilla. Papi inform. In the form of a papilla. Paraphysis (pi. paraphyses) . A sterile filament borne adjacent to a reproductive organ. Parasitic. Deriving its nourishment from another organism, the host. Parenchyma. Soft tissue of cells with unthickened walls. Parietal. Borne on or approximate to the side walls. Pedicel. The supporting stem of a sporangium or similar organ. Penicillate. In the form of a brush-like tuft. Percurrent. Running through the entire length. Perforate. Pierced with holes. Pericentral. Surrounding a central monosiphonous axis. Peripheral. Belonging or referring to the surface or outline. Piliferous. Bearing or having hairs. Pinna. A primary branch of a pinnately divided thallus. Pinnate. With leaflets or segments on each side of a common axis. Pinnule. The secondary or ultimate division of an originally pinnate frond. Pleiostromatic. Of several layers of cells. Plicate. Folded or plaited. Plumose. Feather-like. Pluri cellular. Of more than one cell. Plurilocular. Containing more than one chamber or cavity. Polysiphonous. Of more than one series of cells (of a filament) Polyspore. A non-sexual spore,. more than four of which are formed in a sporangium. Polystichous. Branching in many directions. Polystromatic. Of many layers of cells. Pore. A small opening through a cell wall. Primary. Main or principle. Primordium (pi. primordia) . A structure in its earliest devel- opmental stage. 74 Procarp. The unicellular or few-celled female organ of red algae . Proliferous. Producing outgrowths similar to the original. Propagulum.i^l. propagula) . A differentiated, bud-like, de- tachable organ in brovm algae. Prostrate. Lying along the substratum. Puluinate. Cushion-shaped. Pyriform. Pear shaped. Quadrifarious. Branching in four directions. Quadrisiphonous. With four siphons (usually, 4 pericentral cells) . Bachis. The axis of a pinnate frond. Radial. Arranged about and proceeding from a common axis or center. Ramellus (pi. ramelli). A ramulus of the ultimate order of branching. Ramulus. A secondary branch. Receptacle. A sexual reproductive branch in the Fucales in which the conceptacles are located. Resupinate. Lying flat and adhering to the surface of the sub- stratum. Rhisoid. A filamentous structure serving for attachment. Rhisoidal. Having the character of a rhizoid. Robust. Appearing stout and vigorous. Saccate. Sack or pouch- shaped. Saxicolous. Growing on rocks or stones. Scar-cell. A cell in Polysiphonia which bears, and remains after the fall of a trichoblast. Secund.' Seriate on one side of an axis. Segment. One of several portions into which a thing is divided. Septate. Divided by walls or partitions. Serrate. Provided with small teeth. Seriate. In linear succession. Sessile. Not borne on a stalk. Seta. A bristle or stiff hair. Simple. Without divisions or branches. (Jorus. (pi. sori) . A group or cluster (of spores). Spadix. i^l. spadices). The spike-like flower cluster of the ma- rine grasses. Spherical. In the form of a sphere. Sporangium, (pi. sporangia) . A cell or cell structure containing spores; of very different form in different genera. Spore. A non-motile reproductive cell in the algae. Sporogenous. Producing spores. Sporophyll. A secondary lamina bearing the fructification. Stellate. Star-shaped. Stipe. The stalk on which some organ is borne. St i pi tat e. Borne on a stipe. Stolon. A creeping root-like filament which may produce new shoots and branches. Stratum,. A layer. 75 Sub. A prefix indicating a less degree of the character denoted by the word in composition with it; also, below. Subcortical. Next under the cortex (of layers of tissue). Sublittoral. Below low tide mark. Substratum. The substance or material upon which a plant grows. Superficial. Referring or pertaining to the surface. Symmetrical. Agreeing in form, number and position. Sympodial. A system of growth whereby a branch assumes the di- rection of the axis and the latter becomes lateral and con- tinues its grovrth in a lateral direction. Terete. Cylindrical, tapering, and circular in cross section. Terminal. Occupying the end or apex. Tetrasporangium'. A sporangium containing four asexual spores. Tetraspore, An asexual spore, formed within a tetrasporangium. Tetrastichous. Arranged in 4 vertical rows along an axis or a branch. Thallus. A plant body, usually of less differentiated character than a frond . Trichoblast. A simple- or branched, colorless, hair-like filament growing from a part of a red alga. Trichothallic. Referring to a method of growth in brown algae in which thallus development is initiated at the base of one or more filaments. Tubercular. With irregular, rounded, superficial projections. Uncalcified. Not charged or encrusted with lime. Undulate. Wavy. Unicellular. Consisting of only one cell. Unilateral. Occurring or developed on one side only. Unilocular. Containing only a single chamber or cavity. Uninucleate. With only one nucleus. Unisonal. With a single zone or band of elongated cells. Upper littoral. Upper tidal zone. Utricle. The sac-like end of a filament or its portion. Verrucose. Warty or wart-like. Vertical. Upright. Vesicle. A small bladder-like structure. Vesicular. Bladdery. Zonate. Contents of a tetrasporangium divided by three parallel planes so that the tetraspores lie above one another. [I (micron). l/lOO of a millimeter. 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY ANDERSON, C. L. 1891. List of California Marine Algae, with Notes. Zoe 2: 217-225. CLEVELAND, D. 1885. Marine Algae of San Diego. In. C. R. Orcutt, Flora of Southern and Lower California. San Diego. COLLINS, F. S. 1909. New Species of Cladophora. Rhodora 11: 17-20. 1 pi. 1918. A Working Key to the Genera of North American Algae. Tufts Coll. Stud. 4(8): 1-50. COLLINS, F. S., HOLDEN, I., and SETCHELL, W. A. 1895-1919. Phycotheca Boreali-Americana. Fasc. I-XLVI, A-E. DAWSON, E. Y. 1941. A Review of the Genus Rhodymenia with Descriptions of New Species. Allan Hancock Pacific Exped. 3(8): 121- 181. 13 pis. 1944. The Marine Algae of the Gulf of California. Ibid., 3(10): 189-454. 47 pis. 1944a. Some New Laurenciae from Southern California. Madrono 7(8): 233-240. 3 pis. 1944b. A New Parasitic Red Alga from Southern California. Bull. Torrey Hot. Club 71(6): 655-657. 4 figs. DREW, K. M. 1928. A Revision of the Genera Chantransia, Rhodochorton, and Acrochaetium, with Descriptions of the Marine Species of Rhodochorton (Naeg.) Gen. Emend, on the Pacific Coast of North America. Univ. Calif. Publ. Hot. 14(5): 139-224. 12 pis. FARLOW, W. G. 1875. List of the Marine Algae of the United States with Notes of New or Imperfectly Known Species. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 10 (N.S.2): 351-380. 1877. On Some Algae New to the United States. Ibid., 12 (N.S.4): 235-245. 1899. Three Undescribed California Algae. Erythea 7: 73-76. FOSLIE, M. H. 1929. Contributions to a Monograph of the Lithothamnia. Edited by H. Printz. 60 pp., 75 pis. Trondhjem. GARDNER, N. L. 1913. New Fucaceae. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 317-374. 18 pis. 1917. New Pacific Coast Marine Algae. I. Ibid., 6(14): 377-416. 5 pis. 1926. New Rhodophyceae from the Pacific Coast of North Amer- ica. I. Ibid., 13(11): 205-226. 7 pis. 1927. New Rhodophyceae from the Pacific Coast of North Amer- ica. II. Ibid., 13(13): 235-272. 12 pis. 77 1927a. New Rhodophyceae from the Pacific Coast of North Amer- ica. III. Ihid., 13(16): 333-368. 13 pis. 1927b. Nev/ Rhodophyceae from the Pacific Coast of North Amer- ica IV. Ihid., 13(18): 373-402. .11 pis. 1927c. New Rhodophyceae from the Pacific Coast of North Amer- ica V. Ihid., 13(19): 403-434. 10 pis. 1927d.New Rhodophyceae from the Pacific Coast of North Amer- ica. VI. Ihid., 14(4): 99-138. 17 pis. 1927e.New Species of Gelidium on the Pacific Coast of North America. Ihid., 13(14),: 273-318. 19 pis. HOLLENBERG, G. J. 1939. A Morphological Study of Amplisiphonia a New Member of the Rhodomelaceae. Bot. Gazette 101(2): 380-390. 13 figs. 1940. New Marine Algae from Southern California, I. Amer. Jour. Bot. 27(10): 868-877. 17 figs. 1942. Phycological Notes, I. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69(7): 528-538. 15 figs. 1942a. An Account of the Species of Polysiphonia on the Paci- fic Coast of North America. I. OligosiDhonia. Amer. Jour. Bot. 29(9): 772-785. 21 figs. 1943. New Marine Algae from Southern California, II. Amer. Jour. Bot. 30(8): 571-579. 16 figs. HUS, H. T. A. 1902. An Account of the Species of Porphyra found on the Pacific Coast of North America. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. iii, Bot. 2(6): 173-240. 3 pis. KYLIN, H. 1924. Studien uber die Delesseriaceen. Lunds Univ. Arsskr., N.F., Avd. 2, 20(6): 1-111. 80 figs. 1925. The Marine Red Algae in the Vicinity of the Biological Station at Friday Harbor, Washington. Ihid., 21(9): .. 1-87. 47 figs. 1930. tJber die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Elorideen. Ihid., 26(6): 1-103. 56 figs. 1931. Die Florideenordnung Rhodymeniales. Ihid., 27(11): 1-48, 8 figs. 20 pis. 1932. Die Florideenordnung Gigartinales. Ihid., 28(8): 1-88. 22 figs. 28 pis. 1941. Californische Rhodophyceen. Ihid., 37(2): 1-51. 7 figs. 13 pis. MANZA, A. V. 1940. A Revision of the Genera of Articulated Corallines. Philippine Jour. Sci. 71: 239-316. 20 pis. MASON, L. R. 1933. Crustaceous Corallines, with Particular Reference to Those of the Pacific Coast of North America. Thesis manuscript in the Library of the University of Calif. McFADDEN, M. 1911. On a Colacodasya from Southern California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4(8): 143-150. 1 pi. 78 NICHOLS, M. B. 1908. Contributions to the Knowledge of the California Species of Crustaceous Corallines. I. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 3(5): 341-348. 1 pi. 1909. Contributions to the Knowledge of the California Spe- cies of Crustaceous Corallines. II. Ibid., 3(6): 349-370. 4 pis. NOTT, C. P. 1900. Nitophylla of California, Description and Distribution. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. iii, Bot. 2(1): 1-62. 9 pis. SAUNDERS, D. A. 1898. Phycological Memoirs. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. iii, Bot. 1(4): 147-168. 21 pis. SETCHELL, W. A. 1896. The Elk Kelp. Erythea 4(12): 179-184. 1 pi. 1914. Parasitic Florideae, I. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6(1): 1-34. 6 pis. 1914a. The Scinaia Assemblage. Ibid., 6(5): 79-152. 7 pis. 1923. A Revision of the West North American Species of Callo- phyllis. Ibid., 10(7): 397-401. 1931. Early Algal Confusions. Ibid., 16(10): 351-366. 1 pi. SETCHELL, W. A. and GAEDlffiR, N. L. 1920. The Marine Algae of the Pacific Coast of North America, Part II, Chlorophyceae. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 8(2): 139-382. 25 pis. 1922. Phycological Contributions II-VI. New Species of: II. Myrionema; III. Compsonema; IV. Hecatonema; V. Pylai- ella and Streblonema; VI. Ectocarpus. Ibid., 7(11): 333-426. 18 pis. 1924. New Marine Algae from the Gulf of California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. iv, 12(29): 695-949. 77 pis. 1925. The Marine Algae of the Pacific Coast of North America,' Part III, Melancphyceae. Univ. of Calif. Publ. Bot. 8(3): 383-898. 74 pis. 1933. A Preliminary Survey of Gigartina, with Special Refer- ' ence to Its Pacific North American Species. Ibid., 17(10): 255-340. 20 pis. 1937. A Preliminary Report on the Algae of the Templeton Crocker Expedition in 1932. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. iv, 21(2): 65-98. 23 pis. SETCHELL, W. A. and MASON, L. R. 1943. New or Little Known Crustaceous Corallines of Pacific North America. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 29(4): 92-97. SKOTTSBERG, C. 1922. Notes on Pacific Coast Algae, II. On the Calif ornian "Delesseria quercifolia." Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 7(12): 427-436. 1 pi. SMITH, G. M. 1944. Marine Algae of the Monterey Peninsula, i-vii, 1-622. 98 pis. Stanford University Press, Stanford University. 79 WII50N, H. L. 1910. Gracilariophila, a New Parasite on Gracilaria confer- voides. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4(2): 75-84. 2 pis. YENDO, K. 1902. Corallina Verae of Port Renfew. Minnesota Bot. Stud. 2(40): 711-720. 6 pis. 80 INDEX Underscored page references are to species headings in the LIST OF SPECIES. All other references are to synonyms, host plants of parasites and epiphytes, etc. Pikeanum, p. 56 Acrochaetiiirn Dictyotae, p. 36 Acrosorium corallinarum, p. 61 ■uncinatum, p. 60 Agardhiella Coulteri, p. 47 Ahnfeltia concinna, p. 50 gigartinoides, p. 50 Amphiroa, p. 45 crassa, p. 45 nodulosa, p. 45 Orbigniana, p. 44 tuberculosa, pp. 35, 45 Amplisiphonia pacifica, p. 66 Andersoniella Farlowii, p. 39 Antithamnion occidentale, p. 57 pygmaeum, p. 57 secundatum, p. 57 setaceum, p. 57 tenuissimum, p. 57 Asparagopsis hamifera, p. 37 Bossea Gardneri, p. 44 Orbigniana, p. 44 Botryocladia pseudodichotoraa, p. 54 Botryoglossum Farlowianum, pp. 61, 62 Bryopsis corticulans, p. 19 hypnoides, p. 19 Bulbocoleon piliferem, p. 24 Galliarthron cheilosporioides, p. 43 Schmittii, p. 44 Gallithamnion breviramosum, p. 55 endovaginum, p. 56 ramosissima, p. 56 rupicolum, p. 57 Callocolax globulosis, p. 47 Callophyllis, p. 47 dissecta, p. 47 gracilarioides, p. 46 marginifructa, 47 violacea, pp. 45, 49 Gentroceras clavulatum, p. 58 Geramium call forni cum, p. 59 codicola, p. 59 Eatonianum, p. 59 Geratothamnion Pikeanum, p. 56 Ghaetomorpha aerea, p. 20 californica, pp. 20, 24 clavata, p. 20 torta, p. 20 Chantransia corymbifera, p. 35 Thuretii var. agama, p. 35 virgatula f. tenuissima, p. 35 Chondria californica, p. 66_ decipiens, p. 57 nidifica, pp. 57, 68 tenuissima f. californica, p. 65 Ghondrus affinis, p. 50 Ghrysymenia pseudodichotoma, p. 54 Cladophora albida, p. 21 delicatula, p. 21 erecta, p. 20 flexuosa, p. 21 graminea, p. 20 microcladioides, p. 21 Stimpsonii, p. 21 trichotoma, p. 20 81 Codium dichotomum, p. 20 fragile, pp. 19, 24, 26, 27 36, 59, 63 tomentosum, p. 19 Coeloseira compressa, p. 55 Coelodesme calif ornica, p. 31 rigida, p. 31 Colacodasya verrucaeformis, p. 65 Colpomenia sinuosa, p. 31 sinuosa f . deformans, p. 31 sinuosa f. expansa, p. 31 sinuosa f. tuberculata, p. 31 sinuosa f . typica, p. 31 Corallina, p. 43, 64, 67 chilensis, p. 44 gracilis, p. 44 gracilis f. densa.pp. 43, 44 vancouveriensis, p. 44 Cordylecladia Aiidersonii, p. 49 Costaria costata, p. 31 Turneri, p. 31 Crypt onemia Bushiae, p. 46 obovata, p. 45 Cryptopleura, p. 43 corallinara, p. 61 crispa, p. 51 spatulata, p. 61 violacea, pp. 61, 62 Cumagloia Andersonii, pp. 24, 27, 28, 35 Cystoseira, pp. 31, 65 osmundacea, pp. 27, 33, 35 Setchellii, p. 32. Dasya californica, p. 52 pacifica, p. 62 Delesseria querci folia, p. 60 Derbesia marina, p. 19 tenuissima, p. 19 Dermocorjmus occidentalis, p. 39 Desmarestia herbacea, pp. 28, 30 ligulata var. herbacea, p. 30 munda , p . 30 Dictyopteris zonarioides, pp. 29, 43 Dictyota Binghamiae, pp. 28, 35, 43 flabellata, pp. 29, 35, 35 Kunthii, p. 28 Dilophus flabellatus, p. 29 Ectocarpus acuminatus, p. 27^ confervoides f. parvus, p. 25 corticulatus, p. 26_ cylindricus f. codiophilus, p. 26 flocculiformis, p. 27 globifer, p. 27 granule so ides, p. 26 granulosus, p. 26 granulosus f. corticulatus, p. 25 hemisphericus, p. 27 hemisphericus f. minor, p. 27 Mitchellae, p. 26 mucronatus, p. 26 siliculosus parvus, p. 25 socialis, p. 2_7 Taeniae, p. 26 terminalis, p. 26 tomentosus, p. 25 Egregia laevigata, pp. 32, 35, 57 Eisenia, p. 66 arborea, pp. 32, 36, 43 Endarachne Binghamiae, p. 30 Endocladia muricata, p. 39 Enteromorpha compressa, p. 22 crinita, p. 22 intestinalis, p. 22 Linza, p. 23 micrococca, p. 22 minima, p. 22 torta, p. 22 tubulosa, p. 22 82 Entocladia cingens, p. 24 codicola, p. 24 Erythroglossum delicatula, p. 60 Erythrotrichia carnea, p. 33 investiens, p. 34 tetraseriata, p. 34 Farlowia crassa, p. 39 compressa, p. 39 Fosliella ascripticia, p. 43 intermedia, p. 43 Nicholsii, p. 43 Gardneriella • tubifera, p. 47 Gastroclonium Coulteri, p. 56 Gelidium, pp. 43, 59 Amansii, p. 38 australe, p. 38 caloglossoides, p. 38 cart i lag ineum, pp. 37, 38 cartilagineum var. robus- t\m, p. 37 Coulteri, p. 38 crinale, p. 38 nudifrons, p. 38 pulchrum, p. 38 pyramidale, p. 38 Gigartina Agardhii, p. 54 armata, p. 53 Binghamiae, p. 53 Boryi, pp. 52, 53 canaliculata, p. 52 canaliculta f . laxa, p. 52 coryrabifera, p. 54 Eatoniana, p. 52 echinata, p. 52 exasperata, p. 53 Farlowiana, p. 53 Harveyana, p. 53 horrida, p. 52 ieptorhynchos, p. 52 papillata f. dissecta, p. 54 radula f. microphylla, p. 53 37 :8 serrata, p. 52 spinosa, p. 53 Turneri, p. 54 volans, p. 54 Gloiopeltis capillaris, p. 39 minuta, p. 39 Gloiophloea confusa, p. Glossophora Kunthii, p. Gongylodiiim Setchellii, p. 43 Goniotrichum elegans, p. 33 Gracilaria Andersonii, p. 49 confervoides, pp. 48, 49 linearis, p. 49 multipartita, p. 49 Sjostedtii, p. 49 Gracilariophila oryzoides, p. 49 Gracilariopsis oryzoides, p. 49 Grateloupia abreviata, pp. 45, 56 californica, p. 45 Cutleriae, p. 45 Cutleriae f. maxima, p. 45 maxima, p. 45 Griffithsia multiramosa, p. 58 opuntioides, p. 58 pacifica, p. 58 Gymnogongrus Griffithsiae, p. 49 leptophyllus, p. 49 platyphyllus, p. 49 Halidrys dioica, pp. 27, 31, 32 Halosaccion glandiforme, p. 54 hydrophora, p. 54 Hapalospongidion gelatinosum, p. 28 Haplogloia Andersonii, p. 29 Hapterophycus canaliculatus, p. 28 83 Helminthocladia californica, pp. 28, 36, 37 Calvadosii, p. 37 purpurea, p. 37 Helminthora striata, p. 37 Herposiphonia parva, p. 65 verticillata, p. 65 Hesperophycus Harveyanus, pp. 27, 32 Heteronema Andersonianum , p. 60 Heterosiphonia erecta, p. 62 Hildenbrandia occidentalis, p. 40 Hydro clathrus clathratus, p. 30 Hydrolithon Setchellii, p. 43 Hypnea, p. 56 adunca, pp. 37, 48 californica, p. 47 Coulteri, p. 47 Janczewskia Gardneri, 68 lappacea, p. 58 Solmsii, p. 68 verrucaeformis, p. 58 Jania, p. 45 rubens, p. 45 ungulata, p. 45 Jantinella verrucaeformis, p. 66 Joculator pinnatifolium, p. 43 Kallymenia californica, p. 48 Laminaria Farlowii, p. 31 Laurencia, p. 59 diegoensis, p. 68 Maxineae, p. 67 pacifica, pp. 57, 68 paniculata, p. 67 papillosa, p. 67 Scrippsensis, p. 67 spectabilis, p. 58 subopposita, pp. 57, 68 virgata, p. 57 Leptocladia Binghamiae, p. 39 Lithophyllum decipiens, p. 42 grumosum, p. 42 imitans, p. 42 macrocarpum f . intermedia, p. 43 proboscideum, p. 42_ pustulatum f. ascripticia, p. 43 pustulatum f. australis, p. 43 Lithothamnivmi aculeiferum, p. 41 apiculatum, p. 41 apiculatum f. crassiusculurn, p. 41 californicum, p. 41 crassiusculurn, p. 41 giganteum, p. 41 marginatum, p. 42 mediocre, p. 41 Lithothrix Aspergillum, p. 45 Lomentaria ovalis f. Coulteri, p. 56 Lophosiphonia obscura, p. 64 villum, p. 65 Loranthophycus californicus, p. 61 Macrocystis pyrifera, p. 31 Melobesia amplexifrons, p. 41 marginata, p. 42 mediocris, p. 41 Microcladia californica, p. 59_ Coulteri , p. 58 Microspongixam. gelatinosum, p. 28 Mono stroma quaternarium, p. 21 Mychodea episcopalis, pp. 47, 66 Myriogloia Andersonii, p. 29 Nemalion Andersonii, p. 36 84 Nemalion (cont . ) elminth.oid.es, p. 36 lubricum, p. 36 multifidum, p. 36 Neomonospora multiramosa, p. 58 Neurocarpus zonarioides, p. 29 Nienburgia Andersoniana, p. 60 Nitophyllum Andersonianum, p. 60 corallinarum, p. 61 latissimum, p. 60 Ruprechtianum, p. 62 uncinatum, p. 60 violaceum, p. 61 Opuntiella californica, p. 48 Pelagophycus porra, pp. 32, 35, 57 Pelvetia fastigiata, pp. 27, 32 Petalonia fascia, p. 30 Petrocelis franc iscana, p. 40 haeraatis, p. 40 Middendorfii, p. 40 Petroglossum pacificum, p. 50_ . Petrospongium rugosum, p. 29 Peyssonnelia pacifica, p. 40 Phycodrys Setchellii, p. 60 Phyllitis fascia, p. 30 Phyllophora Clevelandii, p. 50 Phyllospadix, pp. 26, 34, 35, 37, 41, 50, 57, 58 Scouleri, p. 6£ Torreyi, p. 69 Pikea californica, p. 39 Platysiphonia Clevelandii, p. 56 Pleonosporium polycarp'um, p. 58 pygmaeum, p. 58 Plocamiocolai pulvinata, p. 48 Plocamivmi coccinevun, p. 48 pacificum, p. 48 violaceum, p. 48 Pogonophora californica, p. 62 Polyopes Bushiae, p. 46 Polyneura latissima, p. 60 Polysiphonia, p. 65 acuminata, p. 64 Baileyi, p. 65 californica, p. 64 Collinsii, p. 55 decussata, p. 53 flaccidissima, p. 54 flaccidissima var. Smithii, p. 64 Gardneri, p. 54 Hendryi , p. 54 minutissima, p. 63 pacifica, p. 63 Sancti-Petri, p. 65 senticulosa, p. 64 simplex, p. 53 Snyderae, p. 64 verticillata, p. 65 villum, p. 65 Porphyra naiadum, p. 34 perforata, p. 34 Prionitis Andersoniana, p. 46 lanceolata, p. 46 linearis, p. 45 Pseudoscinaia Snyderae, p. 37 Pterochondria pygmaea, pp. 35, 65 Pterosiphonia Baileyi, p. 65 californica, p. 65 dendroidea, p. 55 parasitica var. dendroidea, p. 65 pygmaea, p. 55 Woodii f. pygmaea, p. 55 Pterygophora californica, pp. 32, 35 85 Ptilota calif ornica, p. 59 densa, p. 59 Pylaiella littoralis, p. 24 Ralfsia hesperia, p. 28 pacifica, p. 28 Rhabdonia Coulteri, p. 47 Rhodochorton Amphiroae, p. 35 corymbiferum, p. 36 Daviesii, p. 35 Dictyotae, p. 36 elegans, p. 36 magnificum, p. 35 microscopicum, p. 35 penetrale, p. 36 rhizoideum, p. 36 Rothii, p. 35 tenuissimum, p. 35 Thuretii var. agaraa, p. 35 variabile, p. 35 Rhodoglossum affine, p. 50 americanum, p. 50 polycarpum, p. 50 Rhodosiphonia califomica, p. 65 Rhodymenia, p. 60 califomica, p. 55 corallina, p. 55 pacifica, p. 55 palmetta, p. 55 palmettiformis, p. 55 rhizoides, p. 55 Rhodymeniocolai botryoidea, p. 55 Ricardia Montagnei, p. 68 saccata, p. 68 Sarcophyllis califomica, p. 47 Sargassum Agardhianum, pp. 33, 67 Palmeri, p. 33 pilulifemm, p. 33 Schizymenia pacifica, p. 47 Scinaia Scinaia furcellata var. undulata, p. 37 Johnstoniae, p. 37 latifrons, p. 37 Scytosiphon Lomentaria, p. 30 Sorella delicatula, p. 60 pinnata, p. 50 Spermothamnion Snyderae, p. 58 Sphacelaria califomica, p. 24 didichotoma, p. 24 Spyridia filamentosa, p. 59 Stenogramma califomica, p. 50 interrupta, p. 50 Strebdocladia camptoclada, p. 64 Streblonema anomalum, p. 27 corymbifenam, p. 27 investiens, p. 28 Johnstonae, p. 28 transfizum, p. 28 Strepsithalia investiens, p. 28 Taenioma Clevelandii, p. 66 Taenia Lennebackerae , pp. 26, 29 Trentepohlia odorata var. imibrina, p. 24 umbrina var. quercina, p. 24 Turnerella pacifica, p. 47 Ulva califomica, p. 23 dactylifera, p. 23 expansa, p. 23 fasciata f. expansa, p. 23 fasciata f. lobata, p. 23 Lactuca, p. 23 Linza, p. 23 lobata, p. 23 rigida, p. 23 Zanard inula Andersoniana, p. 46_ linearis, p. 46 86 Zonaria Farlowii, p. 29 Tournefortii, p. 29 Zostera, pp. 26, 35, 41 marina, p. 69 marina var. latifolia, p. 69 marina var. typica, p. 69 87 cincme BookbindinR Co.. 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